UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY

SAN FRANCISCO

Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN

HYMENOMYCETES BRITANNICI

Pleniorem dabit lucem futura aetas."

BRITISH FUNGI

(H YMENOM YCE TES )

BY

REV. JOHN\STEVENSON

AUTHOR OF ' MYCOLOGIA SCOTICA '
HON. SEC. CRYPTOGAMIC SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II. CORTINARIUS— DACRYMYCES

ILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS
EDINBURGH AND LONDON
MDCCCLXXXVI

172552

All Rights reserved

HYMENOMYCETES.

ORDER I.— AGAEICINI.

GENUS V.— Cortinarius (cortina, a veil). Fr. Epicr. p. 255.

Veil arachnoid, distinct from the cuticle ofthepileus, superficial.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Gills persistent, arid,
changing colour, pulverulent with the spores which fall off slowly.
Trama fibrillose. Spores globose or oblong, here and there
apiculate, somewhat ochraceous on white paper. Growing on
the ground in woods, putrefying. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 335.

The most natural of the genera of Agaricini, but not easily
defined by artificial characters. The veil and the gills present
the chief marks of distinction. The gills generally become
cinnamon-coloured. Very rare or altogether wanting in hot
countries, but generally abundant in northern woods. All
autumnal. They present a very different appearance in different
stages of growth, and in the various stages according as they are
moist or dry. It is necessary, therefore, to examine species both
in their earlier and later stages. Some Flammulce resemble
them, but can scarcely be confounded with them.

Tribe I. PHLEGMACIUM (4>Aey/ta, clammy moisture). Par- Phiegma-
tial veil arachnoid. Pileus equally fleshy, viscous. Stem firm, cium'
dry. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 336.

f CLIDUCHII (C. cliduchus. »cAeiSovx°?, **«'?, a club ; ex&>, to have). Partial
veil superior, pendulous in the form of a ring from the apex of the nearly equal
or clavate stem.

* Gills pallid then clay -colour.

VOL. II. A

AGARICINI.

XL. Cortinarins (Phlegmacium')
fulgens. One-third natural size.

Phlegma- ** Gills violaceous or purplish then cinnamon.

cium. *** Gills yellow, cinnamon, ferruginous (not at first whitish or violaceous).

*#** ails olivaceous.

ft SCAURI (C. scaurus, club-footed). Bulb depressed or turbinate, mar-
ginate. Stem fleshy, fibrous, cortina commonly inferior, arising from the

margin of the bulb. Pileus equally fleshy.
Gills somewhat sinuate.

The margin of the bulb is a kind of cir-
cularly split volva. In many instances it
has been observed conjoined with the cover-
ing of the pileus, in others free and volva-
ceous. Hence the stem is never sheathed
with the universal veil, nor at the first, as in
the next group, extended, and scarcely ever
farinaceous or clothed at the apex, but like
group ** of Amanitse at first enclosed within
the pileus and bulb, which are applied to
each other like two small balls. The im-
pression on the bulb around the stem arises
from the margin of the pileus pressing upon
it at first. There are a few species which
are intermediate between Scauri and Clidu-
chii, the pileus at first embracing the stem
to the very base, whence the bulb is nearly
wanting, but the base itself is marginate.

* Gills whitish, then clay-coloured or pale
cinnamon.

f* Gills violaceous, dark blue, purplish, at length cinnamon.

*** Gills ferruginous, tawny or yellow.

**** Gills olivaceous.

•f-f-f ELASTTCI. Cortina simple, thin, fugacious, medial or inferior. Stem
at the first extended, somewhat thin, never marginato-bulbous or sheathed,
but rigid-elastic, externally somewhat cartilaginous, polished, shining, naked
at the apex, at length most frequently hollow. Pileus thin, often hygroph-
anous.

* Gills whitish, then clay-coloured or dirty-cinnamon.

** Gills violaceous, purplish, fiesh-coloured.

*** Gills pure ochre, tawny, or ferruginous.

**** Gills olivaceous, fuliginous.

t CLIDUCHII.
* Gills pallid then clay-coloured.

1. C. triumphans Fr.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
yellow with a tinge of brown or ochraceous when moist, yellow
when dry, variegated at the disc with minute adpressed spot-like
scales or wholly naked, fleshy, not very thick, convexo-plane, ob-
tuse, regular, margin even, not bent inwards ; flesh alike of pileus
and stem compact, white. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, 12
mm. (}4 in.) and more thick, solid, firm, attenuated from the
ovato-bulbous base, striate, yellowish-white, adorned with tawny
scales arranged in many circles (or rings); the partial cortina
superior, woven, somewhat ringed. Gills emarginate, crowded,

CORTINARIUS. 3

6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, with a small decurrent tooth which ends Phiegma-
determinately in a continuous mealy white zone, densely veined C1
at the sides, plane, whitish or inclining to very pale bluish grey,
at length clay-colour and somewhat cinnamon.

Large, splendid, from its zones of scales recalling A. Vittadinii. The
scales readily fall off. A smaller form occurs in dry birch woods.

In grassy ground. Rare. Sept.

Spores ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 12-16 x 5-6 mk. K. ; pruniform, punc-
tate, 12-13 n'k. (?• Name — from the stem resembling a triumphal column.
Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 4. Hym. Eur. p. 336. Icon. t. 141. /. i. B. & Br. n.
1263. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 445. A. sublanatus Huss. ii. /. 22.

2. 0. claricolor Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) and more
broad, yellow, unchangeable, wholly fleshy, convexo-flattened,
and at length depressed, at the first everywhere, soon only round
the margin veiled with superficial, silky-pruinose, villous down,
then wholly smooth, even,y#r the most part however broken into
scales. Stem solid, hard, white, wholly clothed as far as the
superior cortina (above which it is white-mealy) with white scaly

fiocci or lax down, but when full grown the cortina and scales
alike disappear, otherwise sometimes curt, bulbous, sometimes
elongated and conico-attenuated or cylindrical ; flesh of the pileus
and stem white. Gills sometimes emarginate, almost free, some-
times adnate, crowded, at the first whitish then clay-colour, the
edge unequal.

Very changeable in form, but always very robust and compact. Interme-
diate between C. triumphans and C. turmalis. In a var. the gills are at first
slightly bluish-grey.

In mixed woods. Glamis, &c. Sept.-Nov.

Spores pruniform, nucleate, 11-12x6-8 mk. C.B.P. ; 12x6 mk. W.P.
Name— clarus, clear ; color, colour. Of pure colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 5.
Hym. Eur. p. 336. Icon. t. 141. /. 2. B. & Br. n. 1541. 5. Mycol. Scot. n.
446. Quel. Grev. t. 102. f. i.

3. C. turmalis Fr.— Pileus yellow-tan, most frequently darker
at the disc, not changeable, compact, convex then plane, very
obtuse, even, smooth (sometimes obsoletely piloso-virgate), when
young veiled with pruinate but very fugacious villous down, soon
naked, viscid; flesh white. Stem sometimes 7.5 cent. (3 in.),
sometimes 15 cent. (6 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.), thick, solid, very
hard, rigid, cylindrical, here and there attenuated at the base,
shining white when dry, when young sheathed with a white woolly
veil, naked when full grown. Cortina entirely fibrillose, superior
and persistent in the form of a ring, at length ferruginous with

4 AGARICINI.

Phlegma- the spores. Gills variously adnexed, rounded or emarginate, even
decurrent with a tooth, crowded, serrated, white then clay-colour.

Densely crowded in large heaps. Dependent on the weather. The flesh is
not so hard and compact as that of C. claricolor, wherefore the pileus is never
broken into scales. The gills never turn bluish-grey. The mealy andfloccose
covering is a universal veil ; in C. triumphans it is concentrically tawny-
scaly, in C. claricolor, white-woolly-scaly, in C. turmalis, white-woolly, soon
naked.

In mixed woods. Glamis, &c. Sept.-Oct.

Spores '8-9x5 mk. K.; 8x5 mk. W.P. Na.me—turma, a troop. From
its habit of growth. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 5. Hym. Eur. p. 336. B. & Br. n.
1774. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 447.

4. C. sebaceus Fr.— Pileus 6-12.5 cent. (2^-5 in.) broad, uni-
colorous, pale, of the colour of tallow, equally fleshy, convex then
rather plane, commonly very repand, viscid, smooth, but at the
first covered over with a whitish pruinose lustre ; flesh white.
Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 12 mm.-2.5 cent, (]^-\ in.) thick,
solid, stout, compact, never bulbous, often twisted and com-
pressed, slightly fibrillose, pale white. Cortina delicate, fuga-
cious, adhering only to the margin of the pileus. Gills emar-
ginate, not crowded, connected by veins, 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad,
clay-colour or pallid cinnamon, paler at the sides.

The flesh of the pileus is not compact at the disc and abruptly thin at the
circumference, but equally attenuated towards the margin. The flesh of the
stem is white. The gills never turn bluish-grey. Taste mild.

In mixed woods. Glamis, &c. Sept.-Nov.

Spores pale cinnamon, Fr. Name — sebum, tallow. From the colour. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 7. Hym. Eur. p. 337. Icon. t. 143. f. i. B. 6^ Br. n. 1542.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 448. Grevillea, t. 83.

** Gills violaceous, &C.

5. C. varius Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad, bright
ferruginous-tawny, compact, hemispherico-flattened, very obtuse,

regular, slightly viscid, even, smooth, the thin margin at first in-
curved, appendiculate with the cortina; flesh firm, white. Stem
curt, 4-6 cent. (i%-2% in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more thick,
bulbous, absolutely immarginate, compact, shilling white, adpress-
edly flocculose, the superior veil pendulous. Gills emarginate,
thin, somewhat crowded, at first narrow, violaceous-purplish, then
broader and ochraceous-cinnamon, always quite entire.

Variable in stature, but the habit and colours are always unchangeable. It
varies with the stem taller and somewhat equal, the pileus yellow-tawny, and
the gills dark blue.

CORTINARIUS. 5

In woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov. dumgma

Name — varius, changeable. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 8. Hym. Eur. p. 338.
Berk. Out. p. 183. C. Hbk. n. 487. Ag. Scheeff. t. 42.

6. C. cyanopus Fr. — Pileus 6 cent. (2% in.) broad, at first
date-brown-livid, then tan and opaque, fleshy when unfolded,
flattened, obtuse, regular, viscid in rainy weather, in fine weather
dry opaque and even, smooth. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
12 mm. (}4 in.) thick, solid, firm, ventricoso-bulbous, but always
immarginate, above the bulb attenuated upwards, naked (neither
fibrillose nor mealy) and white, violaceous above. Gills at first
adnate, then emarginate, broad (6-8 mm., 3-4 lin.), not much
crowded, in the same cluster intensely violaceoiis and pallid
bluish-grey, soon changing colour to cinnamon, edge unequal.

The pileus when young is hemispherical, not embracing the bulb but the
apex of the stem, the cortina extending from the closely involute margin to
the apex of the stem. The stem when young is ovato-bulbous, when full
grown depressed and oblique (somewhat rhomboid) at the base, more than
2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, soft and spongy. The gills are less crowded than those
of its allies. The flesh of the stem in its earliest stage is dingy white,
variegated purple-violaceous above, that of the pileus dingy white, when full
grown wholly white.

In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores 10x5 mk. W.P. Name — KV'OU/O?, dark blue; TTOV'S, afoot. From the
colour of the stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 9. Hym. Eur. p. 338. Berk. Out. p.
184. C. Hbk. n. 488. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 449. Quel. Grev. t. 102. /. 2. A.
glaucopus Sow. t. 223.

7. C. largus Fr.— Pileus 10-15 cent- (4~6 in.) broad, commonly
date-brown-tawny, fleshy, compact at the broad disc, thin at the
circumference, convexo-flattened, very obtuse, slightly viscid on
the surface, adpressedly silky-fibrillose when dry, commonly
rivuloso-squamulose, sometimes fibrillose towards the margin ;
flesh wholly fibrous, firm, whitish-bluish-grey, becoming white
when exposed to the air. Stem solid, sometimes shorter, slightly
bulbous, 6 cent. (2)4 in.) long, commonly elongated, 10-12.5
cent. (4-5 in.) long, almost 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick and equal, often
curved and ascending, wholly fibrillose, the superior cortina
pendulous, above which the stem is pruinose, white tinted viola-
ceous; flesh same as that of pileus. Gills sometimes adnate,
sometimes emarginate, crowded, 12 mm. ()4 in.) broad, at first
bluish-grey-clay-colour, then cinnamon.

Somewhat casspitose. The pileus when young is sometimes violet such as
is here and there observed round the margin of full-grown specimens. When
bruised the stem is sometimes bloody.

6 AGARICINI.

Phlegma- In pine woods. Herefordshire. Sept.-Oct.

cium.

Name — largus, large. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 10. Hym. Eur. p. 339.
Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 76. Quel. Grev. t. 103. f. i.

8. C. Riederi Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, ochraceous,
compact, campanulato-expanded, obtusely umbonate, even, glu-
tinous, shining when dry; flesh watery. Stem 10-12.5 cent.
(4-5 in.) long, solid, clavate, lilac-silky and tawny-fibrillose. Gills
aclnate, rather thick, eroded, lilac then cinnamon.

Pileus slimy when moist, obsoletely streaked. Allied to the Myxacia.
In pine woods. Herefordshire. Sept.-Oct.

Name — After Rieder. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 339. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 76.
Quel. Grev. t. io4-/. i.

*** Gills yellow, cinnamon, d^c.

9. C. saghms Fr.— Pileus 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad, yellow,
fleshy, plano-convex, irregular, repand, viscous ; flesh soft, white.
Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more thick, solid,
somewhat bulbous, fibrillose, light yellowish, naked at the apex.
Cortina fibrillose, fugacious, not very conspicuous. Gills truly
decurrent, 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) broad, attenuated at both ends,
dingy pallid then cinnamon, eroded at the edge.

Very gregarious, somewhat caespitose.
In woods. Hereford, &c.

Name — sagina, corpulence. From its size. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 12. Hym.
Eur. p. 340. Grevillea, vol. v. p. 56, vi. /. 92. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot.
Nat. 1882, p. 216.

10. C. russus Fr.— Pileus 10 cent. (4 in.) broad, unicolorous,
rufous, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse, viscid, smooth at the
disc, innately fibrillose round the margin. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, stuffed then hollow, attenu-
ated upwards, not bulbous, often curved -ascending, soft, ad-
pressedly fibrillose, pale-white, delicately pruinate at the apex.
Cortina very tender, fugacious. Gills obtusely adnate (scarcely
perceptibly rounded), 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) broad, crowded, con-
nected by veins, rufous-ferruginous.

Well distinguished by its coppery-rufous pileus, bitter nauseous taste, and
by the soft fash being ivhitish-Jiesh-colour.

In woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Spores 8x6 mk. W.G.S. Name — russus, red. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 13.
Hym. Eur. p. 341. C. Hbk. n. 489. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 450. Worth. Smith,
Trans. Woolh. Cl. 1870, /. i.

CORTINARIUS. 7

**** Gills Olivaceous. Phlegma-

cium.

11. C. anfractus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, dark
olivaceous, becoming fuliginous -tawny, equally fleshy, but at
length very irregular at the thin bent in margin, even, smooth.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) or a little more long, 12 mm. (# in.) and
more thick, clavate, immarginate, ascending, fibrillose, very dingy,
violaceous at the apex, here and there hollow within. Cortina
superior, but not in the form of a ring. Flesh whitish, obsoletely
violaceous at the apex of the stem. Gills emarginate, distant,
6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, crisped, olivaceous-fuliginous.

The pileus is always zoneless, but it varies fuliginous when moist, when dry
yellowish-olivaceous, with tiger-spots. It is often pitted and depressed round
the margin, which is at length lobed. It varies regular.

In woods. Rare. King's Cliffe, £c.

The whole plant when young is covered with a white volva. M.J.B.
Spores 6x4 mk. W.P. Name — anfractus, bent, waved, repand. Of the
margin of the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 14. Hym. Eur. p. 341. Berk.
Out. p. 184. C. Hbk. n. 496. Quel. Grev. t. 104.7. 3-

tf SCAURI.
* Gills whitish, then clay-coloured, &c.

12. C. multiformis Fr. — Pileus unicolorous, light-yellow, clay-
yellow, tawny, &c., fleshy, regular, convex then flattened, very
obtuse and at length depressed, for the most part very viscous,
even, smooth. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, about 12 mm.
(% in.) thick, solid, equal or attenuated, somewhat smooth or
adpressedly fibrillose, naked (not pruinose), white then yellowish,
with a somewhat marginate bulb. Cortina fibrillose, fugacious,
white. Flesh white, at first compact then soft, that of the pileus
at length slightly yellow. Gills emarginate, free or with a small
decurrent tooth, very thin, crowded, tense and straight, not broad,
serrulated, atjirst white, then clay-colour.

Very changeable. Odour and taste mild. It is distinguished by the colour
being by no means violet and not hygrophanous, by the white flesh, and by the
crowded serrulated gills being at the first whitish. According to the state of
the atmosphere it is very viscid or somewhat dry, then often sprinkled with
the universal white veil, the thin margin deflexed. The pileus often varies
spotted, and when taller streaked with fibrils ; moreover lacunoso-sulcate, &c.
The bulb is about 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick.

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

I have seen the bulb so margined as to give the impression of a volva like
that of A. pantherinus. M.J.B. Spores ochraceous, Fr. ; pruniform,
nucleate, punctate, 5-6x2-3 mk. C.B.P.; 7x4 mk. W.P. Name — multus,

8 AGARICINI.

Phlegma- forma. Very various in shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 15. Hym. Eur. p. 343.
cium. Berk. Out. p. 184. C. Hbk. n. 491. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 451. Quel. Grev. t.

104. f. 4. A. turbinatus Sow. t. 102.

13. C. napus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, fuliginous,
then date - brown - tawny, fleshy, convexo- plane, obtuse, even,
smooth, glutinous, the regular margin bent inwards ; flesh com-
pact, white, with a horny line (hymenophore) next the gills.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick, solid, equal,
ascending, smooth, firm, white, at length becoming yellow at
the base, inserted in an obconic, acutely and obliquely marginate
bulb. Gills emarginate, somewhat distant, broad, crisped, whitish-
fuliginous, hyaline at the sides.

It differs conspicuously from species near to it in the broad, crisped, some-
what distant, whitish-fuliginous gills.

In pine woods. Hereford. Oct.

Name — napus, a turnip. From the bulb. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 16. Hym.
Eur. p. 343. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 41.

14. C. talus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, of a yel-
lowish dirty colour, becoming pale, margin somewhat olivaceous,
yellowish, fleshy, thin, equal, convexo-plane, even, smooth, vis-
cous ; flesh watery, dingy pallid-whitish, with hyaline spots, and
variegated with a horny line next the gills. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick, solid, equal, cylindrical (not oblique),
becoming smooth, marginato-bulbous at the base, pale. Gills
emarginate, somewhat crowded, beautiful straw-colour or ochrey-
pallid, scarcely changing colour.

Very pretty, very much allied to C. turbinatus, but quite distinct in its
colours. The bulb is small, somewhat round, marginate.

In woods. Epping Forest. Oct.

Name — talus, an ankle bone. From the swelling at the base of the stem.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 17. Hym. Eur. p. 344. Icon. t. 145. f. 2. Grevillea,
vol. xiv. p. 38.

** Gills violaceous, &^c.

15. C. glaucopus Fr.— Pileus dingy yellow, tan-tawny or clay-
colour, very fleshy, at first bent inwards, then flattened and
unequal, somewhat repand, slightly viscid, rarely even, commonly
floccoso-scaly, often marked with a raised fuscous-blackish zone
round the margin ; flesh compact, white. Stem solid, very stout,
at first in the form of a bulb (2.5 cent., i in.), and marginato-
bulbous, fibrillose, woolly, chiefly at the apex, at length elongated
(7.5 cent., 3 in.), the bulb vanishing, but the base remaining

CORTINARIUS. 9

marginate, more than 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, azure-blue-pallid ; Phiegma-
internally pale azure-blue, becoming yellow at the base. Gills c"
rounded and emarginate, crowded, sometimes crisped, azure-blue,
at length cinnamon.

Very changeable and variable. The above is the earlier form. Later it
appears in great troops and is very robust. Pileus compact, very large, un-
dulated and tiger -spotted, ochraceous or becoming tawny, when young
regular and convex, 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, at length flattened and
depressed, 20 cent. (8 in.) broad. Stem somewhat equal, marginate at the
base, white or yellowish, fibrillose and striate, naked at the apex. Flesh alike
of the pileus and stem yellowish, that of the stem dark yellow below. Gills
sinuate, with a small decurrent tooth, 12 mm. (% in.) broad, somewhat
crowded, bluish-grey then clay-colour and somewhat cinnamon.

In pine woods. Frequent. Aug. -Oct.

Spores sphaeroid- ellipsoid, 8-9x5 mk. K. Name — yAavicds, pale blue;
n-ov's, a foot. With pale blue stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 18. Hym. Eur. p. 344.
Berk. Out. p. 184. C. Hbk. n. 492. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 452. Quel. Grev. t.
I04./ 5. Ag. Scheeff. t. 53.

16. C. calochrous Fr.— Pileus tawny, yellow round the margin,
compact, convex, then plane, obtuse, viscid, guttate, commonly
stained with soil ; margin short, regularly involute, when un-
folded often flexuous; flesh very white. Stem curt, 4-5 cent.
(1)4-2 in.) long, solid, firm, marginato-bulbous, bulb very de-
pressed, otherwise equal, fibrillose, yellowish, never becoming
dark blue. Cortina marginal, fugacious, yellow. Gills emargin-
ate, crowded, serrated, of a beautiful dark blue-purple.

In woods and pastures. Frequent.

Name — KO\OS, beautiful ; \p<!>s, colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 19. Hym. Eur.
p. 345. Berk. Out. p. 185. /. 12. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 493. Quel. Grev. t. 105.
f. i. .S. Mycol. Scot. n. 453.

17. C. cserulescens Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.), and more
broad, dingy yellow, somewhat clay-colour, but varying fuscous-
yellowish, £c., equally fleshy, convex, at length plane, obtuse,
regular, even, rather smooth, but often streaked with fibrils, vis-
cid, when dry shining or opaque; flesh violaceous, growing white.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12 mm. (y£ in.) thick (the bulb more
than 2.5 cent., i in. thick), solid, equally attenuated upwards
from the marginate bulb, firm, at first fibrillose, of a charming
violet colour, then naked, becoming pale, whitish. Cortina fibril-
lose, fugacious. Gills somewhat aclnate, slightly rounded, thin,
very crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, at first beautifully and in-
tensely azure-blue, then purplish, at length dingy-cinnamon.

When young the plant is here and there wholly azure-blue. The bulb is here

10 AGARICINI.

Phlegma- and there obliterated with age, always white beneath. Neither the gills when
cium. bruised nor the flesh when broken ever change colour (intensely azure-blue),

but the gills become purple and at length cinnamon. Odour scarcely any.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Spores subellipsoid, 9-10 x 5-6 mk. K. Name—cceruleus, azure. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 19. Hym. Bur. p. 345. Berk. Out. p. 185. C. Hbk. n. 494.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 454. Quel. Grev. t. 105. /. 3. A. calochrous b. Letell. t.
b$*L.—Schceff. t. 34 (not good). Vent. t. 32.7. 1-3.

18. C. purpurascens Fr. — Pileus 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad,
bay-brown or date-brown-olivaceous, then tawny-olivaceous, tiger-
spotted, and often depressed round the margin, which is at first
inflexed then repand, marked with a raised fuscous zone, fleshy,
compact at the disc, obtuse, repand, variable, smeared with dense
gluten, but opaque when dry ; flesh wholly azure-blue. Stem
solid, thick, bulbous, wholly fibrillose, intensely pallid azure-blue,
darker when touched, bulb somewhat marginate. Gills broadly
emarginate, 6 mm. (3 lin.) and more broad, crowded, azure-blue-
clay, then cinnamon, violaceous-purple when bruised.

Readily distinguished from species near to it (especially C. glaucopus) by its
gills soon changing colour and becoming spotted with purple when touched.
The primary form is curt, robust, very compact, juicy, azure-blue-purplish
when touched. There is another form, in dense beech woods, somewhat
caespitose, the longer stem somewhat twisted, pileus undulated, as much as
20 cent. (8 in.) broad, toast-brown then clay-colour and at length cinnamon
with the spores. Gills at first bluish-grey-purplish ; otherwise as above.

In mixed woods. Common. Sept.-Nov.

The marginal zone is not constant. M.J.B. Name — from the gills becom-
ing purple when bruised. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 20. Hym. Eur. p. 345. Berk.
Out. p. 185. C. Hbk. n. 495. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 455. Quel. Grev. t. 105.
/. 2.

* C. subpurpurascens Fr.— Pileus tawny-fuliginous, becoming
pale, not compact, obtuse, at length very much dilated and
undulato-flexuous, viscous, obsoletely streaked with fibrils, some-
what spotted ; flesh soft, whitish (very faint azure-blue), un-
changeable. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 12 mm. (J4 in.)
thick, at length hollow, somewhat cylindrical, marginato-bulbous
at the base, fibrillose below, naked above, smooth, slightly striate,
pale azure-blue or whitish. Gills sometimes emarginate, almost
free, sometimes decurrent, pallid then cinnamon, becoming purple
when bruised.

In woods. Epping Forest. Oct. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 21. Hym. Eur. p.
346. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 42. Batschf. 74.

CORTINAR1US. II

*** Gills ferruginous, &c. Phiegma

cmm.

19. C. dibaphus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
purplish, disc yellowish, and at length variegated with lilac,
fleshy, convex then plane, at length depressed, somewhat repand,
viscous, smooth ; flesh yellow, variegated under the pellicle with a
violet line. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick,
marginato-bulbous, stuffed, fibrillose, yellow, shining, purplish at
the apex, light yellowish within. Gills adnate, slightly rounded,
somewhat crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, quite entire, purplish-
ferruginous.

Odour and taste mild.

In woods, beech and oak. Fordingbridge, Hants.

Spores 8xn mk. W.G.S, Name— &'-/3o</>os, twice dipped or dyed. Of
two colours. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 21. Hym. Eur. p. 346. B. & Br. n. 1265.
Saund. & Sm. t. 10. QueL Grev. t. 105. /. 4.

20. 0. turbinatus Fr. — Pileus unicolorous^ dingy yellow or
green, becoming pale, hygrophanous, opaque when dry, fleshy,
convex then flattened, obtuse, at length depressed, orbicular, even,
smooth, viscid ; flesh soft, white. Stem commonly curt (5 cent.,
2 in.), but varying elongated, yellowish, springing from a globoso-
depressed distinctly marginate bulb, otherwise equal, cylindrical,
stuffed then hollow. Gills attenuato-adnate, thin, crowded, broad,
quite entire, at first pallid light-yellowish, at length somewhat
ferruginous.

The typical form is regular, distinct from its allies in the hygrophanous
pileus, in the gills being isabelline-ferruginous and quite entire, and in being
without any dark blue or purple colour. Easily distinguished by its turbinate
bulb.

In woods. Uncommon.

Pileus variable in width. Margin of the bulb so strongly developed as to
appear volvate like A. pantherinus. M.J.B. Name — turbo, a spinning-top;
conical. Of the bulb. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 22. Hym. Eur. p. 346. Berk.
Out. p. 185. C. Hbk. n. 497. Quel. Grev. t. 107.7. *• AS- Vent- f- 38-7- 5.
6. Bull. t. no.

21. C. fulgens Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2 -3 in.) broad, orange-
tawny, very fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, viscid, occasionally
punctate as with drops, at length silky-fibrillose or squamulose ;

flesh very compact, white-yellow, at length spongy and tan-colour.
Stem solid, curt, equal above the depressed and obliquely, at the
first acutely, marginate bulb, woolly with the yellow, densely
fibrillose (in wet weather viscid) cortina, when full grown elon-

12 AGARICINI.

Phiegma- gated to 7.5 cent. (3 in.). Gills emarginate, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad,
somewhat crowded, quite entire, at first bright yellow, at length
somewhat distant, tawny or ferruginous with the spores.

Very handsome, robust. The colour of the pileus is deeply and persistently
orange-tawny. The spores tinge even the wool on the stem.

In pine woods. Rare. Sept.

Spores 9x6 mk. IV.G.S. Na.me—fuZgeo, to shine. Of its bright colour.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 23. Hym. Eur. p. 347. C. Hbk. n. 498. Saund. & Sm.

t. 12.

22. 0. fulmineus Fr. — Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
tawny, variegated with dense irregular agglutinated scales, very
fleshy, at first hemispherical and attached to the bulb, then convex,
very viscous, margin regular, at first involute; flesh thick, white,
often yellow at the circumference or wholly yellowish. Stem
when young enclosed in the bulb, apparently awanting, then ex-
tended but scarcely more than 2.5 cent, (i in.), solid, obese,
yellow, naked, white-cortinate at the apex. Bulb very depressed,
marginate, rooting, wider than the young pileus. Gills rounded,
thin, very crowded, golden-yellow at length tawny.

The bulb and the scales on the pileus resemble the volva of the Amanitee of
the group represented by A. rubescens. The whole plant is robust, very hard.
Mild. The pileus is tawny, almost brown, margin orange. Stem not fila-
mentous, at first slightly viscid.

In shady woods. Ledbury.

Name—futmen, lightning. Shining. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 23. Hym. Eur.
p. 347. Grev. xii. p. 42. Ag. Schceff. t. 24.

23. 0. orichalceus Batsch.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
normally blood-red or liver-rufescent, with the margin livid, or
bay-brown-ferruginous, and cinereous-olive round the margin,
fleshy, convex, soon flattened, at length depressed, with a viscous
pellicle or glutinous, the disc spotted with scales. Stem 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) long, 12 mm. (}4 in.) thick, solid, equal, but springing from
a marginate somewhat volvaceous bulb, very fibrillose (the fibrils
viscid in wet weather from the gluten of the pileus flowing down),
yellow-green or dingy yellow-pale. Gills adnate, broad, crowded,
sulphur-yellow becoming green.

The flesh alike of pileus and stem white, but lemon-yellow at the circum-
ference, at length wholly greenish-yellow. Easily distinguished by its dark
dirty colours, which are nevertheless variable (the pileus sometimes oliva-
ceous). The gills are very broad behind.

Under trees. Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Name — orichalchum, yellow copper ore, or brass. Of the colour. Fr.

CORTINARIUS. 13

Monogr. ii. p. 24. Hym. Eur. p. 348. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 42. Batsch f. Phlegma-
184. Quel. Grev. t. io6./. i. cium.

*##* GUIs olivaceous.

24. C. prasinus Fr. — Pileus sometimes aeruginous, sometimes
tawny-fuliginous, tiger-spotted, as if scaly, compact, convexo-
plane, very obtuse, regular, viscid, the margin regularly involute ;
flesh dingy white. Stem curt, very thick, solid, greenish-pallid,
not becoming violet ; flesh greenish-white. Cortina scanty, whitish
or pallid-green. Gills emarginate, not crowded, when full grown
rather distant, somewhat crisped, yellow-olivaceous or somewhat
olivaceous, darker and cinereous-olivaceous at the base.

Commonly sporadic. Taste mild.
In beech woods. King's Cliffe.

Name — irpda-ov, leek. Leek-green. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 25. Hym. Eur. p.
348. Berk. Out. p. 186. C. Hbk. n. 500. Quel. Grev. t. 106. /. 2. Ag.
Schce/. t. 218.

25. C. scaurus Fr.— Pileus commonly 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.), very
rarely 10 cent. (4 in.) broad, tiger-spotted, of a peculiar tawny-
fuliginous colour, when dry more tawny, fleshy, convex then
plane, depressed when old, viscous, smooth, the thin margin at
length slightly striate; flesh thin, soft. Stem solid, soft and
spongy (especially the bulb) with age, equally attenuated upwards
from the marginato-bulbous base (more than 2.5 cent., I in. thick
at the base, 8 mm., 4 lin. at the apex), fibrillose or striate, azure-
blue or olivaceous then becoming white, and also yellowish when
old. Cortina fibrillose, somewhat green. Gills attenuato-ad-
nexed, rounded, thin, very crowded, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad,
broader (6 mm., 3 lin.) in front, normally /w^/z^-olivaceous,
but varying pure olivaceous and even fuliginous.

Odour and taste mild. It differs from all neighbouring species in the very
crowded and very narrow gills. The bulb here and there vanishes.

In woods. Rare. Oct.-Nov.

Stem purplish in my specimens with a red tinge on the edge of the bulb.
M.J.B. Name— scaurus, with projecting ankles. Of the bulb. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 25. Hym. Eur. p. 349. Icon. t. 146. / i. Berk. Out. p. 186. C. Hbk.
n. 499. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 456. Quel. Grev. t. 107. /. 2.

ftt ELASTICI.
* Gills whitish, then clay-coloured, &-v.

26. C. cumatilis Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, of a very
charming violet or purple-violet colour, convex, obtuse, not de-

14 AGARICINI.

Phiegma- pressed, often irregular, with a viscous pellicle, even, smooth ;
flesh both of pileus and stem hard, shining white, unchangeable.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick, but variable
and often curved, solid, firm, wholly shining white, furnished with
a cortina only at the apex, but not pulverulent ; the universal veil,
which serves as a pellicle of the pileus, ruptured at the base and
adnate to it, as a separable agglutinated membrane of the same
colour as the pileus. Gills attenuate -adnexed, almost free,
crowded, narrow, scarcely 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, with a small
decurrent tooth, acute at the apex, white then clay-colour.

Handsome, distinguished, not allied to any. The colours of the pileus and
base of the stem depend upon the universal veil, which on being ruptured
forms the pellicle of the former, and the sheathing membrane of the latter.
Yellow spots are left where these are rubbed off. It varies sometimes solitary
and larger, compact, sometimes somewhat caespitose with the stems equal
and ascending.

In woods. Honningham, Norfolk. Oct.

The colour agrees better with the name and with Fries's fig. than with his
description. Spores 7x4 mk. IV. P. Name — cumatilis, sea-coloured, blue.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 27. ,Hym. Eur. p. 349. Icon. t. 146. f. 2. C. caerulescens
Saund. dr3 Sm. t. 22.

27. C. decoloratus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, clay-
colour, disc darker, thin, but equally fleshy, campanulate then
convex, obtuse, soft, viscous, soon dry, smooth, corrugated when
old ; flesh soft, white, watery. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12
mm. (l/2 in.) or less thick, stuffed, thin, somewhat equal, slightly
thickened at the base, ascending, fibrillose, silvery, often curved,
smooth and naked at the apex. Cortina inferior, fibrillose. Gills
emarginate, adnate or decurrent according to situation, not much
crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad (broader than the flesh of the
pileus), clay-colour then cinnamon.

Taste slightly acrid. Very protean. The above is the typical form found
in beech woods. The habit and stature are quite those of C. tabularis, but
the pileus is viscous, never silky-veiled, stem never scaly, &c. In birch
woods : pileus a little darker, floccoso-scaly or rivuloso-granulose when dry ;
bulb at the first present, small and somewhat round, but soon vanishing,
soft, stem attenuated from it, sometimes yellowish ; gills at the first bluish-
grey-whitish. In pine woods : smaller and thinner, pileus even ; gills pallid
clay-colour.

In woods. Epping. Edinburgh Fungus Show. Oct.

Name — de, and coloro, to colour. Changing colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 30.
Hym. Eur. p. 351. B. 6* Br. n. 1541. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 457. Quel. Grev.
t. 107.7. 4-

CORTINARIUS. 15

** GUIs Violaceous, &C. Phlegms

cium

28. C. decolorans Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (i%-2% in.) broad,
'wholly persistently yellow, fleshy, convex then flattened, somewhat
gibbous, equal, even, smooth, viscous ; flesh thin, firm, white.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long-, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, stuffed,
equally attenuated, shining white, smooth above the somewhat
persistent medial cortina. Gills sinuato-adnexed, crowded, thin,
6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, juiceless, purplish then soon cinnamon.

The gills are unchangeable when bruised. Easily mistaken for a thin form
of C. varius, differing, however, in the thinner unicolorous pileus, in the stem
being more slender, externally rigid, polished, without a bulb, and smooth
with exception of the cortina.

In fir woods. Epping Forest. Oct.

Name — de, and coloro, to colour. From the gills changing colour. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 31. Hym. Eur. p. 351. Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 38.

29. C. porphyropus Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (1^-3 in.) broad,
livid-light yellowish or clay-colour, unchangeable when touched,
fleshy, very thin at the margin, convexo-plane, obtuse, even,
innately streaked, viscid ; flesh thin, soft, whitish, soon becoming
purple-lilac when broken. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, about
6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, stuffed, at length hollow, somewhat bulbous
or rather equally attenuated from the thickened base (sometimes
equal), fragile, externally and internally violaceous-lilac, soon
becoming pale, even whitish, but soon becoming violaceous-lilac
again when touched. Cortina inferior, fibrillose. Gills rounded
or emarginate, somewhat crowded, rather broad (4-8 mm., 2-4
lin.) purplish then watery cinnamon, becoming purple again
when touched.

It approaches C. purpurascens, but the gills are crowded in that species.
In woods. Coed Coch, 1871. Oct.

Name— 7rop<|>vpeo?, purple ; irovs, a foot. From the stem becoming purple
when touched. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 31. Hym. Eur. p. 351. B. 5s3 Br. n. 1351.

30. C. croceo-cseruleus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.), or a little
more broad, lilac or faintly violaceous, fleshy but thin, convex
then plane, obtuse or gibbous, even, smooth, viscous ; flesh watery,
pallid. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, hollow, somewhat equal (some-
times attenuated downwards), 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, even,
smooth, naked, fragile, whitish. Cortina white, fibrillose, fuga-
cious. Gills attenuated or broadly emarginate, with a small
very thin decurrent tooth, plane, somewhat distant, lilac then
clay-saffron.

l6 AGARICINI.

Phlegma- Spores saffron, cinnamon. The flesh is unchangeable in colour, but other-

cium. wise the plant becomes very slightly purple when touched or broken.

In woods. Laxton Park, Norths. Oct.

Name— croceus, saffron; cceruleus, azure. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 32. Hym.
Eur. p. 352. B. fir* Br. n. 1543. Ag. Pers. Ic. and descr. t. i.f. 2. Bucknall,
Brist. Nat. Soc. Proc. vol. iv. /. 3. / 3.

*** Gills pure ochre, tawny, &>c.

31. C. papulosus Fr.— Pileus 6-9 cent. (2^-3^ in.) broad,
honey-tan-colour at the circumference, always darker (ferrugin-
ous or fuscous) at the disc, fleshy, at first convex, obtuse, then
plane and at length depressed (disc here and there gibbous),
smooth, viscid ; the cuticle breaking up into minute, granular,
fuscous patches when dry; flesh white, thick at the disc, thin at
the margin. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent. (Yz-\ in.)
or a little more thick, solid, firm, wholly fleshy within, equal or
thickened at the base, densely fibrillose, but quite naked at the
apex, white. Cortina inferior, very fugacious, white. Gills
adnato-decurrent, crowded, slightly joined behind, but at length
separating from the stem in older specimens and forming a
spurious collar, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, at the first pallid, soon
ochraceous, at length very pale yellow-cinnamon.

There are forms with the stem longer, here and there flexuous and hollow.
In woods. Durdham Down, Bristol. Glamis. Oct.-Nov.

Name— papula, a pimple. From the minute granular patches on the
pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 33. Hym. Eur. p. 352. Bucknall, Brist. Nat.
Soc. Proc. vol. iv. t. 3. /. i.

olivaceous, fuliginous.
No British species.

Myxacium. Tribe II. MYXACIUM (^f«, mucus). Universal veil glu-
tinous, hence the scarcely bulbous stem is also viscous. Pileus
fleshy, somewhat thin. Gills adnate, decurrent. (Certain Phleg-
macia having the fibres of the cortina slightly viscid by gluten
from the pileus must not be confounded with the Myxacia.} Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 354.

f COLLINITI (C. collinitus, besmeared). Stem floccoso-peronate, the flocci
at first covered with gluten.

CORTINARIUS.

ft DELIBUTI (C. delibtitus, besmeared). Veil entirely viscid, hence the Myxacium.
stem is not floccoso-peronate but only viscid, acquiring a varnished appear-
ance when dry.

* Gills whitish, then clay-coloured.

** Gills at first violaceous, dark blue, or reddish.
f* Gills at first ochraceous or cinnamon.

t COLLINITI.

32. C. arvinaceus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
orange-tawny, fleshy, soft, convex then soon flattened, at length
reflexed and undulated, even, smooth,

viscous (not glutinous), glistening
when dry, margin slightly striate
when in full vigour. Stem tall, as
much as 20 cent. (8 in.) long, 12
mm. (l/2 in.) thick, solid, equal, silky -
viscous, never broken up into scales,
white. Cortina soon fibrillose and fu-
gacious. Gills adnato-decurrent, very
broad (12-18 mm., %-# in.), even at
the sides, somewhat distant, crenu-
Jated at the edge, at first straw-colour
then bright ochraceous.

Spores plentiful, of the same colour as
the gills. Cortina not in the form of a ring.
Perhaps too nearly allied to C. collinitus.

In beech woods. Blaize Castle,
Bristol. Oct.

Name — aruina, grease. Greasy, viscid. Fr. Monogr. \\. p. 36. Hym.
Eur. p. 354. Grevillea, -vol. xii. /. 42. Bucknall, Brist. Nat. Soc. Proc,
vol. iv. t. 5./. i. Ag. Krombh. t. 73. /. 16-18.

33. C. collinitus Fr.— Pileus orange-tawny, fleshy, not com-
pact, convex with the margin bent inwards then expanded,
obtuse, clothed with a thick cuticle, which in wet weather swells
into persistent orange-tawny gluten, shining when dry, margin
even. Stem solid, firm, elongated, exactly cylindrical, at length
soft, for the most part covered over with zfloccose and glutinous
veil, which is commonly broken up into concentric scales; near
the apex the gluten is continuous with the glutinous cuticle of
the pileus and forms an entirely viscous fugacious ring, colour
variable, violaceous, white, even yellowish. Gills adnate, some-
what crowded, whitish-bhtish-grey or clay-colour then cinnamon.

There are numerous forms departing from the type : b) pileus repand, stem
inclining to fuscous: Batsch f. 197. c) small, pileus pallid yellow or straw-

VOL. II. B

XLI. Cortinarius (Myxacinin)
collinitus. One - fifth natural
size.

1 8 AGARICINI.

Myxacium. colour, stem concentrically light yellow-scaly, gills white, d) very small, pileus
date-brown-fuscous, stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.)

In woods. Common. July-Nov.

Spores ferruginous, Fr. ; 9x6 mk. W.G.S.; 12-14x6-7 mk. K. Name—
collino, to besmear. From the gluten. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 36. Hym. Eur.
p. 354. Berk. Out. p. 186. C. Hbk. n. 501. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 458. Ag.
Bull. t. 549, 596. Ventur. t. 32. /. 4-6 (abnormal). Buxb. C. iv. t. 9.

34. C. mucifluus Fr.— Pileus livid-clay, when dry tan, opaque,
somewhat fleshy, campanulato-expanded, smeared with separat-
ing hyaline gluten, margin striate. Stem attenuated downwards,
soft, viscid with the floccoso-scaly fugacious veil, white or inclin-
ing to azure-blue. Gills adnate, distinct, clay-colour then watery
cinnamon.

Odour sweet. Intermediate between C. collinitus and C. elatior, so allied
to the former that it was long considered a variety. It differs especially as
follows : i) stem spongy, attenuated downwards, white : 2) pileus thinner,
campanulate then expanded, at length reflexed and repand, the membrana-
ceous margin striate : 3) colour of pileus livid-clay, when dry tan, opaque : 4)
the gluten of the pileus thin, hyaline, fluid, not forming a thick persistent
brightly coloured pellicle : 5) odour sweet. Gills clay then cinnamon. There
is nothing of a violaceous tint in the whole plant.

On the ground. Hereford, &c. Oct.

Name— mucus, fluo, to flow. From its being covered with mucus which
flows off and disappears. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 37. Hym. Eur. p. 355. Icon,
t. 148. / i. Grevillea, vol. xi. p. 70. Quel. Grev. t. io8./. 4. S. Mycol.
Scot. SuppsScot. Nat. 1881, p. 35.

35. C. elatior Fr. — Pileus about 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
commonly livid-light yellow when damp, dingy ochraceous when
dry, slightly fleshy only at the disc, cylindrical or bullate then
campanulate, afterwards flattened and somewhat reflexed, the disc
above the stem obtuse, even, otherwise membranaceous and longi-
tudinally plicato-wrinkled at the sides, fragile, slightly viscous.
Stem 12.5-17.5 cent. (5-7 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) and more (5
cent., 2 in.) thick, commonly attenuated at both ends (especially
at the base), longitudinally fibrous, clothed with somewhat vis-
cous, whitish, torn up scales, rarely becoming violet. Cortina
viscous, fugacious. Gills adnate, linear, at first 6 mm. (3 lin.)
broad, at length broader (as much as 2.5 cent., I in.), somewhat
distant, connected by veins or wrinkled at the sides, always dark,
brown-cinnamon.

The colour of the pileus varies whitish, tan-fuscous, date brown, violaceous-
brown, black, whitish round the margin, grey with the margin violaceous.
Gills violet-brown in Sowerby's fig.

In mixed woods. Common. Sept.-Nov.

CORTINARIUS. 19

Name— elatus, tall. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 37. Hym. Eur. p. 355. Icon. t. Myxacium.
149. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 186. C. Hbk. n. 502. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 459. Sow.
t. 9.

36. C. grallipes Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, ferruginous
when moist, when dry ochraceous-tan, opaque, almost membrana-
ceous with exception of the disc, with a prominent often acute
umbo, campanulate then flattened, even, hygrophanous, slightly
viscid (not glutinous). Stem 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) long, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, wholly equal, but flexuous,
tough, fibroso-striate, viscous, yellowish-tawny, ochraceous when
dry, naked at the apex. Gills wholly adnate, with a decurrent
tooth, 12 mm. (}4 in.) broad, plane, attenuated in front, crowded,
even at the sides, clay-colour then ferruginous.

The habit is that of C. hinnuleus, but it is viscous not torn.
Among grass near trees. Ashton Park, Bristol. Oct.

Pileus very slimy when wet ; veil fugacious, cobweb-like, pale, whitish brown ;
spores dark ferruginous. W.G.S. Na.me—grallce, stilts; pes, a foot. Long-
stemmed as if on stilts. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 38. Hym. Eur. p. 355. Saund.
& Sm. t. 27.

37. C. livido-ochraceus Berk.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
livid-ochre, somewhat membranaceous, plane, viscid, margin not
striate. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) high, ^ thick in the middle, beau-
tiful violet, ochraceous at the base, stuffed with cottony fibres,
attenuated at either end, somewhat scaly, striate above the fugi-
tive veil. Gills somewhat adnexed, broad in front, moderately
distant, cinnamon, the extreme margin pale.

Pileus quite smooth, shining, covered with a thick subcartilaginous skin,
the margin very thin ; edge with a few indistinct fragments of the veil. In-
odorous. Nearest to the smooth-stemmed form of C. collinitus.

In woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

An undoubted specimen has been gathered with the margin of the pileus
striate. Spores lemon-shaped, 13-15x6-8 mk. C.B.P. Name — livid-ochre
in colour. Berk. Out. p. 186. Eng. Fl. v. p. 89. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 356.
C. Hbk. n. 504. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 460.

tt DELIBUTI.
* No British species. -

** Gills at first violaceous, &*c.

38. C. salor Fr. — Pileus grey, bright violaceous round the in-
flexed margin, at length of the same colour, when young obtusely
conical or parabolic, soon campanulate and at length flattened
with a broad umbo on account of the compactly fleshy disc, thin

20 AGARICINI.

Myxacium. towards the circumference, small in comparison with the stem,
even, smooth, thinly viscous, fibrillose towards the margin when
dried ; flesh continuous, white, becoming yellow (or faintly azure-
blue). Stem 4-7.5 cent. (i}4-3 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick at
the base, 12 mm. (}4 in.) at the apex, solid, conico-attenuated from
the bulbous base, gradually elongated, white, but when young
covered to the apex with the aztire-blue glutinous veil, when old
becoming pale, softer. Gills adnate, distant, distinct, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) broad, quite entire, at first pale grey with the edge vio-
laceous or bluish-grey, when full grown grey-clay-colour or cin-
namon.

In proportion as the stem becomes more elongated, the bulb becomes less
in size. The stem is white externally and internally, but when young it is
blue with the glutinous veil. Very distinguished, firm.

In woods. Coed Coch.

Name — salum, sea. Sea-colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 40. Hym. Ezir. p. 357.
Icon. t. 150.7. i. B. & Br. n. 1878. Quel. Grev. t. io8./. i.

39. C. delibutus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, light-
yellowish^ fleshy, thin, especially towards the margin, convex then
flattened, obtuse, at length somewhat depressed, viscid with hya-
line gluten, and slightly silky-fibrillose when the gluten disap-
pears. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick,
stuffed or hollow upwards, eqtially attenuated from the slightly
bulbous base or somewhat equal, elastic, viscous as far as the
scanty, fibrillose, fugacious cortina, when dry even, smooth, var-
nished, yellowish white, snow-white at the apex. Gills adnate,
at length rounded or slightly emarginate, more or less distant,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, serrulated pallid or often crisped at the
edge, at the first dark blue, or violaceous-dark blue, then clay,
cinnamon.

The pileus and especially the gills vary in the colour being more or less in-
tense. Taste at first watery, then slightly pungent. It loves grassy and
rather damp places.

On the ground. King's Lynn.

Spores 7x5 mk. W.P. Name—delttuo, to besmear. From the gluten.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 41. Hym. Eur. p. 357. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 97. Quel.
Grev. t. io8./. 2. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1882, p. 216.

40. C. illibatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (r~2 in-) broad, yellow,
disc darker, slightly fleshy, campanulate then convex, at length
plane and somewhat iimbonate, with a viscous pellicle, even,
smooth ; flesh white, very thin at the circumference. Stem 7.5
cent. (3 in.) long, only 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed then soon hoi-

. CORTINARIUS. 2 1

low, soft, slightly attenuated upwards, smooth, viscid, white, com- Myxaciur
monly with reddish dots upwards. Cortina superior, fibrillose,
very fugacious. Gills adnato-decurrent, arcuate, 4 mm. (2 lin.)
broad, thin, crowded, quite entire, flesh-colour then clay, cin-
namon with the spores.

Much smaller and thinner than C. delibutus, &c., and without any violet
colour.

In woods. Coed Coch.

Name — illibatus, unimpaired, entire. Perhaps from the gills. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 42. Hym. Eur. p, 358. B. fir1 Br. n. 1879.

*** Gills at the first ochraceous or cinnamon.

41. C. stillatitius Fr.— Pileus scarcely 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
slightly fleshy, convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, even,
smooth, clothed with azure-blue gluten, which is at first continu-
ous with that of the stem, fuscous-livid when the gluten separates
in the form of drops, and at length grey-white ; flesh soft, watery,
hygrophanous. Stem 5 scarcely 7.5 cent. (2, 3 in.) long, 6-8 mm.
(3-4 lin.) thick, hollow, very soft, wholly equally attenuated, at
first sheathed with thick azure-blue gluten which is extended into
the cortina, naked at the apex. Gills emarginate, scarcely
crowded, distant rather, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, dark cinnamon.

Odour none. The gluten disappears with age. Rather allied to the Col-
liniti, but the veil is by no means floccose. The gills are almost those of C.
elatior.

Among dead leaves. Uncommon.

Pileus striate near the margin. Gills with a whitish ragged margin. W. G.S.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, uniguttate, yellowish, 8x6 mk. K. Name — stillo,
to drip. Dripping. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 42. Hym. Eur. p. 358. C. Hbk. n.
503. 5. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1882, p. 216. Saund. & Sm. t. 3.

42. C. pluvius Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-) broad, pale
yellow - tawny when moist, ochrey-tan and opaque when dry,
slightly fleshy, at first somewhat globose, then convex, commonly
gibbous, when more fully grown and moist slightly pellucid-
striate, hygrophanous, viscid and shining in rainy weather ; flesh
thin, of the same colour. Stem more or less elongated to as
much as 7.5 cent. (3 in.), 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, at first
stuffed, then hollow, soft, equal or slightly attenuated upwards,
even, naked or obsoletely viscid with whiter silky spots. Cortina
white and entirely fibrillose, slightly covered over with slime, soon
fugacious. Gills adnexed, separating, ventricose, crowded, light
yellowish or at the first whitish, then ochraceous.

22

AGARICINI.

Myxacium. The pileus in the earliest stage is covered over, especially round the margin,
with a very thin, silky, white film. Taste at first watery, then acrid and
pungent.

In woods. Lea, Gainsborough. Glamis. Sept.-Oct.

Name— pluo, to rain. From being viscid in rainy weather. Fr. Monogr. ii.
p. 43. Hym. Eur. p. 359. B. &" Br. n. 1267. S. Mycol, Scot. n. 461.
Ag. Batschf. 190.

inoloma. Tribe III. INOLOMA (fa, a fibre ; A<£^a, a fringe). Fr. Syst.

Myc. i. p. 216. Pileus equally fleshy,
dry, at first silky with innate scales
or fibrils, flesh continuous, not hy-
grophanous. Veil single. Stem
fleshy, somewhat bulbous. Species
very distinguished. There are Te-
lamonice which resemble Inolomata,
but they differ from them by having
the pileus smooth, moist, then torn
(whereas the Inolomata become
smooth), or by being sprinkled over
with white superficial fibrils, and by
possessing a double veil. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 359.

XLII. Cortinarius (Inoloma) cal- * Gills at first white or pallid.

listens. One-fourth natural size. ** Gills, as well as the veil and stem,

violaceous.
*** Gills or veil cinnamon, red, or ochraceous.

(C. subferrugineus and C. armillatus are apt to be sought for here.)
**** GUIs or veii dark, fuscous, olivaceous.

* Gills at first white or pallid.

43. 0. argentatus Fr.— Pileus 10 cent. (4 in.) broad, silvery-
shining, disc becoming pale, at the first silky-lilac round the
margin then dun -coloured, fleshy, convexo- plane, at length
broadly gibbous, silky-even becoming smooth ; flesh whitish.
Stem 10 cent. (4 in.) long, 12 mm. (y2 in.) and more thick, solid,
attenuated from the (scarcely bulbous) base, smooth, silvery-
white, at length becoming yellow at the base, internally white.
Cortina fibrillose, fugacious, adhering only to the margin of the
pileus, pallid. Gills emarginate, crowded, slightly serrated, 6 mm.
(3 lin.) broad, pallid then watery cinnamon.

Odour weak. There is a smaller form in pine woods. The stem is bulbous
when short.

CORTINARIUS. 23

In woods. Epping Forest. Oct. inoloma.

In ' Hym. Eur.' Fries describes the smell as somewhat strong, but not
foetid. Spores pruniform, dotted, 10-11 mk. Q. Name — argentum, silver.
Silvered. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 46. Hym. Eur. p. 360. Grevillea, vol. xiv. p.
38. Ag. Krombh. t. 2. /. 27.

** Gills, as well as the veil and stem, violaceous.

44. C. violaceus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad, dark
violaceous, sometimes purplish-violet, truly fleshy, convex, then
flattened, regular, obtuse, villous, the innate persistent villous
down for the most part rimoso- squamulose, margin at first
involute ; flesh soft, deeper in colour. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, stout, remarkably bulbous,
spongy, soft, at first tomentose, then fibrillose, dark violaceous,
internally violaceous-cinereous. Cortina woolly, azure-blue, then
ferruginous with the shed spores. Gills somewhat adnate, firm,
distant, connected by veins, broader than the flesh of the pileus,
dark almost black violaceous, then coloured with the cinnamon
spores, but again violaceous when these are rubbed off.

Inodorous. Very handsome. It is easily distinguished from its allies by
the colour being always dark azure-blue externally and internally, by the
villous-scaly pileus, and by the distant gills.

In woods and open ground. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 12-13x7-8 mk. K. Edible, excellent, resem-
bling Agaricus campestris in flavour. Name— violaceous, of a violet colour.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 46. Hym. Eur. p. 360. Sv. at 1. Sv. t. 58. Berk. Out. p.
187. C. Hbk. n. 505. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 462. Hussey i. t. 12. Ag. Sv. Bor.
t. 288. Hedw.fil. Obs. t. 4. Bull. t. 250?

45. C. cyanites Fr. — Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad, at
first dark blue, soon becoming pallid azure-blue or livid-fuscous,
fleshy, soft, convex then flattened, obtuse, silky, becoming even and
smooth, never floccoso-squamulose ; flesh azure-blue then whitish,
here and there reddish when broken. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5
in.) long, more than 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick at the base, 12-18 mm.
(Yz-^/i in.) at the apex, solid, very bulbous, fibrillose, azure-dark
blue, lilac when touched, also azure-blue within, but reddish
blood -colour on contact with the atmosphere, and when com-
pressed pouring out a watery vinous-reddish juice. Cortina
fibrillose, azure-blue. Gills rounded, crowded, thin, 6 mm. (3
lin.) and more broad, commonly beautifully dark blue.

A magnificent species. Var. major: pileus and stem compact, turning
red more slowly, gills somewhat distant, cinereous-dark blue.

In wood. Reading.

24 AGARICINI.

Inoloma. Name— xvavo?, dark blue. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 47. Hym. Eur. p. 360.

Icon. t. 152. f. i. B. fir5 Br. n. 1544.

46. C. albo-violaceus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
violaceous -white, fleshy, convex, broadly umbonate or rather
gibbous, dry, not moist, beautifully innately silky and becoming
even ; flesh juicy, azure-blue-white. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.)
long, solid, firm, clavato-btilbous or conico-attenuated, 1-2.5 cent-
(/4~i in.) thick, externally and internally white-violaceous, white-
villous, fibrillose above with the cortina, and often with the white
veil in the form of a zone at the middle. Gills adnate, scarcely
emarginate, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, somewhat distant, some-
what serrulated, of a peculiar cinereous -violaceous colour, at
length cinereous-cinnamon with the spores.

Inodorous, insipid. The fibrils on the stem are longitudinally adpressed as
in Ag. geophyllus. There is a larger form with the well-formed pileus obtuse.

In woods. Forres, &c. Sept.-Oct.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 6-9x4-5 mk. K. ; pruniform, 10 mk. Q. Name
— albus, white ; -uiolaceus, violet. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 49. Hym. Eur. p. 361.
Icon. t. 151. /. 3. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1883, p. 31. Grevillea,
vol. xii./. 55.

47. C. camphoratus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, at
first lilac, then changing colour (becoming white, yellow, &c.)
but not hygrophanous, truly fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse,
at first silky then becoming smooth ; flesh azure-blue. Stem
7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in.) thick, solid,
soft, bulbous or obclavate, when young with a woolly sheath,
violet, but internally white at the base. Cortina fibrillose, azure-
blue, at length cinnamon with the spores. Gills at first arcuate,
commonly adnato - decurrent, but varying emarginate, thin,
crowded, at the first intensely azure-blue, then becoming purple.

Odour fcetid and exceedingly penetrating, wholly peculiar, and different
from the goat smell of C. traganus.

In woods. Fine shade.

Spores ochraceous-cinnamon, Fr. ; 9x6 mk. K. Name — camphoratus,
strong-scented. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 50. Hym. Eur. p. 362. Icon. t. 152. f. 2.
B. & Br. n. 1128. C. Hbk, n. 506.

*** Gills or veil cinnamon, &*c.

48. C. traganus Fr.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, very
fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse, dry, at first silky, becoming
even, /z'/<z<r- purplish, soon becoming pale, at. length becoming
smooth and yellowish internally and externally. Stem 7.5-12.5

CORTINARIUS. 25

cent. (3-5 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent. (%-i in.) thick, the villous base inoloma.
however very bulbous, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) thick, solid, spongy, at
first silky, then fibrillose, violaceous then whitish, internally deep
saffron-ochraceous. Cortina continuous with the silky covering
of the pileus, pallid violaceous, then cinnamon with the spores.
Gills emarginate, broad, distant, distinct, firm, saffron-ochraceous,
at length cinnamon, somewhat crenate at the edge.

Readily distinguished by its very fcetid odour, and by its thick distant gills
being at the first saffron-ochraceous.

In pine woods. Forres, &c. Aug.-Sept.

Spores sphseroid-ellipsoid, 8-10x5-6 mk. K. Name — tragus, a goat.
With goat smell. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 51. Hym. Eur. p. 362. B. &> Br. n.
1499. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 463. Ag. Schceff. t. 56.

Var. finitimus Weinm. — Pileus silky, at length smooth, lilac,
as is the stem, which is yellowish and mottled within, but not
saffron-coloured nor brown. Smell not at all that of the typical
form, but pleasant though peculiar, resembling that of gum just
beginning to ferment.

Forres. Name— ^*#*ttttf, nearly related. Weinm. p. 155. B. & Br. n.
1499. S. Mycol. Scot. sub. n. 463.

49. C. tophaceus Fr.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
^0/d^-tawny, opaque, not becoming pale, compactly fleshy, thin
towards the margin, hemispherical, everywhere villoso-sqiiamu-
lose, varying slightly silky and shining ; flesh soft, white, strong-
smelling. Stem solid, bulbous, villoso-squamulose, tawny, the
fibrillose veil of the same colour. Gills broadly emarginate, 12
mm. (% in.) and more broad, distant, of the same colour, at
length tawny-cinnamon.

Commonly springing up in a dense band, somewhat caespitose, but also
solitary and then larger, in form, stature, and •villoso-squamulose covering of
pileus, appearing like C. violaceus, only that species is of an entirely different
colour. Odour not remarkable. It glitters from its golden colour.

In woods. King's Lynn.

Spores ellipsoid or subglobose, 6-8 mk. C.B.P. ; 7x5 mk. W.P. Name
— tophus, tufa, a volcanic rock of an earthy texture. Of the colour. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 52. Hym. Eur. p. 363. Quel. Grev. t. 109. f. 2.

* C. redimitus Fr. — Pileus thinner, obtusely umbonate, shin-
ing, golden, streaked with innate fibrils ; flesh white. Stem 2.5-5
cent. (1-2 in.) long, slightly thickened at the base, 12 mm. (l/2 in.)
thick, solid, internally soft, fibroso-striate, yellowish. Gills ad-
nate, with a small decurrent tooth, light yellow then tawny.

In mixed wood. Glamis, 1875. Oct. Name — redimio, to wreathe round,

26 AGARICINI.

Inoloma. encircle. Perhaps of the fibrillose streaking. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 52. Hym.
Eur. p. 363. Icon. t. 153. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1545. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 464.

50. C. callisteus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, yellow-
tawny, not hygrophanous and not becoming pale, fleshy, thin,
especially at the bent-in margin, convexo- expanded, scarcely
umbonate, rather smooth, silky towards the margin, but com-
monly broken up into minute innate squamules ; flesh yellowish-
white. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, clavato-bulbous,
equally attenuated upwards, 12 mm. (# in.) and more thick
at the base, solid, remarkably fibrillose or striate, externally and
internally firm and yellow, rhubarb-colour, soft and spongy only
at the base. Cortina marginal, fibrillose, fugacious, yellow-
tawny. Gills wholly adnate, adnexed behind mutually and to
the stem with flocci, plane, somewhat distant, distinct, 8 mm.
(4 lin.) broad, thin, quite entire, yellow-tawny.

Odour none. Very remarkable. The figure of Saunders and Smith repre-
sents it admirably as regards stature and characters, but departs from it in
the ferruginous colour.

In woods. Rare. July.

The colours are nearly those of A. aureus. M.J.B. Spores 8x6 mk.
W.G.S. Name — KoAos, beautiful. Very beautiful. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 53.
Hym. Eur. p. 363. Berk. Out. p. 187. C. Hbk. n. 507. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
465. Saund. & Sm. t. 3. A. validus Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 84.

51. C. Bulliardi Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, dark
rufescent, bay-brown-blood-colour becoming pale, fleshy, convex
then expanded, obtuse, dry, commonly smooth, but also wholly
fibrillose. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (yz in.) thick,
solid, fibrillose, variegated blood-red downwards as is also the
ovate bulb, white at the apex. Cortina fugacious, whitish.
Gills adnexed, with a decurrent tooth, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad,
somewhat crowded, purplish then ferruginous, crenulated at the
(whitish) edge.

Flesh whitish, but that of the stem rufescent at the base. Readily distin-
guished by its cinnabar bulb. Stature small but firm. Strong smelling.

In mixed woods. Bristol, &c. Sept.

Name — after Bulliard. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 53. Hym. Eur. p. 363. Berk
Out. p. 187. C. Hbk. n. 508. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 466. Quel. t. 9. /. 3
(departing from type). Ag. Bull. t. 431. /. 3.

52. C. bolaris Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) and more broad,
light yellow-red, or pale, smooth or variegated with innate, ad-
pressed, spot-like, red scales, rarely of one colour with continuous
scales, fleshy, convexo-plane, obsoletely umbonate ; flesh very

CORTINARIUS. 2"J

firm, white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) inoloma.
thick, stuffed, sometimes hollow, hard, equal, pale, beautifully
variegated with saffron-red, adpressed, fibrillose scales, white at
the apex, sometimes continuously scarlet. Cortina fibrillose,
fugacious, saffron -red. Gills commonly decurrent, arcuate,
sometimes adnate, even emarginate, crowded, at first pale then
dark cinnamon.

The stem varies straight, curved and elongated and flexuous. Very elegant.
Sometimes solitary, sometimes somewhat caespitose.

In beech woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

Name — /SwXo?, a clod; dim. p<a\dpiov ; /3wA«/o?, made of clay, i.e., of brick.
Perhaps in allusion to the red colour. When young like a red clod. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 54. Hym. Eur. p. 364. Berk. Out. p. 188. t. 19. / i. C. Hbk.
n. 509. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 467. Grevillea, t. 79. Ag. Pers. Ic. Pict. t. 14. /. i.

•***# Gills or veil dark, fuscous^ olivaceous.

53. C. pholideus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, fawn-
colour, becoming pale, at length somewhat cinnamon, fleshy but
thin, convex then flattened, somewhat umbonate and depressed
round the umbo, scaly and squarrose with innate, piloso-fascicu-
late, crowded, fuscous-blackish fibres, which are fewer towards the
margin ; flesh pallid. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 6-12
mm. (3-6 lin.) thick, solid, attenuated upwards (sometimes
shorter and clavato-bulbous), scaly as far as the somewhat
annular cortina with fibrillose, crowded, somewhat concentric,
fuliginous-black scales; above the universal cortina even and
pallid violaceous, furnished with a spider-web cortina (double
veiled). Gills somewhat emarginate, crowded, thin, 4-8 mm.
(2-4 lin.) broad, at first violaceous then clay-colour, at length
dark cinnamon with the spores.

Very distinct and very beautiful ; readily recognised by \hegills being at the
first violaceous, and by the pileus and stem being squarrose with fuliginous-
blackish. scales.

In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Spores subsphaeroid, 6-7x5-6 mk. K. Name — £0X1?, a scale. Scaly.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 55. Hym. Eur. p. 364. Berk. Out. p. 188. C. Hbk. n.
510. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 468. Ag. Alb. & Schw. t. i2./. i.

54. C. sublanatus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
fawn-colour, then becoming tan -fuscous, at length becoming
ferruginous, slightly fleshy, campanulate then expanded, um-
bonate, clothed with innate, floccose, fuscous squamules; flesh
comparatively thin, whitish. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, solid,

28 AGARICINI.

inoioma. conico-elongated or clavato-bulbous, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick at the base, clothed to the middle with fuscous down con-
tinued into a fibrillose cortina which does not form a zone, at the
apex slightly violaceous, naked. Gills adnate, broader behind,
scarcely crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, olivaceous-yellowish, at
length cinnamon.

The squamules on the pileus are less compact and not so much crowded as
those of C. pholideus.

In woods. Rare. Oct.

Spores ovoid-pruniform, dotted, 10 mk. Q. Name — lana, wool. Some-
what woolly. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 55. Hym. Eur. p. 364. Berk. Out. p. 188.
C. Hbk. n. 511. Ag. Sow. t. 224. Hussey ii. t. 22.

55. C. arenatus Fr. — Pileus pale yellowish- fuscous, fleshy,
convex, at first gibbous, granulose withfloccose squamules. Stem
clavato-attenuated, sheathed beyond the middle, fuscous-squamu-
lose, even at the apex, pallid. Gills emarginate, ventricose, some-
what crowded, yellowish-cinnamon.

Closely related to C. sublanatus ; when young also olive, not easily distin-
guished from forms of C. pholideus which have changed their colour, but the
gills are never violaceous.

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Spores 6-7x4-5 mk. W.P. Name — arena, sand. .From the granulose
pileus. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 365. Berk. Out. p. 188. C. Hbk. n. 512. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 469. Hussey i. t. 72. Ag. Bull. t. 586.

56. C. penicillatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more
broad, ferruginous - fuscous, becoming tawny when dry, thin,
slightly fleshy, convex, minutely umbonate, dry, densely floccoso-
scaly^ scales innate, dark, ferruginous-fuscous ; flesh very thin, of
the same colour as the pileus. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed, equal, fragile, squamose almost
to the apex with adpressed, fuscous-ferruginous, concentric scales,
paler than the pileus, paler and adpressedly silky at the very
apex. Gills separating, plane, somewhat crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.)
broad, dark brown.

Placed here on account of the innately squamulose pileus and its affinity
with species in this section, but its stature is quite that of the Dermocybce.

In pine woods. Cabalva. Sept.-Oct.

Spores pruniform, rough, 7-8 mk. Q. Nan\Q—penicillum, a painter's
brush. Pencilled. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 56. Hym. Eur. p. 365. Grevillea,
vol. viii. p. 77.

CORTINARIUS.

29

Tribe IV. DERMOCYBE (8«>o, skin ; «8j8^ a head). Pileus Dermocybe.
thinly and equally fleshy, at first silky with somewhat innate
villous down, but becoming smooth
when old, dry and not hygropha-
nous. Flesh watery when moist or
coloured. Stem equal or attenuat-
ed, externally more rigid, elastic or
brittle, internally stuffed or hollow.
Veil single, fibrillose, forming a zone
in C. caninus. A nat^^ral group,
easily distinguished from Inolomata
by the thinness and substance of the
pileus and by the stem; and from the
following subgenera by the pileus
not being moist or hygrophanous, and
by its short floccose or atomate cover-
ing, its brighter coloitr, &°c. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 366.

The species of this subgenus are
very changeable, and not easily de-
fined on account of the changeable colour of the gills. It com-
prehends two primary types ; first that of C. anomalus with the
flesh of the pileus white, and secondly that of C. cinnamomeus
with the flesh scissile and coloured. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 57.

* Gills at first whitish or pallid.
'* Gills at first violaceous, becoming purple.
*** Gills brightly cinnamon, red, yellow.
coloured. Elegant.

**** Olivaceous, veil dingy pallid or fuscous.

XLIII. Cortinarius (Dcrmocybe)
cinnamomeus. One-third nat-
ural size.

Stem and fibrillose cortina
Pileus not torn into scales.

* Gills at first whitish or pallid.

57. C. ochroleucus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, pale-white,
fleshy, especially at the disc, broadly campanulate then expanded
and somewhat gibbous, delicately and slightly silky, then becom-
ing smooth, even; flesh firm, white. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
12 mm. ()4 in.) thick, solid, ventricose, naked, white, fibrillose at
the apex with the cortina. Gills broader behind, adnexed, then
separating-free, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, crowded, clay-colour then
ochraceous.

Odour none, taste remarkable, bitterish, not unpleasant. B. larger and
more robust. Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.), somewhat obtuse, ochrey-white.
Stem as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, attenuated upwards. Gills "adnate,
pallid clay then cinnamon.

30 AGARICINI.

Dermocybe. In mixed woods. Rare. Oct.

Name— &xp°?3 yellowish ; Aewcos, white. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 57. Hym. Eur.
p. 366. Berk. Out. p. 189. C. Hbk. n. 513. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 470. Brig,
t. 31.7. 1-4. Ag. Schceff. t. 34.

58. C. decumbens Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-i}4 in.) broad,
sometimes entirely white, sometimes yellowish, shining, by no
means hygrophanous, fleshy, firm, convex then plane, gibbous
then obtuse, even, smooth. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 inO long> about
6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, stuffed, at length hollow, ascending, clavato-
bulbous downwards, smooth, white. Cortina fugacious, white.
Gills adnexed, crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, thin, white then
clay-colour, and at length ochrey-cinnamon with the spores.

Pileus silky-shining with a fibrillose pellicle, though smooth.
In woods. Epping.

Name— from the decumbent stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 57. Hym. Eur. p.
366. B. 6s Br. n. 1775.

59. C. tabularis Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more broad,
clay or fuscous-clay becoming pale, equally fleshy, not compact,
convexo-plane, broadly gibbous, at length becoming remarkably
plane, at first veiled with very thin, white flocci, silky near the
margin, then wholly smooth; flesh white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3
in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) and more thick, stuffed, at length hollow,
tough, elastic, attenuated from the base or equal, erect, sometimes
floccoso-scaly, sometimes even, somewhat smooth, white, becom-
ing pale. Cortina white, fugacious. Gills somewhat emarginate^
crowded, thin, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, whitish then clay-colour.

Sometimes the pileus is slightly concave, retaining water, and then the flocci
are broken up and collected in the form of a zone round the margin. At the first
the gills more rarely but slightly and very fugaciously incline to bluish-grey.
A form has occurred with the gills at length ferruginous. Larger, paler, and
smoother than C. anomalus to which it approaches.

In woods. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Name — tabula, a flat board or tablet. From the flat pileus. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 58. Hym. Eur. p. 366. Berk. Out. p. 189. C. Hbk. n. 514. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 471. Bull. t. 431. /. 5.

60. C. camurus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, pallid
fuscous-hoary, not hygrophanous, but becoming pale, pallid yel-
lowish, umbo deeper in colour, very unequally fleshy, somewhat
compact at the disc, but membranaceous almost to the middle,
with a broad, obtuse, often oblique umbo, when dry rimosely in-
cised; flesh white. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 8 mm. (4 lin.)

CORTINARIUS. 31

thick, somewhat hollow, equal, always ascending or twisted, even, Dermocybe.
smooth or fibrillose below, externally and internally white, naked
and silvery -shining at the apex. Gills variously adnexed on
account of the oblique pileus, sometimes broader behind and
wholly adnate, sometimes almost free, crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.)
broad, thin, grey-clay-colour, then watery cinnamon and some-
what fuscous, quite entire and of the same colour at the edge.

Odour somewhat rancid, but taste not remarkable. Different from all
neighbouring species in being remarkably fragile.

In mixed woods. England. Glamis. Oct.

Name — camurus, crooked. Of the stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 59. Hym.
Eur. p. 367. Icon. t. 154. f. i. B. & Br. n. 1546. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 472.
Bull. t. 431.7. 4.

61. C. diabolicus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more broad,
at first fuscous and crusted with grey, then smooth and fuscous-
yellowish, fleshy, thin, hemispherical, obtuse, then gibbous, dry,
fragile, at length cracked. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, commonly
thin, 4 mm. (2 lin.) (but occurring as much as 10 mm., 5 lin.)
thick, stuffed, attenuated downwards, smooth, pale, bluish-grey at
the apex. Cortina fugacious. Gills adnate, separating, some-
what emarginate, somewhat crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) and more
broad, firm, very pale bluish-grey then soon whitish, at length
clay-colour.

Inodorous. A singular species, placed here on account of its colours.
When old it might be readily taken for C.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Name— ' ' Called diabolicus because it holds a doubtful place among all the
sections of this subgenus." Fr. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 60. Hym. Eur. p. 367.
Berk. Out. p. 189. C. Hbk. n. 515. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 473.

** Gills at first violaceous, becoming purple.

62. C. caninus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, variable
in colour, fuscous, brown, &c., equally fleshy, not compact, firm,
not cracked, convex then becoming plane, obtuse, at first in-
crusted or hoary with silky villous down round the margin ; when
full grown becoming smooth; flesh white, at length somewhat
yellowish. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more long, 12 mm. (% in.)
thick, stuffed, spongy internally, at length hollow, thickened at the
base, somewhat bulbous, often white -villous, pale -white, vio-
laceous at the apex. Gills emarginate, somewhat distant, thin,
6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, bluish-grey or purplish then cinnamon.

The pileus is commonly brick-rufescent when old even becoming tawny

32 AGARICINI.

Dermocybe. when dry. The veil in the perfect state is double, the inferior one fibrillose or
scaly clothing the greater part of the stem, and terminating near the apex in an
annular (white or fuscous) zone, above which the stem is slightly villous and
cortinate. Allied to C. tabularis as to stature, and distinct from C. anomalus
in the stem being sheathed, veiled and adpressedly fibrous, somewhat annularly
zoned above, and in the pileus being fuscous then rufescent.

In mixed woods. Common. Sept.-Nov.

Spores subsphaeroid, 8-iox 7-8 mk. K. Name — cams, a dog. Of doubtful
meaning. Applied to various common plants. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 60. Hym.
Eur. p. 368. Berk. Out. p. 189. C. Hbk. n. 516. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 474.
Saund. 6s Sm. t. 15. Ag. Buxb. C. 4. /. 22. Bull. t. 544. /. i.

63. C. myrtillinus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, pure
fuliginous, hoary-silky with dense fibrils, never rufescent, fleshy,

thin, tough, gibbous then becoming plane ; flesh when moist
watery fuscous, when dry white, violaceous at the apex of the
stem. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) or a little more long, 6-8 mm. (3-4
lin.) thick, stuffed, externally tough, slightly bulbous, white-silky,
whitish. Cortina scarcely manifest. Gills adnate, somewhat dis-
tant, of a beautiful amethyst-azure-blue^ scarcely changing colour,
never becoming purple.

The pileus is not at the first so convex as that of C. anomalus. The colour
and habit are so like those of Ag. nudus, that those who say that that species
is furnished with a veil seem really to have had this before them.

In mixed woods. Glamis, 1875. Rannoch. Sept.

Name — myrtus, myrtle. Of colour (myrteus], chestnut-brown. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 61. Hym. Eur. p. 368. B. & Br. n. 1547. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 475.
Bolt. t. 147.

64. C. anomalus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more broad,
fuliginous then rufescent, becoming hoary with separating fibrils,
at length yellowish, but not hygrophanous, fleshy, thin, remark-
ably convex, then expanded and gibbous ; flesh watery when
moist, white when dry, not scissile. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
and more long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, attenu-
ated from the base, slightly sheath £.&, fibrillose or somewhat scaly,
violaceous above, whitish below, of the same colour internally,
at length becoming pale, somewhat yellow. Gills sometimes
adnate, sometimes emarginate, with a decurrent tooth, crowded,
thin, more or less violaceous, bluish-grey-purplish, at length
cinnamon.

Very thin, inodorous, more or less gregarious. Cortina coloured. There
is a more slender variety in pine woods, with the stem thin, equal, smooth,
and flexuous.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Oct.

CORTINAR1US. 33

The colour (even of the gills) is very changeable. Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, Dermocybe.
8-9x6-7 mk. K. Name — a, 6/u.aAo?, even. Irregular, anomalous. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 62. Hym. Eur. p. 369. Icon. t. 154. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 190.
C. Hbk. n. 517. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 476. Ag. Bull. t. 431.7. 2.

65. C. spilomeus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, rufescent
or clay-colour, not hygrophanous, somewhat fleshy, convex then
expanded, gibbous, becoming smooth. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
thin, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, somewhat equal, white-
lilac and beautifully variegated with rufous or tawny scales,
furnished with a white cortina at the apex. Gills adnate or
emarginate, crowded, narrow, thin, quite entire, bluish-grey or
violaceous, becoming pale, at length watery cinnamon.

Very elegant, commonly caespitose. The scales on the stem are like those
of C. pholideus but with the colour of those of C. bolaris.

In woods. Uncommon.

Spores subsphaeroid, 8-9x7-8 mk. K. Name — o-mAos, a spot. From the
variegated marking of the stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 63. Hym. Eur. p. 369.
Icon. t. 154. /. 3. Berk. Out. p. 190. C. Hbk. n. 518. Ag. Brig. t. 28.
/ 4-6.

*** Gills brightly cinnamon, &c.

66. C. miltinus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-i>£ in.) broad, bay-
brown-cinnamon or when moist dark cinnamon, when dry
shining, brick-colour, disc somewhat bay-brown, fleshy, thin,
convex or lens-shaped then expanded, obtuse or broadly gibbous,
even, polished-smooth, scissile at the disc; flesh watery when
moist, tan when dry. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, fistulose, very tough, somewhat cartilaginous,
equally attenuated upwards, often twisted, white-tomentose at
the base, cinnamon or reddish, with red fibrils, often villous at
the apex with the red cortina. Gills adnate, 2-3 mm. (1-1% lin.)
broad, almost linear, plane, crowded, thin, beautiful reddish-
cinnamon then ferruginous.

Odour none. Although the pileus is moist in rainy weather and becomes
pale when dry, it cannot be called hygrophanous. An elegant and remarkable
species, the type of the group. The habit is that of preceding species, but
the colours are those of C. cinnamomeus.

In mixed woods. Ledbury.

Name— JUNTOS, red earth. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 64. Hym.
Eur. p. 369. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 42. Quel. Grev. t. no. f. 3.

67. C. cinnabarinus Fr.— Pileus 5-7-5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
scarlet-red, truly fleshy, campanulate, then flattened, obtuse or
very obtusely umbonate, silky, then becoming smooth and shin-

VOL. II. C

34 AGARICINI.

Dermocybe. ing, or obsoletely scaly ; the firm flesh paler. Stem 4-5 cent.
(iy^-2 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) and more thick, solid, equal,
sometimes however bulbous, fibrillose or striate, scarlet -red,
reddish-brick-colour internally. Cortina fibrillose, lax, cinnabar.
Gills wholly adnate, somewhat decurrent, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad,
somewhat distant, connected by veins, unequal and darker at the
edge, dark blood-colour when bruised.

Odour of radish. Readily distinguished from all others by its splendid scarlet
colour, and from C. sanguineus by its short solid and firm stem, its broad
pileus, and somewhat distant gills. Stem never becoming yellow.

In beech woods. Street, &c. Oct.

Name — cinnabaris, dragon's blood. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii.
p. 64. Hym. Eur. p. 370. Icon. t. 154.7. 4- s- Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat.
1882, /. 217. Quel. Grev. t. no./. 4.

68. C. sanguineus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-iX in-) broad,
blood-colour, becoming slightly pale when dry, fleshy, thin, con-
vex then plane, obtuse, occasionally depressed, silky or squamu-
lose; flesh reddish, paler. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, equal (rather
attenuated than thickened at the base), here and there flexuous,
with fibrils of the same colour, almost darker than the pileus.
Cortina arachnoid, fugacious, red blood-colour. Gills adnate,
crowded, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, quite entire, dark blood-
colour.

Wholly dark blood-colour, the stem when compressed pouring forth bloody
juice. Odour of radish. Thinner than species nearest to it. The spores are
ochraceous on a white ground, somewhat ferruginous on a black ground.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Spores 6x 4 mk. W.G.S. Name — sanguis, blood. From the colour. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 65. Hym. Eur. p. 370. Berk. Out. p. 190. C. Hbk. n. 519.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 477. Ag. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2. t. 15. /. 3. Sow. t. 43.
Bolt. t. 36. Klotsch Bar. t. 385. Krombh. t. 2. / 28-30.

69. C. anthracinus Fr. — Pileus dark chestnut or brown-fus-
cous, fleshy at the umbonate disc, otherwise thin, convex then
expanded, umbo persistent, becoming fibrillose-even or smooth ;
flesh very dark, of the same colour as the pileus. Stem 5 cent.
(2 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, fibrillose, of an
intense blood-colour, fuscous towards the base. Gills adnate,
crowded, deep red or fiery in colour, blood-red when bruised.

Very elegant and most distinct ; smaller in all its parts than those nearest
to it.

In woods. Coed Coch.

CORTINARIUS. 35

Spores elongate-pruniform, 12-14 mk. Q- Name— acflpaf, burning coal. Dermocybe.
From the colour of the gills. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 308. Hym. Eur. p. 370. B.
& Br. n. 1269. Quel. Grev. t. in./", i.

70. C. cinnamomeus Fr.— Pileus i-io cent. (^-4 in.) broad,
somewhat cinnamon, fleshy, thin, obtuse, umbonate, silky or
squamulose, with innate yellowish fibrils, at length becoming
smooth. Stem stuffed then hollow, thin, equal, yellowish as well
as the flesh and veil. Gills adnate, broad, crowded, shining.

There are innumerable forms sufficiently constant ; the essential marks
which are common to all are these: i) Pileus thin, when flattened obtusely
umbonate, silky with yellowish villous down, but when more fully grown often
becoming smooth and then bright cinnamon, but the colour is variously
changed. 2) Stem wholly equal, stuffed then hollow, yellowish, fibrillose with
the cortina, which is of the same colour. 3) Flesh scissile, yellowish. 4) Gills
adnate, crowded, thin, broad, always shining. 5) Spores dark ochraceous.
The colour of the gills varies blood-red, red cinnamon, saffron-tawny, golden,
light yellow, &c.

In mixed woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Name — cinnamomum, cinnamon. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 65.
Hym. Eur. p. 370. Berk. Out. p. 190. C. Hbk. n. 520. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
478. Ag. Krombh. t. 71. /. 12-15. Letell. t. 618. Brigant. t. 30. / 1-4.
Bolt. t. 150. Sow. t. 205.

71. C. uliginosus Berk.— Pileus not exceeding 5 cent. (2 in.) in
diameter, bright red-brown (almost brick -red}, campanulato-
conical, then expanded, very strongly umbonate, silky, sometimes
streaked ; flesh yellow-olive then cinnamon. Stem flexuous,
paler than the pileus. Gills distant, adnate, with a tooth, yellow
then olive, then cinnamon.

Remarkable for its very strong, but scarcely acute umbo.

In boggy woods among Sphagnum. King's Cliffe, &c.

Name— uligo, marshy ground. From its habitat. Berk. Out. p. 190. C.
Hbk. n. 521. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 479. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 371.

72. C. orellanus Fr.— Pileus orange-tawny, fleshy, obtusely
umbonate, villoso-squamulose or fibrillose, the flesh, which is
similar in colour to the pileus, reddening. Stem solid, firm,
somewhat equal, striato-fibrillose and, as well as the cortina,
tawny. Gills adfixed, broad, somewhat distant, at length opaque.

It differs from C. cinnamomeus: i) stem solid, firmer, striato-fibrillose, and,
as well as the cortina, tawny; 2) the ground colour of the firmer pileus also
tawny, the fibrillose covering orange ; 3) the similar flesh reddening ; 4) gills
broader, firmer, and somewhat distant. C. cinnabarinus, with which it has
been confounded, is quite different in colours, and especially in that of the
stem being the same as the pileus, not yellowish.

In mixed woods. Coed Coch, &c. Sept.-Oct.

36 AGARICINI.

Dermocybe. Spores pruniform, 10x4-5 mk. C.B.P. ; 7 x 4 mk. W.P. Name— meaning
not apparent. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 66. Hym, Eur. p. 371. B. & Br. n. 1270.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 480. Ag. Bull. t. 598. Perhaps Jungh. Linn. v. t. 6.
/. 19.

73. C. infucatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent, (i-i^ in.) broad,
yellow, not hygrophanous, fleshy, comparatively small, convex,
obtuse, silky when dry, even ; flesh whitish. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, equally attenuated upwards from the clavate base (12 mm.,
% in. thick), 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick at the apex, solid, even,
fibrillose, externally and internally pallid light-yellow. Cortina
manifest, yellow, then darkened with the cinnamon spores. Gills
adnate, crowded, thin, 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, almost linear, tawny
then cinnamon.

Remarkable for its bright yellow colour. It approaches C. percomis and C.
callisteus ; the former is readily distinguished by its viscous pileus and yellow
flesh, the latter with more difficulty by its robust stature, by the pileus being
smooth then slightly cracked with minute squamules, but especially by its
firmer broad distant gills.

In woods. Haywood Forest, Hereford. Oct.

Name— -fuco, to paint. From its bright colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 309.
Hym. Eur. p. 372. Icon. t. 155. /. 2. Grevillea, vol. xii. /. 42.

**** Olivaceous, veil dingy pallid, &c.

74. C. cotoneus Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent (3 in.) broad, everywhere
clothed with a velvety, dense, beautifully olivaceous covering,
fleshy, but not compact, lax, campanulate then expanded, obtuse,
somewhat repand, fragile when old ; flesh thin for its breadth,
soft, olivaceous-pale. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.)
thick, solid, stout, soft, bulbous, somewhat fibrillose, olivaceous-
pallid. Veil persistent, woven into a fuscous zone towards the
apex of the stem. Gills adnate, separating, somewhat crowded,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, olivaceous then cinnamon, of the same
colour and quite entire at the edge.

Handsome, soft to the touch, opaque.

In oak woods. Clifton.

Name — KOTO/OS, wild olive. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 68. Hym.
Eur. p. 372. B. & Br. n. 1960. Quel. Grev. t. in./ 5.

75. C. raphanoides Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in-) broad, fus-
cous-olivaceous, when fuller grown changing colour, becoming
tawny, slightly fleshy, campanulate then expanded^ obtusely umbo-
nate, often undulated, silky-fibrillose, when fuller grown becoming
smooth, flesh pallid, almost of the same colour. Stem about

CORTINARIUS. 37

5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, equally attenuated upwards, 6-10 mm. Dermocybe.
(3-5 lin.) thick, rarely equal, stuffed, but in no wise furnished
with a hark, fibrillose, opaque, pale. Veil filamentous, pallid
olive. Gills adnate, slightly ventricose, scarcely crowded, some-
what olivaceous, at length cinnamon and somewhat ferruginous,
edge paler.

Odour of radish, taste bitter. Protean like C. cinnamomeus. It varies
with the stem elongated and twisted. The gills change colour with the
state of the atmosphere, so that it is often difficult to recognise it.

In beech and fir woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Name — raphanus, radish. From the smell. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 69. Hym.
Eur. p. 373. Berk. Out. p. 191. C. Hbk. n. 522. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 481.
Mich. t. 75. /. 2? QueL Grev. t. HI./. 6.

76. C. venetus Fr. — Pileus 4-5 cent. (1/^-2 in.) broad, when
young green, then greenish-^/^1^, when dry more yellow, but
not hygrophanous, fleshy, hemispherical, obtuse, equal, velvety or
tomentose, the very thin erect down persistent ; flesh yellowish-
pallid. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick,
stuffed or hollow upwards, equal, firm, curved, of the same colour
as the pileus or a little paler, externally remarkably fibrilloso-
silky, greenish-yellow. Cortina fibrillose, green. Gills adnate,
connected by veins, somewhat distant, very broad, in the form of
a segment, darker than the pileus, olivaceous.

Gregarious. Most distinct. The stem is often yellow-villous at the base.
The ye How covering of the pileus readily distinguishes it from former species.

In woods. Rannoch. Oct.

Spores ovoid, punctate, 10 mk. Q. Name — venetus, sea-coloured. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 70. Hym. Eur. p. 374. Icon. t. 155. /. 4. B. & Br. n. 1548.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 482.

Tribe V. TELAMONIA (r&api&v, lint). Fr. Syst Myc. i. p. Telamonia.
210. Pileus moist, hygrophanous, at the first smooth or sprinkled
with superficial whitish fibres of the veil. Flesh thin throughout
or becoming so abruptly at the margin (not equally attenuated),
scissile. Stem annulate below from the universal veil or peronate
with scales, somewhat cortinate at the apex, hence the veil is
somewhat double. To this subgenus are referred some species, in-
termediate between this and the preceding one, on account of their
double veil, the universal one forming a slight ring> and their pileus
not being silky -, £c. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 374.

AGARICINI.

Telamonia. I. PLATYPHYLLI (irXarus, broad; <pv\Xov, a leaf). Gills very broad, rather

thick, more or less distant. Stem spongy and
wholly fibrous.

* Stem and cortina "white or whitish.

** Stem and gills violaceous. Cortina
commonly white-violaceous, but universal
veil white. Very distinguished.

*** Stem and veil reddish or yellow.
Gills tawny or cinnamon, neither violaceous
nor becoming brown.

**** stem becoming fuscous, veil fuscous
or dirty, gills dark-coloured. (Inolomata
and Dermocybes are often sheathed and
ringed, but the pileus is not hygrophanous,
and is at the first scaly or silky.)

II. LEPTOPHYLLI (XCTTTOS, thin; <f>v\\ov,
a leaf). Gills narrow, thin, more or less
crowded. Pileus thin. Stem externally
more rigid, somewhat cartilaginous, stuffed
or hollow, often attenuated downwards.

* Stem whitish, pallid, notfloccoso-scaly.
size. ** Stem inclining to violet.

*** Stem and pileus tawny, ferruginous.
**** Stemfloccoso-scaly, and, as well as the pileus , fuscous.

XLIV. Cortinartus (Telamonia)
annillatus. One-fifth natural

I.— PLATYPHYLLI.
* Stem and cortina white or 'whitish.

77. C. macropus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, brick-
colour, at length becoming ferruginous, fleshy, comparatively
thin, convex then flattened, margin at the first inflexed, obtuse,
dry, hoary with very small squamules, then becoming smooth ;
flesh cinereous. Stem 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent-
(l/2-\ in.) thick, solid, somewhat equal, stout, fibrillose, dingy
whitish, then of the same colour as the pileus. Veil distant from
the pileus, woven into a narrow ring, white. Gills adnexed,
very broad (1-2.5 cent., K-I in.), distant, even at the sides,
sometimes crenated, sometimes quite entire, pallid then watery
cinnamon.

Pileus not compact.

In woods. Leigh Wood, Bristol. Oct.

Spores pruniform, finely punctate, 8 mk. Q. Name — jncucpos, long ; TTOVS, a
foot. Long-stemmed. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 71. Hym. Eur. p. 374. Bucknall,
Brist. Nat. Soc. Proc. vol. iv. /. 4.

78. C. bivelus Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, tawny-
ferruginous, here and there spotted or darker at the disc, not truly
hygrophanous, somewhat equally fleshy, convexo-plane, always
obtuse, soft, bibulous, smooth or slightly silky only round the

CORTINARIUS. 39

margin, commonly shining, rarely opaque, sometimes rimulose. Telamonia.
Stem solid, fleshy-spongy, sometimes bulbous, sometimes longer,
equally attenuated, more frequently curt, thick, dingy white, inter-
nally somewhat ferruginous. The exterior veil villous, sheathing,
white, terminating in a spurious and fugacious ring, above which
the thin cortina is vanishing. Gills adnate or somewhat emargi-
nate, at first somewhat crowded, then somewhat distant, more or
less broad, bright tawny-cinnamon.

The pileus is pierced as with pores, a feature which is peculiar to most of
the Telamonice, and which seems to have its origin in larvae. Growing in
troops, strong smelling, taste pleasant. The stem is in no wise more rigid
externally, like that of the somewhat similar C. subferrugineus. There is a
variety in which the pileus is campanulate and lax.

In woods. Coed Coch. Glamis. Sept.

Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 8-10x5-6 mk. K. Name- — bis, velum, with
double veil. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 72. Hym. Eur, p. 375. Icon. t. 156. /. I.
B. & Br. n. 1271. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 483. Quel. Grev. t. in./. 7.

79. 0. bulbosus Fr.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, date-
brown when moist, fuscous-brick when dry, unequally fleshy,
campanulato-expanded, obtuse or broadly gibbous, even, or fibril-
loso-sqvamulose towards the margin from the torn epidermis ;
flesh of the same colour when damp, only pallid, whitish when
dry, more compact at the disc. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
solid, bulbous, paler than the pileus, thinly sheathed and fuga-
ciously ringed with the white veil. Gills adnate, somewhat
distant, broad, at the very first dark, then brown-cinnamon, but
never becoming violet.

The pileus is generally smooth, but here and there torn into fibrils towards
the margin, like C. armillatus with which it is remarkably analogous. Stem
somewhat saffron-yellow at the base and internally. It differs from the Inolo-
mata in the hygrophanous pileus, and from the Hygrocybes in the gills.

In woods. Rare.

Name — bulbus, a bulb. From the bulbous stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 73.
Hym. Eur. p. 375. Berk. Out. p. 191. C. Hbk. n. 523. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
484. Ag. Sow. t. 130.

80. C. urbicus Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, clay-whitish,
fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, always smooth, but pitted when
larger; flesh firm, whitish. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, as
much as 12 mm. (% in.) thick, solid, equal, zoned above the
middle with a narrow white ring, when young villous above
the ring. Gills emarginate, crowded, thin, broad, watery fer-
ruginous.

40 AGARICINI.

Telamonia. Manifestly allied to C. bivelus, &c. The gills are not of the bright tawny
colour of these. Easily distinguished from C. bivelus by its smoothness and
colour ; especially remarkable for the clay-whitish colour of the pileus.

In grassy places. Cabalva. Sept.-Oct.

Name — urbs, city. Found in frequented places. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 72.
Hym. Eur. p. 375. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 77. Quel. Grev. t. 112. /. i.

81. C. licinipes Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, very
pale yellow, tan-pallid when dry, fleshy-membranaceous, cam-
panulate then convex and flattened, obtusely umbonate, and at
length depressed round the umbo, even, smooth ; flesh hygro-
phanous. Stem 10 cent. (4 in.) and more long, 6-8 mm. (3-4
lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, at length fragile, equal, often
flexuous, pale-white, white-villous at the base, otherwise clothed
with shining floccoso-plumose scales which fall off with age, even
above the distant membranaceous ring. Gills adnate and very
broad behind, as much as 12 mm. (% in.), somewhat crowded,
quite entire, watery cinnamon.

Fragile. Odour none. Var. short -stemmed, growing in drier places.
Bull. t. 600. /. X. W.T.

In woods. Locality not recorded.

Name — licinium, lint ; pes, a foot. Woolly-stemmed. Fr. Monogr. ii.
/. 83. Hym. Eur. p. 376. B. & Br. n. 1549.

** Stem and gills violaceous, 8r*c.

82. C. torvus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, brick-
colour t fleshy but thin with exception of the disc, convex, margin
at first bent inwards, then wholly flattened, obtuse, somewhat
fragile, even or broken up when dry, pierced with dotted points
when old, at first sprinkled with hoary squamules and fibrils, and
marbled with the same hoariness when it becomes smooth ; flesh
whitish when dry, dingy. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long,
1-2.5 cent. (}4-i in.) thick, solid, pierced by larvae, and at length
spongy, when young short and bulbous, then elongated and
somewhat equal, when perfect sheathed to the middle and ringed
with the adnate veil, above which it is more equal and pale
violaceous, when young furnished with a villous cortina, then
fibrillose ; below the white spreading ring whitish, fibrillose and
in fullest vigour floccoso-scaly, white-villous at the base. Gills
somewhat adnate, thick, distant, plane, fragile, very broad (6-12
mm., 3-6 lin.), at first violaceous, soon purplish-umber, at length
dark cinnamon, edge quite entire, at length veined at the base.

Striking, commonly robust. It is difficult to describe the ground colour of

CORTINARIDS. 41

the pileus ; date-brown, brick-colour, copper-brown. There is a variety (in Telamonia.
drier weather) with the gills rufescent-flesh-colour. Small forms changed in
colour occur. The pileus like that of C. scutulatus, elatior, &c. varies pitted-
wrinkled and ribbed from the centre.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Name — torvus, savage. Growing in wild places. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 74.
Hym. Eur. p. 376. Icon. t. 157. f. i. B. & Br. n. 1353. C. Hbk. n. 524.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 485. Bull. t. 600. /. Q.R.S. Kalch. t. ai. /. i.

83. C. impennis Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, at first
almost umber, then brick-colour, changing colour and dingy,
somewhat equal lyyfor^j/, very obtuse, convex, smooth, when young ,
silky only round the margin, at length cracked ; flesh pallid.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent. (l/z-\ in.) thick, solid,
cylindrical, scarcely bulbous, not clothed with scales, pale, becom-
ing violet at the apex and internally azure-blue, girt towards the
apex with a white zone formed of the veil, and furnished with a
cortina (of the same colour). Gills at first adnate, then emar-
ginate, distant, rather thick, at first intensely and brightly vio-
laceous and somewhat piirplish, but immediately changing colour
and becoming watery ferruginous.

The pileus does not become hoary. Approaching C. torvus in colours, but
much inferior, certainly different in the stem not being sheathed with the veil,
in the pileus being smooth, &c. In a young state the colour is almost that of
Ag. butyraceus.

Among dead leaves. Bomere.

Name— penna, a feather. Without feathers. Smooth, contrasted with
C. plumiger. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 75. Hym. Eur. p. 376. Icon. t. 157. f. 2.
B. & Br. n. 1880.

84. C. plumiger Fr. — Pileus fuscous, somewhat olivaceous
when moist, brick-tan when dry, hygrophanous, slightly fleshy,
conical when young, then campanulate, with a broad obtuse very
prominent umbo, when more expanded as much as 7.5 cent.
(3 in.), and often cracked, dry, clothed with dense white fioccoso-
plumose scales, which are sometimes erect and squarrose, some-
times (after showers) adpressed and silky. Stem 7.5-10 cent.
(3-4 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick at the base, 10 mm. (5 lin.)
at the apex, solid, remarkably clavate, pale, internally watery
whitish. Veil fioccoso-scaly on the stem, somewhat in the form of
a ring at the apex, shining white. Gills adnate, scarcely crowded
broad, at first -violaceous, soon of a watery then of a pure cinna-
mon, edge quite entire, of the same colour or clay.

