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How to Tell

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Oakland

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Forest Endowment of Pacific Slope

JOHN GILL LEMMON

Author of "West-American Cone-bearers:" "Oaks of Pacific
Slope," Etc.

Some Elements of Forestry 'with Suggestions

BY

MRS. LEMMON

First Series

THE CONE-WEARERS

Price 50 Cents f OF THE

Liberal Discount to Teachers, I (bra^ f*J | VERSIT Y

and the Trade

OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA

COPYRIGHTED, 1902

By MRS. JOHN GILL LEMMON

All rights reserved

of

DEDICATION

To Mrs. Ellanor H, Stetson
My comrade husband's friend and mine of

many years

this booklet, for all tree-lovers,
is affectionately dedicated

by
Mrs. John Gill Lemmon

109102

PREFACE.

"Some Hints upon Forestry," issued for the
California Federation of Women's Clubs, in
1900, contained the following suggested top-
ics for study and discussion: —

1. Forest trees, their names, appearance,
habits, manner of growth, uses, etc.

2. Distribution, where found and reasons
why so located, nature of soils, exposure, etc.

3. Enemies of trees, animate and inanimate,
including man, their worst enemy.

4. Effects of forests upon climate, conserva-
tion of moisture, preventing both floods and
drought.

5. Reforestation, its value both economical
and esthetic, supplying man with needed
materials for his development, and preventing
his deterioration.

6. Necessary attention and education, then
legislation and practical application, etc.

In harmony with these brief hints, I invited
one with whom I have studied the trees in
their homes for over twenty years to elaborate I— -
the first .of the above hints. The result is :
this booklet— "How to Tell the Trees"— with
"Matchless Forest Endowment" for introduc-
tion ; the final pages are devoted to a briet
presentation of forestry, as in part embodied
in "Some Hints."

It is to be hoped that this profusely-illus-
trated little packet of leaves will be welcomed
by all tree lovers, and prove helpful in their
becoming better acquainted with man's best
friend on earth, the bounteous forest.

MRS. JOHN GILL LEMMON.
5985 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Cal.,

June, 1902.

CHIPS.

The quivering forest groans,

And tosses her arms on high,
And struggles, and writhes, and moans,

Like a soul in agony;
Till her high, imperial crown,

In cowering pain and fear,
At the pitiless presence near

Bends blindly and wretchedly down.

—Mrs, A. D. T. Whitney.

Thou art weighed and wanting, O nation ;

The writing is seen on the wall !
With the scepter and crown of the forest

The kingdoms of men will fall.

— Lilian H. Shucy.

He plants the forest's heritage,
The harvest of the coming age,
The joy that unborn eyes shall see, —
These things he plants who plants a tree.
^—The Century.

UNIVERSITY

EOREST ENDOWMENT

or paciric SLOPE

Particularly California

MOTHER NATURE is wonderfully lavish with her
favors towards some countries, and as strangely nig-
gardly to others.

No more striking proof of this fact is found than
that of the distribution of the forests over the land-
surface of the earth. It is but little understood
that the most wonderful and valuable forest known
is that of Northwest America.

This forest possesses more kinds or species of
resinous- wooded, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees
than any equal area in the world, and these trees
are either the largest in dimensions, or they bear
the largest fruits, called cones, that the earth has
produced.

This matchless combination of superlative quali-
ties has been bestowed by circumstances and forces
so wonderful as to give the phenomenon the char-
acter of a distinct gift or local endowment.

Passing by the non-resinous, broad-leaved trees,
of which there is a liberal allowance, the resinous-
wooded, cone-bearing trees of the Pacific Slope

number 14 genera or families, comprising 70 species
or kinds of trees — 13 of the genera with 40 species
being in California.

Of these species 27 are pines, 2 are larches, 5 are
spruces, 2 are hemlock spruces, 2 are false hemlock
spruces, 10 are firs, 2 are redwoods, 2 are American
cedars, 7 are cypresses, 9 are junipers, and 2 are
yews.

ENORMOUS SIZE OF TREES AN£> CONES.

Three of our pines — the great Sugar, the Yellow,
and the Jeffrey Pine — all of them being very val-
uable trees, are also the largest trees of the family,
often attaining a height of 220 feet, with a diameter
of 10-12 feet — no pines of foreign countries attain
one-half of these dimensions.

Five of our pines bear longer or heavier cones,
with larger seeds than any found elsewhere, the
cones of the very, valuable Sugar Pine being 15-20
inches long, while those of the Coulter Pine often
weigh 8-10 pounds, the Gray Pine 3-4 pounds, the
Torrey Pine 2 pounds, and the Jeffrey Pine y2-i
pounds, while the largest cones outside of Cali-
fornia scarcely exceed 6 inches and the heaviest
rarely weigh i pound.

Two of our spruces attain enormous dimensions
— the very beautiful and valuable Douglas Spruce
of the Sierra and northward becomes 300-450 feet
high, with a trunk 8-12 feet thick. The great
Tideland Spruce of the north coast is but little less
in dimensions, while the cone of the Big-cone
Hemlock Spruce of the San Bernardino Mountains
js 5-7 inches long and 3-4 inches thick when ripe

(2)

and expanded — these dimensions far excelling any
foreign spruce.

Five of our firs, the Red-bark, the White-bark,
and the Shasta firs of California, and the Grand
and Noble firs of the region northward, become
two or three times as large as any eastern or for-
eign fir, being often 200-300 feet high, 12-18 feet
in diameter, with cones 6-8 inches long.

Our two world-renowned redwoods — the Coast
Redwood and the vSierra Big Tree, rising to the
height of 300-320 feet and enlarging, while yet
young, to a diameter of 20-35 feet and growing for
3,000-5,000 years — are not approached in grand
proportions and regal majesty elsewhere. And
the cones of one of our redwoods — the Sierra Big
Tree — though small as compared with our pine
cones, are yet, doubtless, the monsters of their race,
the largest being the size of a hen's egg, while the
largest cone found in connection with fossil re-
mains of the twenty- five extinct species do not
exceed the size of a nutmeg.

So with the 2-3 inch cones of our Alpine Hem-
lock Spruce, the i-inch cone of Incense Cedar, the
i^-inch cone of the Monterey Cypress, the y%-
inch berry of the California Juniper, and the Cali-
fornia False Nutmeg, all the largest cones of their
respective families.

WHY THIS FAVORITISM?

This prodigality in number and size extends to
other vegetable growths. Our oaks are numerous
and often large, with the largest acorns and cups
known. One of our maples bears leaves 6-10

(3)

inches across, while the little popgun elder of the
East is supplanted here by a species 1 2-20 inches
in diameter.

Most of the trees mentioned are indigenous to
California and three-fourths of them are found
only in that state. Why this great prodigality of
Nature in behalf of the Pacific Slope, and espe-
cially of little California?

The solution of this problem involves a brief
discussion of certain controlling factors.

At the outset we may observe that an impassable
climatic barrier is set up at present, by Nature,
preventing migration north and south. The Torrid
Zone, in which no resinous trees can grow except
on high peaks, separates the world's forests into
unequal and very different floras.

The Southern Hemisphere is the home of the
Araucaria, the Eucalyptus and the Acacia, while in
the Northern Hemisphere are found — in addition
to the hosts of broad-leaved, non-resinous trees,
such as oak, ash, hickory, etc. — all of the large
families of pine, larch, cedar, spruce, and fir, with
the redwood, cypress, and juniper; the distribution
of these trees across the two continents, however, is
very unequal.

DISPARITY OF AREAS AND DISTRIBUTION.

The northern part of the eastern continent —
Eurasia — is approximately 9,000 miles across.
North America is but 3,000. We would naturally
expiect, for instance, three times as many pines in
Eurasia as in America. Just the reverse is the
case. Of the 80 species of known pines only 20

(4)

are indigenous to Kurasia while 60 are flourishing
in America.

Again, the Pacific Slope region, from the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific shore, is about i ,000 miles,
one-third of the distance across, yet it has 40 out
of the 60 American species, 15 being in Mexico and
25 in the western United States, with 20 of these
in California, a narrow strip of coast only 800 miles
long by 150 wide, yet containing as many pines as
all Eurasia!

Now if the distribution was equal, Eurasia hav-
ing 60 pines and North America 20, the Pacific
Slope, being one-third of America, would be en-
titled to but 6% species, and little California,
which embraces about one-tenth of the Pacific
Slope, would have little more than half a chance to
get one species!

This excessive prodigality of Nature in favor of
the Pacific Slope and especially the California part
of it, is due to a combination of factors, chief of
which are the contours of continents, the trend of
principal mountain ranges, the behavior of certain
oceanic and atmospheric currents, the alternate
elevation and depression of continental areas, to-
gether with the ability of all these factors to
modify the effects of certain crucial climatic
periods, called —

THE ICE AGE AND THE THERMAL AGE.

The phenomenon of hot and cold periods in
the earth's history compelling the migration, the
change of location of the entire organic world —
the kingdoms of the animals and plants — is a

(5)

much discussed and controverted topic. Seven
theories have been presented from time to time,
accounting for these important epochs, chief of
which is the very interesting —

ASTRONOMICAL THEORY.

This theory, first presented by Mr. Croll, and en-
dorsed by Professor Geikie and many other English
geologists, " attributes the Glacial Age to the com-
bined influence of precession of equinoxes and
secular changes in the eccentricity of the earth's
orbit," whereby the seasons, summer and winter,
would have a disparity of nearly five weeks instead
of one week, as at present: this disparity, it is
claimed, would produce Glacial and Thermal
Ages alternately, every 21,000 years.

