THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD.

HYMENOPTERA,-Vol. II.

ANTS AND CUCKOO-WASPS.

BY

LIEUT.-COLONEL C. T. BINGHAM.

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA AND SIMLA :
TUACKER, SPINK, & CO.

BURMA :

MYLE8 STANDIHH & CO.,
RANUOON.

BOMBAY :
THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN :

R, PRIED LANDER & 8OHN.
11 CARLSTRASSE.

1903.

PRINTED LY TAYLOR AND FKANCIS,
KED LION CODUT, FLBET STREET.

F27

PREFACE.

THIS volume is the second "by Col. Bingham containing
descriptions of Hymenopterous Insects, and includes the
Ants, or Formicidae, and the Chrysididse. These families
complete the Aculeate division of the Order Hymenoptera.
The first volume, comprising the Bees and Wasps, was
issued in 1897, and the author has devoted much of his
time in the intervening years to the collection and study
of Ants and other Insects in Burma and India.

A single coloured plate, to illustrate the Chrysididse, is
added. The Ants, which are dull-coloured and generally
black or brown, are sufficiently represented by figures in
the text.

The Ants of India, Ceylon, and Burma are numerous, and
they have received in recent years much attention from
naturalists. The Chrysididee are less well known than the
Ants, and it is probable that further additions may be made
to the list of species recorded as occurring in British India.

It is not proposed for the present to proceed with the
remaining families of Hymenoptera in the ' Fauna of British
India/ As, however, a large number of species belonging to
the Ichneumonidae and other families are known, and as
all are of considerable interest and importance, it may be
hoped that an account of them will be published at some

29924

IV PREFACE.

future time. The knowledge of the Indian members of these
groups is more imperfect than is that of the Aculeata. At
present Col. Bingham's knowledge of Indian animal life,
accumulated during a long period of service in India and
Burma, can be employed upon a group of insects that is
better known, and of which a complete general account has
for many years been urgently required. The Editor has
much satisfaction in being able to announce that H.M/s
Secretary of State for India has approved of the inclusion
of the Indian Butterflies in the present series, and that
Col. Bingham has undertaken the description of them.

Other volumes of the fauna which are nearly ready for
the press, and which may be expected before long, are
Mr. Gahan's on Longicorn Coleoptera, and a second
volume of Rhynchota by Mr. Distant. Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca and the Butterflies will, it is hoped, appear
in due course.

For the first time in many years, less than a twelvemonth
has elapsed between the publication of the last part of the
Fauna, Vol. I. of the Rhynchota, and its successor, the work
now issued.

W. T. BLANFORD.

March 1st, 1903.

INTRODUCTION.

THE tribe Hetcrogyna, suborder ACTJLEATA of the Hymenoptera,
consists of but one family, the Formicidce or Ants.

Morphologically ants are at once distinguished from other
aculeate Hymenoptera by a remarkable modification of the one or
two segments of the abdomen immediately following the median
segment or propodeum. This modification of the anterior portion
of the abdomen consists in the almost complete detachment of
one or two segments from the rest of the abdomen to form a
highly flexible pedicel composed of one or two nodes. In the
majority of the genera of the Formicidce, the attachment of
the pedicel to the median segment in front and to the rest
of the abdomen behind is extremely constricted and narrow,
giving great freedom of movement to both thorax and abdomen
properly so called. When the pedicel is formed of two segments
a similar constriction lies between the two. In certain low
forms (Myopopone, Amblyopone, &c.) the node of the pedicel is
attached by the whole of its posterior face to the succeeding
segment of the abdomen, showing an approximation to the stiffer
and more ponderous form of abdomen possessed by the fossorial
wasps of the family Scoliidce.

Ants, like the honey-bees and one section of the wasps, are
social insects with, in any well-established nest or community,
three distinct forms — the perfect and fertile female ( ? ), the
male ( d ), and the so-called neuter or worker ( £ ), which is
merely an undeveloped female. Very often there is more than
one form of worker, and in some cases the largest form or forms
differ considerably from the smaller in structure ; these are known
as soldiers ( I/ ).

Unlike the neuters among the bees and wasps, the neuter ants
are invariably wingless, and generally have the thorax more or less
modified and different from the thorax in the female or male.
Exceptional cases, however, occur in certain genera, where the
fertile females, or males, or both, are ergatoid, assuming the form
of thorax peculiar to the worker.

The parts of the head, thorax and abdomen in an ant are
homologous with those in other hymenopterous insects, but are
generally modified. The subjoined figures give illustrations of some

VOL. II. b

INTKODL'CTIOX.

of the various forms assumed by these, with details of the parts
of which they are composed. The lettering in all the figures is
alike and refers to the same parts.

Fig. i-

Fig. i. — Head in outline of $ of JEnictus, one of the Dorylin<e.
Fig. ii.— Heads in outline of A £ and 0 j of one of the 'Ponerina, B $ of one
of the Camponotince.

a, vertex ; 6, ocelli, generally present in the $ and J , in some
cases also in the $ , but more often absent in the last ; o, c, sides
of head, which may be straight or convex ; d, frontal area, always
small, sometimes well-defined, often obsolete or indistinct ; e, e,
frontal or antenna! carinae, rarely nearly obsolete or ill-defined,
often very prominent : in many of the Ponerince anteriorly flattened
and broad, covering the bases of the antennae ; /, clypeus ; </, g,
mandibles, both of which organs vary greatly, not only among
the different subfamilies and genera but among the different
species of the same genus : generally also they are very dissimilar

INTKODUCTJON. VU

iu the d from what they are in the ? or $ ; h, scape, j,
flagelluni, the two united forming the antenna: the scape or
basal joint, except in the rf of certain species, is always longer
than any of the other joints, these latter are often greatly
modified in relative size and thickness, but in the great majority
the apical joint of the flagellum is the longest and broadest;
•k, k, compound eyes, which may be present or absent, and com-
posed of few (one to five) or many facets. The softer mouth-
parts of ants are similar to those of typical Hymenopterous insects
fully described at p. iv of the Introduction to Vol. I. of the
Hymenoptera in this series. Owing probably to the small, often
minute size of the vast majority of ants, the mouth-parts have not
been much used in determining the classification. Fig. iii repre-

Moutb-parts of Camponotus $ .

sents the maxilla (A) and labium (B) of one of the Camponotince.
In A : «, stipes ; 6, galea ; c, palpus. In B : a, ligula ; b, b, palpi.
The thorax in ants varies enormously in shape and development
of the component parts. The thorax of a $ , as already stated,
differs markedly from the thorax of the $ or rf of the same
species, except in the case of ergatoid males and females.
I igs. iv-viii illustrate partially the forms of the thorax in the five
subfamilies ; but as the genera vary greatly among themselves, no
form can be selected as in any way typical, and reference should be
made to the illustrations in the body of the text for the peculiar
form of thorax assumed by any genus. Taking the Poncrince for
example, fig. iv and fig. v (B & C) represent the thoraces of
one of the species in the $ , rf and £ . The parts are : — a, the
pro thorax, generally forming a portion of the dorsum in the $ as
in fig. iv, but often .suppressed beneath the mesonotum in the 3 ,
fig. v, B, and also in the $ , fig. vi ; in the £ , fig. v, C, and
figs, vii & viii, it is level with the mesonotum ; 6, the mesothorax
with its scutellum c, the latter often nearly or quite suppressed
and rudimentary ; o, the postscutellum or upper portion of the
metathorax is often (nearly always in the $ ) completely obsolete,
but d, properly the median segment, has, according to usual

62

TNTIIODUCTION.

custom, been termed the metanotum or metathorax throughout
the descriptions in this book. The lateral visible parts of the

Fig. iv.

Fig. vi.

Fig. v.

Fig. iv. — Details, — thorax and wings of $ of the Ponerinee.
„ v. — A. Details, — thorax and wings of $ of the Camponotinee.

B. Details,— thorax of ^ of the Ponerinee.

C. Details, — thorax of £ of the Ponerinee.

„ vi. — Details, — thorax and wings of $ of the Myrmecince.

thorax are Z, the propleurae ; m, the rnesopleurfe, often with a
more or less indistinct suture dividing or partially dividing the

I NTJIODUCTION.

IX

episternum from the epirneron ; j>, a portion of the almost sup-
pressed and obsolete metapleurae. To the mesothorax at the sides
above are attached in the $ and <3 (ergatoid forms excepted) the
fore wings, and to the sides of the inetathorax the hind wings ;
the neuration of the wings is less complete than in most of the

Fig. Y i i.

Details, — thorax and legs of £ of the Dolichoderince.
Fig. viii.

Details, — thorax and legs of £ of the Doryliiue.

Aculeata. In the fore wing : — 1, radial ; 2, costal ; 6, medial ;
and 7 & 8, two submedial cells, are always complete ; the others
are variable and may or may not be present, complete or incom-
plete. Three pairs of legs are present in all the sexes, the parta
of which as shown are e, e, coxae ; /, /, trochanters, single-jointed ;
g, </, femora ; h, h, tibiae ; i, i, tibial calcaria, which may or may
not be present on all the legs, are often double, and may be
pectinate or simple ; h, h, tarsi with 5 joints, the apical joint
armed with two claws, which may be pectinate, dentate, or
simple.

The abdomen in the $ and $ is composed of 6, in the rf of
7 visible segments, and is, like the rest of the parts in ants, very
variable, generally more massive and comparatively longer in the $ ,
smaller and more slender in the c? than in the £ . Figs, ix-xiii
show some of the forms obtaining in the various subfamilies ; the

I5TBODUOTJON.

.Fig. ix.

Fig. xiii

Fig. ix. — Abdomen JKnictus £> .
„ x.— Abdomen of $ of the Ponerince.
„ xi. — Abdomen of 0 of the Dolicliodmna.
„ xii. — A, B. Abdomen of 9 of the Myrmccina>.

C. Abdomen of c? ot the Ponerinee.

D. Abdomen of $ of the Camponotiiice.
,, xiii. — Abdomen of £ of the Camponotince.

1st segment a is always modified into a highly flexible pedicel. The
2nd segment b is, in the majority of the genera, unmodified and
forms part of the abdomen proper, but in the $ of one section of
the Dorylince and in all the Myrmecincp it is modified in a manner
similar to the 1st segment, and then forms part of the pedicel.
The abdomen proper is formed of the remaining segments, b-f, or
b-g in the rf ; in the section of the Dorylina- mentioned above
and in the Myrmerince, c-f. The anal aperture marked z (fig. xii,
B & D) is in the Camponotince circular and ciliated with hairs, and

INTRODUCTION. XI

in the other subfamilies linear in the form of a slit. In the rf
the genitalia are often exserted, fig. xii, C h.

Many works have been compiled on the habits of ants, one of
the latest and most interesting being ' Marvels of Ant Life,' by
W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S. This little book contains in a con-
densed form most of what was known up to three or four years
jago of the conditions of life, the economy and habits of ants in
general. For a popular special account, however, of Indian ants,
reference should be made to a paper by Mr. E. C. "Wroughton in
vol. vii (]892) of the 'Journal* of the Bombay Natural History
Society. Most interesting accounts also of the habits of some
Indian ants are given by Mr. G. E. James Eothney in the ' Trans-
actions ' of the Entomological Society of London for 1889.

The correct classification of the genera and subfamilies of ants
is still under discussion. The two great specialists in Myrmecology,
Dr. Forel and Professor Emery, hold opposite views as to the
relationship and arrangement of certain genera. In the present
work I have followed Dr. Forel in limiting the subfamily Dorylincf
to two genera, Donjlus and ^Jnictus, and including in the Ponerince
certain low forms of ants whose affinities, owing to our ignorance
at present of their lives, development and habits, are doubtful.
The following table gives briefly the distinguishing characters of
the main divisions of the Formicidc? : —

Key to tJie Subfamilies of tlte Formicidtf.

B*.

A. Pedicel of the abdomen one-jointed.

a. A more or less marked constriction

between basal two segments of

abdomen Ponerince, p. 23.

b. No constriction between basal two

segments of abdomen.
«'. Anal aperture in form of a trans-
verse slit.

a2. Eyes never present, blind .... Dorylinat *, p. 1.

62. Eyes always present Dolichoderinas, p. 288.

b'. Anal aperture circular Camponotince, p. 308.

B. Pedicel of abdomen two-jointed Myrmecince, p. 105.

In conclusion, my best thanks are due to Messrs. Smythies,
Hauxwell, Thompson. Allan and Craddock. of the Forest Depart-

* The $ of one of the genera, Mnictus, has the pedicel two-jointed, as in
the Myrmecina, but being without eyes and ocelli, it can only be confounded
with the £ £ of the Myrmecine genera Liomyrmex and Careoara. In Indian
species, however, Liomyrmex $ has 11-jointed, Carebara $ 9-jointed antennae,
whereas JEnictus £ has these organs 10-jointed. The general appearance of
jEnictus ^ is also so distinctive, that once known it cannot be mistaken for a
species of any other genus.

Xii INTBODUCTIOS.

ment in Burma, and to Mr. G. Eogers, late Deputy Conservator
of Forests at Darjiling. All these gentlemen were good enough
to procure ants for me, and my collection was thereby enriched by
many species I should myself not have succeeded in capturing.
To Mr. F. Moller of Tukvar, near Darjiling, I owe a very large col-
lection of Sikhim ants ; and I have to acknowledge with thanks
the receipt of collections sent to me from time to time by Mr. E.
E. Green and Mr. O. Wickwar from Ceylon. My most grateful
acknowledgments are, however, due to Mr. E. C. Wroughton,
Inspector General of Forests to the Government of India, and
my friend Mr. G. A. James Eothney, who in the most generous
manner placed at my disposal their rich collections of Indian ants.
I have to thank Dr. Forel for the loan and gift of specimens,
many of them single types, and for his unfailing kindness and
courtesy in examining and identifying species for me. Dr. Forel's
papers on Indian ants, published chiefly in the ' Journal ' of the
Bombay Natural History Society, have been of the greatest as-
sistance to me, and I gratefully own that but for the publication
of those papers, the labour of compiling the present work would
have been far greater than it has been.

I am under great obligations for the loan or gift of specimens
to Dr. E. Gestro of the Museo Civico, Genoa ; to Mons. E. Andre
of Gray, Haute-Saone, France; and to Professor Emery of
Bologna. Also to the Authorities of the British Museum for
free access to the collections at the Museum of Natural History,
South Kensington.

The illustrations for this work have required great accuracy
and care, and have been efficiently executed by the artist,
Mr. H. Knight.

The systematic position of the Chrysididce is in my opinion
with the Aculeata, and the latter portion of this volume deals with
the forms so far recorded from within our limits. I am greatly
indebted to Major C. Nurse, of the Indian Army, for the kind gift
and loan of many specimens.

NOTE. — Under Tetramorium, p. 175, the genus Rlioptromyrmex
is wrongly ascribed to Forel. The correct reference is : —

Rhoptromyrmex, Mayr, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xvi (1901), p. 18.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Tribe Heterogyna
Fam. 1. FOBMICIDJE

1

1. longitarsus, Mayr ....
2. parva, Forel

27

^8

Subfam. 1. Dorylince

1

1. fossulatus, Forel ....

28
->9

1 . Dorylus, Fabr.

1

3 sulcinodis Emeru

30

1. labiatus, Schuck

2

4. aitkeni, Forel

30

2. leevigatus, Smith ....

3

4. Syscia, Roaer

31

3. orientalis, Westiv

4

1. typhla, Roger

31

2. ^Enictus, Shuck

6

5. Oocersea, Roger . .

31

1. arya, Forel

8

1. frao'osa, Roger . .

3-?

2. gleadowi, Forel
3. ambiguus, Shuck
4. westwoodi, Forel ....
5. pubescens, Smith

8
9
10
10

6. Myopopone, Roger
1. castanea, Smith
2. moelleri, Bingh
7 Mystrium Roger

33
33
34
3o

6. grandis, Bingh.

11

36

7. greeni, Bingh
8. shuckardi, Forel ....
9. clavatus, Forel
10. longi, Forel

11

12
12
13

8. Stigmatomma, Roger ....
1. rothneyi, Forel
2. belli, Forel
3. feae, Emery . . . ...

36
37
38
38

11. feae, Emery

14

9 \Bochetus, Mayr

38

12. clavitibia, Forel
13. latiscapus, Forel
14. wroufhtoni, Forel .

14
15
16

1. longifossatus, Mayr . .
2. myops, Emery
3 rudis, Emery

40
40
41

15. martini, Forel
16. fergusoni, Forel
17. leeviceps Smith

17
18

18

4. punctiventris, Mayr . .
5. yerburyi, Forel
6 sedilloti, Emery

41
42
4'?

18. binghami, Forel
19. aitkeni, Forel
20. pachjcerus, Smith ....
21. brevicornis, Mayr ....
22. punensis, Forel
23. peguensis, Emery ....
24. ceylonensis, Mayr ....

Subfam. 2. Potierines

18
19
20
21
21
22
22

23

7. taylori, Forel
8. madaraszi, Mayr ....
9. kanariensis, Forel ....
10. nietneri, Roger
11. princeps, Emery
10. Odontomachus, Latr
1. haematodes, Linn
2. rixosus, Smith

43
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
48

1. Sphinctomyrmex, Mayr. .
1. furcatus, Emery

24
25

4. punctulatus, Ford ...
11. Drepanognathus, Smith . .

49
49

2 taylori Forel

26

1 saltator, Jerfl.

50

2. Lioponera, Maur . . .

26

2. venator, Smith

51

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

12. Leptogenys Roger

Page
59

1. ceylonensis, Mayr ....

Page

90

1. falcigera, Roger

53
53

2. truncata, Smith
3. confinis, Roger .

90
91

13. Lobopelta, Mayr
1. ocellifera, Roger
2. birmana, Forel
3 dentilobis, Ford

54
57

58
58

4. gleadowi, Forel
20. Pseudoponera, Emery . .
1. amblyops, Emery ....
2. darwini, Forel ....

91
91
92
93

4. crassicornis, Emery . .

59
60

21. Centromyrmex, Mayr, . . .
1. feae. Emery

93
94

6. kitteli, Mayr ,
7 altisquamis, Forel ....

60
61

22. Bothroponera, Mayr ....
1. rufipes, Jerd.

95

96

61

2. bispinosa, Smith

97

9. hodo'soni, Forel ....

62

3. tesserinoda, Mayr

97

10. wood-masoni, Forel . .
11. striatula, Emery ....
12. palliseri, Forel

62
63
63

4. sulcata, Frauenf. ....
5. rubiginosa, Emery. . . .
23. Mesoponera, Emery ....

98
99
99

13. hysterica, Forel
14. punctiventris, Mayr . .
15. binghami, Forel.
16. lucidula, Emery
17. emilise, Forel
18. moelleri, Bingli
19. dalyi, Forel

64
64
65
66
66
67
67

1. melanaria, Emery ....
24. Bracliyponera, Emery . .
1. luteipes, Mayr
2. jerdoni, Forel
3. nigrita, Emery
25. Myopias, Roger
1. amblyops, Roger

100
101
101
102
102
103
103

20. roberti, Forel
21. coonoorensis, Forel . .
22. yerburyi, Forel
23. chinensis, Mayr
24. minchini, Forel

68
68
69
69
70

26. Cryptopone, Emeri/
1. testacea, Motsuh

Subfam. 3. Myrmecince
1. Sima, Roger

104
104

105
107

25. assamensis, Forel ....
26. peuqueti, Er Andre

70
71

1. rufonigra, Jerd
2 nigra Jerd

108
110

27. watsoni, Forel
14. Odontoponera, Mayr ....
1. transversa, Smith ....
15. Platythyrea, Roger. . .

72
72
73
73

3. binghami, Forel
4. birmana, Forel
5. attenuata, Smith ....
6. petiolata, Smith

111
112
112
113

1. sagei, lorel
2. wroughtoni, Forel ....
3. victorite, Forel ....

74
75

75

7. allaborans, Walk
8. fergusoni, Forel
9. longiceps, Forel

113
114
115

16. Diacamma, Mayr

75

10 aitkeni, Forel

ITS

1. scalpratum, Smith ....
2. cyaneiventre,^-. Andre
3. assamense, Forel . .

77
78
79

2. Myrmicaria, Sa under s. . . .
1. brunnea, Sounders ....
2. birmana, Forel

117
118
119

4. ceylonense, Emery ....
o. sculptum, Jerd.

79
80

3. Cataulacus, Smith
1. latus, Forel

120
T>1

6. vagans, Smith
17. Ectatomma, Smith

81

82

2. granulatus, Latr.
3. sirnoni, Emery

122
193

1. bicolor, Emery .

83

4. taprobanae, Smith

19S

2. binghami, Forel. . . .

83

5. muticus, Emery

I'M

3. costatum, Emery ....
4. coxale, Roger
18. Ectomomyrmex, Mayr . .
1. astutus, Smith
2. javanus, Mayr
3. maternus, Forel
4. annamitus, Andre ....
5. leeuwenhoeki, Ford . .
9. Ponera, Latr

83

84
85
86
86

87
87
88
88

4. Cremastogaster, Lund . .
1. wroughtoni, Forel ....
2. subuuda, Mayr
3. contemta, Mayr
4. politula, Fore 1
5. nodgsoni, Forel
6. buddhae, Forel
7. anthracina, Smith ....
8. ebenina, Forel

124
128
129
130
131
131
132
132
133

SYSTEMATIC: IXDEX.

9. soror, Forel
10. travancorensis, Forel. .
11. sagei, Forel
12. millardi, Forel
13. walshi, Forel
] 4. aberrans, Forel
15. ransonneti, Mayr ....
/ 16. dalvi, Forel. .

Page
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
138
138
139
139
140
141
142
142
143
144
144
145
145
146
147
148
148
149
149
149
150
151
152
154
154
155
156
156
157
158
159
160
160
162
164
165
166
166
168
168
169
170
170
171
172
173
173
173
174

6. decamera, Forel
12. Tetramorium, Muyr ....
1. wroughtoiii, Forel ....
2. rothneyi, Forel
3. christiei, Forel .

IJae<-

174
175
177
177
178
178
179
180
180
181
182
182
183
183
184
185
185
186
187
188
188
189
189
190
191
192
193
194
194
195
196
196
197
198
198
199
199
202
202
203
203
204
205
205
20(5
206
207
208
208
209
210
210
211
211
213
213

4. coonoorense, Forel. . . .
5. curvispinosum, Mayr .
6. curtulum, Emery ....
7. salvatum, Forel
8. nursei, Bingh
9. rnixtum, Forel
10. fergusoni, Forel ....

1 7. biroi Mai/r

18. dohrni, Mayr
19. artifex, Mayr

20. rothnevi, Mayr

21 . rogeuhof eri, Mayr
22. flava, Forel
23. perelegans, Forel ....
24. hirualayana, Forel ....
25. mogdiliani, Emery . . . .
26. ferrarii, Emery
27. inflata, Smith
28. difformis, Smith
29. physothorax, Emery . .
5. Strumigenys, Smith ....
1. lyroessa", Roger
2. feae, Emery

11. transversarium, Roger .
12. inglebyi, Forel
13. guineense, Fabr
14. scabrum, Mayr

15. simillimura. Smith . .
16. pilosum, Emery

17. yei'buryi, Forel
18. tortuosum, Roger ....
19. smithi, Mayr
20. belgaense, ford
13. Atopomyrmex, Er. Andre
1. ceylonicus, Emery ....
14. Acanthomyrmex, Emery .
1. Iuciola3, Emery

3. godeffroyi, Mayr ....
4. lewisi, Cam
5. smythiesi, Forel
6. Carebara, Westw
1 li^nata, TVestw

15. Pristomyrmex, Mayr ....
1. breA-ispinosus, Emery .
16. Lophomynnex, Emery . .
1. quadrispinosus, Jerd.. .
2. burmanus, Emery
3. bedoti, Emery .

7. Oligoiuyrrnex, Mayr ....
1. raja,* Forel
2. bengalensis, Forel ....
3. leei, Forel
4. asinus, Forel ....

17. Myrmecina, Curtis

1. striata, Emery
18. Liomyrmex, Mayr

5. rothneyi, Forel
8 Solenopsis, Westir.

1. aurianus, Emery ....
19. Monomorium, Mayr ....
1. dichroum, Forel ....
2. pharaonis, Linn
3. longi, Forel
4. schurri, Forel

1. geminata, Fabr. • . . . . .
2. wroughtoni, lorel ....
3. nitens, Singh. .....
9. Phidologiton, Mayr ....
1. diversus, Jerd
2. affinis, Jerd
3. nanus, Roger ...

5. wroughtoni, Forel ....
6. fossulatum, Emery . .
7. indicum, Forel
8. glyciphilum, Smith . .
9. aberrans, Forel
10. orientale, Mayr
11. atomus, Forel

4. lamellifrons, Forel ....
10. Meranoplus, Smith
1. mucronatus. Smith
2. bicolor, Guer
3. belli, Forel
4. rothneyi, Forel
5. Iseviventris, Emery . .
11. Triglyphotlmx, Forel
] . walsbi, Forel

12. sagei, Forel

13. destructor, Jerd
14. minutum, Mayr
15. gracillimum, Smith . .
16. floricola, Jerd
17. latinode, Mayr
20. Vollenhovia, Mayr
1. levithorax, Emeru . .

2. musculus, Forel
3. obesa, Er. Andre ....
4. striatidens, Emery*. . . .
5. orissana, Forel .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

21. Trichomyrmex, Mayr
1. rogeri, Mayr
22. Leptothorax, Mayr . .
1. inermis, Forel
2. taylori, Forel ....

. 214
. 214
. 215
. 216

46 iavana Mayr

262
263
264
264
265
265
267
267
268
268
269
269
271
272
273
273
274
275
276
276
277
278
279
280
282
282
284
284
285
285
286
287
287
288

288
289
290
290
291
291
293
293
294
294
295
296
296
297
297
298
299
299
300
301
30->

47. indica, Mayr
48. rotschana, Forel
49. allani, Bingh

50. himalayaua, Forel ....
25. Myrmica, Latr
1. ritae, Emery .......
2. margaritse, Emery ....
3. inezae, Forel
4. rugosa, Mayr
5. smythiesi, Forel
26. Aphaenogastev, Mayr ....
1. beccarii, Emery
2. longipes, Smith
3. feae, Emery
4 rothneyi, Forel

3. fultoni, Forel
4. rothneyi, Forel
5. schurn, Forel

. 216
. 217
. 218

23. Stereomyrmex, Emery
1. horni. Emery . .

. 218

24. Phidole, Westic

. 220
. 227
. 228
. 229
. 230
. 231
231

1. smythiesi, Forel ....
2. bhavanae, Bingh. . .
3. lamellinoda, Forel . .
4. grayi, Forel
5. malinsi, Forel
6. naorojii, Forel

5. schurri, Forel
6. sagei, Forel
7. cristata, Forel

7. spathifera, Forel . .
8. fergusoni, Forel ....
9. sharpi, Forel

. 232
. 234
. 2:34
. 235
. 235
. 236

8. smythiesi, Forel ....
27. Messor, Forel
1. barbarus, Linn.
2. himalayanus, Forel . .
28. Holcomyrmex, Mayr ....
1. criniceps, Mayr ....

10. hoogwerfi, Forel. . . .
11. latinoda, Roger ....
12. angustior, Forel ....

13. wa*soni, Forel

•'37

14. phipsoni, Forel ....
15. hospita, Bingh
16. pronotalis, Forel . .
17. sykesi, Forel

. 238
. 238
. 239
240

2. scabriceps, Mayr ....

4. muticus, Emery
29. Trigonogaster, Forel ....
1. recurvispinosa, Forel. .
30. Cardiocondyla, Emery . .
1. nuda, Mayr
2. wroughtoni, Forel ....
3. parvinoda, Forel ....

Subfam. 4. Dolichoderinee . .
1. Liometopum, Mayr ....
1. lindgreeni, Forel ....
2. Aneuretus, Eincry . .

18. wood-masoni, Forel
19. inegacephala, Fabr.
20. mus, Forel
21. sagei, Forel
22. templaria, Forel
23. parva, Mayr

. 241
. 242
. 242
. 243
. 244
. 244
. 245
. 246
. 247
. 248
. 249
. 250
. 251
. 251
. 252
. 253
. 254
. 255
. 255
. 256
. 257
. 257
. 258
. 258
259

24. nietneri, Emery ....
25. capellinii, Emery . .
26. wroughtoni, Forel . .
27. constanciae, Forel . .
28. rugosa, Smith
29. rhombinoda, Mayr
30. horni, Emery
31. sulcaticeps, Roger . .
32. yeensis, Forel
33. striativentris, Mayr
34. ghatica, Forel

1. simoni, E)nen/

3. Dolichoderus, Lund ....
1. sulcaticeps, Mayr ....
2. burmanicus, Bingh. . .
3. feae, Emery
4 fuscus, Emery

35. magretti, Emery . .
36. sepulchralis, Singh.
37. jucunda, Forel
38. fossulata, Forel
39. multidens, Forel. . . .
40. rogersi, Forel .

5. bituberculatus, Mayr .
6. taprobanae, Smith ....
7. affinis, Emery
8. moggridgei, Forel ....
4. Iridomyrmex, Mayr ....

41. peguensis, Emery . .
42. roberti, Forel . .

2. glaber, Mayr
3. laevigatus, Emery ....
5. Technomyrmex, Mayr . .
1. albipes, Smith
2. brunneus, Forel . .

43. feae, Emery
44. binghami, Forel
45. plagiaria, Smith. . .

. 260
. 261
. 261

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

3. bicolor, Emery 302
4. elatior, For el 302
6. Tapinoma, Forst 303
1. melanocephalum, Fabr. 304
2. indicmn, Forel 304
7. Bothrionivrinex, Emery. . 305
1. walshi", Forel 3(i(>

]
9. Pseudolasius, Emery ....
1. familiaris, Smith ....
10. Lasius, Fabr
1. crinitus, Smith
2. biiualayanus, Forel . .
3. alieno-brunneus, Forel.
4. alieno-flavus, Bingh. . .
5. fuliginosus, Latr
6. alien us, Forst er
11. Colobopsis, Mayr
1. stricta, Jerd

Page

337
338
338
339
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
344
345
345
346
346
347
347
351
352
353
353
354
355
356
356
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
362
362
363
364
364
364
365
365
366
367
367
368
369
369
370
370
371
372
372
372
373

2. myops, Forel
• 3. dalyi, Forel

. 300
307

4. wroughtoni, Forel . . .

Subfam. 5. Camponotinte . . .
1. (Ecophylla, Smith
1. smaragdina, Fabr. . . .
2. Myrmecocystus, Wesm. .
1. setipes, Forel
3. Myrmoteras, Forel
1. binghami, Forel
4. Acantholepis, Mayr . . .
1. frauenfeldi, Mayr . .
2. capensi?, Mayr ....

. 307

. 308
. 310
. 311
. 312
. 312
. 313 i
. 314 :
. 314
. 316
. 316
. 317
. 317
. 318
. 318
. 319
. 319
. 320
. 321
. 321
. 322
322

2. pubescens, Mayr ....
3. cotesi, Forel
4. angustata, Mayr ....
5. rothnevi Forel

6. saundersi, Emery ....
7. testacea, Bingh
12. Camponotus, Mayr ....
1. compressus, Fabr
2. basalis, Smith
3. irritans, Smith
4. taylori, Forel
5. int'uscus, Forel

3. modesta, Forel ....
4. simplex, Forel ....
5. opaca, Forel
6. pulchella, Forel
7. fergusoni, Forel ....
5. Plagiolepis, Mayr ....
1. longipes, Jerd
2. moelleri, Bingh
3. wi'oughtoni, Forel . .
4. rothneyi, Forel ....
5. watsoni, Forel

6. mitis, Smith
7. dichrous, Forel
8. thraso, Forel
9. aiTOgans, Smith
10. pallidus. Smith
11. badius, Smith
12. oblongus, Smith
13. variegatus, Smith ....
14. buddh*, Forel
15. fornaronis, Forel
16. mistura, Smith
17. siemsseni, Forel
18. barbatuSj Roger

6. exigua Forel

323

7. dichroa, Forel
8. jerdoni, Ford

. . 323
. . 324
. . 324
. . 324
. . 325
. . 326
. . 327
328

9. rogeri, Forel
10. pissina, Roger
6. Prenolepis, Mayr ....
1. longicornis, Latr. . .
2. melanogaster, Emery
3. taylori, Forel

19. festinus, Smith
20. rufoglaucus. Jerd
21. paria, Emery
22. dolendus, Forel
23. nicobarensis, Mayr . .
24. carin, Emery
25. laniarcki, Fore/
26. angusticollis, Jerd. . .
27. invidus, Forel
28. binghami, Forel
29. crassisquamis, Forel .
30. gigas. Latr
31. uiarginatus, Latr. . . .
32 mendax Forel

4. bengalensis, Forel . .
6. indica, Forel
6. yerburyi, Forel ....
7. emythiesi, Forel ....
8. birmana, Forel ....
9. naorojii, Forel ...
10. aseta, Forel
7. Acropyga, Roger
1. acutiventris, Roger
8, Formica, Linn
1. truncicola, Nyl. . . .
2. rufibarbis, Fabr.
3. fusca, Linn
4. gagates, Latr. . . .
5. sanguiuea, Latr. .

.. 328
.. 329
.. 329
.. 330
.. 331
. . 331
. . 332
.. 332
.. 333
.. 383
.. 334
.. 335
.. 336
.. 336
.. 336

33. japonicus, Mayr
34. radiatus, Forel
35. yerburyi, Forel
36. reticulatus, Roger . . .
37. wroughtoni, Forel . . .
38. cainelinus, Smith . . .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

39. holosericeus, Emery .
40. auriventris, Emery .

SfS

374

42. puuctillata, Roger
43. thriuax, Rotjtr

%

410

41. conf ucii, Forel
42. wasnianni, Emery . . .
43. sericeus, Fabr. .....

375
375
376

44. fraueufeldi, Mayr
45. clypeata, Mayr
46. rastrata, Emery .

411
411
41 •>•

i 44. varians, Roger
45. nirvanas, Forel

377
377

47. halidayi, Emery
48 rastellata Latr

413
414

46. luteus, Smith
47. gretae, Forel
13. Heniioptica, Roger

379
379
380

Tribe Tubulifera

415

1. scissa, Roger
'2. pubescens, Mayr . . . .
3. aculeata, Mayr
14. Polyrhachis, Swains. $•
Shuck

380
381
382

382

Fam. 1. CHRYSIDIIKE
Subfam. 1. Ckptince
1. Cleptes, Latr
2. Heteroccelia Dalhb

415
417
417
418

1. bihamata, Drury . . . .
2. bellicosa, Smith
3. ypsilon, Emery

386
387

387

Subfam. 2. Ellamjiince
1. Ellampus, 6)jz?z.

418
419

4. iurcata, Smith

388

1. timidus, Nurse . .

420

5. gracilior, Forel

388

2. kashmirensis, Nurse . .

t^O

6. phipsoni Forel

389

2. Holopyo-a, Dahlb.

421

7. rupicapra, Roger

389

1. indica, Mocsdry

4->2

8. hodgsoni, Forel
9. aracnne, Emery ....

390
390

2. nursei, Singh
3. cupreata, Nurse

423
4-^3

10. tubericeps, Forel
11. thompsoni, Singh.

391
391

3. Hedychridiuni, Ab. de
Perrin

424

12. verms, Forel
13. aruiata, Le Guill
14. fortis, Emery
15. hauxwelli, Singh
16. simplex, Mayr
17. bicolor, Smith
18. dives, Smith

392
393
394
394
394
395
396

1. perversum, Nurse ....
2. wroughtoni,rfw Buysson
3. rugosum, Smith
4. selectum, Nurse
5. minutum, Lepel. ....
4. Hedychrum, Latr
1. timiduru, Dahlb

424
425
425
426
427
427
428

19. affinis, Smith

396

2. flammulatum, Smith

429

20. tibialis, Smith
21. chalybea, Smith
22. abdominalis, Smith . .
23. oedipus, Forel
24. mutata, Smith
25. bino-hanii, Forel

396
397
397.
398
399
399

3. lugubre, Cameron ....

Subfam. 3. L'hrysidincc
1. Chrysogona, Forster ....
1. pumila, Klvg
2. Stilbum, Spinola

430

430
431
431
432

26. levigata, Smith

400
400

1. cyanurum, Forster. . . .
3. Chrysis, Linn

433
434

28. wroughtoni, Forel ....
29. laevissima, Smith ....
30. craddocki, Bingh
31. horni, Emery

401
402
403
403

1. hedychroides, Einyh.. .
2. nila, Bingh
3. kashmirensis, Nurse . .
4. burmauica, Mocsdry .

440
441
441
442

32. mayri, Roger
33 intermedia Forel

404
405

5. wroughtoni,rf« Buysson.
6. quaerita, Nurse

443
444

34. proxima, Roger
35. striata, Mayr .

405
405

7. bayadera, du Buysson .
8. chavanae, Nurse ... .

444
445

36. hamulata, Emery ....
37. yerburyi, Forel

406
406

9. ignifascia, Mocsdry . .
10. abuensis, Nurse

445
446

38. striatorugosa, Mayr . .
39. convexa, Roger

407
408

1 1. dissiinilanda, du Buyss.
12. jalala, Nurse

447
447

40. selene, Emery
41. jerdoni, Forel

408
409

13. furiosa, Cameron ....
14. elizabetb»3; Bingh. . .

448
449

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

15. nugatrix, Bingh 450

16. mendicalis, Cameron . . 451

17. lanka, Bingh 451

18. tricantha, Mocsdry . . 453

19. singalensis, Mocsdry . . 453

20. scioensis, Grib 454

21. paria, Bingh 455

22. autocrata, Nurse 456

23. gujaratica, Nurse 456

24. annulata, du Buysson . 457

25. apiata, du Buysson. . . . 458

26. greeni, Bingh 459

27. obliterate, Mocsdry . . 460

28. disparilis, Cameron . . 461

29. thalia, Nurse 462

30. nursei, Bingh 463

31. gracilenta, Mocsdry . . 464

32. speculata, du Buysson . 465

33. cupreiventris, Bingh. . . 465

34. sandaracata, Bingh. . . 466

35. fuscipennis, Brulle 467

36. angustata, Mocsdry . . 469

37. cotesi, du Buysson .... 470

38. perfecta, Cameron 471

39. bhavanaa, Bingh 472

40. bahadur, Nurse 473

41. conserta, du Buysson. . 474

Page

42. saraksensis, Itadoszk. . . 475

43.indogotea,Duf.etPetr. 475

44. ionophris, Mocsdry . . 476

45. shanghaiensis, Smith. . 477

46. libita, du Buysson .... 478

47. imperiosa, Smith .... 479

48. furcifera, Bingh 480

49. amcenula, Mocsdry . . 481

50. beiigalensis, Mocsdry . 482

51. danae, Bingh 483

52. lusca, Fabr 484

53. orientalis, Guer 485

54. iudica, Mocsdry 486

55. arrestans, Nurse 487

56. durga, Bingh 487

57. oculata, Fabr 488

58. schioedtei, Dahlb 489

59. principalis, Smith 490

60. comottii, Grib 491

61. feana, Mocsdry 491

62. obscura, Smith 492

4. Euchrceus, Latr 494

1 cupreiventris, Cam. . . 494

Subfam. 4. Parnopina 495

1. Parnopes, Latr 495

1. viridis, Brulle . .. 495

TKIBE HETEROGYNA.
Family FOKMICID.E.

Subfamily DORYLIN^E.

The species contained in this subfamily are remarkable for the
great difference between the worker ( £ ) and the male ( <S ), and
also between the male ( <S ) and female ( $ ) so far as the last is
known. The c? is a large wasp-like insect possessed of well-
developed large eyes and ocelli : the £ of the two genera found
within our limits is blind, and in an American genus has no
facetted eyes but merely a single ocellus 011 each side of the
head. The $ is apterous and blind, with an immensely developed
massive abdomen a little resembling a $ termite.

The £ in the Indian species possesses a sting ; the head may
be rectangular or oval ; the pedicel consists of one or two joints ;
the pupae are enclosed in a cocoon.

Key to the Genera.

5 $.

a. Pedicel one-pointed DORYLTJS, p. 1.

b. Pedicel two-jointed ^LNICTUS, p. 6.

6 6.

a. Of comparatively large size, length over 18 mm. ;

node of pedicel convex , . . . DORYLTJS, p. 1.

b. Smaller, length under 13 mm. ; node of pedicel

concave, sometimes merely longitudinally grooved

or bilobed, never convex ^ENICTUS, p. 6.

Genus DORYLUS.

Dorylus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii (1793), p. 365, rf .
Typhlopone, Westw. Introd. Claarif. Ins. ii (1840), p. 219, $ .
Dichthadia, Gent. Stett. ent. Zeit. xxiv (1863), p. 93, $ ?
Alaopone, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xvi (1881), p. 274, £ .

Type, D. helvolus 3 , Linn., from Africa.

Ratige. Africa and Asia.

The <3 , $ , and £ of this genus differ very considerably in
appearance, and were for a long time classed in different genera.
The <5 is a long, narrow-bodied, wasp-like insect, with very large
and prominent eyes and ocelli ; the mandibles are comparatively
long, more or less flattened and curved inwards ; the thorax is
gibbous and raised above the plane of the head ; posteriorly the
median segment has always a more or less steep slope to the apex ;
the femora are always compressed. The pedicel is one-jointed,
and either cup-shaped, rectangular, or square, invariably convex
above and carinate beneath.

VOL. II. B

2 FORMICIDJE.

The $ is a heavy apterous insect bearing a general resemblance
to the c? , but differing considerably in the form of the thorax
and pedicel.

The £ is destitute of eyes or ocelli, has the head more or less
square or rectangular, the thorax and node of the pedicel flattened
above, with the pro-mesonotal suture distinct and the meso-
metanotal suture obsolete ; the pedicel is one-jointed and the
abdomen somewhat depressed.

The species of this genus form their nests in the ground, some-
times at a considerable depth. In India and Burma the c? is a
well-known insect, coining freely in the evening into houses to
lights. It is not unfrequently taken for a wasp, and there is a night-
flying wasp (Vespa dorylioides) which, as the name implies,
resembles Dorylus <5 •

Key to the Species.

3 6.

A. Second joint of fiagellum of antennae pubescent

beneath.

a. Mandibles long, narrow, sickle-shaped, with a

broad blunt tooth at base D. lalnatus, p. 2.

b. Mandibles short, very broad for half their length

from base, then abruptly narrowed to an acute

point D. leei-if/atus, p. 3.

B. Second joint of fiagellum of antennae not pubescent

beneath, polished and shining D. orientalis, p. 4.

A. Mandibles without teeth on the masticatory

margin, apex acutely pointed D. leeviyatus, p. 4.

B. Mandibles with 2 teeth on the masticatory

margin, apex broader.

«. Antennae $ maj. 11-, £ min. 10-jointed D. labiatus, p. 3.

b. Antennae § maj. and $ min. 9-jointed D. orientalis, p. 5.

1. Dorylus labiatus, Shuck. Ann. N. H. v (1840), p. 319, 3 • Ford,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 464, <J $ .

Dorylus hindostanus, Smith,

Cat. Mii (1859), p. 3, rf.
Dorylus fulvus, var. labiatus,

Emery, Zool.Jahrb. (Syst.)

viii (1894-95), p. 709.
Dorylus (Typhlopone) Ifevi-

ceps, Smith, '2nd Yark.

Miss.,Hym. p. 13. fig. 2. g .

c? . Brownish yellow,
the head, except the man-
dibles, and the antenna?
black, the legs darker than
Fig. \.-Doryluslabiatus, rf. tbe ^dy, the COX83 cas-

taneous brown ; the head,

the coxae, the apex of the metanotum and of the pedicel, and
the apical abdominal segment covered with long yellowish curlv

hair, the rest of the body with a very short, thin, fine, recumbent,
pale pubescence ; wings hyaline with a brownish tint. Head
much broader than long, the vertex raised, the ocelli prominent ;
the mandibles long, sickle-shaped, bearing at base on the inside a
rounded tubercle. Thorax massive, very gibbous in front, the
mesonotum with a short longitudinal carina above the base of the
wings on each side ; scutellum large, prominent ; postscutellum
narrow, sunk between the scutellum and rnetanotuni, the latter
truncate posteriorly. Node of the pedicel longer than broad, with
a strong gnomon-shaped keel beneath, convex above ; legs mode-
rately long, very smooth, polished and shining; abdomen cylindical,
long, twice the length of the head and thorax united, clavate towards
the apex and slightly curved downwards.

£ maj. Castaneous yellow, highly polished, smooth and shining,
the head, thorax and abdomen with minute scattered punctures,
the head beneath near the mandibles and the apex of the abdomen
with a few erect yellow hairs. Head rectangular, much longer
than broad, and broader in front than posteriorly, the occiput
widely emarginate ; clypeus narrow, transverse ; antennal carinse

Fig. 2. — Doryliw labiatus,

Fig. 3.— Dorylus labiatus, £ min.

short, very close together and prominent, no longitudinally
impressed line on the head. Thorax rectangular, depressed, slightly
constricted at the pro-rnesonotal suture : legs robust, short.
Node of pedicel longer than broad ; abdomen elongate, massive.

£ min. Similar, smaller, lighter in colour.

Length, d 30-33 ; £ maj. 6'6 ; £ min. 2'5-4 mm.

$ unknown.

Hub. The whole continent of India, not recorded from Ceylon
or from countries east of the Bay of Bengal.

2. DoryhlS IsevigatllS, Smith (Typhlopone), Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 70, £ ; Fore!, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 464, £ rf ?

? Dichthadia glaberrima, Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. xxiv (1863), p. 93, <j> .

? Dorylus klugi, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxv (1887), p. 448, cf .

Dorylus (Typhlopone) breviceps, Emery, op. cit. xxvii (1889), p. 488, £ .

3 . Dusky brownish yellow, with a long, fairly abundant, semi-
erect covering of yellow hairs, and beneath it, especially on the

B2

FORMICID^E.

Fig. 4.— Dorylus lavigat

abdomen, a pale sericeous pubescence; head and scape of the
antennae fuscous black or brown, flagellum of the antennae,
mandibles, and legs castaneous ; wings hyaline with a fulvous

brownish tint. Head short,
transverse, the region of
the ocelli only slightly raised.
Thorax gibbous in front ;
mesonotum very convex ;
scutellurn prominent, the
apex bearing a longitudi-
nal impression ; metanotum
rounded posteriorly ; legs
very short. Node of pedicel
broader than long, very
convex and rounded above ;
abdomen massive, robust, curved downwards, clavate towards the
apex.

$ maj. Castaneous brown, smooth and
shining, punctures very small and sparse.
Head rectangular, much longer than broad,
the occiput emarginate, the front of the head
bearing a short medial longitudinally im-
pressed line or furrow. Thorax short, flat
above, about as long as the head ; legs short,
robust. Node of the pedicel much broader
than long, anteriorly with a gradual slope
forwards, posteriorly vertical ; abdomen mas-
sive, somewhat lighter in colour than the
head and thorax.

$ min. Similar, smaller, much lighter in
colour.

$ . Apterous, reddish brown, smooth and
shining. Head broad, transverse, destitute of eyes or ocelli ;
the mandibles narrow, sickle-shaped ; antennae short, geniculated ;
the flagellum 11-jointed : thorax somewhat narrow and constricted;
legs short and feeble, claws simple ; pedicel with a trapezoidal
node, broader than long, widely separated from the 1st abdominal
segment; abdomen very long, heavy and massive. (After
Ger 'stacker.)

Length, <3 24 ; $ 32 ; £ maj. 8 ; £ min. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Lower Burma, near Eangoon (Fed) ; Teuasserirn, Haung-
draw valley, Mergui (Bingham). Found also in Borneo and
Java.

3. Dorylus orientalis, Westw. P. Z. S. v (1835), p. 72, j • Forel,

Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 463, rf & £ •
Dorylus longicornis, Shttck. Ann. N. H. v (1840), p. 321, 3 .
Labidus (Typhlopoue) curtisi, Shuck, t.c. p. 265, $5.
Alaopone oberthuri, Emenj, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xvi (1881), p. 274, £ .

c? . Brownish yellow, the mandibles and legs castaneous

Fig. 5. — Dorylus
Icevigatus, ^ uiaj.

DOKYLTTS.

brown, pubescent and very hairy, the hairs erect, yellow, and
most dense under the head, on the sides and beneath the thorax,
and at the apex of the abdomen ; pubescence pale, dense, fine
and silky ; wings flavo-hyaline. Head
narrow, transverse, eyes and ocelli
large ; mandibles short, broad, porrect,
blunt at apex and with a blunt tooth
on the inner margin at base. Thorax
massive, gibbous in front ; scutellum
compressed; postscutellum narrow,
sunk between the scutellum and
metanotum, basal portion of the latter
depressed, flat, apex truncate; legs short
and robust. Node of pedicel some-
Ks.Q.-Doryhx orientalist. what square convex above slightly
contracted anteriorly and posteriorly ;

abdomen long, cylindrical, massive, clavate towards the apex,
and curved downwards.

£ maj. Castaneous brown, with the abdomen generally lighter
in colour than the head and thorax ; head and
thorax densely, abdomen more lightly punc-
tured ; pubescence almost entirely wanting, a
few yellow erect hairs on the front of the head,
at the apex of and beneath the abdomen.
Head rectangular, occiput deeply emarginate ;
the head slightly wider anteriorly than pos-
teriorly, a deeply impressed medial line or
furrow down the front. Thorax elongate,
somewhat rectangular, but. rounded anteriorly,
depressed and flat above, constricted at the
pro-mesonotal suture ; legs short and robust.
Node of pedicel broader than long, transverse
anteriorly and posteriorly ; abdomen depressed
above, about as long as the thorax and node of
pedicel united.

£ min. Similar, very much smaller and very much lighter in
colour, being of a pale honey-yellow ; occiput not emarginate,
front of the head not furrowed; node of the pedicel rounded
above.

$ unknown.

Length, d 17-23; £ maj. 5-G ; $ min. 2*5-3 mm.
Hab. Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, extending to the
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java.

The males of this species are very variable, and can be separated
into three races or subspecies, but these are not constant and grade
one into the other. The eastern race coming from the hot moist
area of Burma and Tenasserim is, as one would expect, darker,
and has been separated as D.fuscus by Emery (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxvii (1889), p. 487). D. lonyicornis, Shuck., has the head black,
and occurs along with the typical form over the whole of India.

Fig. l.—Doi-ylus
orientalis, $ maj.

0 FORMICIDJE.

Genus JENICTUS

yEnictus, Shuck. Ann. N. H. v (1840), p. 266, rf .
Typhlatta, Smith, Join: Linn. Soc. ii (1858), p. 79, £ .

Type, JE". amlifjuus, Shuck., N.W.P. India.

Range. Africa, Asia, Australia.

The 3 of this genus very much resembles the tf of Dorylus,
but it is always smaller, and the one-jointed pedicel is never very
convex, generally concave or flat above. Head small, transverse,
flat ; eyes and ocelli very large and prominent ; mandibles some-
times long, sickle-shaped and cylindrical, sometimes broad and
flat; scape of the antennae, femora, and tibiae of the legs sometimes
cylindrical, sometimes flat and even, greatly widened and foliaceous;
pedicel one-jointed, carinate beneath. Wings hyaline and generally
more or less iridescent, nervures and stigma fulvous yellow to
dark brown. Abdomen long, cylindrical, generally slightly clavate
and curved downwards.

$ . Blind, destitute of eyes or ocelli ; antennae 10-jointed.
Thorax with the pro-mesonotal suture obsolete : the meso-meta-
notal suture distinct, the thorax above at this point being often
widely emarginate. Pedicel two-jointed, as in the subfamily
Myrvnidnce. The $ , so far as is known, is never dimorphous or
polymorphous, as in the genus Eriton, which replaces jEnictm in
the New World. $ unknown.

The workers of JEnictus hunt in columns of three or four
abreast, marching with great regularity. Mr. Wroughton (Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 177, 178) has given an inter-
esting account of their habits.

Like the 3 of Dorylus, the 3 of this genus is greatly attracted
by light, and is frequently taken in houses in the evening. The
d and $ of only one species (jE. wrouylitoni, Forel) have been
taken associated together.

Key to the Species.

rf rf-

A. Scape of the antennae cylindrical.

a. Mandibles with a tooth on inner side close

to the base JE. anja, p. 8.

b. Mandibles not toothed.

a'. Posterior border of hypopyginm medially

emarginate ". jE. yleadoici, p. 8.

b' . Posterior border of hypopygium entire.
«2. Pygidium round, convex, without any

longitudinal impression j£. wexttcoodi, p. 10.

62. Pygidium with a longitudinal im-
pression.
a3. Pedicel above concave, the sides

sharply raised, not broadly rounded. &. ambiguus, p. 9.
bx. Pedicel above with a rather narrow
longitudinal groove, the sides
broadly rounded above JE". pnbescens, p. 10.

B. Scape of the antennae more or less com-

pressed, flat.
a. Of large size. Length 12-13 mm ^E1. yrandis, p. 11.

b. Smaller. Length under 11 nim.

«'. Mandibles with a tooth on inner margin

at base y£". yreeni, p. 11.

b'. Mandibles not toothed.

a2. Posterior border of hypopygiurn

broadly emarginate.
«3. Head transverse ; distance between
articulation with thorax and front
distinctly less than distance be-
tween eyes JE. shuckardi, p. 12.

b3. Head rounder, distance between ar-
ticulation with thorax and front
aboutequal to distance between eyes. y£". clavatus, p. 12.
b~. Posterior border of hypopygium entire,

not emarginate.

a3. Posterior border of pygidium me-
dially emarginate JE. Zonyi, p. 13.

b\ Posterior border of pygidium entire,

not emarginate.

«4. Mandibles strongly convex ex-
teriorly, sickle-shaped, without
any projection on inner margin

a3. Length 9-10-5 min JE.fece, p. 14.

b5. Length 5-6 mm JE. icrouyhtoni, p. 16.

64. Mandibles flat and broad at base,
diminishing rapidly to an acute
point at apex, broa'dened at base
by a rounded projection on the
inner margin.

a5. Tibiae strongly clavate, apical
two-thirds greatly enlarged.
Carina beneath node of pedicel
not prolonged posteriorly into

a tooth JE. clavitibia, p. 14.

b6. Tibiaa not so strongly clavate,
apical two-thirds only slightly
enlarged. Carina " beneath
node of pedicel prolonged
posteriorly into a tooth JE. latiscapus, p. 15.

$ $.

A. Head with an oval yellowish or reddish-white
spot on each side.

a. The lateral spots on head placed high up,

their posterior margins prominent, 'form-
ing small tubercles A£. martini) p. 17.

b. The lateral spots on head placed lower

down, their posterior margins not pro-
minent, not forming tubercles.
a'. Posterior margin of head transverse, as

wide as in front &.feryu8oni, p. 18.

b' . Posterior margin of head not transverse,

narrower than in front.
oa. Length under 4 mm. ; 1st joint of

pedicel finely reticulate but shining. . JE. laviceps, p. 18.
b*. Length over 4 mm.; 1st joint of
pedicel coarsely sculptured,' rugose,
not shining A£. binyhami, p. 18.

8 FORMIC'ID^E.

B. Head without lateral spots.

a. Head and thorax sculptured.

«'. Thorax very coarsely rugose, the sculp-
ture forming coarse longitudinal
wrinkles /E. aitketii, p. 19.

b'. Thorax finely rugose, the sculpture not

forming longitudinal wrinkles JE. pachycerus, p. 20.

b. Head smooth and shining ; thorax only

sculptured.
a'. Scape of antennse very short, about half

length of head without mandibles .... JE. brevicornis, p. 21.
b'. Scape of antennae longer, as long as, or

longer than, head without mandibles.
rt2. Mandibles triangular, masticatory

margin broad.

d\ Thorax entirely smooth and shining. JE. Krouyhtoni, p. 17.
b*. Thorax posteriorly finely rugulose,

opaque JE. jnmensis, p. 21.

62. Mandibles narrow linear, masticatory

margin with three teeth.
a3. Metanotum finely regulose, not

striate ^K. peyuensis, p. 22.

b3. Metanotum punctured, the punc-
tures running into longitudinal
strise JE. ceylonicus, p. 22.

4. JEnictus arya, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), pp. 468

&472, tf.

c? . Head dark castaneous brown ; thorax and abdomen yellow,
slightly fuscous above ; mandibles, antennae and legs pale yellow;
head in front with long erect hairs ; the thorax, pedicel and
abdomen with short, somewhat sparse, recumbent, whitish pubes-
cence, which is a little more dense on the pedicel. Head arched
above, the cheeks behind the eyes not so constricted as in
jE. ambiyuus, the front of the head flat, the antennae comparatively
short and thick. Thorax with the mesonotum only slightly
convex, and the scutellum not prominent ; legs with the femora
and tibiae cylindrical. Pedicel slightly concave above, the sides
barely raised and divergent posteriorly ; abdomen short : pygidium
with a longitudinally impressed short line.

Length, tf 4-5-5 mm.

Hob, Kanara (JWrouglitori).

5. JEnictus gleadowi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 468 & 469, c? •

<S . Head black ; thorax dark brown ; mandibles, antennae, and
legs brownish yellow ; abdomen dull pale yellow ; the head in
front, the mandibles, thorax, legs, pedicel and abdomen densely
pubescent, the pubescence long on the thorax and abdomen,
hiding the sculpture, short on the mandibles, antennae and legs.
Head constricted behind the eyes, smooth and shining, slightly
concave in front and punctured. Thorax not very convex above,
the mesonotum with a medial longitudinally-impressed line in
front ; scutellum truncate posteriorly, the posterior lateral angles

.ENICTUS. 9

prominent ; legs robust, the femora slightly compressed, the tibiae
cylindrical. Pedicel broadly longitudinally sulcate, the sides
rounded anteriorly, angular posteriorly; abdomen rather short,
about the length of the head and thorax united.

Length, <$ 9-9-5 mm.

Hob. Kanara ( Wrour/Jiton).

6. JEnictus ambiguus, Shuck. Ann. N. H. v (1840), p. 268, rf;
Ford, Jour. Botnb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 467.

c? . Head jet-black, shining ; thorax deep brown ; antennae,
mandibles, legs, and abdomen yellow. Head constricted behind
tbe eyes, smooth and shining at back, with short erect pubescence
in front ; mandibles long, sickle-shaped. Thorax very convex
above ; scutellum prominent, truncate, or slightly emarginate
posteriorly, overhanging the postscutellum and metanotum ; this

Fig. 8. — Quietus ambiguus, <$ •

last almost vertical, with little or no basal portion ; the whole
thorax covered with Jong, recumbent, whitish-yellow hairs : legs
comparatively long, with the femora and tibiae cylindrical, not
compressed, and only very slightly and gradually clavate towards
the apex ; wings clear hyaline, nervures yellowish brown. Pedicel
about as wide as the base of the abdomen, concave from right to
left, the sides parallel ; abdomen subclavate, bent downwards,
pubescent, the hairs long, yellowish white, recumbent.

$ unknown.

Length, <3 7'5-8 mm.

Hab. N.W. Provinces, India (Brit. Mm.) ; Sikhim, Kungit Aralley
(Mfitter); "Western India, Guzerat, Poona (Wrovghton).

10 FOBMICIDJE.

7. .ffinictus westwoodi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 467 & 469.

c? . Head jet-black and shining posteriorly ; the front, the base
of the mandibles, and the thorax brownish yellow ; the antenna,
legs and abdomen dull pale yellow. Head constricted behind the
eyes as in ^E1. ambiguus, and devoid of pubescence posteriorly,
the front covered with long pale yellow hairs ; mandibles long,
curved, acute at apex; scape of the antennae slightly clavate ;
flagellum a little thicker in the middle than at base and apex.
Thorax above not so convex as in ^E. ambiguus; the scutellum
prominent, its posterior lateral angles slightly produced ; meta-
notum with a very short, slightly oblique, but distinct basal portion ;
legs short, with the femora and tibiae cylindrical ; the thorax and
legs covered with a short, fine, yellowish-white pubescence. Node
of the pedicel a little narrower at base than at apex, deeply
grooved or concave above, carinate beneath ; abdomen very massive,
covered with a fairly dense, short, fine yellowish-white pubescence ;
the pygidiutn very convex, its base smooth and shining.

Length, rf 9-10 mm.

Hab. Western India ( Wroughton).

Dr. Forel has described this as a mere variety of ^E. ambiguus,
but it seems to me to differ structurally.

8. JBnictus pubescens. Smith, Cat. vii (1859), p. 10 ; Forel, Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 469.

c? . " Length 3| lines (about 7*5 millim.). Eufo-testaceous,
densely clothed with pale pubescence : the head black and shining,
the mandibles and antennae rufo-testaceous ; the ocelli in a curve
on the vertex and situated on the side of a central elevation ; the
mandibles long and curved. The thorax obscure ferruginous ;
wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures and stigma brown.
Abdomen densely clothed with long silky decumbent pubescence ;
the peduncle deeply concave above and channeled in the middle,
slightly rounded at the sides ; the peduncle of the same width as
the 2nd segment, the terminal segment obtuse.

" Hab. Northern India." (Smitli.)

I have quoted in full Mr. Smith's original description, as the
species is unknown to me except from the mutilated type in the
British Museum, which is minus the pedicel and abdomen.

Another doubtful species is ^E. certus, described by Westwood
without locality (Arcan. Entora. i, 2 (1842), p. 79). The type is
in the British Museum, but is in very bad condition. Dalla Torre,
in his Catalogue of the Formicidce, gives the habitat of this species
as India ; but on what authority I do not know. I give a brief
description : —

^Enictus certus, Westw.

d1 . Closely resembles ^. ambiguus, Shuck., but is smaller and
lighter in colour. Head black ; thorax, legs and abdomen honey-

11

yellow: head transverse, but longer than in &. ambiguus;
scutellum not so prominent, narrower and compressed ; meta-
notum with a very distinct basal portion. Pedicel flat above,
a little concave at the extreme base ; pygidium strongly convex,
entire, with no longitudinally impressed medial line.

9. JEnictus grandis, sp. n.

' <3 . Head jet-black, polished and shining : mandibles, antennae,
thorax, legs, pedicel and abdomen castaneous brown, the thorax
and abdomen somewhat fuscous above ; the mandibles, antennae
and front of the head with fairly long, erect, glistening yellow
hairs, the thorax and abdomen with somewhat sparse, short,

recumbent pubescence of the
same colour ; wings fusco-
hvaline, nervures brown.
Head about twice as broad
as long ; eyes comparatively
small, anterior; the cheeks
well developed and rounded ;
the occiput somewhat flat ;
mandibles long, flat, not
much curved ; antennae long,
the scape very broad, flat
and foliaceous ; flagellum
cylindrical. Thorax massive ;
mesonotum with a short,
medial, longitudinally im-
pressed line in front ; scu-
tellum rounded posteriorly ;
rnetanotum with a short but
distinct oblique basal portion ;
legs with the femora spat-
ulate, tibiae clavate. Node
of pedicel from above semi-
circular, flat or slightly
longitudinally convex; the
apex transverse, beneath
carinate, the carina ending in a strong tooth posteriorly ; abdomen
massive, enlarged towards the apex ; the pygidium strongly convex
above, its posterior margin entire ; hypopygium with its posterior
margin truncate.

Length, tf 12-13 mm.

Hab. Lower Burma, Toungoo (Hauxivell).

The largest known species of the genus.

10. JEnictus greeni, Sp. n.

3 . Eesembles dE. grandis in colour and in the shape of the
pedicel, but is very much smaller and more pubescent. Dark
castaneous brown, the head black, the mandibles, antennae and

Fig. 9. — JEnictus grandis,

12

legs deep shining yellow ; the head in front, the thorax, pedicel
and abdomen covered with dense, very short, erect, yellow hairs.
Head not quite twice as broad as long; the cheeks behind the
eyes not constricted, rounded and well developed ; the mandibles
flat and proportionately broader, though not so long as in
JE. grandis, the tooth on the inner side at base distinct and
acute. Thorax very gibbous in front, more so than in any other
known Indian species; the scutellum broad and rounded pos-
teriorly ; legs with the femora and tibia? gradually thickening
from base to apex. The pedicel flat or slightly convex in the
middle ; abdomen cylindrical, not enlarged towards the apex nor
curved downwards ; pygidium convex, shining, punctured at base,
its apical margin rounded, entire ; hypopygium broad, posteriorly
widely emarginate.

Length, $ 5 mru.

Hab. Ceylon (Green).

It is possible this may be the d1 of JE". ceylonicus, Mayr.

11. JEnictus shuckardi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp 467 & 471, J.

<$ • Head jet-black, smooth and shining ; mandibles, antenna,
thorax, legs, pedicel and abdomen ochraceous brown, the abdo-
minal segments above darker in the
middle ; pubescence short, fine, fairly
dense and erect, of a brownish-yellow
colour. Head concave in front : the
cheeks behind the eyes fairly well deve-
loped, not flat and constricted as in
jE. ambiguus; mandibles flat, strongly
curved, somewhat short and not very
acute at apex. Thorax with the rneso-
notum strongly convex, the scutellum
broad and rounded posteriorly, the meta-
notum vertical without any basal portion ;
legs with the femora and tibijB davatef

the latter not quite so swollen at apex as in ^E. greeni. Pedicel
flat, its upper surface semicylindrical, the sides only slightly raised,
the apex transverse ; abdomen cylindrical, only very slightly
larger towards the apex ; the pygidium narrow, transverse, slightly
convex, very highly polished and shining, its posterior margin
entire ; hypopygium flat, its posterior margin transverse.

Length, cJ 5-6 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Itothney) ; Burma ; Tenasserim (Bingham).

12. .ffinictus clavatus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 467 & 471.

cJ . Head dark castaneous brown, almost black; thorax and
abdomen ochraceous ; mandibles, antennae and legs paler yellow.
Head, thorax and abdomen covered with a fairly abundant, very

13

short, pale pubescence, somewhat longer and recumbent on the
sides of the apical half of the abdomen ; wings hyaline, nervures
yellowish brown. Head posteriorly wider than iii JE. shuckardi ;
the cheeks behind the eyes well developed and
broad ; head in front slightly concave, vertex
not much arched ; ocelli rather distant from
each other ; mandibles narrower than in
sE. shuckardi, short and much curved. Thorax
with the inesonotum very convex in front ;
scutellum broad, prominent, rounded, posteriorly
not overhanging the metaiiotum, which has a
distinct horizontal basal portion, the apical
portion vertical and truncate ; legs with the
femora and tibiae attenuate at base, strongly
. clavate towards the apex. Pedicel very slightly
concave above, very thick, semicircular in shape ;
the apex transverse, laterally slightly compressed, the sides flat
and vertical ; abdomen comparatively short, cylindrical, the
pygidium entire.
Length, tf 5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Guzerat, Kanara ( Wroughton) ; Sikhiin
(Bingham).

A variety with the pubescence somewhat more dense has been
named var. kanarensis by Dr. Forel.

Fig. 11.

jEnictus clavatus,

13. JEnictus longi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), pp. 467
&470, rf.

d . Mandibles long and somewhat obtuse at apex, the joints
2-9 of the flagellum of the antennae
thicker than long ; eyes not reaching the
posterior margin of the head, the latter
feebly convex and distinct from the
articulation with the thorax ; ocelli large,
not placed on an eminence ; head without
the eyes about as long as broad. Pedicel
concave above with the sides raised,
broader than long, broader posteriorly
than in front, beneath tuberculate ; wings
short, basal portion of the metanotum
indistinct, almost obsolete. Front sub-
opaque, densely punctured; thorax and
longi, $. abdomen more distantly punctured. Head,

thorax and abdomen densely pubescent.
Pygidium smooth and shining, with a longitudinal impression, and
its posterior border medially emarginate. Scape of the antennae
and femora only moderately thickened from base to apex.
Length, <3 7 mm.

Hab. The Graro Hills, Assam (Long) ; Burma, Pegu (Bingham).
Sufficiently distinguished by its emarginate pygidium.

1-1

FOKMICLDA.

14. JEnictus feae, Emery, Ann, Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 486,

pi. x, %s. 4-9, d; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),
p. 467, <S .

<5 . Fuscous ; head piceous ; the sutures of the thorax, apex
and margins of the segments of the abdomen, mandibles, antennae

and legs more or less reddish,
or the abdomen entirely ferru-
ginous-rufescent ; pubescence
hoary, the front, the mandibles,
antennae, legs, the thorax
beneath, and the abdomen at
apex pilose. Head with the
front lightly concave, the
autennal carinae produced and
forming tooth-like projections ;
scape of the antenna) strongly
dilated and compressed ; flagel-
lum fusiform, its middle joints
as wide as long ; occiput in the
region of the ocelli smooth,
highly polished and shining;
scutellum moderately convex,
not remarkably gibbous or pro-
Fig. l3.-Mnctttsfea>, rf. minent. Pedicel transverse, the
sides rounded, their margin

acute, the posterior border widely einarginate above, the sides
are lightly punctured, the middle smooth and depressed but
not distinctly sulcate. The 5th abdominal segment strongly
convex, not longer than the 4th ; segments 2-5 lightly punctured,
with deeper piligerous punctures intermixed. Genital valves
medially narrow at apex, curved outside, armed interiorly with a
spine. Legs with the base of the femora attenuate, the apex
clavate and compressed. Wings infuscate, the costal margin
piceous, the disc-oidal and cubital cells subequal.
Length 9-5-1O5 mm. Anterior wing 7*5-8-5 mm.
Hob. Burma ; Tenasseritn (Fea and Hauxwell), Upper Burma,
Southern Shan States (TJiompson').

A mutilated specimen which I attribute to this species was
procured by Thompson at Taunggyi, 4000 ft.

15. .ffinictus clavitibia, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 467 & 472, rf .

c? . Head jet-black, with short erect hairs on the front ; man-
dibles, antennas, thorax, legs, pedicel and abdomen shining light
honey-yellow, with a brownish tint on the thorax and abdomen
above ; the mandibles, antennae, thorax, legs, pedicel and abdomen
covered with a dense, very short, and fine pale pubescence, clearly
visible against the light. Head transverse, ocelli raised ; eyes
prominent ; front truncate or very slightly concave ; cheeks fairly

JEWICXU8.

15

broad and well developed, but flat and converging posteriorly to
the occipital articulation with the
thorax ; mandibles broad at base,
narrowing to an acute point at
apex. Thorax convex above ; scu-
tellum broad and prominent, with
the apex well rounded ; metanotum
arched, vertical, with no visible
basal portion ; wings hyaline,
slightly iridescent ; legs with the
femora compressed, spatulate, the
tibiae very strongly clavate towards
their apex, attenuate at base.
Pedicel slightly broader than long,
concave above, carinate beneath ;
abdomen curved, cylindrical, very
slightly larger towards the apex ;
pygidium entire, very convex.

Length 6'5 rani.

Hal>. Bengal, Barrackpore (Rotli-
ney} ; Burma (Binr/ham).

Fig. \±.—lEnictu$davitibia, <$.

16. JEnictus latiscapus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),
pp. 467 & 471, rf.

c? . " Mandibles much longer and more curved than in the two

Fig. 15. — JEn ictus latiscapus, <$ .

preceding species [i. e. JE. slmclcardi and ^E. clavatus~}, very broad
at base and comparatively attenuate at apex (somewhat like the

16 rORMICiD.E.

mandibles in Dorylus helvolus), smooth and shining, slightly
punctured, covered with long curved hairs. Head like that of
JZ. yleadowi, transverse, much wider than long without the eyes,
widelv and deeply concave in front, the articulation with the
thorax forming the posterior margin ; ocelli raised ; head very
convex posteriorly from one eye to the other, while both eyes
are prominent anteriorly. Antennal carinae small and very close
together, confluent posteriorly in the hollow of the face. The
scape, dilated and thin as a leaf, is nearly translucid and a little
twisted. Flagellum not incrassate, all the joints longer than wide.
Mesonotum very convex anteriorly. The rest of the thorax, as
in &. clavatus, with the scutellum very convex and pron.dnent,
but the basal portion of the metanotum is shorter, extremely
short, convex, passing with a curve into the oblique portion which
is a little concave. Abdomen curved, rather narrow; pygidium
entire. Femora and trochanters foliaceous like the scape. Tibiae
slightly clavate towards their apical two-thirds. Pedicel deeply
ernarginate in front and posteriorly, twice as broad as long, rather
concave above. Beneath is a protuberance armed with a strong
tooth pointing backwards. Wings a little shorter than in -J?.
clavatus. Smooth and shining, with a scattered but distinct
puncturing. Pvgidium very smooth, nearly devoid of any punc-
tures. Legs and antennae with long, yellow, curly hair ; the rest
of the body nearly devoid of erect hairs. Pubescence yellow,
moderately plentiful, not hiding the sculpture. Yellow, a little
brownish around the mandibles. Head brown. Wings hyaline,
covered with fine pubescence nearly microscopic, nervures pale ;
stigma brownish yellow." (Forel.)

Length, c? 5'4-5'6 mm.

Hob. Poona ( Wroughton) ; Eangoou, Burma (Brit. Mus.}.

I quote Dr. Forel's very full description as the specimen in the
British Museum collection, which I identify as this species, is
darker and more punctured. It is probably only a variety.

17. JEnictllS wroughtoni, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belyique, xxxiv
(1890), C. R. p. ciii, £ 3 ; Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc, \ (1890),
p. 389, and xiii (1901), pp. 466 & 468, £ <y.

<5 . Dark castaneous brown, shining ; head nearly black, the
mandibles, antennae, legs and abdomen yellow, the last slightly
fuscous above. Head in front, the thorax and pedicel with long
recumbent whitish pilosity ; abdomen glabrous, almost devoid of
pubescence. Head flat or slightly concave in front, eyes anterior,
the cheeks well developed, broad ; the ocelli prominent, placed on
an eminence ; the top of the head behind them flat ; mandibles
proportionately large, broad, curved, convex on the outer side.
Thorax massive, the mesonotum high and convex, the scutellum
prominent, rounded, not overhanging the metanotum, this last
almost vertical, with the basal portion nearly obsolete ; legs with
the femora compressed, the tibiae clavate, but not so swollen at
apex as in ~E. shuclcardi or ^E, yreeni. Pedicel concave above

17

with the sides strongly curved and rounded, the posterior margin
transverse ; abdomen about as long as the head, thorax and
pedicel united, cylindrical, slightly enlarged towards the apex,
and curved downwards ; pygidium convex, entire.

% . Reddish yellow, darkest on the head, smooth and shining,
with a few scattered erect pale hairs on the thorax and abdomen,
hairs on the legs a little more dense and oblique, almost recum-
bent. Head broadly oval, very convex in front ; mandibles
triangular, with a toothed masticatory margin. Thorax compara-
tively long ; pronotum broad and very convex; metanotum slightly
compressed, the apical portion nearly vertical, bordered by a fine
carina ; legs stout, long ; femora and tibiae cylindrical, the latter
attenuate at base, gradually clavate towards the apex. Nodes of
pedicel from above roundly oval, rather distant one from the other;
abdomen broad, convex, not depressed.

Length, <$ 5-3-5-5 ; £ 2-5 mm.

Hob. Western and Central India (Gleadow, Bethamand Wrougli-
ton) ; Travancore (Ferguson).

A variety slightly lai'ger and more stoutly built, with a shorter
head and of a deeper yellow-red colour, procured at Dharmsala
in the Punjab, has been separated by Dr. Forel as var.

18. JEnictus martini, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N, H. Soc. xiii (1901), pp. 464
& 473, £ .

£ . Head, thorax, pedicel and abdomen dark castaneous brown,
almost black in parts ; mandibles, antennae and legs castaneous
red, the lateral spots on the head yellowish white, sometimes
reddish yellow ; pubescence almost wanting ; head, thorax and

abdomen with a few scattered
erect hairs, the antennae and legs
densely hairy. Head somewhat
longer than broad and broader
in front than posteriorly, man-
dibles rather narrow, the apical
tooth acute and curved. Thorax
with the pronotum rounded and
convex, narrower than the head ;
the metanotum slightly com-
pressed, rounded above, deli-
cately rugulose ; legs with the

... x femora incrassate in the middle,
Fig. 16.-

thickening towards the apex. Nodes of the pedicel rounded,
convex; abdomen broadly oval, smooth, highly polished and
shining.

Length, $ 3-3'5 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma, Mayrnyo, 3000 ft. (BingJiam) ; Pegu
Toma ( Allan) j Tenasserim (Hodgson) ; extending to the Malay
Peninsula.

