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Ijiunan Ctsftrihs.

AN ESSAY

TAPEWORMS OF MAX,

GIVING A FULL ACCOUNT OF

THEIR NATURE, ORGANIZATION, AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT;

THE PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS THEY PRODUCE, AND THE

REMEDIES WHICH HAVE PROVED SUCCESSFUL

IN MODERN PRACTICE.

****D. P. "WE INLAND, Ph.D.

TO "WHICH IS A'DPED

AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING A CATALOGUE OF ALL SPECIES OF
IIELMINTHES HITHERTO FOUND IN MAN.

ILLUSTRATED WITH ORIGINAL "WOOW-CUTS.

CAMBRIDGE:

METCALF AND COMPANY

PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

1858.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by

D. F. Weikland,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

TO

THE MEMORY

JOHANNES MULLER,

LATE PROFESSOR OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, AND DIRECTOR OF THE ANATOMICAL
MUSEUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN ;

THE GREAT PHILOSOPHER, "WHO FIRST LAID DO"WX TnE PRINCIPLES
OF EXACT physiology;

THIS TREATISE IS DEDICATED

EY HIS GRATEFUL PUPIL,

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

The present treatise, though mainly intended for the prac-
tising physician and student of medicine, may nevertheless be of
use and interest to the public in general. There will be found
here a condensed account, not only of the" most approved meth-
ods of proceeding against tapeworms, but also of those startling
discoveries which have been recently made in regard to their
origin and natural history, which alone can teach us how man
can keep free from these parasites, and which therefore should be
known and well understood by everybody. I allude here to the
genetic connection existing between the human tapeworm and
measly pork^-and in regard to this topic I would especially
recommend the perusal of the second chapter to those who are
engaged in preparing pork for the market.

"We do not usually look for many scientific novelties in a hand-
book on a subject which has been so often treated upon as that
of the Helminthes of man ; but I would call the attention of the
professional helminthologist and naturalist to some portions of this
work, where, among other new data, he will find descriptions of
two interesting new species of human Cestoids, and also a classifi-
cation of Tamioids, based upon physiological grounds.

In this place I think it proper to inform my readers, that this
treatise is the fruit of long-continued investigations, and that I
have not only followed for the past ten years the researches of
other helminthologists, but also during that time made many origi-

VI PREFACE.

nal observations, dissecting upwards of five thousand vertebrates,
mostly for the practical study of the comparative anatomy and
physiology of the latter, but always, at the same time, in search
of Helminthes. When Curator at the Royal Zoological Museum
of Berlin (from 1852 until 1855), where fresh animals are almost
daily sent for dissection, I gave, besides my embryological studies
relating to the development of the Batrachians, particular atten-
tion to helminthological observations with the microscope in the
laboratory of my revered teacher, Professor Johannes Miiller. In
December, 1855, I came to this country, accepting the kind invi-
tation of Professor Agassiz, to aid him in his researches into
the Fauna of the United States. I have since spent many an
hour in the investigation of the American Helminthes, attracted
by the interesting inquiry into their identity with or difference from
the Helminthes of the same or similar animals in Europe.

I have commenced publishing my observations, so far as they
have reference to the Helminthes of man, at the earnest request and
advice of my highly esteemed friends, Dr. A. A. Gould of Boston,
and Dr. M. "Wyman of Cambridge, who assure me that a con-
densed treatise on the human Hehninthes, from the present state
of our knowledge, is much wanted by every physician and student
of medicine ; the only work on the Hehninthes of man that has
yet been issued in this country being a translation of Brera from
the French, originally from the Italian, published in Boston in
the year 1817, containing drawings and observations from Euro-
pean specimens only. At first I intended to issue the work on
a larger and more expensive scale, but afterwards concluded to
condense the most important part, the natural history of tape-
worms, into a treatise which would be accessible to all inter-
ested in the subject. For the use of the medical profession, in
particular, I am about preparing an Atlas, which will contain
six, plates, large quarto, giving drawings of all the Helminthes
of man, and which will form a sequel to the present work.
The figures contained in this treatise were drawn from nature

PREFA< I.. Vll

by myself; and in order to secure accuracy, I also transferred
them on wood. They have been cut by .Mr. L. Prangs of

Boston.

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge thankfully the many
services which I have received from friends and colleagues.
Professor Agassiz, Professor Jeffries Wyman, Dr. A. A. Gould,
and Professor J. B. S. Jackson have most liberally placed at my
disposal the specimens of the Zoological and Anatomical Muse-
ums in Cambridge, and of the Museum of the Medical College,
and of the Society for Medical Improvement, in Boston. More-
over, I have enjoyed the free use of the specimens contained in
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, and.
through the kindness of my friends, Dr. II. Wheatland and F. W.
Putnam, those of the Essex Institute, in Salem. Professor Jo-
seph Leidy, of Philadelphia, has not only furnished me with some
valuable notes respecting the occurrence of human Cestoides in the
United States, but also sent me a valuable unique specimen from
his collection for further examination. To Dr. B. S. Shaw of
Boston I am indebted for the opportunity of dissecting a rare
specimen coming from the practice of Dr. Luther Parks. Dr.
A. A. Gould has communicated to me drawings relative to Ta?imv
of his practice, and to him and also to Messrs. Th. Lyman of
Brookline, J. M. Barnard of Boston, E. Habich and Ch. Kessman
of Cambridge, J. S. Jenness of Bangor, Me., and L. M. Dornbach
of Mechanicsburg, Pa., I would express my earnest thanks for
the kindly aid which they have tendered to me in various ways
during the publication of this work.

D. F. WEESLAND.
Cambridge, August 5, 1858.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION, pp. 1 - 4

Literature, p. 4

CHAPTER I.

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION OF TAPEWORMS GEN-
ERALLY, pp. 5-16

Nature of Tapeworms in general, . . . §§ 1 - 14

Organization of Tapeworms, . . . . §§14-31

Psychical Organs, §§16-22

Somatic Organs, §§23-25

Reproductive Organs, §§26-31

CHAPTER II.

EMBRYOLOGY OF TAPEWORMS, . . . . pp. 17-30

Embryos, §§ 33, 34

Hydatids, Larvje of Tapeworms, . . . . §§35-42

Origin of Hydatids, §§43-47

Recapitulation of the Chapter, ....§§ 48, 49
With a note on pages 26-29 containing a sketch of the Embry-
ology of Suckworms and Hairworms.

CHAPTER III.

ON THE DLFFERENT SPECIES OF HUMAN TAPE-
WORMS, pp. 31-68

General Remarks, . . . . . . . §§ 50 - 52

A. Mature Tapeworms inhabiting the Human

Intestine, pp. 32-59

I. Tcenia solium, L., . . . . §§ 53 — 64

II. Tcenia mediocanellata, Kuchenm., . . §§ 65, CG

X CONTENTS.

III. Tcenia nana, Von Sieb., § 67

IV. Hymenolepis ( Tcenia) flavojmnctata, Weinl., § G8
With a note on pages 50 - 53, containing a new Classifi-
cation of Taenioids.

V. Bothrioceplialus latus, Brems., §§ 69, 70
B. Larvae op Tapeworms inhabiting various

Tissues op the Human Body, . . pp. 60-68

I. Cysticercus cellulosce, Bud., ... § 71

II. Cysticercus tenuicollis, Rud., . . . §§ 72, 73

III. Echinococcus Veterinorum, Bud., . . §§ 74, 75

IV. Echinococcus hominis, Bud., . . . §§ 76 — 78
V. Cysticercus acanthotrias, Weinl., . . § 79

An Appeal to the Physicians of America, . . . p. 68

CHABTEB IV.

PATHOLOGY AND THEEAPY OF HUMAN TAPE-
WORMS, pp. 69-82

General Bemarks, ...... § 81

Pathology and Therapy of Hydatids, . . . §§ 82 - 84

Bathology and Therapy of Mature Tapeworms, . §§85-94

Bathological Symptoms from Tapeworms, . § 85

Bemedies agahist Tapeworms, . . . . §§86-94

APPENDIX.

A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF ALL HELMINTHES

FOUND IN MAN, " pp. 83-90

With their Popular Names and Geographical Distribution.

INDEX, pp. 91-93

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

INTRODUCTION.

Since the father of medicine, Hippocrates, wrote his
work on the diseases of man, more than two thou-*
sand years ago, the tapeworm has been regarded in
the annals of medicine as a very dangerous evil of
the human hody. Further, with people generally,
there has existed at all times great fear of this para-
site; a fear caused not so much, certainly, hy the
disease, or the inconveniences to which it gives rise,
as by the uneasy feeling of having this Helminth *
in the intestine, — a Helminth differing in its nature
from all other worms, — mysterious in its origin, —
wonderful for the length it sometimes reaches ; for its
faculty of reproducing all its joints over and over
again ; for its power of throwing off periodically its
end joints, which then become capable of free loco-
motion ; and for its tenacity in resisting all kinds of
vermifuges usually successful against other parasitic
worms.

* " Helmintlies," " Entozoa," " Intestinal Worms," are synonymes. The
name " Helmintlies " is more used by German and French, the name " En-
tozoa," dating from Rudolphi, by English and American writers.
1

2 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

By elucidating, in the following pages, the truly
marvellous nature and development of this worm, we
shall show how far the fear of it is well founded, and
particularly what the real danger is for those persons
afflicted by it ; and further, what are the sure signs
of its presence, — since very likely many persons may
suffer from it without being aware of the cause of their
troubles. From the time of Hippocrates an immense
number of drugs have been tried and lauded as infalli-
ble remedies against this worm, as is generally the case
in diseases which are difficult or impossible to over-
come ; large sums of money have been paid by vari-
ous governments to such persons as were known to
be in the possession of such a secret remedy, in order
to secure it at once for the benefit of the public.
For some time past medical science has really been
in possession of a number of remedies, which seldom
fail if skilfully applied. Of these we shall treat in
our fourth chapter.

Yet a remedy against a disease is not the only,
nor even the first, aim of the true physician. He
seeks rather to advise his patients how to avoid the
disease, if possible. Before, then, we treat of the
remedies which expel this worm, we have to answer
the questions, Where does it come from % and, How
can we keep free from it %

Until within the beginning of this century it was
the general doctrine of naturalists, as well as of phy-
sicians, that all intestinal worms originated of them-
selves, without the egg of another individual, by
spontaneous (equivocal) generation in the juices of the
human intestine, or in the flesh. Some physicians
considered an excess of vegetable, others, on the con-

ivniom (tion, 3

trary, of animal food, as effecting such a disposition
in these juices as would lead to the formation of Hel-
minthes. C. A. lludolphi, the father of scientific
Helminthology, advocated, as late as 1808, the pos-
sibility of a budding out of tapeworms from the villi
of the intestine itself.

This theory of a gencratio spontanea, dating already
from Aristotle, and since his time applied to all those
lower animals the embryological development of which
was hidden or unknown, has turned out to be erro-
neous, at least in respect to Helminthes, though there
are yet some scientific men who adhere to it. Neither
a tapeworm nor any other worm, be it organized ever
so simply, originates of itself; on the contrary, ev-
ery Helminth may he traced back to an egg or germ
of another individual. (" Omne vivum ex ovo." Har-
vey.)

This is one of the results of the earnest labors of
some twelve naturalists now living, who have pursued
for years the embryological investigation of these
curious creatures, and have revealed laws of develop-
ment of which twenty years ago no man could have
had an idea. These laws made the miraculous theory
of a spontaneous generation unnecessary, by showing
the complicated ways and means that nature uses to
place these worms in the men and animals in which
they are destined to abide.

So we now know, among other facts, that man gets
the common human tapeworm (Tccnia solium) from
the hog, by swallowing accidentally a measle, which is
the larva of that tapeworm ; and we know, moreover,
where these measles come from. Of this we shall

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

treat fully in the second chapter, — On the Embry-
onic Development of Tapeworms.

Our first chapter must be devoted to a short sketch
of the Nature and Organization of Tapeworms gen-
erally.

For the use of those who may wish to make Helminthology a special

study, we subjoin a list of the most important works on the subject.

The three following systematic works are indispensable : —

Rudolphi, C. A. Entozoorum sive Vermium Intestinalium Historia Natu-
ralis. Amstelodami. 1808-10. 3 vols. 8vo. Fig.

Diesing, C. M. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonse. 1850. 2 vols. 8vo.
Dujardin, F. Histoire Naturelle des Helminthes ou Vers Intestinaux.
Paris. 1844. 1 vol. 8vo.

On the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Helminthes we possess,
besides Dujardin's just quoted work : —

Siebold, C. Th. Von, und Stannius, Herm. Lehrbuch der Verglei-
chenden Anatomie. Berlin. 1845-46. 2 vols. 8vo. Engl. Transl.
by W. J. Burnett. Boston. 1854. Art. Helmintha.

Blanchard, E. Eecherches sur 1' Organization des Vers. Paris-. 4to.

Oaven, R. Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the
Invertebrate Animals. 2d ed. London. 1855. Fig. Art. Entozoa.

On Tapeworms in particular : —

Eschricht, F. Bothriocephalen, in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. Vol.

XIX., Suppl. 1841.
Siebold, C. Th. von. Ueber die Band und Blasenwiirmer. Leipzig.

1854. 8vo. Fig.
Van Beneden, P. J. Vers Cestoides ou Acotyles. Bruxelles. 1850. 4to.
Huxley, Th. H. Echinococcus Veterinorum. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

2d ser., Vol. XIV.
Wagener, G. R. Die Entwicklung der Cestoden. Bonn. 1855. 4to. Fig.
Leuckart, R. Blasenbandwurmer und ihre Entwicklung. Giessen.

1856. 4to. Fig.

On human Helminthes in particular : —

Bremser, M. Ueber lebende Wurmer im lebenden Menschen. Wien.

1819. 4to. Fig.
Kuchenmeister, Fr. Die Parasiten des Menschen. Leipzig. 1855.

8vo. Fig. Engl. Transl. by E. Lankester. London. 1857. 2 vols. Svo.

On Helminthes of the United States : —

Leidy, J. A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals. Smithsonian Con-
tributions. 1853. 4to. Fig.

CHAPTER I.

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION OF TAPEWORMS GENERALLY.

§ 1. Tapeworms arc in Systematic Zoology called
Ccstoidea* and considered as one of the four Orders
of the Class of Helminthes. They arc easily distin-
guished from the remaining three Orders, as soft,
flat, tape-like, jointed worms, mostly narrower towards
the head and broadening behind.

§ 2. The size of the different species of Cestoides
(there are about two hundred described) varies much,
the smallest being barely visible to the naked eye,
while the largest known species, the Tccnia expansa
of the sheep, reaches sometimes a length of one hun-
dred feet, and another, the Tccnia plicata of the horse,
a breadth of nearly one inch.

§ 3. Mature Cestoides live exclusively in the intes-
tinal canal of vertebrated animals. They occur in all
the five Classes of the latter. Different species of
Vertebrata have generally different species of these
worms ; that of the horse differs from that of the ass ;
that of the sheep from that of the goat ; that of the
clog from that of the wolf, and both again from that
of the fox ; and that of the rat from that of the mouse.
On the other hand, some Cestoidea are common to
different Vertebrata. The Tccnia eoopansa is found in a

* From Kearos, girdle of Venus. This name dates from C. A.. Rudolphi.

The Greeks called the tapeworm of man eX/xivs TrXarela, broad Helminth.

6

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

number of Ruminants, viz. oxen, sheep, chamois, and
the European roebuck, but, strangely, not in the deer.
It is said, moreover, to live in the Antilope dorcas
of Northern Africa, and in three different Brazilian
species of deer. Two, three, and more, different
species of tapeworms have been found in the same
species of Yertebrata ; sometimes even together in
one intestine. In the intestine of a dog about five

months old I count-
ed once one hundred
and fifty tapeworms
belonging to two spe-
cies [Tcenia cucumeri-
na and serrata).

§ 4. A mature Ces-
toid may be considered
as consisting of three
parts, viz. head', neck,
and chain of joints.

§ 5. The head may
always be easily dis-
tinguished, as a small-
er or larger knob at
the end of the narrow
part of the worm.

§ 6. After the head,
follows, in most spe-
cies, a slender neck,

Fig. I. Common human tapeworm ( Taenia solium, Linne). Natural size. Only
such parts are represented as are characteristic for the shape of the joints. IT,
head; a, 309th joint; b, 448th joint; c, 569th; (I, 680th; e, 768th; /, S49th; g,
855th joint, and last but one. This worm measured 3299 millim. (10 feet 9 inches).
The specimen, which seems to be entire, is preserved in the collection of the Boston
Medical College.

Fig. 2. A mature joint of the same. Natural size. Showing the dendritic uterus
and the genital opening, o.

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION. <

smooth and entire anteriorly, but irregularly wrinkled

behind. The wrinkles grow out into regular trans-
verse folds, thus dividing the worm into distinct
joints. The young tapeworm, termed Scole.v, consists
only of head and neck, and this neck becomes — in
the manner described above — the originator of new
joints, never ceasing as long as the head lives, from
which the neck itself is constantly growing out. A
Cestoid, therefore, has virtually an endless growth.
It follows, also, that the joints next to the neck are
always the youngest, and those farthest from it the
oldest. This scale of age is exhibited very instructively
in the degree of development of the sexual organs, of
which we find not even indications in the first joints,
but which become more and more prominent as we
follow the series of joints downwards. Thus, for
instance, I have not found ripe eggs before the 365th
joint in the Tcenia solium, figured on page 6.

§ 7. The growth of the Cestoidea seems to be
rather rapid. One of the species which live in the
dog, the Tcenia marginata, Batsch, reaches its matu-
rity and a length of about a foot within ten weeks
(Leuckart); and Tcenia serrata, which is found in
the same animal, even within thirty-eight days (Sic-
bold).

§ 8. In spite of the constant growth of new joints,
the length of the Cestoid has a certain limit, differ-
ing, however, to a considerable extent, in different
species. The last mature joints free themselves from
the rest of the chain. As this detachment is repeat-
ed constantly, the worm does not grow over a certain
length. These detached joints do not die, but begin
a short individual existence for themselves. They

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

move freely and somewhat quickly, like leeches.
Dujardin described them as a distinct genus, under
the name of Proglottis; but when the true nature
of these worms was understood, the name Proglot-
tis was applied to that stage of development in all
tapeworms ; and henceforth we shall call the free and
ripe joints of all Cestoidea Proglottides.

§ 9. In the intestine of any Vertebrate that has a
tapeworm, we generally find also the proglottides of
that worm on their way to the anus. Their destiny
is to reach the outer world, — either being discharged
Avith the excretions of the animal, or passing out
voluntarily, — and then to spread their eggs. I have
seen proglottides of Tcenia cucumerina of the dog
crawling round, like leeches or flukeworms, on a
moistened plate, for more than half an hour, and
constantly pouring out balls of eggs clearly visible to
the naked eye.

§ 10. The eggs of a Cestoid never hatch in the
same intestine in which that Cestoid itself lives.

§11. Some modern physiologists, — Steenstrup,
Siebold, Van Beneden, and Leuckart, — starting from
the decided individuality of the proglottides, have
considered the whole tapeworm, not as one individual
animal, but as a group of individuals,* to be com-
pared to the many individual Medusa which are
formed out of the body of Hydra fusca by transverse
division. This is decidedly the only true view. The

* Blumenbach held the similar though wrong idea, that a tapeworm
consists of many individual worms, each joint being an individual ;
the second clinging by suction to the end of the first, the third into
that of the second, and so on ; and he compared this manner of living to
that of certain authors, where one after another lives and thrives at the
expense of his predecessor.

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION. \)

articulation of a Cestoid is by no moans homologous
with that of an earthworm, or of a caterpillar, or of
any other true Articulate. We might say, there is a
polymorphism of individuals in the mature Cestoid ;
the head is an individual of a peculiar kind, bearing
nearly all the psychical * organs of the whole colony,
particularly the organs by which the colony is attached
to the walls of the intestine. Moreover, this head has
the faculty of reproducing by budding another kind
of individual, namely, the proglottides, which, instead
of psychical organs, are provided with the organs of
reproduction. We have a very similar polymorphism
among Hydroids, particularly in Hydractinia, where
in one and the same colony some individuals only
feed; others do nothing but produce eggs, others se-
men ; others again, having a horny skeleton, and pro-
jecting above the rest, protect the feeders, the males
and the females, in case the shell, to which the whole
colony is attached, rolls over.

§ 12. Many tapeworms throw off from time to time
long chains of ripe joints, — ten or more proglottides
still connected. So it is with Tcenia solium, and par-
ticularly with the Bothriocephalus latus of man, while
the Bothriocephalus punctatus, which lives in the scul-
pin of the Baltic ( Cottus scorpius) throws off its whole
chain of joints every year, and then sends out a new
one from the neck (Eschricht).

