UMASS/AMHERST 31EDbbD0S15a5'^T TO "^^f i ^^^^SIEI LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SOURCE-. ^ cfr.d 6^-fM, SB 355 '•?863 DAIh DUE 1 — — LZI !" 1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY HOW TO KAISE FRUITS. HOW TO RAISE FRUITS. A HAND-BOOK OP FRUIT CULTURE, BEING A GUIDE TO THE PROPER Cultitetian anb Panagemeiit at Jfrmt frets, AND OF ^ GRAPES AND SMALL FRUITS, CONDENSED DESCRIPTIONS OF MANY OF THE BEST AND MOST POPULAR VARIETIES. By THOMAS GREGG. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. . NEW YORK: S. R. WELLS & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 737 BROADWAY. 1880. 434. 2- Copyright, 1877, by 8. R. WELLS & COMPANY, PREFACE The spirit said " Write ! " And I wrote. The re- sult is before the reader. If it shall be of any service to liini — well ; if not — well. But there is hope that this little book — imperfect and faulty as a just criticism may find it to l)e — will be of some service to the fruit-eating and fruit-produc- ing public. If it shall in any wise aid those who don't now know how to choose, to plant, to cultivate, and to use the fniits of the earth, which the beneficent Cre- ator has so bounteously bestowed upon us, it will have fulfilled the mission designed for it by THE AUTHOR. yj%^^ CONTENTS. PART 1. Jfrtiit Culture in (Btixtx^l. CHAPTER T.— INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. rkua 1. The free use of Fruit as a common article of Food will greatly contribute to the Health of the People. 2. Fruit is a cheap article of Food. 3. The culture of good Fruit is profitable. 4. Fruit furnishes an amount of good living not otherwise attainable. 5. There is economy in the use of Fruit 9 CHAPTER II. -PRELIMINARIES TO PLANTING, Cost— Estimate for three Acres -Distances— Location— Soil— Preparation of the Ground — Manuring 17 CHAPTER IIL— TRANSPLANTING. Laying off the Ground— Season for Transplanting— Taking from the Nursery- Selection of Trees— Setting out Trees— Trimming 24 CHAPTER IV.— AFTER-CULTURE. Plowing and Hoeing — Pruning — Protection — Mulching 21 PART II. %U\^s of Iruit. Chapter I — The At-mond ;]0 Chapter IL — The Apricot o2 Chapter III.— The Apple , 34 Chapter IV.— The Blackberry 73 vdii. CONTENTS. Chapter V. — The Cherry 77 Chapter VI. — The Currant 83 Chapter VII. — The Gooseberry 86 Chapter VIII.— The Quince 89 Chapter IX. — The Nectarine 93 Chapter X. — The Peach. 95 Chapter XI.— The Pear 103 Chapter XII.— The Plum J19 Chapter XIII. — The Kaspberry 127 Chapter XIV. — The Strawberry 137 Chapter XV.— The Grape 148 Chapter XVI. — CiiOsiNG Words 171 Appendix 175 PART I. FEUIT CULTUEE IK GENEKAL. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Somebody has said that he who causes two hlades of grass to grow where but one grew before, is a public benefactor. So, he who makes a tree grow where none grew before, gladdening the wayfarer with the fragrance of its blossoms and the richness of ita fruit, performs an act not only of public beneficence, but of private good. That every farmer — and, indeed, every head of a family so situ- ated as to be able to do so — should possess a Feuit Oechaed, more or less extensive, is a proposition so apparent as to admit of no con- troversy. There are few owners of land in the country, and com paratively few in the cities and towns, but might, by the exercise of a little prudence and forethought, jrovide themselves with an amount of rich and wholesome fruit sufficient for their own con sumption. There ought to be ten times — yea, a hundred times — as much fruit consumed in the United States as at present. What is now brought sparingly within the reach of the few, should be used plentifully by the many ; instead of appearing only occasion- ally on the tables of the rich, it should form an important item of consumption with both rich and poor. To aid in bringing about so desirable a result is the aim of the writer in the present publication. He makes the following points, as being eminently susceptible of demonstration: 10 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. I The "Free Use of Fruit as a Common Article of Food will Greatly Contribute to the Health of the People. This fact is now very generally conceded. Physicians and other writers on Hygiene agree that ripe fruits are among the most wholesome articles of diet, and that a much larger consumption of them, to the partial exclusion of the flesh of animals, would natur- ally improve the general health. Many quotations might be ad- duced in support of this position, but a few must suffice. Dr. Kennicott, horticultural editor of the Prairie Farmer^ at Chicago, and a man of much experience and observation, says: " The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease^ but then* regulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All ripe fruits are more or less nutritious. Proffessor Salisbury has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the Irain of man ; and in fattening properties it is nearly equal, when cooked for swine or fed raw to other domestic animals." A writer in Downing's Horticulturist^ Sept., 1852, has the fol- lowing forcible remarks : "We believe most fully from personal experience, as well as ob- servation, that an abundant use of fruits has a strikingly delightful and elevating influence upon the animal spirits, as well as upon the mind and soul ; that the constant habit of employing fruits will cure many diseases, and have a most beneficial eftect upon the individual and the race, and prove, next to air and water, the greatest of all preventive medicaments." And he further continues : " We do not labor merely that this princely merchant and that lordly nabob should have his table loaded with choice "specimens," but that every man, woman, and child, month in and month out, should revel in these delicious and healthful luxuries, till they be- come the cheapest of common necessities." The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal uses the following language : " Instead of standing in any fear of a generous consumption of ripe fruits, we regard them as positively conducive to health. The very maladies commonly assumed to have their origin in the free use of apples, peaches, cherries, melons, and wild berries, have been quite as prevalent, if not equally destructive, in seasons of scarcity. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 11 There are so many erroneous notions entertained of the bad effects of fruit, that it is quite time a counteracting impression slibuld be promulgated, having its foundation in common sense, and based on the common observation of the intelligent. We have no patience in readifig the endless rules to be observed in this peculiar depart- ment of physical comfort. No one, we imagine, ever hved longer or freer from the paroxysms of disease, by discarding the delicious fruits of the land in which he finds a home. On the contrary, they are necessary to the preservation of health, and are therefore caused to make their appearance at the very time when the condition of the body, operated upon by deteriorating causes not always under- stood, requires their grateful, renovating influences." The Rural Annual for 1856 says : " As good fruit becomes more common, and accessible to a greater number, those fevers and bilious disorders so general in new coun- tries where fruit is scarce, will become lessened, and health and happiness increased," Di*. Teall, in his "Hydropathic Cook-Book," uses the following forcible language. Si)eaking of apples, he says : "I can imagine no branch of agriculture, 'domestic economy,' or even 'political science,' more useful to mankind than that of raising good apples. This kind of farming would tend wonderfully to ele- vate the human race above its swine-eating propensities. At pres- ent a large portion of the apple crop of the world is perverted to hog-feeding and cider-making — neither animal nor liquor,. when fed or made, being fit for food or drink. "A little attention to pruning, budding, grafting, and transplant- ing would enable our American farmer- and fruiterers txD supply our markets, profitably to themselves, with an abundance of sweet, mellow, luscious apples, so rich and savory, indeed, that but little else than a piece of good bread would enable the veriest epicure to make a luxurious meal." On the subject of the effect of fruit on health, the editor of Tuckee's Annual Register has the following truthful remarks : " Feuit versus Disease. — In a recent conversation witli an in- telligent person who has made long-continued and extensive obser- vations on climate and disease, we were assured that nothing had a more beneficia" influence in preventing intermittents and the other effects of malaria than a moderate and regular use of wholesome. 12 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. well-ripeaed fruit. Our own limited observations abundantly con- firm this opinion. This being the case, what millions in losses, to say nothing of the untold discomforts and sufterings experienced by the settlers of the Great West, might thus be prevented or miti- gated ! Our Western emigrants could carry no better mediciie-chest with them than a box well packed with a well-selected assortment of early-bearing fi*uit-trees. Dwarf pears, for instance, often bear even the first year, and sometimes produce abundantly in the course of the first two or three seasons ; we have known a peach-tree to yield three pecks the third summer. The smaller kinds, such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, and currants, afford a quick return of very wholesome fruit. A little attention and care of tiiis kind, in connection with a moderate share of information and intel- ligence, would doubtless prevent many serious losses, and avert a vast amount of positive suffering during the first few years of fron- tier life, when a sufficient degree of privation and inconvenience is often experienced, even with the blessing of uninterrupted health."*' The apple, for instance, contains a large amount of nutrient ma- terial. It is used much more plentifully in Germany, France, and other European countries than with us. The common laborers fre- quently make a meal of apples, with perhaps an addition of bread alone. It is stated that the operatives in Cornwall, England, regard them as nearly as nourishing as bread, and more so than potatoes ; and they have been known to assert that they could stand their work better on baked apples than with any other kind of diet, without meat. In our own country, those who make a free use of apples and other fruits for food are seldom troubled with dyspepsia, or any form of indigestion. II. Feuit is a Cheap Article or Food. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, and even strawberries, and many other small fruits, can be produced as cheaply as wheat or pork, corn or potatoes. A well-set orchard of healthy trees, eight to ten years old, will produce, at a moderate estimate, from one hundred to three hundred bushels per acre. These, at twenty- five cents per bushel, at which price they can be affbrded as food even for stock, will yield a very fair income — much more than can be ordinarily obtained on large farms at other branches of farming. Th<^)MA8, in hi;', Fruit Culturist^ says: "Good winter apples always INTKODUCTORY REMARKS command a market. * * * The farmer, then, who sets out twenty acres of good apple orchard, and takes care of it, may ex- pect, at no remote period, a yearly return of five to fifteen hundred dollars a year." DowNijjG, referring to strawherries, says "they are so easily grown that the poorest owner of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance;" and Baery says "any one who can manage a crop of corn or potatoes, can, if he will, grow strawberries." Other varieties, both of orchard and garden fruits, it is well known, are about as easily and cheaply grown as apples and straw- berries. III. The Culture of Good Fruits is Profitable. It may well be doubted whether any branch of agricultural pro- duction pays better than the growing of good fruit for the market — especially where a market is attainable ; and, since railroads are beginning to traverse all portions of our widely-extended country, few localities are found to be beyond the reach of a market. Twenty-five or thirty years ago, as at the present day, men were everywhere found prophesying that in a few years more the mar- kets would be glutted, and the orchards then planting would be useless. Yet the prices of the best kinds of fruit have ever since been steadily advancing ; and we hazard nothing in saying that they will advance, or* that, at least, the present fair prices will be maintained for twenty-five, or even fifty years to come. It should be borne in mind that there will be a continued very large increase in the population of our towns and cities, who are necessarily non- producers of fruit; and further, that the amount of consumption will probably before many years quadruple that of the ratio of in- crease of population. In numberless instances the profits have been enormous ; and while these are to be regarded as only occasional cases, and exceptions to the general rule, yet, in all instances where the business has been properly conducted, and markets not too re- mote, the profits have been exceedingly large. No surer source of income, it may be safely urged, and at highly remunerating prices, can be found, than that of a fruit orchard, consisting of a proper assortment of the best varieties of fruit. Even in localities b^-yond the reach of market, structures for drying can be reared at comparatively small expense, which will 14 FKUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. render the business of drying for market a fair one. Eastward, and that, too, where a market for fresh fruits is readily attainable, these drying establishments are becoming common. The demand for dried fruits will become greater every year. Large sums of money are expended abroad annually for fruits which might easily be produced at home in much better perfection and at far cheaper cost — such as grapes, figs, currants, etc. Even fresh pears have been huported from France by the New York con- fectioners. In addition to our home, market, a large foreign market will doubtless spring up, American apples and pears have already been sold in Europe and the East Indies, in a fresh state ; and peaches and strawberries have been sent to the "West Indies. It is fair, then, to assume that, as the facilities for quick trans- portation increase, and as the various processes for preserving fruits in a fresh state become perfected, not only all sections of our widely- extended country, but the markets of the w^hole world, will be opened to'our fruit-growers ! But suppose both home and foreign markets fail us, it furnishes no valid reason why every farnaer should not plant and cultivate enough to supply his own wants luxuriously, and every mechanic and other head of family have his well-stocked fruit-garden. Of the millions of these farmers throughout the country, there are not half even in the old States, and not one tenth of them in the new, who produce enough for their own consumption ! This home sup- ply should at least be furnished, let the markets be as they may. IV. Fruit Furnishes a^ Amount of Good Living not Other- wise Attainable. Those who have not been able to realize this fact from actual experience, will be astonished to know what a vast amount of good, and even luxuriant food, the orchard and fruit-garden can be made to yield with the proper care and management. It will not be too much to say, that a good selection of fruits in the market, worth any given sum, can be made the source of more real comfort and substantial enjoyment than twice the market value of any other kinds of food. This is owing mainly to the various modes of cookery, and the great variety of ways in which they can be served up. INTRODUCTOKY REMARKS. li V. There is Economy m the Use of Fruit. On this point we can not do better than to copy entire the fol- lowing paragraphs, which we find in a horticultural journal without credit : " Everj man of family, who keep* a good supply of stewing and baking apples, of his own raising, saves a great many hard-earned dollars yearly, otherwise to be paid to the miller or butcher. Or, if he raises his own grain and meat, an equal amount is thus reserved for market. Then what a valuable addition to the com- fort, variety, and luxury of the table! By the first of summer the thick tresses of strawberries begin to redden in the sun ; and half a dozen quarts of this melting crimson fruit n^ay be had each day for the table, from as many half-rod beds. Cherries, currants, and raspberries continue through the first half of summ'er, followed by early juicy apples, rich bloom-dusted plums, golden-hued apricots, and buttery and melting pears. " Now, we do not say, as some mistakingly remark, tliat this fine and delicious supply costs nothing after the trees are planted ; for good fruit can not be expected unless the ground is well cultivated and manured. But it does not cost half as much to cultivate an acre of fruit as an acre of potatoes or corn ; while the amount ob- tained is greater than either, and all ready for the table without going through the process which the grain crop requires, of thresh- ing and winnowing, and grinding, and kneading and baking. "By planting rich, highly-flavored apples for stewing and for pies, instead of poor ones, each family may save from fifty to two hundred pounds of sugar annually, in sweetening and in spices. A friend of ours finds it cheaper to buy good fill i)ipi)ins for fif y cents a bushel, tlian poor sorts, sold a? 'cooking ap[)les,' for fifteen cents a bushel. He uses the Talman Sweeting largely for baking and for puddings, and thinks that an Indian apple-pudding, made by this natural sweetening, the cheapest and the best pudding In the world. He saves from $75 to $100 annually in the cost of his table by this fi-uit." In reference to the economic influences growing out of the Fruit Culture, Mr. Thomas, in his excellent work, has the followir.g highly instructive paragraph : *'It is not, ho\\ever, merely as a source of income, that the cul- tivation of the finer kinds becomes profitable. The family which 16 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. is at all times supplied with delicious and refreshing fruit from its own gardens, has within its reach not only a very important means of economy, but of real domestic comfort. An intluence is thus introduced of an exalted character ; a tendency is directly exerted toward the improvement of l^ie manners of the people. Every addition to the attractions of home has a salutary bearing on a rising family of children. The difference between a dwelling with well-planted grounds, and well furnished with every rural enjoy- ment, and another where scarcely a single fruit-tree softens the face of bleakness and desolation, may, in some instances, and to many a young man just approaching active life, serve as the guiding influ- ence between a useful life on the one hand, or a roving and unprofit- able one on the other — between a life of virtue and refinement from early and favorable influences, or one of dissipation and ruin from the overbalancing effects of a repulsive home. Nor can any man, even iu the noon or approaching evening of life, fail to enjoy a higher happiness, with at least an occasional intercourse with the blossoming and loaded trees which his own hand has planted and pruned, than in the noise of the crowd and tumult of the busy world." When apples, grapes, currants, and raspberries becoiue as com men on the tables o< our people as potatoes, taking the place of the execrable pork and bacon — with the poor as well as the rich, iu the farm-house and that of the villager — then will fruit culture have attained a position in the world's economy that it deserves, and become a source of profit and good second to no other industry. We conclude this introductory chapter, then, with the repetition of this urgent advice, to all who may see these pages — to plant trees ! — PLANT TREES ! without further delay, and cultivate them properly and carefully, and our word for it — and not our word alone, but the united testimony of thousands of those who have demonstrated the fact — they will be to you at no very distant day a source of pecuniary profit and rich enjoyment. PEELIMINAEIES TO PLANTING. SSUMING, dear reader, that you have already decided to plant an orchard, tl e next thing to do is to fix upon its extent. In the con- sideration of this question of extent, two other important matters are to be taken into account — these are, the quantity of ground you may have suitable and to spare, and the amount of means you can set apart for the purpose. In settling these points you should possess, first, a knowledge of the kind of ground necessary; and second, a determination to do the work well, at "whatever cost. For an ordinary family of five to ten persons, not less than three acres wiU suflSce for home consumption alone— and as many more as can be made profitable for market use. On these three acres can be stocked from two to three hundred standard trees of the dif- ferent sorts of fi'uit, besides a due proportion of aU the smaller kinds — an amount w^hich, if properly managed, will in a few years afibrd an ample supply for family use. COST. The cost of first planting will vary widely in different localities —depending on the condition of the ground, the (quality of the soil, prices of trees, price of labor, etc. An approximate calculation may be made, however, by estimating the cost of preparing the ground and planting the trees, at an amount equal to the cost of the trees in the nursery ; and when ditching and underdraining is necessary, at double that amount. The following rule should be in- flexibly observed in all cases : Never slight the icorlc, nor 'plant an inferioi' tree^ hecause 'it is cheaper to do so ! Work half done is very poor economy in planting an orchard, as well as in most other things; and a tree '^osting only half price in the nursery, may turn 18 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. out to be a very dear one in the end. The very best varieties (and these are not always the most costly), as well as the very best trees, are those from which you must expect to realize the most profit. ESTIMATE FOE THREE A0EE8. The following estimate wiU answer for an orchard of three acres of ground, with such variations as circumstances may require. [The number of trees will vary somewhat as the shape of the ground is varied ; the calculation is based on a plat twenty-four rods long by twenty wide.] Eighty apple-trees, thirty-three feet apart, covering two acres. Seventy peach-trees, sixteen and a half feet apart, set around three sides of the whole. There will then be left in front one acre, which may be divided into two equal plats of 132 by 166 feet. These may be filled as follows : In ^o. 1. — Twenty standard pears, thirty-three feet apart, in continuation of the apple rows. Thirty-two dwarf pears, in the same rows, seven feet apart, and thirteen feet from the standards. And — Twenty-seven pyramid and dwarf plums, quinces, cherries, etc.^ in the alternate rows, sixteen and a half feet apart. In No. 2. — Such number of almonds, apricots, grapes, nectarines, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries, as fancy may dictate, and will stock it properly. The above estimate will constitute an orchard of about 250 orchard trees — standard and dwarf — and perhaps as many more of the garden or bush fruits. DISTANCES. Every planter has his own opinion regarding the distance which trees should be planted from each other. Besides, some kinds of soils and localities require greater distance than others; and some varieties will bear to stand closer than other varieties of the same fruit. A good rule is that, when full grown, the tops should not be nearer to each other than one third their diameter. An apple-tree, for example, when fully grown, wiU spread, on an average, to a distance of twenty -five feet; the rule will give thirty-three feet as the proper distance apart. Peaches seldom spread, or should not, if properly pruned, more than twelve to fifteen feet ; the rule givei PRELIMINARIES TO PLANTING. 19 sixteen to twenty feet as the distance to plant. In plarting an orchard of apples, with plenty of ground, thirty -three feet is prob- ably the safest distance ; yet, if ground is an object, they will do at twenty-five feet. Apples may be planted a little wider — say forty feet — and rows of peach-trees planted both ways between; as the peach, not being so long lived, wiU die out before the apple has at- tained to a large growth. When the saving of ground is an important consideration, and none but standard trees are to be planted, more space may be ob- tained by planting in rows, according to the following diagram : ***** « « « ♦ ***** * * * * Smaller trees may be set closely in rows, as represented in the 6gure below: ************* This last method is recommended for village plats, where it is desirable to combine the raising of vegetables with that of fruit ; as the spaces between the rows may be appropriated to any kind of root crop, with decided advantage to the trees. The following table of distances for the various kinds of fruit, condensed from Thomas' Fruit Culturist^ seems to have been ac- quiesced in by most fruit-growers : Apples. — For large trees 25 to 40 feet For pyramids and dwarfs 6 to 8 " Peaks. — Large trees on pear stocks 20 " Pyramids on " " 8 to 10 " Pyramids on quince '* 6 " Dwarf standards on quince 8 " Peaches. — Full growth 20 *' Shortened in 12 to 15 " Cherries. — Common standards 20 " Pyramids on common stocks 10 " (Dukes and Morellos require less). Plums. — Standards , . 15 " Pyramids 6 to 8 " 20 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. Apricots 15 to 20 feet. QumojcH 6 to 8 " GeaI'es,— On 8-feet trellis 25 " Onl2 " " 16 " Trimmed to. stakes 4 to 6 " GOOSEBERBIES AND CuERANTS 4 tO 5 " Easpbeekies and Blackbeeeies 4 " For the above distances, the following is the number of trees re- quired for an acre : 40 feet apart 2T trees. 33 " " 40 " 25 " " ..69 " 20 " " 108 " 15 " « 193 " 12 feet apart 302 trees. 10 " " 435 " 8 " " 680 " 6 " " 1,208 " 4 " " 2,720 " LOCATION. Much has been said and written concerning the location of orchards. Situation and aspect doubtless have their effects ; yet no one should neglect to plant merely because he can not give his trees such an aspect as he may desire. Trees in favorable situations wiU undoubtedly produce more good crops than those less fortunately situated; yet many seasons occur when the causes of the diiference do not arise, and trees in any exposure will produce abundantly. To this general rule there can be very few exceptions, namely — Elevated situations are tetter than lowlands^ and the brows and sides of hills are to he chosen in preference to the valleys. Numer- ous proofs have been adduced to show that the peach might be suc- cessfully grown much farther north than it usually is, if the most elevated positions were chosen instead of the warm valleys. So, farther south, frequent severe frosts cut off the crops on the low grounds, while those on the more elevated and exposed situations are not affected. The old rule was to choose a southern or southeastern exposure. Coxe, whose work was issued about 1820, and who planted a largo number of trees from 1794 to 1810, m different exposures and as- pects, says: "A southeast aspect, which admits the influence of the early morning sun, and is protected from the pernicious effects of northerly winds, will be found to be the best site for an orchard.'