Handsome.

42 AGARICINI.

Teiamonia. In mixed woods. Glamis, 1875. Sept.

N&me—plumiger, feather-bearing. From the scales. Fr. Monogr. ii. /.
76. Hym. Eur. p. 377. B. & Br. n. 1550. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 486. QueL
Grev. t. 112. f. 2.

85. 0. scutulatus Fr. — Pileus comparatively small, at first
Purple -umber or brick- fuliginous, very hygrophanous, brick-
colour when dry, somewhat fleshy, at first ovato-globose, then
campanulato-hemispherical, obtuse, at first white-silky round the
margin, then naked, but rivulose in the form of innate sqtiamules,
varying lacunose-wrinkled ; flesh thin, violaceous. Stem some-
times 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, some-
times 12.5-15 cent. (5-6 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick, solid and
rigid, cylindrical or bulbous at the very base, externally and
internally intensely violaceous, at length becoming fuscous, white-
villous at the base, somewhat rooted, occasionally ascending,
sheathed and somewhat ringed with the white veil. Gills adnate,
rarely emarginate, more or less distant, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad,
violaceous then purple, white-serrated at the edge when young,
at length cinnamon.

Odour strong of radish. Assuming various forms. Veil "white ; when in
fullest vigour there is not only a superior ring, but there are also many zones
from the floccose scales being arranged concentrically as in C. triumphans ;
commonly with a simple ring above and clothed with sparse fibrils, occa-
sionally quite denuded. There are, moreover, variations with the stem hol-
low at the apex and the pileus umbilicate — with the pileus umbonate, more
even, &c.

In moist woods. Foxley, Cabalva. Sept.-Oct.

Name — scutula, diamond, lozenge-shaped. From the markings on the
pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 76. Hym. Eur. p. 377. Icon. 1. 158. f. 2. Grev-
illea, vol. xii. p. 77.

86. C. evernius Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, purple-
bay-brown, brick-colour when dry and becoming isabelline-hoary
when old, very hygrophanous, thin, almost fleshy -membranaceous,
conico-campanulate then flattened, obsoletely umbonate, when
young here and there adpressedly silky with the fibrillose white
veil, but commonly smooth, at length rimosely incised and torn
into fibrils, very fragile; flesh very thin, of the same colour.
Stem 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long, 12 mm. (Y2 in.) and more thick,
stuffed, soft, equal or attenuated downwards, slightly striate, 'viola-
ceous, becoming pale, squamulose and obsoletely zoned with the
adpressed veil. Grills adnate, ventricose, very broad (1-2.5 cent.,
Yz-\ in.), distant, violaceous-purple^ becoming pale, at length
cinnamon.

Odour not remarkable. Changing colour -very much. It is analogous with

CORTINARIUS. 43

C. elatior in stature, but there is plainly no affinity between them from the Telamonia.
absence of a glutinous veil, and from the very different colours.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Spores subsphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8-12x5-7 mk. K. Name — evepj/q?, (epvo?,
sprout) sprouting. Growing tall. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 77. Hym. £ur. p. 377.
Berk. Out. p. 191. C. Hbk. n. 525. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 487. Sow. t. 125
(departing very much from the type). Quel. Grev. t. 112. f. 3.

87. C. quadricolor Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
pallid yellow, then somewhat tawny, shining when dry, slightly
fleshy, conical then flattened, umbonate, smooth, at length pierced
or spotted, radiato-striate at the margin ; flesh thin, of the same
colour. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, thin, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, flexuous, slightly rigid, fibrilloso-
striate with the adpressed veil, violaceous-whitish, the veil above
collapsing in the form of a zoned oblique white ring, at length
vanishing. Gills adnate, distant, broad, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.), but
thin, white-serrated at the edge, sometimes dark violaceous, some-
times purplish then cinnamon.

Very much allied to C. hinnuleus, but the colours are different.
In woods. Coed Coch. Blaize Castle, Bristol. Oct.

Name — quadricolor, of four colours. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 84. Hym. F.ur.
p. 378. B. &Br. n. 1663. Bucknall, Brist. Nat. Soc. Proc. vol. iv. t. $./. 2.
Ag. Schceff. t. 303.

*** Stem and veil reddish or yellow.

88. C. armillatus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
red- brick- colour, truly fleshy, but not very compact, at first
cylindrical, soon campanulate, at length flattened, dry, at first
smooth, soon innately fibrillose or squamulose ; flesh dingy
pallid. Stem 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick,
solid, firm, remarkably bulbous (bulb 2.5 cent., I in. thick,
villous, whitish) and fibrillose at the base, when old striate and
rufescent-pallid, internally isabelline. Exterior veil woven, red,
arranged in 2-4 distant cinnabar zones encircling the stem;
partial veil continuous with the upper zone, arachnoid, reddish-
white. Gills adnate, slightly rounded, distant, at first pallid
cinnamon, at length very broad (12 mm., K in.), dark ferruginous,
almost bay-brown.

Odour of radish. A very striking species. From the pileus not being
hygrophanous, at the first smooth and at length torn into fibrils or squamulose,
it might easily be taken for a species of Inoloma. The cortina itself is paler
than the zones. It differs from all others in these zones.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

44 AGARICINI.

Telamonia. The rings are usually somewhat oblique. Spores ellipsoid, 10-12x6-7 mk.
K. ; pruniform, nucleate, rough, 10-12x5-7 mk. C.B.P. Name — armilla, a
ring. Ringed. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 78. Hym. Eur. p. 378. Icon. t. 158. /. i.
Berk. Out. p. 192. B. & Br. n. 1354. C. Hbk. n. 526. S. MycoL Scot.
n. 488.

89. C. haematochelis Yr.—'Pftffua fuscous-brick-colour (pallid),
fleshy, thin, gibbous, silky-fibrillose. Stem solid, thickened but
not bulbous, attenuated upwards, encircled with a ntfous zone,
becoming fuscous internally. Gills adnate, crowded, somewhat
narrow, pallid cinnamon.

In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.

Name — atju.a, blood ; xe^u?» the chest. Girt with a red zone. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 378. B. & Br. n. 1273, 1354. Hussey \. t. 19. Ag. Bull. t. 527.
/. i. Paul. t. in.

90. C. limonius Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, but
often smaller, tawny-lemon-yellow, ochraceous yellow and opaque
when dry, very hygrophanous, truly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse,
even and smooth when moist, rimosely incised when dry ; flesh
of the same colour, not scissile. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12
mm. (% in.) thick, fleshy, solid (but often pierced by larvae),
equal or sometimes attenuated, sometimes slightly thickened,
at the base, where it is at length deep saffron, floccoso-scaly with
the light-yellow veil, and here and there with a floccose ring at
the apex, of the same colours as the pileus. Gills adnate, more
rarely emarginate, distant, for a long time yellow to light-yellow,
at length tawny-cinnamon.

Odour none. There is scarcely a manifest affinity with any other species
than C. psammocephalus. The floccose ring is often awanting, but from the
scales of the stem it is manifestly a species of Telamonia.

In pine woods. Rare.

Name— lemon-coloured (Citrus Limonum). Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 80. Hym.
Eur. p. 379. Icon. t. 159. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 192. C. Hbk. n. 527. S.
My col. Scot. n. 489. Quel. Grev. t. ii2./. 4. Ag. Holmsk. Of. 2. t. 40.

91. C. helvolus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent, 2-3 in. (in smaller
specimens 2.5-5 cent., 1-2 in.) broad, dark tawny-cinnamon, very
pale yellow when dry, slightly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse or
obtusely umbonate, smooth, becoming even, margin, which is at
the first furnished with a cortina, regularly bent inwards. Stem
5-20 cent. (2-8 in.) long, firm, solid, rarely pierced, somewhat
equal, not tense and straight, fibrillose, girt above with an an-
nular, narrow, ferruginous-margined zone formed of the woven
veil. Gills remarkably emarginate, 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad, distant,

CORTINARIUS. 45

thick, somewhat veined at the base, opaque, tawny, then dark Telamonia.
cinnamon.

The stem in the largest form is 20 cent. (8 in.) long, almost 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick, attenuated at the base; intermediate, 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 8 mm.
(4 lin.) thick ; smaller, 5 cent. (2 in.) long, attenuated from the base, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick at the apex. Flesh slightly tawny. Stem at length fuscous-
ferruginous externally and internally.

In mixed woods. Coed Coch. Glamis. Sept.-Oct.

Name — helvolus, pale yellow. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 85. Hym. Eur. p. 379.
B. & Br. n. 1355. S, MycoL Scot. n. 490. Bull. t. 531. /. i (except white
flesh).

9*2. C. hinnuleus Fr.— Pileus pallid tawny-cinnamon, becom-
ing pale, shining when dry, fleshy-membranaceous, campanulato-
expanded, obtuse or obtusely umbonate, sometimes depressed in
the centre, even, smooth, often pierced with dotted points ; flesh
of the same colour. Stem 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) long, stuffed, but
commonly pierced by larvae, equal Of attenuated downwards, rigid,
dingy tawny and sometimes fuscous, but white-silky with the
adpressed silky veil and white-zoned above with the woven veil.
Gills more or less emarginato-adnexed, distant, but thin, the edge,
which is of the same colour, acute and quite entire, 8-10 mm.
(4-5 lin.) broad '(semiovate when smaller), connected by veins,
plane, saffron-tawny.

Varying much in stature. Stem sometimes short 2.5 cent, (i in.) long,
sometimes 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, sometimes elongated
7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) and flexuous. It departs from all the others in this
group in the white veil. The above is the earlier form in birch wood. B.
later among poplar. Stem at length hollow, wholly fibrous, internally dark
tawny, externally pale with the silky fibrils, ring obsolete ; but the pileus
(somewhat membranaceous, conico-expanded, acutely or obtusely umbonate,
darker, yellowish when dry and at length rimosely torn) is silky round the
margins. Gills adnate, distinct, opaque, slightly tawny then cinnamon. Very
small form, stem 12 mm. (yz in.), gills very broad.

In mixed woods. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Name — hinnuleus, fawn. Fawn-coloured. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 86. Hym.
Eur. p. 380. Berk. Out. p. 192. C. Hbk. n. 528. S. MycoL Scot. n. 491.
Sow. t. 173. Quel. Grev. t. 113. /. i.

93. C. gentilis Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (K~i in.) broad, tawny-
cinnamon, yellow when dry, very hygrophanous, slightly fleshy,
conico-expanded, then flattened, acutely umbonate, rimosely in-
cised, varying somewhat silky; flesh thin and of the same colour.
Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick,
stuffed then hollow, slender, equal or attenuated at the base, often
curved, fibrillose, of the same colours as the pileus when moist
and dry, never becoming pale. Veil forming an annular zone.

46 AGARICINI.

Telamonia. oblique, sometimes arranged in many zones, sometimes floccoso-
scaly below the ring, yellow. Gills adnate, thick, 'very distant,
plane, connected by veins, quite entire, tawny-cinnamon.

Gregarious. The stem is commonly more tense and straight than others of
the same stature. The gills are of the same colour as the pileus in the primary
state ; they do not change colour when dry, like the pileus and stem, where-
fore the fungus is remarkably of the same colour when moist, but when dry of
different colours, the pileus and stem being yellow. Spores have been observed
somewhat clay-coloured on a black ground.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Spores subsphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8-9 x 5-6 mk. K.; pruniform, nucleate, slightly
rough, 10x6 mk. C.B.P. N&me—gentilis, national, as opposed to exotic.
Fr. Monogr. \\. p. 87. Hym. Eur. p. 380. Icon. t. 159. f. 2. Br. Bath Trans-
act. 1870, p. 72. C. Hbk. n. 529. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 492. Grevillea, t. 84.
/• 3-

94. C. helvelloides Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (X-1 in-) broad,
ferruginous, becoming tawny when dry, somewhat membrana-
ceous, convex then flattened, umbonate (obtusely or acutely),
smooth, somewhat striate when moist, when more fully grown
cracked and squarrose. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4 mm.
(1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, very much undulated and flex-
uous, somewhat ferruginous and without any whiteness. Veil
yellowish, silky round the margin of the piletis, and somewhat in
the form of a ring at the apex of the stem, above which the stem
is white-silky and glittering. Gills adnate, very thick and exceed-
ingly distant, rather broad, distinct, at first violaceous-umber
(never purplish), edge white-fioccose, soon however of one colour
umber-cinnamon, at length ferruginous.

Quite inodorous. The pileus varies fibrillose when young ; sometimes bul-
late, rarely conical : it varies also in colour.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Name — Helvetia -like. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 87. Hym. Eur. p. 380. Icon,
t. 139. f. 3. B. & Br. n. 929. C. Hbk. n. 530. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 493.

##*# Stem becoming fuscous, &C.

95. C. punctatus Fr. — Pileus hoary-umber (tan), somewhat
membranaceous, conico-convex, smooth, at length even, pierced.
Stem somewhat fistulose, equal, slender, undulated, fibrilloso-
striate, yellow-fuscous, girt with a pallid fuscoiis zone from the
fugacious veil. Gills adnate, very distant, quite entire, brown-
cinnamon.

Primary form : pileus 12 mm. (yz in.) broad ; stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
scarcely beyond 2 mm. (i lin.) thick ; gills almost 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad. Very

CORTINARIUS. 47

much allied to C. gentilis, distinct in the colour of all its parts, and in the Telamonia.
convex, obtuse or obtusely umbonate pileus. Commonly also thinner, very
flexuous, like C. helvdloides. In pine woods it occurs larger, somewhat cin-
namon, pileus at length fibrillose, gills sinuato-adnexed and less distant.

In woods. Locality not recorded.

Name— punctris, a puncture. Pierced. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 382. Monogr.
\\.p. 91. B. &> Br. n. 1551.

II. — LEPTOPHYLLI.

* Stem whitish, pallid, &c.

96. C. triformis Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, remark-
ably hygrophanous, fawn-colour when yoimg, then yellowish or
honey-colour, isabelline when dry, unequally fleshy, thin at the
margin, convex then plane, obtuse or slightly gibbous, superficially
fibrillose or becoming smooth, at length pierced-dotted, always
even, opaque. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick,
somewhat bulbous, stuffed, spongy internally, fragile, rather
smooth, pallid, ringed upwards with the woven veil, the ring dis-
tant and white. Gills adnate, ventricose, somewhat emarginate,
8 mm. (4 lin.) broad, connected by veins, somewhat distant, thin,
watery honey-colour, then watery cinnamon.

The pileus varies in colour, at first brownish or livid-yellowish, dingy tan
when dry. The gills are of one colour.

In woods. Alresford, Hants.

Name — tres, three ; forma, form. From its assuming three distinct forms,
of which the above (Schcefferi] is the type. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 73. Hym. Eur.
p. 382. Schceff. t. 247 ? Grevillea, vol. xiv. p. 38.

** Stem inclining to violet, &*c.

97. C. periscelis Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, lilac, white-
silky, hygrophanous, campanulate then convex, umbo fleshy,
otherwise somewhat membranaceous. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4
in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, equal, straight, fibrillose, of
the same colour as the pileus, somewhat ringed with the woven

fuscous veil, becoming fuscous when dry, white-villous at the base.
Gills adnate, crowded, narrow, pallid then dark ferruginous.
Peculiar, rather perhaps belonging to the fuscous series.

In bogs and under beech. Bowood.

Name— ireptoTceAis, a garter. From the ring. Fr. Hym. Eiir. p. 383. Berk.
Out. p. 193. C. Hbk. n. 531.

98. C. flexipes Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (X-1 in-) broad, at first

48 AGARICINI.

Telamonia very dark date-brown-fuscous, also inclining to violaceous, but
becoming pale, very pale yellow in dry weather, tan when old,
slightly fleshy, at first conical and acute, then expanded and
acutely umbonate, at length depressed round the umbo, hoary-
fibrillose, at length denuded, torn when old ; flesh thin, of the
same colour as the pileus. Stem 10 cent. (4 in.) long, 4 mm.
(2 lin.) thick, stuffed, then pierced, equal, ftexuous.faccoso-scaty
below the woven sufficiently manifest white ring, pallid, viola-
ceous throughout or at least at the apex. Gills adnate, slightly
distant, broad, purple or umber-violaceous, then at length cinna-
mon, whitish at the edge.

When old almost like C. evernius, with which it agrees in the variation of
colour.

In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Name— -flexus, bent ; pes, a foot. From the flexuous stem. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 84. Hym. Eur. p. 384. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1881, p. 36.
Grevillea, t. 113. f. 3.

99. C. flabellus Fr.— Pileus 18 mm. (tf in.) broad, olivaceous-
fuscous, tan when dry, somewhat membranaceous, commonly

acutely umbonate, at first conical, then flattened, at first covered
with white superficial separating scales, silky when dry, and at
length rimosely incised, torn into fibrils; flesh very thin, paler.
Stem 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, sometimes short, 5 cent. (2 in.)
long, in the typical form elongated (7.5-10 cent., 3-4 in.), stuffed
then hollow, equal, undulated and flexuous, floccoso-scaly, pallid,
becoming violet at the apex. Veil white, inferior, giving rise to
the scales on the stem, terminating in a ring, which is sometimes
perfect and entire, sometimes woven and oblique. Gills adnate,
crowded, linear, narrow, dark violaceous, then cinnamon, at length
ferruginous.

Growing in troops. Odour strong, somewhat of radish. Ring often
awanting.

In woods. Coed Coch.

According to Fries's earlier description the umbo is commonly obtuse and
vanishing. Name—flabellus, a small fan. Meaning not apparent. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 85. Hym. Eur. p. 384. B. & Br. n. 1881.

*** Stem and pileus tawny, ferruginous.

100. C. psammocephalus Fr. Wholly tawny-cinnamon. — Pileus
2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fleshy, thin, convex then plain and at length
umbonate and revolute, broken up into minute furfur aceous squam-
ules. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed, at

CORTINARIUS. 49

length hollow, somewhat attenuated, sheathed with the continuous Telamonia.
squamulose veil, from which proceeds a fibrillose cortina. Gills
sinuato-adnate, crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, at length darker,
umber-cinnamon.

Odour none. Internally it is of the same colour (not white as in Bulliard's
fig.) ; the pileus and stem become pale and somewhat golden when dry. No
distinct ring.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Name — i^a^/ios, sand ; KC</>OA>J, head. From the furfuraceous squamules on
the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 80. Hym. Eur. p. 384. Berk. Out. p. 193.
C. Hbk. n. 532. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 494. Bull. t. 531. /. 2.

101. 0. incisus Fr.— Pileus tawny-ferruginous, opaque, slightly
fleshy, variable in form, sometimes very acutely, sometimes obso-
letely umbonate, convexo - expanded, naked when young, then
(especially in dry weather) torn into fibrils or scales, but even
and shining when scorched by the sun. Stem sometimes curt,
2.5 cent, (i in. long), 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, sometimes elongated
5-10 cent. (2-4 in.), somewhat stuffed, flexuous, wholly fibrous in
moist places, fibrillose, not polished externally. GUIs adnate,
somewhat distant, cinnamon-ferruginous.

Not much smell. Growing in troops, somewhat csespitose. The pileus is
commonly tawny-ferruginous, hut when young also date-brown, olivaceous-
fuscous, &c. It differs from G. gentilis, &c., in the colour being darker, ferru-
ginous, and especially in the somewhat zoned white veil.

In woods. Loughborough.

Spores ellipsoid or sphasroid-ellipsoid, uniguttate, 9-12x6 mk. K. Name
— incido, to cut into. From the cracked pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 88. fJym.
Eur. p. 384. Icon. t. i6o./. i. B. & Br. n. 1272. Ag. Bull. t. 586.7. 2.

102. 0. iliopodius Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (1-2 in.) broad,
cinnamon, tan when dry, slightly fleshy, conical then expanded
and for the most part acutely umbonate, at the first silky with
hoary fibrils, becoming smooth when full grown. Stem here and
there short, commonly elongated, stuffed, flexuous, equal, elastic,
sheathed to the middle with the white veil which becomes even
and silky, and cortinato-ringed where the sheathing ends, naked
and fibrilloso-striate at the apex, internally saffron-cinnamon. Gills
adnate, slightly distant, thin, cinnamon.

Very protean, and there are individual forms which can scarcely be defined.
It is distinguished, however, from others by its opaque cinnamon colour, that
of the stem often becoming fuscous, by the stem being externally somewhat
cartilaginous and paler, by the white veil, and by l\\e gills being more crowded
and thin.

In mixed woods. Common. July-Nov.

VOL. II. D

50 AGARICINI.

Telamonia. Name — lAvs, mud ; irovs, a foot. From the dirty stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
88. Hym. Eur. p. 385. Berk. Out. p. 193. C. Hbk. n. 533. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 495. Ag. Bull. t. 586.7. 2. A.B., t. 578 partly.

**•** Stemfloccoso-scaly, &»c.

103. C. hemitrichus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad,
dark fuscous, fuscous-tan when dry, umbo commonly persistently
dark, somewhat fleshy, convexo - expanded, sometimes acutely,
sometimes obtusely umbonate or wholly obtuse (in largest speci-
mens even umbilicate on account of the hollow apex of the stem),
sometimes wholly, sometimes round the margin elegantly ivhite-
fibrilloso-curled with erect flocci, the fibrils however superficial,
even, never torn. Stem 4-6 cent. (iX~2X m-) l°ng. at the very
first hollow, equal, thick, firm, scarcely ever flexuous, pallid
fuscous, white-flocculose below the medial ring which is woven,
shining white, not rarely membranaceous and reflexed. Gills
adnate, but ventricose at the base, hence they appear rounded,
very crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, quite entire, clay-colour, at
length cinnamon.

Odour none, taste not unpleasant. Pileus stiff, scissile. It becomes ad-
pressedly fibrillose when the flocci are flattened, and becomes smooth when
these are wiped off by showers. The colour resembles that of C. castaneus
when dry. In smaller forms the fibrils of the pileus are shorter, and the ring
less conspicuous.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 7x5 mk. K. Name — 0pi£. ham Partially
hairy. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 89. Hym. Eur. p. 385. Icon. t. 160. /. 2. B. &
Br. n. 930. C. Hbk. n. 534. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 496.

104. C. stemmatus Fr.— Pileus 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.) broad,
date-brown when moist, becoming pale when dry, slightly fleshy,
convex then flattened, obtuse, fragile, hoary - silky round the
margin when moist, fibrillose when dry. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3
in.) long, stuffed then fistulose, equal or slightly attenuated at
the base, often curved, soft, externally and internally ferruginous-
date-brown, paler and becoming silky-even at the apex. Gills
adnate, crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, narrower behind, date-
brown, opaque.

Distinguished by the pileus being hoary-silky round the margin, and by the
very crowded, narrow, date-brown gills. It occurs under two forms : the
earlier with the stem floccoso-squamulose and somewhat ringed ; and the
later with the stem naked, the veil being wiped off. Allied to C. uraceus, but
in that species there is no trace of a woven veil even in its earliest stages.

In moist woods. Lyne, Sussex.
Name — ore^a, a wreath. From the silky marginal band. Fr. Monogr. ii.

CORTINARIUS.

p. 89. Hym. Eur. p. 385. Icon. t. 160. /. 3.
(ringless form).

Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 68 Telamonia.

105. 0. paleaceus Fr. — Pileus fuscous when damp, dingy
when dry, very hygrophanous, somewhat membranaceous, conical
then expanded, acutely or obtusely umbonate, at first silky with
superficial squamulose white villous down (veil), becoming smooth,
opaque ; flesh of the disc of the same colour, almost none at the
sides. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose,
slender, toughish, undulated on the surface, externally and inter-
nally fuscous, paler when young, white-villous at the base, here
and there squamulose with white flocci, and white-ringed at the
apex. Gills adnate, broad, crowded, at first pallid-whitish, at
length cinnamon.

Odour weak. Commonly acutely umbonate. It differs from C. iliopodius in
the stem not being tawny within, and in the veil being floccoso-scaly not be-
coming even.

In beech woods. Cabalva. Sept.-Oct.

Name — palea, chaff. From the scales. Fr. Monogr. \\. p. 92. Hym. Eur.
p. 386. Icon. t. 160. /. 4. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 77. S. MycoL Scot. Supp.
Scot. Nat. 1883, /. 31. Quel. Grev. t. 113. / 5, /. 114. /. 4.

Tribe VI. HYGROCYBE (vyp6s, moist ;
smooth or only covered with white
superficial fibrils, not viscous, but
moist when fresh, changing colour
when dry, flesh very thin or scissile ;
rarely more compact at the disc.
Stem slightly rigid, not sheathed;
cortina thin, fibrillose, rarely collaps-
ing and forming an irregular zone
on the stem. Quite distinct from
Telamoma, but only by the veil.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 386.

I. FIRMIOKES. Pileus somewhat fleshy,
convex or campanulato - convex then ex-
panded, obtuse or at length gibbous, mar-
gin at first incurved. Stem (for the most
part) attenuated upwards.

* Stem white, cortina of the same colour.
. ** Stem and gills commonly inclining to
violet. In various species of the former sec-
tion there is a fugitive tinge of violet at the apex of the stem.
'* Stem and somewhat obsolete veil yellow or rufous.

head). PileUS Hygrocybe.

XL V. Cortinarius {Hygrocybe)
castaneus. One-third natural
size.

52 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. **** Stem inclining to fuscous ; cortina of a pallid dirty colour or white
(not yellow) ; gills dark.

II. TENUIORES. Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conical then expanded,
umbonate, umbo acute or more rarely obtuse and vanishing (the opposite is
the way of the Firmiores), margin at first straight. Stem somewhat equal or
attenuated at the base. ( The thinness of the pileus is only relative to its size. )

* Stem white.

** Stem inclining to violet or reddish.
** Stem yellowish, commonly becoming pale.

**** Stem inclining to fuscous.

I. — FIRMIORES.
* Stem white, cortina of the same colour.

106. C. subferrugineus Fr.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
broad, ferruginous or watery cinnamon, -more or less hygrophan-
ous, when dry sometimes shining and tawny, sometimes becom-
ing pale, unequally fleshy, abruptly more compact at the disc,
convex then expanded, obtuse, here and there flexuous, firm but
not rigid, even, smooth ; flesh scissile, dingy, isabelline-white.
Stem variable in stature, commonly 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm.
(% in.) thick, solid, more or less bulbous, attenuated upwards,
adpressedly fibrillose, externally rigid and somewhat cartilagin-
ous, pallid, internally soft, saffron - yellow at the base. Veil
entirely fibrillose and marginal only, not sheathing, very fuga-
cious. Gills remarkably emarginate, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, more
or less crowded, opaque, at first pallid, soon watery then dark
ferruginous.

Among heaped rotting pine-leaves the stem is stout, very inflated, spongy.
Odour that of the Inolomata, taste unpleasant. There are many forms definite
as to colour, but scarcely to be defined by description. It differs from C. ar-
meniacus in the opaque colour, in the fleshy obtuse pileus, in the stem not
being elastic, in the veil not collapsing, &c., and from C. bivelus in the simple
veil, the smooth and hygrophanous pileus (watery ferruginous when moist,
becoming tan-ferruginous when dry), &c.

In woods. Coed Coch. Sept.

Name— -ferrugo, rust-colour. Somewhat ferruginous. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 93.
Hym. Eur. p. 387. B. &• Br. n. 1275. Quel. t. ii3-/. 6. Ag. Batschf. 186
(not good).

107. C. anneniacus Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
tawny-cinnamon when moist, ochraceous when dry, rigid, slightly
fleshy, campanulate then convex and flattened, broadly and ob-
tusely umbonate, even, smooth, not viscid, here and there slightly
striate at the margin; flesh somewhat of the same colour, scissile.
Stem commonly 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) thick,
stuffed, conico-attenuated, fibrillose, white, externally rigid and

CORTINARIUS. 53

somewhat cartilaginous, internally spongy, hence elastic, wholly Hygrocybe.
white. Cortina simple, white, somewhat sheathing, collapsing
and commonly leaving an adpressed (not annular) zone on the
stem. Gills aclnate, at length slightly rounded, always crowded,
rather broad, at first pallidly then tawny cinnamon, shining.

Handsomest in pine woods. Firm, bright, changeable. Pileus soon
destitute of white fibrils. There is a remarkable variety (falsarius) in which
the pileus is paler, light yellowish, white when dry. On heaped rotting leaves
in moist places the stem becomes very much swollen, among damp mosses it
is longer and more slender.

In pine woods. Uncommon. Oct.

Spores ellipsoid, nucleate, 4-5x2-2% mk. C.B.P. Name — from likeness
in colour to Apricot (Prunus Armeniaca). Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 94. Hym.
Eur. p. 387. Berk. Out. p. 193. C. Hbk. n. 535. S. MycoL Scot. n. 497.
Ag. Schceff. t. 81.

108. C. privignus Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, the
ground colour fuscous, but becoming hoary-pale with a very thin
white film, pallid-tan when dry, slightly and unequally fleshy,
convex then flattened (even reflexed and undulated), obtusely
umbonate, without striae, dry, but remarkably hygrophanous ;
flesh hygrophanous. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 6 mm.
(3 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, sometimes attenuated from the
base, sometimes equal, most frequently twisted, silvery-pale, here
and there white-silky with the veil. Gills adnate, broad, not
crowded, distinct, at first watery, then opaque cinnamon, serrated
and white-fimbriate at the edge when perfect.

Very fragile, strong smelling, but scarcely acrid. The most remarkable of
the group.

In pine woods. Woolhope Foray, 1885. Oct.

Spores pruniform, punctate, 8 mk. Q. Name— privignus, a step-son. Re-
lation not apparent, but the plant being fragile occupies a singular position in
the group. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 95. Hym. Eur. p. 388. Grevillea, vol. xiv.
/• 38.

109. C. din-acinus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad,
when moist watery brick-colour, tan when dry, always opaque,
fleshy, plane with a broad obtuse umbo, and with a singular
elevated ridge round the margin caused by the margin being
at first sharply and regularly bent inwards to the breadth of half
a line, at which stage it is clothed with white silkiness, and
afterwards becoming flattened, when it is naked and even ;
cuticle hard, rigid, fragile. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm.
(^2 in.) thick, solid, hard, somewhat bulbous but rooted at the
attenuated stem- like base, externally even, smooth, and rigid, with
a thick cartilaginous rigid separable cuticle (the fragments of

54 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. which when it breaks up become revolute), pale-white. Cortina
appearing only as a silky narrow white zone round the very mar-
gin of the pileus. Gills adnate, moderately crowded, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) broad, watery cinnamon, even at the sides.

No trace of a fibrillose cortina has been observed in any stage of its growth.
In pine woods the stem is not bulbous, but attenuated downwards.

In old pastures beside stumps. Dun, 1876. Scone, 1877.
Oct.

Name — durus, hard ; acinus, berry. Hard. From the coating of the
pileus and stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 96. Hym. Eur. p. 388. B. & Br. n.
1776. S. MycoL Scot. n. 498. Quel. Grev. t. us./. i.—Schceff. t. 221.

110. C. dilutus Fr. — Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, at first
bay-brown, even watery brick-colour, tan when dry, in either
state opaque, somewhat fleshy, convex then expanded, umbonate
(umbo thin, vanishing), smooth when the veil is rubbed off.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, stuffed
then hollow, slightly attenuated from the base, externally not
cartilaginous - polished, white - silky, then becoming smooth,
opaque, whitish. Gills deeply emarginate, very ventricose, 6-8
mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, crowded, pale cinnamon, not shining.

Inodorous. Veil white, often collapsing into spots on the stem or forming
spurious zones, and on the pileus forming a white-silky zone round the mar-
gin. Wholly soft and fragile, and thus readily distinguished from the much
more robust C. armeniacus with which it agrees in colours, so that it was
formerly taken for a thinner form of that species.

In woods. Rare.

Not recorded since the time of Bolton. Name — dilutus, diluted, watery.
Of the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 98. Hym. Eur. p. 389. Berk. Out. p. 194.
C. Hbk. n. 536. Grevillea, t. 85.7. 2. var. Ag. Bolt. t. 10.

** Stem and gills commonly inclining to -violet.

111. C. saturninus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) even
10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad, dark bay-brown somewhat umber
when damp, soon becoming pale, brick-colour, changing colour
very much, unequally fleshy, campanulate when young, then ex-
panded, obtuse, even, smooth (or when young superficially silky
round the margin with the veil) ; flesh violaceous then whitish,
thin at the circumference. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 1-2.5
cent. (Yz-\ in.) thick, occasionally shorter and bulboso-ventricose,
firm, stuffed, internally spongy, thickened downwards, fibrillose,
deep violet, but becoming white. Cortina inferior, abundant,
white. Gills rounded-adfixed, very broad (8 mm., 4 lin.), crowded,
thin, fragile, purplish when young, at length watery ferruginous.

CORTINARIUS. 55

Somewhat csespitose. It varies in stature, sometimes much smaller. Cor- Hygrocybe.
tina remarkably fibrillose, lax, not forming a zone. Manifestly allied to C.
armeniacus ; they might be easily confounded when this is old and changed
in colour.

In grassy places. Woolhope Foray, 1885. Oct.

Name — saturnine, gloomy. Of the dark colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 99.
Hym. Eur. p. 390. Grevillea, -vol. xiv. p. 39.

112. C. imbutus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, toast-brown
then pale yellowish, somewhat unequally fleshy, convex, obtuse,
even, smooth, obsoletely hoary -fibrillose towards the margin.
Stem 7.5 cent. (3' in.) long, not 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid^ equal,
sometimes twisted, becoming even, scarcely fibrillose, whitish,
pale violaceous at the apex, of the same colour internally. Cor-
tina white, adhering to the margin of the pileus and to the apex
of the stem, fugacious. Gills rounded, somewhat distant, 6 mm. (3
lin.) broad, with narrower and shorter ones intermixed, at the first
dark bluish-grey or violaceous- cinereous, never purplish, then
watery cinnamon.

Flesh dingy, manifestly violaceous only at the apex of the stem. It ap-
proaches C. subferrugineus in the same way as C. saturninus approaches C.
armeniacus.

In woods. Dinmore.

Name — imbuo, to soak, stain. Perhaps from the dyed flesh. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 100. Hym. Eur. p. 390. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 109.

113. C. castaneus Fr.— Pileus fuscous-chestnut, scarcely becom-
ing pale when dry, but shining, umbo becoming black, paler at
the circumference, slightly fleshy, but firm, almost pliant, cam-
panulate then flattened, not or only obtusely umbonate, often
irregular, even, smooth. Stem about 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4-6
mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, somewhat fistulose (when young also stuffed),
tough, externally cartilaginous, slightly fibrillose with the veil,
otherwise smooth, even, somewhat equal, pallid violaceous or pal-
lid rufescent, unchangeable when dry. Cortina entirely fibrillose,
scanty, white. Gills adnate, but varying emarginate, crowded,
thin, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, edge whitish, violaceous then fer-
ruginous.

Gregarious, even caespitose, polymorphous, always very small. The pileus
is often obsoletely white-silky round the margin with the cortina. Spores dark
ferruginous.

In woods, &c. Common. July- Oct.

Odour none ; taste like Marasmius oreades. M.J.B. Name — castaneus,
chestnut. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 101. Hym. Eur. p. 391. Berk. Out. p. 194.
C. Hbk. n. 537. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 499. Ag. Bull. t. 268.

56 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. ***• Stem and somewhat obsolete veil yellow or rufous.

114. C. colus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad, brown-
rufescent, brick-colour paler and shining when dry, somewhat
fleshy, small in comparison with the tall stem, campanulate when
young, then convex, obtusely umbonate or wholly obtuse, well-
formed ; flesh of the same colour, dingy whitish when dry. Stem
10 cent. (4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick below, only 4 mm.
(2 lin.) at the apex, stuffed, almost solid, equally attenuated up-
wards, encircled with the blood-red mycelium at the base, which
is sometimes rooted, stiff, naked, not cartilaginous but remarka-
bly Jibrillose longitudinally and throughout, scissile, tense and
straight, coloured with fibrils of the same colour as the pileus, but
paler than the pileus. Cortina entirely fibrillose, tawny-reddish.
Gills adnate, scarcely sinuate, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, plane, firm,
tough, rather thick, scarcely crowded, veined, dark cinnamon,
paler when young.

Spores ochrey-cinnamon. Mycelium fiery-saffron-yellow. Hym. Eur.
In woods. Blaize Castle, Bristol. Oct.

Spores pruniform, 8-9 ink. Q. Name — colus, a distaff. From the remark-
ably fibrillose stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 102. Hym. Eur. p. 391. Bucknall,
Fung. Bristol, ft. vii. p. 3.

115. C. renidens Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, fer-
ruginous-tawny when damp, ochraceous when dry, here and there
becoming pale only at the disc, slightly fleshy, firm, convexo-
plane, obtuse or gibbous, very smooth, shining j flesh thin, scissile,
paler. Stem 4-7.5 cent. (1^-3 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
thick, firm, stuffed, exactly equal, externally somewhat cartilagi-
nous, wholly dissolvable however into fibrils, of the same colour
as the pileus, yellowish-pale, then tawny. Cortina laxly fibrillose,
fugacious, yellow. Gills adnate, but also separating-free, some-
what crowded, entire, about 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, at first pallid
cinnamon then tawny.

Spores dark ochraceous. Odour weak, by no means that of radish. Re-
markably hygrophanous. Its nature is that of C. armeniacus, but it is smaller,
and is readily distinguished by its brighter colour, and especially by the
yellow cortina. The pileus is sometimes umbilicate from the hollow apex
of the stem.

In shady woods. Highbeach, Epping.

Name — renideo, to shine back. Glistening. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 103. Hym.
Eur. p. 392. Icon. t. 162. /. i. Grevillea, vol. xi. p. 70. — Paul. t. 54. /. i, 2?

CORTINARIUS. 57

###* Stem inclining to fuSCOUS, &^C. Hygrocybe.

116. C. uraceus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, when
moist umber or brown, sometimes inclining to olive, somewhat
shining, when dry (when young brick-colour) commonly tan or
isabelline, slightly fleshy, conical then campanulate, then expanded
and umbonate or obtuse, when moist even, smooth, when dry at
length somewhat fibrillose ; flesh fuscous, darker in the stem.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, slightly-
tubular, stuffed then hollow, cylindrical, exactly equal, firm,_/2#r//-
loso-striate (the striae paler), but becoming ev£ntfuscous, naked and
becoming pale at the apex, sometimes inclining to olive, at length
becoming wholly fuscous-black, internally of the same colour.
Cortina superior, fibrillose, fuscous, but rarely conspicuous. Gills
adnate, ventricose, firm, 6 mm. (3 lin.) and more broad, distant,
cinnamon-brown, the edge sometimes quite entire and of the same
colour, sometimes white and fimbriato-serrated.

The slight margin of the pileus is incurved. There are variations which
cannot be noted.

In pine woods. Dinmore.

Spores pruniform, granulated, 8-9 mk. Q. Name — t>pa£, a mouse. Mouse-
coloured. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 112. Hym. Eur. p. 393. Icon. t. 162. /. 3.
Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 77.

117. C. jubarinus Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (i^-3 in-) broad,
splendidly tawny-cinnamon and shining, somewhat fleshy, cam-
panulato- flattened, obsoletely umbonate, when larger and old
depressed in the centre, often repand and undulated, at length
reflexed, fragile, even and smooth at the disc, when young silky
towards the margin with the veil, when old innately fibrillose
under a lens. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, when larger 12 mm. (}4
in.), when smaller 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, at first stuffed, then
hollow, fibrilloso-striate, externally and internally pale tawny,
paler at the base and (naked) apex. Gills adnate, somewhat dis-
tant, 2-6 mm. (1-3 lin.) broad, distinct, tawny-cinnamon, the edge
which is quite entire of the same colour.

At first sight very like C. cinnamomeus, but differing in the fugacious, fibril-
lose, -white -veil. The pileus is not velvety-villous as in C. cinnamomeus. It
may also be confounded with C. incisus on account of its colours, but it differs
from that species in the surface being scarcely hygrophanous, always polished
and entire, although the pileus is rimoso-incised at the margin.

In woods. Coed Coch.

Name — -jubar, radiance. Shining. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 105. Hym. Eur. p.
393. B. &> Br. n. 1883.— Bull. t. 431. /. i.

58 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. II. — TENUIORES.

* Stem white.

118. C. rigens Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (T- 2 in-) ar>d more broad,
opaque and tan-clay-colour when damp, tan-whitish when dry,

fleshy, thin, when young campanulate and lax, then convex,
obtuse or broadly gibbous, even, smooth ; flesh slightly firm,
white. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 4-10 mm. (2-5 lin.) thick,
stuffed, furnished with a remarkably cartilaginous bark, elastic,
rigid and tough, rooted, smooth, even, naked, pale when moist,
white when dry. Cortina scarcely manifest. Gills adnate, some-
what decurrent, distant, very broad (6-10 mm., 3-5 lin.), distinct,
watery clay-colour, then pallid cinnamon.

The stem varies much in stature, sometimes equal, thickened sometimes
downwards sometimes towards the apex, which is then hollow, even fusiform.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Oct.

Spores pruniform, granulated, 8-9 mk. Q. ; 7x5 mk. W.P. Name — rigeo,
to be stiff. Stem rigid. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 107. Hym. Enr. p. 395. B. dr3
Br. n. 391. C. Hbk. n. 539. <S. My col. Scot. n. 500.

119. C. Reedii Berk.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, persistently
brown, conical then expanded and strongly umbonate, smooth,
shining, disc areolate, margin splitting ; flesh pallid. Stem 4-5
cent. (il/i.-2. in.) long, solid, fibrilloso-striate, slightly bulbous,
white. Veil fibrillose, evanescent. Gills ascending, attenuated
behind, free, broad, ventricose, white or pallid, then cinnamon.

Tasteless and scentless. Allied to C. leucopus.

Among moss and beech mast. Hayes, Surrey. May.

Name— after Reed. Berk. Out. p. 194. C. Hbk. n. 538. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 395. Hussey ii. /. 45.

120. C. leucopus Fr. — Pileus scarcely reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, very pale yellow, tan when dry, somewhat fleshy, conical
then expanded and umbonate, even, smooth, moist but not viscous.
Stem 2.5-5 cent- (1-2 in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, stuffed
then hollow, rather thick, equal or slightly attenuated upwards,
soft, shining white, furnished with a cortina at the middle. Gills
adnexed, separating, crowded, ventricose, thin, pallid then cinna-
mon, the edge which is quite entire of the same colour.

With the habit of C. pluvius, but not viscid.
In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

CORTINARIUS. 59

Name — Aeu<e<J?, white ; novs, a foot. White-stemmed. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. Hygrocybe.
:>8. Hym. Eur. p. 395. Berk. 0
Scot. n. 501. Ag. Bull. t. 533. f. 2.

108. Hym. Eur. p. 395. Berk. Out. p. 194. C. Hbk. n. 540. S. Mycol.
~ ill. t.

121. C. scandens Fr. — Pileus when moist at first tawny-ferru-
ginous, then honey-colour, tan when dry, umbo becoming tawny,
somewhat menibranaceous, slightly fleshy at the umbo, which is
sometimes acute sometimes obtuse, conical when young, 12 mm.
(Yz in.) broad, broader (2.5 cent., I in. and more) when flattened,
smooth, slightly striate at the margin; flesh yellowish. Stem
7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, _/£$•/?//<?.$•£, thickened
at the apex, always attenuated at the base, very thin, somewhat
awl-shaped, flexuous, soft, even, yello wish, but at first sight, from
the adpressed fibrils, and when dry shining whitish. Cortina
thin, fibrillose, white. Gills adnate, thin, somewhat distant,
narrow, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, attenuated in front, tawny-
cinnamon, the edge which is quite entire of the same colour.

The colour varies in intensity with the age of the plant. The umbo is some-
times obsolete. The base of the stem is always white. Like C. obtusus.

In pine wood. Forres. Oct.

Name — scando, to climb. From the long-drawn wavy stem. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 108. Hym. Eur. p. 396. Icon. t. 163.7. *• $• Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot.
Nat. 1883, p. 31.

** Stem inclining to violet or reddish.

122. C. erythrinus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-i>£ in.) broad,
bay-brown-rufous when moist, becoming tawny when dry, slightly
fleshy, conical then convex, regular, umbonate, the obtuse or obso-
lete umbo darker, even, smooth ; flesh when moist somewhat of
the same colour. Stem 4-7. 5 cent. (1^-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3
lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, rarely thickened at the
base, straight or ascending, smooth, but striate with the adpressed
fibrils, shining, silvery-white, violaceous and often pruinate up-
wards. Cortina superior, fibrillose, white. Gills slightly adnexed,
thin, somewhat distant, ventricose, at first pallid, then pale cin-
namon.

In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.

Name — epuflpos, red. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 109. Hym. Eur. p. 396. B. &
Br. n. 1665.

123. C. decipiens Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a little more
broad, shining', not very hygrophanous, bay-brown, shining and
brick-colour when dry, umbo always darker, fleshy-membrana-
ceous, campanulato-expanded, acutely umbonate, at length de-
pressed round the umbo, smooth, margin when full grown slightly

60 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. striate and at length innately torn. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long,
2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, stuffed, then fistulose, exactly equal,
sometimes tense and straight, sometimes flexuous, but the surface
not undulated, fibrillose, pallid, pale rufescent or with brick-
coloured spots, somewhat brick -colour internally, externally
covered over with a pallid separable cuticle. Cortina fibrillose,
white, very fugacious. Gills adnate, more or less crowded, thin,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, brick-colour-ferruginous.

It approaches C. castaneus. It belongs to this series though the stem does
not incline to violet, but is only reddish-white. There is a remarkable variety
with paler pileus, flexuous and smooth stem, and less crowded gills.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.

Name — decipio, to deceive. Beguiling, cheating. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 109.
Hym. Eur. p. 396. B. & Br. n. 1129. C. Hbk. n. 541. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
502. Hoffm. Ic. t. g.f. 2. Grevillea, t. ii4-/. 3.

124. C. germanus Fr.— Pileus almost 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
remarkably hygrophanou s, fuscous when moist, clay-colour when
dry, opaque, somewhat membranaceous, campanulate, obtusely
umbonate when expanded, fragile, somewhat silky, but not torn
into squamules and not striate. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, somewhat fistulose, equal, but often twisted,
smooth, silvery-pale, somewhat lilac. Cortina fibrillose, fuga-
cious. Gills adnate, somewhat distant, broad, watery cinnamon.

Strong-smelling.

In pine woods. Logic, Forfarshire. Oct.

Name— germanus, full brother. Closely related to those next it. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 109. Hym. Eur. p. 397. S. MycoL Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat.
1882, p. 217. Quel. Grev. t. 114. / 2.

*** Stem yellowish, commonly becoming pale.

125. C. detonsus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in-) broad, bright
yellowish when moist, tan when dry, somewhat membranaceous,
conical then expanded, somewhat umbonate, slightly silky then
rather smooth, striate to the middle when moist, even and slightly
silky when dry; flesh thin, whitish. Stem 5~7-5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, about 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed then fistulose, equal or
attenuated upwards, soft, smooth, pale, the yellowish colour deeply
struck into the flesh. Gills adnate, ventricose, distinct, somewhat
distant, quite entire, unicolorous, at first bright yellowish then
brick-cinnamon.

Fragile. The umbo is at first acute, gradually vanishing, sometimes
darker. Stature almost that of C. decipiens. It occurs much larger with the
stem yellowish-brick-colour.

CORTINARIUS. 6 1

Among moss in woods. Glamis, 1875. Sept. Hygrocybe.

Name — detondeo, to shear. Shaven, smooth. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. no.
Hym. Eur. p. 397. B. &> Br. n. 1552. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 503.

126. C. obtusus Fr.— Pileus 1-4 cent. (%-i% in.) broad, at
the first bay-brown-ferruginous, soon cinnamon, when dry either
(according to age) becoming pale-ochraceous or tan - whitish,
somewhat membranaceous, conical then campanulate, at length
expanded and obtusely umbonate, smooth, striate at the margin.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, at first spongy-stuffed, soon hollow,
comparatively thick, curved, flexuous (not undulated), attenuated
at the base, fragile, sprinkled with adpressed white silky fibrils,
otherwise rather smooth, tan-yellowish when moist, whitish when
dry. Gills adnate, ventricose, somewhat distant, very broad,
rather thick, the shorter ones narrower, connected by veins,
tawny-cinnamon, white-fringed at the edge.

Spores somewhat ochraceous. Gregarious. Strong-smelling. Cortina
entirely fibrillose, whitish ; pileus when young here and there rendered hoary
silky by the cortina, commonly smooth, but torn when dry. Umbo vanishing.
It is very changeable in stature, but the colour is constant, though it changes
so much with age and the state of the atmosphere that it requires long
familiarity with the plant to enable one to distinguish individual specimens in
different conditions.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Oct.

Name — obtusus, obtuse. From the umbo. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. in. Hym.
Eur. p. 397. Icon. t. 163. /. 3. B. &* Br. n. 1274. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 504.

127. C. acutus Fr. — Pileus honey-colour to very pale yellow
and somewhat shining, tan or white when dry, with a silky
appearance, somewhat membranaceous, conical then campanulate,
then expanded, umbo acute and of the same colour, at length
depressed round the umbo, striate when moist, obsoletely fibril-
lose round the margin when young, smooth when full grown ;
flesh very thin, of the same colour. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and
more long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, slender, equal,
flexuous, white-fibrillose, at length smooth, of the same colours as
the pileus when moist and dry. Cortina adhering to the margin,
fibrillose, white. Gills adnate, thin, crowded, more distant as the
pileus becomes more expanded and sometimes free, lanceolate,
ochraceous-cinnamon.

Sometimes scattered, sometimes growing in troops. The habit is that of
Galera, but remarkable for its acute umbo.

In fir and mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores ellipsoid-oblong, nucleate, 8-9x3-4 mk. C.B.P. Name — acutus,
acute. From the umbo. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 112. Hym. Eur. p. 398, Berk.

62 AGARICINI.

Hygrocybe. Out. p. 195. C. Hbk. n. 542. S. MycoL Scot. n. 505. QueL Grev. t. 112.
/•5-

****• Stem inclining to fuscous.

128. 0. Junghuhnii Fr. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
shining cinnamon when damp, tawny when dry, slightly fleshy at
the disc, otherwise thin, convexo-plane, umbonate with a papilla,
when damp striate to the middle, under a lens somewhat velvety
with thin, sparse, white, persistent fibrils. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, externally
pale brick-colour, internally darker, externally shining and ad-
pressedly fuscotis-fibrillose, quite equal or attenuated and whitish
at the base. Veil obsolete, inclining to fuscous. Gills adnate,
ventricose, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, thin, veined at the base, saffron-
brick-colour.

Odour none.

In woods. King's Cliffe. Aug.

Spores 8 mk. B. dr1 Br. Name — after Junghuhn. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 113.
Hym. Eur. p. 398. B. & Br. n. 1130. C. Hbk. n. 543.

129. C. milvinus Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-) broad,
olivaceous-fawn-colour, becoming hoary-tan and opaque when
dry, membranaceous with exception of the disc, conical then
convex, obtusely or obsoletely umbonate, when full grown striate
to the middle and beautifully wreathed at the margin with white
squamules, somewhat silky when dry; flesh very thin, of the same
colour, not scissile. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, equal,
4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, somewhat jistulose, curved, but never flexu-
ous, even, somewhat naked (not scaly), pallid fuscous, here and
there with white silky spots. Veil obsolete, except in the form
of the wreath encircling the margin of the pileus. Gills adnate,
connected by veins, somewhat distant, very thin, scarcely ventri-
cose, watery ferruginous, becoming olive.

Scented. A marked species, growing in troops after heavy rain.
In woods. Wrotham, Kent. Oct.

Name — milvus, a kite. Of the colour of a kite's back. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
114. Hym. Eur. p. 399. B. & Br. n. 1553. Quel. Grev. t. ii4./. 6.

130. C. fasciatus Fr.— Pileus i cent. (% in.) broad, somewhat
membranaceous, conical then expanded, the acute umbo blackish,
brick-colour at the circumference, smooth, slightly silky and
becoming pale when dry. Stem sometimes 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, straight, sometimes elongated 7.5-10 cent.

GOMPHIDIUS. 63

(3-4 in.) and flexuous, fistulose, undulated on the surface, smooth, Hygrocybe
not furnished with a cuticle but wholly fissile into fibrils, pallid
fuscous, at length cinnamon-fuscous. Gills adnate, slightly ven-
tricose, thin, but truly distant, distinct, 3 mm. (ij£ lin.) broad,
cinnamon.

Spores cinnamon. On account of its colours it is like C.flexipes, but in its
whole nature it is nearest to C. acutus.

In pine woods. Dinmore, &c. Sept.-Oct.

Umbo very acute. M.J.B. Name— -fascia, band; fillet. From the stem
splitting into bundles of fibres. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 114. ffym. Eur. p. 399.
Grevillea, -vol. viii. p. 78. B. & Br. n. 1884. Quel. Grev. t. 114.7. 5-

GENUS VI. — Gomphidius (7^05, a wooden bolt or nail).
Fr. Epicr. p. 319.

Hymenophore decurrent on the stem. Gills composed of a
mucilaginous membrane, scissile, continuous at the acute edge,
pruinate with the blackish fusiform
spores. Veil viscoso-floccose. Grow-
ing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent,
pileus at length turbinate ; gills de-
current, distant, soft.

A small genus, with great differ-
ences among the species, intermedi-
ate by its habit between Cortinarius
and Hygrophorus. Fr. Hym. Eur.

P> 399;

Universal veil glutinous, at first
terminating on the stem in a floccose
ring or fugacious cortina. The gills
often admit of being detached and
stretched out into a continuous

_ ,, ... XL VI. Gomphidius mscidus.

membrane. Fr. Monogr. n. p. 149. One-fifth natural size.

Gomphidius.

1. G. glutinosus Fr.— Pileus 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.) broad,
purple-fuscous, often mottled with black spots, fleshy, convex,
obtuse, at length plane, even depressed, even, smooth, very
glutinous; flesh thick, about 12 mm. (Yz in.), soft, white. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more long, about 12 mm. (% in.) thick,
solid, whitish, thickened and externally and internally yellow at
the base, viscid with the veil, fibrillose or varying with black

64 AGARICINI.

Gomphidius. scales. Cortina often woven in the form of a ring, but soon
fugacious. Gills deeply decurrent, distant, distinct, branched,
quite entire, mucilaginous, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, at first
whitish, then cinereous, clouded with the spores.

Trama none, wherefore the gills easily separate from the pileus. Taste
watery, mouldy. Odour not marked.

In woods, chiefly pine. Common. July-Nov.

Spores oblong, uniguttate, 18-23 x 6-8 mk. K.; 16-17 x 6 mk. W. G.S. Name
—gluten. Glutinous. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 149. Hym. Eur. p. 399. Berk. Out.
p. 196. C. Hbk. n. 579. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 506. Ag. Schceff. t. 36. Sow.
t. 7. Fl. Dan. t. 1247. Letell. t. 547. Krombh. t. 62. /. 18-20. Corda ap.
Sturm, xi. /. 51.

Var. roseus.— Pileus rose-colour. Stem white, attenuated and
rosy flesh-colour internally at the base.

Very distinguished, constant, always smaller. Spores oblong, 20-22 x 6 mk.
K. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 150. Hym. Eur. p. 400. C. Hbk. n. 579. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 506. Krombh. t. 63. f. 13-17. Saund. &•= Sm. t. 8.

2. G. viscidus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more
broad, fuscous-rufous, compact, at first campanulate, then ex-
panded, umbonate, slightly viscous, shining when dry; flesh
yellowish. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) and more long, 12 mm.
(}4 in.) thick, solid, equal or attenuated at the base which is
rhubarb-coloured internally, scaly-fibrillose, not very viscous,
yellowish. Cortina very evidently floccose, not glutinous, woven
in the form of a ring, but readily falling off. Gills deeply de-
current, distant, the shorter ones adnexed to the longer, not
truly branched, at first paler, somewhat olive, at length fuscous-
purple, clouded with the spores.

Hymenophore descending between the gill plates. Odour not unpleasant.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. July-Oct.

In Hym. Eur. Fries describes the gills as truly branched, while in Monogr.
they are described as above. Name — viscidus, viscid. Spores 16-17 x 6 mk.
W.G.S. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 150. Hym. Eur. p. 400. Berk. Out. p. 196.
C. Hbk. n. 580. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 507. Ag. Linn. — Schee/. t. 55. Krombh.
t. 4./. 5-7. Pers. Ic. & descr. t. 13. /. 1-3.

3. G. gracilis B. & Br.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, pale
vinous brown, clothed with dingy fuliginous gluten, at length
spotted with black. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 3 mm. (i% lin.)
thick, slender, fiexuous, pale, sprinkled with minute white scales
above, virgate below (with the remains of the slime), yellow at
the base. Gills decurrent, arched, forked, thick, obtuse, of a
watery dingy white.

PAXILLUS. 65

The gluten on the pileus dries especially round the margin into black spots, Gomphidius.
or forms a narrow irregular black border. The gills are clothed under a lens
with short tomentose hairs. Distinguished from other species by its slender,
thin, and delicate habit.

In fir woods. Frequent. July-Oct.

Spores oblong, elliptic, 24x9 mk. with a nucleus at either end. B. & Br. ;
fusiform ellipsoid, 15 mk. Q. Name — gracilis, slender. B. dr3 Br. n. 698.
Berk. Out. p. 196. /. 12. /. 7. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 508. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 400.
G. stillatus C. Hbk. n. 581.

GENUS VII.— Paxillus (paocillus, a small stake). Fr. Gen.
Hymenom. p. 8.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, decurrent. Gills
membranaceous, scissile, somewhat branched and here and there
anastomosing behind, distinct from
the hymenophore and readily separ-
ating from it. Spores dingy whitish
or ferruginous. Fleshy, pittrescent,
pileus at first with the margin in-
volute then continuously and gradu-
ally unfolded and dilated, indeter-
minate.

A natural genus, but its extent is
not yet properly determined. There
are several species of TrickoloinaixA
Clitocybe, which apparently ought to
be transferred to it. It is analogous
to Boletus in respect of its gills easily
separating from the pileus, but to
Polyporus in respect of its indefinite
growth. Most of the species seem to
be edible. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 400.

It comprehends two typical sections which are manifestly dis-
tinct, the one that which has P. lepisla for its type, the other
(Tapinia) that which has P. involutes tor its type. The former
always grow on the ground, but the Tapiniae occur both on the
ground and on trunks ; the former have the pileus entire, the
latter more or less dimidiate, or altogether lateral and sessile.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 115.

Trib. I. LEPISTA (P. lepista). Pileus entire, central. Spores dingy, only
in P. panceolus with a tendency to ferruginous.

Trib. II. TAPINIA (Tairei.voo>, to depress). Pileus commonly excentric or
resupinate. Spores ferruginous.

VOL. II. E

Paxillus.

XLVII. Paxillus involutus.
One-fourth natural size.

66 AGARICINI.

I.— LEPISTA.

1. P. giganteus Fr. — Tan-white. Pileus fleshy, comparatively
thin, depressed then piano- infundibuliform, soft, margin in-
volute, then spreading, smooth, sulcate in the form of small
channels. Stem solid, obese, smooth. Gills somewhat decurrent,
very crowded, here and there branched and anastomosing, whitish
then tan-colour.

Large. The pileus is smooth when moist, flocculose or rivulose when dry,
easily splitting from the margin to the stem. Hymenophore not horny. Very
remarkable, very distinct from A. maximus.

In meadows and woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Pileus 4-14 inches broad, fleshy, often splitting at the margin, broadly
infundibuliform, the base of the funnel sunk into the stem with no trace of an
umbo, dirty white with an ochraceous tinge, minutely adpresso-squamulose
to the naked eye, sometimes guttate ; the whole surface under a lens clothed
with a fine matted silkiness ; margin grooved, the grooves shallow. Gills
close, forked, yellow-white, as broad as the flesh of the pileus. Stem 2^-3
inches high, nearly 2 thick at the base, firm, fleshy, elastic, quite solid, sub-
bulbous, sometimes attenuated upwards, minutely but conspicuously pubes-
cent, when bruised dirty rufescent. Odour strong like that of M. oreades.
M.J.B. Name — giganteus, of gigantic size. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 401. S.
My col. Scot. n. 509. Ag. Sow. t. 244. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 118. Sv. at I. Sv.
t. 86. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 33. Out. p. no. Letell. t. 682. Quel. t. $. f. 3.
A. maximus C. Hbk. n. 95.

2. P. lepista Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) and more broad,
dingy whitish, sometimes (young) compactly fleshy, sometimes
(full grown) thin, piano-depressed, obtuse, without strice, but
rimuloso-squamulose towards the circumference, dry, the involute
margin commonly undulato-flexuous ; flesh white. Stem some-
times curt, 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more, attenuated downwards,
sometimes elongated to 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.), equal, always blunt
at the base, about 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick and more, solid, compact,
spongy-elastic, and at length pierced by larvae and hollow, whit-
ish, sometimes rufescent or inclining to fuscous, white-villous at
the base. Gills deeply decurrent, somewhat branched but simple
at the base, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, very crowded, quite entire,
dingy white, at length darker.

The cuticle of the stem is somewhat horny, continuous with the hymenophore
and similar to it. Solitary and sporadic, very changeable. Odour mealy,
somewhat rancid, approaching that of A. prunulus, to which it is somewhat
allied.

In woods. Slough.

Spores reddish, then becoming fuscous-pallid. Fr. Name — lepista, a pan.
From its shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 116. Hym. Eur. p. 402. Icon. t. 164.
/. i. B. &> Br. n. 1554. Ag. Sterb. t. 19. C.

PAXILLUS. 67

3. P. paradoxus Berk.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, deep Paxiiius.
rufous-umber or yellowish-brown, fleshy, compact, in some cases
subexcentric, convex or pulvinate then plane, scarcely depressed,

often lobed and sinuate at the margin, dry, adpressedly tomen-
tose, not shining. Stem 4 cent. (\l/z in.) and more long, ife-^ in.
thick and when bulbous thicker, solid, bulbous or attenuated at
the base, fusiform, somewhat rooted, adpressedly fibrillose, other-
wise even and smooth, the cuticle most frequently breaking up into
squarrosely revo lute flaps, yellow, sometimes with a dingy pur-
plish tinge. Gills truly decurrent, distant, the alternate ones
broader, i\j-^j in., entire at the edge, connected by veins at the
base and in some cases anastomosing to form pores towards the
margin, yellow then golden, reddish when bruised.

Stem variable in stature. No trace of a veil. Flesh soft, juicy, dingy
white, slightly rufous under the cuticle of the pileus, becoming yellow at the
base of the stem. Taste and odour scarcely any.

In woods. Wrekin, Salop, 1875. Sept.

Spores ovate, oblong, of medium size, lurid ochraceous. Kalchb. 16-17 x 6
mk. , with a nucleus at each end. W.P. Name — irapd8o£ov, contrary to expec-
tation or rule. From its having features contrary to normal Agaricus, under
which Kalchbrenner placed it. Berk. Ag. Kalchb. Fung. Hung. t. i6.f. i.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 244. Grevillea, -vol. iv. p. 118.

4. P. panseolus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in.) broad, whitish,
fleshy, thin, convexo- plane then somewhat depressed, even,
smooth, moist, the thin margin involute ; flesh becoming black.
Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick,
stuffed, striato-fibrillose, rufescent, thickened downwards. Gills
slightly decurrent, crowded, narrow, at length watery-ferruginous.

The whole plant is at first whitish, then the stem is rufescent, and the gills
in the end become cinnamon. The gills are separated from the hymenophore
by a horny line, and readily separate from the pileus. Spores watery ferrugi-
nous, in which it approaches the Tapiniae.

* spilomaeolus.— Pileus spotted as with drops, and, as well as
the slender stem, yellowish-white. Gills at length watery ferru-
ginous, horny-grey at the base.

Among fir-leaves. Stoke Poges.

The spotted pileus and dingy spores at once distinguish it from any Tricho-
loma with which it might be confounded. The stem is sometimes incrassated
at the base, sometimes quite equal. B. & Br. The var. only is British.
Name — TravatoAos, all -variegated. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 117 310. Hym. Eur. p.
402. B. & Br. n. 1666. Hoffm. Ic. t. io./. i. "

68 AGARICINI.

Paxiiius. II. — TAPINIA.

5. P. involutus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
ochrey-ferruginous, fleshy, firm, convexo-plane then depressed,
for the most part central, at the first pubescent, soon becom-
ing smooth, somewhat viscid when moist, shining when dry,
obtuse and villous round the margin which is at first closely
involute, when more fully grown extenuated and acute ; flesh
compact, pallid. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent.
(Yz-\ in.) thick, fleshy, solid, firm, thickened upwards, more rarely
at the same time bulbous at the base, naked, dingy yellowish,
commonly spotted. Gills decurrent, rather broad, branched and
forming pores behind, when young arcuate, crowded, pallid, at
once spotted when touched, at length extended, ferruginous.

Commonly large, obese, readily distinguished by the pileus being villous
round the very involute margin, by the gills anastomosing and forming pores
at the base and being dingy-spotted when touched. Pileus more rarely excen-
tric, darker in colour in wet, and paler in dry weather. It varies lobed and
scaly.

In woods. Very common. June-Nov.

Edible ; highly esteemed in Russia. Spores ferruginous, Fr. ; ellipsoid or
sphseroid-ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 8-16x6 mk. K.; 5x6 mk. W.G.S.
Name — involutus, rolled inwards. From the involute pileus. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 118. Hym. Eur. p. 403. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 75. Berk. Out. p. 195. t. 12.
/. 5. C. Hbk. n. 547. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 510. Hoffm. Ic. t. io./ 2. Ag.
Batschf. 61. Ventur. t. 42. /. 6, 7. Schceff. t. 72. Bull. t. 240, 576. / 2.
— Klotsch. Bor. t. 391.

6. P. leptopus Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in-) broad, fus-
cous-yellowish, always excentric or lateral, at length depressed
but gibbous in the middle, fleshy, thin, dry, covered with dense
down, soon torn up into dense villous scales, which are fuscous
or yellowish ; flesh yellow. Stem very short, scarcely reaching
2.5 cent, (i in.), somewhat incurved, attenuated down ward s, yellow
within. Gills simple behind, decurrent but not anastomosing,
tense and straight, crowded, very narrow, yellowish, then darker,
but not spotted when touched.

Changeable in stature and form. A remarkable species, with the habit of
P. involutus, from which it is readily distinguished by having the gills simple
(not anastomosing) at the base.

On the ground about stumps, &c. Forres. Glen Tilt. Ken-
more. Aug.

Name — XCTTTOS, thin ; TTOV?, a foot. Thin-stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eiir. p. 403.
Icon. t. 164.7. 3- B. & Br. n. 1666*. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 511. A. filamen-
tosus Fr. Monogr. ii. 118, 311. B. & Br. n. 1276.

7. P. atrotomentosus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) and more

PAXILLUS. 69

broad, ferruginous, compactly fleshy, excentric, plano-infundibuli-
form and sometimes wholly lateral and ascending, dry, rivuloso-
granular on the surface, sometimes also slightly tomentose, the
thin margin involute ; flesh white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
1-2.5 cent. (>£-i in.) thick, solid, elastic, somewhat equal, not
tuberous, curved-ascending, rooting, covered over with dense, soft
velvety down, which is umber-blackish or inclining to violaceous.
Gills adnate, scarcely decurrent, branched at the base, somewhat
anastomosing, crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, yellowish, easily
separating from the sulcate hymenophore.

Commonly solitary. Robust, firm, often very large. The pileus is variable
in form. The gills do not form pores like those of P. involutus. Sometimes
lateral, but marginate behind.

On pine-stumps. Rare. Aug.-Nov.

Spores somewhat clay-colour, paler than those of P. involutus. Fr. ; ellip-
soid-sphaeroid, subhyaline, 4-6x3-4 mk. K. Name— ater, black ; tomentum,
down. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 119. Hym. Bur. p. 403. Berk. Out. p. 195. C.
Hbk. n. 548. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 512. Ag. Batsch f. 32. Paul. t. 33.7.
2, 3. Nees.f. 175.

8. P. panuoides Fr. Wholly dingy yellow. — Pileus about
4 cent. (\y2 in.) long, fleshy, sessile or extended behind and at the
Jirst resupinate, soon conchate dimidiate and obovate, at length
broadly expanded undulato-lobed and often imbricated, surface
pubescent then becoming smooth, somewhat rivulose ; flesh equal
but thin. Gills decurrent to the base, anastomosing behind,
branched, crowded, crisped, yellow.

Very variable in size and changeable in form.

On sawdust, &c. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 4-6x3-4 mk. K. ; 3x4 mk. W.G.S. Name —
Panus ; elSos, appearance. Panus-like. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 120. Hym, Eur.
p. 404. Berk. Out. p. 196. /. 12. /. 6. C. Hbk. n. 549. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
513. Merulius Sow. t. 403.

9. P. fagi B. & Br. — Crisped, pallid upwards, orange beneath.
Gills crisped, orange.

Remarkably gregarious. Forming a wide crisped mass of great beauty,
very different in appearance from P. panuoides, which is confined to fir or
sawdust.

On a beech-stump. Coed Coch.
Name— -fagus, beech. B. & Br. n. 1961.

7o

AGARICINI.

Hygro-
phorus.

GENUS VIII. — Hygrophorus (vypts, moist; </>epw, to bear).
Fr. Gen. Hymen.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem and descending un-
changed as a trama into the gills. Gills acute at the edge,

clothed with the hymenium which
turns into a waxy mass, and not
membranaceous. Spores globose,
white. Growing on the ground, pu-
trescent; pileus viscid or watery, gills
often branched. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
405.

This genus differs from the central
one of Agaricus in the manifest
trama, the substance of which is
similar to that of the pileus; from
Lactarius and Russula by the trama
not being vesicular, but somewhat
floccose with granules intermixed ;
from Cantharellus, its nearest ally,
by the sharp edge of the gills. The
Cortinarii, Paxilli, and Gomphidii
are at once distinguished from it by their coloured spores and the
changing colour of their gills, as well as by other marks. From
all the other genera of Agaricini it is distinguished by a mark
peculiar to itself — viz., by the hymeneal stratum of the gills
changing into a waxy mass, which is at length removable from the
trama. This altogether singular character is specially remarkable
in H. caprinus, coccineus, murinaceus, &c. Hence the gills seem
full of watery juice, but they do not become milky like those of
the Lactarii. Monogr. ii. p. 121.

I. LIMACIUM (Umax, a slug ; slimy). Fr. Syst. Myc. p. 31. Universal
veil viscid, with occasionally a floccose partial one, which is annular or mar-
ginal. Stem clothed with scales, or more frequently rough with dots above.
Gills adnato-decurrent.

White or yellowish white.
Reddish.
'* Tawny or light yellow.

Olivaceous-umber.
**** fuscous-cinereous or livid.

XL VIII. Hygrophorus pratensi,
One-third natural size.

II. CAMAROPHYLLUS (/cajmapa, a vault; <£uAAoi/, a leaf; from the shape of
the gills). Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 98. Veil none. Stem even, smooth or nbril-
lose, and not rough with dots. Pileus firm, opaque, moist in rainy weather,
not viscous. Gills distant, arcuate.

* Gills deeply and at length obconically decurrent.

'* Gills ventricose, sinuato-arcuate, or plano-adnale.

HYGROPHORUS. 71

III. HYGROCYBE (vypos, moist ; K^, a head). Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 101. Hygro-
Veil none. Whole fungus thin, watery succulent, fragile. Pileus viscid phorus.
when moist, when dry shining, rarely floccoso-scaly. Stem hollow, soft, not
punctate. Gills soft. Most of the species brightly coloured and shining.

This group presents the type of the genus, and clearly differs from the
A gar id; from the rest of the Hygrophori it might easily be separated as a
genus by itself.

* Gills decurrent.
^* Gills adnexed, somewhat separating.

I. — LlMACIUM.

* White or yellowish white.

1. H. chrysodon Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, white,
shining when dry, but commonly yellowish with minute adpressed
squamules at the disc, light yellovj-flocculose at the involute mar-
gin, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, viscid ; flesh white, some-
times reddish. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, about 12 mm.
(Yz in.) thick, stuffed, soft, somewhat equal (sometimes, however,
irregularly shaped or thickened at the base), white, with minute
light yellow squamules, which are more crowded and arranged in
the form of a ring towards the apex. Gills decurrent, distant,
6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, thin, white, somewhat yellowish at the edge,
sometimes crisped.

Odour not unpleasant. There is a manifest veil, not woven into a continu-
ous ring, but collected in the form of floccose squamules at the apex of the stem
and the margin of the pileus. Var. leucodon with white squamules.

In woods. Rare.

Name— xpvo-ds, gold ; 6&>vs, a tooth. From the yellow tooth-like squamules.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 123. Hym. Eur. p. 405. Berk. Out. p. 197. C. Hbk. n.
550. Ag. Batsch f. 212. Gonn. & Rab. viii.-ix. t. io./. i. Var. with shin-
ing white pubescence B. & Br. n. 1356*.

2. H. eburneus Fr. Wholly shining white.— Pileus fleshy,
sometimes thin, sometimes somewhat compact, convexo-plane,
somewhat repand, even, very glutinous in rainy weather, margin
soon naked. Stem sometimes short, sometimes elongated, stuffed
then hollow, unequal, glutinous like the pileus, rough at the apex
with dots in the form of squamules. Gills decurrent, distant,
veined at the base, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, tense and straight,
quite entire.

Odour mild, not unpleasant. Very changeable. The veil is absent, unless
the very plentiful gluten which envelops the stem be regarded as a universal
veil ; margin of the young pileus involute, only at the first pubescent, soon
naked. The stem is soft internally, at length hollow, attenuated towards the
base.

In woods and pastures. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

72 AGARICINI.

lygro- Edible. Spores subsphasroid, irregular, 5-6 mk. K. ,-4x5 mk. W.G.S. ;

phorus. subellipsoid, 6x4 mk. C.B.P. Name— ebur, ivory. Ivory-white. Fr.

Monogr. ii. p. 123. Hym. Eur. p. 406. Berk. Out. p. 197. t. 15. /. 4.

C. Hbk. n. 551. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 514. Gonn. dr" Rab. t. n. f. 5. Ag.

#«//. *. 551. /. 2. Fz'z/. ^. 17. Schceff. t. 39. Krombh. t. 61. /. 11-14.

Buxb. iv. A 30. /". 2.

3. H. cossus Fr. — Pileus 4 cent. (i% in.) broad, yellowish-
white, disc somewhat ochraceous, fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse,
smooth, glutinous, shining when dry, margin naked; flesh white.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, varying elongated, 4-10 mm. (2-5
lin.) thick, varying thin, stuffed, soft, somewhat equal, furfuraceous
and rough with dotted points upwards, white or becoming tinged
with yellow. Gills adnate, decurrent, distant, connected by veins,
firm, white.

Veil none. It differs from H. eburneus in the pileus being yellowish, in the
•margin being at the first naked, and especially in its unpleasant odour of goat-
moth.

In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Name — from its odour of goat-moth (Phalcena cossi). Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
124. Hym. Eur. p. 406. Berk. Out. p. 197. C. Hbk. n. 552. £. Mycol.
Scot. n. 516. Ag. Sow. t. 121.

4. H. penarius Fr.— Pileus tan-colour, opaque, fleshy especially
when young, at first umbonate, then very obtuse, hemispherical
then flattened, even, smooth, commonly dry, margin at first in-
volute, exceeding the gills, undulated when flattened ; flesh thick,
hard, whitish, unchangeable. Stem curt, 4 cent. (\yz in.) or more
long, about 12 mm. (}4 in.) thick at the apex, solid, compact, hard,
attenuated at the base into a fusiform root, ventricose to the neck,
again attenuated upwards or wholly fusiform-attenuated, pale-
white, smeared with tenacious easily dried slime, scabrous; flesh
firm, but externally more rigid, cuticle somewhat fragile. Veil
not conspicuous. Gills adnato-decurrent, acute behind, distant,
thick, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, veined, tan inclining to pale.

Odour pleasant, taste sweet. The fusiform root is as long as the stem.
In mixed woods. Stoke Poges.

Edible. Name— penus, food. For food. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 124. Hym.
Eur. p. 406. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 48. B. & Br. n. 1778. Ag. Sckecf. t. 238.
Sow. t. 71.

5. H. pulverulentus B. & Br. — Pileus about 8 mm. (^ in.)
broad, shining white, pulvinate, viscous, the involute margin
tomentose. Stem 18 mm. (^ in.) 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick,
stuffed, nearly equal, attenuated at the very base, wholly powdered

HYGROPHORUS. 73

with rose-coloured meal. Gills decurrent, thick, obtuse at the Hygro-
edge, whitish.

Allied to H. eburneus, but the rose-coloured meal with which the stem is
covered separates it from all other species.

Among pine-leaves. Glamis, 1876. Nov.

A small but very beautiful species. Name— -pulvis, dust ; pulverulent.
B. & Br. n. 1667. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 515.

** Reddish.

6. H. erubescens Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) and more
broad, white becoming everywhere red, fleshy, gibbous then
convexo-plane, viscid, adpressedly dotted with squamules or be.
comi?ig smooth, sometimes wholly compact, sometimes thin
towards the margin which is at the first naked j flesh firm,
white. Stem sometimes short, robust, 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
2.5 cent, (i in.) thick and attenuated upwards, sometimes elon-
gated, 10 cent. (4 in.) long, equal or attenuated at the base,
solid, flexuous, with red fibrils, dotted with red tipwards. Gills
decurrent, distant, soft, white, with red spots.

Veil none. The ground colour is white, as it is also internally, but it every-
where becomes red and the pileus often rosy-blood-colour. Handsome, grow-
ing in troops, commonly forming large lax circles.

In pine woods. Hereford.

Spores ellipsoid, very obtuse at both ends, 8-10x4-5 mk. K. Name —
erubesco, to become red. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 125. Hym. Eur. p. 407. Sv.
dtl. Sv. t. 65. Quel. t. ii. f. i. Grevillea, vol. vi. p. 71. Ag. Kalchbr. Ic. t.

IS./. 2.

7. H. glutinifer Fr. — Pileus rufescent, whitish round the
margin, fleshy, convexo-expanded, thin with exception of the
disc which is at length broadly gibbous, with a glutinous pel-
licle, disc wrinkled-dotted. Stem stuffed, somewhat elastic, ven-
tricose downwards, with a viscous veil, of the same colour as
the pileus, white-squamulose at the apex. Gills arcuato-decur-
rent, rather thick, shining white.

Gregarious, mild, variable in stature.
In woods. Penzance.

Fries considers it different from A. aromaticus Sow. t. 144. Berkeley (B.
& Br. n. 2019) thinks it is probably the same. Name— gluten, fero, to
carry. Gluten-bearing. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 407. Epicr. p. 322. B. d^ Br.
n. 2019. Ag. Bull. t. 258, 539. /. B.

*** Tawny or light-yellow.

8. H. arbustivus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, slightly

, paler round the margin, opaque, fleshy, con-

74 AGARICINI.

Hygro- vexo-plane, obtuse, somewhat repand, viscid, streaked with innate
phorus. fibrils, but wholly smooth, even. Stem 4 cent (iK in.) long, 12
mm. (Y2 in.) thick, solid, equal, incurved, with white mealy
granules at the apex, smooth at the base, pale white, externally
more rigid and polished, internally somewhat spongy, hence
elastic. Gills adnate, scarcely decurrent, distant, thick, white.

Odour and taste not unpleasant. It differs from all neighbouring species
in the mealy free (not innate) white granules at the apex of the stem. In
structure it is nearest to H. pratensis.

In woods. Colleyweston, &c. Dec.

Perhaps edible. N&mQ—arbustum, a plantation. Found under trees.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 126. Hym. Eur. p. 408. B. & Br. n. 932, 1013. C.
Hbk. n. 556.

9. H. discoideus Pers. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, pale
yellowish inclining to pale, the disc always darker somewhat fer-
ruginous, slightly fleshy with exception of the firmer disc, on its
first appearance campanulato-convex, margin inflexed, then rather
plane and somewhat obtuse, and at length depressed at the disc,
even, smooth, very glutinous / flesh of the same colour as the
gills. Stem 4-5 cent. (i)4-2 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick,
stuffed, equal or attenuated upwards, very soft (texture fibrous,
separable), fLocculose, viscid, pale-white, with white dots at the
apex. Veil entirely glutinous, rarely terminating somewhat in
the form of a ring on the stem. Gills at first adnate, somewhat
crowded, then decurrent, distant, moderately thin, soft, pale,
yellowish-white.

Gregarious, here and there forming rings. In later autumn it occurs with
the pileus clay-coloured, disc ferruginous, stem elongated, at length hollow.

In grassy places. Laxton Park, Norths. Oct.

Stem dotted all over with viscid granules. B. &> Br. Spores ellipsoid-
sphseroid, 5-6 x 4-5 mk. K. Name— SiWos, etSos. Disc-shaped. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 127. Hym. Eur. p. 408. B. & Br. n. 1558. Ag. Pers. — Gonn. & Rab.
viii.-ix. /. 10 f. 4.

•**** Olivaceous-umber.

10. H. limacinus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (i%-2l/2 in.) broad,
disc umber then fuliginous, paler round the margin, fleshy, con-
vex then flattened, obtuse, smooth, viscid ; flesh rather firm, white.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (l/2 in.) thick, solid, firm,
ventricose, viscous, flocculose, fibrilloso-striate, roughened with
squamules at the apex. Gills adnate then decurrent, somewhat
distant, thin, white inclining to cinereous.

Veil entirely viscous, not floccose. Intermediate between H. olivaceo-albus

HYGROPHORUS. 75

and H. agathosmus, differing from the former in the stem being squamulose at Hygro-
the apex, and from the latter in the manifest -veil being cortinate. phorus.

In woods among damp leaves. St Leonards. Oct.

Name — Umax, a slug; slimy. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 129. Hym. Eur. p. 409.

B. &> Br. n, 1277. Saund. & Sm. t. 28. Ag. Scop.

11. H. olivaceo-albus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 inO broad,
olivaceous-fuscous, becoming pale, especially towards the margin,
which is at the first naked, fleshy, at first acorn-shaped, then
expanded, umbonate, and at length depressed round the umbo,
wholly even, smooth, glutinous; flesh thin, white. Stem about
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, solid, equal or attenuated
at the very \^2^^,sqttamulose and spotted with the fuscous veil, which
is in the form of an adnate sheath, viscid, but the ground colour
is white ; veil terminating near the apex in the form of a ring
above which the stem is even, shining white. Gills decurrent,
distant, broad, simple, connected by veins at the base, always
shining white.

Margin somewhat striate when old. Scattered throughout the summer in
rainy weather, not enduring cold, and hence very different in its nature from
H. hypothejus, which is allied.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Spores 4x7 mk. W. G.S. Name — from the olivaceous pileus and white
gills. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 128. Hym. Eur. p. 410. Berk. Out.' p. 198.

C. Hbk. n. 558. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 517. Ag. Brig. t. 5./. 1-3.

12. H. hypothejus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in«) broad, at
first smeared with olivaceous ghiten, cinereous, when the gluten
disappears, becoming pale and yellowish, orange or rarely (when
rotting) rufescent, fleshy, thin, convex then depressed, obtuse, even,
somewhat streaked ; flesh thin, white then becoming light yellow.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) and more thick,
stuffed, equal, even^ viscous^ but rarely spotted with the veil, at
length hollow. Partial veil floccose, at the first cortinate and
annular, soon fugacious. Gills decurrent, distant, distinct, at first
pallid (even whitish), soon yellow, sometimes flesh-colour.

Very protean, changeable in colour and variable in size. Stem not scabrous.
There is no trace of the veil when the plant is full grown. Appearing after
the first cold autumn nights, and lasting even till snow.

In pine woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores subellipsoid, 8-9x4-5 mk. K.; 12x4 mk. W. G.S. Name — viro ;
0eioi>, sulphur. From the sulphur-colour under the gluten. Fr. Monogr. ii.
/. 128. Hym. Eur. p. 410. Berk. Out. p. 198. C. Hbk. n. 557. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 518. Ag. Krombh. t. 72. /. 24, 25. Gonn. & Rab. t. io./. 5. Sow. t.
8. Alb. & Schw. t. io. f. 4. Buxb. C. iv. /. 21.

76 AGARICINI.

Hyho?u 13' H* cerasinus Berk.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (i%-2% in.) broad,

rus< pale umber then grey, fleshy, convex, broadly umbonate, often
more or less wavy, sometimes depressed, viscid, shining when
dry, margin minutely tomentose. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 m-) long"»
solid, white, attenuated below, punctato -squamulose above.
Gills decurrent, broad, white, tinged with pink, sometimes forked,
very distant.

Smell like that of cherry-laurel leaves. Somewhat gregarious. The minute
white down at the margin of the pileus is divided into little linear heaps by the
pressure of the gills in the early stage of growth.

In woods, fir, &c. Rare. Oct.

Name — from its smell of cherry-laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). Berk. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 12. Out. p. 197. C. Hbk. n. 553. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 519. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 410.

•**#* Fuscous-cinereoiis or livid.

14. H. fusco-albus Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
fuscous then cinereous, fleshy, moderately firm, convexo-plane,
even, smooth, viscous, margin ivhite-floccose. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, 8-12 mm. (4-6 lin.) thick, solid, equal, when dry
white-Jloccose at the apex. Gills decurrent, broad, rather thick,
snow-white.

Stature and veil those of H. chrysodon, but the veil is somewhat annular,
floccose not squamulose.

Among moss. Gwrwch, 1881.

Remarkable for its distinct floccose veil. M.J.B. Name — from the fuscous
pileus and -white gills. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 410. B. & Br. n. 1962. Ag.
Jung. Linn. v. /. 6./. i.

15. H. agathosmus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (i%-2% in.) broad,
livid-grey, unicolorous, dotted with minute, raised, crowded^ vis-
cous, pellucid, whitish papilla, fleshy, convex then plane, gibbous,
viscous, margin at first involute and villous, soon unfolded and
naked, at length reflexed and undulated ; flesh soft, watery, whit-
ish. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) and
more thick, solid, firm, at length soft (also hollow), equal or
slightly thickened downwards, somewhat Jibrilloso-striate, not
viscous, roughened as if mealy upwards with white punctiform
squamules, which at length become cinereous. Partial veil not
conspicuous. Gills decurrent, distant, soft, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
broad, quite entire, somewhat veined at the base, shining white.

A very remarkable species. Odour chiefly when older sweet, of anise.
Lasting into late autumn. The pileus when luxuriant is much larger and

HYGROPHORUS. 77

flexuous. The stem varies curved, flexuous, &c. The squamules take the place Hygro-
of the veil. phorus.

In fir woods. Forres. Glamis. Sept. -Nov.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, hyaline, 8x5 mk. K. Name— ayaflo?, good ;
OO>IT?, scent. From the agreeable scent. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 129. Hym. Eur.
p. 411. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 520. Gonn. & Rab. viii.-ix. t. ii.f. 4.

16. H. mesotephrus B. & Br.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, white, disc brown, convex, somewhat hemispherical, viscid,
striate, the extreme margin often remaining quite even ; flesh
white, hygrophanous. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4 mm.
(2 lin.) thick, stuffed with a fibrillose pith, slender, flexuous,
attenuated at the base, white, viscid, floccoso-granulated at the
apex. Gills shortly decurrent, moderately broad, ventricose,
rather distant, pure white.

A very delicate species, allied to H. fusco-albus, but with a very different
habit. In age the lower part of the stem is slightly stained, but by no means
squamose.

In woods. Rare. Bowood.

Spores 9 mk. long. B. dr" Br. ; elliptical, pruniform, 10-12 mk. Q. Name
— /oieo-o?, middle ; re^po?, ash-coloured. From the dark disc. B. dr3 Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. xiii. /. 15. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 198. C. Hbk. n. 555.
Fr. Hym: Eur. p. 411.

17. H. livido-albus Fr.— Pileus livid, unicolorous, fleshy, thin,
obtuse, even, smooth, viscid, margin naked. Stem stuffed, slender,
equal, rather even. Gills decurrent, distant, distinct, shining
white.

It differs from H. eburneus not only in the livid colour but also in the
slightly viscous pileus as well as stem being even, smooth. It approaches the
Ca marophylli.

In woods. Street. Oct.

Name — from the livid pileus and white gills. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 412.
Monogr. ii. p. 131. B. 6* Br. n. 1357. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 1907. /. 2.

II. — CAMAROPHYLLUS.
* Gills deeply and at length obconically decurrent.

18. H. caprinus Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) and more
broad, at first blackish-fuliginous, or blackish, at length cinereous-
fuliginous, but varying azure-blue, &c., fleshy, at first conico-
convex, often with a prominent acorn-shaped umbo, then flattened
or depressed, obtuse, somewhat repand, at the first slightly viscid,
streaked with fibrils; flesh soft, fragile, thin towards the margin
which is at length repand. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 4

78 AGARICINI.

cent. (\yz in.) and more thick, solid, equal or attenuated down-
wardS) at length soft, often hollow and fragile at the apex, exter-
nally in a remarkable degree longitudinally flbrillose, fuliginous,
pubescent and whitish at the base. Veil none. Gills remarkably
decurrent, exceedingly distant, very broad, thick, quite entire, at
first white, at length waxy-soft, becoming glaucous.

A most distinct species, in habit to be compared only with Ag. elixus. The
gills are sometimes altogether eaten away by slugs.

In pastures. Bath. Glamis. Oct.

Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 6-8x4-5mk. K.; ellipsoid, guttate, 10 mk. Q.
Name — caper, a goat. From the streaking of the fibrils. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
131. Hym. Eur. p. 412. B. & Br. n. 1278. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 521. Ag.
Scop. — Krombh. t. 72. f. 21-23.

19. H. leporinus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J~2 m-) broad, yellow-
rufescent, varying fuscous, equally fleshy, convex, gibbous, equal,
fibrilloso-floccose, opaque. Stem short, stuffed, firm, rigid, atten-
uated commonly downwards, more rarely upwards, fibrillose,
pallid. Gills decurrent, pale yellowish.

Its appearance is wholly that of H. pratensis.

In woods and on downs. Rare. Sept.-Oct.

Spores pale umber. M.J.B. Name — lepus, a hare. From the colour. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 412. Berk. Out. p. 199. C. Hbk. n. 559. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
522. Kg. Schceff.t. -&.-$.— Batt.t.^.f. B.

20. H. nemoreus Fr. — Pileus somewhat orange, equally fleshy,
convex then expanded, gibbous and at length depressed, some-
what smooth. Stem stuffed, firm, squamulose, fibroso-striate,
attenuated at the base. Gills decurrent, thick, distant, somewhat
of the same colour.

In woods. Stoke Poges. Dec.

Spores white. B. & Br. ; ovate-spherical, punctate,
emus, a grove. Found in wooded groves. Fr. Hym.

nemus, a grove. Found in wooded groves. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 413. B. & Br.
n. 1668.

21. H. pratensis Fr. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent> (I~2 in-) an^ more
broad, somewhat pale yellowish, compactly fleshy especially at the
disc, thin towards the margin, convex then flattened, almost tur-
binate from the stem being thickened upwards, even, smooth,
moist (but not viscous) in rainy weather, when dry often rimosely
incised, here and there split regularly round ; flesh firm, white.
Stem 4-5 cent. (iX~2 inO l°ng> I2 mm- (% in-) an^ rnore thick,
stuffed, internally spongy, externally polished-evened and firmer,
attenuated downwards, even, smooth, naked. Gills remarkably

HYGROPHORUS. 79

decurrent, at first arcuate •, then extended in the form of an inverted Hygro-
cone, very distant, thick, firm, brittle, connected by veins at the phorul
base, very broad in the middle, of the same colour as the pileus.

Very protean. Veil none. The flesh of the pileus is formed as it were of the
stem dilated upwards. The typical form resembles the Cantherelli, Every-
where becoming light yellow-tawny, but varying with the stem and gills pale-
white.

In pastures. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Edible; very little distinctive flavour. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 6-iox
4-6 mk. A". ; 5 x 4 mk. W.G.S. Name — pratum, meadow. Found in
meadows. Fr. Monogr, ii. p. 132. Hym. Eur. p. 413. Sv. ail. Sv. t. 30.
Berk. Out. p. 199. C. Hbk. n. 560. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 523. Hussey ii. /. 90.
Ag. Pers. — Fl. Dan. t. 1735. /. i. Grev. t. 91. Krombh. t. 43. /. 7-10. Bull,
t. 587. Forms departing from the type : Bolt. t. 56. Sow. t. 141. Pers.
Myc. Eur. t. 28. /. i. Brig. t. 22.

* H. cinereus Fr. — The thinner pileus and gills cinereous,
margin at length striate. Stem white.

Otherwise as in H. pratensis. Spores ovoid-spherical, 6 mk. Q. Name —
from the cinereous colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 413. Sv. at I. Sv. t. 30 (two
upper fig.} B. & Br. n. 1561. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 523.

* H. pallidus B. & Br.— Pileus pallid, infundibuliform, mar-
gin undulated, deflexed. Stem dilated upwards, fibrilloso-striate.
Gills distant, decurrent, branched, pallid.

Coed Coch. Oct. B. & Br. n. 1356*. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 413.

22. H. foetens Phill.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, dark
brown, somewhat fleshy, convex then becoming plane, smooth, at
length broken up into squamules. Stem 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.)
long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed, attenuated downwards, shining,
clothed with transversely arranged fibrous scales, paler than the
pileus. Gills decurrent, distant, rather thick, somewhat of the
same colour as the pileus or paler, somewhat glaucous-pruinose.

Fragile. Very foetid, nauseous. The odour is very similar to that of
Thelephora fastidiosa. Not at all viscid.

On the ground. Shrewsbury, 1878, 1884. Nov.

Nearly related to H. micans. B. & Br. Name— fastens, stinking. Phill.
Grevillea, vol. vii. p. 74. B. &•* Br. n. 1780.

23. H. virgineus Fr. Wholly white. — Pileus fleshy, convex
then plane, obtuse, moist, at length depressed, cracked into patches,
floccose when dry. Stem curt, stuffed, firm, attenuated at the
base, externally becoming even and naked. Gills decurrent,
distant, rather thick.

Flesh sometimes equal, sometimes abruptly thin. Commonly confounded

8o AGARICINI.

Hygro- with H. niveus, but it is more difficult to distinguish it from white forms of H.

phorus. pratensis. It is distinguished chiefly by its smaller stature, by the colour

being constantly white, sometimes becoming pale, by the obtuse pileus being

scarcely turbinate, at length cracked into patches andfloccose -when dry, and by

the gills being thinner, &c.

In pastures. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Taste like Marasmius oreades. M.J.B. Edible ; delicious when broiled or
stewed. Name — virgo, a virgin. From the purity of the colours. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 133. Hym. Eur. p. 413. Berk. Out. p. 199. C. Hbk. n. 561.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 524. Price f. 41 (ochrey-white). Ag. Wulf. in Jacqu.
Miscell. 2. f. 15. f, i. Sow. t. 32. Grev. t. 166. Gonn. & Rab. t. 10. f. 3.
Bull. t. 188. Batt. t. 12. /. H.—Batschf. 200 (a very small form).

24. H. ventricosus B. & Br. White.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3
in.) broad, fleshy, unequal, convex. Stem 6 cent. (2% in.) long,
12 mm. (yz in.) thick in the middle, solid, at length partially hol-
low, attenuated at the base and apex. Gills deeply decurrent,
narrow, sometimes forked.

Often tinged with red from the growth of a little Fusisporium.

Among grass. Coed Coch.

Name— venter, the belly. From the ventricose stem. B. & Br. n. 1777.

25. H. niveus Fr. Wholly white.— Pileus scarcely reaching
2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, somewhat membranaceous, and without
a more compact disc, hence truly umbilicate, campanulate then
convex, smooth, striate and viscid when moist, not cracked when
dry ; flesh thin, everywhere equal, white, hygrophanous. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) or a little more long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick,

fistulose, equal, even, smooth, tense and straight. Gills decurrent,
distant, thin, scarcely connected by veins, arcuate, quite entire.

Thinner, tougher, and later than H. virgineus, &c. Being hygrophanous
the pileus is shining white when dry. Very tender forms occur.

In pastures. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Name — niveus, snow-white. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 133. Hym. Eur. p. 414.
Berk. Out. p. 199. C. Hbk. n. 562. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 525. Ag. Scop.—
Schceff. t. 232. Krombh. t. 25. /. 1-3.

26. H. Wynniae B. £ Br. Lemon-yellow, hygrophanous.—
Pileus thin, umbilicate, or somewhat infundibuliform, striate.
Gills decurrent, narrow, thin.

Foetid when decayed, losing much of its lemon colour when it parts with its
moisture. Resembling Ag. mo His Bull., but on a smaller scale.

On chips, old stumps, &c. Coed Coch, &c.

Name— after Mrs Lloyd Wynne. B. &> Br. n. 1781, 1962*. Sm. Card.
Chron. Oct. 1878, p. 476. fig. Clitocybe xanthophylla, Bresadola Fung. Trid.
fig-

HYGROPHORUS. 8 1

27. H. russo-coriaceus B. & Br.— Pileus about 12 mm. (y2 in.) Hygro-
broad, ivory-white, fleshy, convex, slightly viscid. Stem 18 mm.- Phorus-
2.5 cent. (%-l in.) long, not 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, slender, solid,
thickened upwards, smooth, pure white. Gills decurrent, arched,
broad, thick, very few and distant, with a few shorter ones inter-
mixed.

Known at once by its persistent delightful odour, like that of Russian leather
or Potentilla atro-sanguinea.

In pastures. Rare. Oct.

Spores 11x6 mk. W.G.S. Name— from its odour of Russian leather. B.
& Dr. n. 332. Berk. Out. p. 199. C. Hbk. n. 563. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 526.
/•>. Hym. Eur. p. 414. Saund. 6s Sm. t. 28. /. 2.

28. H. micaceus B. & Br.— Pileus 12-8 mm. (%-y£ in.) broad,
hemispherical, at first light yellow then becoming cinereous,
wrinkled, micaceous. Stem. 18 mm. (# in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, solid, granulated, light yellow then brown downwards.
Gills decurrent, pallid umber.

Mycelium white. The whole plant turns dark brown when dry. When
young it looks like a small specimen of Leotia lubrica.

On clayey soil. Coed Coch, 1878. Oct.

Name — mica, grain, granule. From the micaceous pileus. B. dr5 Br. n.
1779.

** Gills ventricose, sinuato-arcuate or plano-adnate.

29. H. fornicatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) high and broad,
white or pallid livid, fleshy, but thin, campanulate then expanded,
obsoletely umbonate, somewhat repand, viscid, even, smooth. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, solid or hollow
at the very apex, compact, firm, tough, equal, somewhat undu-
lated, smooth, shining white. Gills sometimes almost free, some-
times slightly adnexed with a small decurrent tooth (smuato-
adnexed\ thick, ventricose, distant, distinct, exceeding the margin,
white.

The structure of the stem and pileus is that of H. pratensis, but it is wholly
white, and the attachment of the gills is plainly different. It has occurred
with the stem fuscous-squamulose at the base.

In pastures. Holme Lacy, Herefordshire. Batheaston. Oct.

Name — -fornix, a vault. Arched. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 133. Hym. Eur. p.
414. B. 6s Br. n. 1420. Krombh. t. 25. / 4, 5.

30. H. distans Berk.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, white,
with a silky lustre, here and there stained with brown, somewhat
fleshy, plane or depressed, viscid. Stem white above, cinereous

VOL. II. F

82 AGARICINI.

Hygro- below, and attenuated, not spotted. Grills decurrent, few, very
phorus. distant, somewhat ventricose, pure white then tinged with cine-
reous, interstices obscurely rugose.
Often umbilicate. Remarkable for the few and distant gills.
In woods. Rare. King's Cliffe.

Name— from the distant gills. Berk. Out. p. 200. /. 13. / i. C. Hbk. n.
564. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 415.

31. H. Clarkii B. & Br. — Pileus livid-cinereous, convex, some-
what umbonate, viscous, margin even. Stem hollow, of the same
colour as the pileus. Gills adnate, broad, when larger nearly 12
mm. (Yz in.) broad, distant, thick, white.

Fragile.

In pastures. Street. Perth Fungus Show. Sept.-Oct.

Name— after J. A. Clark. B. & Br. n. 1358. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 527. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 415.

32. H. metapodius Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in.) broad,
cinereous-/^m>zAy, compactly fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, at
first even and slightly shining, then silky and squamulose, irregu-
lar; flesh 12 mm. (l/2 in.) thick, pallid-grey, reddish when broken
and at length becoming black. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 in-) long".
12 mm. (/4 in.) and more thick, stuffed, attenuated downwards,
unequal, ascending, smooth, cinereous, reddish internally. Gills
variously adnate (for the most part arcuato-decurrent behind, or
broadly emarginate), distant, thick, veined, about 6 mm. (3 lin.)
broad, grey-white.

Odour of new meal, taste mild. In respect of its flesh being compact, red-
dish when broken and at length becoming black, and its thick juicy gills, it is
very analogous with Russula nigricans. There is a var. paradoxa appearing
among taller mosses; stem elongated to 10 cent. (4 in.), wholly fusiform,
pileus smaller, regular and villous, gills obconico-decurrent as in H. pratensis.

In old pastures. Street, 1871. Glamis, 1876. Aug.-Nov.

Name — from the stem (TTOVS) being as it were upside down (/uera). Fr.
Monogr. ii. /. 135. Hym. Eur. p. 415. B. dr" Br. n. 1359. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 528.