However, Professor Le Conte, America's most
renowned geologist, controverts this theory, in
part, quoting from many authorities, showing that
but one Glacial Age can be proven. Referring to
the researches of Professor Wallace and others he
asserts that the phenomenon is the result of several
agencies — astronomical, geological, and geograph-
ical— producing a severe Glacial Age of great
length, with two cumulative periods of greatest
severity and a Sub-Thermal period between; the
Age commencing about 240,000 years ago, continu-
ing 160,000 years, and ending 80,600 years ago.

GREAT DESTRUCTION BY COLD.

During this Glacial Age the plants were driven
slowly, generation after generation, a few feet at a
time, down across the North Temperate Zone, by

(6)

a world-wide sheet of ice, to be as slowly driven
back by waves of tropic heat.

In this double migration, owing to the configura-
tion of continents and mountain ranges, most of
the plants were destroyed, only a few vestiges of
the post-glacial families being extant, to-day, gath-
ered here and there upon the plains or stranded
upon the mountains.

The means and manner of this destruction are
most interesting. The continents of both the old
and new world are greatly expanded at the north,
while the southern portions are attenuated to nar-
row peninsulas.

These configurations give to the North Temper-
ate Zone its greatly dominant character, having
most of the existing families, while the peninsulas
are sparsely furnished.

The Eurasian mountain ranges are mostly trans-
verse, like the Alps, Himalayas, and Thian-Chan
Mountains, forming barriers to the progress of
plants; while North- American ranges are nearly
longitudinal, permitting the plants to escape
southward, during a Glacial Age, and return
during a Thermal one.

There is much evidence found as fossils in the
rock strata, that an abundant flora of monster trees
once occupied the Arctic regions, similar on the
two continents, owing to connections then existing
or to nearness of extremities.

MANNER OF THIS DESTRUCTION.

The formation of an ice-cap at the pole and of
snow and ice deposits on the summits of mountains
lower down in latitude, drove the plants down

(7)

from the northern plains, and down from the
mountainsides to form vast hordes of fugitives
hastening to southern plains.

This hegira continuing as the sheet of ice grew
and plowed its glacier beds slowly down to median
latitudes of Europe and Asia, the entire members
of many families were overtaken on the northern
side of the mountain ranges and frozen out;
others, passing between the ends of the ranges,
reached the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and
the Indian Ocean, and were then and there
destroyed, a few only escaping by the narrow,
devious Isthmus of Suez into Africa, while others
huddled upon the three peninsulas of Arabia,
Hindustan, and Malacca.

On the Western Continent a great portion of the
plants in their flight came down unobstructed, to
the Gulf of Mexico, to be caught and frozen there,
a few eastern families escaped on the peninsula of
Florida, while the greater part of the western
plants ran down along the plateau of Mexico into
Central America, and perhaps finally crossed on
the Isthmus of Darien into South America.

GREATER DESTRUCTION BY HEAT.

Following the Glacial came a Thermal Age, with
contrary effects, yet with more destructive results.
The ice melts on the southern vefge of the ponder-
ous ice cover, allowing the plants to return, timidly
seeking the newly-emptied glacier beds. Soon
after, the flood- water sinking into the mountain-
sides, the brown earth, becoming vivified, invites
the grasses and flowers to new-made homes, while

(8)

sunny parterres beckon to the spying trees, prom-
ising centuries of occupation — if they can stand
the climate.

The rising heat rolling in waves from the south,
nearer and nearer, urges on the lagging columns,
adding the necessity of avoiding death to the
attraction of better homes.

But the universal return of plants from the south,
was prosecuted under vastly different, more de-
structive conditions than those of the northern
flight. The plants on the return trip were attracted
northward along the cool plains, and also, some of
them upward on the mountainsides, for it is the
same thing in effect, to ascend a mountain for
cooler weather as to journey northward.

Now the first elevations beside a valley are
usually low ones, foot-hills, outlying ridges or
higher spurs. The plants that ascended these
elevations, as the heat came on and proved too
severe for their constitutions, were shriveled and
burned then and there— the last battle ground and
altar-places where were immolated the greater
part of the vegetable creation of the period.

THE LONE SURVIVORS.

Here and there straggling members of a family
reaching a locality on the plain or part way up a
mountain when the present equilibrium of seasons
was established, found themselves suited to the
environment — and it is the descendants of those
plants that are the inhabitants of our plains and
mountains to-day.

These terminals of broken lines of development,

(9)

--^these remnants of a past multitudinous vegeta-
tion,— ever since they were allowed to exist and
perpetuate their kind, have been obliged to wage
war upon neighbors from generation to generation,
in order to gain or retain a foothold, resorting to
changes of ground, of character, or weapons, in
order to win in the incessant battle of life.

PROOFS OF DOUBLE MIGRATION.

That the plants have made the double journey
described is plainly proved by the characters of
alpine plants on high peaks of the North Temper-
ate Zone. They are found to be identical with
Arctic plants. Now they could not have passed
from northern regions directly to these summits
during the southern flight, for the reason that both
Arctic regions and these mountain tops were being
slowly covered simultaneously, with snow, soon
becoming permanent ice. Manifestly cold-loving
plants — our Alpine plants — could ascend mountains
only when fleeing from torrid heat, and exactly
that condition was experienced on the return
journey; so here on all the peaks of the North
Temperate Zone are stranded Arctic species of
plants, with less northern families established
on the slopes of the mountains.

GREAT FOREST OF THE NQRTHWEST.

It has been stated that Europe and Asia were
deprived of their quota of plants by the many long
transverse ranges of mountains preventing the
passing of plants north or south, except through
the wide gaps between ranges; while North Amer-

(10)

ica was favored by having nearly longitudinal
ranges, permitting the free passage of plants to
and fro along unobstructed plateaus.

The two long American watersheds — the Rocky
Mountains and the Alleghanies — deliminate three
plateaus, Atlantic Slope, Mississippi Valley, and
Pacific Slope. We have seen that the distribution
of plants was not equal — the Pacific Slope having
the lion's share, and largest growths. This is due
principally to four potential agencies.

I. — CONDUCTED NORTHWEST BY HIGH
PLATEAUS.

The Rocky Mountains, lying near the western
side of the continent, extend southeasterly, upon
the eastern side of the high plateau of Mexico, to
Central America. The plants returning from the
south at the beginning of the Thermal Age, 80,000
years ago, were divided at the outset in southern
Mexico, and a large part barred out of the Missis-
sippi Valley by the Cordilleries, that killed off un-
fortunate individuals or families which ascended
their foot-hills and spurs — as described — while
other families or other members of the same fami-
lies were attracted to pursue the broad, free, and,
at the time, cool and inviting pathway along the
high plateau of Mexico and Arizona, diminished
at every league by the many spurred Rocky
Mountains; the survivors escaping to pass into
the valleys and along the sides of the mountain '
ranges, some of them particularly directed north-
westward again by the favoring coast plateau, deci-
mated the while, by the high, similarly inclined

and destructive Sierra Nevada, to reach final
destination in California and the region northward.

2. — DISTRIBUTED BY WARM JAI'AN
CURRENT.

A very important agency helping on the capture
and directing the distribution of the trees all along
the western coast from California to Alaska, is the
presence in the north Pacific Ocean of the warm
Kuro-Siwa, or Japan current, primarily a hot trop-
ical current striking the islands along the southern
coast of China and deflected northward to be more
deflected by the Japan islands and hurled north-
eastward across the Pacific Ocean, there striking
the southern side of the long chain of Aleutian
Islands, which turn a part of the current down
along the coast of America, delayed and accumu-
lated during its long sweep by the many islands
and capes on the way, while its heat rises into the
atmosphere, carrying with it enormous quantities
of water.

3. — NOURISHED BY MOIST IyAND\VARD
BREEZES.

Another factor closely connected with the pre-
ceding is found in the cool, broad, over run ing Pa-
cific breezes that prevail most of the year on the
northwest coast. Mingling witrrnthe heated and
moisture-filled air over the Japan current, the vol-
, ume presses inland, the moisture condensing and
falling most copiously upon the nearest cool ele-
vations— giving sustenance and stimulus to the
richest and most remarkable forest on the face of
the globe.

( 12 )

4- — DEVELOPED BY SEMI-TROPIC HEAT.

The fourth factor necessary, it is found, for the
production of largest growths, is a high degree of
heat, of which the Puget Sound region lacks suffi-
cient for some plants, although many of her trees,
such as the Noble, Grand, and Amabilis firs, and
the very valuable Gigantic Cedar, or Shingle tree,
became monsters, and the Douglas Spruce, one of
the most valuable timber trees on the earth, be-
comes in Oregon and Washington the tallest trees
known, 450 to probably 480 feet high!

This necessary heat is found under the semi-
tropic sun in the latitude of California. This heat
added to the enclosed condition of the state — the
high Sierra on one side, the lower Coast Range on
the other admitting the ocean breezes through its
passes, and with low interlocking ranges at each
end — furnishes just the right conditions, it seems,
for strongest allurement to enter and for highest
development afterward, for here only, in this cul-
de-sac of California, are found the largest cone-
bearing trees on earth, of some nine different
genera; and here only are found the largest and
heaviest cones of sixteen different species!

Is it not passing strange that out of the twenty
pines of Europe and Asia, and the twelve pines of
the eastern states, not one should develop cones as
large as either one of five pines in California?

TRIBUTE TO CALIFORNIA CLIMATE.