* This is at variance with most later authorities, and with the expe- PRELIMINARIES TO PLANTING. 21 rience of practical fruit-growers at the present day. A northern exposure is now very generally preferred. This is because the ac- tion of the warm sun, in a southern exposure, will too soon thaw away the frost about the roots, and occasion the buds to swell- leaving them exposed to alternations of frost and thaw. In the West, the rolling prairies near the woodland, the hazel ruffs that skirt the prairie and wogd, and the richest portions of the timbered bluffs or highlands that overlook the rivers, are regarded as the best locations. The best bearing orchards within the knowledge of the writer are those on the bluff overlooking the Mississippi at the Lower Rapids. SOIL. Fruit trees, like corn and cabbages, will grow on almost any kind of soil ; yet some soils are more suited to their natures than others. They require a soil strong enough to give the tree a vigorous growth, and the better and more vigorous the growth of the tree, the better will be the character of the fruit. As a general thing, any soil that will produce a good crop of corn will be good for fruit-trees. A strictly aUuvial soil, however, is not to be recommended ; as, while it will produce a rank growth of wood, it will not make so hardy or fruitful a tree ; nor will the quality of the fruit be equal to that grown on a less fertile soil. A calcareous soil is the best adapted to most kinds of fruit ; yet in other than limestone regions a gravelly or sandy loam will be found to answer a good purpose. Stiff, clayey soils are not promotive of a good growth ; yet they can be rendered available by a proper incorporation of sand, manure, and vegetable mold. Most soils — even those in the limestone region — require an addition of more or less lime and potash, as these in- gredien^is enter largely into the composition of most fruits. PEEPAEATION OF THE GROUND. Not one in a hundred of those who plant trees bestows the necessary care and attention to the preparation of the ground. A very common mode is to dig a hole about a foot wide and five or six inches doep, stick in the tree, bending the roots or cutting them off to bring them within the proper compass — shovel in a few spadefuls of dirt or sod, tread it down with the foot, and the job is done ! If the tree grows, well ; if not, the planter has only been unlucky^ and all the neighbors conclude not to plant, it is so Jut/rd 22 FRUIl CULTURE IN GENERAL. to make trees grow ! Is it any wonder that three out of every four trees taken from the nursery die without having reached the stage of fruit-bearing? In the first place, the soil must be dry before planting. If not so naturally, it must be made so by deep plowing, and, if this will not suffice, then by underdraining. A clay subsoil should be under- drained to the depth of three feet ; but an/ soil not very retentive of water may be sufficiently drained, by the use of a subsoil plow and a strong team. With good underdraining and a proper admix- ture of manures, ashes, sand, and loam, the toughest clay soils may be reduced to a proper couditiou for fruit trees. All soils that are sufficiently porous to drain well should be first prepared with the plow, harrow, and sub-soiler ; and then the holes for the trees should be made only of proper size and depth to admit the roots in their natural position, and at two or three inches greater depth than they stood in the nursery. Deep holes in a hard and tenacious sub-soil will injure the trees by retaining too much water. Such soils should be avoided for a fruit orchard ; or if used, should first be properly underdrained. Many young trees die from the effects of standing in deep holes, prepared for them at great expense. Previous to planting, the soil should be enriched with well-rotted barn-yard manure, thoroughly intermixed and pulverized by the harrow. If planting is to be done in the spring, the Y)lowing fehould have been gone through with the fall previous, and then thoroughly stirred again just before planting. When the whole field is thoroughly prepared by the plow, it can be cultivated to some useful crop, and the trees will be more likely to receive the necessary tillage than they would if standing in the field alone. MANURING. It is a quite common experience that the quality of fruit in or- chards will, after a few years, gradually decline, yielding only small and imperfect specimens. Some varieties will show this decline much sooner than others. Negligence in regard to manur- ing is generally the cause of this deterioration. The application of birn-yard manure will cure the evil, though with some fruits other ingredie)its are very valuable. Ashes is a good fertilizer for most fruits, and is worth more to the fruit-jrrow^r, as such, than for any other purpose. In the peach orchard there is little danger of PRELIMINARIES TO PLANTING. 23 getting too much. A free use of lime on some soils is very bene- ficial, and in many cases salt may be used to advantage. This latter has been strongly recommended as a^preventive to blight in the pear. TRANSPLANTING. LAYING OFF THE GEO7ND. HE best way to lay off the ground, after it has been fully prepared and the distances decided upon, is to measure along the sides and ends, setting a stake at the proper distances, and then driving smaU stake's, say one foot high, at all the points ^ where the lines thus indicated intersect each other. After the ground is staked, commence digging the holes — and this should be completed before the trees are removed from the nursery. SEASON FOE TEANSPLANTING. The proper season for transplanting a tree is any time between • the falling of the leaf in autumn and the swelling of the buds in spring; and, in the case of a hardy tree, 'as the apple, it probably makes but little difference whether it be done before the winter or after it. With other trees it is different; the less hardy ones, with diminished strength, can not so easily withstand the severe frosts and piercing nor'westers of that season. Hence they should be transplanted only in the spring. Apples may be removed either in November or April, provided it be done well, with probably about equal success. CoxIe, who did a great deal of orchard planting in his time, always planted in the autumn, generally about the middle of November — sometimes, however, as early as October, and some- times as late as December. Thomas, in his Fi^uit Culturist^ says : " Where the work is well done, both are successful.-' The editor of the Illustrated Annual Register^ 1855, says that planting should be done at tliat season when it can be best done ; and adds — "after all, the subsequent treatment of trees has more to do with their success, at least twenty fold, than the season of the year for setting." TRANSPLANTING. 25 TAKING FKOM THE NUKSERY. Trees should be injured as little as possible in removing them from the nursery. Taking them from the row, and tying in such a manner as to be easily transported, is properly the nurseryman's business ; yet it is always best to keep a watchful eye to the work. Especial care should be taken that the roots are not broken or bruised, or cut away by the spade in taking them from the ground ; and when any of the roots do become injured, they should be nicely cut off with a sharp knife. As soon as dug, the tree^ should be carefully arranged in convenient bunches, as much damp earth as possible placed about their roots, and then closely enveloped in some coarse sacking, or other suitable thing, and firmly tied with strong cord. If they are to be re-set at but a short distance from the nursery, these precautions are unnecessary, though if they are to b& carried any considerable distance, too much care can not be used in this respect. In all cases the roots should be carefully se- cured against exposure to the air and sun. If from any cause the trees are not to be immediately planted, they should be placed in the ground, root and stock, by digging a trench and shoveling loose dirt upon them, to a depth sufiicient to exclude the air. The weather will not always permit of immediate re-plantmg, but it should in no case be delayed longer than is abso- lutely necessary. This covering should be done in orchard or gar- den, and the trees should be removed from the trench one by one as they are planted. SELECTION OF TREES. There is great diversity of opinion in regard to the proper size of a tree for transplantinnf, though best informed and most expe- rienced planters now prefer a two-year-old tree rather than one of a larger size. In thrifty, well-tilled nurseries, trees of that age will average about five feet high ; and such a tree can be more easily handled, and is also in a better condition to sustain the violence done to its nature by transplanting, and better able to recover from it, than those of an older and larger growth. Care should also be taken to select trees of well-branched and well-formed heads, and oi as near the same size, vigor, and general condition as possible. 26 FRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL. SETTING OUT TREES. It requires three men, or two men and a boy, to set out trees as it should be done. Before inserting the roots into the hole prepared to receive them, they should first be dipped into mud made of _ the rich surface mold, to cause the earth to adhere to all theii* parts This done, place the tree in its proper position in the hole, shovel in a small quantity of the finely pulverized mold, and then give it a gentle shaking suddenly up and down, in order to settle the dirt closely about the roots. One person to hold the tree to its proper position, while another shovels in the earth. When a sufficient quantity of the earth has been placed upon the roots to bring it level with the surface of the ground, tread it down gently with the foot, and then add more, rounding it to a slight mound, with the stem of the tree for a center. The tree should be placed in the hole so- as to allow it to stand about as deep, when the earth becomes- set- tled around it, as it stood in the nursery. It is recommended by some to plant the tree in the orchard in the same relative position to the points of the compass that it occupied in the nursery. This may or may not be beneficial; at any rate, it can do no harm, and it is quite an easy matter to mark the tree be- fore it is lifted, so as to indicate its position. If the planting be done in autumn, there should be a mound of earth ten inches to a foot high, and three feet in diameter, raised around the tree to steady it, and protect its roots from frost and the bark from mice. When the ground becomes well settled in the spring, the mound should be removed. TRIMMING. Before setting out, each tree should undergo a proper degree of trimming. This requires considerable judgment. As the brandies and roots of a tree depend upon each other for support, it will readily be understood that neither should be overtasked. In re- moving it from the nursery, all the small fibrous roots, and some- times many of the larger, are lost; hence the top must be trimmed to correspond. To do this properly, all the leading shoots should be shortened back one half or two thirds of the current year's growth; and, if the roots have been much injured, the leading branches should be lieaded back still more. A F TEK-OULTURE. PLOWING AND HOEING. ISTE of the most common errors among the people in regard to fruit-growing is that per- taining to after-culture. Many suppose that all that is necessary to get good fruit, is to set the tree in the ground, right end downward, to be sure, and nature will do the rest. This is a most fatal error — nothing can be more unreasonable. It is as absolutely necessary that the tree which you have planted should receive culture and care afterward, as that the corn which rustles in the breeze should be plowed and hoed and harrowed to make it yield its golden har- vest. Trees, as well as vegetables, must have food and drink. It is by culture that they obtain them. Hence, in the orchard, the growing of some crop is very desirable. Roots are perhaps the best of all. Potatoes, beets, beans, carrots, parsneps, onions — all require thorough culture, and do not shade the trees ; while Indian corn, clover, grass, and all the cereal grains, should be rigidly excluded. PEUNTNG. In the matter of pruning we find there is a great diversity of opinion among experienced fruit-growers. Some advise a free uso of the knife ; others prune but little, or none at all. The first are doubtless right, as regards some sorts of trees ; while in regard to other varieties, the second class are correct. And the point must be settled between them by considering the objects sought to be at- tained by pruning. To our mind there are four objects to be had in view in pruning a fruit tree. These are — £S TTRUIT CULTURE IN GENERAL 1. To relieve it of its dead and decaying branches. 2. To promote the growth of the tree. 3. To encourage the production and increase the size and quality of the fruit. 4. To change its shape. Now, the above being all the objects for which a tree onglit to be pruned (except as Jieretofore stated, under the head of "Trim- ming," to preserve an equilibrium between roots and branches in transplanting), it is evident that while a permanent vigor and pro- ductiveness are maintained without it, the less pruning the better. Many planters insist that a tree should never be pruned except for the first of these objects; because, as they allege, if a tree be faith- fully kept free from all dead and decaying wood, its growth and productiveness will both be promoted. This is doubtless true to some extent with some sorts of fruit, and unless some peculiar form is desired, it is better to do but little other pruning. Yet with all it is sometimes necessary to prune more freely. Some varieties of the apple, for instance, will grow, if left alone, to too thick ahead, and require thinning out ; others grow so straggling that it is fre- quently necessary to cut away drooping, or crooked and deformed branches, to give the tree some symmetry of appearance. After the first object is attained, the apple, the pear, and the cherry, as standards, require little more, except in the cases last alluded to. Other trees require much more, which, will be treated of in the proper place. PEOTEOTION. All orchards and fruit gardens, whether of old or young trees, should be carefully protected against the depredations of cattle or other animals. Good fences to secure them are indispensable, as it is ^jtter folly to expend time and money in planting and rearing a fiue orchard, and then allow animals to disfigure, maim, and destroy the trees. Cattle, horses, or sheep should never be allowed to run in orchards; nor should swine be admitted except at intervals of very short periods, in order that they may have time only to eat up the fallen fruit, and not to bark the trees or root uj) the ground. In some sections birds are great depredators upon fruit, but as a general thing they do more good in devouring the insects than harm in consuming the fj-uit. If they become too numerous, they can be frightened away with guns. AFTER-CULTURE. 2^ MULCHING. This is simply tlie process of distributing some proper material aromid the root of each tree to retain the moisture. When not thus protected, the ground will frequently bake and greatly retard the growth of the tree. Any coarse litter, straw, or forest leaves will be suitable for mulching. It should be used plentifully — spread on to a depth of at least six inches. When properly mulched, trees will retain moisture about their roots, and make a vigorous growth, through the dry and sultry summer months, while others not pro- tected in this way cease to grow altogether, and in many wither and die. PART II. THE DIFFEEENT KINDS OF FEUITS. THE ALMOND. Theee are but few of the almonds worthy of cultivation in the United States. The Hard-Shells may be raised in the Middle States, and the Soft-Shells in the South, while neither can be suc- cessfully cultivated north of about forty-two degrees, except under shelter. A warm, sandy soil is most suitable for this fruit ; yet any soil it. which the peach and plum will thrive will answer for the almond. The almond is propagated from the seed, or by budding on the peach or plum. The after-culture may be the same as for the peach — which see. VARIETIES. 1. Sweet Haed-Shell. — This is a hardy and productive variety, succeeding well in the climate of Western New York, and still far- ther north. Nut very large, with a hard shell, and a large, sweet kernel ; ripe here about the first of October. — Barry. Tree vigorous, brilliant, and showy. NoTE.^In presenting the different varieties of fruit introduced into this depart- ment, we hav^e chosen to adopt the descriptions — modified and condensed into as . narrow limits as possible — of some of the best and most experienced pomologists of the country, whose writihgs are before the public. In the choice of selections. however, we have been guided by our own judgment, influenced, of course, by an extensive reading and thorough examination of the opinions of others. THE ALMOND. 31 2. Sweet Soft-Shell. — This is the almond of the shops, of which such immense quantities are annually imported from abroad. South of Virginia, we believe, it succeeds well ; and so beautiful a tree and so estimable a fruit deserves the attention of all fruit- growers.— Barry. Cultivators who are desirous of obtaining as great a variety of fruit as possible, would do well to plant a few trees of one or tiio other of the above-named sorts. Amateurs may find a %w other kinds, but they are generally inferior or uselese. THE APRICOT. The apricot is not very generally grown in the United States. This is partly owing to the fact that people are not much acquainted with its uses, and partly to its being so frequently destroyed by the curculio. This fruit is also propagated on the peach and plum, as well as on stocks from its own seed. The plum is regarded as the best. The soU best adapted to the apricot is a strong loam. On lighter soils free mulching and frequent watering are highly beneficial. VAEIETIES. The kinds most recommended for general cultivation are — 1. Large Early. — Full medium, oblong, pale orange, spotted orange cheek; rich, juicy. — Thomas, in Annual Reg later. Ripens middle of July. 2. Early Golden.— pubois' Early Golden.) Small, smooth, pale orange, sweet, good ; free from the stone. Early — midsum- mer. Hardy and productive. — Annual Register. 3. Breda. — Small, brownish orange, juicy, rich. Season, first of August. Tree hardy, good grower, productive. — Elliott. 4. MooRPARK OR Peach. — Large, round, orange, red cheel^ juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens soon after the Breda, but less hardy. — Annual Register. 5. Large Red. — Dark orange red; round, large, sweet, and juicy. — Downing, THE APRICOT. 33 6. Shipley's Large. — A good grower and productive. — Elliott. Adapted to certain localities. There are other varieties with good local reputation, and new ones are from time to time introduced ; but the above will probably be found as valuable as any. In view of the vast increase of the curculio over the United States^ the cultivation of the apricot cannot be recommended, except in those portions of the country free from the destroyer (if there are any such). Few persons who plant on a small scale will give that care and attention required to save the fruit in those localities infested. Yet the apricot, being so delicious a fruit— and the tree being about as hardy as the peach or plum, easily grown, and generally a free bearer — those who would plant largely for commercial pur- poses, and make it their business to protect their crops with the same energy that the tobacco and cotton growers protect their crops against insect enemies, may be 'expected to reap their reward ; but it must be a war of extermination. THE APPLE. The apple is undoubtedly the most valuable, as well as the most widely known, of the whole family of fruits. Downing terras it the "world-renowned fruit of the temperate climates';" and it seems to be a native of at least three quarters of the globe. It was well known to the ancients, several varieties of it having been described by writers of antiquity. Yet widely known as it is, it has nowhere become appreciated as it should be. A large portion of the people of this country seem not to have yet learned that an apple can be used in any other way than eaten raw, or that it can be introduced into the general cook- ing of the family. Thousands will purchase and eat an apple merely to gratify a taste for its aromatic flavor, without ever once thinking of it as an article of food ; and among that rapidly increas- ing class which is begiDuiug to discover that the apple may be made a staple necessary of life, very few yet know in what a diversity of ways it may be made to contribute to their wants. The apple will flourish in a greater variety of soils than most other fruits. A dry, warm soil, with a good mixture of rich loam, is the best, with a plentiful supply of hme and potash. It thrives well, in many instances, on gravelly and even stony land, witli a good mixture of rich surface mold, and subsoil not too compact. VAEIETIES. Elliott states that there are now probably two thousand varie- ties of the apple, described in whole or in pai-t, by the various Hor- ticultural writers. It may well be doubted, however;' whether there are one tenth of that number so distinct tliat any but tlie wn- experienced pomologists can recognize their characteristic diilerences. It is no doubt true that, in many instances, apples of THE APPLE. 36 the same variety have different names given them, and are differ- ently described, when grown in dissimOar soils and conditions. And so great is this distinction that frequently experienced fruit- growers have been deceived. Generally speaking, there is a marked difference be.tween Eastern and Western apples of the same variety. Of the very large number of sorts described by writers on fruits, something over a hundred only of the most valuable have been selected for description in this work. For convenience, they are classed as Summek, Fall, and Winteb Apples. * CLASS I. — SUMMER APPLES. THIRTY VARIETIES. 1. American Summer Pearmain. — Medium size, oblong, skin smooth, red, and yellow; tender, juicy, and rich. Tree, a slow but erect and handsome grower ; bears early and abundantly ; one of the best in nearly all parts of the country. September. — Barry. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with lime and pot- asli, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. — Elliott. 2. Benoni. — ^Medium, roundish, or slightly conical ; striped with bright red ; tender, juicy, sub-acid, fine flavor. Handsome grower and good bearer, very valuable. Has proved fine in New England, New York, and some other places. — Thomas^ in Annual Register. Ripens in August. 3. Bough AppLE.^(Sweet Bough or Large Yellow Bough). — Large, roundish; pale greenish yellow, very tender, excellent sv^eet flavor. Latter part of summer. Moderate and regular bearer. Succeeds well in Northern, Middle, and Western States. — Annual Register, Not reliable for productiveness. — N. W. Fruit- Groioei's Associa- tion. 4. Carolina Red June.^ — ^Medium size, oblong, beautiful red, agreeable flavor. Fine grower, and bears abundantly. — Annual Register. Pronounced the best early apple ; hardy, beautiful, and product- ive when young. — iV. W. F. G. Associatiofi. 36 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. " Is a valuable early apple in Illinois and other parts of the West. 5. Early Harvest. — Medium to large; pale, yellow, rich, sub-acid; moderate grower, erect and handsome ; a good bearer. Last of July to Aug. — Ellwanger avd Barry's Catalogue. Succeeds we', throughout most of the Northern and Western States. — A. E. Quality fine ; poor bearer on young trees.— JV. W, F. G, A. Fig. 1.— Eablt Habvest. 6. Early Chandler. — Medium, roundish, striped, good quality. Extensively cultivated in Ohio, where it succeeds well. . Vigorous and erect. August and September. — Barry. 7. Early Joe. — A beautiful and delicious small-sized, deep-red apple. Tree rather a slow but upright grower, and a most profuse bearer. Last of August. — Ellwanger and Barry. Unsurpassed in quality by any early apple. Not extensively proved yet. Must be eaten fresh. — Annual Register. 8. Early Strawberry. — Medium, mostly deep red; tender, al- most melting, mild, fine flavor. Tree a moderate, erect grower, and a good bearer. A beautiful and excellent variety for both orchard and garden. Middle to end of August. — E. and B. 9. Early Pexnock. — Popular in Ohio —little knoAvn elsewhere. Magnificent, large, conical, yellow, and red, ripening middle of August. — Barry. " Good," or second rate ; bears profusely when young; valuable for market. Synonymous with Shaker's Yellow. — N. W. F. G. A, THE APPLE. 10. Golden Sweeting. — Large, round- ish, pale yellow ; a very fair, fine, sweet apple. Strong grower, irregular ; a good bearer. August. — Barry. The fruit is always fair ; the tree a free grower and productive. — Annual Reg. Fig. 2 — Golden Sweetino. 11. Gareetson's Early. — Medium, greenish yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasant. Tree vigorous, very productive, and bears young. Not much disseminated. July and August. — Barry. 12. Holland Pippin. — A large, greenish yellow, sub-acid, rich, and excellent kitchen fruit. In use the whole month of August. Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive. Very distinct from the Fall Pippin, often called Holland Pippin in "Western New York. — E. and B. 13. Keswiok Codlin. — Large, oblong, pale yellow, acid. Tree erect and very vigorous ; bears when quite young, and abundantly ; excellent for cooking, from July to October. — E. and B. Good for limited culture for culinary purposes. — iV, W. F. G. A, 14 Ltman's Large Summer. — Large, round, pale yellow, riclu and excellent. The trees require shortening, like the peach, lo 38 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. keep up a proper supply of young shoots, as they bear in clusters on the ends of the branches. August. — E. and B., 15. Manomet Sweet. — An excellent late summer sweet apple. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. August and September. — Barry. One of the finest early sweet apples, having a deep yellow skin, and a bright vermilion cheek. — Hovey''s Magazine. Flesh yellowish, jurcy, tender, sugary sweet. — Elliott. 