ee SCLC OC eh » <4Report 1788 — / HYDROMECHANICS Oo AERODYNAMICS O STRUCTURAL MECHANICS O APPLIED MATHEMATICS O Fy) 2 77 STICS AND 3RATION Kl ay | TO? | rrnw=—«1B—648 (Rev 1-64) | 16a HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS OF A RING-STIFFENED CYLINDER OF OVAL CROSS SECTION (MAJOR-TO-MINOR AXIS RATIO OF 1.5) by William P. Couch eo STRUCTURAL MECHANICS LABORATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT March 1964 Report 1788 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS OF A RING-STIFFENED CYLINDER OF OVAL CROSS SECTION (MAJOR-TO-MINOR AXIS RATIO QF 1.5) by William P. Couch March 1964 Report 1788 S-F013 03 02 TABLE OF CONTENTS DESCRIPTION OEM OD EES ie eisai ee sel eine a ate ev So RR Re IN SIRRUME NATO NVA D Rss S sun © © EDU RS HS essere eee tee ye eee EB SYS} Be 4) Ops) OF Ol ths renee eee tees tern clan eater ace aaaaaeMatenaaaad ssn sacteiccer Besa oer oesor ee eA ecole DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .............ceceecceeceeeeeseeseeseeee IBIGRSOW ONE JBI NSENG) IS] OBNEMNV G7, cobacooan cocnonancoR daa sqceedhaaeasensaceeceodedoanpoosooosenaceassebopobaboosEOHhOuS Bifect of MussiilelMub ese ce ements. 0) ceee Sets cence, tote OMe Reena HO Ee CompanisonyohMeasuredsstres Se S)swilthalih © Ory area esses aee nee eee eee ColllapSer Pressures reese tomas yeaa: mu atueied. na dseu ah i seas uaa ae Re Meets eeu tLe Ml heen ta CONGIGDUSTON Sie se sao oes ele ce eRe ate uso Du Real Py an iad a era vet Asada LIST OF FIGURES Bigures ey Detaillsrot Modell bi Cui envsuccstesvccssteuate. best oveeen ee cue sane en emeemucetetecemete ere sae Figure 2 — Formation of Models EC-1A and EC-1B from Model EC-1 Figure 3 — Location of Tubes in Model EC-1A Figure 4 — Structural Details of Tubes Incorporated in Model EC-1A................0000+: Figure 5 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Model EC-1 between Stations 6-1/2 and 7 ..........0.00. ice eeeeee etree Figure 6 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for End BaysvoliMod elu Gate 2k ie 8 ee ak Re eee Sees Figure 7 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Mockel INC, Biamioms Boil /B BinGl 70 ..cocosacssscoossssosnooneosecoodoreconsossscacpnsevoseseosconc0 Figure 8 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Model EC-1B, Frame 3 and Section A-A.............:.ccccccceccceeeeeeeenreteeetenereeseees Figure 9 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Mod C1UK ©C2alB SoBe roma Dies oe thas tetas tster eta ac tay sey a ba eta ease Caan eat Re Figure 10 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Mode] Caner ses MRIS cy SUT ao gee Sh ial les Sg oA Rl a eae Figure 11 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Model EC-1A, Missile Tube Gages ..........0...0..cceceecee ees eeeereseteeeenseeneeneees Figure 12 — Model EC-1A Showing Failure of the Missile Tubes .................0... Figure 13 — Model EC-1A Showing No Apparent Failure to Frame and) Shelll@Strule tur ebsrssry cack eet sale otesebde cea tsenat ven yasetas ainhajutdania dense damanene uacesetse IMieqne@ 4b <= Wola)! JO Ca18} BYAWeye: PENT IIWI).coosaccocns0oséeeado20s00deese9on9dpdspaBncoDseacnDeRHNGsAESsHAEeboosBACBAS Figure 15 — Comparison of Measured Midbay Stresses on Inside Surface of a Quadrant of Shell of Models EC-1 and EC-1B.................c:cccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeenees Figure 16 — Comparison of Measured Midbay Stresses on Outside Surface of a Quadrant of Shell of Models EC-1 and EC-1B...................ccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Figure 17 — Stress Distribution on Outside Surface of the Shell atcthe Major vAnis cavcvccccsgsecesy:ceze sa sence sodeuuesssuceckcc exec secsutecederceenenn econ Figure 18 — Stress Distribution on Inside Surface of the Shell atthe: MayorvAKiSi os. cereressescges. usiuos bears oases coer ssenoaan.aoreseeeeeossioae ener cea ili 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 Figure 19 — Stress Distribution on Outside Surface of the SUNIL HE UNS) WANTS ZAGAT Sip coocoosecusoncsooabodcosoqnaAsodnnagosedaccnbaDboadssedsovonodsgassvovooceGcu0 Figure 20 — Stress Distribution on Inside Surface of the SFT NCES YB NOTE! /A\54 Sconce opeduoednvadeishoosoqsaqonecseepsesnece¢aa9osos¢anavuoss506090050n00000009000 Figure 21 — Midbay Stress Distribution on Outside Surface of a Mache OF SIS coseccos00 ancaso0ode0asasse000ses9002esea9acesso0s0scse0opss9D¢bgononnaganoUaGeaqDINBNAR0 Figure 22 — Midbay Stress Distribution on Inside Surface of a CONEOIETNBIONE tel NIU sascaqaoe secsbostisaccecsactodoouccodeaascouuaedsboece6odu9¢edae-ocendoabodocvaasachpopoead: Figure 23 — Cireumferential Flange Stress for a Quadrant of Frame 7...................-. Figure 24 — Axial Membrane and Bending Stresses at the Major Axis ...........005 Figure 25 — Axial Membrane and Bending Stresses at the Minor Axis «0.0.0.0... Figure 26 — Axial Membrane and Bending Stresses at Midbay...............c ee LIST OF TABLES Table 1 — Comparison of Measured Stresses to Show Influence of JAN N@EG. STEVENS ococsoscsesoocosscoss0eceosooabes 00900300 os pasHoaboordaAREdotodEaoDEBBcaDEenECeNouuECoAGeoNS Table 2 — Comparison of Measured Stresses to Show Influence of I IRSISITI@. TETSOS) .nosecascsaocovs50n060 co 5asd0eudccconaanzonedacoboobapbapacsdcondeadasbuacuodsutaanadanadesoqonas0a9 1V 31 31 ABSTRACT Test results of a ring-stiffened oval cylinder indicate that the use of the local radius of curvature and dimensions of the oval cylinder in a solution for a ring-stiffened circular cylinder will not yield good predictions for the deformations and stresses. Based on the collapse strength of the models tested, it appears that an oval cylinder designed for deep-depth operation is a very inefficient structure compared to a circular ring-stiffened cylinder of the same weight-displacement ratio. Test results are compared with results obtained from a theoretical solution recently developed at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn for a ring- reinforced oval cylinder. The theory treats the case of a shell with uniform thickness; the model, however, was composed of two different shell thick- nesses. The theoretical results obtained by using the local shell thickness of the test cylinder in the computation showed good agreement with test re- sults for all circumferential stresses and for the axial bending stresses; the lack of agreement for the axial membrane stresses is attributed to using the local shell thickness