The great truth is forced upon the attention that
it is California that was set apart from all the
world, when, as the geologists tell us, the Pacific

(13)

Slope was raised from the ocean bed, in recent
geologic times, by a mighty geotherm or earth
heat-wave, with the Sierra and Cascade Range as
its axis of elevation; followed in a later age by
another uplift with the Coast Range as its axis;
while the long, narrow valley between the ranges
was cross-fenced by low mountains into several
magnificent parks, principal of which are the val-
ley of California, the smaller Willamette valley,
and the extensive Puget Sound region.

Of these, California was assigned first place in
the pathway of the southern fugitives, inviting to
enter and urging to tarry and form a natural, un-
exampled arboretum within her mountain walls,
supremely aided thereto by a semi-tropic sun dis-
pensing beneficent heat — the whole array of
factors mentioned conferring to produce the most
generous and forcing climate on the face of the
earth — as magnificently evidenced by this Match-
less Forest Endowment !

A PROPHECY.

There is a collateral thought, pregnant with
great promise, clearly deducible from this forest
phenomenon. Because the physical conditions pro-
duping largest and best forms in one of the two
organic kingdoms — the vegetable — prevail now
upon the earth in one sequestered region, \ve may
believe that the other kingdom — the animal — and
especially the human family, is equally susceptible
to the world-excelling stimulus, and we may log-
ically expect that this favored clime — with the
contiguous country it shall dominate — is the com-

( H)

ing empire of the earth, with a people and govern-
ment preeminent in moral as well as intellectual
and architectural*p4en4oi^<r<L^tK£C /^L^vt^,

The poets, those inspired persons of all ages,
have given ns hints of the future great Republic of
Arts and Letters that shall arise on these shores,
as foreshadowed by Joaquin Miller: —

"Dared I but say a prophecy,

As sang the holy men of old,
Of rock-built cities yet to be

Along these shining shores of gold,
Crowding athirst into the sea,

What wondrous marvels might be told !

"Enough, to know that empire here

Shall burn her loftiest, brightest star;
Here art and eloquence shall reign,

As o'er the wolf- reared realm of old;
Here learn'd and famous from afar

To pay their noble court, shall come,
And shall not seek nor see in vain,

But look on all with wonder dumb."

John Gill Lenimon.

How to Tell the Trees

No. i. THE CONE-BEARING FAMILY
- CONIFERS
By J. G. Lemmon

Common trees throughout the earth are rec-
ognized by certain prominent characters —
mostly, those of leaf and fruit. We know the
oak at sight, by its usually large leaves, and
especially by its peculiar fruit — the acorn.
We know the poplar by its heart-shaped leaf
and cotton-bearing seeds, the maple with its
large-toothed leaves and double-winged seeds,
the ash with its pinnate leaves and single-
oared seeds.

We Californians have learned to tell at a
glance, the wonderful Madrona by its mag-
nolia-like leaves, its red berries, and partic-
ularly, its naked, red limbs. The clean, white-
barked Sycamore with its great palmate leaves
and its hanging strings of button-balls, is at
once detected, and the spicy-leaved California
Laurel with its large bright-green berries.

All these and many more large-leaved, usu-
ally low-land trees are well known; but they
do not compose the mass of our forests ; they
do not cover our coast ranges nor our lofty
Sierra Nevada. They do but little of the
work of sponging the moisture out of the
overrunning ocean winds and distilling it in
rain or showering it in snow upon the moun-

(17)

tains; and they do less in holding the greater
part of it in the canyons of the Sierra for
the summer needs of the plains below.

No ; it is an entirely different class of trees
that, mainly, discharge these important func-
tions for the benefit of smaller plants, and,
incidentally, for the sustenance of mankind.
That class is the resinous-wooded, narrow-
leaved, usually evergreen trees bearing a pe-
culiar scaly fruit, called from its usual shape
the cone, giving to the great class the appro-
priate name of CO NIFER^E— Cone-bearers.

SPIRALES
NORTHERN PITCH TREES

It is the most resinous of these trees, the
spiral-coned Northern Pitch Trees, that form
most of the great forests of the North Tem-
perate Zone. This is the region where man
originated and where the most populous na-
tions assembled, and, particularly, the most
important of these are in Europe and North
America, the homes of the dominant nations
of the earth; and, farther, the largest num-
ber of species in ratio to the breadth of the
country occupied, and the largest forms of
these trees, with largest cones and seeds, are
found only in California.

What an inspiring inference can be drawn
from this array of extraordinary facts ! What
a guaranty — barring accidents— for an unex-
celled people hundreds of years "nence !

It may be well in this connection to state
that the superlative terms largest," "tallest,"
"heaviest," "most valuable," etc., are inevita-
ble expressions when one is describing and
comparing California trees. This is owing to
the fact that our flora is not identical with
any other. Our trees are, in a sense, a spe-

Photo by y. G. Lemrnon.

BIG TREE, OR GIANT SEQUOIA.

Sequoia Washingtoniana. Sud worth.

cial creation of enlarged specimens, the result
of exceptionably favorable conditions of soil
and climate; consequently, they are in many
instances simply unexcelled.

If we Californians would enter upon the
exalted stage prepared for us by Mother
Nature, we will profit by avoiding the errors
of older nations, by the study of our own
matchless forests, insistence upon their preser-
vation, and consequent inheritance of their
benign influence upon our own advancement.

Preparatory to the serious study of forestry,
and in accordance with the outline of topics
presented in "Some Hints upon Forestry," let
us in this paper take up the first topic there
suggested, learn how to distinguish the many
kinds of trees, call them by name, and get
acquainted with them in their homes.

REDWOODS — SEQ UOIA

Of course, the first tree that comes into the
mind of a Californian, native or adopted, is the
Redwood (Sequoia), the chief of all trees in
size and majesty; one species (S. scnipcr-
vircns) dominating the coast forests, with its
wealth of valuable lumber trees ; the other, the
Big Tree (S. Washinptoniana), ennobling the
Sierra forests with its mammoth columnar
trunk and its immense crown of perfect ver-
dure, not a limb awry or dead, nor a tree
dying until prostrated by its own overweight
or a severe storm.

So well known at home and abroad are these
mammoth trees that this mere brief mention
of them in the order of their importance suf-
fices. It is pertinent in passing to call atten-
tion to the newly-discovered fact that, of the
fifty or more extinct species of a prodigious
forest known to have extended well over
northern regions, of which our two Sequoias

(20)

SUGAR PINE.

are the conspicuous living representatives, our
Sierra Giant bears much larger cones than
any found in fossil remains. Without doubt
it is the largest vegetable creation that ever
towered above the surface of the earth.

The tall, spire-shaped Coast Redwood need
never be confounded with the Cedar and
Cypress of the region, for they have only
little pointed scales for leaves, while the Red-
wood has distinct, linear leaves, one-half to
an inch long, and arranged in two ranks along
the branchlet. The broad-crowned Sierra
Giant, or Washington Tree, having small,
scale-like leaves, is sometimes mistaken for
the Incense Cedar of the region, but the com-
paratively large, oval cone, one and one-half
to two and one-half inches long, distinguishes
the Big Tree unmistakably.

FASCICULARES

THE PINE FAMILY— /VATS

Next to the Redwoods in interest is the
numerous family of pines comprising the
most part of our forests. The genus called
botanically Pirnis comprises about eighty spe-
cies all told, distributed over the North
Temperate Zone on both hemispheres, but, to
the surprise of most persons, quite unequally.

Of the 80 species, only 20 are found in
Eurasia, a vast region over 9,000 miles across,
while three times as many species, 60, are in
North America, only one-third as wide (3,000
miles). Of these 60 American species, 25 are
on the Pacific Slope north of Mexico, and 20
of these are in California; that is, the little,
narrow state of California has within its
borders as many species of pine as there are
in all the broad expanse of the Old World.

And the same conditions prevail practically,
in regard to most of the other forest trees ;

Photo by J. G. Lemmoii*

SUGAR PINE TRUNK.

Pin us Lambertiana. Douglas.

there is a paucity of species and individuals
generally in the Old World, while there is
variety and profusion in the New.

These twenty species of California pines in-
clude about three-fourths of the forest trees
in the state; that is, they constitute the much
larger part of the great forests covering our
several mountain ranges.

Now, would it not be gratifying and en-
couraging as well, if one with little attention
could be enabled to tell any pine tree at a
glance? That pleasure and power may be in
the possession of the reader by making one
simple little discovery. Look closely at the
twigs or pick up a few leaves beneath a forest
tree and examine them. If they are fastened
together in little bundles of two, three, or five,
you may be sure that you have at hand a pine
tree. Moreover, most of the leaves (all of
them when young) are close-wrapped at the
base with long, thin, overlapping scales. This
leaf-sheath is the infallible sign of a pine, as
it covers the case of the Single-leaf Pine,
which is born a twin, but the microscope re-
veals that its brother is overcrowded in the
sheath and perishes.

Other important characters are: Usually
long, slender leaves (called needles), of equal
size from end to end : the fruit (called a cone)
is composed of flat, overlapping scales, ar-
ranged in spirals from base to apex, the scales
enlarged at the end or exposed portion, which
usually bears a prickle or a stouter spine or
hook, each developed scale bearing above it
two usually winged seeds.

It is necessary to segregate this mass of
thousands of miles of forest wealth, and per-
haps it will be as well in this brief paper
to depart from the strict botanical groupings
presented in "Manual of West-American Cone-
bearers," since the species composing them are

(24 )

w

en
£

often scattered well over the regions ; so we
will present them somewhat as we find them,
associated in given regions of the mountain
slopes or in lines along the seashore.