18

19. JEnictus fergusoni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 465 & 473, $ .

$ . Eeddish brown or piceous brown, the lateral yellow spots
on the head placed high up but not so high as in JB. martini ;
the head, thorax and abdomen with scattered semi-erect pale
hairs, more dense on the antennae and legs. Head smooth,
shining, very broad posteriorly, as broad as in front ; mandibles
broad, armed with minute teeth. Thorax very convex in front,
rounded above; the pronotum smooth and shining, the emargination
in the middle of the thorax very distinct, wide and shallow ; the
metanotum delicately rugulose, the basal portion short, shorter
than in ^E. Iceviceps, the apical portion vertical, bordered by a
carina above and on the sides ; legs robust, moderately long, the
femora strongly clavate, the tibiae less so. Pedicel long, the nodes
rounded, smooth and shining; abdomen oval, anteriorly at its
junction with the posterior node of the pedicel constricted into
a short neck.

Length, $ 3-5-4-5 mm.

Hob. Travancore (Ferguson} ; Western India, Surat ( Wroiightori) •
Sikhim ( Wroughton) ; Burma (Hodgson).

Dr. Forel has described three varieties of this species : var.
piltzi, Western India, which has the emargination in the thorax
very marked and profound; var. hodgsoni, the Burmese form
from a hot moist locality, naturally darker, and slightly larger ;
and var. montanus, from Sikhim, approaching much closer to
^E. Iceviceps, having the anterior node of the pedicel sculptured
and rugose.

20. TEnictus laeviceps, Smith (Typhlatta), Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1858),

p. 79, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 465, £ .

£ . Black or dark castaneous brown, the mandibles, antennae,
and legs reddish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with
sparsely scattered long soft hairs. Head oval, highly polished,
smooth and shining, with lateral yellowish-white spots as in
JS. martini, but lower down on the side of the head not forming
tubercles ; mandibles obsoletely finely striate at base ; clypeus
carinate ; antenna? massive, somewhat pilose ; antennal hollows
deep and wide. Thorax : the pronotum highly polished, smooth
and shining, the meso- and metanotum punctate-reticulate, opaque ;
legs smooth, rather long and stout. Pedicel with the 1st node
slightly reticulate-punctate, but shining ; 2nd node and rest of
the abdomen highly polished and shining.

Length, $ 3-5-3-8 mm.

Hob. Assam (Smythies) ; Upper Burma, Southern Shan States
(Thompson)', Borneo; Celebes.

21. JEnicfrus binghami, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 465 & 474, £ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae, legs, posterior node of
pedicel, base and underside of the abdomen castaneous red.
Head, thorax and abdomen covered with scattered erect hairs,

.ENICTUS. 19

the pilosity of the antennae and legs a little more dense, the hairs
oblique. Head highly polished, smooth and shining, oval, the
occipital margin narrow, the occiptal lateral angles much rounded
and convex, the lateral yellowish-white spot not so long as in
JE. martini. Thorax with the pronotum very convex, delicately
transversely sculptured and shining ; the metanotum compressed,
longitudinally striate, rugose and opaque, the basal portion long, the
apical portion nearly vertical laterally, above distinctly margined ;
legs long and robust, femora and tibiae as in JE. martini. Pedicel

Fig. 17. — sEnictus binghami,

long, the anterior node rugose and opaque, the posterior smooth
and shining, seen from the side the nodes are roundly conical
and subequal ; abdomen broadly oval, constricted at base into a
short neck.

Length, £ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Assam (Lony) ; Burma ; Tenasserim (Feu, Binqham, Hodg-
son); probably extending throughout the Malayan subregion, as
I have from Borneo specimens indistinguishable from Burmese
examples.

22. JEnictus aitkeni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901), pp. 465
& 475, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel reddish brown, darkening to deep
castaneous brown, almost black on the abdomen ; mandibles,
antennae and legs a lighter red-brown ; pilosity sparse, confined to
a few long erect reddish hairs, slightly more abundant on the
antennae and legs. Head oval, subopaque, delicately rugulose ;
mandibles broad, armed with distinct teeth on the masticatory
margin. Thorax elongate; pronotum not very broad, convex,
rugulose and subopaque like the head, but in addition with longi-
tudinally elongate wrinkles, that are continued more abundantly
on the posterior portion of the thorax, which latter is more closely
sculptured and rugose ; metanotum compressed, the emargination
at the meso-metanotal suture slight, merely indicated ; apical
portion of metanotum vertical, separated from the basal portion
by a very distinct carina which is remarkably prominent above ;

c2

20

legs long, robust ; femora gradually clavate from base to apex, but
not as in &. bingliami, JE. ferqusoni and others, constricted near
the apex. Nodes of pedicel slightly longer than broad, coarsely
sculptured and opaque; abdomen highly polished, smooth and

Fig. 18, —

shining, except at base where it is delicately rugulose and with a
few large shallow punctures.

Length, £ 4'5-5'3 mm.

Hob. Western India, Poona (WrougJiton), Kanara (Aitken~),
Travancore (Ferguson).

A very distinct species.

23. ^Enictus pachycerus, Smith (Eciton), Cat. vi (1858), p. 153, £ .
Typklatta beugalensis, Mayr,Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii (1878),

jj.ees, 9.

^Enictus bengalensia, Fore I, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),
pp. 465 & 476, ^ .

£ . Castaneous red, the mandibles, antennas and legs very little
if at all lighter in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen with a few
scattered erect hairs ; antennae and legs slightly more pubescent.
Head broadly oval, as broad posteriorly as in front, very delicately
rugulose, subopaque or only slightly shining in certain lights.

.Fig. 19. — JEiiicttts 'pachi/cerus,

Thorax rather broad, anteriorly convex, the pronotum delicately
rugulose like the head, the emargination at the meso-metauotal
suture very shallow and wide ; metanotuin more densely rugulose,
opaque, the colour sensibly darkening on the sides, above broadly
rounded, the apical portion steeply oblique, but not vertical,

21

separated from the L basal portion by a distinct carina ; legs long
and robust, the femora moderately clavate but constricted at apex.
Xodes of the pedicel rounded, convex, the 1st node posteriorly
more vertical than the 2nd node, both nodes finely and delicately
sculptured ; abdomen elongate, oval, highly polished, smooth and
shining.

Length, $ 3-4 mm.

, Hab. Dehra-Dun to Travancore and Madras ; Kanara ; probably
throughout continental India.

Smith originally described this species erroneously under the
genus Eciton, giving as habitat " South America ? " with a doubt.
The types came out of General Hardwicke's collection and are now
in the British Museum. Surprising to say they, as well as several
other specimens from the same collection, are now labelled " India,"
apparently in Smith's own writing. Why and under what mis-
conception Smith, at the time of writing his description, considered
the species American it is impossible to say. His error has not,
so far as I know, been yet corrected, and I believe it has been
copied into several works, e.g. Mayr's Eeise d. Novara, Formicidae,
p. 76; Forel's 'Formigas do Brazil,' Boletim do Museu Paraense, i,
fasc. 2, p. 121 ; and Dalla Torre's ' Catalogus Hymenopterorum,' vii,
p. 8. Comparing specimens of sEnictus bengalensis, Mayr, in
Mr. Eothney's collection, named, I believe, by Dr. Mayr himself,
with the types of ^E. pachycerus, Smith, I find that they are
identical.

24. JEnictuS brevicornis, Mayr (Typhlatta), Verh.zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

xxviii (1878), pp. 668 & 669, £ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1901), p. 466, £ .

£ . Eeddish or fulvous yellow, mandibles, antennae and legs a
little paler. Head, thorax, and abdomen with sparse erect
rather short pale yellow hairs. Head rectangular, very broad
posteriorly, smooth and shining; mandibles with three distinct
teeth ; antenna very short and massive, much thicker propor-
tionately than in any other species. Thorax narrower than the
head ; pronotum convex, smooth and shining ; mesonotum pos-
teriorly and metauotum densely but very finely and delicately
rugulose ; basal portion of the metanotum passing by a gradual
curve, uninterrupted by a carina, into the obliquely-sloping apical
portion; legs short, rather robust, femora and tibiae remarkably
clavate and swollen. Nodes of pedicel rounded, shining, the
anterior node slightly rugulose in front ; abdomen elongate, oval,
proportionately rather massive.

Length, £ 2*5-3 mm.

Hab. India : N.W. Provinces (Smythies), Calcutta, Bangalore,
Calicut (Rothtiey) ; Assam (Long}. The smallest of the Indian
species.

25. JEnictus punensis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),

pp. 466 & 476, $ .

$ . Brownish or yellowish red, the mandibles, antennas and

22 FOBMICIDJE

legs very little, if at all, paler. Head, thorax and abdomen
sparsely, antennae and legs densely pilose, the hairs oblique. Head
smooth, shining, rectangular, longer than broad, the sides very
slightly convex ; mandibles triangular, with broad toothed mastica-
tory margin ; antenna? massive but long, not short as in ^33. brevi-
cornis. Thorax anteriorly rounded, smooth and shining, above
convex, level, with the usual wide depression at the meso-metauotal
suture obsolete ; metanotum sculptured, opaque, striate on the
sides, passing with a rounded slope uninterrupted by a carina to
the apex ; legs long, femora clavate. Nodes of pedicel rounded
above, punctured, slightly subopaque ; abdomen oval, very smooth
and shining.

Length, £ 3-3-5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Poona (Wrouylitori).

26. JEnictns peguensis, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),

p. 452, $ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N, H. Soc. xiii (1901), p. 466, $ .

$ . Closely allied to and resembling ^E. ceylonicus, Mayr, but
somewhat lighter in colour and slighter in build, the metanotum
is less rugosely sculptured, and the nodes of the pedicel are not
punctured nor opaque. Head rectangular, very broad posteriorly,
smooth aud shining. Thorax anteriorly polished and shining ;
metanotum finely and closely punctured, opaque not striate ; legs
as in jfi. ceylonicus, long, with the femora strongly clavate. Abdo-
men oval, polished and shining.

Length, $ 2-3 mm.

Hob. Burma (Fea) ; Tenasserim (BinyJiam).

27. JEnictUB ceylonicus, Mayr (Typhlatta), Sitxungti. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, liii, 1 AUh. (1866), p. 505, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xiii (1901), pp. 466 £ 477, £ .

£ . Eesembles ^E. punensis, but is slightly darker in colour on
the thorax and lighter on the abdomen. Yellowish or brownish
red ; pilosity sparse on head, thorax and abdomen, fairly abundant
and erect on the antenna and legs. Head shorter proportionately
and wider than in JE. punensis, smooth and shining ; mandibles
narrow, tridentate ; antennae long and massive. Thorax very broad
in front, strongly compressed posteriorly ; pronotum smooth and
shining, very convex, almost gibbous above, meso-metanotal suture
very distinct ; metanotum rugosely striate, the basal portion short,
the apical portion vertical and separated from the basal portion by a
distinct carina above and on the sides ; legs long and robust, femora
clavate. Nodes of pedicel large, smooth and shining, conical ; abdo-
men oval, smooth, polished, shining, almost translucent.

Length, g 2-3 mm.

Hob. Nearly all continental India and Ceylon.

A variable species ; var. latro, Forel, differs in haviny joints
2-4 of the flagellum of the antennse longer than thick (much
thicker than long in typical 2E. ceylonicus). Certain specimens
from Calcutta have a few longitudinal wrinkles on the pronotum
and nodes of the pedicel.

POKERING. 23

Subfamily PONERIN^E.

The species of this subfamily are characterized primarily by a
constriction, sometimes slight, but generally distinct, and often
remarkably deep, between the basal two abdominal segments, and
by the unmodified, powerful and generally exserted sting. The
body is more or less elongate and cylindrical, the abdomen especially
fco, the mandibles powerful, the antennae more or less massive :
eyes generally present, absent in one or two genera ; legs mode-
rately long. Habits predaceous and carnivorous. The Ponerince
carry their prey or food underneath the body between the fore legs,
a method of carrying food &c. quite different from that adopted
by the Camponotince and Myrmecince. The males and females of
the Ponerince, so far as they are known, are always winged.

Key to the Genera.

A. Antennal carinae not widened anteriorly, not

covering base of antennae.

a. Antennae 11- or 12-jointed. [p. 24.

a'. Eyes entirely wanting SPHINCTOMYRMEX,

b'. Eyes present.

a2. Eyes remarkably large, lateral, placed

below middle of head LIOPONERA, p. 26.

62. Eyes small, lateral, placed about or above

middle of head CERAPACHYS, p. 28.

b. Antennae 9-jointed SYSCIA, p. 31.

c. Antennae l(>-jointed OOCERJEA, p. 31.

B. Antennal carinae widened anteriorly, more or

less covering base of antennae.

a. Pedicel not free ; a strong constriction, but no

flexible joint between pedicel and abdomen.

a'. Mandibles with a distinct apical margin. . MYOPOPONE, p. 33.
b'. Mandibles without any distinct apical
margin.

a2. Mandibles spatulate at apex MYSTRICM, p. 35.

b~. Mandibles pointed at apex STIGMATOMMA,

b. Pedicel free, with a flexible joint between it [p. 36.

and the abdomen.
a'. Mandibles articulated close together in

middle of front margin of head. [p. 46.
a2. Antennal hollows confluent posteriorly. ODONTOMACHUS,
b2. Antennal hollows not confluent pos-
teriorly ANOCHETUS, p. 38.

b'. Mandibles articulated, wide apart at lateral

angles of front margin of head.
a'2. Mandibles long, curved upwards, one

strong tooth at base of masticatory [p. 49.

margin, thence denticulate to apex DREPANOGNATHUS,

62. Mandibles differently formed.
a3. Claws pectinate.
a4. Mandibles arched, long, narrow,

pointed, with no apical margin. . . . LEPTOGENYS, p. 52.
b4. Mandibles often long and narrow,
with a distinct, if oblique apical
margin LOBOPELTA, p. 54.

24

b3. Claws not pectinate. [p. 72.

«4. Pronotum with teeth or spines .... ODONTOPONEHA,

b4. Pronotum without teeth or spines.

«"'. Posterior margin of clypeus not dis- [p. 73.

tinctly defined ................ PLATYTHYREA,

a". Posterior margin of clypeus defined

by a suture.
a". Node of pedicel bispinous pos-

teriorly ...................... DlACAMMA, p. 75.

b°. Node of pedicel not bispinous, some-

times denticulate posteriorly.
a1. Posterior coxae armed with a

spine ...................... ECTATOMMA, p. 82.

b~. Posterior coxae unarmed.
«8. Episternum of mesothorax sepa- [p. 85.

rated from sternum by a suture. ECTOMOMYRMEX,
b*. Episternum of mesothorax not

separated from sternum.
«°. Posterior tibife with only one

spur.
rt10. Club of flagellum of antennas

not well denned .......... PONERA, p. 88.

b10. Club of flagellum of antennae

distinct.

a11. Mandibles armed with five [p. 104.

teeth .................. CRYPTOPONE,

b11. Mandibles armed with two

teeth .................. MYOPIAS, p. 103.

b9. Posterior tibiae with two spurs.
«10. Middle of front margin of

clypeus produced, truncate [p. 91.

at apex ................ PSEUDOPONERA,

b10. Middle of front margin of

clypeus not produced. [p. 93.

flu. Without eyes, blind ...... CENTROMYRHEX,

611. Eyes present.

«ia. Meso-metanotal suture ob- [p. 95.

solete ................ BOTHROPONERA,

b12. Meso - metanotal suture

well marked.
a13. Masticatory margin of

mandibles very long, [p. 99.

longer than inner margin. MESOPONERA,
A13. Masticatory margin of

mandibles shorter, about [p. 101 .

length of inner margin. . BRACHYPONERA,

Genus SPHINCTOMYRMEX.

Sphinctomyrmex, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi (1866),
p. 895, pi. 20, fig. 8.

Type, S. st&li, Mayr, from Brazil.
Range. Neotropical and Indo-Malayaii regions.
% . Of elongate slender form ; head rectangular, slightly

SPHINCTOMYRMEX. 25

einarginate posteriorly ; mandibles triangular, with a distinct
dentate masticatory margin ; clypeus very narrow, transverse,
produced backwards in an angle between the antennal carinae, its
anterior margin straight, transverse ; antennal carinaa short, close
together, convergent posteriorly, not covering the base of the
antennae; antennae 11- or 12-jointed (11-jointed in the two
Indian species), the flagellum clavate; eyes and ocelli entirely
absent. Thorax very short, elongately rectangular, as broad
posteriorly as in front, flat above, laterally compressed, truncate
and transverse posteriorly ; pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures
entirely obliterated above ; legs short and stout, femora and tibiae
more or less cylindrical, claws minute, simple. Pedicel one-
jointed, node quadrangular ; abdomen very long, nearly twice the
length of the thorax, cylindrical, constricted at the apical margins
of all except the last segment.

Key to the Species.

a. The apical truncate face of the metanotuin

carinate above and on the sides S.furcattts, p. 25.

b. The apical truncate face of the metanotum

carinate only on the sides S. taylori, p. 25.

28. Sphinctomyrmex furcatus, Emery (Eusphinctus),^wM. Mm. Civ.

Gen. xxxiv (1894), p. 457, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), p. 328, £ .

£ . Dark reddish or ferruginous brown, the legs slightly paler,
pilosity reddish, fairly abundant and stiff ; head, thorax and
abdomen with large, coarse, irregularly scattered punctures.
Head rectangular, longer than broad, as broad posteriorly as in
front ; mandibles subtriangular, robust, the masticatory margin
obscurely dentate, the base above striate ; clypeus transverse, very
narrow, raised in the middle and extending back between the
antennal carinae, which are very short, prominent and close
together, curving anteriorly outwards along the posterior margin
of the clypeus ; antennae very thick and short ; occiput slightly
and widely einarginate. Thorax elongate, rectangular, compressed,
the sides parallel, the apex obliquely truncate and carinate around
the margin of its posterior face. Pedicel and abdomen with the
characters as given in the genus, the last segment flat above,
bifurcate at apex.

Length, % 6-5-7 mm.

Hab. Eecorded from Lower Burma (Fea).

29. Sphinctomyrmex taylori, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii

(1900), p. 328, $ .

£ . Closely resembles S. furcatus, Emery, but is smaller, and the
pygidium is not so deeply bifurcate. Brownish yellow, covered

IOHMICID.T:

Fig. 20.—Sphincto
myrmex taylori, $

with partly erect, short pale hairs ; pubescence almost entirely
absent. Head, thorax, node of the pedicel
above and basal abdominal segment some-
what coarsely punctured, most densely
on the head and basal abdominal segment,
and very sparsely on the thorax above,
which is smooth and shining. Head longer
than broad, emarginate posteriorly ; man-
dibles densely punctured ; antenna! hollows
margined on the outside by an arcuate
carina ; antennas very massive and thick.
Thorax with the basal face of the meta-
notuin passing into the apical face by an
abrupt curve, the latter margined only at
the sides, not above. Node of the pedicel
about as broad as long, slightly rounded
at the corners, convex above : abdomen :
the 2nd and succeeding segments with
fine, rather scattered punctures ; pygidium
concave, incised at apex, and with the lateral margins spinulose.

Length, £ 5-5*5 inrn.

Hab. Bengal (Taylor).

Genus LIOPONERA.
Lioponera, Mat/r, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii (1878), p. 666.

Type, L. lonyitarsus, Mayr, from India, Bengal.
Range. India and Sumatra, probably the whole Indo-Malayan
region.

$ . Head ovato-rectangular ; mandibles triangular, compara-
tively large, masticatory margin broad, obsoletely dentate :
clypeus very narrow, transverse ; antenna!
carinae short, prominent, very close together ;
antenna 12-jointed, scape and flagellum
both incrassate towards the apex; eyes
round, proportionately very large, placed
forward on the sides of the head close to the
base of the mandibles ; head posteriorly
transverse. Thorax short, rectangular,
transverse in front, truncate posteriorly,
the sides flat ; the pro-meso- and meso-
metanotal sutures obsolete ; legs stout,
elongate, the tarsi especially so ; the femora
and tibiae cylindrical. Pedicel one-jointed,
with the node nearly square, very slightly
convex above, broader than long, truncate
and slightly concave- in front, transverse
posteriorly ; abdomen comparatively long,
longer than the thorax, the constriction between the basal two
segments very deep.

Fig. 2\.—Lioponer
longitanta, £5 .

.LIOPONERA. . 27

$ a little larger, but almost exactly similar to the £ ; head
comparatively a little broader. Basal joint of the posterior tarsi
very long, as long as the tibia?. Ocelli present.

c? . Eesembles the £ . Mandibles triangular, broad. Eyes
comparatively small, scape of the antennae comparatively long.
Antennal carina? as in the £ , small frontal carina? between the
eyes and the antennal hollows. Head more or less square and
somewhat rounded, slightly constricted posteriorly. Pronotum
extending a little on the upper side of the thorax to the meso-
notum, with no converging furrows. The basal portion of the
metanotum bordered by a carina as in the £ . Node of the
pedicel roundly cubical. First segment of the abdomen extremely
narrow and deeply constricted, giving even more than in the £
the appearance of forming a second node to the pedicel.

Key to tlie Species.

a* Length 4 mm. ; head half as long again as

broad L. lotif/itarsus, p. 27.

b. Length under 3 mm. ; head twice as long

as broad L. parva, p. 27.

30. Lioponera longitarsus, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 667, £ $ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 329, rf $ .

£ . Head and abdomen black, shining ; antenna?, mandibles,
thorax, pedicel and legs red. Head, thorax and abdomen above
with scattered minute punctures and sparse, very short, erect black
hairs. Antenna? with the subapical joint of the flagellum longer
than broad, the apical joint more than twice as long as broad.
For the rest the characters of the genus.

$ . Similar to the £ , larger. Colour as in the £ .

<5 . The characters of the genus. Colour as in the £ . Wings
subhyaline, nervures very pale, stigma brown. Pygidium without
point. Hypopygium with a narrow, deep, angular emargination.

Length, $ 4 ; $ 4 ; tf 3'5 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Eotlmey] ; Western India, Poona to Travancore
(Wroughton).

31. Lioponera parva, Ford, Jour. Bomb. -N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

p. 330, £ tf.

£ . Closely resembles L. longitarsus, but is smaller, with a
proportionately longer and narrower head, the apical three joints
of the flagellum of the antennae proportionately thicker, and the
basal segment of the abdomen larger. Head, thorax and basal
abdominal segment brownish red ; rest of abdomen blackish :
mandibles, antenna? and legs testaceous.

<$ . Similar to the $ in colour, smooth and shining.

Lenr/tJi, £ 2'5 ; tf 2'5-3 mm.

Hah. Dehra Dun (Smytliies) ; Bengal (Itothney) ; Madras ;
Western India ( Wronyhton).

28 FORMIC1DJE.

Genus CERAPACHYS.

Cerapachy?, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii, 1857, p. 74, $; Forel, Jour.
Bomb. ~N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 54, $ .

Type, C. antennatus, Smith, from Borneo.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.
$ . Elongate, narrow. Head ova], occiput emarginate, man-
dibles triangular, narrow at base, the masticatory margin broad,
obsoletely dentate ; antenual carinae elongate, curving round
the base of the antennae, but not broadened into a lamina over
the same ; antennal hollow very wide, bounded exteriorly by a
strong c?.rina ; clypeus very narrow and transverse ; antennae
11- or 12-jointed, stout, the basal joints of the flagellum very
short, the apical joint long, thickened, and pointed at apex ; eyes
small, lateral, placed closer to the posterior than to the anterior
margin of the head. Thorax rather short, slightly compressed,
the pro-rneso- and meso-metanotal sutures not distinct ; pronotura
anteriorly rounded, metanotum truncate at apex ; legs moderately-
long and stout, the tibiae with a single pectinate calcar at apex.
Pedicel one-jointed, node separate, both from the metanotum and
abdomen, more or less roundly cubical; abdomen elongate, the
basal segment not truncate anteriorly, the constriction between
the basal two segments deep and well-marked.

Nothing is known about the habits of the species, but the deep
constriction between the basal two abdominal segments reminds one
of the species of the Fossorial genus Apterogyna.

Key to the Species.

a. Antennae 11-jointed C.fossulatus, p. 28.

b. Antennae 12-jointed.

«'. Head, thorax, and abdomen black.

«-'. Apical joint of flagellum of antennae
distinctly much longer than preceding

three joints C. risii, p. 29.

62. Apical joint of flagellum of antennae
equal to or only very little longer than

preceding three joints C. sulcinodis, p. 30.

b'. Head in part, thorax, pedicel and basal

joint of abdomen red C. aitkeni, p. 30.

32. Cerapachys fossulatus, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Eelg. (1895), p. 48 ;
id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 331.

$ . Deep brownish or yellowish red, the head in part and the
abdomen, excluding the basal segment, black. The whole insect
polished and shining ; the head, thorax and basal abdominal
segment coarsely punctured, cribrate, the rest of the abdomen
more finely and sparsely punctured : the whole insect covered
with fairly abundant, long, erect whitish hairs, and a fine
sericeous, rather sparse, hoary pubescence, seen only in certain
lights, and especially dense on the antennae and legs. Head
strongly convex, the emargination posteriorly deep, the posterior

CERAPAC1IYS. 29

lateral angles acute, the antennae remarkably clavate and swollen
towards the apex. Thorax slightly arched and rounded above, the
posterior face of the metanotuin smooth, bordered by a semi-
circular carina ; legs with the femora and tibise incrassate, the
femora slightly compressed, the tibiae cylindrical. Pedicel cubical,
rounded above, as wide as the basal abdominal segment ; abdomen
elongate, the 2nd segment wide and long, very convex above ; the
constriction between the basal two segments very broad and deep,
giving the appearance to this species of having a 2-joiuted pedicel.

L&vjth) $ 5-7 mm.

Nab. Ceylon (Yerbury) ; Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan).

33. Cerapachys risii, Forel, in Grundidier's Hist. Madagasc. xx, 1892,
p. 244 (footnote), £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 331, £ .

£ . Black and shining ; the mandibles, antenna? and legs
brownish or reddish yellow, the head and thorax sparsely but
coarsely punctured, the pedicel more densely punctured and
longitudinally coarsely furrowed or wrinkled ; the whole insect
covered rather abundantly with fine long erect yellowish hairs,
most dense towards the apex, of the abdomen. Head convex in
front, slightly narrower posteriorly than in front, the posterior
lateral angles acute ; the mandibles, clypeus, and antennal carinse
more reddish in colour than the legs. Thorax strongly rounded
and convex above, submargined anteriorly ; the posterior face of
the metanotuin flat, bordered above and on the sides by a shining

Fig. 22. — Cerapachys risii,

carina ; legs with the femora and tibia? cylindrical, rather densely
pubescent. Node of the pedicel longer than broad, convex above,
sub-concave in front and rounded posteriorly ; abdomen elongate,
the constriction between the basal two segments broad and well-
marked ; basal segment much broader posteriorly than in front,
where it is transverse and submargined, posteriorly the constricted
apical portion is smooth and shining, divided off by a deeply
impressed transverse line ; 2nd segment broader than the 1st, re-
maining segments gradually narrower ; apex of the abdomen acute.

Length, £ 5'5-6-5 mm.

Hob. India, Sikhim (BinyJiam) ; Burma (Fea), extending to the
Malay Peninsula.

30

34. Cerapachys sulcinodis, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 493, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sac. xiii (1900), p. 331, $ .

$ . Closely resembles C. risii, Forel, but is larger, the mandibles
are striate (only punctate in C. risii), the proportion of the joints
of the flagellum of the antenna3 is different, and the apex of the
same is not so incrassate as in 0. risii. Black, the mandibles and
antennas fuscous ; the legs and extreme apex of the abdomen
reddish yellow ; the whole insect covered with soft short, sparsely
scattered, erect white hairs. Head anteriorly sparsely, posteriorly
cribrately punctured. Thorax rounded above, submargined
anteriorly ; the basal portion of the metanotum separated from the
obliquely truncate apical portion by a fine shining carina, not
so marked and distinct above as in C. risii ; legs, pedicel, and
abdomen as in C. risii.

Length. $ 7-7'5 mm.

Nab. Burma, Kareunee, 5000 ft. (Fea); Maymyo, 3000 ft.
(Smythieg).

35. Cerapachys aitkeni, Forel, Jour. Somb. JV. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 331 & 332, £ & c? .

£ . Resembles C. fossulatus, Forel, but is smaller, and the
difference in the number of joints of the flagellum of the antennae
separates it at once. Head and second and following segments
of the abdomen black ; mandibles, antennae, clypeus, antennal
hollows and carinae, thorax, legs, pedicel and basal segment
of the abdomen dark red. The head also is sometimes partially,
sometimes entirely, red or reddish. Head, thorax and abdomen
covered with a thick, short, erect yellowish pilosity, more dense
than in any other species, but not hiding the sculpture in any way.
Head very closely and somewhat irregularly cribrate and sub-
opaque ; thorax and node of pedicel with sparsely scattered
shallow punctures ; abdomen almost smooth and shining. Head
as broad posteriorly as in front, the posterior emargination deep,
the posterior lateral angle very acute. Thorax convex and arched
above, anteriorly submargined, posteriorly the basal portion of the
metanotum is separated from the apical portion by a semicircular
carina ; legs short and stout, with the femora and tibioa cylindrical.
Node of the pedicel and abdomen as in C. fossulatus.

c? . " Mandibles shining, triangular, with the masticatory margin
rather long, slightly concave. Antennae with 13 joints, but
resembling the antennae of the £ . . . . Eyes of moderate size.
Head, antennal carinae, &c. as in the £ . Mesonotum slightly
convex and slightly overhanging the pronotum, without converging
furrows. The oblique portion of the metanotum truncate,
margined by a carina as in the £ . Pedicel also as in the £ .
First abdominal segment, properly speaking, constricted and
narrow, and like that of the worker appearing as if it were a 2nd
node to the pedicel. Pygidium rounded. Hypopygium deeply
emarginate, terminating in two long spines, one on each side,

SYSCIA. — OOCEB..SA. 31

slender from their base and widely separated one from the other,
very shining ; sculpture resembling that of the $ , but with deep
instead of shallow dimple-like punctures. Abdomen sparsely
punctured. Pilosity similar to that of the £ . Wings rather
short, hyaline, with the nervures brown, a large deeper brown
marginal spot, and one cubital cell. Generative organs hidden.
Entirely black ; tlagellum of the antennae, mandibles and tarsi
brownish. Basal joint of the flagellum and posterior margins
of the abdominal segments reddish." (Forel.)

Length, g 4-5 ; <$ 4'6-5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Kanara ( Wroughtori).

Genus SYSCIA.
Syscia, Roger, Berl ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 19.

Type, 8. typlila, Eoger, from Ceylon.

Nab. Ceylon, Australia.

£ . Head rectangular, longer than broad, destitute of eyes or
ocelli, transverse posteriorly; mandibles narrow, subtriangular,
the apical tooth on the masticatory margin long, acute and
curved ; clypeus narrow, transverse, almost obsolete ; antennal
cariuae short, prominent, not close together ; antennae 9-jointed,
short, stout, flagellum clavate, apical joint very massive, long and
oval. Thorax a little broader anteriorly than posteriorly, slightly
laterally compressed, truncate, slightly concave posteriorly ; legs
comparatively robust, the femora and tibiae cylindrical ; claws
bifurcate. Pedicel one-jointed ; node cubical, toothed beneath,
inserted in the middle of the basal abdominal segment, which
anteriorly is truncate and subemarginate ; rest of the abdomen
ovate, the constriction between the basal two segments very broad
and deep.

36. Syscia typhla, Royer, Berl ent. Zeit. v
(1861), p. 20, £; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N.
H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 329.

£ . Brownish red ; mandibles, antennae
and legs testaceous red. Head, thorax
and abdomen shining, fairly closely but
very finely punctured,, covered with fairly
abundant, short, erect, reddish hair. For
the rest, the characters of the genus.

Length, £ 2'75 mm.
Fig. 23. Hub. Ceylon.

Syscia typhla, $ .

Genus OOCEKJEA.
Ooceraaa, Roger, Berl ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 248.

Type, 0. fragosa, Roger, from Ceylon.
Range. Recorded so far from Ceylon only.

32 rORMICID/E.

" $ . Head rectangular, with the angles somewhat rounded and
the posterior border emarginate ; anteriorly the margin is lightly
rounded. The clypeus narrow, its upper and posterior margins
sharply arched ; it surrounds the antennal hollows, and connects
the base of the antennae from one side to the other with a fine
cariua. Eyes placed in the middle of the sides of the head.
A single ocellus in the middle of the front. The antennae are
placed very near the front margin of the head, springing out of a
narrow, sharp-edged groove ; they are 10-joiuted ; scape short,
about as long as the flagellum without the apical joint ; at the base
they are slender, thickening towards the apex. The first joint of
the' flagellum is somewhat longer than the others (excluding apical
joint) ; these are very close to one another and are broader than
long, increasing in thickness towards the apex. The apical joint
is very large, elongate, ovate, and as long as the rest of the joints
united. The mandibles are about one-quarter the length of the
head ; they are triangular, and their masticatory margin is long
but not dentate.

" The thorax is nearly as long as the head with almost parallel,
sides, a little constricted anteriorly, without trace of transverse
sutures, posteriorly sharply truncate. This abrupt truncation (the
truncate face of the metanotum) is lightly concave with a sharp
border, and on the upper margin nearly triangular.

" The pedicel is indistinct and carries two thick nodes ; the two
together are somewhat shorter and narrower than the thorax.
The 1st node is thick, nearly quadrate, but rounded all over ;
posteriorly more, anteriorly less steeply sloped and connected to
the thorax by a slender petiole. Anteriorly near the base,
situated on either side, is a small tooth, on the underside towards
the front a larger one. The 2nd node is equally thick, quadrate,
rounded, and from the side appears larger than the 1st, as on the
underside it surpasses the other. Both nodes are equally broad.
The abdomen is long, oval, moderately flat, the 1st segment being
distinctly the largest.

" The legs are short. Femora and tibiae moderately broad,
all the latter appear to end in a pectinate spine. Claws
simple/' (Roger.)

37. Oocersea fragosa, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 249.

" £ . Dark reddish ferruginous ; the antennae, mandibles and
legs much the same, but a little lighter ; the anterior margin of
the head and the base of the abdomen clear bright ferruginous.
The whole body, together with the antennae and legs, moderately
clothed with short, obliquely-erect, yellowish hairs. The head
and thorax thickly covered with large punctures which are often,
on the latter particularly, rugose and confluent. The nodes are
more feebly, the abdomen still more finely punctured/' (Roger.)

Length, £ 2'8 mm.

Hob. Cevlon. Unknown to me.

MYOPOPONE. 33

Genus MYOPOPONE.

Amblyopone, Smith (nee Erichs.), Jour. Linn. Soc. \ (1860), p. 105,

pi. I, tig. 6, $ .
Myopopone, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 49, £ .

Type, M. castanea (var. maculata), Smith, from Ceylou.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Head broad, very thick and massive, convex below and
above ; mandibles porrect, linear, as broad at apex as at base, the
apex with three teeth, the inner margin with a single row of stout
teeth ; clypeus narrow, transverse, overhung by the broad laminate
portion of the antennal carinae, which cover the base of the
antennae. Antennas 12-jointed, short, thick, flattened and in-
crassate towards the apex of the flagellum ; eyes minute, lateral,
placed rather high up on the sides of the head, the distance
between the eyes and the base of the mandibles being greater
than between the eyes and the top of the head. Thorax tiattish
above, laterally compressed, the sides, at least of the metanotum,
more or less vertical, the pro-meso- and meso-metauotal sutures
deeply marked and approximate ; the mesonotum narrow but
distinct ; the metanotum obliquely truncate at apex, the basal
portion passing into the apical portion by an acute curve, the
apical face flat, submargined at the sides ; legs moderately long
and stout, the femora compressed, the tibiae cylindrical, posterior
pair with two calcaria. Pedicel one-jointed, large, on a level with
the abdomen, anteriorly truncate and slightly concave, posteriorly
joined to the abdomen by the whole of its posterior face ; abdomen
cylindrical, tapering gradually to the apex, the constriction between
the basal two segments well marked; sting long, exserted.

$ . Similar to the $ , the thorax and abdomen more massive.
In the former the pronotuin is short with the lateral angles
rounded, the mesonotum broad and flat, longer than the pronotum,
scutellum not gibbous, postscutellum narrow, transverse ; median
segment short, truncate posteriorly, the sides passing by an acute
bend into the apical face ; legs, pedicel, and abdomen as in the £ .
Wings hyaline, slightlv fulvo-fuscous.

Habits and nests of the two recorded species of this genus
unknown. The species of the genera Myopopone, Mystrium,
Amblyopone, and Stiymatomma in form seem allied to the
Thynnidce and Scoliidce of the Fossorial Hymenoptera.

Key to the Species.

a. Entirely castaneous red M. castanea, p. 33.

b. Black, with the tibiae and tarsi and a portion of

the apex of the abdomen ferruginous M . moelleri, p. 34.

38. Myopopone castanea, Smith (Amblyopone), Jour. Linn. Soc. v
(1860), p. 105, pi. i, fig. 6, £ ; For el, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), p. 54, $ $ .

Myopopone maculata et rufula, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. v (1861;,
pp. 50, 51 & 62, g & $ & rf •

34 FOBMICID.E.

$ . Entirely castaneous red, shining, rather sparsely and closely
punctured, the punctures most dense on the metanotum and
pedicel, and very scattered and indistinct on the abdomen.
Pilosity long, fairly dense, yellowish red in colour, longest and
thickest towards the apex of the abdomen. Head without the
mandibles nearly square, the posterior lateral angles rounded,
almost subtruncate ; mandibles punctured, the tips crossed,
leaving a large triangular space between them and the margin of
the clypeus ; antennal cariuae ending in a bulging laminate plate
covering the base of the antennae ; these laminae, the lower part of
the face on either side of them, and the posterior lateral margins
of the head coarsely striate. Thorax : the pronotum broader than
long, rounded in front, transverse posteriorly ; mesonotum trans-
verse, meso-metanota) suture crenulate ; basal horizontal portion

Fig. 24.—Mi/opopone castanea,

of metanotum only slightly longer than the obliquely sloping
apical portion, the latter finely transversely striate ; legs more or
less densely pubescent, especially the tarsi, which are thickly
clothed with rather long golden-red hair. Pedicel above nearly
square, slightly broader than long ; abdomen with the 1st and 2nd
segments subequal in length, but the latter broader than the
former, and both broader than they are long.

§ . " Occiput longitudinally striate, the pronotum level, with
the mesonotum forming part of the back. The mesonotum
anteriorly with two convergent and posteriorly with a single
medial furrow, as in the males of certain species. Wings shaded
with reddish brown. The rest as in the £ ." (Forel.)

Length, £ 9-11 mm. (including mandibles) ; mandibles 2 mm.
$ 14 mm.

Hob. The Indo-Malayan region, and within our limits this ant
has been recorded from Ceylon (apud Roger), the Xicobars (Roger),
Burma and Tenasserim (Binyham).

39. Myopopone moelleri, Sp. nov.

$ . Jet-black and shining, the mandibles, the antennae, and the
apex of the laminae of the antennal carinre dark reddish brown ; the

MYOPOPOXE. MTSTRIUM. 35

apex of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi of the legs, and the apical
segment of the abdomen a lighter yellowish brown. Pilosity and
pubescence as in M. castwiea, but of a darker colour. Head as in
that species and with similar sculpture, but the punctures on the
mandibles run into longitudinal stria3, the apex of the mandible is
more oblique, and the apical tooth is long, acute, and slightly
curved. Thorax and abdomen as in $ of J/. castanea, but highly
p/olished and smooth, bearing only a few scattered punctures.
Wings fusco-hyaline, costal nervure and stigma black.

Length, $ 16 mm. (including mandibles) ; mandibles 2-5 mm.

Hob. Sikhim.

I took this species at light at 7000 feet, but did not get the £ .

Genus MYSTRIUM.
Mystrium, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 24-5, pi. 1, fig. 15.

Type, M. mysticum, Roger, from Madagascar.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malavan regions.

$ . Head much broader than the thorax, square, depressed, very
slightly convex above, posteriorly emarginate, the anterior lateral
angles produced into acute points on the outer side of each
mandible, the posterior lateral angles also acute but not so
narrowly produced as the anterior angles ; mandibles long, linear,
very slightly curved, spatulate at apex, the inner margins den-
tate ; when closed the apices cross in front ; clypeus transverse,
broader in the middle than at the sides, arched anteriorly, with
the margin denticulate ; autennal carinse short, widely separate ;
antennae 12-jointed, with the flagellum slightly clavate at the
apex ; eyes and ocelli entirely wanting. Thorax rounded in front,
vertically truncate posteriorly, the pro-mesonotal suture anteriorly
arched, broad and distinct, the meso-metanotal suture traceable but
not well-marked above ; the meso- and metanotum slightly com-
pressed, narrower than the pronotum ; legs short and robust.
Pedicel one-jointed, with the node cubical, large, truncate an-
teriorly, posteriorly joined to the abdomen by the whole of its
posterior face ; abdomen oval, somewhat acutely pointed at apex,
the constriction between the basal two segments distinct but not
deep.

$ . Closely resembles the £ ; larger. Head a little broader
than long ; eyes and ocelli present ; antennae, clypeus and
mandibles as in the $ . Thorax broader, deeper, more massive
than in the £ ; the pronotum and mesonotum subequal, the latter
posteriorly with the scutellum somewhat narrowed ; metanotum
short, vertically truncate posteriorly. Pedicel and abdomen more
massive, but similar to those in the £ .

Only one species has so far been recorded from within our
limits.

36

40. Mystrmm Camilla, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 491, 9 $, pi. 10, %?. 1-3.

g . Eeddish yellow ; the whole insect, even on the mandibles,
antennae and legs, very closely and
somewhat coarsely punctured, ru-
gose and granulate ; pilosity very
short, rather sparse, in no way
hiding the sculpture ; head slightly
wider in front than posteriorly,
the sides straight from the base of
the mandibles for about two-thirds
of their length, then a little bent
inwards towards the posterior
lateral angles ; mandibles slightly
twisted, above longitudinally
grooved. Tor the rest, the
characters as in the genus.

$ . Closely resembles the $ ;
larger and more massive; sculp-
ture of the head and thorax, colour
and pilosity as in the $ , the apical
margin of the 1st, 3rd and 4th
abdominal segments above smooth,
slightly shining. For the rest, the
characters as given for the genus.

Length, $ 3-3-4-5 ; $ nearly 7 mm.

Hob. Recorded only from Upper Burma {Pea).

Fig. 25.—Myst

Genus STIGMATOMMA.

StigmatoHima, Roger, Berl. ent. Zcit. iii (1859), p. 250, $ .
Amblvopone, Forel (nee Erichs.), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1901),
pp. 52 & 55, $.

Type, S. denticulatum, Roger, from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head without the mandibles rectangular ; thorax and abdo-
men more or less cylindrical in form ; mandibles elongate, narrow,
pointed and slightly curved at apex, armed on the inner side with
a double row of acute teeth ; eyes moderate or minute, placed at
the sides on the upper half of the head ; antenna 12-jointed,
filiform, the apex only slightly incrassate. Thorax narrower than
the head, the pro-mesonotal suture well marked, the thorax
strongly constricted at this point and divided into two almost
equal halves ; meso-metanotal suture not distinct ; metanotuui
obliquely truncate posteriorly, the basal portion passing into the
apical portion by a more or less rounded curve, the apical face
of the metanotum. broadened, the sides submargiued ; legs short,
robust, the tibire of the posterior legs with two calcaria. Pedicel
one-jointed, cubical, attached to the abdomen by the whole of its

STIGMATOMMA. 37

posterior face ; abdomen narrow, not wider than the thorax, the
constriction between the basal two segments deep, giving the basal
segment a nodiform appearance ; sting exserted.

This genus is closely allied to Amblyopone, Erichs., but differs
chiefly in the shape and armature of the mandibles. Next to
nothing is known of the habits of the species, of which three are
found within our limits. The nest is subterranean, and the $ and
<$ are winged.

Key to the Species.

a. Eyes comparatively large ; flagellum of an-

tennae long, nearly half as long again as man-
dibles .' S. rotlmeyi, p. 37.

b. Eyes smaller ; flagellum of antennae shorter, about

^ual in length to mandibles.
Josterior lateral angles of head prominent.

Length under 7 mm S.feae, p. 38.

b'. Posterior lateral angles of head not pro-
minent. Length over 7 mm & belli, p. 38.

41. Stigmatomma rotlmeyi, Forel (Amblyopone), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 55 & 56, £ .

£ . Black, the mandibles, the antennae and antenna! carinae, the
legs, and, obscurely, the apices of the abdominal segments, ferru-
ginous. Head, thorax and abdomen finely and densely punctured,
covered with short erect pale hairs, somewhat more dense and
longer on the femora and tibiae of the legs ; head and thorax opaque,
abdomen slightly shining. Head moderately convex above and on
the sides, almost as broad posteriorly as in front, the posterior

Fig. 2(5. — Stigmatomma rotJincyi,

lateral angles rounded ; mandibles obliquely striate, the apex
smooth and polished, anterior margin of civ pens transverse, not
denticulate ; anteunal carinae short, wide apart ; joints of the
flagellum of the antennae rounded, distinct. Thorax : the prouotum
long, convex above ; the mesonotum depressed ; the metanotum
about as long as the pronotum, rounded above and broadening

38 FOEMICID^.

posteriorly; legs short, femora and tibiae cylindrical. Pedicel
truncate, almost concave anteriorly, rounded and convex above
and on the sides ; abdomen about as long as the thorax and
slightly broader, the 2nd segment distinctly longer than the 1st.

Length, Q 8*5-9 mm. (including the mandibles) ; mandibles
1-5 mm.

Hob. India, Sikhim (Moller} • Bengal (Eothney),

42. Stigmatomma belli, Fore! (Amblyopone), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.

xiii (1900), p. 55, £ .

£ . Closely resembles S. rothneyi, but is more elongate in shape
and somewhat more coarsely and closely punctured. Black;
the mandibles, antennae, antennal carinae, and legs ferruginous,
darker than in S. rothneyi ; pubescence similar but darker. Head
distinctly narrower posteriorly than in front, mandibles longer
than in S. rothneyi, obliquely striate, with the apex smooth and
polished, anterior margin of clypeus transverse and minutely
denticulate ; antennae shorter and thicker than in S. rothneyi ;
antennal carinae short and wide apart. Thorax and legs similar
to those in S. rothneyi. Pedicel distinctly longer and sub-
apically slightly constricted ; abdomen similar but comparatively
narrower.

Length, £ 9 mm. (including the mandibles) ; mandibles 2 mm.

Hob. Western India, Kanara (Bell).

43. Stigmatomma feae, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),

p. 454, £; Ford (Amblyopone), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), pp. 55 & 56, ? .

" £ . Obscurely fuscous, with a covering of short hairs ; head
coarsely reticulate and thorax densely punctate and opaque ;
abdomen slightly punctured, shining, anterior angles of the head
prominent, the frontal line very lightly impressed ; clypeus striate,
anteriorly with a transverse impression and armed with minute
teeth ; mandibles deeply striate and armed with a double ro\v of
curved teeth ; eyes rather large ; flagellurn of the antennae incras-
sate, thickening towards the apex.

" Length, including mandibles, G-6'5 mm.

" Hob. Burma, Karennee, and the Shan plateau 1400-1500
metres." (Forel.)

Unknown to me.

Genus ANOCHETUS.

Myrmecia, pt., Fabr. Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 423, £ .

Odontomachus, pt., Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. vi (1861), p. 44, pi.

fig- 4, £ .
Anochetus, Mayr, Europ. Foi-micid. 1861, p. 53, $ .

Type, A. ghilliani, Spin., from Europe, Spain.
Range. Both hemispheres.

g . Head like that of Odontomachus, somewhat irregularly rect-
angular ; mandibles placed very close together in the middle of the

ANOCHETUS. 39

front of the head and not laterally at the anterior angles, elon-
gate, parallel, the apex bent suddenly at right angles, and with two
or three teeth ; clypeus very narrow, almost obsolete at the sides,
medially triangular, produced backwards in a point between the
antennal cariuae ; antennal carinse short, laminate, comparatively
wide apart, covering the base of the antennae ; antennal hollows
large, but not confluent posteriorly as in OdontomacJius ; antennas
12-jointed, filiform ; head posteriorly emargiuate, the posterior
lateral angles prominent, the sides straight down to the level of
the eyes, then convergent ; eyes of moderate size, prominent.
Thorax broad and convex in front, rounded and slightly compressed
posteriorly ; the pronotum constricted into a neck anteriorly, the
metanotum more or less truncate posteriorly ; legs moderately
long, femora and tibiae cylindrical, claws simple. Pedicel one-
jointed, the node moderately thick, on a level with the metanotum,
unarmed * ; abdomen elongate oval, the constriction between the
basal two segments distinct.

$ . Very similar to the £ , the ocelli small, the mesonotum
short with lateral posteriorly convergent carinse. Wings sub-
hyaline, with a radial and two complete cubital cells.

cj . Mandibles rudimentary, not dentate ; antennae very long,
filiform, the scape short, shorter than the 2nd joint of the
flagellum, which latter is more than four times as long as the
1st joint ; ocelli and eyes very large. Thorax with the mesonotum
very convex, rising well above the depressed pronotum; the
scutellum large, gibbous, very prominent, almost conical ; legs
slender ; wings as in the $ ; node of the pedicel more flat, but
more or less as in the £ ; abdomen massive, the constriction
between the basal two segments fairly distinct.

Key to the Species.

A. Mandible with three apical teeth.

a. Metanotum bidentate. [p. 40.
«. Antennal hollows thickly punctured A. lonyifossatus,

b. Antennal hollows smooth and polished A. myops, p. 40.

b. Metanotum not bideutate.

a. Basal abdominal segment closely punctured,

opaque.

a'. Punctures on head and thorax running

into longitudinal striae. Length 4*5 -6 mm. A. rudis, p. 41.

b'. Punctures on head and thorax more dis-
tinct, not running into longitudinal [p. 41.
striae. Smaller, length 3*5 mm A. punctiventris,

b. Basal abdominal segment smooth or only

very lightly punctured, shining, not opaque
at base.
a'. Pro- meso- and metanotum punctate,

not striate A. yerburyi, p. 42.

* In one species only surmounted by an obtuse spine.

40 FOEMICID^E.

b' . Pro meso- and ruetanotuin striate.

a2. Thickness from front to back of node

of pedicel at base equal to its height .. A . sedilloti, p. 42.
b-. Thickness from front to back of node
of pedicel at base much less than its
height.
a3. Scape of antennae extending up to

posterior lateral angle of head .... A. taylori, p. 43.
b !. Scape of antennae not reaching up to [p. 43.

posterior lateral angle of head .... A.madaraszi,
c. Basal abdominal segment n'nety striate .... A. kanariensis,
B. Mandible with two apical teeth. [p. 44.

a. Node of pedicel surmounted by an obtuse

spine A. nietneri, p. 44.

b. Node of pedicel not surmounted by a spine . A . princeps, p. 4-5.

44. AnochetUS longifossatus, Mat/r, Termes. Filzetek, xx (1897),

p. 425 ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 59.

$ . Deep reddish yellow, antennae and legs a clearer brighter
yellow, abdomen brownish; head, thorax, and abdomen for the
most part smooth, shining, and highly polished, the front of the
head above the base of the antennae covered with fine close
longitudinal divergent stria?, the head anteriorly, the cheeks, a
broad space round the eyes, the sides of the head, the posterior
lateral lobes and occiput being entirely without striae or punctures ;
thorax vaguely punctured, the mesonotum above somewhat trans-
versely rugose ; pilosity yellowish, sparse, more dense on the
abdomen posteriorly ; pubescence comparatively dense on the head
and antennae, sparse on the rest of the body. Head rectangular,
somewhat widely and deeply emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles
highly polished, smooth and shining, the shafts broadening
anteriorly, the inner margin above the apical teeth denticulate ;
the divergent lateral hollows on the front are . long, somewhat
longer comparatively than in any other species. Thorax rounded
in front, the mesonotum broader than Jong, the basal portion
of the metanotum rectangular, somewhat, flat, with two short
subtriangular erect teeth obtuse at the apex. Node of pedicel
cuneiform, subdeutate above ; abdomen long, cylindrical.

Length 4*5-5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon.

45. Anochetus myops, Emery, Rev. Sttisse, Zool i (1893), p. 201,

pi. viii, figs. 11 & 12, £ .

$ . Brownish yellow, shining, the disc of the 1st and 2nd
abdominal segments brown. Head very broad and short, very
widely emarginate posteriorly, the front striate, the rest of the
head minutely but sparsely punctured ; mandibles short, the
shaft broadening towards the apex, and furnished with three
rather long acute teeth ; clypeus small, emarginate in the middle
anteriorly ; antennal carinae somewhat wide apart, curved inwards ;
eyes very small. Thorax shining, punctured ; the metanotum

ANOCHETUS. 41

oblique, truncate at apex, the sides produced and rounded, obtuse.
Node of the pedicel as high as the metanotum, smooth and
shining, conical, rounded above ; abdomen highly polished, smooth
and shining.

Length, £ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma, Palon near Rangoon (f'ea) ; Pegu Yoma
(Bingham).

'I am not quite certain whether I have identified this species
correctly ; the one specimen that I procured has not got the disc
of the pro- and mesonotum smooth, but in other particulars, espe-
cially in the smallness of the eyes and in colour, it agrees fairly
well with Dr. Emery's description of his A. my ops from Burma.

46. Anochetus rudis, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 499, £ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 60, £ .

£ . Resembles A. jnmctiventris, Mayr, but is considerably
larger and more stoutly built. Dark brown, the mandibles,
antennas, and the whole head, except in the hollows, the legs and
the apical margin of the basal abdominal segment reddish castaneous.
Head, thorax and abdomen deusely pilose and pubescent ; the head,
thorax, node of the pedicel and base of the 1st abdominal segment
densely punctured, rugose and opaque ; on the head and the
thorax anteriorly in certain lights the punctures seem to run into
longitudinal striae ; the rest of the abdomen and the legs polished,
smooth and shining. Head with a very narrow median space
posteriorly, smooth in some specimens ; thorax with the posterior
apical obliquely truncate face of the metanotum submargined and
coarsely transversely striate.

Length, $ 4*5-6 mm.

Nab. Burma, Mandalay (Fea) ; Ceylon, Kandy (Bingham).

I am not quite sure whether I have identified this species
correctly. Specimens I have from Ceylon agree fairly well with
Dr. Emery's very brief description.

47. Anochetus punctiventris, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 6o9, $ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii, pp. 59 & 63
(1900).

$ . Brownish ferruginous, the abdomen conspicuously darker,
the mandibles and legs lighter in colour. Head, thorax, and
abdomen with a few scattered pale hairs, erect on the head and
thorax, depressed and oblique on the abdomen ; pubescence
absent. Head posteriorly not so deeply emarginate as in some of
the other species, convex in front, closely and regularly punctured,
the punctures liner and more sparse on the mandibles and scape
of the antennas : the preapical inner margin of the mandibles
minutely serrate. Thorax densely punctured, obliquely truncate
posteriorly, the apical face of the metanotum conspicuously
margined at the sides. Node of the pedicel ovate, rounded above,
smooth; abdomen stout, the basal segment densely punctate in
front.

42 I'ORHICIDJE.

" § . Thorax wide. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum, both
shining and abundantly punctured. The mesonotum has two
lateral carinse converging posteriorly. Scutellum smooth and
shining. Metanotum strongly transversely striate. Node of the
pedicel emarginate above." (Forel.)

Length, $ 3'o ; § 4 mm.

Hob. Bengal, Sikhim (Rothney $ Holler) ; Western and Southern
India (Wrouyhton).

48. Anochetus yerburyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 59 & 62, $ .

£ . Closely resembles A. punctiventris, Mayr, but is slightly
larger and the sculpture is much feebler and less pronounced.
Head, with the mandibles and antennae, and the legs testaceous
yellow, the thorax and abdomen light shining castaneous red.
Head smooth with, on the front, a fan-shaped area finely, very
faintly, longitudinally striate. Thorax somewhat coarsely longi-
tudinally rugose in front, the meso- and metanotum transversely
striate. Node of the pedicel flat, squamiform, only slightly
convex in front above, the margin is subacute and rounded :
abdomen smooth and shining, with the base punctured.

Length, £ 4-4-5 mm.

ffab. Ceylon (Green).

49. Anochetus sedilloti, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxi (1884),
pp. 377 & 3 *-- w ri -' "•— - n -L " Tr °-
(1900), p. 59,

pp. 377 & 378, fig. £; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii

$ . Head with the mandibles and antennae, thorax and legs more
or less light reddish brown, abdomen dark brown. In some the
mandibles and antennae are lighter in colour than the head. Head
smooth except for a few delicate longitudinal striae on and between
the antennal carinse ; mandibles tridentate at apex, the intermediate
tooth very small. Thorax very finely and delicately striate, the
stria? transverse on the collar and on the meso- and metanotum,
and longitudinal on the disc of the pronotum. Node of the pedicel
thick and conical, more convex in front than posteriorly, raised,
higher or as high as the metanotum ; abdomen smooth, polished
and shining.

§ . " Ocelli very small. Pronotum longer than the mesoootum.
This latter small, nearly level, margined by two posteriorly con-
vergent carinae. Metanotum subcubical, transversely striate.
Pronotum partly striate and partly punctate ; mesonotum opaque,
irregularly punctate. Wings hyaline. For the rest as in the £ ."
(Forel.)

d . " Very similar to the J of A. madaraszi, but the mesonotum
wants the converging furrows. Pedicel somewhat higher. Genital
valves larger. Of a brownish black, the abdomen posteriorly
brown. Legs and antennae testaceous. The wings smooth and
hyaline ; nervures and stigma rather pale." (Forel.)

ANOCHETUS. 43

Length, g 6-6'5 ; $ 7; d 4-5-5 nun.

Hob. Western India ( Wrouyhton) ; Northern Africa, Tunis.

The above is the description of the Indian form, var. indicus,
Forel, which differs very little from the true A. sedilloti, Emery,
described originally from Tunis in North Africa. The latter is
smaller, slightly darker, and with the sculpture, especially of the
head, somewhat more pronounced.

t

50. Anochetus taylori, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 60 & 63, £ .

$ . Dark castaneous brown, shining, the mandibles, antennae,
region round the eye and legs ochraceous, the posterior lateral
angles and margins of the head, the node of the pedicel and the
constricted band between the basal two segments of the abdomen
rather lighter brown or brownish yellow. Head, thorax aud
abdomen with scattered erect pale hairs. Head longitudinally
finely striate in front, the striae divergent posteriorly, the poste-
rior lateral angles very highly polished, smooth and shining.
Thorax densely punctured, the punctures running into longi-
tudinal striae on the pronotum and into transverse striae on the
rest of the thorax ; the apical face of the metanotum margined on
the sides. Node of the pedicel and abdomen smooth and shining,
the former thick, convex in front, flat, almost concave posteriorly.

Length, £ 4-5-5'3 mm.

Hub. Western India, Poona, Belgaum, and the Nilgiris
( Wrouyhton).

51. Anochetus madaraszi, Mayr, Termesz. Fiizetek, xx (1897),

p. 424, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 59 &
»!,$<?.

£ . Castaueous brown, shining : the mandibles, antennal carinse,
antennas, the elevations in front of and posterior to the eye, the
posterior lateral angles of the head, and the legs pale shining

Fig. 27. — Anochetus madarassi, ~Q . «. Head; b. Mandible; c. Pedicel.

yellow. Pilosity and pubescence almost entirely wanting. Head
without the mandibles neai'ly square, a little broader across from
eye to eye than across the posterior lateral angles ; front very

44 FOBMICID.E.

finely longitudinally striate, the striae spreading out in a fan-shape,
divergent posteriorly, rest of the head smooth and polished.
Thorax : the pronotum convex, broad, with concentrically arched
striae, the constricted neck in front, the meso- and metanotum
with fine transverse striae ; metanotum unarmed, the apex obliquely
truncate ; legs smooth and shining. Node of pedicel viewed from
the back oval, flat, rounded above ; abdomen rather massive ; node
of the pedicel and abdomen highly polished, smooth and shining.

c? . Dark reddish brown, the mandibles, antennae, legs, and
abdomen from the 3rd segment to the apex testaceous; wings
lacteous, nervures and stigma pale testaceous. Head, thorax
and abdomen shining, covered with short, fairly abundant dark
pubescence. Head with the eyes and ocelli very large and
prominent. Thorax with the mesonotum and scutellum gibbous,
very convex and prominent, punctured, the convergent furrows on
the mesonotum not distinct ; metanotum short, broad, truncate
posteriorly ; node of the pedicel thick, not raised to the level of
the metanotum ; abdomen massive, finely punctured.

Length, £ 5*5-6 ; J 4 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Rothney) ; Western India ( Wroughton) ; Ceylon
(Green Sf Wickwar).

52. Anochetns kanariensis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N.H. Soc.xiii(190Q),

pp. 59 & 02, £ .

£ . The posterior three-fourths of the head and the abdomen
dark brown, almost black, the remainder of the head aud the
thorax bright rufous ; mandibles, antennae and legs pale yellow.
Head, thorax and abdomen covered with somewhat sparse, short,
erect whitish hairs, and a fine thin sericeous white pubescence,
dense on the antennae, and obsolete, almost absent, on the abdomen.
Head tolerably coarsely, regularly longitudinally striate ; the
sides below the eyes and the antennal hollows smooth, highly
polished and shining ; mandibles minutely punctured and shining,
the apical teeth remarkably long and acute, rather slender. Thorax
densely but finely rugulose, opaque. Node of the pedicel thick,
convex in front, concave posteriorly, above almost flat, and viewed
from above crescentic, somewhat coarsely rugose ; basal abdominal
segment very finely transversely striate, the striae in concentric
arches from back to front, remainder of abdomen finely punctured,
shining.

Length, $ 7 mm.

Hab. Western India, Kanara ( Wrouglitori) • Madras (Hotliney).

J)r. Forel regards this as a race only of A. orientalis, Andre,
from Cochin China.

53. Anochetus nietneri, Roger (Odontomachus), Berl. ent. Zeit. \.

(1861), p. 23, £: Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 59, £ .

" £ . Shining ferruginous, with bright yellow legs and mandibles;

ANOCHETUS. 45

the thorax and the apical margin of the mandibles are darker.
Head, thorax and legs with sparse, the abdomen with abundant
erect hairs. The head is much broader than the thorax and
the abdomen ; it is broadest in the middle, in the front much,
posteriorly less narrowed ; the lateral margins in front, as well as
behind the eyes, waved, and the posterior margin truncate with
projecting rounded angles. The eyes placed in the middle of the
sides of the head. The antennal carinse are arched and bounded
by the inner margins of the antennal hollows, these are deep in
front, flattening out posteriorly. The clypeus in front is abruptly
truncate. The antennae are slender, not very long. The mandibles
are at the base smaller and nearer together than at the apex,
which is bent at right angles and split into two large teeth on the
masticatory margin ; before the middle is a small, and after the
middle, nearer the apex, a much larger tooth. The head is entirely
smooth and shining, and only the space between the antennal
hollows is longitudinally striate. The prothorax is much broader
than the rest of the thorax, rounded somewhat suddenly, con-
stricted anteriorly into a small neck, smooth and shining. The
rest of the thorax above is transversely striate or rugose, on the
sides smooth and shining. The node of the pedicel is conical,
with a somewhat obtuse spine above, and on the underside a
small tooth in front. The pedicel is inserted wholly under the
anterior face of the abdomen. This latter is oval, about as broad
as the prothorax ; its 1st segment is broader than long, anteriorly
somewhat smaller, and is plainly truncate behind and above the
rounded front face. The tibiae are tolerably broad, and the claw-
bearing or apical joint of the tarsi is the longest ; the claws are
simple." (Roger.)

Length, $ 6'5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Nietner).

54. Anochetus princeps, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxi (1884),
p. 379, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 59, £ .

" £ . Ferruginous, shining, with erect hairs, but no pubescence ;
head posteriorly deeply emarginate, broadened anteriorly, the
front striate, the rest smooth, the clypeus in front deeply excavate ;
mandibles smooth, the internal margin denticulate, the apex with
two large obtuse teeth, the intermediate tooth obsolete, merged
into the apical tooth. Thorax : the pro- and rnesonotum shining,
with scattered, partially obsolete, piligei-ous tubercles ; scutellum
transversely raised ; rnetanotuin transversely rugose ; the pedicel
with an elevated node unarmed." (Emery.)

Length, £ 7*5-8 mm.

Hab. Procured by Signer Fea in Tenasserim, extending to
Java.

46 FOEMICID.-E.

Genus ODONTOMACHUS.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Xat. ed. 10, i (1758), p. 582, $ .
Odontomachus, Latr. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxiv (1804), p. 179.
Myrmecia, pt., Fabr. Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 423, £ .

Type, 0. hcematodes, Linn., from the tropics of both hemi-
spheres.

2tanf/e. Both hemispheres.

£ . Elongate. Head very large and massive iu proportion to
the thorax and abdomen, rectangular, longer than broad, in all the
Indian species more or less emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles
articulated close together in the middle of the anterior margin of
the head and not at the lateral angles, long, linear and straight to
near the apex, which is abruptly bent inwards at almost a right
angle, and terminates in three massive teeth, the innermost one
broad and truncate, the apical one unequal, obtusely rounded or
subtruncate at apex ; the inuer margius of the shaft of the man-
dibles more or less distinctly denticulate ; antennal hollows large,
spreading upwards and confluent posteriorly ; antennae 12-jointed,
slender, filiform ; eyes comparatively small but prominent, placed
laterally on the lower half of the head ; the posterior lateral angles
of the head prominent. Thorax much narrower than the head,
elongate, rounded above, more or less depressed and emarginate
at the meso-metanotal suture ; legs long and slender. Pedicel
one-jointed, surmounted by a conical node terminating in a spine
above ; abdomen comparatively small, oval, very convex above ; the
constriction between the basal two segments not very strongly
marked ; the sting exserted.

$ . Similar, larger ; the mesonotum square, somewhat flat, a
deep transverse depression between it and the scutellum, the latter
convex, prominent ; the metauotum rounded and arched gradually
from base to apex. Wings hyaline, with a brownish tinge ;
nervures and stigma brown.

The species belonging to this genus are eminently forest ants,
never, so far as I know, found near human habitations. They
nest under stones and fallen trees, aud on being disturbed or
alarmed leap about iu a remarkable manner. Notwithstanding
their formidable-looking jaws, they seem to be afraid of most
other species. I have seen a single £ of the fierce ^Ecophylla sma-
raydina put to flight a whole nest of Odontomachus monticola. The
remarkable jumps or leaps taken by ants of this species have been
accurately recorded by Mr. Wroughton from a note received from
Mr. Ferguson of Travancore. Mr. Ferguson says : — " I got some
of those (ants) which you said were supposed to jump. I don't think
they do, but they can shoot themselves backwards by bending their
heads, pressing their mandibles against any firm support, and then
bringing them together with a click. I tried them several times,
and found that if held by a prelirnb, they always released them-
selves in this way, using the imprisoned limb as a fulcrum for
the mandibles to" work against." (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sec. vii.
(1892) p. 51.)

ODONTOMACHUS. 47

Key to the Species.

a. The whole head very finely and delicately

striate and having a beautiful silky gloss . O. h<ematodes, p. 47.

b. The upper part of the head smooth or punctate,

not striate, no silky gloss.
a'. The inmost of the three apical teeth on
the mandible rather narrow, twice as

, long as broad O. ri.rosits, p. 48.

b'. The inmost of the three apical teeth on the

mandible broad, as broad as long.
«2. Head posteriorly only slightly emargi-

uate, in no sense bilobed O. monticola, p. 48.

b~. Head posteriorly deeply emarginate,

bilobed O. punctulatus, p. 49.

55. Odontomachus haematodes, Linn. (Formica) Syst. Nat. ed. 10,
i (1758), p. 582, £: Forel, Jour. £omb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 57, £ .

£ . Dark castaneous brown, with a line delicately minute
pubescence, giving it a rich siiky gloss. Head, thorax and the
node of the pedicel anteriorly very delicately and finely striate ;
abdomen smooth and shining, the posterior margins of the segments
testaceous. Pilosity very sparse, consisting of a few scattered
erect hairs. Head rather broad, posteriorly almost as broad as in
front from eye to eye ; the denticulation on the inner margin of
the mandibles almost obsolete, the innermost of the apical teeth
broad but very short ; the striae on the front divergent posteriorly,
the emarginate occiput smooth and polished, not striate, a narrow-
impressed line or furrow medially down the front of the head to
the confluence of the antennal hollows, the face below slightly
raised and also with a short impressed longitudinal line ; antennal
carinse short and broad, strongly convergent above. Thorax very
little longer than the head without the mandibles, compressed ;
the pronotum constricted anteriorly into a neck, posteriorly round,
above convex, the striae concentric ; metanotum truncate posteriorly,
the striae transverse and somewhat coarser ; legs with the femora
and tibiae cylindrical. Node of the pedicel convex in front, flat
posteriorly, spine on the top slightly attenuate at base, distinct
from the node ; abdomen with a few scattered piligerous punctures
and a sparse short recumbent pubescence.

$ . Very similar, with similar sculpture, larger ; the ocelli
entirely wanting ; the abdomen more massive.

Length, £ 9-11; $ 11-12 mm., without the mandibles; man-
dibles 2-5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (Moller); Assam (Long); Madras, Cochin (Roth-
ney) ; Travancore (Ferguson) ; Ceylon (Yerbury, Green) ; not
recorded from Burma ; found, however, in Africa and in America
also.

48 rOBMICIDJE.

56. Odontomachus rixosus, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 64, $; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 58, $ .

£ . Similar to 0. hcematodes, Linn., but smaller ; more slender
and lighter in colour. Pale castaueous brown, the legs testaceous
yellow. Pilosity almost entirely wanting, confined to a few long
erect hairs on the front of the head and apex of the abdomen.
Pubescence very sparse, not giving the insect the silky gloss possessed
by 0. Jicematodes. Head contracted posteriorly, distinctly narrower
than in front; the striae entirely effaced on the posterior portions
of the head ; on the front, above the antennal carinae, they are
divergent posteriorly, spreading out fan-shaped ; denticulations on
the inner margins of the mandibles coarser and more distinct than
in 0. liannatodes. Thorax more feeblv, but similarly striate and
sculptured ; legs similar, the tibiae extremely attenuate at base.
Node of the pedicel more convex anteriorly, smooth, not striate :
the terminating spine above thick at base, its sides continuous
with the sides of the cone-shaped node ; abdomen proportionately
shorter, smooth and shining.

Length, g 10-11-5 mm.

Hab. Assam (Smythies) ; Burma (Fea, Binyham) ; extending to
Sumatra and Java.

The variety from Burma is a little darker than the typical form
from Sumatra and Java, and has been separated as var. obscurior
by Dr. Forel.

57. Odontomachus monticola, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. lx (1891),

p. 560, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 57, $ .

£ . Dark castaneous or reddish brown ; the mandibles, antennas
and legs reddish yellow. Pilosity almost wanting, pubescence
very sparse and short. Head broader in front from eye to eye
than posteriorly, the side hollows deep and well marked; mandibles
robust, the apical teeth large, the inmost one broad as long,
broadly truncate : the inner margins of the mandibles with 7
or 8 small but distinct teeth ; the antennal hollows deep, the
front between and above them with rather coarser striae than
in 0. ri.vosus, Smith, divergent, spread out in fan-shape ; the
sides of the head shining, sparsely punctured, the upper half
smooth and shining, the striae almost effaced, the medial groove or
impressed line shallow, the emarginate occiput smooth. Thorax
with concentric striae on the pronotum, the mesonotum and
metanotum transversely striate ; legs with fine dense short
pubescence ; the femora and tibiae cylindrical. Node of the
pedicel smooth, slightly compressed, very convex in front, the
spine at the apex above thick at base; abdomen larger than in any
other Indian species, smooth and shining, rounded and strougly
convex above.

Length, g 11-13 mm.

Hab. Assam, the Garo hills (Long') ; Burma (Bingham) ; Ka-

ODONTOMACHUS. DBEPANOGrNATHUS.

49

rennee (Fea) ; and the Shan States (Thompson), extending into
Siam.

Var. lonyi, Forel, is similar, but with much finer, feebler striae
almost or quite effaced on the pronotum.

58. Odontomachus punctulatus, Forel, Jour. Somb. N. H. Soc. xii
(1900), p. 58, .£.

' £ . Closely resembles the preceding species, but can be dis-
tinguished at once by its deeply emarginate occiput, making the
head appear almost bilobed ; the medial longitudinal groove on the
front of the head well marked ; the inmost of the apical teeth on

Fig. 28. — Odontomaclms punctulatus, $.
a. Head ; b. Pedicel ; c. Mandible.

the mandible comparatively longer and broader than in 0. monticola,
and the inner margin of the shaft of the mandible with only 3 or
4 small teeth. Thorax : the sculpture coarser and deeper than in
0. monticola.

Length, $ 12-13-5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (M oiler) ; Assam (Smythies) ; Upper Burma,
Bhamo (Bingham).

Genus DREPANOGNATHUS.

Harpegnathus, Jerdon (nee Wcsm. 183i), Madr. Jour. Lit. 8f Sci. xvii

(1851), p. 116, $.
Drepanognathus, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 81, pi. v.

Type, D. saltator, Jerdon, from Malabar.

Range. India, Burma, Ceylon, China.

£ . Head rectangular, emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles articu-
lated at the sides of the head, and more than half as long again as
the head, sickle-shaped, curved upwards, serrated on the inner
side, the saw-like teeth or serrations terminating, at a distance of
about four-fifths of the whole length of the mandibles from the
apex, in a large triangular laminate tooth ; clypeus triangular ;
antennal carinae stout, somewhat close together, broadly laminate

VOL. II. E

50 FORMICJD.E.

and covering the bases of the antennae ; these latter 12-jointed,
slender, filiform ; eyes remarkably large and prominent, their
lower orbits reaching right down to the base of the mandibles.
Thorax elongate, depressed and slightly laterally compressed, the
pro-mesonotal suture remarkably broad and shallow, crenulate
posteriorly ; meso-metanotal suture obsolete above ; posterior face
of the metanoturn truncate, slightly concave ; legs long and slender.
Pedicel one-jointed, cylindrical, narrowed anteriorly, vertically
truncate posteriorly ; abdomen cylindrical, the constriction between
the basal two segments very distinct ; sting exserted, powerful.

$ . Very similar to the $ , slightly larger ; pro- and mesonotum
subequal.

c? . " Wings with two or three closed cubital, two discoidal, and
a radial cell. Mandibles somewhat rudimentary. Antennas long,
filiform, with the 1st joint of the flagellum short, about as broad as
long. Clypeus broad, trapeziform. Frontal area very large, tri-
angular. The antennae are inserted behind the frontal area, at
the sides of the antennal carinse, which are very short, close
together, and placed entirely behind the frontal area. Mesonotum
with two strong convergent furrows. Maxillary palpi with at
least 5 joints. Pygidium terminated in a long and acute point."
(Ford.)

There are only two species of this genus known, both found
within our limits. Like Odontomachus, Drepanognaihus when
startled and disturbed makes the most astonishing leaps, but, so
far as my observations go, the species of neither of the two genera,
unless disturbed or startled, leap as a mode of locomotion.

Key to the Species.

a. Head, thorax and abdomen not concolorous .... D. saltator, p. 50.

b. Head, thorax and abdomen concolorous D. venator, p. 51.

59. DrepanognathllS saltator, Jcrdon (Harpegnatlms), Madr. Jour.

Lit. <§• Sci. xvii (1851), p. 117, £ .

Drepauognathus cruentatus, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 82, £.
Harpegnathus saltator et cruentatus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. II. 8oc.
xhi (1900), pp. 63 & 65, £ $ rf .

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel ferruginous red, closely and
rather coarsely punctured, granulate ; abdomen black, shining, not
granulate, with punctures finer and more scattered ; mandibles,
antennae and legs yellow ; the whole insect covered with short,
sparse, erect pale hairs, and a minute, fine, sericeous shining pu-
bescence on the mandibles, head, antenna1, thorax and legs, visible
only in certain lights. For the rest the characters of the genus.

$ . Similar to the $ ; the ocelli placed very low down, almost
in the middle of the front of the head.

c? . " Mandibles short, triangular, rather wide, but not elongate.
Head somewhat longer than broad, strongly constricted behind
the eyes and up to the occipital articulation. Concavity in front

shorter and broader than in D. venator. Posterior face of the meta-
notum strongly margined. First abdominal segment pyriform
elongate as in D. venator. No constriction between the basal two
segments. A small median carina behind the occiput. Smooth
and shining. Metanotum, pedicel and a part of the sides of the

Fig. 29. —Drcpaiwgnathus saltator,

a. Mandibles.

mesonotum coarsely rugose. Some fovese or obsolete striae on the
rest of the thorax. Pilosity as in D. venator. Reddish brown,
the pedicel darker. Abdomen brown. Legs and antennae pale
testaceous. "Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma very pale."
(Forel.)