16.— OsLiN Pippin. — A famous Scotch apple — succeeds weU in Upper Canada. Medium size, roundish, yellow ; flesh juicy, rich, and fine. Tree productive. August and September. — Barry. 17. Peimate. — (Eough and Ready.) — Medium, paLe yellow, with a blush on the sunny side ; resembles summer rose ; tender, mild, and good. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. August and Septem- ber.— E. and B. Ripens for several weeks through the latter part of summer. Not yet fully proved, — Annual Register. 18. Red Astracila^^ — Rather large, roundish, and flattened,; the whole surface a deep, brilliant crim- son, with a bloom like a plum ; flesh white, somewhat coarse and crisp; rather acid, good. The most showy of all summer apples; excellent for stewing. Succeeds well in the Northern, Western, and Middle States. — Annual Register. Fig. 8.- Eed Asteachan. Da^ld TiiOMAS says of the Astrachan: "Every householder who THE APPLE. 39 pwns land — if only a small lot — ought to have one tree of the Astrachan apple, both on account of its earliness and its excellence for cooking. It is so tender as to be cooked almost as soon as it is scalded, and so pure that it. has no unpleasant tang, like the Yellow Harvest. It is acid, indeed, but sugar readily overpowers this defect. " It is a tree of vigorous growth, an abundant bearer, and, what is worthy of note, it bears every year without fail. " The fruit is of great beauty, having a hloom like a plum, on a fine red skin. I know of no apple at this season that would com- mand more customers in market." 19. Pkince's Harvest. — Fine for stewing when green; flesh white, tender, sprightly, and juicy ; form flat, si«e middling. Tree not very vigorous, spreading, irregular. A great bearer, and in season during the whole month of July. — Goxe. 20. Sine Qua Non. — Medium, greenish yellow; tender, fine- flavored. Tree a slender and slow grower, but bears well. August. — JS. and B. Tree a poor grower in the nursery, hence not widely cultivated, although productive. — Annual Register. Slow, poor grower, and an indiiferent bearer. — Elliott. 21. — Sops of Wine. — Foreign. Tree vigorous, early bearer ; esteemed for its peculiar pink flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Me- dium or small, roundish ; light, purplish red ; flesh yellow, stained with pink, jnicy, mild, sub-acid; "very good." August to Sejjtem- ber. — Elliott. 22. — Summer Rose. — (Woolman's Early.) — Medium, roundish, pale yellow, with a red cheek ; tender and delicious : has a beauti- ful waxen appearance. Tree rather a slow grower, but good bearer. Middle to end of August. — E. and B. This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy sprightly, sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the des- sert. Requires rich, strong soil, lime, and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. — Elliott. 28. —Summer Queen. — Large, conical, striped and clouded with red; rich and fine-flavored. Tree irregular; large, spreading head, August. — Barry. iO THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. Good on warm, sandy soils; poor on clay soils. — Thomas. 24. Summer Scarlet Pearmain. — (Bell's Scarlet.) — ^Medium to large, conical, mostly covered with crimson ; flesh stained with red, tender and good. Trees grow freely, and bear young and abund- antly. August and September. — Barry. 25. Sweet June. — Very good, productive, transient ; best when fresh from the tree. — N. W. F. G. A. 26. — Summer Sweet Paradise. — A large, fine, sweet apple from Pennsylvania; round, green to yellow, juicy, sweet, and rich. August and September. — Barry. 27. Townsend. — Tree moderate spreading growth, abundant early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, streaked with red; flesh dry, sub-acid ; "very good." September. — Elliott. 28. Williams' Favorite. — Large, oblong, red, rich, and ex- cellent. A moderate grower and good bearer; highly esteemed in Massachusetts. August. — Elliott and Barry. Fig. 4.— Williams' Favoritb. THE APPLE. 41 29. Trumbull Sweeting. — From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit above medium, roundish, flattened; pale yellow, blush, an^ red spots; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." September to November. — Elliott. 30. Wetheeill's White Sweeting. — From New Jersey; tree /igorous; productive on light se^ls.' Fruit large, roundish, oblong; pale yellow; flesh white, sweet; valued for baking and for stock. September. — Elliott, CLASS II.— FALL APPLES. FORTY VARIETIES. 81. Alexander. — A very large and beautiful deep-red or crim- son apple, of medium quality. Tree vigorous and moderately pro- ductive.— October and November. — Ellwanger and Barry's Cata- logue. Elliott pronounces it a poor bearer. 32. Autumnal Swaar. — Large, flattish, rich yellow; sweet, spicy, agreeable. An excellent fruit; not widely known. There is a greatly inferior sort known in Western New York as " Sweet Swaar." — Annual Register. Barry, Thomas, and Elliott aU make this variety synonymous with the " Sweet Swaar." 33. Autumn Strawberry. — Medium, streaked light and dark red ; tender, crisp, juicy, and fine. Tree vigorous, productive ; one of the best of its season. September and October.- Barry. % 34. Beauty of Kent. — A magnificent English apple, rivaling the Alexander in size and beauty ; striped with dark red ; tender, but coarse, and indiiferent in flavor; excellent for cooking. Tree very vigorous and productive. — Barry. 35. Bailey Spice. — Growth moderate; fruit medium; round jvate, tapermg to the eye ; light yellow, blush in the sun ; flesh yellowish, sprightly, spicy. October. "Very good." — EiUott. 36. Cooper. — Very large, yellow, striped with deep red ; tender, 42 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. juicy, and fine. Very highly esteemed in Southern Ohio. Pro- ductive and valuable. October. — E. and B. • 37. Clyde Beauty. — Productive. Fruit large, roundish, conical, and slightly ribbed ; pale greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, deep crimson in the sun ; flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, Bub-acid; "best." October to December. — Elliott. 38. Dutchess of Oldenbeeg. — A large, beautiful Kussian apple ; roundish, streaked red and yellow ; tender, juicy, and pleasant. Tree a vigorous fine grower, and young and abundant bearer. September. — E. and B. 39. Doctor. — Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana, pro- ducing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Medium to large, fiat, yel- low ; fiesh tender, juicy. October to January. — Elliott'. 40. Deap d'Oe, or Cloth of Gold. — Very large, golden yel- low ; flavor mild and agreeable. Tree spreading, moderately vigor- ous and productive. — E. and B. 41. Fall Pippin. — Very large, roundish, oblong, yellow ; tender, rich, and delicious; tree vigorous, spreading, and a fine bearer; esteemed generally. — October to December. — E. and B. 42. Fall Oeange. — Large, roundish, oval; pale yellow; fiesh sub-acid and excellent, if fresh and ripe from the tree. A strong grower; fruit always fair; tree bears when young; not widely known. — Tucker's Annual Register. 48. Fall Haev^y. — A large, handsome yellow apple, resembling the Fall Pippin, but not so good. Oct. and Nov. — Barry. 44. Fleiuee. — ^Medium, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek, tender and pleasant; has a beautiful, smooth, waxy appearance. Tree a great bearer. German. September and October, — E. and B. 45. "Fameuse. — Medium, deep crimson, flesh snowy white, tender and delicious. Tree vigorous, with dark wood ; a beautiful and fine early fruit. Succeeds particularly well in the North. Novembei to January. — E. and B. THE APPLE, 43 ^ 46, Gbavenstein. — Rather large, roundish, striped with bright red ; flesh juicy, with a very rich, rather acid flavor. Tree productive ; a fine grower, forming a fine head; fruit handsome and excellent. This German apple has proved fine in the Northern, Middle, Western, and in some of the Southern States. September and October. — Annual Register. Fig. 5. — Qravenstein. 47. Golden Ball. — The trees do not bear well while young, but improve as they advance in years. Tree hardy, forming a large, round head, with large,, glossy, rich, green foliage ; exceedingly valu- able for cooking ; requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. Fruit large ; color, rich yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sub-acid. October to December. — Elliott, 48. — Hawthoenden. — A beautiful Scotch apple, medium to large size, pale yellow and red. Trees have strong shoots, with low, spreading heads — constant and abundant bearers — excellent for cooking. — September and October. Eesembles Maiden's Blush. — E. and B. 49. Haskell Sweet. — (Sassafras Sweet of Cole.) — Large, flat, greenish yellow ; tender, sweet, and rich. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Massachusetts. September and October. — Barry. 50. Jewett's Fixe Red. — An excellent New England apj)le, mediHm size, tender, and flne-flavored ; a good grower and bearer — said to be well adapted to the North. Oct, and Nov. — Barry. 44 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITI 51. Hawlet. — (Dowse.) — Very large, pale yellow, tender, rich, and fine, though sometimes defective. Tree a fair grower, and bears well. — September and October. — E. and B. 6.— IlAWLr:Y. 52. Jeffeies. — From Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderate grower, upright habit, constant, abundant bearer; fruit roundish, flattened, pale yellow ; flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy ; "best." September and October. New. — Elliott. Not much proved out of Pennsylvania. — Annual Register. 53. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. — (Pound Sweet.) — A large, round, green apple, fine for baking ; tree verr vi/corous, upriglit, and pro- ductive. Much grown in Western New Y ork. October to Decem- ber.— Barry, Very large — good for stock. — Ohio Pomological Scc'ety. 54. Leland Spice. — Rather large, roundish, red ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, rich, fine flavor. A Massaclmsetts variety not much found elsewhere. — Annual Register. 65. MuxsoN Sweeting. — Medium to large, pale yellow, with a THE APPLE, •15 red cheek ; tender, juicy, and good. Tree a very fine grower and good bearer. November and December. — E. and B. 56. Jeesey Sweeting. — Medium size, striped, and green; tender, juicy, and sweet ; strong, fine grower, and good bear- er ; very popular both for table and cook- ing. Sept. and Oct. — E. and B. Early fall — first-rate for table. — Ohio Pomological Society. * Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair fi-uit in all soils — warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture and more character to the flesh. Valuable. — Elliott. Fig. 7. — Jeksey Sweeting. 57. Northern Sweetino. — A large, beautiful, and excellent i»weet apple, resembling Munson Sweeting, but the tree is only of rioderate growth and irregular; bears well. November and De- cember.— E. and B. 58. Orne's Early. — Rather large, somewhat ribbed; pale yel- low; flesh white, very tender, juicy, and fine flavor. Early au- tumn.— Thomas. 59. Pomme Royal. — (Dyer.) — Large, roundish, yellowish white, with a brown tinge next the sun ; crisp, juicy, and high-flavored ; tree a fair grower and abundant bearer. Sept. and Oct. — E. and B. Tree a fair gri)wer, moderately productive. — Elliott. Fine in N. E. and N. Y. Bears when young. — Annual Register. 60. President. — Large and beautiful ; yellow, with a red cheek ; roundish flattened, of good quality ; bears most abundantly. AVo obtained it from Columbus, O. October. — Barry. THE DIFFBKENT KINDS OF FKUITS 61. Lowell. — (Orange.) — Large, oblong, pale yellow; skin oilj; quality excellent. Tree a good grower and bearer. September and October. — E. and B. One of the best fall apples. — OMo P. S. Valuable for its productiveness — bearing when young — and for its handsome, uni- formly fair fruit. — Annual Register. The early habit of productiveness with the large, fair fruit will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety is known. Most valuable on rich, heavy soils. — Elliott. Fig. 8. — ^Lowell. 62. Melon. — Fruit medium to large; form roundish, flattened, regular; color pale yellowish white ; tender, juicy, spright- ly. Oct. to Dec. it proves fine so far, and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the class worthy of general cultivation. Tree vigorous, spread- ing ; requires deep, strong soil. — Elliott. Fig. 9.— Melon. THE APPLE. 47 63. PoETEE. — Medium size to large, oblong, yellow ; flesh tender and of excellent flavor. Tree a moderate grower ; very popular in Massachusetts. Sept. — E. and B. A regular, even bearer ; requires strong soil, with lime and phos- phates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of the best at the South. — Elliott. ^A popular Eastern fall -apple, little known in Ohio.— (9. P. S. Fig. 10. — Porter. 64. Oveeman's Sweet. — Fruit medium, conical; pale yellow, striped with red ; flesh white, juicy, sweet; "good;" baking. Oc- tober and November. — Elliott. This variety is from the orchard of Mi'. C. E. Oveeman, Caiiton Fulton Co., 111. 65. Ross NoNPAEEiL. — Tree productive. Fruit below medium, roundish, dull red, blotched and striped; flesh greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic; "very good;" nearly "best." October to November. — Elliott. 66. St. Laweence. — Large, round, streaked, red and greenish yellow; a very beautiful, productive, ano popular market apple from Canada. October. — Ellwanger and Barry. ''Yery good.''— Elliott. 67. Smokehouse, of Penn. ; Vandeeveee, of Cincinnati, and 4^ THE DIFFEKENT KINDS OF FRUITS. host of other synonyms. — Eather large, flattish ; color a liglit dull red ; rich, aromatic, sub-acid, of fine flavor. Growth crooked and spreading. Succeeds well in New York, and in the Middle and Western States. — Annual Begister. Subject to dry rot, when grown on soils deficient in lime ; but when supplied with lime, the rot disappears, and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality. Needs good culture. Larger South than North. — Elliott. 68. Spice Sweet. — Large, pale yellow, with a blush on the sunny side, quite waxen and beautiful ; tender, sweet, and fine ; a good bearer. September. — E. and B. Handsome and high-flavored. — Ohio Pomological Society. C9. SuPEEB Sweet. — Large, roundish, yellow and red ; ^Jesh ten- der, juicy, rich flavored ; tree is a good grower and bearer. Sep- tember and October. Massachusetts. — Barry. YO. Tompkins. — A large and beautiful apple from Tompkins Co., N. Y. Golden color at maturity ; flesh sub-acid, tender, and rich. Tree productive. October and November. — Barry. CLASS III. — WINTER APPLES. FIFTY VARIETIES. Tl. Bailey Sweet. — Very large, deep red; flesh tender, rich, and sweet; a superb and excellent sweet apple. Originated in Wyoming Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Novem- ber to April. — E. and B. New — not much proved out of Western New York. — Ann. Reg. Flesh yellow, rather dry, sweet ; " very good." — Elliott. '72. Beoadwell. — Tree vigorous, spreading, good bearer ; medium to large, regular roundish, light yellow; flesh white, sweet, juicy. November to March. — Elliott. Highly commended by Mr. Eenst and others from Cincinnati. — Ohio Pomological Society. Sweet, juicy, and of fine flavor. A fine new Ohio variety.— Annual Regutter. THE APPLE 49 IB. Baldwin. — Large, bright, red, crisp, juicy, and rich. Trees very vigorous, upright, and pro- ductive; considered in Massachu- setts the best winter apple. Dec. to March. — Ellwanger and Barry. Inclines to bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash. — Elliott. Fig. 11.— Bald-wln-. Mr. Ernst quoted authority stating that when lime was used, this variety would always be free of rot — Ohio Pom. Soc. It is a singular fact, that from Eastern Massachusetts, through New York and Michigan, the Baldwin is valuable and productive ; but no sooner do we cross Lake Michigan than its value ceases. In Ohio and Illinois it is of little comparative value. — JVbrth Western Fruit- Grower'' s Association. 74. Bullock's Pippin (Golden Russet.) — Tree medium size, round head, admirably suited to rich soils. Fruit small to medium ; roundish, golden yellow, soft russet ; tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly. December to March. — Elliott. Excellent and valuable throughout most of the Western States, b^ut at the North and East often quite worthless. — -Annual Register. First-rate — not handsome. — Ohio Pomological Society. 75. BoTTRRASSA. — Large, reddish russet, rich and high flavored ; esteemed as one of the very best in Lower Canada, and in Maine and Vermont. October to March. — Elhcanger and Barry. Succeeds finely in northern sections, on poor soil, etc. Sub-acid, '' hes^V— Elliott, t'O THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 76. Bellflowee (Yellow)- — ^Large, oblong, irregular, tapering, pale yellow; tender, juicy, crisp, sub-acid. December to March. Tree of slender, yet healthy growth; fruit on ends of limbs ; very hardy, but grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise very productive. — Uniott. Much approved in most parts of the State ; not so large and handsome in Northern as in Central Ohio. Does well on rich limestone clav. — 0. P. S, Fig. 1'. 77. Blue Pearmain.— — \ ELLOW EkLLI'I.CjWEE. Very large, dark purplish red, covered with bloom ; juicy and pleasant, sub-acid. Tree a vigorous grower, moderate bearer, and very popular in New England. October to January. — F. and B. 78. Baltimoee. — Tree thrifty, slender, and very productive on warm, rich soils. Size medium to large, round; light yellow, striped with red; flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to March. Distinct from the Baltimore of Lindlet. — Elliott. 79. Canada Pippin. — Tree strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, pi'oductive, very hardy; large, roundish, flattencl; light greenish yellow; flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, snb-acid, eprightly. January to May. — Elliott. 80. Challenge. — Tree productive, Lardy; large, roundish, flat- THE APPLE. 61 tened; rich yellow; flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, sweet, ten* der. October and November. — Elliott. 81. Belmont. — Said by Downing to be the waxen of Coxe. As described by Coxe: Large, flat, yellow; its transverse shape rather el- liptical, like the Pennock ; skin appear- ance of a large Newtown Pippin ; rich, sprightly, juicy,^ firm, yet breaking. December. Much esteeme'd in Virginia. • Fig. 13.— Belmont. Elliott says: "Tree healthy, vigorous, good bearer; does not succeed on alluvial soils of the West, but on high, warm, or lime- stone soils does finely. Tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid."- Tree a fair grower and very productive. November to February. — E. and B. In Northern Ohio is fine, and a good keeper ; while south of Columbus it bears larger fruit, but not so finely flavored, and ex- tremely liable to rot. — Ohio Pomological Society. 82. — Danvers' "Winter Sweet. — Medium size, greenish yellow, with often a brownish cheek ; tender, rich, and sweet. Tree vigor- ous and productive. November to '^la.rch.^—E. and B. Su(?ceeds well in Eastern and Middle States. — Annual Register. Generally approved. — OMo Pomological Society^ 83. Dominie. — Medium size, flat, greenish yellow, streaked with red; sub-acid, juicy, and high flavored. Nov. to April. — Barry. 62 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS Early, good bearer; profitable orchard sort West; succeeding finely in most soils. '' Y er j good:'— FlUott. Supposed to be the Wells of Ohio,— Ohio Pomological Society, Quite productive and valuable. — N. W. F. G. A. 84, Dutch MiGXOiraT:. — A very large, beautiful, and excellent apple, a native of Holland; orange, marked with russet and faint streaks of red, fine flavored. Tree erect and good bearer. Novem- ber to March. — E. and B. 85. EsoPTJS SpiTZENBERG.-Rather large, round, ovate ; color a higli, rich red ; flesh yellow, firm, and compact, crisp, spicy, rather acid — scarcely equaled in richness and high flavor. Admirable for culinary purposes. A moderate bearer. Succeeds best in N. Y., but does well in many parts of N. E. and at the West. — Animal Reg inter. A handsome and excellent apple for the North, and for good, sandy soils ; but, like the Greening, liable to fall ofl" and speck, at the South and on clay soils. — Ohio Pomological Society. Fig. 14.— E80PC8 Spitzexberg. 8G. Gbeen SwEETiNG.^Medium size, greenish, tender, sweet, and si)icy ; one of the very best long-keeping sweet apples. Ti-ee a moderate, erect grower. November to May. — E. and B. AYe consider the Green Sweeting the best sweet apple that we grow in this locality ; always fair, and of a handsome green color, rarely with a blush on one side. The tree is a good grower and bearer.- -Horticulturist. THE APPLE. 63 87. Htjbbardston Nonestjoh. — ^Large, striped yellow and red; tender, juicy, and fine ; strong grower and great bear- er. Nov. to Jan. — E. and B, Succeeds best in New England. — Ati- nual Register. Adapted to northern latitudes — beau- tiful and excellent. — Ohio Pomological Society. Fig. 15.— HtTBBAKDSTON NONESUCH. ■ 88. Heeefoedshiee Peaemain. — Tree hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of the highest excellence. Medium^ roundish, conical; brownish red, mottled; flesh yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic. December to February. — Elliott. 89. Haetfoed Sweeting. — Medium, flat, striped ; flesh juicy, tender, and rich. Keeps till late in spring ; tree very productive ; a valuable orchard variety. — Barry. 90. Lady Apple. — A beautiful little dessert fruit ; flat, pale yel- low, with brilliant red cheek ; flesh crisp, juicy, and pleasant. The tree forms a dense, erect head, and bears large crops of fruit in clusters. — November to May. — Barry. A profitable variety for city markets. On rich, clayey soils is apt to speck. — OJdo Pomological Society, 91. LiMBEE Twig. — A large, dull-red apple, second-rate in qual- ity, but keeps till June or July, on account of whicli chiefly it is 64 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS cultivated South and West. The tree has weak, pendulous branches, but is exceedingly hardy, and bears immense crops. — Barry. A profuse bearer, and superior for drying. — Ohio Pomological Society. / / 92. Jonathan. — Medium size, striped red and yellow ; tender, juicy and rich, with much of the Spitzen- berg character ; shoots light-colored, slender, and spreading ; very pro- ductive. New York. November to April, — Barry. Fig. 16.— Jonathan. Some specimens from the West exceedingly beautiful. — TJiomas^ in Annual Eegister. One of the handsomest and best of apples. — Ohio Pomological Society. 93. MoNMorxH Pippin. — Large, greenish yellow, with a fine red cheek ; juicy, tender, and good. Tree erect, vigorous, and product- ive.— Keeps well till March and April. — Ellwangcr and Barry. 94. Minister. — Large, oblong, striped greenish yellow and red; second (quality. Tree vigorous and a great bearer. November to January. — E. and B. 95. Michael Henry Pippin. — Medium to large ; roundish, con- ical, yellowish green, specks of russet. October to March. In ex- tensive cultivation at the West, and very successful. Tree \ery pro(?uctive, — Elliott, THE APPLE, 55 Grown in Indiana under name of White Winter Pearmain. — Ohio Pomological Society. 96. Ladies' Sweeting. — Medium or large, roundish ovate; a fine, bright red at maturity ; flavor sweet and agreeable, not very rich. Tree of feeble gro^i:h, and usually over- bears.— Annual Register. Handsome and good ; second-rate. ■Ohio Pomological Society. Fig. IT.— Ladies' Sweeting. 97. MoTHEE Apple.— Large, red, flesh very tender, rich, and aromatic. Tree a good bearer. Succeeds well in the North. No- vember to January. — E. and B. 98. — Newtown Pippin. — It requires a rich hmestone, clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and bone-dust. Fruit medium, roundish, oblong, flattened ; when riipe, a yellowish green ; flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp ; Feb. to May. — Elliott. Trees of slow growth — bark rough. Often scabby, unless with high culture. Succeeds well in New York and the West. — A. E. Gen. Worthington thought this and some other old kinds are losing their health and vitality. — Ohio Pomological Society. 99. Ortley.— (White BellBower or White Detroit.)~Lai-ge, roundish, slightly oblong, pale yellow; flesh sub-acid, sprightly, and fine ; succeeds well in New Jersey and in the West. — Barry. In strjiig, rich soils, throughout the entire Western States, it 56 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. proves one of the hardiest, most productive, profitable, as 'well as best varieties known. — Elliott. One of the best apples adapted for strong soils at the South and West.^-6>7i'io Pomological Society. 100. ISToETHEEN Spy. — Large, roundish, conical; handsomely striped with red; flesh tender ; flavor mild and agreeable, spicy, ex- cellent, which it retains with remarkable freshness late in the spring. Tree a vigorous and very upright grower; long in coming into bearing ; needs thinning out in pruning ; requires rich and high culture.^ — Tucker's An- nual Register. Fig. 18. — NoBTHEKN Spt. Considered of doubtful value in Ohio. — Oliio Pomological Soc. While the quality of this variety secures it a place among first- class fruit, it can not be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. — Elliott. 101. Ohio Nonpaeiel. — Tree straight, stout growth, compact head ; annual bearer ; fruit large, roundish, flattened ; red and yel- low marbled and splashed; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid; "best." October to December. New. — Elliott. 102. Peck's Pleasant. — Large, paJe yellow, with a brown cheek, very smooth and fair ; flesh firm and rich, approaching the flavor of a Newtown Pippin. Tree erect and a good bearer. November to Anril. — E. and B. THE APPLE, 57 Generally esteemed as a first-rate apple. — Ohio Pom. Society. A good bearer; fruit ilways fair. — Annual Register. 103. Phillips' Sweeting. — Native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright ; wants strong, heavy soils. Fruit medium to large ; round- ish, conical, slightly flattened; yellow, mottled with red; tender, juicy, crisp. December and January. — Elliott. Large, handsome, and good. — Ohio Pomological Society. 104. PoMME Grise. — Small, grayish russet, very rich and higli flavored ; tree a moderate grower, but good bearer ; very valuable in the North. — E. and B. Good bearer, tree of small size. Fruit below medium, roundish ; yellow gray or russet ; flesh yellow, tender, sprightly ; December to February. — Elliott. 105. Eawle's Jaunet. — (Neverfail.) — Medium to large size; yellow, striped with red ; crisp, juicy, rich ; a prolific bearer. One of the longest keepers and best apples in the South and Southwest. — E. and B. In quality it is only second-rate, and at the North is not desir- able ; but south of Cincinnati is highly so, and it succeeds where many others fail. — Elliott. "Very good," not "best;" profitable in most localities. — JS^orth- Western Fruit- Grower's Association. 