§ 13. This peculiarity of Cestoids often causes
great difficulty in expelling the human tapeworm.
It very often happens, that, after the application of a
remedy, the whole chain of joints, or nearly the whole,
is discharged, yet the remaining head and neck, less

* See below, under § 16.
2

10 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

affected perhaps by the remedy because buried in
the mucous membrane of the intestine, will soon re-
produce the whole tapeworm.

§ 14. In the annals of human pathology we find
many cases recorded where, in all probability, a sin-
gle head of Tccnia or Bothriocephalus lived a number
of years, constantly producing new joints.

§ 15. The Organization of a mature Cestoid has
been found to be more complicated than might
have been suspected in so " low " an animal, and
even now-a-days we cannot say that its anatomical
structure is fully understood.

§ 16. We call those organs of an animal which stand
in immediate relation to its life in the outer world,
psychical organs.* Here belong the senses, the cen-
tral nervous system, and the organs of locomotion.

§ 17. We cannot expect a high " psychical " organ-
ization in an animal that lives in the intestine of
another, and which, attached there, waits quietly to
be fed by the passing juices of its bearer.

§ 18. The skin of a Cestoid — the only percep-
tive organ it has — is indeed very sensitive, though
nervous threads have not yet been traced as reaching
into it. It is soft, rather tough, consisting of a thin
epidermis and a thick fibrous underlayer (coriuni).
It is always moist and exceedingly absorbent.

§ 19. A central nervous system has been described by

* We consider the " consciousness of an outer world " as the funda-
mental principle of the " Psyche " of animals, and therefore call the or-
gans of that consciousness " psychical " organs. They are the senses, or
"receptive" organs; the central nervous system, or the "reflective" or-
gan ; the organs of motion, or " reactive ' ' organs. For further particu-
lars, see a paper by the author, entitled " A Method of Comparative Psy-
chology of Animals," in the Proceedings of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, at the Baltimore Meeting, April, 1858.

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION.

n

Johannes Muller* thus far only in the genus Tetra-
xhynchus, where it
consists of a small
ganglion in the
midst of the head,
from which branch-
es rise to the four
muzzles.

§ 20. The or-
gans by which these
worms attach them-
selves to the walls
of the intestine
are situated on
the head. (Fig. 3.)
There are four suckers in the family of Taenioids, and

two in the Bothriocepha-

loids,
muscles,

consisting

of

strong

and working, at

Fig. 4.

least in Tienioids, in the
manner of cupping-glasses.
Moreover, these worms are
generally provided with hook-
lets (Fig. 4), either crown-
ing, as in Tania, a central
hemisphere on the top of
the head (called jjroboscis or

* See his " Archiv fiir Anatomic und riiysiologie," Jahrgang 1836.

Fig. 8. Head of Cysticercus acctnilwirias, Weinland. About 50 times magnified.
Seen from above, so as to show the four suckers, S, at the corners, and the crown
of hooklets in the middle, a, lime globules, lying between the muscles and in the
skin, being a rudimentary skeleton. This Cysticercus is the larva of a Tamioid, as
yet undescribed.

Fig. 4. Hooklets of Cysticercus acanthatriqs, Weixlanp. Magnified 350 times.
They are in this species arranged in three rows; those of the innermost row (1) be-
ing the largest, those of the outermost (3) the smallest.

12 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

rostellnm\ or, as in Tetrarhynchus, arranged on four
long and slender proboscides, the latter being homol-
ogous with the four suckers of the Tamioids. These
proboscides can be inverted into a bag, like the fin-
ger of a glove. The process of this inversion, which
occurs also in other Helminthes, viz. in the order of
Acanthocephala, is not, as it seems generally under-
stood by helminthologists, a simple and immediate
muscular retraction, , but, as I have seen clearly in
Tetrarhynchus and Echinorhynchus, is performed by
the formation of a vacuum in the bag, into which the
proboscis is then forced by the external pressure of
the air. This vacuum is produced by the muscles
which are attached to the outside of the bag, and
which when contracting enlarge the volume of the
bag. Thus, if no muscle works, the proboscis is
stretched out, and this, of course, is always the case
while the worm is attached to the walls of the intestine.

§ 21. Motion in full-grown tapeworms is very limit-
ed. Yet a distinct layer of muscular fibres under the
skin has been recognized, which very likely aids in
the extensive longitudinal contractions of these Hel-
minthes when living, particularly of the proglottides.
But we would here remark, that we have not to look
in these lower animals for muscular fibres wherever
there is a voluntary contraction, nor for nerves wher-
ever we notice a sensitive perception ; for it is evident
that the general tissue of these worms, and also of
Infusoria, Polypi, and Hydroids, often performs such
functions as are in higher animals always confined
to organs of a certain structure.

§ 22. Microscopic roundish or oval globules, shin-
ing like glass, and by their structure reminding us
of amylum globules (grains of starch), but consist-

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION. 13

ing really of carbonate of lime, occur in all tape-
worms.* They are mostly attached to the inside of
the skin, throughout the worm, and have often been
mistaken for eggs by the inexperienced observer. Sie-
bold first considered them (arid rightly, we think) as
a sort of skin skeleton, such as we find in many of
the lower animals.

§ 23. In contradistinction to the psychical or exter-
nal organs mentioned above (§ 16), we shall call all
those organs somatic, that is, " bodily," which are sub-
servient merely to the support of internal, bodily life.

§ 24. The somatic organs of tapeworms are hardly
more developed than the psychical ones. There is
no mouth nor intestine, for neither the four suckers
nor the proboscis are perforated at the bottom so as
to lead inwards, though this has been stated by some
observers. The question how these worms feed, is yet
an open one; they are supposed to do so by imbibi-
tion through the skin. The fact, however, that this
feeding by imbibition was generally believed to exist
in another order of Helminthes, the Echinorhynchi,
which, as was discovered two years ago, in three
species, really have two external openings, conduct-
ing the food into their nutritive system, •)• leads us to
suppose that there may also exist in tapeworms such
openings, leading into the nutritive canals described in
the following paragraph. J

* See Fig. 3, in § 20.

f See D. F. YVeinland on the Digestive Apparatus of Acantlioccphala,
in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, at the Albany Meeting, August, 1856.

% Since -writing the above paragraph, I find that such openings have re-
cently really been seen in some cases ; viz. in Tarnia serrata} by Leuekart,
and in Tcoiia osculata and Dibotlirium clavccceps, by Wagoner. See R.
Leuekart, "Blasen-Bandwiirmer," p. 61, and G. R. AVagener, •• Ent-
■vvicklung der Cestoden," p. 16.

14 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

§ 25. There are easily recognized, in a transverse
section through an alcoholic specimen, two pairs of
longitudinal canals, running along the sides of the
worm, and connected in every joint by transverse
canals, all four meeting in the head of the worm, in
a vascular ring round the proboscis. Their contents
consist of a watery fluid. This is no doubt the
nutritive system of these Helminthes.

§ 26. The reproductive organs of Cestoidea are
largely developed. They are really the organs which,
in all animals, from man down to the zoophyte, are in
their main features homologous.

§ 27. All tapeworms are Hermaphrodites. The
sexes are not only united in the whole of the tape-
worm, but each joint, for itself, has its own indepen-
dent male and female sexual organs, testicles and
ovaries. Of the different degree of development of
these organs in joints at different distances from the
head, that is, at different ages, we have already spo-
ken, under § 6.

§ 28. The testicles, which generally lie in the
middle regions of each joint (for example, in Bothrio-
cephalus latus and Tcenia solium), but occasionally in
the foremost joint, or on the sides (as I found it
in a tapeworm from the golden-winged woodpecker,
Picus auratus), seem to consist of the same fine, coiled
tubes, which are found, almost without exception,
throughout the animal kingdom. The spermatozoa
are filiform. In the above-mentioned tapeworm of
the woodpecker they were of a very strange nature,
moving in long, rather slow, snake-like undulations,
and not in those quick, tremulous motions that we
are wont to see in spermatozoa. Moreover, some

NATURE AND ORGANIZATION. 15

broke in halves, when bursting out from the testicles,
and then both halves moved on.*

§ 29. A distinct canal (vas deferens) leads the semen
from the testicles to the so-called cirrus-bag. (The
word cirrus, which means a fine hair, is used for the
hairlike penis of Helminthes.) To speak more accu-
rately, the semen is led into a vesicle within the cir-
rus-bag, from which it is ejected through a canal
[ductus ejaculatorius) into the hollow penis. This
latter is generally large and muscular, and is often
covered with bristles.

§ 30. The female organs are more difficult to study.
There are, as in Suckworms (Trematoda), two kinds
of organs to prepare the eggs ; one, called germ-stock,
which prepares the simple germ-vesicles, and another,
called yolk-stock, which prepares only yolk.j" The
canals of both organs meet in the uppermost part of
the uterus, where, as Kolliker, Siebold, and others
have stated, the germ-vesicles are surrounded by yolk,
and then a membrane — the first egg-shell — formed
over the yolk, or, as we are inclined to think from
observations in other animals, where the germ-vesicle
receives the yolk by imbibition, and thus the vesicle
itself becomes the egg. The uterus is either, as in
Bothriocephalus, a long, winding tube, and then al-
ways easily recognized by the yellowish eggs with
which it is filled ; or, as in the genuine Trenias, bag-

* See Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 5 9.

| These yolk- stocks can be beautifully studied in a tapeworm belonging
to the genus Dibothrium, which is found frequently in the spiral intestine of
Lamna punctata, our common mackerel-shark. I saw plainly the ducts
which unite the different glandulaj. They are also distinctly seen in a
Suckworm (Trematode) from the stomach of a common skate of our
coast (Raja ocellata), where the different stocks are grape-like.

16 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

like, with many branches ending in small blind sacs.
It contains in mature joints always, and nearly exclu-
sively, ripe eggs, while in younger joints we may find
eggs in all stages of development. In Cestoides with
the first kind of uterus (Bothriocephalus), the eggs
(Fig. 5. 2) are oval, as in all Suck worms. They have
only one hard egg-shell, and are hatched by the dehis-
cence of a small cover on one end.
In the Trenias, on the contrary, we
always find the eggs protected by
two or more shells, the outermost of
which is chitinous,* either thick and
composed of many small granules
(Fig. 5. 3), or thin and membra-
Fig. 5. nous (Fig. 5. 1), and then presenting

often the most curious appendages. For example, the
eggs of the Taenia from the woodpecker mentioned
above have two ball-like appendages.

§ 31. The number of eggs that one tapeworm pro-
duces is incredible. They must be counted by thou-
sands, as will easily appear when we remember that
nearly the whole proglottis is filled with minute eggs,
and that we often see in one tapeworm a chain of sev-
eral yards in length, all consisting of ripe joints (pro-
glottides).

* Chitin is the hornlike substance which constitutes the skin, the skel-
eton, etc. of most Articulata and other lower animals. This chitin has
peculiar chemical properties, different from the genuine horny substance
found in Vertebrata (in horns, hairs, feathers, scales, epidermis, etc.),
which it resembles very much externally. *

Fig. 5. Eggs of three different human tapeworms, 350 times magnified. 1. Egg of
Eymenolepis ( Taenia) flavopunctata, Weinland. 2. Egg of Bothriocephalus latus,
Beemsek. 3. Egg of Tania solium, Linne.

CHAPTER II.

EMBRYOLOGY OF TAPEWORMS.

§ 32. This part of the natural history of tape-
worms is the most complicated, but also the most
interesting. In speaking of it we shall follow mainly
the chronology of the discoveries, in order to afford
the reader the pleasure of perceiving how the human
mind has penetrated step by step into these mysteries
of nature.

§ 33. We have seen above (§ 31) that the last joints
of every mature tapeworm, called proglottides, al-
ways teem with minute eggs. Now these eggs con-
tain in all tapeworms a globular embryo,
in which no other organization is visible
than three pairs of small spines. (Fig. 6.)
In fresh specimens these embryos are gen-
erally easily seen, and if the microscopist,
by good fortune, succeeds in crushing the
egg-shell without hurting the embryo, he Fis- 6-
may study the motions of the spines, which, work-
ing in a horizontal plane from within outwards, are
evidently intended to bore a passage through soft ani-
mal tissues, by separating the fibres which compose
the tissues. Usually the proglottides are discharged
with the freces of the animal in whose intestine the

Fig. 6. Embryo of a Taenia, from the Tringa pusiUa of our sea-shore, showing
three pairs of spines. 350 times magnified.
3

18 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

tapeworm lives. After a while, these die and decay ;
but the minute and light eggs will then naturally be
Avashed away by rain, or carried off by the wind, and
thus scattered afar.' They are likely to come into
springs and other water, or into moist ground, etc.,
and there they will keep fresh, and the embryo
which they contain will live for a number of weeks ;
but exposure to a high and dry temperature, to
the sun's heat, etc., would probably soon destroy
their life.

§ 34. What became of these eggs and their em-
bryos nobody knew until quite recently. But before
we can explain this point intelligibly we must men-
tion other facts, for a long time known, which fur-
nished the clew to the solution of this interesting
problem.

§ 35. Every butcher is acquainted with the disease
in the muscles of the domesticated hog, called the
" measles," and calls the flesh of such a hog " measly
pork." It has long been known that
those pea-like, whitish globules (mea-
sles) contain a curious animal, namely,
the perfect head and neck of a tape-
worm, ending however, not in the long,
jointed body of the regular tapeworm,
but in a water-bladder. No traces of
reproductive organs are to be seen.
Such measles are found not only in the
hog, but also in other animals, where
they are better known under the name
rig. 7. of Hydatids. For example, they are

Fig. 7. A Hydatid, Cysticercus, about five times magnified, showing the head
with the circle of hooklets on the top (a), and two of the suckers (b). The neck
(c) is wrinkled; it ends in a water-bladder (tZ). — From the liver of a mouse.

EMBRYOLOGY. 19

very often met with in the liver of rats and mice ; in
the mesentery of the hare ; and even, though more
rarely, in the muscles of man ; and those of the latter
have turned out to be of the same species (Cysticer-
ens cellulose, IIudolpiii) as those found in the hog.
All the different species of this sort of hydatids
are known in science under the generic name of Cys-
ticercus*

§ 36. Again, other hydatids, varying from the size
of a pea to a diameter of several inches, arc occasion-
ally found in the lungs, the liver, and other organs
of man, but more frequently in the liver and lungs of
our domesticated Ruminants, such as oxen, sheep,
and goats. These hydatids are roundish bladders of
a milky-white color, containing a watery fluid, in
which swim many whitish granules ; each of these
granules is, as a good lens will show, a well-developed
head and neck of a Taenia, inverted into a little
bag. This kind of hydatid, also, has been con-
sidered as a distinct genus of intestinal worms, and
called Echinococcus.^

§37. Again, a disease frequently occurs in the
brain of sheep, producing vertigo (German, Dreher;
French, tonrnis). This was ascertained, years ago, to
be caused by another sort of hydatid, appearing as
a bladder, often of several inches in diameter ; and,
as in Cysticercus and Echinococcus, filled with a
watery fluid. On the outside of these bladders are

* Cysticercus means "bladder-tail," from kvotis, bladder, and Kepicos. tad.

t Echinococcus, from ey/i/os, Jiook; and kokkos, hemj, moans a berry or
ball filled with hooks, viz. the booklets on the top of the head of the young
tapeworms eontained in the bladder. Generally we find in such an Echi-
nococcus bladder numerous booklets, swimming free in the fluid. They are
the remains of scolices which have already decayed, probably from ago.

20 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

attached a number (often hundreds) of tapeworm
heads, all retractile into the inside of the bladder by
inversion, like the finger of a glove. This hydatid
was considered by zoologists as a third genus, called
Ccenurus*

§ 38. These three genera, Cysticercus, Echinococcus,
and Coenurus, formed until recently an order in the
class of intestinal worms, called Cystica (Bladder-
worms, or Vesicular Worms). But we now know that
this whole group are merely larvce of tapeworms, and
that the whole order of Cystica, being composed of
larvse of Cestoidea, must therefore be dropped from
our zoological system.

§ 39. This important discovery was made as follows.
Ephraim Gotze, a German clergyman and naturalist
of the last century, had noticed a singular similarity
between the heads of some Cysticerci and those of some
tapeworms. He had particularly noticed this similar-
ity between the tapeworm of the cat {Taenia crassicol-
lis), and the Cysticercus which is found in the liver
of the rat and mouse (Cysticercus fasciolaris). C. T.
von Siebold, the most noted helminthologist now
living, had observed the same thing, and in 1848
had already alluded to the possibility that all these
Cystica might be nothing but undeveloped or larval
tapeworms.*[* In his system, however, he still recog-
nized the Cystica as a distinct order of Helminthes.

§40. In the year 1851, F. Kiichenmeister first
proved by experiment that a certain hydatid, when

* Ccenurus, from koiv6s, common, and ovpa, tail, because many of the
young Cestoids (scoliees) end in one common bladder, as it were in one
common tail.

f See liis " Vergleicnende Anatomie," p. 111.

EMBBYOLOGY. 21

brought into a suitable place, is developed into a tape-
worm, lie fed a dog with the hydatids (Cysticercus

pisiformis) found in the mesentery of the hare, and on
dissecting the dog, after a number of weeks, found
these Cysticerci alive in the small intestine. They h<i<L
however, lost their tail-bladder, and the neck hud begun
to form the joints of a true tapeworm, which worm had
been long well known as Tcenia serrata, and as com-
mon in the dog. Now, one discovery followed another.
Governments, scientific institutions, and wealthy farm-
ers furnished the money and animals to carry on the
experiments on a large scale. Siebold * fed a dog
with the Echinococcus of the ox, and thus raised the
Tcenia Echinococcns, Siebold. It was also found in
the same way that the Coennrus from the brain of
sheep is the larva of another Tcenia of the dog, Tenia
Coenurus, Siebold.

§ 41. Now the question, Whence does man get his
tapeworm? was ready to be answered. It had been
observed that the hydatids of the hog, commonly
called " measles " (in the zoological system, Cysticer-
cus cellulosce), have exactly the same head as the com-
mon tapeworm of man (Tcenia solium, L.) ; and after
the experiments mentioned above, in relation to the
different tapeworms of dogs, a doubt could hardly
exist that Cysticercus cellulosce of the hog was the larva
of the common human tapeivorm (Tcenia soliiun). Kii-
chenmeister, who wished to make sure of the fact, made
the experiment upon a criminal who was soon to be ex-
ecuted, and, as was to be expected, with perfect success.
Measles taken from fresh pork, and put into sausages

* "Band und Blasenminner," pp. S9 and 95.

22 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

which the criminal ate, raw, at certain intervals be-
fore his death, were found again, in the post-mortem
examination, as tapeworms in his intestine, and in
different stages of development, according to the in-
tervals in which the measles had been taken.*

§42. Thus it became clear, that all hydatids are
tapeworm larvae, which, when swallowed with the
animal, or a portion of it, in which they live, by an-
other animal, develop in the intestine of the latter.

§ 43. Yet, after all these discoveries, the complicat-
ed embryonic development of Cestoides was far from
being completely known. There was yet in the
history of that development a wide gap left, between
those ball-like embryos, with their six little spines, and
the larvse, called hydatids. It was in the year 1852,
that Stein "j* made the important discovery which im-
mediately led to the recognition of the true connection
between these two stages.

§ 44. He found on the outer walls of the stomach
of the mealworm-beetle (Tenebrio molitor) small cys-
tes, each enclosing the head of a tapeworm (a scolex),
invaginated into a bag, very similar to those found in
the JEchinococcus bladder, and by a thorough micro-
scopic examination he found six little spines in the
bag, showing by their disorderly positions that they
were evidently cast off. These six spines he easily
recognized as coming from a tapeworm embryo (§ 35).
Stein discovered, moreover, the earlier stages of this
worm. He found in some of the cystes the very
embryo, evidently just hatched from the egg. Other

* Kiichenmeister, " Parasiten," Vol. I. p. 71.

f See " Siebold's und Kolliker's Zeitschrift fiir wissensch. Zoologie," Vol.
IV. p. 205.

EMBRYOLOGY. 23

cystes he found, in which there had boon formed, by
interior budding inside the embryo, a simple conglom-
eration of cells ; which in others took the shape of
a head; while in others, still more advanced, there
were the perfect tapeworm heads (scolices) in bags.
Thus it was shown that the scolex is formed by an in-
terior budding in the embryo. Stein inferred now, and
as we think rightly, that the eggs of the tapeworm,
when perchance eaten by the beetle, were hatched in
its stomach, and, by means of their six little spines,
bored through the walls of the stomach, and after-
wards developed^ in themselves the scolex. Their fur-
ther development into the tapeworm could no longer
be doubtful after Kuchenmeister's and Siebold's ex-
periments. The hydatid or Cysticercus in the meal-
beetle is very likely to be eaten, with the beetle, by an
insectivorous bird, or by a bat, mole, or the like, and
in the intestine of these animals it would be devel-
oped into a perfect tapeworm.