Length, % 14-17; $ 17 ; d1 9-5 mm.

Hab. Western India, Mysore, Kanara ( Wrouyhtoii), Travancore
(Ferguson)- Ceylon (Green) ; China? (S)niih).

60. Drepanognathus .venator, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 82, £ ; Forel,
(Harpegnathus) Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 63 & 64,
$$rf-

£ . Black ; mandibles, clypeus, antennal carinae and legs brownish
yellow, antennae castaneous, apex of the abdomen ferruginous ;
head and thorax closely coarsely cribrate punctate ; abdomen
finely densely reticulate punctate, opaque, with some large shal-
low punctures. Head, thorax and abdomen covered with rather
sparse, short, erect pale hairs ; pubescence minute but fairly
plentiful, to be seen only in certain lights. For the rest the
characters of the genus.

£ . Similar to the £ , but the abdomen with long oblong
punctures, the ocelli in the middle of the front. Thorax and
abdomen more massive and as in D. saltator.

c? . " Mandibles broad at the base, attenuate, narrow and slender
towards the apex, which is directed forwards. Head rectangular,
somewhat rounded, broader than long. Eyes rather smaller

E2

52 FOEMICID.I:.

than in the $ . A short depression between the inesonotum and
scutellum, bordered by carinae and strongly striate inside. Smooth
and shining, save the thorax, \vhich is coarsely rugose, punctate or
striate (longitudinally on the metanoturu). Covered by a line
yellowish pilosity, dense on the legs, less abundant elsewhere.
Pubescence very sparse. The 1st abdominal segment is pyriform
and has the appearance of forming a 2nd node to the pedicel, a
slight constriction between the 2nd and 3rd segments. Thorax
and pedicel of a brownish black, head and basal segment of the
abdomen reddish yellow. Best of the abdomen yellow with a
tinge of red. Legs and antenna) very pale testaceous."

Length, $ 16-18; $ 18-20; 3 10 mm.

Hal). Northern India, Behra Dun (Smythies) ; Sikhim (Holler) ;
Assam (Smythies); Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. (Binyliam)', Madras ?
(Smith).

Dr. Forel records (Z. c.) a mimetic spider, SaUicus plataloides,
Cambr., being found with this ant.

Genus LEPTOGENYS.

Ponera, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 83, $ rf.
Leptogenys, Roger, lierl. ent. Zeit. \ (1861), p. 41, £ .

Type, L.falciyera, Roger, from Ceylon.

lianye. Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Australian regions in the
Eastern, and the Neotropical region in the "Western hemisphere.

£ . Head quadrangular, about as broad as long, broader in
front than posteriorly, very convex ; mandibles remarkably long,
slender and curved, acute at apex, not dentate ; clypeus very
narrow, produced anteriorly in the middle : antennal carinae small
and laminate, very short and very close together ; antennae 12-
jointed, placed low down immediately above the clvpeus, long,
filiform, and rather thick ; eyes comparatively large, a little anterior,
closer to the base of the mandibles than to the posterior lateral
angles of the head. Thorax narrower than the head, the pronotum
moderately convex, anteriorly constricted into a collar, pro-meso-
notal suture well marked, meso-metanotal suture somewhat obsolete
above; thorax level above, not emarginate, obliquely truncate
posteriorly ; legs long and very robust, the femora and tibiae
cylindrical, claws pectinate. Pedicel one-jointed, node cubical ;
abdomen elongate, cylindrical, the constriction between the basal
two segments well marked ; sting long, exserted.

Nothing is known concerning the habits of the two species of
this genus found within our limits.

Key to the Species.

a. Head, thorax and abdomen very finely punctured,

not pruinose L. falciyera, p. 53.

b. Head, thorax and abdomen not punctured, densely

pruinose L. pruinosu, p. 53.

LEPTOGESYS. 53

61. Leptogenys falcigera, Roger, Eerl. ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 41, £ .

$ . Black, the mandibles, antennae and legs castaneous red, the
apex of the abdomen ferruginous, the head anteriorly and the apex
of the abdomen with a few scattered ferruginous hairs ; pubescence
almost wanting, only in certain lights a microscopic silvery pile
can be observed, most dense along the
margins of the prothorax. Head : the
mandibles smooth, almost cylindrical, the
apices crossing in front, clypeus bordered
anteriorly by a very narrow testaceous
membrane, and armed with an acute tooth
on each side close to the base of the
mandibles ; scape of the antennas re-
markably stout, reaching beyond the top
of the head, 2nd joint of the flagellum
longer than the 1st or 3rd. Thorax more
closely and coarsely punctured than the
head or abdomen ; legs smooth. Node

,.,. x of pedicel rounded above, truncate an-
Leptogenys fa^gera, .

long ; abdomen longer than the thorax, the 2nd segment longer
than the 1st and with a broad, shallow, but plainly visible trans-
verse sub-basal groove.

Length, £ 7'5 mm., including the mandibles ; mandibles 2 mrn.

Hob. Ceylon (Terbury 4" Green)-, Madagascar (after Forel).

02. Leptogenys pruinosa, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 304.

£ . Very closely resembles L. falcigera, but the head, thorax
and abdomen are not punctured, but covered with a dense hoary
pruinosity, giving the insect a greyish sandy appearance. Black,
the mandibles castaneous red, the apex of the tibiae, the tarsi and
apical segment of the abdomen dull ferruginous yellow. The
mandibles are slightly shorter and less curved than in L. falcigera ;
the produced medial portion of the clypeus is more broadly rounded
at the apex, and the testaceous membrane bordering its anterior
margin is broader ; the node of the pedicel is narrower in front
than posteriorly, and distinctly longer than in L. falcigera, being
as long as broad or longer. Abdomen : the 2nd segment without
the broad transverse groove, the extreme bases of the segments
when drawn out highly polished and shining.

Length, £ 6'5-7'5 mm., including the mandibles ; mandibles
barely 2 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Kandy (Bingkam).

54

Genus LOBOPELTA.

Ponera, pt., Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (18o7), p. 67, $ ; Roger, Berl.

eat. Zeit. v (1861), p. 15, £ .
Lobopelta, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 733, 9 .

Type, L. diminuta, Smith, from the Indo-Malayan region.
Eant/e. Ethiopian, lode-Malayan and Australian regions in the
Eastern, and the Neotropical region in the Western hemisphere.

£ . Allied to and closely resembling the genus Leptoyenys,
Eoger. Head variable, in some species elongate-oval, in others
more or less rectangular, but generally (at least in the Indian
species) longer than broad ; mandibles
long and linear, but less cylindrical
than in Leptoyenys, and always with
a distinct and generally toothed masti-
catory margin at apex ; clypeus narrow,
transverse, more decidedly triangularly
produced in the middle, in most of
the species conspicuously vertically ca-
rinate ; antennal carinae and antennae
as in Leptoyenys ; eyes as a rule placed
Fig. 31.-Lo£pelta. showing fgh% higher up and more to the
pectinate claws. front, on the sides of the head. Thorax

similar, but with the meso-metauotal

suture more distinctly marked ; legs proportionately more slender,
claws pectinate. Pedicel one-jointed, node variable, squamiform
or cubical : abdomen as in Leptogenys.

d" . Eesembles the £ , but the head is smaller, subtriangular ;
the mandibles conspicuously short and pointed at apex; thorax
more massive, the pronotum depressed, the mesonotum and
scutellum raised, the former with a Y-shaped impressed crenulate
mark, the latter separated from the mesonotum by a short, broad,
transverse furrow ; postscutellum and metanotum depressed, the
latter convex above. Pedicel one-jointed, the node conical, thick
at base ; abdomen similar to that of the £ , the pygidium entire,
the hypopygium broadly emarginate at apex, cerci distinct.
"Wings Avith three cubital and one discoidal cell, the 3rd cubital
long and reaching to the margin of the wing. $ . Unknown.

The species of Lobopelta are credited with the ability to make
stridulatory sounds audible to the human ear. Wroughton (Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 27) records the following obser-
vation of Mr. Aitkin's: — "The roar raised by a squadron of
Lobopelta, if you poke at them with a straw, does not require to
be listened for with your hand to your ear." I have experimented
with and watched several species in nature, but personally I was
unable to hear any sound made by them. L. chinensis, L. birmana,
and L. Tcitteli seem always to march in columns of four; while
L. binghami and L. aspera I have only seen in single or double
file, and very often singly, wandering about foraging, like Dia-
camma. I can confirm Mr. Wroughton's observations as to the
termitophagous habits of this genus.

LOBOPELTA. 55

Key to the Species.

A. Node of pedicel squamiform, compressed
longitudinally, its upper margin narrow,
obtuse.

«. Clypeus not dentate.
a'. Medial j

distinctly longer than broad ........ L. ocellifera, p. 57.

.
edial joints of flagellum of antennae

b'. Medial joints of flagellum of antennae

not longer than broad .............. L. binnana, p. 58.

b. Clypeus trident-ate anteriorly ............ L. dentilobis^ p. 58.

B. Node of pedicel not compressed longitudi-
nally, broader above, sub-cubical with ante-
rior' and posterior margins.

a. Antennae remarkably thick ; joints of fla-

gellum 3-6 much broader than long .... L. crassicorms, p. 59.

b. Antennae not remarkably thick ; joints of

flagellum all longer than broad.
«'. Head more or less striate.

a2. Basal abdominal segment coarsely
rugose, the punctures longitudinally
foveate ........................ L. aspera, p. 60.

b2. Basal abdominal segment polished,

shining.
a3. Clypeus not carinate.

«4. 'Node of pedicel low, not higher
than metanotum, broader than
long ........................ L. kitteli, p. 60.

b*. Node of pedicel higher than meta-
notum, only about as broad as
long ........................ L. altisquamiSf p. 61.

b3. Clypeus more or less distinctly

carinate or subcarinate.

a*. Colour yellowish or reddish brown. L. ivood-masoni, p. 62.
ft4. Colour black.

a5. Head strongly constricted pos-
teriorly, distinctly narrower
across the occiput than in
front .................... L. hodgsoni, p. 62.

bs. Head not constricted poste-
riorly, as broad across the
occiput as in front.
a6. Striae on head close, irregu-
lar, and broken. Length
5-5-5 mm ............... L. striatula, p. 63.

6°. Striae on head regular, not
broken, often not very dis-
tinct and wanting on upper
part of head. Length over
6 mm.
a~. Clypeus acutely carinate

down the middle ...... L. dtminuta, p. 61.

b"1. Clypeus barely subcariuate.
In some specimens carina
entirely wanting ...... L. palliseri, p. 63.

56

b'. Head either punctured or smooth and

shining, never striate.
a2. Basal abdominal segment punctured.
a3. Length 4-6 mm.

a*. Of very slender form ; meso-meta-
notal suture above broad and
distinct .................... L. hystericn, p. 64.

b4. More robust ; meso-metanotal su-

ture above obsolete .......... L. punctiventris, p. 64.

b3. Length over 9 mm. .............. L. binghami. p. 66.

b2. Basal abdominal segment not punc-

tured, smooth.
a3. Node of pedicel short, broader than

long or about as broad as long.
a*. Head smooth, shining, not punc-

tured.

a5. Seen from above node of pe-
dicel considerably more than
half the length of 1st abdo-
minal segment ............ L. emilia, p. 66.

bs. Seen from above node of pe-
dicel distinctly very much less
than half the length of 1st
abdominal segment ........ L. lucidula, p. 66.

b4. Head punctured.

a5. Mandibles toothed on inner

margin.

«c. Head and thorax opaque,
with a blue metallic tint in
certain lights ............ L. molten, p. 67.

b'\ Head and thorax sparsely
punctured, shining, not
opaque, and with no metal-
lic tint ................ L. dalyi, p. 67.

b3. Mandibles toothed at the apex

only.
a°. Meso-metanotal suture above

obsolete.
a7. Abdomen lighter in colour

than head and thorax . . L. roberti, p. 68.
W. Abdomen concolorous with

head and thorax ...... L. coonoorensis, p. 68.

b6. Meso-metanotal suture dis-

tinct .................... L. yerburyi, p. 69.

b3. Node of the pedicel elongate, with
a sloping curve from back to front,
vertically truncate posteriorly.
«4. Head, thorax and abdomen with

a bluish metallic reflection.
a3. Apex of median lobe of clypeus
transversely truncate, some-
times bidentate ............ L. chinensis, p. 69.

b5. Apex of median lobe of clypeus
ending in a blunt obtusely
rounded point, not transversely
truncate .................. L. minchini, p. 70.

LOBOPELTA. 57

64. Head, thorax and abdomen with-
out any metallic reflection.
«'. Antennae remarkably long, 2nd
joint of flagellum much longer

than 3rd L. assamensis, p. 70.

b*. Antennae comparatively short ;
2nd and 3rd joints of flagellum
subequal.

/ «". Head without the clypeus

short, only a little longer
than broad ; eyes somewhat
anterior, below middle line

of head L. peur/ueti, p. 71.

l'\ Head without the clypeus
much longer than broad ;
eyes placed about middle
line of head L. watsoni, p. 72.

63, Lobopelta ocellifera, Roger, Bert. ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 13, £ ;

Fowl, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 305 & 309, £ rf .
Lobopelta distinguenda, var. andrei, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxv (1887), p. 431, £,

£ . Dark castaneous brown, smooth, polished and shining, with
a very few scattered small punctures on the head ; head, thorax
and abdomen covered with fairly abundant long erect pilosity;

Fig. 32.— Lobopelta ocellifera, £ .

pubescence wanting.- Head broad, rectangular, as broad poste-
riorly as in front ; mandibles robust, broad, finely longitudinally
striate, armed at the apex with four unequal teeth, and denticulate
along the inner margins ; clypeus narrow, transverse, finely longi-
tudinally striate at the sides, the medial lobe raised and rounded
anteriorly ; autennal cariuac short, laminate, very close together ;
antennae stout, pubescent, the scape just passing the top of the
head, the 1st joint of the flagellum slightly longer than the 2nd.
Thorax slightly narrower than the head, viewed from the side
emarginate above, the pro-meso- and meso-rnetanotal sutures deeply
marked ; metanotum compressed in front, broadening posteriorly,
apical portion obliquely truncate, flat, smooth, not striate ; legs
long and stout. Node of pedicel convex in front, flat posteriorly,
the upper margin narrow, rounded ; abdomen massive, the poste-
rior margins of the segments narrowly testaceous.

58

d . Mandibles short, very acutely pointed ; head rounded, the
vertex above strongly convex ; the mesonotum with a faintly-
marked Y-shaped furrow ; metanotum long, depressed, the basal
portion oblique, passing by a rounded curve into the apical por-
tion ; wings hyaline with a brownish tint ; legs long and slender ;
node of the pedicel conical.

Length, $ 8-9 ; d 9-10-5 mm.

Sab. Nearly the whole of peninsular India and Ceylon, not
extending to Assam or Burma.

64. Lobopelta birmana, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 305 & 310.

Lobopelta distinguenda, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 498, nee Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxv (1887), p. 430.

$ . Closely resembles L. ocellifera, Bog., but the head is shorter,
more square and massive, the posterior lateral angles more

Fig. 33. — Antenna of Lobopelta birmana, showing broad joints.

prominent ; the antennas shorter and thicker, the scape not, or
only very slightly, passing beyond the top of the head. In colour
this species is slightly paler, and many specimens have a metallic
bluish tint as in L. chinensis, Mayr. The abdomen is proportion-
ately shorter and the constriction between the basal two segments
broader, with very fine, almost obsolete transverse striae.

c? . Similar to the d1 of L. ocellifera, but shorter and more
stoutly built.

Length, % 7-8 ; rf 9 mm.

Hob. Assam (Smythies) ; Burma ; Tenasseriin (Fea, Bingham).

This is the Eastern race or representative of the continental
L. ocellifera.

65. Lobopelta dentilobis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 305 & 309, £ .

£ . Dark castaneous red, the legs slightly paler red, the sides
of the thorax in certain lights with a bluish metallic lustre, as in
L. chinensis, Mayr. Head somewhat closely and finely, thorax
more sparsely punctured ; abdomen smooth, polished and shining.
Head, thorax and abdomen covered fairly abundantly with short,
erect, pale red hairs ; pubescence almost entirely wanting. Head

LOBOPELTA. 59

square, oiily slightly narrower posteriorly than in front ; mandibles
short, strong, longitudinally striate, the apex oblique, dentate ;
clypeus narrow, transverse, with a thick, prominent, medial, vertical
carina, the anterior margin of the lobe tridentate ; autennal carinae
short, very close together, laminate, coarsely punctured above ;
antennae short and thick, the scape not passing beyond the top of
the head, the basal two joints of the flagellum subequal. Thorax
somewhat compressed, very slightly emarginate above, the pro-
notum longitudinally wrinkled ; the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures distinct ; legs stout, long, the tibia? densely pilose. Node
of pedicel convex in front, flat posteriorly, the upper margin
rounded ; abdomen comparatively short.

Length, £ 5-6 mm.

Hob. Western India, Thana, Kanara ( Wroughtori) ; Travancore
(Ferguson) ; the .Nilgiris (Daly).

66. Lobopelta crassicornis, Emery (Leptogenys), Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xxxiv (1894), p. 462, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), p. 304, $ .

£ . Eeddish yellow, smooth, highly polished and shining ;
pilosity yellowish, short, abundant on the head and abdomen.

Fig. 34. — Lobopelta crassicornis, $ . a. Mandible.

Head rectangular, a little longer than broad, and slightly broader
in front than posteriorly ; eyes minute ; occiput transverse ;
mandibles short, the masticatory margin oblique, armed with
three teeth ; clypeus narrow anteriorly, with the medial por-
tion angular, the apex rounded, and a medial short thick carina
which extends between the antennal carinae ; these latter short,
parallel, close together. Antennae very short and thick, the scape
compressed, the flagellum incrassate towards the apex, the penul-
timate joint much broader than long. Thorax elongate, narrow,
compressed, rounded above, truncate posteriorly, the sutures fairly
distinct ; legs rather long and robust. Pedicel with the node
thick, truncate and flat posteriorly, rounded in front, and carrying
a thick strong tooth beneath pointing backwards. Abdomen
elongate, cylindrical ; sting exserted.

Lenyth, $ 4*5— 4*75 mm.

Jfab. Upper Burma (Bingham) ; Tenasserim, Kareunee (Fea).

60 FOBMICIDJE.

07. Lobopelta aspera, Amlre, Rev. d'Ent. viii (1889), p. 222, £ ; Forel,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 305, £ .

$ . Black, shining, the mandibles, antennae and legs dark
castaneous, the flagellum and the tarsi somewhat paler in colour ;
head, thorax and abdomen clothed sparsely with short erect pale
hairs. Head rectangular, as broad posteriorly as in front, finely
striate, the striae longitudinal between the antennal carinae and
the sides of the head and on the cheeks, and slightly more distinct,
coarser and transverse on the front ; mandibles long, narrow,
punctured, the masticatory margin very oblique and feebly dentate ;
clypeus narrow, longitudinally striate, the lobe with a medial
vertical sharp carina ; antennal carinae sublarninate, very close
together and punctured ; antennae filiform, pubescent, the scape
finely punctured, somewhat short, not extending much beyond the
top of the head, the 2nd joint of the flagellum longer than the 1st ;
eyes placed low on the third anterior portion of the sides of the
head. Thorax rugosely I'etictilate, not emarginate, the pro-meso-
notal suture well marked, the meso-metanotal suture indicated
above by a short transverse depression; legs long, slender.
Node of pedicel cylindro-cubical, rugosely sculptured, about as
broad as long ; abdomen with the 1st and base of the 2nd seg-
ment rugose, the remainder smooth and shining.

Length, £ 6-6' 75 mm.

Uab. The Southern Shan States, at 5000 feet (Thompson)-
Aunam.

68. Lobopelta kitteli, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xx (1870),
p. 966, £; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 306 &
312, £.

$ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae and femora and tibiae of the
legs castaneous red, the apex of the lobe of the clypeus, the tarsi
and the apex of the abdomen testaceous, shining ; head, thorax
and abdomen clothed with a sparse, erect, pale pilosity ; pubes-
cence entirely absent. Head broadly oval, almost as broad poste-
riorly as in front, very finely and regularly longitudinally striate,
shining with a silky lustre ; mandibles comparatively broad, linear,
flat, their inner and outer sides parallel, above finely longitudinally
striate ; clypeus large, convex, but not carinate anteriorly, angu-
larly produced ; antennal carina? short, laminate, very close together;
antennae filiform, stout, pubescent, the scape passing the top of
the head by about one-fourth of its length ; the 2nd joint of the
flageilutn slightly longer than the 1st. Thorax elongate, viewed
from the side emarginate above; the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures very deeply marked ; pro-, meso- and metanotum very
finely longitudinally striate, the stria? on the pronotum arched in
front ; apical face of the metanotum broadening towards the base
and rather more coarsely transversely striate ; legs stout, elongate,
pubescent. Node of pedicel rugose, in certain lights appearing
transversely striate ; abdomen cylindrical, very smooth, shining
and polished ; sting largely exserted.

LOBOPELTA. 61

Length, £ 7-8-5 inm.

Hab. Along the foot-hills of the Himalayas from Simla to
Sikhim ; Calcutta (Rotlimy} ; Assam (Snnjthies) : Burma and
Tenasserim (Fea, Bingham).

69. Lobopelta altisquainis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 306 & 31 2, £.

' £ . Closely resembles L. kitteli, Mayr, but the pro-mesonotal
suture is very much more deeply impressed, and the mesonotum
strongly convex ; the node of the pedicel is larger and very much
higher ; the apex of the lobe of the clypeus is truncate, and the
abdomen has a bluish metallic tint as in L. chinensis, Mayr.

Length, £ 9-9*5 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim ; Thauugyin valley (Bingham}.

This form is perhaps only a very strongly marked local race ;
but the differences between it and typical L. kitteli, also found
in Tenasserira, seem to be constant.

70. Lobopelta diminuta, Smith (Pouera), Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 69, £ ; Forel. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 307 &
812,5 2?rf.
Pouera Iseviceps, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 69, $ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, base of the antennae and flagellum,
and the tarsi of the legs fusco-ferruginous, the apex of the abdo-
men testaceous yellow. Head finely and closely striate, the striae
longitudinal on the anterior portion, transverse on the front and
forehead ; thorax rugose, the pronotum longitudinally and rather
coarsely striate on the disc, transversely striate anteriorly, node
of the pedicel and abdomen smooth and shining. Head, thorax
and abdomen with sparse erect pale hairs. Head elongate oval, a
little narrower posteriorly than in front ; mandibles long, flat,
finely longitudinally striate, widening at the masticatory margin
and feebly dentate, the apex furnished with an acute curved
point ; clypeus triangular, the median lobe vertically carinate and
produced anteriorly into a blunt point ; antennae stout, elongate,
pubescent, the scape passing considerably beyond the top of the
head ; the 2nd joint of the flagellum somewhat longer than the
1st. Thorax constricted anteriorly into a neck, emarginate in
the middle above, the sutures wide, distinct ; the metanotum
broadening towards the apex, the apical face transversely striate ;
legs long, stout, pubescent. Node of the pedicel quadrate seen from
the side, rounded above, slightly broader posteriorly, and truncate
in front and behind : abdomen with the constriction between the
basal two segments well-marked.

tf . Resembles the ^ . Brownish black, the head globose, the
scape of the antennae short ; thorax massive ; wings hyaline with
a brownish tint ; node of the pedicel conical . Head and thorax
irregularly sculptured.

Length, £ 6'5-7'5; 3 5 mm.

62

Hah. Extends throughout our limits and into the Malayan sub-
region ; not recorded from the Punjab or the dry desert portions
of Central India.

A very variable species. In many forms the mandibles, an-
tennae and legs are entirely reddish brown. In var. Iceviceps,
Smith, from Borneo, found also in India and Burma, the striae on
the head are more or less effaced ; var. opacinodis, Emery (Ann.
Mus. Civ. Gen. xxv (1887), p. 433), from Burma, has the node of
the pedicel sculptured and not smooth ; and var. sarasinorum,
Forel (I. c. xiii (1901), pp. 307 & 312), is considerably larger and
more robust than the typical form. This last is found in Ceylon,
and I have it also from Sikhim and Burma.

71. Lobopelta hodgsoni, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N.H.Soc.x.in (1900),

pp. 308 & 314, £ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae and femora and tibiae of
the legs castaneous red, the tarsi of the legs and the apex of the
abdomen testaceous yellow; pilosity exceedingly sparse, more plen-
tiful and longer on the anterior coxse and beneath the abdomen.
Head elorigately oval, constricted posteriorly, where it is distinctly
narrower than in front ; the whole head, including the mandibles
and clypeus, finely longitudinally striate ; mandibles narrow,
broadening slightly towards the apex, and ending in a single acute
curved tooth, the rest of the masticatory and the inner margins
not dentate ; lobe of clypeus triangular, very much produced
anteriorly, and with a broad median vertical carina ; antennae
robust, pubescent, the scape remarkably long, passing beyond the
head by very nearly half its length ; 2nd joint of the flagellum
very little longer than the 1st. Thorax emarginate in the middle,
the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct ; the pronotum
coarsely longitudinally striate and wrinkled, the posterior half of
the basal face of the metanotum transversely and coarsely rugose ;
legs very long, robust. ]\rode of pedicel about as long as broad,
coarsely punctured, rugose ; abdomen very smooth, polished and
shining, the constriction between the basal two segments broad
and distinct.

Length, £ 7 mm.

Hah. Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan) ; Tenasserim, Thaungyin
valley (Hodgson).

72. Lobopelta wood-masoni, Ford, Jour. As. Soc. Bent/. lv (1886),

pt. ii, p. 246, $ ; Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 308, $ .

" £ . Long and narrow, the legs and especially the antennae
very long. Head oval. Eyes large, flat, situated at the anterior
two-fifths of the head. The 2nd joint of the flagellum longer
than the 1st. Mandibles rather broad, striate ; their terminal
margin long, sharp, with a pointed tooth at the end and an obtuse
one at its posterior third. Clypeus very triangularly advanced,
nearly acuminate, strongly cariuate, longitudinally striate. Vertex

LOBOPELTA. DO

and occiput shining, nearly smooth. Mesothorax strongly con-
stricted behind the mesonotum, the constriction much widened.
Mesonotum small and narrow. The basal surface of the meta-
notum narrow, rounded, as long as the pronotum and the meso-
notum together. The declivous face moderately short, transversely
wrinkled, rounded at the sides and above. The rest of the thorax
shining and nearly smooth, except at the sides of the mesothorax
and of the metathorax, which are more or less rugose. Node of
pedicel raised, narrowed iu front, smooth and shining, as long as
the breadth of its posterior surface. Abdomen shining and nearly
smooth, strongly constricted after the 1st segment. Here and
there a few erect hairs on the legs, the scapes, and the underside of
the body. Recumbent pubescence almost wanting. Yellowish
or reddish brown, darker over the head, the thorax and the node
of pedicel. Flagellum, tibiaa and tarsi testaceous.
"Length 6-2 mm. Sibsagur, Assam" (apud Forel).

73. Lobopelta Striatula, Emery (Leptogenys), Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.

xxxiv (1894), p. 461, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 307, §5.

£ . Resembles L. diminuta, Smith, but is smaller and slighter ;
the head and thorax are more distinctly sculptured, and the node
of the pedicel and abdomen highly polished and shining. Black,
with the apex of the mandibles, the nagellum of the antennae, and
joints (sometimes the whole) of the legs castaneous brown. Head,
thorax and abdomen with a very few scattered erect hairs ;
pubescence wanting. Head broadly oval, longer than broad,
finely but very irregularly longitudinally striate, the striae broken
and interrupted, giving an opaque rugose appearance ; mandibles
comparatively broad, the masticatory margin dentate, much broader
proportionately than in most of the species of Lobopelta ; clypeus
narrow transverse, the median lobe carinate ; antennae filiform,
long, the 2nd joint of the flagellum longer than the 1st. Thorax :
the sculpture similar to that on the head, the striae on the pro-
notum more regular, concentric, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures fairly well marked ; legs long, robust, pubescent. Node
of the pedicel compressed, slightly longer than broad ; abdomen
short, the constriction between the basal two segments well
marked.

Length, £ 5'5-6'5 mm.

Hah. Burma : Maymyo. 3000 feet (Bingham), Toungoo (ffaux-
well) ; Tenasserim, Karenuee (Fea).

74. Lobopelta palliseri, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 307 & 31 3, £.

£ . Resembles L. diminuta, Smith, but is much more robustly
built and larger. Black, the extreme base of the antennae, the
apex of the scape of the flagellum, and of the femora of the legs
and the whole of the tarsi reddish brown. Head, thorax and

64 FOBMIC'IDJE.

abdomen with sparsely scattered, rather loiig aud soft, erect, pale
hairs. Head broad, very nearly as broad as long, and as broad
posteriorly as in front, more distinctly and coarsely striate than
in L. dimimita ; the striae longitudinal anteriorly, transverse oil
the front and forehead; mandibles comparatively long, striate,
linear, not dentate, but the outer margin ending in an acute
curved point ; clvpeus longitudinally striate, the median lobe barely
subcarinate ; antennae comparatively short, pubescent, the scape
passing slightly beyond the top of the head. Thorax viewed in
profile with a wide but shallow emargination, the mesonotum
depressed, irregularly longitudinally wrinkled and striate, the
sutures rather deeply impressed ; legs pubescent, the tarsi densely
so. Node of the pedicel very high, a little longer than broad,
above coarsely longitudinally wrinkled ; abdomen very smooth,
polished and shining.

Length, £ 7-8 mm.

Hctb. Western India, Kanara (Palliser) ; Tenasserim, Mergui
(Bingham).

I am not certain whether 1 have identified this species correctly.

75. Lobopelta hysterica, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Snc. xiii (1900),

pp. 305 & 311, $ .

£ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae, femora, tibiae and tarsi of
the legs, and apex of the abdomen rufo-castaneous, the COXSB of the
legs dark castaneous, almost black; head, thorax, node of the
pedicel and basal two segments of the abdomen densely punctured,
opaque, the apical margin of the 2nd and the remaining abdominal
segments smooth and shining with only a few scattered punctures ;
pilosity extremely sparse ; pubescence wanting except on the
antennse and tibiae of the legs. Head longer than broad, rounded
posteriorly and as broad as in front ; mandibles narrow, not
dentate, broadening towards the apex and ending in a sharp point ;
clypeus triangular, the median lobe broadly carinate, the apex
truncate and rounded ; antennae elongate, the scape passing well
beyond the top of the head, the basal two joints of the flagellum
subequal. Thorax elongate, not emarginate, the pro-meso- and
meso-inetanotal sutures distinct, the latter broad but not deep ;
legs stout and long, the tibiae and tarsi paler in colour than the
femora. Node of the pedicel high, cubical, about as long as
broad ; abdomen comparatively massive, longer than the thorax.

LengtJi, $ 4-4-5 mm.

Hob. Western India ( WroitgJiton) ; Ceylon (Yerbunj}.

76. Lobopelta punctiventris, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

xxviii (1878), pp. 665 & 666, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), p. 305, $ .

£ . Black ; the mandibles, base of the scape and the flagellum of
the antennae, the trochanters, bases of the femora, tibiae and tarsi
of the legs and the apex of the abdomen rufo-ferruginous, the

I.OBOPELTA.

65

coxae and femora dull black, and the tibice above shaded with
fuscous black ; bead, thorax and
abdomen densely punctured, the
punctures somewhat coarser than
in L. hysterica, and with scattered
erect short black hairs. Head with
the mandibles and antennas as in
L. hysterica, but the clypeus is
broader and not so strongly cari-
nate. Thorax stouter than in the
above species, rounded above, not
emarginate, and with the meso-
rnetanotal suture obsolete above ;
legs as in L. hysterica. Node of
the pedicel comparatively larger,
cubical, seen from above longer
than broad ; abdomen massive,
about as long as the thorax.

Length, £ 5-6 mm.

Nab. India, Sikhim (Molhr),
Calcutta (Eothney}.
This species is very closely allied to L. hysterica, but is larger
and more stoutly built.

Fig. 35.

Ijobopelta punctiventris,

77. Lobopelta binghami, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 305 & 310, £ .

£ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae and femora, tibiae and tarsi
of the legs dull castaneous red, the scape of the antennae and the
femora of the legs of a darker red, the apical margins of the 2nd
and succeeding abdominal segments narrowly translucent, tes-
taceous yellow ; head, thorax and basal segment of the abdomen

Fig. 36. — Lobopelta bingliami, $. a. Head from front.

opaque, very finely and densely punctured, on the basal portion of
the metanotum posteriorly, and on the node of the pedicel the
punctures are coarser ; 2nd and succeeding segments of the abdo-
men dull black, slightly punctured ; the head, thorax and abdomen
covered with abundant short erect black hairs ; pubescence want-
ing. Head oval, slightly narrowed posteriorly; mandibles long,

VOL. II. F

66 FORMICIDJG.

ilat, linear and narrow, not dentate ; clypeus with the median
lobe strongly cariuate, produced anteriorly, the apex truncate, the
anterior margin of the clypeus with a distinct tooth on each side
of the median projection ; antennae stout, elongate, pubescent, the
scape reaching for about one-third of its length beyond the top of
the head, the 2nd joint of the flagellum more than twice as long
as the 1st. Thorax rounded above, not emarginate, the pro-meso-
and meso-rnetauotal suture above distinct but not deeply im-
pressed; legs pubescent, long, and stout. Node of the pedicel
cubical, rounded above, somewhat longer than broad ; abdomen
massive, much longer than the thorax.

Length, g 9-10 mm.

Hub. Upper Burma ; Teuasserim, Karennee (Bingham).

A very distinct species.

78. Lobopelta lucidula, Emery (Leptoprenys), Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.

xxxiv (1894), p. 462, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii.
(1900), p. 306,$.

£ . Brownish red, more or less shaded with fuscous, the man-
dibles, antenna? and legs paler reddish ; pilosity short and somewhat
sparse. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, with a
few scattered punctures on the latter two. Head with the man-
dibles somewhat scutiforrn, longer than broad, with the occipital
margin transverse ; mandibles long and narrow, the masticatory
margin with 8-10 irregular- sized teeth ; clypeus comparatively
large, triangular, very strongly medially carinate : antennas very
stout and thick, the scape a little flattened ; anteunal carina3
narrow, short, close together ; eyes proportionately rather small.
Thorax compressed, rounded above ; pro-mesonotal suture more
distinct than the meso-metanotal suture ; metanotum posteriorly
truncate, the basal portion passing into the apical portion by a
rounded curve ; legs moderately stout, rather long. Pedicel with
a node higher than broad or long, rounded above, level with the
top of the metanotum ; abdomen from above elongate oval, some-
what gibbous anteriorly.

Length, £ 4-5-5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim 4000 feet (Moller); Burma, Karennee (Fed).

79. Lobopelta emiliae, Fowl, Ann. Soc. ent. Beige, xlvi (1902),

p. 294, s.

£ . Pale yellowish red, the legs pale dull yellow, head, thorax
and abdomen smooth and slightly shining ; pilosity pale yellow,
somewhat abundant, especially on the abdomen, on the legs and
tarsi it is oblique and rather long. Head rectangular, slightly
convex posteriorly, where it is as broad as in front; mandibles
long, linear, narrow, broadening very slightly towards the apical
margin, the latter obscurely dentate ; clypeus rather large, medially
carinate and produced ; antennal farina? short, close together, the
front above them with a very short, deeply impressed and very

LOBOPELTA. 07

narrow groove ; antennae long and thick ; eyes proportionately
moderate in size, lateral, placed anterior to the middle of the head.
Thorax long, narrow, compressed, the sutures fairly distinct but
not deeply impressed ; the metanotum massive, obliquely truncate
posteriorly ; legs long, rather slender. Pedicel : the node broader
than long, rounded above, subtruncate in front and vertically
truncate posteriorly ; abdomen long, cylindrical.

tLenyth, £ 4-4-2 mm.

Hob. G-uzerat ( Wroughton).

Closely allied to L. castanea, Mayr, from Africa.

80. Lobopelta moelleri, sp. n.

£ . Head and thorax opaque dull black with a bluish metallic
tint ; abdomen castaneous brown, highly polished and shining ; the
mandibles, clypeus, antennae, apex of the metanotum on the sides,
legs and articulations posterior and anterior of the pedicel dull
rut'o-ferruginous. Head, thorax and abdomen covered with abun-
dant short serai-erect white hairs. Head sparsely punctured, much
longer than broad, the occiput transverse, the cheeks straight,
very slightly convex ; mandibles strongly dentate, minutely, finely,
longitudinally striate ; clypeus comparatively large, convex, not
vertically carinate but with a remarkably raised ridge extending
from the antennal carinse to the lateral angles of the clypeus ;
antennal carinae short, very close together ; antennae elongate,
massive, the scape extending a little beyond the top of the head ;
the basal two joints of the flagellum subequal, longer than the
succeeding joints, which however are all longer than broad.
Thorax comparatively massive and broad, rounded above, sparsely
punctured and wrinkled, not emarginate, the pro-mesonotal suture
distinct, the meso-metanotal suture barely indicated, the metanotum
nearly vertically truncate at apex, its apical face with a broad
shallow vertical groove ; legs long and stout, slightly pubescent.
Node of the pedicel short, as broad as long, smooth and shining,
very rounded and convex anteriorly, vertically truncate posteriorly ;
abdomen shorter than the thorax, with the apical margins of the
segments broadly testaceous.

Length, £ 5 mm.

Hal. Sikhim at 4000 feet (Moller).

81. Lobopelta dalyi, For el, Jour. Bomb. y. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 306 & 311, $ .

£ . Black, shining ; the mandibles, flagellum of the antennas
and the tarsi rufo-ferruginous ; scape of the antennae, and the coxae,
femora, and tibiae of the legs dark castaneous brown ; apex of the
abdomen testaceous yellow. Head and thorax very sparsely
punctured, the pronotum with a few longitudinal wrinkles ; abdo-
men smooth, highly polished. The whole insect covered with
very sparsely scattered pale yellow hairs. Head longer than
broad ; mandibles large, very strongly dentate on the inner and

68 FOBMICID.*:.

masticatory margins ; clypeus triangular, broadly vertically carinate
iu the middle, the apex of the median lobe pointed and translucent
yellow ; antennae long, robust, subpubescent, the scape extending
slightly above the top of the head, the bnsal three joints of the
flagellum subequal, the flagelluin distinctly thicker towards the
apex. Thorax rounded above, not emarginate, pro-mesouotal
suture distinct, meso-metauotal suture obsolete above ; legs long,
robust. Node of pedicel conical, somewhat flat posteriorly ;
abdomen not quite so long as the thorax, the constriction between
the basal two segments slight.

Length, £ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Western India, the Nilgiris, Kanara, Mysore (Daly,
Wrouyhton) ; Cochin (Ferguson).

82. Lobopelta roberti, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 306 &311, £.

£ . Dark castaneous brown, the mandibles, antenna) and legs
light reddish brown ; head and thorax with fairly abundant minute
punctures ; abdomen smooth and shining ; the front of the head,
the thorax above and the abdomen, chiefly towards the apex and
underneath, with short erect pale hairs. Head oval, longer than
broad ; mandibles stout but narrow, dentate on the masticatory
margin ; clypeus transverse, strongly vertically carinate, rounded
anteriorly, the median lobe prolonged by a translucent yellow
chitinous membrane ; antennae pubescent, thick and long, the
scape passing beyond the top of the head ; the 1st and 3rd joints
of the flagellnin each longer than the 2nd. Thorax above not
emargiuate ; the pro-mesonotal suture distinct, the meso-metanotal
suture scarcely indicated, the metanotum compressed ; legs stout,
long. Node of the pedicel broader than long, flat in front and
posteriorly ; abdomen rather more massive proportionately than in
L. dalyi ; the constriction between the basal two segments more
distinct.

Length, $ 3'5 mm.

Hal>. Assam (Smythies) ; Upper Burma, the Shan States
(Thompson).

83. Lobopelta coonoorensis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (^1900),

pp. 306 & 311, $ .

$ . Resembles L. roberti, but is slightly larger and darker, with
a proportionately larger head and shorter mandibles, which latter
are longitudinally striate. Piceous brown, the mandibles, antennae
and legs lighter reddish brown. Head, thorax and abdomen
polished, shining, the two former regularly and somewhat closely
and finely punctured, clothed with short erect pale reddish hairs.
Head rectangular, much longer than broad ; mandibles narrow,
dentate on the masticatory margin ; clypeus transverse, narrow,
carinate down the middle and obscurely striate like the man-
dibles ; antennal hollows very large ; antennae thick, pubescent ;

LOBOPELTA. 69

scape not reaching beyond the top of the head ; basal two joints
of the flagellum subequal, all the joints thicker and the apex
of the flagellum more incrassate than in L. roberti. Thorax as
in L. roberti, punctures fewer and more scattered than on the
head ; pronotum with a few obscure longitudinal wrinkles ; legs
long and stout. Node of the pedicel longer than in L, roberti,
very convex and rounded in front, abruptly vertically truncate
posteriorly ; abdomen massive, gibbous in front, the constriction
between the basal two segments not well marked.

Length, $ nearly 4 mm.

Hab. Western India, the Nilgiri Hills ( WrougJitoii).

84. Lobopelta yerburyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sos. xiii (1900),

pp. 306 & 311, £.

£ . Castaneous red, slightly shining ; the mandibles, flagellum of
the antenna? and the tarsi paler yellowish red. Head, thorax and
abdomen, especially the mandibles, back of the thorax and the legs,
clothed with short, soft, pale semi-recumbent hairs. Head finely
and closely, thorax more sparsely punctured ; node of the pedicel
and abdomen smooth. Head much longer than broad ; mandibles
stout, finely striate, their masticatory margin distinctly dentate ;
clypeus convex, but not distinctly carinate ; the median lobe
triangularly advanced, and bordered by a narrow translucent
chitinous membrane ; antennae pubescent, long and thick, the scape
reaching beyond the top of the head, 2nd joint of the flagellum
equal to the 3rd and longer than the 1st. Thorax above not
emarginate, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures deeply
impressed; metauotum slightly compressed, the apex roundly
truncate ; legs very stout and long, the anterior femora and tibiae
broad, slightly compressed. Node of the pedicel conical, broader
than long, rounded anteriorly and above ; abdomen short and
broad, the constriction between the basal two segments not well
marked.

Length, £ 4-5 to nearly 5 mm,

Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury, Green).

85. Lobopelta cliinensis, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xx

(1870), p. 965, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 308 & 313, £ c? .

£ . Black, smooth and shining, sparsely punctured, and with a
sparse pale erect pilosity, most dense towards the apex of the
abdomen ; in certain lights the insect has a beautiful purplish-
blue metallic lustre ; mandibles, flagellum of the antennoa, tibiae
and tarsi castaneous red, tarsi somewhat lighter iu colour ; apex of
the abdomen testaceous yellow. Head oval, constricted above
the eyes; the occiput narrow, transverse; mandibles narrow,
lineai*, punctured, the apex ending in an acute curved point ;
clypeus triangular, the median lobe acutely vertically carinate, apex

70 FORMICID.E.

truncate ; antennae long, pubescent, the scape extending well
beyond the top of the head ; the 2nd joint of the flagellum more
than twice as long as the 1st. Thorax broad, not narrowed
anteriorly into a collar; pronotum very convex, pro-ineso- and
meso-metanotal sutures very distinct and broad ; thorax viewed
from the side widely emarginate in the middle; legs stout and
long. Node of the pedicel rounded above, truncate anteriorly and
posteriorly, twice as long as broad and twice as high posteriorly
as in front ; abdomen massive, the constriction between the basal
two segments well marked.

cJ . Similar to the $ ; the head globose, the mandibles much
shorter, the thorax massive, the oblique furrows on the mesonotum
distinct, the scutellum strongly convex ; the wings hyaline, slightly
pubescent and infuscate.

Length, $ 8-10 ; d" 9 mm.

Nab. More or less all Continental India and Ceylon, except the
drier portions of Central and Western India and the Punjab.
This species is found in China and Japan, but not recorded from
Assam, Burma, or Tenasserim.

86. Lobopelta minchini, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 308 & 313, £ & d .

$ . Resembles L. chinensis, but is smaller and more pubescent ;
the mandibles are broader and longer, and the head proportionately
not so long nor so narrow at the occiput. Black ; the mandibles,
antennae and legs castaneous red, the head, thorax and abdomen
in certain lights with a purplish-blue metallic tint. Sculpture as
in L. cliinensis. Antennae pubescent, longer proportionately than
in that species ; the scape extending beyond the top of the head by
more than one-third of its length ; the 2nd joint of the flagellum
twice the length of the 1st and about one-third of its length longer
than the 3rd joint. Thorax not so distinctly emarginate as in
L. cliinensis, but the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures as deeply
marked. Node of the pedicel somewhat shorter and slightly higher
posteriorly ; abdomen as in L. cliinensis.

Length, $ 6-5-7 mm.

Hob. Bengal ; S. India (Rothney) ; Burma (Minchin).

I am doubtful as to the identification of this species: three speci-
mens of a Lobopelta I have from the Pegu Toma answer fairly well
to Dr. Forel's description of L. minchini, especially in the shape of
the pedicel, w hich curves gradually from back to front and ends in
a short flat portion. All three specimens are more densely
pubescent than any other of the Indian species of Lobopelta.

87. Lobopelta assamensis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 308 & 313, ?.

£ . Castaneous red, smooth and shining; the mandibles, flagellum
of the antennae and legs, including the coxae, paler red ; the tibial
calcaria, the apical margins of abdominal segments 1-4 and the

LOBOPELTA. 71

whole of the apical segment testaceous yellow. Pilosity fairly-
abundant, pale red, soft and erect. Head elongate, much longer
than broad and almost as broad posteriorly as in front ; mandibles
long, linear, narrow, not dentate, but the lower angle of the mastica-
tory margin ending in an acute curved point ; clypeus triangular,
anteriorly submargined, the median lobe vertically carinate, blunt
at apex ; antennae pubescent, long, comparatively stout, the scape
extending beyond the top of the head, the 2nd joint of the flagel-
lum very long, nearly three times as long as the 1st; eyes com-
paratively very large, depressed and flat. Thorax slightly emar-
ginate above, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct,
the metanotum considerably broadened towards the apex and
rounded above ; legs long and stout, pubescent. Node of the
pedicel strongly compressed, about a quarter as long again as high
posteriorly ; abdomen long and massive, longer than the thorax.

Length, $ 6'5-7 mm.

Hob. Assam, the Garo hills (Long}.

88. Lobopelta peuqueti, Er. Andre, Rev. tfEnt. vi (1887), p. 292, £ ;
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sac. xiii (1900), p. 309, £ .

£ . Black, smooth and shining ; the apex of the mandibles, the
flagellum of the antennae, and the femora, tibise and tarsi of the legs
more or less dark castaneous brown, lightest on the flagellum and
tarsi. The front of the head, the thorax, node of pedicel and
abdomen covered with short erect pale hairs. Head oval, somewhat

-Fig. 37. — Lobopelta pcuqueti,

narrower posteriorly than in front ; mandibles flat, linear, not
dentate ; clypeus triangular, the median lobe strongly carinate ; the
antennae thick, the scape opaque, extending well beyond the top
of the head ; the face just above the sides of the clypeus and on
each side of the antennal carinso flat, very minutely, closely, but
superficially punctured, the 2nd joint of the flagellum half as long
again as the 1st. Thorax very narrow, not emarginate above, the
pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures very distinct, the metanotum
compressed ; legs long, slender, pubescent. Node of the pedicel
large, very strongly compressed, curved to the anterior end,

72 FOEMTCII)^.

vertically truncate posteriorly ; abdomen elongate, very nearly as
long as the head and thorax united.

Length, $ 6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Simon); Burma, Bhamo (Fea\ the Shan States
(Thompson} ; Annam (Peuquet).

89. Lobopelta watsoni, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 309.

" £ . Node of pedicel one-fourth longer than high posteriorly
(in L. peuqueti it is only a little longer than it is high posteriorly),
and 2£ times longer than hroad (twice in L. peuqueti). Eyes situ-
ated in the middle of the sides of the head (in L. peuqveti they
are more anterior). Head without the clypeus longer than hroad."
(Forel.}

Length, £ 5 mm.

Hal. Upper Burma (Watson).

This species, or, as Dr. Forel makes it, race of L. peuqueti, is
unknown to me. In Burma I found only typical L. peuqueti, from
which this species seems to differ chiefly in its much more strongly
compressed and longer node to the pedicel.

Genus ODONTOPONERA.

Ponera, pt, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 86, £ .

Odontoponera, Mai/r, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 717, $ .

Type, 0. transversa, Smith, from Borneo.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Head quadrate, the occiput slightly emarginate, the posterior
lateral angles rounded; mandibles powerful, subtriangular, strongly
dentate; clypeus narrow, its anterior margin transverse. produced
posteriorly to a point between the antennal carinse ; these latter
parallel, curved posteriorly, triangularly laminate in front, covering
the base of the antennae; antennae 12-jointed, cylindrical, stout,
the scape passing by very little beyond the top of the head; the
2nd joint of the flagellum very little longer than the 1st or 3rd ;
eyes proportionately rather small, placed below the middle line of
the head. Thorax massive ; the pronotum convex, anteriorly
narrowed into a short collar, the anterior lateral angles stoutly
dentate : pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct above ;
mesonotum transversely oval, slightly convex ; metanotum slightly
compressed, the basal portion passing into the apical portion by a
gradual slope ; the latter broad, flat, with a denticulate ridge on
each side dividing it from the sides of the metanotum ; legs
moderately long, robust ; femora and tibiae cylindrical. Pedicel
one-jointed, node moderately raised, flattened anteriorly and pos-
teriorly, cuneiform, its upper border emarginate ; abdomen com-
paratively short, the constriction between the basal two segments
distinct. The head, thorax and node of pedicel beautifully and
evenly striate.

ODOXTOPOXEBA. PLATYTHYREA. 73

$ . Very similar to the $ ; the mesothorax and scutelluin large,
the metanotum short, the node of the pedicel not striate, the
abdomen more massive ; wings brownish hyaline ; ocelli present,
minute.

Only one species of this genus is known.

90. Odontoponera transversa, Smith (Ponera), Jour. Linn. Soc. ii
, (1857), p. 68, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 314, $ .

£ . Characters of the genus. Black, the mandibles, antennae
and legs dark castaneous, the mandibles and clypeus finely longi-
tudinally striate, the anterior margin of the latter denticulate ; the

a

Fig. 38. — Odonfoponera transversa, £. a. Head from front.

striae on the head outwardly divergent from a medial longi-
tudinal line, the striae on the thorax and node of the pedicel
transverse ; abdomen smooth but dull, with piligerous points in the
smaller form or variety. Head, thorax and abdomen covered
with reddish scattered erect hairs ; pubescence yellow, seen only in
certain lights, fairly dense on the antennae and legs.

$ . Legs much darker than in the £ > almost black, apex of
the abdomen testaceous brown ; the striae on the head divergent,
and on the pro- and mesonotum transverse as in the £ , on the
scutelluin they are longitudinal and on the median segment almost
effaced in some specimens.

Length, $ 9-12; $ 11-13 mm.

Sab. Spread throughout the Indo-Malayan region.

This species varies a good deal in colour. I have seen specimens
from Singapore of a dark ferruginous red all over, and others from
South Teuasserim with the mandibles, legs and a portion of the
thorax only of that colour, the rest black.

Genus PLATYTHYREA.

Pachychondyla, pt, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 108, £ rf-
Ponera, pt., *Roye>; Berl. ent. Zeit. iv (1*60), p. 295, $ .
Platythyrea, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 172.

Type, P. pwnctata, Smith, from St. Domingo, America.
Range. Neotropical, African, and Indo-Malayan regions.

£ . Head broadly rectangular, strongly convex, much broader
posteriorly than in front ; mandibles triangular, the masticatory
margin broad, dentate ; clypeus transverse, somewhat diamond-
shaped, angular anteriorly in the middle, the posterior suture not
distinct, sometimes effaced ; antennal carinae very wide apart,
laminate ; antennae 12-jointed, moderately thick, cylindrical ; eyes
comparatively large, placed well forward. Thorax elongate, broad
and strongly convex in front, the meso- and metanotuui rounded
above and narrower than the pronotum ; pro-mesonotal suture fine,
narrow, but distinct, meso-metanotal suture obsolete ; metanotum
posteriorly bidentate, or emarginate above ; legs stout, moderately
long ; femora and tibiae cylindrical, claws simple. Pedicel one-
jointed, the node not higher than the metanotum. more or less
cylindrical ; abdomen about as broad as the thorax, the 2nd seg-
ment longer than the 1st, the constriction between the basal two
segments not well-marked.

Key to the Species.

a. Node of the pedicel posteriorly bidentate .... 1\ sagei, p. 74.

b. Node of the pedicel posteriorly not bidentate.
a'. Antennal carinae not covering the basal arti-
culation of the antennae P. ivrouyhtoni, p. 75.

b'. Auteniml carinse entirely covering the basal

articulation of the antennae P. victories, p. 75.

9] . Platythyrea sagei, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 314 & 315, £ .

£ . Black, pruinose, opaque all over, not shining ; mandibles,
antennas and legs castaneous red. Pilosity almost entirely
wanting, confined to a few erect pale hairs at the apex of the
abdomen ; pubescence fine and silky, extremely short and to be
seen only in certain lights. Head not or very slightly emarginate
posteriorly, the scape of the antenna? extending beyond the top

Fig. 39. — PMythijrea sagei, £ .

of the head ; 1st joint of the flagellum longer than the 2nd.
Thorax : the tooth on each side of the apex of the basal portion of
the metanotum tuberculate, pointing backwards and outwards.
Node of the pedicel slightly compressed, truncate anteriorly and
posteriorly, the tooth on each side posteriorly tuberculate and
pointing outwards and backwards. For the rest the characters of
the genus.

PLA.TYTHYREA. DIACAMMA. 75

Length, £ 6'5-7 mm.

Hob. India, recorded so far only from the Punjab (Sage) and
from Kanara ( Wroughton).

92. Platythyrea wroughtoni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sac. xiii

(1900), pp. 314 & 315, £ .

g . Black, with a silky pruinosity, opaque ; the mandibles, an-
tennae, legs and apex of abdomen brownish yellow ; pilosity reduced
to a few short erect yellow hairs at the apex of the abdomen ;
pubescence very short, fine and silky, giving less of a hoary-grey
pruinose appearance than in P. sagei. Head slightly emargi-
nate posteriorly, not so convex in front as in P. sagei • antennal
carinse laminate but rather narrow. Thorax as described in the
characters for the genus, but the metanotum ernarginate rather
than bidentate posteriorlv, the basal portion of the metanotum
margined at apex, the apical portion more or less concave ; legs
short and stout. Node of the pedicel cylindrical, truncate anteriorly
and posteriorly, about twice as long as broad, the apex posteriorly
above medially pinched up into an obtuse point ; abdomen rather
massive.

Length, $ 3'5 mm.

Hob. Travancore (Ferguson) ; Mysore ( Wroughton') ; Madras
(Bothney).

93. Platythyrea victories, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 315 & 316, £ .

$ . Very similar to P. wroughtoni, Forel ; in fact a barely
separable race. Larger, with comparatively shorter antennae, the
antennal carinas distinctly more swollen and broader. Thorax
with the metanotum as in P. ivroughtoni, but not so deeply emar-
ginate posteriorly. Node of the pedicel comparatively shorter,
about once and a half (twice in P. wroughtoni) as long as broad.

Length, £ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded from Bengal (Hotliney), Western India, Mysore
( Wroughton).

Genus DIACAMMA.

Formica, pt., Fabr. Si/st. Eat. (1775), p. 393, £ .

Ponera, pt., Le Quill. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. x (1841), p. 318, £ .

Diacamma, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Gcs. Wien, xii (1862), p. 718, £.

Type, D. rugosum, Le G-uillou, from Borneo.

Range. Indo-Malayau and Australian regions.

^ . Head oval ; mandibles comparatively large, broad, triangular,
the masticatory margin strongly toothed ; clypeus extended pos-
teriorly into a point between the antennal cariuae; these latter
very close together, anteriorly laminate ; antennas 12- jointed,'

76 FORMIC1DJE.

long, filiform, the scape extended beyond the top of the head.
Thorax above rounded, slightly compressed posteriorly, pronotum
strongly convex and as broad as the head ; pro-rnesonotal suture
always distinct ; legs long and stout ; femora and tibiae cylin-
drical, claws simple. Pedicel one-jointed, the node on a level
with or higher than the rnetanotum, arched and generally very
convex in front, flat or a little concave posteriorly, above ahvays
armed with two spines ; abdomen cylindrical, the constriction
between the basal two segments well-marked. Head, thorax and
pedicel ahvays, and a portion of the abdomen also in the majority of
species, very beautifully and regularly striate.

d . Similar to the $ but more elongate. Head globose, wider
than the thorax ; mandibles short, cylindrical, acutely pointed at
apex ; antennae filiform, scape verv short, about half the length of
2nd joint of the flagellum ; eyes and ocelli large and very prominent,
the space between the latter equal to the space between the orbit
of the eye and the lateral ocelli ; thorax very gibbous, the meso-
notum with a Y-shaped furrow ; the scutellum large, convex,
separated from the mesonoturn by a crenulate transverse impressed
line ; postscutellum and metanotum depressed, oblique, rounded
above ; legs very slight, elongate, femoi'a slightly compressed, claws
simple. Node of the pedicel more or less conical, a little flat
above, without spines ; abdomen elongate, rather massive for males.
The beautiful regular striae on the head, thorax and pedicel, con-
spicuous in the $ , feeble and not distinct.

$. Unknown*.

Mr. Eothney (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 361) writes very fully on
the habits of D. vagans, Smith. I agree with him that the species
of this genus are by far the most intelligent of all Oriental ants.

Key to the Species.

A. First abdominal segment not striate.

«. Node of pedicel very strongly laterally

compressed, much longer than broad . . I). scalpraium, p. 77.
b. Node of pedicel not laterally compressed,

quite as broad as long D. cyantientre, p. 78.

B. First abdominal segment striate.

a. Pronotum longitudinally striate D. assamense, p. 79.

b. Pronotum with transversely arched striae,

which are more or less concentric an-
teriorly.
a'. First abdominal segment with the striaa

anteriorly in concentric arches, in the

middle divergent D. ceylonense, p. 79.

* In vol. xii, p. 756, of the Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. I gave an account of the
finding of an ant I thought was the $ of D. vagans, Smith. I regret to say
that 1 was mistaken ; further examination of the one specimen I kept has
shown it to be only a large <$ ; the $ of Diacamma remains, therefore, still
undiscovered.

DIACAMMA. 77

b'. First abdominal segment with all the
striae in concentric arches from back
to front.

a2. Nodal spines attenuate at base, point-
ing obliquely outwards, and forming
a distinct angle Avith the upper sur-
face of the node D. sculptum, p. 80.

62. Nodal spines rather thick at base,
pointing backwards in continuation
of the upper surface of the node, not
obliquely outwards D. vayans, p. 81.

94. Diacamma scalpratum, Smith (1'onera), Cat. vi (1858), p. 84,
pi 6 fi^s. 21 & 2i>, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p.317,V

£ . Black, with sparse erect pale hairs, and a fine sericeous
yellow pubescence, very sparse on the head and thorax, dense on
the abdomen. Head rectangular, the posterior lateral angles
rounded ; mandibles powerful, armed
with 7 or 8 large teeth, with smaller
teeth between them ; clypeus corn-ex,
the median lobe produced and broadly
rounded at apex, dull and opaque,
faintly obliquely striate at the sides ;
antennae finely reticulate, punctate,
pubescent and pilose, the Und joint
of the flagellum longer than the 1st;
the whole head above the antennie
regularly longitudinally striate.
Thorax : the pronotum broad, rounded,
convex, constricted anteriorly into a
sort of collar which is strongly de-
pressed, opaque but not striate, the
disc of the pronotum with one or
two transverse striae surrounded by
concentric striae; mesonotum narrow,
transverse, punctured, not striate ;
metanotum long, compressed, with
concentric striae on the basal portion
above, oblique striae on the sides, the
apex obliquely truncate, strongly
margined and transversely striate ;
the apical face slightly concave ; legs
densely pilose and pubescent. Node

Fig. 40.

Diacamma scalpratum,
a. Node of pedicel.

of the pedicel twice as long as broad,
truncate anteriorly and posteriorly,
above flat, not striate, sloping from
back to front, posteriorly armed with two acute short parallel
spines, longitudinally and somewhat obliquely striate on the sides ;
abdomen massive, sting exserted.

" c? . The mandibles are narrow and feeble, with the apex

78 1ORM1CIU.E.

rounded. As in the £ , the clypeus projects in the form of a
rounded lobe, the palpi are much longer. The frontal laminae
appear to be wanting, that is to say, they are reduced to a raised
margin on the inner side of the insertion of the antennae ; these
are elongate with the scape large and somewhat incrassate, the 2nd
joint very small, transverse, the following much longer (the 3rd
joint is about three times as long as the scape and the 2nd joint
united). The eyes are large and elongate. The thorax is destitute
of parapsidal furrows ; the metanotum is unarmed, feebly impressed
along the median line. The pedicel has the form of an elevated,
somewhat gibbous node, without teeth or spines above. The speci-
men from Java offers some traces of the regular sculpture which
is so marked in the £ , interiorly in both specimens it is armed
with a tooth on its anterior margin. The abdomen is distinctly
constricted between the 2nd and 3rd segments ; the pygidium is
produced into a long spine incurved at base, on both sides of which
project as two cerci the external genital valves ; the hypopygium
is rounded. The wings have, as in the rest of the Poneridce, two
closed cubital and one discoidal cell." (Emery.)

Length, $ 15-18 ; <$ 12-13 mm.

Hab. ISikhim (after Forel) ; Assam (Long and Jewett) ; and
throughout Burma and Tenasserim (Fea and Binyham).

95. Diacamma cyaneiventre, Er. Andre, Rev. d'Ent. vi (1887), p. 293,
$ ; Forel (D. rugosuni race cyaniventre), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), p. 318, £ .

$ . Black, with a fairly abundant erect pilosity and dense yellow-
fine sericeous pubescence, particularly dense on the antennae and
legs. Head broad, very rounded and convex posteriorly ; mandibles
punctured, not striate, strongly dentate ; clypeus convex, the
median lobe pinched and raised at base, rounded anteriorly,
antennal laminae covering the base of the antennas, very broad ;
head above the clypeus regularly and somewhat coarsely striate,
the striae longitudinal in the middle of the front, inclined obliquely
inwards at the sides. Thorax narrower than the head ; the pio-
notum with transverse striae above, curved longitudinal striae on
the sides ; mesonotum narrow, fairly distinct, opaque not striate ;
metanotum striated in elongate concentric loops from base to apex ;
legs densely pruinose and pubescent. Node of the pedicel with
concentric striae, much higher than broad or long, flat posteriorly,
convex in front, (viewed from the front the sides are arched out-
wards), narrowed at base and apex, nodal spines moderately far
apart, short, and pointing upwards ; abdomen, except for the
pubescence, smooth and shining, with a metallic-blue reflection in
certain lights, the basal segment highly polished.

Length, £ 10-11 mm.

Hab. Cochin (Andre) ; Ceylon (Green).

D1ACAMMA. 79

96. Diacamma assamense, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 318 & 319.

£ . Black, with a very sparse, short, erect pilosity and very
minute but abundant pale pubescence, giving the insect a dull
yellowish appearance. Head elongate, oval, slightly narrower
posteriorly than in front ; mandibles broad,
longitudinally striate as in D. scalpmtum,
irregularly dentate ; clypeus tectiforra, sub-
carinate down the middle, the median lobe
angular at apex ; antennae sparsely pilose,
2nd and 3rd joints of the flagellum sub-
equal ; head above coarsely but regularly
longitudinally striate. Thorax and legs
much as in D. scalpratum, but the pronotum
longitudinally striate and the mesonotum
not well denned ; node of the pedicel flat
Fig. 41. on the sides, truncate posteriorly and

Thorax of strongly arched from back to front, about

Diacamma assamense, $ . as iong as broad posteriorly. Nodal spines
longer and stouter than in any other Indian

species, pointing backwards, the whole surface of the node covered
with coarse but regular concentric striae ; abdomen short, massive,
the basal segment coarselv striate, the striae arranged in regular
concentric arches from back to front.
Length, % 11-12 mm.

Hob. Assam (Smythies), Upper Burma, the Chindwin Valley,
and hills east of Myitkyina (Bingham).

97. Diacamma ceylonense, Emery, Rend. Ace. Sci. Bolog. i. (1897),
pp. 159 & 165, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
p. 318, £ .

£ . Closely resembles D. sculptum. Jerdon, but is slightly larger,
very black, brilliant and shining. Head elongate, oval ; mandibles
castaneous red, finely striate, strongly dentate ; clypeus convex,
finely longitudinally striate, the median lobe rounded at apex ; head
above the antennas longitudinally striate, oblique on the side and
on the front between the eyes. Thorax elongate, narrow ; the
pronotum with concentric striae on the disc enclosing one or two-
transverse striae; mesonotum not distinctly defined ; metanotum
with the striae irregularly transverse on the disc, longitudinally
oblique on the sides and transverse at the apex ; legs long and
stout. Node of the pedicel as in Z). sculptum ; abdomen very
massive, the striae on the basal abdominal segment longitudinal
and outwardly divergent from front to back, 2nd segment with a
zone of short longitudinal striae in the middle, the base and apex
broadly smooth.

Length, $ 12 mm.

Hob. Cochin (llothney) ; Ceylon (Nietner).

I am not very certain about this species. Emery states that it

80 FOKMICIDvE.

is densely pubescent. Unfortunately I have only seen one speci-
men which I can refer to this species, and in this the pubescence
is not more but less dense than in D. sculptuin.

98. Diacamma SClllptum, Jerdon (Ponera), Madr. Jour. Lit. $ Sd.

xvii (1851), p. 117, £.

Diacamma rugosuui*, Forel (nee Le Guilt.), & D. geometricum,
Forel (nee Smith), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 318,
319,320, $.

£ . Black, with an erect, fine, pale scattered pilosity , and beneath
it a fairly dense yellow sericeous pubescence. Head rounded
posteriorly, a little longer than broad ; mandibles dark castaneous
red, sparingly punctured and with
traces of effaced longitudinal
striae ; clypeus opaque not striate,
with a large rounded tubercle in
the middle at base : the apex of
the median lobe rounded ; head
and front above the clypeus longi-
tudinally rather coarsely striate
in the middle, obliquely striate at
Fig. 42.— Diacamma sculptum. the sides and on the inner side of
Node of pedicel of £ . the orbits of the eyes. Thorax

anteriorly nearly as wide as the

head ; the pronotum with one or two longitudinal striae in the
centre surrounded by concentric arched stria? from back to front ;
mesonotuni distinctly defined, opaque, not striate ; the metanotum
with elongate looped concentric striae from front to back, often
not well defined on the sides; legs rather slender. Node of
the pedicel very convex and rounded anteriorly, flat posteriorly,
with somewhat irregular concentric striae, about as long as broad
posteriorly, the nodal spines suberect ; abdomen rather short and
massive, the basal segment above with concentric striae arched
from back to front.
Length, £ 8-9 mm.

Hob. Sikhim (Moller); Barrackpore, Bengal (Hothney) ; Kauara;
Mysore; Malabar, the Nilgiri hills (Wrouyhton): Cochin; Travan-
core (Ferguson) ; Ceylon (Yerbury).

* Le Guillou's description of Ponera ruyow from Borneo (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
x, 1841, p. 318) is not detailed enough for identification of the form of Diacamma
he had before him, but according to Messrs. Forel and Emery D. mgosum, Le
Guill., = D. versicolor, Smith. The type of this latter, and also of D. geome-
tricum, Smith, from Singapore, are in the British Museum Collection. They
are quite different from anything I have seen from India, Burma, or Ceylon.
Jerdon's Ponera smilpta was from Malabar. I identify with it the more robustly
built of the two forms of Diacamma occurring in Western India. This, the slightly
larger form, is recorded from Mysore, Malabar, Cochin and Travancore, besides
other localities in Northern and Eastern India, and from Ceylon. On the
contrary, the smaller slighter form which I identify as D. vagans, Smith, has
not in Western India been recorded from any locality further south than
Kanara.

DIACAMMA. 81

After an examination of a very long series of this species I
have not found a single individual, either in Mr. Wroughton's,
Mr. Rothney's, the British Museum, or my own collections, from
any locality in Assam, Burma, or Tenasserim. A few specimens
from Sikhim have on the pronotum oue or two transverse stria?
in the middle surrounded by concentric striae arched towards the
front, in this resembling D. vagans, Smith. They can, however,
be/listinguished by the attenuate suberect nodal spines.

D. rur/osum, var. rothneyi, Forel, is founded on specimens from
Cochin in Mr. Kothney's collection. It is of an intense shining
black, with the pubescence much more sparse.

99. Diacamma vagans, Smith (Ponera), Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861),
p. 103, $.

£ . Black, with a beautiful greenish-bronzy tint, the mandibles,
the base and apex of the scape of the antenna? and the legs cas-
taneous red, the latter varying sometimes to reddish brown, the
apical margins of the abdominal
segments and the whole apical seg-
ment testaceous. Head, thorax and
abdomen covered rather sparingly
with short erect reddish hairs ; pu-
bescence moderate, sometimes very
dense, of a pale yellow colour, fine
and sericeous. Head oval, pro-
portionately longer than in any
Fig. &-Diacamina vagam. other species; mandibles punctured,
Node of pedicel of $. strongly dentate; clypeusconvex, tec-

tiform, opaque not striate,the median

lobe rounded at apex ; head above the antennae generally more or
less deeply and regularly striate, the striae longitudinal in the middle,
oblique on the sides and on the inner side of the eyes. Thorax
slender and elongate ; pronotum with from one to four transverse
striae, surrounded by concentric striae ; mesonotum distinct, with
shallow punctures ; metauotum striate, the striae running obliquely
forwards from a medial impressed line more or less marked in all
specimens ; legs long, rather robust. Node of the pedicel con-
centrically striate, proportionately shorter than in D. sculptum,
with a more gradual anterior slope, truncate posteriorly, spines
thick, variable in length ; abdomen proportionately narrower and
elongate, the striae on the basal abdominal segment variable, in
certain specimens distinct, concentric, arched from back to front,
in others almost effaced.

c? . With the characters as shown under the genus. Black ;
the mandibles, antennae and legs reddish brown, the apical 3 or 4
abdominal segments testaceous.

Length, £ 8-9'5 ; <S 13 ; wing 9 mm.

Hah. Sikhim (Holier) : Calcutta (Rothnen) ; Orissa ; Bombay ;

82

Kanara(>Fro«r/A<on); Ceylon; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim (Bing-
ham), extending to the Malayan subregion. Described originally
from Batchian.

The type is in the British Museum Collection.

Var. burmanum, Emery, has a few partially obsolete longitudinal
striae in the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment.

Genus ECTATOMMA.

Ponera, pt., Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 66, £ .
Ectatomma, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 102, pi. 7.
Stictoponera (subgen.), Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvii
(1887), p. 539, § .

Type, E. tuberculatum, Oliv., from Brazil. Of the subgenus
Stictoponera, E. coxale, Roger, from Ce}'lon.

Range. Both hemispheres. Of the subgenus, the Indo-Malayan
region.

£ . Head oval ; mandibles triangular, the masticatory margin
broad, dentate ; clypeus triangular, the apex of the triangle
reaching half the way up between the antennal cariuae, which are
straight, short, only slightly laminate anteriorly ; antennae 12-
jointed, filiform, the scape and the flagellum only slightly incrassate
towards their apices ; head posteriorly deeply emarginate, the
posterior lateral angles acutely produced. Eyes of moderate
size. Thorax short, broad, convex above, rounded anteriorly,
slightly compressed posteriorly, and with the apex somewhat
concave ; the pro-meso- and meso-rnetanotal sutures not very
distinct above; legs short, somewhat slight, the posterior coxae
armed with a spine, the femora and tibiae cylindrical, claws
simple. Pedicel one-jointed, cylindrical, thick, constricted ante-
riorly and posteriorly, not nodiform, dentate beneath ; abdomen
oval, short and comparatively broad. The head, thorax and base
of abdomen always coarsely rugose-punctate ; the punctures some-
times confluent and forming longitudinal ridges.

The four species found in our limits belong to the subgenus
Stictoponera, Mayr ; the generic characters given above apply,
strictly, only to the species of the subgenus.

Key to the Species.

ti. Clypeus with a medial longitudinal groove.
a'. Eyes placed at the sides of the head ; the

distance between the eyes and the base

of the mandibles greater than between

the eyes and the top of the head E. bicolor, p. 83.

l>'. Eyes placed a little more forward ; the

distance between the eyes and the base

of the mandibles about equal to that

between the eyes and the top of the

head E. binghami, p. 83.

ECTATOMMA. 83

!». Clypeus without a medial longitudinal groove.
a'. Second abdominal segment lone-itudinallv

coarsely rugose - striate, no smootl
polished area in the middle of the

segment above JE. cosfatum, p. 83.

b'. Second abdominal segment coarsely and
comparatively sparsely punctured,
smooth in the middle of the segment
above E. coxale, p. 84.

100. Ectatomma bicolor, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii ( 1889),
p. 493, g; forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 316, g.

£ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel ferruginous red ; abdomen
jet-black : the head, thorax, pedicel and basal abdominal segment
coarsely punctate, the punctures confluent on the thorax above
and forming short longitudinal furrows bounded by sharp carinated
striae ; the legs, the 2nd and following segments of the abdomen
smooth, a few coarse punctures on the sides of the 2nd segment at
base ; the head, thorax and abdomen covered with scattered erect
hairs. Head broader posteriorly than in front, the mandibles
obscurely and finely longitudinally striate ; clypeus slightly convex,
rounded anteriorly ; antennal carinae wide apart ; antennae with
the 1st joint of the flagellum longer than the 2nd. Thorax about
the length of the abdomen, short, broad, arched above, the apical
face of the metanotum feebly denticulate ; legs moderately long,
pubescent, the spine on the posterior coxae pointing obliquely
outwards. Pedicel longer than broad, slightly attenuated ante-
riorly ; abdomen curved, its apex testaceous.

Length, £ 5'5-6 mm.

Hob. Assam (Long) ; Burma ; Tenasserim (Fea 4" Bingham) ;
extending to China and the Malay Peninsula.

Var. minor, Forel, is smaller and devoid of the denticulations on
the metanotum.

101 . Ectatomma binghami, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),

pp. 316 & 317, $ .

£ . Closely resembles E. bicolor, Emery, of which it seems to be
little more than a local variety. Besides the slight difference in
the position of the eyes (see key to the species), the medial furrow
on the clypeus is shorter and not shining but opaque, the head
posteriorly is not so deeply emarginate, and the flagellum of the
antennae is comparatively thicker.

Length, £ 4-4-5 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma, the Pegu Yoma (Allan).

102. Ectatomma costatum, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 494, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 316, £ .

£ . Ferruginous red, the mandibles, antennae and legs some-
what lighter in colour than the head, thorax and abdomen,
these latter closely and coarsely rugose-striate, except the 3rd and

G2

84

I'OItMICID.i:.

succeeding segments of the abdomen ; pilosity short, erect, pale
reddish and fairly abundant ; pubescence minute, only apparent in
certain lights. Head a little broader posteriori}- than in front,
emarginate, but not so deeply as in E. bicolor ; mandibles shining,
obsoletely longitudinally striate, the masticatory margin very
broad ; clypeus coarsely longitudinally strigate. Thorax as in
E. bicolor. Pedicel as broad as long or broader, more steeply
sloped posteriorly than in front ; abdomen comparatively longer
than in E. bicolor, the whole of the 2nd segment as coarsely rugose-
striate as the 1st.

Length, $ 7-7'5 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim (Fea).

103. Ectatomma COxale, Roger (Ponera), Serl. ent. Zeit. iv (1860),
p. 308, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 316, $

£ . Dark ferruginous brown, the abdomen piceous ; the man-
dibles, head, thorax, pedicel and base and sides of the 1st abdo-
minal segment coarsely punctured, cribrate ; 2nd and following

segments of the abdomen
smooth, highly polished
and shining ; pilosity and
pubescence extremely
sparse, almost entirely
wanting ; mandibles not
so broad as in E. cos-
tatum, punctured and
bearing delicate longi-
gitudinal striae between
the punctures ; the cly-
peus almost transverse
anteriorly, the portion
produced back between
the anteunal cariuae
rounded and depressed ;
autennaB slighter than in
either E. bicolor or E.
costatum, the middle

S'oints of the flagellum a
ittle longer than broad.
Thorax : the pronotum
broad in front, the an-
terior margin curved, the

Fig. 44. — Ectatomma coxale,
a. Posterior leg.

lateral angles somewhat
prominent; legs rather ro-
bust, smooth and shining.
Pedicel from above slightly longer than broad, posteriorly slightly
constricted, rounded and convex in front ; abdomen short and
somewhat massive.
Length, $ 6'5 mm.