106. Rome Beauty. — A large and very beautiful new apple, of Ohio. It is roundish, or very slightly conical ; pale yellow, mostly covered with bright red ; flesh not very fine, but tender, juicy, and good. Early winter. It will undoubtedly be valuable for the orchard. — Barry. 107. — Eambo. — Medium size, streaked and mottled, yellow and red, tender, juicy, and mild-flavored. Tree a good grower and bearer. A widely-cultivated and esteemed old variety. Autumn in the South ; October to December in the North. -^^. and B. " Best," very productive and jirofitable. — A". W. F. G, A. 108. Beinnette, Canada. — Very large, flattened, ribbed, dull yellow, flesh firm, juicy, and rich. Tree a strong grower and good bearer. November to March. — Barry. 3* 68 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 109. Red Canada.— (Old Nonesuch of Massachusetts.) — Medium size, red, with white dots; flesh fine, rich, sub- acid, and dehcious. Tree a slender grower; one of the best of apples. November to May. — Barry. Fig. 19.— Eed Canada. » 110. Rhode Island Greening. — Large, roundish, oblate ; green, becoming greenish yellow, always fair, a dull brown blush to the Bun; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a rather rich acid flavor. Growth j'trong, best on Hght soils, very productive. — Thomas. Testiuioiiy has shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates. On usual soils, when the variety is lefective, liberal dressing with wood ashes will answer. — Ellioit. A great and constant bearer in nearly all soils and situations. — E. and D. Not sufficiently proved at the West yet, but does not promise so well there. —Annual Register. Root-grafted trees were uniformly unproductive. A few had found it to bear well budded or stock-grafted. — N. W. F. G. A. In many localities at the West the Greening, like some others of the older varieties, has not as yet succeeded well. Perhaps, witlz tbe cultivation suggested by Elliott, it may yet be found to answei better. 111. RiBSTON Pippin. — Large, striped yellow and red; crisp, THE APPLE. 59 juicy, and sprightly. Tree spreading and productive. October to November. — E. and B. 112. RoxBTjEY Russet. — Medium to large; surface rough, green- ish, covered with russet ; flavor indifferent ; tree vigorous, spreading, and a great bearer ; keeps till June. Its great popularity is owuig to s productiveness and long keeping. — Ba/rry. 113. SwAAE. — Above medium in size; roundish, mostly somewhat flattened ; color becoming a rich yellow ; fle^sh fine-grained, compact, tender, with a very rich, mild, aro- matic, agreeable flavor. Esteemed by some as the best winter table apple. Keeps into spring. Fruit apt to be scabby on overloaded trees. Succeeds best in New York, Michi- gan, etc. Often poor in New England. — Annual Register. Fig. 20.— SwAAB. On the rich prairie soils of the West it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer and profitable. — Elliott. Generally productive — quality of the highest character. — North- Western Fruit- Grower^ s Association. 114. Tewkesbury "Winter Blush. — Small, yellow, with a red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, and fine flavored; a remarkably long keeper ; tree a rapid, erect gi-ower. Suits the South best, as it re- quires a long season to mature it. Origin New Jersey. January to July. — E. and B. 115. Vandevere. — Medium size, yellow, striped with red, and recoming ieep crimson next tlie sun ; flesh yellow, rich, and fine* 60 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. tree a fair grower and good bearer ; succeeds best on liglit, warm, dry soils. October to Mai'ch. — E. and B. 116. Tallman Sweeting. — Above medium, roundish; a clear, light yellow, with a dis- tinct brownish line from stem to blossom ; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet. — Annual Register, Tree a great bearer; fruit keeping well; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood dark. November to April. — Elliott. \ Fig. 21.— Tallman Swebting. 117. Winter Peaemain. — Medium size, dull red stripes «n a yellowish ground ; flesh tender, pleasant, and aromatic ; a mod^ral e grower and bearer ; best on warm soils. November to March.— E. and B. 118. — Wine-Sap. — Fruit medium, ovate, conical; a bright, clear red, stained and spotted with yellow ; juicy, tender, sub-acid. Oc- tober to March. The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, producing fair, fine fruit in all soils ; fine on dry prairies.— Elliott. Constant in productiveness, and of fine quality. — iV^. W. F. G. A. 119. Wine Apple. — (Hay's Winter.)— Large, roundish, slightly flattened ; yellow striped and clouded with bright red ; flesh yel- low, juicy, crisp, and pleasant. A native of Delaware ; succeeds well in many parts of the country. — Barry. THE APPLE. HI 120. Westfield Seek-JsTo-Further. — ^Medium to large, striped with dull red, and slightly russeted ; flesh tender, rich, and excel- lent ; tree a good grower and bearer, and fruit always fair. No- vember to February. — Ellwanger and Barry. 121. Yellow Newtown Pippin. — ^Trees, though of slender growth, good bearers, and apparently perfectly at home in rich limestone soils Keeps till June. — Elliott. ADDITIONAL VARIETIES. The following list of additional varieties, gleaned from various sources, doubtless contains many that are worthy of very sreneral cultivation, and none that have not in certain localities, and in cer- tain soils, with proper cultivation, been pronounced valuable : Adams, Court-pendu Plat, Gilpin, Albemarle Pippin, Cumberland Spice, Giles, Aromatic Carolina, Cracking, Golden Noble, Autumn Bough, Cat Pippin, Gloucester Cheese Pearmain, Darlington, Gray Vandevere, Seek-No-Further, Delight, Groveland Sweet, Bailey Sweet, Detroit Red, Green Sweet, Belle et Bonne, Dur.lap's Aurora, Seek-No-Further, Belzer, Dillingham, Granniwinkle, Beauty of Kent, Dutch Codlin, Grindstone, Bentley's Swecc, Early Jack, Hagloe, Bean Sweet, Pennock, Harrison, Black Apple, Emperor, Haskill Sweet, Blei-Zneim Orange, English Golden Eusset, Hector, Borsdorfer, Sweeting, Harkness' New Favoritp, Bledsoe, Esten, Herman, Blood, Eustis, Hooker, Borovitzky, Fall Jen netting, Hunter, Brabant Bellflower, Queen, Jabez Sweet, Brooke's Pippin, Cheese, Jefferson, Buffington's Early, Fallenwalder, Jersey Pippin, Burr's Winter Sweet, Father Abraham, Jewett's Fine Red, Bush, Foundling, June Apple, Carnahan'ft Favorite, Ferdinand, July Branch, Cannon Pearmain, Franklin Golden Pippin, Kane, Cann Apple, French's Sweet, Kenrick's Autumn, Campfield, Fort Miami, King Apple, Carolina Winter Queen, Flushing Spitzenberg, King of Pippins, Cayuga Redstreak, Fulton, Kaighn's Spitzenberg Cole, Gabriel, Lancaster Greening, Coe's Golden Drop, Garden Royal, Late Queen, Cooper's Early White Genesee Chief, Laquier (Lackeer), 62 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. Lake, Ledge Sweet, London Pippin, Long Stem (of Brinckle), Long Stem (of Cole), Loring Swceiing, Male Carle (Charles Apple) Michael Henry Pippin. Melvin Sweet, Moore, Monarch, Monk's Favorite, McLellan, Musk Spice, Mifflin King, Myer's Nonpareil, Newark Pippin, Northern Golden Sweet, Orange, Orndorf, Oldtown Crab, Osborn's Fall Sweet, Osceola, Paradise Winter Sweet, Paragon, Peach Pond Sweet, People's Choice, Pen nock, or Big Komanite, Pfeiffer, Princess Eoyal, Pumpkin Eusset, Pryor's Eed, Progress, Quince (of Cole), Eagan, Eandall's Best. Earitan Sweet, Eed Cardinal, Quarrenden, Sweet, Eosseau, Eepublican Pippin, Eeinnette, Seedless, Triumphant, Eoman Stem, Selma, Seever's Eed Streak, Schoonmaker, Scallop Gilliflower, Smith's Cider, Summer Hagloe, Spring Pippin, Stanard's Seedling, Stroat, Sturmer Pippin, Striped Pearmain, Sugar Sweet, Sweet Bellflower, Baldwin, Sweet Pippin, Wine-Sap, Pearmain, Spice Eusset, Tetofsky, Virginia Greening, Waddell's Hall, Walworth, Walpole, Wagener, Wells' Sweeting, Wells' (Winter Eedstreak) Western Spy, Wetherell's White Sweeting Whitewater Sweet, White Seek-No-Further, Juneating, Winter Calville, Spanish Eeinnelte, Eambo, Winter Cheese, Harvey, Willow Twig, William Penn, Winslow, Wing Sweeting, Yost, Yacht, York Imperial. CLASS Jy.— CRABS. OENAMENTAL. 1. Eed Sibeeian. — Inch in diameter, tree erect; bears at two or three years. 2. Yellow Siberian. — Yellow — about as large as No. 5. 3. Large Yellow Siberian. — Larger than No. 8 ; tree a vigor- ous and rapid grower. 4. Double Flowering Chinese. — A beautiful ornamental tree, producing large clusters of semi-double rose-colored blossoms. THE APPLE. 63 Fig. 22.— Large Eed Sibeeian. Fig. 23.— Cheket Cbab. G. Cheeky Ceab. — Small, round, red. — E. and BM Catalogue. Fig. 24.— AaTRACHAN, ok EVEEGREEN APPLE CkAB. Fig. 25.— CuilHANT C'AB. 7. AsTRAcnAN, OR EvERGREEN AppLE Crab. — Fruit dccj) iirecii, speckled with white dots; leaves evergreen, remaining on the tree all winter. 8. CuEEANT Crab. — Fruit like the currant, and hang in clusters, Ornamental in fruit and flowers. 64 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 9. Teanspaeent ZuEiCH Apple. — ^Fruit two inches in diameter; white like wax, acid; third-rate. Ornamental dessert. Fig. 26.— Teanspabent Zueich Applb. Fig. 27. — Black Lady Apple. These crabs, with their beautiful blossoms and handsome red and yellow fruit, are very desirable for ornament in a fruit garden or small orchard ; an 1 all who love the beautiful in nature, and wish THE APPLE. 05 to adorn their homes, should procure a few of the different varie- ties. Some of the larger sorts are also useful, as well as ornamental, being esteemed by many for preserving. They are generally early bearers, and very prolific. SELECTION OF VARIETIES. There are very few individuals who do not, before planting au orchard, seek the advice of some one as to what varieties they should procure ; and many in this way are induced to plant trees which are not worthy a place in any collection. It is a very diffi- cult matter to procure just such trees, and those alone as will cer- tainly be best adapted to the wants of the planter, and to the char- acter of the soil in his particular locality. Trees that succeed well in one kind of soil, are sometimes almost worthless in others; while, again, others seem to -flourish almost equally well in all kinds of soil. Of the one hundred and twenty-one varieties described in the foregoing list, there is not perhaps one that has not been tested and known to succeed in several localities distinct and remote from each other ; and not one but may be regarded as valuable for a specific use. Yet there are many degrees of excellence, and some of these uses are much more important than others. The safest and best plan for the new beginner everywhere, is to consult his own neighborhood in the choice of varieties. Let him first carefully note the character and conditions of his own soil, and then spend a day or two among his neighbors examining the character of their soils ; looking a little, also, into their style of planting, modes of culture, etc., and from these draw his conclu- sions, Tf, on soils similar to his own, he finds that a given variety has done well — tree bealtby and^thriving, and fruit abundant — let him select that for his own planting, of course paying due regard to quality of fruit. If another has failed, or produced poor results, let him reject it. In this way, by the exercise of a sound judgment, many expensive mistakes may be avoided. Other sorts may be added to complete the list. A reliable and honest nurseryman — and none other should ever be dealt with — can generally give important aid to the planter in the selection of varieties, and frequently does to his great advantage. CO THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. INSECTS AND DISEASES. Some of tlie insect enemies of tlie apple have become much more formidable tban formerly. Of these the three most conspicuous and troublesome, over a large portion of the countr}'-, are the borer, the canker worm, and the codling moth. Of the first named there are two sorts — the flat-heads and the round-heads— whose work is much the same ; the one working generally high up in the stem of the tree, and the other about the collar and the roots near the surface of the ground. A wash made of tobacco, sulphur, and soap-suds, applied in the spring, after digging away the earth from the trunk of the tree, has been used with great euccess. A mound of ashes placed around the tree in the winter, and allowed to remain until after the hatching of the eggs in early summer, is a good preventive. When fairly in and at work in the wood, the best remedy is to find their holes and kill them with some sharp instrument — an awl or a piece of wire. They should be most carefully guarded against, and sought for when they have made a lodgment. In some localities they have been very destructive. The canker-worms are not so well known, though at times very numerous and very destructive. They sometimes infest orchards by millions and hundreds of millions, and if not checked will almost completely strip it of its foliage. Whole orchards will sometimes piesent an appearance similar to that caused by a fire passing through it. The codling moth, or apple-worra, is the most destructive insect with which the orchardist has to contend. Its depredations cost the country many millions annually. Hence it should be the duty of every fruit-grower to learn something of its nature and habits, in order that its depredations may be counteracted or averted. The fol- lowing will give the uninitiated some knowledge of the insect : These moths pass the winter in the pupa state, in cocoons, under the loose bark of the tree, or in such crevices as they can find about the apple barrels or bins. It is a question whether they ever eutei the ground to remain over winter, as has been supposed by some. They appear in the spring as moths about the time of the opening of the apple blossoms, the time varying in different latitudes and in different years. As soon as the apple is out of the blossom, the moih begins to THE APPLE. 67 deposit its epfgs in the calyx or blossom end, usually one at a time and one to each apple. This is b'^lieved to be almost invariably done in the night. The animal itself, being small, and a brownish color, is very seldom seen. These eggs hatch, in about a week, a very minute whitish worm, with black head and collar, which eats its way gradually into the core of the apple. The apples containing worms can usually be distinguished by the adherence of the cast- ings of the worm to tlie calyx, in the form of a small dark tuft. Many, but not all, of the wormy apples fall to the ground, some before and some after the worms have matured and passed out. They generally leave the apple through the side, through a larger hole than the one by which they entered ; but sometimes by the same, at the calyx end. The length of the lives of these insects, it has been found by close observation, to be about as follows : Egg slate, one week ; larva state, four weeks ; pupa state, two weeks ; imago or moth state, one week — eight weeks in all. Favorable or unfavorable circum stances may lengthen or shorten each of these periods. It is now generally known that there is a second brood, in locali- ties soutli of forty-one or two degrees, which survives the winter, and is ready for another raid when the mild weather of spring brings them out. Many individuals of this brood leave the apples after they have been gathered, and secrete themselves in the crevices of the barrels or bins in which they are stored. It is understood that each female moth will deposit from fifty to Bixty eggs in as many apples. It can thus readily be seen that, with two broods in a season, even one of these moths may commit a great deal of havoc in an orcliard before the season closes, and the great necessity existing to use the utmost vigilance in their destruction. They can he destroyed. With the foregoing facts well understood, the intelligent orchardist will readily discover some modes by which their numbers can be m-.terially lessened. These methods arc several— more or less successful. Dr. Le Baron, State Entomologist for Illinois, enumerates four methods, thus: " Destroying the insects-in their winter quarters. Picking the wormy apples from the trees. Gathering the wormy apples from the ground, or letting sw ne and sheep have the range of the orchard. Entrapping the worms in bands and other contrivances." G8 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. • As all of these modes are important, we will consider them sepa- rately. We have seen that they go into winter quarters and spin their cocoons under the rough bark of the trees, in the crevices of the bins or barrels in the cellar-, or any similar hidi-ng-place that is conveniently reached. We have seen, also, that one female moth will lay from fifty to sixty eggs —perhaps twice that number ; hence it is obviously important that as many of them as possible should be destroyed before leaving their quarters in the spring. Hence we receive much aid from the birds — wood-peckers and sap- suckers— which employ the winter very industriously in pecking holes in loose bark, and otherwise searching for and destroying them. Any one wTio will take the trouble to examine his trees in the spring, will find numerous holes through these scales of bark, made by the bills of these birds, and will see that one of these insects has disappeared from the opposite side. But the birds don't find them all. We must search for and destroy the remainder, if we would be exempt from their ravages. The bins and barrels must be searched ; the bark of the trees must be examined. All the loose bark should be scraped off in the early spring and burned. But with all the search we are likely to or can make, and with all the aid the birds give us, many of them will escape capture, and will come forth in the spring full fledged moths, ready to begin their work of destruction as soon as the young apple is ready. The next step is to destroy the wormy apples. Those containing worms can readily be distinguished by the rust-colored castings aiihering to the calyx or blossom end, where the efrg was deposited. To remove these apples before the worms have left them, and feed them to hogs, or otherwise destroy the worms, is a matter of first importance. Any expedient that will be cheap and effective should be resorted to. It should be remembered that, for every apple so picked and worm destroyed, of this first brood, the parent of at least fifty or sixty later ones is put out of the way. In a small orchard, the removal of almost all the wormy apples stung by the first brood can be effected, and it is a question whether what wjU pay with a few trees will not also pay in the case of many. To wait for the apples to fall and be eaten by animals is well as lar as it goes ; but as many of the worms leave the apples before they fall, and many of them soon afcerwards. it will be seen that a large portion would escape destruction. An examination of wind- THE APPLE. falls will sliow that, in a large proportion of cases, the worms have gone. Less than half, it is presumed, are thus caught by waiting until the apples fall. The iburth and last method mentioned — that of entrapping the worms — is believed to be the most eifectual. But little sue ess has ever attended eflForts to catch the parent moths. They are nocturnal in their habits, and not one man in a dozen has ever seen one in liis orchard. They are shy and not easily entrapped. They have been tried with lamps and with fire; they have been tortured with stench and with smoke ; they have been tempted with molasses, and sweetened water, and vinegar; and while other insects yield to the seductions, the codling moths, with rare exceptions, reject them all. The worms, on leaving the appl?, immediately seek some place of shelter, where they can wind their cocoons and go into the pupa state, and (if late in tlie season) go into winter quarters. Hence the theory of the use of bands around the trees. Every man's ingenuity will suggest material out of which these bands can most profitably be made. Hay and straw, twisted into ropes about an inch in diameter, and wound twice around the trees and tied, as in binding sheaves, make very good shelters for them. But better still, a band three or -four inches in width, made from old cloth, and so tied with a csoms ; afterwards they should be examined at least monthly. The last examination should be after the crop i?i gathered, or may be deferred till winter. Other modes may suggest themselves to the intelligent culti- vator, and every mode should be put nto requisidou that will d«L-sir(.y a moth and save an apple. 70 THE DIFFEKENT KINDS OF FRUITS. The Baek Lotjse — is a little brown insect, which appears sometimes in great numbers on the bark of the tree and branches, and lives upon the sap. They may be destroyed by a decoction of tobaceo-juice and soap- suds, applied by dipping or sprinkling with a syringe. They may be removed from the body and large limbs by scraping. A mixture of lime, soap, and water is also a good remedy. Elliott says : " A good wash for all insects is made of-— say live gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces soot, or lampblack, thoroughly mixed." A solution of aloes is good to protect trees .from vermin — so says Raspail. The CATERPiLLAE.^-In some seasons these pests have been very destructive to the apple-tree — so much so as to almost destroy whole orchards. Their eggs are usually deposited in the fork of a limb, or near the ends of the branches, in clusters, where they re- main all winter, and hatch early in the spring. At first they are not larger in circumference than a pin, but continue growing till they reach the size of a small pipe-stem, and two inches in length — living meanwhile upon the foliage, which by the middle of sum- mer will be entirely stripped from the tree. To destroy them, cut away and burn the small branches which hold them during the winter, or before they begin to crawl in the spring ; or if this has been neglected, brush them oif witli a swab saturated with soap-suds, or lime-water, or spirits of ammonia. A brush made of rough tow, grass, straw, or old woolen rags, and attached to the end of a pole, and turned a few times in their nests, will remove them. If a few escape and migrate to other branches or other trees, and build new homes, they must be treated in the same manner. The swabs should be burned after being used. The Blight. — This is a disease for which no satisfactory cause seems yet to have been discovered. It attacks generally the ends of the branches all over the tree alike. As no cause has been discovered, no certain remedy has been proposed* Recourse must be had to the knife. Cut away all the aifected brandies, as low as the disease has appeared, and burn or otherwise destroy them. Continue the process, if necessary, until THE APPLE. 71 the whole tree is cut away. Trees in good soil, and kejit in a [)r()per state of cultivation, will not be so subject to attacks of the Blight as those otherwise situated. Ants — are sometimes very troublesome about fruit-gardens, by making their hillocks among the trees. The plow or hoe will gen- erally compel them to find other quarters, but not always. They may be extirpated by pouring boiling water in upon them. If they infest the ripening fruit, as they sometimes do, catch them by sus- pending an open bottle in the tree, partly filled with syrup or mo- lasses— then destroy them. Rabbits — are very destructive to young orchards and nurseries, by gnawing the bark, especially during the snows of winter. They eat the bark for food. The trees must be protected by tying split corn-stalks, or small strips of bark, or shingles around the body, or by wrapping them carefully with wisps of twisted straw, to the height of two feet or more. Mice — will also frequently injure the bark of trees near the base, especially if any grass or straw in which they can shelter has beeu allowed to remain there. To keep them away, heap a mound of dirt around each tree in tlie fall, to the depth of ten or twelve inches, and allow it to remain till spring. njtn |0ttc. THE BLACKBERRY. This is one of the best fruits for the table, and popular in all mar- kets and among all classes of people ; and is certainly deserving of much more attention than it has heretofore received as a garden fruit. The remark of the farmer whose tields were overgrown with briers, and who refused to -allow his neighbors to pick the berries, because, as he alleged — " If they had not been so lazy, they might have had blackberries of their own," will in time cease to be a joke; for they will be obtained by industry and cultivation, instead of neglect and waste. There are varieties to be found, no doubt, in many localities, which, by careful and judicious culture and management, might almost be made to rival the celebrated New Roehelle or Lawton Blackberry. That, it is said, was originally transplanted from the roadside to the garden — and high cultivation did the rest. The Blackberry is propagated by layers and by seeds. It is rather hard to transplant, which may be mainly owing to the fact that its habits have not jet become sufiBciently understood. It abounds in a rich and mellow, and rather damp soil ; flourishes in its wild state mostly by the side of old logs or stumps, or around stone heaps, or in the corners of fences, or 'any place where large quantities of leaves or other vegetable mold abounds. The two varieties most cultivated n the United States at the present time are the Impeoved High Bush. — Introduced into notice by Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. "The berry is long, egg-shaped, sliiiiing black, juicy, and rich ; the plant erect, blossoms white ; ripens at a most timely season — after the raspberry." Capt. li. has produced them an inch and a half long. THE BLACKBERRY 4iKfr Fig. 28. — Improved High Bush. New Rochelle, or Lawton Blackberry. — This has been for several yeare cultivated in and about New Rochelle, N. Y., and was first brought to public no- tice by Mr. William Lawton, "^^^ ^ 1 X^")^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^* place. In a description of it in a late Patent Office Report, he I'A says : " The New Rocliclle ^^ Blackberry sends up annual]}"- large and vigorous upright shoots, with lateral branches, all of which, under common cultivation, will be crowded with fine fruit, a portion of them ripening daily, in moist seasons, for six weeks. They Fig. 29.— New Rochelle Blackberry. iire perfectly liurdy, always rbrifty and productive ; and I have not found them liable to blight 74 THE DIFFEitEAT Kl^DS OF FUUITS. or injury by insects. Except tliat they are perfectly hardy, and need no protection in winter, the cultivation may be the same as KlTTA'J'liNNY. THE BLACKBERRY. 