33. H. ovinus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, fuscous, slightly
fleshy, campamilate then expanded, somewhat umbonate, at first
slightly viscid and even, then dry and squamulose, at length
revolute, undulated, rimosely incised ; flesh only 4 mm. (2 lin.)
thick, rigid-fragile. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.)
thick, somewhat stuffed, somewhat equal or slightly thickened at
both ends, curved or twisted, compressed, smooth, slightly shin-

HYGROPHORUS. 83

ing, pallid. Gills arcuato-adnate, decurrent with a tooth, distant, Hygro-
thick, as much as 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, connected by veins and Phorus-
occasionally divided, grey then rufescent, the thin edge quite
entire.

Very much allied to H. metapodius, odour almost the same. The flesh is
the same except in being thinner and rigid-fragile. In a larger var. the pileus
becomes black and the stem fuscous-black.

In pastures. Uncommon. Sept.

Name — ovis, a sheep. Woolly, squamulose. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 135. Hym.
Eur. p. 415. Berk. Out. p. 200. C. Hbk. n. 565. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 529.
Hussey ii. t. 50. Ag. Bull. t. 580.

34. H. subradiatus Fr.— Pileus varying in colour, white, livid,
disc fuscous, &c., somewhat membranaceous, slightly fleshy at the
disc from the apex of the stem being dilated, otherwise quite
membranaceous, but moderately tough and somewhat irregularly
shaped, convex then expanded, obsoletely umbonate, hygrophan-
ous when moist, radiato-striate from the translucent gills. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, attenu-
ated at the base, twisted, ascending, smooth, pale, white at the
base. Gills plane but deeply decurrent with a tooth, ventricose,
somewhat thin, distant, connected by veins, white.

Allied to the thinner forms of H. pratensis, but differing very widely in the
attachment of the gills.

In old pastures. Glamis, 1874. Sept.

Name — sub, and radiatus, rayed. From the character of the striae. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 136. Hym. Eur. p. 416. B. & Br. n. 1670. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 530. Ag. Schum.

* H. lacmus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, lilac then
becoming pale, fragile, slightly fleshy at the disc, otherwise
membranaceous, piano-depressed, occasionally at the same time
umbonate, unequal at the circumference, radiato-striate when
moist, when dry even, shining, commonly smooth, but occasion-
ally fibrillose or squamulose on the disc. Stem elongated to
5 cent. (2 in.) and more, stuffed then hollow, often twisted,
smooth, somewhat shining, narrowed at the base and apex.
Gills plano-decurrent, thin, 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, connected by
veins, somewhat distant, cinereous.

In the same habitats as H. subradiatus. In pastures and heathy places.

Coed Coch. Loch Maree, &c. Sept. -Oct. Name — lac, varnish. Shining.

Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 136. Hym. Eur. p. 416. B. & Br. n. 1780. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 530. Fl. Dan. t. 1731. /. i.

35. H. irrigatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, livid,

84 AGARICINI.

Hygro- becoming dingy white as the gluten separates, slightly fleshy,
fragile, campanulate, expanded, obtuse, even, smooth, viscous.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose,
flexuous, tough, equal, smooth, very viscous, livid. Gills adnate,
'with a deciirrent tooth, somewhat distant, distinct, fragile, rather
thick, scarcely connected by veins, either wholly white or grey.

Very variable, sometimes much larger. The gills are less juicy than those
of H. unguinosus, with which it must not be confounded.

In grassy places and fir woods. Laxton, Norths. Glamis.
Oct.-Nov.

Name — irrigo, to wet. From its watery texture. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 137
rriguus). Hym. Eur. p. 416.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 531. Ag. Pers.

(irriguus). Hym. Eur. p. 416. Icon. t. 168. /. 3. B. 6* Br. n. 1280.
A.

36. H. Houghtoni B. £ Br.— Pileus 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.)
broad, bright coloured, convex, at length depressed in the centre,
striate, very viscous. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, 6 mm.
(X in.) thick, transversely undulated, very viscous, tawny-light
yellow. Gills decurrent, thin, pale yellowish.

Odour foxy. The stem is sometimes tinged above with blue. The gelatin-
ous coat is extremely thick, and at length separates and forms a cup in the
centre.

Among grass. Preston, Salop, 1872. Oct.

Name — after Rev. William Houghton. B. & Br. n. 1360. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 416.

III.— HYGROCYBE.
* Gills decurrent.

37. H. Colemannianus Blox.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-)
broad, reddish umber, paler when dry except in the centre,
somewhat fleshy, at first somewhat campanulate, at length ex-
panded, strongly umbonate, when moist striate and slightly
viscid. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or more long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lift.)
thick, brittle, fibrous, nearly equal, somewhat silky, white, very
slightly tinged with umber. Gills deeply decurrent, rather
broad, distant, interstices veined and rugose, umber but paler
than the pileus.

In grassy places. Twycross, Warwickshire.

Spores 6 x 8 mk. B. &" Br. Name— from W. H. Coleman. Blox. — Berk.
Out. p. 200. B. & Br. n. 701. C. Hbk. n. 566. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 417.

38. H. sciophanus Fr. — Pileus 1-4 cent. (l/£-il/4 in.) broad,
very hygrophanous with a pecitliar deep tawny or rather vivid

HYGROPHORUS. 85

brick but opaque colour, becoming pale when dry, becoming white Hygro-
when older, thin, slightly fleshy at the disc, otherwise membran- ph°rus-
aceous, hemispherical or obtusely campanulate then expanded,
always obtuse, slightly viscid, even at the disc, remotely and
pellucidly striate to the middle, regular, torn when older. Stem
4-7.5 cent. (i}4~3 in.) long, hollow, wholly equal, always thin,
scarcely more than 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, flexuous, even, smooth,
slippery, never tense and straight, tawny yellowish, but paler
than the pileus, even becoming white. Gills attenuato-adnate,
at the first slightly ascending, then plano-decurrent, distant,
commonly distinct, of the same colour as the pileus, or sometimes
inclining to rose-colour.

Very elegant, densely gregarious, fragile. In habit and opaque tawny
colour it is like H. pratensis, but is thin, fragile, juicy, with the pileus some-
what repand, and the gills thin and plano-decurrent. The stem is never tense
and straight as in H. conicus. There is a var. with the pileus date-brown,

In mossy places. Perth.

Spores very pale clay-coloured. B. 6* Br. Name — O-KM, shade ; ^euVw, to
appear. From its shaded colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p, 137. Hym. Eur. p.
417. Icon. t. 167. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1560. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 532. Ag.
Fl. Dan. t. 1845. / 2.

39. H. laetus Fr. — Pileus reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
tawny, shining, not becoming pale, slightly fleshy, almost mem-
branaceous at the margin, convex then flattened, obtuse, slippery,
even or slightly pellucid-striate round the margin ; flesh thin, of
the same colour as the pileus and paler. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, thin, about 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, hollow or rather
fistulose, equal, tough, even, very smooth, slippery, tawny. Gills
somewhat Recurrent, distant, thin, somewhat connected by veins,
for the most part flesh-coloured, but varying whitish, fuliginous,
&c.

The stem is here and there undulated and darker at the apex, in which it
approaches H. psittacinus. It departs from all the others in this group in
the toughness, especially of the stem. Appearing in troops.

In pastures. Frequent.

Spores nearly globose, 8 mk. B. & Br. ; ovoid pruniform, 8 mk. Q.
Name — Icetiis, joyful, pleasing. From the bright colour. Fr. Monogr. ii.
p. 138. Hym. Eur. p. 417. Icon. t. 167. /. 2. B. &> Br. n. 702. Berk. Out.
p. 200. C. Hbk. n. 567. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 533. Ag. Pers.

40. H. vitellinus Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (y2-i in.) broad,
£7/r0#-egg-yellow, becoming white, when dry, very thin, slightly
fleshy only at the disc, otherwise almost membranaceous, smooth,
viscid, margin plicato-striate. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, scarcely

86 AGARICINI.

Hygro- 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, even, smooth, pallid light
phorus. yellow, becoming white when dry, very fragile, here and there
flexuous. Gills deeply decurrent, somewhat distant, egg-yellow.

It is certainly different from H. ceraceus, which is somewhat like it, in the
colour being wholly bright citron-yellow, whitish when dry, in the margin of
the pileus and in the deeply decurrent gills.

In pastures. Penzance.

Name — vitellus, yolk of egg. Egg-yellow. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 312. Hym.
Eur. p. 417. Icon, t. 167. /. 3. B. & Br. n. 2020.

41. H. ceraceus Fr. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
waxy-yellow, shining, slightly fleshy, thin, but slightly firm,
convexo-plane, obtuse, slightly pellucid-striate, viscid. Stem
2.5-5 cent- O"2 inO and more long, about 4 mm. (2 lin.)
thick, hollow, often unequal, flexuous and at length compressed,
even, smooth, of the same colour as the pileus, never darker at
the apex. Gills adnato-df current, broad, almost triangular •, dis-
tinct, yellow.

Fragile ; easily distinguished from others by its waxy (not changeable)
colour. Growing in troops. The gills are by no means emarginato-adnexed
and ventricose as in the similar, but more watery and sulphur-coloured H.
chlorophanus. Like neighbouring species it varies very much in stature.

In woods and pastures. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 7x4 mk. K. ; 6x4mk. W.G.S. Name— rm?,
wax. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 138. Hym. Eur. p. 417. Berk.
Out. p. 201. C. Hbk. n. 568. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 534. Ag. Wulf, in
Jacqu. Coll. ii. t. 15. f. 2. Sow. t. 20.

42. H. coccineus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) and more
broad, at first bright scarlet, then soon changing colour and be-
coming pale, slightly fleshy, convex, then plane and often un-
equal, obtuse, at first viscid and even, smooth^ not floccoso-scaly ;
flesh of the same colour as the pileus. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, hollow, then compressed &\\& rather even,
not slippery, scarlet upwards, always yellow at the base. Gills
wholly adnate, decurrent with a tooth, plane, distant, connected
by veins, watery-soft as if fatty, when full grown purplish at the
base, light yellow in the middle, glaucous at the edge.

Flesh of the pileus descending into the gills and forming a trama of the
same colour. Fragile. Varying in stature, easily mistaken for some of the
following species which are of the same colour. Pileus at length becoming
yellow.

In pastures. Very common. Aug.-Nov.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 6-8x4-5 mk. K.; 4x8-7 mk. W.G.S. Name
— coccineus, of scarlet colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 139. Hym. Eur. p. 417.

HYGROPHORUS. 87

Berk. Out. p. 201. C. Hbk. n. 569. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 535. Hussey i. /. Hygro-
61. Price f. 57. Ag. Schceff. t. 302. Bull. t. 570. /. 2 partly. Fl. Dan. phoru
/. 715. S0w. /. 381 (scarlet fig.) Baft. t. 19. / B.

43. H. miniatus Fr.— Pileus scarcely reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, at first vermilion then becoming pale and opaque, slightly
fleshy, convex, obtuse, then umbilicate, at first even and smooth,
then squamulose. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, somewhat stuffed, equal, round, even, smooth, shining,
vermilion. Gills adnate, not decurrent, plane, distant, distinct,
rather thick, yellow or sometimes light yellow-vermilion.

Very fragile. The gills are firmer than in H. coccineus. Intermediate
between H. coccineus and H. turundus.

In open places, pastures, £c. Common. July-Oct.

Spores 5x8 mk. IV.G.S. Name — minium, vermilion. Fr. Monogr. \\. p.
139. Hym. Eur. p. 418. Berk. Out. p. 201. C. Hbk. n. 570. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 536. Quel. t. 10. /. 5. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 1009. Harz. t. 4. /. i.

44. H. turundus Fr. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (l/2-i in.) broad,
yellow or tawny, variegated with cinereous -fuscous squamules,
slightly fleshy, fragile, convex then expanded, umbilicate or
depressed, often elegantly crenate at the margin. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, about 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, rigid-fragile,
stuffed then fistulose, round, equal, even and polished, tawny-
reddish. Gills at first slightly then deeply decurrent^ distant,
juicy, distinct, at first white then becoming yellow, the acute edge
of the same colour.

Very protean. The pileus is commonly dry, soon broken up into fuliginous
flocci, but it occurs during rain at the first viscid and even, and in this con-
dition it must be carefully distinguished (by the colour of the golden pileus
and of the gills) from H. miniatus, to which it is allied though very dissimilar.
It varies with the somewhat veined gills of the Cantharelli.

On peat soil. Farragon, Perthshire, 1877. Aug.

2000 feet. Name—turtinda, lint. Flocculose. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 139.
Hym. Eur. p. 418. B. & Br. n. 1670. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 537.

Var. mollis B. & Br. Golden.— Pileus 12-18 mm. (#-% in.)
broad, nearly plane, at length slightly depressed, clad with soft,
short, radiating hairs of the same colour. Stem 2.5-3 cent.
(i-iX in-) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, stuffed, equal. Gills
decurrent, arcuate, narrow, distant.

In moist mossy ground. Rare. July-Sept. B. & Br. n. 1279. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 537. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 418.

45. H. mucronellus Fr.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad,
when moist a) scarlet b) yellow, when dried changing colour

88 AGARICINI.

Hygro- very much, becoming hoary, slightly fleshy, when smaller acutely
ru!" conical, when larger campanulate and obtuse, then expanded, when
moist pellucidly striate, when dried somewhat silky, but never
squamulose. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, fistulose, thin, somewhat attenuated and white at the base,
otherwise yellow, even, smooth, flexuous. Gills ascending, dis-
tant, very broad and adnate behind with a very broad base, some-
what decurrent, yellow.

Fragile. The smallest of species of the same nature.
In grass field. King's Lynn. Dec.

In ' Hym. Eur.' Fries describes the stem as somewhat silky. Name —
mucro, a sharp point. From its acute form. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 140. Hym.
Eur. p. 418. Grevillca, vol. iv. p. 118.

** Gills adnexed, somewhat separating.

46. H. puniceus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, glitter-
ing blood-scarlet, in dry weather and when old becoming pale
especially at the disc, slightly fleshy for its breadth, at first
campanulate, obtuse, commonly repand or lobed, very irregular,
even, smooth, viscid ; flesh of the same colour, fragile. Stem 7.5
cent. (3 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent. (l/2-i in.) thick, solid when young,
at length hollow, very stout (not compressed), ventricose (attenu-
ated at both ends), striate, and for the most part squamulose at
the apex, when dry light yellowish or of the same colour as the
pileus, always white and often incurved at the base. Gills
ascending, ventricose, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) broad, thick, distant,
white-light yellow or yellow and often reddish at the base.

The largest of the group, and very handsome. It certainly differs from
H. coccineus, for which it is commonly mistaken, in stature, in the adnexed
gills, and in the white base of the striate stem. The attachment of the gills
varies, but from the form of the pileus they ascend to the base of the cone and
appear free.

In pastures. Frequent. July-Nov.

Name — puniceus, blood-red. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 141. Hym. Eur. p. 419.
Sv. atl. Sv. t. 77. Berk. Out. p. 201. B. & Br. n. 1281. C. Hbk. n. 571.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 538. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 883. Bolt. t. 67. /. 2.

47. H. obrusseus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
golden-sulphur-yellow, shining, not becoming pale, very thinly
fleshy, rigid-fragile, campanulate then expanded, flexuous, some-
what lobed and often torn, obtuse, dry, even, smooth. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) and less in length, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick or when
compressed still broader, but scarcely ventricose, stout, ascending,
compressed and commonly unequal, quite smooth, even, sulphur

HYGROPHORUS. 89

yellow, becoming tawny at the base. Gills adnexed, ventricose, Hygro-
but at length separating, free, very broad (12 mm., yz in.), thick, pho
distant, almost white.

The stem is hollow and hence flattened, but the walls are slightly firm and
somewhat cartilaginous, fragile however and easily splitting into crisped
fibres. The gills are much more rigid and firm than in allied species. A.
laceratus Bolt. t. 68 which is referred to this species by Secretan is rather a
luxuriant form of H. conicus.

In woods. Mossburnford. Oct.

Name — obrussa, the testing of gold. From the pure golden colour. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 141. Hym. Eur. p. 419. Berk. Out. p. 202. C. Hbk. n. 572.
S. Mycol. Scot. a. 539. Ag. Batt. t. 19. /. D.

48. H. conicus Fr. — Pileus commonly light yellow, becoming
black, somewhat membranaceous, conical, acute, smooth, often
lobed, then expanded and cracked. Stem hollow, cylindrical,
tense and straight, fibroso-striate. Gills attenuato-free, ventricose,
thin, somewhat crowded, varying white, light yellow, &c.

Very easily distinguished from all neighbouring species by its juicy and
fragile substance, &c. Viscid when moist, shining when dry. It is smooth
even when dry. The primary colour depends upon the weather. It has the
singular character of the flesh becoming black when broken, but in some forms
(springing in dry weather) it is unchangeable. The following forms may
be noted : a) coccinea, scarlet and shining, gills yellow, often reddish at the
base : b) lutea, pileus and gills yellow — neither becoming black : c) pileus
reddish or tawny, gills yellow : d) sulphured, pileus bright light yellow-sulphur-
colour, sometimes greenish, gills often whitish — both becoming black when
broken : e) squalida, pileus livid or fuliginous-light yellow : f ) tristis, pileus
at the first fuliginous, soon shining black — both of their own accord becoming
wholly black.

In pastures. Very common. July-Nov.

Pileus 2.5-6 cent. (1-2^ in.) Stem varying very much in length and
thickness. Spores sphasroid-ellipsoid, 10-11 x 6-8 mk. K. ; n x 6 mk. W. G.S.
Name — from its conical shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 142. Hym. Eur. p. 419.
Berk. Out. p. 202. C. Hbk. n. 573. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 540. Ag. Scop. —
Schceff. t. 2. Fl. Bat. t. 310. Bull. t. 50 (524. /. 3. var. tristis). Batsch

/.28.

49. H. calyptrseformis B. & Br. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i
in.) high, 18 mm. (^ in.) broad at the base, pink, becoming pallid,
thin, acutely conical, lobed below, moist when unexpanded, striate
under a lens, minutely innato-Jibrillose. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or
more long, hollow, the walls fibrous within, remarkably smooth,
slightly striate, brittle, often splitting longitudinally, white. Gills
acutely attenuated behind, very narrow, distinct, rose-coloured at
length pallid.

The gills are often almost evanescent behind. The stem is pure white,
except within the pileus where it has often a roseate tinge. Very distinct from
H. conicus. It does not turn black when bruised.

90 AGARICINI.

Hygro- In pastures. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

phorus.

I have found several specimens larger than described by Berkeley, quite as
large as full-sized H. conicus which it resembles very much in shape. Spores
3X4mk. W. G.S. Name — calyptra, a hood ; forma, form. From its shape.
Berk. Out. p. 202. Trans. Woolh. Club, t. 21. /. 4-6. C. Hbk. n. 576. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 541. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 420.

50. H. chlorophanus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, com-
monly bright sulphur-yellow, sometimes however scarlet, not
changing colour, somewhat membranaceous, very fragile, at
first convex, then plane, obtuse, orbicular and lobed, and at length
cracked, smooth, viscid^ striate. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, round, rarely compressed,
wholly even, smooth, viscid when moist, shining when dry, wholly
unicolorous, rich light yellow. Gills emarginato-rtrt^jm/, very
ventricose, with a thin decurrent tooth, thin, distant, distinct.

Very much allied to H. conicus, but never becoming black, and otherwise
certainly distinguished by its convex, obtuse, striate pileus, by its even and
•viscous stem, and by its emarginato-free, thin, somewhat distant, whiter gills.
Like H. ceraceus in appearance.

In grassy and mossy places. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Spores pruniform, 8 mk. Q. Name — X^WP°SI greenish-yellow ; of colour
generally, pale ; fyaivia, to appear. From the pale yellow colour. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 143. Hym. Eur. p. 420. Icon. t. 167. f. 4. B. & Br. n. 933. C. Hbk.
n. 574. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 542. Hoffm. Ic. t. 5. / i.

51. H. psittacinus Fr.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, for
the most part yellow tinged with green, slightly fleshy, campanu-
late then expanded, umbonate, smooth, very glutinous when
young, slightly viscid when more fully grown, becoming pale but
not changing colour and not torn. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, but often bent, even,
toughish, greenish, at least at the apex. Gills adnate, but very
ventricose, rather thick, broad, somewhat distant, most frequently
green.

The colour of the pileus and stem is very variable, when full grown for the
most part yellowish, but varying brick-colour, reddish, whitish, most frequently
with a greenish tinge. In the toughness of the stem it approaches H. Itztus.
Easily distinguished by the greenish gluten with which it is smeared, and
which persistently tinges the apex of the stem. It varies very much in size.

In pastures. Common. Aug.-Oct.

In some stages of growth it is exceedingly tough. Spores ellipsoid-sphae-
roid, 7-8 x 5-6 mk. K. ; 6x7 mk. W. G.S. Name—psittacus, the ringed green
parrot. From the colours. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 143. Hym. Eur. p. 420. Berk.
Out. p. 202. C. Hbk. n. 575. ,S. Mycol. Scot. n. 543. Hussey i. t. 41. Ag.
Schceff. t. 301. Sow. t. 82. Grev. t. j^.— Bull. t. 545. /. i. Ventur. t. 42. /.
1-3. Bait. t. 2 1./. E.

HYGROPHORUS. 91

52. H. unguinosus Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, Hygro-
smeared ivith dense fuliginous gluten, slightly fleshy, campanulate Phorus-
then convex, obtuse, even, or at length rimosely incised. Stem

5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, hollow, commonly atten-
uated at the base and apex, unequal, somewhat compressed, glu-
tinous, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnate, but very
ventricose, distant, thick, broad, connected by veins, shining
white, becoming glaucous, soft.

Inodorous, very fragile, appearing chiefly in later autumn. The fuligi-
nous colour is unchangeable. The tough fuliginous gluten on the pileus
distils in drops. It differs sufficiently from H. irrigatus in its larger stature,
in its watery substance, in the gluten, and in its ventricose separating gills.

In woods and pastures. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Name — unguinosus, oily. From the gluten. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 144. Hym.
Eur. p. 421. Icon. t. 168. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 202. C. Hbk. n. 577. S.
My col. Scot. n. 544.

53. H. nitratus Fr. Fuscous-cmereotis. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.)
broad, becoming pale, scarcely fleshy, very fragile, convex, obtuse
or depressed in the centre, at the first slightly viscid, soon floccu-
lose, then squamulose and rimosely incised, irregularly shaped,
somewhat repand. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-10 mm.
(3-5 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, but often twisted, and at length
somewhat compressed, fragile, externally polished, smooth, whit-
ish, woven with thick crisped fibres. Gills broadly emarginate,
very broad, as much as 18 mm. (tf in.) broad (obliquely ovate),
distant, thick, mucid-soft, connected by veins, whitish then becom-
ing glaucous.

The above is the larger and rarer form. B. The smaller form is the com-
moner. Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (K-i in.) broad, viscous when young and moist,
even, fuscous, but soon dry and rimoso-squamulose, cinereous. Stem 2.5
cent, (i in.) and more long, 2-6 mm. (1-3 lin.) thick, unequal, commonly
compressed and undulated, sometimes yellowish. Gills at first wholly adnate,
even with a decurrent tooth, then ventricose and glaucous, but broad and
thick, as if smeared.

Widely removed from all others by its strong nitrous odour, and by the
colour being by no means bright. As regards substance and structure it
agrees well with H. coccineus, and affords the best example of the generic
character ; the gills are thick, juicy, and the hymenium, which is waxy soft as
if composed of fat, is as easily rubbed off from the trama as if it were fat.
Very changeable in stature according to locality.

In pastures. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name — nitrum, nitre. From its nitrous odour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 421.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 545. H. murinaceus Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 145. Berk. Out.
p. 203. C. Hbk. n. 578.

* H. glauco-nitens Fr. — Pileus olivaceous-black or fuliginous,

92

AGARICINI.

Hygro-
phorus.

becoming pale, streaked withjibrils. Stem equal, shining. Gills
becoming glaucous.

Stiff. It seems to be a young state of H. nitratus, scorched by the sun,
but it is reckoned distinct by Persoon and others. Odour the same, but
weaker.

In mixed woods. Pass of Killiecrankie. 1877. Aug.

Name— glaucus, glaucous ; nitens, shining. Fr. Hym. Eicr. p. 421. B. &
Br. n. 1671. S. MycoL Scot. n. 546. Ag. Batschf. 192.

Lactarius. GENUS IX. — Lactarius (lac, milk). Fr. Epicr. p. 333.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Gills unequal, mem-
branaceous-waxy, slightly rigid, milky, acute at the edge. Spores
globose, white, rarely yellowish. Fleshy fungi, growing on the

ground (with two exceptions), putres-
cent, pile us depressed, gills adnato-
dectirrent and often branched.

A very distinct genus and easily
recognised. Pileus in some species
zoned which is peculiar to this genus.
Watery milk is never a normal fea-
ture of the genus, but where it does
occur it is owing to the dampness
of the station where the specimens
have grown. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 421.
The nearest allies to the Lactarii
are the Russufa, which are at once
distinguished by their want of milk.
The genus includes some species
which are edible and delicious, while
others are exceedingly poisonous.

The best mark of distinction of species is the nature of the
milk.

Tribe I. PIPERITES (piperitis, pepper-wort). Stem central. Gills un-
changeable, naked, not changing colour and not pruinose. Milk at the first
white, (commonly) acrid.

* TRICHOLOMOIDEI. Pileus viscid "when moist, margin at first involute,
tomentose.

** LlMAClNl. Pileus viscid when moist, pelliculose, margin naked.

*** PIPERATI. Pileus without a pellicle, hence absolutely dry, most fre-
quently unpolished.

Tribe II. DAPETES (daps, food). Stem central. Gills naked ; milk at the
first deeply coloured.

XL IX. Lactarius snbdiilcis.
One-third natural size.

LACTARIUS. 93

Tribe III. RUSSULARES. Stem central. Gills pallid then changing colour, Lactarius
afterwards darker, glancing when turned to the light, at length white-pruinose.
Milk at the first white, mild or from mild turning acrid.

* Pileus at the first viscous.

** Pileus unpolished, squamulose, villous or pruinose.
** Pileus polished, smooth.

Tribe IV. PLEUROPUS. Stem excentric or lateral. Growing on trunks.

TRIBE I. — PIPERITES.
* TRICHOLOMOIDEI. Pileus viscid when moist, &*c.

1. L. scrobiculatus Fr. — Pileus 10 cent. (4 in.) and more
broad, yellow, commonly zoneless, fleshy, but not compact, at
first convex, umbilicate, at length infundibuliform, obtuse, with
agglutinated villous down, very viscid when moist, margin in-
volute, bearded, at length when old unfolded and almost naked ;
flesh lax, whitish, but commonly becoming yellow when broken.
Stem 4-6 cent. (iK-2/^ in.) long, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.)
and more thick, stout, often stuffed when young, but soon remark-
ably hollow, equal, light yellow, pitted with broad roundish spots,
smooth, somewhat viscid, pubescent at the base. Grills adnato-
decurrent, thin, crowded, quaternate, whitish. Milk plentiful,
at first white, soon sulphur-yellow when exposed to the air.

Very acrid, odour not unpleasant. Pileus sometimes as much as 30 cent. (12
in.) broad. The pileus becomes pale in open places, and is sometimes zoned.
In very watery places when broken it occasionally becomes azure-blue-purple,
milk white, soon serous.

On the ground. Bristol.

Spores subsphseroid, echinulate, 11-12x8-10 mk. K. ; subglobose, 6-8 mk.

C.B.P. Name — scrobis, a trench. From the pitted stem. Fr. Monogr. ii.
/. 152. Hym. Eur. p. 422. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 42. Ag. Sch&ff. t. 227.

Krombh. t. 58. /. 1-6. B. milk watery white becoming violet. Barla t. 18.
/ 3-6.

2. L. torminosus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more broad,
pallid flesh-colour, laxly fleshly, somewhat fragile, obtuse, de-
pressed, becoming even, viscid when moist, somewhat zoned,
with a white -fibrillose beard at the margin and towards the
margin which is at first involute ; flesh pallid. Stem 6-9 cent.
(2^-3^ in.) long, 18 mm.-2.5 cent, (^f-i in.) thick, stujffed soon
hollow, equal or attenuated downwards, delicately adpressedly
tomentose or becoming smooth, even or obsoletely pitted, dry.
Gills adnato-decurrent, 2-3 mm. (\-\Yz lin.) broad, very thin
and crowded, unequal but rarely connected by branches, paler
than the pileus. Milk white, unchangeable, acrid.

Inodorous. It frequently varies pale-ochraceous. It also occurs with the

94 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. pileus wholly white and tomentose Sow. t. 103. In another form the pileus is
smooth, zoneless, white. In a variety the pileus is at length excentric, whitish,
cracked in a tesselated manner, margin spreading, naked.

In mixed woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Spores subsphasroid, echinulate, 6-8 mk. K. ; 9x6 mk. W.G.S. Name —
tormina, gripes. Causing gripes. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 153. Hym. Eur. p.
422. Sv. at 1. Sv. t. 28. Berk. Out. p. 203. C. Hbk. n. 582. S. My col.
Scot. n. 547. Ag. Scheeff. t. 12. Fl. Dan. t. 1068. Sv. Bot. t. 184. Bull.
t. 529. /. 2. Krombh. t. 13. f. 15-23. Ventur. t. 30. f. 2. Barla t. i8./. 7-10.
Harz. t. ii.

3. L. cilicioides Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, flesh-
colour inclining to fuscous, fleshy, convex then flattened and
depressed in the centre, everywhere tomentose, viscous, zoneless,
margin involute, fibrilloso-woolly ; flesh not very compact, yellow-
ish-white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick,
firm, stuffed, somewhat hollow only when old, equal, even,
pruinato-silky under a lens, pallid, never pitted or spotted. Gills
decurrent, crowded, branched, white inclining to yellow. Milk
acrid, white or light yellow-white.

The stem is dingy, not of a pure colour as in L. torminosus, &c. Inter-
mediate between L. torminosus and L. turpis.

In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Name — KiAwaoi/, goat's-hair cloth ; etfios, appearance. Fr. Monogr. \\.p. 154.
Hym. Eur. p. 422. Berk. Out. p. 203. C. Hbk. n. 583. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
548. Ag. Scheeff. t. 228. Krombh. t. 58. /. 11-13 var. B. & Br. n. 1887.

4. L. turpis Fr. — Pileus large, as much as 30 cent. (12 in.)
broad, olivaceous inclining to umber, fleshy, rigid, convex be-
coming plane, disc-shaped or umbilicate, at length depressed,
innato-villous at the circumference or wholly, covered over with
tenacious gluten, zoneless, sometimes tawny towards the margin,
at length entirely inclining to u?nberj margin for a long time
involute, at the first villous, olivaceous-light-yellow, then more or
less flattened, at length often densely rivuloso-sulcate ; flesh com-
pact, white, then slightly rufescent. Stem 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 mO
long, 1-2.5 cent. (j4-i in.) and more thick, solid, hard, equal or
attenuated downwards, even or pitted and uneven, but not spotted,
viscid or dry, pallid or dark olivaceous, ochraceous-whitish at the
apex. Gills adnato-decurrent, thin, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad,
much crowded, forked, white straw-colour, spotted fuscous when
broken or bruised. Milk acrid, white, unchangeable.

Gregarious, rigidly and compactly fleshy ; habit almost that of Paxtlhis
involutus. It varies with the stem hollow, and the pileus somewhat zoned.

In woods, roadsides, &c. Common. Sept.-Nov.

LACTARIUS. 95

The pileus varies in size from about 7.5-30 cent. (3-12 in.) Spores Lactarius.
sphaeroid or subsphoeroid, uniguttate, echinulate, 6-8 mk. K. Name—turpis,
base. From its ugly appearance. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 154. Hym. Eur. p. 423.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 60. Berk. Out. p. 203. C. Hbk. n. 584. 5. Mycol. Scot. n.
549. Ag. Weinm.—Fl. Dan. t. 1913. Krombh. t. 69. /. 1-6. Harz. t. 60.

5. L. controversus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more
broad, fleshy, compact, rigid, at the first convex, broadly umbili-
cate, when fuller grown somewhat infundibuliform, oblique, on
emerging from the ground dry, flocculose, whitish, then with
rain smooth, viscid, reddish, with blood-coloured spots and zones
(especially towards the margin), margin acute when young,
closely involute, more or less villous ; flesh very Jinn. Stem
commonly 2.5 cent, (i in.) long and thick, sometimes however
5 cent. (2 in.) long and then manifestly attenuated towards the
base and often excentric, solid, obese, even but pruinate and as
if striate at the apex from the obsoletely decurrent tooth of the
gills, wholly white, never pitted. Gills decurrent, thin, very
crowded, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, with many shorter ones inter-
mixed, but rarely branched, pallid - white -flesh - colour. Milk
white, unchangeable, plentiful.

Odour weak but pleasant, taste very acrid. Allied to L. piperatus.
In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Spores echinulate, 8x6 mk. W.G.S. Name— contra, against; verto, to
turn. From its becoming at length infundibuliform. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 155.
Hym. Eur. p. 423. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 29. B. 6* Br. n. 1282. C. Hbk. n. 585.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 550. Trans. Woolh. Club, 1868, fig. Ag. Pers.— Vittad. t.
37. Ventur. t. «ji./ 1-4. Barla t. i8./. i, 2. Bull. t. 538. Batschf. 201.
Krombh. t. 56. f. 5-7 (var.)

6. L. pubescens Fr. — Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
whitish passing into flesh-colour, fleshy, rather plane, depressed
in the centre, then broadly infundibuliform, quite zoneless, even,
dry, becoming smooth at the disc, shining, margin involute,
fibrilloso-pubescent; flesh thin but firm, pliant, white, or flesh-
coloured in the cuticle, unchangeable. Stem short, scarcely
2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 12 mm. (}4 lin.) thick at the apex, attenuated
downwards and sometimes compressed, stuffed, soft internally,
even (not pitted), commonly pruinato -pubescent when young,
but commonly becoming smooth, flesh-colour then white. Gills
adnate or slightly decurrent, crowded, quaternate, narrower than
the flesh of the pileus, pallid, slightly flesh-coloured. Milk white,
unchangeable, not plentiful.

Inodorous, taste very acrid. It is like a poor form of L. controversus, but
is very distinct.

96 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. Among pebbles. Loch Kenord, Aberdeenshire.

Name — from the pubescent margin of the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 155.
Hym. Eur. p. 424. B. & Br. n. 1282. -5. MycoL Scot. n. 551. Grevillea, t.
76. f. 2. Ag. Krombh. t. 13. f. 1-14.

Var. margine-tomentoso B. & Br. — Pileus clothed with fine
matted down, margin tomentose. Stem nearly equal, 3 cent.
(iX in.) long, about 10 mm. (5 lin.) thick.

Odour pungent. In pastures. Aboyne. Aug. B. & Br. n. 1015. C.
Hbk. n. 586. S. Mycol. Scot, n. 551. Krombh. t. 13. f. i, 2.

*"* LIMACINI. Pileus 'viscid when moist, pelliculose, &c.

1. L. insulsus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
yellowish-brick-colour, fleshy, not very compact, deeply umbilicate
and at length infundibuliform, rigid, zoned (especially round the
margin), smooth, with a somewhat separable viscid pellicle, mar-
gin naked ; flesh firm, pallid, somewhat zoned under the pellicle.
Stem stuffed when young, but varying hollow when old, most
frequently curt and attenuated downwards, 4 cent. (i% in.) long,
as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, rarely lengthened to 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) and then equal, thinner, smooth, even or more rarely
pitted - spotted. Gills decurrent, very crowded, forked at the
base, 2 mm. (i lin.) or little more broad, whitish, becoming pale.
Milk white, unchangeable, acrid.

Its stature and size are those of L. deliciosus, but the colours are paler ; the
milk when the plant is old is often watery (not coloured) ; otherwise when
wounded it does not change colour as L. deliciosus does.

In mixed woods. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Spores globose, pallid. Fr. Name — insulsus, insipid, tasteless. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 157. Hym. Eur. p. 424. Berk. Out. p. 204. t. 13. f. 2.
C. Hbk. n. 587. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 552. Krombh. t. 12. / 1-6. Hussey, i.
t.S9-

8. L. zonarius Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, pallid
orange or pale yellowish to deeper yellow, fleshy, convex becom-
ing plane, then depressed, somewhat umbilicate, margin thin,
naked, long involute, at first even, smooth, with a closely adnate
pellicle, viscid, beautifully zoned most frequently towards the
margin, at length — and at the first at the circumference — min-
utely ruguloso-flocculose ; flesh compact, white. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, equal, or 2.5 cent, (i in.) and attenuated down-
wards, 1-2.5 cent. (Yz-\ in.) thick, firm, solid, elastic, spongy-
soft internally, even, smooth, dry, white then yellowish, unspotted,
pale upwards. Gills rounded -adnate and adnato- decurrent,

LACTARIUS. 97

arcuate, thin, narrow, somewhat crowded, branched, scarcely Lactarius.
broader than 2 mm. (i lin,), whitish, at length becoming dingy
yellowish, becoming dingy or even somewhat seruginous when
bruised. Milk white, unchangeable, acrid.

Pileus sometimes deeply umbilicate. Like L. insulsus, but well distin-
guished from it by its compact substance, &c. It varies in having the stem
hollow, the walls of the cavity at first white, then ochraceous-tawny, and also
in the pileus being flexuous, smooth, zoneless.

In woods. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Spores minutely echinulate, almost globular, 7 mk. W. G.S. Name—sona,
a zone. Zoned. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 158. Hym. Eur. p, 425. Berk. Out. p.
204. C. Hbk. n. 588. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 553. Fl. Bat. t. 825 middle fig.
Ag. Bull. t. 104. Vaill. Par. t. 12. /. 7.

9. L. blennius Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, pallid
olivaceous or ceruginous-grey, fleshy, piano-depressed, glutinous ',
often concentrically gtittate or somewhat zoned, the margin,
which is at the first bent inwards, slightly downy when young,
soon naked ; flesh rigid, white. Stem 4-5 cent. (1^2-2 in.) long,
12-18 mm. (/4-^ in.) thick, stuffed then hollow, somewhat equal
or attenuated downwards, even, viscid, pallid olive or pallid-grey.
Gills adnato-decurrent, thin, crowded, about 2 mm. (i lin.) broad,
white, becoming cinereous when wounded. Milk white, unchange-
able.

Firm, acrid. Dry in fine weather. When young it must not be confounded
with L. turpis. It varies with the disc of the pileus rufescent : Fl. Dan. t.
1961. /. i.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Spores sparingly echinulate, 6x8 mk. W.G.S. Name — /SAe^ds, mucous
matter. Slimy. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 159. Hym. Eur. p. 425. Berk. Out. p.
204. C. Hbk. n. 589. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 554. Krombh. t. 69. /. 7-9.
Krapf. t. 4./. 11-13. Sterb. t. 5. E. B. disc rufescent. Fl. Dan. t. 1691.
/. 2.

10. L. hysginus Fr.— Pileus 6-10 cent. (2^-4 in.) broad, red-
flesh-colour or reddish brown, fleshy, not thick, umbilicate, be-
coming plane, the thin margin inflexed, even, viscous, zoneless
or somewhat zoned, often shining ; flesh white, somewhat rigid.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 18 mm.-2.5 cent. (#-i in.) thick,
stuffed then hollow, often inflated, constricted at the apex,
attenuated at the base, smooth, here and there pitted or some-
what spotted. Gills adnato-decurrent, thin, crowded, 2-4 mm.
(1-2 lin.) broad, white then light yellow-ochraceous. Milk white,
unchangeable.

Taste acrid ; rigid-fragile, pileus somewhat repand. The gills are not
pruinose as in the Russulares. It varies with the stem curt, firm, even, the

VOL. II. G

98 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. pileus at length darker in the centre, becoming pale, tan-flesh-colour, round
the margin.

In woods. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Spores globose, echinulate, 5-6 mk. C.B.P. Name — voylvov, a vegetable
dye, crimson or scarlet. From the colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 160. Hym.
Eur. p. 426. Icon. t. 169. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 204. C. Hbk. n. 590. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 555. Ag. Krombh. t. 14. /. 15, 16.

11. L. trivialis Fr. — Pileus 10-17.5 cent- (4-7 in-) broad, at
first dark lurid, becoming pale when full grown, pallid yellowish,
tan-flesh-colour, zoneless, convex then soon depressed, at length
infundibuliform^ margin at first involute, then flattened, at length
the pellicle of the margin only inflexed, even, smooth, viscous ;
flesh equal, somewhat rigid, white. Stem stout, 2.5-15 cent.
(i-6 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more thick, commonly inflated-
hollow, even, smooth, slippery, unspotted, almost paler than the
pileus. Gills somewhat decurrent, tense and straight, rather
broad, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.), somewhat thin, crowded, whitish,
becoming pale. Milk white, unchangeable.

Acrid, large, fleshy, rigid-fragile. The stem is shorter and firmer in drier
situations.

In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Name — trivialis, common. Occurring everywhere in Northern Europe.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 160. Hym. Eur. p. 426. B. & Br. n. 934. C. Hbk. n,
591. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 556. Ag. Krombh. t. 14. /. 17, 18.

12. L. circellatus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
rufous inclining to fiiscous in wet weather, but becoming pale,
variegated with darker zones, fleshy, umbilicato-convex then be-
coming plane, depressed in the centre, for the most part repand
when older, even, smooth, very viscous in wet weather; flesh
grumous-compact, white. Stem 4-5 cent. (i)4-2 in.) long, 12
mm. (}4 in.) and more thick, solid, equal or attenuated downwards
and often ascending, even, smooth, pale. Gills horizontal (not
arcuate), somewhat decurrent with a tooth, very thin and crowded,
narrow, often forked, whitish, at length becoming yellow. Milk
white, unchangeable.

Stature curt and firm ; odour not unpleasant ; taste acrid, stinging.
In woods. Rare.

Spores spherical, echinulate, 10 mk. Q. Name—circellus, a small ring.

Ringed. From the zones. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 161. Hym. Eur. p. 426.

Berk. Out. p. 204. C. Hbk. n. 592. Ag. Batt. t. 13. D. Sow. t. 203.
Ventur. t. 34.7. 4, 5.

13. L. uvidus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, hoary-

LACTARIUS. 99

'whitish, grey-flesh-colour-livid, becoming fuscous, fleshy, somewhat Lactarius.
thin, convex, plane, then depressed, margin at first involute, very
soon almost straight, even, smooth, viscous, zoneless ; flesh rather
lax, white then lilac when broken. Stem 4-9 cent. (i^-3K in-)
long, 1 2-1 8 mm. (l/z-}i in.) thick, soon hollow, even or somewhat
pitted, smooth, viscous, whitish becoming light yellow, some-
times with yellowish-ferruginous spots. Gills adnate and some-
what decurrent, somewhat arcuate, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) and more
broad, thin, crowded, very unequal, here and there connected by
branches and anastomosing with veins, shining white to dead
white, soon spotted with lilac when wounded, at length here and
there pallid ochraceous - ferruginous, even tinged with pallid
brick-colour. Milk white then lilac.

Soft-fragile; somewhat insipid, at length slowly acrid ; odour weak, some
what nauseous-pungent, somewhat aromatic. It varies with the pileus obso-
letely zoned, slightly pellucid-striate when old, and with the gills sometimes
yellowish. The milk rarely remains white or at length turns dingy tan-colour;
commonly it becomes lilac.

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Spores globose, echinulate, 5-6 mk. C.B.P. Name — uvidus, moist. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 162. Hym. Eur. p. 426. Berk. Out. p. 205. C. Hbk. n. 593.
S. MycoL Scot. n. 557.

*** PIPERATI. Pileus without a pellicle, &C.

14. L. flexuosus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, lead-
grey or violet-grey, becoming pale, zoned or zoneless, fleshy,
convex, becoming plane, depressed, somewhat repand, margin
at first and for a long time bent inwards, at length spreading,
erect, dry, at the first smooth, somewhat shining, then rivuloso-
scaly, unpolished, opaque; flesh hard, grumoso-compact, white.
Stem 5-9 cent. (2-3^ in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more thick
upwards, solid, obese or equally attenuated downwards, not rarely
excentric, here and there somewhat lacunose, not however pitted,
pallid grey, the apex whitish, the base somewhat yellowish.
Gills adnate, somewhat horizontal, thick, distant, 2-3 mm. (i—
ij£ lin.) broad, connected by branches, light yellowish, at length
becoming whitish-flesh-colour. Milk white, unchangeable.

Remarkable ; hard, firm, very acrid. Under a lens the stem is clothed
with very delicate adpressed down. There is a form roseo-zonatus Post,
approaching L. flexuosus almost as Gomphidius roseus approaches Gomphidius
glutinosus. Fr. Icon. t. 169. f. 3.

In pine woods, &c. Haywood Forest. Rothiemurchus. Glamis.
Oct.

TOO AGARICINI.

Lactarius. Edible according to some, but doubtful from its very acrid taste. Spores
sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, uniguttate, 6-8 mk. K. Na.me—faxus, a bending.
Flexuous. From the margin of the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 163. Hym.
Eur. p. 427. Grevillea, vol. x. p. 45. S. My col. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat.
1885, p. 73. Ag. Schceff. t. 235. Harz. t. 43.

15. L. pyrogalus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
cinereous-grey, at length becoming dingy yellow, firm, fleshy,
convex becoming plane, margin very soon spreading, depressed,
under a lens delicately grumoso - uneven, smooth, in rainy
weather moist but not viscid, somewhat zoned ; (flesh somewhat
thin, but grumoso-firm, white). Stem 4 cent. (i}4 in.) and more
long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick, stuffed then soon hollow, often
attenuated downwards, even or here and there delicately grumoso-
tubercular under a lens, smooth, pallid-white, somewhat dingy.
Gills adnato-decurrent, thin, somewhat distant, 2 mm. (i lin.) and
more broad, light yellow-wax-colour, the colour rich, inclining to
ochraceous. Milk plentiful, white, unchangeable, very acrid.

Pileus dry in fine weather. Allied to L. flexuosus, but smaller and thinner.
There is a var. like L. fuliginosus with the pileus zoneless and tan-colour, not
fuliginous, and the gills yellow and distant.

In woods and pastures. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Poisonous. Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, echinulate, 6-10 mk. K. ;
sparingly echinulate, white or with a suggestion of ochre, almost globular,
6 mk. W. G.S. Name — irvp, fire ; yoAa, milk. From the milk being extremely
acrid. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 163. Hym. Eur. p. 427. Berk. Out. p. 205.
C. Hbk. n. 594. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 558. Ag. Bull. t. 529. f. i. Krombh.
t. 14. /. 1-9.

16. L. squalidus Fr. — Pileus pallid lurid, compact, convexo-
plane, umbilicate, dry, smooth, zoneless ; flesh white, sprinkled
at the margin with saffron-yellow dots. Stem solid, equal, smooth,
pallid brown. Gills adnate, narrow, yellowish. Milk whitish,

sweet.

Its affinity is not clear. Krombholz compares it with L. fiiliginosus, but its
stature is that of L. pyrogalus, &c. , and the pileus is smooth.

In moist places. Scotland, 1875 »' locality not recorded.

Name — squalidus, dirty. From the dingy colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 428.
B. & Br. n. 1556. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 559. Ag. Krombh. t. 40. f. 23-25.

17. L. capsicum Schulz.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, chest-
nut, paler at the disc, compact, pulvinate, dry, margin closely
involute ; flesh yellowish, becoming fuscous on exposure to the
air. Stem about 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, firm, whitish, striate
with tawny or rufescent fibres. Gills adnato-decurrent, some-
what crowded, tawny, somewhat orange. Milk white, acrid.

LACTARIUS. I O I

Very robust. The gills are described as anastomosing. Lactarius.

In wood. Dumfries, 1884. Sept.

Name — probably from the taste being hot like that of Capsicum. Schulz. —
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 428. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885, /. 73.

18. L. chrysorheus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
somewhat flesh-colour, with darker zones or spots, fleshy, firm,
umbilicate then infundibuliform ; flesh white, bright sulphur-yel-
low when broken. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent.
(}4-i in.) thick, rigid, stuffed then soon hollow, equal, even, deli-
cately pruinate under a lens, dry, white, changing colour only when
old. Gills decurrent, very thin and crowded, narrow, 4 mm. (2
lin.) broad, pallid-yellowish, not truly changing colour and not
pruinose. Milk 'white then bright sulphur-yellow {golden), very
acrid.

It is easily distinguished from all neighbouring species by the change of
colour in the flesh and milk. Pileus when dry sprinkled with thin, whitish
lustre, at length darker.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Margin of pileus wavy, involute, and minutely downy when young ; flesh
firm, crisp ; gills slightly forked ; stem downy at the base. M.J.B. Name —
XpvVo?, gold ; pew, to flow. From the yellow milk. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 165.
Hym. Eur. p. 428. Berk. Out. p. 206. C. Hbk. n. 597. S. Mycol. Scot, n
560. Ag. Bolt. t. 144. Krombh. t. 12. f. 7-14.

19. L. acris Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, cinereous-fuli-
ginous, sometimes darker sometimes paler, fleshy, firm, rigid,
irregular, often excentric or emarginate on one side, at first con-
vex then plane, at length obliquely infundibuliform, moist rather
than viscous, scarcely zoned, here and there spotted ; flesh white.
Stem about 4-5 cent. (iX~2 i"0 long» I2 mm- (/^ mO or a little
more thick, stuffed then hollow, attenuated downwards, often
oblique, ascending or curved, pallid, at length fragile. Gills
somewhat decurrent, thin, somewhat crowded, somewhat divided
behind, at first pallid, then yellow-flesh-colour. Milk white, soon
reddish, plentiful.

Strong-smelling, acrid. Very different from L. fuliginosus, which is of the
same colour, but approaching L. pyrogalus.

In woods. Rare. Aug.-Nov.

Spores echinulate, yellow, 6x8 mk. W, G.S. Name — acer, sharp. From
the acrid taste. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 164. Hym. Eur. p. 428. Berk. Out. p.
207. C. Hbk. n. 596. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 561. Ag. Bolt. t. 60. Batsch f. 68.
Baft. t. 13. E.

20. L. pergamenus Fr. White.— Pileus fleshy, pliant, convex

102 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. then piano-depressed, repand, zoneless, slightly wrinkled, smooth.
Stem stuffed, smooth, changing colour. Gills adnate, very nar-
row, horizontal, very crowded, branched, white then straw-colour.
Milk white, acrid.

Very much allied to L. piperatus, but differing in the stem, being stuffed, at
length softer internally, elongated (7.5 cent., 3 in.), unequal, attenuated down-
wards and here and there ascending, quite smooth; in \hepileus being thinner,
pliant, elastic, most frequently irregular and excentric, for the most part flex-
uous, at first convex (not umbilicate), then rather plane, the surface very
smooth, but unpolished and wrinkled in a peculiar manner ; and in the g ills
being adnate, not decurrent, very crowded, very narrow (scarcely 2 mm., i
lin. broad), always straight and horizontal, not arcuate or extended upwards,
soon straw-colour. The flesh is very milky, but the gills are sparingly so.

In woods. Haywood Forest, &c. Oct.

Spores subglobose, rather irregular, 6-8 mk. C.B.P. NamQ—pergamenus,
pergamena, parchment. From its toughness and parchment-like appearance.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 166. Hym. Eur. p. 430. Grevillea, vol. xi. p. 71. Ag.
Swartz. — Krombh. t. 57. /. 1-3. Batsch f. 59.

21. L. piperatus Fr. — Pileus 10-22.5 cent. (4-9 in.) broad,
iwhttet fleshy, rigid, umbilicate when young, reflexed (margin at
first involute) at the circumference, when full grown wholly in-
fundibuliform, for the most part regular, even, smooth, zoneless ;

flesh white. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.)
thick, solid, obese, equal or obconical, even, obsoletely pruinose,
white. Gills decurrent, crowded, narrow, scarcely broader than
2 mm. (i lin.), obtuse at the edge, dichotomous, arcuate then all
extended upwards in a straight line, white, here and there with
yellow spots. Milk white, unchangeable, plentiful and very
acrid.

Compact, firm, dry, inodorous. The pileus becomes obsoletely yellow when
old. Although the gills are spotted with yellow, they do not change to straw-
colour like those of L. pergamenus.

In mixed wood. Common. Aug.-Oct.

When bruised changing to umber. M.J.B. Said to be edible, but very
acrid. Spores not echinulate, generally with an apiculus, 5x6 mk. W.G.S.
Name— piper, pepper. From the acrid taste. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 166. Hym.
Eur. p. 430. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 27. Berk. Out. p. 205. C. Hbk. n. 598. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 563. Ag. Scop. — Fl. Dan. t. 1132. Barla t. 22. / 1-5. Harz.
t. 39. Krombh. t. 56. / 1-4. Bull. t. 200. Paul. t. 68. f. 3-4.

22. L. vellereus Fr.— Pileus 12.5-17.5 cent. (5-7 in.) broad,
white, fleshy, compact, convexo-saucer-shaped, the margin for a
long time sloping downwards, innato-pubescent, dry, zoneless.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2.5-4 cent. (i-iK mO thick, stout,
solid, equal, covered over with innate, very thin pubescence. Gills
arcuate, adnato-decurrent, rather thick, acute at the edge, some-

LACTARIUS. 103

'what distant, rather broad (4 mm., 2 lin. and more), connected by Lactarius.
branches (but not dichotomous), pallid, watery white. Milk
white, scanty, very bitter.

Large, hard, rigid. The pileus tends to become pallid reddish-tan. Very
much allied to L. piperatus. On being broken it sometimes changes to pallid
sulphur-yellow, but after a time becomes white again. Easily confounded
with Russula delica.

In woods. Common. Sept.-Dec.

Spores hardly echinulate, 4 x 8 mk. W. G.S. Name — vellus, fleece. From
the pubescence. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 167. Hym. Eur. p. 430. Berk. Out. p.
206. C. Hbk. n. 599. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 565. Hussey i. /. 63. Ag. Klotsch
Fl. Bar. t. 469. Barla t. 22. / 6-8. Krombh. t. 57. /. 10-13. Sow. t. 104.

23. L. exsuccus Smith. — Pileus clothed with adpressed down,
fleshy, depressed, with an involute margin. Stem very short,
white, clothed with adpressed down. Gills decurrent, con-
nected by veins, and forked, white, shaded with verdigris.

Whole plant rigid and brittle, milkless.
In woods. Uncommon.

Considered by some to be a var. of L. •vellereus. It must be regarded as a
distinct species, but I retain it among Lactarii only in deference to the
opinion of others. Spores covered with spines, almost globular, 9 mk.
W. G.S. Name — ex, succus, juice; juiceless. Sm.Journ.Bot. 1873,^.336.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 566. L. vellereus var. exsuccus. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 430.
Berk. Out. p. 206. C. Hbk. n. 599. Ag. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. /. 31.

24. L. scoticus B. & Br.— Pileus depressed-tomentose then
smooth, the involute margin tomentose; flesh firm. Stem
somewhat unequal, smooth, somewhat flesh-colour. Gills thin,
scarcely branched. Milk persistently white, acrid.

Odour pungent.

Among moss. Aboyne. 1862.

Name— Scottish. B. & Br. n. 1783. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 564.

TRIBE II.— DAPETES.
Milk at first deeply coloured, &c.

25. L. deliciosus Fr.— Pileus 5-15 cent. (2-6 in.) broad, orange-
brick-colour, becoming pale, fleshy, when quite young depressed
in the centre, margin naked, involute, then piano-depressed or
broadly infundibuliform with the margin unfolded, smooth,
slightly viscid, zoned (zones sometimes obsolete) ; flesh soft,
not compact, pallid, coloured at the circumference only by the
juice. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) and more long, about 2.5

104 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. cent, (i in.) thick, stuffed then hollow, at length fragile, equal
or attenuated at the base, spotted in a pitted manner, of the
same colour as the pileus or paler. Gills somewhat decurrent,
crowded, narrow, arcuate, often branched, typically saffron-
yellow, but becoming pale and always becoming green when
wounded. Milk aromatic, from the first red brick- saffron.

The pileus becomes pale in various degrees, often greenish ; it occurs also
cinereous, fuscous-zoned, &c.

In woods, chiefly pine. Common in some localities. July-
Nov.

Edible ; when young and fresh one of the most delicious of fungi, and from
its orange-coloured milk it cannot be mistaken for any other. Spores white.
Fr. ; sphasroid, echinulate, 7-8 mk. K. ; 6 mk. W.G.S. Name — from its
delicious flavour. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 168. Hym. Eur. p. 431. Sv. dtl. Sv.
t. 6. Berk. Out. p. 206. C. Hbk. n. 600. S. My col. Scot. n. 567. Husseyi.
t. 67. Ag. SchcBff. t. ii. Fl. Dan. t. 1751. Sv. Bot. t. 173. Letell. t. 632.
Viv. t. 13. Barla t. 19. Vittad. t. 42. Krombh. t. ii. Harz. t. 10.

TRIBE III. — RUSSULARES.
* Pileus at the first viscous.

26. L. pallidus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad, flesh-
colour or clay-colour to pallid, somewhat tan, fleshy, umbilicato-
convex, depressed, obtuse, margin broadly and for a long time
involute, smooth, viscous, zoneless ; flesh pallid. Stem 5 cent.
(2 in.) and more long, about 18 mm. (fy£ in.) thick, somewhat
equal, stuffed then hollow, even, smooth, of the same colour

• as the pileus. Gills somewhat decurrent, arcuate, rather broad
(3-4 mm., i>^-2 lin. and more), somewhat thin, crowded, some-
what branched, whitish at length of the same colour as the pileus.
Milk white, unchangeable.

Taste somewhat mild. Stature that of L. deliciosus, but more lax in texture
and always pallid. There is a var. with the pileus inclining to fuscous.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Spores echinulate, almost round, 8 mk. W.G.S. Name — from the pallid
colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 169. Hym. Eur. p. 431. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 61.
Berk. Out. p. 207. C. Hbk. n. 601. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 568. Ag. Pers.—
Krombh. t. 56. /. 10-12?

27. L. quietus Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, fleshy, de-
pressed, obtuse, margin deflexed, smooth, at the first viscid,
somewhat cinnamon, flesh-colour, disc darker, somewhat zoned,
soon dry, somewhat silky, opaque, becoming pale; flesh white
then rufescent. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.)
and more thick, stuffed, spongy, smooth, rufescent, at length

LACTARIUS. 105

beautifully rubiginous. Gills aclnato-decurrent, somewhat forked LactaHus.
at the base, 3-4 mm. (1^2-2 lin.) broad, white then soon brick-
rufescent. Milk white, unchangeable, sweet.

Abounding in milk. Soft, not so obese and fleshy as L. pallidus. The
pileus is sometimes of one colour, rufescent.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Margin of pileus delicately downy. Stem bearing strong pressure without
breaking, when old less firm. Odour oily, and somewhat like that of bugs.
M.J.B. Spores papillose, 8x5 mk. W.G.S. ; spherical, echinulate, n mk.

Q. ' Name — quietus, mild. From the taste. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 169. Hym.
Eur. p. 431. Berk. Out. p. 207. C. Hbk. n. 602. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 569.
L. pallidus Saund. & Sm. t. 16. Ag. Krombh. t. 40. /. 5-7.

28. L. theiogalus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (il/2-zlA in.) broad,
rtifous-tawny, fleshy, thin, convex when young, then depressed,
at length infundibuliform in the centre, margin more or less
thin, rather broadly deflected, even, smooth, 'viscous, shining
when dry, zonelessj flesh whitish. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 i*1-)
long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, even,
of the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnato-decurrent, about
2 mm. (i lin.) broad, thin, crowded, pallid then rufescent. Milk
white then sulphur-yellow.

Slowly acrid, inodorous. Var. B. pileus zoneless, dry, gills becoming
intensely yellow. Bolt. t. 9.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Name— 0«oi/, brimstone ; -yaAa, milk. From the sulphur-yellow milk. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 170. Hym. Eur. p. 432. Berk. Out. p. 206. C. Hbk. n.
603. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 570. Ag. Bull. t. 567. /. 2. Krombh. t. i./. 23, 24.
Barla t. 20. /. 14-16. Paul. t. 71.

29. L. vietus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent, (itf-ztf in.) broad, flesh-
colour or livid-grey, becoming pale, somewhat papillate becoming
plane, then iimbilicate, at length somewhat infundibuliform,
margin somewhat deflexed, even, smooth, at the first viscid,
opaque, slightly silky when dry ; flesh whitish. Stem 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, attenuated upwards or somewhat equal, stuffed
then hollow, even, smooth, dry, somewhat of the same colour
as the pileus. Gills adnato-decurrent, thin, somewhat crowded,
somewhat flaccid, scarcely broader than 2 mm. (i lin.), whitish.
Milk white then somewhat grey.

Small, thin, soft, fragile, changeable in form. Slowly acrid, odour weak,
somewhat pungent. The gills become at length yellowish.

In grassy woods. Stoke Poges. Glamis. Oct.

Name — vietus, shrunken, withered. From its appearance. Fr. Monogr.

106 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. ii. p. 171. Hym. Eur. p. 432. Icon. t. 170. B. & Br. n. 1672. S. Mycol.
Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1882, p. 217.

30. L. cyathula Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (:-2 in-) broad, slightly
fleshy, convexo-plane, umbonate, at length piano-depressed, umbo
often vanishing, viscid in wet weather, soon dry, always very
opaque, when in full vigour even, rufescent-brick or flesh colour,
somewhat zoned, when dry becoming pale, livid or flesh-clay-
colour, hoary -tan, rimoso - rivulose; flesh white- flesh- colour.
Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2-10 mm. (1-5 lin.) thick, stuffed,
internally spongy-soft, equal, round, even, smooth, pale, at length
whitish. Gills decurrent, very crowded, thin, scarcely reaching
2 mm. (i lin.) in breadth, linear, white-flesh-colour then yellowish.
Milk white, unchangeable, acrid.

Growing in troops, for the most part -very thin and very small, but larger,
firmer, and darker specimens occur. Allied to L. vietus, but remarkable for
its stature, thinness, and mode of growth ; easily distinguished by the white
milk being unchangeable when the gills are wounded, by its having at the
first scarcely any odour, but a strong smell of bugs when withering or half-
dried. It varies with the pileus zoneless, not umbonate.

In woods. Rare. Aboyne, &c. Aug.-Nov.

Name — cyathula, a little cup. From its shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 172.
Hym. Eur. p. 433. B. & Br. n. 1016. C. Hbk. n. 604. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 571.

** Pileus unpolished, squamulose, &c.

31. L. rufus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, bay-
brown-rufous, fleshy, umbonate when young, soon depressed with
an umbo, and at length infundibuliform, wholly zoneless, dry,
at the first flocculoso-silky, but soon polished, smooth, somewhat
shining, margin involute when young, somewhat whitish-tomen-
tose; flesh not compact, pallid. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
about 12 mm. (% in.) thick, stuffed, somewhat fragile, equal,
obsoletely pruinate or wholly smooth, rufescent, but paler than the
pileus, white -pubescent at the base. Gills adnato- decurrent,
crowded, about 3 mm. (\l/z lin.) broad, quaternate, scarcely
branched, ochraceous or pallid then rufescent. Milk white,
unchangeable.

Odour none. Taste very acrid, stinging. The colour of the pileus when
older or dried passes into cinnamon-rufous. There is a smaller var. which
must be carefully distinguished from L. subdulcis ; very bitter.

In pine woods. Common. June-Nov.

The umbo is remarkably persistent and distinct even when most deeply
infundibuliform. Very poisonous. Spores globose, white. Fr. ; subsphaeroid,
8 mk. K. ; scarcely echinulate, almost round, 5 mk. W.G.S. Name — rufus,

LACTARIUS. 107

red. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 173. Hym. Eur. p. 433. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. ii. Berk. Lactarius.
Out. p. 208. C. Hbk. n. 605. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 572. Hussey i. t. 15. Ag.
Scop. — Krombh. t. 39. f. 12-15. — Paul. t. 22 bis.

32. L. helvus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, pale
yellowish-brick-colour, becoming pale, fleshy, fragile, at first con-
vex, \hznflattened, somewhat umbonate, the surface wholly broken
up into granuloso-squamulose flocci '/ flesh soft, of the same colour
as the pileus but paler. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm.
(Yz in.) and more thick, stuffed, or stuffed then hollow, moder-
ately firm but soft, equal, brick-colour inclining to pale, every-
where slightly pruinate, and somewhat tomentose at the base.
Gills decurrent, crowded, in groups of 8, often dichotomous,
2-3 mm. (i-iyz lin.) broad, fragile, at first whitish, then some-
what flesh-colour, at length yellowish. Milk scanty, somewhat
acrid, white.

Odour weak, sweetish ; taste commonly mild. It occurs most frequently in
marshes with watery juice, not coloured. Very much allied to L. rufus.

In fir wood. Grantown, Morayshire. Aug.

Spores sphseroid, echinulate, 6-7 mk. K. Name — helvus, pale yellowish ;
dun -colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 174. Hym. Eur. p. 433. S. Mycol. Scot.
Supp. Scot. Nat. i88i,/. 36. Ag. Krombh. t. 40. /. 17, 18.

33. L. mammosus Fr.— Pileus grey-fuscous, truly fleshy, at the
first convex, acutely umbonate, depressed on the umbo at length
vanishing, soft, everywhere clothed with depressed down, dry,
zoneless, the margin involute, white-pubescent. Stem moder-
ately short and thick, stuffed then hollow, firm, pubescent, white
inclining to pale. Gills adnate, crowded, whitish, then pallid
ferruginous. Milk white, slowly acrid.

Small, firm, inodorous.

In woods. Holme Lacy, 1879.

Name — mamma, a breast. Breast-shaped. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 174. Hym.
Eur. p. 434. Icon. t. 170. /. 2. Grevillea, -vol. viii. p. 98. Qutlet t. n./. 6.

34. L. glyciosmus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, grey,
brick-colour, fuscous, most frequently passing into violet, zone-
less, convex becoming rather plane, acutely papillate, then de-
pressed, the papilla vanishing, delicately innato-squamulose or
unpolished, opaque ; flesh white, acquiring at last a slight tinge
of the external colour. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 4-8 mm.
(2-4 lin.) thick, stuffed, somewhat equal, even, pubescent, light
yellowish, becoming tawny when bruised, sometimes somewhat
silvery-whitish, especially at the apex. Gills arcuate becoming

108 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. rather plane, adnatodecurrent, 1-2 mm. (Yz-\ lin.) broad, thin,
often connected by branches, crowded, straw-colour, becoming in
the end tawny-flesh-colour or somewhat ochraceous. Milk white,
somewhat mild, at length acrid.

Strong- smelling, with a sweet-spirituous pungent odour, which distinguishes
it from all others ; rigid, fragile, variable in stature, resembling L. vietus, but
sufficiently distinguished from it by the pileus being absolutely dry, and by the
gills being very crowded, straw - colour - ochraceous, and not spotted -when
•wounded. The milk is sometimes unchangeable, sometimes becoming bright
straw-colour-green when dried on the broken flesh, but it does not change
colour on the gills. Var. stem elongated, hollow ; pileus at first silky, even ;
also umbilicate, repand, zoned.

In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

Spores sphaeroid, echinulate, 6-8 mk. K. Name — yAvVvs, sweet ; 007*17,
smell. Sweet-scented. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 175. Hym. Eur. p. 434. Icon.
*• J7°-f- 3- Berk. Out. p. 209. C. Hbk. n. 606. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 573.
Ag. Krombh. t. 39. f. 16-18?

35. L. fuliginosus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) broad,
fleshy, spongy-compact, at length softer, becoming plane, some-
what repand, not rarely uneven, margin at first inflexed, but very
soon spreading, flexuous, somewhat erect ; depressed, very dry,
at first even, tan-whitish, zoneless, sprinkled with innate, fuligi-
nous pruina, somewhat velvety to the touch, rather hard, some-
what slippery when wetted, at length naked, pelliculose, now and
then somewhat rugulose, soapy-livid, fawn-brick-colour, the disc
sometimes at last brown ; flesh almost equally attenuated towards
the margin of the pileus, moderately thick in the centre. Stem
4-7.5 cent. (1/^-3 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick, spongy-
stuffed, somewhat equal, even or at length obsoletely rugulose,
smooth, dead white to shining white then dingy, tan, somewhat
rufescent-brick-colour, fuliginous. Gills at the first rounded-
adfixed, soon decurrent, 2-6 mm. (1-3 lin.) broad, somewhat thin,
somewhat distant, white at length light yellow-ochraceous, con-
nected by branches and veins, the intermediate ones at length
crisped. Milk and flesh when broken white, soon rose-colour, at
length saffron-yellow.

Taste mild, soon acrid, again after a time, and when old, mild, pleasant.
Odour weak, somewhat nauseous, somewhat pungent. Slightly firm, some-
what elastic ; when full grown and seen from above somewhat resembling A .
(Clitocybe) clavipes. The milk sometimes remains white ; it occurs also thin
and watery.

In woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

The colour of the pileus is exactly that of coffee and milk. M.J.B. The
change of colour in milk and flesh is remarkable. Spores yellowish. Fr. ;
sphaeroid, echinulate, uniguttate, 6-10 mk. K. ; almost globular, 7 mk.

LACTARIUS. 109

IV.G.S. Name— -full go, soot. From the smoky colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. Lactarius.
178. Hym. Eur. p. 434. Berk. Out. p. 209. C. Hbk. n. 608. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 574. Ag. Krombh. t. 14. /. 10-12. Barla t. 21. /. 6, 7. Harz. t. 19. ##//.
*- 567./ 3-

36. L. picinus Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, timber or
blackish-umber, zoneless, fleshy, convex becoming plane, umbo-
nate, orbicular, dry, even, at first everywhere villous, somewhat
velvety (the down innate, not depressed or silky) then when the
disc has become smooth wholly continuous on the surface (not
rivuloso-flocculose or squamulose) ; flesh firm, but not very thick,
pallid. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, comparatively thin,
scarcely more than 12 mm. (}4 in.) thick, stuffed, internally
spongy, equal, even, smooth, paler than the pileus. Gills adnate,
thin, very crowded, straight, plane, ochraceous. Milk white, un-
changeable, acrid.

Very distinguished, rigid, regular.

In pine woods. Foxley, Hereford. Rothiemurchus. Sept.-Oct.

Spores round, ochraceous. Fr. ; sphaeroid, echinulate, 5-6 mk. C.B.P.
Name — picinus, pitch-black. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 176. Hym. Eur. p. 435.
GreviUea, -vol. viii. p. no. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885,^. 74. Ag.
Krombh. t. 40. f. 20-22 (f. 19 rather L. acris).

37. L. lilacinus Lasch. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, rosy-lilac,
becoming pale, zoneless, fleshy, thin, convex then depressed,
papillate, floccose when dry, granular. Stem stuffed then hollow,
white-mealy, pallid. Gills adnate, somewhat distant, pallid flesh-
colour. Milk white, acrid.

Fragile. Milk plentiful.

In woods. Hawthornden. Sept.

Spores sphaeroid or sphaeroid-ellipsoid, echinulate, uniguttate, 7-10 mk.
K. Name — from the lilac colour. Lasch. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 435. Grevil-
lea, vol. viii. p. 98. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885, p. 74.

*** Pileus polished, smooth.

38. L. volemus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more broad,
rufous-tawny, golden, becoming pale, zoneless, compact, rigid,
obtuse, plano-convex, with the margin at the first bent inwards,
at length depressed, even, at length rimoso-rivulose, dry. Stem
5-6 cent. (2-2 }4 in.) long, 18 mm.-3 cent. (^-i^in.) thick, obese,
hard, solid, somewhat equal or attenuated upwards, even, prut-
nose, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnato-decurrent,
2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, thin, crowded, white to yellowish.
Milk white, sweet, plentiful.

110 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. The largest and most robust of the Russularice. The milk sometimes
becomes yellow. Wounds on the gills become dingy.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Stem sculptured longitudinally. M.J.B. Edible, delicious; savoury even
when raw. Name — volema pira, a kind of large pear. From the shape.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 178. Hym. Eur. p. 435. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 10. Berk. Out.
p. 207. C. Hbk. n. 609. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 575. Hussey i. t. 87. Ag.
Ventur. t. 34.7. 1-3. Letell. t. 624. Fl. Bat. t. 874. Krombh. t. 39.7. 1-4.

39. L. ichoratus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, tawny-
brick-colour, disc often brown, brick-colour and zoned, fleshy,
thin, at first rigid, then softer, obtuse, piano-depressed, often
unequal, excentric, occasionally repand, even (not pruinate), very
dry, opaque; flesh pallid. Stem 4-7.5 cent. (lX"3 in-) l°ng>
6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick, solid, at first hard, then softer, inter-
nally spongy, equal or fusiform downwards, even, smooth, at first
tawny, then rufescent. Gills adnate, decurrent with a tooth,
scarcely crowded, white then ochraceous, never spotted. Milk
white, unchangeable, sweet.

Allied to L. volemus, but thinner, very compact when young, then softer,
strong-smelling. The stem is not so obese as that of L. volemus.

In woods. Hereford. Oct.

Name — t^wp, lymph. From the colour of the milk. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 179.
Hym. Eur. p. 436. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 98. Ag. Batschf. 60.

40. L. serifluus Fr.— Pileus brown-tawny, zoneless, fleshy,
plane then depressed, somewhat flexuous, dry, smooth, margin
inflexed. Stem solid, yellowish, paler than the pileus, somewhat
incurved. Gills crowded, of the same colour as the stem. Milk
scanty, somewhat insipid, of the colour of serum.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Pileus 2.5-5 cent- C1"2 in-) broad. It must be carefully distinguished from
L. camphoratus to which it is similar in appearance and in the nature of the
milk. The scent of L. camphoratus distinguishes it. Name — serum, whey ;
fluo, to flow. From the nature of the milk. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 436. Berk.
Out. p. 207. /. 13. /. 4. C. Hbk. n. 607. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 576. Ag.
Krombh. t. 40. /. 15, 16.

41. L. mitissimus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad,
golden- tawny, zoneless, fleshy, thin, somewhat rigid, convex,
papillate, depressed, papilla vanishing, even, smooth, somewhat
slippery when moist; flesh pallid. Stem elongated, 2.5-7.5 cent.
(1-3 in.) long, 8-12 mm. (yz-% in.) thick, stuffed then hollow,
even, smooth, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnato-
decurrent, somewhat arcuate, then tense and straight, 2-3 mm.

LACTARIUS. Ill

(i-i>£ lin.) and more broad, thin, crowded, a little paler than the Lactarius.
pileus, most frequently stained with minute rufous spots. Milk
white, mild, plentiful.

Thin ; very much allied to L. subdulcis, but distinguished by the taste being
mild then somewhat bitterish, and especially by the bright, golden-tawny,
resplendent colour of the pileus and stem.

In mixed and pine woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Spores sphaeroid, echinulate, 6-7 mk. C.B.P. Name — mitis, mild. Very
mild in taste. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 180. Hym. Eur. p. 437. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 78.
Berk. Out. p. 208. C. Hbk. n. 610. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 577. Hoffm. Ic. t. 2.
Ag. Krombh. t. 39. /. 19-20.

42. L. subdulcis Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, rufes-
cent, zoneless, fleshy, thin, papillate, at length depressed, even,
smooth, dry. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4
lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, somewhat pruinate, of
the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnate, crowded, paler.
Milk somewhat mild, white.

Inodorous. Slightly rigid. The colour is variable, rufous-cinnamon, bay-
brown-rufous, &c. , but not becoming pale. Flesh rufescent, compact although
thin. Gills sometimes dark ferruginous-rufous, sometimes paler. All the
forms agree in the slender growth, in the pileus being even, smooth, dry, zoneless,
and, as well as the equal stem, rufescent, in the gills being somewhat rigid,
crowded, somewhat rufescent, in the taste being somewhat mild, and in the
milk being white, unchangeable.

In woods, mixed and pine. Common. July-Nov.

The substance of the stem is looser than in L. quietus. M.J.B. Spores
between papillose and echinulate, 7 mk. W.G.S. Name — sub, and dulcis,
sweet. Somewhat sweet in taste. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 180. Hym. Eur. p. 437.
Berk. Out. p. 208. C. Hbk. n. 611. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 578. Ag. Bull. t.
227. Sow. t. 204. Bolt. t. 3. Harz. t. 53. Barla t. 20. /. 4-10. Quel. t. u.
f. 3. Lenz.f. ii.

43. L. Terrei B. & Br.— Pileus 12 mm. (# in.) broad, bay-
brown, corrugated, depressed. Stem 18 mm.-2.5 cent. (#-i in.)
long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, hollow, thickened at the base, of the
same colour as the pileus, with orange down. Gills decurrent,
pallid.

Caespitose. Odour sweet. Allied to L. subdulcis.

On the ground. Stoke Poges, 1876. Nov.
Name — after Michael Terry. B. & Br. n. 1673.

44. L. camphoratus Fr.— Pileus £r0a/;z-brick-red, somewhat
zoned, fleshy, thin, depressed, dry, smooth. Stem stuffed, some-
what undulated, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills adnate,
crowded, yellowish-brick-colour. Milk mild* white.

112 AGARICINI.

Lactarius. Strong-smelling. So like L. subdulcis, that it can be distinguished safely
only by its odour of Melilot when dried.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Pileus about 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad. Stem short. The pileus is some-
times quite zoneless. The milk is scarcely white as described by Fries, rather
pale watery like that of L. serifluus. The unmistakable odour is slight when
the plant is fresh, but very strong when dried, nor does it lose its scent with
years. The milk, as well as the scent, distinguishes it from L. subdulcis.
Spores spherical, echinulate, 6-7 mk. Q. Name — camphorated, strong-
scented. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 437. Berk. Out. p. 208. C. Hbk. n. 612. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 579. Quel. t. n./. 5. Ag. Bull. t. 567.7. i. Ventur. t. 55.
/. 3. Barla t. 20. f. 11-13. Krombh. t. 39. /. 21-24.

45. L. obnubilus Lasch.— Pileus scarcely 2.5 cent.(i in.) broad,
brown-fuliginous, zoneless, fleshy, thin, convex then umbilicate,
smooth, somewhat striate. Stem stuffed then hollow, thin, paler
than the pileus. Gills somewhat crowded, yellowish. Milk
white, somewhat sweet.

Small, fragile ; pileus at first papillate ; varying in colour like L. subdulcis,
of which it was commonly taken to be a subspecies.

In damp places below alder and in pastures. Greeshop,
Morayshire. Glamis. Sept.-Nov.

Name — obnubilo, to overcloud, obscure. Dark. Lasch Linn. n. 71. under
Agaricus. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 438. B. &* Br. n. 1784. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
580. A. obscuratus Lasch. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 181. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 1674.
Compare Ag. tristis Krombh. t. 40. /. 26-29.

46. L. minimus Smith. — Pileus %-H in. broad, pallid clay-
colour, fleshy, pulvinate, rounded or slightly umbonate, margin
incurved. Stem very short, generally excentric, of the same
colour as the gills. Gills somewhat decurrent, arcuate, branched,
moderately distant. Milk abundant, white, mild.

Very small.

In pastures. Abergavenny, 1871. Forres. Oct.

Spores echinulate, 8 mk. Name — smallest in size. Smith Journ. Bot. 1873,
p. 205. B. 6s Br. n. 1557. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 581. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 438.

TRIBE IV. — PLEUROPUS.
No British species.

RUSSULA.

GENUS X.— Russula (russulus, reddish).
Fr. Epicr. i. p. 349.

Pers.

Russula.

L. Russula aurata. One-fourth
natural size.

Veil none. Hymenophore descending unchanged and forming
a vesicular trama. Gills rigid, fragile and not milky, acute at
the edge. Spores rounded, often
echinulate, white or yellowish.
Growing on the ground, fleshy,
Putrescent, with polished stem, and
pileus at the first or at length de-
pressed.

The Russulae constitute a very
natural group, allied to the Lactarii,
but very easily distinguished from
them by their want of milk. Vari-
ous Russulaa however exude watery
drops, especially in rainy weather.
The gills of most of them are equal
in length or furcate, but in the tribe
of the Compactce they are quite un-
equal. The species are for the most
part striking in appearance : the
Fragiles, the most common tribe, are difficult to determine on
account of the variations of their colour. Fr. Hym. Eur.p. 439.

The most protean species is R. Integra. Fries warns beginners
to beware of making out new species in the neighbourhood of
this, and of ascribing forms of it to truly distinct species which
are of comparatively rare occurrence.

On account of the danger of mistaking noxious species for the
few which are edible, their use as food is not to be commended.

I. COMPACTS (compingo, to put together : compact). Pileus fleshy
throughout, hence the margin is at first bent inwards and always without
striae, without a distinct viscous pellicle (in consequence of which the colour
is not variable, but only changes with age and the state of the atmosphere).
Flesh compact, firm. Stem solid, fleshy. Gills unequal.

II. FURCATVE (furca, a fork. With forced gills). Pileus compact, firm,
covered with a thin, closely adnate pellicle, which at length disappears,
margin abruptly thin, at first inflexed, then spreading, acute, even. Stem at
first compact, at length spongy -soft within. Gills somewhat forked, with a
few shorter ones intermixed, commonly attenuated at both ends, thin and
normally narrow.

III. RIGID^E (rigidus, rigid). Pileus without a viscid pellicle, absolutely
dry, rigid, the cuticle commonly breaking up into Jlocci or granules. Flesh
thick, compact, firm, vanishing away short of the margin which is straight
(never involute), soon spreading, and always without stria. Stem solid, at

VOL. II. H

114 AGARICINI.

Russula. first hard, then softer and spongy. Gills, a few dimidiate, others divided,
rigid, dilated in front, and running out with a very broad rounded apex,
whence the margin of the pileus becomes obtuse and is not inflexed. Exceed-
ingly handsome, but rather rare.

IV. HETEROPHYLL^R (R. heterophylla, the typical species of the section).
Pileus fleshy, firm, with a thin margin which is at first inflexed, then expanded
and striate, covered with a thin adnate pellicle. The gills consist of many
shorter ones mixed with longer ones, along with others which are forked.
Stem solid, stout, spongy within.

V. FRAGILES (fragilis, fragile or brittle). Pileus more or less fleshy, rigid-
fragile, covered with a pellicle which is always continuous, and in wet
weather viscid and somewhat separable ; margin membranaceous, at first
convergent and not involute, in full-grown plants commonly sulcate and
tubercular. Flesh commonly floccose, lax, friable. Stem spongy, at length
wholly soft and hollow. Gills almost all equal, simple, broadening in front,
free in the pileus when closed. Several doubtful forms occur. R. integra is
specially fallacious from the variety of its colours.

* Gills and spores white.

** Gills and spores white, then light yellowish or bright lemon-yellow.

*** Gills and spores ochraceous.

I. — COMPACTS.

1. R. nigricans Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) and more
broad, olivaceous-fuliginous, at length black, fleshy to the margin
which is at first bent inwards, convex then flattened, umbilicato-
depresssed, when young and moist slightly viscid and even
(without a separable pellicle), at length rimoso-squamulose ; flesh
firm, white, when broken becoming red on exposure to the air.
Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, persistently solid, equal, pallid when
young, at length black. Gills rounded behind, slightly adnexed,
thick, distant, unequal, paler, reddening when touched.

Compact, obese, inodorous, within and without at length wholly black, in
which it differs from all others. The flesh becomes red when broken because
it is saturated with red juice, although it does not exude milk. Sometimes a
very few of the gills are dimidiate.

In woods. Common. June.-Nov.

Spores papillose, 8 mk. W.G.S. Coarse in habit. Name — nigrico, to be
blackish. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 184. Hym. Eur. p. 439. Berk. Out. p. 209.
C. Hbk. n. 613. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 582. Hussey \. t. 73. Ag. Bull. t. 579.
f. 2, t. 212. Krombh. t. 70. /. 14, 15. Barla t. 17. Sow. t. 36.

2. R. adusta Fr. — Pileus pallid or whitish, cinereous-fuliginous,
equally fleshy, compact, depressed then somewhat infundibuli-
form, margin at first inflexed, smooth, then erect, without striae ;
flesh unchangeable. Stem solid, obese, of the same colour as
the pileus. Gills adnate then decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal,
white then dingy, not reddening when touched.

It can only be compared with R. nigricans, but is sufficiently distinct ;

RUSSULA. 115

stature commonly smaller, flesh juiceless, not reddening, &c. The pileus does Russula.
not become black, but only of a scorched appearance.

In woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Well distinguished by its comparatively thin, crowded gills, &c. M.J.B.
Spores sphreroid, echinulate, 7-9 mk. K. ; globose, rough, 8 mk. C.B.P.
Name — aduro, to scorch. From its scorched appearance. Fr. Monogr. ii.
p. 184. Hym. Eur. p. 439. Berk. Out. p. 209. C. Hbk. n. 614. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 583. Ag. Pers. — Krombh. t. 70. /. 7-11. Batt. t. 13.

3. R. semicrema Fr. — Pileus persistently white, compactly
fleshy, convex then plane, even, smooth, dry, disc umbilicate,
margin at first involute, always even ; flesh juiceless, white, un-
changeable. Stem sometimes curt, sometimes 5-7.5 cent. (2-3
in.) long, almost 5 cent. (2 in.) thick, fleshy, solid, firm, white,
but when broken becoming cinereous internally, and at length
becoming black. Gills decurrent, crowded, thin, persistently
white.

Odour none, taste mild. Intermediate between R. adusta and R. delica,
but easily distinguished from both.

In mixed woods. Glamis. Aug.

Name — semi, half; cremo, to burn. From the blackening stem. Fr.
fonogr. ii. p. 185. Hy
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 584.

Monogr. ii. p. 185. Hym. Eur. p. 440. Icon. t. 172. f. i. B. dr° Br. n. 1674.
" " /. Scot. n. "

4. R. delica Fr. White. — Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
fleshy throughout, firm, umbilicate then infundibuliform, regular,
everywhere even, smooth with a whitish lustre, the involute
margin without striae ; flesh firm, juiceless, not very thick, white.
Stem curt, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.) and more
thick, solid, even, smooth, white. Gills decurrent, thin, distant,
very unequal, white, exuding small watery drops in wet weather.

The stature and unchangeable colours are wholly those of L. vellereus and
L. piperatus, but it is readily distinguished by the gills being juiceless, though
they exude watery drops when young.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Name — delicus, weaned ; without juice or milk in the gills, as distinguished
from L. vellereus, &c. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 185. Hym. Eur. p. 440. Berk.
Out. p. 210. C. Hbk. n. 615. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 585. Vent. t. 48. /. 3, 4.
Batt. t. 17. A. Paul. t. 73.7. i.

5. R. elephantina Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, fuscous-
tan, paler round the margin, but not changeable, equally fleshy,
firm, at first convexo-umbilicate ; margin bent inwards, smooth,
undulated, and almost exceeding the gills, but never striate,
covered with a pellicle which is not separable ; flesh equal,

Il6 AGARICINI.

Russula. compact, but comparatively thin. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, obese, very hard, even, smooth,
externally and internally shining white. Gills obtuse or some-
what sinuato-adnate, arcuate, somewhat crowded, thin, divided
behind, unequal in front, white, spotted pale yellowish when
touched.

Habit that of R. fastens, but inodorous.
In woods. Stoke Poges. Sept.

Name — elcphanfinus, of ivory. From the white ivory-like stem. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 186. Hym. Eur. p. 440. B. & Br. n. 1785 — not Bolt.

II.— FURCATVE.

6. R. furcata Fr. — Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, some-
times aeruginous-greenish, sometimes umber-greenish, fleshy,
compact, gibbous then piano-depressed or infundibuliform, even,
smooth, but often sprinkled with slightly silky lustre, pellicle
here and there separable, margin thin, at first inflexed, then
spreading, always evenj flesh firm, somewhat cheesy, white.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) or a little more long, solid, firm, equal or
attenuated downwards, even, white. Gills adnato - decurrent,
rather thick, somewhat distant but broad, attenuated at both
ends, frequently forked, shining white.

Taste bitterish. The structure is that of R. sanguined or rubra, not of
R. virescens, with which it agrees in colour, but from which it differs in the
form of the pileus, in the acute and at first inflexed margin, in the pellicle
being separable and not dividing into warts, and in the entire type of the
gills.

In woods. Common. Sept.

Poisonous. Spores globose, echinulate, 6-7 mk. C.B.P. Na.me—furca, a
fork. With forked gills. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 187. Hym. Eur. p. 441. Berk.
Out. p. 210. C. Hbk. n. 616. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 586. Ag. Pers.—Krombh.
t. 62. /. i, 2, /. 69. /. 18-22. Bull. t. 26. Sckceff. t. 94. /. i. Barla t. 16.
/ 1-9. Harz. t. 54, /. 63.7. 5. Paul. t. 74. / i. Buxb. C. v. t. 47. /. 2.

7. R. sanguinea Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, blood-
red or becoming pale round the even, spreading, acute margin,
fleshy, firm, at first convex, obtuse, then depressed and infundi-
buliform and commonly gibbous in the centre, polished, even,
moist in damp weather; flesh firm, cheesy, white. Stem stout,
spongy - stuffed, at first contracted at the apex, then equal,
slightly striate, white or reddish. Gills at first adnate, then truly
decurrent, very crowded, very narrow, connected by veins, fragile,
somewhat forked, shining white.

Taste acrid, peppery. Often confounded with R. rubra, which is of the

RUSSULA. 117

same colour, but entirely different from it in the firm solid flesh, in the gills Kussula.
being adnate, then deeply decurrent, and acuminate in front.

In woods, chiefly fir. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Poisonous. Name— sanguis, blood. Blood-coloured. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
188. Hym. Eur. p. 442. Berk. Out. p. 210. C. Hbk. n. 617. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 587. Ag. Bull. t. 42.

8. R. rosacea Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, somewhat
flesh-coloured varying in intensity, becoming whitish when the
pellicle disappears, often variegated with darker spots when dry,
compactly fleshy, at first convex, then expanded, obtuse, com-
monly unequal, repand, even incised, covered with a pellicle
which is v&£ft/and separable in wet weather, margin acute, even;
flesh firm, cheesy, white. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, solid,
firm, at length spongy internally, even, smooth, occasionally ven-
tricose, white or reddish. Gills in every stage of growth adnate,
thin, crowded, fragile, forked behind, with dimidiate ones inter-
mixed, always persistently white.

Taste slowly acrid. Allied to R. sanguinea but irregular, often excentric
with the pileus somewhat repand, scarcely depressed, and the gills less crowded,
broader, less divided, scarcely connected.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Spores papillose, almost globose, 7 mk. W.G.S. Name — rosa, a rose.
Rose-coloured. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 188. Hym. Eur. p. 442. Berk. Out. p.
210. C. Hbk. n. 618. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 588. Ag. Bull. t. 509.7. Z.

9. R. sardonia Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, reddish,
&c., fleshy, compact, convex then plane, rarely depressed, but
here and there repand, with an adnate pellicle which is viscid in
wet weather and soon changes colour — and then often spotted,
margin even. Stem 4-5 cent. (ij4-2 in.) long, almost 2.5 cent,
(i in.) thick, solid, firm, but at length spongy within, even, white
or reddish. Gills adnate, crowded, broad, somewhat forked,
white, exuding watery drops in wet weather, whence arise yel-
lowish spots when dry.

Robust, firm. The colour is very changeable, sometimes reddish, sometimes
pallid with yellow spots, sometimes dingy yellow, opaque. Flesh same as in
R. rosacea, &c. Intermediate between R. rosacea and R. expallens, but dis-
tinct from both in the colour becoming yellow.

In woods, chiefly fir. Uncommon. Sept.

Name — from its acrid taste. Herba Sardonia (probably Ranunculus
sceleratus], screwing the mouth with its bitterness. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 189.
Hym. Eur. p. 442. Berk. Out. p. 211. C. Hbk. n. 619. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
589. Ag. Krombh. t. 68. /. 1-4. — Schceff. t. 16. /. 5, 6.

10. R. depallens Fr. — Pileus pallid reddish or inclining to

Il8 AGARICINI.

Russula. fuscous, &c., fleshy, firm, convex then plane, more rarely de-
pressed, but commonly irregularly shaped and undulated, even,
the thin adnate pellicle presently changing colour especially at
the disc, the spreading margin even, but slightly striate when
old; flesh white. Stem about 4 cent, (i^ in-) l°ng> solid, firm,
commonly attenuated downwards, white, becoming cinereous when
old. Gills adnexed, broad, crowded, distinct, but commonly
forked at the base, often with shorter ones intermixed.

Inodorous, taste mild. The colour of the pileus is at first pallid reddish or
inclining to fuscous, then whitish or yellowish, opaque in every stage of
growth. It approaches nearest to the Heterophyllce.

In beech woods, pastures, &c. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name— de, and. palleo, to be pale. Becoming pale. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 189.
Hym. Eur. p. 442. Berk. Out. p. 211. C. Hbk. n. 620. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
590. Krombh. t. 66. f. 12, 13.

11. R. drimeia Cke. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, bright
purple, compact, firm, convex then depressed, scarcely viscid
when moist, opaque when dry, margin somewhat incurved, even.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12-18 mm. (}4-# in.) thick, solid,
firm, cylindrical, equal, tinged with purple. Gills adnexed,
scarcely crowded, narrow and furcate at the base, at first pale
sulphur-yellow, then deeper yellow, never white.

Acrid, peppery. Spores pale ochre. The colour and habit similar to
tf. Queletii, but distinguished by the yellow gills, ochraceous spores, and
intensely peppery taste.

On the ground among larch. Black Park, 1881, &c. Sept.-
Nov.
Name— Spifxv?, pungent. Cke. in Grevillea, vol. x. p. 46.

III. — RlGID^E.

12. E. lactea Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, at the first milk-
white, then tan-white, throughout compactly fleshy, campanulate
then convex, often excentric, without a pellicle, always dry, at the
first even, then slightly cracked when dry, margin straight, thin,
obtuse, even ; flesh compact, white. Stem 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.)
long, 4 cent. (1%. in.) thick, solid, very compact, but at length
spongy-soft within, equal, even, always white. Gills free, very
broad, thick, distant, rigid, forked, white.

Mild. The gills are at length adnate, forked at the base and apex. Care
must be taken not to confound it with other R-ussulte which have changed
colour and become white.

In mixed woods. Uncommon. Aug.

Edible, but not commended for use. Name — lac, milk. Milk-white. Fr.

RUSSULA. 119

Monogr. ii. p. 190. Hym. Eur. p. 443. B. & Br. 1133. C. Hbk. n. 621. Russula.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 591. Ag. Pers. — Krombh. t. 6i.f. 1-2. Barla t. 15. / 1-13.
»— ' f. 74- / 2.

13. E. virescens Fr. — Pileus green, compactly fleshy, globose
then expanded, at length depressed, often unequal, always dry,
not furnished with a pellicle, wherefore the flocctilose cuticle is
broken up into patches or warts, margin straight, obtuse, even;
flesh white, not very compact. Stem solid, internally spongy,
firm, somewhat rivulose, white. Gills free, somewhat crowded,
sometimes equal, sometimes forked, with a few shorter ones
intermixed, white.

Taste mild. It varies in size and colour of pileus, which is sometimes deep
sometimes pallid green, sometimes yellowish then green. The gills are not
so broad in front as those of neighbouring species. It is very easily distin-
guished from all others by the green pileus being without a pellicle and innato-
flocculose, then rivulose, and scaly in the form of patches.

In woods. Frequent. July-Sept.

Stem variable in form, slightly reticulated with raised lines. M.J.B.
Pileus sometimes as much as 10 cent. (4 in.) broad. Edible. Spores scarcely
echinulate, almost globular, 6 mk. W.G.S. Name —vireo, to be green.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 190. Hym. Eur. p. 443. Berk. Out. p. 212. t. 13. f. 6.
C. Hbk. «. 622. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 592. Hussey ii. t. n. Ag. Schtfff. t. 94
excluding/", i. Vittad. t. 31. Sturm Deutschl. Fl. iii. 3. t. 31. Barla t. 16.
/. 10-12. Ventur. t. 17. /. i, 2. Krombh. t. 67. f. i-io.

14. E. DuPortii Phill.— Pileus 4-6.5 cent, (ij^-2^ in.) broad,
centre rufous or flesh-red, margin bluish, compact, fleshy, firm,
convexo- plane, depressed, smooth, dry, margin even, obtuse.
Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or more high, 10-16 mm. (5-8 lin.) broad,
spongy-stuffed, minutely striate, glabrous, white. Gills rounded
behind, broad, distant, white.

The flesh turns reddish -brown when cut, and the odour is that of the
common crab.

In wood. Mattishall, Norfolk.

Spores globose, asperate, 9 mk. W.P. Name — after Rev. J. M. Du Port.
Phill. Grevillea, vol. xiii. /. 49.

15. E. lepida Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, blood-red-rose,
becoming pale, whitish especially at the disc, somewhat equally
fleshy, convex then expanded, scarcely depressed, obtuse, opaque,
unpolished, with a silky appearance, at length often rimoso-
squamulose, margin spreading, obtuse, without striae. Stem
as much as 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, often 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick,
even, white or rose-colour. Gills rounded behind, rather thick,
somewhat crowded, often forked, connected by veins, white, often
red at the edge.

120 AGARICINI.

Russula. Taste mild ; wholly compact and firm, but the flesh is cheesy not somewhat

grumous. The gills are often red at the edge chiefly towards the margin, on
account of the margin of the pileus being continuous with the gills.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Edible. Name — lepidus, neat, elegant. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 191. Hym.
Eur. p. 444. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 59. Berk. Out. p. 212. C. Hbk. n. 623. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 593. Hussey ii. /. 32. Hogg & Johnst. t. 4. Ag. Krombh. t.
64. /. 19, 20. Batsch t. 13 (very small).

16. R. rubra Fr. — Pileus unicolorous, cinnabar-vermilion, but
becoming pale (tan) when old, disc commonly darker, compact, hard
but fragile, convex then flattened, here and there depressed, abso-
lutely dry, without a pellicle, but becoming polished-even, often
rivuloso-rimose when old, margin spreading, obtuse, even, always
persistent; flesh white, reddish under the cuticle. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, even, vary-
ing white and red. Gills obtusely adnate, somewhat crowded,
whitish, then yellowish, with dimidiate and forked ones inter-
mixed.

Very acrid, very hard and rigid, most distinct from all the others of this
group in the pileus becoming polished-even, although without a pellicle, in the
flesh being somewhat grumous, and in the very acrid taste. Gills often red at
the edge.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Poisonous. Spores whitish. Fr. ; sphaeroid, 8-10 mk. K. Name — ruber,
red. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 191. Hym. Eur. p. 444. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 49. Berk.
Out. p. 212. C. Hbk. n. 624. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 594. Ag. Decand.—Barla
t. 15. /. i-io. Krombh. t. 65. Vitt. Mang. t. 38. / 2, not Bull. Schceff. t.
15- /• 4-6.

17. R. Linnsei Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, uni-
colorous, dark purple, blood-red or bright rose, opaque, not be-
coming pale, everywhere fleshy, rigid, piano - depressed, some-
times repand, even, smooth, dry, without a separable pellicle,
margin spreading, obtuse, without striae ; flesh thick, spongy-
compact, white. Stem 4 cent. (i>£ in.) and more long, 2.5 cent,
(i in.) and more thick, stout, firm, but spongy-soft within, some-
what ventricose, obsoletely jibrilloso-reticulate, intensely blood-
red. Gills adnate, somewhat decurrent, rather thick, not crowded,
broad (mme. than 12 mm., yz in.), fragile, sparingly connected by
veins, white, becoming yellow when dry, with a few dimidiate
ones intermixed, somewhat anastomosing behind.

Taste mild. The habit is exactly that of JR. emetica ; the substance also is
floccose, but very compact, firm, and thick. The stem according to v. Post
is hollow.

In woods. Stoke Poges.

RUSSULA. 121

Spores wholly white. Fr. ; ellipsoid - sphaeroid, echinulate, n mk. Q. Russula.
Name — after Linnaeus. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 192. Hym. Eur. p. 444. Icon. t.
172.7. 3. B. & Br. n. 1786.

18. R. xerampelina Fr.— Pileus 7-5 cent- (3 in-) and more
broad, rosy-purple, &c., disc becoming pale, fleshy, compact, con-
vex then flattened, at length depressed, without a distinct pellicle,
wherefore always dry, opaque, even, but when older commonly
very thinly rimulose, so that the cuticle under a lens is very thinly
granulated or punctate, margin spreading, without striae; flesh
compact, white inclining to yellowish. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, stout, firm, internally at length soft,
spongy, even hollow, commonly thickened at the base, even,
white or reddish. Gills adnexed, somewhat crowded, broader in
front, forked behind, whitish, then yellowish.

Taste mild. The colour of the pileus is changeable, commonly rosy-
purple, with the disc becoming pale, yellowish-white, sometimes inclining to
olivaceous. The stem is redder when moist. It approaches R. integra, but
differs in the pileus not having a distinct pellicle, &c.

In Scotch fir wood. Glamis, 1876. Oct.

Spores dingy tan. Fr. A very distinct species. Name — £epa/nire'Aii/ai, of the
colour of dry vine-leaves. Dark rosy red. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 192. Hym.
Eur. p. 445. B. & Br. n. 1675. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 595. Ag. Schceff. t. 214, 215.

19. R. olivacea Fr.— Pileus dingy purple then olivaceous or
wholly fuscous - olivaceous, fleshy, convexo -flattened and de-
pressed, slightly silky and squamulose, margin spreading, even ;

flesh white, becoming somewhat yellow. Stem firm, ventricose,
rose-colour to pallid, spongy-stuffed within. Gills adnexed, wide,
yellow, with shorter and forked ones intermixed.