§ 45. Now the opportunity for experiments was
again open in another direction. If the embryo devel-
oped in itself the scolex, it was likely that those ani-
mals that have certain hydatids got them by eating
the eggs of the species of tapeworm to which those
hydatids belonged. And this has been proved by ex-
periment. Goats fed with eggs of the Tcvnia Echi no-
coccus got the Echinococcus ; sheep fed with the eggs
of Tania Ccenurus got the Cccnurus in their brain ;
healthy young hogs fed with the eggs of the human tape-
worm got the measles. Kuchenmeister, Siebold, Van
Beneden, Gurlt, Luschka, "Wagener, Leuckart, Esch-
richt, and others, have the merit of tracing this in-
teresting development. Erom their further investi-

24 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

gation, it became moreover evident, that the Ccenurus
also, with its many heads, originated from one embryo,
which, enlarging greatly, throws out as buds from its
interior, not one, but many scolices ; moreover, that the
process is also exactly the same in Echinococcus, except
that in this hydatid the scolices free themselves after
a while from the internal walls of the bladder, and
thus swim in the fluid contained in the bladder, the
latter itself being simply the enlarged embryo.

§ 46. But the zeal of these investigators did not
rest here. If the sheep gets by chance the eggs of
the Tcenia Coenurus of the dog into its stomach, how
do the embryos hatching from those eggs reach a
suitable place for their development into hydatids,
Avhich place is, in the sheep, the brain \ It had been
erroneously assumed that they bored with their spines
recta via from the stomach through all the tissues and
organs until they reached the brain. Accordingly, in
the hog, the embryos of the Taenia would have to go
from the stomach into the muscles ; in the rat, into the
liver ; and in the ox, into the lungs ; for it is only in
these particular organs that these hydatids are found.

§ 47. R. Leuckart,* however, discovered the way in
which the embryos actually reach their destined rest-
ing-places. On feeding rabbits with the eggs of Tce-
nia serra'ta, he found that, some hours after the feed-
ing, the egg-shells were already dissolved into prismatic
granules by the juices of the stomach, and the embryos
set free. But on putting the eggs immediately in the
intestine (through an artificial opening), they were
not hatched. It was clear, therefore, that only the

* " Blasenbandwurmer unci ihre Entwicklung," p. 110.

EMBBYOLOGY. 25

gastric juice could hatch the embryos; and this ac-
counts at once for the strange fact mentioned above,

(§ 10), that the embryo never hatches in the intestine
of the animal where the tapeworm itself lives. More-
over, he found that they do not pass from the stomach
into the intestine, and hence, as had been supposed,
through the bile-ducts into the liver, but that they
pierce the bloodvessels, and thus come into the circula-
tion. He even, after a long search, found four perfect
embryos in the blood taken from the vena porta. It is
by the blood that the embryos of tapeworms are carried to
the organs in which they develop into hydatids. It now
at once became obvious how easily they reach the
muscles, the brain, the lungs, etc. But it is to be
supposed that only those which reach the destined
organ will develop themselves, while the rest, which
are carried to other organs, must perish.
§ 48. To recapitulate : —

1. The eggs of Tamioids are contained in the pro-
glottides, which are detached from time to time from the
rest of the worm, and discharged with the evacuations.

2. Thus the eggs are scattered about, and by chance
one or many of them (still perhaps contained in the
proglottis) are taken up by a suitable animal.

3. In this animal they form hydatids, and in that
state they await the chance, again, that the animal
which bears them shall be eaten by another.

4. If this second animal is the proper bearer of
the tapeworm, the hydatid itself will not be digested
in the animal's stomach, but only its water-bladder;
while from its neck will now grow out the chain
of joints, and it will thus become a regular Cestoid,
with organs for reproduction.

4

26 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

§ 49. We have shown in the foregoing pages that
the Taenioids never go through the whole process of
their development in one animal, but that their larva
must reach the intestine of a second, a carnivorous
animal, in order to be completely developed into a
mature tapeworm.* Now this change of habitat of
the larvse does not take place by their own action, but

* In other families of the order of Cestoidea we find a mode of embry-
onic development very similar to that of the family of Tsenioids, which
has been described in the preceding pages.

The larva of a Bothriocephaloid (Scliistoceplialus dimorphus, Creplin),
which lives in the abdomen of the European Stickleback ( Gasterosleus acu-
leatus), reaches its final development only in the intestine of the duck which
has swallowed the stickleback. (Creplin.) I have found a similar larval
Cestoid in the abdomen of a small Holocentroid fish (RhyncJiichtJiys Gro-
novii, WeiIsXAND, Mss.) in Haiti, the full-grown tapeworm of which, un-
known as yet, also probably exists in water-birds.

Further, the larvse of the family of Tetrarhynchoids are found in the
mesentery, etc. of codfish, herrings, sculpins, mackerel, and other smaller
fishes, while the full-grown Tetrarhynchi live exclusively in the intestine
of sharks, which feed upon the former fishes. (Van Beneden.)

Yet not only in the order of Cestoidea, but also in that of Trematoda
(Suckworms), we meet with analogous wanderings of the larvae. These
worms live, when mature, in the intestine, the lungs, the liver, and other
organs of Vertebrata ; one species, the flukeworm (Distoma Jiepaticum,
Abilgaard), is rather common in the bile-ducts of the sheep. The eggs
of these Helminthes reach, in some unknown way, — in the case of the
flukeworm of the sheep, probably through the intestine with the evacua-
tions,— the outer world. Most of the eggs perish, but some perchance
come into water. From these are hatched minute embryos, provided
with vibratory cilia all over the body, by means of which they swim freely,
and rather quickly, in the water. They seek to get into, or are swallowed
accidentally by water-snails, such as the common Physas or Limnasi of our
ponds. In the liver of these Mollusks they are transformed into a sort of
hydatid quite analogous to the Echinococcus of Taenioids, — a worm-like sac,
which, strange to say, is in most species endowed with an individual organi-
zation (mouth and intestinal canal) and locomotion. In these worm-like
hydatids, which can be easily recognized by the naked eye on dissecting the
snail, there are formed by interior budding another sort of worms, called
Cercariens ; lively creatures, resembling somewhat tadpoles in shape and

EMBRYOLOGY, 27

they arc passively transferred from one animal into the
other. They are, as we have shown, swallowed with
their first bearer by the second ; for instance, the Cj/s-
ticercus fasciolaris, living in the liver of the mouse, Is
swallowed with the mouse by the cat. Thus the ex-
istence of every species of these Hclminthes is based
upon the natural relation between two different ani-

locomotion, but which are really minute young Suckworms, provided, how-
ever, with a rudder-tail for the purpose of swimming, an appendage which
is never found in the adult Trematode. Their internal organization con-
sists in a forked digestive canal with a mouth, and in a vascular system ;
no signs of reproductory organs are to be seen. Thus these Cercariens
arc in every respect analogous to the Cysticerci and the Scolices generally
in Tapeworms. When advanced to the state of organization described
above, the Cercariens leave the worm-like hydatid in which they have
originated, and which lies in the liver of the water-snail, and obtain passage
outwards, probably through the intestines of the snail. They are found
then by thousands, swarming freely in the water where those snails live.
But soon they enter a new animal. By means of minute spines, located
on their head, they penetrate into a water insect, a Crustacean, or a Mol-
lusk ; and while entering they cast off their tail. But even in this second
bearer they do not reach their final development. Settling in the tissue of
a muscle or other organ of the animal, they form a transparent cyst
round themselves, and in this chrysalis state undergo a further development
of their internal organs. They now wait the moment when the animal in
which they are lodged shall be swallowed by some bird or reptile, or per-
haps by some one of the Mammalia. Upon reaching the intestine of this
third animal they develop themselves into mature Suckworms, produce
eggs, and the complicated circle of development begins anew. (Siebold,
Steenstrup, De Filippi, La Valette.)

The manner of development, as described for the orders of Cestoides
and of Trematodes, has been called Alternation of Generation. (This term
has been introduced into science by the ingenious Scandinavian, J. Steen-
strup, in his important work, " Ueber den Generations- Wechsel oder
die Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung durch abweehselnde Generationen."
Uebersetzt von Lorenzen, Kopenhagen, 1S42, 8vo. English translation
by G. Busk (Ray Society), London, 1845, Svo. The term signifies, that,
from the fructified eggs of a mother-individual of a certain species of an-
imals, embryos are hatched which are entirely different from their mot her.
but which produce, without sexual organs, by interior budding, one or

28 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

mals. For example, that of the following species,
Tccnia crassicollis, T. serrata, T. JEchinococcus, T. Cce-
nurus, T. solium, depends respectively upon the re-
lation existing between the mouse and the cat, the
rabbit and the dog, the ox and the dog, the sheep and
the dog, the hog and man ; the first of each of these
animals being the natural food of the second. Under

more so-called daughter-individuals, resembling the mother-individual
that has deposited the eggs. In some cases, as in the plant-lice (Aphis),
there intervene even more than one of those agamous generations between
the " mother " and the " daughter." The difference of this alternation of
generation from a development by simple metamorphosis, as observed in
nearly all animals, and particularly among insects, is evident.)

There is yet a third order of the class of Helminthes, in which the em-
bryology is analogous, that of Chordacea, or Hairworms, comprehending two
families, — the common horsehair-worms (Gordiaceci) , and the Mermidacea,
tender, white worms, which the ploughman often finds in rich soil, gener-
ally many individuals entangled with each other. From the millions of
eggs of the female Gordius which are deposited in the water, ernbryos are
hatched in no way resembling their parents. They have a short, limber,
sac-like body, and a distinct head with a crown of booklets. As G. Meiss-
ner first observed, this larva penetrates into water insects, particularly
the larvfe of flies, boring by means of its spines through the joints of the
leg of the insect, and then pushing upwards between the muscles of the
leg, until it reaches the abdominal cavity. Here it forms a cyst, and the
internal development of the worm goes on to a certain extent. Thus far
it has been observed by Meissner. It is most probable that in this state
the larva waits until the insect is perchance eaten by another, an insectiv-
orous insect, — a Carabus, for instance. We knoAV thus much, — that
in these beetles the young, hair-like Gordius is found, lacking, however,
the reproductory organs, and that this Gordius leaves the beetle after a
while. When this young hairworm reaches a ditch of rain-water, a spring,
or the like, then — and only then — can its final development go on. An
individual of the other sex must come into the same water, when they will
copulate, and the female will deposit the eggs, etc. A similar development
has been observed by Meissner in the family of Mermidacea, the embiyo be-
ing, however, more longitudinal, and thus resembling the adult more than
in Gordius. Dr. A. Sager tells me that he has observed the embryology of
another kind of Mermis of this country (Meissner, in Germany, saw only
Mermis albicans and nigrescens), which differs in some respects from that

].\n;uYor,oc;Y. 2(.)

these circumstances the development, and therefore
the existence, of these Cestoides, are evidently fortui-
tous. Thousands of the measles of the hog happily
never reach the human intestine, and thus never grow
into mature Tsenias. Yet Nature has provided well
for the maintenance of the species of these Hel-
minthes, by the immense number of eggs and larvae.

of the species observed by Meissner. I hope that my learned friend will
soon publish his observations in full. For those who ■would like to follow
the embryology of Merjnis albicans, I would add, that these worms sc m to
be also rather common in this country. Leidy found them in Pennsyl-
vania, and I have before me a number of specimens furnished by my
friend, Mr. Theodore Lyman, of Brookline, Massachusetts.

So much in regard to the embryology of these three orders of Helminthes.
Of the embryology of the fourth order, that of Hookworms or Acantho-
cepliala, to which belongs the large Ecldnorhjnchus gif/as, so common in
the intestine of the hog, we know nothing. The remaining fifth order of
the class of Helminthes, that of Nematoidea or Spindle-worms, — to which
belong the common maw-worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the pin-worm (Oxy-
uris vermicular is), the Guinea-worm (Filar ia medinensis), and the like, —
shows a rather simple embryology, entirely different from that of the first
three orders. The embryos of these Nematoids, when hatching from the
eggs, resemble the parents in every respect, and, except in some Filarioids,
the whole development is achieved within one and the same animal.

Finally, when contemplating the embryology of these different orders
of Helminthes in general, there is one truth which must strike the
mind ; namely, that the development in three of the orders is utterly
retrograde in respect to psychical organization. The larvm of those three
orders of Helminthes which, when full grown, are poorest provided with
psychical organs, namely, the Suckworms, Tapeworms, and Hairworms,
rank psychically highest among all Helminthes, the Nematoda not except-
ed. What a differienee between those lively Cercarite, the Scolices, and the
Hairworm larva;, so well provided with organs of locomotion, some even
with rudimentary eyespecks, on the one hand, and the full-grown, sluggish
fiukeworms, tapeworms, and hairworms, on the other ! It is well known
that in Cirripeds and Lernseas (Crustaceans), a similar "decrepitude of
age " is observed. These facts can teach us one truth, which has been
often overlooked in generalizations in geology ; namely, that Ave must not
expect that the latest stages of geological development of the different
series in the animal kingdom are necessarily the highest in every respect,
and particularly so in respect to psychical organization.

30 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

According to an estimate, made from the number of
human tapeworms in a certain district, and from the
number of eggs they produce, it is probable that, from
a million of eggs, scarcely one tapeworm reaches its
full development. More than half a million of eggs
may perish before the embryos are hatched ; but,
provided every individual worm produces a million
of eggs, the existence of the species is preserved, if
but one egg out of the million becomes fully devel-
oped. The loss of this great amount of germs
seems, at first sight, to be extravagant; yet, here
as everywhere, Nature conforms to the strictest econ-
omy, that is, effects with the smallest possible means
the greatest possible results, and apparently ex-
hibits the most profound and accurate calculation
of chances, — a profundity and accuracy extremely
difficult to comprehend, when the innumerably vary-
ing conditions are taken into account. The num-
ber of individuals living at a given time may vary,
but for any considerable length of time there is no
variation ; otherwise there would be a disturbance in
the numerical relation of animals, and consequently
in the order of nature. For if, instead of one, three
or four out of the million eggs were to arrive at ma-
turity, the number of Helminthes would be three or
four times as many as at present, and, in succeeding
generations, hundreds and thousands of times as
many.*

* For further particulars, see a paper by the author, entitled, " The Plan
adopted by Nature for the Preservation of the various Species of Hel-
minthes," in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
for February, 1858.

CHAPTER III.

ON THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HUMAN TAPEWOBMS.

§ 50. It has for a long time been known that two
different kinds of Cestoidea inhabit the human intes-
tine ; namely, the narrow or common tapeworm ( Tae-
nia solium), with a double crown of hooks on the
head and marginal genital openings, which is found
particularly in the Teutonic nations (Germans, Eng-
lish, Americans) ; and the broad tapeworm (Bothrio-
cephalus latus), without hooks, but with two grooves
along the sides of the head, and with ventral genital
openings, which seems to live almost solely in the
Swiss and in the Sclavonic nations. Some years ago
Dr. Bilharz and Siebold described a third human tape-
worm, Tcenia nana, a small species found in an Egyp-
tian ; and recently Dr. Kuchenmeister has added a
fourth, the Tcenia mediocanellata, differing mainly from
Tcenia solium, with which it has always been con-
founded, in wanting the crown of hooks. Moreover,
the same author has described pieces of a human
Cestoid coming from the Cape of Good Hope, as most
likely belonging to a fifth human species.

§51. Besides these five Cestoides, which live in
their mature state in the human intestine, there are
met with occasionally some larva? of tapeworms (hy-
datids), occurring particularly in the muscles, but
also in other tissues of man, yet never in the intes-

32 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

tine. One, the Cysticercus celluloses, which, is some-
times found in the muscles of man, is, as stated above,
the larva of Tcenia solium ; another sort of hydatid,
the Cysticercus tenuicollis, which is rarer in man, is
the larva of a tapeworm that lives in its mature state
in the intestine of the dog ; a third, the Echinococcus
hominis, found rather frequently in the lungs and
other organs of man, is the larva of a tapeworm un-
known to this day ; a fourth, the Echinococcus veteri-
norum, is very rare in man, and is the larva of a tape-
worm of the dog.

§ 52. These are all the Cestoides which have hith-
erto been described as found in man. To my knowl-
edge, there is no full account of the human Cestoides of
the United States. In the investigation of the latter I
have met with considerable success, as will be seen in
the following pages. We shall now enumerate and
briefly describe all human Cestoides known to this
day, adding, moreover, two new species, thus far pecu-
liar to this country. Observations as to its occur-
rence in the United States will be found after the
description of each species. We will begin with
those Cestoides which inhabit the human intestine in
the state of mature tapeworms, and then proceed to
those which live as larvse (hydatids) in various tissues
of the human body.

A. — Mature Tapeworms inhabiting the Human
Intestine.

I. Common Tapeivorm ( Tcenia solium, Linne).

§ 53. The Linnsean name (from tcenia, tape, and
solus, solitary) conveys a wrong idea ; cases are

DIFFERENT SI'l.i II . 33

known of several, and in one instance of as many
as forty, specimens being found together in the same
intestine. The length of this Helminth, according
to Dicsing, never exceeds twenty-four feet* Since
this species is the most likely to be met with in those
countries where this treatise will be read, I shall
here speak of it at length.

The head of this worm is about the size of a pin-head, and is
generally dark-colored when fresh. It adheres to the walls of the
intestine by means of four suckers, shaped and working like cup-
ping-glasses, and by a muzzle, which is situated in the middle of the
suckers on the top of the head, and is capable of retraction by in-
version into a bag. (See § 20.) This muzzle, called Rostellum or
Proboscis, is provided with a crown of hooks, consisting of two cir-
cular rows of twenty-two to twenty-eight hooklets each. Each of
these hooklets is fixed into a bottle-shaped bag (Hakentasclie in
German). A very slender neck, without transverse folds, follows
the head ; it is about half an inch long when fresh, but in alco-
holic specimens it is more or less contracted, as is the case with
the rest of the worm. After the neck follows the chain of joints,
first characterized by rather superficial transverse folds, which by
and by become deeper, thus making distinct joints. In the foremost
joints, which are extremely small, the transverse diameter great-
ly exceeds the longitudinal ; but they grow proportionally longer
and narrower, so that the last mature joints (proglottides) measure
about 0.7 of an inch in length by 0.2 in breadth, while the first
joints, immediately following the neck, are less than 0.000 of an inch
in length by 0.045 in breadth. Kiichenmeister, who has furnished
the most accurate description of this parasite, counted 825 joints in a
specimen ten -feet and two inches in length. In the 280th. he saw the
first signs of genital organs, which consisted of a dark longitudinal
median line, with short lateral branches. In the 350th, the genital

* " Van Doeveren relates the history of a peasant, who. after taking' an
emetic, evacuated sixty metres (a metre = 39.3720 inches) of Tamia, and
who probably would have voided more if he had not broken the worm
from an apprehension that he was discharging all his intestines." — V. L.
Brera, " A Treatise on Verminous Diseases," English translation by J. G.
Coffin, M.D., (Boston, 1817,) p. 22.
5

34 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

openings are clearly visible. They are placed on the margin of the
joints, ■without order, now on the left side, now on the right. In those
joints with distinct genital openings, also, the transverse branches of
the median dark line, which is the uterus, become darker, containing
more and more of the yellowish, globular eggs. These in about the
600th joint are provided with one egg-shell only, but in the fully
ripe joints (about the 700th) with two. The lateral branches of
the uterus number from nine to twenty on each side of the median
stem. Both male and female sexual organs open into one exter-
nal genital opening, the Porus genitalis, the male opening lying in
front of the female. The penis is sickle-shaped and yellowish ; the
seminiferous canal, starting from the penis towards the middle, is
best visible about the 300th joint, as is the vagina, running in-
wards at a sharp angle with that canal. Both are generally dark-
colored.

§ 54. The embryonic development of this worm is
now well understood, as may be seen in the second
chapter of this treatise.

The egg* measures 0.036 millim.f in diameter; the embryo,
which is globular and provided with six little spines for boring, as in
all Tamioids, is fully developed in the egg, while this is yet in the
uterus of the proglottis. One proglottis contains thousands of these
eggs. An ejected proglottis, or some of the eggs, are swallowed by
chance with food or drink by a hog. In the stomach of the hog the
egg is hatched. The embryo bores into a bloodvessel, and then
by the circulation of the blood is carried over the whole body.
Those which get into the capillary vessels of the muscles find a
suitable place for development. The embryo enlarges to the
size of a pea, and by interior budding forms a head, like that
of Taenia solium, invaginated into a bag. This is the hydatid
commonly called "measles." If the head be evaginated, we
see a regular Gysticercus cellulosce ; that is, a scolex of Taenia so-
lium, ending in a water-bladder. This hydatid, if swallowed by
man, drops its water-bladder on arriving in the stomach. The neck,
which is to this period merely wrinkled, begins to form regular
transverse foldings, which by and by grow out into articulations,
and thus is formed the chain of joints of the regular Taenia solium.