ECTOMOMYRMEX. 85

Hob. Ceylon ( Yerbury, Green, Wickwar) ; extending to Borneo
and through the Indo-Malayan subregion.

I procured a single specimen at .Kandy, which I identified with
Smith's Ponera rugosa = E. coxale, Roger, apud Emery & Dalla
Torre.

Genus ECTOMOMYRMEX.

/ Pachychondyla, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 107, £ .

Ectomomyrmex, Mayr, Ttjds. v. Ent. x (1867), p. 83, £ £ .

Type, E. javanus, Mayr, from Java.

Range. The Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Head depressed and somewhat flat, emarginate posteriorly,
with the outline of the sides of the head from front arched, the
cheeks flat, subrnargined ; mandibles broadly triangular, the masti-
catory margin dentate, the apical tooth long, acute and slightly

Fig. 45. — Ectomomyrmex: thorax of $.
a. Head of E. astutus.

curved ; clypeus narrow, transverse, but acutely produced upwards
in the middle to between the base of the antennae ; frontal area
wanting; antennal carinaa somewhat close together, curved and
anteriorly broadened into a triangular lamina covering the base
of the antenna? ; antennas 1 2- jointed, long, cylindrical ; flagellum
slightly and gradually thickened towards the apex. Thorax short,
rounded and convex above, posteriorly slightly compressed, the
pro-mesonotal suture well marked and distinct, a wide distinct
suture between the epimeron and episternum of the mesothorax ;
the meso-metanotal suture barely indicated above, the apex of the
metanotum obliquely truncate, longitudinally lightly conca\e,
the sides submargined ; legs stout, the femora and tibiae cylin-
drical ; pedicel one-jointed. Node of pedicel high, on a level with
the thorax, very convex and rounded in front, fitting the hollow in
the apical face of the metanotum ; posteriorly the node is some-
what flat and bevelled off towards its upper margin; abdomen
massive, elongate, trunco,te anteriorly, the basal two segments
equal in length, the constriction between them moderately well
marked.

Five species of the genus are known from within our limits.
Of these one, E. leeuwenlioeki, Forel, is slightly aberrant, the node
of the pedicel being different in shape from that of the others.

86 FORMICIDJE.

Key to the Species.

A. Node of the pedicel convex in front; the

upper portion of the posterior face bevelled
off towards the front.

a. Length over 9 mm.

a'. Abdomen finely and closely punctured,

opaque, not shining ................ E. astutus, p. 86.

V. Abdomen smooth, highly polished and

shining.

a*. Mandibles with 10 or 11 small teeth. E.javanux, p. 86.
&-. Mandibles with only 7 comparatively

large teeth .................... E. maternus, p. 87.

b. Length under 6 mm ................... E. annamitus, p. 87.

B. Node of the pedicel not bevelled, flat and

truncate anteriorly and posteriorly ...... E. leeuivenhoeki, p. 88.

104. Ectomomyrmex astutus, Smith (Pachychondyla), Cat. vi (1858),

p. 107, $.

Ectomomvrmex sundaicus, Mayr, Tijds. v.Ent. x (1867), p. 85, $ ;
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 321, $ .

£ . Black, the mandibles and the tibiae and tarsi of the legs
deep castaneous red ; the head, thorax and abdomen covered with
short erect reddish-yellow hairs and a fine thin sericeous recumbent
pubescence, visible only in certain lights. Head very finely and
closely striate, the striae diverging posteriorly from a medial line ;
the emarginate portion of the occiput smooth and shining, with a
few oblique striae in the middle ; the lateral angles of the head
acute. Thorax : the pronotum convex above, narrowed anteriorly
into a neck, closely finely striate, the striae concentric ; meso- and
metanotum somewhat more coarsely longitudinally striate, the
basal portion of the metanotum short, not longer than the apical
sloping portion, the latter seen from the back subcordate in shape,
widening in the middle, finely longitudinally striate; legs mode-
rately long, robust. Node of the pedicel rugose above, transverse,
striate in front ; abdomen very finely and closely punctured,
opaque, and bearing scattered piligerous points, the apical margins
of the 2nd and succeeding segment, very narrow and obscurely
reddish.

Length, g 12'5-13 mm.

Hob. Assam (Smythies) • Burma ; Tenasserim (Pea <$,- Binf/ham)',
extending to Australia.

I have compared specimens of E. sundaicus, Mayr, named by
Dr. Forel, with the type of Pachychondyla astuta, Smith, in the
British Museum, and there cannot be the shadow of a doubt as to
their identity.

105. Ectomomyrmex javanus, Mayr, Tij<k.v.Ent.-x. (1867), p. 84, $;

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900). pp. 321 & 322, $ .

$ . Eesembles E. sundaicus, but is smaller, with the sculpture
of the thorax and abdomen different. Black ; the mandibles,
antennae and legs, except the anterior and intermediate coxae,

ECTOMOMYRMEX. 87

chestnut-red. Pilosity and pubescence as in E. sundaicus, but a
little more dense. Head shorter and broader proportionately but
similarly sculptured. Thorax with the pronotum rather strongly
concave and transversely striate; the rest of the thorax longi-
tudinally striate, except the posterior sloping face of the metanotum
which is shaped as in E. sundaicus, but is transversely not longi-
tudinally striate ; legs with the femora and tibiae cylindrical. Node
of the pedicel posteriorly shining along the margins, transversely
s*triate in the middle ; abdomen but for the pubescence highly
polished, smooth and shining.

5 . Similar, larger, with a more massive thorax and abdomen ;
the mesonotum and scutellum broad and somewhat flat ; the pro-
and mesonotum and scutellum longitudinally striate, the metanotum
somewhat more coarsely and concentrically striate.

Length, % 9-11 ; $ 13 mm.

Hcib. Assam (Long) ; Burma (Allan) ; Tenasserim (Bingham) ;
China, extending to the Malayan subregiou.

106. Ectomomyrmex maternus, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii

(1900), pp. 321 £322, $.

£ . Closely resembles E. javanus, but is slightly smaller and
more slender ; the pronotum is not nearly so convex, and has the
striae concentric and not transverse. Black ; the mandibles,
antennae, and legs reddish brown, of a lighter colour than in
E. javanus.

Length, $ 8*5-9 mm.

Hob. Assam (SmytJties) ; Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. (Bingham).

Dr. Forel considers this as merely a local race of E. javanus,
Mayr. It is very closely allied, but the depressed pronotum with
the different sculpture and the coarsely dentate mandibles, as
indicated in the key, seem to be constant characters.

107. Ectomomyrmex annamitus, Andre (Ponera), Rev. d'Ent. xi

(1892), p. 48; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 321
&322.

£ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae, femora, tibiae and tarsi
of the legs and apex of the abdomen castaneous red. Head,
thorax and abdomen with fairly abundant erect pale red hairs,
covered by a minute sericeous pubescence, only visible in certain
lights and in no way obscuring the sculpture. Head propor-
tionately more elongate than in E. javanus, posteriorly less
deeply emarginate, very densely and somewhat coarsely reticulate-
punctate, the occiput smooth and shining ; mandibles longer, with
the masticatory region not so broad, armed with 7 teeth. Thorax
nearly as broad anteriorly as the head, densely and somewhat
more finely reticulate-punctate, coarsely rugose towards the apex
of the basal portion of the metanotum ; legs proportionately
shorter, somewhat stouter. Node of the pedicel very thick,
coarsely rugose above, and with coarse concentric striae on its

88 FORMICID^E.

posterior face, which is slightly concave ; abdomen slightly shining,
n'nely and closely punctured, but not granulate as the head and
thorax are.

5 . " Head truncate posteriorly and on the posterior half of its
sides. Back of the thorax depressed, the pronotum forming nearly
one- third of its entire length. Node of the pedicel as in the $ •
The apical sloping portion of the metanotum with beautiful arched
striae, concave above, strongly marked and regular. Posterior face
of the node of pedicel striated in the same way, but the striae
convex above. The circumference of the node of pedicel trans-
versely ridged ; its anterior face strongly striate, the striae arched
and convex above as on the posterior face. Head and thorax and
the anterior three-fourths of the basal abdominal segment densely
reticulate-punctate, opaque. Wings lightly shaded with brown,
the nervures and stigma brown. Pilosity and pubescence short
and reddish, moderate, somewhat abundant on the abdomen. The
rest as in the £ . Black, with the antennae, mandibles, legs and
apex of the abdomen reddish.'r (Forel.)

Length, % 3-6 ; $ 6'3 mm.

Hob. India (2nd. Mus.), Calicut (Rothney) ; Burma (Fea, Bing-
Jiam) ; Annam (apud Andre).

108. Ectomomyrmex leeuwenhoeki, Forel (Pouera), Jour. As. Soc.
Beng. Iv (1886), p. 244, £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), p. 3^1, £ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae and the femora, tibiae and
tarsi of the legs brownish red, the scape and the femora shaded
above with fuscous. Head, thorax and abdomen covered rather
sparsely with short erect red hairs and with a minute pubescence,
visible only in certain lights. Head proportionately not so long
as in E. annamitus, coarsely longitudinally striate, very opaque ; the
emarginate posterior face of the occiput with a few coarse oblique
striae. Thorax coarsely striate, the striae on the pronotum con-
centric, arched anteriorly, on the posterior portion longitudinal but
irregular, giving the metanotum a coarsely rugose appearance ;
posterior face of the latter slightly concave, transversely striate ;
legs robust, pruinose. Node of the pedicel remarkablv thick
above, coarsely punctured and rugose, its posterior face with a few
transverse striae in the middle ; abdomen with the basal segment
coarsely, the remaining segments shining and finely punctured.

Length, $ 7-8 mm.

Hob. India (2nd. Mus.), Calicut (EotJmey) ; Assam ( Wood-
Mason) ; Burma (Feet) ; Tenasserira (Bingham).

Genus PONERA.

Formica, pt., Fabr. Mant. Ins. i, 1787, p. 309, J.

Ponera, Latr. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv (1804), p. 179.

Type, P. coarctata, Latr., from Europe.
Range. Both hemispheres.

PONEKA. 89

£ . Head without the mandibles broadly oval, broader pos-
teriorly than in front, the sides convex; mandibles triangular,
with a broad dentate masticatory margin; clypeus narrow, pro-
duced posteriorly into an angle between the antennal carinae, its
anterior margin transverse ; antennal carinae short, laminate
anteriorly, covering the base of the antennae ; antennae 12- jointed,
flagellum clavate, the 1st joint of the latter very much longer and
thicker than the 2nd joint ; eyes minute or wanting, ocelli wanting.
Thorax narrower than the head, convex above, the pro-meso-
and meso-metanotal sutures distinct above, but the latter not
emarginate, nor the metanotum depressed below the level of the
pro- and mesonotum, nor compressed, but truncate posteriorly ;
legs moderately long and stout. Pedicel one-jointed ; node some-
what thick, flat, or slightly convex in front, rounded above,
vertically truncate posteriorly ; abdomen comparatively massive,
and as long as the thorax.

Fig. 46.— Ponera coarctata, $ •

3 . Very similar to the £ ; eyes larger ; ocelli present ; pronotum
forming part of the dorsum of the thorax ; mesonotum of moderate
size, rounded, convex ; metanotum short, posteriorly truncate ;
legs, node of the pedicel, and abdomen similar to those of the $ .

I have followed Prof. Emery in restricting the genus Ponera to
the smaller species resembling the type, P. coarctata, in the shape
of the thorax.

Key to the Species.

A. $ entirely blind P. ceylonensis, p. 90.

B. £ possessing more or less minute eyes.

a. Dark castaneous brown ; thorax above dis-

tinctly rounded and convex, not flat or

depressed P. truncata, p. 90.

b. Light testaceous yellow ; thorax above

distinctly flat and'depressed.
a'. Flagellum of antennae much thickened

towards apex ; penultimate joints twice

as broad as long P. yleadowi, p. 91.

b'. Flagellum of antennae not so much

thickened towards apex ; penultimate

joints longer or as long as broad P. cotifinis, p. 91.

90 FORMICIDvE.

109. Ponera ceylonensis, Mayr, Termesz. Filzetek, xx (1897), p. 422, $ ;

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 322, $ .

" £ . Reddish yellow, in parts more brownish, the abdomen
light brown ; the mandibles, antennae and legs, and also the apex
of the abdomen, yellow. Pilosity very sparse, the hairs long, fine
and nearly erect ; the pubescence relatively dense, long, fine and
nearly recumbent. The head, pedicel and abdomen in part
densely and finely punctured, and only moderately shining. The
sides of the head, the thorax and the node of the pedicel above
with scattered shallow fine punctures, and somewhat more
polished and shining. The smooth, shining, only sparsely punc-
tured mandible has a masticatory margin armed with 9 or 10 teeth,
of which the anterior tooth is the largest, the posterior the
smallest. The head is half as long again as broad, and is dis-
tinctly broader than the pronotum ; its sides are feebly arched,
only just at the posterior lateral angles are they bent more
strongly inwards ; the posterior margin of the head is widely, not

deeply emarginate Antennal carinse short. Eyes and

ocelli entirely absent. Pronotum broadest anteriorly, narrowed
towards the apex of the metanotum. The dorsum of the thorax
is not level from front to back, but a little depressed from the
very distinct pro-mesonotal suture to the apex of the basal

portion of the metanotum Node of pedicel very thick ;

meso-metanotal suture not distinct above ; the node about as long
as it is broad posteriorly, . . . and as high as the front of the 1st
abdominal segment. Node seen from above trapeziform. . . .
The constriction between the basal two abdominal segments
moderately well marked." (Mayr.)

Length,' % 2-6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Unknown to me, but very distinct apparently by the entire
absence of eyes or ocelli.

110. Ponera truncata, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 72, $;

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 324, £ .

$ . Dark castaneous brown, densely reticulate, punctate and
pubescent ; the mandibles, antennae and legs pale reddish brown.
Head nearly transverse posteriorly ; eyes comparatively large ;
mandibles with an extremely broad masticatory margin ; clypeus
carinate, the carina bifurcate anteriorly. Thorax as long as the
abdomen, above slightly emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture,
the metanotum slightly compressed. Node of the pedicel flat,
very much broader than long, but distinctly thick and rounded
above, not with a sharp margin; abdomen with the constriction
between the basal two segments well marked ; sting exserted.

Length, $ 3-3-5 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma, the Shan plateau up to 6000 ft. (Thompson);
Karennee (Fea). Described originally from the Celebes.

PONERA. — PSEUDOPONERA. 91

111. Ponera confinis, Roger, Berl ent. Zeit. iv (I860), p. 284, $;

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 325 & 327, £ $ .
Ponera simillima, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 105, £ .

£ . Testaceous yellow, somewhat shining, covered with a line,
thin, sericeous pale pubescence; the legs pale yellow. Head
without the mandibles rectangular, longer than broad, widely but
very slightly emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles with the masti-
cafory margin very broad ; clypeus medially tuberculate ; eyes
very minute, placed just above the base of the mandibles. Thorax
more or less depressed above, the pronotum broad and slightly
convex, the mesonotum large, more than half the length of the
pronotum, the pro-meso- and rneso-metanotal sutures deeply
marked ; the basal portion of the metanotum very short, passing
by a curve into the oblique apical portion. Node of the pedicel
flat, broader than long, rounded above ; abdomen cylindrical
vertically, truncate anteriorly.

$ . " Absolutely resembles the £ , head also shining. Wings
slightly brownish, with the nervures and stigma somewhat paler."

Length, $ 3 ; $ 3'5 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Ttotlmey) ; Western India ( Wroughton) ; Kauara
(Aitken) ; Ceylon (Green).

Var. aiikeni, Forel, differs in being somewhat slighter, with the
node of the pedicel thinner ; the head and thorax slightly more
shining. Var. wroughtoni, JForel, is piceous in colour, with the man-
dibles, antennae and legs yellowish brown, and the basal portion of
the metanotum slightly more convex than in typical P. confinis.

112. Ponera gleadowi, Forel, Mem. Ace. Bokg. (5) v (1887), p. 60,?;

id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 325 & 327, £ .

£ . Closely resembles P. confinis, Eoger, in colour. The head
is rectangular and proportionately longer, the eyes even smaller,
placed just above the base of the mandibles ; the antenna? more
clavate ; the thorax above more depressed ; the basal portion of
the metanotum rectangular, nearly square ; the node of the
pedicel is proportionately lower, much thicker, and flatter an-
teriorly and posteriorly.

Length, $ 2-2-5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded from Dehra Dun (Rogers) ; Bengal (Rothney) ;
Western India (Wroughton), Ceylon (Yerbury}, and Burma
(Bingliam).

Genus PSEUDOPONERA.

Belonopelta, pt., Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii (1893), p. 460, $ .
Pachvchondyla, subgen. Pseudoponera, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bdy.
xlv (1901), p. 42.

Type, P. nmblyops, Emery, from Burma.
Range. Indo-Malayan region.

$ . Head rectangular ; mandibles long and narrow, obtusely
triangular, the masticatory margin strongly dentate, about the

92 FOBMICIDJE.

same length as the inner margin or a little longer, the apical
tooth curved, acute ; clypeus very narrow, with a short, square,
slightly-produced median lohe, and having a median, very short
carina or tubercle ; antennal carinae short, laminate, covering the
bases of the antennae ; antennae 12-jointed, the scape and flagellnm
slightly incrassate towards their apex ; eyes small, placed rather
to the front and well forward towards the anterior margin of the
head ; ocelli absent. Thorax broad, convex in front, compressed
posteriorly, the pro-meso- and meso-metauotal sutures both
distinct ; the basal portion of the metanotum short, not longer
than the apical portion, the latter obliquely truncate ; legs short
and stout, the intermediate and posterior tibiae with paired calcaria,
the anterior calcaria on all the tibiae simple, the posterior pectinate ;
the tibiae and the basal joint of the tarsi of intermediate legs
studded with spines. Pedicel one-jointed, the node convex in front,
concave posteriorly, viewed from the side cuneiform, thick at base,
with a dentiform process beneath ; abdomen rather massive, cylin-
drical, the basal segment anteriorly truncate, slightly concave, the
constriction between the basal two segments not well marked.
Two species only of this genus are known from within our limits.

Key to the Species.

a. Mandibles with a distinct masticatory margin

and 7 unequal teeth P. danvini, p. 93.

b. Mandibles with the masticatory margin not so

distinct, and only 4 or 5 unequal teeth .... P. amblyops, p. 92.

113. Pseudoponera amblyops, Emery (Ponera), Aim. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxv (1887), p. 434, £ ; id. (Pachychondyla, subgen. Pseudoponera),
Ann. Soc. Ent, Belg. xlv (1901), p. 42.

Belonopelta amblyops, Forel, Jour. Bomb. 2\~. H. Soc. xiii (19CO),
p. 320.

£ . Somewhat silky brownish yellow all over, covered with
fairly abundant erect pale hairs, and a fine sericeous golden

Fig. 47. — Pseudoponera amblyops. a. Head from front.

pubescence, dense on the front of the head and the antennae and
legs. Head and thorax very finely and densely punctured, opaque ;
node of the pedicel as finely but not so closely punctured,

PSEUDOPOWEBA. — CENTEOMYRMEX. 93

somewhat shining. Head emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles
longitudinally striate ; a distinct but very narrow and short im-
pressed line vertically on the front between the antennal carinae ;
eyes minute, concolorous with the surface of the head, not black.
For the rest the characters of the genus.

§ . " Wings hyaline shaded with yellow : for the rest as in
the £ " (Forel).

Length, $ 6 ; § 7 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (Mailer); Assam (Smythies); through Burma and
Tenasserin: (Pea) to the Malay Peninsula.

114. Pseudoponera darwini, Forel (Belonopelta), Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg. xxxvii (1893), p. 460, ?; id. (Belonopelta), Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 320.

5 . Brownish yellow all over, in some specimens darkening
on the head and thorax ; head, thorax and abdomen minutely

and densely punctate, rugu-
lose and subopaque ; entirely
covered with very fine short
silky yellow pubescence, as in
P. amblyops most conspicuous
on the head in front ; pilosity
fairly abundant, long and
soft towards the apex of the
abdomen. Head without the
mandibles rectangular, nearly
square, slightly and broadly

Fig. 48.— Pseudoponera darwini^. emarginate posteriorly, the
a. Head. sides slightly convex, the

posterior and anterior margins

about the same breadth ; mandibles long, triangular, the masti-
catory margin armed with 7 teeth alternately large and small :
clypeus with the median lobe shorter and less pronounced than in
P. amblyops; eyes and ocelli large and conspicuous, the former
nearly touching the bases of the mandibles. Thorax, legs, pedicel
and abdomen with the characters as in the genus.
Length, § 4*5 mm.

Hab. Kanara ( Wroughton) ; Ceylon (Green). Described origin-
ally from "West Australia. Dr. JForel has separated the Indian
species as var. indica. It differs from the type (Australian) by the
shorter, squarer head. So far as I am aware, the £ is unknown.

Genus CENTROMYRMEX.

Ponera, pt., Jttiger, Berlin, ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 5, 2.
Centromyrmex, Mai/r, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi (1866),

p. 894, £ .
Spalacomyrmex, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 489, $ .

Type, G. bohemanni, Mayr, from Brazil.

Range. Central and Southern America, and Ceylon and Burma.

94 FOBMICID^.

$ . Head without the mandibles rectangular or nearly square,
a little broader posteriorly than in front ; the frontal and occipital
planes meeting at an acute angle, the occipital plane flat or
slightly concave, the sides of the head slightly convex, with the
lateral posterior angles distinct but rounded; mandibles elongate

along the outer, very short
along the inner side, mak-
ing the masticatory margin
remarkably broad, the apex
of the mandibles curved back-
wards ; antennae 12-jointed,
comparatively long and thick,
the flagellum only slightly
Fig. 49.— Thorax of £ Centromyrmex. and gradually clavate towards
a. Mandible. the apex ; antennal carinse

short, convergent posteriorly,

expanded into laminae over the base of the antennae; eyes and
ocelli absent. Thorax from above broad anteriorly, narrow and
compressed posteriorly ; the prothorax crescentic, anteriorly sub-
margined, the sides and front vertical ; mesonotum convex above,
large, circular, the pro-mesonotal suture well marked, the meso-
metanotal suture distinct on the sides of the thorax, less distinct
above ; metanotum saddle-shaped, the basal portion bluntly raised
posteriorly, depressed in front, the apical portion obliquely and
rather steeply sloped and lightly convex ; legs short and stout ;
the femora thick, slightly compressed ; the tibiae cylindrical, the
intermediate pair thickly spined on the upper side as in the fossorial
genus Scolia; the tarsi broad and somewhat flat, thickly spined,
the claws minute. Pedicel cubical, truncate anteriorly and pos-
teriorly, its posterior face not applied very closely to the basal
segment of the abdomen, as in Myopopone and Stiymatomma ;
abdomen elongately oval, anteriorly transverse.
$ . Similar, and also without eyes or ocelli.
" c? . Mandibles very short, triangular, without teeth. Antennae
short. Head rounded. Eyes of moderate size. Clypeus very
convex. Thorax short and broad. Mesonotum large, with con-
verging furrows. The metanotum strongly convex. Pedicel
depressed, posteriorly with a node somewhat thin and emargi-
nate above. Abdomen behind the basal segment only slightly
constricted. Exterior genital valves triangular, broad, pointing
downwards. Pygidium without points. Wings short, not reach-
ing the end of the abdomen, hyaline, pubescent, . . . fore wing
with 2 cubital, a closed radial, and a discoidal cell.'' (Forel.)

Only a few species of this singular and low form of ant are
known. One only has been recorded from within our limits.

115. Centromyrmex feae, Emery (Spalaconiyrmex), Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xxvii (1889;, p. 491, pi. 10, figs. 11-15, $; Forel, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900), p. 303, $ .

$ . Entirely yellow, with a brownish or reddish tinge, covered

CENTROMYRMEX. — BOTHROPONERA. 95

sparsely with short erect pale hairs, which are more densely set
towards the apex of. the abdomen beneath. Head, thorax and
abdomen with the characters of the genus. Head posteriorly, the
pro- and mesonotum rather sparingly but coarsely punctured ;
the mandibles, metanotum, coxae, femora and tibiae of the legs,
node of pedicel, and abdomen smooth, polished, shining; the
pronotum along the crescentic anterior margin with a broad but
slight depression, which is finely wrinkled.

$ (of var. ceylonicus). "Reddish, moderately pubescent. Shining.
Head and thorax rather strongly punctured. Abdomen smooth
but for the minute piligerous tubercles or points."

c? (of var. ceylonicus). With the characters of the genus.
" Head and thorax somewhat shining, irregularly sculptured,
abdomen smooth. Pilosity brownish, rather abundant. Black.
Legs and antennae brown." (Forel.)

Length, £ 3-5-4 ; § 4*5-5 ; <5 4'3 mm.

ffab. Burma (Feet): Ceylon (Yerbury}.

Dr. Porel has separated the Ceylon form as var. ceylonicus,
" distinguished by its smaller size, by its mandibles almost
without teeth on their masticatory margin, by its slightly shorter
and thicker antennae, and by the node of the pedicel, which is
much more transverse and squamiform, twice as broad as long
(in C. fece it is only one and a half times as broad as long)."

Genus BOTHROPONERA.

Ponera, pt., Jerdon, Madr. Jour. Lit. $ Sc. xvii (1851), p. 119.

Pachychondyla, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 106.

Bothroponera, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 717.

Type. B. pumicosa, Roger, from South Africa.

Range. Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan and Australian regions.

£ . Head without the mandibles quadrangular ; mandibles
broad, triangular, the masticatory margin equal to the inner
margin and armed with 7 or 8 teeth ; clypeus transverse, produced
backwards in an angle between the antennal carinje, arched an-
teriorly ; anteunal carinae rather short, broadened and laminate
below, covering the base of the antennae ; antenna? 12-jointed, the
flagellum gradually thickening towards the apex ; eyes moderately
large, placed at the sides, a little in front of the middle line of the
head. Thorax comparatively broad, rounded above, the metanotum
obliquely truncate at apex ; the pro-mesonotal suture well marked,
the meso-metanotal suture more or less obsolete above, entirely so
in all Indian species ; legs moderately long and stout, femora and
tibiae cylindrical, claws simple. Pedicel one-jointed ; node at least
as high as the metanotum, seen from the front oval or rounded,
either flat anteriorly and posteriorly, or gently convex in front,
concave posteriorly ; abdomen massive, the constriction between
the basal two segments well marked ; sting powerful, exserted.

FOUM1CIDJE.

Key to the Species.

a. Posterior margin of node of pedicel arined

with a number of blunt processes.

a'. Metanotum unarmed B. ru/fpes, p. 96.

b'. Metanotum armed with a blunt tooth or

spine on each side , . B. bispinosa, p. 97.

b. Node of pedicel simple, unarmed.

«'. 1st joint of flagelluin of antennae equal to,
not longer than, 2nd joint. Length 6-5-

7 mm .' B. tesserinoda, p. 97.

b'. 1st joint of flagelluin of antennae distinctly
longer than 2nd.

a2. Length 8-12 mm B. sttlcata, p. 98.

62. Length 5 mm ^ B. rubir/inosa, p. 99.

116. Bothroponera rufipes, Jerdon (Ponera), Madr. Jour. Lit. $ Sci.
xvii (1851), p. 119, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), p. 323, £.

£ . Dull black ; the mandibles, antennae and legs castaneous
red, the apical two or three abdominal segments bright ferruginous ;
the whole insect covered with an abundant pale reddish-yellow
pilosity. Head, thorax and node of the pedicel in front coarsely
punctured, cribrate ; the basal two abdominal segments rugose
with remarkably coarse longitudinal ridges, the intervals between
them coarsely punctured ; the apical segments finely punctured,
the yellowish-red hair on them long and thick. Mandibles

Fig. 50.—Botkroponera rujipes, $ . «• Thorax.

obsoletely, finely, longitudinally striate and marked with some
coarse shallow punctures, the teeth on the masticatory margin
often worn and obsolete ; clypeus with a medial, often ill-defined,
short carina at base ; antennae densely pubescent, finely rugulose,
opaque ; eyes comparatively small : occiput slightly emarginate,
the anterior border of the emargination and the posterior lateral

BOTHBOPONEBA. 97

angles of the head rounded. Thorax massive, as broad in front as
the head, convex ; the apical truncated face of the metanoturn
concave, smooth and shining, and strongly margined above and on
the sides ; legs opaque, densely pilose and pubescent. Node of
the pedicel about twice as broad as long, convex and rounded
above, the spinous processes on the posterior margin above
irregular, not very acute ; the posterior face of the node deeply
concave, smooth and shining ; abdomen very massive, cylindrical,
thfe constriction between the basal two segments well marked.

Length, $ 13-15 rum.

Hob. Himalayas from the Siwaliks to Assam, and up to 4000 ft.
(Smythies) ; Bengal (Rothney) ; Western India, Kanara to
Malabar ( Wroughton) • Ceylon, Kandy (Yerbury) ; and throughout
Burma and Tenasserim (Bingham).

117. Bothroponera bispinosa, Smith (Pachvchondyla), Cat. vi, 1858,
p. 107, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H.' Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 323
&326, £.

£ . In colour and sculpture entirely resembling B. rufipes,
Jerdon. but larger, and the nietauotum armed on each side at the

Fig. 51. — Bothroponera bispinosa,

posterior end of the basal portion with a subtriangular flat blunt
spine pointing backwards and upwards.

Length, $ 16-18 mm.

Hub. Recorded from the Siwaliks (Rogers); Assam (Smythies);
Burma, Mayinyo, 3000 ft., Katha (Bingham) ; Tenasserim {Hodg-
son), Karen hills (Fea).

This species and B. rufipes when picked up or disturbed emit a
thick white frothy liquid from their mouths with an overpowering
smell of formic acid.

It has been suggested, I believe by Professor Emery, that the
£ of B. ntfipes is dimorphic, and that B. bispinosa is one of the
forms. I may mention that I found two nests at Maymyo, not
10 yards from one another, one of which contained all B. rufipes,
the'other all B. bispinosa. Both nests were under fallen trees. I
found no winged form in either nest.

118. Bothroponera tesserinoda, Mayr (Ponera), Verh. zool-bot. Ges.
Wien, xxviii (1878), pp. 661 & 663, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xiii (1900), pp. 323 & 325, £ rf.

£ . Dull black, subopaque or slightly shining ; mandibles,
antennae and legs castaneous red, the scape of the antennae, the
•VOL. u. H

98

coxae and femora of the legs slightly fuscous, the apical three
abdominal segments more or less testaceous yellow ; head, thorax
and abdomen with very short, sparse, erect pale hairs, and a fairly
dense silky pale yellow pubescence, which gives a dull opaque ap-
pearance to the whole insect but does not hide the sculpture ; the
latter consists of scattered rather shallow punctures, and more or
less piligerous points ; the punctures are most distinct on the node
of the pedicel. Head longer than broad ; mandibles punctured, not
striate ; clypeus transverse, slightly convex, not carinate ; antennae
massive ; head posteriorly widely and very slightly emarginate.
Thorax not so broad as the head, the pronotum convex, the
metanotum slightly compressed, rounded above, the truncated
apical face flat, not margined. Node of the pedicel thick, about as
long as broad posteriorly, slightly narrowing to the front, truncate
anteriorly and posteriorly ; abdomen massive, cylindrical.

" d" . Head slightly more elongate and eyes slightly nearer the
base than in B. sulcata. Pubescence more dense. More shining.
Apical face of the metanotum a little more distinct. Wings barely
tiriged with yellow. The pronotum extending a little in front of
the mesonotum ; the mesonotal convergent furrows indistinct,
hypopygium not emargiuate. The rest as in B. sulcata." (Forel.)

Length, $ 6'5-7 ; rf 5-5-6 mm.

Hob. FromDehra Dun to Cochin (RotJmey) ; Ceylon (Yerbury};
Assam (Smythies) ; Burma and Tenasserim (Fea 4" Bingliani) .

119. Bothroponera sulcata, Frauenf. (Ponera) Verh, zool.-bot. Ges
Wien, xvii (1867), p. 441, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), pp. 323 & 326, $ J .

$ . Dull black ; the mandibles, flagellum of the antenna), tibia?
of the legs towards the apex and tarsi castaneous red ; the scape
of the antennae, the femora and base of the tibiae fuscous. Head,
thorax and abdomen minutely and closely reticulate-punctate,
with scattered piligerous shallow punctures, covered all over with
fairly abundant long erect pale hairs and a dense fine sericeous
pubescence. Head without the mandibles a little longer than
broad, slightly emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles smooth and
shining, with a few scattered punctures, clypeus convex in the
middle and subcarinate. Thorax convex, rounded above, not so
broad as the head, narrowing towards the apex which is truncate,
but more obliquely sloping than in B. tesserinoda ; legs com-
paratively short, densely pubescent and pilose. JNTode of the
pedicel thick, about as long as broad, comparatively flat and
truncate anteriorly and posteriorly, greatly rounded and convex
above ; abdomen massive, cylindrical.

" d1 . Maxillary palpi 6-, labial palpi 4-jointed. Mandibles
rudimentary, rectangular, thin and flat, very far from meeting in
the middle. Antennae long ; scape very short, one and a half times
as long as broad. Head oval, large ; eyes and ocelli large. Pro-
notum vertical, not extending in front of the mesonotum. The
latter with two converging furrows. Pedicel surmounted by a

BOTIIROPO^ERA. — MESOPONERA.. 99

high and very thick node, a little broader than long, subtruncate
anteriorly and posteriorly, and rounded above. Abdomen elongate
and narrow, constricted after the first segment. Pygidium with a
long carved point. Hypopygium nearly flat, emarginate at apex.
Exterior genital valves rounded, rather small. Thorax somewhat
massive. The whole insect opaque, finely punctured ; wings
feebly tinged with yellow and pubescent." (Forel.}
.Length, £ 8-ll;5; <$ 10-1O5 mm.

Hob. N.W.P. India (Smythies); Bengal (Rothney); Central
India (£c/mrr); and Western India (Wroughtori).

Dr. Forel has described two varieties under the names sulcato-
tesserinoda and fossulata. The former has characters intermediate
between B. sulcata and B. tesserinoda ; and the latter differs from
typical B. sulcata in having the posterior half of the head with
scattered large shallow punctures.

120. Bothroponera rubiginosa, Emery (Ponera), Mm. Civ. Gen.
xxvii (1889), p. 498, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii
(1900), p. 323, £ .

£ . Dull opaque black, the mandibles, antennae and legs light
red, the posterior margins of the abdominal segments and the
pygidium reddish yellow. Head, thorax and abdomen finely,
very closely reticulate-punctate, covered with a fine sericeous
hoary pubescence ; the abdomen slightly shining. Head, without
the mandibles, a little longer than broad, posteriorly widely
emarginate, the posterior lateral angles well defined but not
produced ; mandibles opaque, punctured ; clypeus transverse,
medially somewhat sharply carinate. Thorax short, shorter than
the abdomen, massive, convex in front, rounded above, the obliquely
truncate apex of the metanotum almost submargined ; legs stout,
densely pubescent. Node of the pedicel a little broader than
long, rounded above, and somewhat roundly truncate anteriorly,
posteriorly abruptly truncate, vertical and flat; abdomen cylin-
drical, long and massive.

Length, $ 5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Pooua ( Wroughton) ; throughout Burma
and Tenasserim (Bingham).

Genus MESOPONERA.

Ponera, pt, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 91.

Pachychondyla, pt., Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi (1866),

p. 890, £ .

Mesoponera, Emery (Euponera, For., Subgen. Mesoponera, Emery],
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlv (1901), p. 43.

Type, M. caffraria, Smith, from S. Africa.
Range. Both hemispheres.

£ . Head without the mandibles rectangular, longer than broad,
and broader posteriorly than in front ; mandibles strong, triangular,

100 FORHICIDJE.

with a very broad dentate masticatory margin ; clypeus narrow,
transverse, produced back to an angle between the antennal
carinse, and carinate down the middle, the anterior margin
transverse ; antennal carinae short, broadly laminate in front,
covering the base of the antennas ; antennae 12-jointed, only
slightly clavate towards the apex, the basal two joints of the
flagellum subequal ; eyes larger in proportion than in the genus
Potiera. Thorax : the pronotum broad, convex ; the mesonotum
prominent, more or less gibbous, the pro-meso- and meso-
metanotal sutures well marked ; the metanotum tectiforrn, pinched,
and more or less acute along its basal portion above (more so in
the sole Indian species than in the type of the genus), the apex
obliquely truncate posteriorly; viewed from the back the apical
face is subtriangular ; legs stout, moderately long, the basal joint
of the tarsus in the posterior legs longer than the tibiae. Pedicel
one-jointed, node of various shapes ; abdomen short, cylindrical.

$ . Very similar to the £ ; pronotum only slightly depressed,
forming part of the dorsum of the thorax; mesonotum short, flat,
with a U-shaped impressed line ; scutellnm and postscutellum
slightly gibbous ; metanotum short, the basal portion much shorter
than the apical truncate portion ; legs, node of the pedicel and
abdomen as in the £ .

121. Mesoponera melanaria, Emery (Ponera), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1893, p. 260, footnote, $ ; Forel (Ponera), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), p. 323, £ .

$ . Dark castaneous brown, smooth and somewhat shining ; the
mandibles, antennae and legs much lighter, inclining to reddish.
Pilosity almost absent, confined to a few erect somewhat long hairs
on the clypeus and mandibles, and on the apex of and beneath
the abdomen. Head with the cheeks somewhat flattened, the

Fig. 52. — Mesoponera melanaria,

posterior lateral angles rounded, not prominent, as broad in front
as posteriorly. Node of the pedicel very convex in front, flat,
almost concave, posteriorly, not so broad at the apex as at base.
For the rest the characters of the genus.

$ . Exactly similar to the £ , lighter in colour, with the sex
differences as noted under the generic characters.

Length, $ 7!5-8'5 ; $ 9mm.

Hob. "Western India (Wroughton) ; Ceylon (Yerbury) ; Lower
Burma (Binglicmi).

BBACHYPONERA. 101

Genus BRACHYPONERA.

Ponera, pt., Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 103, £ .
Pachychondyla, pt., Andre, Rev. Ent. ix (1890), p. 316, $ .
Brachyponera, Emery (Euponera, Forel, Subgen. Brachyponera),
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlv (1901), p. 43.

Type, B. senaarensis, Mayr, from Arabia.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.
, £ . Closely resembles the £ of the genus Ponera, Latr., but in
all the species the metanotum is strongly compressed and emar-
ginate at the nieso-metanotal suture, from thence broadening to
the apex, the apical face very broad and shaped to allow of the
anterior face of the node of the pedicel closing over it ; the meta-
notum viewed from the side is seen to be distinctly lower than
the anterior portion of the thorax. The sides of the head are
flattened and the mesonotum gibbous as in Mesoponera ; the eyes
proportionately considerably larger than in Ponera, and placed
higher up on the side of the head.

2 . Very similar to the £ : larger. The pronotum about half
the length of the mesonotum, forming part of the dorsum of the
thorax in front ; the scutellum gibbous, the metanotum similar to
that in the £ , but much shorter ; the rest as in the $ .

c? . The antenna remarkably short, the thorax remarkably short
and massive ; the mandibles rudimentary ; node of the pedicel
laminate, wide : a very slight constriction between the basal two
segments of the abdomen ; pygidiuui rather short and obtuse at
apex.

Key to the Species.

a. Joints of flagellum of antennae, basal and apical

excepted, as broad as long or broader. Length
under 4 mm.
a'. Scape of antennae long, extending well beyond

top of head , . . B. luteipes, p. 101.

b'. Scape of antenna? shorter, extending only to

top of head B. jerdoni, p. 102.

b. Joints of flagellum of antennae distinctly longer

than broad. Length over 5 mm B. niyrita, p. 102.

122. Brachyponera luteipes, Mayr (Ponera), Verh.zool.-bot.Ges. Wien,
xii (1862), p. 722, $ $ ; Forel (Ponera), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiii (1900), pp. 324 & 326, £ rf.

$ . Jet-black, shining ; mandibles, flagellum of the antennae,
the legs and apex of the abdomen testaceous brown. Pilosity very
sparse, confined to a few erect pale hairs on the clypeus and
mandibles and on the apex of and beneath the abdomen. Head,
thorax and abdomen covered with a fine delicate silky whitish
very short pubescence, and very finely reticulate-punctate, but not
opaque. Head posteriorly slightly emarginate, the sides viewed
from the front arched outwards ; mandibles finely punctured ;
clypeus anteriorly with a broad medial lobe, the anterior margin of
which is arched ; antennae densely pubescent. Thorax rather
massive, the metanotum markedly below the level of the pro- and

102 FOBMICIDJE.

rnesonotum, its basal and apical truncate portions about equal.
Node of the pedicel flat in front and posteriorly, rounded above ;
abdomen rather massive.

$ . Similar to the $ but larger ; antennae thicker, the scape
proportionately shorter ; eyes much larger, ocelli present. Thorax
and abdomen more massive.

Fig. 53. — Brackyponera lutcipcs,

" 6 • Of a dusky testaceous yellow. Wings long, lightly
yellow, nenrures and stigma of a brownish }'ellow. Rather
smooth, subopaque, feebly pubescent ; flagellum of the antennae
brown." (Forel.)

LengtJi, $ 3-5-4 ; $ 4-5 ; <f 4 mm.

Nab. Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, extending to the
Malay peninsula.

123. Brachyponera jerdoni, Forel (Ponera), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.

xiii (1900), pp. 324 & 327, £ .

$ . Closely resembling B. luteipes, Mayr, but distinctly smaller
and slighter, with the mandibles, antennas and legs of a lighter
colour than in that species. Thorax with the pronotum more
rounded (in B. luteipes the anterior lateral angles of the pronotum
are very distinct), and the head shorter, more square, the eyes
very much smaller, and the whole insect more smooth and shining.

Lengih, £ 3-3'5 mm.

Hub. Recorded from Bengal (Roihney), Western (Wrough-ton)
and Southern India (Roihney), and Assam (Smythies).

124. Brachyponera nigrita, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),

p. 459, $; Forel (Ponera), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (1900),
pp. 324 & 326, £ .

£ . Resembles B. luteipes, Mayr, but is larger and more slen-
derly made. Black and shining, the mandibles, flagellum of the
antennae and legs reddish brown. Head without the mandibles
nearly square, as broad posteriorly as in front, the cheeks viewed
from the front not much arched, nearly straight ; mandibles
slightly broader than in B. luteipes, finely punctured; antennae
longer, more massive ; eyes very much larger, placed higher up on
the sides of the head. Thorax anteriorly broad, the pronotum
strongly convex, the mesonotum raised and very gibbous, the
basal portion of the metanotum depressed, longer than the obliquely
truncate apical portion. Node of the pedicel as high as the base

BE ACHYPONEBA.— MYOPIAS. 103

of the abdomen and higher than the metanotum ; abdomen more
massive than in B. luteipes.

Length, $ 5'5— 6 mm.

Hob. Sikhim (Wroughton $ Mb'ller); Burma (Binyhani) ', Tenas-
serim (Fed).

Genus MYOPIAS.
' Myopias, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. v (1861), p. 39, g $ .

Type, M. ambit/ops, Roger, from Ceylon.

Range. Eecorded so far only from Ceylon.

" $ . Head quadrate, rounded posteriorly. Eyes very small,
lateral, and placed close to the anterior margin of the head.
Antennae 12-jointed, originating near the mouth ; scape shorter
than the head ; the 1st joint of the flagellum is as long as the
three succeeding united, the pre-apical three are broader than
long, and, together with the long oval apical joint, rather shorter
than the three preceding, form a long slender club (i. e. the club
is 4-jointed). The mandibles are porrect and narrow with a tooth
in the middle, and a second tooth before the curved and acute
apex. Palpi 3-jointed. The thorax is flat above, compressed on
the sides with nearly parallel lateral margins, the prothorax is
anteriorly rounded ; the mesothorax is short and separated from
the pro- as well as the metathorax by a transverse suture. The
basal portion of the metanotum is longer than the apical portion.

" The node is thick, roundly cubical, not attached to the abdo-
men by the whole of its posterior margin, furnished with a small
tooth anteriorly on the inner side. The abdomen is nearly cylin-
drical, armed with a sting ; the basal segment anteriorly abruptly
truncate, posteriorly constricted, the pedicel is attached to its
lower third.

" The front and posterior tibiae with a large, the intermediate
tibia? with a pectinate spine. Claws simple.

" $ . Closely resembles the £ , but has larger eyes, three distinct
ocelli, and the thorax convex above ; the mesothorax is longer and
broader than the prothorax ; the metathorax is very short and
truncate. (The wings wanting.) " (Roger.)

125. Myopias amblyops, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. \ (1861), p. 39, £ $ .

" £ . Reddish or dark brownish red, scape of antennas and legs
brighter, shining ; pilosity abundant. Head broader than thorax,
with parallel sides, posteriorly lightly rounded and anteriorly
lightly convex. The frontal carinse are arched, rather small, but
thick, springing from the vaulted bend of the clypeus near each
other, and only separated by a somewhat broad middle line which
terminates at the ocellar area (ocelli themselves wanting). The
scape does not reach the hinder margin of the head ; it is slender
at base, broader towards the apex, and like the flagellum is sparsely
pilose. The mandibles are smooth, shining, pilose, the dentate

104 FOBMICIDJE.

margin darker. The whole head is sparsely coarsely punctured,
with smooth shining interspaces ; in the antennal hollows and the
bases of the antennae, the punctures are finer and more dense.

" The thorax is in the same way coarsely punctured with smooth
interspaces ; the apical face of the metathorax is altogether
smooth and shining.

" The node is thick, nearly cubical, about as long as it is high,
anteriorly and posteriorly abruptly truncate, rounded above, seen
from above somewhat broader posteriorly with an upward directed
acute hind margin. The coarse puncturing is a little coarser than
on the thorax.

" The abdomen is nearly cylindrical, the basal two segments are
the largest, and hide the great portion of the other segments.
The 1st is anteriorly abruptly truncate, posteriorly rounded and
constricted, somewhat coarsely and closely punctured, smooth
on the posterior margin. The 2nd segment is more sparsely
punctured, and is likewise smooth posteriorly and shining yellow.
The sting is somewhat long, bent upwards.

" The legs are bright yellowish red, somewhat slender, pilose.
Tibiae and metatarsi somewhat pilose, on the anterior pair of legs
the latter thickly so. The tarsi taken together are almost all longer
than the metatarsi. Claws fine, not dentate.

" $ . Closely resembles the £ ; only the head is a little broader
than the thorax, the frontal carinae terminate at the 1st ocellus,
broadening somewhat. The thorax as well as the node of pedicel
more finely punctured than in the £ ." (Eoger.}

Length, £ 4'4— 5 ; $ 4'5 mm.

Hal). Ceylon.

Unknown to me, and apparently very rare. The above, so far
as I know, is the only record of the species.

Genus CRYPTOPONE.

Amblyopone, pt., Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxvi (2) (1863),

p. 15, $ .
Cryptopone, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1893, p. 240.

Type, C. testacea, Motsch.

Range. Recorded so far only from. Ceylon.

'' £ . Clypeus carinate, anterior margin widely arched, acute,
not toothed. Mandibles narrow, the masticatory margin very
oblique, with 5 teeth. Eyes absent. Frontal carinae short, close
together. Antennae 12-jointed, club 4-jointed. Thoracic sutures
distinct. Pedicel nodiform, inserted at the lower third portion of
the anterior face of base of abdomen. Legs thick, short ; first
joint of tarsus much shorter than the tibiae ; calcaria long, pecti-
nate ; claws simple." (Emery.)

126. Cryptopone testacea, Motsch. (Amblypone) Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
xxxvi (2) (1863) p. 15, $ ; Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1893,
p. 240, $ .

" $ . Testaceous, pubescent, sparsely pilose, subopaque, very

CBYPTOPONE. 105

lightly punctured ; head opaque, thickly punctured, thorax near
the mesonotum narrowly raised, metanotum scarcely depressed but
moderately compressed, posteriorly obliquely truncate, the declivous
face shining, pedicel rounded above, below furnished with a lamina,
the posterior portion of the abdomen shining." (Emery.)

" $ . Elongate, opaque, testaceous ; eyes large, black, slightly
prominent ; head subquadrate, posteriorly bilobed, with three
distinct ocelli; front raised between the base of the antennae,
carinate on each side, the carinse posteriorly close together,
parallel ; clypeus truncate ; mandibles porrect, with 5 acute teeth ;
antenna? clavate, about half the length of the body, 12-jointed ;
thorax narrower, the head elongate ; node thick, subquadrate,
with the angles rounded ; abdomen about as broad as the
thorax, elongate, the first two segments arched, the three follow-
ing segments shorter, attenuate towards the apex ; wings whitish
hyaline, nervures testaceous." (Motsch.)

Length, £2*5; $ 2 lines. (£ 6; $ 5mm.)

Hob. Recorded so far only from Ceylon.

Subfamily MYRMECIN.E.

Sufficiently distinguished from the other subfamilies of the
Formicidce by the pedicel being distinctly 2-jointed in all the sexes.
The neuters of the genus Quietus also have the pedicel 2-jointed
( d1 one-jointed, $ unknown), but they are absolutely without
eyes or ocelli, and could only be mistaken for the neuters of
Llomyrmex. From the latter, however, they can be distinguished
at a glance by the long, thick, and massive antennae planted
extremely close to the anterior margin of the head with their bases
very close together. In Liomyrmev, on the contrary, the antennae
are short and slight, planted proportionately at a distance from
the anterior margin of the head and with their bases wide apart.
The sting in the Myrmecince is present but not often exserted, and
the pupae are not enclosed in cocoons.

Key to the Genera *.

A. Antennae with less than 12 joints.
a. Antennae 11-jointed.

a'. Abdomen viewed in profile flat above,
triangular beneath, apex of triangle
pointing downwards TUIGONOGASTER, p. 285.

* The genus Trichomyrmex, Mayr (p. 214), founded on a $ and of which
the ^ , so far aa I know, has not yet beeu discovered, is not included in this
table of genera, which deals only with the characters of the £ .

106

FOEMICID^.

b'. Abdomen viewed in profile more or
less convex above, not triangular
beneath.
a'2. Metanotum unarmed.

a\ Without eyes or ocelli, blind . .

b3. Eyes present

ft2. Metanotum armed.

a3. Lateral margins of head and

thorax denticulate and spiny . .

ft3. Lateral margins of head and

thorax not dentate or spiny.
«4. Pedicel attached to dorsal sur-
face of abdomen

ft4. Pedicel attached to middle of
front or to ventral surface of
abdomen.
rt5. Pronotum armed with spines

or teeth.

«G. Thorax raised anteriorly,
viewed from front with
a sharp truncate trans-
verse margin above ....
ft0. Thorax not raised, de-
pressed, somewhat flat. .
ft3. Pronotum not armed.
rt6. Club of antennas formed
of apical 2 joints of

flagellum

6B. Club of antennae formed
of apical 3 joints of
flagellum.

ft7. Antennal furrows pre-
sent

ft7. No antennal furrows.
«s. Clypeus bicarinate. .
b*. Clypeus not carinate .
ft. Antennae 10-jointed .*

c. Antenna} 9-jointed.

a'. Antennal furrow lateral and deep . .
ft'. No antennal furrows.

a2. Clypeus bicarinate

i2. Clypeus not carinate ,

d. Antennae 7-jointed. . .,

e. Antennae 6-jointed

LIOMYRMEX, p. 198.

VOLLKNHOVIA, p. 213.

CATAULACUS, p. 120.

CREMASTOGASTER,P. 124.

LOPHOMYRMEX, p. 194.

PRISTOMYRMEX, p. 193
PHIDOLOGITON, p. 160.

[p. 175.
TETRAMORIU.M, pt.,

MYRMECINA, p. 197.
STEREOMYRMEX, p. 218.
SOLENOPSIS, p. 157.

MERANOPLTJS, p. 166.

OLIGOMYRMEX, p. 152.
CAREBARA, p. 150.
MYRMICARIA, p. 117.
STRUMIGENYS, p. 147.

B. Antennae 12-jointed.

a. Posterior margin of clypeus not produced

between bases of antennae

ft. Posterior margin of clypeus produced

between bases of antennae.
a'. Pronotum armed with 2 spines ....
ft'. Pronotum not armed.

«2. Erect hairs on body trifid

ft2. Erect hairs on body not trifid;

simple.
a3. First node of pedicel bidentate

posteriorly ATOPOMYRMEX, p. 189.

SIMA, p. 107.

[p. 191.

ACAXTHOMYRMEX,

TRIGLYPHOTHRIX, p. 171.

SIM A. 107

b3. First node of pedicel not dentate

posteriorly.

«*. Flagellum of antennae scarcely
thickened towards apex, with-
out distinct club.
«5. Calcaria of posterior pair

of legs pectinate MYRMICA, p. 265.

t>'\ Calcaria of posterior pair of

legs not pectinate, simple.
a6. Clypeus bicarinate and

b'identate HOLCOMYRMEX, p. 280.

b°. Clypeus not carinate or

dentate.
n~. Metanotum unarmed or

at most bidentate .... MESSOR, p. 277;
b~. Metanotum armed with [p. 269.

2 short spines ... : .... APHJENOGASTER,
b4. Flagellum of antennae with
distinct club.

a\ Clypeus bicarinate MONOMORIUM, p. 199.

¥\ Clypeus not bicarinate, occa-
sionally with one carina.
ft6. Tibiae with simple calcaria.
a7. Neuters or workers

strongly dimorphous . . PHIDOLE, p. 220.
ft7. Neuters or workers

monomorphous.
aa. Maxillary palpi 4-
jointed ; erect hairs
on body not clavate ;
antennal furrow gene- [p. 175.

rally present TETRAMORIUM, pt,

bs. Maxillary palpi 5-
jointed ; erect hairs
'on body clavate ;

no antennal furrows . . LEPTOTHORAX, p. 214.
66. Tibiae without calcaria .... CARDIOCOXDYLA.

[p. 287.

Genus SIMA.

Eciton, Jerdon (nee Latr.}, Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 111.
Pseudomyrma, Smith (nee Lund), Cat. vi, 1858, p. 159.
Tetraponera, pt., Smith, A. M. N. H. (2) ix, 1852, p. 44.
Sima, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 178, $ .

Type, S. allaborans, Walker, from Ceylon.

Range. Palaearctic, Ethiopian, and In do-Malay an regions.

$ . Head more or less rectangular; in profile, truncate anteriorly,
the clypeus and mandibles being bent vertically downwards from
tbe line of the front; mandibles linear, very little if 'at all broader
at their apical margins than at their base ; clypeus narrow, not
produced back between the antennal carinae, generally with more
or less of a posterior median projecting portion ; sides above the
level of the eyes straight or convex, posterior occipital angles of
the head rounded ; antennae 12-jointed, short, somewhat massive,
with a distinct thickening towards the apex of the flagellum ;

108

FORMICID^E.

antenual carinse short, parallel, close together ; eyes proportionately
large, lateral, situated a little to the front. Thorax elongate,
constricted in the middle, the sutures distinct, the metanotum
always raised, convex and conspicuous ; legs moderately long
and stout, the tibial calcaria pectinate, the claws simple. Pedicel
remarkably elongate, generally the anterior node and sometimes
the posterior node also is elongately petiolate, giving great flexi-
bility to the abdomen ; abdomen narrow, more or less cylindrical,
attenuate at apex ; sting exserted.

d & $. Very similar to the £ and, beyond the sexual differences
of the build of the thorax, generally with a longer larger head in
the $ , and a smaller diamond-shaped head in the c? , with 13-
jointed antennae in the latter; fore wings with a radial, two closed
cubitals, and a discoidal cell.

Key to the Species.

A. Ocelli present in £ 8. rufoniyra, p. 108.

B. Ocelli not present in £ .

«. Head narrower posteriorly than in front.

a'. Clypeus not bidentate S. binghami, p. 111.

b'. Clypeus bidentate anteriorly S. birmana, p. 112.

b. Head posteriorly as broad as in front, or

broader than in front.
a'. First node of pedicel unarmed beneath.
a2. Petiole anteriorly of 1st node shorter

than node itself.
a3. In profile, metanotum not higher

than pro-mesonotum S. allaborans, p. 113.

b3. In profile, metanotum distinctly very

much higher than pro-mesonotum . *S. aitkeni, p. 115.
b2. Petiole anteriorly of 1st node as long
as, but distinctly not longer than
node itself.

a3. First node as broad as second node . . S. petiolata, p. 113.
W. First node much narrower than

second node S. nigra, p. 1 10.

c2. Petiole anteriorly of 1st node distinctly

longer than node itself.
a3. Eyes proportionately rather small,
placed closer to anterior than to

posterior margin of head S. attenuata, p. 112.

63. Eyes proportionately very large,
placed closer to posterior than to

anterior margin of head S.fergusoni, p. 114.

b'. First node of pedicel armed with a tooth

beneath , S. longiceps, p. 115.

127. Sima mfomgra, Jerclon (Ecitou), Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851),
p. Ill ; id. A. M. N. H. (2) xiii (1854), p. 53.

£ . Head, the 2nd joint of the pedicel and abdomen black ; the
mandibles, antennae, thorax and 1st joint of the pedicel more or
less red, varying from light orange-red or orange-yellow to deep

SIMA. 109

dark brick-red ; legs fuscous black, more or less shaded with orange-
red ; mandibles, clypeus and antennae yellowish red ; pilosity and
pubescence sparse, the former consisting of a few scattered pale
hairs, the latter very often absent, but when present very thin,
short and silky, giving the thorax and abdomen especially a
whitish puberulose appearance. Head, legs, 2nd joint of the
pedicel and the abdomen shining, very minutely and closely
punctured, but not opaque ; thorax finely, densely punctured,
opaque. Head rectangular, a little longer than broad and only
very slightly narrower in front than posteriorly ; occiput broadly
rounded, almost transverse, the cheeks straight, ending anteriorly
in a distinct angle ; mandibles coarsely obsoletely striate, more or
less broadly linear, the inner and outer margins subparallel, the
masticatory margin with 5 or 6 acute teeth ; clypeus transverse,
narrow, raised in the middle which is slightly produced, giving the
anterior margin a bisinuate appearance ; anteunal carinae vertical,
parallel, with a longitudinal deeply impressed line or groove
between them ; antennas short and stout ; eyes lateral and some-
what to the front, situated more in the upper thau the lower half
of the head. Ocelli present. Thorax elongate; the pronotum
broad, its anterior lateral angles dentate, a medial small longi-
tudinal tubercle at its posterior margin, pro-mesonotal suture
arched to the front ; mesonoturn small, flat, forming the half of
an oval with its posterior margin transverse, a deep and wide
emargination at the meso-metanotal suture ; metanotum long,
longer than the pro- and mesonotum together, oval, convex, its
posterior portion oblique to the apex ; legs moderately long, stout.
Pedicel elongate, the 1st node oval, with a long petiole in front
obliquely sloping posteriorly, 2nd node conical, with a short
petiole in front, constricted posteriorly ; abdomen somewhat small,
oval, acute at apex ; sting exserted.

$ . Very closely resembles the £ , but is of course slightly
larger and more massive, with a proportionately much shorter
metanotum, the mesonotum and scutellutn together being much
longer than the metanotum ; wings hyaline, slightly brownish in
tint ; 2nd node of the pedicel cup-shaped.

Length, $ 10-5-13 ; $ 13-14 mm.

Hob. Throughout our limits.

This species is the most virulent of any ant known to me, its
sting being most painful and sometimes causing considerable
inflammation, Mr. Gr. A. James Eothney, in a paper in the Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, 1889, p. 353, gives a vivid account of the severe
pain caused to him by the sting of one of this species.

S. rufonigra makes its nests in the dead wood of trees, and very
often, in Burma at least, in the clefts of the beams and posts of the
wooden resthouses scattered over the country. Personally, I
opened and examined only one nest, and that was in a hollow in
a Pvinkado tree (Xylia dolabriformis). The hollow was low down
in the tree, and the entrance or entrances, for there were several,
were quite at the base of the tree near the ground.

110 FORMICIDJE.

In the paper noted above, Mr. Eothuey gives a most interesting
account of a fight between a column of (Ecophylla smaragclina,
Fabr. (p. 354), the fierce leaf-bnilding red or yellow ant, and a
colony of S. rufonigra. The account is too long to quote here,
but after several assaults by (Ecopliylla smarac/dina, whose mode of
attack apparently was to advance in a triangular wedge-shaped
formation, the apex towards the enemy, S. rufonigra finally
triumphed, and was left in peaceable possession of its nest.
In the N.W. Provinces I have heard this ant called " lohari," or
blacksmith, why I cannot say. So fierce an insect is almost certain
to be mimicked, and consequently nearly every nest of S. rufonigra
has a few mimicking spiders (Myrmarachne providens, Peck) about.
In these the resemblance to the ant is remarkable ; but what
is, in my opinion, a far better mimic, at any rate of the $ Sima
rufonigra, is the beautiful wasp Ampulex constancies, discovered by
Mr. Eothney, and named and described by Mr. Cameron (Mem.
Manch. L. Ph. Soc. (4) iv, 1891, p. 192, pl.'i, fig. 6).

128. Sima nigra, Jerd&n (Ecitou), Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851),
p. 112, $ ; id. A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiii (1854), p. 53, £ .

Tetraponera atrata, Smith, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ix (1852J, p. 44.

Pseudomyrma carbonaria, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii (1863),
P- 20, $ $ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, auteuna? and legs dark castaneous
brown, with scattered erect brownish hairs, and a very sparse and
thin pubescence ; the thorax and abdomen in certain lights
puberulous. Head, thorax and abdomen slightly shining, finely
and moderately closely punctured, but not opaque. Head rect-
angular, a little longer than broad, the posterior margin very
broad, as broad as the front of the head, transverse, the lateral
angles not prominent, rounded ; mandibles broad and linear, the
inner and outer margins parallel as in S. rufonigra ; clypeus
narrow, its anterior margin transverse, not medially dentate ; front
between the comparatively long vertical carinae raised, tuberculate ;
antennae as in S. rufonigra ; eyes lateral and a little to the front,
placed closer to the posterior than to the anterior lateral angles
of the head. Thorax as in S. rufonigra, but proportionately
narrower, more compressed, the emargination at the meso-meta-
notal suture very much deeper and wider, the metanotum higher,
viewed from the side with a regular arch from front to back ; legs
moderately long, slender. Pedicel much lengthened : the nodes
low, petiolate in front, the 1st node from above oval, the petiole
long ; 2nd node cup-shaped, much broader than the 1st, not con-
stricted posteriorly, and with a shorter petiole, the nodes not
dentate beneath : abdomen elongate, narrowly oval.

$ . Very similar to the £ , somewhat larger, more pilose, the
pedicel proportionately slightly shorter, the petiole of the nodes
distinctly shorter, the abdomen more massive.

Length, $ 7-8 ; $ 11 mm.

Hab. This ant at present is only recorded from Sikhim (Moller),
Bengal (Eothney), Poona (Wrov.gJiton), the Malabar Coast (Jerd.ori),

SIMA. Ill

Kanara (AitJcen\ Ceylon (Green $ Wickwar), and throughout
Burma and Tenasserim (Bingham). It, however, extends into the
Malayan subregion.

This, like S. rvfonigra, is a tree-ant and almost as fierce as that
species ; its sting, however, is not so severe. Wroughton reports
a species of Salticus mimicking S. nigra as Myrmaradine providers
mirnicks S. rufonigra. I have never come across it. Like the
species of the allied genus Pseudomyrma in America, /S'. nigra
sometimes forms its nest in hollow thorns. I have found one
such nest in the hollow of a huge thorn on a large creeper
growing round a teak-tree in Upper Burma ; and Wroughton
reports having found the thorns of Acacia latronum occupied by
colonies of this ant.

129. Sima binghami, Ford, Rev. Suisse, Zool. x (1902), p. 243, £ $ <$ .

£ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae, apex of the tibiae and the
tarsi reddish brown ; the anterior femora and tibiae, and the coxae,
femora and tibiae of the intermediate and posterior legs chestuut-
brown, the apical margins of the abdominal segments narrowly
yellowish ; pilosity fairly abundant, pale ; pubescence dense on
the thorax and abdomen. Head shining, elongate, rectangular,
narrower posteriorly than in front, arid about twice as long as
broad, the occiput slightly concave, the cheeks straight ; eyes placed
somewhat to the front and a little nearer the top of the head than
to the mandibles ; mandibles with the inner and outer margins
parallel, the masticatory margin armed with 5 teeth ; clypeus
narrow, with a medial projecting portion, the anterior margin of
which is crenulate and fringed with stiff hairs ; antennal carinas
short, vertical, rather close together; antennae short and stout,
the scape barely reaching up to the top of the eyes. Thorax
elongate, narrow ; the pronotum not so broad as the head, laterally
compressed and margined, longer than broad ; thorax constricted
at the mesonotum, which Jatter is longitudinally oval, the pro-
nieso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct, the thorax in profile
broadly emarginate at the latter suture ; metanotum elongate,
compressed, the basal portion half as long again as the apical
portion into which it passes by an abrupt curve; legs slender,
comparatively short. Pedicel very long, the nodes more or less
petiolate anteriorly ; the 1 st node narrowly oval, constricted pos-
teriorly ; the 2nd conical, broader than the 1st, convex and posteriori v
obliquely truncate beneath ; abdomen very long, narrow, attenuate
and acute at apex.

$ . Closely resembles the $ > but the head is most remarkablv
long and narrow, the pronotum is proportionately shorter, and the
mesonotum very much longer than in the £ ; wings hyaline with
a brownish tint.

c? . Head small from the front, diamond-shaped, strongly con-
stricted anterior and posterior to the eyes, the occiput truncate ;
antennae long and filiform, the scape about as long as the 2nd
joint of the flagellum. For the rest closely resembling the £ .

Length, $ 7'5-ll ; $ 13-14 ; rf 11 mm.

112 FORMICID.E.

Hob. North Konkan ( Wroughton) • Assam (Smythies) ; Burma,
Pegu Yoma (Allan) ; Ruby Mines (Bingham) ; Shan States
(Thompson) ; Tenasserim (Hodgson).

130. Sima Mrmana, Forel, Rev. Suisse, Zool. x (1902), p. 245, $ .

$ . Resembles S. binghami in sculpture and pubescence, but is
entirely black, with the antennae and tarsi castaneous brown, the
apex of the scape and the 1st joint of the flagellum reddish ;
pilosity and pubescence more sparse than in S. binghami. Head
rectangular, but very little longer than broad ; mandibles as in
S. binghami, but finely closely striate ; clypeus with the anterior
margin furnished with two teeth, the medial portion not project-
ing but subvertical, ciliated. Thorax: the pronotum laterally
margined ; the metanotum somewhat as in S. nigra, but with a
very short basal face. Pedicel : the nodes petiolate and longer
than in S. nigra ; abdomen proportionately narrower than in
S. nigra, but shorter than in S. binghami.

$ . Eesembles the £ > but is longer and narrower, with a
slightly longer head.

Length, $ 7-7'5 ; $ 9 mm.

Hob. Sikhim (Holier) ; Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan).

It is with some hesitation that I identify with this species two
specimens of a Sima sent me by Mr. F. Moller from Darjiling,
and one procured on the Pegu Yoma. The type described by
Forel was a $ sent by me from Burma.

131. Sima attenuata, Smith (Tetraponera), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1877, p. 71, £ .

Sima attenuata, Smith, var. lhagatensis, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool.
x (1902), p. 249, £.

£ . Jet-black, smooth and shining ; the mandibles, scape and
basal three joints of the flagellum of the antennae reddish brown,
the apex of the antennae fuscous ; pilosity and pubescence sparse,
whitish in colour ; head, thorax and abdomen very minutely, and
on the head and thorax closely punctured, but not opaque. Head
nearly as broad as long, convex in front and slightly constricted
posteriorly, the cheeks convex ; mandibles comparatively broad ;
clypeus vertical, ciliated in front; antennal carinae highly raised,
somewhat long, parallel and close together; antennas stout, the
scape reaching to about two-thirds of the distance to the top
of the head ; eyes flat, placed somewhat to the front and about the
middle of the head. Thorax as in S. nigra, but the metanotum
not so compressed or raised. Pedicel very much longer than in
S. nigra, the 1st node narrower, with a petiole ill front about one-
fifth longer than the node, 2nd node a little broader than the 1st,
elongate conical ; abdomen as in S. nigra.

Length, $ 7'5-8 mm.

Hab. Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. (Smythies), Pegu Yoma (Allan) ;
Tenasserim (Fea), extending to the Malayan subregion. In Upper

8IMA. 113

and Lower Burma I only procured typical forms. A specimen
from Thagata in Tenasserim, procured by Fea, has been separated
by Dr. Forel as var. thagatensis. It differs in having the legs as
well as the whole of the antennae brown, and being longer (8'5 mm.)
and more robust than the type.

132. Sima petiolata, Smith (Tetraponera), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877,
p. 70.

£ . Jet-black, smooth and shining, with only a few scattered
punctures ; the anterior pair of legs, and the tibiae and tarsi of
the intermediate and posterior pair very dark brown ; mandibles
and scape of the antennae light, somewhat reddish brown, flagellum
fuscous ; pilosity pale, very sparse except on the scape of the
antennae and tibiae and tarsi of the legs ; pubescence almost
entirely wanting (possibly abraded in the type in the British
Museum and in the one other specimen I have). Head nearly
square, almost as broad as long, the occiput broad, transverse,
slightly rounded, the cheeks very convex ; the eyes placed to the
front and above the middle of the head ; mandibles broad from
base, as in all the species of the genus, somewhat coarsely longi-
tudinally striate and punctured ; clypeus narrow, the basal portion
very slightly projecting, subvertical ; anteunal carinae short, very
close together ; antennae short and stout, the scape barely extend-
ing to the top of the eyes ; an impressed short longitudinal line
on the front below the vertex. Thorax narrower than the head ;
the pronotum very flat, submargined posteriorly and laterally,
arched in front ; meso-metanotal suture arched, anteriorly distinct,
mesonotum longitudinally oval, raised ; the thorax in profile emar-
giuate at the meso-metanotal suture; metanotum shaped as in
S. niyra, but shorter and not so compressed ; legs comparatively
long and slender. Pedicel proportionately very long, both nodes
with long petioles anteriorly ; 1st node large, as broad as the 2nd
node and much longer, this latter cup-shaped, not constricted pos-
teriorly ; abdomen very narrowly oval.
Length, $ 6-6'5 mm.

Hob, Ceylon (Smith) ; Upper Burma, Euby Mines district
(Binyham). The specimen from Burma differs a little in being
smaller and more slender, and in the pronotum of the thorax being
longer, not so flat.

133. Sima allaborans, Walker (Pseudomynna), A. M. N. H. (3) iv

(1859), p. 375, c? •

Sima compvessa, Roycr, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 179.
Sima subtilis, Emery, Ann. Mus. Cio. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 500, £,
pi. 11, figs. 24 & 25.

£ . Black, highly polished and shining ; mandibles and antennas
reddish yellow, legs reddish bro\vn, the femora fuscous; pilosity
very sparse, consisting onlv of a few scattered pale hairs, pubescence
entirely wanting, head, thorax and abdomen with only a few

114

scattered punctures. Head rectangular, longer than broad, the
posterior lateral angles not prominent, rounded ; mandibles com-
paratively broad, obscurely longitudinally striate and punctured ;
clypeus vertical, its posterior portion slightly produced, anteriorly
crenulate ; antennae short, comparatively stout ; eyes lateral and
a little to the front, placed about the middle of the head. Thorax
anteriorly flat, compressed; the pronotmn nearly square, sub-
margined, contracted anteriorly into a short neck; pro-mesonotal

Fig. 54. — Sima allaborans,

suture distinct but not emarginate ; mesonotum longitudinally
oval ; thorax in profile emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture ;
metanotum raised, convex, strongly compressed ; legs of moderate
length, rather stout. Pedicel with the nodes comparatively large,
the 1st oval, petiolate anteriorly, the 2nd broader than the 1st,
conical ; abdomen elongate, narrowly oval.

Length, % 5-6 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Rothney)- Western India (Wrotightori): Ceylon
(Eotfiney $ Green) ; Burma, Pegu Yorna (Bingham), Bhamo(/^«).

134. Sima fergusoni, Forel

Sima nigra, Smith, race fergusoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),
p. 248.

£ . Resembles S. nigra, but is much more slenderly built.
Black ; mandibles, antennaB and legs obscure castaneous brown,
the antenna with a somewhat reddish tinge ; pilosity pale, some-
what abundant, especially on the abdomen. Head as in S. nigra,
but with the posterior portion of the clypeus not so projecting,
shorter. Thorax a little narrower than the head, very deeply
emarginate at the meso-metauotal suture, the convexity of the,
pro- and mesonotum in front of, and the convexity at the meta-
notum posterior to, the emarginatiou very much more marked than
in S. nigra. Pedicel remarkably long, the 1st node narrow and
with a very long petiole anteriorly ; 2nd node also elongate,
longer than broad, but conical ; abdomen much as in S. nigra, but
narrower.

Length, £ 5 to 5'5 mm.

SIMA. 115

Hob. Travancore (Ferguson) ; and one specimen which I identify
with this species, from the Pegu Yoma in Lower Burma.

135. Sima longiceps, Forel.

Sima difficilis, Emery, race longiceps, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x
(1902), p. 247, $?.

" £ . The head with the sides parallel almost up to the anterior
margin of the eyes, and above that strongly convex to the occipital
lateral angles. Eyes very large, as long as the space which sepa-
rates them from the anterior margin of the head, posterior margin
of the eyes reaching up to the posterior fifth of the head. The
scape short and thick, extending up only to the anterior third of
the eye. The head is somewhat longer than in S. allaborans (less
long than in typical S. difficilis). Thorax as described* by
Emery for S. difficilis, but the metanotum is distinctly sub-
margined, nearly margined. The basal face of the metanotum is
a little convex, subhorizontal and very distinct from the sloping
face, which is subvertical, not forming a single curve with it as in
S. siggi. First node as in the type of the species, but with a
small tooth directed backwards towards the posterior under apex
of the node ; second node a little less than twice as broad as the
1st, and about as long as broad. Legs and antennae of a mixed
brown and yellow. The abdomen with a somewhat dense pruinose
pubescence. For the rest corresponding with Emery's description
of S. difficilis. The pro-meson otum is very feebly convex, as in
S. allaborans. Very distinct from S. aitkeni and S. siggi t by the
form of the thorax and of the pedicel." (Forel.)

Length, £ 4-5*5 mm.

Hob. Travancore (Ferguson).

I have failed to identify this species.

136. Sima aitkeni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902) p. 245, £ .

" £ . Anterior portion of the clypeus subvertical, concave and
margined ; posterior portion extremely short, reduced nearly to a
transverse carina, situated in front of the frontal carina? and ciliated,
without teeth and not crenulate nor projecting in the middle.
Mandibles shining, nearly smooth, with only a few feeble striae.
Head rectangular, only a little longer than broad. Eyes very
large, their anterior margin reaching to a little below the middle
of the sides of the head and posteriorly to between the posterior
5th and 6th of the same (the eye occupies a good third of the
length of the head). Frontal carinae parallel, very close together.
Pronotum margined, nearly square. Pro-mesonotum forming a
marked convexity, more marked than in S. nigra. Emargination

* "The structure of the thorax is as in that species (i.e. Sima allaborans,
Walker), but the epinotum ( = metanotum) is less compressed, its dorsal face a
little depressed." — Emery's description of 5. difficilis from Sumatra (Ann. Mus.
Civ. Gen. xl (1900), p. 677).

t A Siamese species.

12

116 FORMICID^S.

at the meso-metanotal suture as in <S. nigra. Metauotuin very
short, extremely convex, but a little compressed, forming only a
single rounded boss, about twice as long as broad. The 1st node
of the pedicel as in S. allaborans, with, however, a petiole only
half as long as in that species, and about one-third as long as the
node itself. Besides, the node is not convex beneath and is petio-
late posteriorly as well as in front. Second node about as broad
as long, constricted but not petiolate anteriorly. Legs as in
S. allaborans, less incrassate than in S. lonyiceps. Entirely smooth
and shining, very sparsely and finely punctured. Pilosity yellowish,
moderately fine on the body, short on the tibiae and scape and
more abundant than in S. allaborans. Pubescence very sparse
and short. Black ; the mandibles, front of the head, antennae,
petiole of the 1st node of the pedicel, circumference of the 2nd
node, and margins of the abdominal segments of a reddish yellow,
with the club of the antennae and the middle of the femora and
of the tibiae brown." (Forel.)