Mild. Near to R. rubra, but certainly distinct in the stem being definitely
spongy, in the pileus being unpolished, and in the gills being soft and brightly
coloured ; corresponding with A*, alutacea.

In woods. Slough.

Spores light yellow. Fr. ; sphaeroid, punctate, 10 mk. Q. Name — oliva, an
olive. Olivaceous in colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 445. B. & Br. n. 1562.
Ag. Scfuz/. t. 204. Krombh. t. 68. f. 13.

20. R. cutefracta Cke.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) or more
broad, green, purple, dull red, &c., fleshy, firm, dry, opaque,
convex then a little depressed in the centre, cuticle cracking
from the margin inwards into minute firm adnate areolas, other-
wise even ; flesh beneath the cuticle tinged with purple. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, often 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, firm, solid,
nearly equal, or a little attenuated above, smooth, slightly tinged

122 AGARICINI.

Russula. with purple. Gills somewhat crowded, narrowed behind, furcate,
adnexed or nearly free, white.

Mild. Allied to JR. virescens which it resembles in the cracking of the
cuticle, but differs in the purple tint beneath even in green specimens, and in
the tinted stem, as well as in the colour of the pileus, which is of a darker and
different shade of green, and sometimes of a deep bluish-purple, as well as of
a madder-red.

On the ground in woods. Epping, &c.

Name — cutis, skin ; frango, to break. From the cracked cuticle. Cke. in
Grevillea, vol. x. p. 46.

IV. — HETEROPHYLL^E.

21. R. vesca Fr. — Pileus red-flesh-colour, disc darker, fleshy,
slightly firm, piano-depressed, slightly wrinkled with veins, with
a viscid pellicle, margin at length spreading; flesh cheesy, firm,
shining white. Stem solid, compact, externally rigid, reticulated
and wrinkled in a peculiar manner, often attenuated at the base,
shining white. Gills adnate, crowded, thin, shining white, with
many unequal and forked ones intermixed, but scarcely connected
by veins.

Of middle stature. Taste mild, pleasant.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Reckoned edible. Name— vesco, to feed. From its edible qualities. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 193. Hym. Eur. p. 446. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 63. Berk. Out. p.
211. C. Hbk. n. 625. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 596. (Hussey i. t. 89. )

22. R. cyanoxantha Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more
broad, lilac or purplish then olivaceous-green, disc commonly be-
coming pale often yellowish, margin commonly becoming azure-
bhce or livid-purple, compact, convex then plane, then depressed
or infundibuliform, sometimes even, sometimes wrinkled or
streaked, viscous, margin deflexed then expanded, remotely and
slightly striate ; flesh firm, cheesy, white, commonly reddish be-
neath the separable pellicle. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, as
much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, spongy-stuffed, but firm, often
cavernous within when old, equal, smooth, even, shining white.
Gills rounded behind, connected by veins, not much crowded,
broad, forked with shorter ones intermixed, shining white.

Allied to R. vesca in its mild, pleasant taste and in other respects, but con-
stantly different in the colour of the pileus, which is very variable, whereas in
R. vesca it is unchangeable. The peculiar combination of colours in the
pileus, though very variable, always readily distinguishes it.

In mixed woods, &c. Common. Aug.-Oct.
Sometimes considerably larger than Fries describes. Name — /evades, blue ;

RUSSULA. 123

i-avdos, yellow. From the colours. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 194. Hym. Eur. p. Russula.
446. B. 6° Br. n. 1131. C. Hbk. n. 626. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 597. Ag.
Schceff. t. 93. Krombh. t. 67. /. 16-19. Paul. t. 76. /. 1-3.

23. R. heterophylla Fr.— Pileus very variable in colour, but
never becoming reddish or purple, fleshy, firm, convexo-plane then
depressed, even, polished, the very thin pellicle disappearing,
margin thin, even or densely but slightly striate; flesh white.
Stem solid, firm, somewhat equal, even, shining white. Gills
reaching the stem in an attenuated form, very narrow, very
crowded, forked and dimidiate, shining white.

Taste always mild, as in R. cyanoxantha, from which it differs in its
smaller stature, in the pileus being thinner, even, never reddish or purplish,
with a thin closely adnate pellicle, in the stem being firm and solid, and in
the gills being thin, very narrow, very crowded, &c. The apex of the stem
is occasionally dilated in the form of a cup, so that the gills appear remote.

In woods. Common. July-Oct.

Edible, of a sweet nutty flavour. Spores echinulate, 5x7 mk. W.G.S.
Name — erepos, $vAAoi/, a leaf. With gills of different lengths. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 194. Hym. Eur. p. 446. Berk. Out. p. 211. /. 13.7. 5. C. Hbk. n. 627.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 598. Hogg & Johnst. t. 9. Hussey i. t. 84. Badh. i. t.
10. f. 3; ii. /. 3. f. 3, 4. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 1909. f. i. Paul. t. 75. /i 1-5.

* R. galochroa Fr. Smaller.— Pileus at the first milk-white,
then greenish, rather plane, viscid in wet weather, commonly
dry, even, sometimes sprinkled with white floccose spots, slightly
striate at the margin. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 inO l°ng> I2 mrn'
(}4 in.) thick, solid, firm, never becoming red. Gills very thin,
more or less forked and unequal.

The flocci at the disc in the form of spots or warts are not like those of
J?. virescens. Tn woods. Slough. Name — -yeiAa, milk ; xpeis, colour. Milk-
white. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 195. Hym. Eur. p. 447. B. & Br. n. 1563. Ag.
Bull. t. 509.7. L.M. Bait. t. xii./ E.

24. R. consobrina Fr. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, dark
cinereous or fuscous olivaceous, fleshy, fragile, campanulate then
expanded, at length depressed, margin spreading, even, though
membranaceous ; flesh white, cinereous under the thick, viscous,
separable pellicle. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, almost 2.5
cent, (i in.) thick, solid, but soft, equal, even, smooth, shining
white, at length becoming cinereous. Gills at the first free, then
appearing adnate when the pileus is flattened, broad, crowded,
shining white, very many of them dimidiate and forked.

Taste very acrid. Not foetid. Stature in general that of R. emetica, but
differing in the colour of the pileus, and in the very unequal gills.

In mixed woods. Glamis, 1876. Oct.

124 AGARICINI.

f f-

Russula. Spores granular, 10 mk. Q. Name — consobrinus, cousin. Distantly related

to neighbouring species. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 195. Hym. Eur. p. 447. B. & Br.
n. 1676. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 599.

* R. sororia Larbr. — Pileus convex then plane or depressed,
striate at the margin. Gills somewhat distant, connected by
veins.

The habit and colour are the same, but it differs by many marks. Stem
white. Many of the gills dimidiate, but scarcely forked. Name — soror, a
sister. From its relation to R. consobrina. In fir woods. North Wooton.
Aug. Larbr. t. 19. f. 7. Fr. Hym. Eur. ^'447. Icon. t. 173. ./• I< Grevillea,
vol. x. p. 67.

25. R. foetens Fr. — Pileus 10-12.5 cent (4-5 in-) and more
broad, dingy yellow, often becoming' pale, thinly fleshy, at first
bullate, then expanded and depressed, covered with a pellicle
which is adnate, not separable, and viscid in wet weather, margin
broadly membranaceous, at the first bent inwards with ribs which
are at length tubercular; flesh thin, rigid- fragile, pallid. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, 1-2.5 cent. (j£-i in.) thick, stout,
stuffed then hollow, whitish. Gills adnexed, crowded, connected
by veins, with very many dimidiate and forked ones intermixed,
whitish, at the first exuding watery drops.

Foetid. Taste acrid. Very rigid, most distinct from all others in its very
heavy empyreumatic odour. In very dry weather the odour is often obsolete.
The margin is more broadly membranaceous and hence marked with longer
furrows than in any other species. It differs from all the preceding ones in
the gills at the first exuding watery drops. The gills become obsoletely
light yellow, and dingy when bruised.

In woods, &c. Very common. July-Sept.

Stem ruggedly hollow within as if eaten by snails. M.J.B. A very coarse
and easily recognised species. Reckoned poisonous, though eaten by slugs.
Spores minutely echinulate, almost globular, 8 mk. W'G.S. Name—f&tens,
stinking. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 195. Hym. Eur. p. 447. Sv. at I. Sv. t. 40.
Berk. Out. p. 213. C. Hbk. n. 628. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 600. Ag. Pers.—
Krombh. t. 70. /. 1-6. Viv. t. 41. Bull. t. 292. Ventur. t. 33.^ 1-3.

26. R. subfoetens Smith.— Pileus bullate, somewhat viscid,
disc fleshy, margin somewhat membranaceous. Stem not stout.
Gills thick, distant, branched.

Odour somewhat disagreeable, taste slightly acrid. Smaller than R. fatens,
stem not so stout, margin different. This is the plant referred to by Fries
Syst. Myc. i. p. 58. as a var. of R. fragilis.

On the ground. Various localities.

Name— sub, and foetens, somewhat stinkin
I73> P- 337-

27. R. fellea Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in-) broad, straw-

Name— sub, and fee fens, somewhat stinking. Worth. Smith Journ. Bot.
1873, P- 337-

RUSSULA. 125

colour often with a deeper yellowish tmge, disc darker, thinly fleshy, Russula.
convex then plane, polished, smooth, margin even, slightly striate
when old ; pellicle closely adnate, thin ; flesh firm, of the same
colour as the gills. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12 mm. (% in.)
thick, spongy-stuffed then hollow, fragile, equal, even, white then
straw-colour. Gills adnate, crowded, thin, narrow, obsoletely
connected by veins, intermixed with a few which are dimidiate
or bifid behind, straw-colour.

Distinguished, very acrid, odout none. The gills exude watery drops in
damp weather.

In beech woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Easily distinguished from all others by its unchangeable persistent yellowish
straw-colour. The gills vary more distant. Na.me—/e/Ieus, full of gall.
Bitter. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 196. Hym. Eurr-fo 447. Icon. t. 173. f. 2.
B. & Br.n. 1787. S. Mycol. ScoUSupp. Scots Nat. 1881, p. 36. Paul. t.
76. / 4- - „

28. E. Queletii Fr.— Pileus violaceous-black or fuscous, purple-
lilac at the margin which is slightly striate, compact, campanu-
lato-convex then plane, even, viscous; flesh firm, white, red-
purple under the pellicle. Stem spongy, mealy, violaceous-
purple. Gills attenuated, unequal or forked, exuding drops, white.

Acrid. When the drops on the gills are dried, they leave azure-blue-
cinereous or pallid olivaceous spots.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Pileus commonly about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad ; stem about same in length
and 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick. Easily distinguished from R. Integra by the
white gills. Name— after L. Quelet. Fr. in Quel. Jur. p. 185. /. 24. /. 6.
Hym. Eur. p. 448. B. & Br. n. 1888. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 601.

V. — FRAGILES.
* Gills and spores white.

29. R. emetica Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, at
first rosy then blood-colour, tawny when old, sometimes becoming
yellow and at length (in moist places) white, at first campanulate
then flattened or depressed, polished, margin at length sulcate
and tubercular; flesh white, reddish under the separable pellicle.
Stem spongy-stuffed, stout, elastic when young, fragile when
older, even, white or reddish. Gills somewhat free, broad, some-
what distant, shining white.

Handsome, regular, moderately firm, but fragile when full grown, taste very
acrid. The gills are never dusty. There is one form taller, with the pileus
campanulate then expanded, and the gills persistently free, another with the
pileus convex then expanded, and gills appearing adfixed.

126 AGARICIN1.

Russula. In woods and open ground. Common. July-Dec.

Spores shining white, Fr. ; sphseroid, echinulate, 8-10 mk. K. ; 7 mk.
W.G.S. Stem longitudinally rugulose. M.J.B. Easily distinguished by the
flesh remaining red under the cuticle when peeled off. Poisonous. Said to
act as its name implies as an emetic ; certainly dangerous. Name — emetica,
a vomit. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 197. Hym. Eur. p. 448. Sv. dtl. Sv. t, 21.
Berk. Out. p. 212. C. Hbk. n. 629. -S. Mycol. Scot. n. 602. Ag. Harz.
t. 63. Barl. t. 14. f. 4. Lenz f. 15.

30. R. pectinata Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, at first
viscous, toast-brown, then dry, becoming pale, tan, with the disc
always darker, fleshy, rigid, convex then flattened and depressed
or concavo-infundibuliform ; margin thin, pectinato-sulcate, here
and there irregularly shaped ; flesh white^ light yellowish under
the pellicle, which is not easily separable. Stem curt, 5 cent.
(2 in.) long, 18 mm.-2.5 cent, ($-\ in.) thick, rigid, spongy-
stuffed, longitudinally slightly striate, shining white, often atten-
uated at the base. Grills attenuato-free behind, broader towards
the margin, somewhat crowded, equal, simple, white.

Odour weak, but nauseous, approaching that of R. fcetens. The gills are
narrower than those of neighbouring species, but dilated from the stem to the
margin, not exuding drops, and not changeable when touched.

In mixed woods. Glamis, 1874. Aug.

N&me—pecten, a comb. From the furrows at the margin being like the
teeth of a comb. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 197. Hym. Eur. p. 449. B. &* Br. n.
1564. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 603. Ag. Bidl. t. 509. /. N.

31. R. ochroleuca Fr.— Pileus yellow, becoming pale, fleshy,
flattened or depressed, polished, with an adnate pellicle, the
spreading margin becoming even. Stem spongy, stuffed, firm,
slightly reticulate -wrinkled, white becoming cinereous. Gills
rounded behind, united, broad, somewhat eqtial, white becoming
pale.

Odour obsolete, but pleasant. The pileus is never reddish. It agrees
wholly with R. emetica in structure and stature, as well as in the acrid taste ;
it differs however in the stem being slightly reticulato-wrinkled, white becom-
ing cinereous, in the adnate pellicle of the pileus, in the margin remaining for
a long time even (remotely striate, but not tubercular, only when old), and
in the gills being rounded behind and becoming pale. The colour of the
pileus is constant. The gills remain free and do not exude drops.

In woods, chiefly fir. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Spores papillose, 7 mk. W.G.S. Name— wxpos, pale yellow ; A.ev*os, white.
From the yellow pileus and white stem and gills. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 449.
Monogr. ii. p. 197. Berk. Out. p. 212. C. Hbk. n. 630. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 604. Ag. Pers. — Krombh. t. 64. / 7-9. Buxb. C. v. t. 45. / 2.

32. R. fragilis Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (\-\Y2 in.) broad, rarely

RUSSULA. 127

more, flesh-colour, changing colour, very thin, fleshy only at the Russula.
disc, at the first convex and often umbonate, then plane and
depressed, pellicle thin, becoming pale, slightly viscid in wet
weather; margin very thin, tuberculoso-striate. Stem 4-5 cent.
(1^-2 in.) long, spongy within, soon hollow, often slightly
striate, white. Gills slightly adnexed, very thin, crowded, broad,
ventricose, all equal, shining white.

Very acrid. Smaller and more fragile than the rest of the group, directly
changing colour. The colour is variable, often opaque, typically flesh-colour,
when changed in colour white externally and internally, often with reddish
spots. Among varieties of colour is to be noted a livid-flesh-coloured form,
with the disc becoming fuscous.

It is not easy to define it from fragile forms of R, emetica, but the gills are
much more crowded, thinner, and often slightly eroded at the edge, ventricose ;
the pileus thinner and more lax, &c.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Name— -fragilis, fragile or brittle. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 198. Hym. Eur. p.
450. Berk. Out. p. 213. C. Hbk. n. 631. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 605. Ag. Pers.
—Krombh. t. 64. /. 12-18. Bull. t. 509. / T, U. Barla t. 14. /. 10-12.
Corda ap. Sturm xi. t. 53. Vent. t. 33. /. 4, 5.

** Gills and spores white then light yellowish, &c.

33. R. veternosa Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, rose or
flesh-colour, soon becoming pale, commonly whitish or yellowish
at the disc, slightly fleshy, plane when full grown, depressed in
the middle, covered with a thin, adnate, somewhat viscid pellicle,
margin even, scarcely membranaceous ; flesh soft, white. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (l/2 in.) thick, soft, spongy then
hollow, fragile, equal, even, white. Gills adnate, crowded, nar-
row, becoming broader in front, with shorter ones intermixed,
white then straw-colour.

Taste acrid.

On the ground. Chatteris.

Name — veternosus, drowsy, languid. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 201. Hym. Eur.
p. 450. B. &> Br. n. 1132. C. Hbk. n. 635. Ag. Krombh. t. 66. /. 18, 19.
Paul. t. 74./. 3.

34. R. integra Fr.— Pileus typically red, changing colour,
fleshy, campanulato-convex then expanded and depressed, fragile
when full grown, with a viscous pellicle, at length sulcate and
somewhat tubercular at the margin ; flesh white, sometimes yel-
lowish above. Stem at first short, conical, then clavate or ven-
tricose, as much as 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, spongy-stuffed, com-
monly stout, even, shining white. Gills somewhat free, very
broad, equal or bifid at the stem, somewhat distant, connected

128 AGARICINI.

Russula. by veins, pallid-white, at length light yellow, somewhat ochraceous-
pulverulent with the spores.

Taste mild, often astringent. The most changeable of all species, especi-
ally in the colour of the pileus which is typically red, but at the same time
inclining to azure-blue, bay-brown, olivaceous, &c. Sometimes the gills are
sterile and remain white.

In woods, chiefly pine. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad. The white stem and yellow-pulverulent
gills distinguish it. Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid or sphaeroid, echinulate, 10 x 8
or 7x9 mk. K. ; globose, rough, 8-9 mk. C.B.P. Name — integer, whole, en-
tire. Perfect in form. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 199. Hym. Eur. p. 450. Berk.
Out. p. 213. C. Hbk. n. 632. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 606. Ag. Schteff. t. 92.
Vittad. t. 21. Vent. t. 63. /. 5, 6. Harz. t. 59. Krombh. t. 66. f. 14, 15, and
16, 17 ? Batt. t. 16. C.

35. R. decolorans Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, uni-
colorous, at first orange-red, then light yellow and becoming
pale, fleshy, spherical then expanded and depressed, remarkably
regular, viscid when moist, thin and at length striate at the mar-
gin ; flesh white, but becoming somewhat cinereous when broken,
and more or less variegated with black spots when old. Stem
elongated (10 cent., 4 in.) cylindrical, solid, but spongy within,
often rugoso - striate, white then becoming cinereous especially
within. Gills adnexed, often in pairs, thin, crowded, fragile,
white then yellowish.

Taste mild. Colours changeable according to a fixed rule, but not variable.
The gills are not ochraceous- pulverulent as in R. integra, nor shining and
pure yellow as in J?. aurata, &c.

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Spores pallid ochraceous Fr. Name — de, and coloro, to colour. Changing
colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 199. Hym. Eur. p. 451. Berk. Out. p. 214.
C. Hbk. n. 633. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 607.

36. R. aurata Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, varying
lemon-yellow, orange and red, disc darker, fleshy, rigid, brittle
however, hemispherical then plane, disc not depressed, pellicle
thin, adnate, viscid in wet weather, margin even, and slightly
striate only when old, but sometimes wrinkled ; flesh lemon-yellow
under the pellicle, white below. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
solid, firm, but spongy within, cylindrical, obsoletely striate,
•white or lemon-yellow. Gills rounded free, connected by veins,
broad, equal, shining, never pulverulent, whitish inclining to
light yellow, but vivid lemon-yellow at the edge.

Taste at first mild, then slightly acrid, odour pleasant. It is among the
most beautiful and most easily recognised species by the colours alike of the
pileus and of the flesh and gills.

RUSSULA. 129

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept. Russula.

The bright yellow edge of the gills is a very distinctive mark. Name —
aurum, gold. From its colour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 200. Hym. Eur. p. 452.
Berk. Out. p. 213. C. Hbk. n. 634. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 608. Ag. With.—
Krapf. t. 5. Schceff. t. 15.7. 1-3. Krombh. t. 66. /. 8-n.

37. R. nitida Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, commonly
bay-brown-purplish, disc darker, shining, fleshy, stiff, convex
then plane or slightly depressed, covered with a pellicle which
is viscid in wet weather, margin striate, somewhat tubercular;
flesh white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.)
thick, spongy-stuffed, soft, somewhat equal or attenuated down-
wards, even, white inclining to pale. Gills adnexed, separating,
crowded, pallid then bright sulphur-yellow, not pulverulent.

Taste mild, at length nauseous ; said to be so mewhat foetid. Distinguished
at first sight from all others by the gills being bright lemon-yellow, shining,
and never ochraceous-pulverulent.

In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name — nitidus, shining. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 201. Hym. Eur. p. 452.
Berk. Out. p. 214. t. 13. /. 7. C. Hbk. n. 636. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 609. Ag.
Pers. — Krombh. t. 66. f. 1-3. — Schce/. t. 254.

*** Gills and spores ochraceous.

38. R. alutacea Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, com-
monly bright blood-colour or red, even black-purple, but be-
coming pale, especially at the disc, fleshy, campanulate then
convex, flattened and somewhat umbilicate, even, with a
remarkably viscous pellicle, margin thin, at length striate,
tubercular; flesh snow-white. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, solid,
stout, equal, even, white, most frequently variegated-reddish,
even purple. Gills at first free, thick, very broad, connected
by veins, all equal, somewhat distant, at first pallid light yellow,
then bright ochraceous, not pulverulent.

Handsome. Taste mild, pleasant ; at length soft and very fragile. Change-
able in colour ; in shady beech woods a form occurs with the pileus ceruginous.
In one form the stem is wholly dark blood-colour, and the gills are rounded
behind and remote from the stem. It is distinguished from R. integra by its
gills not being pulverulent.

In mixed woods. Common.

Edible and very good. Name—alu/a, tanned leather. From the yellowish
gills. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 202. Hym. Eur. p. 453. Berk. Out. p. 214. t. 13.
/ 8. C. Hbk. n. 637. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 610. Price f. 36. Ag. Vittad.
t. 34. Krombh. t. 64. /. 1-3. Barla t. 14. /. 1-3.

39. R. lutea Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in.) broad, yellow,
VOL. n. i

130 AGARICINI.

Russula. at length becoming pale, and occasionally wholly white, thinly
fleshy, soon convexo-plane or piano -depressed, viscous when
moist, even or when old obsoletely striate at the margin ; flesh
white. Stem 4 cent. (i)4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick,
stuffed then hollow, soft, fragile, equal, even, white, never
reddish. Gills somewhat free, connected by veins, crowded,
narrow, all equal, ochraceous-egg-yellow.

Always small, very regular ; taste mild. When young the pileus is always
of a beautiful yellow.

In woods. Uncommon. July-Oct.

Spores yellow, echinulate, 8 mk. W.G.S. ; globose, rough, 6-7 mk. C.B.P.
Name — luteus, yellow. Fr. Mo?iogr. ii. p. 203. Hym. Eur. p. 454. Berk.
Out. p. 214. C. Hbk. n. 638. £. My co I. Scot. n. 611. Ag. Huds.

40. R. nauseosa Fr. — Pileus variable in colour, typically
purplish at the disc, then livid, but becoming pale and often
whitish, laxly fleshy, thin, at first piano-gibbous, then depressed,
viscid in wet weather, sulcate and somewhat tubercular at the
somewhat membranaceous margin; flesh soft, white. Stem
short, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 8 mm. (4 lin.) thick, spongy-
stuffed, slightly striate, white. Gills adnexed, ventricose, some-
what distant, here and there with a few shorter ones intermixed,
light yellow then dingy ochraceous.

The taste is mild, but also nauseous, as the odour often is. The habit is
that of R. nitida, of the same colour of pileus, but differing in the colour of
the gills.

In woods, chiefly pine. Coed Coch, &c. Oct.

Name — nauseosus, nauseous. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 204. Hym. Eur. p. 454.
B. & Br. n. 1283. Ag. Schceff. t. 16. /. 4.

41. R. vitellina Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, unicolorous,
light yellow then wholly pallid, somewhat membranaceous, at
length tuberculoso-striate, somewhat dry, disc very small, slightly
fleshy. Stem thin, scarcely exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.) long,
4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, equal. Gills separating-free, equal, distant,
rather thick, connected by veins, saffron-yellow.

Pretty, very fragile, strong-smelling, mild.

In fir and mixed woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name — vitellus, yolk of egg. Egg-yellow. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 454. Berk.
Out. p. 215. C. Hbk. n. 639. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 612. Ag. Pers.—Batsch

/72.

42. R. chamseleontina Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- C1-2 in-) broad,
thinly fleshy, soon flattened, sometimes oblique with a thin,

CANTHARELLUS. 131

separable, viscid pellicle, which is at first flesh-colour, then Russula.
presently changing colour, becoming yellow at the disc and at
length wholly yellow, margin even, then slightly striate. Stem
as much as 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, but thin, somewhat hollow,
slightly striate, white. Gills more or less adnexed, thin, crowded,
equal, narrow, somewhat forked, light-yellow-ochraceous.

Mild, inodorous, very fragile. Pileus rosy-blood-red, purplish lilac, &c.
Sometimes even at the first yellowish at the disc.

In woods. Rare. Sept.

Name— from its changing colours like the chamceleon. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
204. Hym. Eur. p. 455. B. & Br. n. 1014. C. Hbk. n. 640. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 613.

GENUS XL— Oantharellus Adans.— (ndveapos, a vase or cup.) Camhar-
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 316. ellus-

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, descending un-
changed into the trama. Gills thick, fleshy-waxy, fold-like,
somewhat branched, obtuse at the
edge. Spores white. Fleshy, mem-

branaceous, putrescent fungi, without \ f/

a veil. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 455.

The distinguishing character of
the genus consists in the fold-like
gills. The Mesopodes commonly
grow on the ground ; the rest com-
monly on mosses, very rarely on
wood. Intermediate between Aga-
ricus and Craterellus. Some are
edible, others reckoned poisonous.

I. MESOPUS (MCO-OS, middle ; TTOV?, a foot).
Pileus entire. Stem central.

* Pileus and solid stem fleshy. LI. Cantharellus cibarius. One-

** Pileus somewhat membranaceous, stem third natural size.

tubular and polished.

II. MERISMA (/uepi'fw, to divide). Stems very numerous, united into an
elongated column or branched.

III. PLEUROPUS (TrAevpdv, the side; irov's, a foot). Dimidiate, stem exactly
lateral.

IV. RESUPINATUS (resupinatus, lying on the back). Pileus entire, at first
cup-shaped, adfixed by the vertex, then somewhat reflexed.

* Bryophili (moss-loving).

** Lignatiles (growing on wood), doubtful species.

132 AGARICINI.

I.— MESOPUS.
* P ileus and solid stem fleshy .

1. C. cibarius Fr. Egg-yellow. — Pileus truly fleshy, firm, at
first convex, then plane or somewhat depressed, repand, always
smooth. Stem solid, thickened upwards. Gills decurrent, thick,
distant, branched, narrow, fold-like.

Taste pleasant. Growing in troops. The stem passes into the pileus which
is hence turbinate. The gills are more swollen than those of the other species.
It varies wholly white.

In woods, especially beech. Common. July-Dec.

Berkeley records a var. white, here and there tinged with pink. The smell,
especially when the plant is old, is that of ripe apricot. Edible, delicious.
It must have four hours' slow cooking. Spores sphasroid-ellipsoid, 8-9 x 5-6
mk. K.; 6x8 mk. W.G.S. ; pruniform, nucleate, nmk. Q. Name — cibaria,
food. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 206. Hym. Eur. p. 455. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 7. Berk.
Out. p. 215. C. Hbk. n. 641. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 614. Harz. t. 18. Grev.
t. 258. Badh. i. t. 9. / 2 ; ii. /. 8./. i. Price f. 94. Krombh. t. 45.7. i-u.
Vittad. t. 25. /. i. Barla t. 28. Ag. Fl. Dan. t. 264. Sow. t. 46.

2. 0. Friesii Quel. — Pileus somewhat orange, fleshy, thin, con-
vex then depressed, villous. Stem solid, slender, villous, at the
base white, attenuated. Gills n arrow, fold-like, branched, yellow.

Exactly intermediate between C. cibarius and C. aurantiacus, but smaller
than either.

In woods. Sydenham Hill.

Name— after Elias Fries. Quel. Jur. p. 191. /. 23. /. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur.
. 455. B. & Br.
Paul. t. 51. /. 3-4.

3. C. aurantiacus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
orange-ochraceous, fleshy, soft, depressed, often excentric and
undulated, somewhat tomentose, involute at the margin. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) long, stuffed at length hollow, somewhat incurved
and unequal, ochraceous. Gills decurrent, tense and straight,
repeatedly dichotomous and crowded, often crisped at the base,
deep orange.

Taste unpleasant. The pileus is not firm, and the stem is not so much dif-
fused into the pileus as in C. cibarius. The stem, especially in marshy places,
becomes at length black. Bull. t. 505. It varies with light yellow pileus and
white gills, and is sometimes wholly white.

In woods, especially pine. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Reckoned poisonous. Spores ellipsoid or sphasroid-ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3 mk. K.
Name — aurantiacus, orange-yellow. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 206. Hym. Eur. p.
455. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 79. Berk. Out. p. 215. t. 14. /. i. C. Hbk. n. 642. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 615. Ag. Wulf. Jacqu. Coll. ii. t. 14. / 3. Batsch f. 37.
Sow. t. 413.

p. 455. B. & Br. n. 1782. Apparently Krombh. t. 46. /. 3-6 and perhaps
Paul. t. si./.

CANTHARELLUS. 133

4. C. Brownii B. & Br. Ochraceous-white or cream-coloured. Camhar-
— Pileus about 12 mm. (X i"-) broad, thin, convex, somewhat ellus-
umbonate, obscurely silky. Stem 4-5 cent. (ilA~2 in.) long,
stuffed, slender, tough, nearly equal, somewhat furfuraceous.
Gills (folds) obtusely decurrent, rather distant, linear, extremely
narrow, sometimes forked, interstices smooth.

Hymenium nearly white. Stem furnished with a little white fibrillose myce-
lium at the base, which sometimes forms a small earthy ball. A very distinct
species.

Among grass. Hitchin.

Name — after J. Brown. Berk. Out. p. 215. C. Hbk. n. 643. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 456.

5. C. carbonarius A. £ S. — Pileus date-brown then black,
somewhat fleshy, striato-squamulose, umbilicate. Stem paler.
Gills tense and straight, white.

Rooted, fasciculate. The following seem to be the same : B. C. anthra-
cophihis, solitary, black, tough, pileus fleshy - membranaceous, naked, de-
pressed ; stem stuffed, slender, smooth, slightly rooted ; gills distant, dichoto-
mous. Leveill. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1841, /. 236. t.\\.f. 2. — C. C. radicosus, slender,
pileus 18 mm. -2.5 cent, (^-i in.), deeply umbilicate, floccose, black ; stem
rooting, pallid ; hymenium white, gills narrow. Two or three pilei often
grow from the same obconical root, which is white and spongy.

On charcoal heaps, £c. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Spores 9x6 mk. W.G.S. Name — carbo, charcoal. From its habitat.
A. 6^ S. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 456. C. radicosus B. & Br. n. 1134. C. Hbk.
n. 647. Saund. & Sm. t. i.

6. C. umbonatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more broad,
cinereous-blackish, slightly fleshy, convex when young, umbonate,
at length depressed, even, dry, flocculoso-s\\\ay on the surface,
shining brightly especially under a lens; flesh soft, white, often
becoming red when wounded. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, about
8 mm. (4 lin.) thick, stuffed, equal, elastic, villous at the base,
cinereous, but paler than the pileus. Gills decurrent, thin, tense
and straight, crowded, repeatedly dichotomous, shining white.

Odour and taste scarcely notable. Gregarious. Among the taller mosses
the stem is longer. Often overlooked from its habit being that of an Agaric.
It varies with the pileus squamulose and blackish.

In woods. Rare. April-Aug.

Name— umbo, the boss of a shield. Umbonate. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 207.
Hym. Eur. p. 457. Berk. Out. p. 216. C. Hbk. n. 644. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
616. Hoffm. Ic. t. 22. f. 2. Ag. Wulf. Jacqu. Coll. 2. /. i6./. i.

1. C. albidus Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (#-i in.) broad, whitish,

134 AGARICINI.

Canthar- inclining to yellowish or rufescent, fleshy, very thin, somewhat
infundibuliform, irregular, somewhat repand and torn, smooth,
somewhat zoned. Stem 2.5-4 cent (\-\l/z in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.)
thick, solid, tough, equal or at length compressed, smooth, white
or rarely yellowish. Gills decurrent, thin, somewhat crowded,
repeatedly dichotomous, white.

Tough but not coriaceous. It approaches near to the Clitocybce among
Agarics, clearly showing the affinity of these with the Cantharelli (C. cibarius,
aurantiacus, umbonatus, and albidus).

In mossy places. Coed Coch. Sept. -Oct.

Name — albus, white. Whitish. Fr. Monogr, ii. p. 207. Hym. Eur. p. 457.

B. & Br. n. 1421. Fl. Dan. t. 1293. f- x-

8. C. Houghtoni Phill. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or more broad,
dirty white with a tinge of flesh-colour, thin, convex, umbilicate,
smooth. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, stuffed,
slender, thickened at the apex, at first delicately fibrillose, root-
ing at the base which is more or less cottony. Gills somewhat
decurrent, narrow, scarcely forked, pallid flesh-colour.

Sometimes 5 cent. (2 in.) broad. Allied to C. albidus.

On the ground. Hereford.

Name — after Rev. William Houghton. Phillips. — B. & Br. n. 1565.

** Pileus somewhat membranaceous, stem t^^bular and polished.

9. C. tubaeformis Fr. — Pileus fuscous when moist, becoming
pale when dry, fleshy-membranaceous, infundibuliform, repand
and lobed, flocculose. Stem hollow, at length compressed and
lacunose, smooth, orange-tawny. Gills thick, distant, branched
with many clefts, yellow or fuliginous, naked.

It differs widely from all the preceding species in the somewhat membrana-
ceous, infundibuliform, flocculose pileus, and in the tubular stem. Interme-
diate between C. infundibuliformis, to which it is like in the hymenium, and
Craterellus lutescens, which is more like it in the entire habit.

Var. lutescens, pileus convexo-umbilicate, rather even, somewhat regular ;
stem more equal, attenuated upwards ; gills less divided. Bull. t. 473. / 3.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Spores 8 X4mk. W.G.S. Name — tuba, a trumpet ; forma, form. Trum-
pet-shaped. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 208. Hym. Eur. p. 4^7. Berk. Out. p. 216.

C. Hbk. n. 645. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 617. Fl. Dan. i. 2080. /. i. Merulius
Pers. Ic. descr. t. 6. /. i. Dittm. Sturm, t. 30. Batt. t. 23. f. i.

10. C. infundibuliformis Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-)
broad, rarely more, yellowish-cinereous or fuliginous when

CANTHARELLUS. 135

moist, becoming pale when dry, somewhat membranaceous, Canthar-
umbilicate then infundibuliform, here and there pervious to the ellus>
\)*sztfloccoso-ivrinkkd on the surface, at length undulated at the
margin. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, about 4 mm. (2 lin.)
thick, fistulose, somewhat thickened at the base, even, smooth,
always light yellow. Gills decurrent, thick, distant, dichoto-
mous, tense and straight, sometimes light yellowish, sometimes
cinereous, especially when old and then pruinate.

Gregarious, somewhat csespitose. Often not easily distinguished from C.
tubceformis. It does not approach Crat. lutescens. The colours are less
intense, moderately persistent when dried.

In woods. Common. July-Oct.

Spores sphoeroid-ovoid, 9-11x7-8 mk. K. Name — infundibulum, a fun-
nel ; forma, form. Funnel-shaped. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 208. Hym. Eur. p.
458. Berk. Out. p. 216. C. Hbk. n. 646. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 618. Meru-
lius Scop. — Sow. t. 47. Krombh. t. 46. /. 7-9. Fl. Dan. t. 1617.

11. C. cinereus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (*-2 in-) and more
broad, hoary-fuliginous, somewhat membranaceous, infundibuli-
form, pervious as far as the base of the stem, villoso-squamulose.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, hollow,
manifestly attenuated downwards, smooth, fuliginous - blackish.
Gills decurrent, thick, very distant, connected by veins but not
much branched, cinereous.

As C. tubceformis resembles Crat. lutescens this entirely resembles Crat. cor-
nucopioides, but is very easily distinguished from it by the hymenium being
in the form of gills.

In woods. Rare. Halifax, &c.

Spores 15 x 8 mk. B. & Br. Name — cinis, ashes. From the cinereous
gills. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 209. Hym. Eur. p. 458. Berk. Out. p. 216.
B. & Br. n. 1016*, 1139*. C. Hbk. n. 648. Krombh. t. 45. /. 12. Merulius
Pers.—Bull. t. 465. /. 2.

12. C. cupulatus Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (}4 in.) broad, pallid
fuscous when damp, becoming pale, somewhat rufescent, when
dry, membra.r\a.ceous,ptano-mfundt'l>u/zf0rm (exactly cup-shaped),
repand, not zoned, when moist smooth, striate at the margin,
when dry even, flocculose. Stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long,
i m. (% Hn.) thick, stuffed, equal, tense and straight, tough,
smooth, paler than the pileus. Gills decurrent, very distant,
branched with many clefts, with some simple ones intermixed,
broad, but obtuse at the edge, grey.

The branches on the gills ramify in a fasciculate manner. It must not be
confounded with Xerotus degener.

In waste places. Rare. Oct.

136 AGARICINI.

Canthar- Name — cupa, a cup. Shaped like a little cup, Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 209.

ellus. Hym. Eur. p. 458. Merulius Pers. Syn. t. 5. /. 2. Ag. helvelloides Bull. I.

601. /. 3. Berk. Out. p. 132. C. Hbk. n. 226.

13. C. Stevenson! B. & Br. — Pileus about 4mm. (2 lin.) broad,
pallid, orbicular, umbilicate, smooth, margin inflexed. Stem
6 mm. (% in.) long, i m. (/4 lin.) thick, cylindrical, delicately
pulverulent, white then darker. Gills decurrent, pallid, becom-
ing fuscous in front.

Stem with a little white mycelium at the base. Very near to C. cupulatus ;
but that is very strongly umbonate when young, and the umbo is always
visible at the bottom of the umbilicus ; the habit, moreover, is different.

On rotten stump among moss. Glamis, 1874. March, April.

Name — after Rev. John Stevenson. B. 6° Br. n. 1422. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 619.

II. — MERISMA.
No British species.

III. — PLEUROPUS.

14. C. muscigenus Fr.— Pileus fuscous when moist, cinereous-
whitish when dry, somewhat zoned, membranaceous, tough,
spathulate, smooth, rather plane, slightly undulated when full
grown. Stem short, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.), round, exactly lateral,
villaus at the base, horizontal as well as the pileus with which it
is continuous. Gills slightly swollen, diverging from the apex
of the stem, distant, branched, not anastomosing, of the same
colour as the pileus.

The whole plant from the base of the stem to the apex of the pileus scarcely
reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.), commonly smaller.

On mosses. Uncommon. June.

Name — muscus, moss ; gigno, to bear. Growing on mosses. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 210. Hym. Eur. p. 460. Berk. Out. p. 217. C. Hbk. n. 649. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 620. Ag. Bull. t. 288, 498. / 2. Merulius Nets Syst.f. 236.

IV. — RESUPINATI.
* Bryophili (moss-loving).

15. C. retirugus Fr.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad, whitish-
cinereous above, darker, cinereous-fuliginous, beneath, membran-
aceous, expanded, repando-lobed, very tender, somewhat round,
at first entire at the margin then variously split. Gills radiating
from the centre, very tender, reticulated.

NYCTALIS. 137

Easily distinguished from C. lobatus by the thinner, reticulated gills ; Canthar-
without the rudiment of astern, adfixed to mosses by fibrils at the vertex, ellus.
It approaches the Cyphellce in many respects.

On mosses. Uncommon. May.

Name — rete, a net ; ruga, a wrinkle. From the reticulated gills. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 212. Hym. Eur. p. 460. Berk. Out. p. 217. /. 14. /. 2.
Helvetia Bull. i. 498.7. i. Sow. t. 348.

16. C. lobatus Fr.— Pileus scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.), dark
fuscous when in full vigour, becoming pale when dry, sessile,
horizontal, membranaceous, somewhat round, at first adfixed,
entire, then somewhat lateral and lobed. Gills fold-like, some-
what distant, distinct, branched, of the same colour as the pileus.

On mosses in bogs. Uncommon. Autumn.

When old often very much lobed and crisped, and then the wrinkles,
especially at the base, are reticulated, though towards the margin they con-
tinue distinct. M.J.B. Spores ovoid-pruniform, 10 mk. Q. Name — lobatus,
lobed. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 211. Hym. Eur. p. 461. Berk. Out. p. 217.
C. Hbk. n. 650. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 622. Fl. Dan. t. 1077. Bolt. t. 177.

** Lignatiles (growing on wood).
No British species.

GENUS XII. — Arrhenia Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 312. Arrhenia.

Membranaceous, very tender, hymenium inferior and striate
with few, delicate, slightly raised, simple, straight veins, which
take the place of gills. Spores pallid. Minute, moderately per-
sistent, 'variable in form. S trice not decurrent. Compare Can-
thar ellus Brownii. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 461.

No British species.

GENUS XIII.— Nyctalis (v6£, night. From inhabiting dark Nyctalis.
places.) Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. p. 203.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Gills fleshy, thick,
juicy, obtuse at the edge, not decurrent on the stem nor fold-like.
Veil (in species which have been fully observed) floccoso-pruinose.
Fleshy fungi, not reviving, of uncertain and irregular occurrence,
differing in many respects from one another and from the rest of
the Agaricini. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 462.

I. SPELE.^ (spelaum, a cave). Gills crowded, somewhat coalescent. In

'38

AGARICINI.

Nyctalis. hollow places. There is scarcely any doubt that these species are forms of
others, changed in appearance and disguised owing to their place of growth.
II. PARASITE (parasita, a parasite). Gills distinct, distant. On putrid
fungi.

I.—

1. N. caliginosa Smith. — Pileus white when dry, marked with
colours (as in Ag. butyraceus) when
wet, very fleshy, floccoso-pruinose
when dry, margin involute, slightly
exceeding the gills. Stem solid,
floccoso-pruinose, base naked. Gills
decurrent, thick, branched.

Odour and taste rank and disagreeable
like Polyporus squamosus. Closely allied
to N. parasitica, but at once distinguished
by its truly decurrent gills and other
characters.

Amongst earth and dead leaves in
dense dark wood. Bishop's Wood,
Highgate.

Name — caligo, darkness. From its ha-
bitat. Worth. Smith Journ. Bot. 1873,
P- 337-

LI I. Nyctalis parasitica. One-
half natural size.

II. — PARASITE.

2. N. asterophora Fr.— Pileus white when young,

colour> fleshy, conical then hemispherical, often papillate when
young, then splitting Q\>vn.,floccoso-pulverulent. Stem scarcely
exceeding 12 mm. (J^ in.) long, 1-2 mm. (^-i lin.) thick, stuffed,
equal, but often twisted, at first whitish and pruinose, then be-
coming fuscous. Gills adnate, distant, thick, tense and straight,
somewhat forked, dingy.

Very abnormal. Gregarious. The dust covering the pileus represents stel-
late spores under the microscope. B. even underneath and without gills.

On dead Russula nigricans, &c. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores 2x3 mk. W. G. S. Name — aster, a star ; fero, to bear. From the
stellate bodies in the dust on the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 214. Hym. Eur.
p. 463. Berk. Out. p. 217. C. Hbk. n. 652. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 623. Ag.
BulL t. 516. /. i. Asterophora Lycop. Dittm. Sturm t. 26.

3. N. parasitica Fr. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (X~T in-) broad, whit-
ish-fuscous, then becoming pale, whitish, slightly fleshy, when
young conico-campanulate then convex, soon plane and obtuse

MARASMIUS.

139

or obsoletely umbonate, unequal, with a persistent ', pruinose, grey Nyctalis.
pellicle; flesh dingy. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 3 mm.
(\l/2. lin.) thick, delicately fistulose, equal or slightly attenuated up-
wards, straight or curved from oblique position, pubescent, white.
Veil manifest, fibrillose. Gills adnate, thick, distant, with alter-
nate shorter ones intermixed, becoming fuscous, at length con-
torted and anastomosing.

Gregarious, even caespitose. The pileus is often irregular^ (angular, repand
and rimose).

On dead Russules, adusta and fattens. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Odour like Polyporus squamosus. M.J.B. Name — from \\sparasitic growth.
Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 214. Hym. Eur. p. 464. Berk. Out. p. 218. t. 19. /. 2.
C. Hbk. n. 653. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 624. Ag. Bull. t. 574. /. 2. Sow. t.
343-

GENUS XIV.— Marasmius (napalvw, to wither or shrivel). Marasmius.
Fr. Gen. Hymen. Epicr. p. 372.

Tough, arid fungi ; shrivelling (and not putrescent), reviving
when wet. Hymenophore continuotts with the stem, but hetero-
geneous, descending into the trama ;
veil none with one exception. Stem
cartilaginous or horny. Gills pliant,
somewhat distant, edge acute and
quite entire.

This begins a new series of pliant
and arid Agaricini. They are com-
monly epiphytal. Like other plants
they may be dried and preserved in
herbaria. Marasmius is a very nat-
ural genus, although it be principally
distinguished by biological marks.
Many of the species have a strong
smell and peculiar taste (all the
Agaricini with the smell of garlic
seem to belong to this genus, but
no one of the species has the smell
of new meal). Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 464.

Marasmius is closely allied to Collybia. Their biological char-
acter of shrivelling, and reviving with moisture is of the utmost
importance in the determination of the true Marasmii. Fries
refers (Monogr. ii. p. 215) to two species which hold a doubtful

LIII. Marasmius oreades.
half natural size.

One-

140 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. place between the genuine Agarics and the Marasmii — viz., Ag.
(Collybia) stipitarius and Marasmius oreades. One species (not
British) M. siibannulatus has a veil.

The species are mostly small, thin, and commonly epiphytal ;
those which are found on the ground are generally on putrid
leaves or roots of grasses. They are too thin to be of much use
for food, but some are esteemed for flavouring.

I. COLLYBIA. Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. i. p. 73. Pileus fleshy-pliant, at length
somewhat coriaceous, sulcate or wrinkled, margin at first involute. Stem
somewhat cartilaginous, mycelium floccose in a very few not manifest.

A. Scortei (scorteus, coriaceous). Stem solid, or stuffed with a pith then hol-
low, internally fibrous, externally with villous down (pruina, ' Monogr.') that is
easily wiped off covering the cartilaginous cuticle. Gills separating-free.

* Stem woolly or strigose at the base.

** Stem naked at the base, often composed of twisted fibres.

B. Tergini (tergum, hide, skin, leather). Stem rooting, definitely tubular,
not fibrous, manifestly cartilaginous. Gills separating-free. Pileus thinner
than in the former section, hygrophanous, sometimes even, sometimes striate
at the margin.

* Stem woolly downwards, smooth upwards.

** Stem (at least when dry) everywhere pruinato -velvety.

C. Calopodes (WAds, beautiful ; TTOU'S, a foot). Stem curt, rootless, inserted,
often furnished with a floccose tubercle at the base. Pileus convexo-involute
then plane and depressed ; in this state the gills, which are typically adnate,
are somewhat decurrent. On stipules, branches, &c. , gregarious, arid.

* Stem very smooth and shining upwards, with a simple base,
** Stem velvety or pruina te, with a somewhat tubercular base.

II. MYCENA. Stem horny, fistulose, but here and there with a pith,
tough, arid, -mycelium rhizomorphoid corticate and not floccose. Pileus
somewhat membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, margin at the first
straight and adpressed to the stem.

A. Chordales (chorda, a gut. M. chordalis). Stem rigid, rooting, or
adnate by a dilated base. Pileus campanulate or convex. Type manifestly
that of Mycena.

B. Rotulse (rotula, a little wheel). Stem filiform, flaccid, inserted at the
base. Pileus soon rather plane or umbilicate. Growing on leaves, declining
from the common type of Mycena.

* Stem very smooth, shining.
** Stem velvety or pilose.

III. APUS (a, and irovs, a foot. Stemless). Pileus sessile, resupinate.

I. — COLLYBIA.

A. SCORTEI.
* Stem woolly or strigose at the base.

1. M. urens Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, unicolor-
ous, pale yellowish becoming pale, slightly fleshy, moderately com-
pact at the disc, even, but here and there squamulose or rimoso-

MARASMIUS. 141

rivulose when dry, smooth, the thin margin involute. Stem 5-7.5 Marasmius.
cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, solid, composed of crisp
tough fibres, rigid, equal, sometimes however ventricose, 12 mm.
(X in.) thick, everywhere clothed with white flocci, pale, white-
villous at the base. Gills free, united behind, at length remote horn.
the stem, distant, tough, at first pale-wood colour, then brown.

Gregarious, somewhat csespitose. Taste very stinging. The stem is not
strigosely sheathed at the base.

In mixed woods. Frequent. June-Sept.

A curious form has occurred with the pileus turning very dark when full
grown. B. & Br. Poisonous. Worthington Smith has tested it by accident.
It produced headache, swimming of brain, burning in throat and stomach,
followed by severe purging and vomiting. Spores 3x4 mk. W.G.S. Name —
uro, to burn. From its burning taste. Fr. Monogr. \\.p. 216. Hym. Eur.
p. 465. Berk. Out. p. 218. /. 14.7. 3. B. & Br. n. 1889. C. Hbk. n. 654.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 625. Gonn. 6* Rab. t. 8./. i. Ag. Bull. t. 528.7. i.
Fl. Dan. t. 2018. /. i.

2. M. peronatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) and more
broad, light yellowish or pallid brick-rufescent, then becoming
pale, wood-colour or tan, at first fleshy-pliant, then coriaceo-mem-
branaceous, convex then plane, obtuse, flaccid, slightly wrinkled,
•even at the disc, at length lacunose, striate at the margin; flesh
white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick,
stuffed, fibrous, tough, attenuated upwards, at length hollow and
compressed, furnished with a bark, light yellow then pallid, cuticle
mllous but separating and rufescent when rubbed, somewhat in-
curved at the base, where it is clothed with dense, somewhat
strigose, yellowish or white viUous down. Gills adnexed then
separating, free, moderately thin, and crowded, when young
whitish, pallid wood-colour, at length somewhat remote, rufescent.

B. Woolly-sheathed at the base. Taste acrid like that of M. urens, odour
none.

In woods. Common. July-Dec.

Spores pip-shaped, 7x4 mk. W.G.S. Name— pero, a kind of boot ; pero-
natus, sheathed. From the strigose sheathing at the base of the stem. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 216. Hym. Eur. p. 465. Berk. Out. p. 218. /. 14. /. 4. C.
Hbk. n. 655. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 626. Ag. Bolt. t. 58. Sow. t. 37. Fl. Dan.

t. 20l8./. 2.

3. M. porreus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (1-2 in.) broad, dingy
yellowish, pallid when dry, coriaceo-membranaceous, flaccid, con-
vex then flattened, obtuse, even at the disc, striate at the margin,
opaque; flesh pallid, almost of the same colour as the pileus.
Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, stuffed then hollow, tough, juiceless,
pubescent, somewhat thickened at both ends, red-fuscous, paler
at the apex, slightly villous at the base. Gills separating-free,

142 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. distant, rather thick, tough, broadly linear, at length coriaceous,
light yellowish then becoming pale.

Odeur of garlic, but fugacious when the plant is dried.

In woods, especially among oak-leaves. Frequent. Sept.-
Nov.

Spores pip-shaped, 4x6 mk. W.G.S. Name—porrum, the leek. From its
smell of garlic. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 217. Hym. Eur. p. 466. Berk. Out. p.
219. C. Hbk. n. 656. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 627. Ag. Pers.—Sow. t. 81.

** Stem naked at the base, &c.

4. M. oreades Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (I~2 inO broad, rufescent
then becoming pale, hygrophanous, whitish when dry, fleshy, pliant,
convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, even, smooth, slightly
striate at the margin when moist. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
3 mm. (\yz lin.) thick, solid, very tough, equal, tense and straight,
everywhere clothed with a mllous-woven cuticle which can be
rubbed off, pallid ; bluntly rooted at the base, naked, not villous
or tomentose. Gills free, broad, distant, the alternate ones
shorter, at first soft, then firmer, pallid-white.

Odour weak, but pleasant, stronger when dried, taste mild. Commonly
growing in circles or rows.

In lawns and pastures. Common. May-Oct.

Edible, delicious when broiled with butter. It may be pickled or dried for
future use. Carefully distinguish M. urens (poisonous) from it. Spores
ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 6-7x5-6 mk. K. Name — "Opeux?, a mountain-nymph.
Forming fairy rings. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 218. Hym. Eur. p. 467. Sv. dtl.
Sv. t. 31. Berk. Out. p. 219. t. 14. /. 5. C. Hbk. n. 657. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 628. Ag. Bolt. t. 151. Grev. t. 323. Sow. t. 247. Pricef. n. Badh. i.
t. 8.7 3, ii. t. 7.7. 4. Vittad. t. lo.f. r. Krombh. t. 43.7. 11-16. Fl. Bat.
t. 830. Gonn. 6^ Rat. t. S.f. 3. Schceff. t. 77. Bull. t. 144, 528.7. 2.

5. M. scorteus Fr. Wholly whitish.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5
lin.) broad, becoming pale when dried, slightly fleshy, convex,
scarcely umbonate, even (not striate at the margin), but slightly
wrinkled when dried. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, obsoletely
fistulose^ thin, filiform, equal, not rooted, smooth, delicately
pruinose towards the apex, contorted and becoming fuscous
when dry. Gills quite free, remarkably broad, rounded behind,
ventricose, white.

Inodorous, mild. Habit that of very small M. oreades.
In grass among trees. Moncreiffe. Aug.

Name — scortum, hide. Leathery, wrinkled. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 219. Hym.
Eur. p. 468. B. & Br. n. 1677. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 629. Batsch t. 109 ?

MARASMIUS. 143

B. TERGINI. Marasmius.

* Stem woolly downwards, smooth upwards.

6. M. varicosus Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (X in.) or a little more
broad, fuscous -purple, becoming darker when dry, somewhat
membranaceous, pliant, campanulate then convex, plane, um-
bonate, even. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, thin, fistulose,
rubiginous, among mosses villoso-tomentose beyond the middle,
the down rubiginous, blackish when dry, smooth above, filled
with dark blood-coloured juice, which drops when it is broken.
Gills separating-free, very crowded, linear, very narrow, of the
same colour as the pileus, but becoming dark, umber-fuscous
when dry.

Solitary, inodorous. In places which are not mossy the stem is only 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, wholly smooth, becoming black. It is very singular in the
juicy stem, and quite exceptional in the gills being darker when dry. It
cannot be compared with A. hcematopus.

In damp mossy places. Apethorpe. Sept.

Name — varix, dilated vein. Full of veins, which yield a bloody juice. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 220. Hym. Eur. p. 469. Icon. t. 174. /. i. B. 6s Br. n.
1788.

7. M. fusco-purpureus Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (/^-J in.) broad,
dark purple when in vigour, becoming pale (tan) when dry,
slightly fleshy, at first hemispherical, then plane, obsoletely
umbilicate, slightly wrinkled. Stem 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) long,
2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, smooth, at first pallid, then
rufous or dark purple, sheathed towards the base with strigose,
rubiginous down. Gills adnexed in the form of a ring, then free,
distant, narrow, rufescent.

Inodorous, juiceless. There are two forms, one larger, solitary, with the
stem (longer) decumbent, another smaller, caespitose, with the stem (shorter)
tense and straight.

In woods, on sticks, &c. Frequent. Aug.

Na.me—/uscus, fuscous ; purpureus, purple. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 220. Hym.
Eur. p. 469. Berk. Out. p. 219. C. Hbk. n. 658. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 630.
Ag. Pers. Ic. descr. t. $.f. 1-3.

8. M. terginus Fr.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.)
colour when moist, whitish when dry, shining, tough, slightly
fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, at length somewhat depressed,
margin striate when moist. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, slightly attenuated upwards,
longitudinally fissile, smooth, shining, and pallid upwards, and

144 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. not somewhat pruinate when dried, reddish downwards, white-
villous at the rooting base. Gills separating -free, somewhat
crowded, narrow, pallid.

Inodorous and juiceless, always solitary.

Among leaves, beech, &c. Dursley. Nov.

Name — tergum, hide, leather. Fr. Monogr. ii. -p. 221. Hym. Eur. p. 469.
Icon. t. 174.7. 4. B. & Dr. n. 1361. C. Hbk. n. 661. M. Stephens!! Berk.
Out. p. 220.

** Stem (at least when dry] everywhere pruinato-'uelvety.

9. M. Wynne! B. & Br.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-ij£ in.) broad,
#/«f -brown, tardily changing colour, fleshy, convexo-plane, some-
what umbonate. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 3 mm. (i^ lin.)
thick, fistulose, furfuraceous, somewhat of the same colour as
the pileus. Gills adnexed, thick, distant, bright-coloured, beauti-
fully tinged with lilac; interstices even.

Inodorous. Gregarious or caespitose. The stem springs from a white
mycelium, but is by no means strigose or tawny at the base. Quite distinct
from M. fusco-purpureus.

Among leaves, twigs, £c. Coed Coch.

Name — after Mrs Lloyd Wynne. B. dr3 Br. n. 802. Berk. Out. p. 219. t.
19. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 659. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 631. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 470.
Gonn. & Rab. viii.-ix. t. 8./. 2.

10. M. erythropus Fr.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
hygrophanous, pale, almost whitish when dry, slightly fleshy,
convex then plane, obtuse, slightly wrinkled when dry. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, fistulose,
firm, tough, round or at length compressed, dark red, smooth
above, at the first paler, somewhat pruinate when dry, white-
strigose below, internally villous at the sides. Gills separating-
free, broad, lax:, connected by veins, not crowded, quite entire,
whitish.

Inodorous, juiceless, single or somewhat caespitose. The pileus varies in
colour with the moisture of the atmosphere. It varies with the stem decum-
bent, even contorted. In habit it approaches nearest to Ag. (Collybia) con-
fluens and aceruatus ; in these, however, the gills are very narrow and very
crowded.

Among leaves near stumps. Frequent.

Pileus pallid, somewhat shaded with pink. M.J.B. Name — epu0p<S?, red;
TTOVS, a foot. Red-stemmed. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 221. Hym. Eur. p. 470.
Icon. t. 174. / 2. Berk. Out. p. 220. C. Hbk. n. 660. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp.
Scot. Nat. 1885, p. 74.

MARASMIUS. 145

11. M. archyropus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, tan- Marasmius.
colour, becoming pale, slightly fleshy, convex then plane or
depressed, smooth. Stem very long, but scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.)

thick, stuffed then hollow, rigid, tense and straight, pallid
rufesce?it under the white tomentose pruina which forms an
outer covering, similar at the base. Gills adnexed, separating,
crowded, linear, pallid.

Inodorous. Fasciculato-caespitose. Analogous with M. terginus. The
covering of the stem is almost that of M. oread es.

Among leaves. Rare. Bristol.

Name — From the very tall stem. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 471. Berk. Out. p.
220. C. Hbk. n. 663. Gonn. & Rab. t. 8./. 6. Ag. Pers. Myc. Eur. 3. /.
135. t. 25. /. 4.

12. M. torquescens Quel.— Pileus pallid, disc tawny, mem-
branaceous, thin, convexo-plane, rtigoso-striate. Stem somewhat
filiform, delicately velvety, brown, smooth, and whitish at the
apex, twisted and sulcate when dry. Gills free, thin, ventricose,
distant, white or reddish.

Among oak-leaves. Glamis, 1877.

The gills are finely serrulated. In the very young plant, when the pileus is
conical, there is a slight indication of a veil. B. fir" Br. Name — torqueo, to
twist. From the twisted stem. Qudl. p. 198. t. 22. /. 3. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
471. B. 6° Br. n. 1678. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 632.

13. M. impudicus Fr. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-) broad,
bay-brown-rufous, becoming pale when dry, slightly fleshy at
the disc, convex then plane, often depressed in the centre, soft;
membranaceous, striato-plicate, and paler from the circumference
to the middle. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick,
fistulose, equal, but broader in becoming compressed, rooting
at the attenuated base, tough, flexile; when moist rufous or
rufous-fuscous, sometimes violaceous-purple, naked, but wholly
covered over with white villous down (pruinato-velvety) when dry.
Gills at first reaching the stem, then free, truncate behind, con-
nected by veins, ventricose, at first crowded, then distant, whitish-
flesh-colour.

Gregarious, odour strong, disgusting, of the same kind as that of M. fastens
or perforans, but very heavy.

On and about pine-trunks. Hanham. Sept.

Name — impudicus, disgusting. Of the odour. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 222.

Hym. Eur. p. 471. Br. Bath. Trans. 1870, p. 77. B. dr1 Br. n. 1789.
C. Hbk. n. 662

VOL. II. K

146 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. C. CALOPODES.

* Stem very smooth and shining upwards, with a simple base.

14. M. scorodonius Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (l/2 in.) and more
broad, rufous when young, but soon becoming pale, whitish
(not hygrophanous), slightly fleshy, pliant, convex then soon
plane, obtuse, always arid ; even when young, at length wrinkled
and crisped. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, horny, tough, fistulose, equal, very smooth throughout ',
shining, rufous^ inserted and naked at the base. Gills adnate,
often separating, connected by veins, at length crisped in drying,
whitish.

Commonly gregarious. Readily distinguished from neighbouring species by
its strong odour of garlic.

Heaths and dry pastures on twigs, &c. Rare.

Edible ; esteemed for flavouring. Name — oxdpSiov, a plant that smells like
garlic. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 223. Hym. Eur. p. 472. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 32.
Berk. Out. p. 220. C. Hbk. n. 644. Ag. Schceff. t. 99. Paul. t. 122 bis
f. 2, 3. Lenzf. 17. Sv. Bot. t. 173 ?

15. M. calopus Fr.— Pileus about 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad, whitish,
slightly fleshy, tough, convex then flattened, obtuse, rarely de-
pressed, even, smooth, slightly wrinkled when dried. Stem 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, slightly attenuated
upwards, even, smooth, tough, rufous or bay-brown-rufotis, shin-
ing, somewhat rooted. Gills slightly emarginate, in groups of
2-4, thin, white.

Inodorous. Almost smaller than M. scorodonius^ but the stem is longer,
otherwise very like it.

On twigs, &c. Bristol.

In ' Hym. Eur.' the stem is described as not rooted. Name — KoAd?, beauti-
ful ; TTOVS, a foot. With beautiful stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 223. Hym. Eur.
p. 472. B. & Br. n. 1790. Quel. t. 13. /. 5. Ag. Pers.—Bull. t. 550.7. i.

16. M. Vaillantii Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (% in.) and more broad,
whitish, somewhat membranaceous, pliant, soon flattened and
depressed in the middle, plicato-rngose. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, stuffed, thickened and paler upwards, here and there obso-
letely pruinate ; otherwise smooth, date-brown, bright shining,
inserted at the base, where it is naked and blackish. Gills aclnate,
somewhat decurrent on account of their triangular form, broad,
distant, distinct, simple, white.

Very remarkable. Inodorous, tough, arid. The pileus is plicate as in the
Rotula.

MARASMIUS. 147

On dead wood. Royal Botanic Garden, Regent's Park. Sept. Marasmius.

Perhaps imported. D. &•= Br. Name — after Vaillant. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
223. Hym. Eur. p. 472. Berk. Out. p. 221. C. Hbk. n. 665. Ag. Fr.
Vaill. t. ii. f. 21-23. Buxb. iv. /. 36. /. 2.

17. M. angulatus B. & Br.— Pileus fuscous-whitish, somewhat
membranaceous, hemispherical then flattened, at length plicato-
angular. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more long, thin, rufescent-
grey, thickened at both ends, hairy at the base. Gills distant,
whitish.

Very different from M. Vaillantii.

On grass. Cefn, Denbighshire, above Bone-cave.

Name — angulus, an angle. From the angular pileus. B. & Br. n. 1018.
Fr. Hyin. Eur. p. 473. Ag. Pers. Myc. Eur. 3. p. 155. /. 26. f. 3, 4. Michel,
t. 74. f. 4 (whitish var.)

18. M. languidus Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (yz in.) broad, white,
inclining to flesh-colour or light yellow, slightly fleshy, at first
convex, margin involute, then more expanded and umbilicate,
flocculose, rugoso-sulcate. Stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long,

1-2 mm. (Yz-\ lin.) thick, stuffed, thickened upwards, naked,
pallid, becoming fuscous and commonly white villous at the
base. Gills adnate then decurrent, distant, connected by veins,
narrow, white.

Gregarious, tough, pliant, inodorous, especially remarkable for its decurrent
gills. Its appearance is that of Agaricus.

On dead leaves of grass. Coed Coch.

Name — langueo, to be weak, languid. Limp and tough as opposed to
brittle. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 224. Hym. Eur. p. 473. B. & Br. n. 1017.
C. Hbk. n. 667. Ag. Lasch—Batt. t. 27. /. O.

** Stem velvety or pruinate, with a somewhat tubercular base.

19. M. foetidus Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (}4 in.) broad, bay-brown-
tawny, membranaceous, somewhat pellucid, pliant, convex then
expanded, at length umbilicate, striato-plicate. Stem scarcely
reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, i m. (% lin.) thick, borny.Jistufose,
equal, date-brown, and everywhere velvety, inserted with a very
small floccose tubercle at the base. Gills adnexed in the form of
a ring, somewhat decurrent when the disc is depressed, distant,
connected by veins, yellowish-rufescent.

Odour foetid. There is another form differing in the colour being wholly
umber, and in the absence of the villous tubercle at the base. This and the
other plicate species differ from the Rot u la: in the mycelium not being rhizo-
morphoid, and in the margin of the pileus being at first somewhat involute.

148 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. On decayed twigs, &c. Rare. Aug-Nov.

Name—fatidus, stinking. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 224. Hym. Eur. p, 473.
Berk. Out. p. 221. C. Hbk. n. 668. S. MycoL Scot. n. 633. Ag. Sow. t. 21.

20. M. amadelphus Fr.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, pale
yellowish, becoming pale, sometimes whitish, fleshy-membrana-
ceous, convex then plane, always obtuse, at length depressed at
the darker disc, somewhat pruinose, even, at length striate only at
the margin. Stem curt, 12 mm. (% in.) long, scarcely reaching
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, stuffed, equal, somewhat mealy, pallid, com-
monly inserted with an obsolete tubercle. Gills adnate, some-
what de current, broad, distant, pallid.

Gregarious, arid, inodorous. In a var. in fir woods the gills are still more
distant, swollen in the form of veins, at length separating, rufescent-wood-
colour {pallid umber) ; pileus thinner, whitish.

On dead branches, &c. Rare. Sept.

Name— a/u,, afieA$6s, brother. From its relation to M. ramealis next to
which Fries placed it, though differing in some respects from the group. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 225. Hym. Eiir. p. 474. Berk. Out. p. 221. C. Hbk. 669.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 634. Ag. Bull. t. 550. / 3.

21. M. ramealis Fr.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, white,
rufescent at the disc, somewhat fleshy, firm, convex then plane,
obtuse or depressed in the centre, slightly wrinkled, but without
stria;. Stem 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, stttffed, but commonly with a white line in the centre indi-
cating that it is typically fistulose, often incurved, mealy (or with
hairy squamules under a lens), whitish, or rufescent at the base,
inserted when young at least with a very small tubercle. Gills
adnate, connected behind, slightly distant, ?iarrow, white.

Gregarious, arid, inodorozis.

On dead twigs. Common. Sept.-Nov.

Under a lens clothed with minute matted silkiness. M.J.B. Name —
ramus, a branch. Growing on twigs. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 225. Hym. Eur.
p. 474. Berk. Out. p. 221. C. Hbk. n. 670. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 635. Ag.
Bull. t. 336. Mich. t. 74. /. 7.

II.— MYCENA.
A. C H O R D A L E S.

22. M. alliaceus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent, (i-ij^ in-) broad,
whitish inclining to fuscous, often milk-white when young, some-
what membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, somewhat
umbonate, even, at length striate and sulcate, smooth, dry. Stem

MARASMIUS. 149

as much as 20 cent. (8 in.) long, horny, rigid, fistulose, attenuated Marasmius.
upward s, pruinato-velvety, blackish, rooted at the base where it is
somewhat incurved and naked. Gills adnexed in the form of a
ring then/n^, slightly ventricose, arid, slightly distant, fuscous-
whitish, crisped when dry.

Odour strong, of garlic, persistent. There is nothing of a reddish tinge in
the whole plant. The stem is not tomentose at the base as in the Tergini.

Among leaves and on rotten wood. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Name — allinm, garlic. From the smell. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 226. Hym.
Eur. p. 475. Berk. Out. p. 223. C. Hbk. n. 671. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 636.
Ag. Jacq. Austr. t. 82. Fl. Dan. t. 1251. Mich. Gen. t. 78. /. 4. Paul. t.
122. / i.

23. M. caulicinalis Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (%. in.) and more
broad, dingy yellow becoming ferruginous, then ochraceous,
membranaceous, thin, pliant, campanulate then convex, obtuse,
at length plane, never umbilicate, even then striato-sulcate. Stem
2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, fistulose with a pith, rigid, tough,

floccoso-villous and bay-brown below, attenuated, paler and mealy
upwards, somewhat inserted at the base. Gills adnato-decurrent,
somewhat distant, connected by a network of veins, pallid light

yellow.

It differs widely from Ag. campanella, with which it agrees in stature and
habit. A. caulicinalis Bull, is entirely different.

Among leaves. Rare. Nov.

It occurs paler in colour. Spores 4-5 x 2-3 mk. B. Name — caulis, a stalk,
stem. Growing on stems. Fr. Monogr. \\. p. 227. Hym. Eur. p. 476. B. &
Br. n. 1136. C. Hbk. n. 672. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 637. Ag. With.— Sow. t. 163.

B. ROTUL^E.

* Stem very smooth, shining.

24. M. rotula Fr.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, whitish,
unicolorous, or with the umbilicus becoming fuscous, arid, mem-
branaceous, slightly convex, umbilicate, plicate, undulato-crenu-
lated at the margin. Stem variable in length, horny, fistulose,
equal, shining, very smooth, blackish, manifestly striatewhen dry.
Gills adnate behind to a collar encircling the stem but removed

from it, broad, few (often equal), very distant, white.
Gregarious, often coespitose, with root-like branchlets.

On dead twigs. Common. July-Nov.

Stem deep shining brown at the base. M.J.B. Name — rota, a wheel.
Like a little wheel. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 229. Hym. Ettr. p. 477. Berk.
Out. p. 222. /. 14. / 7. C. Hbk. n. 673. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 638. Gonn. &

150 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. Rab. t. 8. / 8. Ag. Scop.—Soiv. t. 95. Bull. t. 64, 569.7. 3. Fl. Dan. t.
1134. Mich. t. 74.7. 5.

25. M. graminum Berk.— Pileus scarcely exceeding 6 mm.
(3 lin.) broad, very pale rufous, the furrows paler, umbo brown,
nearly plane, umbonate, sulcate. Stem quite smooth, shining,
black, white above. Gills attached to a free collar, few, somewhat
ventricose, even, with veiny interstices, cream-coloured.

A most elegant species, and quite distinct from M. rotula.
On grass. Uncommon. July-Sept.

Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more long. Gills 6-8 only. Fr. Name— -gramen,
grass. On grass. Berk. Out. p. 222. t. 14. f. 8. C. Hbk. n. 674. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 639. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 477. Ag. Lib. exs. 119.

26. M. androsaceus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad,
whitish or somewhat fuscous, membranaceous, arid, somewhat
umbilicate, smooth, striate. Stem 4 cent. (i}4 in.) and more
long, filiform, horny, fistulose, very tough, equal, very smooth,
black, contorted and striate when dry. Gills adnate to the stem
(without a collar), simple, distinct, distant, whitish.

There are two forms : on deciduous leaves the pileus is whitish, deeply
umbilicate, plicate, the mycelium (on oak-leaves) creeping within the sub-
stance of the leaf; on perennial leaves (Pinus silvestris, Juniper, here and
there on bark) the pileus is scarcely umbilicate, more even, somewhat fuscous,
and the mycelium commonly free.

On leaves, twigs, &c. Common. April-Nov.

The umbilicus is darker. Name — androsaces, a zoophyte : madrepora
acetabulum Linn. Perhaps from its form. Fr. Monogr. \\. p. 229. Hym.
Eur. p. 477. Berk. Out. p. 222. C. Hbk. n. 675. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 640.
Ag. Linn.—Fl. Dan. t. 1551.7 i. Bolt. t. 32. Sow. ^."94. Bull. t. 569.
7 2. Bocc. Mus. t. 104.

27. M. splachnoides Fr.— Pileus somewhat membranaceous,
convex then expanded and umbilicate, smooth, striate. Stem
horny, fistulose, smooth, shining, red ("becoming fuscous").
Gills somewhat decurrent, crowded, simple and anastomosing,
white.

Inodorous. Allied most closely to M. androsaceiis ; differing however in
the red stem, and somewhat decurrent, more crowded gills.

Among pine-leaves. Cabalva, Foxley. Oct.

By an error in 'Hym. Eur.' it is represented as being of the habit of
M. perforans. See ' Epicr.' and 'Monogr.' Name — splachmtm, a moss
(<Tir\dy\vov, applied to a cryptogamic plant) ; etSos, appearance. Splachnum-
like. Resemblance not apparent. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 478. Monogr. ii. /.
230. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. no.

MARASMITJS. 151

28. M. Curreyi B. & Br. — Pileus pallid rufous, furrows paler, Marasmius.
umbo fuscous, somewhat plane, sulcate, somewhat radiate.

Stem inserted, very smooth, shining, black, white at the apex.
Gills attached to a collar, few, somewhat ventricose, cream-
coloured, interstices veined, elsewhere very even.

On leaves of grasses. Fineshade, Norths. Aug.
Name— after F. Currey. B. & Br. n. 1794.

** Stem velvety or pilose.

29. M. perforans Fr.— Pileus 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad, whitish,
becoming pale - rufescent, somewhat membranaceous, rather
plane, rarely depressed, not umbilicate, without strice, at length
slightly wrinkled. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more long,
fistulose, not very horny, but tough, equal, even, everywhere
velvety, bay-brown then black, inserted at the base. Gills adnate,
numerous, simple, unequal (the alternate ones shorter), not very
distant.

Odour foetid, not of garlic. In appearance like the Calopodes.
On fir-leaves. Rare. Aug.

Name— jZter/0rt>, to pierce. Perforating with its stem the leaves on which

it grows. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 230. Hym. Ear. p. 478. Berk. Out. p. 223.

C. Hbk. n. 676. S. My col. Scot. n. 641. Ag. Hoffm. Nomencl. t. 4. /. 2.
Schceff. t. 239. Batschf. 10.

30. M. insititius Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (}£ in.) broad, white,
membranaceous, pliant, convexo- plane, somewhat umbilicate,
unpolished, even when young, then plicato - sulcate. Stem
scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, horny, fistulose, attenuated down-
wards into a simple (not tubercular) inserted base, floccoso-
furfuraceous, rufous inclining to fuscous. Gills broadly adnate
to the stem and attenuated to the margin, distant, simple, unequal,
pale to white.

Inodorous. Gregarious, arid. A very remarkable species. The habit is
that of M. Vaillantii.

On leaves, decayed grass, £c. Rare. Aug.

Variable. Sometimes the stem is paler and the pileus less plicate. Some-
times the disc is reticulated. M.J.B. Name — insero, to insert or graft.
From the way in which the stem is engrafted on the host plant. Fr. Monogr.
ii. p. 230. Hym. Eur. p. 478. Berk. Out. p. 223. /. 14. f. 6 (white-stemmed
var.) B. & Br. n. 1792. C. Hbk. n. 677. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 642.

31. M. Hudsoni Fr.— Pileus scarcely 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad,
pale fuscous-rufescent, membranaceous, hemispherical, slightly

152 AGARICINI.

Marasmius. wrinkled, beset with scattered purple hairs. Stem horny, filiform,
dark purple, with the same hairs as the pileus. Gills adnexed,
narrow, single, white, the alternate ones dimidiate.
Inodorous.

On fallen holly-leaves. Frequent in England. Rare in Scot-
land. June-Dec.

The whole of the outer surface of the pileus is clothed with echinulate pro-
cesses. B. & Br. Spores fusiform, n mk., with a central nucleus very differ-
ent from those of any other Agaric or Marasmius. B. & Br. Name — after
Hudson, author of 'Flora Anglica.' Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 478. Berk. Out. p.
223. C. Hbk. n. 678. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 643. B. & Br. n. 708*. ^.15.
f. 3 (spores). Sow. t. 164.

32. M. epichloe Fr.— Pileus whitish, bay-brown-fuscous in the
centre, thin, plano-convex, somewhat papillate, without striae.
Stem bay-brown, opaque, sulcato-striate, the stria slightly bristly,
paler at the base. Gills rounded, somewhat crowded, broader
behind.

On the base of grasses. Hereford.

Name — «ri, upon ; x^<"?. grass. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 479. B. &•* Br. n. 1566.
M. gramineus Leveill.

33. M. saccharinus Fr. — Pileus wholly white, membranaceous,
convex, somewhat papillate, smooth, silicate and plicate. Stem
very thin, filiform or attenuated upwards, flocculose then becom-
ing smooth, inserted obliquely, reddish, pale at the apex. Gills
broadly adnate, narrow, thick, very distant, reticulato - united,
whitish.

Stem often rufous-fuscous below. Tending more to the form of Mycena
than the rest.

On dead twigs. Rare. King's Cliffe, &c.

Name — saccharon, sugar. Granulate. From the papillate pileus. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 479. Monogr. ii. p. 231. Berk. Out. p. 224. B. & Br. n.
1793. C. Hbk. n. 680. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 644. Ag. Batschf. 83.

34. M. epiphyllus Fr. — Pileus 4-10 mm. (2-5 lin.) broad,
milk-white, membranaceous, very thin, convex then plane, at
length umbilicate, smooth, at length plicato-rugose. Stem 1-2.5
cent. (Yz-\ in.) long, very thin, somewhat horny, fistulose, equal,
velvety under a lens, date-browrn, whitish at the apex, inserted
without mycelium at the base. Gills adnate, few (4-10), very
distant^ entire, veined, branched, white.

Gregarious, very slender but persistent, inodorous. When dried it revives
with moisture. Sometimes there are only wrinkles in place of gills. Baft. t.
28. D. Batsch f. 84 (very young). It occurs also wholly even beneath.
Pers. Ic. & descr. t. 9. /. 7.

LENTINUS.

J53

On dead leaves, twigs, &c. Common. Sept.-Oct. Marasmius.

In large specimens the gills form a close collar round the stem, margin of
the collar cream-coloured. M.J.B. Name— em, upon ; <J>vAAoi/, a leaf. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 231. Hym. Eur. p. 479. Berk. Out. p. 224. C. Hbk. n.
679. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 645. Ag. Tratt. Austr. f. 22. Fl. Dan. t. H94-/
i. Sow. t. 93.

III.— APUS.

35. M. spodoleucus Berk.— Pileus 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, cinere-
ous, pulverulent or slightly furfuraceous, conchate, resupinate,
margin free, arched. Stem none. Hymenium white, very even.
Gills few, narrow, entire, so short as to have a naked space at
the base, white, interstices even.

On dead elm-twigs. Batheaston.

Spores very small, 1-2 mk. W.G.S. Name— oTroSdj, wood-ash;
white. From the cinereous pileus and white hymenium and gills. B. & Br.
n. 803. Berk. Out. p. 224. C. Hbk. n. 681.

36. M. Broomei Berk. — Half-resupinate. Pallid brown then
striate black ; hymenium shining white. Gills distant, veined ;
interstices even.

On dead twigs. Batheaston. Jan.
Name— after C. E. Broome. B. & Br. n. 1795.

GENUS XV.— Lentinus (lentus, tough or pliant). Fr. Epicr. p. 387. Lentinus.

Pileus fleshy-coriaceous, pliant, or in fleshy species becoming
hard when old, persistent. Hymen-
ophore continuous with the stem
or the base of the pileus when ses-
sile. Gills concrete with the hy-
menophore, thin, unequal, membran-
aceous, with the edge serrated or
torn in a toothed manner. Spores
somewhat round, even, white. With
the exception of one species, grow-
ing on wood, polymorphous, some-
what irregular, very numerous in
warmer countries, decreasing in num-
ber and not becoming so hard to-
wards the north. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 480.

A very natural, though very poly-

LIV. Lentinus cochleatus.
fourth natural size.

One-

154 AGARICINI.

Lentinus. morphic genus. The serrated or torn edge of the gills is a dis-
tinctive feature.

I. MESOPODES (ju-eo-os, middle ; TTOVS, a foot). Pileus nearly entire. Stem
distinct.

* Lepidei (Ae™?, a scale). Pileus scaly. More or less manifestly veiled.
(In none of the following groups is there a veil.)

'* Pulverulenti (pulvis, dust). Pileus villo-us or pulverulent.
*** Cochleati (cochlea, a snail-shell, lobed and twisted in shape). Pileus
smooth.

II. PLEUROTI (irAevpov, a side ; o5s, an ear). Dimidiate, sessile or furnished
with a somewhat lateral stem.

I.— MESOPODES.
* Lepidei. Pileus scaly, &c.

1. L. tigrinus Fr.— Pileus commonly 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
white, variegated with somewhat adpressed, blackish, hairy
squamules, fleshy-coriaceous, thin, commonly orbicular and cen-
tral, at first convexo-plane, nmbilicate, at length infundibuliform,
often split at the margin when dry. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.)
long, thin, solid, very hard, commonly attenuated downwards,
minutely squamulose, whitish, often ascending and becoming
fuscous at the base, at first furnished at the apex with an entire
reflexed ring, which soon falls off. Gills decurrent (by no means
sinuate], narrow, crowded, unequal, toothed like a saw, white.

Somewhat gregarious, even caespitose, thinner and more coriaceous and
regular than L. lepideus. B. wholly blackish with squamules.

On old stumps. Rare.

When fresh very tender and easily torn, when dry coriaceous. Sow. Smell
strong, acrid, like that of some Lactarii. M.J.B. Spores 3x7 mk. W.G.S.
Name — tigrinus, tiger-like. From the marking on the pileus. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 233. Hym. Eur. p. 481. Berk. Out. p. 224. C. Hbk. n. 682. Ag.
Bull. t. 70. Sow. t. 68. Batt. t. 12. / B-D.

* It. Dunalii Fr. — Pileus pallid, with adpressed, separating,
spot-like scales, fleshy- coriaceous, thin, umbilicate, irregularly
shaped. Stem short, somewhat silky. Gills decurrent, crowded,
pallid.

When the scales separate the pileus is even. Veil scarcely manifest. Very
much allied to L. tigrinus.

On ash-trees. Rare.

Csespitose. Pileus 2 in. broad, margin deflexed, sometimes variously split
and sinuated, yellow- white, with brownish rather close scales, margin nearly
smooth: gills dichotomous, crenate. Stem i in. high, 3 lin. thick, tough, the
lower part clothed with dark, nearly square, adpressed scales, the upper half
not scaly, white, resembling the under side of white kid leather. Odour sub-

LENTINUS. T55

acid, farinaceous. M.J.B. Name — after Dunal. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 481. Lentinus.
Berk. Out. p. 225. /. 15.7. 2. C. Hbk. n. 683. Batt. t. 12. A.

2. L. lepideus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, pallid-
ochraceous, variegated with adpressed, darker, spot-like scales,

fleshy, very compact and firm, irregular, commonly excentric,
convex then depressed, but not truly umbilicate, sometimes
broken up into cracks ; flesh pliant, white. Stem short, com-
monly 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, solid, stout, very irregularly formed,
almost woody, tomentoso-scaly, whitish, rooted at the base, at the
first furnished with a cortina towards the apex. Gills decurrent,
but sinuate behind, crowded, broad, transversely striate, whitish,
edge torn into teeth.

Odour pleasant. Almost always solitary ; earlier than the rest, often ap-
pearing quite in spring. Very variable in stature and size. Cortina very
fugacious. Gills very remarkable in being sinuate behind while decurrent.
Often pierced by larvae when old. Sow. t. 382 is a monstrous form of this.

On pine. Rare. July.

Fries refers to various monstrous forms found in close places, cellars, aque-
ducts, &c. I have one such from under a floor ; more than 2 feet in height,
the very thick woody stem springing from a dense leathery stratum, which
covered yards of the wood, then branched and united in fantastic forms, like
branched coral, with here and there a small infundibuliform pileus on the end
of a branch. Spores very white. Fr. ; 11x5 mk. W.G.S. Name— A«n's, a
scale. From the pileus. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 233. Hym. Eur. p. 481. Berk.
Out. p. 22$. C. Hbk. n. 684. S. Mycol. Scot. 'n. 646. Ag. Schceff. t. 29, 30.
Buxb. C. iv. t. 25.

** Pulverulent. Pileus villous or pulverulent.

3. L. leontopodius Schulz. — Pileus tan-clay-colour, fleshy-
coriaceous, tough, irregular, delicately tomentose, disc depressed,
the deflexed margin slightly lobed. Stem thick, woody, un-
polished, pulverulent, pale chestnut, blackish downwards. Gills
decurrent, connected by veins, wrinkled at the sides, serrated at
the edge.

Large, handsome, with a pleasant taste. Pileus here and there cinnamon
with the down.

On decayed willow. Menmuir, Forfarshire.

Name— AeW, a lion ; TTOVS, a foot. From the appearance of the stem.
Schulz.— Kalchbr. in litt. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 482. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 647.

4. L. pulverulentus Fr. — Pileus yellow, mealy with white
dust, fleshy-pliant, convex. Stem stout, elongated, equal, rigid,
mealy with white dust. Gills slightly toothed, white.

Coespitose.

156 AGARICINI.

Lentinus. On dead trunks. Glamis, 1875. Oct.

Tufted, at first infundibuliform, then lateral flabelliform, fuliginous, floccoso-
pulverulent, with little umber particles ; stem elongated, at length smooth ;
gills thick, pallid, deeply decurrent, their edge crenulate but not torn. Pileus
2 inches across, stem 3 inches high. B. & Br. Na.me—piilvis, dust. Pul-
verulent. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 483. B. & Br. n. 1567. S, My col. Scot. n. 648.
Ag. Scop. Cam. p. 434.

* L. resinaceus Fr. — Pileus ochraceous-cinnamon, somewhat
fleshy, pliant, excentric, somewhat gummy -villous. Stem unequal,
tomentose. Gills crowded, serrated, shining white.

Somewhat casspitose. Covered with a dry, tenacious, somewhat resinous
gluten arising from the quasi-glandular villous down.

On trunks. Forres.

Name — resina, resin. From the resinous covering. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
483. B. & Br. n. 1283. S. My col. Scot. n. 649. Ag. Trog. Fl. 1832. p. 525.

5. L. adhserens Fr.— Pileus dingy pallid, somewhat fleshy,
pliant, irregular, convexo-umbonate then depressed and infundi-
buliform, lacunose, somewhat pulverulent, coated with a glutin-
ous varnish. Stem somewhat hollow, rooted, of the same colour
as the pileus and like it coated with a glutinous varnish. Gills
decurrent in lines, very thin, torn, white.

Small, unequal, taste at length astringent.
In pine woods. Rare.

Name — ad, and hcereo, to stick. From the glutinous varnish. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 483. C. Hbk. n. 685. S. My col. Scot. n. 649. Ag. A. & S.—A.
adhaesivus With.

*** Cochleati. Pileus smooth.

6. L. cochleatus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, flesh-
colour, but becoming pale, somewhat tan, fleshy-pliant, thin,
commonly excentric, imbricated, very unequal, somewhat lobed
or contorted, sometimes plane, sometimes infundibuliform-umbi-
licate, but not pervious, smooth. Stem solid, firm, sometimes
central, most frequently excentric, sometimes wholly lateral,
always sulcate, smooth, flesh-coloured upwards, rufous-fuscous
downwards. Gills decurrent, crowded, serrated, white -flesh-
colour.

Pliant, tough, flaccid, very changeable in form, sometimes solitary, some-
times casspitose, imbricated, growing into each other. From very small
forms, which are commonly solitary, with the stem and pileus scarcely 2.5
cent, (i in.) it ranges to 7.5 cent. (3 in.)

On stumps. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

LENTINUS. 157

According to Fries the odour is weak, of anise ; but it is generally strong Lentinus.
and very pleasant. Spores sphaeroid or ellipsoid-sphseroid, uniguttate, 4-6
mk. K. ; almost globular, 4 mk. IV.G.S. Name — cochlea, a snail-shell.
From the shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 235. Hym. Eur. p. 484. Berk. Out.
p. 226. /. 19.7. 4. C. Hbk. n. 686. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 650. Price t. 125.
Ag. Sow. t. 1 68.

II. — PLEUROTI. Dimidiate, &c.

7. L. scoticus B. & Br.— Pileus 1-4 cent. (%-il/2 in.) broad,
pallid, at length brownish, hygrophanous, umbilicate, sometimes
infundibuliform, at length flattened ; extremely variable in form,
either quite stemless and reniform, or variously stipitate, lobed
at the margin and sinuate, or plicate. Stem when present vary-
ing from 4 mm. (2 lin.) to 5 cent. (2 in.) long, cylindrical, darker,
pulverulent, springing from a brown, fibril lose mycelium. Gills
decurrent when the stem is developed, rather distant, strongly
toothed.

Solitary or caespitose ; sometimes 2 pilei are joined. Inodorous, or at any
rate without p.ny odour of aniseed. The nearest ally to this curious species is
L. omphalodes.

On decayed nlex, birch and spruce. Menmuir. Glamis.
Nov.-Jan.

The teeth of the gills are very irregularly torn. Name— Scottish. B. &
Br. n. 1423. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 651. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 485.

8. L. fimbriatus Curr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (%-i in.) broad, fawn-
colour, covered with darker floccose scales, somewhat dimidiate,
somewhat coriaceous, thin (not fleshy), depressed, sometimes
very much so and almost cyathiform, margin slightly involute,
almost strigose. Stem Y$-1X in. long, lateral, rough with some-
what reflexed scales of the same colour as the gills, or rather
paler. Gills descending, but not decurrent, irregularly serrated
and torn at the margin, pale brown.

In young specimens a delicate white fimbriate collar or fringe (the remains
of the ruptured veil) separates the gills from the stem. Pilei two or three
together, one above another in an imbricated manner. Some of the pilei
tinged here and there with pink stains.

On a stump standing in a pond. Lewes. Sept.

—JZm&rzte, fringe. From the fimbriate collar. Currey in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxiv. p. 152. t. 25. /. 2. C. Hbk. n. 688. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 485.

9. L. vulpinus Fr. Sessile, many times imbricated. — Pilei
tan, fleshy, very pliant, reniform-conchate, very convex, margin
deflexed and almost perpendicular, hence concave beneath ; sur-
face wholly peculiar, with raised longitudinal ribs, which are

AGARICINI.

Lentinus. broken up into scales or fibrous teeth towards the margin, hence
entirely rough and corrugated, and white-warty behind. Gills
extended to the base, broad, crowded, torn into teeth.

Pilei like steps of a ladder (the intermediate ones largest, 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
broad), horizontal, connate behind in a dense cluster, the common base pierc-
ing the trunks of trees. Substance white. Margin thin, incurved, becoming
fuscous in older specimens. When dry the pileus often gapes open in longi-
tudinal cracks. The gills at the base are concrete with the substance of the
pileus. It sheds very plentiful, white spores, hence the clusters when old are
very white-mealy.

On stumps. Rare.

Smell very strong and overpowering, somewhat resembling that of field
mint. M.J.B. Spores almost globular, very small, 2 mk. W. G.S. Name —
vulpes, a fox ; foxy. Meaning obscure. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 238. Hym.
Eur. p. 486. Icon. t. 176.7. i. Berk. Out. p. 226. C. Hbk. n. 687. Sow.
t- 351-

10. L. flabelliformis Fr. Somewhat sessile. — Pileus not ex-
ceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, pallid fawn-colour, membrana-
ceous, pliant, reniform, plane, even, smooth, margin fimbriato-
toothed. Stem commonly rudimentary, thin, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
long. Gills broad, somewhat distant, rather thick, pallid or
whitish, torn into teeth at the edge.

Commonly exactly lateral with a rudimentary stem; much smaller and
thinner than any of the rest, at length crisped. Var. herbarum very small,
the membranaceous pileus becoming pale.

On stumps. Rare.

Perhaps Bolton's plant may be only Ag. salignus. M.J.B. Name— _/&?&?/-
lum, a small fan ; forma, form. From the shape. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 239.
Hym. Eur. p. 487. Berk. Out. p. 226. C. Hbk. n. 689. Ag. Bolt. t. 157?

Panus GENUS XVI. — Panus (a name given to an arboreal fungus by

Pliny.) Fr. Epicr. p. 396.

Whole fungus fleshy-coriaceous, tough, drying up, of fibrous
texture, which radiates into the hymenium. Gills concrete with
the hymenophore, unequal, at length coriaceous, edge quite entire.
Spores even, white, somewhat cylindrical in species which have
been examined. Growing on wood, various inform, lasting long.

A genus which must be inserted in this series on account of
its flesh which is pliant and somewhat coriaceous (even in the
gills), allied to the Lentini, but differing from them in the firmer,
coriaceous and very entire gills. Either poisonous, or owing to
the toughness of the substance not suitable for eating. Fr. Hym.
Etir. p. 487.

PANUS.

'59

* Pileus irregular, stem excentric. Panus.

** Stem definitely lateral.
*** Pileus resupinate, sessile or extended behind.

* Pileus irregular, stem excentric.

1. P. conchatus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, cin-
namon then becoming pale, fleshy-plian t, thin, unequal, excentric,
even dimidiate, flaccid, squamulose
when old. Stem about 12 mm. (}4
in.) long, 8 mm. (4 lin.) thick, un-
equal, often compressed, pubescent at
the base. Gills deeply decurrent in
parallel lines, by no means anasto-
mosing, but here and there branched
and unequal, at first whitish or pale
flesh-colour, at length ochraceous-
wood-colour, crisped when dry.

Cosspitose, often imbricated and grow-
ing into each other. No form is constant.
So much allied to P. torulosus that the real
difference is not apparent. It is thinner,
more conchate and more lobed than that
species.

On trunks. Rare. June-Oct.

L V. Panus torulosus. One-fourth
natural size.

Name — concha, a shell. Shell-shaped. Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 240. Hym.
Eur. p. 488. Berk. Out. p. 227. C. Hbk. n. 691. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 652.
Krombh. t. 42.7. i, 2. Schteff. t. 43, 44. Bull. t. 298, 517. /. O. P.

2. P. torulosus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, some-
what flesh-colour, but varying rufescent - livid and becoming
violet, entire, but very excentric, fleshy, somewhat compact when
young, plano-infundibuliform, even, smooth ; flesh pallid. Stem
short, commonly 2.5 cent, (i in.), solid, oblique, tough, firm, com-
monly with grey, but often violaceous down. Gills decurrent,
somewhat distant, simple, separate behind, reddish then tan-
colour.

Very changeable in form, at first fleshy-pliant, at length coriaceous. In
the covering of the stem it approaches Paxillus atro-tomentosus, but there is
no affinity between them.

On old stumps. Frequent.

Spores 6x3 mk. VV.G.S. Na.me—torulus, a tuft of hair. From the hairy
down on the stem. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 240. Hym. Eur. p. 489. Berk. Out.
p. 226. C. Hbk. n. 690. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1881, p. 37.
Ag. Krombh. t. 42. / 3-5. Bolt. t. 146 (var.) Gonn. & Rab. t. 12. f. 4.
Batsch f. 33. Paul. t. 26. /. 3, 4. Nees Syst. f. 176.

Panus.

1 60 AGARICINI.

** Stem definitely lateral.

3. P. stipticus Fr. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (>£-i in.) broad, cin-
namon becoming pale, arid, thin, but not membranaceous, reni-

form, pruinose, the cuticle separating into furfnraceous scales.
Stem not reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, solid, definitely lateral,
compressed, dilated upwards, ascending, pruinose, paler than the
gills. Gills ending determinately (not decurrent), thin, very
narrow, crowded, elegantly connected by veins, cinnamon.

Gregarious, ccespitose, remarkable for its astringent taste. The pileus
sometimes has an infundibuliform appearance with lobes all round.

On stumps, &c. Common. Aug.-Feb.

Reckoned poisonous. Spores obovoid-sphseroid, 2-3x1-2 mk. K. ; 3x4
mk. W.G.S. Name — stypticus, astringent. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 241. Hym.
Eur. p. 489. Berk. Out. p. 227. C. Hbk. n. 692. S. Mycol Scot. n. 653.
Ag. Bull. t. 140, 557, /. i. Schceff. t. 208. Sow. t. 109. Fl. Dan. t. 832. /.
i, I292./". i. Tratt. Austr. t. 2. Krombh. /. 44. /". 13-17. Buxb. C.v.t. xo.f. i.

4. P. farinaceus Schum. — Pileus cinnamon-umber, somewhat
coriaceous, flexuous, cuticle separating into whitish-bluish-grey
scurf. Stem short, lateral, of the same colour as the pileus.
Gills determinately free, distinct, paler.

The habit is that of P. stipticus.

On fir pole. Glamis, 1873. Dec.

Name— farina, meal. From the scurf on the pileus. Schum. — Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 490. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 654.

*** Pileus resupinate, sessile or extended behind.

5. P. patellaris Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (% in.) or a little more
broad, pallid externally, resupinate, coriaceous, orbicular, plano-
cup-shaped, aclnate by the sessile vertex, the free margin involute,
furfuraceo - villous externally. Gills concurrent in a central
point, crowded, quite entire, arid, dark ochraceous.

Very remarkable, nearest to P. stipticus.
On cherry. Forres. March.

Name— /rtfe//#, a small dish. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 242. Hym. Eur. p. 490.
Icon. t. 176. /. 3. B. & Br. n. 1680. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 655.

6. P. Stevensoni B. & Br. — Pileus olivaceous-light yellow,
spathulate ; flesh greenish-yellow. Stem dilated upwards, con-
vex and golden, slightly hispid. Gills narrow, entire.

On oak. Glamis, 1877. Penicuik, 1878. Sept.-Oct.

XEROTUS.

161

A very striking species. Name — after Rev. John Stevenson.
1796. S. Mycol, Scot. n. 656.

B. &> Bi:

GENUS XVII. — Xerotus (frpts, dry; o5s, an ear). Xerotus.

Fr. Elench. i. p. 48.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, descending into the
trama which is homogeneous with the coriaceous pileus. Gills
coriaceous, broadly plicaeform, cli-
chotomous, edge quite entire, ob-
tuse. Rigid, persistent, analogous
with the Cantharclli, but differing in
the whole structure. Fr. Hym. Eitr.
P- 49i-

1. X. degener Fr.— Pileus date-
brown-grey when moist, when dry
grey, somewhat zoned, coriaceo-mem-
branaceous, very thin, but very tough,
plano-infundibuliform, striate whe7i
moist, flocculose when dry. Stem
not 2.5 cent, (i in.), often only 4-6
mm. (2-3 lin.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, very tough, solid or floccoso-
stuffed at the apex, equal, fuscous,

somewhat white-velvety. Gills decurrent, few, very distant, when
rightly developed thin, rather broad, whitish-grey, edge acute,
flaccid.

When dry the pileus is zoneless in smaller specimens. When the gills are
less fully developed, they resemble the ribs of Cladoderris, the edge being very
obtuse. They vary, sometimes all equal, simple, sometimes simply dichoto-
mous, with shorter alternate ones. They are the most widely distant of any
of the species of Agaricini.

L VI. Xerotus degener. One-
half natural size.

Glamis, Warren, 1877.

On peaty soil among short grass.
Jan.

This extremely rare species has hitherto been recorded as British by Sowerby
only. My specimens, in the opinion of Berkeley were nearest Schceff. t. 243.
Spores elliptical, irregular, 8-12x4-6 mk. B. Name — degener, degenerate.
Fr. Monogr. ii. /. 243. Hym. Eur. p. 491. Berk. Out. p. 227. C. Hbk. n.
693. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 657. Ag. Scha-ff. t. 243. A. turfosus Sow. t. 210.

VOL. II.

162

AGARICINI.

Trogia. GENUS XVII I.— Trogia (after Trog, a Swiss botanist).

Fr. Epicr. p. 402.

Gills fold -like, edge longitudinally channelled (in the single
European species only crisped). In

^-^r-r — ./~ — ==&£ other respects agreeing with Xerotus.

Soft, flaccid, but arid and persistent,
texture fibril lose. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
491.

Reviving when wet. Spores white.

1. T. crispa Fr. — Pileus 1-2.5
cent. (l/z-\ in.), light yellow-rufescent
behind, whitish at the margin, sessile
with or without a vertical stem, then
reflexed, horizontal, very irregular-
ly shaped, lobed, delicately villous.
Gills in the form of veins, dichoto-
mous, narrow, crisped, very much
swollen, edge very obtuse but not
channelled, whitish or bluish-grey.

Substance and texture as described in the generic characters. Very grega-
rious, commonly imbricated. When young pezizoid or cup-shaped.

On logs, birch, &c. Uncommon. Oct.-Nov.

It occurs almost white. Spores elongated or cylindrical, 4x1 mk. K.
Name— crispus, crisped or curled. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 244. Hym. E^lr. p.
492. C. Hbk. n. 694. S. Mycol. Scot. ?i. 658. Merulius Pers. Ic. descr. I.
8.f. 7. Cantharellus Fl. Dan. t. 1759. B. & Br. n. 1135.