But while we may profitably ignore botan-
ical groupings, we should not neglect the
botanical names, for they are the only ones
that are in universal use by educated persons
of all nations : and they are not difficult to
pronounce if one considers that in Latin every
letter has its proper sound, none are silent,
and every vowel is in a separate syllable.

In the use of English names the most ap-
propriate have been selected, — those agreed
upon by the largest number of dendrologists.

FOUR LARGE LUMBER PINES

What California!! does not know the Sugar
Pine (P. Lainbertiana) at a glance? Seen
from the car window while threading the
canyons of the Sierra, or as noted from the
Yosemite stage, its massive trunk, finely
checked in bark and limbless for 100 to 200
feet, its large upper limbs outreaching and
suspending aloft, the large, long, russet cones,
the tree is one of the most interesting
known. It adds greatly to the impression to
reflect that the Sugar Pine is by far the largest
pine, with largest fruit, in all the world.

Trees are not rare measuring 250 to 300
feet high, with a diameter of 10 to 12 feet,
the cones 15 to 20 inches long. The lum-
ber is very valuable, white, s»ft, and easily
manufactured. Sugar Pine is next in value
to the celebrated White Pine of the great
forests that but recently covered the region
of the Great Lakes. The sad reflection comes
that the same shrewd business men who have
destroyed those great forests are now seek-
ing Sugar Pine claims, to repeat here the dis-

(26)

JEFFREY, OR BLACK PINE TREE.

Pinus Jeffreyi. Murray.

astrous conditions affecting the sources of the
Mississippi River.

Above the belt of Sugar Pine, often mingling
with its upper edge, resides his big brother,
the Silver Pine (P. monticola), with its white
bark (on young trees gleaming like beaten
silver), the same kind of large, outreaching
Ijmbs; but the cones are smaller, not one-
fourth the size. Like the Sugar Pine and
the eastern White Pine, it belongs to an im-
portant group, with special characters of
white, soft lumber, smooth, unarmed cones,
and short, slender leaves always in fives.

Ranging below the Sugar Pine belt of the
Sierra, and outspanning it north and south,
as also extending eastward to the Rocky
Mountains, are massed the great forests of
Yellow Pine (P. ponderosa), trees varying
considerably in color of bark and size of cones,
but usually with yellowish bark, and the cones
ovate, three to four inches long, with small,
deltoid prickles, the leaves in threes. A
marked peculiarity of this tree is common to
the group to which it belongs, — the Broken-
cone Pines. Soon after maturity the cones
break away from the stem by an irregular
fracture through the base of the cone, and fall
away, leaving a rosette of small, undeveloped
scales unon the branch.

The Yellow Pine is next to Sugar Pine in
size, often attaining the dimensions of 200 to
300 feet in height by 8 to TO feet in diameter,
with spire-like form and short limbs. The
lumber is yellowish, hard, aniSl strong. Closely
related to the Pitch Pines of the east and the
Long-leaf Pines of the south, it shares with
them in reputation for good building lumber.

The male or staminate flowers of the Yel-
low Pine are quite conspicuous, forming large
rosettes of long, curling, brown tassels two
or three inches long and one-fourth inch in

(28)

diameter, ornamenting most of the twigs of
bearing trees, never, however, on the same
branchlet with the cones, nor are the rosettes
exactly terminal, a bud with a few leaves
usually being in the center.

All the other pines, especially the White
Pine group, have shorter or smaller tassels.

In a few high localities from near Mount
Shasta to the southern mountains of the state,
and mingling with the Yellow Pine, is the
fourth mammoth tree of this genus, the noble
Jeffrey Pine (P. JeiTreyi), so named in honor of
its discoverer, also known as Black Pine, from
the prevailing color of its bark. The tree is
more rounded in outline than the last, with
longer limbs and much larger cones, six to
ten inches long, with larger prickles. The
leaves and twigs are whitish in color, and
when injured they exhale a pleasant, aromatic
fragrance.

It is these four pines that are falling before
the ax and saw of the lumberman at a fear-
ful rate, the undesired trees and young ones
sharing the same fate through carelessness.
Forest fires complete the devastation. When
this quartette of magnificent trees is stripped
from our mountains, but a ruin will remain,
and the plains will be doomed.

FOUR COAST PINES

Another interesting group, or rather, line
of trees, is the quartette of shore pines
stretching from the sand dunces of San Diego
(o the glacier beds of Alaska,~and which have
been characterized as "the quartette of fight-
ing, storm-beaten, but successful heroes bat-
tling their way down to the foam-flecked sea."

Most of the population of California reside
in or near 'the coast cities, and may readily
meet with these pines and make their ac-
quaintance. The curious can not help being

(30)

interested in their determined seizure of the
ocean-blown sands, century after century, and
their individually different implements or
armor, with which they have learned to equip
themselves for resisting the fury of the ocean
gales.

Examination reveals the curious fact that
the southernmost of the line, the one in the
semi-tropic latitude of San Diego, is the most
limited in area of occupation and in the num-
ber of trees, and that it has the largest cones,
with the largest seeds ; the leaves are the
largest, the longest, and they have the great-
est number in the fascicle; grading down in
several respects through species after species,
the last one being the little dwarf pine, with
minute organs, condensed for the fight along
the Arctic shore of Alaska.

First is the Torrey Pine (P. Torrcyana),
named for the eminent botanist Dr. John Tor-
rey; often called the Lone Pine. It is found
on the beach near Del Mar, twenty miles north
of San Diego, with a few on adjacent islands.
It is now reduced to a few hundred trees,
crouched and creeping on the sand or strug-
gling for the erect position in the valley back
of the bluffs, their tops broadened out and
flattened to just the level of the barrier.

The prostrated trees on the shore side are
on all-fours, so to speak, and thrusting up-
ward short, sturdy shoots heavily loaded with
circles or with solitary cones, which are nearly
globular, four to five inches long, and of the
hardest and heaviest character, two to three
pounds weight, with short points to the broad
scales. The seeds, hard as filberts, are about
an inch long, the largest pine seeds known.
The leaves reach the limit of extension at
three points; they are twelve to eighteen inches
long, one-tenth of an inch wide, and there
are five of these unequaled needles to the fas-
cicle.

What a magnificent tree this must have
been in its best estate ! The wide space of
400 miles between its present home and that
of the next species northward may indicate
the ground it has lost and predict the im-
pending doom of this heroic but unfortunate
pine.

What California poet will pay a visit to
these lone survivors, gaze upon the many
deep pits in the hard soil where stood their
ancestors, and give to the world a threnody, —
"The Passing of the Pine" ?

One coast pine at least is well known to
many citizens of west-central California, the
Monterey Pine (P. radiata), much used for
ornamenting parks and pleasure grounds of
the coast towns, and highly prized for the
dense, dark-green leaves clothing its long,
spreading limbs, interspersed with light-yellow,
curiously-knobbed cones.

With headquarters on Point Pinos, it ranges
southward to San Simeon Bay and northward
to Pescadero. The leaves, four to six inches
long, are in threes ; the cones, usually pro-
duced in circles about the limbs, are strongly
declined, ovate, four to six inches long, and
often weighing half a pound ; and the scales
on the outside near the base are enlarged to
hemispherical knobs, often one-half inch high.
Usually the cones do not fall at maturity, but
are caught in the thick bark of the tree and
carried outward through life. Trees near
Pacific Grove may be seen ^retaining all the
cones they have borne — a most interesting phe-
nomenon.

The length of time that a pine cone remains
upon the tree usually depends upon the length
of the cone stem. The cones of the four Nut
Pines of the interior arid region are stem-
less, sitting flat on the branches, and so are
pushed off at maturity. The half-inch stems

(32)

Photo by <}. G. Lcmmon.

WESTERN YELLOW PINE TRUNK.

Pinus ponder osa. Douglas.

of the Broken-cone Pines allow the cones to
remain about two years. The three or four-
inch stems of the Heavy Cones are not dis-
turbed for four to six years. The long,
slender, soft stems of the Sugar Pine either
separate naturally from the branchlet or they
are twisted off by the autumn winds next fol-
lowing maturity.

Mingling sparsely with the Monterey Pine,
but increasing to sole possession of the shore
northward, is the Prickle-cone Pine (P. muri-
cata), loving the wet places, from Tamales
Point to Cape Mendocino, where it is found
of large size, two or three feet in diameter,
and with very hard bark, three to five inches
thick, the thickest known. The cones in cir-
cles are reduced to the size of a hen's egg
and are armed with sharp prickles ; the leaves
are reduced to a pair in each fascicle. This
tree, like the last, belongs to the group Tenaccs,
or Persistent-cone Pines, holding their cones
through life. As the cones are carried along
outward, the piece of stem causes a channel
behind it from pith to bark, spoiling the lum-
ber of the whole group, boards made from
them being found full of "pinholes."

To make amends, they are beautiful trees,
holding in check the ocean winds, and further,
they readily yield to cultivation, like the mari-
time pines of southern Europe, largely used
in the reclamation of the southern coast re-
gions.

Near Cape Mendocino commences the long
stretch of North Shore Pine* (P. contortd),
the last and smallest of this quartette of sea-
loving, fog-nurtured, aggressive, fighting pines.
Pressing along the promontories, and taking
possession of the sand dunes as soon as
thrown up by the sea — despite the blasts of
old Boreas — they yield so far as to become
close-set, round-shouldered, flat-headed, many-

(r34)

limbed trees, with dense, stubby, one-inch
leaves, reduced to pairs, and wedged in be-
tween the dwarfed cones one to two inches
long, the latter held tightly, often through the
life of the tree*.