Length, £ 3'7 mm.

Hab. Western India?, Ceylon? (Green}.

I have given a translation of Dr. Forel's original description of
this species, as two specimens of a Sima sent to me from Ceylon
by Mr. Green, though they answer to the above description fairly
well, differ in the points noted below. They are not S. allaborans
of Walker, and I believe them to be a variety of S. aitkeni. They
differ from the latter as follows : — Pro-mesonotum rather depressed
than forming a marked convexity. First node of the pedicel
petiolate in front, with a petiole quite as long as in S. allaborans,
but with a tooth beneath as in Dr. Forel's description of S. aitkeni,
and not convex. Dr. Forel has unfortunately omitted to state
the habitat of his species.

Two species, presumably belonging to this genus, were described
by Dr. Jerdon in the ' Madras Journal of Literature and Science,'
vol. xvii (1851) p. 112. These, however, have not, so far as I
know, been identified of late years.

Dr. Jerdon's descriptions, which I reproduce below, are of the
briefest, and, I fear, preclude the hope of the species being
recognized.

" ECITON RUFIPES, Jerdon.

" Worker length ^ths of an inch ; head oblong, eves very large,
slightly advanced ; thorax considerably grooved ; abdominal pedicles
long, low ; abdouen long, ovate ; black, with rufous legs.

" I have only tound this species on one occasion under a stone
in the Salem district, and know not if it has the dendrophilous
habits of the two last."

" ECITON MINUTUM, Jerdon.

"Worker about J^th of an inch long, black throughout, very
slender ; legs rather thick, palpi much exposed. I regret that I.
have not at present a specimen of this ant to describe more fully."

MYRMICAR1A. 117

Genus MYRMICARIA.

Myrmicaria, Sounders, Trans. Ent. Soc. iii (1841), p. 57, <$ .
Heptacondylus, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 141, $ .
Physatta, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 171, $ .

Type, J\I. brunnea, Saund. = -i1/. fodiens, Jerdon, from India.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.
> £ . Head short, more or less rounded ; mandibles thick, broad-
ening only a little towards the masticatory margin, this latter
oblique and armed with 4 acute teeth; clypeus broad, arched in
front, the medial portion convex, posteriorly somewhat narrowly
rounded between the bases of the antennae ; antennal carinse
parallel, wide apart, front area not clearly defined posteriorly ;
antennae 7-jointed, the scape cylindrical, the joints of the flagellum
slender, much longer than broad, no distinct club ; eyes round,
somewhat prominent, placed on the sides of the head a little to
the front and closer to the top than to the anterior margin of the
head. Thorax : the pronotum more or less globose, convex and
rounded above, with the anterior lateral angles above and below
marked by distinct tubercles or spines ; pro-mesonotal suture
obsolete ; mesonotum ending posteriorly in a more or less thick,
very distinct transverse carina often subdentate at the lateral
angles; meso-metanotal suture deep, the thorax incised or narrowly
emarginate at the suture; metathorax cubical, compressed, the
basal and apical faces subequal, concave from one side to the other,
and margined on each side by a carina, the posterior lateral angles
of the basal portion armed with an acute oblique spine ; legs long
and slender. Pedicel : the nodes conical, subequal, slightly com-
pressed, with a distinct but narrow upper surface, the 1st node
with a long petiole anteriorly and a very much shorter petiole
posteriorly ; abdomen broadly oval, subglobose.

$ . Head with the mandibles from the front subtriangular,
much broader posteriorly than in front, the cheeks convex, the
posterior lateral angles rounded ; mandibles, clypeus and antennas
as in the £ ; the eyes larger, placed much higher up just below
the upper margin of the posterior lateral angles of the head ;
ocelli present. Thorax remarkably deep and short, the pronotum
vertical, forming no portion of the dorsum ; mesonotum very convex
and gibbous ; scutellum forming a rounded convex boss, overhanging
the metanotum, which is entirely vertical and armed laterally with
2 strong spines, thick at base and acute. Pedicel as in the £ , but
the nodes larger, broader ; abdomen more massive than in the $ .

cJ . Head very short, with the eyes very much broader than
long, transverse ; mandibles narrow, rather short, the apex obtusely-
rounded, not dentate ; clypeus broad, convex, rounded anteriorly ;
antennae 13-jointed, the scape short, not longer than the apical
joint of the ttagellum ; eyes oval, enormous, occupying about
three-fourths of the sides of the head ; ocelli moderately prominent.
Thorax similar to that in the £ , but proportionately longer and
narrower ; the metanotum unarmed, but with a distinct basal

118 FOEMICID.E.

portion strongly curved and passing into the steeply-sloped apical
portion. Pedicel elongate, the joints clavate, gradually thickening
into a rounded node at apex ; abdomen very broad, cordate, convex
above.

Myrmicaria brunnea, so far as rny experience goes, is a very
common ant in Burma and Tenasserirn, and also at Kandy in
Ceylon. It always nests in the ground, by preference at the foot
of a tree, heaping up the excavated earth in grains round the
entrance, making a sort of fortification. Messrs. Eothney and
Wroughton compare the heaps to volcanic craters. I have never
seen Myrmicaria attending aphidse, bugs, or lepidopterous larvae,
nor have I found any ant-cattle or other insects in their nest.
The one common species is often found on trees, and abounds on
the flowers of mango-trees in Burma. A nest at the foot of a
mango-tree in my compound at Maul main was to my knowledge
continuously inhabited by a populous colony of M. brunnea for
six years ; but Mr. Rothney has recorded the existence of a nest
in Barrackpore park, which apparently occupied the same site for
over twenty years.

Key to the Species.

a. Head more or less striate ; mandibles finely

striate ; pronotuni anteriorly convex, not

raised M. brunnea, p. 118.

b. Head and mandibles smooth, not striate ; pvo-

notum raised in front, lateral!}' tuberculate

above, not convex M. birmana, p. 119.

137. Myrmicaria brunnea, Sounders, Trans. Ent. Soc. iii (1841),

p. 57, pi. v, fig. 2, d1 .

Myrmica fodiens, Jerdon, Madr. Jour. L. S, xvii (1851), p. 115,
<3 2 ; Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xxiii (1891), p. 16(5.

£ . Chestnut-brown, shining ; mandibles finely and closely,
head and thorax more or less widely, longitudinally striate ; the

Fig. 55. — Myrmicaria brunnea, $ . a. Antenna, b. Thorax in profile.

nodes of the pedicel smooth or only slightly rugulose ; abdomen
polished aud smooth ; pilosity long, abundant, reddish yellow,

MYEMICAHIA.. 119

slightly oblique on the antennae and legs. For the rest the
characters of the genus.

$. Kesembles the £ in colour; the mandibles are more coarsely
striate, the clypeus is smooth, the front between the antennae and
the cheeks longitudinally striate, the head posteriorly on the vertex
and lateral angles coarsely reticulate. Thorax : the pronot urn
somewhat vaguely aud transversely and the mesonotum posteriorly
longitudinally striate ; anteriorly the latter is smooth and polished,
the scutellum rugose, the metanotum irregularly striate rugose,
including the basal portion of the metauotal spines. Pedicel :
the nodes rugulose, opaque ; abdomen smooth, polished and
shining. Wings hyaline ; nervures brownish.

c? . Light chestnut-yellow, the apical margins of the abdominal
segments more or less broadly brownish black ; head and thorax
somewhat densely pubescent, in places rugulose, giving them a
dull subopaque look ; head on each side of the ocelli longitudinally
striate. Some few striae on the mesonotum posteriorly and on the
basal portion of the inetanotum, traces of the same on the apical
face of the latter. Pedicel obscurely rugulose, subopaque ; abdomen
smooth, shining, but not highly polished. Wings flavo-hyaline ;
nervures yellowish.

Length, g 5-5-8 ; $ 12-13 ; t? 10-11 mm.

Hob. Nearly throughout our limits, avoiding the drier and more
desert parts of the country.

Var. subcarlnata, Smith, is slighter, more slender and lighter in
colour, often nearly smooth ; it occurs in Bengal, Burma, and
Tenasserim, and extends down to Borneo. The colour and the
rugosity, as well as the pilosity, vary very much ; but, so far as a
very long series has enabled me to judge, the one species with
many slightly differing local races extends through India, Ceylon,
and Burma.

138. Myrmicaria birmana, Ford.

Myrmicaria arachnoides, Smith, race birmana, Ford, Rev. Stiisse
Zool. x (1902), p. 243.

£ . Head thorax and pedicel brown ; mandibles and abdomen
yellow ; the antennae and legs lighter brown than the thorax ;
entirely smooth, shining and polished, except for a few vague
longitudinal striae on the sides of the metanotum, and numerous
small piligerous tubercles scattered on the head and thorax ;
pilosity yellowish, long, blunt at apex, most plentiful on the
antennae and legs. Head from the front nearly circular, the
front convex, the eyes prominent ; mandibles not striate, narrow,
broadening towards the masticatory margin, which is oblique,
armed with 4 acute little teeth ; clypeus convex, rounded anteriorly ;
antennae very long and slender, much longer and more slender
than in J/. brunnea, the scape extending beyond the top of the
head by half its own length. Thorax narrower than in J/. brunnea;
the prouotum higher, not convex, raised in front and formed on each
side above into two prominent tubercles, the propleurae are armed

120 FOEM1CID.E.

beneath with a downward pointing tooth ; mesonotum from above
triangular, concave, the sides and front margined by a sharp
carina; meso-metanotal suture deep and well-marked; rnetanotum
compressed ; basal portion of metanotum horizontal, laterally
bordered by carinae; metanotal spines long, slightly divergent;
apical portion of metanotum vertically truncate ; legs enormously
long and slender, the posterior legs measuring about 12 mm.
Pedicel long ; the nodes longer and rounder than in M. brunnea,
not so conical and high ; anterior petiole of 1 st node longer than
in the above species ; abdomen oval.

Length, $ 6-6'3 mm.

Hub. I procured this species once only in Burma, in the Pegu
Toma.

Genus CATAULACUS.

Formica, pt., Latr. Hist. nat. Fourm. 1802, p. 275, £ , pi. 12, fig. 75.
Cryptocerus, pt., Lepel. Hist. Nat. Hym. i (1836), p. 171.
Cataulacus, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, ii (1853), p. 225.

Type, C. taprobana?, Smith, from Ceylon.

Range. Palsearctic, Ethiopian, and Indo-Malayau regions.

£ . Head broad, somewhat flat, very slightly convex above,
posteriorly transverse or slightly emarginate, with the posterior
lateral angles always prominent, dentate or spinous, anteriorly
somewhat narrowed, but the sides of the head for their posterior
two-thirds are straight, the anterior third being suddenly curved
to the base of the mandibles ; sides of the head deeply grooved
to contain the folded antennae, the latter when thus folded being
invisible from above ; mandibles somewhat broad from base and
armed with 4 or 5 teeth ; the base partially hidden under the
lateral laminate angles of the clypeus ; the sides of the head
above the mandibles are also laminate and slightly curled up ;
clypeus bent downwards at an angle to the front of the head,
triangular, and generally emarginate anteriorly in the middle ;
frontal area triangular, fairly distinct ; antennal groove placed
below the eyes ; the latter large, lateral and frontal, placed about
the middle of the head ; antennae short, stout ; scape and flagellum
subequal, the latter with 10 joints, the apical three long and incras-
sate, forming the club. Thorax broad and a little convex above,
constricted posteriorly, the basal portion of the metanotum with
spines or at least with obtuse teeth at the lateral angles ; the sides
and apex of the thorax more or less vertical and concave ; the
margins of the head and thorax denticulate ; legs stout, short,
the tibiae flat above and laterally margined ; claws dentate at base.
Pedicel with the nodes more or less globose, not or very shortly
petiolate, in some species dentate beneath : abdomen broadlv oval,
with the front emarginate at the junction of the pedicel.

$ . Closely resembles the £ , with the difference in the thorax
and abdomen of the sex. The antennae are 11-jointed as in
the $ , but the metanotal spines are stouter and proportionately
shorter.

The two species I know well, C. taprolana^ Smith, and C. qranu-

CATAULACUS.

121

latus, Latr., I have always found on the bark or leaves of trees
wandering about apparently in an aimless sort of way. The species
make their nests in the hollows of branches, and Mr. Wroughton
states that they keep ant-cattle in the shape of Lycoenid larva?.

Key to the Species.

a. Basal portion of nietanotum with acute spines
t on the posterior lateral angles.

a'. Reticulate, striate; no raised acute little

granular tubercles on abdomen, a few on

margins of head and thorax.

a2. Legs with the tibiae orange-red above . .

b'2. Legs entirely black

b'. Reticulate, striate, in part punctate ; head,

thorax and abdomen with more or less

irregularly scattered raised acute little

granular tubercles above as well as on

margins of head and thorax.

«2. First node of pedicel rounded in front . .

b'2. First node of pedicel obliquely truncate

in front

b. Basal portion of metanotum without acute

spines on the posterior lateral angles, instead
these are furnished with obscure blunt pro-
jections, not at all conspicuous

C. taprobance, p. 123.
C. latus, p. 121.

C. (jranulatus, p. 122.
C. simoni, p. 123.

C. muticus, p. 124.

139. CataulaCUS latus, Ford, in Grandidier, Hist. Phys. Nat. Pol.
Madaff. xx, pt. 2, p. 144 (1892) ; Wrouyliion, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. vii (1892) p. 178, pi. c, figs. 8, 9, 10.

£ . Dull dead ink-black, with a mere touch of castaneous brown
at the apex of the scape and of the flagellum of the antenna,
and at the joints of the legs ; pilosity almost altogether absent,
merely a few very short white bristly hairs, chiefly at the apex of
and beneath the abdomen ; head, thorax and abdomen finely
punctured, granulate and opaque, the legs and pedicel coarsely
rugose, granulate, the margins, lateral and posterior, of the head
and thorax studded irregularly with little blunt points ; the

Fig. SQ.— Cataulacm latus. a. Head from the side.

sculpture on the head, thorax and abdomen in certain lights
running into striae. Head much broader than long, lightly convex,
the occiput widely emarginate, the posterior lateral angles pro-
minent, slightly dentate ; mandibles subtriangular, obscurely
striate ; clypeus large, widely emarginate anteriorly ; antennae
stout, when folded completely hidden from above in the deep
fossa beneath the eyes. Thorax : the pronotum broader than long,
the anterior margin broad ,-ind transverse, the pro-mesonotal suture

122

distinct and arched to the front ; the mesonoturn narrower than
the pronotum, transversely oval, the ineso-nietanotal suture visible
but not well marked, transverse ; metanotum a little depressed,
the basal portion about twice as broad as long, the sides denticulate
and prolonged posteriorly into long laminate spines pointing back-
wards and curved a little upwards ; legs stout and short, more
thickly studded than the body with short stout white bristles.
Pedicel short, the nodes not petiolate, thick, nearly subequal in
length ; the 1st truncate anteriorly, about half as broad again
as long ; 2nd truncate in front, rounded posteriorly and slightly
compressed, broader than long ; abdomen cordate, convex above,
emarginate anteriorly.

$ . Eesembles the £ , but is of course larger ; the head and
thorax are coarsely rugose striate, the pedicel irregularly coarsely
granulate ; abdomen finely longitudinally striate, oval, longer and
more massive. Head broader posteriorly than in front, widely
but slightly emai'ginate ; mandibles punctured, irregularly striate ;
clypeus triangular, the suture posteriorly better defined than in
the $j , the frontal area triangular, distinct and smooth ; margins
of the head and of the thorax as well, with fewer projecting blunt
points. Thorax : the pronotum large, forming a part of the
dorsurn ; the anterior angles irregularly rounded ; mesonoturn
triangular, with the angles more or less rounded ; scutellum
transversely oval ; postscutellum transverse ; metanotum or
median segment large, the basal portion armed with two stout,
somewhat flat obtuse spines, the apical portion truncate, concave,
irregularly transversely striate. Pedicel with the nodes large,
rounded above, a little broader than long; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, $ 5-6 ; $ 8 mm.

Hob. Bengal, Orissa (Taylor} • Burma ; Tenasserim (Binghctm).

140. Cataulacus granulatus, Latr. (Formica) Hist. Nat. Fourm. 1802,
p. 275, pi. 12, tig. 75; Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, ii (1854),
p. 226, .^.

£ . Black ; the scape and apex of flagellum of the antennae, and
the tibiae and lower part of the tarsi of the legs reddish brown.
Head, thorax and abdomen coarsely rugose, granulate, irregularly
longitudinally striate reticulate, the margins of the head and
thorax irregularly crenulate or denticulate ; the granulate appear-
ance on the upper surface due to small acute tubercles, which, on
the margins of the head and thorax and on the abdomen, are
studded with very short bristly white hairs; the striae on the
abdomen finer than those on the head and thorax ; the abdomen
often has a silky, somewhat shining appearance. Head nearly
square, as broad posteriorly as long (or a little broader), and
narrowing a little towards the front, convex ; mandibles stout,
striate. with a smooth shining subapical line along the masticatory
margin; clypeus triangular, anteriorly depressed, the anterior
border medially emarginate, the posterior margins not distinctly

CATAULACUS. 123

defined ; the lateral angles acutely dentate, the posterior lateral
angles of the head and the angle in front of the eye also acutely
dentate. Thorax : the pro-mesonotal shield broad, convex, the
pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ; the mesonotum narrowing poste-
riorly, the meso-metanotal suture visible but not very distinct ;
the basal portion of the metanotum horizontal, transverse, the
lateral metanotal spines not curved upwards; apical portion of
metanotum truncate, vertical, transversely coarsely striate ; legs
stout and short. Pedicel : the nodes more coarsely granulate and
rugose than the thorax, both anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
rounded, the 1st node somewhat broader than the 2nd ; abdomen
broadly oval.

$ . Similar to the $ in colour, larger and altogether more
coarsely sculptured ; head and thorax very coarsely cribrate,
reticulate, with in certain lights the reticulations running into
irregular stria3 ; abdomen opaque but with a sericeous and, in
certain lights, a smooth appearance. Head as in the £ , but with
the ocelli indicated, sometimes nearly obsolete ; thorax in shape as
in C. lotus $ , but the metanotal spines smaller and more slender.
Pedicel with the 1st node oval, longer than broad, and distinctly
longer than the 2nd node, this latter constricted posteriorly ;
abdomen somewhat elongate, oval.

Length, £ 4 ; $7 mm.

Hob. Burma (Bingham) ; Teuasserim (Hodgson) ; extending in
the Malayan subregion to Borneo and Sumatra.

141. Cataulacus simoni, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixii (1893),

p. 248, $.

" £ . Intense black, opaque, densely punctured ; the scape of
the antennae and the tibiae reddish ; the head longitudinally
rugosely reticulate ; the sides of the head in front of the eyes and
the posterior angles with an acute tooth ; the pronotum in front
coarsely reticulate ; remainder of the thorax longitudinally rugose,
the sides furnished with little spines ; metanotum with thick
rugose spines ; the sloping portion of the metanotum somewhat
flat, densely punctured; the pedicel coarsely reticulate; the 1st
node obliquely truncate in front ; abdomen ovate, finely rugose,
for the most part longitudinally reticulate ; the back ot the femora
with obtuse little teeth ; the whole insect set with squarniform
scattered white hairs.

" Length, £ 3-3*5 ; breadth of head 0-9 ; breadth of pronotum
0*7 mm.

Jfab. " Ceylon : Colombo, Kandy." (Emery.)

This species is unknown to me, but seems very close to C. granu-
latus, Smith.

142. Cataulacus taprobanae, SmMt, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, ii (1853),

p. 225.

£ . Intense black ; the scape and the basal joint of the flagellum

124

of the antennae, and the tibiae and tarsi of the legs on the outer
side yellowish red ; head, thorax and abdomen with sparse, very
short, white bristly hairs ; head and thorax coarsely striate,
the striae running into irregular reticulations in parts ; abdomen
more finely and regularly striate, the striae shallow ; the margins
of the head and thorax studded with minute irregular denticula-
tions. Head, along the occipital margin, as broad as long, the
sides of the head on the anterior third rounded, straightening
posteriorly ; the occiput slightly but widely emarginate, with the
lateral angles produced, dentate, a small tooth not very prominent
below the eye on each side of the head ; mandibles and clypeus as
in C. granulatus. Thorax : the pro-mesonotal shield very convex,
the sides straight, narrowing and rounded abruptly, posteriorly,
the anterior lateral angles not prominent ; meso-metanotal suture
not distinct ; the basal portion of the metanotum broader than
long ; the lateral metanotal spines somewhat short, horizontal,
directed backwards and slightly divergent ; sides and apical
portion of metanotum vertical, the latter slightly concave,
obscurely transversely striate. Pedicel short ; the nodes subequal,
somewhat globose, more coarsely and roughly sculptured than the
thorax or abdomen ; abdomen short, broadly oval, convex.

Letxjth, $ 4-4'5 mm.

Hal. Ceylon (Smith) ; Colombo ( Wickwar) ; Kandy (Green).

143. Catanlacus muticus, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 507, pi. x, fig. 17, £.

£ . Intense black ; the apex of the scape, the tibiae and tarsi of
the legs orange-red ; pilosity rather long, whitish in colour ; head,
thorax and pedicel very coarsely sculptured (more coarsely than in
any other species of the genus known to me) and rugose ; the
head and thorax covered with reticulations, which are raised and
tuberculous. Head as in U.granulatou, but proportionately larger,
with the tooth on the lateral margin of the head below the eye and
the spinous process on the posterior lateral margin of the head
larger arid more produced. Thorax with the sutures obsolete, and
the lateral spines on the posterior angles of the basal portion of the
metanotum modified into slightly produced rounded projecting
laminae. Pedicel with the nodes remarkably rugose; the 1st node
the longer, and longer than broad ; the 2nd node oval, truncated
in front and posteriorly ; abdomen as in C. granulatus.

Length, $ 5'5 to nearly 0 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma, Ruby Mines district (Binr/Jiam); Tenasserim
(Fea).

Genus CREMASTOGASTER.

Formica, pt., Oliv. Encycl. Method., Ins. vi (1791), p. 497, £ .
Myrmica, pt., Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 1802, p. 261.
Cremastogaster, Lund, Ann. 8c. Nat. xxiii (1831), p. 132.

Type, C. scutellfiris, Oliv., from Europe and North Africa.

CREMASTOGASTEE. 125

Eange. Both hemispheres.

£ . Head more or less square from the front, the angles rounded ;
mandibles strong and thick, but comparatively narrow, the masti-
catory margin with generally 4 teeth ; maxillary palpi 5-, the labial
palpi 3-jointed ; antennae (in all Indian species) 11-jointed, the club
of the flagellurn formed of the 4, 3, or 2 apical joints ; eyes lateral,
of moderate size ; ocelli generally absent. Thorax comparatively
yarrow, compressed and constricted at the junction of the iueso-
and metanotum ; pro-mesonotal suture not always distinct ; meso-
metanotal suture deeply marked ; metanotum bispiuous posteriorly ;
legs long and slender. Pedicel with the 1st joint more or less
broadened, anteriorly concave or flat above ; 2nd joint with
rounded, slightly raised node, often longitudinally grooved ; apex
of pedicel attached to the upper basal surface of the 1st abdominal
segment ; abdomen more or less cordate or subcordate.

$ . Resembles the £ ; in some species ergatoid, wingless, and
with the form of the thorax nearly identical with that in the £ ,
but the abdomen in these cases serves to distinguish the sex at a
glance, being enormously massive and large. Ocelli present, but
often distorted and incomplete. Metanotal spines stouter, and
thicker at base ; in some species absent. Wings : the front wing
with only one cubital and one discoidal cell.

c? . Head narrower than the thorax, the occiput broad ; eyes
large, placed rather high up on the sides of the head ; ocelli not
prominent ; mandibles narrow, with the apex acute ; antennae 12-
jointed, the scape short, about equal to the basal three joints of
the Hagellum, the latter with no distinct club, but the apical joint
the longest. Thorax somewhat as in the $ , but the metattiorax
unarmed ; legs slender ; wings more ample, longer and broader pro-
portionately than in the $ . Pedicel and abdomen as in the £ ;
genitalia not prominent.

The £ maj. and $ min. in this genus do not differ, except a
little in size, in most of the species. Cremastoyaster is essentially a
tree ant, and the majority of the species build brown-papery
looking nests of vegetable fibre, more or less, at least in the well-
established nests, of a globular shape, and with little projecting
eaves covering the numerous entrances into the interior ; the
interior itself is crowded with a mass of galleries, chambers, &c.
with dividing-walls made of the same brittle papery material.
A few species construct their nests in the hollows of trees, and
still fewer in the ground or under stones. The same species
varies in its nesting-habits in different parts of the country.
C. royenhoferi, Mayr, for instance, in Burma always builds the
ordinary papery nests fixed round the branch of a tree ; but in the
Eastern Dec-can, Wroughton found it building in the hollows of
trees.

The Indian species of Cremastor/aster, when excited or moving
quickly, turn their broad, subcordate abdomen over their backs,
the feat being more easily performed owing to the fact that in

126 FORMICID.E.

this genus the apex of the pedicel is fixed to the upper margin of
the base of the abdomen, as noted above, and the upper surface of
the abdomen itself is more or less flat, the lower surface convex.

Or emastog aster bites virulently, but I do not think uses its sting
much. Like very many other ants it tends and keeps "ant-
cattle." According to Messrs. Aitken and Taylor, some species
build special byres for their " cows." C. difformis, physothorax
and inflatus have the metachorax remarkably large and swollen,
with a hollow on each side iateriorly, communicating exteriorly by
a tiny aperture. In live specimens there seems to be a continual
flow from this aperture of a sweet fluid, and I have watched the
workers of C. physothorax licking one another's thoraces vigorously.
No species, so far as I know, stores food ; but Mr. Wroughton has
recorded having witnessed Cremastoy aster perelegans robbing Holco-
myrmecc of grain, which the latter was harvesting.

Many instances have been noted of woodpeckers, and these, so
far as I know, belonging exclusively to the genus Hicropternus,
digging their nest-holes in nests of Cremastogaster. Three such
nests which I myself found in Burma belonged to M. phceoceps,
Blyth. Of these, two had been excavated in the nests of C. ebe-
nina, Forel, and the third in the nest of C. artife,v, Mavr. In
none of the nests were there any ants left. They had either
deserted or been eaten up. That the ants, however, sometimes
continue to inhabit their nest after it has been taken possession of
by the woodpecker is recorded by Wroughton in a note sent to him
by Mr. Aitken.

Key to the Species *.

A. Metathorax not swollen ; metanotum

bispinous.
«. Head smooth and shining, at most with

a few half-obsolete striae anteriorly.
a'. Club of nagellum of antennae 4-

jointed C. wroughtoni, p. 128.

b'. Club of flagellum of antennae 3-

jointed.
«2. Pronotum sculptured.

a3. Pronotum convex, rounded in

front.
«*. Lateral angles of pronotuui

prominent C. contemta, p. 130.

61. Lateral angles of pronotuni

not prominent C. buddluc, p. 132.

b3. Pronotum flat above, rounded in

front.
a4. Eyes elongate C. hodysoni, p. 131.

* C.ferrarii, Eruery, which is unknown to me, and of which the description
is very brief, has been omitted in this key. A translation of the description is,
however, given further on (p. 144).

OBBMA8TOGA8TEB .

127

b*. Eyes round.

a5. Metanotal spines slender,
not thick at base, divergent,

straight, not curved

ft"'. Metanotal spines thick at

base, less divergent, curved.

b'2. Pronotum not sculptured, smooth.

«3. Basal level portion of metanotum

sculptured.
a '. Pronotum with distinct lateral

obtuse tubercles

b4'. Pronotum not tuberculate,

b3. Basal, level portion of metanotum

not sculptured, smooth.
o4. Head, viewed from the front,
anteriorly truncate, raised
into a high convex cone

above

64. Head, viewed from the front,
anteriorly not truncate, not
cone-shaped above.
«•'. Pro-mesonotal suture ob-
solete or very slight,
rt". Metanotal spines short,
much shorter than the
length of the basal, level
portion of metanotum . .
b'\ Metanotal spines long,
longer than basal, level
portion of metanotum.
a7. Cheeks and antennal
hollows finely striate .
b7. Cheeks and antennal
hollows not striate . .
b'. Pro-mesonotal suture well

marked, distinct.
an. Mesonotum with a dis-
tinct transverse im-
pression

b6. Mesonotum without anv

transverse impression.
«7. Cheeks finely striate . .
V. Cheeks smooth, not

striate

c'. Club of flagellum of antennae 2-

jointed.

a2. Colour yellowish brown ; 2nd joint
of pedicel withabroadlongitudinal

groove above

b*. Colour paler yellow ; 2nd joint of
pedicel with no longitudinal

groove above

b. Head not smooth, entirely sculptured,
a'. Metanotal spines shorter than meta-
notum.

a2. Metanotal spines slender, apex
directed backwards and outwards.

C. subnuda, p. 129.
C. anthmcina, p. 132.

C. sayei, p. 135.
C. walshi, p. 136.

C. aberraas, p. 136.

C. politula, p. 131.

C. travcmcorensis, p. 134.
C. ransonneti, p. 137.

C. dalyi, p. 138.

C. soror, p. 134.
C. ebenina, p. 133.

C. millardi, p. 135.
C. biroi, p. 138.

128

a3. First flattened joiut of pedicel
with the sides angular in the

middle C. dohrni, p. 139.

b3. First flattened joint of pedicel
with the sides not angular,

rounded C. artifex, p. 139.

b2. Metanotal spines very thick at base,
apex directed backwards and in-
wards C. rothneyi, p. 140.

b'. Metanotal spines distinctly longer

than metanotum.
a'2. Pronotum reticulate.

a3. First flattened joint of pedicel
as broad as long, the sides

angular in the middle C. royenkoferi, p. 141.

b3. First flattened joint of pedicel
distinctly longer than broad;
the sides nearly straight, slightly

curved outwards O. himalayana, p. 143.

b'2. Pronotuin longitudinally striate.
a3. Mesonotum with a medial longi-
tudinal carina C. moydiliani, p. 144.

b3. Mesonotum not carinate in the

middle.

a4. First flattened joint of pedicel
with the sides strongly
arched, nearly semicircular . C.jlava, p. 142.
b*. First flattened joint of pedicel
with the sides straight, not
arched C. perekgans, p. 142.

B. Metathorax remarkably broad, massive
and swollen, no metanotal spines.

a. Metathorax yellow C. inflata, p. 145.

b. Metathorax black or dark castaneous

brown.

a'. Meso-metanotal suture distinct, but
not very deeply marked ; base of
metanotum above level with meso-
notum C. diffonnW) p. 145.

b'. Meso-metanotal suture deep and
broad ; base of metanotum trans-
versely raised and gibbous, higher
than mesonotum C. physothora.i; p. 146.

144. Cremastogaster wroughtoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zoof. x (1902),
p. 206, £ $ .

£ . Brownish or reddish yellow, the posterior three-fourths of
the abdomen brown ; pilosity yellowish, abundant, fine aud long ;
head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining in the $ min. ;
the cheeks, clypeus, and basal portion of the metanotum longi-
tudinally striate in the £ -maj. ; the thorax and pedicel sometimes
slightly punctate- reticulate. Head much broader than long,
slightly emargiuate posteriorly, the occipital broader than the
anterior margin; mandibles rugose at base ; clypeus broad, convex

CREMASTOGASTEB. 129

in the middle ; antennae rather slender, the scape reaching up to
the top of the head ; club of flagellum formed of the apical four
joints ; eyes lateral, a little closer to the top than to the anterior
margin of the head. Thorax : the pronotum in the £ maj.
convex, not margined, in the £ min. depressed and distinctly
margined ; pro-mesonotal suture distinct but not deep : the meso-

Fig. 57. — Cremastog aster ivroughfoni,

notum in the $ min. subdentate posteriorly, in the $ maj. the
eminences are cariniform ; meso-metanotal suture very deep, the
sides vertical ; basal portion of the metanotum rectangular, twice
as broad as long in the £ maj., more narrow in the £ min. :
metanotal spines in £ maj. short and thick, in £ min. long and
slender. Pedicel : the ] st joint broadened, anteriorly cancave, as
broad as long, the apex posteriorly constricted ; 2nd joint with a
node anteriorly, longitudinally grooved and forming two rounded
eminences; abdomen broadly cordate.

$ . Closely resembles the £ , but the head is longitudinally
striate and the basal margins of the abdominal segments narrowly
yellow. Wings hyaline.

Length, g 3-5-5'5 ; $ 8 mm.

Hal. Western India, Poona ( Wroughton).

145. Cremastogaster subnuda, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xxviii (1878), pp. 080 & 682, $ .

£ . Dark chestnut-red, the abdomen darkening posteriorly to
fuscous black ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, represented by a
few scattered whitish hairs. Head smooth, with a few very tine
indistinct longitudinal striae on the cheeks, above the antennal
hollow, and sometimes on the vertex ; seen from the front
the occiput is transverse, as broad as the head anteriorly, the
cheeks very convex ; mandibles punctured, in certain lights
finely striate; clypeus anteriorly not quite transverse, slightly
rounded, very convex in the middle ; antenna somewhat long and
slender, the scape reaching a little beyond the top of the head,
the club of the flagellum formed of the last three joints, of which
the apical two are abruptly much thickened ; eyes lateral, closer
to the top of the head than to the anterior margin. Thorax above
longitudinaUy rugulose, the pronotum rather large, rounded in
front, subangular at the sides ; pro-mesonotal suture tolerably

VOL. II. K

130 POBMICLDjE.

distinct ; the mesonotum small, slightly sloping posteriorly ; meso-
metauotal suture well marked ; the basal portion of the metanotum
rectangular, sloping posteriorly, metanotal spines short and acute ;
apical portion of metanotum more vertical, inclined at an angle to
the basal portion, smooth, slightly punctured. Pedicel finely
rugulose above, the 1st joint flat above, not very wide, semi-
circular in front, with the lateral angles obtuse ; 2nd joint above
longitudinally grooved, forming two. rounded tubercles, with a
transverse rounded tubercle at the apex ; abdomen broadly cordate.

Length, $ 3-3-5 mm.

Hob. Throughout India, except in the hot dry desert parts ;
Ceylon ( Yerbury) ; Assam (Smythies} ; Burma and Tenasserim (Fea,
Bingham, Hodqson}.

I)r. Forel has separated as a race (C.subnuda race rabula, u. st.)
a slightly more robustly built form, which however, so far as I
can make out, can barely be distinguished from typical C. subnuda,
and in my opinion merges into that species through several
slightly varying intermediate forms. C. rabula, Forel, differs
chiefly in the shape of the 1st joint of the pedicel, which is
anteriorly straight or slightly laterally angular, but never semi-
circular.

146. Cremastogaster contemta, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien,
xxviii (1878), pp. 681 & 685, £ .

$ . Shining chestnut-red, abdomen darkening posteriorly into
dark brown, the base only being chestnut-red. Pilosity almost
entirely wanting; pubescence albescent, very fine, thin, short and
scattered, the intervals between the hairs somewhat even and
regular. Head very highly polished and shining, very globose and
strongly convex in front, but broader than long; mandibles very
finely longitudinally striate at base ; clypeus convex, its anterior
margin transverse and somewhat bent inwards ; eyes lateral,
prominent, rather broadly oval than round. Thorax : the pro-
notum convex anteriorly, with the lateral angles very prominent ;
mesonotum slightly oblique, longer than broad ; meso-metanotal
suture broad and very well marked, basal portion of metanotum
very short, passing by a curve into the long apical portion, which
is oblique, steeply sloped ; metanotal spines stout, acute, curved a
little downwards and inwards, and placed on the sides a little
down the oblique sloping portion of the metanotum ; the whole
thorax and legs shining, the pro- and mesonotum rather closely
punctured, the extreme base of the mesonotum longitudinally
striate. Pedicel: the 1st joint widened, transversely concave and
with a small rounded tubercle at apex above ; 2nd joint short,
longitudinally furrowed, the furrow widening posteriorly ; abdomen
smooth, slightly shining.

Length, $ 3-1-4-5 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Rothnei/) ; Western India ( Wroughtoii) : Ceylon
(Yerbury).

CREMASTOG ASTER. 131

147. Cremastogaster politula, Forel.

Cremastogaster subnuda, Mayi; race politula, Forel, Rev. Suisse
Zool.x (1902), p. 207, £.

£ . Light chestnut-red, the flagellum of the antennae, the
thorax, legs and pedicel of a lighter shade, approaching yellowish,
the abdomen in some specimens slightly brownish posteriorly;
pilosity sparse, consisting of a few scattered pale hairs ; head,
thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, very minutely but
sparsely punctured, nowhere striate or rugulose. Head a very
little longer than broad, the cheeks convex ; mandibles punctured;
clypeus broad and low, the medial portion convex, its anterior
margin arched, the sides anteriorly widely emarginate; antennae
long and moderately thick, the scape long, extending beyond the
top of the head by about one-fifth of its own length, the club of
the flagellum very distinct, formed of the apical three joints ; eyes
lateral, placed at an equal distance from the top of the head and
the base of the mandibles. Thorax : the pronotum broad, flat
above, rounded in front, laterally somewhat angular ; pro-mesonotal
suture obsolete ; meso-metauotal suture well marked ; narrow
basal portion of metanotum passing by a gentle curve into the
apical portion ; metanotal spines thick at base, very short and
acute, pointing obliquely outwards and upwards. Pedicel : the
1st joint flat above, much broadened, subtriangular, with the base
rounded, the sides converging to the apex ; 2nd joint with a very-
short, slightly swollen petiole in front, posteriorly longitudinally
grooved and formed above into two equal rounded tubercles ;
abdomen moderately broad and cordate.

Length, % 3-3'3 mm.

Hob. Assam (Smyihies) ; Tipper Burma, Myitkyina, and Bhamo
(Bingham).

143. Cremastogaster hodgsoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902).
p. 204, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel dark reddish brown, mandibles,
antenme and legs slightly lighter in colour, abdomen dark brown ;
pilosity almost entirely wanting, completely absent on the scape
of the antennas and tibise of the legs, which, however, have a
minute pubescence, visible only in certain lights ; head smooth,
only slightly shining, rather dull, but not opaque, a few obsolete
strio3 on the cheeks, the clypeus, and above the antennal hollows.
Thorax : the pronotum reticulate, the mesonotum and basal portion
of the metanotum longitudinally striate, rugulose ; pedicel and
abdomen smooth but dull, very minutely reticulate, and in certain
lights slightly shining. Head without the mandibles square, in
some transverse, in some slightly emarginate posteriorly; eyes
slightly elongate ; mandibles longitudinally striate and with a few
scattered punctures ; clypeus convex in the middle, the anterior
margin transverse, slightly turned inwards ; antennae comparatively
long, the scape reaching a little beyond the top of the head, club

K2

132 FORMJCIDJE.

of the flagellurn formed of the apical three joints. Thorax some-
what flat above, the pronotum rounded anteriorly and laterally
somewhat bituberculate ; mesonotum concave, margined ; meso-
metauotal suture deep, transverse, basal portion of metanotum
very short ; ruetanotal spines thick at base, acute at the apices,
which are slightly curved inwards. Pedicel : the 1st joint Hat
above, very broad and rounded anteriorly, constricted posteriorly ;
2nd joint with a low rouuded node longitudinally grooved ;
abdomen broad, subcordate.

Length, £ 3-5 to nearly 4 inm.

Hub. Upper Burma, Rubv Mines district ; Lower Burma, Pegu
Toma (Binr/ham): Tenasseriin (Hodgson}.

149. Cremastogaster buddhae. Ford, Re>\ Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 206, £ .

$ . Dull yellowish brown, the head and abdomen darkening to
brown ; pilosity very sparse, confined to a few scattered hairs,
absent on the scape of the antennae and tibia? of the legs ; head,
thorax and abdomen smooth but only slightly shining, a few
tine stria? on the pronotum. Head rectangular, longer than
broad ; mandibles narrow, punctured and subopaque, not shining ;
clypeus convex in the middle, anteriorly transverse; antennae
short, the scape not extending to the top of the head : club of the
flagelluni 3-jointed ; eyes round, placed above the middle on the
sides of the head. Thorax narrow, the pronotum rounded in front
and at the sides; pro-mesonotal suture distinct ; mesonotum some-
what long, margined laterally ; meso-metanotal suture deeply
impressed ; basal portion of metanotum broadening posteriorly,
obsoletely striate ; metanotal spines very short. Pedicel : the 1st
joint flat above, rounded in front, the sides forming a conspicuous
angle with the anterior margin ; 2nd joint with the slightly raised
rounded node longitudinally grooved ; abdomen rather elongate.

Length, £ 2'5 mm.

Hab. N.W. Himalayas, 4000 ft, (Smyfkies) ; Sikhira (Moller) •
Calcutta (De Niceville).

I am not quite certain whether I am correct in attributing to
this species the two specimens I have from Sikhim.

150. Cremastogaster anthracina, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. H (1857),

p. 75, £ .

$ . Jet-black to reddish brown, smooth, shining and highly
polished, the cheeks and antennal hollows slightly longitudinally
striate, the thorax and pedicel above finely rugulose ; pilosity vervr
sparse, oblique on the scape of the antenna and on the tibiae of
the legs. Head nearly square, transverse posteriorly ; mandibles
finely rugulose, opaque, but not striate: clypeus strongly convex
in the middle, the whole transverse anterior margin depressed and
bent inwards ; antenna? short, the scape not extending to the top
of the head ; the club of the flagellum remarkably thick, formed

CBEMASTOGASTER. 133

of the apical three joints ; eyes about midway on the sides of the
head. Thorax : the pronotum broad, convex and rounded an-
teriorly ; the pro-mesonotal suture distinct ; mesonotum rather
flat, rounded anteriorly ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed ;
the basal portion of the metanotum horizontal, broadening
posteriorly ; the inetanotal spines divergent, bent a little outwards
towards the apex. Pedicel : the 1st joint, with its anterior flat
portion, somewhat transversely oval ; 2nd joint with a slightly
raised rounded node longitudinally sulcate ; abdomen broad.

Length, £ 3-5-4 mm.

Hob. Ceylon ; Burma (BingJiam) ; Tenasserim (Hauxwell) ; ex-
tending to the Malayan subregion.

The above description is taken from specimens which I have
carefully compared with Smith's specimen in the British Museum.

151. Cremastogaster ebenina, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902),
p. 199, £ $ .

£ . Dark shining brown to dark chestnut-red, the abdomen
anteriorly above, and in some specimens the mandibles, antennae,
thorax and legs, a lighter shade of chestnut-red ; pilosity almost
entirely wanting, confined to a few erect pale hairs on the front
of the head and on the apex of the abdomen ; pubescence pale,
exceedingly sparse, and widely but regularly spaced ; head, thorax
and abdomen smooth, shining, highly polished, with only a few
widely scattered minute punctures. Head from the front square ;
occiput transverse ; mandibles obscurely, longitudinally finely
striate ; clypeus very convex in the middle, its anterior margin
transverse ; antennae moderately thick, the scape long, extending
beyond the top of the head by about one-fifth of its length ; the
club of the flagellum not strongly marked, formed of the apical
three joints ; eyes lateral, a little closer to the top than to the
anterior margin of the head. Thorax comparatively narrow, the
pronotum deep, rounded in front, the shoulders slightly raised
and obtuse, but not tuberculate ; pro-mesonotal suture very dis-
tinct; the mesonotum slightly raised and laterally compressed;
meso-metanotal suture deeplv impressed ; the metanotum de-
pressed lower than the mesonotum, the basal portion transverse,
horizontal, broadening posteriorly ; the rnetanotal spines broad at
base, divergent and acute. Pedicel: the 1st joint flat above, as
broad as long, the anterior lateral angles prominent, the sides
nearly straight ; 2nd joint with a broad, rounded, transverse node,
not grooved down the middle, but with a slight impression
posteriorly ; abdomen broadly cordate.

$ . Resembles the £ , much larger ; pilosity more abundant,
fairly dense on the metathorax, pedicel and base of the abdomen ;
mandibles densely finely striate, opaque, covered, as are the
antennoa and legs, with an abundant oblique yellowish pubes-
cence. First joint of the pedicel thicker, concave anteriorly above.
Wings light flavo-hyaline, nervures darker.

Length, $ 3'5-4 ; $ 7'5-S mm.

FOBMICLD^E.

Hab. Western India : Thana (Gleadow}, Poona, Kanara
( Wroughton) ; Sikhim (Moller) ; Tenasserira (Hodgson).

The specimens from Sikhim and Teuasserim are darker, almost
black, the base of the abdomen being always reddish brown. The
1st joint of the pedicel a little longer than broad. This is var.
cor ax, Forel.

152. Cremastogaster soror, For el, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 200, $ .

£ . Resembles C. ebenina, Forel, but is of an ebon blackness
and smaller, the mandibles, the extreme apex of the antennae and
the apical two or three joints of the tarsi brownish ; pilosity
apparently entirely wanting ; head, thorax and abdomen smooth,
polished, shining, some vague striae on the cheeks ; the abdomen
anteriorly punctured, subopaque. Head somewhat rounded, not
square, as broad as long, the occiput rounded, the cheeks strongly
convex ; mandibles smooth and shining, punctured towards the
apex ; clypeus convex in the middle, transverse anteriorly ; antenna?
short, the scape barely extending to the top of the head ; the club
of the flagellum very distinct, formed of the apical three joints ;
eyes lateral, placed very nearly in the middle of the sides of the
head. Thorax comparatively broader than in C. ebenina and not so
high, the prouotum shorter, and the mesonotum larger and longer,
the rest of the thorax as in C. ebenina. Pedicel : the 1st joint very
broad, as broad in front as long, constricted a little posteriorly ;
2nd joint with a medial longitudinal groove above ; abdomen short,
broadly cordate.

5 . " Entirely different from C. ebenina ( $ ). Of a dull brownish
yellow. Wings hyaline. A strong erect pubescence covers the
whole insect. The head is even less truncate in front than it is
in C. aberrans, to which it bears a resemblance ; it is elongate,
constricted behind the eyes, longer than broad. Apart from this
it is identical with C. aberrans and has the metanotum unarmed.
But the antenna? and legs are much more slender than in C. aber-
rans ; the joints 2-6 of the flagellum of the antennae twice as long
as thick (they are much shorter in C. aberrans)." (Forel.}

Length, % *3'5 to nearly 4; $ 4-3 mm.

Hab. Western India, Poona ( Wrouglitori) ; Bombay (Botlmey) ;
Upper Burma, Northern Shan States, 2000 ft. (BingJiam).

153. Cremastogaster travancorensis, Fore/, Rev. Suisse Zool. x
(1902), p. 200, £ .

" £ . Of a uniform black, slightly brownish. Cheeks and
antennal hollows stria te. Pro-ruesonotal suture lightly impressed.
Metanotal spines slender, a little longer than the basal face of the
metanotum. The body, legs, and scape of the antennae covered
with a fine yellowish pilosity, erect, and somewhat abundant.
Pedicel very neai'lv the same as in C. ebenina.

" Length, $ 3-3-5 mm." (Forel.)

Hab. Travancore (Ingleby).

CBEMASTOGA.STER. 135

I have a specimen from Tenasserim which I identify somewhat
doubtfully as this species. It resembles 0. ebenina, but is smaller
and black ; it has the cheeks and antennal hollows finely striate,
and the pedicel as in C. ebenina var. corax, Forel, but differs from
Forel's description of C. travancorensis by the pilositv being ex-
tremely sparse, almost wanting.

154. Cremastogaster sagei, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 204,

»«•-

$ . Light chestnut-red all over, smooth, polished and shining,
the antennal hollows and the cheeks below the eyes finely striate ;
pilosity pale, sparse, rather long. Head square, mandibles finely
striate at base, clypeus with a small medial impression ; antenna?
comparatively long, the scape extending slightly beyond the top of
the head ; club of the flagellum formed of the apical three joints :
eyes not prominent, placed rather above the medial line of the
head. Thorax: the pronotum slightly convex, rounded anteriorly,
somewhat laterally bituberculate ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ;
meso-metanotal suture distinct, the thorax constricted and im-
pressed at the suture ; metanotum with the basal portion level,
widening posteriorly, with very short, acute, divergent spines at
the posterior lateral angles, and an obsolete longitudinal stria or
two laterally above, apical portion oblique and sloping. Pedicel :
the 1st joint flat, circular in front, with a slight wide emargination
at apex above ; 2nd joint narrower than the 1st, seen from above
with three small rounded tubercles ; abdomen about as long as
the thorax or a little longer.

5 . " Wings hyaline. Metauotum bituberculate." (Forel.)
Length, $ 3-4 ; $ 8-8-3 mm.

Hab. The Himalayas from Dharmsala (Sage) to Sikhim (Moller),
from 2000 to 7000 ft. elevation.

155. Cremastogaster millardi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 205, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel shining yellowish brown, antennae
and legs a little more yellow, abdomen dark brown ; head, thorax
and abdomen smooth, polished, shining, the last only appearing
in a strong light to be faintly punctured at base ; pilosity short,
somewhat abundant, oblique on the tibiae and scape. Head nearly
as broad as long, sides convex ; antenna of moderate length,
the scape barely reaching the top of the head, club of flagellum of
only two joints. Thorax : the pro- and mesonotum convex, the
pro-mesonotal suture nearly obsolete, ineso-metauotal suture dis-
tinct with a transverse feeble carina behind it ; basal portion of
metanotum a little broader than long; metanotal spines short,
acute and suberect. Pedicel short : 1st node flat, broadened and
arched anteriorly ; 2nd node with a deep medial groove ; abdomen
short and broad.

Length, $ 1-9-2 mm.

Hab. Eecorded so far only from Tenasserim, Mo\iln\ein(Hodgson).

136 FOBMICIDJE.

156. Cremastogaster walsM, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 205, g .

£ . Dark piceous, smooth and shining, the basal portion of the
mt,tauotum longitudinally striate ; pilosity fairly abundant, fine
and pale yellowish in colour. Head rectangular, slightly longer
than broad; the occiput transverse ; mandibles longitudinally
striate ; clypeus slightly convex in the middle, the anterior margin
transverse ; antennae short and thick, the scape not extending to
the posterior margin of the head, the flagellum gradually thickened
to the apex, the club formed of the apical three joints, but some-
what indistinct ; eyes large and flat, a little closer to the top than
to the anterior margin of the head. Thorax raised in front and
a little compressed, pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, the pro- and
mesonotum in profile forming a single unbroken curve ; meso-
metanotal suture deep ; the basal portion of the rnetanotum short,
a little convex ; metanotal spines very short, triangular, not
divergent. Pedicel : 1st joint slightly broadened, flat anteriorly
and narrowed posteriorly; 2nd joint with a rounded, slightly
raised node, divided longitudinally by a broad groove ; abdomen
short and broad.

Length, $ 3-3' 5 mm.

Hob. Orissa(TFa?s7t); Sikhim (Moller).

157. Cremastogaster aberrans, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely. xxxvi

(1892), p. 531, £.
Myrmica diffusa ?, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 113.

£ . Honey-yellow or light reddish yellow, the abdomen brownish
posteriorly, and in the dried specimens in certain lights iridescent ;
pilosity and pubescence extremely sparse and scattered, almost
wanting ; head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, with a
few extremely minute punctures, chiefly on the abdomen. Head
seen from the front circular, very convex ; mandibles and cheeks
minutely longitudinally striate ; clypeus proportionately large and
broad ; antennae moderately thick and Jong ; the scape reaching
slightly beyond the top of the head, the club of the flagellum of
3 joints not well defined, but the apical joint remarkably thick :
eyes lateral, placed closer to the top than to the anterior margin
of the head. Thorax somewhat short ; the pro- and mesonotum
massive, from above seeming to form three rounded slight
eminences ; pro-mesonotal suture slight ; ineso-metanotal suture
well-marked ; basal portion of rnetanotum very short, transverse ;
metanotal spines short and acute, thick at base. Pedicel short :
the 1st joint thick, flattened above at the base, but not very wide ;
2nd joint with a rounded small low tubercle at base and a trans-
verse rounded, little raised and undivided node posterior to it ;
abdomen broad, subcordate.

$ . Eesembles the £ ,but is of a light uniform chestnut all over,
very smooth, highly polished and shining. Head : the occiput
high, rounded, narrower than the anterior margin which is abruptly

CREMASTOGASTER. 137

truncate ; the mandibles folding close into the head ; the clypeus
remarkably large and broad, its anterior margin transverse ;
antenna? somewhat slender ; the flagellum gradually thickened to
the apex, without any distinct club, the last joint the longest ;
eyes placed about the middle on the sides of the head. Thorax :
the pronotum entirely depressed beneath the large convex meso-
notum which overhangs it anteriorly ; metanotum oblique, entirely
unarmed ; the thorax declivous but rounded posteriorly. Pedicel
short, the 1st joint thick, a little broadened and concave anteriorly ;
2nd joint with a narrow transverse undivided, somewhat squarni-
form node, very narrow, longitudinally rounded above ; abdomen
larger than in the $ , subcordate. Wings hyaline, the usual radial,
one cubital and one discoidal cell almost obsolete, merely indicated
by transparent nervures.

d . Similar to the $ , smaller, the head much smaller, the eyes
and ocelli large ; mandibles narrow and pointed at apex ; antennae
filiform, with the scape very short. Thorax and pedicel smaller,
but similar to those of the $ ; abdomen short, broad, cordate ; the
external genital valves broad and curved.

LengtJi, $ 2-5-3 ; $ 4 ; c? 3 mm.

Hob. Western India : Thana (Gleadow); Kanara (Pallher).

Var. inglebyi, Forel, from Tra van core, differs in not having the
head so truncate anteriorly and the antenna? proportionately
longer ; the scape extends beyond the top of the head.

158. Cremastogaster ransonneti, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xviii (1868), p. 287, £ .

£ . Head and abdomen dark chestnut-brown; thorax chestnut-
red, inclining to yellowish in some specimens ; head, thorax and
abdomen very smooth, polished and shining all over ; pilosity and
pubescence light yellowish, very sparse, almost wanting. Head
nearly square, slightly broader than long, the occiput transverse ;
eyes placed about the middle of the head ; mandibles punctured,
the masticatory margin oblique ; clypeus short and broad; antennae
slender, the scape extending a little beyond the top of the head,
the club of the flagellum formed of the apical three joints. Thorax
comparatively narrow ; the pronotum laterally bituberculate and
submarined ; pro-mesonotal suture indicated but not distinct ;
metanotum small, oblique; meso-metanotal suture distinct; meta-
notum depressed, with a broad, very shallow and slight but distinct
transverse groove at base ; metanotum cubical, basal portion flat,
substriate, with very long, acute, slightly divergent spines at the
posterior lateral angles, apical portion flat, vertical. Pedicel : the
broadened 1st joint slightly concave above, the sides subangular;
2nd joint with a very short but distinct neck or petiole in front,
posteriorly raised and rounded, and longitudinally grooved ;
abdomen broad and very cordate.

Length, $ 4-4'5 mm.

Hob. Sil<him (Binyham) ; Kanara ( Wrouyhtoii) : Ceylon (Yer-
bury <$• Green).

138 FOBMICIDJE.

159. Cremastogaster dalyi, Forel, Rev. Sutsse Zool. x (1902), p. 201.

£ . Dark dull chestnut-brown with a reddish tinge, smooth and
slightly shining, with some obsolete stria3 on the clypeus, cheeks
and sides of the head ; pilosity very sparse, almost entirely wanting.
Head without the mandibles' a little broader than long, slightly
emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles longitudinally striate at base
and sparsely punctured ; clypeus convex in the middle, its anterior
margin transverse ; antennal hollows large and conspicuous.
Antennae : the scape long, extending a little beyond the top of the
head, the club of the flagellum formed of the apical three joints.
Thorax somewhat narrow, the pronotum convex and rounded
anteriorly ; the pro-mesonotal suture conspicuous ; mesonotum
longer than broad, with a transverse impression ; meso-metanotal
suture deeply marked ; basal portion of metanotum short, trans-
verse, apical portion strongly concave : metanotal spines short,
thick at base, acute at apex. Pedicel: the 1st joint flattened,
broad in front, slightly constricted posteriorly ; 2nd joint with a
low rounded node divided longitudinally by a groove ; abdomen
remarkably broad and flat above.

Lenytli, $ 3'5 mm.

Hob. So far only recorded from the Western Ghats (Daly).

160. Cremastogaster biroi, Mayr, Termesz. Fiizetek, xx (1897),

p. 423, £ ; Forel, Rev. SuisseZool. x (1902), p. 203, £ .

£ . Pale, rather bright yellow, with the masticatory margin of
the mandibles and the 2nd and following segments of the abdomen
more or less dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen very
minutely and delicately punctured, slightly dull, but not opaque,
in certain lights shining a little ; pilositj very pale yellow, very
sparse. Head rather square, a little longer than broad ; the occiput
transverse; mandibles smooth, the masticatory margin concave,
armed with 4 acute teeth ; clypeus comparatively large, slightly
convex ; antennae with the scape just extending to the top of the
head, the club of the flagellum of two joints, the apical joint about
twice the length of the penultimate joint ; eyes placed welt above
the middle line of the head. Thorax proportionately rather short ;
the pro-mesouotum rectangular, a little longer than broad ; the
pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ; the meso-metanotal suture deeply
impressed : the metanotum short, the basal portion extremely
short, transverse ; the metanotal spines at the posterior lateral
angles proportionately rather long, curved inwards and slightly
downwards, the apical portion of metauotum concave. Pedicel
short and broad, the 1st joint flat above, semicircular anteriorly
and arched at the sides ; 2nd joint seen from above with a trans-
verse rounded portion in front divided by a groove from a rounded
tubercle at apex ; abdomen proportionately very massive and large.

$ . Ergatoid, wingless, the formation of the thorax being almost
identical with that in the £ ; the mesonotum, however, is large and
fairly distinct ; the metanotum much depressed, nearly vertical;

CREMASTOGASTER. 139

the metanotal spines broadly triangular at base, acute at apex ;
pedicel as in the £ , but the 2nd joint above has a rounded node
not very prominent and not divided either transversely or longi-
tudinally by a groove ; abdomen enormous, more than twice as
long and more than twice as broad as the thorax, very massive.
Head, thorax and abdomen of a deeper reddish yellow than the £ ,
and finely granulate, opaque.

Length, g 1-8-2-3 ; $ 5'5 mm. ( £ abdomen 3 mm.).

Hab. Kanara(^fon); Dehra Dun (Smythies); Sikhim (Holler} •
Ceylon (Green).

The specimens from Kanara separated as var. aitkeni, Forel, are
more pilose, have the thorax striate-reticulate, subopaque, and the
metanotal spines divergent, not curved downwards. Specimens
from the Himalayas (var. symthiesi, Forel) are entirely yellow with
scarcely any brown on the abdomen ; the head and 1st joint of the
pedicel are square, the metanotal spines very long and divergent,
and the pilosity very sparse and short.

This remarkable species of Cremastogaster is as aberrant in
habits as in the form of the $ . It makes no nests in trees as most
of the other species do, but lives in small communities under
stones.

161. Cremastogaster dohrni, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), pp. 681 & (382, £ .

$ . Dull brownish red or rusty, the antennae and tarsi paler,
the abdomen darkening to brownish towards the apex ; pilosity
pale reddish, sparse on the scape of the antennas and tibi», oblique.
Head longitudinally finely striate, opaque, the stria? divergent
posteriorly ; mandibles finely longitudinally striate ; clypeus
convex, anteriorly tranverse, ciliated ; eyes round, lateral, placed
about the middle of the head. Thorax opaque, somewhat narrow,
depressed ; the pronotum arched anteriorly, closely finely rugulose
granulate ; mesonotum and basal portion of metanotum laterally
margined, the former rectangular, longer than broad, slightly
transversely concave, rugose-granulate ; the latter broader than
long, longitudinally rugose, its posterior lateral angles armed with
two long backward-pointing spines which have a slight downward
curve: apical portion of metanotum nearly vertical, highly polished,
smooth and shining ; legs rather long, slender, finely punctured,
subopaque. Pedicel : the 1st joint broad and flat above, obtusely
rounded at the sides, and with a round, rather small tubercle at
its posterior apex above ; 2nd joint of pedicel very short, longi-
tudinally sulcate, the lateral portions rounded ; abdomen shining,
very finely punctured.

Length, $ 3*5 5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury) • Burma, Pegu Yoina (Bingham).

162. Cremastogaster artifex, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

xxviii (1878), pp. 681 & 684, £ rf .

£ . Head, thorax, pedicel and the base of the abdomen dark
chestnut-red, or chestnut with a yellowish tinge, at times ;

140 FOEMICIDvE.

abdomen black or dark brown ; mandibles, antennae and legs
a lighter cbestnut-red ; pilosity whitish, abundant and fairly
long, especially on the head and thorax; on the legs it is more
sparse and oblique ; in the £ min. it is a little less abundant ;
head finely longitudinally striate ; thorax and pedicel more or less
coarsely, sometimes fiuely rugose-reticulate, the inesonotum finely
longitudinally striate ; abdomen smooth, but not very shining or
polished. Head : $ maj. broader than long, $ min. square ;
occiput transverse ; mandibles punctured and finely longitudinally
striate ; clypeus convex in the middle, the anterior margin trans-
verse. Antennae : the scape not quite reaching ( £ maj.) or just
reaching ( £ min.) the posterior margin of the head ; club of
flagellura formed of the apical three joints, more distinct in the
£ min. than in the £ maj. ; eyes placed about the middle of the
sides of the head. Thorax convex ( £ maj.), slightly depressed
( £ min.) in front ; the pronotum rounded in front and arched at
the sides ; inesonotum ( £ min.) laterally margined, pro-rnesonotal
suture fairly distinct ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed ;
basal portion of metanotum transverse, broader than long;
rnetanotal spines long, divergent and directed backwards and up-
wards ; apical face of metanotum smooth. Pedicel: the 1st joint
flat above, very wide and rounded anteriorly and on the sides,
narrowed posteriorly ; 2nd joint with a slightly raised rounded
node, divided longitudinally by a groove ; abdomen broad.

<3 . " Testaceous, head fuscous or fuscous black, the clypeus
paler, abdomen fusco-testaceous or fuscous ; the whole insect
covered with erect hairs, smooth, shining ; mandibles slightly
curved at base, plainly narrowed to the apex which is acute ;
antennae 12-jointed, short and thick, filiform, the scape about half
as long again as thick ; the 1st joint of the flagellum globose, the
rest cylindrical, clothed with dense, short erect hairs, the 2nd and
3rd joints coalescing and together twice as long as broad, joints
4 and 5 not or perhaps about as long as broad, the others
about twice as long as broad ; metanotum unarmed ; 1st joint of
pedicel seen from above quadrate, the angles rounded, 2nd trans-
versely oval above without any longitudinal groove ; wings hyaline,
the costa testaceous." (Mayr.)

Length, $ 3-2-5-5; <J 3-5 mm.

Hab. Burma : Tenasserirn (Allan, Hodgson, BingJiam). Ex-
tending to the Malayan subregion.

This species is extremely close to C. dohrni, but the small
differences noted are constant.

163. Creinastogaster rothneyi, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xxviii (1878), pp. 681 & 685, £ .

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel rufo-ferrugiuous ; abdomen
fuscous brown to black ; the antennae and legs pale yellow ; the
head and thorax above sometimes lightly infuscate ; pilosity pale
yellow, short and obtuse at apex, but fairly abundant, especially
on the abdomen ; head, thorax and pedicel opaque ; abdomen
smooth and slightly shining. Head longitudinally finely striate,

CREMASTOGASTEK. 141

a little broader than long ; seen from the front the occiput
transverse ; the eyes large and prominent, placed above the
middle of the head ; mandibles finely striate; clypeus short,
truncate anteriorly ; antennae rather slender but short, the scape
not quite reaching the top of the head, the club of the flagellum
formed of the last three joints. Thorax finely and very closely
reticulate-punctate, rugulose, submargined along the sides ; the
pronotum somewhat flat above, rounded anteriorly ; pro-mesonoral
suture indicated, the mesonotum slightly concave ; the meso-
metanotal suture very distinct; the basal portion of the metanotum
transversely rectangular, longitudinally striate ; the metanotal
spines long and stout, divergent ; apical portion of metanotum
finely minutely punctured, shining. Pedicel : the 1st joint broad,
flat above, broader in front than posteriorly, the sides rounded ;
2nd joint seen from above trituberculate on upper side : the
tubercles rounded, the anterior one small, the other two larger,
side by side, subequal ; the whole pedicel rugulose above ;
abdomen broadly cordate.

LengtJi, $ 3-3'5 mm.

Bab. Sikhim (Holler) ; Calcutta, Bhaviiagar and Bombay
(Rotlmey) • Poona ( IVrouyhton).

Var. civa, Forel, is a form more strongly sculptured.

164. Cremastogaster rogenhoferi, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wieit,
xxviii (1878), pp. 681 & 683, £ .

$ . Heddish brown, darkening to brown on the posterior half
of the abdomen ; the antennae, legs and posterior margins of the
abdominal segments somewhat narrowly yellow ; pilosity pale,

Fig. 58. — C'rcmastcyaster rogenhoferi,

sparse and very short. Head very finely longitudinally rugulose,
subopaque, from the front nearly square, the posterior margin
transverse ; mandibles rugulose ; clypeus short, slightly convex,
the anterior margin of the medial portion slightly squarely pro-
duced ; antennae moderately thick, the scape reaching up to the
top of the head, the club of the flagellum formed of the apical
three joints ; in many specimens the ocelli are fairly distinct ;
eyes lateral, placed about the middle of the head. Thorax longi-
tudinally rugulose ; the pronotum somewhat flat, the sides vertical
and narrowing anteriorly; the pro-mesonotal suture distinct;
mesonotum curving obliquely back, margined at the sides and

142

constricted suddenly, narrower than the pronotum ; meso-meta-
notal suture deeply impressed ; metanotum depressed, well below
the level of the pro- and mesonotum, its basal portion horizontal,
broader than long, longitudinally striate, and bearing on each side at
the posterior lateral angles a long slender spine, pointing obliquely
outwards and curved downwards ; apical portion of inetanotuni
slightly concave, smooth and shining. Pedicel thick, the 1st joint
flat above, broadening anteriorly, the sides angular in the middle ;
2nd joint seen from above with three rounded tubercles, the
anterior one small, the posterior two side by side ; the whole
pedicel above rugulose ; abdomen somewhat elongate, the basal
segment very minutely reticulate-punctate, opaque, the apical
segments shining.

Length, £ 3'5-4'5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (Hotter); Calcutta (Rothney) ; Western India,
from Bombay to Cochin (Wroughton, Aitlcen $ Itothney) ; Ceylon
(Yerbury 4* Green)- Assam (Smythies) ; Burma (Fea <$,• Binyham):
Teriasserim (Hodgson Sf Bingham).

165. Cremastogaster flava, Forel, J. A. S. B. lv (1886), p. 248, £.

$ . Pale yellow, the head in front and the apex of the abdomen
darkening to brownish ; the head, the greater part of the thorax,
and the abdomen very finely and delicately granulate, but with a
silky shining appearance ; pronotum longitudinally striate ; pilosity
almost entirely wanting, pubescence very sparse, oblique. Head
broad, a little broader than Jong, the occiput transverse, the front
with a deep, broadly interrupted, impressed line from the vertex to
above the clypeus ; mandibles stout, smooth ; clypeus very convex,
the anterior margin transverse and bent inwards ; antennae rather
thick, the scape barely reaching the top of the head ; club of the
flagellum not remarkably thickened, formed of the apical three
joints. Thorax short ; the pronotum wide, with an anterior
depressed portion and a posterior raised and somewhat gibbous
level portion ; pro-meson of al suture indicated, but not distinct ;
mesonotum with an oblique curved slope to apex ; meso-rnetanotal
suture deeply marked ; metanotum with the level basal and trun-
cate apical portions subequal, the former longitudinally striate and
carrying two long slender spines at the posterior lateral angles, the
latter flat, not concave. Pedicel stout, the 1st joint flat above,
greatly broadened, the side portions translucent ; the 2nd joint
seen from above tri-tuberculate, the tubercles rounded above;
abdomen very cordate, short and broad.

Length, $'2-5-3 mm.

Hab. Sibsagar, Assam ; Sikhim (Moller); Orissa (Taylor) ;
Travancore (Ferguson).

166. Cremastogaster perelegans, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 202.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel deep ferruginous red, legs orange-
yellow, abdomen black ; head, thorax and pedicel finely longitu-

CttEMASTOGASTER. 143

dinally and regularly striate, the striae nioro or less obsolete on
the apical concave face of the metanotum and on the pedicel ; legs
and abdomen smooth and shining ; pilosity almost entirely wanting,
pubescence very fine, only visible in certain lights, most abundant
on the antennae and tarsi. Head broader than long, the cheeks
remarkably convex ; mandibles longitudinally finely striate ;
clypeus convex in the middle, its anterior margin transverse ; eyes
broadlv oval, placed above the middle line of the head. Thorax :
the prouotum rather broad and convex, the pro-mesonotal suture
arched ; mesonotum rectangular, sloping, posteriorly convex ;
thorax impressed at the meso-metauotal suture ; basal portion of
metanotum very short, twice as broad as long ; metanotal spines
thick at hase, long and acute. Pedicel : the first joint fiat, slightly
concave, broad anteriorly with the anterior lateral angles pro-
minent, posteriorly narrowed, about as broad at apex as it is broad ;
2nd joint deeply longitudinally grooved ahove, the portion on each
side of the groove rounded ; abdomen long, a little longer than
the head and thorax united, posteriorly strongly acuminate.

2 . Resembles the $ , but is of course larger with a very much
more massive abdomen ; the head, thorax and pedicel are darker
red ; the head is proportionately much broader, broader than
long ; the mesonotum less rugose, more finely punctured, with
a few indistinct oblique striae diverging outwards from a medial
line ; the metanotal spines are shorter, more robust ; the
basal portion of the metanotum coarsely longitudinally striate,
depressed considerably beneath the level of the scutellura, which
latter is very gibbous posteriorly ; pedicel broad, the joints slight,
convex above ; abdomen smooth, shining, slightly longer than the
head and thorax united, and very broad. Wings brownish, hyaline,
nervures brown.

c? . Piceous black, with a tinge of red in certain lights. Head
much smaller than in the female ; eyes very large and prominent.
Antennae and legs sordid brownish yellow ; wings lacteous with a
shade of brown ; pedicel as in the $ ; genitalia not exserted.
Head, thorax and abdomen finely but very sparsely punctured,
pilose.

Length, £ 4-3-5-0 ; $ 11-12; tf 45mm.

Hab. Punjab (Saye) ; N.W. Himalayas (Smythies) ; Pooua
(Wrovghton) ; Tenasserim, Ataran Valley (Bingham).

1 67. Cremastogaster himalayana, Furel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902),
p. 202.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel bright ferruginous red, the legs
slightly paler, abdomen black ; pilosity yellowish, short and oblique ;
pubescence pale yellow, dense only on the antennae and tarsi, on
the head and body it can only be seen in certain lights. Head
somewhat square, with a distinct broad posterior margin, finely,
closely and regularly longitudinally striate ; mandibles longitu-
dinally finely striate, punctured near their apical margins ; clypeus
very slightly convex, nearly flat in the middle, its anterior margin

144

transverse ; eyes lateral, placed about the middle of the head and
nearly circular. Thorax proportionately rather narrow ; pronotum
slightly convex, broader than long, rounded at the sides and
somewhat coarsely rugose; pro-mesonotal suture visible, arched
anteriorly ; mesonotum rectangular, longer than broad, oblique, its
sloping face with fewer punctures, shining ; thorax impressed at
the raeso-metanotal suture ; the basal portion of the metanotum
horizontal, longitudinally striate, twice as broad as long ; the
posterior lateral angles with two long acute spines ; apical portion
of the metanotum oblique, nearly vertical, slightly concave ; legs
smooth and shining. Pedicel : the first joint Hat above, the sides
not much curved nor broadened ; 2nd joint viewed from above
with a longitudinally impressed line, the portion on each side of
the impressed line raised and rounded; abdomen smooth, polished,
shining, very minutely and closely punctate.

Length, $ 4'3-5'5 mm.

Hub. North-west Himalayas (Fulton fy Smythies).

1(58. Cremastogaster mogdiliani, Emery (Tapinoma), Ann. Mtts.
Civ. Gen. xl (1900), p. 696, £ .

$ . Dark reddish brown to piceous black, the mandibles, antennae
and legs paler ; pubescence long, recumbent, oblique on the scape
and tibiae ; head finely and closely striate, thorax more coarsely
striate, the pedicel closely punctured, more or less opaque, abdo-
men smooth. Head somewhat globose, obtusely truncate posteriorly ;
maqdibles finely striate at base, punctured towards the apex ;
clypeus convex in the middle, in some specimens depressed towards
the anterior margin, which is transverse ; antennae comparatively
long, the scape extending a little beyond the top of the head ; club
of the flagellum rather indistinct, formed by the apical 4 joints ; eyes
placed above the middle on the sides of the head. Thorax : the
pro- and mesonotum forming a gentle convexity, the pronotum
rounded anteriorly, the pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, the meso-
notum laterally margined and with a somewhat conspicuous short
medial carina ; meso-metanotal suture well-marked ; basal portion
of the metanotum broader than long ; the metanotal spines long,
slender, divergent and acute at apex, directed obliquely upwards
and backwards. Pedicel : the 1st joint slightly concave above
and broadened anteriorly ; 2nd joint with a low rounded node not
divided by a longitudinal groove, merely with an impression in the
middle ; abdomen broad and subcordate.

Length, £ 2'5-3'5 mm.

Hob. Burma, Tenasserim (Pea, Binyham). Extending to the
Malayan subregion.

169. Cremastogaster ferrarii, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxv
(1887), p. 533 ; id. 1. c. xxvii (1889), p. 506.

" £ . Brown or fuscous, smooth and shining, sparsely pilose,
the scape of the antennae and tibiae of the legs with erect hairs.

CREMASTOGA8TER. 145

Head in front striate posteriorly, smooth ; the club of the antennae
3-jointed, the basal 9 joints somewbat short. Thorax smooth
above, slightly flat ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-metanotal
suture not deeply impressed ; metauotal spines obliquely divergent,
somewhat close together at their base. Pedicel: the 1st joint
sub-trapezoidal, anteriorly rounded, and not much broader than it
is posteriorly, the sides nearly straight ; the 2nd joint with a
medial groove."

'"•Length, $ 3% mm." (Emery.)

Hob. Tenasserim (Fea), extending to the Malayan subregion.

I have been unable to identify this species.

170. Cremastogaster inflata, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 76,

pi. 2, fig. 2.

£ . Head, pro- and mesonotum, coxae, femora and tibiae of the
legs, and the posterior half of the abdomen chestnut-brown, the
antennae a lighter brown, the metanotum wax-yellow, the tarsi of
the legs, the pedicel, and the anterior half of the abdomen above,
brownish with a yellow tinge ; head, thorax and abdomen smooth
and shining, the abdomen minutely and sparsely punctured above ;
pilosity none ; pubescence very sparse, thin and short, whitish in
colour. Head without the mandibles square, the occiput broad, a
little broader than the head anteriorly, the cheeks slightly convex ;
mandibles rugulose ; clypeus slightly convex in the middle ;
antennae moderately thick, the scape just reaching to the top of
the head; no distinct club to the flagellum, but the joints increase
in length towards the apex, the apical 4 being the longest and
somewhat thick ; eyes lateral, placed about the middle of the head.
Thorax short and broad, the pronotum rounded anteriorly, the
pro-mesonotal suture indicated, the mesonotum slightly convex ;
the meso-metanotal suture distinct ; the metathorax enormously
swollen and massive, deeply medially emarginate posteriorly, hollow
internally, with a septum between the hollow on each side and an
orifice at the posterior lateral angle as in C. diffbrmis, but higher
up. Pedicel and abdomen as in C. cliff ormis.

Length, £ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim, from Mergui southwards, extending to Borneo,
Malacca, Java.