LVII. Trogia crispa.
Natural size.

Schizophyl-
lum.

GENUS XIX.— Schizophyllum (<rx<C*>> to split ; <j>6\\ov, a leaf).
Fr. Obs. i. p. 103.

Pileus fleshless, arid. Gills coriaceous, fan-wise branched,
united above by the tomentose pellicle, bifid, split longitudinally
at the edge. Spores somewhat round, white. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
492.

The two lips of the split edge of the gills are commonly revo-
lute. The farthest removed of all the Agaricini from the type.
Growing on wood.

1. S. commune Fr. — Pileus scarcely exceeding 2. 5 cent, (i in.),

LENZITES.

JUl

very arid, pendulous, commonly extended behind into a stem-like Schizophyi-
base, entire or lobed, covered with
whitish-grey down. Gills fuscous-
grey then purplish, villous, revolute
at the edge.

On dead wood, logs, &c. Rare in nil

Britain.

White or greyish zoned, sometimes resu-
pinate. M.J.B. Spores very small, almost
globular, 3 mk. W.G.S. In Britain it is
usually found and is common on foreign
logs. In the 'Scottish Cryptogamic Flora'
Greville records it as having been gathered
on Dundas Hill, near Edinburgh. I have ex-
amined his specimen in the Edinburgh Her-
barium marked " Dundas Hill." From the
locality and from Greville's well-known accu-
racy, there can be no doubt that it was in- LVItl. Schizophyllum commune.
digenous. Berkeley and Broome state that Natural size. Section ten times
' ' undoubtedly indigenous specimens have natural size,
occurred both in Buckinghamshire and Kent

in 1878." Name — communis, common. Common in most countries. Fr.
Monogr. ii. p. 244. Hym. Eur. p. 492. Berk. Out. p. 228. B. & Br. n.
1796*. C. Hbk. n. 695. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 659. Grev. t. 61. Krombh. t.
4-/. 14-16. Ag. Linn. — Batsch f. 126. Bull. t. 346, 581. / i. Sow. t. 183.

GENUS XX.— Lenzites (after Lenz, a German botanist). Lenzites.
Fr. Epicr. p. 403.

Pileus corky or coriaceous, texture arid and floccose. Gills
coriaceous, firm, sometimes simple and unequal, sometimes anas-
tomosing and forming pores behind, trama floccose and similar
to the pileus, edge somewhat acute. The European species are
dimidiate, sessile, persistent, growing on wood, quite resembling
Dcedaleoe. Fr. Hym. JEur. p. 492.

Allied most nearly to Trametes and Dcedalea and forming as it
were the transition from Agaricini to Polyporei. In tropical
countries they are more woody in texture.

* On wood of deciduous trees.

1. L. betulina Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad, pale,
grey-whitish, corky-coriaceous, firm and rigid, becoming plane,
tomentose, commonly obsoletely zoned, zones sometimes darker;
flesh floccose, white. Gills reaching the base, straight, some-

i64

AGARICINI.

LIX. Lenzites betulina. One-fourth
natural size.

Lenzites. times simple, sometimes branched and often anastomosing, about
6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, dingy white, edge acute,

Dimidiate, sessile. It varies solitary and
caespitoso-imbricated. The margin is of the
same colour.

Stumps, logs, &c., chiefly birch.
Common in England. Rare in Scot-
land. Perennial.

Deeply grooved concentrically. Often
green with minute Algce. Often quite re-
supinate, and then very deceptive. M.J.B.
Name — betula, birch. Fr. Monogr. ii. p.
246. Hym. Eur. p. 493. Berk. Out. p. 228.
t. i5./ 3. C. Hbk. n. 696. S. My co I. Scot,
n. 660. Ag. Linn. — Fl. Dan. t. 1555. B.
with darker gills. Sow. t. 182. Schceff. t. 57
is a handsome form.

2. L. flaccida Fr.— Pileus at first
whitish, then dingy, with zones whol-
ly of the same colour, coriaceous,

thin, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, unequal, easily bent, strigoso-
hairy. Gills thick, firm, straight, very broad, crowded, simple or
branched, with shorter ones intermixed, at first shining white, then
becoming pale.

The gills are never anastomosing, but here and there obfurcate, i.e. , towards
the base. Commonly taken for L. betulina, but wholly different.

On stumps. Frequent in England.

~Na.me—jlaccidus, flaccid. Fr. Monogr. p. 246. Hym. Eur. p. 493. Berk.
Out. p. 228. C. Hbk. n. 697. Ag. Bull. t. 394. Bolt. t. 158.

** On wood of trees with leaves like needles.

3. L. ssepiaria Fr.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad, yellow-
tawny when young (remaining so at the margin when full grown),
date brown when full grown, becoming black when old, corky-
coriaceous, hard, convex becoming plane, sometimes orbicular,
more frequently extended longitudinally, zoned, strigoso-tomen-
tose, at length squamulose and pitted ; Jlesh tawny. Gills extended
to the base, very rigid and firm, branched, more or less anasto-
mosing, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, yellowish when in vigour, but
umber when old, the edge entire or slightly toothed.

Dimidiate, lateral. The gills are like those of Dcedalea. It varies resupi-
nate, forming orbicular placenta-like patches. There are many remarkable
monstrous forms ; occasionally the hymenium is wholly that of Polyporus.

On pine. Uncommon. Jan. -Dec.

LENZITES. 165

Name — s<zpist a hedge, fence. Growing on old fences. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. Lenzites.

247. Hym. Eur. p. 494. Berk. Out. p. 228. C. Hbk. n. 698. S. Mycol.

Scot. n. 661. Dsedalea— Schaff. t. 76. Ag. Sow. t. 418. Buxb. C. v. /. 6.—
Vaill. t.'\.f. 1-3 (resupinate var.)

4. L. abietina Fr. — Pileus umbtr-tomentosc^tiivh. becoming
smooth, hoary, coriaceous, thin and comparatively soft, zoneless,
effuso-reflexed; flesh very thin, of the same colour as the pileus.
Gills decurrent in the effused base, distant, simple, unequal, not
anastomosing-, but here and there interrupted, or torn into teeth,
becoming glaucous with dense pruina.

Nearly always lengthened out even to as much as 30 cent. (12 in.), but
always remaining narrow, about 12 mm. (% in.) broad. Effuso-reflexed, but
sometimes remaining resupinate.

Chiefly on dressed fir. Rare. Glasgow. Perennial.

Perhaps imported. Name — adzes, fir. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 247. Hym. Eur.
p. 495. Berk. Out. p. 229. C. Hbk. n. 699. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 662. Ag.
Bull. t. 442. / 2, 541. /. i. Ventur. t. 60. /. 3-5.

i66

ORDER II.— POLYPOEEI.

Hymenophore inferior, facing the ground ; hymenium consist-
ing of tubes with poriform mouths which are round or angular,
sometimes sinuous or torn, lined within with 4-spored sporo-
phores and cystidia.

Fleshy, coriaceous, or woody fungi > most abundant and hixu-
riant in warm countries. Intermediate between the Agaricini
and the Hydnei, connected with the former by Dcedalea and
Lenzites, and with the latter by Fistulina and Irpex.

Boletus. GENUS XXL— Boletus. Dill. Fr. Obs. i. p. 109. (The name of

a fungus considered a great delicacy among the Romans,
derived from jS&JAos, a clod, probably to denote the round
figure of the plant.)

Hymenium wholly composed of small tubes, connected together
in a stratum the surface of which is dotted with their poriform

mouths, and which is distinct from
the hymenophore on account of the
latter not descending into a trama.
Tubes packed close together, easily
separating from the hymenophore
and from one another. Pores or
mouths of the tubes round or angu-
lar (in the subgenus Gyrodon sinuous
or gyroso-plicate). Spores normally
fusiform, rarely oval or somewhat
round. Growing on the ground,
fleshy, putrescent, with central stems.
Mostly edible, and of importance as
articles of food; a few poisonous.

A well-marked and sharply de-
fined genus, although some of the
species depart so much from the

type that they have been referred to distinct genera. Fr. Hym.
Eur.p. 495. Compare Epicr. p. 408 and Syst. Myc. i. p. 385.
The colour of the spores of many of the species is unknown,

LX. Boletus edulis. One-fourth
natural size.

BOLETUS. 167

and where it is known, it is found to differ in closely allied Boletus.
species ; and hence in arranging them it is necessary to take the
colour of the tubes (and not as in the Agaricini the colour of the
spores) as the basis of the primary groups. Fr. Hyvi. Eur. p.
496, &c.

Ser. I. EUCHROI. (e\>, well ; xpws, colour). Tubes bright-coloured, com-
monly yellow, not white or grey.

A. Viscipelles (viscum, bird-lime ; pellis, a skin). Pileus covered over -with
a viscous pellicle. Stem solid, not bulbous, nor reticulated with veins. Tubes
adnate to the stem behind, rarely sinuate, of one colour. Spores of such as
are sufficiently well known yellowish.

* Genuini, forming a continuous series.

** Departing from the type, of doubtful affinity.

B. Subtomentosi (sub, foment um, down). Pileus destitute of a viscid
pellicle, villous when youn&, rarely at length becoming smooth. Stem at the
first extended, not bulbous, nor reticulated with veins, though here and there
rugose or striate. Flesh rarely changing colour. Tubes of one colour,
adnate.

C. Subpruinosi (sub, prui/ia, hoar-frost). Tubes adnate to the stem,
yellowish. Stem equal, even, not bulbous nor reticulated. Pileus smooth,
but most frequently pruinose.

D. Calopodes (/caA6?, beautiful ; rov?, a foot). Stem stout, at the first
bulbous, in typical species reticulated with veins. Tubes adnate, pores not
reddish.

* Genuini. Stem reticulated with veins, commonly of a beautiful red.
** Departing from the type, of uncertain affinity. Stem ciavate, even.

E. Edules (edulis, edible). Stratum of tubes, which at the first are not
reddish at the orifice, but have usually a white stuffing, rounded and depressed
about the stem, somewhat free. Stem stout, bulbous, resembling that of the
Luridi, only (except in B. edulis) it is neither reticulated, nor dotted with
small scales, nor red. Flesh scarcely changing colour, taste pleasant. Pre-
eminent for their esculent qualities.

F. Luridi (luridus, lurid). Stratum of tubes rounded towards the stem and
free ; pores at the first stopped up, red. Pileus compact, then soft, pulvinate ;
flesh juicy, changing colour. Stem stout, at first curt, bulb-shaped, then
elongated and nearly equal, somewhat reticulated or dotted. Growing chiefly
in deciduous woods. Very poisonous.

Ser. II. TEPHROLEUCI (re^po?, ash-coloured ; Aewd?, white). Tubes at
first white or grey.

G. Favosi (favus, honeycomb. From the size and shape of the tubes).
Tubes large, angular, unequal, adnate to the stem, but often shortened
around it, not however forming a roundedly-free stratum. Spores, as far as
known, brown.

H. Versipelles (verto, to change ; pellis, a skin. From the typical species
D. versipellis). Tubes minute, round, equal, crowded together in a convex
stratum, which is free from the stem. Spores ferruginous.

I. Hyperhodii (VTTO, somewhat ; poSov, a rose. From the colour of the
spores). Tubes adnate to the stem, whitish ; spores rosy then white-flesh-
colour.

K. Cariosi (caries, rottenness). Stem externally never reticulated, in-
ternally stuffed with a spongy pith, at length commonly hollowed out. Tubes

l68 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. at the first white, then often light yellowish ; pores minute, round. Spores
white.

Subg. I. GYRODON Opatowski (yvpos, a circle ; oSov's, a tooth). Pores
sinuous or gyroso-plicate ; tubes very short, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) long,
slightly adnate to the hymenophore. '

Subg. II. BOLETINUS Kalchbr. Enum. p. 286. (From Boletus to denote
its relation to that genus.) " Hymenophore not even as in the true Boleti, but
with projecting points which descend like a trama between the tubes." Stem
annulate.

Ser. /. EUCHROI. Tubes bright-coloured, &c.

A. Viscipelles. Pileus covered over ivith a viscous pellicle, &*c.

* Genuini, forming a continuous series.

1. B. luteus Linn. — Pileus about 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
yellowish, smeared with fuscous separati?ig gluten, gibbous then
pulvinate ; flesh white. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12 mm.
(Yz in.) and more thick, equal, firm, whitish, rotigh with dots and
light yellowish above the large, membranaceous, white-fuscous
ring. Tubes adnate ; pores minute, simple, yellow.

The pileus becomes paler and virgate-spotted when the gluten separates.
In pine woods. Common. July-Nov.

Edible and highly esteemed like other Boleti. The flesh is very tender.
The tubes should be scraped away from all the species before being cooked.
Spores spindle-shaped, yellowish-brown, 8x3 mk. W.G.S.; 6-8x3 mk. K.
Name— luteus, yellow. Linn. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 497. Syst. Myc. i. p. 386.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 22. Berk. Out. p. 229. C. Hbk. n. 700. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
663. Schceff. t. 114. Fl. Dan. t. 1135. Rostk. Sturm. 4. t. i. Kl. Fl. Bor.
t. 377. Barla t. 31. /. 1-3. Harz. t. 6. Gonn. 6° Rab. vii. t. 6. /. 2 and /. 4.
— Krombh. t. 33.

2. B. elegans Schum. — Pileus golden or- inclining to ferru-
ginous, convexo-plane, viscous; flesh light yellowish. Stem
firm, unequal, golden then rufescent, dotted above the white then
light yellowish, fugacious ring. Tubes decurrent ; pores minute,
simple, golden-sulphur-yellow.

Gills at length darker.

In woods, especially larch. Common. June-Oct.

About the size of B. luteus. Name — elegans, elegant. Schum. — Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 497. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 76. Berk. Out. p. 229. C. Hbk. n. 701. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 664. Hussey ii. /. 12. Gonn. &° Rab. t. 5. f. 2. Price
f. no. Grev. t. 183. Ventur. t. 47. f. i, 2. Bull. t. 332. Krombh. t. 34.
/. i-io.

3. B. flavus With. — Pileus light yellow with fuscous separating

BOLETUS. 169

gluten, pulvinate, compact. Stem yellow becoming fuscous, Boletus.
reticulated above the dirty light yellow, membranaceous, fuga-
cious ring. Tubes adnate; pores angular, yellow.

Firm. Distinguished from B. lutens, which is like it, by the larger angular
pores.

In mixed woods. Common. June-Oct.

Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12-18
mm. (6-9 lin.) thick. Spores spindle-shaped, yellowish-brown, 8x4 mk.
\\'.(',.S. Name— yfoz^J, light yellow. With.—Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 497.
Berk. Out. p. 230. C. Hbk. n. 702. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 665. Bolt. t. 169.
Sow. t. 265. Kl. Linn. vii. /. 198.

4. B. flavidus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (I~2 inO broad, livid-
light-yellowish, gibbous then plane, viscous; flesh pallid. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, thin, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, some-
what equal, pallid, sprinkled with fugacious glandules above the
entirely viscous ring. Tubes decurrent; pores large, angular,
compound, dirty light yellow.

Thin. Quite distinct from its allies, more slender, and differing from all of
them in the veil, which is entirely glutinous.

In pine woods. Rannoch. Sept.

Spores elongate-ellipsoid, straight, subhyaline, 8-10x3.5-4 mk. K. Name
—fiavidns, light yellowish. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 498. Syst. Myc. i. /. 387.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 666. — Pcrs. Myc, Eur. 2. t. 20. /. 1-3. Krombh. t. 4. /
35-37-

5. B. collinitus Fr. — Pileus becoming pale when the fuscous
gluten separates, pulvinate, even ; flesh white. Stem firm, at-
tenuated downwards, rijigless, white becoming fuscous, somewhat
reticulated with adpressed squamules. Tubes adnate, elongated ;
pores divided in two, pallid then yellow, naked.

It resembles B. luteus in stature and colour.
In fir woods. Ascot. Nov.

Name — collino, to besmear. From the gluten. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 498.
B. & Br. n. 1284.— Krombh. t. 76. /. 10, n ?

6. B. granulatus Linn.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
fuscous-ferruginous with the gluten with which it is smeared,
yellowish when the gluten separates, convexo-expanded ; flesh
light yellowish. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, 6-12 mm.
(3-6 lin.) thick, ringless, light yellowish, dotted with gramiles
upwards. Tubes adnate, short ; pores simple, granulated.

Commonly gregarious. The stem is often attenuated upwards.

1 70 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. In woods. Rare. July-Sept.

Orifices of tubes at first dripping with a milky fluid. M.J.B. This dries in
the form of sugary granules. Edible. Spores spindle-shaped, yellowish-
orange, 8x3 mk. W. G.S. ; oblong, 8-10x3 mk. K. Name — granula, a
granule. Granulated. Linn. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 498. Syst. Myc. \.p. 387.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 23. Berk. Out. p. 230. C. Hbk. n. 704. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
667. Lenzf. y.. Letell. t. 604. Barla t. 31. /. 4-12. Rostk.t. 3. Gonn.
& Rab. vii. /. 6. f. i. — Schceff. t. 123. Krombh. t. 34. _/". 11-14. Sow. t. 420.

7. B. bovinus Linn. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, pale yellow-
ish, rather plane, smooth, viscid ; flesh white. Stem 5 cent. (2
in.) long, equal, even, unicolorous. Tubes somewhat decurrent ;
pores compound, grey -light-yellow becoming ferruginous.

The gluten on the pileus, which is at length repand, is thin, not of a
different colour and not separating. Somewhat caespitose.

In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Tubes resembling the pores of Merulius lachrymans, very shallow (\ in.)
Smell like Marasmius oreades. M.J.B. Spores spindle-shaped, dingy green-
ochre, 8x4 mk. W.G.S.; oblong-ellipsoid, 8-10x3 mk. K. Name — bos, an
ox. Perhaps from its gregarious habit ; the synonym of ' Fl. Dan.' is B.
gregarius. It might also refer to colour as vaccinus does. Linn. — Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 499. Syst. Myc. i. p. 388. Berk. Out. p. 230. C. Hbk. n. 705.
.S. Mycol. Scot. n. 668. Lenzf. 38 (old). Krombh. t. 75. /. 1-6. Kl. Bor. t.
378. Gonn. & Rab. vii. t. 2.f. i. Hussey i. t. 34. — Fl. Dan. t. 1018.

8. B. badius Fr.— Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad, bay-
brown-tawny, pulvinate, soft, viscous ; flesh 2.5-5 cent- (r~2 in-)
thick, becoming azure-blue at the tubes. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, somewhat equal, even, paler,
brown-pruinate. Tubes long, adnate, sinuato-depressed ; pores
rather large, dingy, white-light-yellow becoming green, angular.

The stem is attenuated, sometimes upwards, sometimes downwards, but
never bulbous. Pileus commonly glutinous, but shining when dry, or when
young as if villous-viscous, always even. Very distinct.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Spores fusoideo-oblong, light yellow, 15-20x5-6 mk. K. Name — badius,
bay-brown. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 499. Elench. p. 126. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 50.
Berk. Out. p. 231. C. Hbk. n. 706. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 669. Rostk. t. 5. Fl.
Bat. t. 804. Kl. Bor. t. 379. Lenzf. 35. — Krombh. t. 36. /. 12-18.

9. B. sanguineus With.— Pileus blood-red, convexo-plane, even,
smooth, viscid. Stem equal, even, variegated yellow and blood-
red. Tubes adnate, orange-yellow ; pores large, unequal.

Colour remarkably glistening. Easily confounded with forms of B.
chrysenteron.

In woods. Rare.

BOLETUS. 171

Pileus 18 mm. -3 cent. (K~i^) in- broad, when old nearly 7.5 cent. (3 in.) Boletus.
Stem 2.5-6 cent. (1-2 ^ in.) long, nearly 9 mm. (yz in.) thick. Pileus when
old rich brown. Flesh white, a little tinged with crimson next to the skin,
changing slowly to a bluish cast when wounded. In the larger specimens the
base is bulbous. With. Name—saitguis, blood. Blood-red. With. —
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 500. Berk. Out. p. 231. C. Hbk. n. 707. Sow. t. 225.
Level II. in Paul. t. i8i./ 3, 4.

10. B. piperatus Bull.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad,
yellow to pale yellowish, convexo-plane, smooth, slightly viscid ;
flesh yellowish. Stem 4 cent. (\Yz in.) long, thin, 6-8 mm.
(3-4 lin.) thick, even, fragile, of the same colour as the pileus,
containing yellow milk at the base. Tubes decurrent, ferrugin-
ous ; pores large , angular.

Smaller than the rest, occasionally rimoso-squamulose. Easily distin-
guished by its peppery taste.

In woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Reckoned poisonous. Spores oval, brown, 8x4 ink. W.G.S.; ellipsoid-
oblong, yellowish, 8-9 x 3-4 mk. K. Name — piper, pepper. From the
taste. Bull. t. 45 r./. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 500. Syst. Myc. i. p. 388. Sv.
dtl. Sv. t. 67. Berk. Out. p. 231. C. Hbk. n. 708. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 670.
Sow. t. 34. /<'/. Dan. t. 1850. /. 2. Krombh. t. 37. /. 16-20. Rostk. t. 6.
Barla t. 32. / 5-10. Corda Sturm xi. t. 60. — Batsch t. 128.

** Departing from the type, of doubtful affinity.
No British species.

B. Subtomentosi. Pileus destitute of a viscid pellicle, &^c.

11. B. variegatus Sw.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
dark yellow, convex then plane, obtuse, slightly moist, sprinkled
with superficial, fasciculate-hairy squamules, the acute margin at
the first flocculose ; flesh yellow, here and there becoming azure-
blue. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. (l/2 in.) thick,
firm, equal, even, dark yellow, sometimes reddish. Tubes adnate,
unequal, pores minute, brown then cinnamon.

The scales on the pileus are separating.

In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.

Smell unpleasant, taste not so. M.J.B. Spores oval, greenish-ochre,
3x2 mk. W.G.S.; oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline or very pale yellow, 8-11x3-4
mk. K. Name— variegated. Of the different colours. Swartz. — Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 501. Syst. Myc. i. p. 388. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 66. Berk. Out. p. 231.
C. Hbk. n. 711. £. Mycol. Scot. n. 671. Lenzf. 39. Krombh. t. 34. /. 15-18,
and/. 75. / 7-14. Harz. t. 15. Rostk. t. 16.— B. Golden. Schcsff. t. 115.

12. B. sulphureus Fr. — Pileus sulphur-yellow, compact, con-
vex then plane, silky-tomentose with innate flocci; flesh light

172 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. yellow, becoming more or less azure-blue when broken, but
golden when exposed to the air, here and there reddish under
the tubes. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (J~2 in-) long' 2-5 cent- (J inO thick,
firm, ventricose, even, smooth, sulphur-yellow, at length becom-
ing dingy ferruginous. Tubes adnato-decurrent, short, 2-4 mm.
(1-2 lin.) long, adhering more closely than usual, changeable on
being touched, at length with ferruginous spots; pores minute,
compound, sulphur-yellow, at length becoming green.

Springing from a broadly expanded, golden, woolly mycelium, it is very
caespitose, with the appearance of Ag. spectabilis.

Among sawdust. Loch-an-Eilan, Rothiemurchus. Sept.

Spores light yellow then ochraceous. Fr. Name — sulphur, brimstone.
Sulphur-yellow. Fr. Hym. F.ur. p. 502. B. & Br. n. 1424. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 672.

13. B. strisepes Seer.— Pileus olivaceous, the cuticle ferrugin-
ous within, convex then plane, soft, silky. Stem firm, curved,
yellow, with fuscous-black strice, fuscous-rufescent at the base.
Tubes adnate, angular, greenish ; pores minute, yellow.

Flesh white, yellow at the tubes, and at the base of the stem which is exter-
nally of the same colour and velvety.

In woods. Rare.

Flesh sparingly changing to blue. M.J.B. Name — stria, a line; pes, a
foot. From the striate stem. Seer. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 502. Berk. Out. p.
232. C. Hbk. n. 712. Battar. t. 29. C.

14. B. chrysenteron Fr.— Pileus fuscous or somewhat brick-
colour, convexo-plane, soft, floccoso-squamulose ; flesh yellow, red
beneath the cuticle. Stem somewhat equal, rigid, fibroso-striate,
scarlet or light yellow. Tubes somewhat adnate ; pores rather
large, angular, unequal, greenish-yellow.

The pileus is often cracked into patches, and then the cracks are scarlet.
Varying in stature like its allies, with the pileus becoming smooth and more
brightly coloured, with the flesh becoming somewhat azure-blue, and with
the tubes depressed round the stem.

In woods and open ground. Common. July-Nov.

Edible. Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) or more broad. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, 6-12 mm. (Y^-% in.) thick, easily distinguished by the red cracks.
Spores spindle-shaped, pale warm brown, 14-2 mk. W.G.S. Name — XPVO"°S>
gold ; ej/repa, inward parts. From its yellow flesh. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 502.
Berk. Out. p. 232. C. Hbk. n. 713. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 673. Bull. t. 490.7.
3. Hussey \. t. 5. Quel. t. 16. f. 4.

15. B. subtomentosus Linn.— Pileus somewhat olivaceous, of
the same colour beneath the cuticle, pulvinato-expanded, soft, dry,

BOLETUS. 173

villoso-tomentose. Stem stout, attenuated downwards, somewhat Boletus.
ribbed-sulcate, slightly rough with dots under a lens. Tubes
adnate ; pores large, angular, yellow.

Flesh white or pallid, not red beneath the cuticle. When the pileus is
cracked the interstices become yellow. The colour of the pileus is brighter
when the olivaceous down disappears.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

About same size as B. chrysenteron. Often growing on beech-nuts. M.J.Ii.
Easily distinguished by its yellow cracks. Spores oval, yellowish-brown,
14 x 5 mk. W.G.S. ; fusoideo-oblong, hyaline or very pale yellow, 11-13 x 4~S
mk. K. Name — sub, and tomentosiis, downy. Linn. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 503.
Berk. Out. p. 232. C. Hbk. n. 714. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 674. Price f. 2.
Vivian, t. 37. Gonn. & Rab. vii. /. 5./. i. Bolt. t. 84. middle fig. — Schtzff.
t. 112. Krombh. t. 37. / 8-ir. Bull t. 393. Fl. Dan. t. 1074. Battar.
t. 30. /. /•'. Krombh. t. 48. /. 1-6 represents a beautiful var., somewhat
cerugirious.

16. B. spadiceus Schasff.— Pileus date -brown, opaque, pul-
vinato - expanded, moderately compact, dry, tomentose, then
widely cracked ; the white flesh unchangeable, fuscous reddish
above. Stem firm, clavate, even, flocculoso-furfuraceous, yellow
inclining to fuscous. Tubes adnate, yellow ; pores minute, some-
what round.

The stem is compact, not reddish, yellowish-white internally.
In mixed woods. Glamis, 1875. Aug.

Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad. Stem very thick. Name — spadix, a
palm-branch. Date-brown. Schcsff. t. 126. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 503. B, & Br.
n. 1797. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 675. — Krombh. t. 36. f. 19, 20.

17. B. radicans Pers.— Pileus olivaceous-cinereous then pale
yellowish, pulvinate, dry, somewhat tomentose, the thin margin
involute ; flesh light yellow, becoming immediately dark azure-
blue. Stem attenuato-rooted, even, light yellow, flocculose with
reddish pruina, naked and dark when touched. Tubes adnate ;
pores unequal, large, lemon-yellow.

Taste bitterish. The pores are those of B. subtomentosus, the habit that of
B. badius.

In woods. Epping Forest. Staplehurst, &c.

Spores spindle-shaped, very pale ochre, almost white, 6x3 mk. W.G.S.
Name — radix, a root. Rooting. Pers. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 503. Jouni.
Bot. 1873, p. 337. C. Hbk. n. 714. Opatowski Bolet. t. i.

18. B. rubinus Smith.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
yellow -fuscous, pulvinato -gibbous then plane, dry, somewhat
tomentose, slightly cracked ; flesh vivid yellow, wholly unchange-

174 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. able. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, yellow, smeared with
crimson, irregular. Tubes somewhat decurrent, compound, of
medium size, wholly carmine.

It differs from all other British species in the wholly carmine tubes, together
with the vivid yellow, wholly unchangeable flesh.

In mixed woods. Rare. Aug.-Sept.

Spores oval, almost round, pale warm brown, 6x5 mk. W.G.S. Name —
ruber, red. From the tubes. Smith Seem. Journ. 1868, p. 33. t. 75. /. 1-4.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 504. C. Hbk. n. 709. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 676.

C. Subpruinosi. Pileus smooth, but most frequently

pruinose, &c.

19. B. pruinatus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad,
purplish-bay-brown, umber-pruinose, convex then plane, rigid,
dry; flesh white, but also obsoletely green or azure-bluish.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, firm, somewhat ventricose, even,
smooth, variegated yellow and reddish. Tubes adnate, light
yellow ; pores minute, round.

On grassy ground. Kew, &c.

Name — pruina, hoar-frost. From the pruinose pileus. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 504. Epicr. p. 414. B. 6° Br. n. 1285. Schceff. t. 133? — Bull. t. 393.
/ B. C.

20. B. parasiticus Bull. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (r~2 in-) broad,
dingy yellow, convex then plane, silky becoming smooth, dry, soon
cracked in a tesselated manner. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, thin,
rigid, incurved, externally and internally yellow. Tubes decur-
rent, of medium size, compound, golden.

The colour of the pileus is variable.

On species of Scleroderma. Rare. Clifton. Kew.

Tubes labyrinthiform. Not viscid in any stage of growth. B. & Br.
Spores spindle-shaped, elongated, pale brown, 14x4 mk. W.G.S. Name —
parasitus, a guest. Parasitic. Bull. t. 45 r./". i. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 505.
Syst. Myc. i. p. 389. Berk. Out. p. 231. C. Hbk. n. 710. Saund. dr> Sm. t.
43. Rostk. t. 7 (monstrous).

D. Calopodes. Stem stout, at the first bulbous, &c.
* Genuini. Stem reticulated with veins, &C.

21. B. variecolor B. £ Br.— Pileus olivaceous, convex, some-
what tomentose, margin involute; flesh dark purple under the
cuticle. Stem bulbous, attenuated upwards, reticulated at the

BOLETUS. 175

apex, yellowish downwards, rufescent and delicately pubescent Boletus,
upwards. Tubes minute, free, yellow.

The flesh of the pileus and stem is pale, here and there inclining to yellow,
and partially marbled. Approaching B. subtomentosus in habit, but with the
bulbous reticulated stem of Calopodes.

In woods, £c. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name — vctritis and color. From the various colours. B. & Br. n. 1020.
/. 13.7. 3. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 506. C. Hbk. n. 715. S. Afycol. Scot. n. 677.

22. B. calopus Fr. — Pileus olivaceous, globose then pulvinate,
unpolished, somewhat tomentosej flesh pallid, becoming some-
what azure-blue. Stem firm, conical then somewhat equal, reti-
culated, scarlet, throughout or at the apex. Tubes adnate ; pores
minute, angular, yellow.

Stem at length of the same colour as the pileus downwards and elongated.
Pileus not involute, somewhat repand.

In mixed woods. Frequent. July-Sept.

Spores spindle-shaped, yellowish-brown, 8x3 mk. W.G.S. Names— KoAds,
beautiful ; irovs, a foot. With beautiful stem. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 506. Sv.
dtl. Sv. t. 69. Berk. Out. p. 232. C. Hbk. n. 716. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 678.
Krombh. t. 37. /. 1-7. Rostk. t. 27. Harz. t. 69. Saund. & Sm. t. 14.
—Schteff. t. 315.

23. B. olivaceus Schaeff. — Pileus olivaceous-fuscous, convex,
even, becoming smooth, margin at first inflexed; flesh azure blue,
then white. Stem firm, clavate, bulbous, red, yellowish at the
apex, with blood-red reticulations and dots. Tubes adnate,
curt; pores minute, unequal, light yellow-olivaceous.

Stature curt, robust.

In beech woods. Uncommon. Sept.

Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more broad. Stem short. Name— oliva,
an olive. Olivaceous in colour. Schaff. t. 105. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 506. Berk.
Out. p. 233. C. Hbk. n. 717. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 679. Ventur. t. 36. f. 3, 4.
— Rostk. t. 32.

24. B. pachypus Fr.— Pileus 10-20 cent. (4-8 in.) broad, fus-
cous then pallid-tan, pulvinate, somewhat tomentose; flesh thick,
whitish, becoming slightly azure-blue. Stem 5-12.5 cent. (2-5
in.) long, always thick, firm, curt, ovato-bulbous, then elongated,
equal, reticulated, variegated light yellow and red, often wholly
intensely blood-red. Tubes somewhat elongated, shortened round
the stem; pores round, light yellow, at length somewhat green.

Larger than preceding species, handsomer, approaching Edules in habit.
In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

176 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. Monstrous forms of B. edulis are often mistaken for it. Spores oval, yel-

lowish ochre, 14x5 mk. W.G.S. Name — naxv<>, thick; TTOUS, afoot. Thick-
stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 506. Syst. Myc. i. /. 390. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 68.
Berk. Out. p. 233. C. Hbk. n. 718. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 680. Lenz t. 60.
Krombh. t. 35. /. 13-15. — Ventur. t. 64. f. i, 2. B. pachypus Krombh. t. 35.
/. 10-12. Saund. & Sm. t. 17 (wholly white) is perhaps a new species.

** Departing from the type, of uncertain affinity, &c.
No British species.

E. Edules. Stratum of tubes rounded and depressed about
the stem, &*c.

25. B. edulis Bull. — Pileus somewhat brown, pulvinate, smooth,
moist ; flesh white, reddish beneath the cuticle, compact then
softer. Stem stout, reticulated, pallid- fuscous. Tubes semi-
free, elongated, minute, at first white, then yellow and greenish.

The pileus varies white, grey-rufescent, £c. The stem is sometimes obso-
letely reticulated, sometimes curt and bulbous, sometimes elongated'and equal,
also rooting.

In woods, especially beech. Common. July-Nov.

Pileus 15 cent. (6 in.) and more broad. Stem 10 cent. (4 in.) or more long.
5 cent. (2 in.) thick. Spores fusoideo-oblong, bright yellowish, 14-16x4-5.5
mk. K. Name — edillis, edible. Reckoned one of the most delicious, but the
flesh is rather soft when cooked. Bull. t. 60, 494. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 508.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 13. Berk. Out. p. 234. C. Hbk. n. 719. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
681. Sow. t. in. Sv. Dot. t. 197. Lenz f. 34. Trait. Austr.f. 34. Krombh.
t. 31. Vittad. t. 22. Ventur. t. 8. Vivian, t. 25. Barla t. 34. Hussey i. t.
81. Badh. i. t. 3, ii. t. $.f. i, 2. Price t. 63. Hogg & Johnst. t. ir. Harz.
t. 40, 41. Gonn. & Rab. vii. /. i. — Schceff. t. 134. Rostk. t. 37.

26. B. sereus Bull. — Pileus olivaceous-fuscous, somewhat black-
ish, pulvinate, smooth, somewhat pelliculose ; flesh white, becom-
ing yellow on exposure to the air. Stem stout, somewhat reticu-
lated, yellowish, becoming fuscous at the base. Tubes minute,
somewhat free, sulphur-yellow.

Pileus small. The stem when young is oblongate not bulbous.
In woods. Surrey.

Spores oblong, oblique at the base, n-i4x6mk. B. & Br. Name — as,
copper. From the colour. Bull. t. 321. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 508. B. & Br.
11. 1425. Krombh. t. 36. /. 1-7. Quel. t. 16. / 2. — Rostk. t. 15. Bull. t. 385

27. B. fragrans Vitt.— "SyL<&o& fuscous-umber, pulvinate, repand,
somewhat tomentose, margin inflexed ; flesh yellow, sometimes
unchangeable, sometimes becoming green or azure-blue, at length
becoming red. Stem stout, at first ovato-bulbous, often fusiform

BOLETUS. 177

at the base, even, variegated yellowish and red. Tubes semi- Boletus.
free; pores minute, round, yellow, becoming green.

The pileus varies unequal, and here and there spotted or margined with
purple.

In woods, under oak, &c. Sept.-Oct.

Spores pale yellowish-green, ovate, with an apiculus at one end, n X4 mk.
W. G.S. ; elongato-pruniform, nucleate, 10 mk. Q. Edible. Name— -frag-
rans, fragrant. Vittad. t. 19. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 509. C. Hbk. n. 720.
Ventur. t. 53. / 3-5.— Krombh. t. 75. /. 15-21.

28. B. impolitus Fr. — Pileus tawny -brown, pulvinate, dilated,
flocculose, at length granuloso-rivulose, unpolished ; flesh thick,

light yellowish beneath the cuticle. Stem stout, somewhat bulb-
ous, even, pubescent, light yellow. Tubes free ; pores minute,
yellow.

Handsome, obese, pleasant in odour and taste. Sometimes there is a red-
dish zone near the apex of the stem.

In mixed woods. Rare. Sept.

Pileus 10 cent. (4 in.) or more broad. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long.
Spores oval or spindle-shaped, pale greenish-brown, 14x5 mk. W.G.S. ;
ellipsoid, papillate, 16-18 mk. Q. Edible ; reckoned among the most deli-
cious. Name — impolitus, unpolished. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 509. Sv. dtl. Sv.
t. 42. Berk. Out. p. 234. C. Hbk. n. 721. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 682.—Harz.
t. 51. B. pileus areolato-rimose. Schceff. t. 108. Letell. t, 614. Rostk. t.
36-

29. B. sestivalis Fr.— Pileus whitish, pulvinate, somewhat
repand, even, smooth, granular in dry weather; flesh yellow
beneath, white above, reddish in the base of the stem. Stem
very thick, bulbous, even, smooth, light yellow. Tubes somewhat
free ; pores equal, minute, yellow.

Stature almost that of B. impolitus, equally pleasant, tasty,
In woodland pastures. Uncommon.

Pileus sometimes 15-20 cent. (6-8 in,) broad. Stem 5 cent. (2 in,) thick.
Spores elongated oval, greenish-brown, rather dark, 12x4 mk. W.G.S.
Edible. Name— astivalis, pertaining to summer. Fr. Hym, Eur. p, 510.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 43. Berk. Out. p. 234, C. Hbk^ n. 722. Hussey \. t. 25.
Hogg &> Johnst. t. 13.

F. Luridi. Stratum of tubes rounded towards the stem, &c.

30. B. satanas Lenz. — Pileus fuscous-tan then whitish, pul-
vinate, smooth, somewhat viscous ; flesh whitish, becoming red
or violet when broken. Stem obese, ovato-ventricose, with blood-
red reticulations above. Tubes free, yellow ; pores minute, at
first blood-red-scarlet, orange when old.

VOL. II. M

178 POLYPOREI.

Boletus. Handsome, robust, mild, not bitterish.

In woods. Rare. Aug.-Sept.

Pileus sometimes 20 cent. (8 in.) broad. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long.
Spores earthy-yellow. Fr. ; rich brown, oval or spindle-shaped, 12x5 ink.
W.G.S. Very poisonous. Name — Satan. Satanic. From its poisonous
and dangerous qualities. Lenz f. 31. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 510. Berk. Out. p.
233. C. Hbk. n. 723. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 683. Fl. Bat. t. 1040. Hussey i. /.
7. Quel. t. 15. f. i. — Rocq. t. 6. Krombh. t. 38. f. 1-6. Vivian, t. 40.

31. B. luridus Schaeff. — Pileus often 20 cent. (8 in.) but
occurring 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, tomentose, umber-olivaceous,
then somewhat viscous, fuliginous, pulvinate ; flesh yellow, be-
coming azure-blue when broken. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and much
more long, stout, vermilion-red, marked with reticulations or
dots. Tubes free, yellow, at length becoming green ; pores
round, vermilion then orange.

Stem somewhat orange at the apex. Taste pleasant.

In mixed woods, &c. Common. July-Nov.

Spores oval, greenish slate-colour, 17x9 mk. W.G.S. Very poisonous.
Name — luridus, lurid in colour. Schceff. t. 107. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 511.
Svst. Myc. i. p. 391. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 12. Berk. Out. p. 233. t. 15. f. 5.
C. Hbk. n. 724. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 684. Grev. t. 121. Barla t. 33. /. 1-5.
Krombh. t. 38. /. 11-17. — Bull. t. 100. Rostk. t. 31. B. stem curt, bulbous,
scarcely reticulated Bolt. t. 85.

* B. erythropus Pers. — Stem thinner, cylindrical, not reticu-
lated but dotted with squamules, internally somewhat red.

The pileus is often tawny- rufescent. Smaller than preceding species. The
flesh, according to Persoon, is red-blood-colour, according to Fl. Dan. t.
1792 yellow.

In woods and shrubbery. Uncommon. July-Aug.

Name — epvfyds, red ; wov?, a foot. Red-stemmed. Pers. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
SIT. Berk. Out. p. 233. C. Hbk. n. 725. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 685. Letell.
t. 612. Barla t. 33. /. 6, 7. Harz. t. 56.

32. B. purpureus Fr. — Pileus picrplish-red, pulvinate, somewhat
velvety, opaque, dry; flesh azure-blue only when young, then
dark yellow. Stem stout, yellow, variegated with purple veins
and dots. Tubes somewhat free, greenish-yellow ; pores minute,
purple-orange.

Very handsome. The stem varies reticulated only at the apex, becoming
red internally, chiefly at the base.

In woods. Rare.

Spores somewhat spindle-shaped, green-sepia-brown, 11x6 mk. W.G.S.
Name — purpureus, purple. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 511. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 41. Berk.

BOLETUS. 179

Out. p. 234. C. Hbk. n. 726. Barla t. 33. /. 8-10. Saund. 6* Sm. t. 43.— Boletus.
Krombh. t. 37. / 12-15. Clus. Pern. gen. xix. 3.

Ser. II. TEPHROLEUCI. Tubes at first white or grey.
G. Favosi. Tubes large, angular, unequal, &c.

33. B. laricinus Berk.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
dirty white, with livid stains, covered at first with dirty-yellow
or brownish evanescent slime, somewhat scaly; flesh white, very
slightly tinged with yellow. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) or more long,
12-16 mm. (%-2A in.) thick, cribrose above the ring, pitted below,
dirty white. Tubes adnate, somewhat decurrent, compound, at
first nearly white.

In larch woods. Frequent. Aug.-Sept.

The squamules on the pileus are the fragments of a veil. Spores oblong,
brownish clay-coloured. M.J.B.; spindle-shaped, pale-brown, 10x4 mk.
W.G.S. Name— larix, larch. From habitat. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 148.
Out. p. 230. C. Hbk. n. 703. S. My col. Scot. n. 686. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
513. Hussey i. /. 25.

34. B. viscidus Linn.— Pileus ttmgy yellowish, pulvinate, soft,
smooth, viscid ; veil somewhat annular, torn, white, somewhat
appendiculate. Stem viscous, white becoming yellow, thickened
at the base, reticulated above. Tubes adnate ; pores large, un-
equal, livid.

Perhaps too nearly allied to B. laricinus. The stem often appears torn
from the agglutinated fragments of the veil.

In woods. Rare.

Spores fuscous-black. Fr.; spindle-shaped, elongated, brownish green,
9x3 mk. W.G.S. Name — viscum, bird-lime. Viscid. Linn. — Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 513. Icon. t. 178.7. 3. Berk. Out. p. 235. C. Hbk. n. 727.

H. Versipelles. Tubes minute, round, equal, &c.

35. B. versipellis Fr. — Pileus rufous, pulvinate, dry, at first
compact and tomentose, then scaly and becoming even, appendicu-
late with the annular, membranaceous, fugacious veil. Stem
solid, attenuated upwards, wrinkled-scaly. Tubes free, plane,
minute, dingy white ; pores grey.

Truly distinct from B. scaber, but it is difficult to define exactly the differ-
ence between them on account of analogy in colour and variation in stature.
The colour of B. versipellis is more constantly rufous.

In woods and heath. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

l8o POLYPOREI.

Boletus. Spores spindle-shaped, pale, ochraceous, 15x5 mk. W.G.S. ; fusoideo-

oblong, 17-20x6-7.5 mk. K. Name — verto, to turn ; pellis, the skin. From
its changeable appearance. Fr. Hym. Eur, p. 515. Berk. Out. p. 235.
C. Hbk. n. 728. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 687. — A. pileus rufescent. Schce.ff. t.
103. Krombh. t. 32. Sow. t. no. Rostk. t. 39. B. pileus fuliginous. Batt.
I. 3o./. A.

36. B. scaber Fr. — Pileus variable in colour, red or orange,
&c., pulvinate, smooth^ viscid when moist, at length rugulose or
rivulose, margin at first furnished with a cortina. Stem solid,
attenuated upwards, roughened with fibrous scales. Tubes free,
convex, white then dingy; pores minute, round.

Sometimes robust, sometimes slender. The chief varieties are as follows :
A. pileus red or orange. Bull. t. 489. /. 2. B. pileus fuliginous or cinereous.
Fl. Dan. t. 833. Bull. t. 489. /. i. Sow. t. 175. Krombh. t. 35. /. 1-6.
C. pileus fuscous-black, stem floccoso-scaly, tubes shining white. Schceff. t.,
104. D. pileus fuscous-olivaceous. Bolt. t. 86. E. pileus wholly white.
Rostk. t. 48.

In woods, &c. Common. July-Nov.

Pileus 5-17.5 cent. (2-7 in.) or more broad. Stem 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) or
more long. Scales on the stem black. Spores spindle-shaped, pale brown,
14x5 mk. W.G.S. ; fusoideo - oblong, light yellowish, 14-18x6 mk. K.
Edible. Name — scaber, rough. From the stem. Fr. Hvm. Eur. p. 515.
Sv. dtl Sv. t. 14. Berk. Out. p. 235. C. Hbk. n. 729. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
688. Vittad. t. 28. Vent. t. q, 10. Barla t. 35. /. 6-12. Rostk. t. 40.
Harz. t. 2. Gonn. & Rab. vii. t. 3. Badh. i. t. 7. f. T, ii. t. 6.f. i, 2. Hussey
i. t. 57. Hogg & Johnst. t. 22.

I. Hyporhodii. Tubes adnate to the stem, whitish, &c.

37. B. felleus Bull.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, some-
what pale yellowish, pulvinate then expanded, soft, smooth, even ;
flesh when broken white then flesh-colour. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
and more long, solid, attenuated and reticulated upwards. Tubes
adnate, convex, elongated ; pores angular, white then flesh-
colour.

Taste bitter. The colour of the pileus varies chestnut, pale yellowish and
tawny. Stem of the same colour, here and there becoming olive, more rarely
dotted with squamules as in B. erythropus.

In woods. Uncommon.

Spores spindle-shaped, salmon-colour, 16x6 mk. W.G.S.; fusoideo-oblong,
hyaline, 12-16x4.5-5.4 mk. A'. Poisonous. Name —fel, gall. Bitter. Bull,
t. 379. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 516. Syst. Myc. i. /. 394. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 52.
Berk. Out. p. 236. C. Hbk. n. 731. Rostk. t. 43. Krombh. t. 74. /. 1-7.

38. B. alutarius Fr.— Pileus fuscous-tan, pulvinate then ex-
panded, soft, velvety, becoming smooth. Stem solid, bulbous,
rather even, rugged at the apex. Tubes depressed round the

BOLETUS. l8l

stem, short, plane; pores round, white, becoming fuscous when Boletus.
bruised.

Very much allied to B. felleus, but easily distinguished by its somewhat un-
changeable flesh, and mild watery taste.

In woodland pastures. Rare.

Name — aluta, tanned leather. From the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 516.
Berk. Out. p. 235. C. Hbk. n. 730.

K. Cariosi. Stem externally never reticulated, &c.

39. B. cyanescens Bull.— Pileus 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.) broad,
somewhat fuscous or tan, convexo-expanded, adpressedly tomen-
tose, floccoso-scaly, opaque ; flesh rigid, white, soon becoming
deep blue when broken. Stem stuffed with a spongy pith, at
length cavernous, ventricose, villoso-pruinose, of the same colour
as the pileus, constricted at the apex where it is even, white.
Tubes free, white, at length light yellow; pores minute, round,
when young scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) long.

Very remarkable ; when compressed pouring out azure-blue juice.
In mixed woods. Rare. Aug.-Sept.

Spores at first milk-white, at length pale lemon-yellow. Fr. ; spindle-shaped,
14x8 mk. W.G.S. Becoming instantly intense blue when broken. The
down on the pileus is very matted and floccosely scaly. Name — cyaneus,
deep blue. From the flesh becoming deep blue. Bull. t. 369. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 517. Syst. Myc. i. p. 395. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 80. Berk. Out. p. 236.
C. Hbk. n. 732. S. My col. Scot. i/. 689. Letell. t. 654. Krombh. t. 35. /.
7-9. Barla t. 37. Rostk. t. 44. Harz. t. 71. Saund. & Sm. t. 47 (dark).

40. B. castaneus Bull.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
cinnamoti, opaque, convexo-expanded or depressed, firm, even,
velvety; flesh white, unchangeable. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, stuffed then hollow, attenuated from the somewhat bulbous
base, even, velvety, opaque, cinnamon. Tubes free, curt, white;
pores minute, round.

Smaller than B. cyanescens, not juicy. Pileus at first embracing the base
of the stem, whence the stem when young is obsoletely somewhat marginato-
bulbous, not constricted at the apex as in B. cyanescens.

In woods. Rare.

Name — castanea, chestnut. Chestnut-coloured. Bull. t. 328. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 517. Syst. Myc. i. /. 392. Berk. Out. p. 236. C. Hbk. n. 733.
Barla t. 32. /. 11-15. Krombh. t. 4. / 28-30. Hussey, ii. t. 17.

Subg. I. G Y R O D O N.

No British species.

182

POLYPOREI.

Boletus.

Subg. II. BOLETINUS.

No British species.

Of uncertain affinity.

41. C. carnosus Rostk. Compact. — Pileus fuscous, pulvinate,
smooth; flesh pallid, dirty yellowish. Stem short, firm, some-
what striate, rufescent light yellow. Tubes adnate (according to
the fig. depressed round the stem), dark yellow; pores rather
large, angular, of the same colour.

According to the fig. the pileus is purplish-fuscous. In woods. Stoke
Poges. Name — carnosus, fleshy. Rostk. t. 14. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 520.
B. & Br. n. 1426.

Strobiiomy GENUS XXII. — Strobilomyces Berk. (<np6$i\os, a pine-cone;

HVKTJS, a fungus).

Hymenophore quite distinct from the hymenium. Pileus
fleshy, at length tough. Spores glo-
bose or broadly elliptic, minutely

rough' Sir*-°"'-'-**-

1. S. strobilaceus Berk. Blackish-
umber. — Pileus pulvinate, rough
with thick floccose scales. Stem
equal, veiled, sulcate above. Tubes
adnate, white, angular, whitish-
brown.

Pileus tesselated or cracked like the cone
of the Scotch fir.

In fir woods. Very rare. Bull-
strode. Ludlow. Haywood Forest,
Herefordshire. Oct.

L.XI. $>trobilomyces sttobtlaceus.

One-sixth natural size. Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in. ) broad, brown-

umber, tough, pulvinate, broken up into

large, thick, projecting scales, merging into a thick, floccose, ragged
and pendulous, white veil at margin. Stem 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long,
12 mm. (% in.) or more thick, solid, equal, coarsely fibrillose, brown at the
base, white at the deeply sulcato-reticulated apex, which runs gradually into
the tubes. Tubes white, very large, adnate, or with a decurrent tooth, anas-
tomosing. The whole plant turns deep sienna-red when cut or bruised.
W.G.S. Spores very dark. M.J.B.; oval, nearly globose, stalked, blackish-
brown, 9x13 mk. W.G.S. Berk. Out. p. 236. C. Hbk. n. 734. Boletus
strobilaceus Scop. Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. t. i./. i. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 154.

POLYPORUS.

Fr, Hym. Eur. p. 513. Dicks. Crypt. Brit. t. 3. / 2. Krombh. t. 74. /
13. Rostk. t. 38. Quel. t. i6./. i.— Vent. t. 43. /. i, 2. Pers. Myc. Eur.
t. 19.

GENUS XXIII.— Fistulina (fistula, a pipe. From the pipe-like Fistuiina.
character of the tubes). Bull. Champ, p. 314.

Hymenium inferior, at the first dotted over with warts, then
protruding cylindrical tubes, which
are free and distinct from one an-
other. Somewhat fleshy fungi, grow-
ing on wood, intermediate between
Polyporei and Hydnei. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 522.

1. F. hepatica Fr. Juicy-fleshy,
not rooting. — Pileus entire, blood-
red ; flesh thick, soft, viscid above,
traversed with tenacious fibres,
hence variegated - red. Tubes at
first pallid.

Changeable in form, sessile or extended
into a lateral stem.

On living oak. Common in Eng-
land. Aug.-Oct.

Pileus roundish, dimidiate or subspathulate. Substance thick and juicy,
marbled like beet-root, distilling a red pellucid juice ; hymenium convex.
Taste rather acid. It attains sometimes an enormous size, even nearly 30 Ib.
in weight. M.J.B. Spores salmon-colour, nearly round with an oblique
apiculus, 3 mk. W.G.S. Edible and nourishing, but rather coarse, and not
of a very pleasant flavour. Known as the beef-steak fungus. Slices exactly
like beef-steak. Name — Vaniccs, of the liver ; diseased in the liver. From
its appearance. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 522. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 25. Berk. Out. p.
257. t. 17. f. i. C. Hbk. n. 841. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 690. Grev. t. 270.
Ventur. t. 36. /. i, 2. Barla t. 30. /. 4-7. Hogg & Johnst. t. 7. Hussey i.
/. 65. Badh. i. /. 12. /. 4; ii. /. 12. / 2. Price f. 22.—Huds. Schceff. t. 116-
120. Bolt. t. 79. Sow. t. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 1039. Bull. t. 74, 464, 497.

LXII. Fistulina hepatica. One-

fifth natural size,
times natural size.

Section two

GENUS XXIV.— Polyporus. Fr. Obs. Myc. i. p. 121.
(iro\vs, many ; iropos, a pore.)

Hymenophore descending and forming a trama between the
pores. Hence the pores are connate with the substance of the

Polyporus.

184

POLYPOREI.

Polypoms. pileus, and not separable from one another; they are at first
rudimental or altogether wanting, then round, angular, or torn.

Persistent fungi, most of them
growing on wood, not fully formed
before expansion like Boleti, but
growing gradually and indefinitely.
Odour, if any, slightly acid.

A genus holding the like central
place in this order as Agaricus does
in the former one, of immense extent,
and specially abundant in the number
of its species in warm countries on
account of the greater variety of trees.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 522.

A few are edible, but not recom-
mended.

I. MESOPUS (/bieo-os, middle ; irovs, a foot).

LXI1I. Polyporus perennis. One- Pileus entire or excentric. Stem distinct,
third natural size. vertical, simple, of the same colour at the

base, and not definitely blackish.

A. Carnosi (caro, flesh). Pileus fleshy, fragile or pliant (but not coriaceous),
zoneless. White-spared, growing on the ground, edible, autumnal.

* Pileus unpolished, scaly orfloccose.
** Pileus polished, smooth.

B. Lend (lentus, tough, pliant). Pileus fleshy-pliant then coriaceous, zone-
less. White-spored, growing on trunks, persistent.

* Pileus unpolished, scaly or villous.
** Pileus even, smooth.

C. Spongiosi (spongia, a sponge). Pileus at first spongy-soft, absorbing
water, tomentose, then corky or coriaceous. Stem curt, irregularly shaped.
Pores irregularly shaped, pruinose, changing colour, but the spores (of all of
them ?) white. — A very varied group, of striking appearance, mostly growing on
the ground. At first they appear as a rooting, somewhat crustaceous mass,
effused and encrusting, shapeless, spongy and juicy, tomentose ; from this is
evolved a pileus, which is sometimes remarkably regular, with a central stem,
and of large size, sometimes by growing into one another irregular and lobed,
nay dimidiate. They only last in a dead state to the following spring, but there-
after are covered over with a new stratum of pores. In all these respects they
are analogous to Thelephorce (e.g. Th. terrestris}. Most of them rare, confined
to certain localities.

D. Subcoriacei (corium, a hide, leather). Pileus at the first indurated,
arid, when full grown corky or coriaceous. Stem definite. Pores at first
sprinkled over with a white bloom. Substance of a ferruginous colour. Grow-
ing on the ground or trunks, more rigid than the Spongiosi, more regular and
persistent, but not reviving.

* Pileus tomentose, velvety,
** Pileus very smooth.

II. PLEUROPUS (TrAevpov, the ribs or side ; n-ov?, a foot). Pileus pliant or
corky, horizontal, not circular. Stem simple, ascending, corticate, either deji-

POLYPORUS. 185

nitely lateral or excentric, always black at the base. Growing on wood, and Polyporus.
not on the ground.

A well-defined group. Species with excentric stems occur both in this and
in the former group, but the definitely black base at once distinguishes them.

A. Lenti. Pileus fleshy-pliant, zoneless. Stem excentric, blackish at the
base. Tubes short. Substance pallid, somewhat fibrous.

* Pileus scaly orfloccose.
** Pileus even, very smooth.

B. Suberoso-lignosi (corky-woody). Pileus thick, hard, zoneless. Stem
stout, vertical, of the same colour at the base. Pores elongated. Species not
closely allied to one another nor to the preceding group.

III. MERISMA (ju.epi<Jw, to divide). Syst. Myc. i. p. 354. From a common
trunk or tubercle proceed very many pileoli, arising from the subdivision of
the primary pileus, which are at first, at least potentially, porous all over, but
the side which is turned to the light is sterile. (In dark underground places
they often remain club-shaped and porous.) Very handsome fungi, becoming
free, by far the largest of all fungi, composed of many small pilei cohering the one
with the other.

A very distinct group, well marked off from the rest, and only verging back
by imperfect forms to the Mesopodes.

A. Carnosi. Pileus fleshy, firm, flcccoso-fibrous, zoneless, not coriaceo-
indurated. Tufts central, stipitate, springing from a common base, more or
less concrete, so that in slender forms they occasionally resemble a central,
simple, lobed pileus. Pores separating from the pileus. White-spored, par-
tially growing on the ground, autumnal, all certainly edible.

B. Lenti. Pileus fleshy-pliant then somewhat coriaceous, more or less
zoned, fibrous within. Pores adnate. Tufts lateral, somewhat stipitate, in
many imbricated layers, stems more or less connate, or growing from a common
tuber. White-spored, not edible, fragile when old, autumnal and not lasting
till the following spring, occurring at the base of trunks.

C. Caseosi (caseus, cheese). Pileus cheesy, at first soft and juicy, then arid,
fragile, without a pellicle, zoneless ; pores separating. Tufts sessile on the
stems of trees , commonly dimidiate, but in a horizontal situation expanded on
all sides, central, at the first evolved from a single shapeless tubercle into numer-
ous pileoli. Acid. Occurring from spring through the whole summer, but soon
decaying.

D. Suberosi (suber, cork). Pileus corky or coriaceous, persistent, tough ;
substance floccose, somewhat soft, suitable for tinder, pores adnate. Tufts
somewhat sessile, lateral or central according to situation, but the pileoli are
drawn together and free at the base and not effused. On trunks close to the
ground. Not edible.

IV. APUS (a, without ; TTOV'S, a foot. Sfemless). Pileus sessile, normally
adnate by a thickened and dilated base and dimidiate, or entire and attached
behind (commonly by an umbo), more rarely attenuated and sessile (a transi-
tion to the Pleuropodes], more frequently wholly resupinate (always abnormal
states ; the true Resupinati are very different having no pileus). Growing on
wood, very abundant, with an endless variety of forms.

A. Anodermei (av, fie'p/oux, skin. Without a cuticle). Pilens without a cuticle,
consequently the naked surface is broken up into flocci or fibres, zoneless, but
within transversely zoned, or more or less fibrous. Always annual, somewhat
fleshy, and not reviving.

i. Carnosi. Pileus cheesy, at first of a watery softness, fragile, flocculose

1 86 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. and not bristly-hispid, pores white. When more fully grown sometimes soft,
sometimes hardened, but soon putrefying and not lasting through^ the "winter.

* Eupolypori. Pores round, entire, obtuse, -without small teeth.

** Pores elongated, flexiwus, acute, and torn. Species in this section do not
become hard.

2. Lenti. Pileus fleshy-pliant (tough even in younger specimens), soft,
elastic, villoso-tomentose on account ot the fibroso-floccose texture of the sub-
stance ; pores somewhat adnate, coloured. Always soft, somewhat flexile, last-
ing to the following spring, joined by intermediate forms to the preceding
group, but manifestly presenting a different type.

* Substance coloured.
** Substance white.

3. Spongiosi. At first and while fresh moist, spongy, when dry firm,
elastic, for the most part bristly-hispid, internally fibrous. The flesh com-
monly presents an intermediate stratum, more compact than the exterior.
Firm, but annual, autumnal, the finest specimens on living trunks. Com-
monly mixed up with P. stupposi which are always dry and rigid not spongy.

* Substance coloured.

** Substance and spores white.

B. Placodermei (n\d^, anything flat ; fiepi*a, skin). Pileus clothed with a
continuous crust, zoneless or concentrically sulcate. Persistent.

4. Suberosi. Pileus at the first somewhat fleshy and juicy, then hardened,
covered with a rather thin crust ; pores slender, at length somewhat separating.
Autumnal, in some cases lasting to the following spring, but never reviving so
as to produce strata. Di/ering from the foregoing by the cuticle, from all the
following by the pileus being at first fleshy and juicy.

* Substance coloured.

** Substance, which is not zoned, and spores white.

5. Fomentarii (fomentum, fuel. From some species, e.g., P. fomentarius,
being used as tinder). Pileus floccose, of the nature of tinder, juiceless from
the first, not fleshy or spongy, covered with a hard, horny crust, the pores at
length stratose. Growing on wood, somewhat pulvinate, truly perennial, add-
ing new strata year by year. In specimens from 10 to 20 years of age narrow
zones corresponding with warm and dry years, and thick and broad ones
corresponding with rainy years can be observed. Care must be taken not to
be deceived by a specimen of the first season, without strata. In old speci-
mens the cuticle is here and there broken into chinks or wasted away.

* Substance and pores umber or fuscous.

** Substance and pores somewhat ferruginous.
*** Substance white or pallid.

6. Lignosi (lignum, wood). Pileus from the first hard, woody, juiceless,
covered with a thin, somewhat varnished crust, which is smooth or becomes
so, somewhat effused at the base ; pores not stratose. Perennial (not putrefy-
ing) but not stratose, flatter than the former group or effuso-reflexed.

C. Inodermei (l<r, a fibre ; Se'p/ma, skin). Pileus from the first arid and firm,
with a thin fibrous cuticle. Annual or biennial fungi, not reviving.

7. Stupposi (stuppa, flax). Pileus flocculose then smooth, or adpressedly
villous, uneven, zoneless, texture fibrous.

* Substance coloured.
** Substance white.

8. Coriacei (corium, a hide). Pileus coriaceous, villous, banded with con-
centric zones which are generally of different colours.

V. RESUPINATT. Pileus none, consequently the fungus is absolutely re-
supinate ; pores immediately seated on wood or on the mycelium without the

POLYPORUS. 187

intervention of any subiculum (except in the case of P. medullapanis and P. Polyporu?
mucidus).

The species of this group must be cautiously examined. For many species
of Apodes are found in a resupinate state when growing in a horizontal situa-
tion, e.g., P. mollis, destructor, croceus, nidulans, amorphus, adustus, igniarius,
radiatus, conchatus, abietinus.

In a horizontal situation the pores in this group are straight, in a vertical
one oblique, nay gaping at one side.

* Pores fuscous or blackish.

** Pores ferruginous or cinnamon.
** Pores purple or violaceous.

**** Pores red.

** Pores yellowish. Compare P. vulgaris.
:**** pores -white then changing colour.

******* Pores persistently white, minute, crowded, in a plane situation
round, equal.

******** Pores persistently white, unequal, angular, close to one another,
commonly rather large.

********* Pores white, superficial, distant, punctiform.

I. MESOPUS. Pileus entire, &c.

A. Carnosi.
* Pileiis unpolished.

1. P. leucomelas Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
black -fuliginous, fleshy, somewhat fragile, irregularly shaped,
slightly silky-squamulose; flesh white, reddish when broken.
Stem 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) long, stout, unequal, somewhat
tomentose, of the same colour as the pileus. Pores rather large,
unequal, cinereous, whitish.

The stem is sometimes curt, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and tuberous, sometimes 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) and equal, also becoming black internally. The pores become
black in dried specimens.

In fir wood. Rothiemurchus. Sept.

Name — Aev<c6s, white ; /xe'Aas, black. From the colours. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
524. Icon. t. 179. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1682. .S. Mycol. Scot. n. 691. — Ptrs.
Syn. p. 515.

** Pileus polished, smooth.
No British species.

B. Lenti. Pileus fleshy-pliant then coriaceous, &c.
* Pileus unpolished, scaly or villous.

2. P. lentus Berk.— Pileus 4 cent. (iK in.) broad, reddish-
brown at length ochraceous, fleshy, but tough, umbilicate,
minutely scaly, especially at first. Stem 12 mm.-2.5 cent.
(l/z-i in.) long, 9 mm. (^ in.) thick, rather slender, incurved,

1 88 POLYPOREI.

Poiyporus. central or excentric, hispid, furfuraceous, nearly of the colour
of the pileus. Pores irregular, large, decurrent, white.

The stem is covered with pores to the very base, only the lower ones are
abortive. Allied to P. squamosus.

On Ulex, &c. Frequent. April.

Name — lentus, tough, pliant. Berk. Out. p. 237. t. 16. / i. Eng. Fl. v. /.
134. C. Hbk. n. 738. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 692. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 526.

3. P. brumalis Fr.— Pileus 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) broad, fleshy-
pliant then coriaceous, somewhat umbilicate, zoneless, in the
first year villous, fuliginous, in the second squamulose becoming
smooth, becoming pale; flesh white. Stem 2.5-5 cent- C1"2 in<)
long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, hirsute^ squamulose. Pores
oblong and angular, thin, acute, toothed, white, at length be-
coming yellow.

The margin of the pileus is somewhat fimbriato-ciliate. In hollow trunks,
&c., there is a very small form, somewhat pulverulent.

On dead branches. Frequent. Oct.-March.

Pores oblong, slightly curved, hyaline, 6x2 mk. K. Name — bruma,
winter. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 526. Syst^ Myc. i. /. 348. Berk. Out. p. 237.
C. Hbk. n. 735. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 693. Pers. Batsch f. 42 (first year). Ft.
Dan. t. 1297 (second year). P. floccipes Rostk. 28. t, 13.

** Pileus even* smooth.

4. P. fuscidulus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad,/zw0wj-
yellowish, fleshy, pliant, somewhat coriaceous, convexo-plane,
zoneless, smooth; flesh white-yellowish. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (l~2
in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, equal or thickened at both ends,
smooth, fuscous becoming yellow. Pores somewhat rounded-
angular, obtuse, quite entire, yellowish.

Among chips, &c. Rare. Darlington.

Name— fuscus, fuscous, brown. Slightly fuscous. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 528.
Berk. Out. p. 237. C. Hbk. n. 736. Schrad. Bolt. t. 170.

5. P. leptocephalus Fr. Small. — Pileus under 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, pale then fawn-colour, pliant, then coriaceous, convexo-
plane, thin, smooth, even, zoneless; flesh white. Stem short,
scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) smooth, pallid. Pores adnate, minute,
somewhat round, obtuse, whitish.

The margin of the pileus is somewhat repand.

On trunks. Rare.

Stem thick as a crow-quill. With. Name— XeTrros, thin ; Ke^aAiJ, head.

POLYPORUS. 189

With thin pileus. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 528. Syst. Myc. i. p. 349. Berk. Out. Polyporus.
p. 237. C. Hbk. n. 737. S. My col. Scot. n. 694'.— Jacq. Misc. \. t. 12.
Mich. t. 70. / 7. Paul. t. 164.7. I2-

C. Spongiosi. Pileus at first spongy-soft, &c.

6. P. Schweinizii Fr.— Pileus 20 cent. (8 in.) and more broad,
date -brown, thick, spongy- corky, strigoso-tomentose, rugged.
Stem thick, very short or obsolete, ferruginous. Pores large,
variable in size and torn, sulphur- greenish.

Very large, sometimes regular and plano-cup-shaped, sometimes irregularly
shaped and dimidiate from growing into each other and incrusting, at first
tawny-tomentose, soon only at the margin, then when old wholly fuscous.
The substance when the plant is in fullest vigour is very soft-spongy, then
hardened, fragile when dry, rhubarb-colour becoming fuscous.

In pine woods about roots. Rare. July-Oct.

It occurs with a central stem and also imbricated. B. dr3 Br. Spores oval,
white or transparent, 3x8 mk. W.G.S. Name — after Schweinitz. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 529. Icon. t. 179. /. 3. Berk. Out. p. 238. C. Hbk. n. 739.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 695. Sv. Bot. t. 720.

7. P. rufescens Fr. Flesh-colour.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.)
broad, spongy, soft, unequal, hairy. Stem short, irregularly
shaped. Pores large, sinuctted&bA torn, white-flesh-colour.

Its growth is quite that of P. Schweinizii , but it is smaller, softer, and
different in colour both internally and externally.

On stumps. Frequent. Nov.

Name — rufesco, to become red. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 529. Syst. Myc. \.
p. 351. Berk. Out. p. 238. C. Hbk. n. 740. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 696.— Sow.
t. 191.

D. Subcoriacei. Pileus at the first indurated, &c.
* Pileus tomentose, velvety.

8. P. perennis Fr. — Pileus cinnamon then date-brown, cori-
aceous, tough, plano-infundibuliform, velvety becoming smooth,
zoned. Stem slightly firm, thickened downwards, velvety. Pores
minute, angular, acute, at first sprinkled with a white bloom,
then naked, torn.

The margin when the plant is in fullest vigour is fimbriate, then entire.
On the ground and stumps. Frequent. July-Jan.

Pileus 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.) broad. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, varying in
thickness. M.J.B. Spores oval, white, 3x2 mk. W.G.S. Name— perennis,
perennial. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 531. Berk. Out. p. 238. C. Hbk. n. 741.
S. Mvcol. Scot. n. 697. Rostk. t. 6. Hussey i. /. 51. — Linn. Schceff. t. 125.
Sow. 't. 192. Fl. Dan. t. 1075. Bull. t. 28, 449.7. 2. Bolt. t. 87.

i go

POLYPOREI.

Poiyporus. #* Pileus very smooth.

No British species.

II. PLEUROPUS. Pileus pliant or corky &c.

A. Lenti. Pileus fleshy '-pliant, &c.

* Pileus scaly orfloccose.

9. P. squamosus Fr.— Pileus 3 in.-i^ ft. broad, somewhat
ochraceous, variegated with broad, adpressed, spot-like, centri-
fugal, darker scales, fleshy pliant, fan-
shaped, flattened. Stem excentric
and lateral, obese, reticulated at the
apex, blackish at the base. Pores
thin, variable (at first minute), then
large angular and torn, pallid.

Handsome, commonly very large, some-
what central and umbilicate when young, at
length lateral, very variable in shape.

On trunks and stumps, chiefly ash.
Common. May-Nov.

When young a mere swollen blackish

lump. Spores oval, white, 14 x 6 mk,

W.G.S. Name — squama, a scale. Scaly.

Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 532. Syst. Myc. \. p.

343. 'Berk. Out. p. 238. C. Hbk. n. 742.

S. Mycol. Scot. n. 698. Grev. t. 207.

Rostk. t. 2. Ventur. t. 37. Hussey \. t. 33.

— Huds. Bolt. t. 77. Schaff. t. 101, 102.

Bull. t. 19. Harz. t. 32. Fl. Dan. t. 983, 1196. Paul. t. 16. Sterb. t. 13,
14. B. pileus fuliginous.

10. P. Michelii Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent (2-3 in.) broad, yellow-
ish-white, fleshy-pliant, depressed, repand, slightly silky, some-
what squamulose. Stem 4 cent. (i% in.) long, somewhat lateral,
bulbous, rough, white, becoming fuscous at the base. Pores
large, somewhat round-oblong, entire, white.

Allied to P. squamosus.
On stumps. Penzance.

Name — after Micheli. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 533. Syst. Myc. i. /. 343.
B. &> Br. n. 1963. Rostk. t. i.—Mich. t. 6i./ 2.

11. P. melanopus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
white then yellowish-fuscous, fleshy-pliant, plane then infundi-
buliform, at first delicately flocculose; flesh thick, white, soft, not

LXIV. Polyporus squamosi
One-seventh natural size.

POLYPORUS. 191

becoming woody. Stem 4 cent, (i^ in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) Polyporus.
thick, excentric, somewhat velvety, incurved, thickened down-
wards, black. Pores decurrent, curt, minute, obtuse, unequal,
white.

The pileus is at length, and at first sight smooth. Stem diffused into the
pileus.

On dead wood and roots. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

Name — /ne'Aas, black ; TTOU'S, a foot. Black-stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
534. Syst. Myc. i. p. 543. B. & Br. n. 1286. S. My col. Scot. n. 699. Rostk.
t. ^.—Swartz V. A. H.

** Pileiis even, very smooth.

12. P. Rostkovii Fr. — Pileus smoke -colour, fleshy -pliant,
dimidiato-infundibuliform, smooth, even. Stem long, excentric,
reticulated, abruptly black, thickened at the base. Pores decur-
rent, large, pentagotial, acute, toothed, white then dingy-yel-
lowish.

In size it vies with P. squamosus to which it is allied. The stem is gener-
ally longer, incurved, connate and somewhat caespitose at the base. The
pileus inclines to yellowish. The pores are deeply decurrent on the outer
side of the stem.

On stumps. Rare.

Pileus 15 cent. (6 in.) broad. Stem long. Pores 4 mm. (2 lin.) or more
long. B. & Br. Spores with two nuclei, 14x6 mk. W.G.S. Name — after
Rostkovius. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 534. Berk. Out. p. 238. C. Hbk. n. 743.
Rostk. t. 17.

13. P. picipes Fr. — Pallid then chestnut, commonly pale yel-
lowish-livid, with the disc chestnut. Pileus fleshy-coriaceous
then rigid, tough, even, smooth, depressed at the disc or behind ;
flesh white. Stem excentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first vel-
vety, then naked, dotted, black up to the pores. Pores decurrent,
round, very small, rather slender, white, then slightly pale
yellowish.

Imbricated, odour somewhat sweet. The pileus is depressed behind, com-
monly emarginate, infundibuliform with lobes all round.

On trunks, especially willow. Frequent. July-Dec.

Name— pix, pitch ; pes, a foot. Black-stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 534.
Berk. Out. p. 239. C. Hbk. n. 744. S. My col. Scot. n. 700. — Grev. t. 202.
Pers. Ic. pict. t. 4. f. i, 2.

14. P. varius Fr. — Pileus commonly bay-brown, fleshy-pliant,
extenuated, soon woody, smooth, somewhat virgate, irregularly
shaped, depressed at the disc or behind. Stem excentric and

IQ2 POLYPORE1.

Polypoms. lateral, even, smooth, gradually cinereous -blackish downwards.
Pores decurrent, minute, curt, round, unequal, whitish (inter-
nally watery) then cinnamon.

In stature, form, &c., it is not constant. The colour is commonly bay-brown
(fuliginous and very evidently virgate when old) but (compare Bolt. t. 168)

fale when young, and when full grown, as it is also internally, light yellowish,
t varies sessile ; also crowded in very large, irregularly shaped tufts, in habit
quite as in Schcsff. t. 109, no.

On trunks and stumps, especially ash. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Pileus 12 mm. -io cent. (K~4 in-) broad. M.J.B. Name — varius, variable
(in size, form, colour, &c.) Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 535. Berk. Out. p. 239. C.
Hbk. n. 745. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 701. Batschf. 129. Ventur. t. 57. /. 2. —
Rostk. 28. /. 24, t. 20. Buxb. C. v. t. 15. /. 2.

15. P. elegans Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, uni-
colorous, pallid ochraceous or orange, shining, equally fleshy,
then soon hardened, becoming woody, flattened, even, smooth ;
flesh white. Stem excentric or lateral, even, smooth, pallid, at
the first abruptly black and rooting at the base. Pores plane,
minute, somewhat round, yellowish-white, pallid.

White when young. The pileus is not streaked, nor is it infundibuliform,
scarcely depressed. The flesh is thick to the margin.

On trunks, chiefly birch. Frequent. July-Nov.

Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad. Name— elegans, elegant. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 535. Berk. Out. p. 239. C. Hbk. n. 746. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 702. —
Bull. t. 46. Fl. Dan. t. 1075.7. i. Rostk. t. n. Bolt. t. 83.

* P. nummularius Fr. Smaller, thinner. — Pileus scarcely 2.5
cent, (i in.) broad, somewhat regular. Stem equal, excentric.

It merges in P. elegans without definite line of demarcation. On trunks.
Uncommon. Dec. Name — nummulus, a small coin. From fancied
resemblance of shape. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 536. Berk. Out. p. 239. C. Hbk.
n. 746. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 702. Rostk. t. 12. Bull. t. 124.

16. P. petaloides Fr. — Pileus chestnut-fuscous, somewhat mem-
branaceous, spathulate, rugose, smooth, zoneless, flaccid when
moist. Stem lateral, ascending, compressed, smooth, not root-
ing, whitish, adnate at the base which is dilated in the form of a
shield. Pores decurrent, very short, very small, shining white.

When dry it is involute and fragile, not becoming woody like preceding
species.

On old stumps. Sibbertoft.

Name- -from some fancied resemblance to the petal of a flower. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 536. B. & Br. n. 2023.

POLYPORUS. 193

B. Suberosi-lignosi. Pileus thick, hard, zoneless, &c. Poiyporus.

17. P. lucidus Fr.— Pileus light yellow then blood-red-chest-
nut, corky then woody, fan-shaped, silicate-rugose. Stem lateral,
equal, varnished, shining, of the same colour as the pileus. Pores
determinate, long, minute, white then cinnamon.

On and about stumps. Frequent. Summer.

Pileus 5-15 cent. (2-6 in.) broad. Stem 15-25 cent. (6-10 in.) long, 2.5
cent, (i in.) or more thick. M.J.B. Name — lucidus, bright, shining. From
the stem. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 537. Berk. Out. p. 240. t. i6./2. C. Hbk.
n. 748. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 703. Krombh. t. 4. f. 22-24. Rostk. t. 13. Grev.
t. 245. Ventur. t. 49. — Leys. Sow. t. 134. Fl. Dan. t. 1253. Schceff. t. 263.
Batschf. 225. Bull. t. 7, 459.

III. MERISMA. Very many pileoli, &c.
A. Carnosi. Pileus fleshy, firm, &c.

18. P. umbellatus Fr. — Very much branched, fibrous-fleshy,
toughish. Pileoli very numerous, 1-4 cent. (l/2-i% in.) broad,
fuliginous, rufous or pallid light yellow, entire, umbilicate.
Stems elongated, separate, united at the base, white. Pores
minute, white.

The pileoli have occurred white.
On stump. Epping. July.

Cluster about 17.5x12.5 cent. (7x5 in.) M.C.C. Name — umbella, a sun-
shade, parasol. From its spreading habit. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 537. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 354. Grevillea, -vol. xii. p. 36. Krombh. t. 52. /. 3-9. Lenz f. 44.
Tratten. t. T. Quel. t. 18. /. \.-Schceff. t. iii. 265, 266. Jacqu. Austr. t.
172. Fl. Dan. t. 1197.

19. P. frondosus Fr.— Tuft 15-30 cent. (Yz-\ ft.) broad, very
much branched, fibrous-fleshy, toughish. Pileoli very numer-
ous, 1-5 cent. (%-2, in.), fuliginous-grey, dimidiate, rugose, lobed,
intricately recurved ; flesh white. Stems growing into each
other, white. Pores rather tender, very small, acute, white.

Pores commonly round, but in an oblique position gaping open and torn.
On stumps and roots. Rare. Oct.

Name— //wzj, a leafy branch. Branched. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 538. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 355. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 44. B. & Br. n. 1364. Krombh. t. 48. /
17-20. Rostk. t. i8.—Fl. Dan. t. 952. Paul. t. 29. Sterb. t. 28.

20. P. intybaceus Fr.— Very much branched, fleshy, somewhat
fragile. Pileoli very numerous, pale yellowish inclining to fus-
cous, dimidiate, stretched out, sinuate, at length spathulate.

VOL. n. N

IQ4 POLYPOREI.

Poiyporus. Stems connate in a very short trunk. Pores firm^ obtuse, white
inclining to fuscous.

B. truncigenus flaps elongated, conchate,
extended laterally, undulated, paler. Paul.
t. 130. Odour of mice.

On stumps, especially oak. Rare.
Sept.

About same size as P. frondosus and
larger. Spores oval, white, 6x3 mk.
W.G.S. Edible. Name — from its likeness
in habit of growth to succory (Cichorium
intybus). Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 538. Berk.
Out. p. 240. C. Hbk. n. 749. S. My col.
Scot. n. 704. Hussey i. /. 6. — Fl. Dan. t.
1793-

21. P. cristatus Fr. — Branched,
firmly fleshy, fragile. Pileoli about
Poiyporus intybaceus. 7-5 cent- (3 in.) broad, rufous-green-

.

One-sixth natural size. tsh, entire and dimidiate, imbricated,

depressed, somewhat pulverulent-vil-

lous, then rimosely scaly. Stems connate, irregularly shaped,
white. Pores minute, angular and torn, whitish.

Very changeable in form, sometimes simple with an undulato-lobed, central
pileus. B.flabelliformis Sch(gff. t. 113.

In beech woods. Rare.

Name — crista, a crest. Crested. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 539. Syst. Myc. i. p.
356. Berk. Out. p. 240. C. Hbk. n. 750. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 705. Krombh.
t. 48. /. 15-16. Barla t. 29. /. 4-7. Rostk. t. i6.—Pers. Myc. Eur. ii. /. 50.

B. Lenti. Pileus fleshy-pliant then somewhat coriaceous, &c.

22. P. giganteus Fr. — Tuft 1-2 ft. and more broad, in many
imbricated layers, fleshy-pliant then somewhat coriaceous. Pilei
date-brown, dimidiate, very broad, flaccid, somewhat zoned, rivu-
lose, depressed behind. Stems connato-branched from a common
tuber. Pores minute, somewhat round, pallid, at length torn.

The rigid cuticle separates into granules or fibrillose squamules. Pores
becoming dark when touched.

On stumps and old roots under ground. Frequent. Aug.-
Sept.

It occurs 3-4 ft. broad. Name— -gigas, a giant. Gigantic. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 540. Syst. Myc. i. p. 356. Berk. Out. p. 240. C. Hbk. n. 751. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 706. Hussey i. /. 82.— Pers. Schceff. t. 267. Bolt. t. 76. Var.
clavceformis : Holmsk. Ot. 2. t. 13.

POLYPORUS. 195

23. P. acanthoides Fr. — In many imbricated layers, pliant Poiyporus.
then coriaceous. Pileoli ferruginous, infundibuliform, inciso-
dimidiate, somewhat zoned, longitudinally rugose. Stems con-
nato-branched, white then rufescent. Pores lamelloso-sinuate,

thin, toothed at the edge, white then rufescent.

Thinner than P. giganteus, pale when young. Although it is somewhat
coriaceous, it very soon hardens, and becomes fragile when old. P. rufescens
differs sufficiently in the spongy, hairy pileus, in not being undulato-lobed, &c.

On trunks. Penzance.

Name — aKavQos, etSos. From the resemblance of the pileoli to Acanthus
leaves. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 540. B. & Br. n. 1694.— Bull. t. 486. Pers. Ic.
Pict. t. 6.

C. Caseosi. Pileus cheesy, &c.

24. P. sulphurous Fr. — In many casspitose layers, 1-2 ft. and
more, juicy-cheesy. Pilei 20 cent. (8 in.) or more broad, reddish-
yellow^ imbricated, undulated, rather smooth ; flesh light yellow-
ish, then white, splitting open and not hardened when old. Pores
minute, plane, sulphur-yellow.

Soon becoming pale. Commonly sessile, but varying with a stem (Batt. t.
34. B. Paul. t. 14), lateral on standing trees, but expanded on all sides on
fallen ones ; also club-shaped, porous throughout, Sow. In its fullest vigour
it is filled with sulphur-yellow milk.

On living trees and stumps. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Whole mass sometimes 2-2 K ft. broad. A lovely plant, of delicate shades.
Spores oval, white, minutely papillose, 8x5 mk. W.G.S. Edible. Name —
sulphur, brimstone. Sulphur-yellow. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 542. Syst. Myc. \.
p. 357. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 88. Berk. Out. p. 241. /. 16. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 752.
5. Mycol. Scot. n. 707. Grev. t. 113. Ventur. t. 53. f. 6-7. Rostk. t. 20.
Hussey i. /. 46. — Bull. t. 429. Sow. t. 135. Schce/. t. 131, 132. Fl. Dan.
t. 1019.

25. P. Herbergii Rostk. — Caespitose, rather corky. Pileoli
imbricated, bright bay, sulphury about the margin. Pores
labyrinthiform, unequal, torn and toothed, pale cinereous.

On trunks. Edinburgh Fungus Show, 1878. Oct.

Referred with doubt to P. spongia by Fries. Berkeley considers it clearly
the plant of Rostkovius. Name— after Herbergius. Rostk. xxix. t. 18. B.
fir* Br. n. 1805. Grevillea, viii. /. 6. P. spongia Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 542.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 708.

26. P. alligatus Fr.— In many caespitose layers, fibrous-fleshy,
rigid-fragile. Pilei tan-isabelline, imbricated, unequal, zoneless,
•villous. Pores minute, soft, white, readily becoming stopped
up with flocci.

IQ POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. Often clavate when young. Commonly wrapping round stipules and
grasses.

On roots, &c. Rare.

Name — alligo, to bind to. From its habit of growth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
543. Berk. Out. p. 241. C. Hbk. n. 753. S. Mycol. Scot. n. jog.— Sow. t.
422.

D. Suberosi. Pileus corky or coriaceous, &c.

27. P. heteroclitus Fr. — In many casspitose layers, coriaceous.
Pile! 6 cent. (2% in.) broad, orange, sessile, expanded on all sides
from a radical tubercle, lobed, villous, zoneless. Pores irregu-
larly shaped and elongated, golden-yellow.

On the ground under oak. Rare.

The flat pilei extend horizontally from the tubercle. Name— eVepos, one of
two ; K\LVO), to lean. Irregular, excentric. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 544. Syst.
Myc. \. p. 344. Berk. Out. p. 241. C. Hbk. n. 754.— Bolt. t. 164.

28. P. salignus Fr. — Casspitose, coriaceous-soft, elastic. Pilei
whitish, dimidiate, imbricated, dilated -reniform, adpressedly
villous, depresso-siilcate round the margin which is somewhat
lobed and swollen. Pores thin, crowded, elongated, intricately
flexuous, white.

The tufts are commonly small, inodorous.
On willows. Uncommon.

Name — salix, willow. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 544. Berk. Out. p. 241. C.
Hbk. n. j$$.—Pers. Bolt. t. 78. Batt. t. 38. / E.

IV. APUS. Pileus sessile, &c.
A. Anodermei. Pileus without a cuticle, &c.

i. Carnosi. Pileus cheesy, &c.
* Eupolyporei. Pores round, entire, &*<:.

29. P. epileucus Fr. — Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, 2.5-5
cent. (1-2 in.) thick, whitish, similar internally, cheesy-soft then
firm, pulvinate, villous-rugged. Pores minute, round, quite
entire, white.

Simple, semi-orbicular, concave beneath, not fibrous internally, scarcely
zoned ; pores at first scarcely discernible.

On stumps, chiefly fir and elm. Rare. Sept.-Oct.

Name — «ri, and AeuKo?, white. Whitish. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 545. Smith
Seem. Journ. 1868, p. 34. B. & Br. n. 1287. C. Hbk. n. 756. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 710. — Fl. Dan. t. 1794.

POLYPORUS. 197

30. P. alutaceus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad and thick,
tan, fleshy, at length tough, reniform-dilated, somewhat velvety,
obsoletely zoned within, margin acute, even. Pores very small,
thin, somewhat round, whitish-tan-colour.

Somewhat imbricated, sometimes convex, sometimes flattened, occasionally
hairy and rugose, plane beneath.

On decayed pine-stumps. Glamis, 1876. Sept.-Oct.

Tubes about 18 mm. (% in.) long. Name — aluta, tanned leather. Tan-
colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 545. Syst. Myc. i. p. 360. B. 6^ Br. n. 1799. S.
My col. Scot. n. 711. — Rostk. t. 30.

31. P. pallescens Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, yellowish,
the acute margin of the same colour, fleshy then corky, even,
smooth, zoneless. Pores curt, minute, round, white, then
yellowish.

Somewhat caespitose, commonly small and thin, of doubtful affinity.
On old stumps. Rare.

Name— /tf//^0, to grow pale. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 546. Syst. Myc. \. p.
369. Berk. Out. p. 244. C. Hbk. n. 773. — Sow. t. 230.

32. P. chioneus Fr.— White. Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more
broad, fleshy, soft, becoming even, smooth, zoneless, often extended
behind, margin inflexed. Pores curt, very small, round, equal,
quite entire.

Always soft, fragile, hyaline-white when moist, shining white when dry.
Odour acid. Without a cuticle.

On stumps, &c. Uncommon. July-Sept.

Spores white, oval, 21x3 mk. W.G.S. Name— \<MV, snow. Snow-white.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 546. Berk. Out. p. 241. C. Hbk. n. 757. S. My col. Scot.
n. jiz.—Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. t. 15. /. 2.

33. P. cerebrinus B. & Br.— About 2.5 cent, (i in.) across,
snow-white, pulvinate, delicately tomentose, becoming smooth,
margin crenate. Pores rounded, entire, dissepiments thick,
obtuse.

Looks like a portion of white brain.
On fir. Glamis, 1877. Aug.

Name — cerebrum, brain. Brain-like. B. 6^ Br. n. 1800. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 713.

** Pores elongated, flexuous, fy*c.

34. P. lacteus Fr.— Shining white. Pileus fleshy- fibrous,

198 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. fragile, triangular, pubescent, zoneless externally and internally,
margin inflexed, acute. Pores thin, acute, toothed, at length
labyrinthiform, torn.

Commonly small, thin, but sometimes larger, transversely elongated, very
much sloped downwards and gibbous behind, at length becoming smooth and
uneven.

On dead laburnum and birch. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Name— lac, milk. Milk-white. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 546. Icon. t. 182. /.
i. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 714. Rostk. t. 23.

35. P. fragilis Fr. — Whitish, spotted with fuscous when touched.
Pileus fleshy, fibrous, fragile, piano-depressed and reniform,
rugose, convex beneath. Pores thin, elongato-flexuous, intricate.

Very distinct, although no form is constant. It varies stretched out in the
form of a stem and pendulous.

On dead pine. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

— fragilis, fragile. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 546. Icon. t. 182. /. 2. Berk.
Out. p. 242. C. Hbk. n. 758. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 715.

36. P. mollis Fr.— Pileus flesh - colour, fleshy -fibrous, soft,
effuso - reflexed, somewhat triangular, rugose, margin acute.
Pores unequal, elongated, flexuous, soft, white, spotted with red
when touched.

Not watery, but soft to the touch, seriate-elongated or resupinate.
On dead pine. Slough.

Name — mollis, soft. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 547. Icon. t. 182. /. 3. B. 6s Br.
n. 1365. — Pers. Obs. i. p. 14.

37. P. csesius Fr. — White, now and then tinged bluish-grey.
Pileus 1-5 cent. (}4-z in.) broad, fleshy, soft, tough, unequal,
silky. Pores very small, unequal, elongato-flexuous and torn into
teeth.

Small, variable in form, stipitate and resupinate.
On dead fir. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Spores pale blue, oval, 3x14 mk. W.G.S. Name—c&sius, bluish-grey.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 547. Syst. Myc. i. p. 360. Berk. Out. p. 242. C. Hbk.
n' 759- S. Mycol. Scot. n. 716. — Schrad. Sow. t. 226.

38. P. trabeus Rostk.— White. Pileus fleshy-fibrous, then firm,
effuso-reflexed, transversely elongated, zoneless, pallid. Pores
curt, minute, somewhat round or elongated, toothed, white.

Commonly conjoined with P. destructor. Both vary effused and reflexed,
smooth and pubescent, but P. trabeus is more regular, of brighter colour,
hyaline within when moist, obsoletely zoned.

POLYPORUS. 199

On dead pine. Den of Dun, 1874. Menmuir. Feb. Polyporus.

Name — trabs, timber, a vessel. Found in ships. Rostk. t. 28. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 547. B. 6* Br. n. 1428. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 717.

39. P. destructor Fr. — Pileus fuscous-whitish, watery, fleshy,
effuso-reflexed, fragile, rugose, somewhat undulated, zoned inter-
nally. Pores elongated, somewhat round, toothed or torn, white.

B. undulated, broadly expanded, marginate, whitish-date-brown. It softens
and destroys wood like Merulins lachrymans.

On fir, larch and Scotch. Common. July-Dec.

Sometimes almost resupinate or effused. M.J.B. Name — destruo, to de-
stroy. From its destroying wood. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 547. Berk. Out. p.
242. C. Hbk. n. 760. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 718. Krombh. t. 5.7. %.—Schrad.
Rostk. t. 27.

2. Lenti. Pileus fleshy pliant, &c.
* Substance coloured.

40. P. nidulans Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (>£-i in.) thick, some-
what pale yellowish^ of the same colour internally, fleshy, very
soft, somewhat pulvinate, villous, becoming even, zoneless. Pores
elongated, of medium size, unequal, angular, tawny-brick-colour.

Fragrant when dry, remarkable for its softness. Margin spreading, some-
what obtuse. There are two forms, one pale yellowish, the other somewhat
flesh-colour.

On dead wood. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

Name — nidus, a nest. From its shape. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 548. Syst.
Myc. \. p. 364. Berk. Out. p. 242. C. Hbk. n. 761. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 719.
— P. rutilans Saund. & Sm. t. 45. — Bull. t. 482.

41. P. rutilans Fr. — Pileus tawny-cinnamon becoming pale
(tawny), of the same colour internally, fleshy-pliant, thin, at first
villous, then becoming smooth, zoneless. Pores curt, minute,
thin, equal, acute, cinnamon, somewhat shining.

Pileus at length juiceless, friable, the slight margin inflexed, but not in-
curved or fimbriate as in P. cuticularis. Variable in form, but extenuated,
not pulvinate and convex on both sides like P. nidulans.

On fallen branches. Uncommon.

When fresh has a sweet scent like that of anise. M.J.B. Name — rutilo, to
be reddish. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 548. Berk. Out. p. 242. C. Hbk. n. 762.—
Pers. Jc. t. 6. f. 4.

42. P. gilvus Schw. — Y\\Q\\.$pale yellowish, fleshy-pliant, efFuso-
reflexed, soft, even, becoming smooth, zoneless, margin spreading,
thin, acute. Pores very small, naked, quite entire, pale yellow-
ish-ferruginous, opaque.

200 POLYPORET.

Polyporus. Commonly longitudinally effused, flaxy in close places, soft to the touch,
properly velvety, but becoming so even as to appear smooth.

On trunks. Rare.

Fries has no doubt that Sowerby's Boletus impuber is the same plant, and
therefore it must be included as British. Name— gilvus, pale yellowish.
Sch-wein. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 548.— Sow. t. 195.

** Substance white.

43. P. fumosus Fr. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, fuligin-
ous-pallid, fleshy-corky, y^Vw.zoneless, silky then becoming smooth,
adnate and dilated behind, internally fibrous, somewhat zoned.
Pores minute, curt, round, entire, whitish-smoke-colour, darker
when bruised.

Caespitose, imbricated, moderately thick, attenuated towards the margin
which becomes black. Colour more or less smoky.

On old stumps. Common. Oct.-Dec.

Smell oppressive. M.J.B. Name— fumosus, smoky. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
549. Syst. Myc. \. p. 367. Berk. Out. p. 243. C. Hbk. n. 763. 5. My col.
Scot. n. 720. Kl. Bor. t. 392. Rostk. t. 42. Pers. Tratten. t. $./. 5.

44. P. adustus Fr. — Pileus cinereous-pallid, fleshy-pliant, thin,
villous, effuso-reflexed behind, the margin which is tense and
straight becoming black. Pores minute, curt, round, obtuse,
whitish-pruinose soon cinereous-fuscous, the marginal ones ob-
solete.

Like P. fumosus, but thinner, darker ; pileus spuriously zoned, slightly
wrinkled. Pores at length blackish.

On old stumps. Frequent. Sept.-Jan.

Pores always leaving a whitish margin on the under side. Name — aduro,
to burn. Appearing as if scorched. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 549. Berk. Out. p.
243. C. Hbk. n. 764. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 721. Fl. Dan. t. 1850. /. i. Kl.
Bor. t. 472. Rostk. t. -g.— Willd. Bull. t. 501.7. 2. Batschf. 226.

45. P. crispus Fr. — Pileus cinereous-blackish, fleshy-pliant
then coriaceous, tough, rugose, effuso-reflexed behind, margin
thin, crisped, at length black. Pores rather large, unequal, at
length labyrinthiform, silvery-cinereous.

Small, pileus when young fuliginous-black, floccoso-rugose, zoneless, white
at the margin, when full grown thinner, flexile, becoming pale, grey, becoming
smooth with a fuscous marginal zone (occasionally with many zones).

On old stumps. Uncommon. Dec.

Name — crispa, a curl. From the crisped margin. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 5150.
Berk. Out. p. 243. C. Hbk. n. 765. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 722.— Pers. Obs.
Myc. ii. p. 8.

POLYPORUS. 201

46. P. amorphus Fr. — Pileus shining white, fleshy-pliant, thin, Po'yporus.
effuso-reflexed, silky. Pores minute, unequal, golden.

Often csespitose, imbricated, very irregular, also resupinate on ground
covered with pine-needles.

On fir-stumps and among pine-leaves. Uncommon. Nov.-
Jan.

Name— <i, M°p<W. form. Shapeless. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 550. Berk. Out. p.
243. C. Hbk. n. 767. S. My col. Scot. n. 723. — Sow. t. 423. Rostk. 27. t.
12. pores reddish.

47. P. adiposus B. & Br. — White, here and there acquiring a
foxy tinge. Pileus waxy-soft, shortly reflexed, obscurely tomen-

tose ; hymenium rather thick. Pores small, obtuse at the edge.

Very variable in form, sometimes fixed by the apex, sometimes resupinate.
Losing much of its substance in age. Substance not zoned within. Pores
when horizontal with the edges even, but often elongated and irregular, not
stratose. Turns brownish in drying. Allied to P. amorphus, but very
distinct.

On the ground beside stumps. Uncommon. Dec.

Name— adeps, fat. From its substance. B. & Br. n. 711. Berk. Out. p.
243. C. Hbk. n. 766. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 724. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 550.

48. P. Keithii B. & Br.— Shell-shaped, stemless, decurrent
behind. Pileus about 12 mm. ()4 in.) across, bright red-brown,
rough with rigid tooth-shaped processes ; hymenium pallid ; dis-
sepiments lacerated.

On fallen sticks. Dunphail.

Name— after Rev. Dr Keith. B. & Br. n. 1430. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 725.

3. Spongiosi. Spongy when fresh, &c.
* Substance coloured.

49. P. hispidus Fr.— Pileus 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) broad, some-
what ferruginous, compact, spongy-fleshy, dimidiate, pulvinate,
hispid, internally composed of diverging fibres. Pores minute,
rounded, somewhat separate, fimbriated, paler than the pileus.

Changing colour. Pores yellowish then fuscous.
On living ash, &c. Common. July-Nov.

Pileus sometimes 30 cent. (12 in.) or more broad, 10 cent. (4 in.) thick.
M.J.B. Name — hispidus, hispid. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 551. Syst. Myc. i. /.
362. Berk. Out. p. 243. C. Hbk. n. 768. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 726. Grev. t.
14. Krombh. t. 48. /. 7-10. Hussey i. /. 29, 31. — Bull. t. 210, 493. Bolt. t.
161. Sow. t. 345.

202 POLYPOREI.

Poiyporus. 50. P. cuticularis Fr. — Pileus ferruginous - fuscous then
blackish, thin, spongy -fleshy, then juiceless, becoming plane,
hairy, tomentose, internally laxly composed of parallel fibres,
margin fibroso-fimbriate, incurved. Pores minute, long, pallid
then ferruginous.

Allied to P. hispidus, but much thinner, soft, the pores longer than the
depth of the flesh. Spores plentiful, ochraceous.

On trunks. Burnham Beeches.

Name — cuticula, a thin external skin. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 551. B. 6° Br.
n. 1137. C. Hbk, n. jbg.—Bull. t. 462.

** Substance and spores white.

51. P. spumeus Fr. — Whitish. Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
fleshy-spongy, compact, pulvinate, gibbous, rugoso-hispid, with
a stem-like base, margin incurved ; flesh zoned towards the
margin. Pores separating, minute, round, acute, entire.

A very distinguished species.

On trunks and stumps. Rare. July.

Oozing out from the tree in a very soft mass. M.J.B. Name — spuma,
froth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 552. Syst. Myc. i. p. 358. Berk. Out. p. 244. /.
i6./. 4. C. Hbk. n. 770. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 727.— Sow. t. 211.

52. P. borealis Fr.— White then yellowish, 5 cent. (2 in.) and
more broad and thick. Pileus spongy then corky, compact,
somewhat pulvinate, hairy, internally composed of parallel fibres,
margin spreading. Pores adnate, unequal, sinuoso-flexuous and
torn, white.