Thus these brave little pines hold the forts
along the bleak northern coast to the for-
bidding glaciers of Alaska; not alone succeed-
ing by their intrepidity, but, stooping to con-
quer, they dispense with the garniture enjoyed
by their relatives of the interior, and modify
remaining organs to the requirements of des-
perate battle.

Near Mendocino are wind breaks composed
of this pine so dense and extensive that strange
plants from the interior are encouraged to
journey to the coast, there to flourish and
flaunt their graces in serene security, while the
dairy stock of the vicinity during wintry
storms seek the shelter of this living wall
of subjugated trees.

TWO HEAVY-CONE PINES

The Gray Pine (P. Sabiniana), with its
whitish foliage resembling clouds of smoke
at a distance, is found in the gulches and on
the foot-hills sparsely from the Tehachapi
Pass to Redding. It bears very Inrge and
heavy cones, three to five pounds ; its leaves
are in threes and whitened with powder.
When young this is one of the prettiest pines ;
older, the trees are apt to divide near the
base, and the leaves — all but those of the
season — droop or fall away, giving the limbs
a tufted appearance.

A second species of the Heavy-cone group
has become celebrated. Who of California,
especially southern California, has not seen
or heard of the Big-cone Pine (P. Coulteri},
named for the discoverer? The cones in

(35)

I
m

• 6

• o

quantities are taken to the several world
fairs, and are on exhibition in eastern and
foreign museums. Grand trees are they, be-
coming three to five feet in diameter in the
San Bernardino Mountains. They extend
northward along the Santa Lucia Mountains
to San Luis Obispo, where they were first
seen in 1830 by Dr. Coulter. An outlying
grove of about 1,000 acres of small but beau-
tiful trees ennobles Mount Diablo on the north
side, in full view of the village of Clayton.
To be seen at their best, the reader should
visit the largest trees, holding out on their
long limbs the great cones in pairs or trip-
lets, when opened resembling wicker baskets.
They are ten to twelve inches long, and weigh
eight to ten pounds, by far the heaviest cones
known. The scales terminate in hooks, curv-
ing inward, the largest near the base on the
outer side being often three to four inches
long. The leaves, in threes, are almost un-
excelled, fourteen to eighteen inches long.

TWO CURIOUS PINES

In strong contrast with these big Heavy-
cone Pines is the little Knob-cone or Narrow-
cone Pine (P. attenuata) , found in small
groves at middle altitudes from the San Ber-
nardino Mountains along the sunny slopes of
the Sierra to Shasta, with several noted groves
in the Coast Mountains, especially one large
body on the summit of Mt. St. Helena, and
a smaller on the eastern slope of the Oakland
hills, but a few miles from that city.

Usually small trees growing in masses, they
become slender and tall, beginning to bear at
an early age; the bright little cones, four to
six inches long, are produced in circles, one
marking each year's growth, and hold fast
on trunk and limbs, if the tree is separated

( 37 I

far enough from others to retain its body limbs,
through the life of the tree. Owing to the
tapering character of the cone (suggesting its
botanical name), the cones are^not pushed off,
but often the wood-layers seize and cover the
cones from sight.

It is not strange that this lovely little pine
is a favorite in cultivation, a long hillside
being planted with them like an orchard in
the lower end of the experimental grounds at
Berkeley. Managers of experimental grounds
elsewhere in the state are growing them by
the thousand and distributing as desired, for
reforesting the foot-hill region, especially
where denuded by hydraulic mining. The
Narrow-cone Pine is a member of the Tenaces
group, along with the Monterey Pine, having
persistent cones and leaves in threes, but the
cone is narrower, pointed, and the scales on
the outer side terminate in conical, curved
spurs instead of rounded knobs.

Another contrast is found in the characters
of the true Nut Pines of the arid interior
regions, the cones small, nearly globular,
strongly knobbed, and containing large, wing-
less, oily, and delicious seeds. There are four
species ; practically but one of them, the
Single-leaf Pine (P. monophylla), reaches
California on the southeastern flanks of the
Sierra and on the desert exposures of the
San Bernardino Mountains. In early times
the nuts of these trees, called Pinyons, then
abundant on the hills of Nevada, formed a
large part of the aboriginal 'food, but later
the miners and stock men have nearly ex-
terminated the Indian orchards. The Pine
Nuts of commerce are the product of another
species in New Mexico.

(38)

NARROW, OR KNOB CONE PINE.

FOUR SUB-ALPINE PINES

The widest distributed of the Sub-Alpine
Pines is the Murray Pine (P. Murrayana) ,
often called Tamarack Pine from its resem-
blance to the Larch or Tamarack of the east.
It is one of the Thimble-cone group, with
tiny cones and short leaves in pairs, like the
North Shore Pine described, with which some
botanists classify it. The bark (from a little
distance above the base) is exceedingly thin,
flaking off in small scales, leaving but an
eighth inch of hard bark remaining. In north-
ern regions, where it is called Lodge-pole
Pine, it is usually found tolerating the pres-
ence of sister trees, so forming dense groves
of tall, slender, white stems, suggesting
bamboo. Southward in California they oc-
cupy almost exclusively the high plateaus.
Beautiful groves enliven the scenery of such
glacier lakes as Tahoe, Donner, Independence,
and Webber, and similar valleys elsewhere
emptied of their lakes. The broad, glaciated
plateau eastward of Yosemite, upon which
arise the Sierra peaks, is mostly covered with
this singular pine, interspersed with little
sun-filled intervales, where the unaffrighted
deer may be seen nibbling the lush autumn
grasses and the chattering red squirrel thinks
it no intrusion to share the comforts of your
camp — likewise its provisions.

Most trees are greatly modified by environ-
ment ; those growing in the open often branch
freely and retaining all the ^imbs, this be-
havior being very different from trees of the
same species in a dense forest.

A tree of the Murray Pine rioting alone
in the moraine soil above Webber Lake was
felled to obtain a log specimen for exhibition
at the Centennial Fair. It proved to be 300
years old, 123 feet high, 7 feet in diameter,

(40)

and with a mass of 360 live, body limbs, many
of them 20 feet long, drooping and sweep-
ing the ground.

Three other sub-Alpine pines, more or less
abundant on the mountains of the interior
Great Basin, reach the eastern slope of the
Sierra sparsely near the southern end. They
all have short leaves in fascicles of five each,
and pendant, oblong cones three to four inches
long.

One is the Limber Pine (P. flexilis), with
slender branchlets, smooth cones, with large,
nearly round, wingless seeds ; found at a few
stations, notably a few trees in Bloody Canyon
of Mono Pass, east of Yosemite Valley; also
a few trees were discovered only last season
by a forest ranger on the north (desert) slope
of Mount San Bernardino.

A second species, the Bristle-cone Pine (P.
aristata), with black bristles half an inch long
terminating the cone scales, is sparsely in-
habiting several slopes; and the third species,
the Fox-tail Pine (P. Balfouriana), with long,
plumelike limbs, and softer, nearly smooth
cones, forms a few high groves near Mt. Whit-
ney; while, very strangely, a few lonely trees
fringe the high forest on Mt. Eddy, near
Mt. Shasta, 400 miles from its relatives.

THE BRAVE LITTLE ALPINER

Lastly, above them all, on the verge of the
timber line, — the upper fringe of the immense
forest robe of King Sierra, — are found the
few living specimens of a truly Alpine tree,
the White-stem Pine (P. albicaulis). De-
pressed to firm platforms flooring the high,
narrow, wind-swept passes, or leaning crip-
pled and stunted against the storm-splintered
buttresses (or even standing out defiantly,
alone), all with bodies short and thick, their

(41)

branches maintaining sturdy, milk-white
branchlets, proudly erect, and bearing aloft
their condensed fascicles of shortened, thick-
ened leaves, half concealing the abbreviated,
hardened cones, they strongly appeal to sensi-
tive souls for sympathy.

It is interesting to note in this connection
that of all the forest trees, of whatever class
or family, on the face of the earth; of all the
cone-bearing trees so bountifully bestowed
upon California, it is the pine that is en-
dowed with a constitution sufficiently hardy
and with organs sufficiently pliable to meet
alike the rigorous requirements of existence
upon the bleak, inhospitable shores of Alaska
and the similarly storm-beaten, but two-miles
higher peaks of the Sierra.

Imprisoned in ice and snow for the greater
part of the year, the White-stem Pine only has
time to breathe, when, for a few weeks, the
midsummer sun melts the snow banks, re-
vealing the icicle-decorated heroes uplifting
their white-staffed scepters, bright with royal
purple gems, as who should say : "We are the
strongest trees on earth, the highest expres-
sion of arboreal existence, the crown of the
world's forests ! Leaving relatives behind eons .
ago, through ages of strenuous endeavor, and
despite the rigid repression of the elements,
we have battled for this exalted throne. We
alone above the worthy and titled individuals
of the celebrated forests below are privileged
to stand before kings ; the %eaven-piercing
pinnacles of the High Sierra only, are loftier
than we."

(42)

SOLITARES

OTHER PITCH TREES

The rest of the Pitch Trees of the Cone-
bearing family are peculiar and easily recog-
nized. The problem is greatly simplified at
the outset by the elimination of two genera
not found in California, except in cultivation,
— the true Cedar (Cedrus) and the true Larch
or Tamarack (Larix).