73 the Antwerp raspberry ; but to produce berries of the largest size, they should have a heavy, damp soil, and shade." Ever since the introduction of the Lawton, cultivators have been seeking lor nevsr varieties — the aim being to obtain a better and a hardier sort — for, notveithstanding the claim put forth in the fore- going extract, the Lawton is not sufficiently hardy to withstand the hard winters north of Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. Of later sorts — The Kittattnnt, which originated near Philadelphia, has been widely disseminated, and claim is made that it is a hardy variety. It is of excellent quality, very sweet and large, though not quite so large as the Lawton, and ripens a little before it. Wilson's Early. — This is another later introduction, very good and productive, large and long, and ripens early. About as hardy as the foregoing. Missouri Mammoth. — This blackberry originated in north Mis- souri, and has been persistently disseminated as a superior variety. It is larger than any of the sorts named, and about equal in quality to the Lawton ; but does not promise well for hardiness. In that respect not any superior to the former. Western Triumph. — A variety originating somewhere in Illi- nois. Not sufficiently tested to justify extensive planting. Crystal White. — With nothing to recommend it but its name ; and it is very far from being a white blackberry. It is bitter, small, and worthless — and the wonder is that nurserymen will continue it in their catalogues. The Snyder. — This is a new variety, put forth with strong claims for its value as a hardy sort. Said to stand the winters where most of the varieties above named have failed. It is prolific, but of only small or medium size. It promises well, though its hardiness must be its chief recommendation. Cultivation and Management. — For field culture the black- berry should be set in rows, not less than eight feet apart and three to four feet in the rows. Care must be taken that the roots do not become exposed to the sun or atmosphere before planting. The stem of each plant should be cut back to four or six inches — ^just sufficient left to facilitate handling. If well planted, the new shoots from the roots will begin to show themselves in two or t/u'ce weeks. Not more than two or three of these should ^e 76 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRCITS. allowed to e^row the first year, and the ground should be fre- quently stirred, aud kept free of weeds and grass. If the soil is rich and mellow these shoots will grow stout and stocky, and reach a height of four or five feet by fall. But it is best to pinch off the terminal shoot of each plant when it reaches a height of three or three and a half feel — thus cau-^ing it to throw out side-shoots and form a bushy top. Of course no fruit can be obtained the same year of planting. The growth of this season will bear a crop the next, and then die — thus renewing themselves annually. While one season's growth is bearing fruit, another growth is coming forward lo take its place ; and as soon us the fruit is gathered, the stalks tl.at bore it should be carefully cut away to make room for the new growth. Some cultivators allow the stalks to grow tall and slender, without nipping back. These tall s'alks require support, and if they are not staked or trellised, will be apt to blow over by the wind. Those that are shortened, and made to grow stocky, will support themselves, and require no outlay for trellis or stakes. Besides, the quantity of fruit is largely increased by this mode of treatment. Blackberries are rank feeders. Barn-yard manure, freely given them in the fall, acts as a protection in the winter and a fertilizer in the season of growth ; while leaves, rotten-wood, or straw make a mulch well suited to their natural habit. An acre of ground, planted at t!ie distajces named, will grow from one thousand to twelve hundred hills, and after the second year should yield fifty or sixty bushels, at a mode ate estimate. Cfire and judgment in management, good cultiva'ion, and a free use of mulching and fertilizing material, will be sure to bring their reward. chapter i'liit. THE CHEERY. The Cherey will do well on almost any dry soil, but that qual- ity is indispensable — it must be dry. Few soils are sufficiently dry without artificial draining. In the richer class of soils, cherries should only be cultivated in the spring and early summer — never later than August, as late cul- ture induces second growth and immature wood, incapable of with- standing the rigor of the succeeding winter. Pruning should be done in July — some recommend March. As a standard tree, the cherry should be pruned but little — only to cut away the decayed, crooked, or deformed limbs. TAEIETIE8. 1. American Amber. — Medium size, amber color, delicious. Vigorous and productive. First of July. 2. Black Heart. — An old sort; black, large, tender, rich, pro- lific. First of July. 3. Black Eagle. — Large, black, juicy, high-flavored, productive. First of July. 4. Belle de Choist. — Medium, amber, tender, sweet, and rich ; rather a shy bearer. End of June. 5. Belle Magnifique, — Magnificent, large, red, juicy, tender, rich. Slow grower; profuse bearer. Last of July. 6. Bigarreau., or Yellow Spanish. — Large, pale yellow and red, firm, juicy, delicious. One of the best. Vigorous and pro- ductive. 78 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 7. Buttnee's Yellow. — Medium, pale yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet. Vigorous and productive. Its peculiar and beautiful color makes this sort desira- ble. End of July. 8. Black Taetaeian. — Very large, purplish black, tree erect and beautiful, immense bearer. One of the most popu- lar varieties in all parts of the country. Fu-st of July. 9. Btjee's Seedling. — Large, pale red, delicious. In luxuriant foliage, statelinesa of growth, and productiveness it sur- passes even the Black Tartarian. 10. Black Hawk. — Large, firm, black, resembling Black Eagle. 11. BuTTNEs's MoEELLCf. — Medium, red, Fig. 80.-BLACK Taktaeian. acid ; valued for its lateness. 12. Cleveland Bigaeeeau. — Large, red and yellow, sweet and rich ; spreading and productive. Early. 13. China Bigaeeeau. — ^Medium; oval, red speckled, sweet, and rich. Vigorous, profuse bearer. Valuable. July. 14. Caenation. — Large, light red and orange, tender, rich, acid. Profuse bearer — very valuable. Last of July. 15. Coe's Teanspaeent. — Medium, pale amber, tender, sweet, fine. Tree vigorous and erect. End of June. New. 16. DowNTON. — Creamy white and red, tender, and fine-flavored. Eapid grower. Ripens with B.at^.^; Tartarian. 17. Delicate. — New, rich, juicy, sweet. Medium, amber, yel- low. Thrifty and productive. 18. Donna Maeia. — Medium, dark red, tender, juicy, rich. Tree email, very prolific. Middle of July. THE CHERRY. 79 19. Downee's Late Eed. — Rather lai-ge, light red, tender, juicy? vigorous and productive. Middle of July. Fig. 31.— Downee'8 Latk Eed. Fig. 32.— Goveknok Wood. Fig. 33.— locosoT. 20. Eaelt Richmond. — ^Earlj, red, acid — ^for cooking. June. 21. Eltoist. — Large, pointed, pale yellow and red, juicy, and rich. Tree vigorous and irregular. End of July. 22. Eaelt Pueple Gihgne. — Medium, purple, tender, juicy, and sweet. Growth slender and spreading. 23 GovEENOE Wood. — Large, round, light red, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle of June. Vigorous and productive while young. 24. Geidlet, oe Apple Cheeey. — Medium, dark brown, firm, sprightly, sub-acid. Immense bearer. Last of July. 25. Indulle, IvTAm Peecoce. — Earliest of all cherries. Last of May. Dwarf in habit, quite prolific. 26. locosoT. — Large, rich, glossy, almost black, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Last of 7une. Thrifty — productive. New. 80 THE DIB^FEKENT KINDS OF FRUI'IS. 27. Kennicott. — Large, amber yellow, mottled with red ; fimi, juicy, rich, and sweet. Middle of July. Vigorous, hardy, very; productive. 28. Kirtland's Mary. — Large, round, red on yellow ground; firm, rich, juicy, sweet, very higli flavored. Strong grower, very prolific. First of July. 29. Kirtland's Mammoth —Mammoth size, clear yellow, mar- bled with rich red; juicy, sweet, high flavored. Moderately pro- ductive. Last of June. 30. Knight's Early Black. — Large, black, tender, juicy, rich. Very productive. Last of June. 31. Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, — Large, dark, shining brown, rich, and excellent. Vigorous, spreading— middle of July. 32. Monstreuse de Mezel. — Very large, dark brown; vigorous, late — middle of July. New — French. Fig. 31.— KiKT^AND'e Mart. Fig. 35.— MONSTREUSE I>K .MK/.K. THE CHERRY, 81 33. Manotng's Mottled. — Large, amber shaded, tender, sweet, delicious. Vigorous and productive. End of June. 34. Mat Duke. — An old and excellent sort; large, dark red, juicy, sub-acid, rich. Hardy and fruitful — fine for dwarfs and pyramids. June and July. 85. MoRELLO, English. — Large, dark red, nearly black; juicy, 9ub-acid, rich. Tree small and slender. August. Valuable. 36. PoNTiAO. — Large, dark, purplish red, juicy, sweet, agreeable. Last of June. Tree vigorous and productive. 37. Powhatan. — Medium, rich purplish red, marbled, juicy sweet, pleasant. Middle of July. Vigorous and productive. 38. Napoleon Bigaereatj. — Largest size, pale yellow and red, juicy and sweet. Vigorous grower and enormous bearer. First of July. 39. Ked Jacket. — -Large, light red, juicy, good flavor. Middle of July. Hardy, very productive. 40. Reine Hoetense (Monstreuse de Bavay). — Large, bright, juicy, delicious. Tree vigorous and bears well. Good for pyramid — new — French. 41. Tecumseh. — Large, reddish pur- ple, juicy, sweet, not high flavored. Middle of July. Vigorous and hardy. 42. Tradesca^t\s Black Heart.— ^*g- 36.-Napoleon Bigarreao Yevy large, black, firm, juicy, good. Tree vigorous, a great bearer Last of July- Great interest was taken, some years since, in the production of new varieties of cherries, and l^rof Kirtland of Cleveland, Mr. Downer of Kentucky, and others, contributed many new sorts of positive value. Some of them have been extensively propag-ated and planted, and in ordinary seasons have ^iven good satisfaction. But a few severe winters have convinced growers that most of them 82 THE DlFFEREJsT KINDS OF FRUITS. lack the necessary quality of hardiness, and they cannot be relied on, except in certain favored localities. Many foreign sorts have also been introduced, some of thera of very great excellence ; but' with most of these the result has been the same — the changeableness and severity of our climate being- too great for them. So that it is now considered unsafe to plant any other than those that have been proven to be of the hardiest sorts. Quality has come to be regarded as a secondary consider- ation in planting a cherry orchard for profit. Yet for family use, and for amateur planting, these finer sorts should not be entirely discarded. Some of those possessing a high excellence as table cherries are sufficiently hardy, in sheltered situations, to give fair results ; but great care should be observe.! in their selection. The Early Richmond (also known as Kentish and Early May) and the Common, English, and Plumstone Morellos, are regarded as the most hardy of all the cherry family, and most at home in our climates. These usually bear good crops. North as well as South ; and, besides being hardy in wood, are less liable to the depredations of insect enemies. These four varieties will give a succession of several weeks. For table use these sorts are not so desirable as some of the sweeter sorts, but for canning and for cooking are regarded as far preferable. The mode of working finer sorts upon the Common Morello, by top-grafting, has been introduced and practiced, to a considerable extent, with good success ; but only the slow-growing kinds should be thus used. The Early Richmond has been thus grafted, and is said .to produce fuller crops than on its own roots — why, it might be hard to determine, as it is considered about equal in hardiness with the Morello. The chief objection to this mode of propagation lies in the fact that the Morello is liable to sucker from the roots, and in this respect it is not desirable as a stock. For orchard culture the cherry may be planted twenty feet apart ; but in garden plats, as good a way as any is to set them along the fence row. It is now conceded that, after a few years of good culture, the cherry will bear better crops when allowed to grow in a grass sod than with cultivation — it being requisite that the aeeded fertilizers shall be supplied and that the soil be well drained. THE CURRANT. Thib fruit rejoices in a moist, cool climate, and yet, with proper cultivation, is made to succeed admirably in most parts of our country. The currant is easily raised, and is a most valuable fruit. Its pleasant, acid flavor makes it a favorite with all classes, and the great variety of modes in which it can be served up, together with the season of its ripening, renders it almost indispensable. The currant is best propagated by cuttings. These should be ten or twelve inches long, of the straight and firm last season's growth, and should be cut just below their union with the old wood. With a sharp knife cut away all the buds from that portion of the cutting designed to be under ground, leaving only two or three buds above the surface. In this way the growth of suckers may be prevented. The cuttings should be obtained and set as early in the spring as it is possible to get the ground in readiness. The soil should be deep, mellow, and rich. The cuttings should" be inserted about one half their length into the earth, if they are long, or two thirds if short, by means of a dibble or sharp instru- Dieut, and the loose mold pressed firmly around them with the hand. They should then have a good mulching of old straw or leaves, or other suitable material, to the depth of three inches or more. The cuttings should be ten or twelve inches apart, in rows two feet distant. In the following spring they may be transplanted. Make the rows wide enough apart to admit of cultivation with a plow, and put the plants one yard apart in the rows. The currant is naturally a suckering plant, and it will succeed better in this way, throwing up new shoots annually, than if trained to a tree form, as has been recommended by some. 84 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. _ Cut away the three-year-old branches, thus keeping the nec- essary supply of new bearing wood. Each fall the mulch of the preceding summer should be forked in, and a heavy supply of good manure added. The currant can not easily be overfed. The rows should be renewed once in five or six years, as the young and vigorous trees will be more productive than the old, and will yield better and larger fruit. The currant may be easily trained against a wall or fence in the following manner: When a cutting just transplanted begins to grow, rub off all the shoots on the stem except such as mq^ be necessary to give it the proper shape — say three, one for a vertical position, and the others for laterals. In the spring following, train these in the direction desired, and observe the same care in regard to side shoots, allowing only a sufficient number to grow to give the tree a proper form. And so on, from year to year. An annual pruning and shortening in is necessary to insure good fruit. VAEIETIES. 1. Black Naples. — A very superior black currant, of fine flavor, bearing the largest-sized berries in large clusters. Very productive. 2. Knight's Sweet Red. — Mild and pleasant, resembling the White Dutch in quality, and the Red Dutch in color, but not so deeply colored. 3. 4. Red and White Dutch. — Good size and mild flavor, and quite productive. 5. May's Victoeia. — Known also as Houghton Castle. Bunches very long, berries large and pale red. A good bearer. . Fruit hangs long on the bushes. 6. Cherry Currant.— The largest of all red currants. Quite soar, branches short. Vigorous grower and abundant bearer. Very valuable. . Y. White Pearl. — New — described as growing in long bimches, and being of a pearl color. 8. White Grape. — A very large, white sort; bunches large, THE CURRANT. 85 berries closely set; pale, transparent. Very distinct from other white sorts. A great bearer. 9. Ked Grape. — Long branches; berries large, light red. Good grower, good bearer. 10. Champagne. — New variety, color light pink. 11. Prince Albert. — A very large, light red; late, distinct va- riety ; an immense bearer, very valuable. 12. Missouri Large Fruited. — ^Large, violet fruit. Immense bearer. Grows to large bushes. 18. Missouri Sweet Fruited. — Blue color, sweet, late. Great bearer, large bush. 14. Silver Striped. — Red fruit, silver-stripe foliage ; curious. There are many new varieties of the currant, but since the intro- duction of the Victoria, the Cherry, and the White Grape, it is doubtful if there has been any improvement. Indeed, the old reliable Red and White Dutch are claimed still by many to be equal to any of their successors. The Black Naples is one oi the hardiest varieties, and peculiarly free from insect enemies and diseases. It has an oflfensive, musky odor, which repels the insect depredators, and its fruit is highly impregnated with the same. Many persons discard it on that account, but to those who relish it, the Black Naples is one of the richest and most healthy of the currant vari- eties. Excellent for cooking. Give the currant good soil, good culture, and plenty of manure. Mulch plentifully. Keep the old and decaying branches well thinned out, and the new growth shortened to two-thirds. Use powdered hellebore, or some, other preventive against the depredations of the currant-worm and the borer, and seek out and destroy the latter whenever he makes a lodgment. The currant, although usually much neglected, will, as well as any other, repay its owner for good care and attention. THE GOOSEBERE Y. The gooseberry is propagated in the same manner, and requires mach the same general culture as the currant — excepting that, as it is a gross feeder, it requires a deeper and richer soil. Trench two feet deep, and fill in the bottom a heavy dressing of fresh stable manure. Place the rows five feet apart, and the trees three feet apart in the rows. Keep off all shoots from the'rootfe, and trim to a single stem, from twelve to thirty inches high, and keep the head well thinned out, but do not cut off the ends of the young shoots. Free access of air and light is necessary, but no shade. A writer in the Vermont Chronicle, in reference to the high-bush mode of training, says : "I have one six feet high. This places your fruit out of the way of hen?, and prevents the gooseberry from mildewing, which often happens when the fruit lies on or near the ground, and is shaded by a superabundance of leaves and sprouts. It changes an unsightly bush, which cumbers and disfigures your garden, into an ornamental dwarf tree. The fruit is larger, and ripens better, and will last on the bushes, by growing in perfection, until late in the fall." Mildew. — The chief drawback to the culture of the gooseberry in this country is, that the fruit is so liable to mildew. This is sup- posed to be caused by a superabundance of heat, and too little moisture in the atmosphere. Good culture will, in an 'eminent de- gree, remedy this evil. High, open culture, free manuring, and copious mulching are the best known remedies. Sawdust, or spent tan bark, makes a good mulch for the gooseberry. It should be applied liberally — to a depth of at least four to six inches. Hay, or other mulching mate- rial, sprinkled occasionally with common salt, is likewise good. THE GOOSEBERRY. 87 Hog manure, to the depth of three inches beneath each tree, has been found highly beneficial. Sj^rinkling with ashes when the dew is on has had a good efiect on the fruit to prevent mildew. Fre- quent sprinkling with soap-suds, early in the spring, has a fine eifect on the growth of the bush, and is a good preventive of mildew. To prevent gooseberries from mildewuig, remove the dirt from about the roots, thickly mulch with salted meadow hay, and then cover again with earth. This mode is recommended by E. T. Haines, Elizabethtown, N. J. VAEIETIES. 1. Houghton's Seedling. — This is inferior in size to many of the English varieties, but has been found to be less affected with mildew than any other ; it is also a most excellent fruit, and generally productive, and for these rea- sons is perhaps more worthy of general cultivation, especially at the "West, than any other variety. It was produced by Mr. Abel Houghton, of Lynn, Mass., and is a cross probably between some ^^' English variety and our native fruit of the woods sweet and delicious, and in cooking qualities stands unrivaled. Color pale red. Houghton's Seedling. Its flavor is Fig. 88. — Crcwn Bob. 2. Ceown Bob. — Very large, red fruit; spreading branches; flavor of the best. 3. Roaring Lion, — Branches droop- ing ; fruit large, red, and hangs long. 4. Sheba Queen, — Large, white fruit, good flavor, erect branches. 5. Whitesmith. — Large, often over an inch in length; very productive; color wlAte and bluish, ^^ery erect habit. 88 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. There are several newer varieties of the gooseberry, but none ot them can be claimed as superior to the Houghtou. The Downing and the American Seedling are perhaps its equal, and in some localities preferred. The chief fault with all the American sorts is in their small size — none of them approaching the magnificent English varieties, such as Crown Bob, Whitesmith, and Sheba Queen. The cut scarcely does justice to the Houghton Seedling. Good culture, thinning out of old wood, and high manuring, producing fruit one-third larger than represented. The great trouble with the gooseberry, in our climate, is its ten- dency to mildew. For this reason the English sorts have been almost entirely discarded. The aims of cultivators have heretofore been to produce new srrts not subject to mildew. Success has not entirely crowned tlieir efforts, though nearly so. And now what is wanted is a gooseberry as large as the Crown Bob, and as hardy and productive, and as free from mildew as the Downing or Houghlon. In the meantime let the large English sorts not be entirely for saken. A free use of shade, heavy mulching and manuring, severe thinning out, and plenty of salt and moisture, may save the crop. Or try the tree or high-bush form, as recommended by the corre- spondent of the Vermont Chronicle — using salt and sulphur directly upon the fruit. We can conceive of no more valuable accession to a fruit garden than a show of these truly magnificent red, yellow, and green gooseberries — if they can be had ! For canning, the gooseberry, is one of the most valuable of fruits. It is prepared with little expense and trouble ; is easily kept ; is excellent for pies and tarts ; is very healthful, although so very sour that it requires a large quantity of sugar to render it palatable. Rev. E. P. Roe, of Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, Orange Co., N. Y., has a seedling gooseberry' of great promise. In its native home it is perfectly hardy and liealthy.and free from mildew, and very prolific. !• will be tried elsewhere, and should it succeed in other places, it will be a great acquisition. Fig. .W. — Eoe's Seeduno. THE QUINCE. The quince is a valuable, but much neglected fruit. It is not eaten raw, wbicb accounts for its being so generally neglected by the majority of people. It is valuable for preserving, and for making marmalades, jellies, etc. It is also good for drying. Quinces should be gathered by hand, and with care, so as not to bruise or indent them, then wrapped in paper, and kept in a cool room. VAEIETIES. Fig. 40.— Apple ob Orange Quikoe. THE QUINCE. 9] 2. PoETiJGAL. — Lighter color and better quality, but not so good a bearer as No. 1. — E. and B, Fig. 41.— POETITGAL. Soil, etc. — For the quince a moist soil and shade are very gen- erally recommended; but where a proper quantity of manure is used, and the proper cultivation given, these are not essential. The soil should be deep and rich, and large quantities of barn-yard manure should be mixed with the soil, together with an abundance of salt. Liquid manures are also valuable on the quince. Transplanting — may be done either in fall or spring, but the the former is generally preferred. Before transplanting, quinces should be freely pruned, cutting back — say one half or two thirds of last year's growth. The tree should be left with a low head, the stem not more than one or two feet long. Good and thorough cultivation and free manuring will accom- phsh more, perhaps, for the quince than fur any other fruit. Neg- lect your trees, and your fruit (if so fortunate as to have any) will 82 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. be rough and stunted in growth ; give them an abundance of food and culture, and they will repay you with a profusion of large, smooth, and golden fruit. Plant ten to twelve feet apart each way. Insects. — The following remedy for the borer is taken from Thomas' Fruit Gulturist: "The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk near the surface of the ground, and works inward, usually upward, but sometimes downward, to a distance of several inches into the wood during the summer season. "As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of prevention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the apple-borer are found useful. "When the insect has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Eepeat the operation once a week for several times, as a part escapes the first examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a n fixture of warm tar with ochre or brick-dust." There are one or two other varieties of this fruit, seedlings of the above, for which greater excellence is claimed, and are worthy of a trial. The Augers Quince is a v .riety from France, used not for its fruit, but for a stock on which to dwarf the pear. Quinces are but little planted in any section of the United States This neglect arises cl.iefly from the fact that they are generally regarded as non-productive. As usually grown, they certainly do not bear well ; but it is believed that in the proper soil, and with good cultivation, they will yield as well as most other kinds of fruit. 1 iJ E NECTARINE. The nectarine in its nature and habits very much resembles the peach, from which it differs but little, but mostly in the smooth- ness of its skin. The same culture and general management is requisite for both. It is peculiarly liable to the attacks of the cur- culio, and on that account full, well- ripened crops are rare. Yet it is usually a prolific bearer, and, could the ravages of its great enemy be prevented, it would soon become a common and highly valued fruit. VARIETIES. Those most worthy of general cultivation are — 1. Ea.elt Violet. — Medium size, purplish red, very fine flavor. Last of August. 2. Eleuge. — Medium, greenish yellow, line flavored. First of September.. 3. DowNTON. — Medium, pale green and violet ; excellent. The above have been recommended by the American Pomolog- ical Society as worthy of general cultivation. The following are also regarded by some societies and cultivators as equally worthy of atttntion: 4. Boston. — Large, handsome, yellow and red. 5. Hunt's Tawny. — Small, dark red, early. 