It is exceedingly distinct from those nearest to it ; fleshy indeed when young,
but when full grown corky. Otherwise it is very variable ; the following are
to be noted. B. montanus pileus fleshy, thick, hairy, margin obtuse ; pores
obtuse, entire. C. spathulatus pileus thin, villous, margin acute, extended
into a short lateral stem ; pores thin, very much torn.

On stumps. Slough. Balnamoon, Forfarsh. Strachan, Kin-
cardinesh.

Name — borealis, northern. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 552. Syst. Myc. \. p. 366.
B. & Br. n. 1429. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 728. Rosik. 4. t. 40. — $>ch(zff. t. 314
(bad).

B. Placodermei. Pileus clothed with a continuous crust, &c.

4. Suberosi. Pileus at the first somewhat fleshy and juicy, &c.

* Substance coloured.

53. P. dryadeus Fr. — Pileus somewhat ferruginous, becoming
fuscous, fleshy then corky, thick, pulvinate, cuticle thin, soft,

POLYPORUS. 203

rugged becoming even, smooth ; flesh somewhat zoned, ferrugi- Polypom?
nous. Pores very long, thin, round, soft, ferruginous, paler at
the orifice.

Among the largest and most distinguished, growing rapidly, exuding watery
drops at the margin and hence confounded with P. applanatus.

On old oaks. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Pileus 7.5-17.5 cent. (3-7 in.) or more broad, 6 cent. (<2% in.) thick. Smell
strong, subacid. M.J.B. Name— Spvs, oak. From its habitat. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p, 553. Berk. Out. p. 244. C. Hbk. n. 771. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp.
Scot. Nat. 1 88 1,/. 37. Hussey \. t. 2i.—Pers. Bull. t. 458.

** Substance, which is not zoned, and spores white.

54. P. betulinus Fr. — Pileus fleshy then corky, hoof-shaped,
obtuse, zoneless, smooth, the oblique vertex in the form of an
umbo, pellicle thin, separating. Pores late of being developed,
curt, minute, unequal, at length separating.

On living and dead birch. Common. May-Dec.

Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad. The pileus is at first pale, then acquir-
ing a brownish tinge. The edge is always very obtuse. Name — betula, birch.
From its habitat. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 555. Berk. Out. p. 244. C. Hbk. n.
772. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 730. Grev. t. 246. Rostk. t. 22. — Bull. t. 312.
Bolt. t. 159. Sow. t. 212. Fl. Dan. t. 1254.

55. P. quercinus Fr.— Pileus tan-pallid, now and then reddish
when touched, thick, corky, texture floccose, soft then hardened,
tongue-shaped, convexo-plane, even, at first floccoso-granulated,
narrowed behind into a thick horizontal stem. Pores curt, minute,
whitish.

A remarkable species, analogous with Fistulina.
On old oak. Rare.

Name— quercus,. oak. From its habitat. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 555. Berk.
Out. p. 239. C. Hbk. n. 747. Husseyi. t. 52.— Krombh. t. $.f. 3-5; /. 48.
/. 11-14. — Schrad. Spic. p. 157.

5. Fomentarii. Pileus floccose, of the nature of tinder, £c.
* Substance and pores umber or fuscous.

56. P. vegetus Fr. — Pileus fuscous, dilated, smooth, opaque,
concentrically sulcate, the annual zone broad, texture floccose,
lax, very thin, cuticle of the second season thick, separable. Pores
minute, separating, umber, those of each season distinct on
account of an intermediate floccose stratum formed annually.

It is among the largest, growing rapidly, attaining to i ft. in the first year,

204 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. but the flesh is very thin, and from it both the cuticle and the very long pores
can at length be separated. Plane beneath, at first whitish, margin very
smooth, shining, barren, narrow. It has been confounded with P, applana-
tus, but differs by many marks.

On lime-trees. Rare.

Name— vegetus, of vigorous growth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 556. Icon. t. 183.
/ i. Berk. Out. p. 245. C. Hbk. n. 774.

** Substance and pores somewhat ferruginous.

57. P. applanatus Fr. — Pileus cinnamon becoming hoary, flat-
tened, tubercular, obsoletely zoned, pulverulent or smooth, cuticle
cmstaceous, rigid, at length fragile, internally very soft, laxly
floccose, margin swollen, white then cinnamon. Pores very small,
somewhat ferruginous, orifice whitish, becoming fuscous when
bruised.

Odour acid. When fresh much softer than P. fomentarius, £c., but not
fleshy or juicy. The pores are softer and shorter.

On trunks, especially ash. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Attaining a large size. Name— piano, to level. Flattened. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 557. Berk. Out. p. 245. C. Hbk. n. 775. S. Alycol. Scot. n. 731.
Kl. Bor. t. 393,—Pers. Rostk. 27. /. 9. Batschf. 130. Bull. t. 454.7. C'i

58. P. fomentarius Fr.— Pileus fuliginous becoming hoary,
hoof-shaped-pulvinate, thick, smooth, remotely and concentri-
cally sulcate, smooth, opaque, internally soft, floccose, ferruginous-
tawny, cuticle thick, very hard, persistent, margin at first glau-
cous-pruinose then ferruginous. Pores very long, minute, dis-
tinctly stratose, at first glaucous-pruinose then ferruginous.

Plane beneath, attenuated towards the margin from the very thick base,
hence triangular indeed, but semi -orbicular at the circumference and on all
sides sloping downwards. There are two monstrous forms ; one stalked,
cylindrical (Batt. t. 37. E. Nees Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. x. with fig.} ; another
effused, resupinate. It used to be gathered and sold as making excellent
tinder.

On trunks. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Pileus 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad. Sometimes when old, especially when
growing on birch, nearly white, occasionally tinged with bright yellow. Mass
of pores generally concave. M.J.B. Naxne—fomentittt, luel, tinder. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 558. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 62. Berk. Out. p. 245. C. Hbk. n. 776.
.S. Mycol. Scot. n. 732. Rostk. 4, t. 52. — Linn. Lenz f. 48. Sow. t. 133
(first year).

59. P. nigricans Fr.— Pileus black, pulvinate, very thick, densely
and concentrically sulcate, smooth, shining, the very hard crus-
taceo-torn crust persistent, internally very hard, ferruginous, mar-

POLYPORUS. 205

gin very obtuse, ferruginous. Pores very small, plane, confluent- Polyporus.
stratose, naked, ferruginous.

The typical form with the pileus even, varnished, and shining, presents a
most distinct species, but with this is confounded a trivial form with the pileus
triangular, rugose, opaque, which approaches P. igniarius. Rostk. t. 51.
Quel. t. i9./. 3.

On living and dead birch. Uncommon. May-Oct.

5-15 cent. (2-6 in.) broad. Sometimes exactly the shape of a horse's hoof.
Name — niger, black. Blackish. Fr. Hym. Eur, p. 558. Icon. t. 184. /. 2.
Berk. Out. p. 245. C. Hbk. n. 777. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 733.

60. P. igniarius Fr.— Pileus at first tuberculoso-globose (im-
marginate), even, with a thin,flocculose, adpressed, hoary covering,
then hoof-shaped, ferruginous then fuscous- blackish, opaque,
cuticle concrete, roughly uneven, very hard; flesh zoned, ferrugi-
nous, very hard, margin rounded. Pores very small, convex,
stratose, cinnamon, when old stuffed with a white substance, at
the first hoary.

It differs from preceding species in its entire nature and life-history. The
new growth, which is vernal, makes smaller specimens throughout, and larger
ones only at the margin and on the hymenium (which is also at first desti-
tute of pores) floccoso-hoary, then ferruginous, at length dark. It varies
resupinate : Mich. t. 62. Unsuitable for tinder, but used for burning.

On ash, poplar, willow, plane, cherry. Common. May-Nov.

Pileus narrower and thicker than P. fomentarius, resembling a horse's hoof.
Mass of tubes in general plane or very convex. M.J.B. Name — ignis, fire.
From its being used for burning. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 559. Berk. Out. p. 246.
C. Hbk. n. 778. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 734. Lenz f. 47. Ventur. t. 6i./. 4.
Rostk. 4. t. ^.—Linn. 'Bull. t. 454. Bolt. t. 80. Sow. t. 132.

61. P. fulvus Fr. — Pileus tawny, at length becoming hoary,
woody-corky, very hard, exactly triangular, even (not concentri-
cally sulcate), at first hairy or villous. Pores curt, round, minute,
cinnamon, at first covered with cinereous-yellow pruina.

Pileus convex on both sides, adnate by a broad base, not very obtuse at the
margin. Pores not distinctly stratose.

On decayed trunks. Rare.

Name— /«/zw.y, tawny. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 559. Icon. t. 184. f. 3. B. &*
Br. n. 1138. C. Hbk. n. 779.

62. P. pectinatus Kl. — Pileus ferruginous -fuscous, corky-
woody, hard, triangular, concentrically lamellato-plicate above,
tomentoso - scaly ; margin pale -yellowish, naked. Pores very
small, curt, obtuse, pale-yellowisli, naked.

It is doubtful whether the margin and pores are always naked.

206 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. Habitat not recorded. Penzance.

Name— pecten, a comb. From the markings on the pileus. Klotsch. —
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 559. B. & Br. n. ig6$.—Qittl. t. 17. f. 5.

63. P. COnchatus Fr. — Pileus date-brown, corky inclining to
the nature of tinder, thin, effused, somewhat shell- shaped-reflexed,
concentrically sulcate, tomentose, margin acute. Pores curt, very
small, the thin trama of the same colour.

Pileus concave beneath. It varies wholly resupinate.

On trunks, willow, &c. Frequent.

Distinguished from P. ribis by its harder substance and smoother pileus.
M.J.B. Name — concha, a shell. From its shape. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 560.
Berk. Out. p. 246. C. Hbk. n. 781. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 735.— Pers. Myc.
Eur. ii. p. 85.

64. P. ribis Fr.— Pileus as much as 10 cent. (4 in.) broad, fer-
ruginous then umber, corky-coriaceous, becoming plane, rather
even, velvety, tawny internally and at the acute margin. Pores
curt, 2 mm. (i lin.) long, very small, naked, tawny.

Perennial. Imbricated, somewhat zoned.

On currant and gooseberry bushes. Common in England.

Name— ribis, currant. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 560. Svst. Myc. \. p. 375. Berk.
Out. p. 246. C. Hbk. n. 780. Rostk. t. 53. Fl. Dan. t. 1790.7. 2. Corda
Sturm, xi. t. 62. — Schum. Bull. t. 454.7 E.

65. P. salicinus Fr. — Pileus cinnamon then hoary, woody, very
hard, undulated, smooth, for the most part resupinate, margin
short, obtuse, spreading. Pores very small, round, ferruginous-
cinnamon.

Pileus 30 cent. (12 in.) and more, often interrupted. Allied to P.fomenta,'
rius or igniarius, with an ebony-black crust. From its situation wholly re-
supinate or in vertical places encircled above with a narrow, undulated,
smooth margin.

On willows. Common. Autumn.

Name — salix, willow. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 560. Svst. Myc. i. p. 376. Icon,
t. 185.7. *• Berk. Out. p. 246. C. Hbk. n. 782. 'S. Mycol. Scot. n. 736.

*** Substance white or pallid (except P. roseus).

66. P. roseus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, 1-2.5 cent-
(Yz-\ in.) thick, externally and internally rose-colour, corky-
woody, hard, triangular, even, somewhat banded, externally as if
blown upon with cinereous-blackish powder, internally floccoso-
fibrous. Pores minute, round, rose-colour.

Somewhat csespitose.

POLYPORUS. 207

On dressed wood in conservatory. Glamis, 1877. Autumn. Polyporus.

Name— roseus, rose-colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 562. Syst. Myc. \. p. 372.
B. & Br. n. 1801. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 737. — A. 6* S. p. 251.

67. P. ulmarius Fr.— Pileus 7-5-io cent. (3-4 in.) broad, in
the first season white, corky-woody, very hard, incrusted, tuber-
cular, becoming smooth, substance white. Pores round, stratose,
yellowish.

A. first season, pileus white. Sow. t. 88. B. In succeeding seasons, pileus
blackish, margin tawny. Berk. Out. t. 16. /. 5. The two figures are so
unlike that one would scarcely suppose them to be allied.

On old elm. Frequent. Sept.

Name— ulmus, elm. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 562. Syst. Mvc. \. p. 365. Berk.
Out. p. 246. C. Hbk. n. 783. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 738. Hussey \. t. 64. Sow.
& Berk, quoted above.

68. P. cytisinus Berk. — Large, 30 cent. (12 in.) or more across,
imbricated. Pileus coarsely tuberculated, hard, woody, margin
subacute. Pores minute, nearly white.

Dimidiate, quite smooth at least when dry ; substance slightly zoned, very
thick and close, but composed of velvety fibres, pale, nearly white, evidently
composed of two or three successive layers.

On laburnum. Rare.

Name — cytisus, laburnum. Berk. Eng. Fl. v.p. 142. Out. p. 247. C. Hbk.
n. 785. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 739. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 562. —Sow. t. 288.

69. P. connatus Fr. — Pilei white or cinereous, corky-woody,
efifuso-reflexed, imbricated like the steps of a ladder, growing into
each other, villoiis, internally white. Pores stratose, minute,
somewhat round, white.

Increasing from season to season and distinctly stratose, pileus commonly
covered with mosses growing upon it.

On old trunks, elm, crab-tree, &c. Frequent. Autumn.

Running up trunks for i or 2 ft. M.J.B. Name — con, together; natus,
born. Growing together. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 563. Icon. t. 185. / 2. Berk.
Out. p. 248. C. Hbk, n. 789. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 740. Batt. t. 37. / G.

6. Lignosi. Pileus from the first hard, woody, &c.

70. P. fraxineus Fr.— Pileus white then rubiginous and fus-
cous, corky-woody, smooth, somewhat plane, zoneless, at first
even, then concentrically sulcato-plicate, pallid within. Pores
minute, curt, rufous-ferruginous, at first, as well as the margin,
covered over with white greasy villous down.

Variable in form, softer when young, but not fleshy, truly perennial.

208 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. On old ash. Frequent. May-Nov.

Solitary or imbricated. Smell strong and penetrating. M.J.B. Spores
ovoid-sphaeroid, 6-7 mk. Q. Name—fraxinus, ash-tree. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
563. Berk. Out. p. 247. C. Hbk. n. 784. S. My col. Scot. n. 741.— Bull. t.
433- / 2.

71. P. variegatus Seer.— Pileus variegated orange and bay-
brown, corky-woody, somewhat plane, even, smooth, zoneless,
shining, pallid within. Pores round, minute, curt, unequal and
torn, yellowish.

With the habit of P. varius, but decurrent at the base as is usual in this
section. Sowerby compares it with P. lucidus as regards its substance.

On trunks. Rare.

Name — variegatus, variegated. From the colours. Seer. n. 45. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 563. Berk. Out. p. 247. C. Hbk. n. 786.— Sow. t. 368."

72. P. carneus Nees. — Pileus flesh-colour, of the same colour
internally, effuso-reflexed, woody, hard, thin, rugose, smooth,
zoneless. Pores minute, round, decurrent at the base.

Smaller and thinner than P. fraxineus and P. variegatus, but hard and
perennial.

, On old stump. Welshpool, 1871. Nov.

Name — caro, flesh. Flesh-colour. Nees Nov. Act. Nat. Curios, xlii. t. 3.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 563. B. & Br. n. 1366.

73. P. annosus Fr. — Pileus woody, convex then becoming
plane, rugoso-tubercular, in the first season brown and silky, in
the second and subsequent seasons covered with a rigid, smooth,
blackish crust, white within. Pores of medium size, whitish.

A. Pileus reflexed, pores obtuse. B. Pileus wholly resupinate, pores un-
equal. Very variable in form, but very distinct.

About roots of stumps, £c. Very common. April-Dec.

Forming masses 3 in.-i^ ft. wide of imbricated, rugged, or radiato-striate
brown pilei, marked with strong vaulted zones. M.J.B. Name — annus, a
year. From its growing yearly. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 564. Icon. t. 186. f. 2.
Berk. Out. p. 247. C. Hbk. n. 788. S. Mycol. Scot. n. jqz.—Rostk. 4. t. 29.

74. P. populinus Fr.— White. Pileus 12 mm. (l/2 in.) broad,
corky-woody, rigid, zoneless, mllous, of the same colour inter-
nally, margin obtuse. Pores minute, curt, round.

Imbricated, growing into each other at the decurrent base, transversely
dilated. Not stratose.

On trunks of poplar. Uffington, Lincolnshire.

Very much the habit of P. connatus. B. & Br. Name — pop\
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 564. Syst. Myc. i. /. 367. B. & Br. n. 1288.

POLYPORUS. 209

C. Inodermei. Pileus from the first arid and firm, &c. Polypoms.

7. Stupposi. Pileus flocculose then smooth, &c.
* Substance coloured.

75. P. radiatus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, corky,
coriaceous, rigid, radiato-rugose, at first velvety, tawny, then
becoming smooth, ferruginous-fuscous, margin spreading, repand.
Pores minute, pallid, silvery-glistening, at length ferruginous.

Very much imbricated, growing into each other, becoming woody, but not
perennial.

On hazel, alder, &c. Frequent. Oct.-Feb.

Name — radiatus, radiate. From the wrinkles on the pileus. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 565. Syst. Myc. i. p. 369. Berk. Out. p. 248. C. Hbk. n. 790. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 743. Kl. t. 461.— Sow. t. 196. Batt. t. 39. C.

76. P. polymorphus Rostk. — Pileus umber, resupinate, effused,
coriaceous, margin reflexed, crisped, smooth. Pores rather large,
angular and torn, pallid.

The above description is from the figure. From the description of the
author it is wholly bay-brown-pallid.

On fir in a fence. Forres. Aug.

Name — woAv's, many; MOP^IJ, form. Rostk. 4. /. 56. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 566.
B. & Br. n. 1802. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 744.

77. P. crypt arum Fr.— Pileus rufescent- ferruginous, corky-
cottony, effuso-reflexed and variable, zoneless, adpressedly silky,
paler internally. Pores very long, minute, round, paler than the
pileus.

Exceedingly changeable in form and colour, becoming paler with the

weather.

On fir-trees. Frequent.

Nearly related to P. ferruginosus, and perhaps a mere state of it. B. &> Br.
Name — crypta, a vault, cellar. Probably first found in cellar. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 566. B. & Br. n. 1804. Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. t. i6./ -$.—Bull. t. 478.

** Substance white.

78. P. gossypinus "Lev.— White. Pileus coriaceous, effuso-
reflexed, becoming plane, tomentose, zoneless, substance of the
same colour. Pores at first labyrinthine, then angular, pallid
cinereous, dissepiments thin, slightly toothed.

The pores are three or four times longer than the flesh of the pileus is
thick.

VOL. II. O

210 POLYPOREI.

Poiyporus. On old stumps of Ulex. Sibbertoft.

Name — gossypium, cotton. Leveill. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843, p. 124. — Fr.Hym.
Eur. p. 566. B. & Br. n. 2024.

79. P. fibula Fr. — Whitish. Pileus coriaceous, soft, tough,
velvety -hairy, zoneless, often radiato- rugose, internally snow-
white, margin entire, acute. Pores small, rounded, acute, at
length torn, yellowish.

Small, adnate behind, everywhere free at the circumference, sometimes
forming orbicular shields, sometimes variable in form from growing into
each other.

On the door of a wine-cellar. Rare.

Name— -fibula, a button. From its shape. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 567. Berk.
Out. p. 248. C. Hbk. 11. 791. Sow. t. 387. f. 8.

8. Coriacei. Pileus coriaceous, villous, &c.

80. P. hirsutus Fr. — Pileus unicolorous, but zoned with con-
centric furrows, whitish, corky-coriaceous, convexo-plane, shaggy
with rigid hairs. Pores round, obtuse, whitish, becoming some-
what fuscous.

B. Pores wholly white. C. Pores yellow at the orifice, but white within.
D. Pores obtuse, angular. E. Margin of the pileus ferruginous (Fl. Dan. t.
2079. /. i). F. pileus blackish.

On dead trunks. Near Twycross.

Name — hirsutus, hairy. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 567. B. & Br. n. 1139.
C. Hbk. n. 792.— Wulf. \Jacq. Coll. ii. p. 149.

81. P. velutinus Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, white
at length yellowish, corky - coriaceous, plane on both sides,
velvety-soft, slightly zoned, the extenuated margin acute. Pores
round, minute, thin, white.

Damp when young, then hardened, not shining like P. versicolor, the zones
only a little darker.

On stumps, branches, &c. Uncommon. Nov.

Sometimes entirely white, and not unfrequently the zones are mere de-
pressions. M.J.B. Name — velluetum (low Latin). Velvety. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 568. Syst. Myc. \. p. 368. Berk. Out. p. 248. C. Hbk. n. 793. S.
My col. Scot. n. 745.

82. P. versicolor Fr.— Pileus variegated with differently col-
oured zones, coriaceous, thin, rigid, becoming plane, depressed
behind, becoming even, velvety, shining. Pores minute, round,
acute and torn, white, becoming pale (somewhat yellowish).

Varying endlessly both in form and colour.

POLYPORUS.

211

LXVI. Polyporus -versicolor.
One-half natural size.

On dead wood. Exceedingly common. April-Dec.

More or less imbricated. Pileus 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) broad. Name — versicolor,
changeable in colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
568. Berk. Out. p. 248. C. Hbk n. 794.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 746. Hussey i. /. 24. —
Linn. Bull. t. 86. Bolt. t. 81. Sow. t. 229.
Fl. Dan. t. 1554. Schaff. t. 263. Sterb. t.
27. K. Batt. t.^.A.

83. P. abietinus Fr.— Pileus cin-
ereous-white, coriaceous, thin, effuso-
reflexed, villous, obsoletely zoned.
Pores unequal, torn, violaceous be-
coming pale.

There is no species more easily distin-
guished, though it is sometimes wholly re-
supinate, sometimes reflexed, if only once it
has been rightly identified when in full vig-
our, and if distinct species are not sought
for in old (washed out) and dry specimens.

On fir. Common. July-Nov.

Fries says it is "the mother of vast confusion." Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.)
broad. Often stained with minute green Algce. M.J.B. Name — abies, fir.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 569. Berk. Out. p. 249. C. Hbk. n. 795. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 747. Grev. t. 226. Fl. Dan. t. 2079. / 2.— Dicks. Crypt. 3. t. 9. /. 9.
Fl. Dan. t. 1298.

84. P. Wynne! B. & Br.— Confluent, variable in form. Pileus
tan-colour, adnate behind, effuso-reflexed, marked with silky
raised lines. Pores small, angular, white.

Incrusting various substances, with the margin more or less broadly re-
flected. Pores sV in. across, acquiring a slight tint like that of the pileus in
drying. Somewhat of the habit of P. amorphus, but not so fleshy in texture.

Running over twigs, grass, &c. Coed Coch, &c.

Name— after Mrs Lloyd Wynne. B. & Br. n. 807. Berk. Out. p. 249.
C. Hbk. n. 796. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 569.

V. RESUPINATI. Pileus none, &c.

* Pores fuscous or blackish.

No British species.

** Pores ferruginous or cinnamon.

85. P. umbrinus Fr. — Rufous-umber, resupinate, determinate,
undulato-tubercular, defined by a smooth, paler margin. Pores

Polyporus.

212 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus minute, somewhat round, unequal, of the same colour as the
pileus.

Clearly different from P. ferruginosiis and following species.
On trunks. Knowle Park, Burchell.

Name — umbrinus, umber-coloured. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 571. B. & Br. n.
T&yo.—Rostk. 27. t. 6.

86. P. ferruginosus Fr.— As much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick,
tawny, date-brown-ferruginous when old, effused, firm, unequal,
circumference sterile. Pores of medium size, very long, somewhat
round and torn, cinnamon.

Composed chiefly of the elongated pores.

On logs, posts, &c. Common. May-Nov.

Mycelium ochraceous. At first appearing under the form of a confervoid
stratum, which gradually thickens and acquires pores in the centre. M.J.B.
Name—ferrum, iron. Rust-coloured. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 571. Berk. Out.
p. 249. C. Hbk. n. 798. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 748. Grev. t. 155. — Schrad.
Spic. p. 172.

87. P. contiguus Fr. — Almost 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2.5 cent,
(i in.) broad, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick, cinnamon when young,
effused, firm, smooth, somewhat marginate, margin at the first
villous. Pores rather large, equal, obtuse, entire.

Smaller than P. ferruginosus; distinguished by its ochraceous mycelium
from resupinate forms of P. igniarius (of which the mycelium is white accord-
ing to Berkeley).

On rotten wood and sticks. Uncommon.

Name — contigmis, continuous, uninterrupted. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 571.
Syst. Myc. \.p. 378. Berk. Out. p. 249. C. Hbk. n. 797. — Pers. Syn.p. 544.

#** pores purple or violaceous.

88. P. violaceus Fr. — Violaceous, effused, determinate, thin,
short, even, smooth, closely adnate, destitute of a distinct sub-
iculum. Pores short, cellular or veined, quite entire.

It approaches the Merulii in the curt, cellular pores.

On fir poles and stumps. Frequent. Jan.-May.

Spores ovoid, punctate, rose-yellow, 7 mk. Q. Name — violaceits, violet-
colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 572. B. &= Br. n. 1021. C. Hbk. n. 803. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 749. — Rostk. 27. t. 3.

89. P. purpureus Fr. — Very broadly and widely effused, 10-30
cent. (4-12 in.) long and broad, the mucedinous,flocculose, white
mycelium creeping over the surface of rotten wood. Pores curt,

POLYPORUS. 2 I 3

scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) long, minute, unequal, interruptedly Polyporus.
scattered or conglomerate, purple-lilac.

On decayed willow. Cotterstock, Norths.

^a.me—purpureus, purple. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 572. Syst. Myc. i. p. 379.
Berk. Out. p. 250. C. Hbk. n. 804.

**** Pores red.

90. P. incarnatus Fr.— Flesh-colour, effused, 2.5-10 cent. (1-4
in.) long, scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, corky-coriaceous, per-
sistent, firm, smooth. Pores elongated, unequal, commonly
oblique.

The superior margin here and there reflexed. Pores oblique from position.
On fir. Rare. June-Nov.

Sometimes small cottony protuberances occur amongst the pores which
have the appearance of small pilei, with tubes underneath. Grev. Name —
incarnatus, flesh-colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 573. Syst. Myc. i. p. 379. Icon,
t. 189. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 250. C. Hbk. n. 802. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 750.—
A. & S. p. 250.

91. P. rufus Fr. — Blood-red-rufous, effused, coriaceous, thin,
adnate, even, smooth, determinate. Pores very small, thin, acute.

On broom. Strachan, Kincardineshire.

Name— rufus, reddish. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 573. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 751. —
Rostk. 4. t. 62.

92. P. rhodellus Fr.— White-flesh-colour, effused, 5 cent. (2 in.)
and more long, thin, adnate, soft, margin determinate, naked.
Pores minute, somewhat round, continuous.

Thinner than preceding species, apparently nearest to P. vulgaris.
In Scotch fir wood. Glamis, 1874. Aug.

Name — poSov, a rose. Slightly rose-colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 573. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 380. Icon. t. 189.7. 2- B. &» Br. n. 1806. .S. Mycol. Scot. n. 752.
— Bull. t. 442. / D.

93. P. micans Fr.— Whitish-flesh-coloiir, effused, thin, adnate,
soft, circumference flaxy and white. Pores very thin, resembling
honeycomb, angular, somewhat crenate.

Somewhat orbicular, confluent, fugacious. In the structure of the pores
it approaches P. bombycinus.

On dead wood, ash. Leighwood, Bristol. Altyre. Nov.

Name — mico, to glitter. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 573. B. &•= Br. n. 1289. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 753. — Ehrenb. Silv. Berol.p. 30.

214 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. ##•**# p ores yellowish.

94. P. nitidus Fr. — Yellow, effused, thin, somewhat adnate,
defined, villoso-marginate at the circumference. Pores minute,
curt, round, equal, shining.

Remarkable for its bright, almost golden colour, and somewhat regular
form.

On dead wood. Rare. March.

Name — nitidus, shining. From the pores. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 574. Berk.
Out. p. 250. C. Hbk. n. 799. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 754.— A. & S. p. 258.

95. P. Lsestadii Fr. & Berk. — Substance white, hymenium
here and there tubercular. Pores bright lemon-yellow.

Colour bright persistent yellow, very beautiful. Forming confluent patches,
many inches in length.

On the under side of a deal board in hothouse. Coed Coch.
Name — after C. P. Lcestadius. B. &" Br. n. 2025.

96. P. bombycinus Fr. — Dingy-yellowish, effused, silky-
membranaceous, adhering laxly, spider-web-velvety at the circum-
ference. Pores large, angular.

Very distinct and singular. Pores in their first stage forming only small
pits, which are sunk in the mycelium, then developed, wholly formed from
the tomentum, somewhat round, at length firmer, angular and here and there
flexuous.

On dead wood. Rare.

Name — bombyx, silk. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 575. Berk. Out. p. 250. C.
Hbk. n. 8oi.—Sow. t. 387. /. 5.

97. P. aneirinus Sommerf. — White, effused, thin, somewhat
innate, flaxy at the circtimference. Pores large, cell-like, waxy,
angular, smooth, tawny.

The growth is at first wholly flaxy ; the formation of pores is the same as
in P. bombycinus, but they are at length waxy and often exactly hexagonal.

On dead branches. Rare. Oct.

Name — av, elpiWos, woolly. Not woolly. From the pores becoming waxy
as contrasted with those of P. bombycinus, which are persistently downy.
Sommerf. Lapp. p. 276. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 575. Berk. Out. p. 252. C. Hbk.
n. 816. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 755.

98. P. ramentaceus B. £ Br.— Somewhat orbicular ; subicu-
lum white, tomentose, margin obsolete. Pores honey-colour,
large, -fa in. across, somewhat hexagonal, dissepiments thin,
slightly rigid, acute.

POLYPORUS. 215

On Scotch fir. Glamis, 1874. Sept. Polypoms.

Name — ramenta, shavings, chips. On chips. B. & Br. n. 1809. 5. My col.
Scot. n. 774.

****** Pores white then changing colour.

99. P. cinctus Berk.— White, turning pallid, forming small
erect scattered tufts, each surrounded by radiating strigose fibres.
Pores extremely minute, angular, dissepiments extremely thin,
edge ragged.

Some of the patches are barren, and some at length become confluent.
Under favourable circumstances a distinct hymenium, 3 mm. (iK h'n.) thick,
with a free, even, abrupt, vertical circumference is formed in the centre of
each tuft.

On old deal boards. Rare. King's Cliffe.

Pores at length pallid ochraceous, darker when dry. Quite peculiar in its
structure. Fr. Name — cingo, to encircle. From the fibres surrounding the
tufts. Berk. Out. p. 250. Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. /. 2. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 805.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 575.

100. P. armeniacus Berk.— Suborbicular, confluent, extremely
thin, circumference minutely downy. Pores shallow, minute,
nearly round, at first white then bright buff, often confined to the
centre, the marginal portion being of a byssoid structure under
a lens.

Forming broadly effused patches, composed evidently of many confluent
orbicular individuals.

On fir bark. Appin.

Name — of the colour of apricot (Armeniacum). Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 147.
Out. p. 250. C. Hbk. n. 800.

101. P. Rennyi B. & Br.— Subiculum thick, pulvinate, pulver-
ulent, forming a thick, at first somewhat frothy then pulverulent
mass, white, turning to lemon-colour when dry. Pores sparingly
produced, white, elongated, dissepiments thin.

On Scotch fir stump and running on the ground. Hereford,
1873. Glamis, 1873. Nov.
Name — after J. Renny. B. 6* Br. n. 1432. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 756.

102. P. subfusco-flavidus Rostk.— White then light yellow-
fuscous, broadly effused by becoming confluent, thin, coriaceous,
arid, adnate, margin thin, white-flaxy, determinate. Pores
minute, irregular.

On oak planks. Roof of King's Cliffe Church.

The pores appear when viewed one way of a greyish -brown, and the other

2l6 POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. white. B. & Br. Name — from the colours. Rostk. 27. t. n. B. 6^ Br. n.
1022. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 576. P. corticola C. Hbk. n. 817.

103. P. viridans Berk. — At first white, then when dry pallid
green, effused, crustaceo-adnate, thin, margin pulverulento-
tomentose. Pores minute, angular, dissepiments thin.

Habit that of P. vulgaris.

On rotten wood. Rare. Sept.

Name — virido, to be green. Greenish. B. & Br. n. 347. C. Hbk. n. 810.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 576.

104. P. terrestris Fr. — White, effused, spider-web-flaxy, rather
tender, fugacious. Pores central, extremely small, white then
rufescent.

A doubtful and scarcely typical form.

On naked soil. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Extremely delicate, vanishing when touched. Name — terra, earth. Grow-
ing on the soil. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 576. Berk. Out. p. 252. C. Hbk. n. 814.
S. My col. Scot. n. 757.— Dec. Fl.fr. 6. p. 39.

105. P. subgelatinosus B. £ Br.— Orbicular, forming little
pulvinate masses with an obtuse raised border, which is at first
tomentose and pallid, becoming black, of a somewhat gelatinous
consistence. Pores pale delicate grey, with an acute even edge,
about ^ in. diameter.

On dead wood, parasitic on P. amorphus. Rannoch.

Name — sub-gelatinosus, somewhat gelatinous. B. dr1 Br. n. 1569. £.
Mycol. Scot. n. 758.

******* Pores persistently white, &>c.

106. P. medulla-panis Fr. — White, effused, determinate, some-
what undulated, Jinn, smooth, the naked circumference somewhat
marginate, almost wholly formed of the longish, medium-sized,
entire pores.

Annual, moderately large, becoming hard when dry, separating. Softer
and watery-soft when on the ground.

On decaying branches. Uncommon.

Becoming yellowish when old. Name — medulla, pith, &c. ; panis, bread.
From its likeness to soft crumb of bread. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 576. Icon. t.
190. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 251. C. Hbk. n. 806. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 759.—
Pers. Syn. p. 544.

POLYPORUS. 2 I 7

107. P. mucidus Fr. — White becoming pale, effused, rather Polyporus.
thick, somewhat immersed, soft, the indeterminate circumference

fla.ry. Pores medium-sized (seated on the crust formed of the
mycelium), unequal and torn.

It varies softer and firmer according to place, but is moderately persistent.
Much larger than P. molluscus, and not allied to it.

On decayed fir. Penzance.

Name — mucus, mucous. Mucid. From its substance. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
577. B. &> Br. n. 1967. — Pers. Syn. p. 546.

108. P. vitreus Fr.— Whitish, somewhat hyaline, broadly and
unequally effused, rather thick, somewhat undulated, indeter-
minate, the thin villous margin shining white ; mycelium forming
a woody stroma, tough and separable. Pores very small, round,
long, obtuse, entire.

The pores are straight or oblique according to situation.

On dead wood, especially fir. Uncommon. Aug.-Nov.

Distinguished by its distinct xylostromatoid substratum, which separates
easily from the matrix. B. & Br. Name — vitrum, glass. Glassy. From
its shining appearance. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 577. Syst. Myc. i. p. 381. Berk.
Out. p. 251. C. Hbk. n. 807. S. My col. Scot. n. 760.— Pers. Myc. Eur. 2.

p. 112.

109. P. obducens Pers. — White, effused, incrusting, innate,
firm, wholly formed of very small, crowded, equal, distinctly
stratose pores, the annual strata pallid-tan.

In the first year the plant resembles P. vulgaris, but in succeeding years it
becomes thick from the numberless strata (2 mm., i lin. thick) placed one
above another, altogether concrete with the mouldy wood which is pervaded
with the mycelium. In vertical places it puts forth rudimentary pileoli.
Allied to P. connatus.

On rotten trunks. Rare. Bristol.

Name— od, and duco, to lead. Covering over. Probably from the strata
covering each other. Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. p. 104. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 577.
Berk. Out. p. 251. C. Hbk. n. 808.

110. P. callosus Fr. — White, circumference similar, widely
effused, even, tough, entire, separable like soft leather. Pores
firm, round, equal, quite entire, obtuse.

The pores are seated upon a skin, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, firm, but not
hard, everywhere porous. Annual and not stratose.

On dead wood. Glamis, 1874. April.

Spores prunifonn, hyaline, 6 mk. Q. Name — callum, a hardened skin.
From the skin on which the pores are seated. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 577. B. &
Br. n. 1431. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 761.

2lB

POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. 111. P. vulgaris Fr. — White, broadly effused, thin, I m.
(j4 lin.) thick, arid, closely adnate, even, soon smooth at the cir-
cumference, wholly consisting of firm, crowded, very small, round,
somewhat equal pores.

The colour is sometimes light yellow. The pores vary oblique and gaping
open. It cannot be separated from the wood except in fragments.

On dead wood. Common. April-Dec.

Effused sometimes to the breadth of 30 cent. (12 in.) M.J,B. Name —
vulgaris, common. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 577. Syst. Myc. i. p. 381. Berk. Out.
p. 251. t. i6./ 6. C. Hbk. n. 809. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 762. Rostk. t. 60.

112. P. molluscus Fr.— White, effused, thin, soft, the flaxy
circumference radiating in fibrils.
Pores collected in the centre or
now and then in patches, very small,
thin, round, unequal and torn, pale.

There is a variety with the circumfer-
ence membranaceous sterile and continuous.
Sow. t. 387. f. 9.

On dead wood. Uncommon. Sept.
-Nov.

At first forming a mere fringed byssoid
membrane. The partitions of the pores are
so thin that they very generally become
torn. M.J.B. Name — molluscus, soft.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 578. Berk. Out. p. 251.
C. Hbk. n. 812. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 763.
Fl. Dan. t. 1299.

LXVII. Polyporus inolluscus.

Natural size. 113. P. collabefactus B. & Br.

— Stratum quite smooth, resembling

a Corticium. Pores seem at first to arise from the mere collaps-
ing of the substance, short, margin obtuse.

The barren parts resemble exactly a very smooth Corticium like C. calceum.
On dead wood. Glamis, 1873. Oct-

Name — collabefio, to be brought to ruin. From the pores arising out of the
collapsing of the substance. B. 6° Br. n. 1432. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 764.

**•*#*#** Pores persistently white, unequal \ &>c.

114. P. sanguinolentus Fr. — Whitish but bleeding when
touched, nodulose, soon confluent, effused, soft, the flaxy cir-
cumference vanishing. Pores small, somewhat round, unequal,
at length torn.

POLYPORUS. 219

Mycelium emerging and forming nodules, which are at first flaxy then Polyporus.
smooth, in which the pores nestle, but it does not result in a pileus. Pores
very changeable in form.

On dead branches. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Name — sanguis, blood. Bleeding. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 578. B. & Br. n.
1290. C. Hbk. n. 8 1 1. S. My col. Scot. n. 765.— A. & S. p. 257.

115. P. radula Fr. — White, effused, made up of the naked
tomentose mycelium closely compacted, soft, villous beneath.
Pores medium-sized, angular, toothed, pubescent when young.

Its growth is that of P. sanguinolentus, but it is drier, more lax, and
separable from the matrix.

On fir. Strachan, Kincardineshire.

Name — rado, to shave off. Perhaps from the ease with which it is removed
from the matrix. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 578. B. & Br. n. 1808. S. My col.
Scot. n. ?66.—Pers. Obs. 2. /. 14.

116. P. vaporarius Fr. — Effused, innate, the white floccose
mycelium creeping into the wood. Pores large, angular, pale-
white, crowded into a continuous, firm, persistent stratum.

On dead branches. Very common. Jan. -Dec.

Extremely variable. Name — vaporarium, a stove. Perhaps first found
in hothouse. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 579. Berk. Out. p. 252. C. Hbk. n. 815.
S. My col. Scot. n. 767.— Pers. Myc. Eur. p. 106.

Var. secernibilis B. & Br. — Shining white, honey-colour when
dried, separable.

On fir-leaves under moss. Autumn. Forres. Name — from its being
separable. B. & Br. n. 1022. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 767.

117. P. Gordoniensis B. £ Br.— Persistently shining white,
effused, superficial, membranaceous, very thin but separable, mar-
gin shortly fringed. Pores minute, unequal, angular, dissepi-
ments very thin, Jimbriato-toothed.

An extremely delicate species, and not in the slightest degree innate. The
margin remains snow-white, and the pores themselves change colour only
very slightly in drying.

On fir poles. Aboyne.

Name — after Marchioness of Huntly. B. & Br. n. 1023. C. Hbk. n. 813.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 768. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 579.

118. P. Vaillantii Fr.— White, thin, the free mycelium result-
ing in root-like ribs 'which are somewhat united by a membrane.
Pores now and then crowded together, curt, rather large, thin,
unequal.

22O POLYPOREI.

Polyporus. It occurs in innumerable more or less imperfect stages of development.
Var. Mycelium simply membranaceous.

On dead wood. Rare. April.

Name — after Vaillant. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 579. Berk. Out. p. 252. C.
Hbk. 11. 819. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 769. — Sow. t. 326.

119. P. farinellus Fr. — White, widely effused, thin, mycelium
naked, flocculoso-pulverulent, not woven. Pores thin, continuous,
unequal, somewhat flexuous, intricate.

Fugacious to the touch. Of the consistence of Thelaphora sambuci.

On beech. Aboyne.

Name— -farina, meal. From its pulverulent nature. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
579. B. & Br. n. 1292. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 770.

120. P. hymenocystis B. & Br.— Snow-white, arachnoid beneath
and at the margin. Pores large ; the scarious dissepiments col-
lapsing, at length pallid.

A very curious species.

On dead wood. Glamis, 1875.

Name— $MV, membrane ; »cv<ms, bladder. From the peculiar nature of the
dissepiments. B. &•= Br. n. 1810 bis. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 775.

********* Pores white, superficial, &*c.

121. P. blepharistoma B. & Br. — Wholly resupinate, snow-
white, mycelium arachnoid, somewhat mealy. Pores small, dis-
sepiments thin, margin ciliato-dentate.

Very thin and delicate ; the ciliato-dentate margin of the pores very elegant.
On dead wood. Glamis, 1874. Nov.

Name— p\e$apov, eyelid ; oro/ua, mouth. From the appearance of the
pores. B. dr3 Br. n. 1434. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 771.

122. P. reticulatus Fr. — White, orbicular, thin, fugacioiis,
radiating like flax at the floccose margin. Pores distant, cup-
shaped.

On rotten wood. Glamis, 1874. Forres. April-Sept.

Extremely delicate and beautiful. Name — rete, a net. From the net-
work of pores. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 580. Icon. t. 190. /. 3. B. £r" Br. n. 1810.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 772. — Pers. Syn. p. 584.

Species of uncertain affinity.

123. P. bathyporus Rostk.— " Effused, white, the thin circum-
ference flaxy. Pores rather large, cyathiform, toothed."

TRAMETES.

221

The description does not agree well with the figure. According to the fig. Polyporus.
it wanders over beech-branches, and is stratose (the stratum of the second
season fuscous-ferruginous), smooth at the margin, fuscous in the middle,
livid at the circumference.

On dead oak-branches. Coed Coch, 1873, &c. Very like resupinate form

of Dcedalea confragosa. B. ft3 Br. Name — /3a0v's, deep; Tropes, a pore.

From the cup-like 'pores. Rostk. iv. t. 59. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 580. B. &
Br. n. 1807.

124. P. hybridus B. & Br. — White ; mycelium thick, forming
a dense membrane or creeping branched strings ; hymenium
breaking up into areas. Pores long, slender, minute.

The dry-rot of oak-built vessels. On oak, in ships, &c. According to
Fries it is a monstrous form (perhaps of P. destructor), originating from its
close situation. Name — hybridus, hybrid. Berk. Out. p. xvii. C. Hbk. n.
820. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 773. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 581.— Sow. t. 289, /. 387.
/• 6.

GENUS XXV.— Trametes (trama> the generic distinction Trametes.
depending on the trama).

Pores somewhat round, obtuse, entire, often unequal in depth
and not forming a heterogeneous
stratum, immersed at the base in the
flesh of the pileus, and hence the
trama is continuous with the flesh of
the pileus and similar to it. Grow-
ing on wood, woody or corky, becom-
ing hard, but not stratose, commonly
sweet-scented.

A genus intermediate between the
D(zdale<z and Polypori, the limits of
which are not yet duly ascertained.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 581.

I. APODES (a, TTOU'S, a foot. Stemless).
Pileus dimidiate, sessile.

* Substance coloured.
** Substance white.

II. RESUPINATI. Pileus resupinate.

LXVIII. Trametes gibbosa. One-
fourth natural size.

I. — APODES. Pileus dimidiate, sessile.
* Substance coloured.

1. T. pini Fr.— Pileus ferruginous-fuscous then blackish, in-
ternally tawny-ferruginous, corky-woody, very hard, pulvinate,

222 POPYPOREI.

concentrically sulcate, rimoso-rugged, rough. Pores large, some-
what round or oblong, yellow-brick-red.

Perennial, but without distinct strata. Odour weak.
On living pine. Rare.

Name— pinus, pine. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 582. Berk. Out. p. 253. C. Hbk.
n. 821. S. Mycol. Scot. n. jj6.—Brot. Kl. Bar. t. 380. Rostk. t. 50.

** Substance white.

2. T. gibbosa Fr. — Everywhere whitish. Pileus corky, com-
pact, villous, obsoletely zoned, extended behind, gibbous. Pores
linear, straight, equal.

Large, thick, margin obtuse.

On poplar, gate-posts, stumps, &c. Rare.

Zones convex and tuberculated ; beautifully velvety ; when old cinereous
and green from minute Algce. M.J.B. Na.me—gil>dus, gibbous. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 583. Berk. Out. p. 253. C. Hbk. n. 824. Fl. Dan. t. 1964.
Hussey ii. t. 4. — Pers. Syn. p. 501. B. sinuosus Sow. t. 194 var.

3. T. Bulliardi Fr.— Pileus white becoming fuscous, at length
zoned, corky, becoming plane, even, smooth. Pores somewhat
round, deep, unequal, pallid then rufescent.

It becomes at length fuscous internally. Odour fragrant.
On dead wood. Bathampton. Glamis. Oct.

Berkeley is inclined to regard it as a species of D&dalea. Name — after
Bulliard. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 584. B. &> Br. n. 1293. S. Mycol. Scot. p.
412. — Bull. t. 310.

4. T. suaveolens Fr.— Pileus white, corky, soft, pulvinate,
villous, soneless. Pores round, rather large, obtuse, white becom-
ing fuscous.

Odour fragrant, of anise.

On willow, lime, &c. Uncommon.

Spores white, oval or pip-shaped, 9x4 mk. W.G.S. Name — suavis, sweet.
Sweet-scented. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 584. Berk. Out. p. 253. C. Hbk. n. 822.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 777. Hussey i. /. 43. Krombh. t. 4. f. 25. Fl. Dan. t.
1849. Bot. Zeit. 1859. *• «•/ 23- Harz. t. 49.— Linn. Sow. t. 228. Tratt.
Austr.f.^. Sterb. t. 27. D.

5. T. odora Fr. — Pileus pallid, corky, elastic, uneven, becoming
smooth, zoneless. Pores minute, round, equal, whitish-ochraceoiis.

Odour fragrant.

On willow. Rare.

TRAMETES. 2 23

Very nearly related to T. suaveolens. M.J.B. Spores white, oval or pip- Trametes.
shaped, 3x5 mk. W.G.S. Name— odor, scent. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 584.
Berk. Out. p. 253. C. Hbk. n. S2^.—Sommerf. Bolt. t. 162.

6. T. inodora Fr. — Shining white. Pileus corky, firm, be-
coming smooth, zoneless. Pores minute, round, entire, not
changing colour.

Very like T. suaveolens, &c. , but smaller, firmer, always white (pores not
becoming fuscous) ; distinguished by its want of odour.

On old mossy beech-stump. Stoke Poges.

Pores colourless, slightly angular, about ylw in. wide, nearly X in. long, not
the least linear. Externally tomentose, white with a very slight tinge of pink
at the base. As in D&dalea latissima, the texture radiates from a central
point, and is of a pure white. B. 6s Br. Name — inodorus, scentless. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 584. Monogr. ii. p. 273. Icon. t. 191. /. i. B. S3 Br. n. 1570.

II. — RESUPINATI. Pileus resupinate.

7. T. mollis Fr. — Resupinate, determinate, somewhat membran-
aceous, pallid-wood-colour, at length becoming fuscous, umber
at the margin, which is at length revolute and pubescent beneath.
Pores large, unequal and torn.

A very distinct species, at length becoming black, adnate behind in the
centre. Pores irregular, but not flexuoso-labyrinthine.

On dead wood, especially beech. Common. Jan.-Dec.'

Dissepiments rigid. Name — mollis, soft. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 585. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 778. Dsedalea Sommerf. Polyporus cervinus P. Berk. Out.
p. 247. C. Hbk. n. 787.

8. T. Terrei B. & Br. — Resupinate, broad, somewhat orbicular,
pulvinate, substance corky and white. Pores angular, here and
there sinuate, pallid.

About 3 in. across, i in. thick in the centre. Substance radiating from a
central point, zoneless. Pores about ^ in. across, angular in the centre,
sinuated towards the edge. Inodorous. Habit that of Dcedalea latissima.

On beech. Stoke Poges.
Name — after Michael Terry. B. & Br. n. 1571.

9. T. serpens Fr.— White, arid, closely adnate, at first erumpent,
in the form of a tubercle, orbicular, then confluent, the determin-
ate circumference pubescent. Pores somewhat round and an-
gular, unequal, obtuse.

Colour at length becoming pale. A very distinct species analogous with
Radulum orbiculare.

On privet. Rare. Oct.

224

POLYPOREI.

Pores rather large, ^ in. broad. B. & Br. Spores oval, white, 14 x 7 mk.
W.G.S. Name — serpens, creeping. Fr. Hym. Evir. p. 586. Icon. t. 182. f.
3. Polyporus Stephensii B. & Br. n. 356. Berk. Out. p. 252. C. Hbk. n.
818. Saund. & Sm. t. 45. ./! 8-12.

LXIX. Dtedalea qnercina.

fourth natural size.

Daedaka. GENUS XXVI. — Dsedalea (Scu'SaAos, curiously wrought. From
the elaborate hymenium). Pers. Syn. p. 449.

Pores firm, when fully grown sinuous, labyrinthine ; in all other
respects agreeing with Trametes.
Growing on wood, becoming hard,
the Jloccose substance descending un-
changed into the trama. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 586.

* Corky-woody, dimidiate, sessile.
** Coriaceous, dimidiate, sessile.
*** Resupinate.

* Corky-woody, dimidiate, sessile.

1. D. quercina Pers.— Pale wood-
colour. Pileus corky, rugulose, un-
even, zoneless, rather smooth, of the
same colour internally, at first por-
One. ous; the pores then take the form
of sinuses which are somewhat
contorted or lamellose, becoming
at last labyrinthine, edge obtuse.

There are many varieties — effuso-reflexed : Schceff. t. 231 ; wholly resupin-
ate: Bull. t. 352. /. F. Pers. Myc. Eur. t. i8./. i.

On dead oak. Frequent. June-Nov.

Perennial. Pileus 12.5-15 cent. (5-6 in.) broad. Pores 2 mm. (i lin. ) or
more broad. Sometimes resupinate or decurrent and the partitions elongated
into tooth-like processes. M.J.B. Name — quercus, oak. Pers. Syn. p. 500.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 586. Berk. Out. p. 254. t. 19. /. 5. C. Hbk. n. 825. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 779. Grev. t. 238. Krombh. t. 5. /. i, 2. Bail. t. 31. — Sow.
t. 181. Bolt. t. 73. Bull. t. 352, 442.7. i. Vent. t. 60. /. i, 2 (var.)

2. D. aurea Fr. Golden.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, corky-
coriaceous, gibbous, velvety, somewhat zoned, unicolorous, in-
ternally, as well as the hymenium which is porous then narrowly
sinuato-labyrinthine, light yellow.

Pileus triangular, margin swollen.

On dead oak. Hereford.

Imbricated, the veins for the most part straight and radiating. B. fr Br.

D^EDALEA. 225

Name—™/-//;//, gold. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 587. D. & Br, n. 1892.— Batt. t. Daedalea.
35- / /'•

3. D. confragosa Pers. — Pileus unicolorous, brick-red-fuscous,
internally wood -colour, becoming ferruginous, corky, slightly
convex, rough, somewhat zoned ; sinuses porous then narrowly
labyrinthine and torn, cinereous-pruinose then rufous-fuscous.

On willow, service, &c. Rare.

Name— confragus, rough, rugged. Pers. Syn. p. 501. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
587. Berk. Out. p. 254. C. Hbk. n. 826.— Bolt. t. 160. Bull. t. 491. /. i.
Sow. t. 193.

4. D. cinerea Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iK~3 in-) broad, cinere-
ous, corky- woody, thick, somewhat undulated, zoned, tomentose.
Pores minute, obtuse, quite entire, some round, some very long,
labyrinthiform, flexuous, intricate, white or cinereous.

Perennial, stratose, allied however to D. unicolor.
On trunks. Penzance.

The thick substance separates this from every form of D. unicolor, also the
inciso-strigose surface of the pileus. B. fr3 Br. Name — cinereus, ash-colour.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 588. Syst. Myc. i. p. 336. Icon. t. 182. /. 2. B. & Br.
n. 1968.

** Coriaceous, dimidiate, sessile.

5. D. unicolor Fr. — Pileus cinereous, with zones of the same
colour, coriaceous, villoso-strigose ; sinuses labyrinthiform, flexu-
ous, intricate, acute, at length torn into teeth.

Commonly imbricated, fuliginous when damp, whitish-grey when dry.
Hymenium whitish-cinereous, sometimes fuscous. There are two forms :
one thicker, margin whitish, dissepiments firmer, distant, forming more
entire sinuses ; the other thinner, broader, the sinuses narrower, more torn.
Bull. t. 501. /. 3. represents a remarkable variety (?) rufescent with very
minute sinuses.

On stumps, especially birch. Common. July-Oct.

Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad. Often green from minute Algce. M.J.B.

Name — unus, one; color, colour. Unicolorous. Fr. Hytn. Eur. p. 588.

Berk. Out. p. 254. C. Hbk. n. 827. S. My col. Scot. n. jZo.—Bull. t. 501. f.
3. Bolt. t. 163. Sow. t. 325.

•***

Resupinate.

6. D. latissima Fr. — Pale wood -colour, effused, 5 in.-2 ft.
broad, corky-woody, thick, undulated, zoned 'within; sinuses
narrow, distant, somewhat round and very long, flexuous.

The structure is very peculiar, radiating from the base to the surface, with
parallel filaments.

VOL. II. P

226

POLYPOREI.

Dsedalea. On dead wood. Rare.

Name — latus, broad. Very broad. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 589. Syst. Myc. \,
p. 340. Berk. Out. p. 254. C. Hbk. n. 828. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 781.

7. D. vermicularis Pers. — Flesh- colour -rufesce?it, broadly
effused, thin, becoming even ; sinuses short, attenuated at both
ends, flexuous, poriform at the margin.

It has much in common with D. latissima, but is much thinner, 10-15 cent.
(4-6 in.) long, 5 cent. (2 in.) broad. Adhering to the soil by root-like fibres.

On the ground.

Berkeley refers the figure of Sowerby to D. latissima. Name — vermis, a
worm. From the peculiar colour. Pers. Myc. Eur. 3. p. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 589. Sow. t. 424.

Species of tine er tain affinity.

8. D. ferruginea Schum. — Pileus light-yellow -ferruginous,
white-villous when young and at the margin, internally flesh-
colour, coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, zoned; hymenium porous
then narrowly labyrinthiform, tawny.

Imbricato-connate. It seems nearest to D. unicolor.
On dead wood. Strachan, Kincardineshire.

Name — -ferrum, iron.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 782.

Ferruginous. Schum.— Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 589.
Fl. Dan. t. 2029.

Hexagona. GENUS XXVII. — Hexagona (hexagonum, a six-sided figure ; from
the form of the pores). Poll. PI. nov. p. 35. Epicr. i. p. 496.

Hymenophore descending and forming a trama of the same
colour as the pileus and similar to it. Pores at the very first
dilated into hexagonal, regular, woody-hard alveoli, the dividing
walls firm, never torn. Dimidiate, sessile, growing on wood,
corky-woody, persistent, but not growing again to form strata.

A very natural genus, easily recognised. The essential feature
consists in the depressions being equally wide in the earliest
stage of growth, whereas in the Polypori the pores, which are
minute when young, are gradually developed and dilated. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 589.

No British species.

MERULIUS.

227

GENUS XXVIII.— Favolus (favus, honeycomb). Favolus.

Fr. Elench. p. 44.

Hymenium reticulato-cellular, or alveolate. Alveoli radiating,
formed of the densely anastomosing gills, elongated. Spores
white (in pairs?). Dimidiate, somewhat stipit ate, fleshy, pliant,
annual, growing on wood, differing in entire appearance and
structure from the preceding genera, wherefore they were for-
merly referred not to Polypori, but to Cantharelli or Merulii.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 590.

No British species.

GENUS XXIX. — Merulius. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 326. Merufius.

Hymenophore formed from a woven mucedinous mycelium,
covered with the waxy-soft, continuous hymenium which is
reticulated on the surface with ob-
tuse folds, imperfectly porous, at
length gyrose and obsoletely toothed.
Growing on wood, soft, mucedinous,
at the first at least resupinate. Fr,
Hym. Eur. p. 591.

I. LEPTOSPORI (Aem-os, fine, slight ;

a pore. From the shallow pore-like folds).
Hymenium naked or obsoletely pruinose
with the white spores.

* Pileus effuso-reflexed, circumference de-
terminate..

** ftesupinato-effused, flaxy-membranace-
ous, separating, flaxy beneath and at the
circumference.

!* Crustoso-adnate, somewhat flaxy at
the circumference.

II. CONIOPHORI (KOI/IS, dust ; <f>fpo>, to
bear). Hymenium pulverulent with the fer-
ruginous spores. All destructive.

LXX. Merulius lachrymans. One-
third natural size.

I.— LEPTOSPORI. Hymenium naked, &c.
* Pileus effuso-reflexed, circumference determinate.

1. M. tremellosus Schrad.— White, resupinate then free or
reflexed, fleshy -tremellose, tomentose, margin dentato - radiate.
Folds porous, various, ruddy.

Sporting in form, becoming pale in hidden places, but easily recognised by
its gelatinoso-cartilaginous flesh.

228 POLYPOREI.

Merulius. On decayed trees, birch, &c. Rare. Sept. -Feb.

Sometimes the edge is beautifully tinged with pink. M.J.B. Spores
cylindrical, curved, hyaline, 4x1 mk. K. Name — tremo, to tremble. From
the substance approaching Tremella. Schrad. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 591.
Berk. Out. p. 255. C. Hbk. n. 829. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 783. Fl. Dan. t.
r5S3' 776. /. i. Hussey \. t. 10. Kl. Bor. t. 460.

2. M. aurantiacus Klotsch. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
between yellow and dirty white, here and there cinereous, tough,
fleshy-coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, tomentose, zoned. Folds minute,
somewhat poriform, dull orange.

Zones obsolete, hirsuto-tomentose.
On dead beech. Rare. May.

Allied to M. lachrymans. M.J.B. Name — aurum, gold. Orange-yellow.
Kl. in Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 128. Berk. Out. p. 256. C. Hbk. n. 832.
.S. Mycol. Scot. n. 784. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 591.

3. M. corium Fr. — White, resupinato-effused, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3
in.) and more long, and often equally broad, soft, somewhat of
the consistence of paper, reflexed at the circumference which is at
length free, villous beneath; hymenium reticulato-porous, flesh-
colour or pale tan.

Remarkable, variable in form and colour, sometimes short and reflexed,
sometimes broadly expanded.

On dead wood. Common. March-Dec.

Spores oval, vivid orange, 4x5 mk. W.G.S. Name — corium, skin, leather.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 591. Elench. p. 58. Berk. Out. p. 255. C. Hbk. n. 830.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 785. Grev. t. 147. — Bull. t. 402. Sow. t. 349.

** Resupinato-effused, flaxy-membranaceous, &^c.

4. M. Iseticolor B. & Br. — Bright-orange, wholly effused,
adnate ; margin tomentose, white ; hymenium even then plicato-
rugose ; folds distant.

On sawdust and leaves. King's Lynn.

Name — Icetus, bright ; color, colour. B. & Br. n. 1681.

5. M. himantioides Fr. — Lilac, effused, silky, very soft, fibrous-
silky beneath, circumference flaxy. Folds porous then gyrose,
dingy yellow then somewhat olivaceous.

Like M. lachrymans, but thinner and not pulverulent.

On fir wood and on club-mosses. Rare. Sept.

Name — i/wis, a strap or thong ; eTSo?, appearance. From the thong-like

MERULIUS. 229

folds. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 592. Icon. t. 193.7 i. Br. in Bath Trans. 1870, Merulius.
p. 84. C. Hbk. n. 831. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 786. Pers. Myc. Eur. t. 14.7. 3,
4. B. arboreus Sow. t. 346 ?

6. M. molluscus Fr. — White, effused, thin, soft, membrana-
ceous, margin flaxy. Folds poroso-gyrose, flesh-colour.

It varies with the pileus shortly reflexed and then the hymenium is not retic-
ulated, but at the first gyroso-dentate.

On fir-branches. Uncommon. Sept.-Feb.

Hymenium dark brown when old. M.J.B. Name — molluscus, soft. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 592. Icon. t. 193. f. 2. Berk. Out. p. 255. C. Hbk. n. 833. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 787. Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. t. 14. /. i, 2.

*** Crtistoso-adnate, circumference somewhat flaxy.

7. M. porinoides Fr. — Crustaceo-adnate, thin, the flaxy circum-
ference white. Folds poriform, distant, light yellow-dingy.

In respect of the hymenium it resembles the preceding rather than the
following species.

On dead wood or on ground. Rare.

Name— Trope?, a pore ; e'So?, form. From the poriform folds. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 593. Berk. Out. p. 255. C. Hbk. n. 834. Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. t. 14.
/• 7-

8. M. rufus Pers. — Red-flesh-colour, crustaceo-adnate, waxy-
soft, smooth, circumference somewhat naked; hymenium equally
porous, of the same colour.

The habit is that of Polyporus, but it is distinct in its waxy-soft nature.
Often immersed in the wood.

On dead oak. Uncommon. Oct.

It has a very polyporoid appearance. M.J.B. Name— rufus, reddish.
Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. /. i6.f. i, 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 593. Berk. Out. p. 255.
C. Hbk. n. 835. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 788.

9. M. serpens Tode. — Pallid becoming red, crustaceo-adnate^
thin, becoming smooth, the flaxy circumference white. Folds at
first in the form of wrinkles, then porous, angular, entire.

On dead fir. Rare. Oct.

Not separable like M. corium. M.J.B. Name — serpo, to creep. Creeping.
Tode.—Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 593. Icon. t. 193.7.3. Berk. Out. p. 255. C.
Hbk. 11. 836. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 789.

10. M. pallens Berk.— Pale-reddish, adnate, fleshy, somewhat
gelatinous, thin, inseparable; margin indeterminate. Folds
poriform.

Pores minute.

230 POLYPOREI.

Merulius. On fir and oak. Rare. Oct.-Dec.

Name— palleo, to be pale. Berk. Out. p. 256. C. Hbk. n. 837. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 790. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 593.

11. M. Carmichaelianus Berk.— White, extremely thin, form-
ing effused, entirely resupinate, irregular, interrupted, confluent
patches. Folds forming regular, angular reticulations ; dull
brown when dry.

Forming a mere pellicle, with minute, often hexagonal, extremely shallow
pores, like the cells of a honeycomb but quite superficial.

On bark. Appin.

Name— after Carmichael. Berk. Out. p. 256. C. Hbk. n. 838. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 791. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 593. — Grev. t. 224.

II. — CONIOPHORI. Hymenium pulverulent, &c.

12. M. lachrymans Fr. — Light -yellow -ferruginous, spongy-
fleshy, slightly moist, spider-web-velvety beneath, margin swollen,

tomentose, white. Folds large, porous and gyroso-toothed.

Exuding watery drops when in fullest vigour. Commonly in the form of a
placenta, but also effuso-reflexed, nay, from a medial placenta stalked tuber-
cles producing small pilei arise. Hymenium exceedingly changeable, some-
times like that of Hydnum.

On dressed wood, &c. Very common.

The dry-rot of houses. Often covering a large surface of the wood. Spores
oval, rich orange brown, 9x6 mk. IV.G.S. ; ellipsoid, somewhat yellow, 10-
12 x 5-6 mk. K. Name — lachryma, a tear. From the watery drops. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 594. Sv. at I. Sv. t. 70. Berk. Out. p. 256. C. Hbk. n. 839. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 792. Harz. t. 77. Hussey i. t. 3. Fl. Dan. t. 2026. Krombh.
t. 46. / 1-2. Sow. t. -Li^.— Wulfin Jacqu. Coll. t. 8./. 2.

* M. pulverulentus Fr. — Very broad, membrajiaceous, becoming
even, zoned, arid, spider-web-velvety beneath, gradually decaying
from the centre towards the circumference. Folds marginal^
somewhat reticulated, tawny.

Of many colours. Singular from the peculiar way in which the hymenium
recedes from the centre. Strachan, Kincardineshire. Na.me—pulvis, dust.
Pulverulent. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 594. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 792.

Porothe- GENUS XXX.— Porothelium (*6po$t a pore ; e-n^, a teat. From
Iium- the porous spines). Fr. Obs. 2. p. 272.

Whole fungus composed of mycelium, expanded resupinately,
somewhat membranaceous, producing papillce which are at the

POROTHELIUM.

231

first distinct (and closed), soon opened in the form of pores, at Porothe-
length elongated and tubular. A genus very distinct from the llum>
preceding ones, in many respects anal-
ogous 'with Fistulina. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 595.

1. P. Friesii Mont.— White, some-
what tan-colour, effused, confluent,
flocculoso - membranaceous, circum-
ference simple. Warts containing
the pores immersed, yellowish, at
length opening in pitcher-shape.

On dead pine. Rare. Nov.-Feb.

Name — after Elias Fries. Montagn.
Ann. Sc. Nat. 1836, Jun. n. 39. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 595. Berk. Out. p. 257.
C. Hbk. n. 840. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 793.

2. P. Stevensoni B. £ Br. — Sub- LXXI. Porothelium Stevensoni.

stance rather thick, gelatinous, mar- Natur^ size. Section five times

. i i • • i i i natural size.

gm rather coarsely hispid, at length

more or less denuded. Warts of the hymenium distinct, inter-
stices very smooth, bearing at the apex a limpid, diaphanous,
yellow globule.

On old pine rail. Glamis, 1877-1886. Spring, autumn.

Almost white when fresh, becoming yellowish when old. The limpid
globule is at first pale. When full grown the papilla is from four to five times
as long as the diameter of the globule. The mycelium imparts a sweet scent
to the wood. Found in greatest perfection on the under side of very old pine
rail lying on the ground. Name — after Rev. John Stevenson. B. &> Br. n.
1683. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 794.

3. P. Keithii B. £ Br.— Narrowly adnate, slightly umber-
colour; circumference very thin, at first somewhat gelatinous.
Warts short, at length collapsed, gelatinous in the centre.

On dead fir. Sanquhar. Dunphail. Glamis. April.
Name — after Rev. Dr Keith. B. & Br. n. 1684. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 795.

4. P. confusum B. £ Br.— Narrowly adnate, pallid, margin
very thin, arachnoid, substance at first floccoso-pulverulent.
Warts very small.

On fir sticks. Glentanner. Leighwood. Glamis. Pitoulish,
Inverness-shire. June-Sept.

Name — confundo, to confuse. From having been confounded with a species
in another genus. B. & Br. n. 1685. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 796.

232

POLYPOREI.

Solenia. GENUS XXXL— Solenia (<r<o\-tiv, a pipe). Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl.

Receptacle none. Tubes membranaceous, somewhat cylindrical,
turbinate, distinct and free from one
another, definitely facing the ground,
mouth narrowed, in which respect
they differ from the Cyphella. Fr.
Hym.Eur.p. 595.

Most nearly allied to Cyphellcs.

1. S. ochracea Hoffm.— Ochrace-
oust white internally, scattered, cla-
vato-cylindrical) tomentose.

On dead wood. Uncommon. Aug.
-Dec.

Spores subglobose, 6x8 mk. W.G.S.
Name — colour of ochre. Hoffm. D. FL ii.
t. 8. /. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 596. Br.
Bath Trans. 1870, p. 90. C. Hbk. n. 957.
5. Mycol. Scot, n . 797.

LXXI1 '. Solenia ochracea. Natural
size. Section twenty times natural

233

ORDER III.— HYDNEI.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, from the first figurate,
and definitely but variously protuberant in the form of persistent
spines, teeth, tubercles, crests, papillse. Sporophore sometimes
single-spored. The greater part are resupinate and effused, and
hence they are inferior to the Agaricini, which are commonly
circular on a central stem, and to the Polyporei, which are most
frequently dimidiate. Fr. Hym. Eur.p. 598.

GENUS XXXII.— Hydnum (SSvov, the Greek name for a kind Hydnum.
of edible fungus). Linn. Gen. Plant.

Hymenium inferior, aculeate; spines awl-shaped, distinct at
the base. The central genus of the order, various, analogous
with the Polypori. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 598.

I. MESOPUS (/u.eo-6?, middle ; TTOVS, a foot).
Entire, simple, with a central stem. All
growing on the ground and chiefly in pine
woods.

f Carnosa. Pileus fleshy, somewhat fra-
gile. Most of them edible.

* Spines changing colour, pileus scaly or
tomentose.

** Spines changing colour, pileus even,
smooth.

*** Spines unchangeable, unicolorous,
whitish.

tf Lignosa. Pileus corky or coriaceous,
tough.

* Spines changing colour, and, as well as
the spores, somewhat fuscous.

** Spines changing colour, and, as well as
the spores, ferruginous.

*** Spines unchangeable and spores whit-
ish.

II. PLEUKOPUS
lateral.

III. MERISMA
and immarginate.

* Very much branched.

** Simple, tnberculiform, immarginate

LXXIII. Hydnum repandum.
One-third natural size. Section
twice natural size.

v, the side ; TTOUS, a foot). Somewhat dimidiate, stem
ifri, to divide). Very much branched or tuberculiform

234 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. IV. APUS (a, TTOU?, a foot. Stemless). Pileus sessile, dimidiate, marginate,

often effuso-reflexed.

* Pileus fleshy, soft.

** C(Bspitose, pilei imbricated, commonly pliant, tough. Very distinguished.
** Simple, pilcus coriaceous or corky.
**** pneus membranaceous.

V. RESUPINATI. Pileus none. Absolutely resupinate, with straight or
oblique spines according to their situation.

* Spines fuscous, ferruginous.
** Spines yellowish, green.

** Spines flesh-colour, lilac, rufescent.
**** spines white or light-yellowish when old.

I. — MESOPUS. Entire, simple, with a central stem.

t Pileus fleshy, somewhat fragile.
* Spines changing colour, pileus scaly or tomentose.

1. H. imbricatum Linn. — Pileus about 10 cent. (4 in.) broad,
umber, zoneless, fleshy, rather plane, somewhat umbilicate.y?^-
cose, tessulato-scaly j flesh dingy whitish. Stem curt, 2.5-7.5
cent. (1-3 in.) long, 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 *"•) thick, even. Spines 8-12
mm. (4-6 lin.) long, decurrent, cinereous-white.

There are two forms : one with the pileus plane and with thick persistent
scales, another with the pileus somewhat infundibuliform, and with thinner,
at length separating scales.

In pine woods. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Often abundant where it occurs. Edible but bitter. Spores spherical,
subhyaline, 3 mk. K.; 6 x 5 mk. W. G.S. Name— imbrex, a tile. Imbricated.
Linn. Suec. n. 1257. Fr. Hym. Rur. p. 598. Sv. at I. Sv. t. 33. Berk.
Out. p. 257. C. Hbk. 11. 842. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 798. Schceff. t. 140. Fl.
Dan. t. 176, 1500. Sow. t. 73. Grev. t. 71. Barla t. 38. /. 1-4. Harz. t. 36.
KL Bar. t. 462. Bail. t. 29. — Nees Syst. f. 240.

2. H. squamosum Schasff. — Pileus rufous-fuscous, fleshy,
irregular, depressed, smooth, breaking up into irregular scales j
flesh whitish. Stem curt, attenuated downwards, white. Spines
grey-fuscous, whitish at the apex.

Smaller than H. imbricatum, rigid. Pileus even when young.

On the ground. Fungus Show, South Kensington, 1873. Oct.

Name — squama, a scale. Schceff. t. 273. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 598. B. & Br.
n. 1435.

3. H. scabrosum Fr.— Pileus about 10 cent. (4 in.) broad,
umber-ferruginous, compactly fleshy, at first turbinate, then plane
above, very convex beneath, at first tomentose, then rough with
flocci which are fasciculate in the form of minute crowded

HYDNUM. 235

squamules, slightly repand at the margin ; flesh very thick, Hydnum.
white, descending into the stem. Stem very curt, 2.5 cent,
(i in.) long, and equally thick, round or compressed, dotted
with the rudiments of spines decurrent upon it, cinereous, at-
tenuated downwards, rounded and blackish at the base. Spines
8 mm. (4 lin.) long, equal, awl-shaped, fuscous- ferruginous,
whitish at the apex, at first sight grey-fuscous.

Very fleshy, compact, obese.

In pine wood. Forres, 1879. Sept.

Name — scabrosus, rough. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 599. Monogr. ii. p. 273. 5.
MycoL Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1881, p. 37. Schceff. t. 271.

** Spines changing colour, pileus even, smooth.

4. H. laevigatum S\v. — Pileus 10-15 cent- (4-6 in.) broad, umber,
fleshy, compact, firm, regular, plane, even, very smooth, margin
circinate (not repand) ; flesh whitish, compact, but by no means
fibrous, soft when fresh, pliant when dry. Stem short, thick,
even, pallid fuscous. Spines thin, pallid fuscous.

Its size is that of H. imbricatum, but it occurs twice as large, with the
pileus minutely rimuloso-rivulose, by no means scaly. The stem varies curt
and unequal or longer and equal. Quite distinct from H. fragile.

In pine woods. Rannoch. Aug.-Oct.

Spores globose, verrucose, pale lemon-yellow, 7 mk. Q. Name — Itsvis,
even. Swartz. Vet. Akad. Hand I. 1810, /. 243. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 599.

Monogr. ii. p. 275. Sv. at I. Sv. t. 81. S. AJycol. Scot. n. 799.

5. H. fragile Fr. — Pileus at first pallid, soon cinereous or brick-
rufescent, somewhat zoned towards the margin, fleshy, fragile,
unequal, surface at first pubescent, then becoming stnooth, com-
monly even but here and there minutely squamulose and pitted
(slightly wrinkled), margin undulated and lobed ; flesh grey,
somewhat zoned. Stem stout, unequal, smooth, cinereous.
Spines scarcely decurrent, very much elongated, slender, fragile,
whitish then grey.

Very changeable. Stem sometimes short and thick, sometimes elongated.
Specimens occur with the stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 10 cent. (4 in.) thick,
and the pileus more than 30 cent. (12 in.) broad. Quite distinct from H.
Icevigatutii in its soft substance, in the pileus being at first pubescent, &c.

In pine woods and among heath. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Name— -fragilis, fragile. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 599. Monogr. ii. p. 275. Sv.
dtl. Sv. t. 89. B. 6* Br. n. 1024, 1366. C. Hbk. n. 843. «S. Mycol. Scot. n.
800. Berg. Pyr. t. 16. Paul. t. 34.

236 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. *** Spines unchangeable, unicolorous, whitish.

6. H. repandum Linn.— Pileus 5-15 cent. (2-6 in.) broad,
pallid, &c., fleshy, fragile, somewhat repand, rather smooth.
Stem 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.) long, 1-4 cent. (J4-1& in.) thick,
irregularly shaped, pallid. Spines 8 mm. (4 lin.) long, unequal,
of the same colour.

The colour varies whitish, yellow, somewhat flesh-colour, unchangeable.
Pileus sometimes floccoso-pruinose.

In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Margin of pileus more or less arched. M.J.B. Spores white or with a
suggestion of yellow, round with an obtuse apiculus at one end, 5 mk. W.G.S.
Edible. One of the most delicious. Requires about four hours' slow cooking.
Name— repand us, repand. Linn. Suec. n. 1258. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 601.
Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 15. Berk. Out. p. 258. /. 17. /. 2. C. Hbk. n. 844. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 801. Schceff. t. 318. Dull. t. 172. Sow. t. 176. Fl. Dan. t.
310. Vittad. t. 25. / 2. Krombh. t. 50. /. 1-9. Vent. t. 27. /. 24. /. 4-6.
Barla t. 32. f. 1-9. Grev. t. 44. Hussey i. t. 16. Harz. t. 23, &c.

* H. rufescens Pers. Rufescent.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
broad, thin, somewhat regular, pubescent. Stem 2.5-7.5 cent.
(1-3 in.) long, commonly thin, somewhat equal. Spines regular.

In woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov. Pers. Syn. p. 555. Berk. Out., C. Hbk.,
S. Mycol. Scot, as quoted above. Bolt. t. 89.

ft Lignosa. Pileus corky or coriaceous, tough.

* Spines changing colour, and, as well as the spores, somewhat
fuscous.

7. H. compaction Pers.— Pileus 2.5-15 cent. (1-6 in.) broad,
olivaceous-cinereous or fuscous, corky, compact, undulated and
tuberculose in becoming confluent, zoneless, commonly wrapped
round with whitish down, internally variegated azure-blue. Stem
very short, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more long, irregularly shaped,
tawny inclining to fuscous. Spines 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) long,
fuscous, pallid at the apex.

Irregularly shaped, somewhat sessile, often forming a shapeless crust.

In fir woods and on heaths. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Name — compactus, compact. Pers. Syn. p. 556, partly. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
603. Berk. Out. p. 258. B. & Br. n. 1367. C. Hbk. n. 845. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 802. Krombh. t. 50, /. 12. Strauss Sturm. 33. t. 6. — Schceff. t. 146 exclud-
ing/. 4, 7.

8. H. aurantiacum Alb. & Schw.— Pileus 2.5-12.5 cent. (1-5
in.) broad, orange, corky, compact, turbinato-dilated, with small

HYDNUM. 237

elevations, soneless, often covered over with whitish down, zoned Hydnum.
internally. Stem short, 1-5 cent. (X~2 m-) l°ng> 1-2.5 cent.
(l/z-\ in.) thick, orange. Spines 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) long, whitish
becoming fuscous.

Inodorous, firm.

In pine woods. Grantown. Sept.-Nov.

Name— aurum, gold. Orange-yellow. A. & S. p. 265. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 603. B. & Br. n. 1368. -5. Mycol. Scot. n. 803. Fl. Dan. t. 1439. Batsch
f. 222 (bad).

9. H. ferrugineum Fr.— Pileus 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) broad,
obconic or when more fully grown flattened, even depressed,
spongy-corky, soft, at first covered over with whitish down which
exudes blood-red drops in the depressions, then more even and
internally ferruginous. Stem firm, 4-7.5 cent. (iK~3 in-) long*
unequal, fuscous-ferruginous. Spines awl-shaped, equal, fuscous-
ferruginous.

Gregarious but not confluent. Spongy-soft when young, corky and juice-
less when full grown.

In fir wood. Rothiemurchus. Aug.-Oct.

Na.me—ferrum, iron. Ferruginous. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 603. Icon. t. 4.
B. dr5 Br. n. 1369. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 804. Krombh. t. 50. f. 10, n. Bull,
t. 409 (var.)

** Spines changing colour, and, as well as the spores, ferruginous.

10. H. scrobiculatum Fr. — Ferruginous. Pileus 2.5-5 cent.
(1-2 in.) and more broad, corky-coriaceous, clavate then plano-in-
fundibuliform, pubescent, disc slightly pitted, scaly, zoned within.

Stem very short, 12 mm. ()4 in.) or a little more long, 6-8 mm.
(3-4 lin.) thick, equal, smooth, often rooted. Spines very short,
slightly decurrent, thin, fragile, of the same colour as the pileus,
and at length becoming fuscous.

Gregarious, often growing into each other. Pileus becoming pale when dry.

In fir woods. Minstead, Lyndhurst. Rothiemurchus, &c.
Aug.-Nov.

Name — scrobis, a trench. From the slightly pitted disc. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 604. Icon. t. 5. f. i. B. & Br. n. 1294. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 805. Mich.
Gen. t. 72. /. -j.—Bull. t. 156.

11. H. zonatum Batsch.— Ferruginous. Pileus 2.5-5 cent-
(1-2 in.) broad, equally coriaceous, thin, expanded, somewhat
infundibuliform, zoned, becoming smooth, radiato-rugose, the paler

238 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. margin sterile beneath. Stem 12-18 mm. (%-% in.) long, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, slender, somewhat equal, floccose, base tuberous.
Spines 2-3 mm. (1-1% lin.) long, slender, pallid then ferruginous.
Very like H. scrobiculatum.

In fir woods. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Name— zona, a zone. Zoned. Batsch f. 224. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 605.
Berk. Out. p. 258. C. Hbk. n. 846. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 806. Nees Syst.f.
242.

***

Spines unchangeable and spores 'whitish.

12. H. nigrum Fr. — Pileus azure-blue-black, zoneless, but with
a white margin when in fullest vigour, corky-rigid, club-shaped
when young, then turbinate, at length flattened, piano-depressed,
tubercular, tomentose, black internally. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, stout, often rooting, unequal, black, tomentose at the base,
internally of the same colour. Spines awl-shaped, thin, rather
short, white.

Csespitose, rarely scattered, growing into each other in various forms.
Inodorous. It differs from all others in being internally black.

In pine woods. Street, Somerset.

Sometimes zoned, as in the fig. of Fries. Spores round, papillose, 4 mk.
W.G.S. Name — niger, black. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 605. Icon. t. 5. f. 2.

B. & Br. n. 1296. Seem. Jorirn. 1868, p. 334. Bath Trans. 1870, p. 86.

C. Hbk. n. 847. B. pileus olivaceous-cinereous. Batsch f. 223.

13. H. graveolens Delast. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more
broad, black-fuscous, internally fuscous, margin whitish, coria-
ceous, thin, soft, zoneless, rugose, smooth ; flesh of the same
colour but paler. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a little more long,
scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, tough, very slender, equal, smooth,
even polished, fuscous-black. Spines curt, decurrent, grey.

The pileus when dry becomes cinereous. It differs remarkably from neigh-
bouring species in its softer, thin substance, and in its odour which is almost
that of Melilot. Commonly densely gregarious or caespitose, but not growing
into each other.

In fir woods. Rare. Sept.-Nov.

Retaining its scent for years. Name— graveolens (gravis-oleo), strong-smell-
g. Delast.— Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 605.
C. Hbk. n. 848. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 807.

ing. Delast.— Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 605. Icon. t. 6./. i. Berk. Out. p. 258.
1. Mvcol.

•14. H. melaleucum Fr. — Pileus black, coriaceous, thin, rigid,
irregular, striate, with little elevations at the disc, margin white.
Stem slender, smooth, black. Spines white.

Inodorous. Pileus plane.

HYDNUM. 239

In fir woods. Ascot. Forres. Sept. Hydnum.

Name— M«Aas, black ; Aevxo?, white. From the black pileus and white
spines. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 606. B. & Br. n. 1295. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp.
Scot. A7at. 1881, p. -^.—Schceff. t. 272.

15. H. cyathiforme Schasff. — Pileus pale cinereous, margin
white, coriaceous, thin, plano-infundibuliform, zoned, disc some-
what tomentose. Stem slender, smooth, pale cinereotis. Spines
white.

Small, commonly growing into each other.

On fir wood. Ascot. Rothiemurchus. Sept.-Oct.

Spores globular, rough or papillated, 3 mk. IV.G.S. Name — cyathus, a
cup ; Jorma, form. Sch&ff. t. 139. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 606. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 808. Fl. Dan. t. 1020. /. 2. H. tomentosum B. &• Br. n. 1025. C. Hbk.
n. 849. Harz. t. 3. a. Seem. Journ. 1868, t. 76.

II. — PLEUROPUS. Somewhat dimidiate, stem lateral.

16. H. auriscalpium Linn. — Pileus 12-18 mm. (%-% in.)
broad, date-brown then blackish, dimidiate, coriaceous, reniform,
hairy. Stem slender, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long-, 1-3 mm. (#-!#
lin.) thick, vertical, rooted, hairy, of the same colour as the pileus.
Spines 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) long, tough, date-brown.

The pileus sometimes appears entire with lobes all round.

On fir-cones and among fir-leaves. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Name — auriscalpium, an ear-pick. From its shape. Linn. Suec. n. 1260.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 607. Berk. Out. p. 258. C. Hbk. n. 850. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
809. Schceff. t. 143. Bull. t. 481. / 3. Fl. Dan. t. 1020. / i. Curt. Lond.
t, 190. Bolt. t. 90. Grev. t. 196. Sow. t. 267. Krombh. t. 50. f. 15-17.

III. — MERISMA. Very much branched or tuberculiform, &c.
* Very much branched.

17. H. coralloides Scop. — Very much branched, shining white,
at length yellowish, 'wholly broken lip into attenuated intricate
branches; primary branches 12 mm. ()4 in.) and more thick,
ultimate ones 2 mm. (i lin.) and less. Spines 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
long, unilateral, awl-shaped, entire.

On decayed fir, beech, ash, &c. Rare.

Young plant resembling a cauliflower. Pers. Edible. Name — Kopd\\iov,
coral ; elfio?, appearance. Coral-like. Scop. Cam. 2. /. 472. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 667. Sv. atl. Sv. t. 34. Berk. Out. p. 259. C. Hbk. n. 851. Schce/. t.
142. Sow. t. 252. Krombh. t. 51. f. 4-7. — Bull. t. 390.

240 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. ** Simple, tuberculiform, immarginate.

18. H. erinaceum Bull. — Pileus 20 cent. (8 in.) and more
broad, often much less, white, becoming yelloiu, fleshy, elastic-
tough, pendulous, tubercular, immarginate, torn into fibrils
above. Spines very long, 4-6 cent. (1)^-2% in.), straight, equal,
pendulous.

Striking, changeable in form, in the form of a heart when most perfect,
often with the rudiment of a lateral stem. Internally as if latticed in a
branched manner.

On trunks of oak, beech, &c. Rare.

Spores white, plain, 5x6 mk. W. G.S. Name — erinaceus, a hedgehog.
From its appearance. Bull. I. 34. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 608. Berk. Out. p.
259. C. Hbk. n. 852. Vittad. t. 26. Kro'mbh. t. ST./. 1-3.

19. H. caput-Medusae Bull. — White, then fuliginous-cinereous,
fleshy, tuberculiform, somewhat stipitate. Spines on upper
surface distorted, the lower ones long, straight.

Large. The trunk is dilated into a pileus, which is covered over with
slender spines on all sides.

On trunks. Rare.

Name— Medusa's head. Bull. t. 412. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 608. Berk.
Out. p. 259. C. Hbk. n. 853.

IV. — APUS. Pileus sessile, dimidiate, &c.
* Pileus fleshy, soft.

20. H. cirrhatum Pers. — Pileus pallid, fleshy, expanded,
fibrilloso-curled above with scattered decumbent abortive spines,
thefimbriate margin incurved. Spines very long, 10-16 mm.
(5-8 lin.), slightly tough, equal.

Simple or imbricated. Varying white, light yellowish, rufescent.
On a beech-tree. Epping Forest.

Name — cirrus, a curl, lock of hair. Pileus curled. Pers. Syn. p. 558. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 609. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 71. /. i. B. 6* Br. n. 1370. Fl. Dan. t.
1789.7. 2.

21. H. diversidens Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, white
fleshy, thick, substipitate, very irregularly shaped, densely beset
above "with erect, variously shaped, incised teeth, clothed at the
entire margin with club-shaped spines, and beneath with entire
awl- shaped regular spines.

Colour almost that of repandum. Singular from having spines of three
kinds. Allied to H. cirrhatum, but not caespitose, more irregularly shaped,
here and there lobed.

HYDNUM. 24 [

On beech and hornbeam. Guildford. Epping Forest. Oct. Hydnum.

Name— diversus ; dens, a tooth. With teeth and spines of different shapes.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 609. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. ji.f. 2. Grevillea, vol. xiii. /. 49.
Krombh. t. 51.7. 8-12.

** Ccespitose, pilei imbricated, &c.
No British species.

*** Simple, p ileus coriaceous
or corky.

22. H. ochraceum Pers.— Pilei

2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad, ochra-
ceous, effuso- reflexed, coriaceous,
thin, zoned. Spines very small,
ochraceous-flesh-colour.

Very small, sometimes wholly resupinate.

On dead branches. Common.
Nov.

Easily removed from the matrix. M.J.B.
Name — ochraceus, ochrey - yellow. Pers.
Syn. p. 559. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 612. Svst.
Myc. \. p. 414. Berk. Out. p. 259. C. Hbk.
n. 855. S. My col. Scot. n. 810. — Sow. t. 15.

LXXIV. Hydnum ochraceum.
Natural size. Section twice
natural size.

pHeus membranaceous.
No British species.

V.— RESUPINATI. Pileus none, &c.
* Spines fuscous, ferruginous.

23. H. squalinum Fr.— Subiculum pale wood -colour, coria-
ceous, firm, adnate. Spines crowded, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) and more
long, stout, compressed, entire, at length becoming fuscous.

Rather large, firmer than the rest, villous becoming smooth, variable in
stature and colour, abnormal, here and there with the connate teeth of Irpex,
and at the same time allied to Radulum.

On trunks, especially beech.

Admitted on the authority of Ray and Bolton. Name — squalus, a shark.
From the strong spines like shark's teeth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 612. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 420. Berk. Out. p. 259. C. Hbk. n. 856. Ray Syn. t. i. /. 5.—
Bolt. t. 74.

VOL. II. O

242 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. 24. H. membranaceum Bull. — Subiculum tawny -ferruginous,
effused, waxy-membranaceous, agglutinated, smooth. Spines
awl-shaped, crowded, equal, acute, of the same colour as the
subiculum.

It varies yellowish and thinner.

On fallen sticks. Frequent.

Name — membrana, a membrane. Bull. t. 481. f. i. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
613. Berk. Out. p. 260. C. Hbk. n. 857. Sow. t. 327.

25. H. Weinmanni Fr.— Subiculum fawn-grey, effused, waxy-
membranaceous, agglutinated, smooth. Spines minute, acute,
somewhat distant, equal.

Becoming cinereous when dry.

On fallen branches. Bristol.

Name— after Weinmann. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 613. Berk. Out. p. 260. C.
Hbk. n. 858. Pers. Myc. Eur. t. 22. /. 2 ?

26. H. crinale Fr. — Subiculum umber, effused, villoso-inter-
ivoven, thin. Spines long, crowded, equal, very slender, umber.

Unicolorous. The spines are almost like hairs.
On dead wood. Rare. . Essex.

Remarkable for the long dark rufous-brown spines which shine as if var-
nished. M.J.B. Name — crinis, hair. From the hair-like spines. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 613. H. fuscum Berk. Out. p. 260. C. Hbk. n. 859. — Pers. Myc.
Eur. t. vj.f. 3.

27. H. ferruginosum Fr. — Subiculum tawny -ferruginous,
effused, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, tomentose. Spines crowded,
conico-awl-shaped, acute, tawny-ferruginous.

The spines are straight and equal or oblique and somewhat compressed
according to situation.

On decayed wood. Uncommon.

Separable from the matrix, almost mucedinous when fully developed.
M.J.B. Name — ferrum, iron. Ferruginous. Fr. Hym. Eiir. p. 613. Syst.

•* *• • . ^ T-> z. /~\,.j. ^ — /: — /~* J~JhJ? — o*c~ c 71 .</" 7 C^^jt M o ,. •_

248.

lvl*T.l->» 1^1 cLUic — -j tr r 1,1 fib) JLLUII. .Lv^nu.gi

Myc. i. p. 416. Berk. Out. p. 260. C. Hbk. n. 860. ' S. MycoL Scot. n. 811.
— Schrad. Spic. t. 4. f. 2. NeesSyst.f.

28. H. variecolor Fr.— Subiculum white, effused, adnate,
forming a furfuraceotts crust. Spines crowded, conical, short,
unequal, minute, somewhat fuscous.

Like H. farinaceum. Spines commonly adpressed.

On dead stumps. Rare.

HYDNUM. 243

Name — varius, color. From the colours. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 613. Berk. Hydnum.
Out. p. 260. C. Hbk. n. 861.

** Spines yellowish, green.

29. H. aureum Fr. — Subiculum golden, determinate, somewhat
cartilaginous, continuous, smooth, radiate in the form of teeth at
the circumference. Spines awl-shaped, equal, of the same colour
as the subiculum.

Distinguished, analogous with Phlebia radiata, remarkable moreover for the
mycelium permeating the wood and giving rise to a distinctly defined yellow-
flesh-coloured spot.

On dead branches. Penzance.

With a merulioid aspect. B & Br. Name — aurum, gold. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 613. B. & Br. n. 1970.

30. H. denticulatum Pers. — Light-yellow-ochraceous, shining,
longitudinally effused, somewhat fleshy, subiculum thin, smooth,
somewhat mealy. Spines crowded, equal, slightly toothed at the
margin.

Colour bright yellowish almost between light-yellow and egg-yellow.
On rotten wood. Penzance.

Name — dens, a tooth. From the slightly toothed spines. Pers. Myc. Eur.
2. p. 181. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 614. B. 6" Br. n. 1971.

31. H. alutaceum Fr. — Subiculum pallid -ochraceous, longi-
tudinally effused, 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, crustose, adnate,
smooth, circumference naked. Spines minute, crowded, equal,
acute.

In colour like Grandinia granulosa, but wholly distinct.
On dead wood. Rare.

Name — aluta, tanned leather. From the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 614.
Syst. Myc. \. p. 417. Berk. Out. p. 260. C. Hbk. n. 862.

32. H. sordidum Weinm.— Dingy yellowish, broadly effused,
thin, easily separating, mucid, at the circumference gyroso-porous,
sttlphur- yellow. Spines very crowded, compressed, incised,
rather acute.

In the form of Merulius at the circumference, spines somewhat gelatinous,
appearing as if composed of several growing together, smooth.

On dead wood. Stoke Poges. Nov.

Name — sordidus, dirty, dingy. Of colour. H
ur. p. 614. B. & Br. n. 1688.

33. H. limonicolor B. £ Br.— Adnate, bright lemon-yellow.

Name — sordidus, dirty, dingy. Of colour. Weinm. Ross. p. 370. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 614. B. & Br. n. 1688.

244 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. Spines crowded, acute, short; mycelium shining white, scanty
or obsolete.

On stone buried among pine-leaves. Glamis, 1876. Oct.

Name — lemon- colour. Citrus Limonum. B. & Br. n. 1686. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 812.

34. H. spathulatum Fr. — Subiculum whitish-yellowish, effused,
mimbranaceous, separable, circumference fimbriated. Spines
spathulate, oblique, orange.

Membrane villous beneath.

On dead wood. Rare. Jan.

Name — spatha, a spatula. Spoon-shaped. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 614. Berk.
Out. p. 261. C. Hbk. n. 863. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 813. Schwein. Car. n. 993.

35. H. multiforme B. & Br.—Ochrey- white, at first even,
resembling a Corticium, at length here and there fertile. Spines
very acute, crowded, becoming pallid and fimbriate ; texture
floccoso-mealy.

Very variable, sometimes almost towy, with the margin inflexed.
On dead wood. Glamis, 1877.

Name — multus, many ; forma, form. Of many forms. B. & Br. n. 1687.
S, Mycol. Scot. n. 814.

36. H. anomalum B. & Br. — Pallid light yellow; stratum thin,
gelatinous; teeth in the form of granules, then stipitate and
obtusely divided upwards.

Substance of teeth tough, with large ovate or globose vesicles immersed in
it. Near to Fries's genus Mucronella.

In the inside of very rotten ash-tree. Langridge, Somerset-
shire. March.

Spores globose, shortly pedicellate. B. &•= Br. Name — dvoi/xaAos, irregular.
B. & Br. n. 1438, with fig.

37. H. melleum B. & Br. — Honey-colour, effused, thin, margin
delicately flaxy ; subiculum and teeth, which are acute and some-
times divided at the apex, pulverulent downwards, naked at the
middle.

On broken rails on the ground. Coed Coch, 1873.
Name — mel, honey. Honey-colour. B. &* Br. n. 1436.

38. H. sepultum B. & Br.— Wholly resupinate, golden, margin
white. Spines acute, medium-sized.

HYDNUM. 245

Forming little scattered patches. Hydnum.

On stones buried among pine-leaves. Glamis, 1876. Forres.
Sept.

Name — sepelio, to bury. Buried. B. & Br. n. 1813. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 820.

*** Spines flesh-colour, lilac, rufescent.

39. H. udum Fr. — Subiculumyf^-^/^wr then watery-yellowish,
effused, thin, somewhat gelatinous, agglutinated, smooth. Spines
crowded, unequal, 2-3-forked and fimbriated, of the same colour
as the subiculum.

Very long and broad. Not separable from the wood. Allied to H. mem-
branaceum.

On dead branches. Frequent. Oct.

Forming elongated patches 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) long. M.J.B. Name —
udus, moist. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 615. Syst. Myc. i. p. 422. Berk. Out. p.
261. t. 17. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 864. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 815.

40. H. bicolor Alb. & Schw.— Subiculum white, widely effused,
20 cent. (8 in.) and more, tomentose, adpressed, thin. Spines
minute, curt, i m. (/4 lin.) long, white-viHous, naked at the apex,
acute, rufous-date-brown.

On bramble. Batheaston. March.

Name — bis, color. Of two colours. A. & S. p. 270. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
615. Syst. Myc. i. /. 417. B. & Br. n. 1297.

**** spines white > or light yellowish when old.

41. H. nodulosum Fr. — Whitish, very broadly effused, crusta-
ceous, closely adnate, smooth, even and at the same time nodu-
lose. Spines very long, on the even part depressed and adnate
to the wood, on the lower side of the nodules free and pendulous.

The nodules which vary in size are sterile above, even and smooth, pallid
yellowish, but furnished with spines on the side facing the ground.

On fir stumps. Glamis, 1876. Oct.

Name — nodus, a knot. Nodulose. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 616. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 816. — H. macrodon Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 279, not Pers. Pers. Myc.
Eur. 2. /. 2, 22, /. i.

42. H. Stevenson! B. & Br.— White, effused, mealy beneath,
here and there flaxy. Spines cylindrical obtuse or truncate,
sometimes compressed, pulverulent at the apex.

246 HYDNEI.

Hydnum. On dead wood. Glamis, 1874. March.

Name— after Rev. John Stevenson. B. 6s Br. n. 1437. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 817.

43. H. niveum Pers. — Shining white. Subiculum effused,
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more long, thin, membranaceous, adnate,
circumference flaxy . Spines crowded, curt, short, equal, smooth.

¥>.fimbriatum circumference fibrilloso-fimbriate.
On dead wood. Uncommon. April-Nov.

Name— nix, snow. Snow-white. Pers. Disp. t. 4. /. 6, 7. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 616. Syst. Myc. i. p. 419. Berk. Out. p. 261. C. Hbk. n. 865. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 818. Nees Syst. f. 246.

44. H. farinaceum Pers.— White. Subiculum effused, inde-
terminate, closely adnate, mealy crustose, circumference some-
what flocculose. Spines thin, somewhat distant, very acute,
quite entire.

It varies yellowish.

On dead wood. Frequent. Oct.-Nov.

Forming thin effused patches, resembling scattered meal. M.J.B. Name
—farina, meal. Pers. Syn. p. 562. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 616. Syst. Myc. i. p.
419. Berk. Out. p. 261. C. Hbk. n. 866. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 819.— Fl. Dan.
*• 1375-

45. H. argutum Fr.— White. Subiculum effused, in scattered
patches, tomentoso • interwoven, adnate. Spines acute, awl-
shaped, unequal, under a lens serrated or slightly toothed at the
sides.

On wood and bark. Bodelwyddan. Twycross. Sept.

Distinguished by its spongy subiculum, which consists of rather strong per-
pendicular threads. B. 6s Br. Name — argutus, acute. Of the spines. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 616. B. 6s Br. n. 1026. C. Hbk. n. %fy.—Roth. Ust. Ann. i.
/. i./. 5 s.

46. H. stipatum Fr. — Whitish. Subiculum very widely
zft\\st&,flocculoso-furfuraceous, forming an adnate crust. Spines
crowded, in the form of granules, rather obtuse and slightly
toothed.

The circumference is sterile or covered with spines. It varies in colour,
isabelline or light yellowish.

On rotten wood. Carlisle.

Name — stipatus, crowded. Of the spines. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 617. Ore-
•uillea, vol. xii. /. 98.

TREMELLODON.

247

GENUS XXXIII.— Hericium Pers. Comm. Clav. p. 23. partly. Hericium.
Fr. Syst. Orb. Veget. p. 88.

Fleshy, club-shaped, in place of a pileus divided at the apex
into spines, which are extended upwards, not inferior and facing
the ground. Growing on trunks.

An anomalous genus, resembling Clavarice, hymenium amphi-
genous, but undoubtedly nearest to Hydna. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
617.

No British species.

•X-2

GENUS XXXIV.— Tremellodon (Tremella, a gelatinous genus Tremeiio-
of fungi ; oSovs, a tooth). Pers. Myc. Eur. p. 172.