* See Fig. 5. 3, page 16.

t Millim. = millimetre ; one millim. = 0.03937 inches.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 35

§ 55. This is in short the usual development of
this worm. But sometimes the eggs are accidentally
swallowed by man, and, finding in the human mus-
cles also a suitable place for development, the embryo
there forms the same hydatid ( Cysticcrcas celluhscc).
This hydatid, which may reach a length of half an
inch, has, moreover, been met with occasionally in other
animals, such as oxen, dogs, deer, bears, rats, and mon-
keys. The tapeworm itself has never yet been found
anywhere save in man, though certainly its hydatid
is often swallowed by dogs, cats, etc. It seems, there-
fore, that it can only live in man.

We must mention here, however, the opposite opinion of Sie-
bold, namely, that the Taenia crassicollis of the cat, the T. serrata
of the dog, and the T. solium of man, belong to one and the same
species ; and that the specific characters which distinguish them
when fully grown, are only owing to the different circumstances un-
der which they are developed; in other words, that one and the
same kind of tapeworm becomes Tcenia crassicollis in the cat, T.
serrata in the dog, and T. solium in man. We cannot agree in this
respect with the distinguished helminthologist of Munich, for not
only is the organization of the head in these three Taenias entirely
different, but it has been proved by experiments by Leuckart and
Ivuchenmeister, that the hydatids of the hog ( Cysticcrcus cellulosce)
do not grow into tapeworms when given to a dog, but die in the
stomach and intestines of the dog. The same negative results were
obtained by feeding rabbits with the eggs of Tcenia solium, which,
according to Siebold's theory, should have produced Cysticcrcus pi si-
formis in the mesentery of the rabbit.

§ 56. By the manner of development of Tcenia so-
lium, L., as given in § 54, we see that protection
(prophylaxis) from this worm lies theoretically in
this simple rule, — avoid all chance of swallowing
the fresh measles of the hog. Since the temperature
of boiling water kills these larva?, we can be sure that

36 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

in thoroughly cooked * pork the measles are destroyed ;
the same is most likely the case with well salted
pork,f which destroys them by acting on the juices
of their body. Smoking very likely has the same de-
structive effect, at least after some time. Now, since
man generally eats pork prepared in one of these
ways, there must be other opportunities for the Cysti-
cercus to reach the stomach. We shall only give
some hints as to how this may happen. We will
suppose that a butcher never knowingly furnishes his
customers with measly pork ; yet a hog may sometimes
contain so few of these hydatids that the most consci-
entious butcher would not by any possibility notice
them. Now in such a case, might not a hydatid, a
thing not larger than a pea, and looking exactly
like a small piece of lard, stick to the knife of the
butcher, with which he cuts ham, sausages, hogshead-

* It hardly need be mentioned, that the astonishing tenacity of life of
tapeworms, of which some older authors speak, is fabulous. Yet even the
meritorious Brera quotes the following observations as arguments of that
tenacity, without the slightest doubt.' He says : " Coulet asserts that tape-
worms can live more than twelve hours in boiling veal-broth, and come out
as brisk and active as they went in. Dr. Fax caused a Taenia to simmer over
a slow fire, and observed that he died as soon as common salt, muriate of
soda, was added." See V. L. Brera, " A Treatise on Verminous Dis-
eases," p. 28.

f The so-called salt pork seems to be not always well salted. For in
this way only seems to be accountable a fact I have recently learned from
good authority in Boston, namely, that the soldiers of the Allies in the Cri-
mea disliked the salt pork, because, as they said, it produced in them the tape-
worm. If this was really the case, it shows that there had been shipped
some measly pork, in which the measles were yet alive.

The pieces of pork, as they are usually put into the barrels, are too
large and too closely packed, rendering it impossible for the brine to
penetrate them sufficiently. It often happens that, in a piece cut from tlte
centre of one of these, not the slightest flavor of salt can be perceived,
and in such parts the measles would not be affected in the least.

DIFFERENT BPE< IBS. ->7

cheese, etc., which are eaten soon after in an uncooked
state by man, and to which the hydatid may have
been transferred. The same thing might happen in
using a kitchen knife, with which pork, cheese, but-
ter, bread, etc. are indiscriminately cut.

Beef is very rarely measly, yet it is so sometimes;
and therefore, if a Jew or a Mohammedan should suffer
from the tapeworm, it by no means proves that he has
disobeyed the commandments of Moses. Might not this
commandment of Moses, not to eat pork, have been
founded on old popular knowledge of the fact that the
tapeworm sometimes comes from this food ? We ask
this, because our own experience has taught us how
common people sometimes know a good deal more
about nature than scientific men think. Shortly after
my arrival in this country, when speaking with an ex-
perienced sportsman about the intestines of hares,
which I wished for investigation, he remarked, " We
never give them to the dogs, because they get worms
by eating them." Ten years ago every helmintholo-
gist would have laughed at this ; but at this day we
know that the measles in the mesentery of the hare
really become tapeworms when swallowed by the dog,
and Dr. Kuchenmeister will be not a little astonished
to hear that the American hunters knew this fact long-
ago, though of course they could not account for it.

§57. Protection from the Hydatid of Tamia solium. —
This is perhaps the most important point for the physi-
cian ; for though the tapeworm in the intestine is cer-
tainly troublesome, yet it never seems to be really
dangerous, — at any rate, not so much so as its larva.
This, as stated above, occasionally finds its way into
man, not into his intestine, but into the muscles and

38 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

other tissues, and even into the brain, mostly in places
where no physician can tell its presence, and where
no surgical knife or medicinal remedy can reach. It
has produced death in some cases. We have seen that,
when man accidentally swallows the eggs of Tcenia
solium, the embryos hatching from these eggs in the
stomach come into the circulation, etc., just as in the
hog. It is evident that this might happen in drink-
ing water, or in eating fruits which have lain on the
ground, or salad made of lettuce, particularly when
this latter, as is sometimes the case, is manured with
night-soil. We have observed above, that from time
to time the proglottides of the worm pass away from
the patients, that they are sometimes found in their
beds, etc., and that they are teeming with eggs which
become spread about. It might easily happen that
one, or even many, of these eggs should by acci-
dent reach the human stomach. This is the true
danger for the person afflicted with the tapeworm,
and for those about him. The worm that lives in his
intestine cannot do much injury, but from its eggs
he and others may become infested with hydatids.
Therefore, the evacuations of such persons, which
may sometimes be full of eggs, ought to be destroyed ;
and not for this reason only, but particularly also as
hogs by consuming them surely get the measles.
Wherever hogs become measly, it is a sure sign that
there is some one in the neighborhood who suffers
from Tcenia solium, though he may all the while be
ignorant of the fact. — We shall treat of the remedies
for Tcenia solium in our fourth chapter.

§ 58. Observations on Tcenia solium, in the United
States. — Specimens of this worm, which, as in the

DIFEEBENT SPECIES. 39

greater part of Europe, so also in the United States,
or at least in New England and in Pennsylvania, is cer-
tainly the most common human Cestoid, are preserved
in all the collections named in the Preface, but mostly
without a head. In one head which I had an oppor-
tunity to investigate thoroughly,* I found the total
length of the smaller hooks to be only 0.117 millim.,
while Kuchenmeistcr gives 0.126 millim. in his Hand-
book on the Parasites of Man. Yet, in considering their
shape, which is precisely the same as in Tcenia solium,
and, moreover, a remark of II. Leuckart, who found
the length also 0.11, I feel certain about the iden-
tity. I have also before me a drawing of Dr. A. A.
Gould's of Boston, made by himself upon a fresh
specimen, and representing evidently the head of the
same species. He informed me, moreover, that he had
seen, during his practice, about four or five heads of
this Cestoid. Prof. Joseph Leidy of Philadelphia,
Pa., writes me : " The Tcenia solium is comparatively
rare in our vicinity, though in the course of a num-
ber of years I have seen numerous specimens from
both the white and black, besides the single specimen
from an Indian of Lake Superior, obtained by L. Agas-
siz." "j" Prof. Leidy sent me also a specimen of Tcenia
from a negro woman in Philadelphia, which is evi-
dently of this species.;}:

* This specimen was communicated to me through Dr. B. F. Shaw :
it had come from the practice of Dr. Luther Parks of Boston.

f Concerning this specimen we shall speak below, p. 43.

% I have seen recently the large collection of human Cestoidea in pos-
session of " the great Fire King," Chabert, in New York city, quite a
number of whveh are perfect specimens. All that I saw, so far as I could
judge in looking at them only through the bottles, seemed to belong to
this species.

40

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

'/

§ 59. It was not without hesitation that I referred to
this species a perfect specimen of the tapeworm, com-
ing from a white per-
son, preserved in the
collection of the Bos-
y 7 2c ton Medical College,
and kindly communi-
cated to me by Dr. J.
B. S. Jackson, which I
have carefully inves-
tigated, and the out-
lines of which I have
represented in the ac-
companying woodcut.

This specimen ap-
parently exhibits the
head of Tcenia me-
diocanellata, as de-
scribed by Kiichen-
meister ; it has the
same large suckers,
and no trace of a muz-
zle on the top of the

head; but all the rest of the worm, and especially
the uterus (Fig. 8. 2), being precisely as in Tcenia so-
lium, I cannot help considering the strange organiza-
tion of its head as a mere anomaly, of which I shall

Fig. 8. 1. Common human tapeworm ( Tmnia solium, Linne). Natural size. Only
such parts are represented as are characteristic for the shape of the joints. JT,
head; a, 309th joint; b, 448th joint; c, 569th; d, 680th; e, 768th; /, 849th; g,
855th joint, and last but one. This worm measured 3299 millim. (10 feet 9 inches).
The specimen, which seems to be entire, is preserved in the collection of the Boston
Medical College.

2. A mature joint of the same. Natural size. Compressed, so as to show the
dendritic uterus ; o, genital opening.

dm i i;i:i;nt 8FECIE8. 11

speak further under Taenia mediocaneUata. The gen-
ital openings are rather large, and provided with thick
lips. The specimen had not been six months in ;il-
cohol when the investigation was made ; it looked
white, and rather fat, but is nowhere broader than a
well-nourished Taenia solium. The accurate propor-
tions of this worm are as follows.

The head is club-shaped, rounded in front, and gradually sloping
towards the neck. Its transverse diameter is 1^ millim. ; the suck-
ers are 14, millim. in diameter, and nearly touch each other; on the
boundaries between them there lies a little blackish pigment. The
neck is 1 millim. broad and 8 millim. long, irregularly scalloped in
its posterior half. The first distinct joint which follows the neck
is 1 millim. broad and £ millim. long. In the first 35 millim. of the
worm we counted 71 very broad and short joints, the first 1 j- mil-
lim. broad and -|- millim. long ; the 71st, 2 millim. broad and 4 mil-
lim. long. In the next 23 millim. of the worm I counted 20 joints,
longer and narrower in proportion, some of them even longer than
broad, perhaps unnaturally stretched. At 58 millim. from the head
the joints suddenly grow again broader and shorter (2 millim. broad,
| millim. long), but then lengthen again gradually, and after 7G mil-
lim. more (that is, 134 millim. from the head), in the 170th joint,
both diameters are equal, viz. 1|- millim. This square shape holds
until the 182d joint, which is 2 millim. by 2 millim. ; there the mar-
gin of the worm appears rather serrated, the posterior parts of each
joint overlapping the next following. The worm now groAvs broader,
and the joints shorten in the same proportion. The 260th joint
measures If millim. in length by 3 millim. in breadth. The first evi-
dent genital opening we saw in the 309th joint, 325 millim. from the
head; but in the 273d, traces of these openings were already visible
as small protuberances on the margin, running out into a transverse
fold over the joint. The 309th measured 2 millim. in length by 2
millim. in breadth, the diameter of the genital opening being nearly
half a millimetre. No ripe eggs were yet to be found in this age
of the joints. The first were found in the 3G5th joint (415 millim.
from the head), but only a few, with many unripe ones. The worm
now grows broader fast, and also thicker. The 448th (G03 millim.
from the head) is 8 millim. in breadth by 2 millim. in length, the
6

42 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

genital opening occupying nearly half of its length ; the 5G9th (858
millim. from the head) is 10 millim. broad and 3£ milhm. long ; here
the worm is the broadest, and the genital openings most marked,
much more so than in the more mature joints which follow. Here,
rather than in the proglottides, must the act of reproduction take
place ; and this leads us to consider the proglottides more as
oophores (egg-bearers). From this point to the end, the joints
grow longer and narrower. The 680th joint (1348 millim. from the
head) is nearly square, being 8 millim. broad and 7 millim. long;
the 768th has already the longitudinal proglottis shape, being 14 mil-
lim. in length by only 61 in breadth; the 849th (3198 millim. from
the head) is even 17 millim. long and 4J- broad ; the genital open-
ings becoming less and less marked. The 856th and last joint is
still a little shorter, and in this a genital opening is hardly visible.

The total length of this worm, which seems to be an entire speci-
men, is 3299 millim. (10 feet 9 inches).

The ripe eggs are globular, 0.036 millim. in diameter; but the
joints of this specimen are remarkably poor in eggs ; the middle
trunk of the uterus, in particular, is rarely filled with them. In the
square joints, about the 700th, the vagina is distinctly dark-colored,
and the lateral branches of the uterus are nearly straight, trans-
verse, parallel lines, and only about 10 in number. The calcare-
ous granules in this worm are mostly oval ; those in the long and ripe
joints measure 0.012 millim. in breadth by 0.015-0.018 in length.

§ 60. I have seen yet another interesting specimen
of human tapeworm, belonging to the museum of
the Medical Improvement Society, Boston, (see Cata-
logue, by Dr. J. B. S. Jackson, under No. 895,) com-
ing from a man about forty years of age, and ex-
pelled without medicine. The specimen was present-
ed by Dr. John Homans. This worm is also remark-
able for the large size of its club-shaped head, and
of its suckers, and in this case, also, J could see no
trace of a muzzle; its joints, particularly in the first
half of the worm, are very short and broad, and there
is throughout this worm a tendency of the joints to
divide on one or the other side into halves, each half

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 13

bearing a genital opening. We hope to publish be-
fore long an accurate description and figure of this
worm. The eggs are oval, smaller than in either
Taenia solium or Taenia mediocanellata, measuring
0.030 millim. in length by 0.024 in breadth. Only
one of about thirty eggs which I measured was 0.033
millim. long by 0.030 millim. in breadth.

§ 61. Where do these two Cestoidca (described in
§ 59 and § 60) belong I If it were not for the
head, we should have had no hesitation whatever in
placing them with Tcenia solium, L. ; for the chain
of joints would not justify their separation from that
species ; yet the head is that of Tcenia mediocanellata,
as described by Kiichenmeister. Do these worms be-
long to that third undescribed species of human Tse-
nioid to which Kiichenmeister alludes in his "Par-
asites of Man" (Vol. I. p. 89) % We shall treat fur-
ther of this in the article on Tcenia mediocanellata

(§ 65).

§ 62. The hydatid of Tcenia solium, L., Cysticercus
cellulosce, seems to be not much noticed in man in the
United States. In the hog it is sometimes rather
abundant. I understand that recently in one slaugh-
ter-house in New England twenty hogs at one time
were found to be infected with measles, and the pork
had to be thrown away in consequence.

I. b. Tcenia solium, L. Varietas abietina, Weinlaxd.

§ 63. Under this name I will introduce a speci-
men of tapeworm which came from a Chippewa In-
dian, at the Saut St. Marie, Lake Superior ; it was
obtained there by Prof. Agassiz, during his famous
trip to that lake. The specimen consists of a chain

•14: HUMAN CESTOIDES.

of several feet in length, from the mature part of the
worm. The head, neck, and the whole anterior half,
are wanting.

The most striking thing in this worm is its extreme
narrowness and meagreness, while Tama mediocanel-
lata, which it resembles in the configuration of the
uterus, is very broad and thick, according to Kuchen-
meister. A figure of this worm, of its uterus and
eggs, we intend to publish in our work on the Para-
sites of Man.

All the joints which are preserved are very thin, nearly trans-
parent, and equally narrow, their transverse diameter being about 4
millim., and the longitudinal about 12 millim. The genital open-
ings are very small, and without external lips ; this may be owing
to the very mature age of the joints in question. There is no pig-
ment in either vagina or spermatic duct. The uterus is more reg-
ular than either in Tcenia solium or in Tcenia mediocanellata, yet it
more resembles the latter. The middle trunk of the uterus is quite
straight; the branches, about 30 in numbei", start from the main
stem, either at right angles or at an angle of about 45°. These
branches are always quite parallel, and are generally straight ;
but whenever they are bent, all make the same angle ; they are
never arborescently divided, nor furcated at the ends, with the ex-
ception of the foremost and the hindmost in each joint, which run,
the former forwards, the latter backwards, both being forked and
crooked. The eggs, which are extremely plenty in these joints, and
which show the whole configuration of the uterus, in a yellowish
tint, to the naked eye, are 0.033 millim. long and 0.030 millim.
broad; they are protected, first, by an outside shell {chorion), which
is 0.003 millim. thick, dark in its outer layers, transparent, yellowish
inwards; then follows a second shell (yolk-membrane), 0.0006 mil-
lim. thick, entirely transparent. In the cavity of the egg lies the
embryo, occupying about two thirds of it, and measuring only 0.016
millim. We saw other eggs, unripe, and with one egg-shell only,
but very rarely.

We consider this worm merely as a variety of Tcenia solium,
and we called it Varietas abietina, from abies, a pine-tree, which the
configuration of its uterus resembles.

D1FFBKCENT SPECIEB. \->

We hope soon to get more information concerning
this Indian tapeworm from our Western and Cana-
dian medical friends.

I. c. Tcenia from the Cape of Coot J Hope

§ G4. Dr. Kuchenmeister has described under tin's
designation a human Cestoid coming from a Hotten-
tot, at the Cape of Good Hope. The specimen con-
sisted in a piece of several yards in length, but without
head or neck. Kiichcnmeister is inclined to consider
it as a distinct species. The joints are long, very
thick, and all along them runs a crest. Something
similar to such a crest has been found occasionally as
a monstrosity in Taenia solium ; and since the uterus,
as figured by Kuchenmeister, also resembles very
much that of Tcenia solium, its branches being arbo-
rescently divided, as is the case in the latter, we are
inclined to consider this worm as a variety of T(cnia
solium, until further information as to the organiza-
tion of its head shall be received. Leuckart thinks
it might be Tcenia mediocanellata.

I do not know of this variety having ever been
noticed in negroes of the United States.

II. Tcenia mediocanellata, Kuchenmeister.

§ 65. In the year 1855 Kuchenmeister first char-
acterized this Cestoid as distinct from Tenia solium, L.
The head is larger than in the latter, with very largo.
generally dark-colored suckers. There is no crown of
hooks, nor even a muzzle in the middle between the
suckers. The uterus has three times the number of
lateral branches, which run parallel to each other and
are never divided in a dendroid form, as in Tenia so-

46 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

Hum. Moreover, Taenia mediocanellata is generally
broader than the latter. The absence of the muzzle
must, in our view, distinguish this worm not only spe-
cifically, but generically, from Tcenia solium, and we
would propose for this new genus the name Tcenia-
rhynchus (derived from Tcenia, a privativum, without,
and /W7X09, muzzle ; that is, Tcenia without a muzzle).
We shall below treat more fully of the supposed char-
acters of this new genus. Kuchenmeister saw this
worm rive times in his own practice in Zittau (Silesia,
Germany) ; once he expelled it from himself. Only a
few other cases besides these are known. But the
specific distinctions are acknowledged by the best au-
thorities ( Joh. Muller, Gurlt, Eschricht, Hud. Leuck-
art, Van Beneden). Nothing is yet known as to the
development of this worm. There is no hydatid
known in which muzzle and hooks are wanting.

The perfect description of this species, as furnished by Kuchen-
meister, and the acknowledgment of its specific difference from
Tcenia solium by so good authorities, must justify us in the propo-
sition of the new genus, Tceniarhynchus. Yet we cannot help ex-
pressing some doubts as to the true foundation of this species and
genus. The diversity in the organization of the head, which ex-
ists between Tcenia mediocanellata and Tcenia solium, namely, the
total absence of a muzzle and of hooks in the former, is so im-
portant, that these two species cannot be brought under one genus,
in that sense in which genus is generally understood by zoolo-
gists. But, on the other hand, this great diversity in the organi-
zation of the head seems not to be confirmed by differences in
the rest of the organization of this worm. The diversity in the
configuration of the uterus, which has been indicated by Dr. Ku-
chenmeister, we should hardly be inclined to acknowledge even
as specific. We have seen the number and the direction of the lat-
eral branches of the uterus varying to a great extent in one and the
same specimen of Tcenia solium, in different parts of its chain.