6. Early Newington. — Large,, pale green and red, juicy, rich. 7. Hardwicke Seedling. — Small, orange red, juicy, August. 8. Late Melting. — Wliite and red, very late. 94 THE DIFFEKENT KINDS OF FKUITS. 9. Feench Yellow. — Medium, greenish yellow, rich. September, 10. Orange. — Large, orange ; rich and fine. September. 11. Red Roman. — Greenish red ; rich and good. September. 12. Large Early Violet. — ^Larger than N'o. 1, but not so good The Nectarine so nearly resembles the Peach in its habit and growth of tree, and in its foliage, bloom, and fruit, that few persona can detect the difference. Its diseases and insect enemies are also the same. Hence one description will answer for both ; and the reader is referred to the chapter on the peach, for a description of the insects and diseases common to both. The great destroyer of both, and of the plum and the apricot, is the curculio. But its ravages are greater in the nectarine than peach,.from the fact that the former has a smooth skin, and offers less resistance to the sting of the insect while depositing its eggs. In locations where this insect has not penetrated, and where the climate is favorable to the growth of the fruit, it may do to plant nectarines. Or amateurs, or market gardeners, who have the energy to fight tlie enemy to the bitter end, may plant with some assur- ance of success. All others had better leave this fruit out of their catalogues. a^tu Sen. THE PEACH. The peach, in all climates suited to its growth, is the raost oom- mon and easily obtained of the whole family of fruits. It is to bo found in the orchard and door-yard of every one who attempts the Fig. 48.— The Peach. cultivation of fruits at all — and yet how little care and attention is bestowed upon it! It grows and yields its annual supply with 96 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. very little culture; yet extra labor and skill are always with it most amply rewarded in its increased size, excellence, and beauty. The peach will usually bear in quite cold weather, even to 20 or 25 degrees below zero, unless the buds have been previously swollen by warm weather in the fall, or unless succeeded immediately by warm sunshine. Trees that have grown in improper soil, or are otherwise in an unhealthy condition, will be more hable to have their fruit killed by frost. The chief food of the peach are lime, potash, and bone-dust; consequently on soils where these are naturally in abundance, or where they are plentifully supplied, may it be expected to produce ■ the largest crops of healthy and vigorous fruit. Trees thus fed, and kept properly trimmed and cultivated, will live longer than those not so favorably circumstanced. Peaches are easily propagated from the seed. If the stones or pits be properly planted in the fall, they will usually sprout in the spring. To succe'ed well, take the stones before they have become dry, and cover them in a pile to a depth of four to six inches, in light, sandy soil. Here they will freeze and crack open during the winter, and on the return of spring, and by the time the ground can be made fit to receive them, they will be found to have germi- nated. Take them carefully up, and plant in rows four or five feet apart, and t€n or twelve inches in the row, covering them about two inches deep with rich pulverized soil. By keeping the ground well cultivated during the summer, and clear of all grass and weeds, they will reach a height of three to five feet by tlie first of Sept. A few of the stones, when raised in the spring, will be found not to have cracked open; these must be opened by using a hammer, taking care to strike them on the edge, and not on the end, or flat- wise ; otherwise they will be injured. Plant these in rows sepa- rate from the others, *as it is desirable to have all in the same rows as near one size as possible — and those will not be likely to grow as large as the others. Those trees which have reached a proper growth should be bud- ded the same year — in August or early Septerilber. Many trans- plant the seedling trees, either because it is considered too expensive to procure the budded ones, or because they are thought to be as valuable, or from want of proper reflection on the subject. It is true that, in some instances, nearly the same fruit as that from the THE PEACH. 97 p)R. — Hardy and productive; small, and very early. THE STRAWBERRT. 147 37. Russell's Prolific. — Strong, vigorous, and productive • large foliage; berry large, irregular, dark crimson; suited to many localities, and widely known. 38. President Wilder.— Prolific in suitable soils; late, hand- some, firm, very large; promising, 39. RiPAWAM. — Very large, but of poor quality ; uncertaint 40. Star op the West. — New; not well known, but very prom- ising; hardy, productive, large, handsome. 41. Triomphe de Gand.— Old, from Belgium ; aremakably good berry in diflferent soils ; remains long in bearing, with high culture and care. Berry large, firm, handsome, and of good quality; pro- lific; somewhat irregular in shape. 43. Wilson's Albany. — Very hardy and productive; large to medium; irregular, dark crimson, firm, good, tart; early. Flowers perfect; an excellent fertilizer for other early sorts. Many more might be named, but the foregoing will suffice. Doubt- less, many valuable sorts have been omitted ; sorts quite as valuable as many here named. Among them all, the Wilson's Albany may be regarded as the standard strawberry, as the Concord is the standard grape, and tho Dolittle Black-cap the standard raspberry. It is the standard as to hardiness and productiveness — not in quality. It will yield more berries than any other sort, and should be in every collection. Yet it has one serious drawback. Although its earliest fruic is of good size, its later pickings are sure to be small, unless under peculiarly favorable circumstances ; and if a dry season, many of the later ber- ries will be worthless. In conclusion, we would urge all who have leisure and taste for it, to experiment with seedlings. The great want is a strawberry as hardy and prolific as the Wilson, as luscious and handsome as the President Wilder, and as large as the Jucunda or Monarch of the W^est. That perfection has not yet been reached — is, indeed, a way off — may be positively asserted. Who will originate the Coming Strawberry ? THE GRAPE. Thk impetus given to the culture of the Grape within the last third of a century, has been one of the most remarkable features in horticulture. The idea that grapes can be produced from our na- tive stock, suitable foi* the best of wine and +br the table, has made a deep impression upon our people. With an unexampled energy and perseverance, the propagation of new varieties has been pushed, until vse have now a large number that rank in quality with the foi-eign, and are far superior in point of hardiness and adaptability to our soil and climate. Such has been the desire to obtain grapes of superior excellence, that fortunes have been made by many propagators, on varieties that proved in the end to be failures. Some of these, having shone for a time like meteors in the firmament,, have gone down in dark- ness ; or, having been tested, have been found unequal to the public requirements. The succesfful culture of the grape for wine, has also developed the fact that it can be cheaply grown tor table use ; that it can be made not only a cheap, but a healthful and nutritive article of daily food — for the many as well as for the few. for the poor as well as for the rich. And it has been shown, too, that its culture, 80 far from being one of the fine arts, accessible only to the gifted few, can be successfully attempted by the many. During this period volume-* have been written on the culture and management of the gra])e, much of which had a tendency to deter the common people from engaging in it, even for home use ; fearful of the cost and care claimed to be necessary. It has, however, long since been demonstrated that good results can be obtained without great cost, and without that constant care and watching urged by Bome. (118) THE GRAPE. 149 Very much has been written also as to varieties. It is true that nil varieties are not suited to all positions, climates, and soils ; nor can any one sort be expected to do equally well everywhere. Years afro, when Horace Greeley offered a larf^e premium for the grape best suited to the wants of the million, and a wise and intel- ligent committee awarded the prize to the Concord, there was an expression of very great dissatisfaction on tlie part of many inter- ested and earnest men, and the decision was denounced in severe terms. Yet, as time progressed, and the different sorts became more widely known and tested, the wisdom of the decision has be- come more manifest, and very generally acquiesced in. And it is safe to say, that to-day the Concord stands at the head of the list as a grape for the million. For its ability to withstand the rigors and vicissitudes of our climate, its freedom from disease and insect enemies, and its adaptability to a variety of soils and locations, few, if any, grapes in the catalogue can compare with it. In the hands of the unlearned and unskilled farmer and village gardener, who cultivate only for their own uses, and not for wine or for market, it will give perhaps better results than any other. Yet there are many grapes its superior in quality ; and there are localities where it will not thrive ; and we would be far from urging the planting of the Concord to the exclusion of all others. In all we shall say of grapes and grape culture here, our remarks will have reference to its use as a dessert fruit in the hands of the many. To induce them to plant, and to cultivate, and to use it freely, as a life-giving and health-giving food, is our chief object. Those who design to grow it for purposes of wine manufacture, or to engage in the production of new varieties, or of foreign sorts in hot- house or vinery, will, of course, need more scientific and elaborate treatises. PROPAGA.TION. The grape is easily grown from cuttings — some sorts, however, much more readily than others. Those that are not so easily pro- duced in this way are usually grown in the hot-house or hot-beds, bottom heat being required for the production of roots. This method we shall leave to those who are prepared for it. For out-door orowth the cuttings should be made late in the fall, or during the winter, or in th.' early S[)ring. They should be cut from well-ripened wood of the new growth, and should be made 50 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. about a loot in length, including two eyes, one near each end ; if t'ie wood is short jointed, more eyes may be used, but in no case should a cutting be used with less than two. When cut. they should be tied in bunches of fifty, with the butts all one way ; and should be protected from the weather until time for planting. The safest plan to do this, is to bury in the ground in a well-drained soil, below the reach of frost. Or they may be packed in very slightly moistened sawdust or sand, in'boxe-. in a dry cellar. In the spring, when the weather becomes sufficiently settled, they may be taken up and planted in good garden soil, previously well- prepared. In planting, make a trench with the plow, or spade, ten inches deep ; place the cuttings in the trench at a slight angle, and from eight to twelve inches apart, close against the side, and with the top bud just even with the surface. Tlien fill in a few inches of earth at the bottom, and press tightly with the foot, continuing the process with less pressure to the top. Level and smooth, and the work is done. In a favorable season and with free-growing sorts, nineteen-twen- tieths of them will grow, and with proper tillage will become good plants. The only cultivation necessary will be to keep the weeds down with the hoe, and the ground mellow and moist. If not intended for sale, or transplanting the next season, they may remain another year. Otherwise they should be taken up in the fall, au'l stored in cellar durin^ winter, packed in earth or sand. In transplanting, the tops should be cut back to two buds, and the roots shortened in to fifteen or twenty inches. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. Much has been said and written about preparation of the soil for grapes that is cilculaied to mislead the planter. Some have urged the entire trenching of the ground to a depth of three to five feet, with heavy manuring; others require the digging of deep holes, four by four feet, and filling in with manure and other enriching material ; while a third and most reasonable class would only sub- soil and drain, in addition to good depth of culture. In all soils suited tc the growth of a good crop of corn or potatoes, grapes wHl flourish, iin-:! the plow, harrow, and sub-soiler are the tools neces- sary for its preparation. If new ground is used, the srumps and root.s should be carefully T H E G R A P E . 151 grubbed out, as they will be much in the way while planting? and in after-cultivation ; and can be easier taken out before than after planting. The timbered lands of our bluffs are more suited to grapes than the richer and heavier soils of the Western prairies, or the alluvial soils of the river bottoms. Thin soils, with proper cultivation, will produce grapes of a richer and better quality than others ; though the size may not be so great, or the growth of wood so abundant. TRANSPLANTING may be safely done in spring or fall, according to latitude. In northern locations spring planting is preferable. Southward, fall is preferred. No certain line of division can be fixed ; but we should say that, as a rule, all south of the latitude of Philadelphia, Columbus, in Ohio, and Quincy, in Illinois, may most safely plant in the fall, while north of those points it is better to plant in the spring. In fall planting there is this advantage — the young plants can be taken directly from the nursery bed and planted, without remaining out of ground for any great length of time. Whereas, if planting be delayed till spring, the vines must be taken care of for the winter — as heretofore noted — with more or less loss. In any case it is important that the roots shall not be exposed to the weather, or allowed to become dry. In removing from the nursery row,, they should be securely packed in damp moss, straw, hay, or litter of some sort, until they are finally disposed of by planting or packing for the winter. After frost, and the leaves have begun to fall, the fall planting may commence. In spring it should be done as early as the weather becomes settled and the soil in good condition. The last of October, and through November, will do for fall planting ; in spring, the 1st of May. Fall planting is preferable on this account also — that the soil will become packed to the roots durin*^ winter, the new growth of roots will be readv to start, and the plant will commence growing by the usu .1 time of spring planting. To prevent heaving by the action of the frost, and throwing out the plants — a very serious matter if not prevented — a furrow should be turned on the plants from each side after planting in fall ; or 153 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. they should be mounded up with the hoe. This should be levelled down again in the s[iring. Having prepared the ground well, as before stated, with plow, sub-soiler. and harrow, run off the distances for the rows with a p]o\v, making a clean furrow nine or ten inches deep — being care- ful, if crooked, to straighten with a hoe or spade. Then set stakes the proper distances along the farrow, and plant at the stakes. Stand the plant at a slight angle against the perpendicular side of the furrow, and spread the roots nicely each way. Cover and pack the soil well around the roots. DISTANCE. Most vineyardists choose to plant in rows about eight feet apart, and eight feet in the row. Some adopt six feet, or even less — ac- cording to the variety, and the mode of training. Some of the strong-growing sorts require greater distances. Concord, Isabella, Hartford Prolific, Ives Seedling, Clinton, and such, need eight feet or more ; while the little Delaware may do with four or five, and the Catawba, lona, and similar ones, with five or six. Where ground is plenty, it is best to allow plenty of room. NUMBER PER ACRE. An acre of ground contains 43,560 square feet, or 4,840 square yards. It will require for planting the numbers specified in the following estimate, viz. : At distance of 10 by 10 feet, 435 plants. At distance of 9 by 9 feet , 537 plants. At distance of 8 by 8 feet, 680 plants. At distance of 6 by 6 feet, 1,210 plants. For Concords 10 by 10 — certainly not less than 9 by 9 — is desir- able, giving plenty of room for the plow and cuJtivator, and also sufficient distance to train on the trellis. Where the ground is level, or nearly so, the rows should be run north and south, thereb}^ giving more sunshine and freer circula- tion of air. If it be hilly — and it is presumed that grapes will be more frequently planted on hilly and uneven ground than elsewhere — the rows should be run across the slope, so as to make the culti- vation as near on a level as possible, in order that the ground shal) not wash. T H E fl R APE. 153 SELECTION OF PLANTS. In purchasing from a nursery, No. 1 yearlinof plants are generally preferred. Two-year-old plants cost more in price and for trans- portation, and are not so likely to live, and will gain little, if any, in point of time. Good No. 1 plants, from lionest nurserymen, should have four to eight roots not less than two feet long, and a corresponding growth of top. Before transplanting, all roots should be cut back to eighteen or twenty inches, and the top shortened to two eyes, and these should be set nearly level with the ground. CULTIVATION. The young plant should be allowed to take its own course the first year after transplanting. No pinching, no tying-np, is neces- sary. But the ground should be kept well-tilled and clear of weeds, by the free use of the cultivator and hoe. A row of early cabbages, beans, beets, or other root crop, may be beneficially grown between. In a favorable season, the strong-growing sorts will usually make a growth of five or sis feet in length, and, in some cases, as much as ten or fifteen feet, the first year. TRAINING AND AFTER-CULTURE. We have now got our plants with two-year-old roots and stems one-year old. The after-management is various. It is best, how- ever, that this one-year vine should not be permitted to bear fruit the next season — which it would do if left to itself. It should now bo cut back to two eyes, and protected during winter by a slight covering of stravv^. or some other light litter. And here comes up the question of winter protection. AVhat shall be done with our vines, now that we have got them planted and growing? Shall they be protected, or shall they be left exposed to the rigors of the winter, and run the risk of life or death ? Some will say — Let .them alone ; plant only such varieties as will not need winter protection- Others, claiming that whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well, advise protection. It is very de- sirable, certainly, that we shall be able to secure such varieties as will withstand the rigors of our winters without this labor and care ; and there are such ; but it must be confessed that they — as in the case of manv other fruits — are not of the besit sorts. It is, also 154 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS equally evident, that, as a rule, the (^reat mass of grape-growers- -the million — icill not, however much they may be urged, be induced to adopt any system of winter protection that involves care and trouble. The Concords, the Clintons, the Ives, the Nortons. and others, may get along safely through most winters without protection. But if we expect to obtain the luscious Delaware, the Rebecca, the Maxit iwny, or even the Catawba, we must make up our minds to protect. The mode of protection usually practiced is to lay the vine down upon the grotmd, and cover with earth to the depth of an inch or two. This requires that tl»e annual trimming shall be done in the fall, before the freezing weather commences. In most vineyards, where projection is not practiced, this work is omitted till in the ■winter or early sprino-. This question of protection we shall leave for each one to judge for himself, according to circumstances ; with the additional re- mark, that of the vnrieties named in the succeeding list, probably one-half had better be protected north of Ohio and Pennsylvania, while the other half may get along without it. DiflPerent modes of training are adopted. Some tie to stout stakes, six or seven feet high, one to each plant. Where wood is scarce and costly, this is an expensive mode. The most common method is to use a trellis of wire. For this purpose posts are set in the ground at proper distances — say twenty feet — and wire fastened to these horizontally. The posts at the ends should be firmly set and braced, in order that the strain of the wire shall not loosen them. The wire is fastened to the posts by means of small staples, to be had at the hardware stores. Three wires are usually re- quired, placed twenty inches or two feet apart, and the lower one a foot or so from the ground. Manufacturers now supply a wire especially for the purpose. This annealed wire, No. 12, is strong, and will answer ; but No. 10 is heavier, and will last longer. To wire an acre of trellis, the cost will be from thirty to sixty dollars, while the posts at ten cents each, may bring the sum total from sixty to one hundred dollars, according as wood and labor are costly or cheap. Inferior trellis, made of split or sawed slats, may be obtained at cheaper rates in places where wood is plentiful. A primitive mode of building a trellis, is to use split poles, obtained from the woods when the bark THE GUAPE. 155 will peal ; tliese, while answer! npf a present purpose, will be of short duration. PRUNING. On this5 subject there is great diversity of opinion, and the limits of this work will not permit of a lengthy treatise on the subject. It is proper to say, that the tendency to vine-growth is a check to fruiting ; and that cultivators consider it necessary to countei*act this excessive growth by pinching and pruning. Many carry this practice to excess ; and wvth spring and summer pinching, and fall and winter pruning, we believe very materially injure their vines. In this description of the pruning process, we shall condense from various treatises on the subject. Buchanan, a practical Cincinnati vineyardist of several years ago, says : " In the second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pincliing off later- als and tying up. * * Pruning the fourth year requires good judgment, as the standard stem or stalk has to be established. * * Select the best stem or cane of last year, and cut it down to six or eight joints ; * * the other cane cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to make bearing wood for the next season " His mode has reference to tying to upright stakes, instead of trellis, and must be varied accordingly. He says : "In the succeed- ing and all subsequent years, cut away the old bearing wood, and form a new bow, or arch, from the best branch of the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce bearing wood for the coming year ; thus keeping the old stalk of the vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground. The vine is then always within reach and control." This is the renewal system. Spur pruning consists in continuing the old or main stem, and annually cutting back the laterals to two or three good buds. A blending of the two is often practiced. For summer pruning, we can do no better than to quote from Husmann, a noted grape-grower and writer in Missouri. He says : " We are glad to see that the attention of the grape-growers of the country is thoroughly aroused to the importance of this subject. and that the practice of cutting and slashing the young growth in July and August is generally discounrenanced. It has murdered 156 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FR U ITS. more promising vineyards than any other practice. But people are apt to run into extremes, and many are now advocating the ' let alone ' doctrine. We think both are wrong, and that the true course to steer is in the middle, " 1. Perform the operation eakly. Do it as soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this time you can oversee your vine much easier. Every young shoot is soft and pliable. * * Remember that the knife has nothing to do with summer pruning. Your thumb and finger should perform all the work, and they can do it easily if it is done early. " 3. Perform it thoroughly and systematically. Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood for next year. These are left un- checked ; but do not leave more than you really need. Remember that each part of the vine should be thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too much, none of the canes will ripen their wood as thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each has room, air, and light. Having selected these, commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing off all superfluous shoots, and all which appear weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm or part of the vine, pinching every fruit-bearing branch above the last bunch of grapes. "We come now to the second stage of summer pruning. After the first pinching, the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot opposite the young bunches. Our second operation consists in pinching each of these laterals back to one leaf as soon as we can get hold of the shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young, vigorous leaf ad- ditional, opposite to each bunch of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap, and also as an excellent protection and shade to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves grow where there was but one before, and at a place where they are of more benefit to the fruit." INSECTS AND DISEASES. Mildew and rot are the chief diseases affecting the grape, and are both believed to be caused by atmospheric influences. Excessive rains and damp, sultry weather are deemed the chief causes of these allied diseases. No specific remedy has been found, as no means of preventing the recurrence of the unfavorable causes are within human reach. THE GRAPE. - 157 Of Insects there are several that are quite destructive -to tlie grape plant, among which the most formidable is the phylloxera, a tiny in- sect which, in its several stages, is lately making deadly havoc among the vineyards of both Europe and America — affecting the roots as well as the foliage. In its work ufjon the foliage it does comparatively little injury, but its work upon the roots is very de- structive— eating away the fibrous portions, and causing them to decay and die. Against the ravages of this insect there is as yet no known satis- factory remedy. Large rewards have been offered in Europe to stimulate discovrry, and in America the entomologists and others are diligently pursuing their investigations. The leaf-hopper is a troublesome insect on some varieties. It is an active little beetle, and works on the underside of the leaves, causing them to assume a deadly appearance in spots, and finally killing the leaf entirely. Soapsuds has been recommended as a rem- edy, also tobacco infusion thrown upon them with a syringe. The leaf-folder is a green worm that folds itself up in the leaf, where it goes into the chrysalis state. The parent moth appears in the spring and. deposits her eggs, which hatch and fold themselves up during the summer. The increase of both this and the leaf- hopper may be checked by raking up and burning the leaves in the fall. There is also a grape curculio, inferior in size to the plum cur- culio, but with habits somewhat similar. It punctures the fruit and deposits an e^g, which hatches a worm to live on the juices. This larva leaves the berry during summer, and passes into the ground. It is believed, however, to issue again in the fall as a beetle, and thus pass the winter. Many other more or less destructive insect enemies of the grape might be mentioned. VARIETIES. In this list of some fifty or sixty varieties we shall divide them into two classes — first, the old and well known sorts ; and, second, the newer productions which are proving or promising well. While many ot them are known special ly as wine grapes, our aim is to fur- nish a list of grapes for the table — for food rather than for drii k — and suited to the wants of the million. Det-aware. THE GRAPE. 