Gelatinous, pileate, aculeate below; spines awl-shaped, equal.
Fr. Hym. Eiir. p. 6 1 8.

1. T. gelatinosum Pers.— Pileus

glaucous-fuscous, gelatinous, tremu-
lous, dimidiate, somewhat stipitate,
covered with small pimples. Spines
soft, glaucous.

Extremely variable in form, stipitate (on
the ground) and sessile.

On fir, trunks and sawdust. Rare.
Sept.-Oct.

Of a soft gelatinous consistence approach-
ing that of a Tremella. Pileus fan-shaped,
or rounded in front, attenuated behind so
as to make a short spurious stem. In an
early stage it is decurrent at the point of
attachment. The surface is of a bistre-
brown, uneven with frequent depressions,
and rough at first with little points, but
at length nearly smooth. The hymenium

is either pure white or shaded with a delicate blue tint, the spines straight, of
moderate length, and very delicate. The plant shrinks much in drying.
M.J.B. Of singular beauty, almost translucent with steel-blue tints shading
into violet, while the spines are of a pure soft white. Spores round, somewhat
irregular, white, 2 mk. W.G.S. Name— gelatina, jelly. Gelatinous. Pers.
Scop. Cam. 2. p. 472. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 618. S. My col. Scot. Supp. Scot.
Nat. 1885, p. 75. Hydnum gelatinosum Berk. Out. p. 259. C. Hbk. n.
.854. Schaff. t. 144. Jacqu. Austr. t. 239. Krombh. t. 50. /. 18-22. — Fl.
Dan. t. 717. Var. with pines throughout Jacqu. Misc. i. £9.

LXXV. Tremellodon gelatino-
sinn. One-third natural size.
Section twice natural size.

248

HYDNEI.

Sistotrema. GENUS XXXV.— Sistotrema (sisto, to place; rp^a, a pore. From
the arrangement of the pores). Pers. — Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 426.

Fleshy, with an inferior hymenium spread over teeth resem-
bling broken gills. Gills somewhat waxy, irregularly arranged

(not radiating), distinct, bent, easily
rubbed ofif from the pileus. Sporo-
phores 4-spored, spores oval. Irreg-
ular inform or dimidiate.

ix'2' !L F A I A genus nearest to Irpex, but

clearly distinct by reason of the gill-
like, irregularly arranged, distinct,
non-concatenate teeth, and by the
fleshy substance. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
618.

1. S. confluens Pers. — Entire,
shining white. Pileus 1-2.5 cent.
(y*-\ in.) broad, fleshy, irregular,
horizontal, villous. Stem 2.5 cent,
(i in.) and less long, somewhat ex-
centric. Gills (tooth - like plates)
flexuous, changeable in form.

Simple, but caespitose and growing into each other.

On the ground and sticks. Uncommon. Autumn.

At length yellowish or tinged with brown. Tooth-like plates of the
hymenium entire or jagged. Grev, Name — confluo, to flow together. Con-
fluent. Pers. Syn. p. 551. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 619. Syst. Myc. \. p. 426.
Berk. Out. p. 262. C. Hbk. n. 869. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 821. Grev. t. 248.
— Bull. t. 453.^. i. Sow. t. 112.

LXXVI. Sistotrema confluens.
Natural size. Section twice
natural size.

Irpex. GENUS XXXVI.— Irpex (irpex, a harrow). Fr. Elench. p. 142.

Hymenium inferior, toothed from the first. Teeth firm, some-
what coriaceous, acute, concrete with the pileus, arranged in
rows or like network, connected at the base by folds, which are
gill-like (in sessile species) or resemble honeycomb (in resu-
pinate ones). Sporophores 4-spored. Growing on wood, some-
what sessile or resupinate, approaching Lenzites and Dczdalece.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 619.

IRPEX.

249

* Stipitate.

** Pendulous with the pileus extended behind.
*** Sessile or effuso-reflexed, marginate.
**** Resupinate.

Irpex

* Stipitate.
No British species.

** Pendulous with the pileus extended behind.

1. I. pendulus Fr. — Pilei light
yellow, extended behind, pendulous,
membranaceous, plicate, adpressedly
squamuloso-pilose. Teeth in rows,
large, incised, shining white.

Membrane of the pileus elastic, but when
extended it contracts again. Its characters
are wholly those of the genus, but it is not
allied to any other plant among the Hydna.
It is nearly allied to Cyphella, more remote-
ly to Trogia, and might almost be regarded
as the type of a separate genus.

On pine. Rare. Castle Semple
(Edin. Herbarium). Menmuir.

Name — pendo, to hang. Pendulous.

Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 620. Berk. Out. p. 262. LXXVll. lrgx*Bq***. Nat-
C. Hbk. n. 870. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 822. ""1 size. Section twice natural
—Alb. & Schw. p. 261. t. 6./ 7.

*** Sessile or effuso-reflexed^ marginate.

2. I. fusco-violaceus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) long, more
than 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, white inclining to hoary, effuso-
reflexed, coriaceous, silky, zoned. Teeth in rows in the form of
plates, fuscous-violaceous, incised at the apex.

It differs certainly from Polyporus abietinus. It is marked with a few
depressed, concentrically sulcate zones of the same colour. Margin deflexed,
often repand. Often wholly effused.

On pine trunks. Rare. Leigh Woods.

Name— From the colour of the teeth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 620. Elench. p.
144. Br. Bath. Trans. 1870, /. 87. C. Hbk. n. 873. Kl. Bor. t. 536.—
Willd. Bot. Mag. iv. /. 2. / 5.

**** Resupinate.

3. I. Johnston! Berk.— Resupinate, 5 cent. (2 in.) long, pure
white, coriaceo-membranaceous, separable from the matrix, cir-

250 HYDNEI.

bling those of many true species of Hydnum, but upon minute inspection they
will be found to be seated upon fine folds.

irpex. cumference naked. Teeth compressed, unequal, arranged in

rows.

Effused, with the margin reflexed all round, and the teeth exactly resem-
y true species
seated upon

On dead beech. Berwick.

Name — after Dr George Johnstone. Berk. Out. p. 262. C. Hbk. n. 871.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 823. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 621. Irpex lacteus Eng. Fl. v.
p. 161.

4. I. spatliulatus Fr. — Shining white, effused, membranaceous,
at first flaxy, at length becoming smooth. Teeth spathulate,
equal, entire, reticulato-connected with obsolete veins.

Very distinct, never porous. Here and there yellowish when dry.
On larch. Wallington, Northumberland. Nov.

Name — spatha, a spatula. From the spoon-shaped teeth. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 622. B. &> Br. n. i8i$.—Sc/iract. Spic. t. 4. /. 3.

5. I. obliquus Fr. — White inclining to pale, effused, forming
an adnate crust, circumference flaxy. Teeth extended from a
base resembling honeycomb, compressed, unequal, incised, oblique.

At first abundantly porous, but toothed from the first, at length quite as in
Hydna.

On stumps and dead branches. Uncommon. Nov.-Feb.

Name — obliquus, oblique. From the teeth. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 622.
Berk. Out. p. 262. C. Hbk. n. 872. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 824.— £<?//. t.
167. /. i.

6. I. deformis Fr. — White, effused, crustaceous, thin, circum-
ference pubescent, somewhat flaxy. Teeth extended in awl-shape

from a minutely porous base, thin, somewhat digitato-incised.

It approaches the Polypori.

On wood. Strachan, Kincardineshire.

Name — deformis, ' misshapen. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 622. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 825.

7. I. carneus Fr.— Reddish, effused, 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) long,
cartilaginous-gelatinous, membranaceous, adnate. Teeth obtuse
and awl-shaped, entire, united at the base.

It inclines to Radula and Pklebics.

On wood. Penzance.

When perfect it is a true Irpex. B. 6* Br. Name— ran?, flesh. Flesh-
colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 622. B. 6* Br. n. 1972.

RADULUM.

GENUS XXXVII. — Radulum (from the root-like appearance of
the processes of the hymenium). Fr. Elench. p. 148.

Hymenium amphigenous, tubercular. Tubercles rude, irregu-
larly shaped, commonly elongate, obtuse, waxy (except in. R.
aterrimuni], irregularly arranged,
distinct. Sporophores 4-spored, oc-
curring not only on the tubercles,
but also on the even parts of the
hymenium. Growing on wood, resu-
pinato-effused, often bursting through
the bark. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 622.

* Denuded, very variable.
** Innate, removing the bark.

* Denuded^ very variable.

1. R. orbiculare Fr. — A. First

season's growth, white then yellowish,
orbicular, confluent, circiiniference

flaxy. Tubercles elongated, some-

what round, scattered or fasciculate.
B. Second season's growth, vernal,

flesh-colour, waxy-fleshy, smooth. Tubercles softer, shorter, as
if rubbed away.

Entirely changeable in form, but very distinct. The tubercles vary
flexuous.

On dead bark, birch, cherry, &c. Frequent. Oct.

5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in. ) broad, quite membranaceous or above 4 mm. (alin.)
thick. M.J.B. Name — orbiculus, a small disc. Orbicular, round. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 623. Berk. Out. p. 263. C. Hbk. n. 874. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 826. Grev. t. 278.

. Radulum quercinum.

Natural size.

2. R. quercinum Fr.— White then pallid, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.),
somewhat round then broadly confluent, innate, crustaceous,
becoming smooth. Tubercles round, stout, obtuse, scattered or
fasciculate, irregularly shaped, floccoso-villous at the apex.

Rude, changeable in form, often confounded with Hydnum squalinum and
H. variecolor.

On dead oak. Rare. Dec.

Name — quercus, oak. Growing on oak. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 623. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 423. Berk. Out. p. 263. C. Hbk. n. 875. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 827.
—KaySyn. t. x./. 4.

252 HYDNEI.

Raduium. 3. R. tomentosum Fr.— White inclining to pale, effused,
innate, rather thick, circiimference swollen, erect, tomentose.
Tubercles short, crowded together, angular, obtuse, smooth,
confluent.

When dry pale wood-colour, the tomentum sometimes becoming ferrugin-
ous.

On Pyrus aucuparia. Menmuir, Forfarsh. New Pitsligo,
Aberdeensh.

Name — tomentum, down. Downy. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 624. B, & Br. n.
1439. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 828.

4. R. deglubens B. & Br.— Orbicular, 8 mm. (X in.) across,
ferruginous, somewhat diaphanous. Tubercles erect, somewhat
cylindrical, irregular, scattered ; interstices even, pulverulent
with the white spores.

On ash. Sanquhar, Moraysh. New Pitsligo, Aberdeensh. Jan.

Name — deglubo, to peel off. Peeling off. B. & Br. n. 1440. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 829.

5. R. corallinum B. & Br.— Effused, white ; subiculum shining,
very thin, pelliculose. Tubercles fasciculate (fascicles 6 mm.,
X in. or more across), divided downwards, obtuse, coralloid.

Effused for 7.5 cent. (3 in.) over branches partially covered with lichens.
On oak branches. Glamis, 1874. Sept.

Name — KopaAAioi/, coral ; elSos, appearance. Coral-like. B. & Br. n. 1441.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 830.

6. R. epileucum B. & Br.— Effused for several inches, ochrey-
white, wholly resupinate; subiculum snow-white, covered by a
waxy stratum. Tubercles scattered, cylindrical, under a lens
fimbriated at the apex, deciduous.

Tubercles falling out and showing the white mealy subiculum, round which
is an annular depression.

On decorticated wood. Glamis, 1874. Aug.

Name — eiri, Aewcos, white. Whitish. B. 6^ Br. n. 1442. 5. Mycol. Scot. n.
831.

** Innate, removing the bark.

7. R. fagineum Fr. — While, becoming pale, innate, removing
the bark, smooth. Tubercles elongated, round, various, obtuse,
entire.

Surrounding decorticated branches like stalactite.

PHLEBIA.

253

On dead beech. Epping Forest. Feb.-March. Raduium.

Name— -fagus, beech. Growing on beech. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 624. C.
Hbk. n. Syd.—Pers.

8. R. aterrimum Fr.— Black, innate, removing the bark,
strigose. Tubercles elongated, distant, large, irregularly shaped,
somewhat compressed, black.

Hymenium not continuous.

On branches. Kensington Gardens.

Berkeley now regards Hydnum erectum Sow. Herb, as identical. Name —
ater, black. Very black. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 624. B. & Br. n. 1814, 1573.

GENUS XXXVIII.— Phlebia

ance of the hymenium).

, a vein, from the veiny appear- Phkbia.
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 426.

Hymenium amphigenous, waxy-soft, smooth, continuous, from
the first wrinkled into crests; covered with wrinkles which
are crowded, interrupted, persistent,
quite entire at the edge, everywhere
bearing spores. Resupinato- effused,
somewhat gelatinous - waxy when
moist, cartilaginous when dry. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 624.

1. P. merismoides Fr. — Flesh-
colour then livid, villous and white
beneath, orange-strigose at the cir-
cumference, effused, even or slightly
branched in becoming incrusted.
Wrinkles simple, straight, crowded.

The wrinkles are never porous or retic-
ulate.

On stumps and branches. Rare.
Sept.-Feb.

Often running over mosses. Thin, tremelloid when fresh. M.J.B. 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) broad. Name — Merisma, elSos, appearance. Merisma-like.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 624. Berk. Out. p. 263. C. Hbk. n. 877. S. Mycol.
Scot. p. 156. Grev. t. 280. Huss. ii. /. 44.

2. P. radiata Fr.— Red-flesh-colour, 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.)
across, somewhat round, equal, smooth on both sides, circum-

ference radiate in the form of teeth. Folds straight, radiating in
rows.

LXXIX. Phlebia merismoides.
Natural size.

254 HYDNEI.

Phlebia. Thinner and brighter-coloured than the rest.

On dead wood. Rare. Nov.

Almost orange. M.J.B. Spores curved, hyaline, 4-5x1-1.5 mk. K.
Name — radiatus, rayed. From the folds. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 625. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 427. Berk. Out. p. 263. C. Hbk. n. 878. S. Mycol. Scot. p. 156.
— Sow. t. 291.

3. P. contorta Fr. — Rufous then fuscous, effused, slightly firm,
smooth on both sides, circumference indeterminate. Folds here
and there conglomerated, or slightly branched, somewhat flexuous,
irregularly arranged.

Very much allied to P. radiata.

On decayed wood. Rare.

Name — contorqueo, to twist. Contorted. Of the more intricate folds. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 625. Syst. Myc. i. p. 427. Berk. Out. p. 264. C. Hbk. n. 879.
—Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. /. i8./. 5.

4. P. vaga Fr. — Dingy yellowish, effused, 5 cent. (2 in.) and
more, adnate, circumference flaxy-fibrillose. Hymenium yellow-
ish-grey, gradually formed by the union of creeping intricate
wrinkles, which when perfect terminate in a granulose papilla.

The hymenium in perfect specimens is wholly that of the genus, waxy, but
the wrinkles are at length densely granulose with papillae.

On dead wood. Common.

Arachnoid at first, then traversed with intricate, fructifying veins rather
than wrinkles, which multiply rapidly and form an intricate mass. M.J.B.
Name— vagus, wandering. From the peculiar mode of formation of the
hymenium. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 625. Syst. Myc. i. p. 428. Berk. Out. p,
264. C. Hbk. n. 880. S. Mycol. Scot. p. 156.

5. P. lirellosa Pers. — Umber- grey, resupinate, free at the
margin. Sinuses very small, linear, intermixed with pores.

The sinuses at first sight assume the appearance of small cracks, but, when
examined under a lens, many of them appear forked, others simple, some
poriform.

Habitat not recorded. Penzance.

Found by Persoon on dried branch of black poplar. Name— lira, a ridge
or furrow. From the appearance of the small sinuses. Dcedalea Pers, Myc.
Eur. iii. p. 2. /. 17. /. 2, 3. Phlebia B. &•= Br. n. 1973.

GRANDINIA.

255

GENUS XXXIX.— Grandinia (grando, hail. From the granular Grandinia.
character of the hymenium). Fr. Gen. Hymenom.

Hymenium amphigenous, continuous, waxy, warty with papillae
or rather granulose ; granules globose or hemispherical, entire,
obtuse or hollowed out at the apex,
crowded, regular, smooth, persistent.
Crustaceans^ effused, soft, improperly
referred on account of their equal and
persistent papilla to the Thelephoras,
from which they are distinguished by
their polished granules. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 625.

1. G. granulosa Fr. —Tan-colour,
waxy, broadly effused, agglutinated,
circumference determinate, smooth ;
hymenium equal, continuous. Gran-
ules hemispherical, equal, crowded.

On dead branches. Common.
Oct.-Feb.

Forming a thin adnate stratum. M.J.B.
Name—granum, a small seed. Granular.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 626. Berk. Out. p. 264.
n. 8^2,—Pers. Syn. p. 576.

2. G. mucida Fr. — Pale yellowish, waxy-mucid, effused, some-
what innate, circumference determinate, somewhat radiate ; hyme-
nium continuous. Granules crowded, large, unequal, hemispher-
ical, soft.

Somewhat gelatinous when moist, corrugated when dry.
On rotting pine. Glamis, 1877. May-Nov.

Name — mucidus, mucid. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 626. B. & Br. n. 1691. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 833.

3. G. ocellata Fr. — Livid, waxy, broadly effused, agglutinated,
the indeterminate circumference sterile ; hymenium unequal, con-
tinuous. Granules crowded, somewhat conical, obtuse, equal, of
the same colour.

Unchanged when dry, not cracked, sterile in some places. The granules
terminate in a very delicate whitish apiculus, and on this sinking in the apex
is hollowed out forming as it were a small eye.

On dead trunks. Bodelwyddan. Coed Coch. Aug.-Sept.

LXXX. Grandinia granulosa.
Natural size. Section four
times natural size.

C. Hbk. n. 882. S. Mycol. Scot.

256

HYDNEI.

Grandinia. Name— ocellus, a little eye. From the eyelet at the apex of the granules
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 626. B. & Br. n. 1027. C. Hbk. n. 883.

4. G. papillosa Fr. — Milk-white, yellowish beneath, membran-
aceous, somewhat round, separating when entire, smooth beneath,
circumference furfuraceous ; hymenium very much cracked.
Granules minute, crowded, somewhat spherical, equal.

On sticks. Rare.

Name— papilla, a teat. From the granules. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 626. B.
& Br. n. 282. C. Hbk. n. 881. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 834.

5. G. crustosa Fr. — White, floccoso-mealy, irregularly effused,
crustaceous, adnate. Granules somewhat round, crowded,
obtuse, of the same colour at the apex.

On Polyporus versicolor. Dun, 1874. Feb.

Name — crusta, a crust. Crustaceous. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 627. B. & Br.
n. 1443. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 835. — Pers. Syn. p. 562. Nees Syst. f. 247.
Var. lignorum A. & S. Often yellowish, granules unequal, often hollowed
out at the apex. On rotting pine. Glamis, 1877. May. B. dr1 Br. n. 1690.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 835. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 627.

Odontia. GENUS XL.— Odontia (oSotfe, a tooth). Fr. Gen. Hymen.

Hymenium composed of interwoven fibres, which form papil-
lose, rarely spine-shaped warts, with
a multifid crest or pencilled at the
apex. Resupinato-effused, arid and
not waxy like the preceding, tending
more towards Hydna. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 627.

1. 0. barba-Jovis Fr.— White then
yellowish, flaxy-membranaceous, ef-
fused, equal. Warts at first papil-
lose then conical, almost 4 mm. (2
lin.) long, with an orange fringe at
the apex.

The only species in which the warts resem-
ble spines. Subiculum expanded to 20 cent.

LXXXI. Odontia fimbriata. (I2 in') and more«

Natural size. Qn decayed WQod< Epping Forest.

Sowerby's figure seems to represent the true plant, but the specimens in
his herbarium are Radulum quercinum. B. & Br. Name— Jove's beard. Fr.

ODONTIA.

257

Hym. Eur, p. 627. Syst. Myc. i. p. 421. B. 6s Br. n. 1299. — Hydmim Odontia.
With.— Sow. t. 328. Bull. t. 481.7. 2.

2. 0. fimbriata Pers. — Pallid, effused, membranaceous, separat-
ing-, traversed by root-like ribs, circumference fibrilloso-fringed.
Warts minute, in the form of granules, multifid at the apex,
rufescent.

Elegant. The type of the genus.

On dead wood. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.

Frequently tinged with lilac. M.J.B. Na.mz—Jimbri<2, a fringe. From
the fringed circumference. Pers. Obs. i. p. 88. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 627.
Berk. Out. p. 264. C. Hbk. n. 884. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 836.

GENUS XLI. — Kneiffia (after Kneif, a promising mycologist
of Baden, who died young). Fr. Gen. Hymen.

Hymenium amphigenous, continuous, united, but incomplete
(imperfect), similar (to the hymeno-
phore), destitute of granules and
warts, strigose and roughened with
rigid, scattered or fasciculate bristles.
Sporophores single- spored ; spores
elliptic. Laxly fleshy, soft, when dry
collapsing and becoming flocculose.
Swelling out of chinks in the bark of
trees into various forms, hemispheri-
cal in its most perfect state. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 628.

1. K. setigera Fr. — Milk-white,
irregularly effused, thick, fleshy, un-
dulated, flocculose within, silky
beneath, beset with scattered hyaline
bristles.

Of no constant form, but certainly a typical plant, not a degenerate con-
dition of any other, and the type of a most distinct genus, in its substance and
white colour comparable only with Corticium serum, but differing in the
fructification. The bristles are rigid, equal, not to be compared with those of
Auricularini. The largest specimens are of the size of an apple, but com-
monly thin, effused, often incrusting Sphceria.

On dead wood. Uncommon. April.

Somewhat resembling Grandinia granulosa in general appearance. M.J.B.
Spores elliptic, 11-14 mk. B. 6* Br. Name — seta, a bristle; gero, to carry.
VOL. II. P

Kneiffia.

LXXXI I . Kneiffia setigera.
Natural size.

258 HYDNEI.

Kneiffia. Bristly. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 628. Blench, p. 208. Berk. Out. p. 265. B. &
Br. n. 1299*. /. i8./. i. C. Hbk. n. 885. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 837.

2. K. subgelatinosa B. & Br. — Yellowish then cream-colour,
thin. Granules minute, somewhat gelatinous, fringed at the apex.
Accompanied by a green Alga, which penetrates the tissue of the fungus.
On stumps of fir. Glamis, 1874. April.

Name — sub, gelatinosus, somewhat gelatinous. B. & Br. n. 1444. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 838.

Mucroneik. GENUS XLII.— Mucronella (mucro, a sharp point ; dim.)

Receptacle none. Spines awl-shaped, simple, acute, smooth,
definitely facing the ground. Small, growing on wood. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 629.

No British species.

259

ORDER IV— THELEPHOREI.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, coriaceous or waxy, even,
rarely ribbed or papillose. Sporophores 4-spored. The begin-
ning of a new series with the hymenium notfigurate.

The hymenium is commonly said to be papillose, but these
(so-called) papillae are for the most part spurious or accidental,
generally arising from incrusted Sphcerice, and disappearing when
the fungus grows on an even surface. Thus also the occasional
papillae in Stereum mbiginosum, hirsutum, &c., arise from the
rough surface on which they grow. In a few species papillce
are present when they are in full vigour, but these collapse when
the plant dries. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 629.

GENUS XLIII. — Craterellus (crater, a bowl). Cratereiius.

Fr. Gen. Hymen.

Hymenium waxy-membranaceous, distinct, but adnate to the
hymenophore, definitely inferior, continuous, smooth, even or
rugose. Spores white. Growing on
the ground, fleshy or membranaceous,
furnished with an entire pileus, stipi-
tate, autumnal, allied to Cantharelli.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 630.

* Tubceform, pervious to the base of the
stem.

** Infundibuliform, stem stuffed.
*** Irregularly shaped, pileus and stem
fleshy.

* Tubaform, pervious to the base

of the stem.

1. C. lutescens Fr.— Pileus 2.5-10

cent. (1-4 in.) broad, fuscous, some-
what membranaceous tubaeform,

SOOn perviOUS, Undulated, floCCUlose.

Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, hol-

low, smooth, yellow. Hymenium yellow, &c., remotely ribbed,

even then rugose with interwoven veins.

LXXXIIL Craterellus luiescens,

One-half natural size.

260 THELEPHOREI.

Craterellus. Odour strong, spirituous. Hymenium yellow, inclining to reddish, orange,
and bluish - grey. Formerly confounded with Cantharellus tubceformis
(lutescens).

In moist woods. Rare.

Name— yellowish. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 630. Berk. Out. p. 265. C. Hbk.
n. 886. S. MycoL Scot. n. ^g.—Schce/. t. 157. Bolt. t. 105. /. 2. Pers.
Myc. Eur. 2. /. 13. f. i.

2. 0. cornucopioides Pers. — Pileus blackish-fuliginous, some-
what membranaceous, tubasform, pervious, squamulose. Stem
hollow, smooth, black. Hymenium even, at length slightly
wrinkled, cinereous.

Very variable in size. Very like Canth. cinereus, but differing in the
structure of the hymenium.

In woods. Uncommon. Sept.

Distinguished from Canth. cinereus by the spores. In this moreover the
sporophores are forked above, and the spicules long and often less than four
in number ; in Canth. cinereus the sporophores are obtuse, and the spicules
four. B. &> Br.

Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) or more broad. More or less tufted. M.J.B. Spores
10x4 mk. B. dr1 Br.; ellipsoid, hyaline, 12-14x7-8 mk. K. Name — cornu
copies, horn of plenty. From its shape. Pers. Myc. Eur. 2. p. 5. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 631. Berk. Out. p. 266. t. 19. /. 6. B. & Br. n. 1139*. C. Hbk. n.
887. -S. MycoL Scot. n. 840. Schnizl. Sturm. 31. t. 5. Hussey ii. /. 37.—
Krombh. t. 46. /. 10-13. Fl. Dan. t. 588, 1260. Bolt. t. 103. Sow. t. 74.
Schceff. t. 165, 166.

** Infundibuliform, stem stiiffed.

3. C. sinuosus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fuscous-grey,
slightly fleshy, infundibuliform, undulated and floccose. Stem
2.5 cent, (i in.) and more long, stuffed, pallid cinereous. Hymen-
ium at length with interwoven wrinkles, pallid cinereous.

Strong - smelling, "moschatus" (Seer.) Hymenium like that of Cr.
lutescens.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.

Name— sinus, a curve. Sinuous, undulated. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 631.
Berk. Out. p. 266. C. Hbk. n. 888. S. MycoL Scot. n. 841.— Vaillant Par.
t. ii. /. 11-13.

4. C. crispus Fr. — Pileus fuliginous becoming fuscotis, fleshy-
membranaceous, somewhat pervious, crisped. Stem stuffed at
the base, pallid. Hymenium even, pallid.

Commonly confounded with Thelephora undulata.
In mixed woods. Frequent. Oct.-Nov.
This and C. sinuosus are so near that probably they are one species. Name

THELEPHORA.

261

— crispa, a curl. Crisped. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 631. Berk. Out. p. 266.
Hbk. n. 889. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 842.— Sow. t. 75. Hussey ii. /. 18.

C. Craterellur.

*** Irregularly shaped, pilcus and stem fleshy.

5. C. clavatus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, somewhat
light yellowish, fleshy, turbinate, truncate or depressed, flexuous,
unpolished, attenuated into the solid stem; flesh thick, white.
Hymenium even, then corrugated, purplish then changing
colour.

Solitary or csespitose, occasionally branched. The hymenium is white-
pruinose with the spores, not separate, violaceous-flesh-colour passing into
fuliginous or umber ; hence the following forms are distinct : A. violaceous
then date-brown. B. flesh-colour. — Schceff. t. 164. Schmid. Ic. 2. t. 60. C.
purplish. Schceff. t. 276. D. umber. — Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. /. 12. /. 3.

In beech wood. Bisham, Berks.

Name— clavis, a club. Club-shaped. Fr.
Sv. t. 91. B. & Br. n. 1445. — Krombh. t. 45

>. 632. Sv. dtl.

GENUS XLIV.— Thelephora (#77*4 a teat; <pe>a>, to bear). Theiephora.
Ehrh. Fr. Gen. Hymen.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, continuous with the
hymenophore and similar to it, even or ribbed, without an in-
termediate stratum. Sporophores
4-spored. Coriaceous, destitute of a
cuticle, very varied in form (pileate,
clavate, resupinate], growing on the
ground. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 633.

* Erect, pileus entire or divided into
branches.

** Pileate, dimidiate, horizontal, some-
what sessile or effuso-reflexed.

*** Resupinate, for the most part incrust-
ing, wherefore the forms are various.

* Erect, pileus entire or divided
into branches.

1. T. Sowerbeii B. & Br.— Snow-
white, at length changing colour,
here and there dingy yellow. Pileus
coriaceous, entire, inftindibuliform,

rough with radiating processes projecting from the surface. Hy-
menium smooth (not bristly).

LXXXIV. Theiephora laciniata.
One-third natural size.

262 THELEPHOREI.

Thelephora. The true plant of Sowerby, whose figure is very faithful though evidently
taken from discoloured specimens.

On the ground. Rare.

Name— after Sowerby. B. & Br. n. 1027. Berk. Out. p. 266. C. Hbk.
n. 890. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 633. — Sow. t. 155.

2. T. multizonata B. £ Br. — Pileus bright rufous-flesh-colour
above, many-zoned, multiplex, infundibuliform, formed from
various confluent lobes and stems, margin lobed and crenulate.
Hymenium slightly ribbed, smooth, paler.

Forming a dense mass, of a beautiful reddish tint ; flesh and stem zoned
within. Quite distinct from Sowerby's plant.

On the ground. Rare.

many; zona, a zone. B. & Br. n. 1028. t. 13. /. 4. C.
Hbk. n. 891. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 633.

3. T. undulata Fr.— Pallid. Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (X-1 in-) broad,
coriaceo-membranaceous, depressed, even, slightly smooth, mar-
gin entire and undulated. Stem curt, 12 mm. (yz in.) long,
villous. Hymenium ribbed, slightly bristly.

Pileus central, entire, very thin, almost diaphanous and plano-infundibuli-
form.

On the ground. Coed Coch, 1878. Oct.

Spores ellipsoid, 4-5 x 2-2% rnk. K. Name — unda, a wave. Undulated.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 633. B. & Br. n. iZri.—Schceff. t. 278 near it but perhaps
distinct.

4. T. caryophyllea Pers.— Fuscous-purple. Pileus somewhat
coriaceous, depressed, fibrous-torn, margin sometimes incised,
sometimes divided into a few linear branches. Stem short.
Hymenium rather even, smooth.

Inodorous.

On the ground about roots, especially fir. Rare.

It assumes every form, from that of a perfect cup with a central stem to a
much and irregularly branched frond. M.J.B. Spores 6x5 mk. VV.G.S. ;
sphaeroid, tuberculate, fuscous, about 8 mk. K. Name — from its likeness to a
carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Pers. Syn. p. 565. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
634. Berk. Out. p. 267. C. Hbk. n. 894. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 843. Saund.
& Sm. t. 41. /. 2. — Schceff. t. 325. Schnizl. t. 6.

5. T. tuberosa Fr. — Pallid then rufescent. Pileus somewhat
coriaceous, divided to the bulbous stem into compressed branches
which are arranged in an infundibuliform manner. Hymenium
inferior, smooth.

THELEPHORA. 263

On the ground. Rare. Foxhall, Edinburgh. Moncreiffe. Thelephora.

Scattered, subcoriaceous, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) high ; pileus about two-
thirds of the height of the entire plant, variously divided into compressed,
acute or obtuse branches. The main branches are given off from the same
point, and are disposed in a circular manner, leaving the centre free, and
somewhat infundibuliform ; stem nearly cylindrical, obscurely furrowed, or
lacunose, bulbous at the base. Hymenium covering the whole plant except
the stem. Spores oval, numerous. Grev. Name — tuber, a tuber. Tuberous.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 634. Berk. Out. p. 267. C. Hbk. n. 892. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 844. — Grev. t. 178.

6. T. anthocephala Fr. — Somewhat ferruginous, becoming
fuscous. Pileus coriaceous-soft, pubescent, divided to the equal
villous stem into flaps which are dilated upwards and fringed and
whitish at the apex, or divided into irregular branched erect
branches. Hymenium even.

Extremely variable, inodorous.

On the ground in woods. Uncommon.

Branches spreading upwards into greyish or purplish - brown, strongly
streaked branchlets, disposed frequently like the petals of a pink, their apices
dilated, pale and generally fimbriated. Very variable as to the form of the
bleached laciniae (flaps). Sometimes regular as in Bulliard's fig. M.J.B. Name
— avflos, a flower ; Ke^aXjj. the head. From its resemblance to a flower. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 634. Berk. Out. p. 267. t. 17. /. 4. C. Hbk. n. 893. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 845.— Bull. t. 452.7. i.— B. Th. digitata Fr. Sow. t. 156. Berk.
Out. t. 17.7. 4.

7. T. clavularis Fr. — Rufous- fuscous. Coriaceous, soft, irreg-
ularly branched, branches round, attenuated, even, smooth, deli-
cately pruinose ; apices acute, pubescent, whitish. Stem some-
what tuberoiis.

Smaller and thinner than neighbouring species, inodorous.
On the ground. Wallington, Northumberland.

Name — clavula, a small nail. From the shape of its branches. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 634. B. &> Br. n. 1575.

8. T. palmata Fr.— The whole 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 inO nign»
fuscous -purple, coriaceous- soft, erect, very much branched,
pubescent, the simple base stem-like ; branches palmate, flattened,
even, somewhat fastigiate, fringed and whitish at the apex.

Odour foetid. Becoming ferruginous when dry. The lobes are wedge-
shaped, occasionally arranged in the form of small infundibuliform pilei.

On the ground in woods. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.

Forming a dense cluster, 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) thick. Smell shortly after
being gathered corpse-like. Spores subsphaeroid, slightly fuscous, tubercu-
late, 8-12 mk. K. Name— /#/0m, the palm. From the branches resembling

264 THELEPHOREI.

Thelephora. a palmate leaf. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 634. Berk. Out. p. 267. C. Hbk. n. 895.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 846. Holmsk. Ot. i. p. 106. t. 10. Nees f. 151. — Grev. t.
46. Krombh. t. 54-/~. 24-25.

** Pileate, dimidiate, horizontal, &C.

9. T. intybacea Pers. — Csespitose, whitish then rufous-
ferruginous, at length fuliginous, soft. Stems somewhat lateral,
growing into each other. Pileoli imbricated, fibrous, dilated at
the margin, at first 'white-fringed, then entire and of the same
colour. Hymenium inferior, papillose, somewhat floccose.

Tufts sometimes central and obconic, sometimes lateral with somewhat
triangular pileoli.

On the ground in Scotch fir wood. Glamis, 1875.

Name — from its likeness to succory (Cichorium intybus). Pers. Syn. p.
7. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 6
ull. t. 483. / 6, 7, /. 278.

567. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 635. B. & Br. n. 1576. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 847

10. T. terrestris Ehrb.— Casspitose, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad,
fuscous, becoming black, soft. Pileoli imbricated, becoming
plane, fibrous-strigose, zoneless, extended into a somewhat lateral
stem, margin similar. Hymenium inferior, radiato-rugose.

Smaller than T. intybacea. The stems when confluent become also
central ; sometimes the pilei are laciniate, scaly, merismoid.

In fir woods. Uncommon.

Name — terra, the earth. Growing on the ground. Ehrb. Cr. n. 179. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 635. Berk. Out. p. 267. C. Hbk. n. 896. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
848. Nees Syst.f. 251. Batschf. 121. Kl. Bor. t. 473.

11. T. laciniata Pers. — Ferruginous-fuscous, coriaceous-soft,
incrusting. Pilei somewhat imbricated, effuso-refiexed, fibrous-
scaly ; margin fibrous-fringed, at first whitish. Hymenium
inferior, papillose, flocculose.

Perennial, growing again in strata.

On stumps, chiefly Scotch fir. Common. Aug.-Nov.

Larger than T. terrestris. The fibres being adnate form little ridges
rather than scales. M.J.B. Spores angulato-sphaeroid, tuberculate, somewhat
fuscous, 6-9 mk. K. Name — lacinia, a flap. From the shape of the pilei.
Pers. Syn. p. 567. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 636. Berk. Out. p. 268. C. Hbk. n.
899. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 849.— Bolt. t. 173. Sow. t. 213. Fl. Dan. t. 1198,
949-

12. T. biennis Fr. — Cinereous-fuscous, coriaceous-soft, broadly
incrusting. Pilei at length narrowly reflexed, tomentose, circum-
ference fringed. Hymenium somewhat resupinate, smooth, very
slightly bristly, plicate at the base.

THELEPHORA. 265

It corresponds with T. terrestris, but is more vigorous in growth, thinner, Thelephora.
broader, not striate beneath. Biennial, not growing again.

On the ground, incrusting stones, &c. Rare.

Name — biennis, lasting two years. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 636. Berk. Out. p.
268. C. Hbk. n. 900. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 850.— •#«//. t. 436.7. 2.

13. T. mollissima Pers.— Scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, fleshy-
soft, incrusting. Pilei whitish, effuso-reflexed, forming flaps,
somewhat tomentose. Hymenium inferior, smooth, even, fuscous-
purple.

Soft to the touch.

On the ground in woods. Frequent. Oct.

Sometimes quite effused,' sometimes assuming the form of T. palmata.
M.J.B. Name — mollis, soft. Very soft. Pers. Syn. p. 572. Berk. Out. p.
268. /. 17.7. 5. C. Hbk. n. 898. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 851.

*** ResupinaU, for the most part incrusting, &°c.

14. T. cristata Fr. — Pallid, incrusting, slightly tough, passing
into branches or ascending flaps, the apices somewhat awl-shaped
or fringed. Hymenium papillose on even patches and on the
sides of the branches.

Not flaxy when young. No form constant. The primary and typical
condition, on the under surface of beech - leaves, is even, hyaline-fuscous,
adpressed at the circumference, fibrillose. It varies with few, obconic,
penicillate branches.

On the ground in woods among mosses. Frequent.

Name— crista, a crest. Crested. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 637. Berk. Out. p.
268. C. Hbk. n. 897. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 852. Fl. Dan. t. 2272.— Bull. t.
415.7 !• Sow. t. i^S.—Jungh. Linn. v. /. 7.7 2.

15. T. fastidiosa Fr. — Shining white, effused, soft, shapeless,
growing into each other by incrusting, passing into plate-like
branches. Hymenium inferior, papillose, rufescent.

In its foetid odour it agrees with T. palmata. The tufts are at first without
distinct form, confluent mutually and with neighbouring bodies in a circle of
as much as 30 cent. (12 in.) wide.

On the ground. Uncommon.

Looks at first sight like some mycelium. M.J.B. Name — fastidiosus, dis-
gusting. From the odour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 637. Berk. 'Out. p. 268. C.
Hbk. n. 901. Saund. 6* Sm. t. 41.7 i.

16. T. sebacea Pers. — Whitish, effused, fleshy-waxy, becoming
hard, changeable in form by incrusting, tubercular or resembling-
stalactite, circumference similar. Hymenium collapsing, floccu-
loso-pruinose.

266

THELEPHOREI.

Thelephora. Circumference not penicillate.

On stumps, logs, grass, &c. Common. Jan.-Oct.

Name — seba, tallow. From its consistence. Pers. Syn. p. 577. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 637. Berk. Out. p. xvii. /. 17. / 6. C. Hbk. n. 904. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 853. LetelL t. 607.7. 3-— Pers. Clavaf. t. 4. /. 4. Fl. Dan. t. 1302.7. 2.

17. T. Crustacea Schum. — Fuscous-umber, broadly effused,
somewhat fleshy, undulated and tubercular, the similar circum-
ference white-floccose. Hymenium papillose, slightly bristly.

On the ground. Burnham.

Name — crusta, a crust. Crustaceous. Schum. Sail. p. 396. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 637. B. & Br. n. 1577. Fl. Dan. t. 1851.7. 2.

18. T. csesia Pers. — Cinereous-bluish-grey, effused, determinate,
soft, continuous. Hymenium even, slightly bristly.

A very thin, even, grey-cinereous form approaching this has occurred on
sterile heathy ground.

On stumps and the ground. Frequent. Nov.

The surface is sometimes quite smooth. With its quaternate spores it is a
pretty opaque object under the microscope. M.J.B. Name — ccesius, bluish-
grey. Pers. Obs. Myc. \. t. 3. /. 6. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 638. Berk. Out. p.
268. C. Hbk. n. 903. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 854. Nees Syst.f. 254.

Cladoderris. GENUS XLV. — CladodemS (/cAaSoy, a young branch; Seppis, a

leathern coat. From its coriaceous and branched structure).

Pers.

Coriaceous; hymenium woody, ra-
diated on branched ribs, persistent,
at length roughened with warts.
Fr. Sum. Veg. Scan. p. 332.

1. C. minima B. £ Br.— White,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) across, flabelli-
form, springing from a stem-like or
obsolete base, resupinate. Pileus
tomentose. Hymenium radiated on
branched ribs.

Though small it has exactly the structure
of the exotic species.

On birch. Glamis, 1876. Dec.

LXXXV. Cladoderris minima.

Natural size. Section three times Name— minimus, least. Very small. B.
natural size. £r> Br. n. 1692. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 855.

STEREUM. 267

GENUS XLVI.— Stereum (<rrepeJs, hard). (Pers.) Fr. Epicr. stereum.
P- 545-

Hymenium definitely inferior, coriaceous, separated from the
fibrous-coated pileus by an intermediate fibrillose stratum, even,
remaining unchanged. Sporophores

4-spored ; spores minute, roundish- --^^S^s^

ovate. Coriaceous or woody, mostly "^
perennial, somewhat zoned, entire, ~ft"iSr]-' ^

definite in form. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
638.

I. MERISMA (neptfc, to divide). Pilei
very numerous, ascending, imbricated in a
free tuft.

II. APUS (a, TTOVS, a foot). Pileus sessile,
at first resupinate, then commonly pileato-
reflexed or adnate behind, coriaceous, mar-
ginate.

* Hymenium smooth.

** Hymenium simple, slightly bristly or
velvety.

*** Woody, perennial, scarcely reflexed,

but marginate, the hymenium stratose by LXXXVI. Stereum hirsutum.
confluent pilei, at the first pruinose. Natural size.

** Rigid, the simple hymenium pruinose.

III. RESUPINATA. Crustaceo-adnate, indeterminate, without a distinct
pileus, but at length admitting of being detached entire like apiece of leather.
Circumference not flaxy. Incrusting wood. (Species of Subdivision II. (Apus)
occur in a resupinate state, but being limited (marginate) are from the first
distinct.)

* True species, coriaceous.

** Imperfect, crustaceo- adnate, sterile.

I.— MERISMA.
No British species.

II. — APUS. Pileus sessile, at first resupinate, &c.
* Hymenium smooth.

1. S. ochroleucum Fr.— Pileus hoary, coriaceous-membrana-
ceous, free, expanded, flaccid, silky, zoned. Hymenium even,
smooth, yellowish (or in var. grey).

Commonly large, with zones of the same colour or fuscous. Coating of the
pileus here and there separating.

On wood. Glamis, 1874. Jan.

Name— cixpo?, pale yellow ; Aewos, white. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 639. B. 6*
Br. n. 1818. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 856.

268 THELEPHOREI.

Stereum. 2. S. purpureum Pers.— Coriaceous-soft. Pileus pallid or
whitish, effuso-reflexed, somewhat imbricated, zoned, mlloso-
tomentose. Hymenium naked, even, smooth, purplish.

On dead wood, especially fir and poplar. Common. May-
Dec.

Varying greatly in colour, whitish, yellowish, pallid-lilac, &c., with
frequently a black zone near the margin. M.J.B. Name — purpureus,
purple. Pers. Obs. Myc. z. p. 92. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 639. Berk. Out. p.
270. C. Hbk. n. 910. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 857. Hussey i. t. 20.— Bull. t. 483.
Sow. t. 388. /. i.

3. S. vorticosum Fr. — Pileus pallid, margin of the same
colour, coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, obscurely zoned, strigoso-
hirsute. Hymenium somewhat ribbed, smooth, purplish.

Exactly intermediate between S. purpureum and S. hirsutum ; the colour
is that of the former, the coating and entire structure as in the latter. It
resembles Auricularice in the widely ribbed hymenium.

On beech. Menmuir, Forfarshire.

Name — vorticosus, full of eddies. From the ribbed hymenium. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 639. B. & Br. n. 1578. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 858. Bull. t. 483. /. i-
5. Bolt. t. 82. / D?

4. S. hirsutum Fr.— Coriaceous, stiff. Pileus somewhat zoned,
inclining to pale, effused and reflexed, strigoso-hirsute, margin
rather obtuse, yellow. Hymenium even, smooth, naked, juice-
less, yellowish, varying in colour.

There are many varieties, even persistently resupinate. The down which
covers it is yellowish, pallid or grey.

On stumps, &c. Very common. Jan. -Dec.

Name — hirtus, hairy. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 639. Berk. Out. p. 270. /. 17. J.
7. C. Hbk. n. 911. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 859. Hussey i. t. 58. Theleph.
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 439. — Bull. t. 274. Sow. "t. 27. Fl. Dan. t. 1199. Michel.
t. 66. f. 2.

5. S. spadiceum Fr. — Coriaceous. Pilei somewhat ferrugin-
ous, effuso-reflexed, villotts, the rather obtuse margin white.
Hymenium even, smooth, inclining to fuscous, bleeding if
bruised when fresh.

The colour varies in intensity. Intermediate stratum white. Very distinct
from S. sanguinolentum.

On stumps and branches, chiefly ash and oak. Common.
Oct.-Dec.

Name — spadix, date-brown. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 640. Berk. Out. p. 270.
C. Hbk. n. 912. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 860.— Ft. Dan. t. 1619. /. i. Bull. t. 483.
/• 5-

STEREUM. 269

6. S. sanguinolentum Fr. — Coriaceous, thin. Pileus pallid, Stereum.
effused and reflexed, adpressedly silky, somewhat striate, the acute
margin white. Hymenium even, smooth, cinereous inclining to

fuscous, bleeding when touched, pruinose when old.

It must not be confounded with S. rugosum. It is distinguished by its thin
substance, by the pileus being adpressedly silky and somewhat striate, by the
hymenium never being yellowish, £c.

On wood, chiefly pine. Common. June-Nov.

Name — snnguis, blood. Bleeding. Fr, Hym. Eur. p. 640. Berk. Out. p.
271. C. Hbk.*. 913. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 861. Theleph. Fr. Blench, n. 178.
Grev. t. 225. Kl. Dor. t. 381.

** Hymenium simple, slightly bristly or velvety.

7. S. rubiginosum Fr.— Coriaceous-rigid. Pileus rubiginous,
effuso-reflexed, somewhat fasciate, velvety, becoming smooth
and date-brown, the intermediate stratum taw/zy-ferruginous.
Hymenium ferruginous, velvety with small, bristles.

Margin paler when young.

On stumps, &c. Common. July-Nov.

Spores cylindrical, curved. Fr. Name — rubigo, rust. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
641. Hymenochaste Berk. Out. p. 271. C. Hbk. n. 916. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
866. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 436. Fl. Dan. t. 1619. /. 2. Sow. t. 26
(the under side downy).

8. S. tabacinum Fr.— Coriaceous, thin, flaccid. Pileus some-
what ferruginous, the margin, and intermediate stratum which is
composed of filaments, golden, effused, reflexed, silky, at length
becoming smooth. Hymenium paler, pubescent with small
bristles.

The hymenium varies in colour. Very widely effused.
On fallen branches. Rare.

Spores elongated, slightly curved, hyaline, 3-5 x i mk. K. Name—
tabacum, tobacco. From the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 641. Hymeno-
chaete Berk. Out. p. 271. C. Hbk. n. 917. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p.
437. — Sow. t. 25. Bolt. t. 174.

9. S. rufo-hispidum Stev.— Pallid fawn-colour, rigid, margin
obtuse, raised, hispid with rufous bristles.

A very distinct species.

On bark of yew. Craig-y-barns, Dunkeld. Sept.

Name — from the rufous bristles. Hymenochaete Stevensoni B. & Br. n.
1817. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 868.

2JO THELEPHOREI.

Stereum. 10. S. avellanum Fr.— Coriaceous, hard. Pileus dingy, effused
and, as well as the obtuse, free, narrowly reflexed, date-brown
margin, villous. Hymenium even, velvety then pruinate and
becoming smooth, pale-ferruginous (here and there bleeding).

In many respects it approaches S. rugosum, but is certainly very different.
Colour not yellowish.

On bark and wood, especially hazel. Appin.

Name — Corylus avellana, hazel. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 642. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 862. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 442. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 167.

•**# Woody, perennial, scarcely rejlexed, but marginate, Q^c.

11. S. frustulosum Fr.— Date-brown-blackish, woody, resupi-
nate, tubercular, crowded and as if confluent, then broken up into
fragments, smooth beneath and at the obsoletely marginate
circumference. Hymenium convex, cinnamon becojning pale,
pruinose.

Easily distinguished by the colours, and by its thick, very hard, woody sub-
stance. Hymenium when perfect facing the ground, at first pruinate, when
fertile pulverulent with the cinnamon spores ; when turned to the light it
becomes sterile, pale, denuded.

On hard oak wood. South of England.

Spores ellipsoid-sphseroid, hyaline 4-5 x 3-4 mk. K. Name— -frustum, a
piece. From its being broken up into fragments. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 643.
B. &• Br. n. 1300. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 445. Elench. p. 191.

e simple hymenium pruinose.

12. S. rugosum Fr.— Corky, rigid. Pileus date-brown, effused
and shortly reflexed, obtusely marginate, at length smooth. Hy-
menium unpolished, pruinose, somewhat bleeding when bruised.

A. Hymenium yellowish. B. Hymenium cinereous-livid. Varying very
much, even cup-shaped.

On stumps, &c. Very common. Jan.-Dec.

Name — ruga, a wrinkle. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 643. Berk. Out. p. 271. C.
Hbk. n. 914. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 863.

Var. lanro-cerasi Berk. On laurel. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 863. Theleph.
Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 173.

13. S. pini Fr. — Pallid, coriaceo - cartilaginous, resupinate,
adnate in the form of a shield, somewhat marginate, smooth
beneath, at length bullate. Hymenium purplish -flesh -colour,
becoming fuscous, pruinose.

The primary shields are minute, crowded, but already free, never aggluti-
nated or waxy.

STEREUM. 271

On bark of Scotch fir. Glamis. Aviemore. Stereum.

—pinus, pine. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 643. B. & Br. n. 1579. S. MycoL
Scot. n. 864.

14. S. rufum Fr. — Rufous, becoming fuscous, coriaceo-cartila-
ginous, erumpent, tuberctiliform then somewhat round, marginate,
smooth beneath. Hymenium grey-pruinose, at length bullate-
tubercular.

Wholly immarginate when young.

On dead pine and ash. Glamis, 1874. Sept-March.

Name— rufus, rufous. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 644. Eknch. p. 187. B. & Br.
n. 1580. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. S6$.—Sow. t. 338.7. 2.

III. — RESUPINATA. Crustaceo-adnate, indeterminate, &c.
* True species, coriaceous.

15. S. stratosum B. & Br. — Effused, bright ochraceous-white,
smooth, becoming yellow, here and there wrinkled.

Substance pallid, stratose, the strata at length broken up.
Habitat not recorded. Penzance.
Name — stratum. Stratose. B. & Br. n. 2027.

** Imperfect, crustaceo-adnate, sterile.

16. S. acerinum (Theleph. acerina Pers.) — Crustaceo-adnate,
even, smooth, white.

Effused like the crust of a lichen. It must be sought for in a perfect con-
dition on fallen trunks. When young it is continuous and somewhat pruinose.
Name — acer, maple. Pers. Syn. p. 581. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 645. Syst.Myc.
\.p. 453. Berk. Out. p. 271. C. Hbk. n. 915.

GENUS XLVIL— Auricularia (auricula, the ear). Bull. Auricuiaria.
Champ, p. 277. sp. i. — Fr. Epicr. p. 555.

Hymenium definitely inferior, remotely and irregularly costato-
plicate, swelling and becoming gelatinous and tremulous when
moist, collapsing (and coriaceous Epicr.} when dry. Habit exactly
that of Stereum.

Intermediate between Thelephorei and Tremellini ; nearest in
affinity to the former, when dry scarcely to be distinguished from
Stereum; departing from the Tremelltz in the coriaceous pileus.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 645.

272

THELEPHOREI.

Auricuiaria. 1. A. mesenterica Fr. — Pilei fuscotts-cmereous, resupinate then
reflexed, entire, V\\\QUS, fasciato-zoned. Hymenium costato-plicate,

fuscous-violaceous.

On stems of trees. Frequent.

5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in. ) broad, gelatinous in
wet weather, hard and cartilaginous when
dry, reviving with wet. Hymenium pow-
dered with a beautiful bloom. M.J.B.
Spores white, 7x4 mk. W.G.S. Name —
jneo-eVrepoi/, the mesentery. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 646. Berk. Out. p. 272. C. Hbk. n.
919. — Sow. t. 290. Hussey ii. /. 6. Bolt.
t. 172. Bull. t. 290. Michel. t.j66.f. 4.

2. A. lobata Sommerf. — As much
as 17.5 cent. (7 in.) long, 5-12.5 cent.
(2-5 in.) broad, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.)
thick. Pileus fuscous - whitish, ef-
fuso-reflexed, lobed, variegated with
strigoso - tomentose, velvety and
smooth zones. Hymenium fuscous-
livid, reticulato-ribbed with distant folds.
Very much allied to A. mesenterica.
On bark of trees. Uncommon.

LXXXVII. Auricuiaria mesen-
terica. One-third natural size.

, lobed. Sommerf. in Mag. Nat. Vidensk. 1827, with fig.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 646. Blench, ii. p. 34. Berk. Out. p. 272. t. i8./ i. C.
Hbk. 11. 920.

Corticium. GENUS XLVII I.— Corticium (cortex, bark). Fr. Epicr. p. 556.

Hymenium amphigenous, even or tubercular, springing imme-
diately from the mycelium without an intermediate stratum ; in
typical species fertile and swelling when moist, fleshy-soft, con-
tracted and hence commonly cracked when dry, or the whole
breaking up. There are other species added to the genus with
the hymenium arid and incrusting. Sporophores 4-spored, rarely
single-spored. Resupinate, growing on wood, often sterile. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 646.

I. LOMANTIA (Xwjoia, a fringe). Resupinate, but free at the circumference,
determinate, marginate, commonly cup-shaped then expanded.

II. HIMANTI^E (i/Aas, a strap). Resupinate, effused, immarginate, clothed
with flaxy fibrils or strigosely hairy at the circumference and beneath. Often
sterile, fibrillose (mycelia). In their perfect state they are furnished with a
remarkably well developed, waxy-soft hymenium.

CORTICIUM.

273

* Mycelium and circumference white.

** Mycelium and circumference coloured.

III. LEIOSTROMA (Aeu>?, smooth ; o-rpw^a, a stratum). Agglutinated (rarely
when mature becoming free), without a strigose or tibrillose circumference.
For the mycelium passes at once into the
hymenium which is agglutinated to the sub-
stratum, but this (the hymenium) occurs of
two kinds, one thicker, waxy-soft, fertile ;
the other thin and sterile. The most of the
species are undistinguished in appearance.

* Waxy, when fertile facing the ground,
uniform, rimose when dry.

** Amphigenous, turning rigid, circum-
ference at first very thinly floccose and ra-
diating, soon naked.

t# Amphigenous, at the very first har-
dened, somewhat grumous, circumference
always naked.

**** Amphigenous, very thin, innate, re-
moving the bark.

** Less known species, doubtful.

Subgenus I. CoNiOPHORA (KOI/IS, dust ;
<f>ep<a, to bear). Pers. Myc. Eur. i. p. 153.
Fleshy, undulate and tubercular, rarely
membranaceous, becoming even ; hymen-
ium smooth, pulverulent with the spores ;
in other respects agreeing with Corticium.
Growing on wood, analogous to the group Coniophori of Merulius.

Subgenus II. HYPOCHNUS (vn-o and xvo^> the first down on the chin). Fr.
Obs. ii. p. 278. Breaking up and becoming floccose or furnished with a
tomentose, somewhat pulverulent hymenium.

* Breaking up and becoming fioccose.

** Hymenium tomentose, somewhat pulverulent.

Corticium

LXXXVIII. Corticium sambicci.
Natural size.

I. — LOMANTIA. Resupinate, but free at the circumference, &c.

1. 0. evolvens Fr. — Resupinate, marginate or effuso-reflexed,
soft, flocculose with whitish down beneath, zoneless. Hymenium
naked, smooth, somewhat wrinkled, fuscous becoming pale fuscous,
divided in cracks when dry.

So polymorphous in stature and form, that at first sight the different forms
seem scarcely allied. It varies when smaller cup-shaped, marginato-reflexed ;
wholly resupinate, broadly effused, immarginate. It is distinguished by the
hymenium being soft, somewhat tubercular, very much cracked when dry,
fuscous or becoming pale, and by the floccose receptacle.

On dead wood, especially cherry. Frequent. Oct.-Feb.

Name — evolvo, to unroll. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 646. B. & Br. n. 1029. C.
Hbk. n. 921. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 872.

2. C. salicinum Fr.— White-villous externally, coriaceous, soft,
rigid when dry, persistently cup-shaped, adfixed at the centre.

VOL. II. S

274 THELEPHOREI.

Corticium. Hymenium rather even, naked, persistently red- blood- colour,
continuous when dry.

Very elegant, entirely like a Peziza. It varies becoming smooth.

On Salix aurata. Kinrara, Morayshire. Aug.-Sept.

Berkeley considers this the same with Exidia cinnabarina B. & C. Spores
oblong, curved, hyaline, 16-18 x 4-6 mk. K. Name — salix, willow. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 647. B. & Br. n. 1581. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 873.

3. C. amorphum Fr.— 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, white-tomentose
externally, waxy-pliant, somewhat coriaceous, cup-shaped then

flattened, confluent, marginate. Hymenium even, continuous,
pale.

On silver-fir. Perth. Dunkeld. Keir. Aug.-Oct.

The substance is white and fleshy, consisting of rather coarse threads, which
at the base form a close sclerotioid network. The hymenium consists of
colourless threads, and orange-coloured clavate bodies filled with pigment.

B. & Br. There is considerable doubt whether this is a true Corticium.
Fries says the habit is exactly that of Corticium of this section, but the struc-
ture of the disc is ambiguous. Berkeley, who compares it in appearance with
Peziza calycina, considers it may perhaps be the type of a new genus. Name
— d, fJiopQij, form. Without regular form. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 648. B. & Br.
n. 1582. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 874. Theleph. Fr. Elench. p. 183.

II. — HIMANTIJE. Resupinate, effused, immarginate, &c.
* Mycelium and circumference 'white.

4. C. giganteum Fr. — Hyaline -white, very broadly effused,
swelling when moist, waxy, when dry cartilaginous, of the con-
sistence of paper, free, milk-white, circumference strigoso-radiate.
Hymenium even, continuous.

At the first agglutinated, but in contracting with dryness it breaks up, and
does not become cracked. Smaller and less perfect forms occur.

On pine, stumps, &c. Common. Oct.-April.

Spores ellipsoid or sphaeroid-ellipsoid, hyaline, 4-5 x 3 mk. K. Name —
iganteus. Of very large size. Fr. Hyi~ "-- ' '" "— * "-1 ' -

C. Hbk. n. 922. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 875.

5. C. lacteum Fr. — Milk-white, effused, membranaceous, laxly
fibrillose beneath and at the circumference. Hymenium (when
perfect) waxy, deeper in colour, divided by cracks when dry.

Much smaller and thinner than C. giganteus.
On trunks, &c. Frequent. Nov.-Feb.

Name — lac, milk. Milk-white. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 649. Berk. Out. p. 273.
C. Hbk. n. 923. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 876. — Bonord. f. 259.

CORTICIUM. 275

6. 0. porosum B. & Curt. — Resupinate, milk-white, here and Corticium.
there porous, margin free, reflexed.

The pores look as if little dew-drops had settled on the hymenium, which
had in consequence contracted or rather retracted.

On wood. Aboyne.
Name— porosus, porous. B. & Br. n. 1821. S. Mycol. Scot, n, 886.

7. C. arachnoideum Berk.— Effused, delicately flaxy as is the
circumference. Hymenium white, very thin, patchy.

The mycelium is as delicate as a spider's web.

On wood, lichens, &c. Frequent. Oct.-Feb.

Name — apaxvy, a spider. From the spider-web mycelium. Berk. Out. p.
273. C. Hbk. n. 924. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 877. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 649.

8. C. fcetidum B. & Br.— Effused, resupinate, arachnoid be-
neath, white then ochraceous and smooth.

Not apparently a resupinate form of Thelephora fastidiosa.
On sawdust. Coed Coch.
Name— -foetidus, foetid. B. &•= Br. n. 1824.

9. C. Iseve Pers. — Effused, membranaceous, separating, villous
beneath, circumference flaxy (not fibrilloso-radiate). Hymenium
even, smooth, somewhat flesh-colour or livid.

On dead wood, sticks, &c. Very common. Nov.-March.

Hymenium sometimes pure white. M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid or ovoideo-
sphaeroid, subchlorino-hyaline, I2x8-iomk. K. Name — Icevis, even. Pers.
Disp. p. 30. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 649. Berk. Out. p. 273. C. Hbk. n. 925.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. SjS.—Bonord.f. 251.

10. C. roseum Pers. — Rose-colour, effused, adnate, circumference
fringed and whitish. Hymenium pruinose, becoming pale, at
length rimoso-corrugated, hardened.

Very pretty, cognate with Hyphelia rosea.

On dead wood, birch, poplar, &c. Frequent. Oct.-Feb.

Name — rosa, a rose. Rose-coloured. Pers. Disp. p. 31. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 650. Berk. Out. p. 273. C. Hbk. n. 926. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 879.

** Mycelium and circumference coloured.

11. C. velutinum Fr.— Flesh-colour, effused, adnate, circum-
ference strigose with straight, diverging flbres of the same colour.

Hymenium thick, fleshy, even, velvety with dense small bristles.

276 THELEPHOREI.

Corticium. Among the most distinguished species of the genus, large, firm, never
opening in flocculose clefts, rarely cracked.

On dead wood. Frequent. Aug.-Feb.

Spores ellipsoid, elongated, hyaline, 8 mk. Q. Name — vellus, fleece.
Velvety. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 650. Berk. Out. p. 273. C. Hbk. n. 927. S.
My col. Scot. n. 880.

12. C. subdealbatum B. & Br.— Shining white, effused.
Hymenium pallid fawn-colour with the bristles.

On fir. Badminton, 1866. Dec.

Name — sub, and dealbatus, whitened. B. & Br. n. 1823.

13. C. lactescens Berk.— Flesh-colour, milky, agglutinated,
soft, waxy, undulated, margin shortly byssoid, at length cracked,
interstices silky.

Smell like that of Lactar'ms quietus. Milk-white, watery. Hymenium
flesh-colour or pale salmon-colour.

On dead wood, willow, &c. Frequent. Oct.-Feb.

Name— lac, milk. Milky. Berk. Out. p. 274. C. Hbk. n. 932. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 881. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 650.

14. 0. sanguineum Fr. — Blood-red, effused, adhering laxly,
like spider-web beneath, circumference laxly fibY\\\ose, flesh-colour.
Hymenium even, SK\QQ\.\\, flesh-colour.

The mycelium tinges the wood blood- red. Rarely gathered in a fertile
state.

On dead pine and larch. Uncommon. Nov.-Feb.

Name — sanguis, blood. Of the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 650. Berk.
Out. p. 273. C. Hbk. n. 928. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 882.

15. C. sulphureum Fr. — Bright sulphur-yellow, effused, fibril-
loso-flaxy. Hymenium (when perfect) thick, waxy-soft, cracked
when dry.

The very variable mycelium is frequent, but it is rarely perfectly developed.
It occurs with the hymenium tawny.

On dead wood. Frequent. Nov.-Dec.

Fries has gathered it in greatest perfection on rotting beech-leaves. Name
— sulphur, brimstone. Of the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 650. Berk. Out.
p. 274. C. Hbk. n. 929. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 883.

16. C. cinnamomeum Fr. — Cinnamon, effused, irregular by
becoming confluent, adpressed, fibrilloso-strigose beneath and

CORTICIUM. 277

at the circumference. Hymenium fleshy, soft, smooth, naked, Conidum.
of the same colour, cracked when dry.

It varies dark ochraceous. When fertile it approaches C. velutinus.

On birch log. Glamis, 1874. Nov.

Name — cinnamomum, cinnamon. Of the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 650.

B. & Br. n. 1584. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 884.

17. C. caeruleum Fr. — Beautiful azure-bhte, somewhat round,
then effused, adnate, at first tomentose, circumference flaxy and
of the same colour inclining to be whitish. Hymenium waxy-
soft, papillose, slightly bristly becoming smooth.

On rails, dead wood, fir, £c. Common.

Name — cceruleum, azure-blue. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 651. Berk. Out. p. 274.

C. Hbk. n. 930. S. Mycol. Scot. n. %%$.—Letell. Suppl. t. 630. Roth. Catal.

2. t. 9. /. 2. SOW. t. 350.

18. C. atro-virens Fr. — Black-green, irregularly effused, tomen-
tose beneath and at the circumference, of the same colour.
Hymenium (found only as a barren cinereous pellicle).

On sticks in woods. Rare.

Name — ater, black ; vireo, to be green. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 651. Berk.
Out. p. 274. C. Hbk. n. 931.

III. — LEIOSTROMA. Agglutinated (rarely when mature becoming
free), &c.

* Waxy, when fertile facing the ground, &*c.

19. C. calceum Fr.— White, effused, agglutinated, waxy, very
smooth, circumference similar. Hymenium even, smooth, when
dry cracked, rigid.

Very polymorphous. The colour varies clay and whitish inclining to
fuscous. Hymenium sometimes broken up into minute lumps.

On pine wood. Common. Oct.-Feb.

Name — calx, lime. Chalk-white. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 652. Berk. Out. p.
274. C. Hbk. n. 933. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 887.

20. C. puberum Fr.— White or clay-colour, broadly effused,
waxy, closely adnate, indeterminate. Hymenium even, velvety
with short bristles, cracked when dry.

Like C. calceum, differing only in the hymenium being velvety with bristles.
Very thin, separable from the matrix only in small fragments.

On dead wood. Aboyne. Forres. Glamis.

278 THELEPHOREI.

Corticium. Name— puber, adult. As applied to plants downy. From the hymenium.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 652. B. & Br. n. 1822. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 888. Theleph.
Fr. Elench. p. z^.—Bonord. f. 256 (?)

21. 0. scutellare B. & Curt.— Whitish, then slightly tan-colour,
resupinate, effused, immarginate. Hymenium broken up into
minute areolae.

On Ulex. Strachan, Kincardineshire. Glamis.

Name — scutella, a salver. From its form. B. & Br. n. 1825. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 889. Grevillea, vol. ii. p. 4.

22. C. lividum Pers. — Changeable in colour, effused, agglu-
tinated, waxy-soft, becoming smooth, circumference similar.
Hymenium even, naked, somewhat viscid when moist, cracked
when dry.

In the same specimen the colour has been observed livid-azure-blue, and
fuscous-purplish.

On dead birch. Rare.

Name—tividus, livid. Pers. Obs. \. p. 38. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 652. Berk.
Out. p. 275. C. Hbk. n. 934. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 890.

23. C. ochraceum Fr.— Broadly effused, 30 cent. (12 in.) and
more, agglutinated, waxy-soft, smooth, circumference white,
somewhat radiating, soon vanishing. Hymenium pallid then
ochraceous, sprinkled with golden-glistening atoms, at length
naked, papillose or tubercular, cracked when collapsed.

There is a remarkable variety with concentric papillae.
On pine stumps. Uncommon. Nov.-Dec.

Name — ochraceus, ochrey-yellow. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 652. Berk. Out. p.
275. C. Hbk. n. 935. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 891. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i.
p. 446.

*"* Amphigenous, becoming rigid, fs^c.

24. C. quercinum Fr. — Cartilaginous-membranaceous, at first
agglutinated, then adfixed in the centre, loosened on all sides,
and at length involute, rigid, smooth and becoming black beneath.
Hymenium continuous, flesh-colour.

It does not become cracked because it is set free in dying.

On oak branches. Very common. Aug.-April.

Name — quercus, oak. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 653. Berk. Out. p. 275. C.
Hbk. n. 936. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 892.— Nees f. 253. Grev. t. 142. Bull. t.
436.7. i.

CORTICIUM. 279

25. 0. cinereum Fr. — Lurid, waxy becoming rigid, confluent, Corticium.
agglutinated, circumference similar. Hymenium sprinkled with

very thin cinereous pruina.

There are two forms, the thicker on wood, the thinner on bark.
On dead branches. Very common. Nov.-May.

Spores oblong or elongated, cylindrical, curved, 3-5 x i mk. K. Name —
cinis, ashes. Ash-colour. Fr. Hym, Eur. p. 654. Berk. Out. p. 275.
C. Hbk. n. 937. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 893.

26. C. incarnatum Fr. — Waxy, becoming rigid, agglutinated,
indeterminate, circumference radiate. Hymenium persistently
bright-coloured (red, orange), sprinkled with very thin, somewhat

flesh-coloiired pruina.

The form on wood is rather thick, undulato-papillose, when collapsed even,
cracked ; that on bark thinner, persistently spuriously papillose from SphcericB
being incrusted by it.

On dead pine, Ulex, broom, &c. Very common. Aug.-March.

Spores ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, often obsoletely curved, 9-12x5 mk.
K. Name — incarnatus, flesh-coloured. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 654. Berk. Out.
p. 275. C. Hbk. n. 938. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 894. Fl. Dan. t. 2035.7. 2-

27. C. nudum Fr.— Flesh-colour becoming pale, waxy, becoming
rigid, agglutinated, circumference determinate, smooth. Hy-
menium even, cracked when dry, sprinkled (under a lens) with
whitish, fugacious pruina.

On dead wood. Frequent. Nov.-Feb.

Name— nudus, naked. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 655. Berk. Out. p. 276. C.
Hbk. n. 939. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 895.

* C. citrinum Pers. — Agreeing entirely with C. nudum, except
in the hymenium being papillose, and in the colour being bright
light yellow.

On dead wood. Moncreiffe.

Name — citrus, citron. Lemon-yellow. Pers. Myc. Eur. \. p. 136 (Theleph.)
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 655. B. & Br. n. 1695.

28. C. confluens Fr. — Somewhat membranaceous, indetermi-
nate^ agglutinated, circumference radiate (not fibrillose). Hymen-
ium even, naked, hyaline, shining whitish when dry.

Circumference adnate, very delicate.
On dead branches, ash, &c. Frequent.

Name — confiuo, to flow together. Confluent. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 655.
Berk. Out. p. 276. C. Hbk. n. 940. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 896.

280 THELEPHOREI.

Corticium *** Amphigeiious, from the very first hardened, &^c.

29. C. polygonium Pers. — Flesh-colour, adnate, defined, soon
hardened, somewhat grumous, circumference similar. Hymen-
ium red under the dense pruina.

On dead branches, poplar, &c. Frequent.

Growing in little round detached patches from the ostiola of Sph&rice.
M.J.B. Name—polygonius, polygonal. From the shape of the tubercles
which are owing to covered Sphcerice. Pers. Disp. 30. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
655. Berk. Out. p. 276. C. Hbk. n. 941. S. MycoL Scot. n. 897. — Ho/m.
D. Fl. 2. t. 6.

30. C. violaceo-lividum Fr. — Violaceous-livid, somewhat ef-
fused, adnate, hardened. Hymenium spuriously corrugated,
tubercular, sprinkled with thin, whitish pruina.

Like C. cinereum, but allied to C. polygonium. Often growing on Sphcerics-
On dead wood. Glamis, 1877.

Name — from the colours. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 655. B. & Br. n. 1696.
S. MycoL Scot. n. 898.

31. C. maculaeforme Fr. — Somewhat rose-colour, orbicular, then
confluent, hardened, thin, circumference similar, smooth. Hy-
menium spuriously papillose, bluish-grey pruinose.

Commonly small, 2-8 mm. (1-4 lin.) broad.
On dead wood. Penzance.

Name — macula, a spot ; forma, form. Spot-like. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 656.
B. 6° Br. n. 1975. Theleph. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 454.- FL Dan. t. 1738. / 2.

32. C. limitatum Fr. — Lurid becoming pale, roundish, closely
adnate, grumous-hardened, smooth, circumference with a defined
black edge. Hymenium naked.

Easily distinguished by its essential character in having a black edge.
On Cytisus. Perth.

Name — limitatus, marked off. From the defined black circumference. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 656. B. 6" Br. n. 1697. S. MycoL Scot. n. 899.

33. C. corrugatum Fr. — Pallid cinnamon, somewhat effused,
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, closely adnate, soon grumous. Hymen-
ium beset with ferruginous bristles, very much cracked when
dry.

The bristles are wholly like those of Stereum rubiginosum, to which it is other-
wise scarcely allied. It has occurred somewhat waxy.

On dead wood. Very common. Aug.-Nov.

CORTIC1UM. 281

Name — con, and ruga, a wrinkle. Corrugated. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 656. Corticium,
Theleph. Elench. p, 224. Hymenochaete Berk. Out. p. 272. C. Hbk. n. 918.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 867. — Grev. t. 234.

**## Ampliigenous, very thin, innate, removing the bark.

34. 0. comedens Fr. — Flesh-colour becoming pale, effused,
innate, growing under the bark, exposed on the epidermis splitting
asunder. Hymenium even, smooth, cracked when dry.

Slightly viscid when moist. Erumpent specimens of C. incarnatum must
not be confounded with it. Distinguished from all others by its manner of
growth, never formed on decorticated wood or above the bark.

On dead branches. Very common. Nov.-March.

Hymenium sometimes white. The bark forms a margin round it. M.J.B.
Name — comedo, to consume. From its destroying the bark under which it
grows. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 656. Berk. Out. p. 276. C. Hbk. n. 942. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 900. Theleph. Nees Syst. f. 255. Fr. Elench. p. 219.

*#*## species less known, doubtful.

35. C. aurora Berk. — Rose-colour, turning pallid, very thin,
effused, agglutinated, circumference indeterminate.

On dead leaves of Carices. Batheaston.

Name — Aurora, the dawn. From the colours. Berk. Out. p. 276. C. Hbk.
n. 944. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 657.

36. C. typhse Fckl. — Longitudinally effused, thin, at first
orbicular, white and flaxy, wholly smooth, then somewhat mealy,
tan-colour.

On Typha latifolia. North Wooton, 1874.

Spores oblongo-lanceolate, multiguttate, hyaline. Fckl. Name — from the
host plant. Fuckel Symb. p. 27. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 657. Grevillea, vol. iv.
/. 119.

Subgenus I. — CONIOPHORA. Fleshy, undulated and
tubercular, £c.

37. C. puteanum Fr. — Light-yellowish-pallid, at length fuscous-
olivaceous, the mucedinous circumference white, roundish or
effused, fleshy, fragile. Hymenium somewhat undulated, pul-
verulent with the fuscous-olivaceous spores.

On dead wood in cellars, &c. Frequent. Nov.

Very fragile, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick. It loosens itself from the trunk with age.
It decays and grows black in winter, but in the following year a new plant
crusts over the destroyed one. Sommerf. Sometimes dripping with moisture.

282 THELEPHOREI.

Corticium. M.J.B. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, slightly fuscous, 12-10x8-9 mk. K.
Name — puteanum, pertaining to a well. From its sometimes dripping. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 657. S. My col. Scot. n. 901. Theleph. Schum.—Berk. Out.
p. 269. C. Hbk. n. 905. Fl. Dan. t. 2035.

38. C. stabulare Fr.— Effused, flaxy when young, white, then
fleshy-soft, vinous-fuscous, circumference flaxy, white. Hymen-
ium tubercular, white-pruinose, the tubercles collapsing.

Odour foetid from its habitat.
On fir wood. Perth.

Name — stabulum, a stall. From its being found in an ox-stall. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 658. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 902.

39. 0. umbrinum Fr. — Umber, effused, fleshy -soft, mllous
beneath, circumference short, radiating, of the same colour.
Hymenium tubercular then collapsing, ferruginous-pulverulent,

A distinguished species, not very broad but confluent, not easily separated
from the matrix.

On dead wood. Penzance. Hothorpe. Feb.

Spores sphaeroid, punctate, 8 mk. Q. Name — from the umber colour,
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 658. B. & Br. n. 1974. Grevillea, vol. xi. /. 14.
Theleph. Alb. 6s Schw. p. 281. /3. Fr. Elench. p. 199.

40. C. laxum Fr.— About 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, white,
membranaceous, soft, adhering laxly, spider- web -tomentose
beneath, circumference flaxy. Hymenium papillose, pallid then
ochraceous-ferruginous, ferruginous-pulverulent.

Papillae rather large.

On dead fir, lichens, moss, &c. Rare. Nov.

Spores ovoid-sphaeroid, punctate, spotted, 10 mk. Q. Name — laxus,
loose. From its adhering laxly. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 659. S. Mycol. Scot.
n. 903. Theleph. Fr. Elench. p. 190. Berk. Out. p. 269. C. Hbk. n. 906.

41. C. byssoideum Yr.—Ochrey-whtte, irregularly effused, at
first flaxy, at length compact at the disc, fleshy, pulverulent, light
yellow, circumference flaxy, rather whitish.

Among fir-leaves, mosses, &c. Frequent.

Name — byssus, flax. Flaxy. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 659. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
904. Theleph. Pers. Syn. p. 577. Berk. Out. p. 269. C. Hbk. n. 902.

42. C. aridum Fr. — Membranaceous, effused, adnate, continu-
ous, circumference whitish. Hymenium even, sulphur-yellow,
then setuloso-pulveraceous, umber inclining to ferruginous.

CORTICIUM. 283

On dead and decayed pine in woods and cellars. Common. Corticim
Nov.

Name — aridus, dry. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 659. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 905.
Theleph. Berk. Out. p. 269. C. Hbk. n. 907.

Subgenus II. — HYPOCHNUS. Breaking up and becoming
floccose, &c.

* Breaking up and becoming ftoccose.

43. 0. serum Fr.— White, broadly effused, incrusting, thin,
fleshy when fresh, smooth, pruinose, then and when dried splitting
open intoflocd, papillae round, crowded together, equal.

A very singular species. Papillae regular.

On trunks. Epping. Glamis. Menmuir. Winter.

Spores sphaeroid or ovoideo-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline or chlorino-hyaline,
9-11 xj-8 mk. K. Name — serus, late. Growing in winter. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 659. B. 6^ Br. n. 1583, 1697. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 906. Theleph. Pers.
Syn. p. 580. Fr. Elench. p. 211.

44. C. sambuci Fr. — White, effused, somewhat innate, incrust-
ing, surrounding branches, indeterminate, continuous when in
vigour, breaking into floccules when dry.

Easily recognised from its habitat.

On dried branches of elder. Very common. Aug.-Dec.

Very difficult to separate from C. calceum by a strict definition. M.J.B.
Name — sambucus, elder. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 660. Berk. Out. p. 276. C.
Hbk. n. 943. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. goj.—Grev. t. 242. Letell. t. 607. / 2.

** Hymenium tomentose, somewhat pulverulent.

45. C. olivaceum Fr. — Membranaceous, adnate, circumference
fringed and whitish. Hymenium thin, dark olivaceous, tomen-
tose with small bristles.

Broadly effused, orbicular or elongated. The colour is distinguishing and
remarkably constant.

On pine wood. Uncommon.

Spores sphaeroid or sphaeroid-ellipsoid, very pale yellowish or slightly fus-
cous, 4 mk. K. ; ovoideo-ellipsoid, nucleate, yellow, 8 mk. Q. Name— from
the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 660. Theleph. Fr. Elench. p. 197. Berk.
Out. p. 269. C. Hbk. n. 908.

46. C. ferrugineum Fr. — Ferruginous, effused, adnate, every-
where tomentose. Hymenium papillose, pulveraceous.

It may be compared with Hydnumferruginosum and Polyporus floccosus.

284

THELEPHOREI.

Corticium. On branches. Altyre, &c. Oct.

Name — ferrugo, iron-rust. From the rusty colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
661. B. & Br, n. 1585. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 908.

47. C. lacunosum B. & Br. — Broadly effused, soft, mycelium
woolly-tawny ', lacunose. Hymenium pulvemlent.

On branches. Aboyne, 1870. Sept.

Name — lacuno, to hollow out. Full of hollows, lacunose. B. & Br. n. 1371.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 909. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 661.

48. C. anthochroum ¥r.— Brick-red-rose-colour, becoming pale,
effused, even above, wholly broken up, floccoso-velvety, circum-
ference flaxy, paler.

Very pretty. Without a hymeneal membrane.

On sticks, sycamore, birch. Rare. Feb.

Name — ai/0o?, a flower ; xpw, colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 66 1. 5. Mycol.
Scot. n. 910. Theleph. Pers. Syn. p. 576. Berk. Out. p. 270. C. Hbk. n.
909.

Cypheiia. GENUS XLIX.— Cyphella (KV((>6s, a goblet).

Fr. Syst. Myc. 2. p. 201.

Somewhat membranaceous, cup-shaped, rarely plane, adnate be-
hind, commonly extended in stem-
like form, pendulous. Hymenium
definitely inferior, similar, without
the heterogeneous disc and asci of
Pezizce, even or at length slightly
wrinkled. Sporophores 4-spored,
spores subovate.

Without doubt very near to So-
lenia, and removed from them by
artificial characters. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 661.

* Lignicola (growing on wood).
f* Muscicolce (growing on mosses).
*** Stipiticolce (growing on stems).
**** Caulicolce and epiphyllce (growing
on stalks and leaves).

* Lignicolce (growing on wood).

1. C. Bloxami B. & Phill.— White, floccoso-membranaceous,
disc becoming light yellow, crenato-lobed ; flocci even.

LXXXIX. Cyphella catilla.
Natural size.

CYPHELLA. 285

Sporophores turbinate. Spores 8-n mk. Spores terminating slightly Cyphella.
branched threads.

On Ulex. Twycross.

Name— after Rev. A. Bloxam. B. 6* Br. n. 1894.

2. C. griseo-pallida Weinm.— Pallid-grey, somewhat mem-
branaceous, globose then campanulate, sessile, floccose exter-
nally. Hymenium even, smooth.

On dead Carex paniculata. Spye Park, Wiltshire.

Whole plant \ lin. diam., at first granuliform. Hymenium pale reddish-
grey, border slightly undulated. M.J,B. Name— from the colour. Weinm.
Ross. p. 522. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 662. Berk. Out. p. 277. C. Hbk. n. 945.

3. C. ochroleuca B. & Br.— Ochrey-white and villous above,
membranaceous, cup-shaped, margin at length split. Hymenium
even, pale ochre, brighter than the pileus.

2 mm. (i lin.) and more broad.
On bramble sticks. Rare.

Name — «XP°?. pale yellow ; Aey/co?, white. B. & Br. n. 719. Berk. Out.
p. 277. C. Hbk. n. 948. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 911. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 662.

4. C. stuppea B. £ Br.— Erumpent, sessile, pezizasform, exter-
nally coarsely hispid, brownish then becoming white. Hy-
menium fuscous.

On broom. Menmuir, Forfarshire. March.

Name — stuppeus, made of tow. From being coarsely hispid. B. & Br. n.
1698. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 912.

5. C. fulva B. & Rav. — Brown-tawny, membranaceous, cup-
shaped, deflexed, externally tomentose.

On dead bark.

Remarkable for its deflexed mouth. Spores ovate, 17 mk. B. 6* Br.
Name-/«/z/«j, tawny. B. & Br. n. 936. C. Hbk. n. 954. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 662.

6. C. brunnea Phill.— Dirty-brown, sessile, cupulate, clothed
near the margin with a grey pruina, margin incurved, lacerated,
mouth oblique. Hymenium smooth, discoloured-brown ; flesh
paler, subgelatinous.

Scattered or crowded. Cups .5 mm. across, .8 mm. high. Basidia clavate,
two to four spicules ; spores colourless, globose (5-6 mk.)

On bark and wood of old elder-trees. Shrewsbury.

286 THELEPHOREI.

Cyphella. Name — brunneus, brown. Phill. Grevillea, vol. xiii. p. 49.

7. C. fraxinicola B. & Br. — Minute, orbicular, externally
snow-white, shortly villous; disc light yellow, becoming fuscous
with the spores, proliferous.

On ash. Batheaston, 1873. Dec.

Name— -fraxinus, ash-tree ; colo, to inhabit. B. & Br, n. 1446.

** Muscicolcz (growing 071 mosses}.

8. C. museigena Fr. — Very small, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad,
shining white, membranaceous-soft, becoming plane, somewhat
dimidiate, externally silky under a lens. Hymenium slightly
wrinkled.

A variable form, also stipitate, spathulate, &c.

On moss. Uncommon. Sept.-Dec.

At first flabelliform. M.J.B. Name — muscus, moss; gigno, to bear.
Growing on moss. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 663. Berk. Out. p. 277. C. Hbk. n.
946. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 914. Theleph. Pers. Myc. Eur. t. 7. f. 6. Canth.
laevis Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 324.

9. C. galeata Fr. — Whitish, membranaceous-soft, somewhat
sessile, obversely cup-shaped, then dimidiate, helmet-shaped, even,
margin quite entire. Hymenium at length rufescent, slightly
wrinkled.

When young entire, cup-shaped, grey when moist, snow-white when dry,
then rufescent.

On mosses. Uncommon.

Name— -galea, a helmet. Helmet-shaped. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 663. Berk.
Out. p. 277. C. Hbk. n. 9tf.—Fl. Dan. t. 2027.7. i.

10. C. catilla Smith. — Somewhat membranaceous, expanded,
margin crisped and undulated. Hymenium veined, 18 mm. (%
in.) broad, grey.

Often imbricated. Allied to C. galeata.

On moss and dead leaves. King's Lynn.

Name — catillus, a small bowl. From its shape. Smith Seem. Journ.
Bot. 1873, /. 337-

11. C. muscicola Fr. — About 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, pale-whitish,
membranaceous, somewhat sessile, persistently ciip-shaped, nod-
ding, externally slightly fibrilloso-striate, margin slightly downy,
rep and, torn. Hymenium even.

B. cup irregular, externally cinereous.

CYPHELLA. 287

On mosses. Rare. Cyphella.

Name— muscus, moss; colo, to inhabit. Fr, Hym. Eur.p. 663. Syst. Myc.
ii. p. 202. Berk. Out. p. 277. C. Hbk. n. 949.— B. Fl. Dan. t. 2083.7. 2.

*** StipiticolcE (growing on stems}.

12. C. lacera Fr.— When perfect 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) in stature,
whitish or yellow, membranaceous, cup-shaped, stipitate from the
vertex being extended, pendulous, then torn into many clefts,
slightly striate above with dense black fibrils. Hymenium
slightly wrinkled, whitish.

On dead twigs. Rare.

Name— lacerus, torn. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 664. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 202.
Berk. Out. p. 277. C. Hbk. n. 950.— v4/J. &> Schw. t. i. /. 5.

13. C. capula Fr. — Whitish, membranaceous, obliquely cam-
panulate, extended into an oblique stem, smooth, margin sinuate,
irregularly shaped. Hymenium even.

It varies yellowish.

On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Frequent.

Looks like Peziza. M.J.B. Spores ovoid, 7 mk. Q. Na.me — capul<z,
small bowls with handles. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 664. Berk. Out. p. 278. C.
Hbk. n. 951. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 915. Holmsk. ii. t. 22. Peziza Nov. Act.
Hafn. i. /. 286. / 7. — Fl. Dan. t. 1970. / 3 seems a var.

14. C. Pimii Phill— White or very pale yellow, cup-shaped,
erect or pendent, membranaceous, pubescent, margin of cup
somewhat incised. Stem rather slender, crooked, enlarged up-
wards.

Fasciculate. About 4 mm. (2 lin.) high and cup 2 mm. (i lin.) wide.
Basidia cylindraceo-clavate, with sometimes only two spicules, generally four ;
spores subpyriform, colourless (7-10x4 mk.)

On dead herbaceous stems in water. Dublin.
Name— after Greenwood Pirn. Phill. Grevillea, vol. xiii. p. 49.

**** CauKcola and epiphyllce (growing on stalks and on leaves}.

15. C. pallida B. & Br.— Cups at first orbicular, at length
irregularly lobed, plane, tomentose or slightly hispid, sessile.
Hymenium at length wrinkled, pallid ochraceous.

Cups J<-i line across, sometimes proliferous. Differs from C. Curreyi in
the colour of the hymenium, which is rugose, like that of Cantharellus mus-
cifenus, and its more irregular form. It appears also not to be erumpent, as
that species often is, but is seated on the bark or wood.

288 THELEPHOREI.

Cyphella. Qn old stems of Clematis vitalba.

Spores elliptic, 6-9 mk. B. & Br. Name— pallidus, pallid. B. & Br. n.
1372. Rabenh. exs. n, 1415. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 664.

16. 0. cuticulosa Berk. — White, diaphanous, membranaceous,
at first oblong, then cup-shaped, elongated into a stem, smooth
externally.

On dead grass stems. Very rare. Oct.-Feb.

Not recorded since found by Dickson. Name — cuticula, the thin external
skin. From its membranaceous character. Berk. Out. p. 278. C. Hbk. n.
955. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 665. — Dicks. Crypt, iii. /. 9. /. u.

17. C. Goldbachii Weinm.— White, membranaceous, cup-
shaped, sessile, pitcher-shaped-concave, lobed, externally vtllous.
Hymenium even, pallid.

Minute, irregular and lobed, in which it differs from the Solenics.
On dead leaves of Aira ccespitosa. Spye Park, Wilts.

Near to C. cuticulosa, from which it differs in its villous coat. B. & Br.
Name— after Goldbach. Weinm. Ross. p. 522. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 665.
Berk. Out. p. 278. C. Hbk. n. $$z.—Corda Sturm t. 63.

18. C. dochmiospora B. & Br.— Snow-white, minute, pezizse-
form.

Resembles externally Peziza villosa ; but the hairs are not granulated.
Habitat not recorded. Batheaston, 1864. Oct.

Spores oblique, ovate, rather acute, 14-17 mk. B. & Br. Name — SO
oblique; o-jropa, seed. B. & Br. n. 1373. S. My col. Scot. n. 916.

289

ORDER V.— CLAVABIEL

Hymenium not distinct from the hymenophore, amphigenous.
Somewhat fleshy fungi, vertical, simple or branched. Never
coriaceous or incrusting as the Merismoid Thelephorce which are
similar inform. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 666.

GENUS L. — Sparassis (<nrapd<r<Tcat to tear in pieces). Sparassis.

Fr. Syst. Myc. p. 464.

Fleshy, branched, with flat, leaf-like branches, composed of two
plates, fertile on both sides, with 4-spored sporophores. Very
handsome. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 666.

1. S. crispa Fr. — Whitish, very much branched ; branches 2.5-5
cent. (1-2 in.) broad, intricate, re-
curved at the apex, zoneless, ser-
rated.

Very handsome, very large (tufts have
occurred as much as 1-2 ft. broad), most
frequently wholly sessile, more rarely shortly
stipitate.

Beside fir trees and stumps. Rare.
Aug.-Oct.

Most frequently it has a tinge of pale yel-
low. Like a large sponge. Edible and de-
licious ; but too rare to be of value as an
article of food. Name — crispa, a curl.
Crisped. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 666. Syst.
Myc. i. /. 465. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 17. B. &>
Br. n. 1139*. C. Hbk. n. 958. S. Mycol.
Scot. «. 917. Kl. Bar. t. 463. Hogg &
Johnst. t. 24. Bail. t. vj.— Wulf. in
Jacqu. Misc. t. 14. /. i. Krombh. t. 22.
/. 2, 3. Schaff. t. 163.

XC. Sparassis crispa. One-
fifth natural size.

VOL. II.

290

CLAVARIEI.

ciavaria. GENUS LI.— Clavaria (clava, a club). Linn.— Fr. Syst.

Myc. i. p. 465.

Fleshy, branched or simple, somewhat round, without a distinct
stem. Hymenium continuous, dry,
homogeneous. For the most part
growing on the ground. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 666.

I. RAMARIA (ramus, a branch). Holmsk.
Branched, branches attenuated upwards.

A. Leitcosporce (ACVKOS, white; o-Tropos, seed).
Spores white or pallid.

* Colour bright, yellow, red or violet. On
the ground.

** Colour white or grey. On the ground.
*** Colour whitish or dingy. On wood.

B. Ochrospora (J>xp°s, pale yellow; crn-opo?,
seed). Spores ochraceous or cinnamon. —
There are analogous species in each section
which are so similar in form and colour that
their figures are with difficulty distinguished.
Yet they are most distinct ; the Ochrosporse
spongy, tough, the majority of them bitter,
and not fit to be eaten.

* Colour yellow, somewhat cinnamon, saf-
fron. On the ground.

Colour whitish, grey, violet. On the ground.
Growing on trunks.

XCI. Clavaria cinerea.
third natural size.

One-

II. SYNCORYNE (avv, together;
tose at the base or fasciculate.

* Reddish.

** Yellowish or white.
*** Fuliginous or blackish.

III. HOLOCORYNE (oAos, entire ;
at the base.

* Colour changeable, becoming dark.

** Colour unchangeable, commonly shining white.

j, a club). Somewhat simple, caespi-

, a club). Somewhat simple, distinct

I. — RAMARIA. Branched, branches attenuated upwards.

A. LeucosporcE. Spores white or pallid.

* Colour bright, yellow, red or violet.

1. 0. botrytes Pers. — Varying white, yellow, flesh-colour, 7.5
cent. (3 in.) and more high, but also less, fragile ; trunk very
thick, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.), unequal, very much branched.
Branches swollen, unequal, somewhat wrinkled, red at the
apices.

CLAVARIA. 2QT

About beech stumps. Inverary, &c. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Spores ellipsoid, subhyaline, 12-15 x 6 mk. K. Edible. Name — /Sorpv?, a
cluster of grapes. From the form. Pers. Syn. p. 587. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
667. Syst. Myc. i. p. 466. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 35. Berk. Out. p. 278. C. Hbk.
n. 959. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 918. Fl. Dan. t. 1303. Barla t. 40. /. 1-3.
Krombh. t. 53. /. 1-3. Harz. t. 67. Corda Ic. v. /. 75. Quel. t. 21. /. 4.—
Schce/. t. 176. P-Fw//. z« Jacqu. Coll. ii. /. 13. Holmsk. \\. p. 117 with fig.
Krombh. t. S3- /- 4 (white).

2. C. amethystina Bull. — Violet, fragile, very much branched,
equal at the base. Branches round, even, obtuse.

In grassy woods and pastures. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Very variable in size. Sometimes 7.5 cent. (3 in.) or more high and very
much branched, sometimes a few lines and nearly simple. M.J.B. Edible.
Name — a/u.e'0voros, amethyst. From the colour. Bull. t. 496. f. 2. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 667. Berk. Out. p. 279. t. 18. /. 2 small var. C. Hbk. n. 960. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 919.— Holmsk. Ot. i. p. no with fig., borrowed in Nees Syst.
/• 151-

3. C. fastigiata Linn. — Scarcely exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, egg-yellow, slightly tough, caespitose, very much branched,
equal. Branches short, divaricate, branchlets fastigiate.

It varies with the apices light yellow and fuscous.
In pastures. Very common. Aug.-Oct.

Spores pale buff, irregular, 7 mk. W.G.S.; subsphaeroid, 6 mk. K. Name
—fastigium, the top. Reaching the top. Linn. Suec. n. 1269. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 667. Berk. Out. p. 279. C. Hbk. n. 961. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 920.
Bull. t. 358. /. D, E. Holmsk. \. p. 90 with fig. Fl. Dan. t. 836. /. 2. C.
pratensis Syst. Myc. i. p. 471. Pers. Comm. t. 4. /. 5. Ray Syn. t. 8.f. 4.

4. C. muscoides Linn. — Yellow, slightly tough, becoming
slender, twice or thrice forked, stem thin. Branchlets crescent-
shaped, acute.

In pastures. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Taller than C. fastigiata, solitary, less branched, dry, very smooth, except
the base which is tomentose. M.J.B. Name — muscus, moss; elfios, appear-
ance. Like a tuft of moss. Linn. Suec. n. 1270. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 667.
Berk. Out. p. 279. C. Hbk. n. 962. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 921. Fl. Dan. t.
775. / 2. Bull. t. 496.7. O, Z. Holmsk. i. p. 89 with fig.— Schce ff. t. 173.
Krombh. t. 53.7. 22, 23. Vaill. Par. t. 8./. 4. '

5. C. curta Fr. — Greenish -yellow, very small, very much
branched, pressed close together. Stem none. Branches short,
crowded, obtiise.

Nearest to C. fastigiata, but differing in stature and colour, never egg-
yellow as in that species.

On the ground. Coed Coch. Holme Lacy.

2Q2 CLAVARIEI.

Clavaria. Spores white. Fr. N&me—curtus, curt, short. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 668.

Monogr. ii. p. 281. B. & Br, n. 1448.

** Colour white or grey.

6. C. coralloides Linn. — White, somewhat fragile, hollow
within, trunk rather thick, repeatedly and irregularly much
branched. Branches unequal, dilated upwards, branchlets
crowded, acute.

Commonly csespitose, growing into each other, unequally fastigiate. It
varies with the branchlets not developed, obtuse.

In shady woods. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Name— Kopd\\iov, coral ; e!So?, appearance. Coral-like. Linn. Suec. n.
1268. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 668. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 92. / 4, 5. Berk. Out. p. 279.
C. Hbk. n. 963. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 922. Holmsk. i. p. 113 with fig. Sow.
t. 278. Krombh. t. 53-./. 4.

7. 0. cinerea Bull. — Cinereous, fragile, stuffed, trunk some-
what thick, short, very much branched. Branches and branch-
lets thickened, irregularly shaped, somewhat wrinkled, rather
obtuse.

The trunk varies thicker and thinner. It differs from C. grisea in the spores.
In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Spores irregular, ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 8-10x6 mk. K. Name — cinis, ashes.
Ash-coloured. Bull. t. 354. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 668. Berk. Out. p. 279.
C. Hbk. n. 965. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 923. Grev. t. 64, 321. Letell. t. 708.
f. i. — Krombh. t. 53. f, 9, 10.

8. C. umbrina Berk. — Pale umber, slightly branched. Branches
and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse, forked.

The habit is that of C.fastigiata. It has not, however, the slightest tinge
of yellow.

On lawns. Coed Coch. Blair Athole. Aug.-Oct.

Name — from the umber colour. Berk. Out. p. 279. t. 18. f. 4. C. Hbk. n.
964. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 924. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 668.

9. C. cristata Pers. — White, very variable in stature, 2.5-5
cent. (1-2 in.) high, tough, even, stuffed. Branches dilated
above, acutely incised, crested.

Somewhat caespitose.

In mixed woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

Spores angulato- or ellipsoid-sphasroid, hyaline, 8 mk. K. Name — crista,
a crest. Crested. Pers. Syn. p. 591. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 668. Syst. Myc.
i. p. 473. Sv. dtl. Sv. t. 92. / 1-3. Berk. Out. p. 280. C. Hbk. n. 966. 5.

CLAVARIA. 293

Mycol. Scot. n. 925. Fl. Dan. t. 1304.7; 2. Grev. t. 190. Krombh. t. 53. Clavaria.
f. 12, 13. — Holmsk. i. /. 92 with fig. Schceff. t. 170. Pers. Comm. t. 2.
/4-

10. 0. rugosa Bull. — White, tough, simple or sparingly branched,
thickened upwards, wrinkled. Branches irregularly shaped,
obtuse.

Very variable in form, sometimes wholly simple, club-shaped, sometimes
divided into 2-4 variously unequal branches.

In woods and pastures. Very common. Aug.-Nov.

Spores angulato-sphaeroid, 8-10 mk. K. Name — ruga, a wrinkle. Bull,
t. 448.7. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 669. Syst. Myc. i. p. 473. Berk. Out. p.
280. /. i3./. 3. C. Hbk. n. 967. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 926. Fl. Dan. t. 1301.
Grev. t. 328. — Sch&ff. t. 291. Bolt. t. 115. Sow. t. 278 lower fig. Vaill.
Par. t. 8.f. 2. Quel. t. 20. /. 5 slender, even, furnished with short irregular
branches from the base, perhaps a distinct species.

11. C. Krombholzii Fr. — Shining white, fragile, casspitose, even,
sparingly branched. Branches somewhat compressed, obtuse.

Like C. rugosa, but fragile and even. Varying in stature.
In old pastures. Glamis. Moncreiffe. Sept.

Name— after Krombholz. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 669. B. & Br. n. 1586. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 927. — Krombh. t. 53. /. 15, 16, 18-20. Bull. t. 496.7". 3.

12. C. Kunzei Fr. — Shining white, tufts 4-5 cent. (iX~2 i"0
high, 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, somewhat fragile, 'very tmtch branched

from the thin, caespitose base. Branches elongated, crowded,
repeatedly forked, fastigiate, even, equal, axils compressed.

In woods. Rare. Sept.

Name — after Kunze. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 669. Syst. Myc. i. p. 474. Berk.
Out. p. 280. C. Hbk. n. 968. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 928.— £*//. t. 358.7. i.

*** Colour whitish or dingy.

13. 0. pyxidata Pers. — Pallid then tan-colour, somewhat
rufescent, tufts as much as 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) high, trunk
thin, smooth, branched. Branches and branchlets all hollowed
out in cup-shape at the apex, cups radiate in a proliferous manner
at the margin.