The other groups, the Spruces and Firs,
are represented in abundance in America, and
especially in California, by trees often of great
size and value. The leaves of both are soli-
tary and short ; the cones with thin, flat, un-
armed scales.

FEATHER-CONE SPRUCES

If one should be traveling in the mountains
of California, and should come upon trees
with long, gracefully declining branches, bear-
ing on the outer margins numerous small
brown cones, which when open are about the
size of a hen's egg, and decorated with long,
flat, three-toothed, feather-like bracts, protrud-
ing a half inch from between the scales, he
might be sure that he was in the regal pres-
ence of a Douglas Spruce (Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia). Forming the greater part of the dense
forest about Puget Sound, where they become
350 to 450 feet high — the tallest trees in the
world — they spread down along the Rocky
Mountains and the ranges of California to
Arizona. Douglas Spruce (improperly called
by lumber dealers "Oregon Pine" and "Red
Fir") constitutes the major part of the out-
put of the scores of great mills in the north-
west, now the richest lumber region of the
world. No tree is more utilized for all pur-

(43)

poses where strong, durable lumber is desired.
For building timbers, sleepers, joists, and
flooring it is unexcelled. It is exported to
all parts of the world for ship timbers, spars,
and masts. The stout vessels used for voyag-
ing amidst the ice floes of the Arctic are built
from selected Douglas Spruce lumber taken
from the butt logs of these trees.

The thousands of piles used so largely for
wharves and ferry slips, for building founda-
tions and railroad bridges, the tall flagstaffs
erected at recent world fairs, all come from
the Douglas Spruce forest of the north.

Fine specimens with rounded heads and
abundant cones are found on the western end
of Mount Tamalpais, near the ocean, and in
sight of San Francisco. A very beautiful
form, with graceful, weeping branchlets, is
found sparsely near Yosemite and northward
to near Mt. Shasta.

A second species of this Feather-cone genus
of Spruces is the Big-cone Spruce (Ps. ma-
crocarpa), growing on the south side of the
San Bernardino and connected mountains.
The cones, similar in appearance to the
Douglas Spruce, are many times larger, six
to eight inches long, the largest in the world.

NAKED-CONE SPRUCES

The Naked-cone species of spruce (Picea)
in California comprise two species also. One,
the Tide-land Spruce (P. Sitchcusis), is
abundant northward, and comes down the
coast as far as Cape Mendocino. Loving the
ocean beach and the interior wet grounds, it
often becomes a large tree, remarkable for
its beautiful, smooth cones two to three inches
long, and for its sharp leaves, wounding the
fingers like sewing needles.

The fourth species, the most beautiful of
all, would require a special effort to find it,
so sequestered and limited is its growth. This

(45)

is the newly-discovered Weeping Spruce (P.
Breweriana), on the western end of the Sis-
kiyou Mountains, in splintered rocks of the
summit. Remarkable for its very long, droop-
ing branchlets, two to six feet long, giving the
tree the appearance of a weeping willow.
This beautiful tree ought to be in cultivation,
but efforts to that end thus far have proved
unsuccessful.

HEMLOCK SPRUCES

Space admits of little more than brief allu-
sions to the lovely Hemlock Spruces (Tsuga),
one species (Ts. hetcrophylla) in the northern
coast counties, with its pea-green, convex
sprays of foliage, decorated on the border with
brown, ovoid, half-inch cones; the other (Ts.
Mertensiana), sub-alpine and scattered among
the giants from end to end of the Sierra, its
exceedingly graceful appearance, with depend-
ing branches, clothed with dark-green, tufted
foliage, and decorated with large, purple cones
one and one-half to two inches long, the larg-
est of the hemlocks. This royal evergreen,
sparsely present in every mass of forest in
the High Sierra, always claims instant atten-
tion and admiration from visitors to the high
regions, and not inaptly it is called "Queen
of the Sierra."

In concluding this introduction to Califor-
nia spruces the principal points for recogni-
tion may be recapitulated, as ; spire-like form
of tree, with graceful, declining limbs ; the
cones terminal, dependent, and remaining
whole at maturity; leaves solitary and scat-
tered, these characters strongly contrasting
with the next group.

THE TRUE FIRS

This, the last family of Pitch Trees to be
described, is the most marked in its modes ot

(47)

growth, and in characters of the cone, of any
group in the forests of the Northern Hemis-
phere, and hence easily detected.

Should the reader, being anywhere in the
Northern Hemisphere, see in the forest, even
from a distance, a tree perfectly conical in
outline, the limbs arising in horizontal circles,
the branches often nearly touching each other,
forming layers or platforms prim and sym-
metrical, the broadest layer at the bottom,
diminishing in breadth regularly to the top;
or should you be able to see only the top
of the tree, if you found it bearing cones
standing out bold and erect upon the upper-
most limbs, you may be sure that you are
beholdine one of the most interesting of trees,
the true Fir (Abies'}. Close examination re-
veals other characters. The cones at maturity
fall to pieces, the scales and seeds sailing away
on the wind, leaving the brown axis on the
limb to weather away during the next winter.
You never find a fir cone on the ground, unr
less it has been cut off before quite ripe by a
squirrel, hence many persons, even lumber-
men, are unaware that they bear cones at all.
Also, the leaves are peculiar ; on young trees
and the lower limbs of older ones they are
arranged in two ranks, but on the upper, bear-
ing limbs they all turn upward.

The principal points for certain identifica-
tion of a fir tree are: Prim, regular stratifi-
cation of the limbs, the cones erect upon the
upper limbs, their scales deciduous at matu-
rity, the leaves in two ranks, right and left,
along the branchlets of lower limbs.

THE SIX CALIFORNIA FIRS

There are in California six species of fir,
four of them becoming large trees. The
largest is the magnificent Red Fir (Abies

(49)

magnified), often attaining 250 to 300 feet,
with a diameter of 8 to 12 feet, by far the
largest fir in the world, and the cones, cylin-
drical and erect, like green parrots perched
upon the limbs, are six to eight inches high,
the largest fir cones known. Extending from
end to end of the Sierra, and mingling with
the Giant Sequoia, the Douglas Spruce, and
the four kingly pines described, they dominate
certain regions of the middle altitudes of the
Sierra by sheer force of numbers, giving a
fir character to the forest unexcelled for
grandeur, enlisting the profound admiration
of foreign visitors to the Sierra. The bark of
the Red Fir becomes very thick, and, although
black outside, it is madder-red within, readily
detected when broken, suggesting the name
of the tree. The lumber is valued for vari-
ous purposes.

A closely related species is the Shasta Fir
(A. Shaitensis), large trees clothing th-.-
flanks of Mount Shasta and some of the high-
est peaks on the other end of the Sierra. This
tree is particularly distinguished by its higher
locality and smaller cones, with broad, feather-
like bracts, protruding a half inch or more
from between the scales. Soon becoming de-
clined, they nearly conceal the dark green
cone with their lighter drapery.

A big brother of these two is the White
Fir (A. Lowiana), found at lower altitudes,
and with small, narrow, naked cones, three to
four inches long; bark ckrk outside, but
greenish white within.

A third species is the Lowland Fir (A.
prandis), a noble tree, abundant in the Puget
Sound region, and reaching our coast in the
northern counties ; cones two and one-half to
three inches long; the leaves dark green, and
shining above, white lined with minute breath
ing pores below.

(50)

In the foot-hills of the southern part of the
state are a few trees of the Colorado White
Fir (A. concolor), with their exceedingly
whitened bark, leaves, and cones, otherwise
much like the White Fir of California, with
which it is classed by some authors.

Last, as well as prettiest, of our firs let
us study for a moment the most singular of
all our trees, the Needle-cone Fir (A. ven-
usta), of the Santa Lucia Mountains, near the
south boundary line of Monterey County. It is
a tree with its limbs so short that the tree has
the appearance of a narrow pinnacle or column,
often fifty or more feet high. The cones are
oblong, three inches long, the bracts between
the scales terminating in strong, sharp needles
two inches long, which, curving downward,
inclose the cone in a net-like envelope. The
leaves, too, are out of the ordinary state, be-
ing very long — two inches — and one-eighth
inch wide, the largest fir leaves known. Very
singularly the locality of this fir was discov-
ered by the earliest explorer of this coast,
the indefatigable David Douglas, in 1830; but
so deeply secluded are they in the confusing
ramifications of the Coast Range, and so steep
— almost inaccessible — are the mountain cliffs
to which they cling, that few persons have
seen these wonderful trees, not above a dozen
persons all told, although their home is but
a few miles from the populous metropolis of
the Pacific Slope, and quite near our two uni-
versities, with their thousands of students.

What might have been done at any time
all these years was developed last summer,
when a botanist of the University of Cali-
fornia explored the region thoroughly, and
discovered some four new groves, one of
them quite extensive, of this exceedingly lovely
tree.

(52)

AMABILIS FIR.

Abies Amabitis. Forbes.

CYCLALS
CYPRESSES AND THEIR ALLIES

It would require much space to properly
point out the characters of the large class of
cypress-like trees, with their many genera, all
with their leaf and cone structure usually in
pairs and opposite, not in spirals and scat-
tered, as in the Pitch Trees described. Their
leaves are reduced to mere small scales, tri-
angular and pointed ; the cones are small, sel-
dom more than an inch long, the scales in
pairs and in alternate series. The timber of
all the cypresses is but slightly resinous, and
is fragrant, often pungent ; includes the two
American Cedars, one, the Red Cedar, or
Shingle Tree (Thuya) of the north, with
horizontally flattened, convex sprays of foli-
age and minute, half-inch, upturned cones,
becoming large trees at the north, and ex-
tensively manufactured into shingles of the
most durable character; the trunks, usually
swollen at the base, are apt to be hollow,
hence were finely adapted for use by the abo-
rigines in making their canoes.