171. Cremastogaster difformis, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 76, £.

£ . Pitch-black, the thorax and legs sometimes dark chestnut,
the whole insect finely and closely punctured, subopaque ; pilosity
fairly abundant, pale brown, oblique and soft. Head very broad,
broader than long, arid broader at the transverse occiput than
anteriorly ; mandibles somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate ;
clypeus very slightly convex in the middle ; antennae stout, the
scape barely reaching up to the top of the head, club of the flagellum
formed by the apical 4 joints, not much thickened ; eyes lateral, placed

146 FORMICIDJE.

a little above the middle of the head. Thorax widening posteriorly ;
the pronotuin short, rounded in front : pro-mesonotal suture
indicated but not distinct ; mesonotutn slightly convex ; thorax
slightly constricted at the meso-metanotai suture, which is distinct ;

Fig. 59. — Cremastogaster diffonnis,

metatiotum very broad, without spines, but divided into two by a
deep, broad, medial sulcation; the posterior lateral angles of the
basal portion of the metanotum prominent, beneath them there is
an orifice leading to the inside of the lobes of the metathorax,
which are hollow and divided by a septum. Pedicel somewhat
narrow ; the 1st joint flat above, rectangular, longer than broad ;
2nd joint with rounded but very slightly raised node above,
entire, with no groove or division : abdomen broad and cordate.

Length, $ 5-6 mm.

Hab. Southern Tenasserim (Binyham), extending to Borneo,
Sumatra, and Java.

This species, like C. inflata, Smith, carries a store of saccharine
matter in the hollows of the metathorax.

172. Cremastogaster physothorax, Emery.

Cremastogaster difformis, Smith, race phvsothorax, Emery, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 506.

$ . Very closely resembles C. difformis, Smith, in colour and
sculpture, and is in fact the northern form of that species ; the head
is squarer, as broad in front as it is posteriorly and not longer than
broad, the pronotum is proportionately narrower and a little more
convex, and the metanotum markedly broader, more swollen, with
the medial furrow less deep. For the rest like C. difformis.

Length, $ 3-5-5-5 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim : Haungdraw Valley (Fea), Ataran Valley to
Karennee (Bingham) ; Lower Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan).

In addition to the above, the following have been recorded
from within our limits, but the descriptions are either inadequate
for the determination of the species, or have been taken from cf
or $ :—

Myrinica (Crenaastogaster) kirbii, Sykes, Trans. Ent. Soc. i (1835),

p. 99, pi. lbc?,lc$.
Myrmica (Cremastogaster) diffusa, Jerd. Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii

(1851), p. 113.

STRUMIGEXYS. 147

Myrmica (Cremastogaster) rufa, Jerd. loc. cit. p. 114.
Cremastogaster deponens, Walk. A. M. N. H. (3) iv (1859),

p. 374, 2-

Cremastogaster pellens, Walk. loc. cit. p. 374, $ •
Cremastogaster forticula, Walk. loc. cit. p. 375, $ .
Cremastogaster brunnescens, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxvi

(1865), p. 20, £.

Cremastogaster apicalis, Motsch. loc. cit. p. 20, $ .
t Cremastogaster apicalis, Smith (nee Motsch.), '2nd Yark. Miss. 1878,

p. 12.

Genus STRUMIGENYS.

Strumigenys, Smith, Jour. Ent. i (1860), p. 72.
Labidogeovs et Pyramica, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), pp. 249
& 251, pi. 1, figs. 17, 18.

Type, S. mandibularis, Smith, from Brazil.

Ranf/e. Both hemispheres.

£ . Head more or less cordate, the anterior portion narrowed,
snout-like ; mandibles very long, the shaft more or less cylindrical,
linear, slender and porrect, turned inwards at the apex and tri-
dentate (in Indian species); clypeus with the portion produced
back between the base of the antennae narrow ; antennae 6-jointed,
the scape and flagellum folding back into posteriorly divergent
grooves, placed above the eyes, these latter situated about the
middle of the sides of the head; posterior lateral lobes of the
head prominent. Thorax convex anteriorly, not so broad as the
posterior portion of the head ; seen in profile it is slightly and
widely emarginate at the mesonotum ; thoracic sutures visible
but not deeply impressed, the thorax slightly compressed pos-
teriorly ; the basal portion of the metanotum longer than broad,
ending (in the Indian species) in two spines or teeth ; legs
moderately long, rather slender, tibial calcaria absent on the
intermediate and posterior legs. Pedicel: the nodes subovate,
rounded above, with an elongate petiole to the 1st node in front ;
2nd node a little broader than the 1st ; abdomen broadly oval,
anteriorly slightly truncate.

$ . Similar to the £ , with the thorax, however, more massive,
the vertex of the head bears three ocelli and the eyes are larger ;
the pronotum is depressed and forms no part of the dorsum ; the
mesonotum and scutellum are large and somewhat flat, the latter
gibbous ; the metanotura is depressed, the metanotal spines shorter
and the nodes of the pedicel slightly larger than in the £ . Wings
narrow, with a medial and a radial but no cubital or discoidal cell.

Key to the Species.

a. Shafts of mandibles thickened in middle .... S. lyroessa, p. 148.

b. Shafts of mandibles not thickened in middle.
a'. Pronotum punctiu-ed, opaque.

«3. Shafts of mandibles parallel.

a3. The innermost of the three inandibular

teeth the smallest S.fece, p. 148.

L2

148 FORMICIDjE.

b3. The outermost or apical of the three

mandibular teeth the smallest A', yodeft'royi, p. 149.

b'2. Shafts of mandibles not parallel, curved

outwards S. leivisi, p. 149.

b'. Pronotum not punctured, smooth and

shining & smythiest, p. 149.

1 73. Strumigenys lyroessa, Royer (Labidogenys), Berl. ent. Zeit. vi

(1862), p. 251, £.

" £ . Dark brown, not shining, except the abdomen, the man-
dibles, the anterior margin of the head, the antennae, the anterior
portion of the pedicel, the apex of the abdomen, the femora
and the joints of the tibiae and tarsi, which are reddish yellow.
Head, thorax and nodes, also the scape of the antennae, granulate;
abdomen smooth and shining, with some longitudinal striae at base.
The head with somewhat short, thick, recumbent yellow hairs ;
pilosity sparse : the hairs on the anterior margin of the scape and
on a portion of the sides of the head bent or curved towards their
apices. Legs pilose, the pilosity thickened on the tarsi and also
on the ftagellurn of the antennae, where, however, the hair appears
to be more recumbent.

" The mandibles are porrect, about as long as the head, from
the point where they are thinnest to the margin of the mouth
nearly in the form of a lyre, at the base they are slender, then
rounded and broad, and again diminishing ; on the outer side
thick and convex, on the inner margin concave and sharp ; the
apex is bent at a right angle inwards, and ends in a sharp upper
tooth and a split under one." (Roger.)

Length, $ 2'5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon. Unknown to me.

174. Strumigenys teas. Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),

p. 473.

£ . Eesernbles S. godeffroyi, Mayr, but is slightly larger, with a
broader head. Reddish yellow, the mandibles, antennae and tarsi
of the legs slightly paler; head, thorax and anterior node of
pedicel finely arid very closely punctured, opaque ; the legs, disc of
the 2nd node of pedicel and abdomen smooth, shining and highly
polished, with a few longitudinal striae at the base of the last.
Head slightly broader posteriorly than in S. godeffroyi, the
mandibles parallel, finely punctured but shining, the carinae
bordering the antennal groove very distinct, rather coarsely rugose
between the head and clypeus. Thorax, pedicel and abdomen
with the characters of the genus ; the metanotal spines very fine,
slender, short and acute ; the abdomen rather shorter than in
S. godeffroyi.

$ . Very similar to the £ , slightly larger, with the sexual
differences in the thorax and a slightly larger abdomen ; wings
hyaline, the nervures pale yellow.
' Length, $ 2' 5 ; $ 275 mm.
Hab. Recorded so far only from Lower Burma, Palon (Feet).

STRUMIGENTS. 149

175. Strumigenys godeffroyi, Mayr, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

liii, 1 Abth. (1866), p. 516, 8; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),
p. 243,8.

£ • Pale reddish, the mandibles, antennae and legs yellowish ;
head and thorax somewhat coarsely and very closely punctate-
reticulate and opaque, the punctures on the thorax less deep than
on the head ; abdomen smooth and shining, with the base above
covered with short longitudinal striae; pilosity sparse, white,
rather long. Head, thorax and abdomen entirely characteristic
of the genus ; mandibles very slender, subcylindrical and parallel,
bent towards the apex at right angles, and furnished with three
teeth, the innermost long and spiniform ; clypeus truncate, not
produced ; antennae filiform, the scape short, not reaching much
beyond the level of the eyes, and with oblique, soft, rather long
pilosity. Thorax, pedicel and abdomen with the characters of the
genus.

5 . Very similar to the £ , the thorax and abdomen more massive,
the eyes larger, ocelli present ; the nodes of the pedicel larger.

Length, 8. 2-5 to nearly 3 ; $ 3 mm.

flab. Recorded from "Western and Southern India ( Wroughton).
Originally described from Samoa.

The Indian form has been separated as var. indica, Forel. It
is more pilose, with a slightly longer abdomen, which is also more
densely striate at the base.

176. Strumigenys lewisi, Cam. Proc. Manch. L. Phil. Soc. xxv,

1887, p. 229.

£ . Reddish yellow, the mandibles, antennae and legs slightly
paler ; head, thorax and the 1st node of the pedicel closely cribrately
punctured, opaque ; legs, 2nd node of the pedicel above and
abdomen smooth and shining, a few longitudinal striae at the base
of the last ; pilosity pale, rather sparse, oblique, nearly recumbent
on the tibiae of the legs. Head slightly convex in front, nearly
twice as long as the mandibles ; these latter curved outwards,
flat above and. punctured, the apical tooth the smallest ; clypeus
truncate anteriorly ; eyes small. Thorax, pedicel and abdomen
with the characters of the genus. The metanotum and pedicel
are encrusted with a spongy substance.

Length, $ 2-5-3-5 mm.

Hal. Recorded so far only from Upper Burma, near Bhamo
(Fea). Described originally from Japan.

177. Strumigenys smythiesi, Forel, JRev. Suisse Zool x (1902),

p. 242.

£ . Ferruginous yellow, a brighter yellow on the thorax and
abdomen, the latter with an ill-defined, transverse, brownish band.
Head, antennae and legs minutely reticulate-punctate, dull and
subopaque, the head in certain lights slightly shining, the pedicel
covered with a spongy substance ; the thorax, nodes of the pedicel
and abdomen highly polished, smooth and shining ; pilosity sparse,

150 FOBMICID^E.

short and regularly spaced on the head, somewhat long and soft
on the abdomen posteriorly. Head more rounded at the sides
posteriorly, somewhat narrower than in S. fece, its posterior
border semicircularJy emarginate ; mandibles about halt' the length
of the head, strongly arched outwards ; clypeus triangular, with a
medial impression ; front more convex than in >S'. godeffroyi.
Thorax, pedicel and abdomen with the characters of the genus ;
the rnetanotum posteriorly without spines, but subdentiform.

Fig. 60. — Strumiyeni/s smythicsi, £ . f. Head from front.

$ . " Pronotum with the anterior lateral angles prominent.
Mesonotum smooth, raised. Wings pubescent, subhyaline. For
the rest absolutely identical with the £ and with the same sparse
pilosity. The very long hairs (there are at times some on the legs)
are truly plentiful, and have the appearance of clavate threads of a
mycelium." (Forel.)

Length. $ 2'3 ; $ 2-6 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Assam (Smy tides).

Genus CAREBARA.
Carebara, Westw. A. M. N. H. vi, 1841, p. 86, $ .

Type, C. lignata, "Westwood.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.

£ . Head with the mandibles more or less oval, broader
however posteriorly than in front, the occiput rounded ; mandibles
narrow, subtriangular, the masticatory margin very oblique and
strongly dentate ; clypeus convex, anteriorly rounded ; antennal
carinae very short, clypeal and antennal hollows indistinctly
confluent ; antennae 9-jointed. the club of the flagellum formed of
the apical two joints, which are compressed and flattened above ;
eyes and ocelli entirely absent. Thorax broader anteriorly than
posteriorly, unarmed ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-meta-
notal suture distinct ; legs moderately long. Pedicel : the 1st
node rounded above, shortly petiolate in f ront ; 2nd node
transverse ; abdomen oval.

$ . Head without the mandibles inversely trapezoidal, much
broader across the occiput, which is transverse, than in front,

CABEBABA. 151

nearly one and a half times as broad posteriorly as long ; mandibles
robust, convex on the outside, the masticatory margin strongly
dentate ; clypeus remarkably convex in the middle, its anterior
margin waved, not quite transverse ; antennal and clypeal hollows
confluent ; antennal carinze very short ; antennae 10-jointed ; no
distinct club to the flagellum ; frontal area obsolete, but a deep,
short, vertical frontal groove ; eyes and ocelli large ; viewed from
th? side the head is abruptly truncate posteriorly. Thorax much
broader than the head, very massive, the pronotum vertical, not
forming part of the dorsum, anteriorly depressed below the meso-
notum which is somewhat gibbous in front, strongly convex, and
a little longer than broad ; scutellurn rounded and convex ; basal
portion of metanotum short and sloping, apical portion vertical,
subconcave, the posterior lateral angles a little prominent ; legs
short and proportionately rather slender. Pedicel somewhat short ;
the 1st node viewed from the side is triangular, transverse and
rounded above the front, subconcave ; 2nd node transversely
rectangular, the lower anterior lateral angles obtusely tuberculate ;
abdomen remarkably massive, long, longer than the head and
thorax united, somewhat depressed and flat above ; wings with
one cubital and one discoidal cell, the radial and cubital nervures
extend to the margin of the wing.

c? . Head broader than long ; eyes and ocelli very large, the
former reaching very nearly to the base of the mandibles ;
mandibles strong, convex above, with a broad masticatory margin
armed with 7 teeth ; clypeus strongly convex, its anterior margin
transverse; antennae 13-jointed, the scape very short, not quite
so long as the 2nd joint of the flagellum. Thorax similar to that
of the $ , but shorter and smaller in every way, the metanotum
convex posteriorly. Pedicel similar to that in the $ , but the
nodes not so high, the 2nd node forming a mere ring, and attached
to the abdomen by the whole of its posterior face ; abdomen long,
slightly depressed and curved ; wings as in the $ .

There is only one species of this genus found within our limits,
and the descrepancy in size and appearance between the £ and
the $ or c? is most striking.

178. Carebara lignata, Ji'esttc. A. M. JN7. H. vi (1841), p. 86, $,
pi. 2, tig. 6.

$ . Pale yellow ; the masticatory margin of the mandibles
brown, a ring of brown at the articulations of the femora and tibiae
of the legs ; head finely and closely, sides of the thorax more
sparsely punctate ; thorax above and abdomen smooth and shining ;
pilosity pale, oblique, fairly abundant, short on the head, scape of
the antennae and the tags, longer and more sparse on the thorax
and abdomen. Head convex, subquadrate, rounded posteriorly
and in front; mandibles subtriangular, the masticatory margin
oblique, dentate ; clypeus convex, produced back posteriorly

152

FOHMICI1»:.

between the base of the antennae ; these latter short, the club of
the flagellum remarkably thick. Thorax broad, nearly as broad as

the head; pronotum rounded
anteriorly; basal portion of
rnetanotum short, slightly de-
clivous posteriorly. Pedicel :
the nodes rounded above, the
2nd node much broader than
the 1st ; abdomen broadly
oval.

$ . Chestnut-brown, shining,
the mandibles, antennae and
legs a shade lighter and more
reddish, finely punctured all
over, the punctures very close
on the front of the head, more
sparse on the thorax and
abdomen, and more minute
and dense on the scape of the
antennae and on the legs ;
pilosity very sparse but long,
confined chiefly to the front
and underside of the head, and
to the abdomen posteriorly,
oblique on the tibiae, the antennae minutely
and densely pubescent. For the rest the
characters of the genus.

d1 . Uniform yellowish brown, entirely
covered by a short dense reddish-yellow
pubescence, which is minute and remarkably
dense on the antennae, giving them a velvety
appearance ; head and thorax very minutely
and closely punctured, and finely striate ru-
gulose ; abdomen finely but not so closely
punctured as the head and thorax ; thorax
and abdomen slightly shining. For the rest
the characters of the genus.
Lenyth, % 2-5 ; § 16-19 ; <$ 13 mm.

Hob. Assam, Burma, Tenasserim (BingJiam). Extending to
China and the Malayan subregion.

Antenna.

Fig. 62.
Carebara lignata,

Genus OLIGOMYRMEX.
Oligomyrmex, Mayr, Tijds. v. Ent. x (1867), p. 110, £ .

Type, 0. concinnus, Mayr, from Australia.

Range. Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Australian
regions.

$ . Head with the mandibles scutiform or shield-shaped,

OLIGOMYBMEX. 153

posteriorly emarginate, the sides convex, the posterior lateral
angles well marked though not prominent ; mandibles broad,
triangular, the masticatory margin dentate, the apical two teeth
long and acute ; clypeus not or only feebly bicarinate, its anterior
margin more or less emarginate in the middle, truncate or obtusely
angular posteriorly ; frontal area distinct, triangular ; antennae
9-jointed ; club of flagellum formed of the apical two joints, of
which the apical joint of all is very long, the club longer than the
rest of the flagellum ; eyes comparatively large and round, lateral,
situated about the middle of the head. Thorax : the pronotum
rounded anteriorly, convex, not forming any portion of the dorsum ;
mesonotum broadening posteriorly, convex, but not gibbous ;
scutellum convex, slightly prominent; metanotum more or less
vertical or steeply declivous, with or without a blunt tooth or
tubercle on each side. Pedicel : the 1st node shortly petiolate
anteriorly, the petiole gradually thickening up to the node ; 2nd
node more or less rectangular, often broader than long ; abdomen
broadly oval, rather massive and bluntly rounded posteriorly.
Fore wing with one rhomboidal cubital cell.

£ maj. Resembles the $ , but with the sexual differences in the
shape of the thorax and abdomen ; the clypeus (in the one Indian
species of which the £ is known) is bicarinate, the carinae
convei'gent posteriorly, anteriorly not emarginate; antennas 9-
jointed as in the $ ; eyes exceedingly small. Thorax : the pro-
mesonotal suture obsolete, the pro-mesonotum forming a strong
convexity ; the thorax constricted and emarginate at the meso-
metanotal suture, which is strongly marked ; basal portion of
metanotum flat, rectangular, laterally submargined, a little longer
than the subvertical apical portion. Pedicel short, the 1st node
shortly petiolate, transverse, flat anteriorly and posteriorly, with a
distinct anterior and posterior margin above ; 2nd node rounded,
transverse, about as broad as the 1st node and (seen from above)
a little longer ; abdomen very long and massive.

£ min. Resembles the $ maj., but is smaller and entirely without
eyes, blind : antennae similar, but the apical joint in itself as long
as the rest of the flagellum. Head rounded posteriorly. Pedicel
short, the nodes rounded, the anterior node not petiolate ; abdomen
small.

c? . Head more or less square ; mandibles either dentate or
pointed; the antennae with 13 joints. Thorax shorter and broader
than that of the $ , but similar to it. Pedicel with the nodes low
and broad ; abdomen smaller and narrower than in the $ . Wings
as in the $ .

The genus was discriminated by Mayr from the characters as
they exist in the $ . I have therefore in the description of the
genus given the characters of the $ first. The characters of the
$ as given above are probably more or less faulty, as the $ only
of one species is known to me, and that may possibly be an aberrant
form.

154 FORMICIIXI:.

Key to the Species.
2 ?.

a. Length over 5 mm. Colour more or less

brown.
a ' . Clypeus not carinate.

«2. Anterior border of clypeus emarginate

in the middle O. raja, p. 154.

i2. Anterior border of clypeus not emar-
ginate O. leei, p. 155.

b'. Clvpeus feebly but distinctly bicarinate. . O. bengalensis, p. 154.

b. Length under 5 mm. Colour more or less

yellow ...

a'.' Second node of pedicel transverse, much

broader than long O. asimis, p. 156.

b'. Second node of pedicel not broader than

long O. rotkneyi, p. 1 56.

179. Oligomyrmex raja, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902), p. 216, $ .

$ . Very dark brown, almost black, the mandibles, antennae,
legs and abdomen chestnut; head, thorax and abdomen shining,
the head very finely and superficially longitudinally striate,
posteriorly punctured, thorax and abdomen smooth ; nodes of tbe
pedicel rugulose, opaque ; pilosity sparse and scattered. Head
without mandibles nearly rectangular, the sides convex, posteriorly
truncate ; mandibles somewhat large, finely but rather obscurely
longitudinally striate, armed with 6 or 7 teeth ; clypeus not
carinate, deeply emarginate in the middle anteriorly; antennae
short, the club of the flagellum rather slender, joints 3-5 as
broad as long, scape very short ; eyes large, placed about the
middle of the sides of the head ; ocelli not very prominent. Thorax
moderately long, the mesonotum broad ; metanotum convex, sub-
vertical, without any distinct basal portion. Pedicel: the 1st
node petiolate anteriorly, transverse, rounded above, much broader
than long ; 2nd node a little longer than the 1st and a little
broader than long ; abdomen massive, rounded at apex. Wings
flavo-hyaline.

Length, § 5-5*5 mm.

Jfab. Recorded from the North Western Provinces, India
(Smyihies) • and from Bhamo, Upper Burma (Binyham). Only
the $ is known.

180. Oligomyrmex bengalensis, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 217.

" $ . Mandibles smooth and shining, a little punctured, armed
with 6 teeth. Head shortly rectangular, barely longer than broad,
feebly emarginate posteriorly, without a carina behind the ocelli,
but feebly subtruncate at the occiput and anteriorly on the^
clypeus, the posterior portion of the latter with a groove down*
the middle forms an obtuse angle with the anterior subtruncate
portion. This latter is feebly bicarinate, impressed in the middle,

OLIGOMYBMEX. 155

anteriorly feebly emarginate. Frontal area narrowly triangular.
Club of antennae narrower than in 0. rothneyi, a little shorter
than the rest of the flagellum ; the scape extends at least up to
the posterior ocelli. Thorax much broader than the head ; meta-
notum rounded, with scarcely any appearance of tubercles. First
joint of the pedicel as in 0. asinus, but the petiole is shorter and
the node higher, very thick at base. Second node broader than
long. Antennae 9-jointed.

" Front of the head densely striate, the remainder smooth and
shining. Back of the head, mesonotum and legs with strong
scattered punctures. Abdomen finely punctured. Pilosity short,
yellowish, abundant. Tibiae and scape with close-set hairs.
Of a yellowish or reddish brown, or of a brownish yellow. Top
of the head and an obscure band on each abdominal segment
brownish. Wings subhyaline, nervures a yellow-brown.

d* . " Mandibles armed with 5 teeth. Head square, rather
broader than long ; antennae 13-jointed, scape shorter than the
2nd joint of the flagellum. First joint of the pedicel lower, less
concave in front and less petiolate than in 0. rothneyi. Abdomen
narrow, a little depressed ; genital valves smaller than in 0. roth-
neyi. Head striate and rather opaque, the rest shining and
punctured. Pilosity as in the 5 . Brown ; legs, antennae and
mandibles yellowish." (Forel.)

Length, $ 5'5 ; 3 4-3 mm.

Hab. Recorded only from Bengal (Kothney).

181. Oligomyrmex leei, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902), p. 216.

" $ . Mandibles shining, punctured, armed with 6 teeth. Head
and antennae identical with those of 0. raja, but the clypeus is not,
or scarcely at all, emarginate anteriorly in the middle, the scape
is not subclavate, and joints 2-4 of the antennae are broader
than long. Frontal area elongate. Thorax the width of the
head. Metariotum sub vertical, with two large obtuse teeth. First
node of the pedicel a little more squamiform than in 0. raja.
Second node trapeziform, constricted in front, Front of the
head striate save the middle of the clypeus which is smooth. The
rest of the head strongly punctured, the punctures deep, coarse,
abundant, but regularly spaced ; more feeble and scattered on
the abdomen, obsolete on the last segment. Between the
punctures the chitinous covering is smooth. Pilosity sparse
on the body, none on the scape of the antennae and the tibiae of
the legs. Pubescence sparse but distinct. "Wings moderate,
nervures dark brown : the radial cell closed. Black ; the mandibles,
antennae, legs excepting the coxae and abdomen of a reddish
yellow, nearly orange. Wings brownish." (Forel.)

Length, $'7-8 mm.

Hab. Mysore (Lee). Unknown to me.

356

182. Oligomyrmex asinus, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 214.

£ maj. Eeddish yellow ; the legs, pedicel and abdomen of a
paler shade ; head anteriorly obscurely longitudinally striate,
very sparsely punctured, the rest smooth, polished and shining ;
pilosity pale yellow, fairly plentiful. Head long, about twice
as long as broad, not very convex in front, the posterior lateral
angles prominent and each furnished with a remarkable spine on the
apex; between these spines, viewed from the front, the head appears
widely emarginate ; mandibles broad, smooth and shining, fur-
nished with 5 teeth ; clypeus prominent in the middle, bicarinate,

Fig. 63. — OUyoiiiyrmcx asinus, £5 raaj.

but not dentate ; antennae short, the scape barely reaching halfway
up the head ; eyes minute, placed very close to the anterior
margin of the head. Thorax : the pro-mesonotum remarkably
raised, convex, rounded at the sides : the meso-metanotal suture
deeply impressed, the thorax constricted and emarginate at the
suture ; metanotum flat, submargined and subdentiform pos-
teriorly. Pedicel: 1st node broader than long, rounded anteriorly,
petiolate ; 2nd node rounded, transverse , abdomen long and
massive.

£ min. Besembles the £ maj., but is paler in colour, entirely
devoid of eyes and of the remarkable horns on the posterior lateral
angles of the head. The pedicel is proportionately shorter, and
the abdomen small, not massive.

5 . Eesembles the £ maj., but is totally devoid of the horns on
the posterior lateral angles of the head. Head short, only a little
longer than broad, transverse posteriorly, with a few transverse
striae between the ocelli ; a prominent stria or carina connecting
the posterior two ocelli. Thorax somewhat long and narrow,
narrower than in 0. raja • the metanotum posteriorly with two
long rounded tubercles. Colour as in the £ maj.

Length, $ maj. 2-5-4 ; $ min. 1 : $ 4'5 mm.

Hal. Bengal (Taylor).

183. Oligomyrmex rothneyi, Forel. Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902),
P- 218, 2.

$ . Eeddish yellow, the antennae and legs paler yellow, the
abdomen slightly brownish ; head, thorax and abdomen shining ;
the head, between and over the base of the antennae, finely longi-
tudinally striate, posteriorly together with the thorax and pedicel
minutely but very sparsely punctured; abdomen smooth and

OLIGOMYRMEX. — SOLENOPSIS. 157

polished ; pilosity and pubescence pale yellow, fairly abundant, on
the tibiae the hairs are oblique and somewhat dense. Head
without the mandibles a little longer than broad, the sides convex,
the eyes remarkably prominent, the posterior border not emar-
ginate, transverse, and the carina behind the ocelli obscure ;
mandibles broad, shining ; clypeus as in 0. asinus $ ; antennae
short, the scape not quite reaching up to the anterior ocellus.
Thorax narrow, narrower than in 0. asinw, the mesonotum
strongly convex from side to side, the rnetanotum bituberculate,
the apex seen from above truncate. Pedicel : the 1st node
squamiform, somewhat flat above, the 2nd node broader anteriorly
than posteriorly, rounded ; abdomen elongate, a little depressed.

3 . " Antennae 13-jointed ; scape as long as the 2nd joint of
the flagellum. Head subrectangular, longer than broad. The
eyes occupying more than half the sides. Mandibles very pointed.
Clypeus carinate, biemarginate, produced and subacumiuate in the
middle anteriorly. Thorax narrow as in the $ , but the tubercles
of the metanotum less produced, more rounded. First node of
the pedicel low, as broad as long. Exterior genital valves very
large, obtuse, broad and rounded. Abdomen narrow and de-
pressed. Sculpture and pilosity as in the $ , but the hairs of the
tibiae subadjacent. Brownish. Legs and antennae of a dingy
yellow. Wings a little tinted with brown. Nervures as in
Solenopsis." (ForelS)
• Length, $ 3-3-5 ; 6 3-3'4 mm.
Hab. Recorded from Barrackpore (RotJiney).

Genus SOLENOPSIS.

Formica, pt, Lair. Ens. Hist. Fourm. Fr. 1798, p. 46.
Myrmica, pt., Latr. Gen. Crust, fy Ins. iv, 1809, p. 131.
Atta, pt., Fabr. Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 423.
Soleuopsis, Westiu. A. M. N. H. vi (1841), p. 86.

Type, S. mandibularis, West\v.=Atta fjeminata, Fabr., from
America.

Range. Both hemispheres.

I/. Head more or less square," posteriorly slightly emarginate,
with a medial distinct groove down the front ; mandibles very
thick and curved, the masticatory margin blunt, without teeth ;
maxillary and labial palpi alike two-jointed * ; clypeus narrow at
the sides, in the middle produced back between the antennal
carinae to above the base of the antennae, channeled down the
middle, the sides of the channel forming a fl-shaped carina, the
apices of which on each side project as small acute teeth beyond
the anterior margin of the clypeus ; antennal carinae short, wide
apart and parallel ; antennae 10-jointed, club of the flagellum
formed of the apical two joints, very thick and massive ; eyes

* In S. ivroughtoni from Bengal the maxillary palpi are only one-jointed.

158

small, round, rather flat. Thorax narrow ; pronotum rounded
anteriorly, pro-mesonotal suture tolerably distinct, mesonotum
very convex ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed ; the basal
portion of the metanotum passing into the apical portion by a
regular curve, and longitudinally channeled down the middle,
with the sides projecting posteriorly and triangularly at the
posterior lateral angles ; legs somewhat slender and long. Pedicel :
the 1st node squamiform, transverse, shortly petiolate anteriorly,
the petiole and front of node viewed in profile forming a regular
curve ; 2nd node from above transversely oval, broader than long ;
abdomen oval anteriorly, slightly truncate.

£ . Eesembles the If. , but is, of course, much smaller, the
mandibles are 4-dentate ; the apical tooth long and acute, the pro-
mesonotal suture obsolete, thorax seen in profile emarginate at the
meso-metanotal suture.

5 . Head as in the If , but the eyes larger and ocelli present,
the medial groove more feebly impressed, the antennae 11-
jointed. Thorax a little broader than the head, the mesonotum
long, gibbous in front, convex ; metanotum short, unarmed, the
basal portion oblique, the apical portion vertical. Pedicel as in
the Jf. , but shorter and more stoutly built, the 2nd node not so
thick above as in the 1j. , with the short petiole connecting it
posteriorly with the abdomen thicker ; abdomen more massive,
an elongate oval. Fore wing with one cubital and one discoidal
cell.

3 . Eesembles the $ , but the head is smaller, the thorax
proportionately very much more massive and deeper. Head
short, very much broader in front than posteriorly ; mandibles
narrow, with three acute teeth, clypeus arched ; eyes and ocelli
large and very prominent ; antennae 12-jointed, the scape short,
about as long as the 2nd joint of the flagellum. Thorax : the
mesonotum extraordinarily convex and gibbous in front, entirely
suppressing the pronotum, which is greatly narrowed in front ;
scutellum very convex and raised higher than the mesonotum ;
metanotum unarmed, roundly sloped posteriorly. Pedicel much
as in the $ ; abdomen shorter, broadly oval. Wings as in the $ ,
but the cubital cell in the fore wing broader and shorter.

Key to the Species.

$ $.

«. Length over 3 mm S. yeminata, p. 158.

b. Length under 2 mm.

a'. Reddish yellow ; head and thorax opaque,

sculptured S. wroughtoni, p. 159.

b'. Dark reddish brown ; head and thorax

smooth, highly polished, shining S. nitens, p. 160.

184. Solenopsis geminata, Fdbr. (Atta), Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 4:23.
TJ.. Keddish yellow; the mandibles dark reddish brown, the

SOLEXOPSIS. 159

abdomen with some transverse brown markings ; head, thorax,
pedicel and base of abdomen more or less shining, with scattered

Fig. 64

shallow punctures and a few minute piligerous tubercles ; the
rest smooth and shining but not polished; pilosity moderately-
abundant, soft and long.

£ . Pale yellow to reddish yellow ; the abdomen and the borders
of the mandibles marked with brown. Entirely smooth, shining
and polished.

$ . Similar in colour to the I/ , but of a slightly deeper tint ;
the apical margins of the abdominal segments transversely dark
brown. Head, thorax and abdomen shining, with small, shallow,
widely scattered punctures ; pilosity as in the I/ ; wings hyaline,
nervures pale yellow.

c? . Dark reddish brown, the head rugulose, subopaque ; the
rest very smooth, shining and polished ; wings as in the $ .

For the rest of the characters of the species see detail of
generic characters given above.

Length, % 7-8; £ 3-4-5; $ 9-9-5; d" 5-5 mm.

Hob. Throughout our limits, and spread pretty nearly over the
tropics of the two hemispheres.

Var. rufa, Jerdon, is a darker reddish yellow.

185. Solenopsis wroughtoni, Forel,JRev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 214.

" £ . Mandibles smooth, armed with 5 acute teeth, short and
stoutly made. Head rectangular, constricted anteriorly, with the
sides somewhat convex. Clypeus bicarinate and sub-bidentate.
Eyes absent, or composed of a single facet situated in the anterior
third of the sides of the head. Maxillary palpi 1-jointed. The
scape extends up to the posterior two-fifths of the head. The
last joint of the antennae is as long as the 7 preceding joints
united. Joints 2-6 of the flagellum 3 times thicker than long.
Pro-mesonotum barely longer than broad. Meso-metanotal
emargination narrow, but somewhat strongly impressed. Basal
face of metanotuin broader than long, terminated by two small
elongate tubercles, on the carinse prolonged along the length of the
declivous face. First node of pedicel convex, below formed into a
rounded cone, petiolate anteriorly ; second node broader than long,
much broader than the 1st. Legs short and thick. The anterior
tibiae only twice as long as they are broad. Somewhat densely

160 FOBMICID.E.

reticulate, opaque or subopaque. Front and sides of the head striate.
On the vertex the striae are interrupted and form elongate tubercles.
Front in part smooth. Some striae on the thorax. Abdomen and
2nd node of pedicel smooth. Almost entirely without erect hairs.
A raised pubescence somewhat abundant on the body and legs.
Reddish yellow, a little ferruginous. Abdomen and legs of a
paler yellow." (Ford.)

Length, $ 1-3-1-4 mm.

Udb. Bengal: Orissa (Taylor). "A very aberrant species"
(fbrel).

I have seen only one specimen of this species ; and that, in Mr.
"VVroughton's collection, is in spirits. It is impossible to examine
it well without setting and staging. I have therefore preferred to
quote Dr. Forel's full description.

186. Solenopsis nitens, sp. nov.

£ . Reddish brown ; mandibles, antennae and legs yellow.
Head, thorax and abdomen smooth, polished and shining, without
any sculpture ; pilosity pale, sparse, most plentiful on the front
and on the abdomen. Head proportionately rather large, rect-
angular, slightly emarginate posteriorly, sides not very convex,
very much longer than broad ; mandibles rather dull, subopaque,
the masticatory margin very oblique, armed with 4 teeth, the
apical tooth long and acute ; clypeus convex, the two carinae
conspicuous, their apices acutely dentate, yellowish in colour ;
antennae short, the scape not reaching the top of the head ; eyes
placed below the middle on the sides of the head. Thorax
anteriorly very convex; the pro-mesonotum forms a prominent
raised convexity, the posterior face of which slopes steeply back to
the deeply-marked meso-metanotal suture ; viewed in profile, the
thorax is deeply emarginate at the suture ; basal portion of
metanotum strongly compressed, very much narrower than the
front portion of the thorax, the apex truncate, the sides not
triangularly produced at the posterior lateral angles as in
S. geminaia ; legs rather slender. Pedicel elongate ; the 1st node
squamiform, rounded above, much broader than long, with a long
petiole anteriorly ; 2nd node rounded, as broad as long ; abdomen
oval.

Length, $ 1-2-1-5 mm.

Hub. Ceylon : Peradeniya near Kandy (Green).

Genus PHIDOLOGITON.

Ocodoma, pt., Jerdon, Mndr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 110.

Atta, pt., Pheidole, pt., and Solenopsis, pt., Smith, Cat. vi, 1858,

pp. 164 & 174, and Jour. Linn. Soc. vi (J861), p. 48.
Phidologeton, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 750.

Type, P. diversus, Jerdon.

Ranye. Judo-Malayan region.

This genus is allied to and closely resembles Phidole. The

PHIDOLOGITON. 161

enormous, somewhat disproportioned head in the I/, the form of
the thorax, pedicel and abdomen are all very similar. It differs,
however, as follows : — Antennae of 11 instead of 12 joints in
I/ , $ and 5 ; club of the flagellum formed of the apical two
instead of the apical three or four joints ; Phidologiton $ has the
thorax extraordinarily high, massive and gibbous ; and between
the very largest form of £ or I/ and the $ mm. are several forms
that vary in size and also in the shape of the head.

1Vir. Kothney, in his very interesting " Notes on Indian Ants "
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 369), says that " these ants form their
nests under bricks, stones, flower-pots, rock-works, or any spot
offering shelter or shade of this nature." Two species occur in
Burma, and are common round Eangoon. Nests can be found
under the blocks of laterite road-material collected by the sides of
roads for repairing purposes. I have found large and populous
nests under stacks of bricks in a brickfield, under fallen logs in
the jungle, and in the foundations of the pillars of our wooden
bungalows in Burma. One large nest, which I vainly tried to
clear out, was formed under my house in Moulmein. From this
our rooms were periodically invaded by swarms, and every scrap
of food they could find, and every living or dead insect of other
kinds, cleared out. Often the ants seemed to move about aim-
lessly, looting nothing however temptingly accessible ; but they
generally gave us a lively time, for, stepping heedlessly into their
columns, one's feet and legs were covered in a moment as it
seemed by legions of little fiends biting with all their might. The
giant soldiers, however formidable they look, are absolutely unable
to give even a decent nip, but the bites of the smaller forms of
soldiers and of £ min. are vicious and to be remembered. In a
nest of these ants the workers far outnumber the various forms of
soldiers. In India Phidologiton when on the march apparently
always makes covered ways ; in Burma this is not so. During
the hundreds of times that I have come across this ant, I have
only twice seen it tunnelling. Ordinarily it marches in the open
in irregular columns of mixed workers and of the smaller forms of
soldiers, and with only a very few of the giant soldiers marching
very deliberately and keeping to one side of the rank and file.
What was most remarkable was that these immense fellows were
invariably being ridden by three or four of their smaller comrades.
At intervals one of these would tumble off or possibly descend
and join the column, but its place was always quickly taken by
another.

When these ants take up their abode in any numbers near a
village in the jungles they become a terrible nuisance. In the
Thaungyin Valley, Teuasserim, I knew of a Karen village that
had absolutely to shift because of the ants. No one could enter
any of the houses day or night, or even pass through the village,
without being attacked by them.

I have never been able to make out clearly what are the
functions of the different grades of soldiers. The attack of the tiny

VOL. II. M

162 FOBMICLD^E.

workers is far more ferocious and effective than that of the soldiers.
As for the giants, they are useless as fighters, and beyond occasion-
ally acting as " state elephants," as Mr. Aitken has somewhere
humorously suggested, they appear, so far as I could see, to be of
no use to the community. Mr. Rothney, however, records having
seen them on one of their covered ways " very busy not carrying
or building-up, but slowly making their way along the line, and
here and there stopping and rearing themselves up against the
walls, pressing together and smoothing out in a way that their
great size gave them special facility for doing ;" so after all they
may be the trowels and rammers of the Ants' Public "Works
Department.

Key to the Species.

3/1/.
«. Length 4'5-13 mm.

a'. Front of the head bearing a single ocellus in

the middle P. diversus, p. 162.

b' . Front without any ocellus P. affinis, p. 164.

b. Length under 4'5 mm P. nanus, p. 165.

$ $.

a. Colour dark chestnut-brown ; length over 2'5 mm. P. diversus, p. 162.

b. Colour light brownish yellow ; length under

2'5 mm.

«'. Length 2-2'5 mm. Sides of the head smooth. P. affinis, p. 164.
b'. Length barely 2 mm. Sides of the head

finely rugose P. nanus *, p. 165.

187. Phidologiton diversus, Jerdon (Ocodoma), Madr. Jour. L. S.

xvii (1851), p. 109, £.

Pheidole ocellifera & taprobanse, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), pp. 174, «.
& 175, $ .

%max. Dark chestnut-brown; mandibles nearly black ; antennae
and legs more or less reddish brown ; head anteriorly and thorax

on the sides longitudinally
striate, the posterior lobes
of the head in front, the
pronotum anteriorly and
the basal portion of the
metanotum transversely
striate ; the 1st node of the
pedicel irregularly rugose,
the rest of the insect smooth,
Kg. Go.-Phidoloffiton diversus, y. shining and polished. Head

rectangular, as broad in

front as posteriorly, the sides straight, the posterior border widely
emarginate, a deeply impressed medial narrow groove down the
front, with a single large ocellus at the beginning of its lower third ;
mandibles large, nearly black, smooth, with a few shallow punctures,

* P. lamellifrons, Forel, p. 166, is not included in the key, only the $ being
known.

PHIDOLOGITON. 163

the masticatory margin with two strong teeth at apex, and deep,
short, longitudinal grooviugs on the upper side ; clypeus narrow in
the middle, slightly convex and produced between the base of the
antennae, its posterior margin clearly denned and rounded, its
anterior margin transverse ; antennal carinae short, divergent ;
anteunse slender, pubescent ; eyes small, round, placed about the
middle of the sides of the head. Thorax : pro- and mesonotuin
convex, the pro-mesonotal suture lightly impressed, the scutellum
gibbous and prominent ; the metanotura depressed, the basal
portion level, slightly concave, the metanotal spines erect, mode-
rately long and stout; legs slender. Pedicel rather short ; the 1st
node thick in profile, subtriangular, its upper margin transverse
and emarginate, beneath furnished with a stout broad keel ; 2nd
node from above transverse, its upper margin rounded, twice as
broad as the 1st node ; abdomen broadly oval.

If. min. Resembles the I/ max. ; very much smaller, the head
not bilobed, the posterior emargination barely indicated, the
scutellum not prominent, the 1st node of the pedicel not emarginate
above, the sculpture of the head and thorax much feebler, no striae
on the head posteriorly or on the pronotum.

Between the above two are intermediate forms, varying in size
and a little in sculpture.

£ . More or less dark chestnut-brown, the thorax and abdomen
often lighter in colour than the head ; the mandibles, antennae
and legs yellowish brown ; the head, thorax and abdomen smooth,
polished and shining; the sides of the thorax posteriorly, and
sometimes the basal portion of rnetanotum above, obsoletely
rugulose.

$ . Resembles the I/ max., but darker, the antennas and legs
dark chestnut-brown. Head as in the I/ max., but entirely
longitudinally striate, except a patch on either side of the large
and conspicuous ocelli, which is punctured but shining ; the head
is not so deeply bilobed, and the mandibles more closely and
coarsely punctured. Thorax smooth, shining, short, high and
massive, almost as high as long ; the pronotum depressed and
vertical, the mesonotum slightly convex ; the metanotum short,
nearly vertical, slightly concave, transversely striate and opaque ;
the metanotal spines short and thick, directed backwards. Pedicel
short and broad ; the 1st node as in the I/ max., but opaque,
broader above, more broadly emarginate, the appendix beneath
forming a thick keel ; the 2nd node shining, transverse and broad,
the short posterior portion joining it to the abdomen thick ;
abdomen longer, broader and more massive than in the I/ max.
Wings dark yellowish brown, subhyaline ; the nervures brown.

<S . Dark brown ; the antennae and legs pale reddish brown ;
mandibles, clypeus and lower anterior portion of head chestnut-
brown. Head above finely longitudinally striate ; thorax closely,
finely punctured above, slightly shining ; basal portion of meta-
notum longitudinally, apical portion transversely striate ; abdomen
smooth, slightly shining, with some irregularly-scattered piligerous
tubercles. Pilosity tolerablv dense, especially at the base of the

M2

164 FOBMICIDjE.

abdomen, pale reddish yellow and more or less recumbent. Head
small ; eyes and ocelli remarkably large ; mandibles subtriangular,
longitudinally striate, the masticatory margin with one large,
broad, triangular apical tooth, very acute at apex, and widely
divided from four smaller inner teeth ; clypeus very convex ; eyes
and ocelli very large and prominent ; antennae filiform, the scape
short, equal in length to the basal three joints of the flagellum.
Thorax as in the 2 , but smaller and less massive ; the scutelluin
very prominent and gibbous, the metauotum short and without
spines. Pedicel short and thick, the nodes scarcely raised,
attached to the abdomen by the whole posterior face of the 2nd
node ; abdomen broadly oval ; the external genital laminae broad
and pale yellowish.

Length, I/ 4-5-13 ; $ 2-5-3'5 ; 2 19-20; <$ 13 mm.

Hob. Sikhim (Holler) ; Bengal (Rothney) ; Western India,
Poona (Wroughton), Kauara (Aitke,i), Calicut, Travancore (Roth-
ney) ; Burma and Tenasseriin (Fea fy Bingliam). Extending into
he Malayan subregion.

The type, a $ , of P. taprobance, Smith, is in the British Museum
collection, but though smaller, as Dr. Mayr long ago noted (Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxv (1836), p. 360), there is absolutely no
difference in form, sculpture, or colour from P. diversus.

188. Phidologiton affinis, Jerdon (Ocodoma), Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii

(1851), p. 110, 7/ $.

Atta bellicosa. Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 164, £ .
Solenopsis laboriosa, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. vi (1861), p. 43, $ .
Solenopsis calida, Smith, op. cit. vii (1863), p. 22, $ .

1J. max. Resembles P. diversus, but is not quite so large and
massive ; of a chestnut-red colour, polished and shining, the
mandibles black, the antennae and legs yellowish red ; the sculp-
ture is more feeble, and the medial longitudinal furrow less deeply
impressed. Head proportionately much longer, with no central
ocellus on the front ; pedicel with the 1st node above narrower,
more conical, and not emarginate above, the keel below less
strongly marked.

7£ min. Resembles the "If. max. ; mandibles strongly dentate
along the masticatory margin, broad and triangular. Thorax very
wide and convex anteriorly, compressed and narrow posteriorly.
Pedicel with the nodes smaller in every way; abdomen broadly
oval.

As in P. diversus, the I/ max. and If. min. are linked by forms
intermediate in size and sculpture.

£ . Light brownish yellow, highly polished, smooth and shin-
ing ; for the rest resembling the $ of P. diversus, but markedly
smaller and slighter in every way.

2 . Resembles the I/ max. closely, and is a much more slenderly
built insect than P. diversus 2 . Bright chestnut-red, the antennae
and legs slightly paler. Head about as broad as long without the
mandibles, quadrate, the occiput very slightly emarginate, some-

PHIDOLOGITON. 165

what finely longitudinally striate from end to end, with no smooth
spot on each side of the ocelli ; the striae not or very little divergent
posteriorly, breaking into reticulations on the posterior part
of the head ; mandibles smooth, shining, sparsely punctured on
the basal three-fourths, more closely punctured along the masti-
catory margin. Thorax, pedicel and abdomen as in P. diversus $ ,
but much smaller and more slender. Wings navo-hyaline, not so
dark as in P. diversus.

3 . Densely pubescent and very similar to P. diversus $ , much
smaller and slighter.

Length, I/. 5-11 ; £ 2-2'5 ; $ 14-16; rf 10 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Rotliney) ; Western India from Poona to Travan-
core (Wroughton, Aiiken, Ferguson)- Ceylon (Yerbury); Assam
(Long)-, Burma (Binyham) ; Tenasserim (JFfea, JBingJiam).

189. Phidologiton nanus, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 191.

I/. Dull yellow, antennae and legs paler, abdomen brownish
yellow ; head, thorax anteriorly and abdomen smooth and shining,
head with a few fine striae on the sides anteriorly, the metanotum
finely punctured, opaque; pilosity pale, moderately abundant,
long and erect. Head rectangular, longer than broad, convex,
posteriorly slightly emarginate, the posterior lateral angles not
prominent; mandibles comparatively large, somewhat brownish,
not shining ; clypeus broad, its posterior margin medially broad
and rounded, anteriorly transverse ; antennal carinae very short,
wide apart ; antennae short, the scape not reaching more than
halfway from its insertion to the top of the head ; eyes very
small, somewhat prominent. Thorax broad anteriorly, with the
lateral angles prominent, constricted posteriorly; the basal portion
of the metauotum depressed, level ; metanotal spines short and
acute ; legs comparatively long, with erect pilosity. Pedicel
somewhat elongate, the 1st node conical, the 2nd node broader
than the 1st and elongate, longer than broad ; abdomen oval.

£ . Very similar to the I/ , but smaller, the head very slightly
emarginate posteriorly, the posterior lateral angles rounded.
Thorax : the pronotum broad, rounded anteriorly and slightly
convex, the lateral angles more obtuse than in the I/ . Sculpture
and pilosity very similar to that of the "}/ .

" $ . Dark to clear bright reddish brown. Legs lighter, short
and moderately pilose. Head slightly, thorax more, and abdomen
strongly shining. Head almost as broad as the thorax without
the mandibles, nearly quadrangular, posteriorly somewhat rounded
and lightly medially impressed along its length. Eyes and ocelli
large. Antennae as in the £ . Mandibles smooth, with a few
punctures, the base with longitudinal striae, anteriorly with
2 strong teeth, posteriorly sometimes with 2 smaller teeth. The
head is very strongly longitudinally striate or longitudinally
rugose, behind the eyes transversely striate, in places widely
reticulate. The short 'depressed pronotum is transversely striate;

166 FOBMICID.E.

the uiesonotum set with large elongate punctures. Scutellum
shining. Metanotum transversely striate, with two short acute
apical spines. The 1st node shortly petiolate in front, . . . 2nd
node a little broader than long. Abdomen shining, plainly but
not very thickly punctured. Femora rather thickened. The
shining abdomen pilose. Front wing . . . with one discoiclal and
one cubital cell." (Roger.')

Length, I/ 4; £ 1-8 ; ? 11-12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

190. Phidologiton lamellifrons, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),
p. 219, § .

" 5 . Mandibles smooth, armed with 6 teeth, sparsely punc-
tured. Clypeus not emarginate anteriorly, obtusely bicarinate,
the carinse widely divergent. Head rectangular, about one-filth
longer than wide. Each occipital angle forms a transverse
rounded ridge, which is continued a little on to the sides and
towards the middle, where it separates the vertex from the
occiput, but becomes obsolete behind the ocelli. The frontal
carinae parallel, very long, wide apart, dilated in front into rounded
reddish translucid lamellae, which cover the articulation of the
antenna?, as in many of the Cryptoceri, without being so lateral,
but they are more raised and prominent. Scape clavate, short,
scarcely extending beyond the middle of the head. Antennae
11-jointed, the club of two joints. Thorax as broad as the head.
Metanotum subcubical, armed with two dentiform tubercles, its
two portions subequal, the vertical portion declivous. First node
subsquamiform, emarginate above, with a broad petiole ; second
node rectangular, transverse. Head longitudinally striate, except
the occiput posteriorly and the clypeus, which are smooth like
the rest of the body. Metanotum reticulate. Erect pilosity
yellowish, unequal, abundant on the body, very oblique on the
tibiae and scape. Pubescence very thin. Of a brownish- black ;
abdomen, legs, antennae, mandibles and frontal carinae of a
reddish or brownish yellow. Wings pubescent, clouded with
brownish." (ForeL}

LengtJt, $ 4'5-4'6 mm.

Hab. Eecorded so far from Belgaum only (Wroiigliton}. Un-
known to me.

Genus MERANOPLUS.

Crvptocems, Guer. (nee Latr.) Cm-. Iconoyr, Reyne Anim., Ins. iii

(1838), p. 424.
Meranoplus, Smith, Tram. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, ii (1&54), p. 224.

Type, M. bicolor, Guer., from India.

Range. Indo-Malayan, Australian and Ethiopian regions.

£ . Head trapezoidal, broader posteriorly than in front, the
front of the head from the posterior margin of the clypeus bent
downwards, subtruncate ; sides of the head slightly compressed,

MEBA]S*OPLU8. 167

deeply grooved above the eye for the reception of the antennae,
which fold back into the groove and when so folded are invisible
from above ; mandibles stout, the masticatory margin armed with
4 teeth ; clypeus with the median portion broad, posteriorly
well defined, frontal area triangular, depressed, and at times
obscure ; autennal carinae short, very widely separated, continued
as lines along the upper border of the antennal groove ; antennae
of,moderate size and thickness, 9-jointed, the club distinct, formed
of the apical three joints ; eyes oval, always somewhat prominent.
Thorax above more or less square in form, the pro- and ineso-
notum with no vestige above of a suture between them, more
or less armed laterally and posteriorly with spines or teeth ;
metanotum depressed beneath the overhanging posterior portion
of the pro-mesonotal shield, vertical, armed at its upper or ante-
rior angles with two backward-pointing spines ; legs somewhat
short and stout, posterior tibiae with a single fine, simple, non-
pectinate calcar. Pedicel short, nodes large, sessile or only shortly
petiolate ; 1st node more or less conical ; 2nd globose, in some
species flattened anteriorly ; abdomen cordate, lightly concave in
front.

$ . Differs from the £ in being larger, with a proportionately
smaller, rounder head, and immensely more massive, elongate, oval
abdomen. The antennae are 10-jointed, and the pro- and meso-
notum of the thorax are without spines ; fore wing with a large
radial, a long cubital, and a discoidal cell.

d . Much smaller and slighter ; head with enormous eyes and
ocelli and 13-jointed antennae, the scape or 1st joint short, about
as long as the 2nd joint of the flagellum ; thorax without spines ;
pedicel long, nodes simply indicated by a cylindrical thickening ;
abdomen cordate.

Key to the Species.

A. Pro-niesonotal shield undivided and square,

the four angles produced into very long and

acute spines " M.mucronatw, p. 168.

B. Pro-mesonotal shield undivided, but differ-

ently armed.

a. Mesonotum armed posteriorly with two long

acute spines ; pronotum dentate M. bicolor, p. 168.

b. Mesonotum armed posteriorly with only

comparatively short teeth.
a'. Second node of pedicel with a medial

tooth above pointing backwards M. belli, p. 169.

b'. Second node of pedicel without such

tooth, rounded posteriorly.

a2. Abdomen finely reticulate, subopaque. M. rothneyi, p. 170.
b2. Abdomen highly polished, smooth, and

shining M. Itevicentris, p. 170.

168 FORMICID.I;.

191. Meranoplus mucronatus, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1867), p. 82,

pi. 2, fig. 6, § .

£ . Dark ferruginous red, scape of the antennae, antennal
grooves, margins of the pro-mesonotal shield and legs yellowish ;
pilosity short, fairly abundant, yellowish red in colour. Head,
thorax above, and nodes of the pedicel roughly sculptured ; frontal
area, antennae and antennal grooves, sides of the thorax, the
inetanotuui and legs smooth and shining ; abdomen closely, very
distinctly reticulate-punctate, opaque. Head a little longer than
broad, convex ; mandibles and clypeus longitudinally striate ; frontal
area depressed but distinct ; eyes comparatively small, antennal
grooves and antennas characteristic of the genus. Thorax : the
pro-mesonotal shield square, with a semitrans parent lamellar
process between the long spines arming each angle of the square ;
two short processes between the posterior two spines, each pro-
cess divided at apex into two or three acute little spines ; meta-
notum narrowed, concave, vertical, bilaterally carinate, the ca rinse
ending above in a long slender curved spine ; legs long, robust.
Pedicel: the 1st node squamate, pentagonal, viewed from the side
triangular ; 2nd node flat in front, rounded and sloping posteriorly ;
abdomen convex, cordate, acuminate at apex.

Length, $ 6 mm.

Hub. Lower Burma, Pegu Toma (BinyTiam).

I only once came across this species. It appears to be rare.

192. Meranoplus bicolor, Guer. (Cryptocerus) Cuv. Iconogr, Eegn.

Anim., Ins. iii (1838), p. 425 ; "Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.

1875, p. 34, pi. i, figs. 1-3, £ $ rf.

? Meranoplus dimicans, Walker, A. M. N. H. (3) iv (1859), p. 375, $
? Meranoplus villostis, Motsch. Etud. Entom. viii (1859), p. 115, $ .

$ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel of the abdomen bright ferru-
ginous red, abdomen black ; pilosity very long, soft, abundant and
cf a grey colour ; head and thorax above and the 2nd node of the

Fig. 66.— Meranoplus bicolor, £ . a. Head.

pedicel coarsely sculptured, cribrate ; sides of the thorax punc-
tured, opaque ; the antenual groove within and the metanotum
smooth ; scape of antennae and legs sparsely, flagellum finely and

MEEANOPLUS. 169

closely punctured, with oblique pubescence ; abdomen closely and
finely reticulate, more or less opaque. Head a little longer
than broad and broader posteriorly than in front ; mandibles rather
narrow, obscurely striate and pubescent ; clypeus convex in the
middle, inclined downwards, smooth and obscurely bicarinate ;
frontal area depressed, well defined. Thorax : the pro-mesonotal
shield about as broad as long, with the anterior angles prominent
and acute, the sides posteriorly with a small incision, and beyond
that produced backwards into a long, somewhat laminate spine, on
each side overhanging the metanotum ; the latter vertical, slightly
concave, with a carina on each side ending above in an acute
spine ; legs moderately long. Pedicel : the 1st node smooth,
viewed from the side triangular, the apex bevelled ; 2nd node
globose ; abdomen cordate.

£ . Eesembles the £ in colour and form, but is of course larger,
with the pronotum vertical, not forming part of the dorsum;
mesonotum and scutellum large ; metanotum as in the £ . The
pronotum has the anterior shoulders prominent, scarcely dentate ;
the mesonotum is wholly without spines, and the metanotal spines
are more robust than in the £ .

c? . Pale testaceous or whitish yellow all over ; pilosity abun-
dant and long, as in the £> ; head and thorax finely punctured,
opaque ; abdomen shining. Thorax : the mesonotum gibbous,
convex, with a medial, longitudinally impressed, shining line.
For the rest the characters as in the genus.

Length, $ 4-5 ; $ 7-8 ; rf 3-3-5 mm.

Nab. Pretty nearly throughout our limits, avoiding only the hot
dry plains in the North Western Provinces, Punjab, and Central
India. Common throughout Burma and Tenasserim, and extending
to the Malayan subregion.

193. Meranoplus belli, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902), p. 240, $ .

£ . Head with the antennae and the legs dusky brown ; thorax
and pedicel of the abdomen reddish brown, abdomen more or
less dark brownish yellow ; pilosity dusky brown, very dense,
shorter than in M. bicolor. Head : the pro-mesonotal shield of
the thorax and the pedicel of the abdomen opaque, punctured in
places, having the appearance of longitudinal striae in certain
lights, the puncturing much finer than in M. bicolor ; antennae,
sides of the thorax, the metanotum and legs more sparsely punc-
tured, subopaque ; abdomen more or less smooth, but dull, with
very minute and fairly plentiful punctures. Head nearly square,
convex in front; mandibles proportionately broader than in
M. bicolor, striate ; clypeus medially concave, striate, bicarinate ;
antennal grooves much broader proportionately than in any other
Indian species of the genus, smooth within. Thorax : the pro-
mesonotal shield broader than long, the anterior angles acutely
dentate, posteriorly at the lateral angles armed with two laminate,
moderately long, acute spines ; metanotum bicarinate, armed with

170 FOEMICID^.

two slender, somewhat curved spines ; legs as in M. bicolor.
Pedicel : the 1st node cuneiform, transversely acute above, some-
times bidentate ; 2nd node globose, armed posteriorly above with
a distinct rather thick tooth pointing backwards ; abdomen more
massive than in any other Indian species, cordiform.

Length, £ 4-4-5 mm.

Hob. Western ]ndia, Kanara (Bell $ Wroughton).

194. Meranoplus rothneyi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 241, £ .

" £ . Mandibles striate. armed with 4 teeth. Clypeal carinae
less wide apart than in M. belli. Frontal area striate, indistinct.
Head as long as broad, trapeziform, constricted anteriorly, its
posterior margin convex. Eyes large, placed in the posterior
third of the head. Scape incrassate along the apical half. Pro-
mesonotal suture absent, the pronotal angles acute, subdentiform ;
pro-mesonotum nearly square, a little compressed posteriorly,
margined laterally with a lamellate border, rectilinear, without
teeth, spines, or emargination, and terminating posteriorly in two
teeth, broad and long, flattened, horizontal and obtuse ; between
the two teeth is a wide semicircular emargiuation, and in the
middle of the emargination a small secondary incision. The
posterior margin of the mesonoturn also emarginate, forming a
lamellate carina overhanging the rnetanotum. The latter has only
a subvertical surface, bordered laterally by carin® which are armed
in the middle with a slender pointed spine longer than half the
metanotum. First node of the pedicel squamiform, very slightly
conical ; 2nd node twice as broad as long, as broad as the 1st node.
Abdomen oval, emarginate and somewhat submargined anteriorly.
Shining, longitudinally striate. The stria? are reticulate, especially
on the thorax and pedicel, little prominent or regular. Metanotum
transversely striate. Abdomen finely reticulate, slightly subopaque.
Pilositv pale yellow as in M. belli. Yellow, slightly reddish.
Abdomen clear brown. Legs and scape of the antenna; yellow.

" Length, % 2-5-2'8 mm." (Forel.)

Hob. Recorded so far from Cochin only (Nothney).

In Mr. Kothney's fine collection of Indian ants, kindly lent to
me, there are two specimens of this very distinct species. Unfor-
tunately both specimens have been rather besmeared with gum in
mounting, rendering it difficult to make out the sculpture ; I have
preferred therefore to quote Dr. Forel's original description of
the species.

195. Meranoplns laeviventris, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii

(1889), p. 506, $ , pi. 10, fig. 16.

£ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel of the abdomen dark reddish
ferruginous, abdomen clear pellucid brown to dark chestnut-brown ;
pilosity soft, abundant, long, but not so long as in M. bicolor, and
somewhat sparser on the abdomen. Head, pro-mesonotal shield

MEBANOPLUS. — TRIGLYPHOTHBIX. 171

and both nodes of pedicel above coarsely sculptured, rugose ; sides
of the thorax punctured ; metanotum smooth and shining ; abdo-
men smooth, highly polished. Head a very little longer than
broad, and as broad in front as posteriorly ; mandibles narrow,
obscurely striate ; clypeus depressed, not convex, smooth in the
middle ; antennal grooves very deep and smooth within ; antennae
short and stout. Thorax: the pro-mesonotal shield, seen from
above, almost semicircular, armed with six stout spinous teeth,
the pronotal portion much wider than long ; metanotuin as in
M. tricolor, smooth, slightly concave, bicarinate, the carinse ending
above in slender spines pointing backwards ; legs as in M. bicolor.
Pedicel : the 1st node cuneiform or cone-shaped, obliquely trun-
cate above, the 2nd node globose ; abdomen broadly cordate, convex,
remarkably smooth and shining.

Length, £ 3'5 to nearly 4 inm.

Hob. Throughout Burma and Tenasserim up to 5000 feet
elevation (Fea, Bingham).

Emery gives the abdomen as black, but in no specimen that I
procured is it more than a dark chestnut-brown. The shape of
the thorax is very distinctive in this species.

Genus TRIGLYPHOTHRIX.

Tetramorium, vt.,Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot.Ges. Wien, xx (1870), pp. 972

& 976, £ .
Triglyphothrix, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. JBelffe,xx\i\ (1890), C. R. p. cvi.

Type, T. walshi, Forel, from India.

Range. Ethiopian and In do-Mai ay an regions.

£ . Resembles the £ of the genus Tetramorium, Mayr, but is
always shorter and more stoutly built. It can be recognized at once
by its peculiar woolly appearance, arising from nearly all the hairs
being trifid above the base. Mandibles and clypeus as in Tetra-
morium ; antennae * 12-jointed, the club of the flagellum of three
unequal joints ; antennal carinse long, wide apart at base and
divergent, bordering the antennal groove above the eyes, which
groove is longitudinally divided by a low but distinct carina for
the reception, on one side of the latter, of the scape, and, on the
other, of the flagellum when folded. Thorax somewhat as in
Tetramorium, with metanotal spines and metasfcernal teeth, the
thoracic sutures, however, more or less obsolete ; legs somewhat
short and stout. Pedicel rather short, the nodes broad and a little
flat above, the 1st node shortly petiolate anteriorly; abdomen
oval.

$ . Very closely resembles the £ , but larger ; fore wing with a
single open radial cell. The transverse nervure joins the cubital
nervure at the point where it forks.

In one Indian species 10-jointed.

172 FORMICIDJE.

Key to the Species. .

a. Antennae 12-jointed.

a. First node of pedicel distinctly transverse,

much broader than long.

a '. Head much nan-owed anteriorly ; petiole
of 1st node of pedicel nearly as long as
node T. walsht, p. 172.

V. Head nearly square, not narrowed ante-
riorly; petiole of 1st node of pedicel
short, barely half the length of node T. musculus, p. 173.

b. First node of pedicel as long as, or distinctly

longer than broad, not transverse.

o'. Mandibles finely longitudinally striate . . T. striatidens, p. 173.
b'. Mandibles smooth or slightly punctured,

not striate.

«2. Second node of pedicel closely punc-
tured, opaque T. obesa, p. 173.

b2. Second node of pedicel smooth and

shining, not punctured nor opaque . . T. orissana, p. 1 74.

b. Antennae IQ-jointed T. decamera, p. 174.

196. Triglyphothrix walshi, Forel,Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xxxiv (1890),
C. R. p. cvii, £ $ .

£ . Dull brown, abdomen darker, almost black ; mandibles, an-
tennae and legs dull brownish yellow; head, thorax, pedicel and
basal half of abdomen very finely and closely longitudinally punc-
tured and reticulate, opaque, in certain lights appearing striate ;
pilosity very dense and woolly, whitish in colour, and somewhat
concealing the sculpture. Head trapeziform, broader posteriorly
than in front, slightly emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles punctured,
with a few coarse striae ; frontal area and medial longitudinal
groove on the front absent ; antennae short, the scape not reach-
ing the top of the head ; antennal grooves broad and shallow,
slightly shining ; eyes placed in the middle of the sides of the
head and a little to the front. Thorax short and broad, shorter
than the head, curved and convex above ; the metanotal spines
subtriangular and acute at apex, pointing obliquely back ; apical
portion of metanotum shining, laterally carinate. Pedicel :
the nodes transverse, much longer than broad, the 1st node
petiolate anteriorly, the petiole nearly the length of the node;
abdomen oval.

" $ . Basal area of metanotum nearly vertical, shining, longitu-
dinally rugose. Mesonotum rugose, longitudinally reticulate.
Striate portion of the abdomen shorter than in the $ ; the
remainder of the abdomen is covered with fine sparse piligerous
punctures, more distinct than in the $ . Thorax short, a little
narrower than the head. Abdomen small. Wings almost hyaline,
faintly tinged with yellow, finely pubescent. Nervures and stigma
pale. For the rest, identical with the £ ." (Forel.)

TRIGLYPHOTHBIX. 173

Length, £ 2-2-5 ; $ nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Eecorded from Bengal (Walsh) and Western India
( Wroughton}.

197. Triglyphothrix musculus, Forel. Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 239.

£ . Closely resembles T. ivalshi, darker, but identical in sculp-
ture and pilosity. The head is shorter, nearly square, the scape
and legs are proportionately much shorter, the metanotal spines
shorter and more stoutly built. The pedicel has the nodes trans-
verse, broader than long, but proportionately longer than in
T. walshi, while the petiole of the 1st node is very distinctly
shorter than in that species.

Length, £ 2 mm.

Hal. The Nilgiris ( WrougUton).

198. Triglyphothrix obesa, Er. Andre (Tetramorium), Rev. <£Ent. vi

(1887), p. 294.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel a light orange-brown, abdomen
clear bright brown ; head, thorax and pedicel densely, rather
coarsely punctured, rugose and opaque; abdomen polished,
smooth and shining. Head, thorax and abdomen covered with
an even, long, soft dense whitish pilosity. Head very convex,
broader posteriorly than in front, the occiput slightly emarginate,
the sides convex ; mandibles triangular, smooth, but rather dull,
punctured ; clypeus rather broad, obscurely carinate down the
middle, anteriorly somewhat rounded ; antennae rather thick, the
scape short, not reaching the top of the head ; the antennal carinse
wide apart, long, divergent ; the antennal groove wide and rather
shallow. Thorax broad and rounded in front, slightly narrowed
posteriorly ; the metanotal spines comparatively long and slender,
suberect ; metasternal teeth very small. Pedicel short ; the
1st node from above ovato-rectangular, a little longer than broad,
anteriorly shortly petiolate ; the 2nd node smaller and lower,
from above nearly circular; abdomen very broadly oval, rather
obtuse anteriorly.

Length, $ 2'5-3 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Rotlmey} ; Western India, Bombay and Kanara
(Wrougkton).

199. Triglyphothrix striatidens, Emery.

Tetramorium obesum, Andre, race striatidens, Emery, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 501.

£ . Very closely resembles T. obesa, Er. Andre, but differs
constantly, both in Indian and Burmese specimens. The Indian
specimens are slightly smaller, lighter in colour, of a brighter
orange-brown than T. obesa, and have the mandibles finely, regu-

174

larly, rather closely longitudinally striate ; the sculpture of the
head and thorax is much feebler; the 2nd node of the pedicel
very nearly smooth and shining, as in T. orissana, but not so
small.

Length, £ 2-o mm.

Hab. Sikhim(J/o7^?-),Gujerat, Champaner ( Wroughton) ; Ceylon
(Green): Burma (Fea Sf Bingham}.

200. Triglyphothrix prissana, Farel.

Triglyphothrix striatidens, race orissana, Forel. Rev. Suisse Zool. x
(1902), p. 239, 9.

$ . Eesembles T. striatidens, Emery, but the head is striate,
and the sculpture altogether is feebler. Eeddish yellow, the abdo-
men posteriorly brown ; pilosity shorter and more sparse than in
T. striatidens. Head rectangular, very convex on the front, the
posterior margin very slightly emarginate ; mandibles triangular,
smooth, the masticatory margin denticulate ; clypeus broad, trans-
verse anteriorly ; antennae short and thick, the scape not reaching
the top of the head. Thorax less convex than in T. striatidens,
with the metanotal and metasternal spines more slender and
shorter. Pedicel : the 1st node shorter than in T. striatidens, as
broad as long ; the 2nd node transverse, broader than long ;
abdomen broadly oval, more obtuse and rounded in front than
posteriorly.

Length, $ nearly 2 mm.

Hob. Eecorded from Bengal, Orissa (Taylor}.

201. Triglyphothrix decamera, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 240, £ .

5 . Reddish brown, antennae and legs yellowish ; the head,
tliorax and pedicel punctured, rugose, subopaque only, slightly
shining; abdomen smooth and shining; pilosity abundant, long,
of a pale whitish-yellow colour. Head nearly square, without the
mandibles a little longer than broad, the posterior margin distinctly
convex ; mandibles large, triangular, punctured. Clypeus : the
medial portion slightly convex, the anterior margin transverse ;
antennae short and thick, the scape not extending to the top of the
head ; the antennal groove short and narrow, for reception of the
scape only ; eyes large, placed below the middle on the sides of the
head. Thorax : the mesonotum and scutellum broad, only slightly
convex ; the metanotum without spines, the apical portion with
two carina3, ending below in small but distinct teeth. Pedicel
from above : the 1st node quadrate ; the 2nd node broader than
the 1st and nearly twice as broad as long, rounded above ; abdo-
men short, broadly oval.

Length, $ a little over 3 mm.

Hal). Recorded from Kauara (Aitkeii).

TETRAMOEIUM. 175

Genus TETRAMORIUM.

581.
p.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), p.

Myrmica, pt., Lair. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiii (1805),

Tetramorium, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v (1855), p. 423.

Xiphomyrmex, Ford, Mittheil. Schweiz. ent. Ges. vii (1887), p. 385.

? Rhoptromyrmex *, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1002), pp. 231 & 232.

TVpe, T. ccespitum, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Both hemispheres.

£ . Head generally more or less rectangular, with always a
distinct posterior margin ; mandibles broad, with from 5—7 teeth ;
maxillary palpi 4-, labial palpi 3-jointed ; clypeus triangular, the
apex posteriorly rounded between the bases of the antennae, the
anterior margin more or less transverse ; antennal carinse short,
wide apart; antennae stout, 11- or 12-jointed, club of flagellum
formed of the apical three joints, which together are as long as
the remainder of the flagellum ; eyes rather small, lateral, round.
Thorax short, often arched from front to back ; pronotum seen
from above broad anteriorly, with the anterior lateral angles
prominent : thorax more or less narrowly emarginate at the
meso-metanotal suture ; metanotum armed at the posterior
lateral angles of its basal portion with two spines or teeth ;
legs moderately stout. Pedicel : the nodes more or less rounded ;
the 1st node petiolate anteriorly, the front curved inwards ; 2nd
node generally a little broader than the 1st ; abdomen oval.

2 • Closely resembles the £ , but is much larger ; the head,
pedicel and abdomen as in the £ , the last more massive and
longer. Thorax massive, deep, with the mesonotum gibbous,
convex ; metanotum armed with two spines posteriorly as in
the $ , but stouter. Fore wing with one cubital and one discoidal
cell.

d1 . Head much smaller than in the $ , eyes and antennae large
and prominent ; mandibles flat, the masticatory margin dentate ;
antennae 10 -jointed, the scape short, not longer than the 2nd joint
of the flagellum. Thorax short and massive, the disc of the
mesonotum slightly convex, with two impressed lines converging
posteriorly ; metanotum truncate posteriorly and bidentate.

Key to the Species.
A. Antennae 12-jointed.

a. First joint of pedicel with an appendix

beneath.
«'. Head and thorax shining, very feebly

longitudinally striate .............. T. wroughtoni, p. 177.

b'. Head and thorax subopaque, densely
longitudinally striate, reticulate be-
tween striae ...................... 7'. rothneyi, p. 177.

* Beyond the casual allusion to this genus or subgenus as quoted above.
I cannot find it characterized in any publication.

176 FOBMICIDjE.

b. First joint of pedicel without any appendix

beneath,
a'. Clypeus not carinate or toothed.

a2. First node of pedicel distinctly longer

than broad.

a3. Head and thorax blackish brown ;
metanotal spines very short,
barely a quarter of the length
of the space between their bases . T. christiei, p. 178.
b3. Head and thorax more or less
rusty red ; metanotal spines
longer, as long as, or longer than
the space between their bases.
a*. Metanotal and metasternal

spines subequal T. coonoorense, p. 178.

54. Metanotal spines distinctly

longer than metasternal spines.

a5. Metanotal spines very long,

more than half length of

thorax and strongly bent

inwards T. curvisjrinosum, p. 179.

b'\ Metanotal spines shorter, diver-
gent, not bent inwards T. curtulum, p. 180.

b'2 First node of pedicel as broad as, or
broader than long.

a3. No metasternal spines T. salvatum, p. 180.

b3. Metasternal spines or teeth present.

a4. Metanotal spines reduced to

2 short upturned points or

teeth T. nursei, p. 181.

6*. Metanotal spines longer.

a5. Head coarsely striate, opaque. T. mixtum, p. 182.
4*. Head shining, finely striate ;

striae wide apart T. fergusoni, p. 182.

b'. Clypeus either carinate or toothed.

a2. Clypeus with two short obtuse teeth. T. transversarium,^.lS3.
b'2. Clypeus not toothed.

a3. No antennal furrow T. inglebyi, p. 183.

b3. Antennal furrow distinct.

a4. First node of pedicel distinctly

longer than broad.
a3. Thorax above only slightly
convex, laterally margined ;
the sides compressed and

vertical T. yuineense, p. 184.

b5. Thorax rounded and convex
above, not margined ; the
sides not compressed or

vertical T. scabmm, p. 185.

64. First node of pedicel as broad as,

or a little broader than long . . T. simillimum, p. 185.
B. Antennae 11-jointed.

a. First node of pedicel longer than broad.
«'. Spines very long, as long as, or longer

than half length of thorax.
a3. Meso- and metanotum obtusely mar-
gined T. pilosum, p. 186,

TETBAMORIUM. 177

J2. Meso- and metanotum rounded and

convex, not margined T. yerburyi, p. 187.

b'. Spines shorter, about as long as the

basal portion of metanotum T. tortuosum, p. 188.

b. First node of pedicel as broad as, or broader

than long T. smithi *, p. 188.