The most distinct of the genus, white-spared. Branchlets obconic and even,
the cups again and again proliferous in a whorled manner, the terminal ones
toothed.

On the ground. Penzance.

Name — pyxis, a small box. Pyxidate. Pers. Comm. t. i. f. i. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 669. B. & Br. n. 1976. Fl. Dan. t. 1304. / i.

294 CLAVARIEI.

Clavaria. B. Ochrosporcz. Spores ochraceous or cinnamon.

* Colotir yello w, somewhat cinnamon, saffron.

14. C. aurea Schaeff. — Trunk thick, elastic, pale, divided into
stout, tense and straight, very dichotomously branched, round,
obtuse, somewhat toothed, yellow branches.

Large, 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) high, elastic, soft, not pure yellow.
In mixed woods. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Spores ellipsoid, 10-14x5-6 mk. K. Name — aurum, gold. Yellow.
Schce/. t. 287 & 285. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 670. Berk. Out. p. 280. C. Hbk.
n. 969. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 929. — Bull. t. 222. Krombh. t. 53. /. 7.

15. C. formosa Pers. — Trunk thick, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more,
whitish, elastic. Branches very much branched, elongated,
orange -rose -colour, branchlets obtuse, light yellowish.

Variable.

In woods. Rare.

Spores elongated oval, covered with papillae, 16x8 mk. W.G.S. Name —
formosus, finely formed, beautiful. Pers. Ic. dr1 descr. t. 3. f. 5. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 671. Syst. Myc. \. p. 466. B. fir3 Br. n. 1031. C. Hbk. n. 970.
Krombh. t. 54. /. 21, 22. Holmsk. \. n. 13 with fig. Corda Ic. iii. /. 136. —
—Harz. t. 7 lower fig. Batsch f. 48.

16. 0. spinulosa Pers. — Trunk short, rather thick (2.5 cent.,
i in.), pallid. Branches elongated, crowded, tense and straight,
attenuated, somewhat cinnamon (fuliginous-date-brown : Pers.),
of the same colour at the apex.

More distinct than C. aurea and formosa.
In pine woods. Coed Coch.

Name — spimilosus, spined. From the appearance of the branches. Pers.
Obs. 2, /. 3. /. i. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 671. Syst. Myc. i. p. 468. B. & Br.
n. 1302.— Krombh. t. 53. /. 8.

17. C. abietina Pers.— Height 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) Ochra-
ceouS) trunk short, rather thick (8 mm., 4 lin.), white-tomentose,
very much branched. Branches crowded, longitudinally wrinkled
when dry, branchlets tense and straight, acute.

Becoming green when rubbed. Taste bitter.
Under spruce fir. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Spores oval, greenish-yellow, 5x4 mk. W.G.S. ; subellipsoid, 8-10x4-6
mk. K. Name — abies, fir. Pers. Comm. p. 46 (var.) Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 671.
Syst. Myc. i. p. 469. Berk. Out. p. 280. C. Hbk. n. 971. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 930. Grev. t. 117. Fl. Dan. t. 2030. f. 2.

CLAVARIA. 295

18. C. flaccida Fr. — Ochraceous, 2.5-4 cent. (1-1% in.) long, ciavaria.
thin, very much branched, flaccid. Stem thin, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, very short, smooth. Branches crowded, even, unequal,
converging, acute.

Allied to C. abietina, but much thinner. It is smooth in itself, but the
mycelium is floccose, creeping over leaves.

Among moss in wood. Rare.

Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 4-5x3 mk. K. Name— ^Ctte&fer, flaccid. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 671. Berk. Out. p. 280. C. Hbk. n. 972.

19. C. crocea Pers. — Saffron-yellow, minute, thin, stem naked,
pallid. Branches and branchlets similar, somewhat forked.

According to the fig. it is wholly distinct. Spores unknown.

On waste ground. Wraxall, Somerset. Glamis. Sept.

Name — crocus, saffron. Saffron - yellow. Pers. Ic. & descr. t. n. f. 6.
Berk. Out. p. 280. C. Hbk. n. 973. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 931.

** Colour •whitish, grey, violet.

20. 0. grisea Pers. — Firm. Trunk 4 cent. (i>£ in-) long"> 2-5
cent, (i in.) thick, whitish. Branches 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
attenuated, somewhat wrinkled, and as well as the unequal,
obtuse branchlets, fuliginous -cinereous.

In its exceedingly variable form it is with difficulty distinguished from
C. cinerea, but is clearly distinct from its rufous-brown spores.

In woods. Rare. Sept.

Name— griseus, grey. Pers. Comm. p. 44. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 672. Syst.
Myc. i. /. 468. Berk. Out. p. 281. C. Hbk. n. 974. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 932.

21. C. condensata Fr. — Tan-rufescent, tufts very dense, 7.5-10
cent. (3-4 in.) high, and without a common trunk, very much
branched from the base, smooth, unchangeable when bruised.
Branches tense and straight, crowded in a parallel manner, even,
fastigiate at the apex, twice or thrice toothed, yellow.

Mycelium white, membranaceous, creeping among leaves.
On the ground under trees. West Farleigh, 1874.

Spores ellipsoid, 9 mk. K. Name—condenso, to press close together.
From the manner in which the branches are close together. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 672. B. dr5 Br. n. 1587. — Schaff. t. 177 (departing in its reddish colour).

*** Growing on trunks.

22. C. stricta Pers. — Yellowish-pallid, becoming fuscous when

296 CLAVARIEI.

ciavaria. bruised, trunk about 6 mm. (3 lin.) long and thick, very much
branched. Branches and branchlets tense and straight, even,
crowded and adpressed, acute.

Mycelium most frequently fibrillose, naked.
In woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.

Spores dark cinnamon. Fr. ; creamy-yellow, 4x6 mk. IV.G.S. Name —
stringo, to draw tight. Tense and straight. Pers. Comm. p. 45. /. 4.7. i.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 673. Berk. Out. p. 281. t. i8./. 5. C. Hbk. n. 975. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 933. Fl. Dan. t. 1302. /. i. Krombh. t. 54. f. 23.

23. 0. crispula Fr.— Entire height 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) Tan
then ochraceous, very much branched, trunk thin, with villous root-
lets. Branches flexuous, multifid, branchlets of the same colour,
divaricate.

Protean but quite distinct.

At the base of trees, ash. Rare.

Spores creamy-yellow, 3x5 mk. W. G.S. Name — crispulus, slightly curled.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 673. Syst. Myc. i. p. 470. Berk. Out. p. 281. C. Hbk. n.
976.— Bull. t. 358.7. i. a, b. Ehrenb. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. x. /. 14.

II.— SYNCORYNE. Somewhat simple, caespitose at the base, &c.
* Reddish.

24. C. purpurea Fr. — Purple, caespitose. Clubs elongated,
generally 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, hollow then compressed, simple,
acute.

Very remarkable. When solitary it is more drawn out and decumbent.
Fragile.

In grassy places. Rare. Aug.-Oct.

Name — from the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 674. Syst. Myc. i. /. 480.
Berk. Out. p. 281. C. Hbk. n. 977. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 934. Fl. Dan. t.
837./. 2.

25. C. rufa Fl. Dan.— Rufous, 4 cent. (\yz in.) long, 4 mm. (2
lin.) thick. Clubs stuffed, thickened, somewhat bifid, acute.

Caespitose.

On the ground. Rannoch. The Burn, Forfarshire.

Name — rufus, reddish. Fl. Dan. t. 775. f. i. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 674.
Syst. Myc. i. /. 480. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 935.

26. C. rosea Fr. — Rose-colour, 4 cent. (\yz in.) long, somewhat
fasciculate, fragile. Clubs stuffed, at length becoming yellow at
the apex, attenuated downwards, whitish.

CLAVARIA. 297

Elegant. No distinct stem, but the club is narrowed at the base. Clavaria.

In pastures and among moss. Rare.

Name— from the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 674. Syst. Myc. \. p. 482.
Berk. Out. p. 281. C. Hbk. n. 978. S. My col. Scot. n. 936.— Sv. Bot. t. 558.
B. attenuata Fr. Obs. 2. /. 5.7 2. Krombh. t. 53.7. 21.

** Yellowish or white.

27. C. fusiformis Sow. — Yellow, casspitoso-connate, slightly
firm, soon hollow. Clubs somewhat fusiform, simple and toothed,
even, attenuated to the base which is of the same colour.

Taller than C. incequalis, more connate, at length becoming fuscous at the
apex. Both vary unequal, not very different.

In woods, pastures, &c. Common.

Name—fusus, a spindle ; forma, form. Spindle-shaped. Sow. t. 234. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 674. Berk. Out. p. 281. C. Hbk. n. 979. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
937. Bolt. t. no. Var. with the irregularly shaped clubs toothed : Sow. t.
235-

28. C. ceranoides Pers.— Height 7.5 cent. (3 in.) Yellow, fas-
ciculate, unequal, slightly divided above, apex brown.

Very casspitose. Clubs attenuated downwards, curved, somewhat ventricose.
In woods. Rare. Nov.

Name— /ojpos, wax ; elSos, appearance. Waxy-like. Pers. Syn. p. 594. Berk.
Out. p. 282. C. Hbk. n. 980. Fr. Syst. Myc. i. /. 481. Hym. Eur. p. 674
under C. fusiformis.

29. C. inaequalis Fl. Dan. — Yellow, gregarious, somewhat fas-
ciculate, fragile, stuffed. Clubs variable, simple or forked, con-
tinuous downwards, of the same colour.

Very changeable in form, clavate and cylindrical. Distinguished from C.
fusiformis chiefly by its irregularity. Tufts less dense.

In woods and pastures. Very common. Aug.-Oct.

2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) high. Compressed, angular or channelled, often bifid
and variously cut and jagged at the apex, more or less ventricose in the centre.
Grev. Spores white, 11x5 mk. W.G.S. Name— in&qualis, unequal. Fl.
Dan. t. 873.7 x- Fr- Hym. Eur. p. 674. Syst. Myc. \. p. 481. Berk. Out.
p. 282. C. Hbk. n. 981. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 938. Fl. Bat. t. 814. /. i.
Hussey\. t. i8.—£utt. t. 264. Sow. t. 253 partly. Pers. Comm. t. i. /. 3.
Grev. t. 37. Fl. Dan. t. 1783.7. 2. Sv. Bot. t. 504.7 4.

Var. aurantiaca Pers. Somewhat wrinkled and compressed. Krombh. t.
53.7 19, 20. Vaill. t. 7.7. 5.

30. C. argillacea Fr.— Height 1-2.5 cent- (X-* in-) Pallid-
clay-colour, fasciculate, fragile. Clubs simple, variable. Stem
yellow-sh ining.

298

CLAVARIEI.

Clavaria. Constantly thickened upwards.

In woods and moss. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.

There is a variety with a white stem. The plant, moreover, is either dilated
or cylindrical. The stem in this species is more distinct from the pileus than
is consistent with the generic character. M.J.B. Name — argilla, clay. Clay-
coloured. A. clavata, clubs somewhat compressed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 675.
Syst. Myc, \. p. 482. Berk. Out. p. 282. C. Hbk. n. 982. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
939. Fr. Obs. t. 5.7. 3. Schmied. Ic. t. 15. Fl. Dan. t. 1852. / 2. Fl. Bat.
t. 814. /. 2. Harz. t. 7. /. 1-7. B. Clubs cylindrical, attenuated. Pers.
Comm. t. i. f. 4. Fl. Dan. t. 1966. f. 2.

31. 0. vermicularis Scop.— Shining white, csespitose, fragile.
Clubs stuffed, simple, cylindrical, awl-
shaped.

Often flexuous or incurved. Of the thick-
ness of a pigeon's quill.

On lawns. Very common. Sept.

Looks like a little bundle of candles.
M.J.B. Name — vermis, a worm. Flexu-
ous. Scop. — Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 675. Syst.
Myc. i. /. 484. Berk. Out. p. 282. C. Hbk.
n. 984. ,S. Mycol. Scot. n. 940. Swartz in
Vet. Ak. Handl. 1811. t. 6. f. 2. Fl. Dan.
t. 1966. /. i, 775. / 2. Mich. t. 87. /. 2.

32. C. fragilis Holmsk. — Com-
monly white, sometimes yellowish,
fasciculate, very fragile, attenuated
and white downwards. Clubs hol-
low, rather obtuse, variable.

Distinguished by its white base, &c., from the three preceding species. 2.5-
7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) long, occasionally forked, when young stuffed, round, tense
and straight, then hollow, compressed, twisted, often wrinkled.

In pastures, &c. Common. Aug.-Oct.

Nome— fragilis, fragile. Holmsk. i. p. 7 with fig. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 675.
Syst. Myc. i. p. 484. Berk. Out. p. 283. C. Hbk. n. 985. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
941. A. club swollen, thickened. Bull. t. 463. /. i. Sow. t. 90. Mich. t.
87. /. 10. Vaill. t. 7./. 5. B. more slender, cylindrical, somewhat attenu-
ated. Sow. t. 232. Fl. Dan. t. 775. f. 2. Barla t. 41. f. 14-16. Mich. t.
87. / 13. C. Cl. gracilis Pers. thin, gregarious, acute. Bolt. t. in./, i.
Mich. t. 87. /. 6, perhaps a distinct species.

*** Fuliginous or blackish.

33. C. fumosa f&rs.—Fjtliginozis, fasciculate, fistulose, fragile.
Clubs even, tense and straight, somewhat compressed.
It differs from C. fragilis only in the colour.
In pastures, &c., uncommon. Aug.-Sept.

XCII. Clavaria vermicularis.
One-half natural size.

CLAVARIA. 299

Name — -Jumus> smoke. Smoke-coloured. Pers. Contm. p. 76. Fr. Hym. Clavaria.
Eur. p. 676. B. & Br. n. 1303. C. Hbk. n. 986. S. Mycol. Scot, n. 942.
Krombh. t. 53. /. 18.

III. — HOLOCORYNE. Somewhat simple, separate at the base.
* Colotir changeable, becoming dark.

34. C. pistillaris Linn. — Light yellow then rufescent, simple,
large, fleshy, stuffed, obovato-clavate, obtuse.

In woods among fern. Uncommon. Sept.

15-30 cent. (6-12 in.) long. Dingy brown in decay. M.J.B. Spores
white, 10x5 mk. W.G.S. ; ellipsoid, hyaline, 10-11x5-6 mk. K. Name —
pistillum, a pestle. Pestle-shaped. Linn. Suec. n. 1246. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 676. Berk. Out. p. 283. C. Hbk. n. 987. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 943. Bull,
t. 244. Sow. t. 277. Hussey \. t. 62. Fl. Dan. t. 1255. Holmsk. p. 12 with
fig. Sv. Bot. t. 504. / i. Krombh. t. 54. /. i-n. Ventur. t. 41. /. 1-2.
Corda Sturm, ii. t. 58 and Icon. v. /. 76. Quel. t. 21. /. 2. Forms departing
from the type : SchcB/. t. 290. Kl. Bor. t. 395, slender, attenuated upwards.
—Pers. Myc. Eur. t. 15. /. i veined at the apex; perhaps distinct.— Chev.
Par. t. 8./. 2. Var. alba Baft. t. 3. A.

35. C. ligula Fr. — Yellowish when young, pallid-rufescent when
full grown, simple, gregarious, spongy-fleshy, elongato-clavate,
obtuse, villous at the base.

Smaller and softer than C. pistillaris.

In woods. Strachan, Kincardineshire.

Name — ligula, a small tongue, strap. From its shape. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
676. B. dr1 Br. n. 1820. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 944. A. young, Schmied. Ic. t.
5 upper fig. Fl. Dan. t. B^.— Wulf. in Jacqu. Misc. ii. t. 2. f. 2. Sv. Bot.
t. 504. / 3. B. old,— SchcBff. t. 171. Krombh. t. 54.7. 12.

36. C. contorta Holmsk.— Watery yellowish, 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, about 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, simple, erumpent, stuffed,
spongy-fleshy, soft to the touch, somewhat twisted, wrinkled
obtuse, pruinose.

Among the most distinguished, growing in winter. Almost spongy after
rain. Sometimes spathulate, compressed, sometimes swollen and somewhat
twisted. More or less irregularly curved. Solitary or csespitose.

On fallen branches. Rare. Sept.

Easily known by its erumpent habit. Name — contorqueo, to twist. Twisted.
Holmsk. Ot. i. p. 29 with fig. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 677. Syst. Myc. i. p. 478.
Berk. Out. p. 283. C. Hbk. n. 988. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 945.— /¥. Dan. t.
1852.

37. C. fistulosa Fr.— Light yellowish then rufescent, simple,
slender, very long, tense and straight, flstulose, rather obtuse ;
root short, villons.

300 CLAVARIEI.

Clavaria. Too nearly allied to C. juncea. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 677. FL Dan. t. 1256,

noo. f. 3. Holmsk. i. p. 15 with figure. Krombh. t. 5.7. 19.

* C. Ardenia Sow. — Ferruginous then date brown, simple, very
long, more than 20 cent. (8 in.), thickened upwards, hollow, obtuse
or hollowed out at the apex, tomentose at the base, not rooting.

The apex is acute when young, then obtuse, &c.

On fallen branches. Rare.

Var. Ardenia only is British. Name— after Lady Arden. Sow. t. 215.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 677. Syst. Myc. \. p. 478. Berk. Out. p. 283. C. Hbk.
n. 989. S. My co I. Scot. n. 946.

38. C. juncea Fr.— Pallid then rufescent, 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.)
long, thin, filiform, flaccid, fistulose, acute, the creeping base

fibrillose.

Gregarious. Its affinity with Typhulce is very close. The root is never
sclerotioid at the base, stem not distinct. Var. vivipara, fibrillose at the
sides. Bull. t. 463. /. H.

In woods among leaves. Uncommon. Sept.

Name — juncus, a rush. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 677. Syst. Myc. i. p. 479.
Berk. Out. p. 283. C. Hbk. n. 990. S. Mycol. Scot. n. g^.—Fl. Dan. t.
1257. Mich. t. 87.7. 7.

39. C. tuberosa Sow. — Yellowish, casspitose, simple, tough,
even, linear, tuberous and rooting at the base.

On birch. Very rare. Dunphail, Morayshire. Nov.

Root a thick, strigose, subglobose tuber, giving out two or three simple
linear subacute receptacles from the same base. M.J.B. Not recorded since
the time of Sowerby till gathered at Dunphail by Dr Keith. Spores ellipsoid,
comma-shaped, punctate, 10 mk. Q. Name — tuber, a tuber. Tuberous-
rooted. Sow. t. 199. B, fir5 Br. n. 1448. £. Mycol. Scot. n. 948. Calocera
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 080. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 994.

** Colour unchangeable, commonly shining white.

40. C. canaliculata Fr.— Shining white, 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
solitary, fistulose, slightly tough, very smooth, not rooting, at
length compressed, channelled or splitting longitudinally.

Sometimes in pairs.

On the ground. Coed Coch.

Name — canaliculus, a small channel. Marked with channels. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 678. B. & Br. n. 1895. Quel. t. 21. /. i.—Bull. t. 496.7. L.M.

41. C. tenuipes B. & Br.— Pallid clay-colour. Club inflated,
wrinkled. Stem slender, flexuous, somewhat distinct from the
club.

CALOCERA. 301

Not exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.) in height. Head swollen, obovate, about 12 Clavaria.
mm. (*4 in.) high, rarely confluent with the stem.

On bare heathy ground. Sherwood Forest. Nov.

Name — tennis, thin ; pes, a foot. Thin-stemmed. B. & Br. n. 369. /. 9.
/ 2. Out, p. 282. C. Hbk. n. 983. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 678.

42. C. incarnata Weinm. — Flesh-colour, ivhite-pruinose, inter-
nally purple, varying 12 mm.~4 cent. (]4-i)4 in.) long, quite
simple, solid, cylindrical.

Gregarious.

On the ground. Terrington, Norfolk.

Name — incarnatus, flesh-coloured. Weinm. p. 510. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
678. Grevillea, vol. viii. /. 98.

43. C. acuta Sow.— White, 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) high, quite
simple, tense and straight. Club small, distinct, sharp-pointed,
pruinose. Stem cylindrical, equal.

On soil in garden pots. Rare.

Name— acutus, acute. Sharp-pointed. Sow. t. 333. Berk. Out. p. 283.
C. Hbk. n. 991. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 679. Syst. Myc. i. p. 485.

44. C. uncialis Grev. — Pale white, quite simple, stuffed, tough,
tense and straight, obtuse^ smooth. Stem continuous, attenuated.

Varying in size, but scarcely exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.)

On dead stems of herbaceous plants, &c. Uncommon. May.

Name — uncia, an inch. Grev. t. 98. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 679. Elench.
p. 232. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 992. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 949.

GENUS LI I. — Calocera (na\6s, beautiful ; Kepas, a horn). Caiocera.
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 485.

Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, vertical, somewhat
cylindrical, simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct stem.
Hymenium amphigenous ; sporophores bifurcate; spores oblong,
curved.

Intermediate between the Clavariei and Tremellini. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 679.

* Branched.
** Ccespitose.
*** Simple, distinct.

302

CLAVARIEI.

Calocera. * Branched.

1. 0. viscosa Fr. — Golden-egg-yellow, 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more
high, branched, tough, rooted, even,
linear. Branches round or com-
pressed, tense and straight, repeatedly
dichotomous.

The long root paler.

On stumps, chiefly pine. Very
common. July-Dec.

Spores white. Fr.; hyaline, ellipsoid ob-
long, mostly slightly curved, 8-10 x 4 mk.
K. Name — viscus, bird-lime. Viscous.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 680. Syst. Myc. i. p.
486. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 993.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 950. Bonord. f. 257. —
Pers. Comm. t. i. f. 5. Schceff. t. 174.
Quel. t. 21. f. 5.

One- 2. C. palmata Fr. — Orange-yellow,
branched, tremelloso - tough, com-
pressed, dilated upwards, divided.
Branchlets somewhat round, divaricate, obtuse.

Nearest to C. cornea.
On wood. Twycross.

Name—palma, the palm. From the branchlets resembling a palmate leaf.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 680. Grevillea, vol. v. p. n.

XCIII. Calocera viscosa.
half natural size.

*"* Ccespitose.

3. C. cornea Fr. — Yellow-orange, 4-10 mm. (2-5 lin.) and more
high, caespitose, rooted, even, viscous. Clubs small, curt, awl-
shaped, connate at the base.

On dead wood, oak and beech. Frequent.

Name — cornu, a horn. Horny. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 680. Syst. Myc. i. p.
486. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 995. S. Mycol. Scot. n. g^.—Batschf.
161. Fl. Dan. t. 1305. / 2. Sow. t. 40. Bull. t. 463. /. 4.

4. C. corticalis Fr. — Pallid-flesh-colour, caespitose, erumpent,
soft, pellucid. Clubs small, awl-shaped, somewhat distinct.

Elegant, delicate, smaller than the rest, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) long.
On dead bark. Penzance.

Name — cortex, bark. Growing on bark. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 680. Elench.
p. 233. B. fir1 Br. n. iq'jj.—Batschf. 162 ?

PTERULA. 303

*** Simple, distinct. Calocera.

5. C. stricta Fr. — Yellow, simple, solitary, elongated, blunt at
the base, linear, even when dry.

A. trnncorum, 12 mm. -2. 5 cent. (K-I in-) long, the base girt with white
delicate down. B. epiphylla, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) high, the base naked and
bluntly rooted.

On ash. Belvoir Castle. Oct.

Name — stringo, to draw tight. Tense and straight. Fr. Hym, Eur. p.
680. A. D. & Br. n. 1032. C. Hbk. n. 996.— Bonord. f. 255.

6. C. striata Fr. — Yellow, simple, solitary, tough, lanceolate,
acute, striate when dry.

Commonly taken for a form of C. cornea, but distinct.
On prostrate trunks. Batheaston.

Spores 8x6 mk. B. &• Br. Name — stria, a furrow. Striate. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 681. B. &* Br. n. 1140. C. Hbk. n. ggj.—Hoffm. Germ. t. j.f. i.

7. C. glossoides Fr. — Light-yellow, 12 mm. (J4 in-) long,
simple, solitary, somewhat tremellose. Club small, thickened,
obtuse, compressed. Stem round.

On decayed oak and stumps. Leighwood, Bristol.

Composed of erect forked flocci. Spores oblong, oblique, somewhat in-
curved, attached by a short pedicel. B. & Br. Name — yAwcro-a, the tongue ;
elfio?, appearance. Tongue-like. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 68 1. Syst. Myc. i.
/. 487. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 998.

GENUS LIIL— Pterula. Fr. in Linn. 1830. p. 531. Pteruia.

Cartilaginous, filiform, arid, equal, without a distinct stem.
Hymenium pubescent then becoming smooth, with 4-spored
sporophores (LeVeill.) Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 68 1 .

Some species are simple, others much branched.

1. P. subulata Fr. — Height 4 cent. (ij£ in.), very densely
crowded, tense and straight, equal except at the attenuated base,
sparingly branched. Branches growing into each other, whitish-
cinereous, multifid at the apex, awl-shaped, smooth, becoming
yellow.

Tough. Not thicker than a fine thread.

On wood. Burnham Beeches, 1874.

Name — subula, an awl. Awl-shaped. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 682. Syst. Myc.
iii. p. 286. Linn. 1830. /. n./. 4. B. 6" Br. n. 1588.

CLAVARIEI.

Pteruia. 2. P. multifida Fr.— Height 2.5-5 cent- (z-2 in-X at the first

pallid whitish then (especially when dried), dirty pale yellowish,
very much branched, very delicate, flaccid but slightly tough.
Branches tense and straight, not much thicker than a hair,
heaped as if swept together, somewhat fastigiate, spear-shaped
at the apex, of the same colour.

On dead branches. Sept.

Name—multus, many ; findo, to cleave. From the multitude of branches
into which it is cleft. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 682. Monogr. ii. p. 282. B. &
Br. n. 1304.

Typhula. GENUS LIV. — Typhula (Typha, the Reed-mace, which it some-
what resembles in miniature. Berk.} Pers. — Fr. Epicr. p. 584.

Minute tender fungi with a filiform stem, which is either
heterogeneous and distinct from the linear club, or springs from
a sclerotioid hybernaculum. Hymenium waxy, sporophores
forked, spicules elongated. Growing on plants. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 682.

I. PHACORRHIZ^E (4>a*o?, a lentil ; pi£a, a root, from the sclerotioid root).
Springing from sclerotioid hybernacula.

II. LEPTORRHIZ^: (\e7n-6s, slender; /«£*, a root). Radical tubercle (Sclero-
tium) not discovered or awanting.

I. — PHACORRHIZ^E. Springing from sclerotioid hybernacula.

1. T. erythropus Fr. — Simple, club
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) long, white, linear,
cylindrical, smooth; stem elongated,
12 mm. (yz in.), filiform, reddish-
black, hybernaculum depressed,
blackish.

The hybernaculum (sometimes awanting)
is Sclerotium scutellatum.

On dead stems of herbaceous
plants. Common. Autumn.

XCIV. Typhula phacorrhlza.
One-half natural size.

Name— epuflpos, red ; TTOVS, a foot. Red-
stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 683. Syst.
Myc. \. p. 495. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk.
n. 999. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 952. Fl. Dan.
t. 2030. — Bolt. t. 112. Grev. t. 43.

2. T. phacorrhiza Fr.— Pallid, be-

TYPHULA. 305

coming somewhat fuscous below, simple, elongated, filiform, Typhula.
smooth ; hybernaculum compressed, pallid then fuscous.

The hybernaculum is Sclerotium scutellatum. By most recent authors it
has been joined with Clavariajuncea, but the best authorities keep them dis-
tinct. Cl. juncea Leveill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843, *• ?•/• * seems a var. of
this.

On dead herbaceous stems, leaves, &c. Uncommon. Oct.

Name— <£a*o?, a lentil ; piga, a root. From the sclerotioid hybernaculum.
Fr. Hym. Eur.p. 683. Berk. Out. p. 284. C. Hbk. n. 1002. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
953. Schnizl. Sturm 31. t. 12. Reich, in Schr. Naturf. Freund. Berl. i. t.
g.f. 4. Sow. t. 233.

3. T. incarnata Lasch.— Whitish, flesh-colour upwards, simple,
filiform, cylindrical, attenuated into a continuous stem and hairy
downwards; hybernaculum compressed, fuscous.

Very much allied to T. phacorrhiza.

On dead herbaceous stems. Uncommon.

Name — incarnatus, flesh-coloured. Lasch. — Fr. Hym. Eur.p. 683. Berk.
Out. p. 285. C. Hbk. n. 1001. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 954.— Gra/. t. 93.

4. T. gyrans Fr. — White, simple, very slender, somewhat cylin-
drical; stem thin, pubescent; hybernaculum pallid, becoming
fuscous.

The hybernaculum is Sclerotium complanatum.
On straw, &c. Uncommon.

Name — gyro, to turn in a circle or make circular. From the somewhat
cylindrical head. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 684. Br. Bath Trans. 1870, p. 92. C.
Hbk. n. 1000. S. Mycol. Scot. n. q$$.—Batschf. 164.

5. T. muscicola Fr. — Simple, filiform, club white, cylindrical,
obtuse, attenuated into a thin, smooth stem; hybernaculum even,
pallid.

Distinctly stipitate, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) high.
On the larger mosses. Uncommon.

Name — muscus, moss ; colo, to inhabit. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 684. Ber
Out. p. 285. C. Hbk. n. 1003.— Pers. Obs. 2. /. 3.7. 2.

II.— LEPTORRHIZ^E.— Radical tubercle not discovered, &c.

6. T. Grevillei Fr.— White, simple, club thickened, obtuse;
stem capillary, pilose.

Doubtless a form of T. gyrans, wanting the tubercle.

VOL. II. U

306 CLAVARIEI.

Typhuia. On dead leaves, &c. Frequent. Oct.

Name— after Greville. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 685. Berk. Out. p. 285. C.
Hbk. n. 1004. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 956. Grev. t. 49.

7. T. gracillima White.— White ; stem very slender, curved,
smooth, club elongated.

On various herbaceous plants. Perth.

Name—gracilis, slender. Very slender. White. — B. & Br. n. 1699. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 957.

8. T. filiformis Fr. — Club whitish, thickened, smooth ; stem
somewhat branched^ decumbent, date-brown.

Among dead leaves. Rare.

Name—filum, a thread ; forma, form. Thread-like. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
685. Berk. Out. p. 285. C. Hbk. n. 1005.— Bull. t. 448. / i. Sow. t. 387.
/• 4-

9. T. gracilis Berk. & Desm. — Club pallid, simple or forked,
acute, rough with spores and little prominent bristles ; stem short,
distinct, smooth or bristly.

2 mm. (i lin.) or more high. Rugged with the fruit-bearing cells, which are
frosted with the spores, and interspersed sometimes with short bristles, of
which some of the upper ones support a small spore ; tips often acuminate
and then nearly barren. Very near to Isaria.

On putrid leaves. Uncommon.

Spores elliptic, having a sparkling appearance under a lens. B. & Br. ;
sphseroid or sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8-10 mk. K. Name— gracilis, slender. Berk.
Out. p. 285. B. & Br. n. 84. t. 8.f. i. C. Hbk. n. 1006. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
686.

10. T. translucens B. & Br. — Minute, white, pellucid ; stem
short, thickened upwards ; head irregular, somewhat obovate.

Resembling somewhat a prematurely dried Myxogast, but a true Hymeno-
mycete.

On the ground. Glamis, 1875. Oct.

Name — transluceo, to be transparent. Translucent. B. & Br. n. 1589.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 958.

PISTILLARIA.

307

GENUS LV.— Pistillaria (pistillum, a pestle. From the form). Pistiiiaria.
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 496.

Very small, with a turgid club, which is either sessile, or.
attenuated into a short continuous stem, hardened when dry
Substance somewhat cellular. Spo-
rophores simple or forked. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 686.

1. P. micans Fr. — Glistening-rose-
colour, scarcely exceeding 2 mm. (i
lin.) high, obovate, obtuse ; stem
short, attenuated, and, as well as the
oval spores, white.

Smooth, but somewhat pruinose.

On dead thistles. Rare.

Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 9-10 x 5-6 mk. K.
Name — mico, to glisten. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 686. Berk. Out. p. 285. C. Hbk. n.
1007. — Hoffm. Germ. t. 7. f. 2. Ehrenb.
Ber. t. 3./ 2.

XCV. Pistillaria pulerula.

Natural size. Section four times

natural size.

2. P. culmigena Fr.— Hyaline-pellucid, ovato-clavate, obtuse;
stem distinct, very short.

Small, soft when fresh, hardened when dry, sclerotioid.

On stalks of grass. Frequent. Jan.

Name — culmus, a haulm ; gigno, to bear. Growing on stalks. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 687. Montagn. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1836, /. 12. / 2. Berk. Out. p. 285.
C. Hbk. n. 1008.

3. P. quisquiliaris Fr. — Whitish, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) long,
thickened upwards, somewhat compressed, soft when fresh, rigid
when dry, attenuated at the base, smooth, somewhat stipitate.

Gregarious, here and there flattened and bifid.
On fern stems. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Often attached to a Sclerotium. M.J.B. Spores sausage-shaped, 15 mk. Q.
Name — quisquilice, sweepings, rubbish. Among refuse of fern. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 687. Berk. Out. p. 286. C. Hbk. n. 1009. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 959.
—Sow. t. 334. /. i.

4. P. furcata Smith.— Clubs white or yellowish, 3 cent. (iX
in.) high, waxy then tough, compressed, broad at the apex,
attenuated downwards, generally furcate and casspitose.

308

CLAVARIEI.

Pistiiiaria. In greenhouses.

Name— -furca, a fork. Forked.

Worth. Smith in C. Hbk. n. 1012.

5. P. puberula Berk.— White, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) high,
obovate, ventricose; stem short, distinct, attenuated upwards,
pellucid, fibrous, tomentose.

On dead Pteris aquilina. Rare. Sept.-Oct.

Name— pules, first downy hair on the chin. From the tomentose stem.
Berk. Out. p. 286. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181. C. Hbk. n. 1010. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 960. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 688.— Sow. t. 334. /. 2.

6. P. pusilla Fr. — White, very small, 2 mm. (i lin.) long,
smooth, even, linear; stem not distinct.

On Equisetum. Weymouth.

Slightly thickened upwards, nodding when dry. M.J.B. Name—pusio,
a small boy. Very small. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 688. Syst. Myc. i. /. 498.
Berk. Out. p. 286. Eng. Fl. v. p. 182. C. Hbk. n. ion.

Microcera. GENUS LVI. — Microcera (f"Kp6s, small; /ce'pas, a horn).

Desm. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1848, p. 350.

"External veil persistent, membranaceous-floccose, breaking
above into many lacinice. Receptacle fleshy, club-shaped, formed
of simple spore-bearing fibres. Spores fusiform, arcuate." Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 689.

No British species.

ORDER VI.— TREMELLINEI.

Whole fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, shrivelling when dry,
reviving when moistened, pervaded internally with branched
filaments, terminating towards the surface all round in sporo-
phores; spores somewhat reniform.

The structure of the Tremellini is admirably illustrated by
Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1853. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 689.

GENUS LVII.— Tremella (tremo, to tremble).
Dill. — Fr. Syst. Myc. 2. p. 210.

Distended with jelly when moist,
tremulous, immarginate, not papil-
late, sporophores globose, becoming
quadripartite, and sending out from
each division an elongated free spi-
cule, which terminates in a simple
spore. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 689.

I. MESENTERIFORMES (/uieo-eWpov, the me-
sentery). Gelatinous inclining to cartilag-
inous, foliaceous, naked.

II. CEREBRIN^ (cerebrum, the brain).
Firm then pulpy, somewhat pruinose with
the spores.

III. CRUSTACEA (crusta, a crust). Dif-
fused, becoming plane.

IV. TUBERCULIFORMES (tuberculum, a
little tuber). Small, somewhat erumpent.

Tremella.

XCVI. Tremella mesenterica.
Natural size.

I. — MESENTERIFORMES. Gelatinous, inclining to
cartilaginous, &c.

1. T. fimbriata Pers. — Olivaceous inclining to black, casspitose,
clusters 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) high and even broader, erect, corru-
gated; lobes flaccid, incised at the margin, undulato-fimbriate.

When soaked with water it has a dark tawny tinge.

310 TREMELLINEI.

Tremelia. On dead branches. Rare. Sowerby's Herbarium.

—fimbri(B, a fringe. From the appearance of the lobes. Pers. Obs.
2. /. 97. Fr. Hym. Bur. p. 690. Berk. Out. p. 286. C. Hbk. n. 1013. —
Bull. t. 272. Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. \. t. 7. /. i.

2. T. frondosa Fr. — Yellow inclining to pale, csespitose, very
large, even, plicate at the base ; lobes gyroso-undulated.

The largest of the genus, nearest to T. foliacea, but thrice as large, more
gyrose. There is no nucleus, and the structure is very different from that of
Ncematelia, wherefore it does not belong to that genus.

On roots of living trees, oak. Rare. Wothorpe, Norths.
Careston, Forfarshire.

Colour a peculiar pale pinkish yellow. M.J.B. Name— / ron dosus, leafy.
From the appearance of the lobes. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 690. Syst. Myc. ii. p.
212. Berk. Out. p. 286. C. Hbk. n. 1014. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 961.— Bull.
t. 499./. T.

3. T. foliacea Pers. — Cinnamon-flesh-colour, casspitose, cluster
2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.), even, undulated, plicate at the base.

When young it is flattened down and nestles under the bark, wrinkled,
then protruding from the plane base and forming the cluster. Kickx notes a
var. growing on the ground.

On stumps, logs, &c. Frequent. Aug.-Dec.

Surface finely pubescent or granulated, the granulations pale, giving the
plant a velvet-like gloss. Eng. Bot. Name— -folium, a leaf. From the leafy
appearance. Pers. Obs. 2. p. 98. Berk. Out. p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1015. .S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 962. — Bzill. t. 406. /. A. a. Engl. Bot. t. 1452.

4. T. lutescens Pers. — Yellowish, csespitose, small, cluster i-
2.5 cent. (yz-\ in.) broad, very soft, undulato-gyrose ; lobes entire,
naked.

Inclining to be fluid. Whitish when young.

On stumps, &c. Frequent. Aug.-Feb.

Name — hiteus, yellow. Yellowish. Pers. Syn. p. 622. Ic. dr3 descr. p. 33.
/. 8. /. 9. Berk. Out. p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1016. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 963.—
Bull. t. 406.7. B-D.

II. — CEREBRIN^:. Firm then pulpy, &c.

5. T. mesenterica Retz. — Orange, simple, ascending, toughish,
changeable in form, plicato-undulate, gyrose.
There is no constant form ; when full grown pulverulent with the spores.
On sticks, Ulex, broom, &c. Very common. July- Dec.

TREMELLA. 311

Name — jme<reVrepoj>, the mesentery. Retz. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1769. /. 249. Tremella.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 691. Berk. Out. p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1017. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 964. Jacqu. Misc. i. t. 15. Eng. Bot. t. jog. Hussey i. t. 27. —
Schceff. t. 168. Bull. t. 174. Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. \. t. 6. f. 4. Fl. Dan. t.
885.

6. T. intumescens Eng. Bot. — Brown, becoming black when
dry, somewhat csespitose, rounded or conglomerate, soft, obsoletely
punctate, somewhat tortuously lobed.

Tt is properly developed only in very damp weather, and forms numerous,
rounded, soft, pulpy lobes, which are twisted and swollen, resembling the
intestines of some animal.

On fallen trunks, beech, &c. Rare.

When cut longitudinally brown vertical streaks are discernible near the
surface. W.G.S. Name — intumesco, to swell up. Eng. Bot. t. 1870. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 691. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 215. Berk. Out. p. 288. C. Hbk. n.
1021. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 965.

7. T. vesicaria Eng. Bot. — Pallid, erect, firm, gelatinous
within, undulated and gyrose.

On the ground. Very rare.

Spores ii x 6 mk. B. & Br. Name — vesica, a bladder. Eng. Bot. t. 2451.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 691. Berk. Out. p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1018.

8. T. albida Huds. — Whitish, becoming fuscous when dry, 2.5
cent, (i in.) broad, ascending, tough, expanded, undulated, some-
what gyrose, pruinose.

On dead wood. Common. Sept-May.

Erumpent from bark. Spores oblong obtuse, curved, 2-guttate, subhyaline,
12-14x4-5 mk. K. Name — albus, white. Whitish. Huds. Angl. ii. p. 565.
Eng. Bot. t. 2117. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 691. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 215. Berk. Out.
p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1020. S. Mycol. Scot. n. gte.—Bull. t. 386.7 A.

III.— CRUSTACEA. Effused, flattened.

9. T. viscosa Berk. — At first white then hyaline, effused, re-
supinate, undulated, somewhat viscous, the similar circumference
naked.

On dead branches. Common. Jan.-Dec.

Forming a viscid stratum on the wood. Name — viscus, bird-lime. Viscous.
Berk. Out. p. 288. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. ii. vol. xiii. t. 15. f. 4. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 691. C. Hbk. n. 1027. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 967.— Fl. Dan. t. 1851.7 i.

10. T. epigsea B. & Br. — White, effused, gelatinous, gyroso-
plicate, sprinkled with the white spores.

Spreading over the naked soil, on which it forms a thin, white, gelatinous,
stratum.

312 TREMELLINEI.

Tremeila On the ground. Rare. Aug.-Sept.

Name — en-i, upon ; yrj, the earth. B. & Br. n. 373. t. 9. /. 3. Berk. Out.
p. 289. C. Hbk. n. 1028. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 968.

IV.— TUBERCULIFORMES. Small, somewhat erumpent.

11. T. violacea Relh.— Small, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, 2 mm.
(i lin.) thick, 'violaceous, becoming black when dry, erumpent,
firm, somewhat compressed, gyrose.

Gregarious. The habit is that of Dacrymyces, but the structure is that of
Tremeila.

On trunks of pear-trees. Rare.

Name — from the colour. Relh. Cant. p. 442. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 692.
Dacrymyces Berk. Out. p. 290. C. Hbk. n. 1036. Tulasne Ann. Sc. Nat.
1853, t. 12. /. 3-12.

12. T. indecorata Sommerf. — Dingy, livid or olivaceous
becoming fuscous, black fuscous when dry, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.)
broad, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, erumpent, rounded, convex when
swollen, plicate, opaque.

At first bursting through bark, firm, then plicate, connate as if with many
lobes combined.

On birch, oak, willow. Rare. Oct.-Nov.

Name — indecorus, ugly. From its dingy appearance. Sommerf. Lapp. p.
306. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 692. Berk. Out. p. 288. C. Hbk. n. 1022. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 969.

13. T. moriformis Eng. Bot.— Black, minute, somewhat gelat-
inous, firm, spherical, sinuous, opaque.

Habit exactly that of the mulberry.

On dead branches. Rare. Bath'easton. Dun. Forfarshire.
Nov.

Interior mass translucent, violet. Staining paper violet. Name — morus,
mulberry ; forma, form. From its resemblance to a mulberry. Eng. Bot. t.
2446. Berk. Out. p. 287. C. Hbk. n. 1019. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 970. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 692.

14. T. tubercularia Berk. — Erumpent, somewhat stipitate,
head pileate, dingy white, nearly black when dry; stem round,
short.

When dry it has a peculiar semi-transparent horny appearance.
On dead branches. Frequent. Oct. -Dec.

Name—tuberculum, a tubercle. Berk. Out. p. 288. C. Hbk. n. 1024. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 971. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 692.

EXIDIA,

313

15. T. foliicola Fckl. — White above, brown below, scattered, Tremeiia.
crowded, somewhat sessile, granular, globose, gelatinous above,
hard and dry below, when dry cup-shaped.

Conidia on the apices of branched sterigmata, fusiform curved, simple,
hyaline, 6x2 mk.

On the lower surface of leaves of Rubus fruticosus with Phrag-
midium. Castle Rising, 1882. March.

folium, a leaf ; colo, to inhabit. Fckl. Symb. Myc. p. 402. Grevil-
lea, vol. xiii. p. 50. Sacc. Fung. ItaL n. 1024.

16. T. torta Berk. — Yellow or orange, minute, 4-6 mm. (2-3
lin.) broad, round, depressed, gyroso-tuberculate.

On dead wood, oak, &c. Common. Oct.-Dec.

Name— torqueo, to twist. Twisted. Berk. Out. p. 288. C. Hbk. n. 1025.
S. MycoL Scot. n. 972. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 692.

17. T. versicolor Berk. — Orange, at length brown, minute,
orbicular.

Tear-like, pallid when young.

On Corticium nudum. Uncommon.

Name — versicolor, changeable in colour. Berk. Out. p. 288. C. Hbk. n.
1026. S. Mycol, Scot. n. 973. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 693.

GENUS LVIII. — Exidia (Qiltlta, to exude. Exuding from the Exidia.
receptacle). Fr. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 220.

Distended with jelly when moist,
tremulous, somewhat marginate, pa-
pillose, with a gelatinous coloured
stratum covering the sporophores,
the spicules of which are erumpent
only at their apices.

An easily recognised genus from
its habit and from the papillae. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 693.

I. AURICULIN.E (auricula, the external
ear). Pezizoid.

II. SPICULARLE (spiculum, a little point,
spicule). Somewhat plane, unpolished be-
neath, very evidently glandular, here and XCVII. Exidia glandulosa.
there gyrose. Natural size.

314 TREMELLINEI.

Exidia. I. — AURICULIN^E. Pezizoid.

1. E. truncata Fr.— Scarcely reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.) in height
and breadth, very black, shining, soft, distended with jelly, disc
truncato-plane, glandular, at length cavernous, rough with dots
beneath; stem very short.

It does not become swollen when moistened.

On lime branches. Yester Gardens. Dec.

Spores oblong, curved, chlorino-hyaline, 14-16x5-6 mk. K. Name —
trunco, to maim, shorten. Cut short, truncate. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 693.
Syst. Myc. ii. p. 224. Scot. Nat. iii. p. 20. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 974.

2. E. recisa Fr. — Fuscous-amber-colour, 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-)
broad, very soft, distended with jelly, disc truncato-plane, ribbed,
papillose, somewhat repand, rough with dots beneath ; stem very
short, excentric, oblique.

On dead wood, willow, &c. Common. Sept.-Oct.

Name — recido, to cut short. Shortened. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 693. Syst.
Myc. ii. p. 223. Berk. Out. p. 289. C. Hbk. n. 1029. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 975.
—Dittm. Sturm i. t. 13. Eng. Bot. t. 1819.

II. — SPICULARI^E. Somewhat plane, &c.

3. E. glandulosa Fr.— Blackish, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
effused, somewhat plane, thick, undulated, studded with conical
papillae, cinereous and somewhat tomentose beneath.

Extremely variable in form and size.

On dead oak. Common. Sept.-March.

The under side feels like black crape. Sometimes truncate, sometimes
pendulous. M.J.B. Known as Witch's butter. Spores oblong, curved,
hyaline, 12-14x5 mk. A". Name— glandule, glands. Full of glands. From
the papillae. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 694. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 224. Berk. Out. p. 289.
C. Hbk. n. 1030. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 976. Hussey i. t. 42.— Bull. t. 420.7. i.
Fl. Dan. t. 884. Eng. Bot. t. 2448, 2452.

4. E. saccharina Fr. — Tawny-cinnamon, effused, tubercular,
gyroso-undulated, thick, sprinkled with few papillae.

The colour is that of crystallised sugar. Papillae minute, obtuse, vanishing.
On larch and Scotch fir. Rare. Nov.

Name — saccharon, sugar. From the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 694. Berk.
Out. p. 289. C. Hbk. n. 1031. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 977.

FEMSJONIA.

315

GENUS LIX.— Hirneola (liirnea, a jug). Fr. Fung. Nat. p. 24. Himeoia.

Gelatinous inclining to cartilaginous, soft when moist, and
tremulous but not distended with
jelly ; excipulum (cavity) cup -
shaped, when dry coriaceo - horny,
reviving when moistened, but scarce-
ly swelling. The hard skin which
forms the hymenium superior, dis-
coid, of a different colour from the
excipulum, and when soaked for a
considerable time admitting of being
separated from it entire.

Sporophores not involved in jelly ;
spores oblong, curved.

A remarkable genus, clearly dis-
tinct alike from Auricularia and
Exidia. Fr. Hym Eur. 6. 69 <J.

XCVIII. Hirneola auricula- Judo:.
One-third natural size.

1. H. auricula-Judas Berk.— Thin,

concave, flexuous, at length black, venose-plicate 'without and
within, tomentose and olive-cinereous beneath.

On elder and elm. Frequent. March-Aug.

Plant 2.5-7.5 cent- (x~3 in-) broad. Upper substance corrugated, the plaits
branching from the middle part where they are strongest and somewhat con-
voluted, so as to give an idea of a human ear. When the plant grows on a
perpendicular stump or tree it turns upwards. Eng. Bot. Name— Jew's-ear.
Berk. Out. p. 289. t. i8./ 7. C. Hbk. n. 1032. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 978. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 695. Hussey i. t. 53. — Bolt. t. 107. Mich. Gen. t. 66. f. i.
B. more even. Berk. Out. t. i8./. 7. C. reddish-fuscous. Bull. t. 427. /. 2.
Eng. Bot. t. 2447.

GENUS LX. — Femsjonia (from Femsjo).
Veg. Scand. p. 341.

Fr. Summ.

Femsjonia.

Cup-shaped, distended with firm jelly, different on the two
sides, disc thick, heterogeneous, even and not glandular. Sporo-
phores immersed, globose, the oblong spores curved. Growing
on wood, erumpent, brightly coloured. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 695.

No British species.

TREMELLINEI.

GENUS LXI.— Naematelia (vai/nd, a word coined by Fries from
vaiu, and applied to the gelatinous substance which sur-
rounds the nucleus ; etAe'w, to roll or wrap round). Fr. Syst.
Myc. ii. p. 227.

Solid, convex, immarginate, nucleus fleshy firm, entirely en-
veloped with a thick gelatinous stra-
tum> wnicn is internally fibroso-
floccose, and everywhere covered
with sporophores. Growing' on
wood, rather firm, not shrivelling
when dry. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 696.

1. N. encephala Fr.— Pallid-flesh-
colour, 8-12 mm. (4-6 lin.) broad and
thick, somewhat sessile, pulvinate,
plicato-rugose.

Solitary or clustered,
hard, white.

Nucleus large,

XCIX. Namatelia encephala.
Natural size.

From its brain-like appearance.

227. Berk. Out. p. 290.
Bot. Mag. i. t. 4.7. 14.

On pine branches, chiefly Scotch
fir. Frequent. Sept. -Feb.

Looks like the brain of some animal.
M.J.B. Name— ei/, within; /ce^aA^. head.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 696. Syst. Myc. ii. p.

C. Hbk. n. 1033. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 979. — Willd.

2. N. nucleata Fr. — Whitish then light yellow-fuscous, 2-8 mm.
(1-4 lin.) broad, sessile, becoming plane, somewhat gyrose.

On rotten wood. Rare.

Sometimes confounded with Tremella albida from which it differs in the
presence of a small white nucleus. M.J.B. Name — nucleus, a kernel. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 696. Syst. Myc. ii. p. 228. Berk. Out. p. 290. C. Hbk. n.
1034.

3. N. virescens Corda. — Greenish, sessile, somewhat orbicular,
depressed, gyroso-tubercular.

On branches of Ulex, &c. Common. Jan.-Dec.

Name — vireo, to be green. Corda Ic. iii. f. 90. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 696.
Berk. Out. p. 290. C. Hbk. n. 1035. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 980.— Fl. Dan. t.
1857.7. i.

DACRYMYCES.

317

GENUS LXIL— Ghiepinia (after Guepin). Fr. Elench.

Gelatinous inclining to cartilaginous, free, different on
sides, variable in form, substipitate ;
hymenium confined to one side ;
sporophores linear, long-forked, 2-
spored ; spores curved. Fr. Hym.
Eur.p. 697.

1. G. peziza Tul. — Yellow, cup-
shaped, somewhat sessile, smooth
on both sides, adnate behind ; stem
slender.

Very remarkable in having the hymenium
on the upper side.

On wood. Shere.

Name — From its being like Peziza. Tul.
Ann. Sc. Nat. 1853, p. 224. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 697. Grevillea, vol. vi. p. 71. PI.

97./. 19, 20.

ii. p.
the

30.
two

C. Guepinia helvelloides. One-
half natural size.

, a fungus). Dacrymyces.

GENUS LXIII. — Dacrymyces (5a/cpu, a tear;
Nees Syst. p. 89.

Gelatinous, homogeneous, pervaded internally with septate
fibres; conidia linked together like
a necklace; sporophores clavate at
the end of the filaments, bifurcate
when mature ; spores septate. Tul.
Ann. Sc. Nat. 1853, /. n. / 19. /.
12. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 697.

* Red.

** Yellowish.

*** Pallid or fuscous.

* Red.

1. D. macrosporus B. & Br. —

Rose-colour, gelatinous, tuberculated.

Forming irregular gyrate and tuberculated
masses of a rosy colour, about 6 mm.

(Yi in.) long, parasitic on old remains of CI. Dacrymyces sebaceus. Natural
Sph&ria stigma. It preserves its rosy tint size. Section five hundred times
when dry. natural size.

318 TREMELLINEI.

Dacrymyces. On dead branches. Batheaston. Dec.-March.

Primary spores oblong, 3-5 septate, 40-50x8-11 mk. Secondary spores
elliptic, 14 mk. B. & Br. Name — Ma«P°s5 long ; an-cpos, seed. B. & Br. n.
1374. /. 7.f. i.

** Yellowish.

2. D. deliquescens Dub. — Yellowish, somewhat round, rooted,
convex, immarginate, at length twisted, hyaline; spores triseptate.

At first pezizaeform, even, dingy yellowish, becoming pale, yellow-fuscous
when dry.

On dead wood, pine rails, &c. Common. Jan.-Dec.

Easily distinguished from D. stillatus by its larger size, more csespitose
habit, and paler yellowish colour. 6-12 mm. (%-% in.) across. M.J.B.
Spores triseptate, curved, oblong, hyaline, 12-22x6 mk. K. Name —
deliquesco, to dissolve. Deliquescent. Dub. Bat. Gall. p. 729. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 698. Berk. Out. p. 290. C. Hbk. n. 1038. S. MycoL Scot. ». 981.
— Bull. t. 455. / 3. Corda Ic. ii. /. 115.

3. D. stillatus Nees. — Yellow then orange, colour persistent,
2-8 mm. (1-4 lin.) broad, somewhat round, convex, at length
plicate, spores multiseptate.

Gregarious, somewhat confluent, variable in form, spherical when young,
then turbinate or irregular, pezizoid, plicate, sessile or stipitate. It is readily
distinguished from D. deliquescens by its colour being persistently bright.

On pine stumps, rails, &c. Common. Jan.-Dec.

Spores multiseptate, subhyaline, slightly curved, 10-22x8 mk. K. Name
—stillo, to drop. Nees Syst. p. 89. / 90. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 699. Syst.
Myc. ii. p. 230. Berk. Out. p. 291. /. 18. /. 8. C. Hbk. n. 1039. S. MycoL
Scot. n. 982. Grev. t. 159. Corda Ic. ii./". 114?

4. D. chrysocomus Tul. — Golden, orbicular, when young
spherical, immarginate, soon collapsing, pezizoid, and at length
flattened, persistently evens spores multiseptate.

It agrees in its structure with D. stillatus. When dry it is very much con-
tracted, somewhat horny.

On fir sticks. Rare.

Spores multiseptate, ellipsoid, pale yellow, 20-28x9-11 mk. K. Name —
Xpvo-os, gold ; Kopi), hair. Golden lock. Tul.— Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 699. Berk.
Out. p. 291. C. Hbk. n. 1040. S. MycoL Scot. n. 983. — Peziza Fr. Syst.
Myc. \\.p. 140. Bull. t. 376. / 2. Sow. t. 152.

*** Pallid or fuscous.

5. D. sebaceus B. & Br. — Whitish, somewhat round, composed

DACRYMYCES. 319

of filaments which are variously branched and often clavate Dacrymyces.
above.

Conspicuous only in rainy weather. Forming circular patches. Individual
plants 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) broad.

On twigs of ash and maple. Bath, 1868. Winter.

Spores ovato-triangular, 14x6-8 mk. B. &•= Br. Name — sebum, tallow.
From its resemblance to little spots of tallow. B. & Br. n. 1305. t. i8./. 2.
C. Hbk. n. 1037. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 699.

6. D. succineus Fr. — Amber-colour, punctiform, somewhat
gelatinous, smooth, becoming pale externally when moistened,
disc darker and immarginate.

Gregarious, very small, rather thick, collapsing when dry as D. chrysocomus
does.

On pine leaves. Grantown, Morayshire.

Minute, cup-shaped, stipitate, pale-yellow ; stem short, stout, black ; spores
cylindrical, nxi^ mk. The British specimens exactly accord with those
from Spree in Rabenhorst's ' Fungi Europcei' No. 680. Phillips. Name—
succinum, amber. From the colour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 699. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 984.

7. D. vermiformis B. & Br. — Grey, minute, worm-shaped.
Sporophores globose; spores globose, pallid fuscous.

Sporophores 14 mk. ; spores 6 mk.

On rotten wood. Batheaston. April.

Name — vermis, a worm ; forma, form. B. & Br. n. 1700. /. 3. /. i.

ADDENDA.

THE following were unfortunately omitted from Vol. I.: —

Acetabularia, a subgenus of Agaricus, belongs to the third
series Dermint, and takes its place
before Subgenus XIX., Pholiota.

Acetabularia (acetabuhim, a vine-
gar cup. From the cup-like volva).
Berk. Linn. Journ. xviii. p. 389.

Universal veil distinct from the
pileus ; hymenophore distinct; gills
free ; spores pallid tawny or brown.

Analogous to Volvaria and Chi-
tonia.

1. A. acetabulosus Sow.— Pileus
about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, light-
brown, convex, striate especially at
the margin. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.)
long, white, equal, hollow ; volva
nearly white. Gills free, narrow,
hispid, light-brown.

Bank of Thames near high-water mark at Millbank, 1795.
May.

This is very like a poor specimen of A. congregatus, but the pileus is more
plaited. The lamellae are remarkably glandular on their sides ; and instead
of a bare base or foot, it stands in a little socket-like volva. Sow. The
accompanying illustration is from the original specimen in the British
Museum. Sowerby gives also an enlarged section of the gills, and a side of
a gill showing very large cystidia. The pileus appears to be slightly split as
in A. rimosus. Name — from the cup-like volva. Sow. t. 303. Berk. Linn.
Journ. xviii. p. 389. C. Illust. PL 345.

VOL. II. X

C/7. Acetabularia. One-half
natural size.

322

ADDENDA.

Hiatula Hiatula holds as yet an uncertain position. From the colour

of the spores, and the habit being that of Mycena, it might be

referred to the Leucospori, but the
mode of growth is entirely that of
the Coprini. At present it is placed
next to Coprinus.

Hiatula (hto, to gape. From the
manner in which the pileus splits
open). Mont. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1854.
Vol. i. p. 107.

Pileus very thin, without a pellicle,
formed by the junction of the back
of the gills, when expanded veliform
and splitting open as in the most del-
icate Coprini, but not melting away,
One. and the sporidia are white. Fr. Nov.
Symb. Myc.p. u.

CIII. Hiatula Wynniee.
half natural size.

1. H. Wynnise B. & Br.— Shining white. Pileus 4 cent. (i]4
in.) broad, tender, striate, pulverulent, centre darker. Stem 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, slender, striate. Gills
scarious, rather broad.

One specimen became darker in drying, and had a longer and
thicker stem.

In a stove. Kew.
Name — after Mrs Lloyd Wynne. B. & Br. n. 1772.

GLOSSARY.

ADNATE (adnascor, to grow to), growing into ; of gills e.g. closely attached

to the stem.
ADNEXED (ad, to ; necto, to join), of gills attached to the stem but not adnate

to it.

ADPRESSED (ad, to ; premo, to press), pressed in close contact.
^ERUGINOUS (cerugo, rust of copper), verdigris-green.
AGGLUTINATED (agglutino, to cement), glued to a surface.
ALVEOLATE (alveus, a hollow), in the form of small depressions like shallow

honeycomb.
AMPHIGENOUS (a^l, about ; yevvdw, to beget), not confined to one surface,

all round ; e.g. hymenium of Clavaria.
ANASTOMOSING (dj/ao-r^wrns, a bringing to a point, a contraction), uniting

by running together irregularly.
ANNULAR (annulus, a ring), in the form of a ring.
APICAL (apex, the top), close to the apex.
APICULATE (apex], terminating in a small point.

APPENDICULATE (appendix, an appendage), hanging in small fragments.
APPROXIMATE (ad, to ; proximo, to approach), of gills which approach but

do not reach the stem.

ARACHNOID (dpax^, a spider's web ; eTSos, resemblance), like a cobweb.
ARCUATE (arcus, a bow), bow-shaped.
AREOLATE (area, a plot), divided into little areas or patches.
ASCENDING (ascendo, to climb), inclining upwards.
ATOMATE (&rop.os, an atom), sprinkled with atoms.

BULLATE (bulla, a bubble), furnished with a boss or stud.

(ccespes, a clump), growing in tufts.
CALYPTRA (calyptra, a hood), applied e.g. to the portion of the volva cover-

ing the pileus.

CAMPANULATE (campana, a bell), bell-shaped.
CINEREOUS (cinis, ashes), ash-coloured.
CIRCINATE (circino, to make round), rounded.
CLAVATE (clava, a club), club-shaped.

324 GLOSSARY.

CONFERVOID (Conferva, a name applied to certain of the Algce, sea-weeds ;

e?5os, form), like a Conferva ; from the finely branched threads.
CONNATE (con, together ; nascor, to be born), united by growing together.
CONTINUOUS (continue, to unite), without a break ; e.g. of a surface which is

not cracked, or of one part which runs into another without interruption.
CORRUGATED (corrugo, to wrinkle), drawn into wrinkles or folds.
CORTICATED (cortex, bark), furnished with bark-like covering.
CORTINA (cortina, a veil), a veil of a spider-web structure ; applied to the

peculiar veil of the genus Cortinarius.
CORTINATE, furnished with a cortina.
CRENATE (crena, a notch), notched at the edge. The notches are blunt or

rounded, not sharp as in a serrated edge.
CRIBROSE (cribrum, a sieve), pierced with holes.
CUSPIDATE (cuspis, a point, spear), with a sharp spear-like point.
CYATHIFORM (cyathus, a cup ; forma, form), cup-shaped.

DECURRENT (decurro, to run down), running down ; e.g. of gills on the apex

of the stem.
DETERMINATE (determine, to limit), ending definitely ; having a distinctly

denned outline.

DIAPHANOUS (Sia, through ; </>aiW, to appear), of a transparent nature.
DICHOTOMOUS (8i'xa> rtyvto), to cut), divided into two ; regularly forked.
DIMIDIATE (dimidio, to halve), halved ; e.g. of gills which reach half-way to

the stem.
DISCIFORM (discus, a quoit ; forma, form), disk-shaped ; of a circular and flat

form.

DISSEPIMENTS (dissepimentum, a partition), dividing walls.
DISTANT (disto, to stand apart), far apart ; of gills which have a wide distance

between them.
DIVARICATE (divarico, to spread asunder), separating at an obtuse angle.

ECHINULATE (echinus, a hedgehog), beset with short bristles.
EFFUSED (ejfundo, to pour out), spread over without regular form.
EMARGINATE (e, out of; margo, the margin), of gills with a sudden curve as

if scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem.
EPIPHYTAL (eVt, upon ; tyvTov, a plant), growing upon another plant.
EVEN, of a surface which is quite plane as contrasted e.g. with one which is

striate, pitted, &c. Distinguished from smooth. A surface may not be

smooth, and yet even.

FARINACEOUS (farina, meal), mealy.

FASCIATE (fascia, a band or girth), zoned with coloured bands.

FASCICULATE (fascis, a bundle), growing in small bundles.

FASTIGIATE (fastigium, the top), reaching the top.

FIBRILLOSE (fibra, a fibre), clothed with small fibres.

FIBROUS, composed of fibres.

FILIFORM (filum, a thread ; forma, form), thread-like.

FIMBRIATE (fimbricz, a fringe), fringed.

FISSILE (findo, to split), capable of being split.

FISTULOSE (fistula, a pipe), hollow in the centre like a pipe.

FLOCCI (floccus, a lock of wool), woolly locks.

GLOSSARY. 325

FLOCCULOSE, covered with small flocci.

FREE, of gills which reach the stein but are not attached to it.
FURFURACEOUS (furfur, bran), with branny scales or scurf.
Fuscous (fuscus, dusky), brownish in colour, but dingy, not pure.

GIBBOUS (gibbus, hump-backed), in the form of a swelling ; of a pileus e.g.

which is more convex or tumid on one side than the other.
GILLS, the plates of an Agaric on which the hymenium is situated.
GREAVED (greve, the shin-bone), of a stem clothed like a leg in armour.
GRUMOUS (grumus, a little heap), clotted ; of flesh e.g. composed of little

clustered grains.

GUTTATE (gutta, a tear), marked with tear-like spots.
GYROSE (yvpos, a circle), circling in wavy folds.

HETEROGENEOUS (eVepov, one of two ; ytwaw, to beget), of a structure which

is different from adjacent ones.

HOMOGENEOUS (0^6$, one and the same ; yevvau, to beget), similar in struc-
ture.

HYALINE (va\os, clear), transparent.
HYBERNACULUM (hiberno, to winter), applied to bodies which are the forms

in which certain fungi, e.g. Typhiilce, pass the winter.
HYGROPHANOUS (vypos, moist ; 4>aiVw, to appear), of a watery appearance

when moist and opaque when dry.
HYMENIUM (vp-fiv, a membrane), the fruit-bearing surface ; e.g. on each side of

the gills of an Agaric.
HYMENOPHORE (fy"?", a membrane ; tyepw, to bear), the structure which

bears the hymenium ; in Agarics e.g. the under surface of the pileus to which

the gills are attached.

IMMARGINATE (in, negative ; margo, a margin), without a distinct border.
IMMERSED (immergo, to immerse), sunk into the matrix.
INFERIOR, of the ring of an Agaric which is far down on the stem.
INFUNDIBULIFORM (infundibulum, a funnel ; forma, form), funnel-shaped.
INNATE (in, into ; nascor, to be born), adhering by growing into.
INSERTED (insero, to insert), growing like a graft from its stock.
INVOLUTE (in ; volvo, to roll), rolled inwards.
ISABELLINE, of the colour of soiled linen ; brownish-yellow-clay.

LACINIATE (lacinia, a lappet, flap), divided into flaps.
LACUNOSE (lacuna, a pit), marked with small hollows.
LANCEOLATE (lancea, a spear), lance-shaped ; tapering to both ends.
LINEAR (linea, a line), narrow and straight.

MAMMIFORM (mamma, a breast; forma, form), breast-shaped.
MARGINATE (margo, a margin), having a distinct border.
MATRIX (matrix, the womb), the substance on which a fungus grows.
MEDIAL (medium, the middle), at the middle ; of the ring of an Agaric e.g.

which is between superior or near the apex of the stem, and distant or far

removed from the apex.
MERISMOID (Merisma, from pepifa, to divide, a generic name applied by Per-

soon to certain fungi with branched or laciniate pilei, now included under

326 GLOSSARY.

Thelephora ; elSos, form), resembling a Merisma — i.e. having a branched
or laciniate pileus.

MYCELIUM (fJ.vKr)s, a fungus), spawn of fungi resulting from the germination
of spores ; in Agarics e.g. forming root-like threads.

OBCONIC (ob ; conus, a cone), inversely conical.
OBOVATE (ob ; ovum, an egg), inversely egg-shaped.

PAPILLATE (papilla, a nipple), furnished with one or more nipple -like

elevations.
PARTIAL (pars, a part), of a veil clothing the stem and reaching to the edge

of the pileus, but not extending beyond it.
PECTINATE (pecten, a comb), like the teeth of a comb.
PELLICULOSE (pellis, skin), furnished with a pellicle or distinct skin.
PENCILLED (penicillum, a painter's brush), with pencil-like hairs either on the

tip or border.
PERONATE (pero, a kind of high boot), sheathed ; of a stem e.g. which has a

covering like a legged boot.

PERVIOUS (per, through ; via, a way), forming an open tube-like passage.
PILEUS (pileus, a hat), a part of the receptacle of a fungus ; e.g. the cap-like

head of Agarics.

PILEOLI, secondary pilei ; arising from the division of a primary pileus.
PILOSE (pilus, a hair), covered with hairs.
PORIFORM (porus, a pore ; forma, form), in the form of pores.
POROUS, furnished with pores.
PROLIFEROUS (proles, offspring ; fero , to bear), applied to an organ which

gives rise to secondary ones of the same kind.
PRUINOSE (pruina, hoar-frost), covered with frost-like bloom.
PRUNIFORM (prunus, a plum ; forma, form), plum-shaped.
PULVINATE (pulvinus, a cushion), cushion-shaped.
PUNCTATE (punctus, a point), dotted with points.

QUATERNATE (quatuor, four ; nascor, to be born), arranged in groups of
four.

REMOTE (removeo, to remove), of gills which do not reach the stem, but leave

a free space between them and it.

RENIFORM (renes, the kidneys ; forma, form), kidney-shaped.
REPAND (repando, to throw open), bent backwards.
RESUPINATE (resupino, to throw on the back), lying on the back ; of an

Agaric e.g. lying on the back without a stem ; or of fungi spread over the

matrix without any stem and with the hymenium upwards.
REVOLUTE (revolvo, to roll back), rolled backwards ; of the margin of a

pileus e.g., the opposite of involute.
RIMOSE (rima, a crack), cracked.
RING, a part of the veil adhering in the form of a ring to the stem of an

Agaric.

RIVULOSE (rivula, a small stream), marked with lines like rivulets.
RUBIGINOUS (rubigo, rust), rust-coloured.
RUFESCENT (rufesco, to become reddish), reddish in colour.
RUGOSE (ruga, a wrinkle), wrinkled.

GLOSSARY. 327

SCABROUS (scaber, rough), rough on the surface.

SCARIOUS (a-Kapos, a kind of sea-fish), applied to a shrivelled membrane.

SCISSILE (scindo, to cleave), capable of being cleft asunder ; of two plates e.g.

lying together, but capable of being separated.
SCLEROTIOID (<TK\T]f)6s, hard ; elSoy, resemblance), in the form of a Sclerotium,

a form assumed by the mycelium of certain fungi.
SCROBICULATE (scrobis, a trench), marked with small pits.
SEPARATING (separo, to separate), becoming detached as gills from the stem,

or resupinate fungi from the matrix.
SERRATE (serra, a saw), with teeth like a saw.
SESSILE (sedeo, to sit), seated without a stem.
SINUATE (sinus, a curve), waved ; of a pileus with a wavy margin ; of gills

which have a sudden wave or sinus where they reach the stem.
SMOOTH, applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs, &c. See Even.
SPATHULATE (spatha, a broad flat instrument for stirring liquids), shaped

like a spatula or spoon.
SQUAMOSE (squama, a scale), scaly.
SQUAMULOSE, covered with small scales.
SQUARROSE (squarrosus, rough), rough with scales.
STIPITATE (stipes, a stalk), stemmed.
STOLONIFEROUS (stolo, a sucker ; fero, to bear), stolon-bearing ; applied to a

trailing and rooting branch.
STRIATE (stria, a furrow, flute of a column), marked with lines in the form

of channels.

STRIGOSE (striga, a swath), rough with fascicles of hairs.
STUFFED, of a stem filled with substance of a different texture from its walls.
SUBICULUM (subiculum, an under layer), the thready mycelium forming the

under layer of the plant.

SULCATE (sulcus, a furrow), marked with furrows.
SUPERIOR (super, above), the upper surface ; or applied to a ring when it is

near the apex of the stem.

TOMENTOSE (tomentum, wool, &c.), downy.

TRAMA (trama, the weft or filling of a web), the substance proceeding from
the hymenophore, between the plates of (central in) the gills in Agarics,
and between the double membranes of which the dissepiments of the pores
are composed in Polyporei.

TREMELLOID (tremo, to tremble), of the consistency of jelly.

TRUNCATE (trunco, to maim), ending abruptly as if cut short.

TUB^EFORM (tuba, a trumpet ; forma, form), trumpet-shaped.

TUBERCLE (tuber, a swelling), a small wart-like excrescence.

UMBILICATE (umbilicus, the navel), with a central depression.
UMBONATE (umbo, the boss of a shield), with a central boss-like elevation.
UNCINATE (uncinus, a hook), hooked.

UNIVERSAL (universus, whole), of the veil or volva which entirely envelops
the fungus when young.

VEIL (velum, a covering), a covering of various texture more or less com-
pletely enwrapping a fungus ; occurring chiefly among the Agaricini.
VELIFORM (velum ; forma, form), of a thin veil-like covering.

328 GLOSSARY.

VENTRICOSE (venter, the belly), swollen in the middle.
VERNICOSE (vernis, varnish), shining as if varnished.
VlLLOUS (villus, a tuft of hair), downy with soft hairs.
VlRGATE (virga, a twig, stripe), streaked.

VOLVA (volva, a wrapper), a substance (universal veil) covering the plant ;
e.g. in young Amanita.

ZONED (zona, a girdle), furnished with one or more concentric circles of colour,
depression, &c.

INDEX TO VOL. II.

ACETABULARIA Berk. .

PAGE
321
321

BOLETUS Dill— continued,
piperatus Bull.

PAGE
. 171
174

AGARICUS Linn.
adhoKsivus With.
filamentosus Fr.

! 156
. 68
5

purpureus Fr.
radicans Pers.
rubinus Smith
sanguineus With. .
satanas Lenz.

. 178
. 173
. 173
. 170
. 177

Jielvelloides Bull. .

. 136
. 112

sea her Fr

spadiceus Schceff

. 180
173

paradoxus Kalchbr.
sublanatus Huss. .
tristis Krombh.
turbinatus Sow.
turfosus Sow. .

. 67
3
. 112
8
. 161
26

strisepes Seer
strobilaceus Scop. .
subtomentosus Linn. .
sulphureus Fr.
variecolor B. & Br.

. 172
. 182
. 172
. 171
. 174
171

versipellis Fr.

. 179

ARRHENIA FT

137

179

AURICULARIA Bull. .

lobata Sommerf

. 271
. 272

CALOCERA Fr
cornea Fr

. 301
302

mesenterica Fr.

BOLETUS Dill .
sereus Bull

. 272

. 166
. 176

cortical is Fr
glossoides Fr. ...
palmata Fr
striata Fr

. 302
. 303
. 302
303

sestivalis Fr. .

. 177

stricta Fr.

. 303

alutarius Fr .

180

* 300

arboreus Sow. .

. 229

viscosa Fr. ....

. 302

badius Fr

. 170

bovinus Linn.

. 170
175

CANTHARELLUS Adam.
albidus Fr

. 131
133

carnosus Rostk.
castaneus Bull.
chrysenteron Fr. .
collinitus Fr. .
cyanescens Bull

. 182
. 181
. 172
. 169
181

anihracophilus Lev.
aurantiacus Fr.
Brownii B. & Br. .
carbonarius A. & S.

. 133
. 132
. 133
. 133
132

edulis.BftM. .

. 176

168

cinereus Fr

. 135
135

erythropus Pers. .
felleusBull. .
flavidus Fr. .

. 178
. 180
. 169

Friesii Quel
Houghtoni Phill. .
infundUiuliformis Fr

. 132
. 134
. 134

flavus With. .

. 168

lobatus Fr. ....

. 137

iragrans Vitt

. 176

lutescens Bull

. 134

granulatus Linn. .
impolitus Fr. .
lariciuus Berk.
luridus Schceff.
luteus Linn. .
olivaceus Schceff

. 1«9
. 177
. 179
. 178
. 168
175

muscigenus Fr.
radicosus B. & Br. .
retirugus Fr
Stevensoni B. & Br.
tubseformis Fr.

. 136
. 133
. 136
. 136
. 134
133

pachypus Fr. .

175

pachypus Krombh.
parasiticus Bull. .

. 176

. 174 1

CLADODERRIS Pers. .
minima B. & Br. .

. 266
. 266

330

INDEX.

PAGE

CLAVARIA Linn 290

abietina Pers 294

acutaSow 301

amethystina Bull 291

ArdeniaSow 300

argillacea Fr 297

anrantiaca Pers 297

aurea Schceff. 294

botrytes Pers 290

canaliculata Fr 300

ceranoides Pers 297

292
295
299
292
*96
292
295
:91
291
299
295
294
298
298
297

cinerea Bull.
condensata Fr.
contorta Holmsk. .
coralloides Linn. .

crispula Fr

cristata Pers

crocea Pers

curta Fr. ....
fastigiata Linn.

fistulosa Fr

flaccida Fr

formosa Pers

fragilis Holmsk.

fumosa Pers

fusiformis Sow. .

gracilis Pers 298

grisea Pers 295

insequalis Fl. Dan. . . .297

incarnata Weinm 301

juncea Fr 300

juncea Lev. . . . 305

Kromholzii Fr 293

Kunzei Fr 293

ligula Fr 299

rnuscoides Linn 291

pistillaris Linn 299

pratensis Pers 291

purpurea.Fr 296

pyxidata Pers 293

rosea Fr 296

rufa Fl. Dan 296

rugosa Bull 293

spinulosa Pers 294

stricta Pers. ... .295

tenuipes B. & Br 300

tuberosa Sow. .... 300

umbrina Berk 292

uncialis Grev. .... 301

vermicularis Scop 298

CORTICIUM Fr 272

amorplmm Fr. . . . 274

anthochroum Fr 284

arachnoideum Berk. . . . 275

aridum Fr 282

atrovirens Fr. .... 277

aurora Berk 281

byssoideum Fr 282

caeruleum Fr. .... 277

calceum Fr 277

cinereum Fr 279

cinnamomeum Fr 276

citrinum Pers 279

comedens Fr 281

confluens Fr 279

corrugatum Fr 280

evolvens Fr. . . .273

CORTICIUM Fr.— continued,
ferrugineum Fr.
foetidum B. & Br. .
giganteum Fr.
incarnatum Fr.
lactescens Berk.
lacteum Fr. .
lacunosum B. & Br.
laeve Pers.
laxum Fr.
limitation Fr.
lividum Pers. .
maculae for me Fr. .
nudum Fr.
ochraceum Fr.
olivaceum Fr.
polygonium Pers. .
porosum B. & Curt.
puberum Fr. .
puteanum Fr.
quercinum Fr.
roseum Pers. .
salicinum Fr. .
sambuci Fr. .
sanguineum Fr.
scutellare B. & Curt.
serum Fr.
stabulare Fr. .
subdealbatum B. & Br. .
sulphureum Fr.
typhse Fckl. .
umbrinum Fr.
velutinum Fr.
violaceo-lividum Fr.

PAGE

. 283

. 275

. 274

. 279

. 276

. 274

. 284

. 275

. 282

. 280

. 278

. 280

. 279

. 278

. 283

. 280

. 275

. 277

. 281

. 278

. 275

. 273

. 283

. 276

'. 283

. 282

. 276

. 276

. 281

. 282

. 275

. 280

CORTINA RIUS Fr 1

acutus Fr 61

albo-violaoeus Fr 24

anfractus Fr 7

anomalus Fr 32

anthracinus Fr 34

arenatus Fr 28

argentatus Fr 22

armeniacus Fr 52

armillatus Fr 43

arvinaceus Fr 17

bivelus Fr 38

bolaris Fr 26

bulbosus Fr 39

Bulliardi Fr 26

cserulescens Fr 9

cccrulescens Saund. & Sm. . . 14

callisteus Fr 26

calochrous Fr .... 9

camphoratus Fr. .... 24

canmrus Fr 30

caninus Fr 31

castaneus Fr 55

cinnabarinus Fr 33

cinnamomeus Fr 35

claricolor Fr 3

collinitus Fr 17

colus Fr 56

cotoneus Fr 36

croceo-caeruleus Fr. . . .15

cumatilis Fr 13

cyanites Fr 23

cyanopus Fr 5

decipiens Fr 59

INDEX.

331

CORTINARIUS Fr. — continued. PAGE

decolorans Fr 15

decoloratus Fr 14

decurnbens Fr SO

delibutus Fr 20

detonsus Fr 60

diabolicus Fr. . . . .31

dibaphus Fr 11

dilutus Fr 54

duracinus Fr 53

elatior F r 18

erythrinus Fr 59

evernius Fr 42

fasciatus Fr 62

flnitimus Weimm 25

flabellus Fr 48

flexipes Fr 47

fulgens Fr 11

fuliiiiueus Fr 12

gentilis Fr 45

gennanus Fr 60

glaucopus Fr. .... 8

grallipes Fr 19

Effimatochelis Fr 44

helvelloides Fr 46

helvplus Fr 44

hemitrichus Fr 50

hhmuleus Fr 45

iliopodius Fr. .... 49

illibatus Fr 20

imbutus Fr 55

impennis Fr 41

incisus Fr 49

infucatus Fr 36

jubarinus Fr 57

Junghuhnii Fr 62

largus Fr 5

leucopus Fr 58

licinipes Fr 40

limonius Fr 44

livido-ochraceus Berk. . . .19

macropus Fr 38

miltinus Fr 33

milvinus Fr 62

mucifluus Fr 18

multiformis Fr 7

myrtillinus Fr 32

napus Fr 8

obtusus Fr 61

ochroleucus Fr 29

orellanus Fr 35

orichalceus Batsch . . . .12

paleaceus Fr 51

papulosus Fr. . . . .16

penicillatus Fr 28

perisoelis Fr 47

pholideus Fr 27

plumiger Fr 41

pluvius Fr 21

porphyropus Fr 15

prasinus Fr 13

priviguus Fr 63

psanimocephalus Fr. ... 48

punctatus Fr 46

purpurascens Fr 10

quadricolor Fr 43

raphanoides Fr 36

Reedii Berk 58

redimitus Fr 25

CORTINARIUS Fr. — continued. PAGE

renidens Fr 56

Riederi^r 6

rigens Fr 58

russus Fr 6

saginus Fr 6

salor Fr. 19

sanguineus Fr 34

saturninus Fr 54

scandens Fr 59

scaurus Fr 13

scutulatus Fr 42

sebaceus Fr 4

spilorneus Fr 33

stemmatus Fr 50

stillatitius Fr 21

subferrugineus Fr. ... 52

sublanatus Fr 27

subpurpurascens Fr. ... 10

tabularis Fr 30

talus Fr 8

tophaceus Fr. . . . .25

torvus Fr 40

traganus Fr 24

triform is Fr 47

triumphans Fr 2

turbinatus Fr 11

turmalis Fr 3

uliginosus Berk 35

uraceus Fr.
urbicus Fr.
varius Fr.
venetus Fr.
violaceus Fr.

57

CRATERELLUS Fr 259

clavatus Fr 261

cornucopioides Pers. . . . 260

crispus Fr 260

lutescens Fr 259

sinuosus Fr. . . 260

CYPHELLA Fr. .
Bloxami B. <& Phill.
brunnea Phill.
capula Fr.
catiila Smith .
cuticulosa Berk.
dochmiospora B. & Br.
fraxiuicola B. & Br.
fulva B. & Rav.
galeata Fr.
Goldbachii Weinm.
griseo-pallida Weinm.
lacera Fr.
muscicola Fr.
muscigena Fr.
ochroleuca B. & Br.
pallida B. & Br.
Pimii Phill. .
stuppea B. & Br. .

DACRYMYCES Nees
chrysocorous Tul. .
deliquesceus Dub. .
macrosporus B. & Br.
sebaceus B. & Br. .
stillatus Nees
succineus Fr. .
vermiformis B. & Br.

284
284
285
287
286

286
285

285
287
286
286
285
287
287
285

317

318
318
317
318
318
819
319

332

INDEX.

PAGE

224

HYDNUM Linn. — continued,
ferrugineum Fr

PAGE
. 237

aurea Fr.
cinerea Fr,

. 224
. 225
225

f'ernigiuosum Fr. .
fragile Fr

. 242
. 235
242

ferrnginea Schum. .

. 226
. 225

gelatinosum Pers. .
graveolens Delast. .

. 247
. 238

quercina Pers.

. 224
225

imbricatum Linn. .

. 234
235

vermicularis Pers. .

. 226

limonicolor B. & Br.

. 243
245

313

inelaleucum Fr

. 238

. 314

melleum B. & Br. .

. 244

314

membranaceum Bull

. 242

. 314

multiforme B. & Br.

. 244

3 4

nigrum Fr.

. 238

FAVOLUS FT. ....

. 227

niveum Pers
nodulosum Fr.

. 246
. 245

. 315

ochraceum Pers.
repanduni Linn.

. 241

. 236

FlSTULINA Bull.

. 183
183

rut'escens Pers.
scabrosum Fr.
scrobiculatum Fr.

. 236
. 234
. 237

GOMPHIDIUS Fr .

63

sepultum B. & Br.
sordidum Weinm. .

. 244
. 243

glutinosus Fr.
•racilis B & Br

. 63
64

spathulatum Fr. .
squaliuum Fr.

. 244
. 241

roseus Fr
stillntus Strauss

. 64
. 65

64

squamosum Schcfff.
Stevensoni B. & Br.

. 234

. 245
246

GRANDINIA Fr ....

. 255

tomentosum B. & Br.
udum Fr. ....

. 239
. 245

crustosa Fr

. 256
255

variecolor Fr.

. 242
242

255

zonatum Batsch

. 237

ocellata Fr ,

. 255

papillosa Fr. ....

. 256

HYGROPHORUS Fr.

70

GUEPINIA Fr
peziza Tul

. 317
. 317

agathosmus Fr.
arbustivus Fr.
calyptrseformis B. & Br.

. 76
. 73

89

77

HERICITJM Pers.
HEXAGONA Poll.

. 247
. 226

ceraceus Fr
cerasinus Berk.
chlorophanus Fr. .

. 86
. 76
. 90
71

HIATULA Fr
Wynnige B & Br

. 322
322

cinereus Fr
Clarkii B & Br

. 79

82

HIRNEOLA Fr

. 315

coccineus Fr.
Colemannianus Blox.

. 86
84

315

89

72

233

74

243

distans Berk

81

244

71

246

erubescens Fr.

. 73

aurantiacum Alb. & Schw.

236
243

fcetens Phill
fornicatus Fr

. 79
81

auriscalpium Linn.
bicolor Alb. & Schw.
caput-Medusse Bull.
cirrhatum Pers.

. 239
. 245
. 240
. 240

236

fusco-albus Fr.
glauco-nitens Fr. .
glutinifer Fr.
Houghtoni B. & Br.

. 76

. 91
. 73

. 84

75

coralloides Scop.
crinale Fr ....

239
. 242

irrigatus Fr
lacmus Fr, ....

. 83
. 83

cyathiforme Schwff.

. 239
243

laetus Fr

. 85
78

diversidens Fr.

. 240

240

Innacinus FT.

. 74
77

farinaceum Pers. .

. 246

mesotephrus B. & Br. .

. 77

INDEX.

333

HYGROPHORUS Fr. — continued.

PAGE

metapodius Fr.

82

micaceus B. & Br.

. 81

miniatus Fr. ....

87

raollis B. & Br. . . .

. 87

mucronellus Fr. .

87

murinacevis Fr.

. 91

nemoreus Fr.

. 78

nitratus Fr

. 91

niveus Fr

80

obrusseus Fr.

. 88

olivaceo-albus Fr.

. 75

ovinus Fr

. 82

pallidus B. & Br. .

. 79

penarius Fr

. 72

pratensis Fr

. 78

psittacinus Fr.

. 90

pulverulentus B. & Br. .

. 72

88

russo-coriaceus B. & Br.

. 81

sciophanus Fr.

. 84

subradiatus Fr.

. 83

turundus Fr.

. 87

unguinosus Fr.

. 91

ventricosus B. & Br.

. 80

virgineus Fr.

. 79

vitellinus Fr.

. 85

Wynniae B. & Br. .

. 80

HYMENOCH^TE Lev.

corrugata Berk.

. 281

rubiginosa Lev.

. 269

Stevensoni B. & Br.

. 269

tabacina Lev.

. 269

248

carneus Fr

, 250

deformis Fr

. 250

fusco-violaceus Fr.

. 249

Johnston! Berk.

249

lacteus Eng. PL . . .

. 250

obliquus Fr

. 250

pendulus Fr

. 249

spathulatus Fr.

. 250

KNEIFFIA Fr

. 257

setigera Fr

. 257

subgelatinosa B. & Br. .

. 258

LACTARIUS Fr

92

acris Fr

. 101

blennius Fr

, 97

camphoratus Fr. .

. Ill

capsicum Schulz. .

. 100

chrysorheus Fr.

. 101

cilicioides F r.

94

circellatus Fr. ...

98

controversus Fr. .

. 95

106

deliciosus Fr

. 103

exsuccus Smith

. 103

flexuosus Fr

. 99

fuliginosus Fr.

108

glyciosmus Fr.

. 107

helvus Fr

. 107

hysginus Fr

. 97

ichoratus Fr

. 110

insulsua Fr

, 96

lilacinus Lasch

. 109

LACTARIUS Fr.— continued. PAGE

iiKimmosus Fr 107

margine-tomentoso B. & Br. . 96
minimus Smith . . . .112

mitissimus Fr 110

obnubilus Lasch . . . .112

pallidus Fr 104

pallidus Saund. & Sin. . . . 105

pargamenus Fr 101

picinus Fr 109

piperatus Fr 102

pubescens Fr 95

pyrogalus Fr 100

quietus Fr. . 104

roseo-zonatus Post. ... 99

rufus Fr 106

scoticus B. & Br 103

scrpbiculatus Fr 93

serifliius Fr 110

squalidus Fr 100

subdulcis Fr Ill

Terrei B. & Br Ill

theiogalus Fr. .... 105

torminosus Fr 93

trivialis Fr 98

turpis Fr 94

uvidus Fr 98

vellereus Fr 102

vietus Fr 105

volemus Fr 109

zoriarius Fr 96

LENTINUS Fr 153

adhserens Fr 156

cochleatus Fr 156

Dunalii Fr 154

flmbriatus Curr 157

flabelliformis Fr 158

leontopodius ScJiulz. . . . 155

lepideus Fr 155

pulverulentus Fr 155

resinaceua Fr. .... 156

scoticus B. & Br 157

tigrinus Fr 164

vulpinus Fr 157

LENZITES Fr 163

abietina Fr 165

betulina Fr 163

flaccida Fr 164

saepiaria Fr 164

MARASMIUS Fr. 139

alliaceus Fr 148

amadelphus Fr 148

andrnsaceus Fr 150

angulatus B. & Br 147

archyropus Fr 145

Broomei Berk. .... 153

calopus Fr 146

caulicinalis Fr 149

Curreyi B. & Br. . . . . 151

epichloe Fr 152

epiphyllus Fr 152

erythropus Fr 144

fcetidusFr- 147

fusco-purpureus Fr. . . . 143

gramineus Lev 152

graminum Berk 150

334

INDEX.

MARASMIUS Fr.— continued.
Hudson! Fr

PAGE
151

PAXILLUS Fr, — continued,
involutus Fr , ,

PAGE
68

impudicus Fr.
insititius Fr ,

. 145
. 151

lepista Fr.
leptopus Fr

. 66
68

147

67

oreades Fr

. 142

panuoides Fr

69

perforaus Fr

. 151
. 141

paradoxus Berk.
spilomseolus Fr . .

. 67
67

141

ramealis Fr
rotula Fr. ....

. 148
. 149

PHLEBIA Fr.
coiitorta Fr.

. 253
. 254

saccharinus Fr

. 152

lirellosa Pers. , ,

254

scorodonius Fr.
scorteus Fr

splachnoides Fr. .
spodoleucus Berk. .

. 146
. 142
. 150
. 153
144

merismoides Fr.
radiata.fr.
vaga Fr

. 253
. 253

. 254

807

terminus Fr

143

culmigena Fr

307

torquescens Quel. .
urens Fr. ....
Vaillantii Fr
varicosus Fr.
Wynne! B. & Br.

. 145

. 140
. 146
. 143
. 144

furcata Smith .
micans Fr.
quisquiliaris Fr.
puberula Berk.
pusilla Fr.

. 307
. 307
. 307
. 308
308

227

183

aurantiacus Klotsch
Carmichaelianus Berk. .
corium Fr
hiinantioides Fr.

. 228
. 230
. 228
. 228

abietinus Fr. .
acaiithoides Fr.
adiposus B. & Br. .
adustus Fr

. 211
. 195
. 201
200

lachrymans Fr.
Iseticolor B. & Br. .

. 230

. 228
299

alligatus Fr. .
alutaceus Fr.

. 195
. 197
201

pallens Berk.

. 229

aneirinus Sommerf

214

porinoides Fr. ...
pulverulentus Fr, ,

. 229
230

annosus Fr. .
applanatus Fr

. 208
204

229

215

serpens Tode. .

229

220

tremellosus Schrad.

. 227

betulinus Fr. .

203

. 308

blepharistoina B. & Br.
boiubycitius Fr

. 220
214

MUCRONELLA Fr.

. 258

borealis Fr.
brumalis Fr. .
csesius Fr.

. 202
. 188
. 198

N^EMATELIA Fr

. 316

callosus Fr

217

encephala Fr. .

316

208

nucleata Fr
virescens Corda

. 316
. 316

cerebrinus B. & Br.
cervinus Pers.
chioneus Fr

. 197
. 223
197

NYCTALIS Fr

137

215

asterophora Fr,
caliginosa Smith

. 138
. 138

collabefactus B. & Br. .
conchatus Fr.

. 218
206

parasitica Fr, , , ,

. 138

207

ODONTIA Fr

. 256

contiguus Fr.
crispus Fr.

. 212
200

barba-Jovis Fr.
fimbriata Pers

. 256
257

cristatus Fr. .

. 194

209

PANUS Fr
conchatus Fr.
farinaceus Schum. .

. 158
. 159
. 160

cuticularis Fr.
cytisinus Berk.
destructor Fr.
drvadeus ^r. .

. 202
. 207
. 199
202

patellaris Fr ....

. 160

192

Stevensoni B. & Br.

. 160

epileucus Fr .

1Q6

stipticus Fr. ....

. 160

220

torulosus Fr

159

212

PAXILLUS Fr

65

fibula Fr.

. 210

188

atro-tomentosus Fr.

68

foruentarius Fr.

204

fagi B. & Br

69

fracfilis Fr

198

giganteus Fr. .

. 66

fraxineus Fr, .

. 207

INDEX.

335

POLYPORUS Fr. — continued. PAGE

frondosus Fr 193

fulvus Fr 2U5

fumosus Fr 200

fuscidulus Fr 188

giganteus Fr. . . . .194

gilvusSchw 199

Gordoniensis B. & Br. . . . 219

gossypinus Lev 209

Herbergii Rostk 195

heteroclitus Fr 1P6

hirsutus Fr 210

hispidusFr 201

hybridus B. & Br 221

hymenocystis B. & Br. . . . 220

iguiarius Fr. .... 205

incarnatus Fr 213

intybaceus Fr 193

Keithii B. & Br 201

lacteus Fr 197

Lsestadii Fr. & Berk. . . .214

leiitus .Berfc 187

leptocephalus Fr 188

leucomelas Fr 187

lucidus Fr 193

medulla-panis Fr 216

melanopus Fr 190

micans Fr 213

Michelii Fr 100

mollis Fr 198

molluscus Fr 218

mucidus Fr 217

nidulansFr 199

nigricans Fr 204

nitidus Fr 214

nummularius Fr 192

obducens Pers 217

pallescens Fr. . . . .197

pectinatus Klotsch .... 205

perennis Fr 189

petaloides Fr. .... 192

picipes Fr 191

polymorphus Rostk. . . . 209

populinus Fr 208

purpureus Fr. .... 212

quercinus Fr 203

radiatus Fr 209

radulaFr 219

ramentaceus B. & Br. . . . 214

Rennyi B. & Br 215

reticulatus Fr 220

rhodellus Fr 213

ribis Fr 206

roseus Fr 206

Rostkovii Fr 191

rufescens Fr 189

rufus Fr 213

rutilans Fr 199

rutilans Saund. <fc Sm. . . . 199

salicinus Fr 206

salignus Fr 196

sanguinolentus Fr. ... 218

Schweinizii Fr 189

secernibilis B. & Br. . . . 219

spumeus Fr 202

squamosus Fr 190

Stephensii B. <fe Br. . . . 224

subfusco-flavidus Rostk. . . 215

subgelatinosus B. & Br. . . 216

POLYPORUS Fr.— continued,
sulplmreus Fr.
terrestris Fr. .
trabeus Rostk.
uhnarius Fr. .

PAGE

. 195

. 216

. 198

. 207

umbellatus Fr 193

umbrinus Fr. .... 211
Vaillantii Fr. . . . .219

vaporarius Fr 219

variegatus Seer 208

varius Fr 191

vegetus Fr 203

velutinus Fr. .... 210

versicolor Fr. .... 210

violaceus Fr 212

viridans Berk. .... 216

vitreus Fr 217

vulgaris Fr 218

Wyiinise B. £ Br 211

POROTHELIUM Fr 230

confusum B. & Br. . . . 231

Friesii Mont 231

Keithii B. & Br 231

Stevensoni B. & Br. 231

PTERULA Fr 303

wultifida Fr. 304

subulata^r 303

RADULUM Fr 251

aterrimum Fr 253

corallinum B. & Br. . . . 252

deglubens B. & Br. . . . 252

epileucum B. & Br. . . . 252

erectum Sow 253

fagineum Fr 252

orbiculare Fr 251

querciuum Fr 251

tornentosum Fr 252

RUSSULA Pers 113

adusta Fr. 114

alutacea Fr 129

aurata Fr 128

chamaeleontina Fr. . . . 130

consobrina Fr 123

cutefracta Cke 121

cyanoxantha Fr 122

decolorans Fr 128

delica Fr ] 15

depallens Fr 117

drimeia Cke us

Du Portii Phill 119

elephantina Fr 115

emetica-Fr 125

fellea Fr 124

foetens Fr 124

fragilis Fr 126

furcata Fr H6

galoehroa Fr 123

heterophylla Fr 123

Integra .Fr -127

lactea Fr us

lepida Fr 119

Linnsei Fr 120

lutea Fr. 129

nauseosa Fr 130

nigricans Fr 114

336

INDEX.

BUSSULA Pers. — continued.

PAGE
129

THELEPHORA Ehrb.— continued,
intybacea Pers.

PAGE
264

ochroleuca Fr.

. 126
121

laciniata Pers.
mollissima Pers.

. 264
265

pectinata Fr. .
Queletii Fr

. 126
125

multizonata B. & Br. .
palmata Fr

. 262

263

rosacea Fr. .
rubra Fr.
san guinea Fr.

. 117
. 120
. 116
117

sebacea Pers. .
Sowerbeii B. & Br.
tuberosa Fr
terrestris Ehrb

. 265
. 261
. 262
. 264

. 115

. 262

124

124

TRAMETES Fr

221

122

Bulliardi Fr .

222

veternosa Fr.

. 127
119

gibbosa Fr
inodora Fr . .

. 222
223

vitellina Fr .

. 130

mollis Fr

. 223

xerampelina Fr.

. 121

odora Fr. ....
pini Fr ....

. 222
221

SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr. .

. 162

223

commune Fr.

. 162

suaveolens Fr.

. 222

Terrei B & Br

223

SISTOTREMA Pers.
confluens Pers.

. 248
. 248

TREMELLA Dill.
albida Huds

. 309
. 311

SOLENIA Ho/m. .
ochracea Ho/m.

. 232
. 232

. 289

epigsea B. & Br.
fimbriata Pers.
foliacea Pers

. 311
. 309
. 310

. 289

foliicola Fckl.

. 313

frondosa Fr. ....

. 310

STEREUM Pers

. 267

312

acerinum Pers.

. 271
. 270

intumescens Eng. Bot. .

. 311
310

frustulosum Fr.

. 270
. 268

mesenterica Retz. .

. 310
312

lauro-cerasi Berk. .
ochroleucum Fr. .
pini Fr
purpureum Pers.

. 270
. 267
. 270
. 268

torta Berk
tubercularia Berk. .
versicolor Berk.
vesicaria Eng. Bot.

. 313
. 312
. 313
. 311

rubiginosum Fr.
rufo-hispidum Stev.

. 269

. 269

violacea Relh.
viscosa Berk. .

. 312
311

. 271

270

247

sanguinolentum Fr.
spadiceum Fr.
stratosum B. & Br.
tabacinum Fr

. 269
. 268
. 271
. 269

gelatinosum Pers. .

TROGIA Fr. ....
crispa Fr

. 247

. 162
162

vorticosum Fr.

. 268

TYPHULA Pers. ....

. 304

STROBILOMYCES Berk.
strobilaceus Berk .

. 182
. 182

erythropus Fr.
filiformis Fr

. 304
. 306

Grevillei Fr

. 305

THELEPHORA Ehrb. .
anthocephala Fr. .

. 261
. 263
. 264

gracilis Berk. & Desm.
gracillima White .

. 306
. 306
305

csesia Pers

266

305

caryophyllea Pers. .
clavularis Fr.

. 262
. 263

muscicola Fr.
phacorrhiza Fr.

. 305
. 304

cristata Fr

265

306

Crustacea Schum. .
digitata Fr .

. 266
. 263

XEROTUS Fr ....

. 161

fastidiosa Fr.

. 265

. 161

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