The other pyramidal, flat-branched, thick-
barked tree is the Incense Cedar (Libocedrus)
of the middle elevations of the Sierra, par-
ticularly abundant in and near Yosemite Val-
ley; foliage ,like the last, but the cones much
larger, yellowish, and pendant from the ends
of the fan-like, usually horizontal sprays, the
two larger concave scales 'lacing each other
and holding the four seeds ; the timber is very
fragrant and quite durable, hence much used
for fence posts.

The true Cypress (Cuprcssus) has four
species in California, all distinguished by
globular and very knobby cones. But two
species need be mentioned. One, the Law-

(54)

INCENSE, OR POST CEDAR.

Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey.

son Cypress (C. Lawsoniana), Is one of
the prettiest trees known for lawns and parks,
and very popular. A small grove is indig-
enous to the head-waters of the Sacramento
River; near Mount Shasta, but the headquar-
ters are around Coos Bay, Oregon, giving it
the name of Port Orford Cedar. Its lum-
ber is in great demand for interior finishing,
cabinet work, etc. Distinguished by its grace-
ful form, its foliage in flattened, convex
sprays, and its numerous little cones the size
of a garden pea.

The other noted Cypress (C. -macrocarpa) is
native to Cypress Point, on the Monterey
Coast, where the ocean storms flatten and
sculpture their dense, dark-green foliage in
terraces, or completely prostrate the tree.
A favorite tree for making hedge rows or
wind-breaks ; cones the largest of the genus,
often over an inch long, with prominent bosses
or knobs.

Descending to the lowest, earliest stage of
development, we find the Junipers (Junipcrus)
with only minute scales for leaves, and for
fruit a small, closed berry, with only vestiges
of the scales, and juicy with turpentine, the
well-known Juniper Berry. One species (/.
occidentalism growing up in the High Sierra
becomes quite a large, round-headed tree of
great age. Another (/. Calif ornica} is a de-
graded, unnecessarily sprawling shrub, found
on the plains and slopes of southern Califor-
nia.

What a world of arboreal 'development be-
tween this tardy Juniper and the perfected,
colossal, royal Sugar Pine, described, — the king
of the Pine Tree clan !

(56)

Ifek

MONTEREY CYPRESS.

CONSPECTUS
PACIFIC SLOPE CONE-BEARERS.

F A SC 1C TLA RES, Leaves in bundles.

THE PINKS, Pinus, Tournefort.

WHITE-WOOD PINFS-

1. Sugar Pine.

2. Silver Pine.

3. Mexican Pine.

4. Rocky Mt. Pine.

5. Alpine Pine.

PLUME-BRANCHP:D PINES.

6. Balfour Pine. P. Kalfonriana, Murray.

7. Bristle-cone Pine. I', aristatn, Engehn.

TRUE NUT PINES.

8. Single-leaf Pine. P. MonopJivlla, Torr. and Frem.

9. Mexican Pinon. /'. cet*l>roides, Zucc.

10. New Mexican Pinon. /'. edit/is, Engelm.

11. Parry Pine. />. ,/nadrif^lia. Parry.

BROKEN-CONE PINES.

12. Western Yellow Pine. /'. f>ondcrosa, Lawson.

H. Rocky Mt. Yellow Pine. Variety scofn/ornm, Engelm.

14. leffrey (or Black) Pine. P. Jeffrey^'Ore. Coin."

15. Arizona Yellow Pine. P. Arizonica, Engelin.

16. Mayr's Pine. P. Mayriana, Sudworth.

17. Apache Pine. P. ApacJieca, Lemnion.

THIMBLE-CONE PINES.

18. North Shore Pine. P. cotitorta, London.
Pigmy Pine. \'ariety /'auiclica, I.enmion.

IP. Tamarack Pine. P. Marrayana, " Ore. Coin."

20. Lodge-i>ole Pine. Variety tenuis, Lemnion.

HEAVY-CONE PINES.

21. Big-cone Pine. P. Conlteri, Don.

22. Gray-leaf Pine. P. Sabiniana, Dougl.

23. Torrey (or I.one) Pine. /'. Tnrreyana, Parry.

PERSISTENT-CONE PINES.

24. Monterey Pine. /'. ractiata, Don.

25. Narrow-cone Pine. P. attennata, Lemmon.

26. Swamp-loving Pine. P. muricata , Don.

27. Chihuahua Pine. 1\ CliilinaJiuana, Engelm.

TUFT-LEAVED TREES
TRUE LARCHES, Larix, Link.

i. Western Larch. L. occidentalis. Nuttall.

a. Woolly Larch. L. Lynllii, Parlat.

SO LIT A RES, Single-leaved Trees.
PENDENTES, Pendent fruited Trees.

TRUE SPRUCES, Picea^ Link.

1. White Spruce. P. laxa, Sargent.

2. Blue Spruce. P. pnngens, Engelm.

3. Engelmann Spruce. P. Enffeltnanni, Engelm.

4. Tide-land Spruce. P. Sitchensis, Carriere.

5. Weeping Spruce. P. Kreiveriana, Watson.

(59)

HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga, Carriere.

1. Western Hemlock. Ts. heterophylla, Sargent.

2. Sub-alpine Hemlock. Ts. Mertensietna Carriere

3 Hooker Hemlock. Variety Hookeriana, Lemmon.

FEATHER-CONE SPRUCES, Fseudotsuga, Carriere.

i. Douglas Spruce 7V. taxifoli , Britton.

Cork-bark Spruce. Variety xuberosa, Lemmon.

2 Big-cone Spruce. Ps wacrocarpa, Lemmon.

EREQTES, Upright-fruited Trees.
THE TRUE FIRS, Abies, Link.
NORTHERN FIRS, OREGON, WASHINGTON, ETC.

i. Noble Fir. A. nobilis, Lindley.

-_>. Amabilis Fir. A. amabilis, Forbes.

3. Lowland Fir. A. grandis, Lindley.

4. Alpine Fir. A. lasiocarpa, Nuttall.

CALIFORNIA FIRS.

5. California White Fir. . /. Lowiana, Murray.

6. Magnificent (or Red) Fir. A. magnijica, Murray.

7. Shasta Red Fir. .1. Shastensix. Lemmon.

8. Needle-cone Fir. A. vennsta, Koch.

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FIRS.

9. Colorado White Fir. A. Concolor, Parry.

10. Arizona Cork Fir. A. Arizonica, Merriam.

TAXODIADS, Sequoia, Endlicher.
i. Coast Redwood. S. sempervirens, Endlicher.

2 Sierra Hig Tree. 5. Washingtoniana. Suduorth

CYPRESSES AND THEIR ALLIES.

ARBORVIT^:, Thuya, Linn.

1. Pacific Red Cedar. T. plicata, Lambert.

INCENSE CEDAR, Liboredrus, Endlicher.
i In-ense or Post Cedar. /.. decitrrens, Nuttall.

FLAT-BRANCHED CYPRESS, Chamczcvparis. Spach

T. Alaska Cypress. Ch. Nittkatensis, Spach.

2. Lawson Cypress. f/i Lawsoniana, Porlat.

TRUE CYPRESS, Cupressus, Lindley.

1. Monterey Cypress. C. wacrocarpa, Hartwegf.

2. North Coast Cypress. C. C, oven tana, (Gordon.

3 McNab's Cypress. C. Macnalnana, Murray.

SOUTHERN CYPRESSES.

4. C.uadaloupe Cypress. C. Gnadalonpensis, Watson.

5 Arizona Cypress. C. Arizonica, (ireene.

6 Leinmon Cypress. C. bonita, Lemmon.

THE JUNIPERS, Junifierus. Linn,

i Western Juniper. .?. occidentals, «ooker.

2. California Juniper. y. Calif arnica, Carriere.

3 C.reat Basin Juniper. y. Utahensis, Lemmon.

4 Rocky Mt. Juniper. y. scopularum, Sargent.

5 Wyoming Juniper. ¥. Knightii, Aven Nelson.

6 Southern Juniper- y. monaspenna, Sargent.

7 All'gator Juniper. y pachyphla'a, Engelm.

TAX ADS, THE PZItS~ /JAf*,
TRUE YEW Taxus, IJnn.

i Pacific Yew T brevifolia, Nuttall.

FALSE NUTMEG Tumion, Rafinesque

i California Nutmeg. T California™. Greene.

( 60)

ELEMENTS OE EORESTRY

WITH SUGGESTIONS.

The object of Forestry is not to preserve
intact the virgin forests, and thus deprive
man of the use of its products, such as wood
required for fuel, the making of charcoal,
building of vessels, houses, carriages, fences,
etc., its use for railroad ties, telegraph poles,
mining purposes, bark for tanning, and the
manufacture of numberless large and small
wares for the use and convenience of man.
It designs to teach the best way to glean rich
and ample harvests of lumber, or even to re-
move large areas of forests where the lands
are fertile, accessible, and well adapted to
agriculture, for clearing of roads, for the lay-
ing out of towns and cities.