202. Tetramorium wroughtoni, Forel (Rhoptromyrmex), Rev. Suisse
Zool x (1902), p. 231.

$ . Brownish yellow, antennae and legs yellow ; in some spe-
cimens a dark brown transverse mark on the abdomen ; head and
thorax lightly and finely longitudinally striate, the nodes of the
pedicel delicately rugulose ; abdomen smooth, highly polished and
shining ; pilosity pale, very sparse and short, pubescence almost
entirely absent. Head without the mandibles trapezoidal, very
much broader posteriorly than in front; mandibles triangular,
very broad at the masticatory margin, very minutely longitudinally
striate ; clypeus convex, its anterior margin arched, posterior
margin well defined, broadly rounded in the middle between the
base of the antennae ; antennal carinae wide apart, produced as
fine striae nearly to the top of the head, bordering a space very
finely rugulose but not striate nor forming a groove for the
reception of the scape of the antennas ; antenna? rather thick and
comparatively long, the scape extending quite up to the top of the
head ; eyes round, placed a little above the middle of the sides of
the head. Thorax comparatively short, broad and convex ante-
riorly, constricted at the mesonotum ; pro-mesonotal suture
obsolete ; meso-metanotal suture distinct, the anterior margin
of the metanotum a little raised behind the suture, basal portion
of metanotum transverse and very short, posterior to it a broad
groove divides the two short, stout, acute, divergent metauotal
spines ; the femora and tibiae of the legs only slightly incrassate
in the middle. Pedicel short, the nodes large ; the 1st node
rounded above, broader than long, anteriorly with a short petiole
bearing an appendix beneath ; 2nd node transverse, broader than
the 1st node, more than twice as broad as long ; abdomen oval.

<S . " Brownish ; metanotum with 2 short spines. Wings sub-
hyaline." (Forel.)

Length, $ 2-5 ; rf 2-8 mm.

Hob. Western India, Kanara ( Wroughton) ; Upper Burma,
Bernardmyo, 6000 ft. (Bingliani).

203. Tetramorium rothneyi, Ford

Rhoptromyrmex wroughtoni, race rothueyi, Forel, Rev. Suisse
Zool. x (1902), p. 232.

$ . Closely resembling T. wroughtoni, Porel, with the head and
the pedicel of the same form, but is of a more brownish and darker
yellow than that species. Head and thorax very closely and

* T. bclgacnse, Forel, p. 189, described from a $ , cannot be entered in the key.
A^OL. II. 2T

178 TORMICIDJE.

finely striate, subopaque, with minute reticulations between the
stria) ; abdomen smooth and shining ; pilosity pale, very sparse.
Mandibles very finely longitudinally striate at the base ; clypeus
slightly impressed ; antennae as in T. wroughtoni. Thorax much
as in that species, but the metanotal spines shorter. Pedicel : the
1st node with a shorter appendix beneath ; 2nd node not quite so
broad as in T, wroughtoni ; abdomen oval.

Length, % 2-2-3 mm.

Sab. Southern India, Bangalore (Rotlmey).

A barely separable race of T. wrougJitoni, Forel.

204. Tetramorium christiei, Forel, Rev. Sttisse Zool. x (1902), p. 232.

£ . Dark brown or black ; mandibles, antennae and legs light
reddish brown ; head and thorax somewhat finely longitudinally
striate, the striae slightly broken and reticulate, more so on the
thorax, especially posteriorly, where the metanotum has the appear-
ance of being transversely rugose ; pedicel and abdomen smooth,
polished and shining ; pilosity pale, somewhat sparse, on the
antennae and legs it is oblique or recumbent and very short.
Head without the mandibles seen from the front rectangular,
transverse, posteriorly longer than broad ; mandibles finely longi-
tudinally striate, triangular, the masticatory margin dentate, broad,
subequal with the inner margin ; clypeus with the middle portion
convex, the posterior margin well-defined, the anterior margin
arched ; antennal carinae wide apart, prolonged back almost to the
vertex, the antennal hollows for reception of scape very shallow,
finely reticulate ; antenme somewhat short, the scape not reaching
the top of the head ; eyes lateral, placed below the middle of the
heud. Thorax elongate and narrow, convex, without an emar-
gination above ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ; meso-metanotal
suture slightly impressed ; basal portion of metanotum short, with
a slender erect slightly recurved short spine at the posterior
lateral angles. Pedicel elongate, the nodes rounded, slightly
longer than broad ; the 2nd node a little broader than the 1st,
this latter with an elongate petiole in front ; abdomen oval,
convex, somewhat truncate anteriorly.

Length, £ 3 mm.

Hob. Eecorded from Sikhim ; Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Christie},
Tukvar, 4000 ft. (Moller).

20-5. Tetramorium coonoorense, Forel, Rev, Suisse Zool x (1902),
p. 237, $.

$ . Head dull brown ; mandibles, antenna?, thorax, legs and
pedicel ochraceous yellow, the thorax and legs of a brighter tint
than the mandibles and antennae ; abdomen dark castaneous
brown, almost black ; head, thorax and pedicel very closely
and somewhat coarsely reticulate, the reticulations flat, the head
in certain lights appearing longitudinally striate ; legs and abdomen
smooth, the latter highly polished and shining ; pilosity pale, very

TETEAMOEIUM. 179

fine and soft and tolerably abundant, on the scape of the antennae
and on the tibiae of the legs it is shorter and oblique. Head
without the mandibles almost rectangular, a very little broader
posteriorly than in front and distinctly longer than broad ; man-
dibles subtriangular, the masticatory margin minutely denticulate ;
clypeus with the middle portion broad, rounded posteriorly, ante-
riorly slightly curved dowmvards ; antennae short and thick, the
scape barely extending to the top of the head ; eyes large, round,
placed about the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax broad
and convex anteriorly, with the anterior lateral angles rounded,
narrowed posteriorly ; the pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ; the
meso-metanotal suture visible but not impressed ; the basal
portion of the metanotum slightly sloping, the metanotal spines
short, thick, erect. Pedicel short, the 1st node pear-shaped, the
2nd node transversely oval ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . " Black ; abdomen brown ; legs, antennae and mandibles
reddish. Mesonotum striate, with large scattered punctures.
Head reticulate, not so striate as in the £ . First node shorter,
broader than long. For the rest as in the £ ." (Forel.)

Length, Q 2'5 ; $ 3 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from the Nilgiri hills (Wroughton).

206. Tetramorinm curvispinosum, Mai/r, Ttrmesz. Fuzetek, xx
(1897), p. 430, £ .

" £ . Brownish red, pedicel and abdomen yellowish red, the
latter in front somewhat brighter and in the middle browner ;
the mandibles, antennae and legs yellow. Pilosity yellow, some-
what long over the whole body. The mandibles are densely
longitudinally striate ; head and thorax coarsely longitudinally
striate, reticulate, with the finely reticulate-punctate meshes
of the reticulations shining and somewhat smooth, the clypeus
only longitudinally striate ; the sides of the thorax are irregularly
coarsely reticulate ; the nodes of the pedicel with fine but shallow
reticulations and some wrinkles on the sides, above somewhat
smooth and shining.

'•'Head trapezi form, with plainly convex sides and moderately
arched posterior margin. The clypeus with an anteriorly trans-
verse, plainly truncate margin. Antennal carinse prolonged by
striae to the top ; antennal furrow for reception of scape of
antennae well-marked. Scape of the 12-jointed antennae reaches
up to the top of the head . . . ; eyes somewhere about the middle
of the sides of the head. Thorax short, strongly arched, without
sutures ; the metanotal spines are stout, very long, nearly half
the length of the whole thorax, springing near each other they
are directed obliquely and upwards and are somewhat strongly
bent inwards ; the two teeth between which the articulation of
the pedicel with the thorax lies are large and triangular, and have
their bases connected with the bases of the metanotal spines by a
cai'ina on each side ; between the carinae lies the deep and narrow

180 FOBMICID.E.

truncate face of the metanotum. The 1st node of the pedicel has
anteriorly a long petiole . . . . ; the node itself is rounded and
plainly compressed, a little longer than broad ; 2nd node some-
what broader than the 1st node, pyriform, very little longer than
broad, constricted anteriorly. . . ." (Mayr.)

Length, $ 3'3 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Kalewawa (Madardsz).

207. Tetramorium curtulum, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Ge>t. xxiv

(1894), p. 471, $.

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel reddish ferruginous, mandibles,
antennae and legs yellowish, abdomen yellowish brown shaded with
fuscous ; head, thorax and nodes of the pedicel closely and coarsely
punctured, granulate, opaque; abdomen smooth, polished and
shining ; pilosity pale, rather sparse and scattered. Head with
the mandibles viewed from the front shield-shaped, the occiput
transverse, the sides of the head convex but narrowing anteriorly ;
mandibles triangular, striate at base, the masticatory margin broad
and dentate ; clypeus slightly convex in the middle, its anterior
margin transverse ; antennal carinae short, slightly divergent,
continued up the head for about the length of the scape of the
antennae ; these latter short and somewhat thick, the 2nd to the
8th joint of the flagellum transverse, the club distinct ; eyes
lateral, rather small, placed closer to the anterior than to the
posterior margin of the head. Thorax broad and rounded ante-
riorly, narrowing posteriorly, the pro-, meso- and metauotum
forming one elongate convexity rounded from side to side ; the
metanotal spines short and acute ; legs short and stout, the
femora and tibiae incrassate in the middle. Pedicel short ; the 1st
node not petiolate, anteriorly longer than broad and longer than
the 2nd node ; the latter about as broad as long, both nodes about
equal in width ; abdomen elongate-oval.

Length, £ 2—2*5 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma, Palon (Fed) ; Pegu Toma (Allan).

208. Tetramorium salvatum, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 235, $.

" £ . Mandibles striate, armed with 7 teeth. Head as in
T. simillimum, but the sides more convex, very little constricted to
the front. The eyes larger and more convex. There is no antennal
furrow, only a finely-reticulate space by the side of the produced
antennal carinse for the reception of the scape. Pronotum not
angular; thorax convex, rather short, not margined, without
sutures or emargination. Metanotal spines as long as about two-
thirds of the space between them. Declivous face margined by a
carina ; no metasternal spinules. First joint of the pedicel
as in T. simillimum, but slightly more rounded. Second node
narrowed anteriorly, bi'oadened posteriorly, a little broader than
long, and a little broader than the 1st node. Abdomen convex.

TETRAMOEiUM. 181

Head striate (the striae reticulate) ; the thorax somewhat coarsely
but irregularly and often superficially reticulate, in addition to the
fine reticulations interspersed between. Pedicel rugose, except the
summits of the nodes, which are more or less smooth. Abdomen
smooth. Erect pilosity moderately abundant, on the body fine, the
hairs pointed, rather long. The tibiae of the legs and the scape of
the antennae with only a recumbent pubescence. Eeddish yellow,
abdomen dark brown. Legs yellowish." (Forel.)

Length, £ 2'3-2'4 mm.

Hob. North-west Himalayas (Smyiliiea) ; Western India
( Wroughton).

209. Tetramorium nursei, sp. nov.

£ . Brownish yellow, the head and abdomen darker than the
thorax, almost brown, the mandibles, antennas and legs lighter ;
smooth, polished and shining, a few light half-obsolete striae on
the front below the vertex and on the cheeks and the metathorax
above, the sides minutely rugulose ; pilosity pale yellow, some-
what sparse, the hairs obtuse at apex ; on the scape of the
antennae and on the tibia3 of the legs it is a little more plentiful
and much shorter. Head without the mandibles, seen from the
front, almost square, as broad as long, posteriorly appearing
transverse ; mandibles finely longitudinally striate, much as in
T. christiei ; clypeus broad and convex anteriorly, bent down with
the margin transverse, the posterior margin in the middle well

Fig. 67- — Tetramorium nut

defined ; antennal carinae short, not prolonged back as in
T. christiei, no antennal groove, but the place where the scape
rests, inwards from the eye, very minutely rugulose, but shining not
opaque ; antennae somewhat short, the scape not quite extending
to the top of the head ; eyes lateral, very little below the middle
of the head. Thorax convex, narrow, the pro-mesonotal suture
obsolete, the meso-metanotal suture distinct, the basal portion
of the metanotum curved a little from front to back, the posterior
lateral angles without spines, barely subdentate. Pedicel pro-
portionately shorter than in T. christiei, with the nodes distinctly
higher and larger ; the 1st node rounded, with a short petiole ante-
riorly ; the 2nd node seen from above transverse, broader than long ;
abdomen broadly oval, the sides only slightly convex.

Lenyth, £ 2*5-3 mm.

Hal). Kecorded so far only from the North-West Frontier,
Quetta (Nurse).

182

210. Tetramorium mixtum, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 236.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel brownish red (sometimes the head
dark brown or blackish), abdomen dark brown, almost black, legs
more or less brownish yellow ; head striate, reticulate between
the stria?, especially posteriorly, thorax coarsely punctured and
reticulate, longitudinally finely striate on the sides ; nodes of
pedicel punctured, opaque ; abdomen smooth, polished and shining ;
pilosity pale, fairly abundant, especially on the head in front, on
the antenna? and the tibiae of the legs it is a little oblique. Head
without the mandibles a little longer than broad, the sides convex,
the head seen from the front posteriorly transverse ; mandibles
densely finely longitudinally striate, with a few small punctures
interspersed ; clypeus proportionately rather large, very convex,
anteriorly transverse, its posterior margin well-defined, feebly-
arched between the bases of the antennae ; antennal carinae wide
apart, produced back as stria? bordering the space for the reception
of the antenna?, which is not furrowed or grooved in any way ;
antenna? short and thick, but longer than in T. inglebyi, Forel, the
scape reaching to about a quarter of its own length to the top of
the head ; eyes placed rather below the middle on the sides of the
head. Thorax broad behind, sloping posteriorly and narrowly from
the pronotum to the apex of the metanotum ; sutures obsolete,
no emargination ; metanotal spines moderately short, thick and
stout, somewhat wide apart. Pedicel : the 1st node longer than
broad, rounded above, constricted in front and shortly petiolate ;
2nd node semicircular posteriorly, transverse anteriorly, broader
than the 1st node; abdomen oval, convex, broader in front than
posteriorly.

Length, % 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. The Nilgiris, Coonoor, Ootocamund ( Wrouyhton).

211. Tetramorium fergusoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

p. 234.

£ • Reddish or ferruginous yellow, the legs and abdomen a
shade paler ; head with some light longitudinal fine stria? wide
apart from each other, closer on the anterior portion of the head,
the disc of the thorax also with a few vague half-obsolete longitu-
dinal striae ; the rest of the insect smooth and shining ; pilosity
rather sparse, the hairs very short and obtuse at apex, most
plentiful on the scape of the antenna? and tibia? of the legs. Head
very short, a little broader posterior)} than in front, the cheeks
very convex ; mandibles slightly longitudinally striate ; clypeus
truncate and transverse anteriorly ; antennal carina? short, not
produced backwards, no antennal furrows; antennae short, the
scape not reaching the top of the head by about one-third of its own
length ; eyes prominent, rather large, placed a little below the
middle of the sides of the head. Thorax short, in profile appear-
ing strongly arched from front to back ; meso-metanotal suture

TETRAMOBIUM. 183

tolerably distinct ; metanotal spines short, divergent, acute ; posterior
lateral angles of metasternum dentate. Pedicel : the nodes some-
what massive and high, the 1st node globose with a long petiole
anteriorly ; 2nd node much broader than the 1st, transverse in
front, semicircular posteriorly and produced a little into cones at
the sides ; abdomen broadly oval, truncate anteriorly.

Length, $ 2'5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Travancore.

212. Tetramorium transversarmm, Roger. Berl ent. Zeit. vii (1863),
p. 181, '§.

" £ . Keddish, ferruginous, shining, with brownish-yellow
mandibles, antennae and legs ; the pilosity is yellowish, fairly
abundant and long. The head is shorter than in T. guineense,
and the frontal lamellae and frontal strise are much shorter and
more indistinctthan in that species. The clypeus is lightly rounded
in front and has on each side an obtuse tooth, .... in the middle
carinate, often indistinctly longitudinally rugose. Mandibles longi-
tudinally rugose, with black apex and teeth. Antennae 12-jointed.
Thorax above lightly arched, posteriorly a little constricted
but without an impression, the anterior angles almost rounded.
Metanotum with 2 long strong spines. The head is large and
remarkably long ; the thorax also massive, densely rugose. The
first joint of the pedicel is in front somewhat thick, cylindrical,
forming a node posteriorly, as broad as the metanotum, broader
than long seen from above, anteriorly semicircular, posteriorly
truncate, on the margins mostly bordered with black ; the 2nd
node is as broad as the 1 st, much broader than long, and like the
1st node coarsely rugose. Abdomen oval, darker posteriorly."

Length, £ 2*5 mm.

Hob, " Ceylon " (lioger). Unknown to me.

213. Tetramorium inglebyi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),
p. 233, $ .

" £ . Mandibles striate, indistinctly denticulate. Clypeus feebly
carinate, straight and finely crenulate owing to the recurved stria
on its anterior margin. Antennal carinae short ; no trace of an
antennal furrow. Frontal area very small. Eyes small, placed
below the middle of the sides of the head. The scape reaches a
little into the posterior third of the head. Head rectangular,
lightly concave posteriorly. The club of the antennae thick, the
apical joint longer than the preceding two united. Pronotum
subangular in front, its anterior margin nearly straight. Thorax
without sutures, somewhat convex from front to back, without an
emargination, regularly narrowed frcm front to back, feebly sub-
margined. Metanotal spines close together, thick, longer than the
space between them, their apex curved forward. Two raetasterna

184 FOHMICIDjE.

spines rather long and very acute. First node subcubical, longer
than broad, convex above, where it is scarcely broader posteriorly than
in front, with a petiole anteriorly nearly as long as itself. Second
node rounded, slightly broader than long and broader than the first
node. Pilosity very fine, short, moderately abundant on the body,
very oblique on the tibiae and tarsi. Head coarsely striate, with
reticulations between the striae, finely reticulated at bottom and
subopaque in front. Thorax coarsely but superficially reticulate,
with thestriae on the middle of the mesonotum and the sides smooth.
Sloping face of the metanotum between the two carinse connecting
the bases of the metanotal and metasternal spines, finely reticulate,
also the sides of the nodes. The rest smooth and shining.
Eeddish ferruginous ; legs, antennae and spines yellowish.
Abdomen of a brownish yellow." (Forel.)

Length, £ 2-4 mm.

Hab. Travancore. Described from a single specimen.

214. Tetramorium guineense, Fabr. (Formica) Ent. Sysl. ii (1793),
p. 357.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel dull ferruginous red ; abdomen
brown, paling at the extreme base and on the 2nd and following
segments, the apical margins of the abdominal segments yellowish;
mandibles, antennae and legs reddish yellow ; head longitudinally
striate, with some fine reticulations between the striae ; thorax
and nodes of the pedicel somewhat coarsely reticulate and rugose ;
abdomen smooth, polished and shining, with vestiges of minute
longitudinal striae at the extreme base : pilosity pale yellow, fine
and fairly abundant, especially on the front of the head, oblique
and very short on the scape of the antenna? and the tibiae. Head
without the mandibles rectangular, half as long again as broad ;
mandibles as in T. scabrum but slightly narrower, smooth, slightly
minutely punctured but not striate ; clypeus longitudinally
bicarinate in the middle, broad and somewhat convex ; antenual
carinae wide apart and produced slightly divergently back nearly to
the top of the head, bordering a well-marked antennal groove,
which is sculptured within like the rest of the head; antenna
stouter than but similar to those in T. scabrum ; eyes placed in the
middle of the sides of the head. Thorax broader anteriorly than
in T. scabrum, the sides vertical, margined above ; pro-mesonotal
suture obsolete, but in all specimens I have seen the pronotum is
crossed by a distinct fine transverse carina ; meso-metanotal suture
moderately distinct above the thorax, incised at the sides at the
suture ; basal portion of metanotum narrow, short, the posterior
lateral angles furnished with moderately long, stout, oblique spines
which are divergent and curved outwards at the apex. Pedicel
rather short, with large nodes ; the 1st node anteriorly petiolate, its
face somewhat curved inwards, posteriorly rouudly sloped ; 2nd
node seen from above transversely globose, a little broader than

TETRAMORIUM. 185

long arid much broader than the 1st node ; abdomen convex, oval
anteriorly, slightly truncate.

Length, £ 3-3:3 mm.

Hal). Western India, Bombay, Kanara (Altken).

215. Tetramorium scabrum, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Oes. Wien, xxviii

(1879), p. 672.

,£ . Fuscous brown or black, with a reddish-chestnut tint in
certain lights on the head and thorax ; mandibles, antennae and legs
reddish brown, slightly fuscous at times ; head, thorax aud nodes of
the pedicel above somewhat coarsely reticulate, in certain lights
longitudinally striate with reticulations between the striae ; abdo-
men smooth, polished, shining, with short longitudinal stride at the
extreme base above ; pilosity pale yellow, long and abundant, very
short and oblique on the scape of the antennae and the tibiae of the
legs. Head without the mandibles rectangular, very slightly longer
than broad ; mandibles smooth, not striate, the masticatory margin
with one or two large teeth at apex, denticulate inwardly ; clypeus
broad, convex, with three parallel vertical cariuae down the middle ;
antennal cariuae wide apart, prolonged divergently backwards
almost to the top of the head, bordering the well-marked antennal
groove, which within is sculptured like the rest of the head ;
antennae short, the scape falling short of the top of the head by
about one-fourth its own length. Thorax as in T. christiei, but
the meso-metanotal suture more clearly marked above, deeply
indented and wide on the sides of the thorax ; metanotal spines
much stouter and longer, pointing obliquely back, divergent and
with a slight curve upwards and outwards towards the apex.
Pedicel : the 1st node longer than broad, rounded, with a short
petiole anteriorly, abruptly and sharply truncate posteriorly ; 2nd
node smaller than the 1st, rounded ; abdomen oval.

Length, $ 3-3'5 mm.

Hcib. Sikhim (Moller) • Ceylon(Green)-., Burma (Fea $-Binc/7iam)-
extending to Borneo. Mr. Green was good enough to send me
several individuals with a note to the effect that they were found in
the hollow of a node of Humboldtia laurifolia. The Indian and
Ceylon specimens have been separated as var. subscabrum, Emery,
differing from the Bornean type in being smaller with somewhat
eebler sculpture.

216. Tetramorium simillimum, Smith (Myrmica), List Brit. Anim.

Brit. Mus. pt. 6, Acul. 1851, p. 118, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel reddish yellow, abdomen clear
light brown ; head, thorax and nodes of the pedicel delicately, longi-
tudinally striate, the striae fine and regular without reticulations
between ; abdomen smooth, polished and shining, with a few short
light longitudinal striae at the extreme base ; pilosity somewhat
sparse and short. Head rather long and massive, a little broader
posteriorly than iu front, the sides convex: mandibles proportionately

186 FORMICID.T.

large, punctured, the masticatory margin dark brown, acute at
apex and denticulate ; clypeus convex, broad, indistinctly tricarinate,
anteriorly somewhat truncate, its posterior margin in the middle
between the bases of the antennae well-marked ; antennal carina?
wide apart, produced backwards as slightly divergent striae, border-
ing a shallow but broad hollow for the reception of the scape of
the antennae ; antennae somewhat long and stout, the scape
extending to the top of the head ; eyes proportionately large, placed
on the sides, a little lower than the middle of the head. Thorax
in miniature resembling that of T. smithi, Mayr, margined in the
same way on each side and with the same waved lateral outline ;
metanotal spines, however, very small, dentate, scarcely longer than
the metasternal teeth. Pedicel : the 1st node petiolate anteriorly,
higher than the 2nd node and broader than long ; 2nd node also
transverse, rounded at the sides ; abdomen oval, convex.

Length, $ barely over 2 mm.

Hob. Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian regions. Eecorded within
our limits from Calcutta (liothney, teste Forel).

The above description is taken from a specimen, labelled by
Mr. F. Smith himself, in the Brit. Mus. I have not seen a typical
specimen from any part of India. In addition Dr. Forel (.Rev.
Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 235) describes two slightly differing races.
Race Icevinode. Forel, seems to differ chiefly in the heavier coarser
sculpture of the head and thorax, the broader more margined pro-,
meso- and metauotum, and in both nodes being smooth and
shining, not sculptured ; from Calcutta (Rothiwy). Race deuticu-
latam, Forel, according to the description, seems to resemble the
insect that I take to be typical simillimum in having the metanotal
and metasternal spines small and subequal, but it is smaller, with
the nodes of the pedicel smaller and a little more sculptured, the
sculpture of the head and thorax feebler, and the antennal furrows
not well defined.

In Mr. Wroughton's collection there seems to me to be a third
race from Bombay, having the head and thorax dark red, the
abdomen black. This race is stouter, more heavily made than
typical simillimum, with the head longitudinally striate, the thorax
punctured and reticulate, and the metanotal and metasternal spines
or teeth very small and subequal.

Length, $ 2'5 to nearly 3 mm.

21 7. Tetramorium pilosum, Emery.

Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) pilosum, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
Ixii (1893), p. 247, £.

" $ • Ferruginous; mandibles, antennae and legs testaceous, shining;
pilosity long, the hairs fine ; the head in the middle deeply striate-
rugose, on the sides and posteriorly coarsely reticulate ; antennal
grooves produced ; clypeus carinate, rugulose ; mandibles with 7
teeth, at the base smooth, at apex .striate ; thorax with large coarse
reticulations, not impressed on the back, the sutures obsolete ;
meso- and metanotum obtusely margined, the latter furnished with

TETBAMOB1UM. 187

a long spine on each side, strong, acute, suberect; the 1st joint of
the pedicel petiolate, posteriorly formed into a globose node,
rugose, reticulate ; 2nd joint transverse, ovate, longitudinally
rugose ; abdomen very short, with a few piligerous punctures ;
scape and tibiae with long pubescence." (Emery.)

Length, £ 3-5 mm.

Hal}. Ceylon, Kandy (Simon).

218. Tetramorium yerburyi, For el.

Tetramorium (Xiphomynnex) pilosum, Emery, race yerburyi, Ford,
Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 238.

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel chestnut-red ; abdomen brown,
the apical margin of the 1st, and basal and apical margins of the
succeeding segments pale dull whitish brown, the thorax anteriorly
a little yellowish ; head coarsely striate, slightly reticulate poste-
riorly ; thorax and nodes of pedicel coarsely rugose, reticulate ;
abdomen smooth, polished and shining ; pilosity pale yellow,
rather sparse, except on the scape of the antennae and tibiae of the
legs, where it is much more abundant and oblique. Head longer

Fig. 68. — Tetramorium i/erburyi, $ . a. Antenna.

than broad and a little broader posteriorly than in front, the sides
strongly convex, the occiput widely emarginate ; mandibles broad,
denticulate, lightly and finely longitudinally striate ; clypeus not
very convex, rather flat, the anterior margin in the middle trans-
verse, posterior margin well-defined and arched between the bases
of the antennae ; antennal carinae produced divergently back nearly
to the top of the head and bordering the well-marked antennal
furrows ; antennae somewhat thick and long, the scape extending
a little beyond the top of the head ; eyes placed about the middle
of the sides of the head. Thorax broad anteriorly and convex,
narrowing towards the metanotum, not margined in any way; sutures
obsolete ; metanotal spines very long, slender, divergent and acute,
as long as or longer than half the total length of the thorax.
Pedicel elongate ; 1st node longer than broad, with a somewhat
long petiole anteriorly, the node itself narrower in front than
posteriorly ; 2nd node globose, also narrowed towards the front ;
abdomen oval.

Length, £ 4-4'5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Yerbury); Kandy, Peradeniya (Green).

188 FOEMICIDjE.

219. Tetramorium tortuosum, Roger, Berlin, ent. Zeit. vii (1863),

p. 181.

£ . Chestnut-red, the abdomen brown, paling posteriorly to
yellowish brown, mandibles yellowish brown, legs lighter chestriut-
red ; head and thorax longitudinally striate-reticulate and rugose,
the nodes of the pedicel and the abdomen smooth, polished, shining ;
pilosity fairly abundant and long, the hairs obtuse at apex. Head
without the mandibles elongate, trapezoidal, longer than broad and
broader posteriorly than in front ; mandibles faintly longitudinally
striate, the masticatory margin comparatively broad, dentate;
clypeus very slightly convex, almost flat, the anterior margin
transverse, posterior margin well defined between the bases of the
antenna?, arched ; antennal carina? produced posteriorly almost to
the top of the head, divergent ; uo antennal furrow, but the space
on which the scape rests with somewhat finer sculpture than on
the rest of the head ; antennae comparatively stout and long, the
scape extending almost up to the top of the head ; eyes large, placed
about the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax elongate, broad
anteriorly ; the pronotum in front arched, the anterior lateral angles
fairly well-marked but not prominent ; meso- and metanotum
narrowing posteriorly, the sutures almost obsolete, the spines on
the posterior lateral angles of basal portion of metanotum slender,
acute, pointing divergently backwards. Pedicel : the 1st node
longer than broad, petiolate anteriorly ; the 2nd node transverse,
broader than long ; abdomen oval.

Length, £ 3-3'5 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Ceylon, and var. belli, Forel,
from "Western India, Kanara (Sell).

The latter differs from the Ceylon specimens in having well-
marked anteunal furrows, and the nodes of the pedicel rugose on
the sides.

220. Tetramorium smithi. Mayr, Verh. zool-boL Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1879), p. 673, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel ferruginous, the latter two a little
brighter in colour than the head, abdomen brown, antennae and legs
brighter and paler than the thorax; head and thorax longitudinally
striate aud rugose, with some reticulations between the stria3; nodes
of the pedicel above and the abdomen smooth and shining ;
pilosity pale yellow, very sparse, oblique on the scape of the
antenna? and tibia? of the legs. Head, without the mandibles,
longer than broad, broader posteriorly than in front, the cheeks
very convex ; mandibles rather large, smooth, shining, not striate ;
clypeus convex, vertically obscurely tricarinate, its anterior margin
transverse ; antennal carina? long, produced back, slightly diver-
gent, antennal furrows well-marked ; antenna? short, the scape not
nearly extending to the top of the head ; eyes large, round, placed
about the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax broad, anteriorly
as broad as the head, somewhat flat, obscurely margined at the

XETRAMORIUM. — ATOPOMYBMEX. 189

sides, the outlines of which seen from above are waved ; sutures
obsolete; rnetanotal spines short, sub-triangular, acute, pointing
obliquely back. Pedicel elongate ; 1st node broader than long, in
some specimens as broad as long, an elongate petiole anteriorly ;
2nd node transverse, broader in front than posteriorly ; abdomen
oval.

Length, £ 2" 5 mm.

* ffab. Bengal, Western and Southern India. Not recorded from
Ceylon, Assam, or Burma.

221. Tetramoriuin belgaense, Forel.

Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) belgaense, Forel, Rev. Sitisse Zoul. x
(1902), p. 238, $. "

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel chestnut-red, abdomen black,
mandibles, antennae and legs reddish yellow; head, thorax and
pedicel coarsely longitudinally striate, reticulate and rugose, sub-
opaque, but the striae shining in certain lights ; abdomen smooth,
shining and polished ; pilosity abundant, obtuse, reddish on the
head and thorax, black on the 1st abdominal segment above and
yellowish on the apical segments of the abdomen. Head a little
longer than broad, transverse posteriorly, the sides above the eyes
somewhat straight, below the eyes slightly convex ; mandibles
broad, triangular ; clypeus convex in the middle, posteriorly broadly
rounded, anteriorly only slightly advanced, the margin bent inwards ;
antennal carinae wide apart ; antennal grooves placed above the
eyes, diverging posteriorly ; antennae short, the scape not reaching
the top of the head ; eyes large, placed about the middle of the
sides of the head. Thorax short and somewhat broad ; the prono-
tum vertical, forming no part of the dorsum ; the mesonotum and
scutellum broad, slightly convex ; the metauotum with the basal
portion very short, sloping posteriorly, the apical portion concave,
smooth and polished, metanotal spines tolerably long, stout and
acute. Pedicel short ; the 1st node cubical, petiolate in front, 2nd
node transversely oval ; abdomen broader in front than posteriorly,
convex above.

Length, $ nearly 4 mm.

Hob. Western India, Belgaum ( Wrouyliton).

Genus ATOPOHYRMEX.
Atopomyrmex, Er. Andrt, Rev. <TEnt. viii (1889), p. 226.

Type, A. mocquerysi, Andre, from Africa.

Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.

£ . Head nearly square, very slightly constricted anteriorly, the
sides lightly arched and the posterior lateral angles rounded ;
mandibles robust, rather narrow, with the masticatory margin short
and obtusely dentate; clypeus large, triangular, flat on the disc
and anteriorly slightly sinuate in the middle ; antennal carinae
short, not prominent ; frontal area triangular, distinct, as is also

190

the frontal groove ; eyes moderately large, situated a little behind
the middle of the sides of the head ; no ocelli ; antennae 12-jointed,
scape stout, not reaching the top of the head, club of flagelluin
formed of the apical three joints and a little shorter than the rest
of the flagellum, apical joint nearly equal in length to the pre-
ceding two united. Thorax : the pronotuin anteriorly produced
into a collar or neck, behind which it is abruptly enlarged and
raised, margined anteriorly, with the lateral angles prominent ; above
it is flat, strongly constricted posteriorly and obtusely margined at
the sides ; the mesonotum narrower than pronotum, with a semi-
circular depression between the two, arid laterally in front with
two obtuse prominent tubercles ; meso-metanotal suture very
distinct, the thorax constricted at that point ; the metanotum also
has two large lateral tubercles placed opposite to those on the
mesonotum; behind the tubercles the metanotum is obliquely
sloped and armed posteriorly with a long acute divergent spine on
each side, the spines directed backwards and a little arched at their
base ; legs stout, destitute of all tibial calcaria. Pedicel : the 1 st
node flat above, seen from the side cuneiform, seen from above a
little longer than broad, semicircularly or angularly enlarged on
the sides, posteriorly terminating in two stout divergent teeth on
the same level as top of node, and pointing backwards ; 2nd node
transverse, rounded above, slightly dilated at its anterior angles.
Abdomen oval, truncate at base, the 1st segment covering three-
fourths of its whole length. (After Andre.)

222. Atopomyrmex ceylonicus. Emery, Detdscli. ent. Zeit. (1901),
p. 114, $.

$ . Eeddish yellow, the mandibles deeper in colour, the abdo-
men with a broad deep brown transverse band ill-defined at the

Fig. 69. — Atopomyrmex ceylonicus, 5 • n. Head from front.

margins, the legs yellow, the articulations ferruginous, the masti-
catory margins of the mandibles dark brown ; head, thorax,
except the pronotum and apical face of metanotum, nodes of the
pedicel above and extreme base of the abdomen regularly but

ATOPOMYUMEX. ACANTHOMYBMEX. 191

somewhat superficially longitudinally striate ; the pronotum trans-
versely striate in front, longitudinally on the sides ; the apical
portion of the metanotum and the whole of the abdomen except
the base smooth, polished and shining ; pilosity pale, moderately
abundant, very short and obtuse, entirely absent on the antennae
and legs, which have only a thin, fine, pale pubescence, visible only
in certain lights. Head rectangular, posteriorly transverse and as
brpad as iri front ; mandibles triangular, striate, the masticatory
margin dentate; clypeus convex in the middle, anteriorly rounded ;
antennal carina3 elongate, reaching up to the level of the eyes ;
antennae short and thick, the scape not extending to the top of
the head, the club of the flagellum tolerably distinct, formed of the
apical three joints ; no antennal groove, but the front of the head
slightly concave or flat, where the antennae rest when folded ; eyes
round, placed on the sides of the head below the middle ; ocelli
distinct, a slight short broad groove on the front beneath the anterior
ocellus. Thorax elongate, narrow, narrower than the head, the
pronotum rounded in front, forming a very little part of the dorsum ;
mesonotum slightly convex, crossed posteriorly lay atrans verse carina;
metathorax cubical, its disc above, level, with a strong triangular
short spine at the posterior lateral angles, the spines parallel and
pointing backwards, from the base of these spines two parallel
carinae margin the apical face laterally and end in a broad laminate
>tooth on each side below ; legs moderatelv long and stout, the
tibiae destitute of calcaria, claws simple. Pedicel elongate ; 1st node
cubical, longer than broad, convex above, petiolate anteriorly,
without spines or teeth ; 2nd node quadrate, convex above, slightly
broader than long; abdomen oval. Wings hyaline, nervures
brownish yellow ; fore wing with one cubital and one disooidal
cell.

Length, § 8-10 mm.

Hob. Calcutta (Brit. Mas. $ Rothney) ; Ceylon (Horn) : Upper
Burma, Euby Mines (Bingham).

In all three cases these were females. The £ is unknown.

Genus ACANTHOMYRMEX.

Pheidole, pt., Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. Ill, pi. i, figs. 3 &

4, £ li-
Acanthomvnnex, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Ft: xlii (1893), p. 244

I/ §, pL 0, figs. 5-10, l/£.

Type, A. Inciolce, Emery, from Ceylon.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Mandibles triangular, very broad at the masticatory margin,
this margin and the outer margin subequal, the former denticulate ;
clypeus convex, produced upwards between the base of the antenna;
antennal carinae short but produced backwards as low, not promi-
nent carina), bordering the antenual hollow, which reaches a little
beyond the level of the eyes, but is not close to the latter;

192 FORMICUXE.

antennae 12- jointed, the club of the flagellum formed of the
apical 3 joints as in Phidole. Thorax short, robust, diminishing
in width posteriorly, the pronotum armed anteriorly with two
long acute divergent spines ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, ineso-
metanotal suture tolerably distinct ; basal portion of metanotum
level, rather short, the posterior lateral angles armed with two long
divergent spines ; legs rather short, the femora and tibia3 incvassate
in the middle. Pedicel : the 1st node squamiform, strongly
bidentate above, the 2nd rounded, broader than long, its upper
margin transverse but not acute ; abdomen almost circular, some-
what depressed and not very convex above.

}/ . Head enormously large, articulated on the underside with
the thorax, so that the posterior portion of the head projects over
the thorax; clypeus curved in the middle anteriorly, otherwise as
in the £ ; mandibles very convex on the outside, the masticatory
margin above with a sharp cutting-edge, below dentate ; antennal
carinae strongly divergent, thick and bordering the antennal hollow,
which is as long as the scape and bent downwards towards the
eye to receive a portion of the flagellum. Antennae very short,
shorter than in the £ . Thorax short, without sutures, pronotum
not ai-med, metanotum armed with 2 long erect spines. Pedicel
and abdomen as in the £ , the 1st node much less strongly bidentate.

223. Acanthomyrmex luciolae, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixii (1893),
p. 245.

" £ . Ferruginous testaceous, mandibles, antennae and legs
lighter, the margins of the mandibles and clypeus blackish shining,
pilose but not pubescent. Head subquadrate, the sides convex,
posteriorly widely emarginate, studded with piligerous fovese, thickly
punctured, the punctures distinct ; the antennal grooves transversely
rugose ; clypeus shining, anteriorly a little rugose, with two fine
carinae; mandibles somewhat smooth, lightly punctured, the scape

[Fig. 70.— Acanthomyrmex luciolte, £ . (After Emery.)

of the antennae minutely striate. Thorax with a slight impression
at the meso-metanotal suture, the piligerous foveae confluent;
pronotal spines long, a little curved and widely divergent ; the
metanotal spines elongate, with their bases close together, diver-
gent and bent like cow's horns ; from their bases descend two
carinae, limiting the shining area, and produced down to the
insertion of the pedicel ; the metapleurae carry posteriorly obtuse

ACANTHCLM iEMEX. PRISTOMYBMEX. 193

leeth. The 1st joint of the pedicel is posteriorly formed into a
squamifonn node above with a long petiole in front, the node
angular, incised and acutely bidentate ; the 2nd joint subglobose
and rugose ; abdomen highly polished. Femora and tibiae incras-
sate, these and the scape of the antennae pilose.

" 11 . Colour of the £ . Head subparallel at the sides,
posteriorly bilobed, the groove on the vertex deep ; the piligerous
fove/>late punctures on the front confluent, more scattered on the
lateral lobes, finely aciculate in the intervals, beneath posterior to
the articulation with the thorax, that is to say behind the occipital
foramen, it is transversely rugose ; cheeks longitudinally silicate,
antennal grooves with scattered rugosities; mandibles shining,
.sparsely punctured and very finely rugulose ; clypeus somewhat
smooth, not carinate. Thorax with sculpture as in the £ , no
pronotal spines ; metanotal spines somewhat straight but divei--
gent, the area between the posterior carinae smooth and broad.
The 1st node of the pedicel more widely emarginate, less acutely
bidentate than in the £ ; the 2nd node coarsely rugose and
reticulate.'"' (Emery.)

Length, £ about 3'5 ; 11 4mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Ceylon.

Genus PRISTOMYRMEX.

Mvrmica, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 120.

Pristomyrmex, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi (I860), p. 903.

Type, P. pungens, Mayr, from Malacca.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ • Head more or less rounded, very convex in front ; mandibles
not particularly broad at apex, the masticatory margin bidentate
at apex, crenulate above the two teeth ; clypeus extending back
between the base of the antenna, the basal portion porrect, obscurely
crenulate anteriorly, with a median and two lateral, posteriorly
converging, small carinae ; antennas 11-jointed, scape elongate,
curved before the apex ; club of the flagellum formed of the apical
three joints which together are about equal to or a little longer
than the basal seven .joints of the flagellum ; antennal carinse long,
widely divergent posteriorly ; antennal hollow large ; frontal area
and ocelli absent ; eyes rounded, rather small, placed midway on
the sides of the head. Thorax broad and flat anteriorly, strongly
constricted posteriorly, the pronotum with lateral spines on the
anterior angles, pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, the nieso-metanotal
suture marked by a transverse carina ; basal portion of metauotum
very narrow and compressed, its posterior lateral angles furnished
with a short erect acute spine, from which a vertical carina runs
clown bordering each side of the apical face of the metanotum.
which between the two carinae is concave ; legs comparatively stout
and long. Pedicel: the 1st node shortly petiolate in front, its
anterior face slightly concave, above a little longer than broad,

YOL. II. O

194

slightly convex, posteriorly truncate ; 2nd node from above quad-
rate, about as broad as long, not petiolate ; abdomen very convex
above, broadly oval, slightly truncate anteriorly.

So far only one species has been recorded from within our
limits.

224. Pristomyrmex brevispinosus, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxv
(1887), p. 451 ; id. loc. cit. xxvii (1889), p. 500; id. loc. tit. xxxiv
(1894), p. 464.

£ . Head and thorax yellowish brown ; antennae, legs, pedicel
and abdomen pale yellow. Pilosity sparse, entirely wanting on the
abdomen. Head and thorax coarsely cribrately punctured, the

Fig. 71 . — Pristomyrmex brevispinosus, $ .

punctures sometimes confluent ; antennas, legs, pedicel and abdo-
men smooth, polished, shining. Head orbicular, constricted
posteriorly ; the sculpture on the thorax sometimes confluent.
For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, £ 3'5-4'75 mm.

Hob. The Burma hills above 4000 feet (Fea\ extending to
Sumatra.

Professor Emery has separated the Karennee form as a sub-
species, P. brevispinosus subsp. sulcatus. It is slightly larger than
the typical species, has the spines on the pronotum slightly
longer, and the punctures on the head and thorax running into
sulcations.

Genus LOPHOMYRMEX.

Ocodoma, pt., Jerdon, Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. Ill, £ .

Pheidole, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 174.

Lophoruyrinex, Lmery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxii (1892), p. 114.

Type, L. quadrispinosus, Jerdon, from Malabar.

Ran</e. Indo-Malyan region.

$ . Eesembles Phidole ID general appeai-ance, but differs in the
shape of the thorax ; seen from the front the pronotum rises high
above the head, being flat anteriorly and on the top ; the anterior
lateral angles are, in the typical species, furnished with divergent
horizontal short spines or teeth ; the pro-mesonotal suture lying
immediately behind the flattened top of the pronotum is almost

LOPHOMYBMEX. 195

obsolete, the mesonotum slopes steeply down to a medial transverse
carina, behind which the short remaining portion of the meso-
uotum is level and very distinctly margined posteriorly ; meso-
metanotal suture broad, deeply impressed ; basal portion of
metanotum broadening posteriorly and armed at the posterior
lateral angles with two long spines ; legs stout and long. Pedicel
comparatively long, the 1st node squamiform, rather thick and
transverse above, petiolate anteriorly ; 2nd node broader than the
1st, more or less rounded above ; abdomen oval.

Besides the remarkable form of the thorax, the species of this
genus differ from Pkidole in the £ not being dimorphous and
having only 11-jointed antenna. Three species are known from
within our limits.

Key to the Species.

a. Pronotum armed with two spines or teeth.

a'. Nodes of the pedicel sculptured L. quadrispinosus, p. 195.

b'. Nodes of the pedicel smooth L. bnrmanus, p. 19H.

f>. Pronotum unarmed L. bedoti, p. 196.

225. Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus, Jerdon (Ocodoma), Madr. Jour.
L. S. xvii (1851), p. Ill, $ ; Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxii
(1892), p. 114.

$ . Head and abdomen chestnut or reddish brown, thorax, legs
and pedicel brownish yellow. In some specimens the thorax
darkens to brownish and the head and abdomen are brownish
yellow; the mandibles, antennae and legs are always a shade
lighter than the thorax ; head smooth and shining, the thorax
anteriorly smooth and shining, very sparsely punctured and beaiing
a few piligerous tubercles, posteriorly very finely rugulose, sub-
opaque. Pedicel : the nodes rugulose, opaque ; abdomen smooth

Fig. 72. — Lophvmyrm°x qiiadiixpinosus, ijf.

and shining; pilosity sparse, yellowish in colour, slightly oblique
aiid most plentiful on the abdomen ; the scape of the antennae, and
the tibiae and tarsi of the legs with a short, somewhat dense
putrescence. Head a little longer than broad, with a broad
posterior margin somewhat broader than in front ; mandibles sfriate
at base, slightly convex, the masticatory margin dental e ; clypeus
smooth and convex ; frontal area distinct, depressed, with a short

o2

198 FOBMICID^E.

228. Myrmecina striata, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 500, £.

$ . Black, the mandibles (excepting the margins narrowly), the
antennae, the legs (except the coxae), the sides of the abdomen, the
apical margin of the 1st and the whole of the remaining abdominal
segments, reddish yellow ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with
a sparse pale pilosit.y, pubescem e absent except on the flagellum of
the antennae ; headj thorax above and on the sides, and the nodes
of the pedicel above longitudinally channeled ; mandibles, middle
of the clypeus, legs and abdomen smooth and shining, the last
highly polished. Head as broad as long, deeply emarginate
posteriorly, the occiput submargined anteriorly, the cheeks very
slightly convex, the eyes quite lateral and placed well anterior to
the middle of the head ; mandibles with the masticatory margin
indistinctly dentate, the apical tooth acute ; clypeus viewed in

Fig. 73. — Myrmecina striata,

profile somewhat porrect, with a triangular, somewhat depressed
medial portion, bearing an indistinct carina on each side, continued
as the antennal carinae, these latter wide apart ; antennae long and
stout, the scape very nearly extending to the top of the head.
Thorax: the pro-mesonotum a little convex, the sides vertical,
slightly concave, the metanotal spines close together, divergent,
pointing backwards and slightly upwards ; legs with the middle of
the femora and tibiae incrassate. Pedicel and abdomen with the
characters as in the genus.

Length, $ 3'75 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, Muleyit, 5000 feet (Fea).

Genus LIOMYRMEX.

Myrmica, pt, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 108, $ .
Liomyrmex, Mayr, Novara Reise, Formicid. 1865, p. 23.

Type, L. ccecus, Smith, from Dorey.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

$ • Head rectangular ; mandibles more or less triangular, with
the masticatory margin dentate; clypeus flat, rounded and distinctly
limited posteriorly between the bases of the antennae, its anterior
margin transverse ; antennal carinae remarkably short, somewhat
wide apart ; antennae 10-11 -jointed, the club of the flagellum long,

LIOMYRMEX. MOXOMORIUM. 19J)

formed of the apical three joints, the last joint as long as or longer
than the preapieal two joints together ; frontal area, eyes and
ocelli entirely absent. Thorax unarmed, broad in front, narrowed
posteriorly, the pro-mesonotal suture wanting ; the rneso-inetanotal
suture very distinct, the thorax constricted at that point; legs very
robust, the femora and tibiae incrassate in the middle. Pedicel :
the 1st node transverse, broader than long, briefly petiolate in
front, beneath armed (in the Indian species) with a spine pointing
forwards ; 2nd node also transverse, armed beneath with a tooth ;
abdomen broadly rounded in front, acutely pointed posteriorly.

229. Liomyrmex aurianns. Emeiy, Ann. Mws. Cu\ Gen. \\vii (J889),
p. 304, $.

£ . Yellow, smooth, polished and shining all over, the antennae
and legs a shade paler than the head and thorax ; the masticatory
margin of the mandibles dark brown or black ; pilosity and pubes-
cence almost entirely wanting. Head a little longer than broad,
the posterior lateral angles rounded, the occipital margin transverse,

Fig. 74. — Lioniyrmex aurianvs, $.

the cheeks very slightly convex, nearly parallel : mandibles some-
what brownish, when closed making the anterior margin of the
head transverse. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, $ 3-3-5 mm.

Hah. Recorded so far only from the hills of Tenasseriin (Fed).

Genus MONOMORIUM.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, p. 580.
Monomorium, Mai/r, Verh. zool.-bot. Ge*. IVu-n, v (1855), p. 452.
Myrmica, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 123 (Subdivision 7).

Type, H. minutum, Mayr, from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head rectangular ; mandibles narrow, with three or four
acute teeth, maxillary and labial palpi alike 2-joinfced ; clypeus
subtriangular, arched anteriorly, the anterior margin passing some-
what over the closed mandibles, iu the middle with two obtuse
converging carinse meeting above between the bases of the antennae;
frontal area distinct, antennal carinw short, parallel; antenna

198 FORMICID.E.

228. Myrmecina striata, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p.oOO, £.

$ . Black, the mandibles (excepting the margins narrowly), the
antenna;, the legs (except the coxao), the sides of the abdomen, the
apical margin of the 1st and the whole of the remaining abdominal
segments, reddish yellow ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with
a sparse pale pilosi'ty, pubescem e absent except on the flagelltim of
the antennae ; head^ thorax above and on the sides, and the nodes
of the pedicel above longitudinally channeled ; mandibles, middle
of the clvpeus, legs and abdomen smooth and shining, the last
highly polished. Head as broad as long, deeply emarginate
posteriorly, the occiput submargined anteriorly, the cheeks very
slightly convex, the eyes quite lateral and placed well anterior to
the middle of the head ; mandibles with the masticatory margin
indistinctly dentate, the apical tooth acute ; clypeus viewed in

Fig. 73. — Myrmecina striat

profile somewhat porrect, with a triangular, somewhat depressed
medial portion, bearing an indistinct carina on each side, continued
as the anlennal carina?, these latter wide apart ; antennae long and
stout, the scape very nearly extending to the top of the head.
Thorax: the pro-mesonotum a little convex, the sides vertical,
slightly concave, the metanotal spines dose together, divergent,
pointing backwards and slightly upwards ; legs with the middle of
the femora and tibiae incrassate. Pedicel and abdomen with the
characters as in the genus.

Length, $ 3'75 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, Muleyit, 5000 feet (Pea).

Genus LIOMYRMEX.

Myrmica, pt, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 108, £ .
Liomyrmex, Mayrt Novara Reisc, FormicitL 1865, p. 23.

Type, L. caucus, Smith, from Dorey.

Range. Indo-Malayau region.

$ . Head rectangular ; mandibles more or less triangular, with
the maslicatory margin dentate; clypeus flat, rounded and distinctly
limited posteriorly between the bases of the antennae, its anterior
margin transverse ; antennal carinae remarkably short, somewhat
wide apart; antennae 10-11 -jointed, the club of the flagellum long,

LIOMYRMBX. MOXOMOBIL'M. \Q[)

formed of the apical three joints, the last joint as long as or longer
than the preapical two joints together ; frontal area, eyes a^d
ocelli entirely absent. Thorax unarmed, broad in front, narrowed
posteriorly, the pro-mesonotal suture wanting ; the meso-inetanotal
suture very distinct, the thorax constricted at that point ; legs very
robust, the femora and tibiae incrassate in the middle. Pedicel :
the 1st node transverse, broader than long, briefly petiolate in
front, beneath armed (in the Indian species) with a spine pointing
forwards ; 2nd node also transverse, armed beneath with a tooth ;
abdomen broadly rounded in front, acutely pointed posteriorly.

'229. Liomyrmex aurianus. Emei-y, Ann. Mtu. Civ. Gen.xxvii (J889),
p. 504, $.

£ . Yellow, smooth, polished and shining all over, the antennae
and legs a shade paler than the head and thorax ; the masticatory
margin of the mandibles dark brown or black ; pilosity and pubes-
cence almost entirely wanting. Head a little longer than broad,
the posterior lateral angles rounded, the occipital margin transverse,

Fig. 74. — Lioiiii/ratex aitr'tunus, £.

the cheeks very slightly convex, nearly parallel : mandibles some-
what brownish, when closed making the anterior margin of the
head transverse. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, £ 3-3'5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from the hills of Tenasseriin (Fea).

Genus MONOMORIUM.

Formica, pt, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, p. 580.
Monomorium, Mat/i; Verh. zool.-bot. Ge*. Wicn, v (1855), p. 452.
Myrmica, pt., Smith, Cat. vi (18r,8), p. 123 (Subdivision 7).

Type, M. minutum, Mayr, from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head rectangular ; mandibles narrow, with three or four
acute teeth, maxillary and labial palpi alike 2-jointed ; clypeus
subtriangular, arched anteriorly, the anterior margin passing some-
what over the closed mandibles, in the middle with two obtuse
converging carin^e meeting above between the bases of the antenna? ;
frontal area distinct, antennal carinfe short, parallel; antenna)

200 lOUMICIU.K.

11- or 12-jointed, club of flagellum massive, iorined of the apical
three joints, about as long as or longer than the remainder of the
flagellum ; eyes lateral, oval. Thorax somewhat long and narrow,

^x

Fig. 7"). — Monoiiiorium latinode, £> . a. Head.

not much broader in front than posteriorly ; pro-mesonotal suture
obsolete, meso-metanotal suture deeply marked, metauotum trun-
cate, posteriorly unarmed, the basal portion passing into the apical
portion by a rounded curve ; legs in the typical species short, in
others long and slender. Pedicel : the 1st node shortly petiolate
anteriorly, often markedly higher than the 2nd node ; abdomen
oval, truncate or emarginate anteriorly.

i? . Head and pedicel as in the $ , the thorax narrow but more
massive, the mesouotum long and slightly convex, slightly gibbous
in front, overhanging the pronotum ; scutellum comparatively
large ; metanotum roundly curved posteriorly, the sides forming
two rounded obtuse ridges with the space between them con-
cave, slightly flat. Abdomen very massive, somewhat cylindrical.
Wings : the fore wing with one cubital cell.

d . In the Indian species the head above the ocelli is remark-
ably flat and broad, the eyes very large, the mandibles powerful
and toothed ; the clypeus broad and strongly convex ; antenna1
filiform, 13-jointed. Thorax and wings much as in the $ , the
metauotum narrower, the mesonotum without anv impressed lines.
Pedicel much more massive : the nodes larger, the petiole of the 1st
node very thick, gradually decreasing in size up to its attachment
to the thorax ; abdomen more massive, but truncate or emarginate
at base as in the $ .

Key to the S^tecics.

A. Head more or less rugulose, opaque.

a. Seen from above 2nd node distinctly

broader than 1 st node.
a'. Pro-mesonotum distinctly longer than

broad.

ftz. Yellow, the abdomen posteriorly
black.

MONOMOBIUM 201

«3. Head posteriorly emarginate.

Length 1 -5-2 mm M. dichroum, p. 202.

b3. Head posteriorly not emarginate.

Length 2-5-3 mm M. pharaonis, p. 202.

lt~. Head, thorax and abdomen more or

less brown.

«:i. Antennae comparatively long, scape
reaching beyond top of head ;

sides of head very convex M . 'onr/i, p. 203.

bn. Antennae shorter, scape not attain-
ing top of head ; sides of head
straighter, not so convex.
a 4. Pro-mesonotum very convex, not

margined at the sides M. schurn, p. 203.

6;. Pro-mesonotum flatter, distinctly

finely margined at the sides . . M. icrouyhioni, p. 2C4.
V. Pro-mesonotum short, about as broad

as long- M.fossitltttum, p. 20-~>.

5. Seen from above 2nd node not broader

than 1st ; nodes subequal.
«'. Head in front distinctly broader than

posteriorly M. zndicum, p. 205.

b'. Head as broad posteriorly as in front. . M. ytyciphihtm, p. 20<>.

B. Head not rugulose and opaque, but more or
less smooth and shining.

a. Head nearly square, almost as broad as

long M. abernnis, p. 207.

b. Head rectangular, distinctly longer than

broad.
a'. Antenna 11 -jointed.

a~. First node of pedicel higher than 2nd

node, cuneiform M. orientate, p. 207.

b~. Fhvt node of pedicel not higher than

2nd node, not cuneiform, globose . . M. atomus, p. 208.
b'. Anteuna3 12-jointed.

a~. Scape of antennae extending beyond

top of head.

a3. Thorax convex above, not sub-
margined M. saf/ei, p. 208.

b3. Thorax somewhat depressed and

flat, laterally submarined M. destructor, p. 20i>.

b-. Scape of antennae not extending be-
yond top of head.
a3. Second node of pedicel not broader

than 1st node.

a*. Head and thorax dark chestnut-
brown, abdomen black. Length

1-5-2 mm M. minutum, p. 210.

b*. Head and thorax reddish vellow,
abdomen dark brown. Length

2-5-3 mm Af . f/rficHlinwni, p. 210.

b3. Second node of pedicel broader
thau 1st node.

fl«. Length 1-5-2 mm M. floricola, p. 21 .

b*. Length 3-3'7 mm M- tfitrnode, p. 211.

202 FORMICII>;E.

230. Monomorium dichroum, Forel, Rev. Suissc Zool. x (1902), p. 212.

$ . Remarkably like M. pharaonis, Linn., in colour, but is a
shorter, more robustly built insect. Reddish yellow, the abdomen
black, with the base above a clearer brighter reddish yellow than
1 he colour of the thorax ; head, thorax, pedicel and base of abdo-
men more or less densely minutely rugulose and opaque, the
sculpture on the base of the abdomen lighter ; pilosity nearly
.vanting, as in M. pharaonis ; pubescence very thin and light.
Head not so long as in the above species, but broader, the occiput
slightly einarginate ; mandibles and clypeus similar ; antennae
shorter, the scape falling distinctly short of the top of the head ;
eyes placed a little more anteriorly than in M. pharaonis. Thorax
somewhat depressed, broad ; the meso-metanotal suture only mode-
rately impressed; the metanotum rather short and abruptly trun-
cate. Pedicel : 1st node squamiform, with a long petiole anteriorly ;
2nd node globose, broader than long ; abdomen oval.

$ . Apparently both winged and ergatoid. The former " of a
reddish yellow with some brown marks ; abdomen smooth." The
latter " entirely brown with 3 ocelli " ; the abdomen reticulate,
the metanotum gr6oved but without teeth ; the rest resembling the
$ of M. schurri.

Length, $ 2-2-5 ; $ 3-4 mm.

Hab. Southern India, the Nilgiri hills (Daly).

231. Monomorium pharaonis, Linn. rFormica), Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i

(1758;, p. 580.
Myrmica domestica, Shuck. CharleswortK s Mag. N. H. new ser. ii

(1838), p. 626.
Atta minuta, Jerdon, Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 105.

$ . Reddish yellow, the posterior two-thirds of the abdomen
black ; head, thorax and nodes of the pedicel densely, minutely,
rugulose and granulate, shining in certain lights, abdomen smooth
and shining ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, reduced to a few
scattered hairs on the apex of the 'abdomen, pubescence minute
and silky. Head half as long again as broad, the sides slightly
convex, the posterior margin transverse ; mandibles narrow, linear,
slightly broadened at the masticatory margin : clypeus narrow,
convex, its anterior margin rounded ; antennae somewhat long and
thick, the scape reaching very nearly up to the posterior margin
of the head ; eyes placed somewhat below the middle of the sides
of the head. Thorax : pro-mesonotum convex, rounded in front
and at the sides, narrowing posteriorly ; meso-metanotal suture
very distinct, thorax slightly ernarginate at the suture; metanotum
seen from above rectangular, somewhat flat, the posterior lateral
angles of the basal portion slightly prominent, scarcely tuberculate,
the apical portion oblique, about the length of the basal portion.
Pedicel: the 1st node cuneiform, but a little thick and rounded at
the top, not sharp, anteriorly with a moderately long petiole ; 2nd
node trom above globose, slightly broader than long and broader
than the 1st node; abdomen oval, truncate anteriorlv.

MOOMOBIUM. 208

$ . The only $ 1 have of this species is ergatoid, closely resem-
bling the £ , but larger and darker, the abdomen also minutely and
densely reticulate, rugulose and subopaque. Head, thorax and
pedicel dark ferruginous brown ; abdomen black, around the base
the same colour as the thorax : head from the front very nearly
square, the posterior margin straight and transverse, the sides
straight, not convex, the posterior lateral angles a little prominent,
very nearly forming right angles ; mandibles broader than in the g ,
the masticatory margin dentate ; clypeus and antennae as in the $ .
Thorax : the posterior half of the pronotum forming part of the
dorsurn ; the mesonotum long, oval and slightly convex; the meta-
uotum grooved down the middle, concave from side to side, with
the sides coming to a moderately sharp edge, the concavity sloping
to the apex of the metanotum. Wings entirely wanting. Pedicel
long, the 1st node cuneiform but slightly broad and rounded above ;
2nd node from above nearly quadrate, broader than the 1st; abdo-
men massive, elongate, with the sides parallel, anteriorly slightly
emarginate.

Length, $ 2'5-3 ; $ 4-4'5 mm.

Bab. Throughout our limits, and spread over the tropical regions
of both hemispheres.

232. Monomorium longi, Ford, Rev. Sulsse Zool. x (1902), p. 211.

£ . Dull chestnut-brown, the mandibles, antennae and legs a
shade paler ; head, thorax and nodes of pedicel finely and densely
rugulose, opaque ; abdomen smooth and shining ; pilosity almost
entirely wanting; antennae and tibiae of the legs with an oblique
short pubescence. Head from the front rectangular with the
angles rounded, longer than broad; mandibles opaque, finely
sculptured ; clypeus raised in the middle, the carinrc nearly obso-
lete ; antennae long, the scape reaching beyond the top of the head :
eyes very small, placed a little in front of the middle on the side
of the head. Thorax long, the pro-mesonotum very convex, meso-
metanotal suture well marked, the thorax emarginate at the suture ;
metathorax laterally compressed ; the metanotum rectangular, sub-
margined at base, sloping to the meso-metanotal suture. Pedicel :
the 1st node squarniforra, anteriorly with a long petiole, a little
attenuate and rounded at the apex ; 2nd node globose, broader
than long, seen from above broader than the 1st node ; abdomen
elongate, oval.

Lenyth, g 2-5 to nearly 3 mm.

Hob. Kecorded so far only from Assam (Long).

233. Monomorium schurri, Ford, Rev. Suwe Zool x (1902), p. '212.
$ . Dark chestnut-brown, almost dark brown, the flagellum ot

the antennae (especially at base), the 2nd node of the Hj«i »"d
the articulations of the abdominal segments a sort of dull pale
yellow; head, thorax and node of pedicel very finely rugulose,
having a dull opaque appearance, abdomen smooth and shim

204 JfOHMICID^fi.

in certain lights the head is seen to be minutely longitudinally
striate, the pronotura just as minutely but transversely striate :
pilosity very sparse, only a few erect hairs on the front of the head
and apex of the abdomen ; pubescence somewhat dense, but very
short and inconspicuous on the scape of the antennae and tibiae of
the legs. Head longer than broad; mandibles shining, narrow, the
masticatory margin armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus convex in the
middle, slightly shining, the carinae obtuse; antennae short, the scape
not extending to the top of the head ; eyes a little below the middle
of the sides of the head. Thorax anteriorly broad, narrowing
posteriorly, the anterior margin of the pronotum arched, the
anterior lateral angles of the thorax a little pronounced ; meso-
metanotal suture slight ; basal face of raetanotum long, narrow,
compressed, convex, passing into the apical portion by a rounded
curve, and bearing an impression giving the posterior lateral angles
of the metanotum an appearance of being subtuberculate. Pedicel :
1st node conical, anteriorly shortly petiolate ; 2nd node broader
than long and above much broader than the 1st ; abdomen elon-
gate, oval.

$ . " Ergatoid. Three small ocelli. Mesonotum a little dilated
but without articulations for the wings. Metanotum bidentate.
First node of the pedicel squarniform. Abdomen with the appear-
ance of a 5 . The rest as in the $ ." (Forel.)

Length, $ 2-2-2-5 ; § 37 mm.

Sab. Southern India, the Nilgiri hills (Wroughton).

A variety with the head and thorax smoother, not so opaque, 1
took at Maymyo, 3000 feet, in Upper Burma.

234. Monomorium wroughtoni, Ford, Rev. Sume Zool. x ( 1 902) , p. 209.

$ . Head, thorax and node of pedicel fuscous or blackish brown,
abdomen dark brown; the abdomen except at base smooth and
shining, the remainder densely and finely rugulose, opaque ; pilosity
very sparse, the antenna? and legs entirely without erect or oblique
hairs. Head longer than broad, narrow posteriorly, slightly emar-
ginate ; mandibles smooth, armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus obscurely
and obtusely bicarinate, the carinae slightly projecting anteriorly ;
antenna) moderately long, the scape nearly reaching the top of
the head; eyes lateral, proportionately rather large, very little
below the middle of the head. Thorax somewhat depressed, sub-
margined ; the pro-mesonotura only very slightly convex, the
meso-metanotal suture distinct but not 'deeply impressed, the
thorax barely emarginate at the suture ; basal portion of meta-
notum rectangular, apex truncate. Pedicel : 1st node somewhat
conical, rounded above, anteriorly petiolate, the petiole thickening
aud sloping posteriorly to the node ; 2nd node globose, broader
than the 1st node ; abdomen depressed, somewhat broadly oval,
truncate anteriorly, acute posteriorly.

Lenrjth, $ 2mm.

Hob. Recorded from Western India, Poona,Kanara( Wroiw/faon).

MONOMORIUM. ^05

235. Monomorium fossulatum, Emeru, Ann. MM. Civ. Gen xxxiv

(1894), p. 465, $$.

g. Pale dull yellowish brown, antennae and legs much paler;
the head very minutely rugulose, in strong light subopaque, thorax
and abdomen shining ; pilosity very pale, rather long, sparse and
most plentiful on the abdomen. Head rectangular, about twice as
long as broad, convex in front, the occiput transverse ; mandibles
narrow and much arched, the masticatory margin oblique, armed
with 4 teeth ; clypeus slightly convex, bicarinate, but the anterior
margin transverse, the carinae not projecting ; antenna? short, the
club thick, formed of the apical 3 joints, the last long and
pointed at apex. Thorax : the prouotum and mesonotum together
rounded, convex, the meso-metaiiotal suture deeply impressed ;
the basal portion of the rnetanotum longitudinally* sulcate, the
posterior lateral angles slightly dentate ; legs moderately long and
stout. Pedicel : the 1st node petiolate in front, viewed in profile
subtriangular, the upper margin transverse, rounded, the front
slightly curved inwards ; 2nd node broader than long, rounded
above; abdomen convex, longer than broad anteriorly, slightly
emarginate.

$ . Head, thorax, pedicel and abdomen reddish brown : man-
dibles, antennae, legs and the articulations of the abdominal
segments dull yellowish ; pilosity as in the $ ; head in front
opaque, finely and very closely punctate-rugose, posteriorly the
punctures more distant ; thorax more sparsely punctured, shining.
Abdomen : the basal segment with large foveolate punctures,
posteriorly shining. Head from the front shield-shaped, longer
than broad, the occiput truncate or slightly emarginate; mandibles
broader than in the £ , the eyes larger. Thorax : the prouotum
vertical, not forming part of the dorsum ; the mesonotum long,
strongly convex and raised, almost gibbous ; the metanotum
depressed posteriorly, acute at the lateral angles, but not dentate.
Pedicel with the nodes transverse, subequal, the 2nd a trifle broader
than the 1st ; abdomen elongate, as long as the head and thorax
united.

Length, $ 1-5 ; $ 2'5 mm.

Hab. Lower Burma, Eangoon (Fea).

230. Monomorium indicum, ford.

Monomorium salomonis, Linn.) race iiidicuni, Ford, Ifev. fiuissr
Zool. x (1902), p. 2W.

£ . Head, thorax and pedicel ferruginous red, the legs and in
many specimens the head also verging to brown ; abdomen dark
brown or black ; head, thorax and abdomen rugnlose, opaque, the
head and thorax anteriorly in certain lights appearing densely and
extremely h'nely longitudinally striate ; abdomen minutely reticu-
late ; in some specimens the 2nd and following segments are
smooth, polished and shining; pilosity entirely wanting, llead
broad, almost as broad as long, broader anteriorly than posteriorly,

IOUMIC1DJE.

the hinder margin slightly concave ; mandibles narrow, obscurely
longitudinally striate, when closed partially concealed under the
projecting margin of the clypeus, the latter obtusely bicarinate :
antenna? moderately long, the scape not quite attaining the poste-
rior margin of the head ; eyes comparatively large and flat, placed
about the middle of the side of the head. Thorax anteriorly
rounded, moderately broad, the meso- and metanotum narrow and
strongly compressed, the meso-metanotal suture distinct; the
thorax in profile emarginate at the suture, the basal portion of
the metanotum broadening posteriorly. Pedicel : the nodes, seen
from above, nearly equal, the rounded 1st node higher than the
•2nd and petiolate anteriorly ; abdomen oval.

5 . Closely resembles the $ , but larger. Head a little broader
than long, plainly longitudinally striate. Thorax obscurely trans-
versely striate, the mesonotum narrow, very gibbous anteriorly ;
metanotum broadening posteriorly, concave apically from side to
side, the concavity more coarsely transversely striate. Pedicel :
the 1st node anteriorly petiolate, cuneiform, higher, somewhat
sharper above than the 2nd node, which is transverse, rounded
above ; abdomen long and massive, the posterior margins of the
segments bright yellow. Colour entirely as in the £ ; pilosity
short and somewhat abundant. Wings hyaline, nervures pale
yellow.

cJ . Dark brown, almost black, the apex of the mandibles,
antenna; and tibia) and tarsi of the legs yellowish ferruginous ;
entirely rugulose, but silky and shining in certain lights. For
the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, $ 2'5-3 5 ; $ 7-8 ; c? 6-0*5 mm.

Hob. The Punjab to Madras, and Bombay to Burma. Fairly
common. The commonest Monomorium in Burma.

•237. Monomorium glyciphilum, Smith (Mynnica), Cat. vi (1858),
p. 125.

$ . Dull sordid brownish yellow, the apical two-thirds of the
abdomen dark brown ; head, thorax and node of pedicel minutely
rugulose, granulate and subopaque, abdomen shining ; pilosity
very sparse, reduced to a long soft hair here and there. Head
subrectangular with the angles rounded, the sides of the head
slightly convex, posteriorly broad, as broad as in front ; mandibles
smooth and shining, with a few punctures and obscure striae;
clypeus very convex in the middle, the medial posteriorly con-
vergent carinse not very distinct ; antennae 12-jointed, the scape
not quite reaching the top of the head ; eyes of moderate
si/.e, lateral, placed very little below the middle of the head.
Thorax : the pro-mesouotum very convex, rounded anteriorly and
at the sides ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed, the thorax
distinctly emarginate at the suture ; basal portion of metanotum
rouuded, convex at the sides, a little flat above, and passing by a

MOXOMORIUM. *>07

curve into the apical portion. Pedicel rather short, the nodes
large, the 1st node cuneiform, slightly conical, higher than the
2nd node ; the latter subglobose, slightly broader than long and
broader than the 1st node ; abdomen oval.

Length, £ 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. Ceylon.

Described from Smith's specimens in the British Museum.
I have carefully counted the joints of the antennae in several
specimens, and there are 12, not 11 joints as stated by Smith.

238. Monomoriuin aberrans, Forel, Rev. Sw'ase Zool. x (1902), p. 209.

£ . Eeddish yellow, the abdomen dark bvown with bluish
reflections ; head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, the
metanotum above transversely striate, the sides of the thorax
posteriorly finely rugulose ; pilosity tolerably abundant, oblique
on the scape of the antennae and the tibiao. Head quadrate, as
broad as long, posteriorly emarginate ; mandibles finely and closely
longitudinally striate and opaque; elvpeus somewhat short, sub-
truncate anteriorly, the two carinae divergent, not forming teeth
anteriorly ; antennae somewhat long and slender, the scape reach-
ing beyond the top of the head ; eyes lateral and a little to the
front, closer to the anterior than to the posterior margin of the
head. Thorax anteriorly very rounded and convex, the pro-
mesonotal suture obsolete, the meso-metanotal suture deep and
wide, the thorax in profile emarginate at the suture; basal portion
of the metanotum slightly convex, rectangular, the posterior lateral
angles subdentate, the apical portion of the mebmotum obliquely
truncate. Pedicel : the 1 st node high, conical, rounded and obtuse
above, petiolate anteriorly; 2nd node not so high, longer than
broad, rounded above ; abdomen somewhat elongate, oval.

Lenyth, $ 3'5 mm.

Hab. Central Provinces, Pachmarhi (Schwr).

239. Monomoriuin orientale, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 070, £ .

£ . Beddish yellow, the mandibles, antennae and legs slightly
paler ; smooth 'and shining ; pilosity sparse, the legs with the
hairs oblique. Head rectangular, longer than broad, posteriorly
transverse, the lateral angles rounded; mandibles narrow, the
masticatory margin oblique, armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus short,
the medial carinre strongly convergent above; antennae 11-jointed,
rather short, the scape not reaching the top of the head ; eyes
placed below the middle on the sides of the head. Thorax : the
pro-mesonotum comparatively large, convex, the meso-metanotal
suture deeply impressed, the thorax constricted at I he suture; the
basal portion of the metanotum above rectangular, rather flat.
Pedicel : the 1st node cuneiform, higher than the 2nd, rounded

208 FOHMIC1D.E.

above; the 2nd node subglobose, broader than long, broader than
llie 1st. node; abdomen elongate, oval.

Length, £ 1*5 mm.

Hub. Eecorded from the Xorth-west Himalayas (Holers}; Bengal
( Itothuei/) ; the Shan States, Burma (Binyham).

24' >. Monomorium atomus, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zoo!. x(lfl02), p. 210.

£ . Pale yellow, the legs a shade paler than the head and
thorax ; entirely smooth, polished and shining ; pilosily sparse, on
the scape of the antennae and tibiae of the legs oblique. Head a
little broader posteriorly than in front, the posterior border
slightly einarginate ; mandibles narrow, the masticatory margin
with 4 teeth, maxillary palpi 1-jointed ; clypeus slightly convex,
the carinae strongly convergent above, obtuse ; antenna? 1 1-jointed,
very short, the scape not nearly attaining the posterior margin of
the head ; eyes placed below the middle of the side of the head.
Thorax : the pro-mesonotum very convex, meso-metanotal suture
deeply impressed, the thorax constricted at the suture and in pro-
file emarginate above ; basal portion of inetanotum rectangular, a
very little longer than broad. Pedicel: the nodes from above
subequal, globose, the 1st node anteriorly petiolate ; abdomen
oval.

$ . Very narrow. The two nodes of the pedicel thick and
rounded. The posterior portion of the pronotum forming part of
the dorsum. Mesonotum very narrow and elongate. Of a
reddish yellow. A brown mark round the ocelli, and a brownish
band on each abdominal segment. For the rest resembles
the $.

Lenyth, $ not quite 1*5 ; $ 2-5 mm.

Hub. Recorded from the North- west Himalayas (Sm>/thiea);
Bengal (Rothney $ Taylor)-, Western India, Poona (Wroityhton);
Assam (Smythies).

Var. inteyrius, Forel $ , of which the $ is described above,
differs from the type in having the meso-metanotal suture le=s
deeply impressed.