159 Of the older sorts we mention only the following : 1. Bland.— A Virginia variety of good quality, best adapter! to the South ; only a moderate bearer. Bunches long and loose, ber- ries of a pale red color ; late, 2. Cape, or Black Cape.— (Muscadel, Vevay, Alexander, etc.) This grape was used years ago by the French at Vevay, Indiana, and is a seedling from the woods. It was cultivated long as a wine grape, and war considered best until superseded by the Catawba. Bunches compact and not shouldered ; berries medium, black, pulpy, coarse, sweet and musky ; last of October. 3. Catawba. — The Catawba was long the ra-^e in the West and elsewhere as a wine grape, and is a really fine grape both for wine and the table. But its popularity is on the wane, as it is subject to mildew and rot. Origin, Catawba river. North Carolina. Bunches large and handsome, shouldered ; berries large, round, red ; sweet, pul|>y, juicy ; very productive, vigorous grower, but unreliable, except under most favorable conditions. 4. Clinton.— Origin, New York. A very hardy black grape of inferior quality. Bunches small ; berry small, black, with blue bloom; round; acid, juicy. Hardy, vigorous, very productive ; strag- gling. Not thoroughly ripe till after frost. 5. Concord. — Origin, Concord, Mass. This, the acknowledged grape for the million," has lately been more extensively planted than all others. It is a hardy, strong grower ; healthy, strong foli- age, free from insects. Bunch large and shouldered ; berries round, large, black, with blue bloom ; sweet, juicy, tender ; remark- ably productive. A Concord vine, should be in every farmer's garden, and on every villager's lot. 6. Creveling. — Origin, somewhere in Pennsylvania. A hardy vine, but not reliable for productiveness. Bunches variable ; ber- ries large, oval shaped ; black, blue bloom ; quality excellent ; early. A good table grape. 7. Delaware. — The ne plus ultra of excellence. Origin, not established, but first brought to public notice at Delaware, Ohio. A hardy, slow growing, slender, and very unreliable grape. Bunches small ; berries small, round; sweet, rich, juicy, and delicious; red, beautiful. The Delaware is justly regarded as No. 1 in quality. In some localities Southward it succeeds well, but as a general thing is re -arded as not leliable. Ives. THE GRAPE. - IGl 8. Diana. — A Catawba seedling. Origin, Massachusetts. Not reliable, except on dry and gravelly soils. In localities suited to its requirements it is an excellent grape. Bunches medium in size, Iwnietimes shouldered ; berries also medium; round, red, sweet and musky. Ripens a little before Catawba. One of the best of keepers. 9. ELSiNBUitGH. — Origin, New Jersey. A good early grape, with large loose bunches ; medium, black berries; sweet and rich. Often mildews. 10. Haktford PROTiiPtc. — Origin, Hartford, Conn. One of the earliest. Vine healthy and productive. Bunches large. Berries ditfo, round, black ; quality not best. A good market sort on ac- count of its productiveness and early ripening. 11. Herbemont. — Orioin in the South, and peculiarly a South- ern wine grape. Will not succeed well north of Tennessee without protection. Bunches large and compact. Small, black berries ; sweet and rich in flavor. Productive on poor soils. 12. lONA. — One of Dr. Grant's seedlings at lona Island, N. Y, A good grape, but not deserving the fulsome praises that were be- stowed upon it by its originator. A seediiug of Catawba, and but little superior in quality or reliability. Bunches large. Berries large, red; rich, excellent. Ripens about with its parent. 13. ISRAELiiA. — Another of Dr. Grant's much-praised seedlings. Bunches large and handsome ; berries black, a little oval ; not quite so good in quality as the lona. Is said to answer well for the South. 14. Isabella, — This is an old and well-known grape. Origin, South. Bunches large, with oval and nearly black berries'; juicy, musky, and somewhat acid. Long a favorite in some quarters, but inferior in quality, and hot to be recommended. 15. Ives' Seedling. — Origin, Cincinnati. One among the best of wine grapes, and fair for market. Bunches rather large ; berries medium, purple changing to black. Sweet and foxy. Keef)8 well. 16. Lenoir. — Origin, South. Like the Herbemont, best suited to that region. A good grower, and said to be good for both wine and table. 17. Louisiana. — Origin, Louisiana ; but claimed by some to be a native of France. Bunch medium ; berries small, black, sweet and rich ; healthy, and much esteemed in the South, to which it is only suited. Agawam. THE GRAPE. 16;i 18. Maxitawky.— A so-called white grape. Origin, Pennsyl- vania. One of tlie best pale grapes grown. Bunch small, or me- dium ; berry, medium ; pale yellow, delicious quality. Very hardy, but rather late for the North. 19. Northern Muscadine. — Origin, New York. Bunch, me dium and close ; berry, quite large ; reddish brown ; foxy, sweet ; much esteemed by some. Good grower and productive. Early. 20. Norton. — Origin, Virginia ; noticed by Dr. Norton, of Rich- mond— from whom its name. Very popular as a wine grape. Bunch long and shouldered ; small black berry ; sweet, with little pulp. Late— Oct. Hardy, productive. 21. Rebecca. — Origin, New York. A very tender white grape, ot e.xcellent quality ; needs protection. Bundles, medium ; berries, medium, or small ; greenish yellow ; sweet, musky ; not reliable. 22. ScuPPEKNONG. — Origin in the South, and cannot be grown North. A very popular grape in the Southern States. Bunches very peculiar, small ; berries very large, yellowish, ripening one at a time. Most luxuriant growth. 23. Union Village.— Origin, Ohio. Very large ; equal to the Black Hamburgh, Thought to be an Isabella seedling, and nc better. Vine tender ; not reliable. 24. Venango. — (Miner's Seedling). Origin, Pennsylvania. Bunch, medium ; berries, rather large ; pale red ; foxy and sweet. Very hardy and productive. 25. York Madeira. — Origin, York, Pa. A probable seedling of the Isabella, which it resembles, but scarcely equals. Of Later Introductions there are a vasf number, from which we select the following, viz. : 26. Adirondack. — Origin, New York. Thought to be another Isabella seedling ; early and of first rate quality. Bunch and berry large ; black ; oblong, juicy. Not reliable. 27. Agawam. — One of Rogers' Hybrids, Salem, Mass. Large in bunch and berry ; good quality ; vigorous and productive. Ripens about with the Concord. Quite promising. 28. AuTDCHON. — One of Arnold's Hybrids. A new white grape originated in Canada. Long, loose bunches and small berry, greenish white, melting and agreeable. A cross between the hardy THE GRAPE. 165 Clinton and foreign Golden Chasselas. Promising for an amateur grape. 29. Barry. — Another of Rogers' Hybrids, and very promising. Of medium size, black, tender, and sweet. Vine quite hardy and productive. Ripens before the Concord, 30. Belvidere. — Origin, iSelvidere, Illinois. Thought to be a seedling of the Hartford, on which it is an improvement in quality and hardines-!. 31 Black Defiance. — A very promising grape, seedling of the Concord; larger than its parent, and of better quality, but consider- ably later. 32. Black Eagt,e. — Origin, New York. A very promising new gra-pe of great beauty in both fruit and vine ; earlier than Concord, and superior in quality. It is quite free from disease, and hardj. 33. Black Hawk. — Origin, Missouri. Another of the large Con- cord family ; said to be better and a week earlier. Foliage nearly black. Promising. 34. Briuhton. — A new grape, originated by Mr. Moore, near Rochester. It is a Concord-Diana-Eamburg cross. Bunch large, shouldered, and compact ; fruit round, red, with purple bloom, not quite so large as Concord. Strong and healthy grower; productive, l)ut net free from mildew. Very promising-. 35. Cajobridge.— Origin, Cambridge, Mass. Described by Hovey & Co., of Boston, as being a'black grape somewhat resembling ('on- cord, " but more nea'ly approaching the Adirondack in quality than any o:her native grape ;" •* and we do not doubt it will attain an equal, if not a higher rank than that variety." Worthy of trial. 36. Challenge. — Origin, New Jersey. A Concord cross with Royal Muscadine. Extra liardy, and very promising. 37. Champion. — Origin, New Orleans. Earlier than Hartford, and promising for the South. 38. Concord Chasselas, and 39, Concord Muscat. — Both, aa their names indicate, crosses of the Concord with foreign grapes, produced by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, (>hio ; both light- colored grapes of good quality, but not superior if equal to the Con- cord in productiveness and hardiness. 40. Croiqn. — A much-vaunted white grai)e, produced by Under- Lady. THE GRAPE. 167 hill, of Croton Point. N. Y. ; a cross of the Delaware with Cliasselas de Fontainbleau. Not sufficiently tested yet. Elliott pronounces it among the green (or white) '* what the Delaware is among the red." 41. DT.\NA-nAMBURG.— Origin, Rochester, N. Y. A cross, as it» name implies ; a large, good grape, rij ening before the Diana. Tender, and unsuited to open-air cultivation. 43. Essex. — Rogers' Hybrid ; very large and black ; tender and sweet ; early and prolific. Promising. 43. EuMEi.\N.— Another of the much-praised Dr. Grant grapes Bunches and berries large ; black, first quality, and very early. Productive and hardy, though somewhat variable. 44. Goethe. — One of Rogers' Hybrids. A very hardy and pro ductive late variety of white grape. Bunches medium, with large berries ; color, green yellow, first quality.' Very promising. 45. HiNE. — Origin, Kelly's Island, Lake Erie. A grape supposed to be a cross of the Catawba and Isabella, though regarded as highly promising. Medium in size, color of Delaware. 46. — Humboldt. — A Missouri grape of promising character. Small, green color. Very good quality. 47. Irving. — Origin, New York. Another Concord seedling, white and large ; healthy, late, and good keeper. 48. Lady. — One of Campbell's Concord white grapes. Claimed by him to be equal to the Concord in hardiness, and superior to the Martha as a white grape. Very early, and highly promising for the table. 49. Martha. - Origin, Penn. A white seedling of the Concord, The most popular of the white varieties. Medium size, sweet» greenish white to pale yellow 50. Massasoit. — Rogers' Hybrid, widely disseminated as No. 3. Early as Hartford, and promising for the dessert. 51. Merrimack. — Rogers' No. 19. One of his best. Bunch small, with large, black berry ; good quality ; ripens late. 52. North Carolina. — Origin, Pennsylvania. Large, black, sweet ; quality fair. Great grower and hardy. 53. Pauline.^A promising Southern grape of very good quality, but not suited to the North. Martha, THE GRAPE. 109 54. Perkins. — Origin, Mass. Very early, resembling Diana. Healthy and promising, for market. 55. Salem. — Rogers' No. 53. This is a wide'y known new grape, much praised. It is a cross between a native and tlie Black Ham- burg, and is a very large berry on a large and well-sliaped bunch ; color, light red, and quality very good. Like most of Rogers' grapes, it is not quite har^y enough to take the place of the Con- cord for genera! culture. In favorable positions, it is a very desir- able grape, and should be widely placed on trial. 56. Se ASQUA. — A Concor 1-Black Prince cross, from Underbill , has some of the chamcteiistics of its foreign parent. Is regarded as a valuable fruit for amateur culture, and not as reliable as the Con- cord. The Walter. 170 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 57. Triumph. — Another of Campbell's Concords. Very large, white ; considered to be valuable tor the South. 58. Underhill's Celestial. — Origin, New York. A good grape, said by Campbell to be " of more value than the lona." Not yet widely disseminated. 59. White Delaware. — One of Campbell's Delaware seedlings. Not even as large as the parent, but much more promising in vigor and ability to resist disease. 60. Walter. — A Diana and Delaware cross. Origin, New York, A much-praised grape that has been pretty widely disseminated with veidely differing results. It is of excellent quality for the table, and is also said to make a good wine. 61. Wilder. — One of Rogers' Hybrids, and one of his most promising. Very large berry and bunch, color dark purple. This grape has been sent out as No. 4, and has proven to be onn of the most productive, hardy, and vigorous of the lot. Ripens with Con- cord, and keeps well. Many more promising grapes might be added to the foregoing list; but it is sufficiently extensive. Many eminent propagators with a praiseworthy zeal, are engaged in the work of hybridizing, in the hope of producing still greater results. And we may close this very incomplete chapter with the remark that, until that long- sought Coming Grape is found, the Concord must still hold its place as first for general culture in the United States. For the use of many of the cutp in this chapter we are indebted to Messrs. BuBh & Son & Meissncr, Bushburg, Mo. [CONCLUSION.] LAST WORDS. And now for a few closing words. This little book is not ad- dressed to scientific or professional fruit-growers. Neither is ii in- tended for that growing class of amateur cultivators, who, having fortunes at command, can revel in all the luxuries of hot-house cul- tore, and care little for the ordinary means that lie within the reach of the humble citizen. It is not for them; yet they may find in it something to interest them. But it is designed for that large class of toilers all over the land- on the farms, in the villages, and even in cities — who earn a living by the sweat of their brows. They, as a class, are presumed not to be posted very well in the matters herein contained. If these — if but a meagre portion of them — can be reached and benefited by its contents, the writer will be amply satisfied. If they can be thereby persuaded to plant, to till, to train, and to love these luscious and health-giving gifts from a beneficent Creator, he will lie feuflaciently repaid for the labor bestowed upon it. Of the Tree Fruits— &pp\es, pears, peaches, cherries, etc. — it is presumed the farmers are better supplied than any other class. Those in the Eastern and older-settled portions of the country, ol course have their bearing orchards, from which to draw their sup- plies. But their Western brethren are not so well provided for. The occupant of a '* dug-out" in Kansas or Nebraska, or of a log- cabin in Missouri or Arkansas, is compelled to forego these hixu- ries for a time. But each may. by a timely effort, and little expt^nse, provide himself with a liberal supply ot the s;. all fruits. And some of them do— we are glad *o say— far outstrip many of their Eastern friends in that respe t. The tree fruits require several .years to produce a return ; but grapes and the berries can be had n\ucti (ITl) 172 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OP FRUITS. earlier. Strawberries give tlie best return the second year after planting ; raspberries will give aj3mall yield ; blackberries, ditto , grapes will give a good small crop the third year ; currants and gooseberries the same ; while the care and management of them all is not beyond the capacity of any intelligent-minded person. Every occupant of a village lot of fifty by one hundred and fifty feet, has room, in addition to his dwelling, stable, and out-houses, for a liberal supply of these fruits. He can have a pear, a cherry, and a peach tree — perhaps more than one of each; or he may add an apple and a quince. Then he has room for a Concord, an Ives, an Eumelan, and a Lady or a Martha grape; a dozen Mammoth Cluster and Davidson Thornless raspberries, and a rod or two square of strawberries. He who is thus situated, and has never tried it, will be astonished at the amount of good living to be derived from a judicious selection and care of even these. If possessed of an acre, or but half an acre, he can largely multi- ply this list, and add apples, currants, gooseberries, etc., and have vacant ground enough to grow all the potatoes, cabbages, tomatoes, beans, and sweet corn he will need for his family. If a farmer, tilling his broad acres, uo apology wili excuse the want of at least three acres to orchard and garden for hoiue use ; one to apples, one to pears, peaches, etc., and one to grapes and other small fruits. They should be enclosed separately — the orchard from the small fruits ; as it is important often that hogs and sheep be permitted the range of the orchard, in order to aid the owner in the destruction of the pests to which it is subject. The small-fruit lots should be religiously guarded against sucli intrusion. But, let all planters of commercial orchards especially beware lest they get too many varieties. And let them also guard against planting many of the fall-ripening apples. There is an annual loss of millions of dollars due to this cause alone. There are hundreds of summer and fall apples planted, throughout the country, where dozens would bo too many. In a commercial orchard of five hun- dred trees twenty to fifty would be ample for summer and fall use; these should consist of a few well-known and reliable sorts; while the remainder should be one, two, or three of. the hardy, product ve, and saleable varieties, of good flavor and long-keeping qualities. The markfts aie annually crowded, during the fall months, vvitii LAST WORDS. 173 non-keeping varieties, at rainous prices, while during late winter and spring, late-keepers will sell at fair rates. Or thousands of bushels are either wasted in the orchard, or made into cider, or fed to stocli, at a loss. Those wlio plant for home use only, are also extremely apt to fall into this mistake. In an orchard of fi^ty trees for home consump- tion, at least forty should be winter apples — most of them late- keepers — such as will, with proper handling, last into mid-summer, until the early fruits come again. The other ten should be choice selections of early and la^e summer, and early and late fall, in order to have a regular succession. Of course these suggestions are to be varied according to circumstances. Many planters, having acres to spare, and means, desire to ex- periment on varieties. They select, very properly, a great many varieties ; yet even they sometimes mistake, by taking too many trees of a kind. One tree of each sort is enough to experiment with, if the design is to enter into it largely. And even then, it is a ques- tion whether it might not be more cheaply done, by top-grafting several sorts into one tree. The above suggestions will apply equally to the planting of pears and some other fruits. A word to peach-growers everywhere — especially throughout the West and South. The markets are full of small and insignificant seedlings, which bring a poor price by the side of good, large, culti- vated sorts. To the growers of all such, we say — cut them down; do not encumber the ground with trees that bear such fruit. Fill their places with such as will sell, and be in demand as soon as seem. It is not uncommon to see peaches in large quantities, in some of the Western markets, going slowly at forty and fifty cents per bushel while by their side are others that are readily sold at two dollars per bushel. There is no profit in that sort of fruit-growing. Yet the writer is well aware that a poor peach is better than none ; but there is no excuse for having a poor peach. The budded varieties, and the seedlings that are known to come true to the parent stock (and there are such, valuable peaches, too), are the only ones that should be planted^ either for home use or for market. Plant -plamt ! Plant the best, always, if to be obtained ; if not, plant such as can be had. Of those that grow on . trees, and tera^)! 174 THE DIFFEREFT KINDS OF FRUITS. the eyes and palates of men, women^ and children, with their ruddy and golden cheeks ; of those, too, that nestle upon the ground, or hang in bunches among the briars and thorns, or are suspended from the trellis ; beautiful ! luscious ! life-saving! health-preserving fruits of the earth 1 Plant ! Eat ! and be Happy ! APPEN DIX. CURCULIO. As this formidable insect is the great enemy of the peach, as well as the plum, nectarine, and apricot, a description of it, and of its habits Hnd manner of operation, and the modes of destroying it, may as well De given in this place. To most practical orchardists, the curctilio needs no introduction ; yet there are thousands who know something of its ravages, who are igno- rant of its mode of operations, and never saw one in its perfect state. A full-grown curculio resembles at first bight a grain of buckwheat in size and color. It is hump-backed, has a long, tapering head, and its wings when spread present a glassy appearance. It winters in the ground, from which it emerges usually in the month of May -earlier or later according to the season. But when the young fruit has attained a proper size, the insect is generally ready to commence its work. This work is the propagation and reproduction of its species. The female deposits her eggs in the young fruit, when as large as a pea — making an incision shaped somewhat like a half-moon. This business she con- tinues to follow industriously for a month or more. How many eggs one female curculio will thus deposit in a season, may never be known ; but it is known that the larva from her first deposits have arrived at maturity before her labors are ended. This egg, thus deposited beneath the skin of thej'^oung peach, hatches a minute whitish larva, which works its way into the fruit and feeds upon its juices. If the fruit be young, this work of the insect entirely destroys it, and it falls to the ground. Fruit that has reached a con- siderable size before bciug stung, sometimes maintains its hold upon life, and ripens, with or without the presence of the insect. But such is generally worthless. These insects enter the ground again from the fallen fruit, and in turn come up the same season or the next, to begin the work of their parents. We thus see how numerous a family of curculios in an orchard may become, and how destructive their work may bo, if not molested. (175) 176 APPENDIX. The remedies against the work of the curculio may be divided into three classes : First, those directed against it while in the ground; sec- ond, while depositing its eggs in. the fruit on the tree ; and third, while in the fruit in the larva state. 1. Paving with brick, stone, or boards, or beating down and tramping the soil beneath the trees, has been recommended and practiced ; but while this may be partially successful, it cannot be relied on. For, while one man may destroy his own, his neighbor's orchard may supply him with another brood— as the insect can fly, and emigrate from one orchard to another, and from the forest. 2. The most successful, and perhaps the only successful mode of war- fare against them, is while in the beetle or winged state. The fumes of burnt sulphur have been used to drive them away. The sprinkling of the tree with, powdered sulphur, or slaked lime, when the dew is on, or after a rain, has also been successfully practiced. But the jarring of the trees, and catching the insects as they fall, is the surest an 1 most certain remedy. The habit of the animal is to drop when distarbed, and lie still.* The tree should be jarred with a sudden and quick motion (not shaken) ; and care should be used that the Dark be not injured. A stroke with a heavy mallet, or some padded substance, will bring them down, if the tree is not a large one. If the tree be only shaken, they will fly away, or cling to their position. 3. Many insects may be destroyed while in the larva state, by a care- ful picking of the punctured fruit as it falls from the tree, and before ' the worm has had time to emerge. Such should never be allowed to lie after falling, bat should be eaten by the hogs. 4. It is yet an unsettled c[uestion whether barn-yard fowls will eat the curculio ; yet experiment has shown that they can be successfully em- ployed against them. It is notoiiovis that where these have been allowed to run, and to scratch, under the fruit-trees, full crops have been ob- tained. Whether the insects are caught and destroyed by the fowls, or only driven away to a more quiet field of operations, has not yet been fully decided. In either case the fruit is saved. Fowls can be induced to do an unusual amount of scratching, by strewing a handful of corn- meal daily under the trees. Many devices have been adopted for catching the curculio while in the winged state, A machine invented by the late Dr. Hull, of Illinois, and known as the "Curculio-Catcher,'* has been much u^ed in the West, and is perhaps the best implement known for the purpose. It is constructed somewhat like a wheelbarrow, with a large umbrella-shaped cloth stretched over it, inverted — on which the insects will fall as the tree is jaried, and roll down into the centre, into a vessel of water. A padded battering-ram projects in front, and may be made to strike and APPENDIX. 