in the calculations from a theory which is based on constant thickness. The critical stresses were found to be much higher for the ring- stiffened oval cylinder tested, than for those of an equivalent circular cylinder based on the same radius of curvature. It was also found that tubes or struts placed parallel to the minor axis of the oval cross section appreciably reduced the magnitude of the critical stresses. INTRODUCTION The structural research program of the David Taylor Model Basin includes investigations of new and untried pressure-hull configurations.! A ring-stiffened oval cylinder, for example, may possibly lend itself to a better arrangement of cargo, equipment, machinery, and personnel and accommodate more missile tubes than will conventional structures. Accordingly, a model of such a pressure hull was tested at the Model Basin to compare its structural response and efficiency with that of a ring-stiffened circular cylinder. The test results have provided aid in evaluating the theoretical analysis recently developed at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; in addition, they will assist in guiding future structural research on noncircular pressure hulls. Ipeferences are listed on page 9. Later tests with the ring-stiffened oval cylinder incorporated tubes parallel to the minor axis of the oval cross section to determine the effects of this type of structural discontinuity on the overall strength of the structure. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT The experimental studies conducted at the Model Basin are closely related to the ana- lytical efforts at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. These latter studies presently constitute a major part of the overall program on transverse strength of submarine structures which is being sponsored jointly by the Office of Naval Research (Code 439) and the Bureau of Ships (Code 442) at that Institute. A number of publications have already appeared which present the findings of the Polytechnic studies; Kempner” summarizes the results through 1961. It is of interest here to note the more significant results so that structural designers can better understand and appreciate the difference in behavior between circular and noncircular cylin- drical pressure hulls. The first problem amenable to mathematical solution, and one which could provide an insight into the mechanism of deformation of noncircular cylindrical pressure hulls, was that of the simply supported oval cylinder. The analysis developed by Romano and Kempner? indicated that for this case, the use of the local radius of curvature of the oval cross section in the well-known and proven formulas for circular cylinders* gives very good agreement in the stresses and deformations with the ‘‘exact’’ Fourier series solution developed in Reference 3. The results of the analysis of the simply supported oval shell also showed that even with a small eccentricity (ovality), the stresses in an oval shell differ significantly from those in a circular shell of equal length and weight. The next logical step in the development of adequate theory for the realistic interaction problem in the case of an oval cylinder stiffened with ring frames possessing finite elastic stiffness properties was to investigate the problem of the clamped oval shell. Vafakos, Romano, and Kempner have developed such an analysis,° and their results indicate that the stresses in an oval shell differ significantly from those in an axisymmetric circular shell of equal length and weight. Just as in the case of the simply supported shell, these investigators found that a simple equivalent circular cylinder solution based on the local radius of curvature concept yields good results for the deformations and stresses in a clamped oval shell. The maximum stress was shown to be an axial stress due principally to bending; it occurred at those points of the clamped edges which had the least curvature. The analysis for the ring-stiffened oval cylinder was obtained by the Polytechnic group by coupling the equation® for the noncircular shell of arbitrary edge conditions with expressions for the displacements and stresses in the oval ring® which is subjected to the interaction load between the ring and shell. In contrast to the simple analogy of the equivalent circular cylinder using the local radius of curvature concept for the simply supported and clamped oval shells of short length, no such simple solution can be hoped for in the case of the cylinder stiffened by elastic rings. The reason for this is that the deformation mechanism is one in which the transverse displace- ments are radially outward in the region of the major axis and radially inward in the region of the minor axis with respect to the initial undeformed cross section. The elastic-ring analysis indicates such behavior, and it is the development of extreme circumferential bending varying around the periphery which precludes the use of the equivalent cylinder with local radius of curvature concept to predict the deformations and stresses. This is contrary to the cases of the simply supported and clamped oval shells of very short length analysed at Brooklyn Poly- technic Institute in which the transverse displacements are all radially inward around the periphery of the oval cross section. The analytical results indicate that whereas the area of the stiffening rings plays the dominant role in the shell deformations of a stiffened circular cylinder, the inertia of the ring cross section is of paramount importance in the deformation of a stiffened oval cylinder. This is due to the fact that the axisymmetric nature of the circular cylinder problem precludes the development of tangential (v) displacements whereas the tangential displacements are very important in the oval cylinder problem. These displacements arise as a consequence of a shear flow which develops along the oval periphery to maintain overall equilibrium of the forces. Due to symmetry considerations, this ‘‘running shear’’ is zero at the two extremes of each of the major and minor axes of the oval cross section. This brings up an important problem with regard to the location of the stiffening rings, i.e., whether they are located on the outside or on the inside surface of the noncircular shell will determine the nature of the bending moments caused by the shear flow and the fact that the shell and frame median lines are not truly coincident. This ‘‘eccentricity’’ between