DIFFERENT SFECIES. 17

Also the size of the eggs, and their more circular ot more oval
shape, often vary to sonic degree in one and the same Cestoid, ae
Kiichenmeister himself is well aware. Moreover, we would re-
mind our readers of the two Cestoidea described under § 59 and

§ CO, which both combine the head of Taenia inediocaitillala with
the uterus of Tamia solium; also of the fact, that no CysHcercus
without muzzle and hooks has as yet been found.

These considerations suggested to us the question whether all these
Tceniarhynchi (Taeniae without a muzzle) might not be in fact true
Taeniae, which have lost their rostellum or muzzle in some unknown
Avay, perhaps by being pressed by solid particles of the food which
passes the intestine, and which might have forced the head of the
Taenia out of its attachment, in such a way that the muzzle, being
solidly fixed with its hooks in the walls of the intestine, would be
torn off; while the remaining head, though deprived of its muzzle,
would fix itself anew by means of its four suckers, which would
then naturally enlarge, being now the only organs of attachment for
the whole worm.

To test the question, we would suggest an experiment; namely,
to feed a young, healthy hog with the proglottides of Taenia medio-
canellata. If any Cysticerci are formed, the organization of their
head will show whether the species T. mediocanellata, and conse-
quently the genus Taeniarkynchus, are founded in nature or not.

§ 66. Observations on Tcenia mediocanellata in the
United States. — No T. mediocanellata, asrreeino; in
every respect with the description of Kuchenmeister,
has yet, so far as I know, been noticed in this country.
Besides the two Cestoides, however, already described
(§59 and § 60), the heads of which resemble very
much that of. the species now under consideration,
I have seen one specimen of a Tcenia which, so for as
it is preserved, answers well to the definition given by
Kiichenmeister of his T. mediocanellata. It came from
a girl seven years old, whose mother was a mulatto
and father a negro, living in Charleston, South Caro-
lina. The specimen, which was obtained by Prof.

48 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

Agassiz from Dr. Gaillard of that city, is a portion of
the anterior and immature half of the worm, torn off
about a foot from the head. It very strikingly exhib-
its, in its anterior parts, the loose connection of the
joints, which has been termed " rosary-like " [pater-
no ster-dhnlich) by Kuchenmeister, and which is con-
sidered by him as characteristic of Tcenia mediocanel-
lata. The joints are also more bulging at the sides
than is usually observed in T. solium. The joints fol-
lowing are somewhat broader than they are in Tcenia
solium at the same stage of development; and the
uterus has rather straight, but not very numerous
branches. The joints being young, the eggs were
not yet provided with their shells. We hope to
hear more about this Cestoid from the Southern
physicians.

III. Tcenia nana, Yon Siebold.

§ 67. This minute Cestoid has been found only
once, but in large quantities, by Dr. Bilharz, in the
small intestines of a boy in Tlgypt

It is only one inch in length, its whole body fili-
form, the head blunt in front, tapering backwards,
and provided with four suckers, and with a muzzle,
bearing a crown of bifid hooklets.

" Bifid " hooklets are well known as being found in two genera of
Cestoids which live in sharks and skates, viz. in Onchobothrium
and in Acanthobothrium ; but to these Tcenia nana stands in no re-
lation whatever. On the contrary, its four suckers, and the fact
that its hooklets form a crown on a muzzle in the middle of the
head, show it conclusively to be a real Tamioid. Now, there is no
genus of this latter family known that has bifid hooklets, and we
deem this character sufficiently typical to establish on it a new genus
of Tamioids, under the name Diplacanthus (from hlifkovs, double,
and aKavda, hook, meaning double-hook.)

DIFFERENT SPECIES. l!»

Nothing is known about the embryologies] devel-
opment of this worm. Its small size, which reminds
ns somewhat of Taenia cchinococcus, Siebold, and,
moreover, the fact that it has been found by Bilharz
in such great numbers in one intestine, has suggested
the idea that its development might go through an
Echinococcus-like hydatid, which, when accidentally
swallowed by the boy, would naturally have given rise
to the development of so many tapeworms at once ;
for Siebold found similar large numbers of Taenia echi-
nococcus in a dog which he had fed with Echinococcus
veterinorum.

In the United States this strange Cestoid has never
as yet been noticed.

IV. ITymenolepis (Taenia) flavopunctata, Weinland.

§ 68. Among the helminthological specimens with
which Dr. J. B. S. Jackson kindly furnished us, for
further investigation, from the collection of the Med-
ical Improvement Society, Boston, there was a phial
containing a number of pieces of a small tapeworm.
In the Catalogue of the Collection we find these
specimens mentioned under No. 903, with the follow-
ing words : " A (second) specimen of Bothriocepha-
lus, three feet in length, and from half a line to one
line and a quarter in width ; from an infant. The
joints are very regular, except at one extremity, where
they approach the triangular form, are very delicate,
and but slightly connected, as shown in a drawing by
Dr. Wyman. From a very healthy infant nineteen
months old ; it had been weaned about six months,
and had had the usual diet from that time. The
worm was discharged without medicine, its presence

50 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

having never been suspected. 1842. Dr. Ezra Palm-
er, Jr."

It is probably owing to the regularity and short-
ness of the joints, that this worm, which evidently
attracted the particular attention of the two learned
gentlemen named above, was put in the Catalogue
under Bothriocephalus latus, rather than under Tcenia
solium. Moreover, there is a yellowish spot, clearly
visible to the naked eye, situated about the middle
of each joint, which reminds us very much of the color
and situation of the genital organs as known in Bo-
thriocephalus. oC*"^'

A careful examination, however, has taughf^us that
there were in thatrphial parts- of*- atf-?te^tS»i»' different
specimens of a very characteristic tapeworm, belonging
neither to the genus Bothriocephalus, nor to the gen-
uine Tsenias, — which latter, when limited in our
sense, comprehend, besides Tcenia solium, only tape-
worms of carnivorous mammals,* — but to a group of

* It is an interesting question, how the Taenia? of the different groups of
Vertebrata are related to those of man. It would be expected that similar
Taeniae would live in similar animals. The following remarks relating to
the natural classification of Taenioids will best show how far this rule holds
good.

From a review of the genus Tcenia, which in Dujardin's Histoire Nat-
urelle cles Helmintkes (1845) numbers 145, and in Diesing's Systema Hel-
minihum (1850) as many as 180 species, we have satisfied ourselves that
this genus constitutes a natural family of the order of Cestoidea, which con-
tains at least two very marked subfamilies, and a number of genera. Sev-
eral modern helminthologists have perceived the great discrepancy of the
different species which constitute the old genus Taenia, but the characters
by which they have tried to divide it into several sections have failed to
lead to natural groups. Thus Dujardin, by attributing too much systematic
value to the situation of the genital openings, had to separate sometimes the
next allied species, e. g. Tcenia scutigera and Tcenia tiara. The number of
hooks, also, is of small systematic value, but the number of rows of hooks and
the typical structure of the latter lead to some natural minor groups. The

We "will give Tn lew words our results, mainly "based upon numerous an-

DIFEERENT SPECIES. ■')]

Tamioids, whose members thus far had only been
found in small omnivorous or insectivorous Mammalia

arrangement of Dicsing, resting only upon tlic nature of the probo
artificial, when carried through without reference to the rest of the organi-
zation, as is the case in his Systema. The configuration of the proboscis
can be brought to bear upon the constitution of genera, only after other
characters of physiological importance have established the subfamilies.
Diesing was, however, the first who formed the family of Tcenioidea; still
he keeps under his genus Taenia all those which his predecessors had
placed there. Van Beneden (Bulletin de I 'Academic Itoycde de Belgique,
Tom. XVI. No. 2), adopting the family " Tamioids," places there Tcenia,
Hali/sis, and Tricenophorus. The latter genus we must remove entirely
from the Tamioids on account of the different structure of its head ; while
the genus Halysis, based on the species //. genettce, will probably fall under
the genuine Taenias, so far as the description of this species by Gervais al-
lows of a^yipty n j^^^j.Al. (^
ill gfvoTn few words our rest
atomical and embryological investigations of our own. We might briefly
characterize the family of Tcenioidea as Cestoidea with four suckers on the
head, and with marginal genital openings. We have recognized thus far
in this family two very distinct subfamilies, easily recognized by the charac-
ters of the egg-shells. The arrangement and structure of these latter bein^
evidently connected with the place where and the circumstances under
which the egg hatches (see § 47), this character has a true physiological
value. These two subfamilies are : —

Subf. I. Sclerolepidota (Hard-shell Tapeworms), with a hard, brit-
tle, rather thick, and dark-colored egg-shell, more or less closely fitting to
the embryo, the eggs small, averaging about 0.030 millim. in diameter.
These eggs are destined to hatch in the stomach of Vcrtebrata, and probably
onbj of ivarm-blooded ones. The full-grown tapeworms live exclusively in
the intestinal canal of carnivorous Mammalia (and birds '?). Here belong
the following genera: — Gen. 1. Tcenia (in a limited sense). With a ute-
rus consisting of one median main-stem with lateral branches ; the head
with two rows of hooks, and these hooks of the type of T. solium. The
development goes through a Cysticercus or Ccenurus form. Here belong
T. solium of man, 1\ intermedia of the marten, T. serrala of the dog, T.
crassiceps of the fox, T. crassicollis of the cat, T. laticollis of the lynx. T.
2)olyacantha of the fox, T. e Cysticerco tenuicolli of the dog, T. Canurus of
the dog, and probably also T. tcnuicollis from the weasel. — Gen. 2. Acan-
thotrias, Weinl. (see § 79). With three rows of hooks. Development
through Cysticercus. — Gen. 3. Tccniarhgnchus, Weixl. (see § G5). with
Tcenia mediocanellata. Development no doubt through Cysticercus. —

52 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

(mice, shrew-mice, etc.) and birds. It is widely differ-
ent from Tcenia solium, and its true congeners, in the

Gen. 4. Echmococcifer, Weinl. (see § 74). Small and delicate tapeworms,
■with two rows of exceedingly small hooklets. Development through Echi-
nococcus. Here belong Tcenia Eclrinococcus, Siebold ; and the Taenia of
Echinococcus hominis, Rudolphi, unknown to this day. "Whether Pohj-
cephalus hominis, Zeder (Nachtrag, p. 309, tab. 2, fig. 5-7), really belongs
to Echinococcus hominis, as Rudolphi thinks, and whom all helminthologists
have since followed, seems to us rather doubtful, since Zeder — certainly a
good observer — speaks expressly of only one row of hooklets. — Gen. 5.
Diplacanthus, Weinl. (see § 67). Small tapeworms, with a crown of bifid
hooklets ; with Tcenia nana, Siebold. Development unknown. This
genus might belong to the next subfamily.

Subf. II. Malacolepidota (Soft-shell Tapeworms). In this group,
which contains far the greater part of the Tsenioids, the outer shell of the
egg is thin and transparent, either elastic and membranaceous, or mucilagi-
nous. The diameter of the cavity formed by this outer egg-shell is much
larger than that of the embryo. The average size of these eggs is 0.06 mil-
lim. The eggs of these tapeworms are to be hatched in the stomach oflnver-
tebrata, either of Articulata or of Mollushs. The full-grown tapeworms live
in the intestinal canal of warm or of cold-blooded Vertebrata, which feed
upon or swallow accidentally insects, snails, etc. There are a number of
genera in this subfamily, of which I will mention the principal: — Gen. 1.
Hymenolepis, Weinl. (see § 68). (The name is derived from vprjv, mem-
brane, and ~keirts, egg-shell.') The outer shell of the egg membranaceous ;
one, rarely two rows of small hooklets on the proboscis. The hooklets much
less developed than in the Sclerolepidota. Uterus consisting of ball-like
blind sacs. The Tasnioids belonging to this genus live in insectivorous
Mammalia and birds, and we may distinguish two subgenera, which sepa-
rate pretty well those of the Mammalia from those of the birds, viz.:
Subg. 1. Lepidotrias, Weinl. (derived from \eiris, egg-shell, and rpels,
three) , with three egg-shells. Nearly all the species living in small insectiv-
orous Mammalia. As the type we may consider Tcenia murina, Dujab-
din ; and besides this belong here Tcenia scalaris, T. scutigera, T. tiara, T.
2>istillum, T. viicrostoma, T. nasula, T. undulata, T. serpentidus, T. crateri-
formis, T. sinuosa, and Hymenolepis flavopunctata. Further particulars
in reference to this group are given above in the text. Subg. 2. Dilepis,
Weinl. (derived from bio, two, and Xe7ri's, egg-shell). The egg has two
shells only ; the outer shell is membranaceous, and often bears strange ap-
pendages. The tapeworms of this subgenus live particulai'ly in insectivo-
rous birds, and we may consider Tcenia angulata, Rudolphi, as its type.
Here belong Tcenia purpurata, T. porosa, T. lanceolata, the Tamioid of the

in fi -ek j :n't SPECIES. 53

structure of its eggs, the situation of its genital open-
ings, etc.

golden-winged woodpecker, mentioned above, § 28, and probably many
other insufficiently described species, the eggs of which have not yet been
studied. — Gen. 2. Proteocephalus, Wkinl. (The name is derived from
npwrev?, the ever-changing principle in the old Greek mythology, and «-
(]>a\r), head.) The shape of the head of this genus is extremely changeable.
There is no proboscis, nor hooklets. The eggs are provided with two
shells, the outer shell being mucilaginous. These Taenioids live in reptiles
and fishes. The type of the genus is Taenia ambigua, DuJAEDlN. Here
belong Tcenia jilicollis and T. dispar. — Gen. 3. Ahjselminthus, ZEDER, in
a confined sense including only the Tcenia cucumerina of the dog. Small
spines, arranged in a series of rows, and these spines having a flat foot,
characterize this genus. Its eggs have simple and very thin shells, and are
deposited in lumps, a number of them glued together into an oval mass.

There are other genera yet to be established in this subfamily, but the
Taenioids which belong to them have not been sufficiently studied to permit
a comparison of the characteristic features on which to base the genera.

When applying this systematic review to the cmestion of which we first
spoke in this note, we find that all species of Taenioids which live as ma-
ture tapeworms in the human intestine, are peculiar to man ; further, that
all these Taenioids belong, with one exception, to the subfamily Sclerolepi-
dota ; that the Tcenia solium belongs to the same genus with tapeworms
found in dogs and other carnivorous animals; that two sorts of tapeworms
of man, Tcenia mediocanellata and Tcenia nana, form, thus far, genera by
themselves ; finally, that only one tapeworm found in man belongs to the
subfamily of Malacolepiclota, viz. Hymenolepis jlavopunctata, the congeners
of which live in small insectivorous Mammalia. Of the five species of lar-
val tapeworms found in man, only one (Cysticercus acanthotrias) is pecu-
liar to man, and this has been found only once. The other four are met
with also in domesticated Ruminants and Pachyderms and moreover in
the liver, lungs, etc. of monkeys which are kept in captivity.

There are but two mature Taenioids known as living in the intestines of
monkeys, Tcenia rugosa and T. megastoma, both described by Diesing from
alcoholic specimens. Their eggs or the structure of the uterus not being
mentioned, we cannot place them in the above system. These worms came
from South-American monkeys, belonging to the genus Ccbus, and those
monkeys being noted insect-eaters, I would venture to predict that their
tapeworms are Malacolepidota. The specimens described by Diesing are
preserved in the splendid helminthological collection of Vienna, of the
richness of which we may form an idea from the fact that within fifteen
years not less than forty-five thousand Vertebrates have been dissected
there, in search of Helminthes.

54 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

All specimens of this worm which came under
my eye were broken, and unluckily there was not
one that had its head and neck, though I saw several
pieces which must have come from quite near the
neck.

The length of the whole worm is between 200 and 300 millim.,
that is, from 8 to 12 inches. There were pieces of 50 millim. in
length, consisting of very young joints, only -i millim. long and 1 to
1£ millim. broad; again, other pieces, about 100 millim. long, con-
sisting in their anterior half of white, immature joints, -g — ^ millim.
long and 1J- — 2 millim. broad, while the mature joints of the poste-
rior half, which are of a grayish tint (produced by the eggs which
they contain), average 1 millim. in length and 1^- — 2 in breadth.
In the young joints the sides form straight lines, the transverse di-
ameter being equal throughout the joint ; in the riper ones they are
round and bulged, and the transverse diameter is the greatest in the
midst of each joint. One of the pieces which is especially men-
tioned in the Catalogue of Dr. J. B. S. Jackson, shows the form of
the joints when fully matured and soon to be freed as proglottides.
They are in this specimen triangular in shape, being narrow in
front and suddenly broadening behind, evidently having already
discharged the eggs from the anterior part of the joint, while gen-
erally proglottides deposit their eggs only after they are free. In
other specimens these last joints, being yet quite full of eggs, are
more oblong, even with the transverse diameter longer than the
longitudinal. In either case the proglottides are very loosely con-
nected with each other. In relation to the genital organs, we have
mentioned above the yellowish spot lying near the middle line in
the anterior part of each joint, and it is for this that Ave have called
the species Jiavopunctata. These spots are the testicles, appearing
under the microscope as a globular gland, with another smaller one
attached to it ; this latter one runs out, towards the side of the joint,
into a long, slender canal, in which lies the penis. The genital open-
ings are situated all on one and the same side of the worm, while
in all true Taenias (see page 51, note) known thus far, they are
found irregularly, now on one, now on the other side. The config-
uration of the uterus, also, differs greatly from that in the genuine
Taenias. There is no main-stem in the midst with lateral branches,

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 55

as in the latter; but, on the contrary, the eggs are crowded over the
whole joint. It sometimes appears ;es if they were arranged in

straight, lines along the joint; but this is certainly owing only to
tin1 regular lines of muscular contractions. Only fresh specimens
can decide ultimately the structure of the uterus. From a care-
ful dissection of the younger joints, we should judge that it con-
sists of globular blind sacs, located here and there in the joint, and
connected by fine tubes terminating finally in the vagina. The
most characteristic feature in this worm is its eggs, the number of
which may be counted by thousands in each ripe joint. They are
very large, measuring 0.054 millim. in diameter, and under a low
power of the microscope appear as transparent balls with a yellow-
dot in them. With a higher power, we easily distinguish three dis-
tinct egg-shells (Fig. 9. 1, «, b, c). The out-
side shell is translucent, elastic, cracking in
sharp angles under pressure, and only 0.0007
millim. thick ; this shell is folded by applica-
tion of glycerine. The second shell is membra-
naceous and irregularly wrinkled, thinner than
the first, and immediately attached to it. This
second shell, showing through the first, gives
to the whole surface of the egg a wrinkled ap-
pearance, though the first shell is in reality en- Fig- 9-
tirely smooth. The large cavity which is formed by these two out-
side shells contains a fluid,* in which swims the small globular em-
bryo (measuring only 0.024 millim.), enclosed in a third shell, closely
attached to it, but of considerable thickness (0.001 millim.). "We
cannot state with certainty that there are three pairs of spines to
this embryo ; if there are any, they must be very small.

A very similar arrangement and structure of the egg-shells, as de-
scribed above, have been noticed by the French helminthologist, Du-
jardin, in his Tc&nia scalaris, from a European shrew-mouse (Sorex

* This fluid, which has the appearance of albumen, turns milk-white
when brought in contact with water. Such an albuminous fluid between
the two egg-shells has also been noticed by Dujardm in the eggs of a T«-
nioid from Fringilla domesrica, L.

Fig. 9. 1. Egg of Ilymenolepis flavqpunctata, 350 times magnified, a. Outer egg-
shell, b. Middle egg-shell (wrinkled), c. Inner egg-shell, enclosing the embryo, if.
2. Egg of Botliriocejihalus talus. 3. Egg of Tcenia solium.

56 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

araneus), in his T. scutigera, from, another shrew-mouse (Sorex te-
tragonurus), in his T. tiara, from the same, in his T. murina, from
the common rat, and in his T. microstoma, from the house-mouse.
All these Tamioids are small, like ours, and even of less size ; their
joints have about the same proportions, and all of them, with one
exception, have, like ours, the genital openings all on one and the
same side, though we do not deem this latter character of so great
systematic value as the distinguished microscopist of Rennes. But
it is particularly the arrangement and structure of the egg-shells that
bring them, with the Taenioid under consideration, evidently under
one group, which we have considered in our classification of Tteni-
oids (see the note on page 52) as a subgenus of Hymenolepis, and
called Lepidotrias, from the three egg-shells, in contradistinction
from the subgenus Dilepis, which has but two. The fact that all
the species mentioned above, as described by Dujardin, have but
one row of rather small hooks, provided with a long foot and sharp
spine, varying in number in the different species from twelve to
thirty, leads us to predict a similar arrangement of the crown of
hooks in our species.