177 jar the tree, without letting go the handles. The cloth is so constructed as to pass each side of the tree, by means of a slit from the front edge to the centre. This implement can be run from one tree to another, and quite a large orchard jarred in a day. A few dollars will construct one of these machines ; and a vigilant and persistent use of it during the summer, will save nearly the fuU crop of stone-fruits, which otherwise would be a total loss. To large planters, it or some similar device is indispensable ; as it has been found that no other warfare is so effective as that directed against the perfect insect. Cotton - growers in the South, and tobacco - growers in the Middle States, are compelled to maintain a vigilant warfare against their insect enemies. So the fruit-growers, both North and South, must make up their minds to maintain the same unceasing warfare. The war must be carried forward with the same persistency ; and when so, under Provi- dence, we will achieve the same success. But fruit-growers pay too little attention to the study of insect lifo and habits. As we become acquainted with them belter, we shall doubt- less be better able to cope with them, and check their devastating ravages. PEAR BLIGHT. No branch of fruit culture has been attended with more difficulties and discouragements, and resulted in more failures, in the United States, than that of pear culture. And on no subject has there, perhaps, been more diversity of opinion, even among the most intelligent and scien- tific cultivators. No theory of culture, or cause, or cure of disease, seems to be practically accepted, as in the case of many other fruits. Some planters in almost every section have been eminently success ful for a time ; then, of a sudden, their luck would turn, and they could thenceforward only achieve failure and disaster. Others have been met with these results from the beginning. Twenty years ago, when pear culture was in its infancy throughout the West, and failures had not become so common in the East, as to cause the present existing doubt and dismay, many bright anticipations were entertained. Thousands of trees were planted, with the hope of fortunate returns, that have since died and been consigned to the brush pile. A great deal of this disaster has been caused by the neglect of the planter — as in the case of other kinds of fruit ; much has been due to the improper choice of varieties ; and much to the propagation of many sorts upon the quince, for dv/arfs, which were ill adapted. But the pear — although in cultivation in this country from a very 178 APPENDIX. early day, and even now specimens are known of over a century old- is really but little understood, as to its natural habits, the food neces- sary for its proper nutriment, and the cause of its diseases. Theories based on what have seemed to be the best of reasons, have signally failed in many instances. And often whole orchards, embracing many sorts, and composed of both standards and dwarfs, have died in a few years, and no known remedy would save them. The most serious and the most devastating of the diseases to which the pear is liable, is the blight. It seems to be confined to no particu- lar locality ; to make its appearance in all sections of the country ; and in a great variety of soils. Many remedies for it have been proposed and tried ; and while some, perhaps all, have seemed successful in some cases, all of them have signally failed in others. This blight is insidious in its attacks. It begins, no one knows where — and, we believe, no one knows wht. It resists any and every attempt at cure. It will attack old trees in the orchard and young trees a year or two old in the nursery ; and it will spare others of the same varieties by their side, under the same sort of culture and in the same character of soil ; and no man can tell why one is chosen and the other is left. It wiU destroy an orchard of dwarfs in a few years, while a mile distant an orchard of standards has gone the same way. Underdrained and highly cultivated trees, as well as those subject to moderate culture, and those with no culture at all, are all liable to its attacks. It will ap- pear in a score of places in remote parts of the tree at the same time — in the foliage, in the twigs, in the bark of the branches, and on the stem ; while other bark and foliage on the same twigs and branches remain untouched. It will cause the half-grown fruit on one large or small branch to wither and blacken, while that on a contiguous branch will remain sound to maturity. Foliage, twig, and fruit, on some branches, will remain green and untouched, while probably a foot in length below, on the same branch, the bark all around the stem is black and dead. Usually, during the Fall, or the succeeding year after the attack, the whole tree dies. Such is Pear Blight — as the writer has seen It in numerous instances, and as it has appeared all over the country ; blasting the hopes of the planter, upsetting the speculations of the theorists, and defying the skill of the scientific investigator. It is a gloomy picture, but a true one. Millions have been lost to the country by it, and will continue to be — how much longer, the Disposer of events only knows. Under such a state of facts, it can hardly be expected that we shall offer any -emedy. We know of nothing that is at all reliable. Yet certain conditions have been found more favorable than others. A dry, well-drained soil, not too rich, highly manured, is deem d mcst APPENDIX. 17J) suitable. Moderate prunint?, to keep in proper shape ; if the tree be eight or ten jears old, allow a moderate grass sod ; if younger, give a little cultivation. Moderate top-dressings of lime, ashes, iron scrap- ings, salt — all are recommended, not as known remedies, but as likely to be beueficial. A wash of lye and soft-soap, with a mixture of lime, cannot be injurious ; and at least will be a protection against insects. It would seem almost useless to refer to the many remedies for th^; blight, which have been given to the country from time to time — since all remedies have so signally failed. Some years since, the late Dr. Hull, of Illinois, a cultivator of much practical skill and experience, put forth a claim in favor of root pruning as a certain remedy. It has been prac- ticed by many with varied success ; but it is believed that, though it may in some instances be beneficial in arresting the disease, it can in nowise be classed as a remedy. Cutting away the diseased branches, as soon as the disease begins to show itself, has also been urged as an infallible remedy; but those who urge it could have had but slight acquaintance with the disaase. To cut away all the parts affected, would be to cut many trees into stove- wood — about»half of which would show symptoms of blight, and the other half would not ; but so located as to render separation impossible, except by its total destruction. Thomas Meehan, the intelligent editor of the Gardener'' s Monthly, at Philadelphia, recommends the growing of pears in grass sod, as a pre- ventive of blight ; and many exp riments have seemed to demonstrate the value of the suggestion. As a rule, it is believed that those varieties which have been known to withstand our variable seasons best, will be most likely to escape the ravages of the blight. And 3'et this is not an established fact. In conclusion, it is safe to say, that the whole field of horticultural investigation presents no question upon which there is more present need of light, than that of Pear Blight. PROPAGATION. Propagation is properly the business of the nurseryman. But it is desirable that others should know something of the art and its principles, so a short chapter is given to it here. In doing so, we must necessarily confine ourselves to a limited space, and leave much to tlie judgment and good sense of the reader. All new varieties are produced from seeds, either by natuial or artificial means. Hybridization, though artificial, is. however, only an application of the operations of nature. It consists in applying the pollen, or fertilizing portion, of one variety of blossoms to the 180 APPENDIX pistils of anotlier sort— thus producing a cross between the two ; a union which transmits the qualities of each parent to the offspring. What we call the natural process, is when the same result is obtained by the action of the winds, by insects, or other causes unknown. But when varieties are once obtained, seeds can not be relied on for their re-production. This is brought about by several modes — by layers, cuttings, suckers, buds, and grafts. The small fruits are principally produced by one or other of the three modes first named ; while the tree fruits are propagated by buds and grafts. Figure 1 represents a layer of a grape, which will result in the production of one extra plant ; but by layering a longer branch in a trench, and not covering until the new growth has commenced, then pressing this gently about the new shoots, and gradually filling the trench up, many more can be produced from the same layer. The time for doing this is in the spring, before growth has commenced; or it may be done with new wood during the summer, currant, inserted in the ground four- fifths of its length, ready for growth. This should be done as soon as the giound is fit to work in the spring ; planted in mellow soil, which should be well packed at the base. Suckers are oflFshoots from the roots, and need no illustration. Blackberries, red raspberries, and quinces are best reproduced in that way. Budding is mostly practiced on the stone fruits — peaches, plums, nectarines, apricots ; and sometimes on the apple and pear. The time for budding the former is August or early in September, according to season and latitude ; though it can only be done successfully when the bark will raise freely. It consists in procuring a well-ripened bud from the branch of a tree desired to propagate from, and inserting it under the bark of a young seedling tree. The bud Fig. 1. Fig. 2 is a cutting from Fio. 2. APPENDIX 18J must be cut from well-ripened wood of the same year's growth and it must be inserted in a stem of the same year's growth. A seedling tree — peach, for instance — should be budded near the ground, and the next season, after the bud has commenced to grow, the top of the tree should be cut oflf six inches above it, and when large enough, the growing shoot should be tied to it, to prevent Its being broken oflf by the winds. Fig. 3 is a bud as cut from a scion, with a half inch of the leaf- stem attached. This stem should always be left on, as it is conven- ient in holding and placing the bud under the bark. Fig. 4 is a section of the stock, showing the cut in the bark — like a letter T — into which, by raising the edges, the bmi is to be in- serted. Fig. 5 is the stock with the bud inserted. When placed, it should be tied, to hold it in its place. The material used by nurserymen for tying, is strips of bass-wood bark, cut in proper lengths. As this can not always be had by others, soft, light woolen yarn, or Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fie. 7. Fig. H. narrow strips of old and thin calico, may be substituted. Care should be taken not to tie too tightly. After ten days or two weeks the ties should be cut off. The process of budding the apple and pear is much the same, only 182 APPENDIX. that it is done in June, when the buds will grow a foot or two the same season. Grafting is the insertion of a scion from one tree into the wood of another. It is successfully done in the root, or at the collar, of a young seedling — or in the stem anywhere above ground — or it may be done in the branches of a large tree. By the first of these modes most of the apple trees from the nurseries are propagated. This is usually done in the winter, the scions being cut and the young trees dug up and carefully packed away in sand in cellars before the ground freezes. When grafted, they are packed m boxes in saw- dust, and are ready to be transferred to the open ground as soon as it is preparedwn the spring. Grafting above ground is done in the spring before growth be- gins, though it can be done successfully after the buds have begun to swell ; but scions should be cut earlier. It frequently is desirable — and we have elsewhere strongly advised it — to change varieties by top-grafting, even after bearing has commencsd. The process is easy, if rightly understood. Trees of five, ten, and even twenty years old, have been thus changed with profit. Thgre are three modes of grafting practiced by nurserymen, all of which have their advantages. Tongue Grafting (Fig. 6) is that wherein a sort of touijue is made in the scion to be inserted in a cut FiQ. 9. Fig. 11. in the face of the stock. FIt- 7 repressnts the stock inserted, wedge fashion into the sciin, callid Sii'lle Grafting ; and Fig. 8 gives a view of t'.ie mist. c>)nim >n an 1 the easie.^^t jnode, called Cleft Graft APPENDIX. 183 tag. '?Vhen completed by any of these modes, the graft is to be wrapped, as in Fig, 9, with a strip of strong thin paper, saturated wun gratting wax. In grafting large limbs the modes must be adopted as represented in Figs. 10 and 11— Fig. 12 showing how the split is to be held open while the graft is inserted. These larger grafts are to be covered with wax without the paper— it ^eing usually carried in a ball, and put on with the hands covering the whole from the weather, ex- cepting the buds of the scion. In top-grafting not more than one-half of the branches should be useil the first year, leaving the other half to be grafted the following year. The reason for this is, that a tree must not be divested of all its foliage, a f)ortion being necessary to sustain life. The limbs for grafting should be selecte 1 as nearly equal as pos- sible from all sides, and should be cut only far enough from their junction with the body or larger limbs to admit of the necessary split. The tools necessary for this work are, a sharp pruning saw, a good, strong-bladed knife, a mallet, and a small, thin iron wedge — all in a basket for convenience, with scions and a ball of wax. In placing the scions to their places in the stock, care must be taken that the outer bark of one shall just meet the other ; also that the wedge of the graft is cut sufficiently slanting to fit the split closely. It is desirable, also, that where the limb is large enough to justify it, there should be two grafts inserted, to insure against loss. Some varieties are much more vigorous growers than others. Care should be tiiken that, in the selection of grafts, those sorts that are near equal in that respect should be joined together. Free growers should not be grafted upon stocks of slow growth. Grafts that have been well set will sometimes make a growth of several feet during the first season. The scions to be used should be about four inches in length and may have three buds, one of which should be placed just at the entrance of the split, as in the figure. Grafting wax is made of about equal parts of resin, beeswax, and tallow, melted together. The proportions are varied to suit the weather. There are many modes of grafting and budding not alluded to here, as these are sufficient for most purposes and are the simplest and most easily put in practice. Much is necessarily left unex- plainel, which the good sense of the reader, added to a little expe- rience, will supply. noBKs oy phrenology and physiognomy] BY THE LATE S, R. WELLS. Now Physioi?iiomy ; or, 812:118 of i'harjictor, as mani- fested through Temperament and External Forms, and especially in the " Human Face Divine." With more than One Thousand Illustrations. Pi ice, in one large 12mo volume, nearly 800 pp., handsomely bound in muslin, $o. In heavy calf, $8. In turkey morocco, full gilt, $10. 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Agents Wanted Address S. R. WELLS Se CO., Publishers, 737 Broadway, N. Y. Specially Devoted to the "Science op Man." Contains Phhenolooy and PnYsroQNOMr, with all the Signs of Character, and how to read them ;" Ethnology, or the Natural History of Man in all his relations to Life ; Practical Articles on Physiology, Diet, Exercise and the Laws of Life and Health. Portraits, Sketches and Biographies of the leading Men and Women of the World, are important features. Much general and useful information on the leading topics of the day is given. It is intended to be the most interesting and instructive Pictorial Family Magazine Published. Subscriptions may commence now. Few works will better repay perusal in the family than thlo ttth t'torehousc of Instruc- tion anti entsrtainment.— iV. Y. Tribune. It grows In Variety and Value. Ev« Pait. Terms. -A New Volnme, the 6Uth commences with the July Number. Pub- lished Monthly, in octavo form, at %1 a j'ear, in advance. 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There are two sizes ; the largest, not mailable, price %x. The smaller, 50 cents. Sent by Mail^ post-paid. Fowler & Wells, Publishers, 753 Broadway^ Neit- ^eit- i'prA. I PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOGNOMY. Wells (S. R.)— How to Read Char- ACTER. — A New Illustrated Hand-book of Phrenology and Physiognomy, for Stu- dents and Examiners, with a Chart for re- cording- the sizes of the diiTerent Organs of the Brain in the Delineation of Char- acter; with upwards of 170 Engravings. Paper, $1.00 ; Cloth, $1.25. — — Wedlock ; or, "the Right Relations of the Sexes. Disclosing the Laws of Conjugal Selections, and showing Who May, and Who May Not Marry. A Scien- tific Treatise. $1.50 ; fancy gilt, $2.00. New Descriptive Chart, for the Use of Examiners in the Delineation of Character. 25 cents ; cloth, 50 cents. 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On fine tinted paper, roc Phrenology, its History and Impor- TANT Principles. F.y T. Turner, ioc. There is an increasing interest in the facts relating to Magnetism, etc., and we present below a list of W^orks on this subject. Practical Instructions in Animal Magnetism. By J. P. F. Deleuze. Trans- lated by Thomas C- ^lartshorn. New and Revised edition, with an appendix of notes by the Translator, and Letters from Emi- nent Physicians, and others. $2.00. History of Salem Witchcraft. — A review of Charles W. Upham's great Work from the Edinburgh Review^ with Notes ; by Samuel R. Wells, contain- ing, also, The Planchette Mystery, Spirit- ualism, by Mrs. Harriet Beecher STOVkTE, and Dr. Doddridge's Dream. $1. Fascination ; or, the Philosophy of Charming. Illustrating the Principles of Life in connection with Spirit and Mat- ter. By J. B. Newman, M.D. $1.00. Six Lectures on the Philosophy of Mesmerism, delivered in Marlboro' Chap- el, Boston. By Dr. John Bovee Dods. Paper, 50 cents. The Philosophy of Electrical Psy- CHOLOGY, in a course of Twelve Lectures. By the same author. i2mo, cloth, $1.25. The Library of Mesmerism and Psychology.— Comprising the Philoso- phy of Mesmerism, Clairvoyance, Mental Electricity. — Fascination, or the Power of Charming. Illustrating the Principles of Life in connection with Spirit and Matter. — The Macrocosm, or the Universe Without : being an unfolding of the plan of Creation, and the Correspondence of Truths.— The Philosophy of Electrical Psychology ; the Doctrine of Impressions ; including the connection between Mind and Matter ; also, the Treatment of Dis- eases.— Psychology ; or, the Science of the Soul, considered Physiologically and Philo- sophically ; with an Appendix containing Notes of Mesmeric and Psychical experi- ence, and illustrations of the Brain and Nervous System, i vol. $3.50, How to Magnetize ; or, Magnetism AND Clairvoyance. — A Practical Treat- 5se on the Choice, Management and tlapabilities of Subjects, with Instructions on the Method of Procedure. By James Victor Wilson. iSmo, paper, 35 cts. The Key to Ghostism. By Rev. Thom.\s Mitchel. $1.50. Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & Wells, Publishers, 753 Broadway, New York. HEALTH BOOKS. This List comprises the Best Works on Hygiefte, Health, Etc. Combe (Andrew, M.D.) — Principles : Horses : their Feed and their Feet. applied to the Preservation of Health and to the Improvement of Physical and Mental Education. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.50. — Management of Infancy, Physi- ological and Moral Treatment. With Notes and a Supplementary Chapter, $1.25. Dodds (Susanna W., M.D.)— Health IN THE Household ; or, Hygienic Cook- ery. i2mo, extra cloth, $2.00. Fairchild(M. Augusta, M.D.)— How TO BE Well; or, Common-Sense Med- ical Hygiene. A book for the People, giving Directions for the Treatment and Cure of Acute Diseases without the use of Drug Medicines ; also, General Hints on Health. $1.00. Graham (Sylvester). — Science of Human Life, Lectures on the. With a copious Index and Biographical Sketch of the Author. Illustrated, $3.00. Chastity. — Lectures to Young Men. Intended also for the Serious Con- sideration of Parents and Guardians. i2mo. Paper, 50 cents. Gully (J. M., M.D.) — Water-Cure IN Chronic Diseases. An Exposition of the Causes, Progress, and Termination of various Chronic Diseases of tlie Di- gestive Organs, Lungs, Nerves, Limbs, and Skin, and of their Treatment by Water and other Hygienic means. $1.50. For Girls ; A Special Physiology, or Supplement to the Study of General Phy- siology. By Mrs. E. R. Shepherd. $1.00. Page (C. E., M.D.)— How to Feed the Baby to make her Healthy and Hap- py. i2mo. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Paper, 50 cents; extra cloth, 75 cents. This is the most important work ever publish- ed on the subject of infant dietetics. The Natural Cure of Consump- TION, Constipation, Bright's Disease, Neu- ralgia, Rheumatism, "Colds" (Fevers), etc. How these Disorders Originate, and How to Prevent Them. i2mo, cloth, $1.00. Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & Wells, Publishers, — A Manual of Horse Hygiene. Invaluable to the veteran or the novice, pointing out the true sources of disease, and how to pre- vent and counteract them. By C. E. Page, M.D. Paper 50 cts., cloth 75 cts. Diseases of Modern Life. By Ben- jamin Ward Richardson, M.D., M.A., F.R.S. 520 pages, ip 1. 50. The Health Miscellany. An impor- tant Collection of Health Papers. Nearly 100 octavo pages. 25 cents. Gully Q. M., M.D.) and Wilson (James, M. D.) — Practice of thb Water-Cure, with Authenticated Evi- dence of its Efficacy and Safety. Con- taining a Detailed Account of the various Processes used in the Water Treatment, a Sketch of the History and Progress of the Water-Cure. 50 cents. Jacques (D. H., M.D.)— The Tem- peraments; or. Varieties of Physical Constitution in Man, considered in their relation to Mental Character and Practical Affairs of Life. With an Intrcxluction by H. S. Drayton, A.M., Editor of the Phrenological Journal. 150 Portraits and other Illustrations. $1.50. How to Grow Handsome, or Hints toward Physical Perfection, and the Philosophy of Human Beauty, show- ing How to Acquire and Retaui Bodily Symmetry, Health, and Vigor, secure Long Life, and Avoid the Infirmities and Deformities of Age. New Edition. $1,00. Johnson (Edward, M.D.)— Domes- Tic Practice of Hydropathy, with Fifteen Engraved Illustrations of impor- tant subjects, from Drawings by Dr. How- ard Johnson. $1.50. White (Wm., M.D.)— Medical Elec- TRICITY. — A Manual for Students, show- ing the most Scientific and Rational Ap- plication to all forms of Diseases, of the different Combinations of Electricity, Galvanism, Electro-Magnetism, Magneto- Electricity, and Human ^tagnetism. i2mo, $2.00. Transmission ; or. Variations of Char- acter Through the Mother. Py Georg- lANA B. KiRBY. 25 els., cloth, 5C :ts. 753 Broadway, New York. WORKS ON HEALTH AND HYGIENE. Peck (J. L.; — The Human Feet. — Thtir Shape, Dress, and Proper Care. Sbuwing their Natural, Perfect Shape and Construction, their present Deformed Condition, and how Fiat I'eet, Distorted Toes, and other Defects are to be Prevent- ed or Corrected. Illustrated. $i.oo. The Diseases of Modern Life. By B. W. Richardson, M.D. Ex. clo , $1.50. Pendleton (Hester, Mrs.) — The Parents' Guide ; or, Human Develop- ment throug^h Pre-Natal Influences and Inherited Tendencies. Revised Ed. $1.25. Pereira (Jonathan, M.D., F.R.S.)— Food and Dif:t. With observations on the Dietetical Regfimen, suited for Dis- ordered States of the Digestive Organs, an' an account of the Dietaries of some of the Principal Metropolitan and other Es- tablishments for Paupers, Lunatics, Crim- inals, Children, the Sick, etc. Edited by Charles A. Lee, M.D. $1.40. Shew (Joel, M.D.)— The Family Physicia:;. — A Ready Prescriber and Hygienic Adviser. With Reference to the Nature, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Diseases, Accidents, and Casualties of every kind. With a Glossary and copious Index. Illustrated with nearly Three Hundred Engravings. $3.00. Letters to Women on Midwifery and Diseases of Women. — A Descrip- tive and Practical Work, giving Treat- ment In Menstruation and its Disorders, Chlorosis, Leucorrhea, FluorAlbus, Pro- lapsus Uteri, Hysteria, Spinal Diseases, and other weaknesses of Females, Preg- nancy and its Diseases, Abortion, Uterine Hemorrhage, and the General Manage- ment of Childbirth, Nursing, etc. $1.50. Pregnancy and Childbirth, with Cases showing the remarkable Effects of Water Treatment in Mitigating the Pains and Perils of the Parturient State. 50 cts. Tobacco : its Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on the Human System. By Dr. Alcott. New and revised ed., with notes and additions, by N. Sizer. 25 cts. Sent by Mail^ post-paid. Fowler & Wells, Shew (Joel, M.D.)-Children, their Hydropathic Management in Health and Disease. A Descriptive and Practical Work, designed as a Guide for Families and Physicians. $1.50. Sober and Temperate Life. — The Discourses and Letters of Louis Cornaro on a Sober and Temperate Life. 50 cts. Taylor (G. H., M.D.)— The Move- MENT Cure. The History and Philoso- phy of this System of Medical Treatment, with Examples of Single Movements, The Principles of Massage, and Directions for their Use in various Forms of Chronic Diseases. New and Enlarged Ed. $1.50. Massage. Giving the Principles and Directions for its Application in all Forms of Chronic Diseases. i2mo, §1.50. The Science of a New Life. By John Cowan, M.D. Extra cloth, $3.00. Horses ; Their Feed and Their Feet. A Manual of Horse Hygiene. By C. E. Page, M.D. 50 cents. Philosophy of the Water-Cure. By John Balbirnie, M.D. 50 cents. Chronic Diseases. — Especially the Nervous Diseases of Women. 25 cents. Consumption, its Prevention and Cure by the Movement Cure. 25 cents. Notes on Beauty, Vigor, and Devel- OPMENT ; or, How to Acquire Plumpness of Form, Strength of Limb, and Beauty ot Complexion. Illustrated. 10 cents. Tea and Coffee. — Their Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on the Human System. By Dr. Alcott. New and revised edition, with notes and ad- ditions by Nelson Sizer. 25 cents. Heredity. entage. -RESrONSIBILITY AND PaR- By Rev. S. H. Piatt. 10 cts. Special List. — We have in addition to the above. Private Medical Works and Treatises. This Special List will be sent on receipt of stamp. Publishers^ 753 Broadway^ New York. WORKS ON HYGIENE BY R T. TRAjl^L, M.D. The Mother's Hygienic Hand-Book for the Normal Development and Train- ing of ^VoI^en and Children, and the Treatment of their Diseases. $i.oo. Populi\r Physiology. — A Fanniliar Exposition of the Structures, Functions, and Relations of the Human System and the Preservation of Health. $1.25. 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