the shell and frame median lines will determine the magnitude and sense of the circumferential bending moments and their effect on further distortion of the noncircular shape. To assist in checking out the analysis developed by the Polytechnic group, the Model Basin provided data’ obtained from the initial test of the model presented in this report. Comparison of the theory and Model Basin tests, reported by the Polytechnic group, is given in Reference 8. Many of the figures shown in this report have been taken from Reference 8. DESCRIPTION OF MODELS Model EKC-1 is an internally stiffened cylinder with a quasi-elliptical cross section. Two radii were used to develop the oval cross section of the model as shown in Figure 1. The shell of the model was fabricated in four strakes of HY-100 steel plating with the dia- metrical strakes having the same thickness and radius. The yield strength of the thicker shell plating was 96,000 psi and that of the thinner shell plating was 102,000 psi. The model was stiffened with transverse T-frames also fabricated from HY-100 steel plating. Heavier frames were placed at the two ends of the model to preclude premature failure near the rigid closure bulkheads. Upon completion of preliminary tests to obtain elastic strain data, the original model which was not taken to failure was cut in half, as shown in Figure 2. Frame 7 was removed and the two halves were designated Model EC-1A and Model FC-1B. Model EC-1A was modified to study the influence of missile tubes in an oval cylinder. Three tubes were incorporated and aligned in a transverse plane at midlength of the model, as shown in Figure 3. Based on the outside diameter at the minor axis of the oval cylinder, the tubes were designed to be geometrically similar to the missile tubes of FBM submarines; see Figure 4. The tubes were machined from HY-80 forged steel tubing heat-treated to a yield strength of 100,000 psi. Model EC-1B was used as a control cylinder for EC-1A and also to provide information concerning the influence of reducing the overall length between rigid bulkheads. No missile tubes were inserted in Model EC-1B. INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURES The models were instrumented with foil-type electrical resistance strain gages to study the elastic behavior of the structures and to facilitate interpretation of the collapse pressures. One- and two-element strain gages were used in the instrumentation of the models except in the region near the penetration of Model EC-1A; there, three-element gages were used to determine the direction and magnitude of the principal stresses. Figures 5 to 11 show the location of the strain gages and the strain sensitivity measured by the respective gages. All three models were tested using oil as the pressurizing medium. Each model was tested in two pressure runs. The maximum pressure of each run was as follows: Strain measurements were taken during each of the pressure runs. TEST RESULTS Model EC-1 was tested only to obtain elastic strain data. Strain-sensitivity factors determined for each strain gage on this model are given in Figures 5, 6, and 7. The factors are the slope of the linear portion of the pressure-strain curve and are measured in microinches per inch per pound per square inch of pressure. The slope was found for each of the two pressure runs, and an average value was determined for each gage. As shown in Figure 12, Model EC-1A sustained a pressure of 1650 psi prior to failure of the missile tubes. There was no visible damage to either the shell or frames as can be seen in Figure 13, which indicates that the tubes were not adequately designed to withstand the loads imposed upon them by the oval shell. Model EC-1B, a model of the same length as EC-1A but without missile tubes, failed at a pressure of 1670 psi. Failure appeared to be attributed to a tendency of the oval cross section to ‘‘flatten out’’; see Figure 14. Strain-sensitivity factors for each gage on Models EC-1A and EC-1B are given in Figures 8 to 11. DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS EFFECT OF BULKHEAD SPACING Table 1 compares the measured stresses obtained from the original-length model (EC-1) and a half-length model (EC-1B). The circumferential flange stresses and the Hencky-Von Mises shell stresses (midbay) given in Table 1 for the major and minor axes of both models represent average values determined from strain gages located at similar locations. It can be seen that the Hencky-Von Mises shell stresses near the region of the major axis and the flange stresses were appreciably reduced by closing the distance between rigid bulkheads. Figures 15 and 16 compare both the circumferential and longitudinal stresses for a quadrant of the shell at midbay of Models EC-1 and EC-1B. The abscissa 6@ in these figures is the angle which a normal to the median surface of its shell in Figure 1 makes with the major axis. It can be seen from Figures 15 and 16 that the shell stresses measured on Model EC-1B were appreciably influenced by the rigid closure bulkheads. EFFECT OF MISSILE TUBES Table 2 compares the measured stresses obtained from the oval cylinder with missile tubes (EC-1A) and a similar cylinder without missile tubes (EC-1B). Stresses given for Model EC-1A are those away from the region of the missile-tube penetrations. It can be seen that the ‘‘strut’’ action afforded by the tubes reduced the overall stresses of the oval cylinder considerably. The highest stresses measured on Model EC-1A were not those shown in Table 2. Higher stresses were measured on the inside surface of the shell at the intersection of the center tube; a principal-stress value of -71.9 psi/psi was determined from strain gages located in this region. Another area of high stress was that measured on the missile tubes away from the shell intersection; an axial stress of -63.3 psi/psi was measured on the center tube. It is interesting to note that neither of these stresses was as high as the highest measured stresses which were found on the frame flange of the original model (KC-1); see Table 1. The axial compressive stresses of -63.3 psi/psi measured at midlength of the missile tubes were slightly above the yield strength of the material when the tubes failed. Such high stresses have not been previously observed in the missile tubes of circular pressure hulls and can be attributed to the resistance of the tubes to a tendency of the oval cylinder to be- come more elliptical under