This small tapeworm might sometimes occur in
man without being noticed,* and we call the atten-
tion of physicians to it more from its scientific inter-
est, than on account of any pathological effects pro-
duced by it, which probably amount to nothing, so
long as only a few inhabit the intestine.

In relation to the question how man can become
infested with this tapeworm, and particularly how the
child above mentioned could have become so, who per-
haps had never eaten any meat, we would venture the
following hypothesis. We will remind the reader of

* Pallas, in bis Neue Nordisclie Beitrdge (I. 1, p. 69, tab. 2, Fig. 19, A.
B. T.), mentions and figures a Taenia tenella, which by Rudolphi has been
referred to Bothriocephalus latus, and has since entirely disappeared from
helniinthological literature. Is this our Hymenolepis, or some Cestoid like
it ? I cannot decide the question, not having the book of Pallas at my
command.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. ol

the tapeworm larvic found in the walls of the stomach
of the meal-beetle (Tencbrio molitor\ of which we
spoke ahove (§ 44); after this discovery of Stein there
seems to be hardly any doubt left that the shrew-mice,
which live only upon insects, get their tapeworms from
insects in which such tapeworm larva) live, and bo,
very likely, do also the insectivorous birds, the tape-
worms of many of which have egg-shells of a sim-
ilar structure with the Cestoid under consideration.*
Hence we suggest the possibility that this child also
may have become infested with its tapeworms by swal-
lowing accidentally a fly, or other insect, which con-
tained a number of the hydatids of Hymenolcpis flavo-
pimctata.

V. Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser.

Taenia lata, Linne. — Dibothrlum latum, Rudolpiii, Diesing.

§ 69. The genus Bothriocephalus belongs to the fam-
ily Dibothria, Diesing. The head of this genus is
rather flat, without the four circular suckers found in
Tamioids, and without a real muzzle capable of inser-
tion, but provided with a small sucking disc on the top
of the head, and with two lateral longitudinal grooves,
by which the worm adheres to the walls of the intes-
tine. Its genital openings are not situated on the mar-
gin, as in Tse-nia, but on the median line of the belly
of each joint. There is a distinct opening for each of
the sexes ; the penis, lying in front, is easily visible
with the naked eye. The eggs (Fig. 10. 2) are oval,

* I suspect that the scolex of Ta'nia cucumerina of the dog, the develop-
ment of which is yet unknown, inhabits the ilies which the dogs are so
eager to catch and to swallow.
S

58 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

covered with one egg-shell only. B. latus is the only
species of this genus which lives in
a member of the class of Mamma-
lia* and this is found in man only.
Nearly all other species of Bothrio-
cephalus live in fishes and reptiles, and
the rest in water-birds. This Ces-
toid is, as its specific name signifies,
Fig. 10. broad, — broader than T<Enia solium;

the joints are also more solidly connected, shorter, and
the skin more resistant. It reaches a length of twenty
feet, and a breadth of more than half an inch, some-
times of nearly an inch.

The development of this worm, and therefore the
way in which it reaches the human intestine, are un-
known. The idea of Kuchenmeister, that its hydatid
may live in small snails (Limax), which live on let-
tuce, and which no doubt are often accidentally swal-
lowed by man with salad, is certainly worthy of fur-
ther investigation.

B. latus is rather common in Switzerland, and
among Sclavonic nations, particularly the Russians.
It is a fact worth mentioning, that it does not gen-
erally occur where Tcenia solium is relatively common,
as in Germany, in England, and in the United States.
The opinion once in vogue, that this tapeworm in
Switzerland might be transferred from one person

* It seems to be an exceptional, but not the less interesting ease, that
Creplin once found a Botliriocephalus in a cat, -which, as he suspected, may
have been infested -with it by eating fish containing the larva of that worm.
See Creplin, Observaiiones de Entozois, p. 67, fig. 9.

Fig. 10. Eggs of three different human tapeworms, 350 times magnified. 1. Egg
of Hymenolejris ( Tcenia) flavopunciala, Weinlaxd. 2. Egg of Bothriocejyhalus latus,
Bkemsee. 3. Egg of Tcenia solium, Linxe.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 59

into another immediately by the eggs, founded on the

fact that the Swiss, who eat lettuce raw as salad, often
manure this plant from their vaults, is certainly erro-
neous, and probably long since given up by its author
(C. Vogt). As soon as the development of other tape-
worms was known, such a theory could no longer
stand ; but it still lingers here and there, even among
scientific men who are not acquainted with the pres-
ent state of helminthology. It is clear, from all that
has been said as to the development of tapeworms,
that the eggs of Bothriocephalic, when swallowed by
man, might produce a kind of hydatid in the mus-
cles or other tissues, but that they never could be de-
veloped immediately into tapeworms in the intestine.
The remedies against this worm are the same as those
against Tcenia solium. (See Chapter IV.)

§ 70. Observations on Bothriocephalus latus in the
United States. — We have seen two specimens of this
worm in this country ; the first was expelled from a
Swiss soon after his arrival in the country The sec-
ond was from an Englishman, in Richmond, Ya., who
had perhaps travelled in Switzerland, and, like the
German anatomist and physiologist, Soemmering,
and many other travellers, brought away with him
this vade-mecum from the land of William Tell. We
have never yet seen a specimen which came from an
American, nor has Prof. Leidy of Philadelphia, as he
informs us by letter.

60 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

B. — Larvae of Tapeworms inhabiting various Tis-
sues of the Human Body.

I. Cysticercus cellulosa, Rudolphi.

§ 71. Of this larva of Tcenia solium^ L., we have
treated above, in the article on that Cestoid. On its
occurrence in man, see § 55. For the symptoms, and
the protection from it, see § 57. Its cure is treated of
in the fourth chapter, at the beginning. On its oc-
currence in the United States, see under § 62. In re-
gard to the nature and organization of the Cysticercus
in general, we refer our readers to Chapter II. of this
treatise, especially §§ 35, 41, 44.

II. Cysticercus ienuicollis, Rudolphi.

§ 72. This hydatid is rather common in the mesen-
tery of the Ruminants, and of hogs, horses, squirrels,
monkeys, etc. It has been found, in some rare in-
stances, attached to the liver and mesentery of man.
Its length is about twenty millimetres ; its breadth,
about ten. It ends in a bladder of from one to six
inches in diameter (always larger than in C. celluloses).

Cysticercus ienuicollis is the larva of a tapeworm
of the dog, very likely Tcenia marginata, Batsch, as
R. Leuckart supposed, which is closely allied to the
T. solium of man. It is provided with two rows of
hooks, from sixteen to nineteen in a row, the hooks of
one row being larger than those of the other.

Eggs of T. marginata accidentally swallowed by man
would produce the hydatid in question, which latter,
again, when eaten by the dog, would develop itself in
the intestine of this animal into the above Taenia.

DIFFERENT MM. Ml.-. 61

Luschka, Lcuckart, and Ilocll have fed goats and
sheep with the mature proglottides of this tapeworm,
(which is the most simple way of getting many eggs
at once safely into the stomach of the animal on
which the experiment is made,) and on dissection
found this hydatid.

§ 73. Observations on Cysticercus tenuicollis in the
United States. — Prof. Leidy notices this worm, in his
Synopsis of Entozoa, as found " occasionally in the
liver of the hog and in the mesentery of the sheep."

III. Ecliinococcus Veterinorum, Rudolphi.

Ecliinococcus scolicipariens, Kuchenmeistek.

§ 74. We refer to what we have said above (§ 36)
on Ecliinococcus generally, and on the genus Echino-
coccifer (page 52, note). The species in question oc-
curs rarely in man, but is rather frequent in the liver
and lungs of Ruminants, where it forms bladders of
more than an inch in diameter. The full-grown Tae-
nia (T. ecliinococcus, Siebold) lives in the dog, often
by thousands. It has but three joints, and is only an
eighth of an inch long. Its head is provided with
two rows of hooklets, from fourteen to eighteen in
each row. These hooklets are exceedingly small, be-
ing only one sixth of the length of those of T. soli inn.

In this large hydatid we notice the scolices swimming free in its
fluid, and visible to the naked eye as small, white granules. These
scolices bud from the inside of little cystes, of the size of a millet-
grain, which themselves originate on the inside walls of the Eclii-
nococcus ; and this latter we might call, in this case, the primary or
mother hydatid. In each of the cystes originate a number of sco-
lices ; after these are ripe, the cystes burst, and the young larva) now
swim free in the fluid of the Ecliinococcus. They cannot, however,
as it seems, live long in this state, and if they do not reach the

62 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

stomach and intestine of a dog, they die. Thus we always find in
such an Echinococcus many dead scolices, and hooks of others which
have already decayed. It seems that sometimes the scolices bud
out immediately from the inside of the walls of the Echinococcus,
without the intervention of cystes. Huxley even saw such scolices
growing on the outside of these secondary cystes.

Siebold, giving this Echinococcus, taken from Ru-
minants, to dogs, raised its Taenia in great quantities.
It was mature seven weeks after being swallowed.
The precaution to be used against this Echinococcus is
theoretically plain enough ; namely, to keep clear of
the eggs of that tapeworm. Butchers' dogs are most
likely, of all dogs, to be afflicted with Taenia Echino-
coccus, since they have frequent opportunities of eating
the Echinococcus bladders found in the lungs and liv-
ers of Ruminants. We therefore warn butchers not
to give these bladders from the lungs or livers of oxen,
etc. to their dogs. The eggs of this tapeworm, which
are probably not rare in the excrements of butchers'
dogs, may get into the stomach of Ruminants, and oc-
casionally of man, by drinking water, or by eating
vegetables or fruits which have lain on the ground.

§ 75. Observations on Echinococcus Veterinorum
in the United States. — I have never yet met with this
hydatid in this country. Prof. Leidy,* in referring to
this| (or to the next following'?) species, says : " From

* See " A Synopsis of Entozoa," etc., in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
Vol. VIII. p. 45.

•j- Leidy uses the name Echinococcus granulosus, Pud., which is synony-
mous with E. Veterinorum, Pud., according to Pudolphi himself; but at
the same time quotes as a synonyme E. polymorphus, Diesing, -which
comprehends both species, E. Veterinorum and E. Jwminis. Thus I sus-
pect that my learned friend believed (-with Diesing) in the identity of these
two species ; and this makes it doubtful to which species he refers. As to
the difference of the two species (see § 76), there can be no longer any
doubt, since the investigations of Kiichenmeister and Leuckart.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 63

a cyst, of about three inches in diameter, between the
muscles on the right side of the abdomen, in an Eng-
lish sailor-boy; and also in two large cysts in the liver
of a Frenchman. I have never met with this parasite
in the Anglo- American. In three large cysts in the
liver of a large species of monkey (species unknown),
the specimen being preserved in the collection of the
University."

IV. Echinococcus hominis, Rudolphi.

TZcldnococcus allricipariens, Kuchexmeisthu.

§ 76. This hydatid, which when sterile (without
scolices inside) is often called an Acephalocystc, lives
in different organs of man and domesticated animals.
The tapeworm whose larva it is, is not yet known ;
most probably it also lives in the dog. The scolex
of this Echinococcus is easily distinguished from that
of E. Veterinorum by a larger number of hooks, viz.
from twenty-three to twenty-six in each row; their
shape is also different, while the size is about the
same in both species. Moreover, E. hominis exhibits
a different development of the scolices. In the fluid
of the E. hominis we find other smaller (secondary)
bladders swimming free. In these secondary blad-
ders, again, we find tertiary ones, and it is only in the
last that the scolex is formed. If, as we think prob-
able, the tapeworm of this hydatid lives in the dog,
or any other of our domesticated animals, the pre-
caution against it would of course be the same as in
E. Veterinorum.

§ 77. This is the hydatid that produces those hor-
rible diseases amongst the Icelanders. Dr. Schle issuer

64 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

found in some parts of the island, on an average, two
or three members of each family infested, and Dr.
Thorstensen says that about every seventh, man in
Iceland has this disease. It is found there in the
liver, the lungs, kidneys, scrotum, spleen, ovaries,
breasts, bones, etc., and often reaches the size of a
child's head..

§ 78. Observations on Echinococcus hominis in
the United States. — One or all the cases of Prof.
Leidy (§75) might belong here. In the extracts from
the records of the Boston Society for Medical Im-
provement I find, under Sept. 28, 1857, a case of
Echinococcus in the lungs reported by Dr. Ellis. This
hydatid was one inch long. " Concentric corpus-
cules " are mentioned as swimming in the fluid of
the bladder. Are these the secondary bladders with
tertiary ones inside ? If this be the case, this Echino-
coccus was E. hominis. Other cases of Echinococcus
of man, mentioned in different medical journals of
this country, I am at a loss to refer to either of the
two species, for want of accurate data.

V. Cysticercus acanthotrias, Weinland.

§ 79. In Prof. J. B. S. Jackson's Catalogue of the
Collection of the Boston Medical Improvement Soci-
ety, we read, under No. 904: "A Cysticercus cellulose,
from a woman about fifty years of age, who died of
phthisis, a dissecting-room subject at Richmond, Va.
About a dozen or fifteen of the cysts were found in
the cellular membrane of the muscles and in the
integuments, besides one which hung free from the
inner surface of the dura mater near the crista galli.
In the same subject there were also numerous speci-

DIFFERENT SPEC f I'.s.

65

mens of Trichina spiralis." From Dr. Jeffries Wy-
man, 1845.

By a careful mi-
croscopic investiga-
tion of this worm, I
found, to my aston-
ishment, not two,
but three rows of
hooks on the pro-
boscis, though the
typical shape of the
hooks is in general
the same as in Tae-
nia solium of man,
in T. crassicollis of
the cat, and in T.
serrata of the dog, which have only two rows. From
a systematic review of the family of Tsenioids (see
§ 68, note), we are inclined to consider this as a gener-
ic character, and Ave base upon it a new genus, Acan-
thotrias, derived from a/cavOa, hook, and rpeU, three.
This genus comes next to the genuine Ta?nias, as the
latter genus is defined in the place just referred to.

There are fourteen hooks to each of the three rows, and the hooks
of the different rows are different in size and shape. The row of
largest hooks (see Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. 1) is the innermost, when
the muzzle is stretched out ; these resemble the large ones of the
true Tamias ; their total length is 0.153 millim., the length of their
foot, as I call that part which, being inservient to a firm hold, is
buried in the tissue of the muzzle, is 0.090 millim. The hooks

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11. Head of Cyslicercus acanthotrias, Weinland. About fifty times mag-
nified. Seen from above. The head is flattened by the pressure of the covering
glass, in order to show the four suckers ( S ), and the threefold crown of booklets in
the middle. The dark spot in the centre is not a hole, but merely a pit. a. Lime-
globules. See under § 22.
9

66

HUMAN CESTOIDES.

Fig. 12.
the foot only 0.030 millim

of the next or second row (Fig. 12. 2), standing between those of

the first row, and projecting Avith
their thorns (that is, the free part
of the hooks) a little beyond the
thorns of the former, are a good deal
smaller, but of the same general
shape; their total length is 0.114
millim., and the length of their foot
0.063 millim. The hooks of the
third row (Fig. 12. 3), lying out-
ermost, yet between the two for-
mer rows, are far the smallest, their
thorns are more curved, and their
feet are much shorter ; their length
is 0.063 millim., and the length of
The calcareous bodies in the skin
of the worm (Fig. 11, a) measure 0.003 to 0.009 millim. The
length of the whole Cysticercus is about 10 millim., without the
bladder, which latter is of about the same size as in C. celluloses.
The suckers of the head are visible to the naked eye. The neck is
irregularly scalloped close to the head ; at a distance of 5 millim.
from the head the worm grows suddenly broader, and there are dis-
tinct folds running transversely over the worm, dividing this part
into distinct joints. To this broader part is attached the bladder,
by a narrow bridge. The cystes which contain this Cysticercus have
exactly the same appearance as those of Cysticercus celluloses; look-
ing somewhat like white beans, they lie along the fibres in the mus-
cles, splitting them in such a manner as to make a gap before and
behind the cyst, which is filled out with yellow fat. We hope to pub-
lish in another place drawings further illustrating this Cysticercus.

This hydatid came from a white woman. In the
first public notice which was given of this worm,
in the Boston Society of Natural History (October,

Fig. 12. Hooklets of Cysticercus acanthotrias. 350 times magnified. 1. A hook-
let of the innermost row. From a to b, Thorn of the hooklet ; this part bores
into the walls of the intestine, when the worm attaches itself. From b to c, Foot of
the hooklet, which lies in the muscular tissue of the muzzle of the worm. 2. A
hooklet of the middle row. 3. A hooklet of the outermost row. The short and
thick foot of these latter hooklets is characteristic of the genus Acanthotrias.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 67

1857), it was loft doubtful whether she was a white
or a negro. Afterwards Dr. J. "Wyman found a note
in his diary relating to it, which enabled him to state
with certainty that it was from a white person. We
would earnestly suggest that Virginian and other
Southern physicians should keep a look-out especially
for the mature tapeworm (now unknown) of this in-
teresting hydatid, which may live in the intestine of
man, or perhaps in that of the dog.

§ 80. All human Cestoidea known up to the pres-
ent day have been mentioned in the foregoing pa-
ges. Evidently we know those of a few nations of
men only, and an extensive and interesting field is
here open for the physician, naturalist, and ethnolo-
gist ; particularly in this vast country, where so many
nations meet.

The materials which have been subject to our ob-
servation, though furnishing some new and important
data, were far too few to bring the investigation of the
human Cestoidea of the United States to a close. I
am free to say, that all that has been published by
Prof. Joseph Leidy and by myself on this subject is
hardly more than a commencement, when compared
with what has been done in this respect in Europe,
where Goeze, Zeder, Bloch, Pallas, Bremser, and es-
pecially Rudolphi, had laid the foundation of hel-
minthology at the latter part of the last and the begin-
ning of this century, and where many of the ablest
observers of our day, as J. Miiller, Yon Siebold,
Owen, Eschricht, Dujardin, Delle Chiaje, Nordmann,
Van • Beneden, Leuckart, Stein, Meissner, Wagener,
Huxley, Blanchard, Kuchenmeister, Gurlt, Diesing,
Luschka, De Filippi, De la Valette, etc. have spent

68 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

years of time and labor in difficult helminthological
researches.

I here call upon the physicians of America to keep a look-out for
these human Helminthes, and particularly for the Cestoids, which are
the least known of all ; to investigate their head especially, to meas-
ure the hooks and eggs accurately with the micrometer, and to de-
scribe the uterus of the mature worms, as long as they are fresh.
Should any one have no good microscope at hand, or other means of
investigation, I would beg of him the use of his specimens, rather
than that they should go unexamined. I would also particularly
solicit specimens of hydatids, not only those from man, but also
those from domesticated animals, as hogs, sheep, cattle, and rabbits,
because some of the Cestoids of these animals are genetically con-
nected with those of man, as is manifest from the foregoing pages.
It is important, in an ethnological point of view, that the physicians
in the South should pay some attention to the Helminthes of the
Negroes ; those in the North and West, to those of the Indians ; and
those in California, to those of the Chinese. I would also especially
apply to the physicians and surgeons in the United States Navy and
Army, of whose exertions in behalf of medical science the author
had ten years ago heard in the lecture-rooms of a German univer-
sity, to make observations in this respect, and to collect specimens,
with accurate labels as to place, person, time, etc.

All Helminthes may be preserved in alcohol of fifty per cent ; but
the alcohol ought to be changed at least once.

Any specimens received for investigation, I pledge myself to re-
turn, if it is desired, or to send them to whatever public collection
the donor may wish.

CHAPTER IV.

PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY OF HUMAN TAPEWORMS.

§ 81. We have mentioned already, in the preceding
pages, many facts which bear upon the subject of this
chapter. The protection from these parasites, and the
places in the human body where they are to be ex-
pected, are evident from the natural history and devel-
opment of each species, as given in the three forego-
ing chapters, and particularly in the last. Thus it
remains only to speak of the pathological symptoms,
and of the therapeutic treatment of persons who are
infested with these parasites.

Pathology and Therapy of Hydatids.

§ 82. We must necessarily be short in respect to
the hydatids, or larvae of tapeworms, which are found
in man, little of importance being known in regard to
their cure.

§ 83. The Cysticercus celluloses has been observed
a number of times in the subcutaneous areolar tissue
of man, in various muscles, in the heart, and, more-
over, in the eye and in the brain. In the first-named
locality, as well as in the muscles, it is not much to
be feared, if the number is not excessively large ; in
the muscle of the heart, however, it may lead to the
formation of aneurisms, and to death in consequence.
In the eye, where we once saw it ourselves, in a Prus-

70 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

sian mechanic, it produces temporary inflammation
and loss of sight. In the brain it may lead to the
formation of tubercles, or, by pressure, to other dan-
gerous symptoms, and finally to death.* The cure is
in most cases difficult, often impossible. The admin-
istration of vermifuges internally has failed ; the rem-
edies which are sure to kill or drive off the ripe tape-
worms, which live in the intestine, have no influence
on these hydatids.^ The only therapeutic treatment,
therefore, consists in a removal of these hydatids by
the knife, or, if this be impracticable, in a puncture
of the bladder with the needle, in order to kill the
worm, either by bereaving it of its nutritive fluid,
contained in its bladder, or by producing an inflam-
mation in the cyst by which the hydatid is enveloped ;
for an inflammation of those parts of the human body
which immediately surround the hydatid seems al-
ways to be fatal to the parasite. In hogs and other
animals, such hydatids are not rarely found dead,
their body changed into a calcareous mass, their tail-
bladder shrunk and dried, but the different parts
showing yet by their outlines the former Helminth.