Its design is to protect and save the boun-
teous rainfall by maintaining the forests on
high mountain slopes, because the rainfall is
greatest there — there the rivers take their rise.
Remove the forests, and the waters drain off
so rapidly that dangerous floods occur, caus-
ing avalanches and mountain slides, sweeping
everything before them, taking away vast
quantities of the real forest floor, leaving an
irreparable, barren, rocky waste, a menace to
man and beast, causing more frequent, earlier,
and heavier frosts, droughts, sudden changes
in temperature, severe hail-storms — all work-
ing constant injury to the 'diligent bread-
winner on the lower levels. The people of
California may take a hint from the interest
in forestry in the east. There is seldom a
lack of ra'infall there, and nature provided it

(61)

with an abundance of timber. Settlement has
cleared off a great deal of the wood. The
consequence is that water runs off so fast as to
cause disastrous floods in many localities.
Many people will remember the tragedy of
Johnstown, Pa., in May, 1889, when thousands
of lives were lost by the giving way of the dam
from the rush of waters. "The Johnstown
Water Company has bought the watershed of
the Conemaugh Creek, and propose to replant
in forest trees so that it will not pour down
devastating floods. The government will fur-
nish the expert work, and perhaps some of
the material for reforesting the region."

Again, forestry designs to show that the
reckless denuding of forests by contractors
and lumbermen, wood choppers and fire-fiends,
can by proper and fair means be avoided.

Forestry teaches how to plant and cultivate
trees, the suitable trees for reforesting and
for ornamental purposes ; the particular species
of trees adapted to certain kinds of soil and
elevation ; it points out the enemies to tree
growth, both animate and inanimate, and how
to g-et rid of them.

Forestry stimulates patriotism — regard for
country and laudable pride that it be adorned
in its richest garments for use and beauty.

It is the duty of all patriotic women as well
as men to assist in awakening an interest in
this saviour of the country if we would not
be held responsible for its weakness and dec-
adence. •»

"Why should woman be interested in the
subject of forestry?" has been asked. Why
should she not be interested in forestry, since
she enjoys the -benefits with man and suffers
with him in the loss of the trees?

Women can exert the most powerful influ-
ence to advance this noble work by becoming
well versed in the subject. A preparation

must come through study if women hope to
effect anything worthy their effort.

Let us learn something about trees — how
they grow; the names of different species as
an introduction to becoming better acquainted,
especially those that clothe the high moun-
tain slopes, where grand forest trees have
room to lift up their protecting branches above
the little springs and rivulets — then follow
the different families of trees to the lower
levels and out upon the plains; learn not only
their names, but all possible about them, their
habits of growth, how they mature their fruit,
their simple needs, etc. A close acquaintance
will ripen into a real, not affected, love, and
when we become really intelligent tree-lovers,
we shall more and more desire their protec-
tion, seeking it most earnestly in every pos-
sible way. exerting our influence in their be-
half with voters, tax-payers, owners of forests,
wood-cutters, lumbermen, and lumber mer-
chants,— all, in fact, who have to do with the
grand forests in any way.

DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS.

Forests have been unwisely removed or de-
stroyed from several large regions of the old
world, notably in Italy, the Spanish Penin-
sula, France, portions of Germany, and the
two Scandinavian Peninsulas. These regions
were once clothed with dense forests of large
trees.

"If nature is let alone, she will cover any
portion of the earth, where vegetable life is
possible, with the particular kinds of vegeta-
tion best fitted to grow under the existing
conditions of soil, heat, light, and moisture,"
writes an eminent authority. But nature is
not allowed to do her normal work unhindered.
Many conditions and objects are inimical to
the growth of trees, such as parasites and

(63)

epiphites (which might be denominated inani-
mate tramps), insects and animals, but chiefly
man himself.

It is a pitiful story, that of the destruction
of the forests of Spain. Madrid, its capital,
was located on a beautiful plateau in the midst
of a magnificent forest, well watered by large
and numerous fresh-water lakes. The Span-
iard, however, does not love trees, in fact,
seems to hate them, seizing every opportunity
to destroy them. The consequence is that
the Madrid of to-day is a magnificent city,
to be sure, but situated on a hot, parched, and
barren waste, almost a desert, its lakes long
since dried up, the springs, once in adjoining
hills, exhausted, the water supply obtained at
great cost from their distant Sierras. Other
cities of southern Europe, through thought-
less deforestation, are nearly as badly off, ow-
ing to lack of shade and water.

The Spanish explorers of the western con-
tinent brought with them the bad custom of
tree-destruction. The original city of the
Montezumas was situated like Madrid in a
lovely, picturesque, well-watered forest on the
plateau of Anahuac. The Spaniards located
their capital, Mexico, on the same site, and
began at once the destruction of its surround-
ing forests, and a second Madrid is the result.
(The writer has seen in Arizona the Mexican
turn off the trail and ride out several yards
to strike his hatchet into' a tree or cut down
a young- sapling wantonly. .A Mexican sel-
dom plants a forest tree.)

California is quite like Italy as regards
latitude, and is sometimes called New Italy,
with its sunny, blue skies and equable climate.
The effect from the destruction of Italy's for-
ests should sound the note of alarm. Ignore
the subject as we may, the loss of the forests
has a retroactive effect upon the people, and

(64)

the climatic conditions best suited for the
growth of the trees are also best suited for the
growth and development of man. It is note-
worthy that, in countries where forests have.
been laid waste without renewal by man or
nature, the inhabitants have gradually deteri-
orated.

RESTORATION OF FORESTS.

Several governments of Europe, taking the
alarm, have attempted to check wanton de-
struction, and have set about reforesting. The
expense at the beginning is enormous, but al-
ready several distinct forests are so well man-
aged that they are yielding a good government
revenue.

America's lesson in economics should be
that it is far better to save forests, especially
at the headwaters, far up on the mountains,
on middle slopes, and lower levels; to judi-
ciously regulate the removal wherever neces-
sary, than for the government at length to
set about the task of reforesting. Where our
government has, in times past, sold and almost
•given away thousands of acres of forest lands,
it should condemn and repurchase, and what
she still holds she should zealously guard as a
sacred trust for her future well-being.

In an address by Dr. Gifford Pinchot, he
declared that, in order to develop a well-
sustained forestry policy, much depends upon
the work of educated specialists, and in it the
specialists need to be supported by an intelli -
gent public sentiment. Now, this intelligent
public sentiment must come first through cer-
tain lines of study, already referred to.

Forestry is fast gaining the attention of the
people, and none too soon, for the logger,
shake-maker, and millmen have long been at
work unhindered.

The whole people should be aroused and en-

(65)

listed in the cause of forest-saving, of wise,
judicious tree cutting, and the establishment
of a proper forest policy by the states. First
become well informed upon the subject, then
help to educate others.

The various Federation clubs might devote
an afternoon occasionally to the subject of
forestry, taking up for discussion or study
some specified topic through a given paper or
lecture. The clubs might give assistance to
municipal officers in developing taste in regard
to planting trees in parks and along streets ;
they might influence legislators to urge the
general government to retake possession of
the great forests of the country; they might
arrange for holding meetings at the centers
of population to be addressed by competent
speakers, preferably specialists in forestry;
they might recommend the procurement of
books upon forestry for close study of the
trees, their names, habits, and value.

Teachers might introduce, in nature studies,
talks upon trees, and during the children's
walks to and from school the receptive mind
and quick eyes of the child would discover .
much about the habit and growth of trees by
the wayside.

The observance of Arbor Day should be
encouraged by the planting of one tree by
each child at specified places, when the local-
ity is favorable or convenient, and cause it
to grow. The child keeps watch and guard
over the pet tree, waters \nd nurtures it, and
so learns while young more intimately the
needs and designs of forestry.

To study and gain a familiar knowledge of
the trees of our country is to hold the key
to the treasures of field and wood.

MRS. J. G. LEMMON,
Chairman of the Committee on Forestry

for the California Federation of Women's
Clubs.

(66)

Books and publications suggested for use in the study
of Forestry. By the Forestry Committee of the California
Federation of Women's Clubs.

MRS. J. G. LEMMON, Chairman.

HANDBOOK WEST-AMERICAN CONE-BEARERS
With Appendix
J. G. LEMMON

4th edition, 116 Pages and 17 Full-page Illustrations. Brief,

Concise Descriptions and Helpful Classifications

PRICE, $1.00

OAKS OF PACIFIC SLOPE

With Biographical Notes and Classifications

J. G. LEMMON

PRICE, 25 CENTS

HOW TO TELL THE TREES

With Forest Endowment for Introduction

J. G. LEMMON
And Addenda by Mrs. LEMMON. 16 Full-page Illustrations

PRICE, 50 CENTS
For the above publications apply, with money-order, to

J. G. LEMMON, or MRS. J. G. LEMMON
5985 Telegraph Ave. Oakland, Cal.

ILL. PRIMER OF FORESTRY
GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C.

FORESTRY FOR FARMERS

B. E. FERNOW, Cornell University, N. Y.

PUBLICATIONS ON FORESTRY

Bureau at Washington, D. C.

THE FORESTER

A Monthly Magazine. American Forest Association,
Washington, D. C.

FOREST TREES

Two Illustrated Volumes, by DR. C. I. NEWHALL
2326 Fulton St., Berkeley, Cal.

A WORK ON FORESTRY
By ABBOT KINNEY, Los Angeles, Cal.

"WATER AND FOREST"
A Serial Journal, Published in the Interest of Western

California, at San Francisco, Cal. ^^s^^''"''

OUTLINES OF FOREST^V-^

E.J.HOUSTOK f UNIVERSIT

UNIVEESITY OP CALIFORNIA LIBKAEY,
BERKELEY

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of
50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing
to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in
demand may be renewed if application is made before
expiration of loan period.

am

109102