loading. It appears that for a tube arrangement such as that used in Model EC-1A, thicker walled tubes are required for an oval cylinder than for an equivalent circular cylinder of the same radius of curvature. COMPARISON OF MEASURED STRESSES WITH THEORY The solid-line curves for the stress sensitivities shown in Figures 17 to 26 were taken from Reference 8 and represent the results of using the local thickness of the ring-stiffened oval cylinder of Figure 1 in the theoretical solution obtained for an oval shell of uniform thickness. The work done by Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, which led to the analytical results shown in their figures, was discussed in a previous section of this report. The experi- mental points appearing in the figures were obtained from strain-gage measurements during the test of Model EC-1. The dashed curves shown in Figures 17 to 23 represent the stress distri- bution based on using the local radius of curvature and shell thickness of the oval cross section in the analysis of Von Sanden and Gunther? for a ring-stiffened circular cylinder. This type of approximate solution has been shown in References 3 and 5 to yield good results for simply and clamped supported short oval cylinders. However, as has been indicated in Reference 5 and from an inspection of these figures, an equivalent circular cylinder solution based on the local radius of curvature concept will not yield good results for the deformations and stresses of an oval cylinder stiffened by elastic rings. Figures 17 and 18 are plots of the circumferential and longitudinal stress distributions along the outside and inside surfaces of the shell at the major axis. Figures 19 and 20 are corresponding plots at the minor axis. Figures 21 and 22 show the midbay stresses for a quadrant of the oval shell; Figure 23 shows the circumferential flange stresses in the ring. The abscissa @ in these latter figures is the angle which the local normal to the median sur- face of the shell makes with the major axis. The solid curves in Figures 17 to 23, which are based on the solution developed by Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in which the local shell thickness was used, show excellent agreement with the measured circumferential stresses og. The theoretical longitudinal stresses o,, (shown in Figures 17 to 22) differ from the test results by a translation in which the theo- retical stresses are too low at the major axis and too high at the minor axis. Figures 24 to 26 isolate the discrepancy between the theoretical and measured stresses o,. In these latter figures, the stresses o, have been separated into membrane and bending components by the following relationships: (,) +(0,) ] inner outer 1 75I Kc) membrane Lear (@,) - 5 I@,) % bending -(¢,) inner outer It can be seen from Figures 24 to 26 that the theoretical values for alba agree well with the measured values and that the discrepancy between theoretical and measured stresses o, is due to the theoretical values for (CaS Their poor agreement is attributed to the use of two different local shell thicknesses (see Figure 1) in a solution for an oval cylinder of uniform thickness subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The results of such a calculation lead to two different axial contractions, with the thinner shell contracting more than the thicker shell. If it is assumed that both portions of the shell contract the same (as may be the case for the models tested) and that the net end load does not change, then relative to the calculated contractions, the thinner shell would have to be stretched and the thicker shell compressed. This would increase the axial membrane stress in the thin shell and decrease (algebraically) the corresponding stress in the thick shell. Such a correction would shift the theoretical curves for o, toward the experimental results. COLLAPSE PRESSURES It was found from previous hydrostatic tests!° of ring-stiffened circular cylinders which failed by axisymmetric yielding that experimental collapse pressures agreed best with theory based on the Hencky-Von Mises criterion of failure and allowing for the plastic reserve strength after initiation of yielding. Collapse pressures computed from the Model Basin plastic hinge theory! applied very well with circular cylinders fabricated from steels exhibit- ing a plateau-type stress-strain curve. Based on the local radius of curvature for the oval cylinder shown in Figure 1, plastic-hinge collapse pressures of 2356 and 3049 psi were com- puted for the large and small radial section of the model, respectively. Comparison of these pressures with the experimental collapse pressure of 1670 psi for Model EC-1B shows that the strength of the oval cylinder tested is lower than a comparable circular cylinder of the same dimensions and radius of curvature. Another interesting point worthy of mentioning is the fact that an oval cylinder has less enclosed volume than a circular cylinder of equal peripheral length. By virtue of this fact, the ratio of weight of pressure hull to weight of displaced water of the hull is very high for Model EC-1. A weight-displacement ratio of 0.598 was computed for this model. Based on least-weight calculations, a circular cylinder with the same weight-displacement ratio and fabricated from HY-100 steel would have a collapse pressure on the order of 4000 psi. This can be compared with the collapse pressure of Model EC-1B which was only 1670 psi. Thus, on a strength-weight/displacement basis, the test of Model EC-1B lends further evidence that a ring-stiffened oval cylinder with a major to minor axis ratio of 1.5 is a very inefficient structure when compared to a circular cylinder. of CONCLUSIONS 1. Test results indicate that the stresses and deformations of an oval cylinder stiffened by elastic rings cannot be predicted by an equivalent circular cylinder solution based on the same radius of curvature. 2. Based on the following results, it appears that a ring-stiffened oval cylinder designed for deep-depth operation is a very inefficient structure when compared with a ring-stiffened circular cylinder: a. Plastic hinge collapse pressures of 2356 and 3049 psi were computed for the large-radius and small-radius sections of the oval cylinder, respectively. These pressures were computed by considering an equivalent circular cylinder with the same local radius of ctrvature as the oval cylinder which had a collapse pressure of only 1670 psi. b. The weight-displacement ratio of the oval cylinder was 0.598. Based on least-weight calculations, a circular cylinder with the same weight-displacement ratio and fabricated from the same material (HY-100 steel) would have a collapse pressure on the order of 4000 psi as compared to the collapse pressure of 1670 psi for the model. 