§ 84. What was said in the foregoing paragraph in
reference to the symptoms caused by Cysticercus cel-
lulose, holds good for the other hydatids which are

* Brera (Verminous Diseases, p. 41) gives a full description of such a
case, with a good figure of the diseased brain on PI. III., and another, less
exact, of the hydatid, PI. II. Fig. 9. Ludwig (De Hydrope Cerebri Puero-
runi) says that, in Hydrocephalus interring of children, hydatids are often
found in the brain.

I The fact that the wild boar, which is very fond of ferns, is hardly ever
found measly, might lead to the theory that the ferns prevent the formation
of these hydatids (measles) ; but we should rather think that the wild boar
is less affected with measles because its chances of getting the eggs of the
human tapeworm are very rare.

PATHOLOGY AND THEEAPY. 71

found in man; not only for Cysticercus acanthotrias
and tenuicollis, but also for the two species of Echi-
nococcus. The only difference is, that the consid-
erable size of the three latter may endanger the
neighboring organs by pressure more than Cysticercus
celluloses. Thus Cysticercus tenuicollis, living in the
mesentery, the liver, etc., might produce dropsy in the
abdomen. We must, in general, remark, that the
symptoms necessarily vary very much, according to
the locality in which the parasite is placed, and that
probably all the evil effects are to be attributed to
the mechanical pressure of the hydatid bladder upon
the neighboring organs, particularly upon the blood-
vessels and nerves. Consequently the symptoms are
the same as those arising from common tumors, for
which we can refer to any hand-book on Pathology.
The motions of these parasites seem to be very limit-
ed, and not sufficient to produce inflammatory symp-
toms.

As to the remedies against Cysticercus tenuicollis
and acanthotrias, we can only repeat what has been
said above (§ 83) in relation to Cysticercus celluloses.
In reference to Echinococcus hominis, which seems to
be the most frequent hydatid in man (see §§ 76, 77),
we have to add, that the Echinococcus bladder, while
in its place in the human body, often bursts (whether
by external mechanical pressure or by its nature we
are at a loss to decide), and thus pours out its serous
fluid with hundreds of hydatids, or scolices (see § 76).
Often the bladder is lodged so superficially as to dis-
charge its contents immediately outwards through
an artificial hole in the integuments of the body, a
partial absorption of these latter having taken place

72 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

by the constant pressure of the bladder from the in-
side. But in most cases the Echinococcus is lodged
deeper in the human body, particularly in the abdo-
men. Yet even then they may be discharged, and per-
fect recovery of the patient may follow. Scolices
coming from an Echinococcus bladder lodged in the
lungs, will be coughed up when the bladder bursts ;
from a bladder seated in the liver or in the walls of the
intestines, scolices may come off with the evacuations ;
from an Echinococcus seated in the kidneys or in the
walls of the urinary bladder, they may be discharged
with the urine ; * from one settled in the walls of the
uterus, they may come off through the vagina. Even
in cases where the Echinococcus is not settled in the
organ itself which is connected with a natural passage
outwards, as those mentioned above, but only near it,
the discharge may yet be effected through those natural
ways by the intervention of artificial passages, which
are formed by pressure, and consequent absorption, of
the intervening organs. The discharge of the scoli-
ces is generally followed by recovery of the patient ;
and there can be hardly any question that the bladder
cannot originate new scolices after it has once burst.

From the natural history of these hydatids, as given
above, it would appear well always to destroy, by fire
or alcohol, the hydatids which have been removed,
in order to prevent their further development into
mature tapeworms.

* Here also probably belongs the Cysticercus vesica hominis, Creplin,
described in Joh. Midler's Archiv, Jahrgang 1840, p. 149. A girl in
Pommern (Prussia), twenty- two years of age, discharged every fifth or
sixth day, under symptoms of strangury, large numbers of these hydatids
from the bladder.

PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY. 73

Pathology and Therapy of mature Tapeworms.

§ 85. The evil effects produced by the presence of
Taenia nana, or of Hymenolepis flavopunctata, in the
human intestine, amount probably to little or nothing,
provided that these small tapeworms have not settled
there in very large numbers. And as to the large spe-
cies described above, it is now the prevailing opinion
of the best authors, that the danger threatened from
these parasites has been generally much exaggerated.
Man may enjoy perfect health through a number of
years, with a tapeworm in the intestines. "We have
ourselves known one case of this kind, in our neigh-
borhood, the person being a butcher. The Abyssini-
ans even consider it as a sure sign of health to be the
bearer of a tapeworm, and a negro slave among them
is valued higher for it.* Individuals of a chlorotic

* We cannot help protesting, in the name of the true physicians, against
the term Verminous Disease, when applied to every case of Helminthes in
man or animals. There are Helminthes which seem to be natural to cer-
tain animals, and do not interfere in the least with their health ; e. g. the
Ascaris lumbricoides of man, when not in excessive quantity ; also, the Echi-
norhynchus gigas in the hog, the Schisiocephalus dimorphus (a tapeworm) in
the stickleback, and hosts of others. This Scliistocephahis I found at one
time in eighty per cent of the sticklebacks of a small pond in the neighbor-
hood of Berlin. This worm is extremely large for so small a fish, distending
the belly of the latter to such an extent, that it can be ascertained without
dissecting the fish whether it contains the Helminth or not. Yet these fishes
were all perfectly healthy, at least — what seems to be a sign of their
health — they were just then zealously occupied in propagating their
species.

We copy, as a curiosity, the following note from the work of Brera, who,
though he had studied in Berlin with the celebrated helminthologist, Bloch,
yet holds — against the opinion of his teacher — that as a general rule
Helminthes, as such, are a disease. "The best practitioners have demon-
strated as extravagant the opinion of those American physicians who have
pretended that a small number of worms might be beneficial to the health
10

74 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

disposition, says Kuchenmeister (whom we consider
as the best authority in this chapter), will, if they
chance to be afflicted with the tapeworm, suffer from
it more than any others ; and the symptoms which
are so generally ascribed to these parasites are, ac-
cording to this experienced physician, mainly the
symptoms of chlorotic diseases, augmented by the
large consumption of food on the part of the worm.
It is with this restricting consideration that we must
view the following tabula given by Seeger Wundt,
and quoted also as the most complete in Ktichen-
meister's Parasites of Man. Of a hundred men who
were afflicted with the tapeworm, there were sixty-
eight suffering from cerebro-spinal affections, and par-
tial or general convulsions (for example, epilepsy,
hysteria, melancholy, hypochondria, abdominal spasms,
dyspnoea, convulsive and short coughing), which may
even rise to maniacal attacks and mental weakness ;
forty-nine from nausea, even with vomiting and faint-
ing ; forty-two from various pains in the abdomen ;
thirty-three from disordered digestion and irregular
evacuations ; thirty-one from irregular appetite and
voracity ; nineteen from periodical or habitual head-
ache, usually on one side; seventeen from sudden
colic ; sixteen from undulatory movements in the
abdomen up to the chest; fifteen from dizziness or
illusions of the senses and defects in the speech ; and

of children ; according to their opinion, these worms may be intended by
provident Nature to consume the superabundance of nutritious substances
in the bodies of children. The want of worms, according to these physi-
cians, would be a state of disease ; in truth, they have not omitted to speak,
in the nosology of that part of the world, of this particular class of com-
plaints. What extravagance of human understanding ! exclaims Wei-
kard," etc. — Verminous Diseases, p. 137.

PATHOLOGY AM) THZBAFY. 1~>

eleven from shifting pains in various parts of the
body.*

In spite of this long catalogue of symptoms, it is
not from them alone that we can infer the sure pies*
ence of the tapeworm; but they serve to make the
physician suspect that parasite, and seek the only
sure sign of it, namely, the discharge of proglottides
with the feces ; and since this occurs only periodi-
cally, the patient must be watchful for at least several
months.

Remedies against Tapeworms.

§ 86. Of remedies against the small tapeworms,
Tcenia nana and Hgmenolepis flavopunctata, we know
nothing. They would probably also yield to the fol-
lowing remedies against the large tapeworms, Tcenia
solium, Tcenia mediocanellata, and Bothriocephalic
latus.

§ 87. Bothriocephalus latus is the least difficult to
expel, the most difficult, according to Kiichenmeis-
ter, being Tcenia mediocanellata. We pass over in
silence the whole list of antiquated drugs, and men-
tion only those few remedies which have stood the
trial of modern experiments. We cannot do better
here than follow Kuchenmeister's most recent work,
" The Parasites of Man," second edition ; and we use
mostly the English translation by Lankester, since

* " The complexion becomes livid. In other cases, according to Hip-
pocrates, speech fails. Dr. Wagler mentions a }'Oung man, troubled with
Tcenia cucurhilina (== solium'), 'who became uneasy whenever he heard
music, and was obliged to retire. Goeze also speaks of several persons
having Taenia, on whom music produced disagreeable sensations. In fine,
these patients generally find themselves ill at ease in church as soon as the
organ is touched." — Brera, Verminous Diseases, p. 147.

76 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

the German original of the second edition has not yet
reached us.

§ 88. I. Tin (Stannum). — The best method of ad-
ministering is that of Dupuis, with the single excep-
tion, that, instead of the irritating tin filings, tin chem-
ically precipitated is used, as Becker first proposed.
Without any preliminary treatment, the patient takes,
early in the morning, a powder of Stanni prcecipitati
9ss., Acidi Tannici puri, Gambogice, aa gr. v., and Elce-
osacchari* Cajuputi, gr. ii. ss., and another after an
interval of half an hour ; and after each dose drinks
two cups of black coffee. In two hours the worm
passes off, usually with colicky pains ; immediately
after which strong black coffee is given. As to the
subsequent treatment, a tincture of iron may be ad-
ministered. This remedy is to be recommended in
doubtful cases ; it is, however, difficult to obtain in
the shops. " But," says Kuchenmeister, " I once for
all protest against the administration of tin filings,
and I believe that no one can have much pleasure in
giving this remedy who has seen the ecchymotic irri-
tation of the intestine after its administration to living:
animals, and heard them whining or seen them twist-
ing about during life. Recently I have twice made
use of tin, prepared by precipitation from chloride of
tin, in an extremely fine divided powder, by making
it into an electuary with honey, a little Extractum
Eunices Granati, Ecetractum Filicis maris JEthereum.

* EkeosaccMrum is a very convenient formula of the German pharmaco-
poeia. An Ekcosaccharum consists of Sacchari albi § i. and of Guttce xxiv.
of the essential oil prescribed. E. g. Elceosaccharum Cajuputi is, —
R Sacchari albi § i.

Olei Cajuputi Guttas xxiv.

PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY. Tj

and Ganibogia or Jalapa. Even young and weakly
children support this remedy very well. On one occa-
sion the entire worm passed, dead, on the second day.
In the other case, in an adult, several yards passed
after the administration of the remedy, but the re-
mainder of the worm was only expelled by my ordi-
nary mixture (see § 94). The remedy is uncertain,
and only to be recommended for children and individ-
uals who are much reduced."

§89. II. Oil of Turpentine. — R Olei Terchiuthi-
nce §i. ; Vitellos Oyiduos; Sacchari albi §ss. Misce.
S. To be given in the morning, fasting. During the
two days previous to the administration, let the pa-
tient take, three times a day, a soup of boiled water
and toasted wheat bread, in small portions. If the
worm should not go off the day the remedy is given,
repeat it the next day.

This remedy has been tried and found successful
against Tcenia solium, Taenia mediocanellata, and Bo-
thriocephalic latus. The worm generally leaves at
once, and unbroken. Kuchenmeister says : " Taking
everything into account, I think it best to administer
this medicine at bed-time, as Thompson recommends,
and in a dose of §i., but triturated with gi. of castor-
oil, or 1-2 drops of Croton-oil, 2-3 yolks of eggs,
and § i. of honey ; and to give it in 2-3 portions, in
the course of 1 - 1-J hours. For children, half the
quantity. Thus given, it is certainly one of the most
energetic remedies against tapeworm, and justly mer-
its application in those cases in which pomegranate-
root has produced no result."

§ 90. III. Kousso. — This is the dried and pow-
dered flowers of an Abyssinian plant. Bray era anthel-

78 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

mtnthica, belonging to the family Cucurbitacece ; it is
often adulterated, and has narcotic properties. This
remedy generally works well, but, according to Kii-
chenmeister, expels the worm in many fragments.
Raimann, of Vienna, gives the following prescription.
Six drachms of Kousso are steeped for twenty-four
hours in cold water ; then the latter is boiled with
the flowers in it. The whole is to be given, in two
portions, early in the morning, fasting; and, a few
hours afterwards, some Oleum Ricini. Kuchenmeis-
ter says, " For my own part, I have always been more
or less unlucky with this remedy " ; and it seems, in-
deed, as if the novelty had favored its reception more
than its intrinsic advantages over other and older
remedies.

§ 91. IV. Pumpkin-Seed. — The seed of the com-
mon Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, L.), belonging to the
same family as Kousso, seems to have the same proper-
ties as an anthelmintic. I know of a number of cases
in Massachusetts where it has proved quite successful
against Taenia solium, L. The preparation of this
drug is the same as in Kousso, over which it certainly
has the advantage of being cheaper, and more easily
obtained in a fresh condition.

§ 92. V. Male Fern. — Radix Filicis maris is the
root [rliizoma) of a common European fern (Aspi-
dium Filix mas). The root ought to be either fresh,
or collected in the fall and dried in the shade. It is
administered either as a decoction, or the root itself is
powdered, or else — and this is probably the most to
be recommended — in an ethereal extract. Kiichen-
meister recommends the latter, together with the
powder. The root in shops is often old, and then

PATHOLOGY AM) 'JUKKA I' Y. 7')

useless, the working matter in it being a volatile
(ethereal) oil, termed Filicin, which easily evapoi
Administered as a powder, the method of Blossfeld
and llapp seems to be most commended: "On the
previous evening a thick paste of bread and milk. In
the morning, §i. Pulveris Radicis Filicis maris is
given every hour, in an ounce and a half of nutmeg-
tea. After six or eight doses, the worm is expelled."
Rapp gives as a caution, that the root should be
always fresh, and 3vi. - Si. of it administered in one
dose.

On the combination of this remedy with pomegran-
ate, see below, § 94.

§ 93. VI. Panna. — This modern and somewhat
fashionable remedy is probably nothing but the root
of a South- African fern, also a species of Aspidium
(A. adamantmum., Kunze). It has no advantage
whatever over the European male fern, though it is
of course much more costly.

§ 94. VII. Pomegranate-Bark. — The bark of the
root and trunk of Punica Granatum, a tree of South-
ern Europe, and planted in the East and West Indies,
was known as an energetic vermifuge even before the
time of Christ. The bark of the root is more active
than that of the trunk. Formerly, the decoction was
generally used, but the extract is to be preferred.
The best method of preparing this is as follows :
R Cortkis lev iter contusi Radio is Punka Granati 5iv.,
maceretur per horas xxiv. cum Aqua distillata lb \., post-
hac coqiie in leni colore per horas xii. ad remanetitiam
§vi. Cola. S. To be taken in 3-4 doses, at intervals
of from half an hour to an hour. Usually the fresh
bark itself acts as an aperient. The dried bark needs

80 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

the addition of purgatives. Kiichenmeister prefers
for this purpose the neutral salts and the true dras-
tics, such as jalaps, to the oils. He says: "As to my-
self, I prefer the Extractum Padicis Punicce Granati,
prepared according to the prescription above given,
to all other remedies against tapeworm with which
I am acquainted. The cases scattered through med-
ical literature, and my own experience, have shown
me that Kousso loses much of its value, because the
worms are expelled so much broken in the region of
the neck ; while in almost every case of expulsion ef-
fected by the pomegranate-bark we find it stated, that
the worm was passed in one piece with the head;
or, that the entire worm passed unbroken, and in a
single coil."

Kiichenmeister uses also a Combined Method of
Pomegranate-Bark and Male Fern. This mode was
first introduced by Stabsarzt von Klein, of Stuttgart.
He says : " I combine the aqueous extract of Pome-
granate-bark, prepared as above, with Extractum Fili-
cis maris JEthereum, in the following manner : R Ex-
tracti Padicis Punicce Granati aquosi, quantum adejp-
tus es ex radicis § iv. - vi. Solve in Aquce distillates
fervidce gvi.-viii. Adde Extracti Filicis maris JEthe-
rei Bi. - 3ss. ; Gambogice gr. iv., vi., ad x. Misce. S.
To be shaken. A teacupful to be taken in the morning,
fasting. A similar dose in three quarters of an hour.
The third is kept in reserve. If the worm should not
be expelled in an hour and a half after the second
dose, the last portion is also to be taken. I formerly
gave sulphate of soda ; now I administer immediately
Gambogia gr. iv. - vi., with good results. If vomiting
occur, a table-spoonful of the medicine is to be given
every ten minutes.

PATHOLOGY AND I lll.R M'V. 81

"To alleviate the tendency to vomit, the patient

should gargle, after every dose, with fresh milk, but
without swallowing any of it. Between the '1"
also, he may take as much Elaosacchari* Citri us will
lie on the point of a knife, as often as he likes. If no
evacuation takes place within three hours after the
first dose, and the worm has not been expelled, an
aperient is to be administered With Tcenia solium,
castor-oil is usually sufficient, 1-2 table-spoonfuls
every half-hour or hour; or, R Gamhogice gr. vi. - viii.;
Puheris Hadicis Jalapce gr. x. - xv. Misce. S. To
be taken at once.

" Subsequent treatment. — None, except tonics in
cases of great weakness.

" Preliminary treatment. — At the season of fresh
strawberries or grapes, I give half a pint of the fresh
fruit every morning, fasting, for 6-8 days, and the
evening before the remedy a herring salad, made from
Dutch herring, with vinegar, onions, raw and boiled
ham, and sweet oil ; after which the patient may
drink a large glass of light Rhenish wine, or a glass
of bitter beer. If the fresh fruit cannot be had, the
salad alone must suffice.

" In very obstinate cases of Tcenia mediocanellata, I
let the patient take as much of the ordinary Electuary
Lenitive (Confectio Semite) of the English Pharmaco-
poeia, with the addition of ExtracU Tanaceti n/h/a-
ris 5ii. to the ounce of electuary, as is necessary to
produce a couple of soft motions daily ; he then takes
the mixture, and not before. Fasting the night be-
fore the medicine is bad. The medicine does not

* Sec the note on page 76.
11

82 HUMAN CESTOIDES.

agree well with a perfectly empty stomach. For the
expulsion, of the Bothriocephalus, simple methods, with
Filial mas, and especially with its ethereal extract, are
sufficient. For the expulsion of Tcsnia solium, the
last-mentioned combined method of pomegranate-
bark with Eoctractum Filicis maris uEthereum is the
most advisable. This method is often sufficient even
with T. mediocanellata, especially when a calomel pow-
der is given afterwards as an aperient. In obstinate
cases, with one or more Tcsnia mediocanellata, the
method with turpentine, as recommended by Thomp-
son, is better than any other, except, perhaps, that em-
ployed by Becker, with tin precipitated by galvanism.
If the worms are half discharged, a cup of strong
black coffee, with plenty of sugar, is given immedi-
ately, and, if necessary, also an aperient of calomel
and jalap."

All the remedies from long fasting deserve to be
struck out of the resources of the medical art.

APPENDIX.

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF ALL HELMINTIIKS
FOUND IN MAN.

[N. B. — All doubtful species are marked with a query (?), and all
those which are imperfectly known, with an asterisk (*).]

Class HELMINTHA, Hermann.

Order CESTOIDEA, Rudolphi. (Tapeworms.)

Family DIBOTHRIA, Diesing.

1. JBotliriocephalus latus, Bremser.

Broad Tapeworm. For the names in other languages, see under Taenia
solium, L.

Li the small intestine of man; common in Switzerland, in Russia,
occasionally found in France, hardly ever in Germany, England,
or Holland ; never as yet noticed in an American.

Family TtENIOIDEA, Diesixg.
Subfamily SCLEROLEPIDOTA, Weixlaxd.