8. Additional studies, based on theoretical knowledge now available, may indicate that for shallow-depth operation the oval cylinder may lend itself to a better distribution of cargo, equipment, machinery, and personnel and may accommodate more missile tubes than a ring- stiffened circular cylinder. 4. Test results indicate that the theoretical solution recently developed at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn will yield good predictions for the deformations and stresses of ring- stiffened oval cylinders with uniform shel! thickness. 5. In the ring-stiffened oval cylinder tested, critical stresses were reduced as much as 50 percent by incorporating tubes parallel to the minor axis of the oval cross section. How- ever, thicker walled tubes would be required for the oval cylinder than for an equivalent circular cylinder of the same radius of curvature and dimensions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to Messrs. J.G. Pulos and Kenneth Hom for their guidance and suggestions. The author would also like to acknowledge the close cooperation received from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in the theoretical phase of this study. REFERENCES 1. ‘*Bureau of Ships Long Range Research and Development Plan, Volume I and II, Chapter 4 (Hulls),’’ (Mar 1962) CONFIDENTIAL. 2. Kempner, J., ‘Summary of Research on Reinforced and Unreinforced Cylindrical Shells, 1952—1961,’’ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Report PIBAL 598 (Feb 1962). 3. Romano, F.J. and Kempner, J., ‘‘Stress and Displacement of a Simply Supported Non-Circular Cylindrical Shell Under Lateral Pressure,’’ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Report PIBAL 415 (Jul 1958). 4, Timoshenko, S., ‘‘Theory of Plates and Shells,’’ McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1940). 5. Vafakos, W.P., Romano, F.J., and Kempner, J., ‘‘Stress and Displacement Analysis of Clamped Non-Circular Cylindrical Shells Under Hydrostatic Pressure,’’ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Report PIBAL 594 (Jun 1961). 6. Vafakos, W.P., ‘‘Deep Oval Ring Equations with Simplifications for Application to Ring-Shell Configurations,’’ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Report PIBAL 678 (Feb 1964). 7. Couch, W.P. and Pulos, J. G., ‘‘Progress Report — Experimental Stresses and Strains in a Ring-Stiffened Cylinder of Oval Cross Section (Major-to-Minor Axis Ratio of 1.5),’’ David Taylor Model Basin Report 1726 (Mar 1963). 8. Kempner, J., Vafakos, W.P., and Nissel, N., ‘‘Pressurized Ring-Reinforced Oval Cylinder — Comparison of Theory and DTMB Tests,’’ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Report PIBAL 671 (Sep 19638). 9. Von Sanden, K. and Gunther, K., ‘‘The Strength of Cylindrical Shells, Stiffened by Frames and Bulkheads, under Uniform External Pressure on All Sides,’’ Werft and Reederei (1920); Vol. 9, pp. 189-198; Vol. 10, pp. 216-221. Also David Taylor Model Basin Translation 38 (Mar 1952). 10. Pulos, J.G. and Hom, K., ‘‘Empirical Curves for Determining the Collapse Strength of Stiffened Circular Cylinders Subjected to External Hydrostatic Pressure,’’ David Taylor Model Basin Report C-1243 (Jan 1962) CONFIDENTIAL. 11. Lunchick, M.E., ‘‘Yield Failure of Stiffened Cylinders under Hydrostatic Pressure,”’ David Taylor Model Basin Report 1291 (Jan 1959). ae SAP 12 FRAME SPACES AT 3.95 IN.= 47.40IN. oman 4.30 IN. aa 0.184 IN. 0.385 IN. 4 | f1.404 IN. (TYPICAL FRAME) 0.385 in Ls 1.404 IN. 0.60 IN. (END FRAME) SECTION A-A POINT OF TANGENCY 0.211 IN SS CIEE UE ae eer) IN Figure 1 — Details of Model EC-1 CIRCULAR PRESSURE TANK ADAPTER 4 CIRCULAR END CLOSURE PLATE CUT HERE iS (2 1 (oO 9 ay B13 a) B32 CENTER FRAME MODEL EC-IA MODEL EC-IB REMOVED 21192 IN =} Figure 2 — Formation of Models EC-1A and EC-1B from Model EC-1 10 = 002 ai ZZZ i i V ZZ 22277 L2V ZZ L727 Nosssss ~ : P2227 777 PI ZI ITF 13 1A Location of Tubes in Model EC Figure 3 — RXSANSSAANNNSSES peniee: 029 9 Figure 4 — Structural Details of Tubes Incorporated in Model EC-1A 11 FRAME NUMBERS 13 l2 I 10 9 8 7 6 S 4 3 2 I T 0.72 i'9) be) ; 7 RS & «© o a tS a} o N @ De) Ss wy S oO+ = = (e} (o} fo) 2 ap + + 1 \ SS +2.88 +1.00 —-0.74 -1.64 SPLOT l i fl, A ae age T M7 T T —2.63 +0.20 +1.64 +2.40 +2.90 < ¢ © 8 @ = fo) ; fo) fo) d + + T | | j & ra t+ av] re a! iS 5 ° ° a! (a) rN) i) N () N ! 1 i ! i] a (0) -0.72 -0.82 -0.94 -0.95 '] ay aL 1 aa 1 T T -1.15 —0.80 -0.77 -0.74 -0.73 0 r a 5 % i 7 7 i 7 ! g if t G2 o a a = 2 + os = (eo) {o) (oe) o + + + | | OY +2.96 +0.74 -077 -1.38 -1.74 +] 1 A, L A 1 T T Ti at O. .84 wo t+ st © (oe) (oe) oF | ¢ 90° 180° 270° _ 90 DEG GENERATOR 180 DEG GENERATOR 270 DEG GENERATOR O DEG GENERATOR Figure 5 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for Model EC-1 between Stations 6-1/2 and 7 12 FRI3 T ou] an dt — N 1 ' —-0.44 —0.58 | 90° GENERATOR —0.12 +0.57 fon) T+ + © T Tv FRI FR3 FR.2 90° o° 180° 270° fo} oO o o T 1 =1.10 -0.92 IE ally 270° GENERATOR T Th +0.20 -0.44 o ~ oD to T T FR.II Figure 6 — Instrumentation and Measured Strain Sensitivities for End Bays of Model EC-1 13 o fe) ° \ \ ° \ 2 @ fo) wo @ ro) o -1,93 5 Wy (pa anttttee -40 0.1 2 x/i Figure 25 — Axial Membrane and Bending Stresses at the Minor Axis -60 O. 0.3 0.4 0.5 Aeqpl 38 SesselS Surpueg pue ouviquiosy [BIxy — 9g eansIy S$33u930 NI@ ONIONS (%) (9434) WWOIL3SYO3HL ONIGN3a (Xp) O SNVYEW3N (Xp) V SLNIOd IVWLNAWIY3SdxX3 WOYS G3SLNdWOD ,S8fO= Y 4 wolves y SIXV YONIW SIXv YOrVN ISd/ISd NIO 30 TABLE 1 Comparison of Measured Stresses to Show Influence of Bulkhead Spacing Stress Sensitivities Stress psi/psi Ratio Locations Frame Flange — Major Axis : —96.30 — Minor Axis + 86.10 + 41.40 Midbay — Major Axis — Inside 85.12 62.40 1.36 — Outside : 42.95 1.23 Midbay — Minor Axis — Inside ; 42.23 1.09 _ Outside 63. 62.99 TABLE 2 Comparison of Measured Stresses to Show Influence of Missile Tubes Stress Sensitivities Stress psi/psi Ratio Model EC-1B | Model EC-1A} EC-1B (Without Tubes) | (With Tubes) | EC- ECIA Frame Flange — Major Axis — 96.30 —37.80 | 2.55 | Midbay — Major Axis — Inside 62.40 30.00 | 2.08 | ~ Outside 42.95 43.42 — Midbay — Minor Axis — Inside 42.23 29.26 Locations 31 Alin. E ’ ice al: ocnirant root pleted naps att ea) es ee fi mrrmerr gfe Gh me sommes RB e PeeR SI : bgp hancsee “Ft bidsihoatipnsege a bgt Cee leet ny ‘A - as Jvhinn ay ead " - ay Peg. S iy ROR PO hee S egninfen sm libaaeneemions ayers’ ee ie } f ' } { | i { ; } ; Bis Je : ; Rina hikes wd 3 OP A ay i } pana eva ae, OK fe mer re la Bolt Henne, ny Ej ih BLT a sie bd anya fhe BLANK yma ~~ ewe ee damn meatier ee Hb L if esate ii vevem teitia rane eine Bay iy J jiaaNien: | | Lorne Hf ipo F 7 ~ re te chit Septunapomene gt HB “sinh fi beth sl arn ramet a si mie pew) ——t 2 “4 ce —_ § = i Prsdiscmmmagg yeep te amenpr deme nso ot r see Copies 17 20 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION Copies CHBUSHIPS 1 2 Sci & Res Sec (Code 442) 1 Lab Mgt (Code 320) 1 3 Tech Lib (Code 210L) 1 1 Struc, Ship Protec, Hull Matl & Fab (Code 341A) 1 1 Prelim Des Br (Code 420) 1 Prelim Des Sec (Code 421) l 1 Ship Protec (Code 423) 1 1 Hull Des Br (Code 440) 1 Hull Struc Sec (Code 443) 1 2 Sub Br (Code 525) 1 Hull Arret, Fittings, & Preserv 1 (Code 633) 1 1 Polymer, Fiber & Pack Sec (Code 634C) 1 1 Pres Ves Sec (Code 651F) ' CHONR 1 Struc Mech Br (Code 439) l 1 Undersea Prog (Code 466) 1 CNO l 1 Tech Anal & Adv Gr (Op 07T) 1 Plans, Prog & Req Br (Op 311) 1 1 Sub Prog Br (Op 713) 1 Tech Support Br (Op 725) 1 CDR, DDC 1 CO & DIR, USNMEL } CO, U.S. Naval Applied Sci Lab - (Code 9350) CDR, USNOL DIR, USNRL (Code 2027) CO & DIR, USNUSL CO & DIR, USNEL CDR, USNOTS, China Lake CDR, USNOTS, Pasadena 1 Mr. J.L. Phillips P-8082 CO, USNUOS NAVSHIPYD PTSMH NAVSHIPYD MARE SUPSHIP, Groton EB Div, Gen Dyn Corp SUPSHIP NNS NNSB & DD Co SUPSHIP, Pascagoula SUPSHIP, Camden SUPSHIP, Quincy DIR, DEF R&E, Attn: Tech Lib CO, USNROTC & NAVADMINU, MIT 0 in C, PGSCOL, Webb DIR, APL, Univ of Washington, Seattle DIR, WHOI NAS, Attn: Comm on Undersea Warfare Prof. J. Kempner, Brooklyn Potytech Inst Dr. E. Wenk, Jr., Tech Asst, The White House Dr. R. DeHart, SWRI Mr. L.P. Zick, Chic Bridge & Iron Co, Chicago Prof. E.0. Waters, Yale University Mr. C.F. Larson, Sec’y, Welding Res Council : “a nh ras saa) me . "SONA ae pe Tea nog kare | a nse! hs wee ret nabiae is HONOR . yonlad) aU Mes UR: Rie iat nea ey ae a i vib (MMC AVAM BT OR MER 6h hae rN: soa é Beas rentyaiien Wc eh a t | Ane EE ey miner pang hid's fm iii sat ‘ait 4 Han eit Leann ado eeegune H nh! sot Re aT ORION NOW AAT tee Mia. sow 3 AG k | WS aha GO iG Bt via ‘5 ma aren ba ah! Bats da A Lhe aU LL: BIR Coa Oa ba { arse CHM RDIGR Rube TDR At) aM t i) on si ssi | Lots ES Oa is mui ht CoM RB i bes é rie ito ‘ue eas) Ade on if Ra nd! ‘wld ny ta 7 anit Ht ripen Bay: Thi it aK ie ann ; i bd « fae a ; aw 60 £0 &10A-S II “d WelyttM “Yyonog *] $1S9} [@pOP--Sesseljg--seqn} apISSTW ONSIT[Vq oulaBWgNS “fF $}S0} [Opo/W --osde][op--(peuesj4s) S[[oys [eotspurfAd [eAQ *g $]S0} [epoj\--einsseid 9178) so1pAH--(pouesj4s) S[JOYs [Botsput[Ad [BAQ °*Z $7Se} J®POW--Sesse.jS--(peuejj4S) S][[OYS [BolpurpAd [Bag “TT ay) syeo1) Aloay) ey, “iopurfAo [@AO paoiojules-duLi B 10} UAT YOOIg JO aynyYSUy oO1UYyda}ATOg 4% pedojarep Ayyusde1 UOIWNIOS [eI 4a10ay} & WOIJ pouteygoO sj[Nsei yyIM pasedwoo ov sq[Nsei 4So J, ‘onei jUoWeDe[dsIp-yysIom OWS 94} JO JopulfAo pauasjiyS-Surd e[Noslo BO} posredwod oinjonys JUETOYJoUuL Alaa & St uotyeiedo yydep-deap 10) poudisep sepuryAo [BAO ue 7eY} sivedde 41 ‘peyse} s[epoul ay) jo y{duess osde]joo 9y) uO peseg “SeSsens pus SUOIZBUOJep oy} 10J SUOTJDIpeid poosd park jou [[{M JopurpAo zojnou20 peuejjyS-dULI B IO} UOI}NJOS B Ul Jepul[AD [BAO Oyj JO SUOISUSWIpP pu¥ aNJBAINO JO SNIpBs [BOO] ayy Jo osn ay} 7BY} e}BoIpul JepulpAo [BAO pauajjIyS-duULI B JO S}[NSel ysSoy, GaI4ISSVTIONA “sjoi ‘sojqe) ‘sydead “-saderp “-snq{I ‘deg ‘AL “P96T Jew “yonop «gq wertm Aq “(GT AO OLLV SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVW) NOILOGS SSOUD TIVAO AO AAGNITAO GUNAAAILS-DNIY V AO SLSAL ANNASSAd OILVLSOUGAH “98/1 jioday “ulspg japow 4ojA0 | plang 20 €0 €104-S “Il “qd WeITTIM “YOn0D “T $7So} [ePOW--Sessedjg--seqny O[ISSIW O4SI[[Vq ouLIBUIqNS “fF s}s0} [epo~p --osde][o9--(peuesjs) [Joys [BorupuryAo [eAQ “Eg $1S0} [epop--einssead 9198) sorpAH--(peuejj 19S) sT[oys [wotsputyAs [eAQ °B $789} [@poW--SesseyS--(peuejjns) ST]OYS [BOLspurpAo [eaQ “T ay) syvo1) Arooy) oy, ‘sepulpAo [Bao paosojutei-duL B 10) UATYOOIg JO aqnjzQSUy O1uyoeATOg 4% pedojaaep ApjUede1 UONNIOS [BOI -ja10aY} B WOIJ pauteyqo sj[Nsei YIM paiedwod aie sq[nsei 4sSe], ‘one quowede[dsip-jysIem owes oy] JO JepulpAd peuajjijs-Suls IepNoto B 0} pereduiod oinjonys JUeTOjoul Alaa & St uotyeiedo yydap-daap 10j paudtsep JepuljAd [BAO ue BY} sivedde 31 ‘po}se} S[apow ay} jo yjdueNs osde[joo ayy UO paseg *sessais pues SUOIJBWIOJap ay} 10J SuOIJOIpeid poosd pjetA jou JIM JopurpAo wojnouz0 pauejjys-suli & JO} UOINTOS & ul Jeput[AD [BAO 94} JO SUOISU@WIpP pu aiNjBAINd JO SNIPBI [BOO] oy] JO asN dy) 78y} eVVOIpUl JapuI[AD [BAO pauajjS-dulI B JO S}[NSel Soy, GaI4ISSVTIONOA “sjoi ‘se[qe} ‘sydead ‘-suderp “-snq]t ‘deg ‘AL “F96T Jey “YONOD “gq werqtIM Aq “(°T AO OLLVA SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVN) NOILOGS SSOUD TVAO AO YAGNITAO GANAAAILS-ONIY V AO SLSUL ANNASSHUd OILVLSOUGAH “QQ/| soday “ulspg japow 40jAD] plang 60 €0 $104-S “Il “d WeryttM “yonop ‘] $189] [@pow--Sesseqg--seqny OISSTU ONSIT[Vq oulIBUIgNS “fF s}Ss9} [epow --osde][o9--(peuesy19s) S[[OUS [BorspurtAd [BAQ “gE $189) [epo~--oinsseid 9198) so1pAH]--(pouesj19S) S][OYUS [PotapurpAd [BAQ °% $180} [@POW--Sesseayg--(pouejj14S) S][oys [worapurfso [Vag *T 24) 87801) Alooy) ey, “seput[Ao [Bao paosOjuteI-duLI B 10j UA]YOOIg JO 93NyIWSuy DtUYydeqATOg 4B pedojeaop A]JUedeI UOIMNIOS [BOT 491004} B WOIJ pouteyqo sj[Nsei yyIM peiedulod o1B S}[Nsed yse], ‘onei jueweoe[dsIp-jysIom oulws 049 JO JopuljAo peuejjs-durs w[NoIlo BO} posedulod oinjonys JUeEToyjour AioA 8 St UoTyeIedo yXWdap-deep 1oj peudisap Jepur[AdD [BAO ue 3eY} sivoedde 41 ‘pose} sjepoul ayy jo yWduens asde]joo 9y) uo peseg *SaSsoeNs pue SUOTBUIOJep ay} 10J SUOI}OIpeid pood pjertA jou [[[4 dopur[Ao wo7noz29 pauejj4s-duti B 10} UOIyNIOS B Ut seput[AD [BAO oY} JO SUOISUEUIIp puB o1NjBAIND jO SNIpBd [BDO] 9y} JO asn oy) 18y} eVVoIput Jopur[AD [eAO pauesjIjS-duld B JO S}[NSe1 4Soy, GaIdISSVTIONN “sjoi ‘sojqe} ‘sydvid ‘-sideip ‘-snq{jr “deg “AL “F967 ae “YonoD -g werqtM Aq “(¢°T AO OLLVA SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVN) NOILOUS SSOUD TVAO AO UAGNITAO GaUNAAAILS-ONIY V AO SLSAL AUNSSAUd OILVLSOUGAH “QB/| soday -uispg japow sojADy plang 20 €0 €104-S “II “qd WeITTIM “YOnoD *T $31S904 [ePOW--Sessesjg--seqny OTISSIW ONSI[[Vq oUulIwWIgNS “fF s}S9} [epoW --osdB][09--(peuesj1S) S]Jeys [eotpurpAd [eAQ “gE $1S0} [epow--oinsseid o1787S01pAH--(peuejj19S) S[Jeys [eotpurjAs [Bag °Z $}S9} [@poW--sesse.yg--(pouejjs) S[[eys [worspulfA. [BAQ “T ay) sive1) Alooy) eyg, *JeputpAo [eAo paodiojutes-duL B 10} UATYOOIg JO ajNnyYsSuy oTUYyoaiATog 4B pedojaaep A]jUeDe1 UONNIOS [Bol Ja10ey} B WOIJ pautezqo S}[Nse1 YIM peiwdwoo iv sj[Nse1 4Se], ‘onei quowedR[dsip-yysiem OWES ey] JO JepurjAo peuajjiyS-TUulI IBpNoIto B OY paredulod einjonys JUSTOYJoul Alaa B St uotyeiedo yydep-deap 10} peudisep Jepul[Ad [BAO UB yey} sivedde 31 ‘pase sjapow ay} jo yJdueNs asde]{joo ay} uO peseg *sessoijS puv SUOTBUOJep ay} JOJ SUOIJOIpeid poos pjelA jou [IM doput[Ao wo7nou20 paueyjys-surI B 10} UOINIOS B UL Jeput[AD [BAO 04} JO SUOISUSUIP pUB aINJBAINO JO SNIpwi [BOO] ey} JO esn 04} 1BY) oPBOIpUr JepuT[AD [BAO pauesjIgS-dUlI BJO S}[NSeI Sey, GaIMISSVIONO “sjod ‘so[qny ‘syduis ‘-sudurp ‘snq]1 ‘deg ‘AT “P96T ABW “YonoD “gq weryTIM Aq “(GT AO OLLVY SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVN) NOILOUS SSONOD TVAO AO YAGNITAO GANAAAILS-DNIY V AO SLSAL AYNASSANd OILVLSOUGAH "QB/] Hoday ‘ulsog japow 4ojADy plang a “sesseys [eONUd ayy JO epnytudew ay) peonpea Ajqeiooidde uoMdes ssolo [BAO ay) Jo SIXB JOUIW 84} O} [e[]Baed peoeyd syns JO seqny yey} puNoy OsTe SBM JJ “e1NYBAIND JO SNIpei owes ey) UO paseq Jeput{AD AB[NoIIO quo[eAtnbe uv jo asoy} 10} uey) ‘pajse} Jeputpéo [eAo pouajjns -BUII OY} 10} JaYysIY yonu eq Oo} puNo] aJOM SesseNs [BONO ay, *SSoUYoIY) JUBISUOD UO peseq SI YyoIyM Aloay) B Woy SUONB[NOTBO OY) Ul SSoUYdIYY [JOYS [BOO] OY) Sursn 07 poznqiyje st SOSSONS OUBIqUOU [BIXB OY) 10] JUaWeeIde JO YOR] oY} ‘sesseNns Bulpueg [BIxe Oyj 10} pue sosseys [eVNUesoJWNOITO []e 10} sq[Ns -01 S90} YJIM JUeWleeide poosd pamoys uoTyendwoo ay} ur JopuI{AD 489} OY} JO SSoUYdIYY [JeYs [Boo] ey) Sursn Aq peureyqo sy[nse1 [BOJo109 4} EYL, “SeSseUyoIY) [[eYs qUeJeJJIp OM) JO posodwoo SBM “IBAQMOY ‘JepOul OY} ssoUyoIYy WIOJTUN YIM [[eYS BJO aseo “sesseys [801)U9 oy} JO epnyruseu ey) peonpes Ajqetoosdde uoyoes ssoio [Bao ay) Jo SIXB JOUIW EY} 07 [o[[eIed pooe|d synys 10 seqny yey} puNoy OsTe SBM 4] “AINJBAIND JO SNIpes oulBS ey} UO paseq JepuI{AD IB[NoIIO que}eAtnbe uv jo esoy) Joy uevy) ‘payse} sepurfAo [Bao poueyyns -3ULI OY) 10) Joys IY yonw oq oO} punoy o10M Sesses}s [BONO oY, “SSeUYOTY) JUBISUOD UO paseq SI YyOIyM Aloayy B WOY SUOTJB[NDTVS OY} Ul SSoUyoTY] [JOYS [Boo] oy) Dutsn oy peynqiyye si SOSSONS oUBIQUIOUI [BIXB BY) 10} JUaUIBaIdB JO YOR] OY} ‘sesseis Fulpueq [Bix oy} 10} pue sesses [eUeIejWMNoIIO [[e 10} syns -01 180} YJIM JUoWloeIde pood pamoys uoTyZyndwoo 9y) UI Joput|Ao 980} 8Y) JO SSauyoIY) [Joys [Boo] ey) dursn Aq pouteyqo sz[Nsea [89 1}01004) EY], “SesseUyoIy) [[eYs yUeIeJJIP OM) JO posoduioo SBM “JEAEMOY ‘Jepoul ay} ‘sseuyorY) WOJTUN YIM [JeYs BJO eso “"Sessaqs [vonuo ay} JO epnqtusew oy) peonpes Ajquioesdde uoNoes ssoso [BAO ay) Jo SIX® JOUIW ayy O} Ja[[vred poovyd synx}s JO saqny yey} puNo} osye SBM 4] “aINJBAIND JO snipes owes oy) UO paseq sepuT[AD re[NoIIO que]eatnbe uv jo esoy} Joy ueyy ‘paqse} JoputtA. [Bao pouayyys Bul OY) 10} JoYysIY yONwW oq Oo} punoy o1oM Sessas [RONWO ay, “SSoUyorTYy) JUBISUOD UO peseq SI YOIYM Aloayy B Wo SUOB[NTVO oy} UT SSeUYdIY) [JeYS [BOO] oY} SuIsn 07 paznqiyye st SOSSINS sUBIqWOW [BVIXe 94} 10] JUaWeeIF¥ JO YOR] oY) ‘sassans Bulpueq [Bix oY} 10} pue sesseds [BMUoIeJUNOAIO ]]e 10} s}]Ns 01480} YJIM JUBWaeIde pood pamoys UONeInduOD ay} Ul Japul|AD 48a} a4} JO SSoUyoIY) [JOYS [Boo] ety Suisn Aq poureyqo sq[nsea [BONe1090y} aYT, “SessauyoIy) [Jays JUeIejJJIp OM] JO posodwoo SBM ‘IOAOMOY ‘JEpOW ay} ‘sseUyoTYY ULIOJIUN Y}IM [JeYS B JO asvo *sassels [80 U0 94} JO epnytudeu ey) peonpas Ajqetoeidde uojoes ssolo [BAO ay} JO SIX® JOUIW 9Y} 07 Je[]esed peoed synys Jo seqny yey) puNo] OsTe SBM JJ ‘OIN}BAIND JO SNIpes owes oY} UO peseq JopuT{AD IeB[NoIIO queTeatnbe uv jo esoy) 10j ueyy ‘peyseq JeputjAo [Bao poueyjys -BUL OY) 10} JeYysIY YonW aq O7 puNo] elomM Sesse.}s [BOIL oY, *SSeuyoTYy}) JUB}SUOD UO paseq SI yoIyM Alosy) B WOY SUOTZBNITVO OY} UL SSEUYOIY] [JOYS [BOO] OYy Fursn oj poynqiyye st SOSSONS ouBIqUell [VIXB dy} 10J JUoWeeIsB JO YOR] oY) ‘sessos Bulpueq [Bixe oy) 10) pu sesseiys [eNUesoJWNoALO [[e 10} sj[Ns -01 150} YJIM JUeWeeidde pood pemoys uONeIndWOD ayy UI Jeput[AD 489} 04} JO SSOUyIIY} [Joys [Boo] ey) dursn Aq poutezgo sq[nsor 1891301004} EY, “SeSsoUyoIY) [[eYs JUeJEJJIP OM} JO posodwoo SBM ‘JOABMOY ‘JEpoul ey) {sseUuyoTY} WOJIUN YIM [JOYS BJO asvo 60 60 &104-S “Il “d WelyytMm “yonop *] $]S0} [@PO|\--SasseljS--soqny STISSIW OSTI[[Vq ouluBWgNg “fF $]S9} [@pow --esde][o9--(paueji9s) S][OYS [BotApuljAd [Vag “gE $}Seq [@poy\--einsseid 91989 sorpAY]--(peuejj19S) S[]@ySs [Botpur[Ad [Vag °Z% $189} [@poW--sessesyS--(pouesj11S) S]]oys [BotapurlfAo [VaQ “T 60 80 ST04-S “Il “d WelyTIM ‘yonog ‘| s3Ss9} [8 POW--Sessedjg--seqny QTISSIW INSI[[Vq oUulIBWUIgNG “fF S}S9} [epo/W --asde]]0D--(peuejj 19S) ST[eYys [eotupur[Ao [eaAQ “¢g $180} [@poy\--einsseid 919%) SOIpAH--(pouesj19S) S[T]OYs [BotapurfAd [eaAQ °*% $}s04 [OPOW--Sessodjg--(poussj19S) ST[OYs [BorpurfAd [VAQ *T ayy s7vei) A1o9y) ey, “Joput[AD [BAO paosojutei-duls B 10J UAT YOOIg JO ayNj1VSUy O1uyoa,ATOg 3% pedojedep AjyUedeI UONIOS [BOI 01094} B WOI] poutezqo S}[NSaI YIM poredwoo oie sq[nsei 4SoJ, ‘one yUoWeoR[dSIp-jysIom OWS ay} JO JepulpAo pauajjs-dut Iepnos1o & 0} peiwdwod oinjonyns JUETOJouL Alaa @ St uoTyeIedo yydap-daeap Joy peudisap Jeput[Ad [BAO ue yey} savedde 41 ‘pa}se} sTepow ay} jo yjJdueNs asde[joo ay} uo peseg *sessels pue SUOTeUIOJap ay) JO} SUOTOIpeid poosd parc jou [tM Jopur[Ao wo7nau20 pauejjs-duli & 10j UOIyN[OS & ul JepuT[AD [BAO 94} JO SUOISUSUIIP pueB aiNzBAINO JO SNIpei [BO] ay} Jo esn ay) 3ey) e7BoIpul Jopul[Ad [BAO pouasjIyS-dulI B JO S}[NSeI ySaJ, GaIAISSVTONOA “sjei ‘sojqe) ‘sydvid ‘-saderp ‘-snq]I “deg ‘AL “P96T Jey “Yonog -g werT[IM Aq “(G°T AO OLLVA SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVWN) NOLLOGS SSOUD IVAO AO AAGNITAD GUNAAAILS-ONIY V AO SLSGL AUNSSAUd OILVLSOUGAH “Q8/| Hoday -ulsog japow 4ojAD] p!ang ayy s7BoI} A1oey) ey, “Jeput[Ao [BAO paosojutei-dull B 10} uA] YOOIg JO 93N}14SU] oIUYydeqATOg 48 pedojeaep AjWUedeI UOKyNIOS [BOI 401004} B WIJ peuTeyqoO sj[Nse1 YIM paiedwoo aiv sq[nsel 4sey, ‘OIjel JuoWedR[dSIp-yydIOM Oules OY} JO Jepul[Ao pouejjS-Suts we[nosto @ 0} poredwood oinjonys JUSToLjJoUut Alaa & St uotyes1edo y}dep-deap Joy paudisep Jepuly[Ad [BAO ue 4eY} sivedde 41 ‘pezse} S[apoul