2. Taenia solium, Linne.

Narrow Tapeworm. — Taipla, Aristotle ; *EX/luj/s 7rXareZa, Hippocrates :
Lumbricus laius, Plinius; Bandwurm, Nestelvmrm, in Gorman: Ver plat.
Solitaire, in French ; Llndworm, in Dutch ; Baandorm, Baendelorm, in
Danish ; Binnike-Mask, in Swedish ; Vermo solitario, in Italian ; Ling-ditg,
Tumale in Africa ; Kosso, in Abyssinia. All those popular names are used
for all large human Tapeworms.

84 HELMINTHES OF MAN.

In the small intestine of man ; not rare in the United States,
England, Germany, and Holland; also in Italy (Delle Chiaje and
Von Martens ) ; rarer in France. Obtained once by Prof. Leidy
from a Negro in Pennsylvania.

2 a. Cysticercus cellulosce, Rudolphi.

Hydatid, when found in man ; Measles, when found in the hog. Finne,
Blasenicurm, in German ; Cysticerque, in French.

Occasionally in the muscles, in the sub-cutaneous areolar tissue,
in the brain, and in the eyes of man ; frequently in the muscles of
the hog, where it is commonly termed Measles.

N. B. — It is the larva of Tcenia solium.

* 2 b. Tcenia solium, L. Varietas abietina, Weinland.

Obtained by Prof. L. Agassiz from a North-American (Chip-
pewa) Indian at Lake Superior. The specimen is preserved 'in the
Zoological Museum, Cambridge, Mass.

X 3. Tcenia, from the Cape of Good Hope.

First described by Kiichenmeister from a specimen coming from
a Hottentot at the Cape of Good Hope ; it is perhaps a variety or
monstrosity of Tcenia solium, L., or T. mediocanellata, Kuchen-
meister.

* 4. Tcenia mediocanellata, Kuchenmeistep.

Found recently by Kiichenmeister a number of times in Ger-
many. Once (?) observed in the United States, in a Mulatto.

5. Cysticercus tenuicollis, Rudolphi.

Found, occasionally, attached to the mesentery and liver of man ;
frequent in the same organs in oxen, horses, hogs, monkeys, etc.

N. B. — It is the larva of Tcenia e Cysticerco tenuicolli,* Kii-
CHENHEiSTER, Avhich lives in the small intestine of the dog.

* We keep this name, though formed against the generally adopted Lin-
nsean laws of nomenclature. A. Giinther (Handbuch der Medicinischen
Zoologie, Stuttgart, 1858, p. 218) proposed the name Tcenia tenuicollis in
its place, and we would have followed him if this name had not been ap-
plied long ago by Rudolphi to the Tasnia of the weasel.

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE. B6

6. JEchinococcus hominis, Rudolphi.

Jfi/dalid. J'Jii-i inriinu, in Oi-nn.-tn; Kr/dimfinjnr, in French.

In various organs of man, particularly in the liver and spleen ;
very common in Iceland.

N. B. — It contains the larva of an unknown species, most prob-
ably of the genus Echinococcifer.

7. Echinococcus Veterinorum, Hudolpiii.

Hydatid. Blasenwurm, in German ; Ecliinocoqun, in French.

Very rare in man ; rather common in the liver, lungs, and other
organs of oxen, sheep, goats, hogs, and monkey.-;. Contains the
larvae of Taenia echinococcus, Siebqld. which lives in its mature
state in the intestine of the dog.

8. Cysticercas acanthotrias, Weinland,

(Novum genus et species.)

Found once by Prof. Jeffries "Wyrnan in the muscles of a woman,
in Richmond, Virginia.

N. B. — It is the larva of an unknown species of tapeworm be-
longing to the new genus Acanthotrias, "NVeixlaxd. Specimen-;
are pi'eserved in the Collection of the Medical Improvement Soci-
ety, Boston, and in the Anatomical Museum, Cambridge.

* 9. Tainia nana, Von Siebold.

Diplacantlius nanus, Weinland.

Found once, in large numbers, in the intestine of an Egyptian, by
Dr. Bilharz.

Subfamily MALACOLEPIDOTA, TTeixlaxd.

* 10. Hymenolepis (Tania) fiavopunetata, Weinland.

(Novum genus et species.)

Obtained once, in considerable numbers, from an infant in Massa-
chusetts, by Dr. Ezx-a Palmer, Jr. The specimens are preserved in
the Collection of the Medical Improvement Society, Boston.

86 HELMINTHES OF MAN.

Order TREMATODA, Rudolphi. (Suckworms.)

Family MONOCOTYLEA, Dieslxg.
% 11. Monostoma lentis, Von Nordmann.

Found once by Juengken in the eye-lens of a man, in German)'.
Is perhaps Dicroccelium oculi liumani. See No. 15.

Family DISTOMACEA, Weinland.

12. Distoma hepaticum, Abilgaard.

" Fluke-Worm" Leberigel, ScJiafegel, Egelsclinecke, in German ; Douve,
in French ; Leverworm, Botton, in Dutch ; Faareflyndcr, Soucegler, in Dan-
ish ; Levermask, in Swedish ; Bisciuola, in Italian ; Serillas, Pajarillos, in
Spanish.

Has occasionally been met with in the gall-bladder and in the
bile-ducts of man. Common in those of sheep, oxen, and hogs ;
found also in hares and deer. The young of this (?) species found
once by Giesker in the sole of a woman's foot, in Zurich, Switzer-
land.

13. Dlcrocoelium lanceolatum, Dujardin.

Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis.

Occasionally found in the gall-bladder and in the bile-ducts of
man. Rather frequent in those of sheep, oxen, and hogs; also
occasionally met with in rats, hares, and deer.

14. Dlcrocoelium heterophil 'es,* Weinland.

Distoma Tieterophyes, Siebold.

Found twice, in great numbers, in the intestine of man, in Egypt,
by Dr. Bilharz.

* 15. Dicroccelium oculi humani, Weinland.

Distoma oculi liumani, Gescheidt.

Found once (four specimens) in Germany, by Gescheidt, in the
eye of a child, between the lens and its capsule.

* The species mentioned under Nos. 14 to 16 belong to the genus Di-
crocoilium, Dujardin, their intestinal canal being forked.

SYSTEMATIC < \TAI.O'.( E. 81

* 16. Dicroccelium Buskii, Weinland.

Disloma Buskii, Lankksi kk.

Fourteen specimens found by Mr. Busk, in the duodenum of a
Lascar, who died in the Seamen's Hospital in London.

Family GYKZECOPIIORA,* Weinland.

17. Schistosoma^ haematobium, Weinland.

Distoma hcematobium, Biliiakz.

Found very frequently in the veins of the liver and of the me-
sentery of Egyptians, first by Bilharz.

Family . i

? 18. Hexathyridium pinguicola, Treutler.

Found once in Germany, in a tubercle of the ovary of a woman,
by Dr. Treutler.

^ 19. Hexathy Helium venarum, Treutler.

Found once by Treutler, in Germany, in the venous blood of a
boy, coming from a wound in his thigh. Afterwards, twice by Delle
Chiaje, in Sicily, in the blood spit by hemoptysical patients.

Family ■ .

* 20. Tetrastomum renale, Delle Chiaje.

Found first by Lucarelli in the menstrual blood of a woman, and
afterwards by Delle Chiaje in the kidneys of the same woman, in
Sicily.

* Derived from yvi/fj, female, and (j)epa>, carry; the male carrying the
female in a tfanal situated on the belly.

f Derived from o-^tard?, divided, and cribpa, body ; the body of these
Trematodes being, as it were, divided for the two sexes, while all the rest
of this Order are hermaphrodites.

% Owing to the inaccurate description which we have of these singular
worms, mentioned under Nos. IS -20, we cannot characterize the families,
but we feel satisfied that they are not referable to any one now known.

88 HELMINTHES OF MAN.

Order NEMATOIDEA, Rudolphi. (Spindleworms.)
Family EUASCARIDEA, Diesing.
21. Ascaris lumbricoides, Linne.

" Maw-Worm." Spulwurm, in German ; Lombric, in French ; Ronde
Worm, Kinderenworm, in Dutch; Spolorm, Mermeske-Orm, in Danish;
Mennisko-Mask, Spolmask, in Swedish ; Verme tondo, Lombrico, in Italian ;
Lombric, in Spanish.

Common in the small intestine of man, in the United States ; in
all European nations (Diesing) ; in Mulattoes in Hayti (Weinland) ;
in Egyptians, Ethiopians (Bilharz). Common in the intestine of
the hog in the United States — Pennsylvania (Leidy), Massachu-
setts — and in Europe.

1 22. Ascaris alata, Bellingham.

Found once in the small intestine of a man, in Ireland, by Bel-
lingham.

Family OXYURIDEA, Weinland.

23. Oocyuris vermicularis, Zeder.

" Pinworm," Springwunn, Darmscliabe, in German ; Les Ascarides, in
French; Aarsmade, in Dutch; Smaa Spolorme, Bbrneorm, in Danish;
Barnmask, in Swedish.

Common in the rectum of man, particularly of children, in Amer-
icans ; in all European nations ; also in Egyptians. (According to
Leidy, the most common of all the parasitic worms in the Anglo-
American.)

Family STRONGYLOIDEA, Weinland.

24. Strongylus gigas, Rudolphi.

Palisade?nourm, in German.
* Has occasionally been found in the kidneys of man. In the kid-
neys of the Mustela family ; common in those of the North Amer-
ican mink {Mustela vison, Cuvier), Avhere they are found often in

SYSTI.U ATI'' r.\'l AJ/t'.li:. 80

large numbers in one kidney, and give rise to the formation of a
bone in its walls.

* 25. Strongylus long evag hiatus, Diesing.

Found once in Transylvania (Austria), by Dr. Fortaits, in con-
siderable numbers, in the lungs of a boy. This species belongs,

probably, to a genus different from the genuine Strongylus.

26. Ancylostoma duodenale, Dubixi.

In the duodenum of man. Not rare in Upper Italy, where ii was
first found and described by Dubini ; common in Egypt, according to
Pruncr, Bilharz, and Griesinger.

Family TRICHOTRACHELIDEA, Diesis;.

27. Trichoceplialus dispar, Rudolphi.

In the coecum and colon of man. Common in Germany, Ethio-
pia, Egypt; rare in Massachusetts. Not unfrequent in the children
of the Anglo-American, and also in the Negro, in Pennsylvania
(Leidy).

* 28. Trichina spiralis, Owen.

In cystes located in the voluntary muscles of man, in the United
States (Massachusetts, Virginia), in England, Scotland, Denmark,
and Germany. Found also in the muscles of the hog, by Prof.
Leidy, in Philadelphia. Perhaps the larva of Tricliocephalus dis-
par (No. 27), as Kiichenmeister suggested.

Family ACUARIA.

(Former name for Spiroptcra, in the Museum of Vienna.)

? 29. Spiroptera hominis, Rudolphi.

Found once in England by Burnet, in the urinary bladder of a
young woman ; afterwards by Brighton, in North America, also in
a woman. Is very doubtful. See Owen, Cyclopaedia of Anatomy
and Physiology, article Entozoa.
12

90 HELMINTHES OF MAN.

Family FILARIOIDEA, "Weixland.

* 30. Filar ia medinensis, Gmelin.

" Guinea- Worm." Medinawurm, Haarwurm, in German ; Dragonneau,
Ver de Guine'e, in French ; Huidworm, Beemvorm, Guineeische Draakje,
in Dutch ; Cidebrilla, in Spanish.

In the " subcutaneous areolar tissue of man ; rather common in
the tropical regions of the globe, particularly in Africa. Occasion-
ally found in seamen who have stopped in those regions.

* 31. Filaria oculi humani, Von Nordmann.

Found a few times in Germany, in the eye of a man, first by
Ammon, then by Juengken ; both times in lenses with cataract.

i

* 32. Filaria kominis bro?ichialis, Rudolphi.

Found once in Germany, by Treutler, in considerable numbers,
in the bronchial tubercles of a man Avho died from venereal ex-
haustion. This worm might be the Strongylus longevaginatus, Die-
sing (see No. 26).

Note 1. Pentastomum denticidatum, Zenker, found occasionally in
cystes in the liver of men, thus far only in Germany, — and P. constric-
tum, Siebold, found by Pruner and Bilharz in the liver of Negroes in
Egypt, — are not Helminthes, hut Crustacea.

Note 2. Dactylitis acideatus, Curling, found in great numbers in the
urine of a young girl, by Mr. Drake, and described by Curling in the
twenty-second volume of the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, is not a
Nematod, as that author thinks, but rather a true Annelid, near the fresh-
water womis, Chsetogaster or Nais, which it resembles by " the decided
annulation of the body, the dorsal vessel, the peristaltic movement of the
alimentary canal, and the chemical nature of the skin, and of the whole
worm in general, which decomposed in alcohol." Whether these worms re-
ally came from the urethra, seems to us questionable.

INDEX

Page

12

51, 65

89
27
53
89
88
29, 73
88
88

37
57-59

57, 58

58, 59

59, 83
83

75-82

9

83

Acanthocpphala,

Acanthotrias,

Acuaria,

Alternation of generation,

Alyselminthus,

Ancylostoma duodenale,

Ascaris alata,

Ascaris lumbricoides,

Popular names of,

Geographical distribution of,

Beef, measly,
Bothriocephalic latus,

Description of,

Embryology of,

Geographical distribution of,

Popular names of,

Remedies against,
Botkriocephalus punctatus,
Broad tapeworm,

Catalogue of all Helmmthes of

man, 83 - 90

Cercariens, 27

Cestoidea, 5

Chitin, 16

Chordacea, Order of, 28

Cvenurus, 20

Formation of, 23

Common tapeworm, 32

Cystica, 20

Cysticercus, figure of, 18

Cysticercus acanthotrias, 11, 64-67, 85

Description and Figures of, 65, 66

Cysticercus cellulosm, 19, 21, 60

Its occurrence in man, 35

Protection from, 37

Occurrence in the United States, 43

Symptoms and treatment of, 69, 70

Popular names of, 84

Cysticercus fasciolaris, 20

" piriformis, 21

Page

Cysticercus tenuicollis, 60, 61, 84

Symptoms and treatment of, 71

Occurrence of, 84

Cysticercus vesicas hominis, 72

Dactylius acideatus,
Dibothria, family of,
Dibothrium latum,
Dicroccelium Bushii,

" heterophyes,

" lanceolatum,
" oculi humani.
Dilepis,
Diplacanthus,
Distomacea,
Distoma Buskii,

" hamatobium,
" hepaticum,
Embryology of,
Popular names of,
Occurrence of,
Distoma heterophils,
" lanceolatum,
" oculi humani.

48,

90
83

57
87
86
86
86
52
52, 85
86
87
87
86
26
86
86
86
86
86

Echinococcifer, 52, 61

Echinococcus, 19, 52

Formation of, 23, 24

Symptoms from, 71

Treatment of, 71, 72

Echinococcus altricipariais. 63

" granulosus, t">2

" hominis, 63, 64

Description of, 63

Occurrence in Iceland, 63, 64

" in the United States, ' 64

Popular names of, SS

Echinococcus polymorphus, 62

" scolicipariens, 61

" Vetermoi'um, 61 -03. 85

Description of, 61, 62

Embryology of, 62

92

INDEX.

Echinorhynchus,

gigas,
Egyptian tapeworm,
Embryology of Cestoidea,
" of Chordacea,

of hairworms,
" of Nematoidea,'

of spindleworms,
of suckworms,
of tapeworms,
of Trematoda,
Embryos, wandering of,
Entozoa,
Euascaridea,

Filaria liominis bronchialis,

" medinensis,

" oculi humani,
Filarioidea,
Filix mas (remedy),
Fluke-worm,

Guinea-worm,
Gyncecophora,

Hairworms,
Halysis genettce,
Helminth,

Helminthes, natural to animals,
" catalogue of the hu-

man,
Hexathyridium pinguicola,

" venarum,

Horsehair- worm,
Hottentot tapeworm,
Hydatid of Taenia solium,
Hydatids,

Treatment of,
Hymenolepis flavopunctata,

Description of,

Embryology of,

17-

12

73

48

•30

28

28

29

29

26

17-30

26

24, 25

1

83-90

87

87

28

45

21,34-38

18

70, 71

49 - 57, 85

49-56

56, 57

43
1

77

52

52
85

Indian tapeworm,
Intestinal worms,

Kousso (remedy),

Lepidotrias,

Malacolepidota,

" of man,

Male fern (remedy), 78

Maw-worm, 88

Measles, 18, 21, 34
" in the mesentery of the

hare, 37

Measly pork, 18,35-37

" beef, 37
Medusa:, comparison of the, with

tapeworms, 8

Monocotylea, 86

Monostoma lentis, 86

Narrow tapeworm. See Taenia

solium.
Nematoidea, of man, 88 - 90

Oil of turpentine, 77

Oleum Terebinthino?, 77

Oxyuridea, 8,8

Oxyuris vermicular is, 88

Popular names of, 88

Occurrence of, 88

Panna (remedy),

Pathology and therapy

of hydatids, 69 •

of mature tapeworms, 73-

Pentastomum constrictum,
" denticulatum,

Pinworm,

Polycephalus hominis,

Pomegranate-bark, 79 -

Proboscis,

Proglottis,

Proteocephalus,

Psychical organs of Cestoids,

Pumpkin-seed (remedy),

Remedies against tapeworm, 75 - 82

Kousso, 77

Male fern, 78

Oil of turpentine, 77

Panna, 79

Pomegranate-bark, 79

Pumpkin-seed, 78

Tin, 76

Rostellum, 12

79

82
90
90
88
52
82
11
8
53
10
78

Salt-pork, measly,
Schistocephalus dimorphus,
Schistosoma Itcematobium,
Sclerolepidota,
Scolex,

Formation of,
Smoked pork, measly,
Spiroptera hominis,
Spontaneous generation,
Slannum (remedy),
Strongyloidea,
Strongylus gigas,

Popular names of,

Occurrence of,
Strongylus longevaginatus,
Suckworms,

Embryology of,

36

26, 73

87

51, 83-85

7

22, 23

36

89

2,3

76

89

26

Tamia, genus, in a limited sense, 51

Tcenia ambigua, 53

" angulata, 52

" comurus, 21, 51

" crassiceps, 51

" crassicollis, 20, 51

" crateriformis, 52

INDEX.

Taenia cucumerina, 6, 8, 5.3

" cucurbitina, 75

" dispar, 53

" Echinoeoccus, 40,01,02

" cxpansa, 5

" jMccillis, 53
" from the Cape of Good

Hope, 45, 84
" intermedia, 51
" lanceofatcti 52
" lata, 57
" marginata, 7
Embryology of, 60
" mediocanellata, 45-48,51,84
" megastoma, 53
" microstoma, 52, 56
" murina, 52, 56
" nana, 48, 52, 85
" nasuta, 52
" pistillum, 52
" plica ta, 5
" porosa, 52
" purpurata, 52
" rugosa, 53
" scalaris, 52, 55
" scutigera, 52, 56
" serpentulus. 52
" >serrata, 51
Embryology of, 21
" sinuosa, 52
" solium, 32-45
Description of, 33, 34
Embryology of, 34
Figure of, 40
Geographical distribu-
tion of, 83
Length of, 33
Occurrence in the Unit-
ed States of, 38, 39
Popular names of, 83
Protection from, 35
Protection from the lar-
va of, 37
Specimens of, without

hooks, 40-43

Varietas abietina, 43, 44, 84

Tamia tenella, 56

" tcnuicollis, 51

" tiara, . 52, 56

" undulata, 52

Tceniarhynchu .

40

Doubts about tbi-; genus,

40, 4 7

Tsenioids, classification of,

" of man,

" of monki

Tapeworms,

Age of,

9, 10

Difficulty of expelling,

9. 10

Eggs of,

15, 10

Embryo of,

17, 24, 25

Embryology of,

17 -30

Female organs of,

15

Habitat of,

5,6

Head of,

6

Hooks of,

11

Individuals of,

•

Joints of,

7

Length of,

7

Lime-globules in,

12

Male organs of,

14, 15

Maturity of,

7

Motion of,

12

Neck of,

6

Nervous system of,

10, 11

Nutritive system of,

13, 14

Organization of,

10-16

Polymorphism of,

8, 9

Proboscis of,

11

Proglottides of,

8. 9

Psychical organs of,

10-13

Remedies against,

75-^2

Reproductive organs of,

14, 15

Rostellum of,

12

Size of,

5

Skin of,

10

Somatic organs of,

13

Suckers of,

11

Sure sign of its presence,

75

Symptoms from,

73, 74

Tetrarhynchus,

12

Tetrastomum renale,

87

Tin (remedy),

76

Trematoda, embryology of,

26

Triccnophorus,

51

Trichina spiralis,

S9

Triclioceplialus dispar,

89

Trichotrachclidca,

89

Turpentine, oil of (remedy),

77

Vermiuous disease,

THE END.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

From

f&artati JBrtitral Srijool,

Boylston St., Boston.

Fund.

Received

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