ay} Jo yJdueIs asde{joo ey} uO peseg *SeSseNs pus SUOI}BWIOJap ay) JOJ SuOT}OIpead pood pjatc jou [[{4 Jopur[Ao wo7n9229 pauejjys-duts B JOJ uOINjOS B ul JepurTAD [BAO oy} JO SUOISUeUIIp puw oiNyBAINO jo SNIpBi [Bd0] By} JO osn ay) 724) e7BOIpUl Jepur[AS [BAO poulejjIyS-duld B JO S}[NSe1 4Sey, GdIdISSVTIONO “syed ‘sojqz) ‘sydvid ‘-saderp ‘snq[t ‘deg ‘AL "P96T Jew “Yonop -g wery[tM Aq (G°T AO OLLVA SIXV YONIN-OL-AOLVN) NOILOUS SSOUD TVAO AO YAGNITAO GUNAAMILS-ONIY V AO SLSUL AUNSSHAd OLLVLSOUGAH “98/1 oday -ulsog japow sojAD] p!Ang 60 £0 €104-S “Il qd WeiqtiM “yonoD ‘] $1S9} [@POW--Sessedjg--soqn} OTISSIW O4ST[[Vq oulIBWUIqnS “fF s}Se} [epoW --esde][o9--(peuejj4s) TOYS [worsputpAd [VAQ “Eg $1S9} [@pop--einsseid 91987 S01pAH--(peueyj19S) ST[OYS [BotsputfA [VAQ *B s}se} J@pOW--sessesyg--(pouejj1S) ST[eys [worspulfso [BAQ “| dy} syeer) Aloay) ayy, “sapul[Ao [BAO paoiOjUles-dULI B 10} UAT YOOIg JO 03N}4Suy otuyoa,AjOg 1% pedojarep A]jUade1 UOIYNIOS [BOI -Ja100 4} B WO] paule}goO s}[Nsei YIM peivduloo av sz[Nsel jseL, ‘ovi yuoWweoR[dsIp-jyslem ous ayy JO JopurjAo pauesjijs-3uld wpNoi1o B OF paivdwiod sinjonNs JUeTOyJout Aaa & St uoIyeiedo yydap-daap 10} paudtsap iaputyAd [BAO ue 3eY} sivedde 41 ‘pajse} S[apow ay} Jo yjJdueNs asde|joo ay uO peseg *SeSsedj]s puv SUOMeUNOJep ay} JO} SUOToIpaid poos pjatd jou [JEM JoputpAo wojnou20 pauejjys-Suld & JO} uOIN{OS B ul Ieput[AD [BAO OY} JO SUOISUSUIIP PU aIN}BAIND JO SNIped [BOO] ey} JO asn dy) IBY} oVOIpUL JapuT[AD [BAO pauajjigS-dULI B JO S}[NSeI ysoy, GaIMISSVTONOA *sjoi ‘so[quy ‘sydeas “-saderp “-snq[t ‘dgg ‘AL “F96T Je “YonoD “gq wery[IM Aq “(GT AO OLLVUY SIXV YONIN-OL-YOLVN) NOILOGS SSOUD IVAO AO YAGNITAO GANAAAILS-ONIY V AO SLSAL AUNSSHUd OLLVLSOUGAH “Q8/| soday ‘ulsog japow 4ojAD] plang 20 80 €104-S “Il “qd WerytiM “YonoD *] $]80} [OPOW--Sesse.4g--saqny OTISSIW ONSI[[Vq oulIwWIqNS “P s}Se} [epoW --9sd¥]]09--(peueyj19S) ST[OYS [BorspurpAo [vag “g $}]S9} [@pop--oinsseid 9198) so1pAH]--(peuejj19S) S]]OYs [BormputpAo [VaQ °G s$7Se} JepowW--Sessesyg--(pouesj1s) S][OYS [BOlpurpAo [Vag *T ay) syve17 Ar00y) eyg, ‘JeputjAo [BAO padiojutoi-duL B 10} UATYOOIg JO aynIYSuUy ofuyoeiAToOg 3B pedojaaep A]QUede1 UOIN]OS [BOI 49109} B WOIJ peuTe}qO S}[NsSeJI YIM peiedwod eiv s}[Nse1 so], ‘one queweoRdsIp-yysiem ewes ey] JO JepuljAd peuejjS-Sull IvpNoito B O} pareduiod oinjonajys JUSTOTJJout AeA B SI UOIVBIedO YyJdap-deap Joj paudtsep iapulyAo [BAO ue 7BY} sivedde 41 ‘pose s[epow ay} Jo yJdUueNS asde]joo ey} UO peseg *sassoels pus SUOTJBWIOJap ey} 10J SUOTJOIpeid poos pjertX you [JEM Joput[Ao wo7nouz0 pouejjyS-dul1 B JO} UOINTOS B UI JepUutpAD [BAO OY} JO SUOISUOWIP puB oINyBAANO JO SNIpBi [BIO] ey} JO asn oY} 7BY) e7BOIpUL JepuI[AD [BAO pouajjIyS-SULI BJO S}[NSe1 Sey, *sjoi ‘sorqe) ‘syduis ‘*saseip ‘-sn]j[t ‘yonop “gq wery[tM Aq “(¢°T AO OLLVY SIXV QaIMISSVTIONA ‘deg ‘AL “P96T IBV YONIN-O.L-YOLVW) NOILOUS SSOND TVAO AO UAGNITAO GUNAAAILS-ONIY V AO SLSUL AUNSSHUd OLLVLSOUGAH *98/| Hoday ‘ulsog japow 4s0}AD] plang *sosseys [Bonu 34) JO epnytudew oy} peonpes Ajqeiooidde uoMoes ssolo [BAO ay) Jo SIX®B JOUIW 8Y} OY [o[]Baed paowyd synns 10 seqn) yey) puUNo] OsTe SBM 4] “e1NJBAIND JO SNIpei oules oy) UO peseq Jopul[AD AB[NoIIO que[eAInbe uv jo esoy) 10} ey} ‘pa}se} Jepur[Ao [Bao pouajyyns -BULI OY} 10} JeysIY Yyonul eq O} punoy o10M Sessoad]s [BOHLO oY, “SSoUYoIY) JUB}SUOD UO peseq SI yOIyM AlOay}) B WOY SUOB[NOTBd OY} UL SSEUYOTYY [JOYS [Boo] oY} Jursn 07 poynqiyye st SOSSONS oUBIqUOW [BIXB OY} 10J JUoUIaeIde JO YOR] oY} ‘sessens Hulpueq [vixe oy} 10} puv sesseis [BMUesoyWNoIIO [][e 10} s}[Ns -01]S0} YJIM JUoWeeide pood pamoys uorjejndwoo ay} ul Japut{AD 489} eYy JO SSaUuYydIY) [[eys [Boo] oy} duisn Aq pourezqgo sz[Nse1 [BOT}OI1094} YT, “SessoUuydIy) []eYS 1UeJejjIp OM} JO pasodwos SBM “IOAOMOY ‘Jopoul oY) ‘sseuyDIY) WOJIUN WIM [JeYS BJO esto "sesseyjs [20] ayy Jo epnqtusew oy) peonpas Ajqeiooidds uonoes ssojo [Bao oy) jo SIXB JOUTW OY) 0} Jo[[eIed peovyd synys 10 seqn} yy} puNoy OsTe SBM J “OIN{BAIND JO SNIpel euBS oy) UO paseq Jopul]AD AB[NoIIO queTeAinbe uv jo esoyy Joy uBy) ‘payse) Jeput[Ao [BAO peuejyns -JUL OY) 10} JoYsTY yonw oq 0} punoy o10M Sesses [won OU, “SSaUyoIY) JUB}ISUOD UO peseq SI YyoIyM A109y} B WOoY SUOT}B[Nd[ed EY} UT SSoUyoIY [Joys [Boo] ey} DuIsn o7 peynqiye st SOSSONS oUBIqUOU [BIxe OY] 10} JUoUIOOISB JO YOR] ey) ‘sasses Furpuoeq [BIxe oy} 10} pue sessoays [wIyWoIEJWNOITO [[e 10y s}[NS -01 480} YjIM JUoulooide pood pemoys uoyeyndwioo ey ul Japutxo 480} 84} JO SSauyorY] [Joys [BOO] ey) Dursn Aq poutezqgo sj[nseI [BO1}e1004} EYT, “SosseuyoIy) [JeYs yUe10jJIP OM] JO posoduioo SBM “IEAEMOY ‘Jopoul ay) ‘sseuyoIYy) WOJTUN yjIM []JeYS B JO aso *sossels [BOWUd 9Y) Jo epnyrusew oy) peonpe. Ajqetoasdde uonoes ssoio [eAo ayy Jo SIx@ JOUTW 94} 0} Jo[[eied pooed syns JO saqn) yey) puno] osye SBM 4] “OINJBAIND JO sniIped owes oy) UO peseq JaputtAd se[NoII0 jue|vatnbe uv jo asoy) 10) uvy) ‘paysey seputpAo [eAo pouejjns -3ULI OY) 10} JoysIY Yon aq oO} punoy oJoM Sassesjs [woNMO OY, “SSaUyOIY} JUR}SUOD UO pase SI YOIYM Aloay} & Woy SuOB[NoTeo ayy UI SSEUYoIYA [[EYS [Boo] oY) Fursn o7 poynquye st SOSSONS oUBIqUOU [BIxXe 9Y} 10) JUaWeeISe JO YOR] oY) ‘sasseqs FuIpuog [BIxe oy} 10} pue sessays [BMUaIeJWNOAIO [Je 10} syJNs -81 480} YJIM JUaUIdeIde pood pamoys uoNe ndulod ay} ut oputtAo 489} ay} JO SSaUyoTY} [JOYS [Boo] ay) dursn Aq paureygo sj]nsea [BOljo1094} YT, “Sessouyoty) [Joys JUeJ1ejJjJ1p OM) JO posodwoo SBM “IOAOMOY ‘JEpOW oy} ‘ssauyoTYy) WAOJIUN YQIM [JeYs B JO osvo *Sessals [voNuU0 ayy JO epnjtudew ey) peonpas Ayqetoeidds uonoes ssoio [BAO oy) Jo SIx@ JOUIW oY) 07 Jo[[eaed peowyd sqnys 10 seqny BY} puNo} ose S@M JJ *21NYBAIND JO SNIpvs owes ey) UO paseq Jopur[AD IB[NOIIO que|eatnbe ue jo esoy) Joy uey) ‘payse} JeputtAo [Bao pouejj ns -BULI OY} JO} JeysTY YON eq oO} punoy oJom Sesses [BONUS oY, *SSoUYoIYy} JUBISUOD UO peseq SI YOIYM Aloayy B WOY SUOI}B[NO[VO OY} UL SSOUYSIY) [JOYS [BOO] EY} Jursn oO} poynqiyye si SOSSONS sUBIqUEU [BIXB 84} 10j JUaWeeIdB JO YOR] OY) ‘sessens Bulpueq [Bixe eyj 10) pue sossesys [ByuoJoJWMOITO []B 10} sy[NS -011S9} YJIM JUeWeeiIde pood pamoys uoTeyndwos ayy ul Japut[Ao 489} OY} JO SSoUYoIY) [Joys [B00] ey) dursn Aq pourezgo sq[Nso1 [891Je100 4} CYT, “SeSseUydTY) [[eYs jUeJeJJIP OM} JO posodwoo SBM “IeABMOY ‘JepOUl OY} ‘ssouyoIY) WAOJIUN YIIM [Joys BJO osvo j » pall SMa tht ean Da ha) ian trey ; yan LR ere : Ad HG et) batts ay TAREE RMA A CRORE dls aie j "4 $ i AWAY f Y ho { Lia a ’ , i ‘ i ba Cea as es! a a) a ‘ ) wey i | y