241. Monomorium sagei, Ford, Rev. Suuse Zoo/, x (1!K)2), p. 211.

$ . Pale yellow, the sides of the abdominal segments indistinctly
brownish: some specimens are entirely yellow; head, thorax
(inetanotum excepted) and abdomen smooth and shining, the
inetanotum finely rugulose, opaque; pilosity whitish, somewhat
sparse, the scape of the antennae and the tibia? of the legs pubes-
cent. Head strongly convex in front, the sides straight, the
posterior margin widely emarginate and a little broader than the
head in front ; mandibles narrow ; clypeus convex, its anterior
margin slightly and widely arched ; antennas long and thick, the
scape reaching beyond the top of the head, the club of the

JS10NOMOBIUM. 209

flagellum massive ; eyes placed well below the middle of the sides
of the head. Thorax somewhat short, the pro-mesonotum gently
convex ; the thorax seen in profile deeply eraarginate at the meso-
metanotal suture ; the basal portion of the metanotum rectangular,
longer than broad. Pedicel : the 1st node squamiform, anteriorly
petiolate ; 2nd node from above almost circular, smoothly rounded,
a little broader in front than posteriorly; abdomen more than
twice as long as broad, subtruncate anteriorly.

Length, % 2-2-2-5 mm.

Hab. Eecorded from the North-west Himalayas, Dharmsala
(Sage).

242. Monomorium destructor, Jei-d. (Atta) Madr. Jour. L S. xvii

(1851), p. 105, £.

Myrmica vastator, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 71, $.
Monomorium basale, Mayr, Novara Reise, Formicid. (1865), p. 92.

£ . Head, thorax, pedicel and base of abdomen reddish yellow,
apical three-fourths of abdomen from bright chestnut-brown to
dark brown, nearly black ; entirely smooth and shining, with a few
very fine, scattered, shallow punctures, the metanotum delicately
rugulose, subopaque ; pilosity entirely wanting. Head rectangular,
longer than broad, convex in front, posteriorly slightly emarginate ;
mandibles narrow, broadening slightly towards the masticatorv
margin, armed with 4 small teeth, the apical longest and acute ;
clypeus arched anteriorly, the carinse obtuse ; antennae moderately
long, the scape just reaching the top of the head ; eyes moderately
large, placed on the sides of the head just below the middle.
Thorax elongate, anteriorly as broad as the back of the head, the
pro-mesonotum convex ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed,
but the emargination of the thorax at the suture slight ; basal
portion of metanotum narrow, passing by a somewhat rounded
curve into the apical portion. Pedicel elongate : the 1st node
squamiform, anteriorly petiolate, above with a moderately sharp
but rounded margin : 2nd node seen from above globose, but a
little broader than long, not so high as the 1st node ; abdomen
oval.

$ . Eesembles the £ in colour, but the abdomen has the apical
margins of all the segments (the terminal excepted) as well as the
basal margins yellow. Head proportionately shorter and rounder
than in the £ , ocelli present. Thorax elongate, the mesonotum
very convex ; the metanotum long, gently sloped to the apex and
rounded. Pedicel as in the £ , but the 1st node thicker and
above rounder; abdomen enormously long and massive, longer
than the head and thorax united. Wings hyaline, nervures
yellow.

c? . Eesembles the $ in colour. Head very small, rounded
above; eyes and ocelli large and prominent; antenna? filiform,
with the scape very short, not longer than the 2nd joint of the
flagellum. Thorax short and massive, proportionately deeper than
in the $ , the mesonotum and scutellum very convex and gibbous :

210 FOBMICIDJE.

the metanotum long, rounded above and truncate at apex.
Pedicel elongate; the nodes from above square, subequal, the
1st node anteriorly petiolate ; abdomen not much longer than and
similar to that of the % . Wings as in the $ .

Length, $ 1-8-2-3; $8-9; rf 4-4-5 mm.

Hab. Throughout our limits, and spread (probably carried and
introduced by shipping) through the torrid regions of both
hemispheres.

243. Monomormm minutum, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v

(1855), p. 453, $ .
Myrmica (Monomorium) carbonaria, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 127.

$ . Head and thorax dark chestnut-brown, abdomen black,
sometimes entirely black (Smith's type); very smooth, polished
and shining ; pilosity pale, very sparse. Head longer than broad,
posteriorly transverse ; mandibles narrow, with the masticatory
margin oblique, armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus very convex, ante-
riorly rounded ; antennae moderately long, the scape very nearly
reaching up to the top of the head ; eyes comparatively large,
placed in the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax : the pro-
mesonotum convex, moderately large, the meso-metanotal suture
and emargination well-marked ; the metanotum compressed, basal
portion rectangular, flat, the apical portion truncate, vertical.
Pedicel : the nodes from above subequal, the 1st node a little more
rounded and petiolate anteriorly; the 2nd node transverse, broader
than long, not broader but lower than the 1st node ; abdomen
oval.

Length, $ 1-5-2 mm.

Hab. Eecorded within our limits from Travancore (Roihney} ;
found also in Southern Europe, Africa, and North America.

The above description is of M. carbonarium, which there is no
doubt is but a slight variety of the European M. minutum, Mayr.

244. Monomorium gracillimum, Smith (Myrmica), Jour. Linn. Soc.
vi (1861), p. 34, § .

5 . Head and thorax reddish yellow ; antennae, legs and the
nodes of the pedicel a paler shade of the same ; abdomen dark
brown, with a patch of very pale rather sordid yellow at the base ;
head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, with some minute
widely-spaced shallow punctures, the metanotum above delicately
and rather obscurely transversely striate ; pilosity pale, very
sparse. Head remarkably convex, a little longer than broad,
the posterior lateral angles completely rounded, the occiput be-
tween them transverse ; mandibles with the masticatory margin
very oblique, armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus convex in the middle,
the anterior margin depressed inwards ; antennae short, slender,
the scape falling short of the top of the head by one-fourth of its
own length ; eyes small, lateral, placed below the middle of the

MONOMOBIT7M. 211

head. Thorax narrower than the head, emarginate at the meso-
metanotal suture; pro-mesonotum convex, narrowed anteriorly
and posteriorly ; basal portion of metanotum rectangular slightly
convex, apical portion obliquely truncate. Pedicel: the nodes
small, the 1st node conical, rounded above, higher than the 2nd
and anteriorly petiolate ; 2nd node subglobose, not broader than
the 1st node, longer than broad ; abdomen oval.
Length, % 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, spread through North Africa, Arabia, &c.
Typical M. gracillimum, so far as I know, has been recorded
within our limits only from Ceylon ; but the form separated as
var. mayri (Forel, Eev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 200) is spread
throughout India and Burma. It differs from true M. gracillimum
in being dark brown with the mandibles, antennas and legs pale
yellow ; the basal portion of the metanotum is submargined and
is more abruptly truncate at apex, it is densely and very finely
transversely striate and opaque.

245. Monomorium floricola, Jerd. (Atta), Madr. Jour. L S xvii

(1851), p. 107.

Monomorium specularis, Mayr, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liii
1 AUh. (1866), p. 509, % .

$ . A variable species as to colour : the head, thorax and legs
may be reddish brown, the abdomen dark brown, or the head and
abdomen black, the thorax yellow, or specimens may be inter-
mediate between the two. In all cases, however, the mandibles,
antennae and legs are of the same colour as the thorax, only
lighter. Entirely smooth, polished and shining ; pilosity almost
entirely wanting, consisting of a few erect hairs only, on the head
anteriorly and on the apex of the abdomen ; traces of a very fine
short pubescence on the antenna and on the tibiae of the legs.
Head elongate, rectangular, as broad in front as posteriorly, where
the occiput is slightly emarginate ; mandibles narrow, armed with
4 teeth ; clypeus convex, the carinse just visible, obtuse ; antennae
rather long, the scape just attaining the top of the head, the club
of the flagellum remarkably thick and massive ; sides of the head
straight, not convex ; eyes placed below the middle. Thorax pro-
portionately rather long, the pro-mesonotum somewhat pyriform ;
the meso-metanotal suture very distinct ; basal portion of meta-
notnm rectangular. Pedicel : the 1st node anteriorly with rather
a thick petiole, the 2nd node rounded, a very little broader than
the 1st node ; abdomen oval.

Length, £ 1-5-2 mm.

Hob. Spread through India and Ceylon; not recorded from
Burma.

246. Monomorium latinode, Mayr, Ann. Mtu. C\v. Gen. ii (1872),

p. 152, 9.
$ . Light castaneous brown ; mandibles, antennas and legs

212 FOBMICIUjE.

yellowish ; head, thorax, nodes of the pedicel and abdomen for
the most part smooth, polished and shining; the cheeks below
the eyes, the sides of the mesothorax, and the metanotum finely
striate, transversely so on the last ; pilosity moderate or sparse,
fine and rather long, oblique on the antennae and legs. Head
longer than broad, posteriorly transverse ; mandibles smooth ;
clypeus anteriorly arched, the medial carinae almost obsolete;
antenna moderately long, the scape nearly reaching the top of the
head ; eyes flat, lateral, placed a little below the middle of the
head. Thorax elongate ; pro-mesonotum convex, broad, nearly as
broad as the head ; thorax emarginate at the meso-metanotal
suture, the latter deeply impressed ; the basal portion of the
metanotum long, rectangular, truncate posteriorly. Pedicel loug,
in profile the 1st node rather thick, convex anteriorly and poste-
riorly, with a petiole in front, little if at all higher than the 2nd
node, which is transverse, very much broader than the 1st node,
rounded anteriorly, transverse posteriorly ; abdomen long, oval,
somewhat truncate at base.

Length, % 3-37 mm.

Hal. Spread througho .it India, Ceylon, and Burma, extending
to Borneo.

Smith described a number of ants from India under the genus
Myrmica, some of which may belong to the genus Monomorium.
The descriptions, however, are unfortunately so short, giving
chiefly details of colour, that in the absence of the types (and
the greater number of these are lost) it is impossible to say
whether the insects he described belonged to true Myrmica, Mono-
morium, Lesotho rax, Tetramorium, or even Solenopsis. Moreover,
a great number of Smith's types were females or males, and from
his descriptions it is, more often than not, utterly impossible to
assign any workers to them. As an instance, Smith's Myrmica
bidentata (Cat. vi, p. 124), from Calcutta, surmised by Mayr to be
a Monomorium, is, I have little doubt, a $ of Solenopsis geminata.
At least there is a solitary distorted specimen, without antennae,
that I make out to be this ant, gummed on a card in the
collection of the British Museum. This is labelled Myrmica
bidentata, Smith, but not in Smith's writing. I give below refer-
ences to Smith's descriptions, also to a few other species described
by Jerdou, Walker, and Motschulsky which may belong to Mono-
morium or any one of the genera mentioned above, but which I
have been unable to identify.

Atta dissiniilis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 107.

Atta domicola, Jerdon. 1. c. p. 105.

Myrmica caeca, Jerdon, 1. c. p. 116.

Myrmica breviceps, Smith, Second Yark. Miss., Humen. 1878

p. 12, $ . (No locality.)

-Myrmica cursor, Smith, "l. c. p. 11, 9. . (No locality.)
Myrmica luctuosa, Smith, I. c. p. 12, <$ .
Myrmica humilis, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 123, 9 .
Myrmica rugifrons. Smith, 1. c. p. 124, $ .

VOLLEiNHOVIA. 213

Myrmica consternens, Walker, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iv (1859), p. 374.
Myrmica obscurata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxvi, 2, 1863

p. 16.
Myrmica pallinodis, Motsch. I. c.

Genus VOLLENHOVIA.

Myrmica, pt, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. vi (1861), p. 46, £ .
Vollenhovia, Mayr, Novara Reise, Formicid. 1865, p. 21, $.

Type, F. punctatostriata, Mayr, from Java and Borneo.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

$ . Head somewhat square, transverse or very slightly eniar-
inate posteriorly, the posterior lateral angles 'not prominent ;
mandibles triangular, strong, the masticatory margin dentate;
clypeus narrow, the medial portion produced back between the
bases of the antennae, bicarinate, with a medial somewhat broad
longitudinal groove ; frontal area very small, acutely triangular ;
antennal carinae short, somewhat wide apart ; antennae 11-jointed,

Fig. 76. — Vollenhovia levithorax, $ .

short and thick, the club of the flagellum formed of the apical
three joints; eyes moderate. Thorax somewhat depressed and
flat above, broad, anteriorly constricted at the meso-metanotal
suture, which is well-marked and very distinct ; pro-mesonotal
suture obsolete ; metanotum unarmed, slightly compressed, the
basal portion level, passing by a rounded gradual curve into
the apical portion. Legs short and robust. Pedicel short, the
nodes subglobose, unarmed, large, not or very broadly petiolate
anteriorly ; abdomen elongate, oval, not broader than the thorax.
$ . Very similar to the $ . " Anterior wing with an open
radial, and a cubital and discoidal cell " (Mayr).

247. Vollenhovia levithorax, Einery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii

),p.501, £.

£ . Dark brown, shining, the head anteriorly, the antennae,
legs and abdomen lighter brown ; pilosity yellowish, sparse ;
pubescence fairly abundant on the head, antennae and tarsi.
Head square, longitudinally striate and opaque; mandibles,

214 FORMICID.S.

clypeus medially, and the scape of the antennae smooth and shining.
Thorax, nodes of the pedicel and abdomen smooth, shining, with
a very few scattered punctures, most plentiful on the nodes of the
pedicel above. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, $ 3'75-4 ram.

Hob. Tenasserim (Fea), extending to the Malayan subregion.

Genus TRICHOMYRMEX.

Trichomyrmex, Mayr, Novara Reise, Formidd. 1865, p. 19.

Type, T. rogeri, Mayr, from Ceylon.

Range. Known only from Ceylon.

" $ . Mandibles triangular, moderately narrow, dentate; antennae
without a distinct club ; frontal area indistinct and remarkably
narrow ; frontal furrow slight, vertex with a medial fovea ; thorax
unarmed, metanotum rounded ; 1st joint of the pedicel anteriorly
triangularly petiolate, posteriorly with a transverse node, 2nd joint
globose, unarmed ; abdomen a long oval ; front wing with one
cubital and one discoidal cell, the cubital nervure joined to the
transverse nervure at the commencement of the bifurcation, radial
cell open ; calcaria simple, minute." (Mayr.}

248. Trichomyrmex rogeri, Mayr, Novara Reise, Formicid. 1865,
p. 19, footnote.

" $ . Length 11 mm. Brown, head and part of the thorax
reddish, abdomen fuscous, flagellum and tarsi testaceous red ; with
ad pressed pilosity, shining, head not densely punctured ; mandibles,
cheeks and front longitudinally and the vertex transversely striate;
clypeus smooth in the middle ; thorax partly smooth, partly with
scattered punctures, sides of the thorax posteriorly striate, pedicel
finely and lightly rugulose ; abdomen (almost smooth) finely
coriaceous-rugulose, 1st segment smooth ; the legs with nume-
rous somewhat erect hairs ; wings subhyaline/'

Hob. Ceylon (Mayr). Unknown to me.

Genus LEPTOTHORAX.

Formica, pt., Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 393.

Myrmica, pt., Lair. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiii, 1805, p. 259 ; Smith.

Cat. vi, 1858, p. 119.
Leptothorax, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v (1855), p. 431.

Type, L. acervorum, Fabr., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head more or less broadly oval (in the Indian species) ;
mandibles moderately broad, masticatory margin with 4 or 5
teeth ; clypeus triangular, more or less convex, its anterior margin
transverse; frontal area triangular; antennal carina? short and
nearly straight; antennas short, 12-jointed, the club of the
flagellum formed of the apical 3 joints, which united are about as

LEPTOTHOBAX. 215

long as, or longer than the rest of the flagellum ; eyes lateral,
comparatively large, oval. Thorax long and narrow, the pronotum
convex anteriorly and rounded at the sides in front ; pro-mesonotal
suture obsolete; meso-metanotal suture distinct, in profile the
thorax slightly emarginate at the latter suture ; metanotum — the
basal portion rectangular, generally armed with two spines or teeth
at the posterior lateral angles (in some species entirely unarmed)
legs moderately long. Pedicel : the nodes rounded, the 1st node
shortly petiolate anteriorly ; abdomen elongate, oval.

§ . Closely resembles the £ , very little larger ; metanotum
generally armed ; abdomen a little more massive ; fore wings with
one cubital and one discoidal cell.

S . Eesembles the $ , the head smaller, the thorax shorter and
a little deeper; mandibles narrow, with the masticatory margin
truncate ; clypeus arched, convex ; antennse 13-jointed. Thorax :
the mesonotum convex, the disc marked with two posteriorly con-
vergent impressed lines. Pedicel as in the $ ; the abdomen
smaller, broadly oval.

Key to the Species.

a. Thorax: the metanotum without teeth or

spines L. inermis, p. 215.

b. Thorax : the metanotum with either teeth or

Tes.
n<rth over 3'5 mm. ; of a pale ochraceous

yellow L- taylori, p. 216.

b'. Length under 3*5 mm. ; chestnut-brown to

dark brown.
a2. Thorax sculptured and opaque ; meta-

notal spines distinct.

a3. Meso-metanotal suture distinct ; meta-
notal spines comparatively large and
acute at apex; colour ferruginous

red L. rothneyi, p. 217.

b3. Meso-metanotal suture nearly obsolete ;
metanotal spines comparatively small
and obtuse at apex ; colour blackish

brown L. schurri, p. 218.

62. Thorax shining, with only a few striae

and irregular rugosities L.fultom, p. 216.

249. Leptothorax inermis, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 229.

3 . Head and thorax dark brown, almost black ; mandibles,
antenna, legs and pedicel chestnut-brown, abdomen dark chestnut-
brown; head and thorax shining, very slightly longitudinally
rugose, taking in certain lights the appearance of being widely
striate ; the legs, pedicel and abdomen smooth, highly polished and
shining ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, reduced to a few very
scattered hairs ;" pubescence on the scape of the antennae and the
tibiae recumbent. Head a little longer than broad and as broad m
front as posteriorly, the sides of the head somewhat (

216 FOEMICIDJE.

mandibles subtriangular, the masticatory margin armed with 5
small teeth ; clypeus with the medial portion slightly convex,
rounded posteriorly, anterior margin transverse ; antennae rather
short, the scape curved near the base, not reaching the top of the
head ; eyes lateral, situated about the middle of the head. Thorax
anteriorly rounded and convex, the basal portion of the meta-
notum rectangular, rounded above, truncate posteriorly, unarmed,
but with half-obsolete lateral tubercles. Pedicel : the 1st node
cuneiform, petiolate anteriorly, obtuse, rather transverse above;
2nd node convex above, about as broad as long ; abdomen oval,
slightly transverse anteriorly.

Length, $ 4 mm.

Hab. Recorded from Dharmsala (Sage).

250. Leptothorax taylori, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 228.

$ . Entirely of a pale ochraceous yellow, the teeth of the
mandibles only bright brown, the abdomen slightly shaded with
fuscous ; head, thorax and pedicel somewhat coarsely reticulate-
striate, base of the abdomen finely longitudinally striate ; rest of
the abdomen and the legs smooth and shining ; pilosity sparse,
rather setiform, obtuse at apex, short; tibiae and the antenna with
oblique, almost recumbent pubescence. Head without the man-
dibles rectangular, very little longer than broad, the occiput
transverse ; mandibles triangular, smooth and shining, slightly
pubescent ; clypeus anteriorly transverse, the medial portion
slightly convex, posteriorly rounded; antenna somewhat short,
the scape not reaching the top of the head. Thorax rather
depressed, only slightly convex above, in profile widely emarginate
at the meso-metanotal suture which is very distinct ; metanotal
spines slender, obtuse at apex, oblique or suberect. Pedicel : the
1st node cubical, anterior face curved inwards, with a long petiole ;
2nd node from above subquadrate, the angles rounded ; abdomen
oval, very convex above.

Length, $ 5 mm.

Hab. Eecorded so far only from Bengal (Rotlmey $• Taylor}.

251. Leptothorax fultoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 229.

£ . Chestnut-brown, the head slightly darker than the thorax,
the abdomen dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen shining,
head with a few rather widely-parted longitudinal stria3 ; thorax
punctured and a little rugose, more so towards and on the
metathorax, pedicel with the nodes subopaque: abdomen highly
polished, smooth and shining ; pilosity pale, very sparse and
scattered. Head widely oval, as broad in front as posteriorly,
the sides convex ; mandibles slightly shining, niinutelv punctured
and pruinose; clypeus convex, its posterior margin slightly
arched ; antennae moderately long, the scape extending to lie

LEPTOTHORAX. 217

top of the head ; eyes placed a little below the middle of the sides
of the head. Thorax elongate, narrow ; seen in profile the pro-
mesonotum convex, the metanotum above level, a wide shallow
emargination between the two, the ineso-metanotal suture distinct,
the metanotal spines reduced to two small teeth; legs rather
long and slender. Pedicel : the 1st node somewhat cuneiform,
sloping gradually in front to almost the base of its short anterior
petiole ; 2nd node rounded, a little broader than long and broader
than the 1st node ; abdomen somewhat massive, broadly oval.

Length, $ 2'5-3'5 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from the North-west Himalayas,
Dharmsala (Fulton}.

252. Leptothorax rothneyi, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 230.

£ . Head more or less ferruginous brown, thorax and pedicel
more or less bright ferruginous red, abdomen brown to dark
brown, mandibles, antennae and legs yellow ; head and thorax
minutely and closely punctured, rugulose and more or less opaque,
in some specimens slightly shining : pilosity pale, short, sparse,

Fig. W.—Leptothorax rothueyi. £ . a. Head from front.

the apices of the hairs blunt. Head broadly oval as in L.fultoni,
somewhat broader and more transverse posteriorly; mandibles
minutely longitudinally striate at base ; clypeus very convex in
the middle, polished and shining ; antennae much as in L. fultom,
the club of the flagellum more massive ; eyes rather large, placed
in the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax : the pro-meso-
notum rather broad, anteriorly convex, narrowing posteriorly ; the
basal portion of the metanotum rectangular, with a somewhat
stout triangular erect spine at the posterior lateral angles on each
side. Pedicel thick, the nodes somewhat as in L . fultom, the
2nd node transverse, broad ; abdomen oval, anteriorly ti ate,
posteriorly somewhat pointed.

Length, $ 2-5 to nearly 3 mm.

Hab. North-west Himalayas, Mussoone (Roihney); bikhiui
(Holler) ; hills of Central India, Pachmarhi (Schwrr).

218

253. Leptothorax schurri, Forel.

Leptothorax rothneyi, race sclmrri, Forel. Rev. Suisse ZooL x (1902),

p 231.

g . Black, the mandibles, antennae and legs reddish brown.
Head longitudinally rugose, punctured, opaque, thorax and
pedicel more densely punctured and opaque, abdomen smooth
and shining ; pilosity pale, tolerably plentiful ; antennae and
tibiae of the legs with short pubescence. Head without the
mandibles broadly oval, the sides convex; mandibles triangular,
minutely longitudinally striate and pubescent ; clypeus convex
in the middle, its anterior margin somewhat rounded ; antennae
short, the scape extending just to the top of the head, the club
of the flagellum very distinct; eyes rather large, situated about
the middle on the sides of the head. Thorax level, rounded
above, the meso-metanotal suture distinct but not deep or wide ;
metanotal spines short, stout and erect. Pedicel : the 1st
node without any distinct petiole in front, but the joint of the
pedicel with a curved slope to the flat apex of the node, which is
acute in front ; 2nd node subquadrate with the angles rounded,
broader than the 1st node but not so high ; abdomen broadly
oval.

Length, £ 2*5 mm.

Hob. Kecorded so far only from Fachmarhi, Central India
(Schurr).

Genus STEREOMYRMEX.

Stereomyrrnex, Emery, Deutsch. ent. Zcit. 1901, p. 115, £ rf-

Type, S. horni, Emery, from Ceylon.
Range. So far known only from Ceylon.

g . Head from the front, without the mandibles, almost square,
the front and sides somewhat flat, very slightly convex, the

Fig. 78. — Stereomyrmex horni, £ .

occiput transverse ; mandibles subtriangular, the inner and masti-
catory margins almost at right angles, the latter dentate ; clypeus
with the middle portion produced between the base of the antennae
and higher than the depressed side portions ; frontal area very
small, the antennal carinae very short ; antennae short and thick,

STEEEOMYRMEX. 219

11-jointed, joints 3-8 very short indeed and massed together,
9-11 forming the club, of which the apical joint is longer than the
other two ; eyes not large, placed about the middle of the sides of
the head. Thorax above without sutures, gently curved and
convex, the sides flat, vertical and margined above, pronotal
lateral angles prominent ; thorax slightly constricted just in front
of the metanotum, the basal portion of which is rectangular, the
lateral angles with two slightly divergent horizontal spines.
Pedicel : the 1st joint rather thick with the hind portion raised
into a transverse scale-like node, rounded above ; 2nd node trans-
verse, broader than long ; abdomen broadly oval.

;' J • Head rounded. Mandibles triangular, dentate. Clypeus
obtusely angled, slightly produced between the antennae as in
the $ . Antennae 11-jointed ; scape short, 2nd joint small, 3rd
larger than the 2nd or 4th, 7th to 10th globose, the latter portion
thereby resembling a rosary of beads. Mesonotum convex, with
deep converging grooves. Scutellum and metanotum falling
steeply to the sloping epinotum, the latter unarmed, with long
basal portion and vertical flat apical portion. First joint of the
pedicel broadening posteriorly, seen from above triangular ; second
joint oval. The stipes in the genital armature are long, gradually
conical, the two together forming a pair of forceps. Front wing
with a closed radial and a closed cubital cell, but no discoidal
cell." (Neuration of the Myrmecina-type.)

254. Stereomyrmex horni, Emery, Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 1901, p. 116.

$ . Eeddish yellow, the flagellum of the antennae and the legs
paler yellow ; " head, thorax and pedicel minutely granulate,
opaque ; abdomen smooth, slightly shining ; pilosity exceedingly
sparse, almost wanting, a few erect hairs on the anterior portion
of the face, the legs in part, and on the abdomen posteriorly ;
pubescence silvery in certain lights, dense and very short. The
rest as in the characters for the genus.

" rf. Brown, in parts darker. Head black, opaque, rugosely
punctured, the rest shining. Legs brighter brown ; the mandibles,
the first two joints of the antenna? and the apex of the abdomen
brownish yellow. Legs and antennae with longer pubescence ;
head, thorax and abdomen with long oblique brush-like hairs.
The form of the epinotum as given in the characters for the genus.
Wings greyish, with brown nervures." (Emery.)

Length, $ 2-5 ; tf 3'2 mm.

ffab. Eecorded from Ceylon.

I owe two specimens of this rare ant to the kindness
Prof. Emery.

220 FOKMICIDvE.

Genus PHIDOLE.

Formica, pt., Fubr. Ent. Syst. ii (1793), p. 361.

Atta, pt., Sykes, Trans. Ent. Soc. i (1835), p. 103, £ , pi. 13, fig. 2.

Pheidole, Wcstw. A. M. N. H. vi (1841), p. 87.

Type, P. providens, Sykes, from India *.

Ranye. Both hemispheres.

11. Head always in appearance somewhat disproportionately
large as compared with the body ; occiput with a medial, more or
less deep emargination dividing the head posteriorly almost into
two lobes ; mandibles strong, broad, triangular, with or without
teeth along the masticatory margin ; clypeus narrow, produced
medially back between the bases of the antennae, in a few species
produced a little anteriorly also, the anterior border sometimes
emarginate in the middle; frontal area small, depressed ; antennal
carinse very often as long as the scape, bordering on one side a
groove into which the scape and flagellum fold up ; antennae 12-
jointed, the club of the flagellum composed of the apical three
joints (in two Indian species and some American species of the
apical tour joints, Geratophidole) ; eyes of moderate or small size ;
ocelli absent. Thorax with the pro- and mesonotum raised, more
or lees convex, the pronotum very often laterally bituberculate,
and the mesonotum with a transverse sulcation, the portion behind
which is raised into a more or less thickened transverse ridge ;
meso-metanotal suture distinct ; metanotum with a basal portion
horizontal or sloping and ending posteriorly in a spine or tooth
on each side, and an apical portion vertical or oblique ; legs
moderately long and stout, claws simple. Pedicel two-jointed
with nodes above, the anterior node very often with an appendix
beneath ; abdomen more or less broadly oval.

$ . Eesembles the 1J. in the general shape of the thorax,
pedicel and abdomen, but is of course smaller ; the pro-niesonotum
is never proportionately so high, and the abdomen is comparatively
narrow ; the head is much smaller, is never deeply emarginate
and has the posterior margin very often convex ; the antennae are
as a rule proportionatelv much longer.

$ . Eesembles the ty, but has the head smaller and narrower
than the thorax, the ocelli are present, and the occiput only
slightly and very widely emarginate. Thorax massive, broad, flat
above, the pronotum does not form part of the dorsum, and the
metanotal spines are stouter, sometimes triangular. Pedicel and
abdomen as in the I/ , but more massive.

c? . E-esembles the $ , but the head is much smaller, about as
long as it is broad across the eyes, which are very large and promi-
nent ; mandibles smaller, narrower ; antennae 13-joiuted, filiform,

* Neither Sykes's original description nor subsequent descriptions by
V\ estwood or Jerdon are sufficiently detailed to allow of the species named
" /trovideiis" by Sykes to be discriminated from " indicus," Mayr, but it
probably was " providens" that Mayr re-named.

PHIDOLE. 22 L

the scape short, the basal joint of the flagellum globose, the apical
joints not forming a distinct club ; ocelli three, somewhat wide
apart and prominent. Thorax massive, short, the mesonotum
much raised and gibbous, the metanotum depressed vertically
beneath the scutellum, its basal portion level, unarmed, its apical
portion truncate. Wings • the fore wing with an open radial, two
cubitals and a discoidal cell. Pedicel as in the $ . Abdomen
less massive, the external genital valves cultriform, the apex
obliquely truncate.

The ants belonging to this genus are harvesters like the species
of Messor and Phidologiton, but are, as Mr. Wroughton also has
noticed and recorded, far behind the species of those genera in the
matter of road-making. The species of Phidole are not common
in Burma, not nearly so common, so far as my experience goes, as
Phidologiton, Solenopsis, or even Holcomyrmex. The only species
that came at all frequently under my observation was one that I
took to be P. sulcaticeps, Mayr, but which has since been separated
as a distinct race under the name "yeensis" by Dr. Forel. Further
on I record the few notes I made about this species.

Mr. Wroughtou states regarding the intelligence, &c., of
Phidole that " It has been proved (?) by numberless experiments
that though ants can go and fetch associates, they cannot send
them. These experiments, however, have all been made with
European ants (mostly Formicidae = ? Camponotince) and in
captivity. One has only to frighten with a piece of grass the $
about the entrance to a nest of Phidole, and to note the rapidity
with which one or more I/ come bustling on to the scene, to have
his faith in the result of these experiments somewhat shaken.
On one occasion I was trying to attract some Triylyphothrix with
a piece of bacon (in order to find the nest); a single $ °f
P. latinoda appeared on the scene and, having tasted the bait,
immediately started off at a run for home, meeting and passing
the word to several $ °n the way. I traced her to the nest a
good ten paces off, and then returned at once to my bait. It had
been lying for a good quarter of an hour before the first $ found
it, but immediately after my return to it I became aware of several
£ making for it, not in a direct line, but quartering the ground
like pointers, and steadily advancing all the time in the right
direction ; nor were these following the return track of $ No. 1,
but were converging on the bait, each along a line of her own.
Very shortly after they had reached the food, two or three $
followed by a lumbering ?/ appeared coming from the nest, fol-
lowing very closely though somewhat hesitatingly the return track
of No. 1. On seeing them coming I lifted the bait and the few
£ which had already reached it, and then saw the newcomers
arrive and actually overrun the spot where the bait had lain.
It seemed to me clear that one or the other batch of $ must have
been sent"

On the path leading from the Forest Inspection bungalow at
Maymyo, the little hill-station near Mandalay, were two or three

222 FORMICIIXE.

nests of Phidole yeensis — one only a few yards from the portico of
the bungalow. One day I placed half a handful of broken rice a
little distance from the nest, and sat down to watch. Numerous
£ 5 from the nest were about, some laden aud some unladen,
coming and going in a regular double stream to a patch of coarse
grass in seed about 30 feet or so distant ; others apparently were
wandering around aimlessly, while at the entrances to the nest
itself was a busy crowd, clearing husks and debris out of the
nest. Mixed up with these last were one or two big-headed If. If. ,
not helping in the work but coming out apparently for a recon-
noitre and retiring in slow pompous fashion. For nearly half an
hour my rice-grains lay unheeded. Very often a $ would pass
very close to the rice, but apparently without discovering it ;
more than once also I saw an ant run right over the grains
without pausing, and retire to the nest. At last two £ £ chanced
on the food simultaneously ; both stopped, touched the nearest
grains with their antenna;, seemed to lick them a bit, and finally
one took up a grain and trotted off towards the nest, while the
other remained behind wandering about, touching grain after
grain, going away for a bit, and returning, apparently quite unable
to make up her mind what to do. Watching the one that had
carried off a grain, I noticed that she was stopped more than once
on her road to the nest by other £ £ , with whom she seemed to
exchange antennal touches ; finally she disappeared into the nest.
The individuals spoken to seemed to continue their aimless run-
ning about, none making in the direction of the rice. After an
interval of three or four minutes, a party of seven or eight $ £
started from the nest and made towards the rice. I presumed,
though of course I could not be certain, that the ant that
discovered the food was with them. On the way the party was
joined by one or two more $ £ , presumedly, but again there is
no certainty, from among the individuals who had been met with
and spoken to by the original discoverer of the food. The £ that
had with the first-mentioned ant been the codiscoverer of the rice
had all this time remained as if on guard near the grain. On the
approach of the party she skirmished out towards it with what
schoolboys would call a very "cocky" air, threatening the other
ants. After having some words, she and another £ suddenly
laid hold of each other and had a rough-and-tumble. Presently
one (which I cannot say) made off in a direction away from the
nest. It is noteworthy that the party which came from the nest
straggled a good deal, though keeping to the line traversed by
those in front ; further, that again and again some wandering £*,
seeing (?) or being told (?) of her comrades travelling steadily in
one direction, joined the party and helped to carry the food to" the
nest. Too much caution cannot be exercised in drawing conclu-
sions from insect behaviour, but watching my ants finding and
assembling at food, I have been irresistibly reminded of vultures
gathering to a carcass. One vulture only perhaps has at first seen
it; others seeing him hastening in a particular direction, and

PHIDOLE. 223

learning from experience that his manner of flight indicates food
in sight, have joined him, till a mighty assemblage gets together.
So I think it is with ants, but in any interpretation of their
actions we are dreadfully hampered by our ignorance of the
extent and limit of their senses.

I varied my experiments in many ways, using various baits.
Often my experiments were entire failures, no ant coming to the
baits for the whole of the time I could spare to watch by them.
At other times the course pursued by the ants seemed entirely
contradictory to their usual habits. Once when I had baited
with sugar, a £ from the nest of P. yeensis, mentioned above,
found the food quickly, but after tasting she picked up a grain
and started off in a direction opposite to that in which lay her
nest. After walking about a bit, she dropped the grain and
wandered away. The sugar lay a yard or so off the nest of
Phidole untouched by them. Four hours afterwards I fouud it
being cleared off by a swarm of Tapinoma and one or two giants
of Diacamma scalpratum.

I tried at times to mark with white paint the ants that first
discovered my baits. As a rule, or rather I may say with only
two exceptions, I succeeded only in frightening the discovering
ants, so that they never returned or brought comrades to carry off
the food. The twice that I was successful, the marked $ § of
P. yeensis returned with the first party sent out of the nest.
On one of the two successful occasions, I managed to mark,
without alarming them out of their senses, two of three ants that
had discovered the bait within half a minute of each other, and it
was an interesting sight to see the two race each other, each with
a grain of sugar, to the nest, apparently trying to see which of
them should be the first to communicate the news of food and
possibly get all the kudos for it. Both these marked ants sallied
forth with the first party sent from the nest.

Key to the Species, 11.

A. Club of flagellum of antennae formed of the apical

three joints,
a. First joint of the pedicel with a projection or

appendix beneath.
a'. Metanotal spines clavate and obtuse towards

apex like the halteres or poisers of a dip- [p. 232.

teron •?• spathifera,

b'. Metanotal spines more or less acute at apex,

not clavate.
a2. Head posteriorly smooth and shining, not ,p. 229.

sculptured P- lamelhaoda,

b2. Head posteriorly more or less sculptured.
a3. Frontal grooves for reception of scapes of

antenna* absent • P. 9™yi, p. 230.

63. Frontal grooves for reception of scapes of

antennae distinct.

a4. Upper margin of node on 1st joint of [.p. 9RU,

pedicel emarginate P- wahnst,

224

b*. Upper margin of node on 1st joint of

pedicel entire, not emarginate.
a5. Lateral lobes of head punctate ---- P. naorojh, p.231.

ft5. Lateral lobes of head reticulate.
a6. Abdomen opaque, finely strata

from end to end .............. P. sharpi, p. 234.

b*. Abdomen not opaque, only striate

at base.
a~. Second node distinctly more

than twice as broad as long.

a*. Head, thorax and abdomen [p. 235.

yellowish red ............ P. latinoda,

b*. Head, thorax and abdomen [p. 236.

black or very dark brown , . P. angustior,
b~. Second node of pedicel longer,
less than twice as broad as

a8. Head distinctly longer than [p. 234.

broad .................. P.fergusoni,

68. Head square, as broad as [p. 235.

long .................... P. hoogwerfi,

b. First joint of pedicel with no projection or

appendix beneath.

a'. Pro- and mesonotum forming a single con-
vexity, transverse mesonotal furrow obsolete.
a2. Head only as broad as long.

a3. Posterior half of head smooth and [p. 242.

shining ............................ P. megacephala,

b3. Posterior half of head sculptured, not

smooth.
a4. Occipital lobes longitudinally striate.

Length over G mm ............... P. sykesi, p. 240.

6*. Occipital lobes reticulate. Length

under 3 mm ....................... P. sagei, p. 243.

b'2. Head distinctly longer than broad.
a3. Occiput smooth and shining.

a*. Occipital emargination narrow and [p. 239.

deep, lateral lobes broad and rounded . P. pronotdlis,
b4. Occipital emargination broad and shal- [p. 241.

low, lateral lobes narrow and angular. P. wood-masoni,
b3. Occiput more or less sculptured.
a'. Length over 6 mm.

a3. Second node of pedicel with the [p. 238.

sides produced into cones ........ P. pMpsoni,

b5. Second node of pedicel with the [p. 238.

sides not produced into cones .... P. hospita,

b*. Length under 4 mm. [p. 237.

a5. Head anteriorly beneath bidentate v. P. watsoni,
b*. Head anteriorly beneath not dentate.
a6. Frontal grooves for reception of

scapes of antennae absent ...... P. mus, p. 242.

b9. Frontal grooves for reception of

scapes of antennae present.

a7. Thorax for the most part smooth, [p. 244.

shining .................... P. templaria,

V. Thorax reticulate and opaque,

not shining ................ P. parva, p. 244.

PHIDOLE. 225

V. Pro- and mesonotuin not forming a single
convexity; transverse mesonotal furrow and
ridge or carina, or at any rate the latter,
always present.
a2. Posterior third of head smooth, not sculp- [p. 245.

tured P. nietneri,

b~. Whole head sculptured.

aj. Head below vertex vertically truncate, [asperata, p. 247.
forming a flat plane with the clypeus . . P. capellini, var.
b3. Head below vertex normally developed,

not truncate. [p. 257.

a4. Mesonotum bidentate above P. multidens,

b1. Mesonotum not dentate above.
a*. Frontal grooves for reception of scape

of antennae obsolete.
«°. Head including mandibles very large,

as long as or longer than thorax and [p. 247.

pedicel united P. wroughtoni,

b6. Head including mandibles smaller,

distinctly shorter than thorax and [p. 248.

pedicel united P. constancies,

5'. Frontal grooves for reception of scape

of antenna? distinct.

«(i. Length over 7 mm. Scape flattened . P. ruyosa, p. 249.
b6. Length under 0 mm. Scape cylin-
drical.

a1. Vertex of head with a transverse
impression, broad and very dis-
tinct.
a*. Abdomen finely striate at base [p. 251.

only -P- sulcaticeps,

b~*. Abdomen finely striate from end to

end, opaque P. yeensis, p. 252 .

b7. Vertex of head not transversely im-
pressed, or at most with only a
slight transverse impression,
a". Pronotum convex, lateral tubercles

quite or nearly obsolete.
«;). Base of abdomen finely striate,

remainder of abdomen smooth [p. 267.

and shining P.fossidata,

bn. Abdomen entirely smooth and

shining.
a10. Medial portion of clypeus

smooth and shining.
«u. Frontal grooves for reception
of scape not •well-marked,
coarsely longitudinally stri-
ate within P./f<*, p. 200.

b11. Frontal grooves for reception
of scape more distinct, hnely

sculptured within P. roberti, p. 259.

b10. Medial portion of clypeus
opaque, longitudinally striate.
a11. Scape of antenme compara-
tively long, falling short of
apex of lateral lobe of head
VOL. IT. ^

220 FOBMICID.T:.

by about one-fifth of its own [p. 256.

length P- jucunda.

A11. Scape of antennae shorter,
falling: short of apex of
lateral lobe of head by more
than half its own length . . P.jattma, p. '262.
>s. Pronotum convex, lateral tubercles
sometimes obtuse but always dis-
tinct.

«9 Second node of pedicel distinctly
more than half the breadth of
abdomen.

a10. Head longer than broad P. horni, p. 251.

bw. Head as broad as long P. rhombinoda,

b*. Second node of pedicel not nearly [p. 250.

half the breadth of abdomen.
a10. Clypeus medially produced, bi- [p. 258.

dentate P. peyuensis,

b10. Clypeus not medially produced

nor dentate.

a11. Abdomen sculptured.
«12. Basal third of abdomen [p. 253.

finely striate P. striativentris,

612. Entire" abdomen (sometimes
only basal two-thirds) re-
ticulate - punctate, not

striate P. yhatica, p. 254.

611. Abdomen not sculptured,

smooth and shining.
a1-. Longitudinal striae on head
curving outwards on pos-
terior lateral lobes.
a13. Pronotum highly polished, [p. 255.

smooth and shining .... P. sepulchralis,
b13. Pronotum more or less

transversely striate.
«u. Frontal grooves for re-
ception of scape longi- [p. 261.
tudinally striate within. P. playiaria,
bu. Frontal grooves for re-
ception of scape finely
reticulate within.
a15. Second node of pedicel

transverse, with acute [p. 261.

lateral cones P. binyhaini,

b13. Second node of pedicel
more rounded, the
lateral angles more

obtuse ..:... P. indica, p. 263.

i12. Longitudinal striae on head
not curving outwards on
posterior lateral lobes.

a13. Length under 3 mm P. royersi, p. 258.

613. Length over 3 mm.

«u. Head long, half as long [p. 255.

again as broad P. mayretti,

PHIJDOLE.

227

A". Head shorter, about as

long as broad.

«1J. Metanotal spines long,
longer than half the
length of the basal [p 264

face of metanotum .. P. rotschana,

f <> ' Aletanotal spines very

short, barely half the

length of the basal

face of metanotum.

a16. Pronotum seen from

the front rounded, [p 265

convex P. himalayana,

»18. Pronotum seen from
the front flat ante-
riorly, transverse

B. Club of flagellum of antennae formed of apical' four
joints.

a. Light reddish-brown; head enormous, clvpeus To *>07

not carinate '. ... P. smythies'i "

b. Very dark brown, almost black ; head proportion- rp' 228

ately much smaller, clypeus medially carinate.. P. bhavurue',

255. Phidole smythiesi, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 165 &
185, £ $ <$ • id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 523

}/ . Of a clear light or reddish chestnut-brown all over, slightly
shining, covered with abundant reddish-yellow erect hairs. Head
enormously large, much broader than long, posteriorly deeply
emargiuate, with no depression on the vertex but a broad, smooth,
depressed line down the middle; anteriorly finely but rather

Fig. IS.— Phidole smythiesi,

vaguely longitudinally striate, the striao breaking into punctures
and shallow reticulations posteriorly ; mandibles punctured and
sparsely striate, the masticatory margin acutely pointed at apex,
without distinct teeth but slightly crenulate ; clypeus longi-
tudinally striate ; antennal carinae short and widely divergent
posteriorly, no antennal groove : antenna) short, the scape from
its insertion reaching barely halfway to the top of the head ;
flagellum clavate, the apical four joints subequal; eyes small,

228 FOBAIICIDJE.

placed in the lower third of the sides of the head. Thorax narrow
in comparison with the head, pronotum convex anteriorly, meso-
notum widely and deeply transversely sulcate and with a transverse
carina ; metanotum short, longitudinally sulcate, the metanotal
spines stout and acute. Anterior node of the pedicel without
appendix beneath, acutely transverse above ; posterior node
rounded above, much broader than long, slightly angularly pro-
duced at the sides ; abdomen broadly oval.

£ . Similar in colour to the If.. Head oval, convex, very little
longer than broad ; scape of the antennae passing the top of the
head by about one-third of its length from insertion ; thorax
elongate, the metanotum proportionately longer than in the If. ;
pedicel as in the If., but the posterior node oval, longer than
broad ; abdomen broadly oval. Head, thorax and abdomen
smooth, polished and shining, the metanotum only delicately,
longitudinally striate on the sides ; pilosity as in the 1}..

$ . Closely resembles the 11 , darker in colour ; the head pro-
portionately somewhat smaller, but larger than the thorax ;
wetanotal spines broad at base.

" <5 . Dull yellow. Wings long, pale brown, with the nervures
and stigma rather pale. Mandibles quadridentate. Scape of the
antennae as long as the first three joints of the flagellum. Head
arched transversely from one eye to the other. Thorax broad.
Sometimes the 2nd node very large, with a lateral tooth." (Forel.)

Length, 11 6-8-5 ; £ 3-5-4-5 : $ 13 ; rf 5-5-6 mtn.

Hab. Assam (Smythies).

Remarkable for its having more than one form of £ as in
Phidologiton. It is one of the two Indian species with the apical
four instead of three joints of the flagellum of the antennae
subequal.

Yar. bengalensis, Forel, has been described from Bengal.
Differs by its more elongate head and longer metanotal spines.

256. Phidole bhavanae, sp. nov.

If. . Dark castaneous brown, shining ; antennas and legs lighter,
somewhat reddish brown ; pilosity reddish yellow, abundant and
long on the front of the head and on the abdomen, somewhat
sparse on the thorax, on the antennae and legs it is oblique. Head
a little longer than broad, and broader posteriorly than in front,
longitudinally striate, reticulate in the intervals and on the posterior
lateral lobes, these latter somewhat pointed and cone-shaped, the
occipital emargination wide and deep, with a medial broad longi-
tudinally impressed line, but no transverse depression ; mandibles
shining, with sparsely scattered punctures ; clypeus with its anterior
margin transverse, not emarginate, a smooth space with a slight
vertical carina in the middle ; no antennal groove ; antennal
carinae short, scarcely divergent ; scape of antennae stout,
reaching about two-thirds of the distance between their insertion

PHIDOLE. 229

and the top of the head ; flagellum with the club formed of 4
subequal joints. Thorax anteriorly rounded, without lateral
tubercles ; transverse mesonotal groove and ridge well-marked ;
meso-metanotal suture wide and deep ; metanotum with its basal
portion laterally margined and strong erect lateral spines ; the
thorax somewhat irregularly but transversely striate, obliquely on
the sides. Pedicel rather thick : the 1st node, seen from the side,
cuneiform, without an appendix beneath ; 2nd node globose,
laterally slightly tuberculate, smooth above and shining; abdomen
smooth and shining.

£ . Similar in colour, but lighter than in the If. , smooth, highly
polished and shining ; pilosity similar but more sparse. Head
broadly oval, with a distinct posterior margin ; antennae very long
and massive, the scape extending beyond the top of the head by
more than one-third of its length ; club of the flagellum of 4 sub-
equal joints as in the "ty. Thorax, nodes of the pedicel and
abdomen as in the I/, but proportionately smaller.

Length, I/ 5 ; $ 3-3 -5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim at 8000 feet (Rogers).

This species resembles Phidole (Ceratophidole) smyth-iesi, Forel,
in the form of the antennae. It differs in size and colour, in
having the head ( 11 ) proportionately smaller and longer, and
also in the shape of the head and thorax.

257. Phidole laraellinoda, Forel, Bev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 1G6 &
186, I/ £ $ cf ; «?. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 524 &
538.

}/. Very light chestnut-red, smooth, polished and shining,
antenna?, legs and abdomen a shade paler; the head anteriorly
finely longitudinally striate, the thorax on the sides very sparsely
punctate ; pilosity entirely wanting, pubescence very short and
sparse. Head posteriorly broader than in front, deeply, widely
emarginate, without the mandibles a little longer than broad ;
mandibles sparsely punctate, the masticatory margin with two
indistinct blunt teeth at apex ; clypeus with the anterior margin
medially incised, a convex smooth spot in the middle with a tine
groove on each side ; antennal carinae very short, widely divergent
posteriorly, with no antennal groove ; antennae short, the scape
not reaching the top of the head by more than one-half of its
length from insertion ; eyes lateral, round, not very convex, placed
in anterior half of the head ; a distinct depression on the vertex ;
the posterior lateral angles of the head rounded but prominent.
Thorax : the pronotum a little longer than broad, convex above,
laterally tuberculate ; mesonotum transverse; the pro-mesonotal
suture deep and narrow, the meso-metauotal suture deep and broad ;
the metanotum with a curved slope to apex, the metanotal spines
very short and erect, Anterior node of the pedicel with a trans-
lucent appendix beneath, seen from above square, obliquely sloped

230 FORM1CIDJE.

anteriorly, the anterior lateral angles prominent, above transverse;
posterior node convex above, a little more than twice as long as
broad, laterally angular ; abdomen broadly oval, convex.

$ . Pale brownish yellow, polished, smooth and shining ; with
sparse pilosity chiefly on the front of the head and apex of the
abdomen, on the antennae and legs the hairs are short and oblique ;
head a little longer than broad, and broad posteriorly ; eyes compara-
tively prominent ; scape of the antennae extending beyond the top of
the head by barely one-fifth of its length. Thorax bi-emargiuate ;
anterior node of the pedicel without an appendix, posterior node
oval, convex.

"$. Precisely like the T/, with an appendix beneath the 1st
node of the pedicel." (ForeL)

" d1 . Mandibles without teeth. Scape as long as the first two
joints of the flagellum. Head behind the eyes trapezoidal. A
longitudinal whitish carina on the 1st node of the pedicel. "Wings
yellowish, stigma and nervures paler. Of a dingy yellow ; abdomen
brownish.'' (Forel.)

Length, If. 4-5-5 ; $ 2-5 ; d1 4-8 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Central (BetJiam*) and Western
India (Wrovglitori).

258. Phidole grayi, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zooi. \ (1902), pp. 167 & 187,
I/ $ ; id. Jour. Brnnb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 524 £ 539.

U- Head, thorax and posterior node of the pedicel reddish
brown, antennas and legs yellow, abdomen brown with the apical
margins of the segments narrowly yellowish ; head, thorax and
abdomen covered with erect pale reddish hairs, oblique, most
abundant on the antennae and on the tibiaa of the legs. Head
broader posteriorly than in front, longitudinally striate, with the
occiput and a portion of the vertex and front above smooth
and shining ; mandibles smooth, with scattered punctures ; clypeus
with a smooth space in the middle ; autennal carinae short, diver-
gent posteriorly ; antennal grooves shallow, sculptured inside ;
scape of the antennae reaching two-thirds of the distance from its
insertion to the top of the head. Thorax as in P. lamellinoda, the
pronotum rounded and convex, but transversely striate, with the
lateral tubercles less distinct ; metanotal spines longer than in
P. lamellinoda. Nodes of the pedicel and abdomen as in that
species, but distinctly pilose and not so smooth, polished and
shining.

$ . Head, thorax and anterior node of the pedicel yellow, the
head with a brownish tint, the posterior node of the pedicel and
the abdomen brown. Head posteriorly nearly transverse, the
antennae extending beyond the top by about one-third of their
length. Thorax : the transverse groove or sulcus on the meso-
notum shallow ; the metanotum without spines, scarcely dentate.
Anterior node of pedicel in profile triangular, posterior node from

PHIDOLE. 231

above circular, strongly convex, much larger than the 1st node ;
abdomen oval, abundantly pilose as in the I/ .

Length, "% 4-4-5 ; £ 2-5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Western India ( Wrouf/hton)
and Sikhini (MoUer).

269. Phidole malinsi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 167 & 187,
I/ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 524 & 539.

~y. . Dark castaneous brown ; the antennae, metanotum, legs and
1st node of the pedicel light reddish brown. Head, thorax and
abdomen covered abundantly with erect reddish hairs. Head a
little longer than broad, a little broader posteriorly than in front,
longitudinally striate posteriorly and on the prominent lateral
angles somewhat reticulate, depression on the vertex distinct;
mandibles shining, with scattered punctures ; clypeus medially
shortly carinate, the anterior margin incised in the middle ;
antennal carinse short, widely divergent posteriorly, autennal groove
the length of the scape ; the latter densely pubescent, falling short
of the top of the head by about half its own length. Thorax
somewhat coarsely transversely striate ; the pronotum anteriorly
convex, laterally tuberculate ; mesonotum with a transverse groove
and a ridge behind the groove ; metanotum smooth and shining
above, sculptured on the sides, the metanotal spines short and
erect. Anterior node of pedicel cuneate, with a thin, slightly
bituberculate, transverse upper margin, beneath with a semitrans-
parent appendix, bearing a spine anteriorly ; posterior node convex,
transversely finely striate, about twice as broad as long ; abdomen,
broadly oval, finely longitudinally striate on the basal half of the
1st segment.

£ . Pale yellowish brown, polished, smooth and shining,
abdomen darker brown ; head oval, the occiput rather broad ;
scape of the antennae extending beyond the top of the head by
about one-fourth of its length from insertion. Thorax: the
mesonotal transverse groove slight, the metanotal spines erect but
very short. Anterior node of pedicel without appendix beneath ;
posterior node oval.

Length, 11 4-5-5 ; £ 2-5 mm.

Hab. Recorded so far only from Sikhim (Moller) and Ceylon
(Yerbury).

260. Phidole naorojii, Forel, Zev. Sume Zool. x (1902), pp. 167 &
187, I/ $ j id, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 525 & 539.

11 . Head and thorax brownish red, darkest on the head, legs
dingy yellow, abdomen dark brown ; pilosity very sparse ; pubescence
widely spaced, short but very distinct on the head and abdomen ;
head in front longitudinally, the pronotum transversely striate,
the apex of the lateral lobes of the head, the occiput, metanotum
and posterior node of the pedicel more or less coarsely and closely
punctured, opaque ; abdomen smooth. Head nearly square, the

232 FOEMICIDjE.

occipital emargination not deep ; mandibles smooth, sparsely
punctured ; clypeus anteriorly transverse, medially vertically
carinate ; antennae short, the scape falling short of the top of the
head by about half its length ; antennal grooves shallow, not
distinct. Thorax somewhat short and robust, the prouotal tubercle
obtuse, the transverse mesonotal groove and ridge distinct ; the
metanotum short, flat and trapeziform above ; spines comparatively
long. Pedicel short : the 1st node squamiform, ernarginate above,
with a short appendix beneath ; 2nd node above transversely
fusiform, about twice as broad as long ; abdomen depressed, almost
circular.

$ . Head above and abdomen dark brown ; the front of the head,
mandibles, antennae, thorax and legs yellow. Head oval, not very
arched posteriorly, with a distinct posterior margin ; antennae with
the scape extending by about a quarter of its length beyond the
top of the head. Thorax : the pronotuni convex and rounded above,
with minute lateral tubercles, the mesonotal transverse furrow
barely indicated, the metanotum long, bidentate posteriorly.
Pedicel : the 1st node small, squamiform ; 2nd proportionately
large, from above circular, rounded and convex above ; abdomen
broadly oval, highly polished and shining.

Length, If. 4-4-5 ; $ 2 mm.

Hob. "Western India, Poona (Wrouyhton).

261. Phidole spathifera, Fore/, Rev. Sw'sse Zool. x (1902), pp. 168 &
", I/ $ $ d; id. Jour. £owb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 525

11. Head, posterior node of the pedicel and abdomen dark
brown, almost black, the last with the apical margins of the seg-
ments yellowish ; flagellum of the antennae, t thorax, legs and
pedicel anteriorly chestnut-red ; the whole insect covered with
abundant short red hairs, and closely striate-reticulate, opaque.

Fig. 80.— Phidole spathifera, y.. a. Head.

Head without the mandibles about as broad as long, rather widely
but not deeply emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles not dentate,
smooth along the masticatory margin*; clypeus medially narrowly
carinate, with the anterior margin bisinuate ; antennal carince short,

PHIDOLE. 233

slightly divergent posteriorly; antennal grooves as long as the scape;
the latter reaching somewhat less than two-thirds of the distance
between its insertion and the top of the head ; eyes comparatively
small, placed in the anterior half of the head, on the sides. Thorax :
the pronotum convex in front, laterally bituberculate ; mesonotum
with a transverse carina, the meso-metanotal suture deeply and
widely impressed, the sculpture on the pro- and mesonotuna trans-
verse ; metanotum broad, passing to the apex with a rounded
curve, the basal portion posteriorly with two lateral clavate .spines
or processes. Anterior node of the pedicel viewed from the
front somewhat square, deeply emarginate above, the lower and
anterior lateral and the upper lateral angles dentate, beneath with
a semitransparent laminate appendix : posterior node transverse,
convex above, laterally bituberculate, about twice as broad as long ;
abdomen from above very broadly oval, nearly circular.

£ . Similar in colour and pilosity to the 3/ ; the sculpture much
finer and more delicate, rugulose and opaque. Head broadly oval,
convex, mandibles minutely dentate along the masticatory margin ;
scape of the antennae extending for about one-fourth of its length
beyond the top of the head ; thorax in shape a miniature of that of
the I/ , but the metanotal spines short, erect, acute at apex, not
clavate. Pedicel with the 1st node scarcely emarginate above, but
with an appendix beneath; 2nd node seen from above convex,
upper side almost circular ; abdomen elongate, oval.

$ . Resembles the 7/ , but the head is only a little broader than
the thorax, broader than long and markedly broader posteriorly
than in front. Head somewhat coarsely, mesonotum and the
base of the abdomen more finely longitudinally striate ; pronotum
(which is depressed beneath the mesonotum) and the 2nd node
of the pedicel transversely striate ; scutellum, the apical two-
thirds of the 1st and the whole of the rest of the abdominal
segments smooth and shining. Pilosity as in the 3/ . Metanotal
spines short and acute.

" J . Head broader than long, feebly convex behind the eyes.
Mandibles trideutate. Scape shorter than the 2nd joint of the
flagellutu. Nodes of pedicel short and thick, without any appendix.

Wings brownish nervures and stigma brown. Head and

thorax opaque, finely sculptured and pubescent. Pubescence dense,
with only a few erect hairs. Deep brown ; legs and antenna
yellowish'." (Forel.)
' Length, 7/ 5-5-6-5 ; £ 3-3-5 ; $ 7'5-8 ; 6 5 mm.

Hah. Barrackpore (Rothneifi; Western India, the PMlgiris
(Wroughton) to Cochin (Rothney}, Ceylon (F^m-,/); Assam
(Smytl'des) ; Burma, Pegu Yoma (Hauxivell). The Cochin, Assam
and Burmese specimens have the metanotal spines obtuse but not
clavate, and the 2nd node of the pedicel three times as broad as
long. This variety has been separated as var. nspntha by Dr. 1 orel.
The Ceylon form (var. ycrbim/i, Forel) has the head strong y
medially impressed and the 1st node of the pedicel very
emarginate above.

234 FOHMIC1DJE.

202. Phidole fergusoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 169 &
188 ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 526 & 540.

11 . Head, thorax and pedicel deep ferruginous red ; abdomen
dark brown, almost black in some specimens. Head, thorax and
pedicel coarsely sculptured, the head with longitudinal striae
breaking into coarse reticulations posteriorly on the lateral lobes,
the thorax and pedicel with coarse punctures and transverse
striae, abdomen finely longitudinally striate ; pilosity abundant, of
a pale yellowish colour. Head nearly square, slightly constricted
anteriorly, with a shallow impression on the vertex ; mandibles
longitudinally striate and punctured ; clypeus with a short medial
vertical carina ; antennae somewhat short, the apex of the scape
falling short of the top of the head by nearly its own length ;
antennal grooves not distinct ; occipital emargination moderately
deep. Thorax with the pronotal lateral tubercles, the transverse
mesonotal groove and cariua all very strongly marked ; metauotum
short, the spines remarkablv stout, but short and obtuse. Pedicel :
the 1st node with its upper margin transverse and with a tri-
angular appendix beneath ; 2nd node barely twice as broad as
long, its lateral angles obtuse ; abdomen broadly oval, depressed,
truncate anteriorly.

$ . Similar in colour to the I/ ; head, thorax and pedicel closely
punctured, opaque ; abdomen smooth and shining, sparsely punc-
tured at base only. Pilosity as in the }/. Head oval, the
occiput rounded, convex, the antennae stout, pubescent, the scape
extending beyond the top of the head by about one-fourth of its
length. Thorax elongate, the transverse mesonotal groove and
ridge not well-marked, the basal portion of the metanotuni not
horizontal, slightly sloping, the metanotal spines short, acute and
erect. Pedicel elongate, the 1st node almost conical, the 2nd node
globose, much broader and longer ; abdomen oval.

Length, I/. 6-6-5 ; $ 3'5-4 mm.

Hal. Recorded so far only from Travancore (Ferguson).

•2(')'3. Phidole sharpi, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 169 & 188,
I/ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 526 & 540,

If.. Head, thorax and 1st node of the pedicel brownish red,
2nd node of the pedicel and abdomen dark brown ; head, thorax
and abdomen covered with soft, rather long erect hair, raised on
piligerous tubercles on the abdomen. Head broad, narrowing
anteriorly, with a deep transverse depression oil the vertex
and the occipital emargination bi-oad and shallow ; cheeks convex,
the whole front of the head and cheeks longitudinally striate, the
striaa breaking into coarse reticulations on the posterior lobes ;
mandibles smooth, sparsely punctured ; clypeus with a smooth
space in the middle carinate, and the anterior border emarginate ;
antennal carinae short, antennal groove shallow, scape of the
antennae falling short of the top of the head by about half its own
length. Thorax transversely striate, the pronotum convex ante-

PHIDOLE. 235

riorly, the lateral tubercles distinct but obtuse; the transverse
furrow on the mesonotum wide and shallow ; the metanotum broad
and flat, the metanotal spines stout. Pedicel : the 1st node in
profile triangular, its upper margin transverse, entire, beneath
with a short rounded appendix ; 2nd node transversely striate,
about twice as broad as long; abdomen broadly oval, densely
longitudinally striate and opaque.

£ . Head and abdomen dark chestnut-brown, the former smooth
and shining; the antennae, thorax, legs and pedicel yellowish
brown ; the mesouotum and metanotum delicately sculptured ; the
abdomen dull, almost opaque. Head oval, rounded and narrowed
posteriorly; the antennae stout, the scape extending beyond the top
of the head by about one-third of its own length. Mesonotal
transverse groove shallow ; metanotum elongate, unarmed, with a
gentle slope posteriorly. Pedicel : the 1st node conical, the 2nd
very much larger, oval, convex above ; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, If. 5-5-6 ; $ 2-5 mm.

Hab. Western (ffoogiverf) and Southern India (Sharp, Eotlmey};
Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan).

Specimens I got in Burma agree so closely with Dr. Forel's
description that, although they differ in the length of the scape of
the antennae and slightly in colour, I prefer to place them under
this

264. Phidole hoogwerfi.

Pheidole sharpi, Ford, race hoogwerfi, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool.
x (1902), pp. 170, !/,& 189, $?; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. toe.
xiv (1902), pp. 526 &• 540.

Ij. . Closely resembles P. sltarpi, Forel, has similar pilosity and
sculpture ; but in the one specimen I have, that I identify as this
species, the head and thorax are light ferruginous-red, the abdomen
brown ; the antennas are distinctly longer, extending to more than
half the distance between their insertion and the top of the head,
the appendix beneath the 1st node of the pedicel is comparatively
shorter and thicker, and the 2nd node is longer, being not quite
twice as broad as long ; lastly, the abdomen is smooth and shining
except around the base, where it is densely striate.

" 5 . A little lighter in colour than the g of /'. sharpi, but for
the rest identical " (Forel).

Length, If. 4-5 ; $ 2'5 mm.

Hab. Bombay (Moof/werf); Mysore ( Watson).

265. Phidole latinoda, Roger, Berlin. e»t. 2e«fc. vii (1863), p. 105, V;

Forel, Sev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 170 & 189; «rf. Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 527 & 540.

1Z. Light bright chestnut-red, slightly shining, covered with
abundant soft, erect, reddish hairs. Head broader posteriorly than
in front, the vertex with a broad, very distinct transverse impres-
sion the head anteriorly longitudinally striate, the occiput t

236 FORMICID^.

the posterior lateral lobes coarsely reticulate, the broad longi-
tudinally impressed medial Hue finely transversely striate ; man-
dibles smooth, polished, shining, delicately punctured; clypeus
with its anterior margin medially bi-angular, above which is a V-
shaped depression ; antennal carinae short, divergent ; antennal
groove shallow, as long as the scape ; this latter short, extending
for little more than half the distance between its insertion and
the top of the head. Thorax transversely striate anteriorly, the
transverse mesonotal groove and ridge and transverse emargination
at the meso-metanotal suture distinct ; basal face of the metanotum
flat, square, submargined laterally ; rnetanotal spines erect and
stout. Anterior node of the pedicel smooth and shining, with a
transverse margin above, beneath with a laterally compressed
rounded appendix ; posterior node twice as broad as long, rounded
above ; abdomen broadly oval, shining, finely and closely longi-
tudinally striate at base.

£ . Pale brownish yellow, the head and abdomen darker than
the thorax, the whole insect shining but covered somewhat densely
with pale yellow erect hairs; head oval, eyes comparatively large;
thorax elongate, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures
distinct, the transverse mesonotal groove slight, the basal portion
of the metanotum longer than broad, flat, the metanotal spines
stout. Pedicel elongate, the 1st node with an indistinct appendix
beneath, the 2nd node from above circular, convex; abdomen.
oval.

Length, I/ 6-6'5 ; $ 2'5-3 mm.

Hob. Throughout continental India and Ceylon.

A large form common in Bengal stands as var. major, Forel.

260. Phidole angustior, Forel.

Pheidole latinoda, Roger, race angustior, Forel, Rev. Suisse ZooL
x (1902), pp. 170 & 189; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Koc. xiv (1902),
pp. 527 & 540.

11 . Head, thorax and 1st node of the pedicel dark castaneous
browu, flagellum of the antenna? and legs light brownish red, 2nd
node of the pedicel and the abdomen black. Head, thorax and
abdomen covered with long erect red hairs ; head broader poste-
riorly than in front, with an indistinct or no transverse impression
on the vertex, closely longitudinally striate ; mandibles shining,
sparsely punctured ; clypeus medially shortly carinate, anteriorly
emarginate in the middle; antennal carinae short, posteriorly
divergent, antennal groove distinct, finely sculptured within';
scape of the antennae extending about two-thirds of the distance
between its insertion and the top ot the head. Thorax anteriorly
convex and transversely striate, the transverse mesonotal groove
shallow, the thorax deeply emarginate at the meso-metanotal
suture : the basal portion* of the metanotum flat, longer than
broad ; metanotal spines stout, erect and acute. Pedicel : the 1st
node cuneiform, the upper margin transverse, slightly emarginate,
a rounded laterally compressed appendix beneath ; 2nd node not

PHIDOLB. 937

quite twice as broad as long, rounded above and at the sides and
transversely striate ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . Dark castaneous brown, smooth and shining, but densely
pilose, the flagellum of the antenna?, the legs and abdomen reddish
brown. Head oval, very narrow posteriorly ; antenna? long, the
scape extending beyond the top of the head by fully one-fourth
of its length. Thorax elongate, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures well marked, the transverse mesonotal groove slight, the
metauotal spines stout, erect and acute. Pedicel : the 1st node
as in the y. , but with no appendix beneath ; 2nd node convex
above, longer than broad; abdomen elongate, oval, somewhat
attenuate towards the apex.

Lcnc/th, If. 5-5-5 ; £ 3-3-5 mm.

Hob. Western India (Wroughton), Burma (Bingham).

267. PMdole watsoni, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool, x (1902), up 171 & 189
~H 9 2 c7; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp.527 & 641.

I/ . Head, thorax and pedicel reddish brown, the head ante-
riorly sometimes marked with yellow, antennae and legs yellow ;
abdomen brown, sometimes more or less dingy whitish' yellow
stained with brown above. Head anteriorly in front longi-
tudinally striate, the striae diverging laterally and breaking into
reticulations on the lateral lobes ; the thorax and abdomen
shining. Head, thorax and abdomen sparsely covered with soft,
short, erect hairs. Head elongate, rectangular, much longer than
broad, slightly constricted posteriorly, beneath anteriorly bi-
dentate, the occipital emargination shallow, the cheeks very
slightly convex, almost straight ; mandibles smooth, slightly punc-
tured ; clypeus a little concave, not cariuate ; antennae short, the
scape barely one-third as long as the distance from its insertion to
the top of the head ; antennal groove very indistinct, indicated
only by a smooth elongate space on which the scape rests.
Thorax gibbous anteriorly, the pronotuin transverse, somewhat
flat above and bituberculate, the mesonotal transverse groove and
ridge not well-marked ; metanotum with the basal portion hori-
zontal, flat and shining, metanotal spines short, acute and erect.
Pedicel with the 1st node squamiform, rather thick, transverse
above, the petiole in front long ; 2nd node a little wider and
larger, somewhat rhombiform ; abdomen oval.

$ . Clear pale yellow, head darker, the abdomen stained with
brownish. Head nearly as broad as long, the posterior margin
rounded ; antennae short, the apex of the scape extending only up
to the top of the head; thorax proportionately rather long, the
basal portion of the metanotum bidentate posteriorly, larger
than the apical portion; pedicel with the nodes subequal ;
abdomen oval.

Length, # 3; $ 1-5 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Taylor) : Ceylon (RotJmcy) ; Upper Burma,
Myingyan (Watson) ; -Southern Shan States (Thomson).

238 FORMICI1XE.

268. Phidole phipsoni, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool, x (1902), pp. 171 & 190,

I/ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 528 & 541.

ty . Head, the thorax and pedicel in part, the coxae, trochanters,
base and apex of the femora and of the tibiae, and the whole
of the tarsi reddish bro\vn ; the pronotuin, metanotum, nodes of
the pedicel above, and abdomen black, the posterior margins
of the abdominal segments narrowly yellow. Pilosity reddish,
very abundant and long. Head much longer than broad, the
sides parallel, the occipital emargination V-shaped, deep, the
whole head longitudinally striate, reticulate posteriorly between
the striae ; mandibles shining, the apex obtuse ; clypeus with a
short medial carina inside a medial longitudinal depression ;
antennae short, antennal grooves shallow. Thorax : the pro- and
mesonotum form one convexity, viewed in profile the thorax is
emarginate at the rneso-metanotal suture; metanotum with a
distinct basal portion sloping forward, bituberculate at apex.
Pedicel thick, opaque, coarsely sculptured ; anterior node broader
than loug, its upper margin transversely rounded, no appendix
beneath : posterior node convex above, nearly twice as broad
as long, the' lateral angles attenuate and acute ; abdomen broadly
oval, finely, closely punctured and opaque.

£ . Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown, antennae and
legs brownish yellow. Pilosity as in the I/ . Head oval ; antennae
very long, the scape extending beyond the top of the head by
about one-third of its length. Thorax : the pro- and mesonotum
and emargination at the meso-metanotal suture as in the I/ ,
metanotal spines absent ; posterior node of the pedicel conical,
not so long and oval as in most species.

Length, I/ 5'5-6'5 ; $ nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Eecorded only from Western India, Kanara ( Wroughton).

269. Phidole hospita, sp. nov.

I/ . Head and pedicel chestnut-red, thorax and abdomen very
dark brown, nearly black, mandibles much darker, antennae and
legs slightly lighter in colour than the head ; head regularly longitu-
dinallv striate, the striae slightly divergent above the vertex, oblique
but not transverse on the lateral lobes ; posteriorly the head is more
or less smooth on the occiput and on the back of the lateral lobes ;
thorax longitudinally and somewhat irregularly finely striate on the
sides, the striae curving round the front of the pronotum and
transverse above on the basal portion of the metanotum ; the pro-
notum and mesonotum above are smooth and shining, with one or
two scattered punctures ; pedicel and abdomen smooth with a
few irregular punctures, abdomen highly polished and shining;
pilosity almost entirely wanting. Head with the mandibles from
the front almost shield-shaped, very much broader posteriorly
than in front, the occipital emarginatiou wide and moderatelv
deep, the lateral lobes of the head large and rounded above,
;i well-marked and tolerably deep transverse impression above the

PHIDOLE. 239

vertex ; mandibles very powerful, triangular, smooth and shining,
with a few fine shallow punctures, but not striate ; clypeus smooth,
the medial portion broadly triangular, well-defined posteriorly, ante-
riorly transverse ; antennal carinae short and divergent, continued
as divergent stria margining the well-marked antennal hollow or
groove for the reception of the scape ; this latter somewhat coarsely
sculptured within ; antennae short and slender, the scape falling
short of the top of the head by more than one-third of its length :
eyes small, placed in the anterior half of the head. Thorax : the
pro- and mesonotum form one convexity, not raised, hut slightly
convex above, the pro-mesonotal transverse groove barely indicated,
the transverse ridge or carina behind it obsolete ; the basal
portion of the metanotum short, slightly convex above, the
metanotal spines very acute and erect. Pedicel : the 1st node
fine, narrow but transverse, and not emarginate above, without
appendix beneath ; 2nd node from above subquadrate, as broad as
long, the angles rounded and the sides not produced into cones ;
abdomen depressed, broadly oval.

Length, I/ slightly over 6 mm.

Hob. I procured a single I/ on the maidan at Calcutta. It
was wandering about a nest of P. rliomtnnoda, with the £ £ and
I/ I/ of which it seemed to be on quite friendly terms.

270. Phidole pronotalis, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 173 &
190, 3/ £ <3 ; id. Join: Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 528 &
541.

11. Head yellowish red, antennas, thorax aud legs yellow,
abdomen yellow shaded with fuscous brown. Head, thorax and
abdomen covered with somewhat sparse, erect, pale yellow hairs.
Head remarkably narrow and long, twice as long without the man-
dibles as it is broad posteriorly ; occipital emargination very deep
and narrow, the posterior lateral angles of the head very blunt
and rounded ; head longitudinally striate, more distinctly on the
anterior half, the apex of the posterior lateral lobes smooth and
shining; mandibles sparsely punctured; clypeus with a media
triangular portion slightly depressed, smooth and shining; antennal
carinrc short, divergent posteriorly, but continued as a margin tc
the long broad antennal furrow, which curves towards the eyes so
as to contain a portion of the flagellum as well as the scape ot
the antenna, the scape falls short of the apex ot the lobes
the head by about one-third of its length. Thorax emarginate in
profile at the meso-metanotal suture; the pro- and mesonotum
form one convexity, the pronotum laterally tuberculate; meta-
notal spines short, erect, acute. Anterior node of the pedicel
without appendix beneath, in profile triangular, upper marg,
transverse, narrow, slightly emarginate; posterior node somewhat
thicker and broader, but transverse, rounded above ; abdomen
broadlv oval, smooth, polished and shining.
T Shining brownish yellow, the head a shade darker than the

240 FOBMICLDJE.

rest of the body, more or less oval, broad posteriorly ; scape of
the antennas short, extending very littJe beyond the top of the
head. Thorax : pro- and mesonoturn form one convexity and are
emarginate in profile at the meso-metanotal suture as in the I/ ;
metanotal spines minute but erect and acute ; nodes of the pedicel
proportionately as in the I/ ; abdomen oval.

c? . Head and thorax fuscous brown, opaque ; mandibles, clypeus,
antenna, legs and abdomen yellow, shining. Head subcircular,
eyes and ocelli enormous, clypeus convex ; antennae long, the scape
short, equal in length to the basal three joints of the flagellum.
Thorax massive, oval, the mesonotum broad and somewhat flat.
Nodes of the pedicel low, subequal ; abdomen broadly oval. Wings
brownish or yellowish white, the nervures and stigma yellow.

Length. I/' 3'5-4'5 ; $ 1-5-2; 3 4-5 mm.

Hub. Eecorded only from Sikhirn (Holler) and Ceylon (Yer-
bunj).

271 . Phidole sykesi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 173,1/ $ J $ ;
id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 529 & 541.

If.. Dark brownish or chestnut-red," the flagellum of the
antennae, the thorax and legs a shade lighter. Head, thorax
and abdomen abundantly covered with soft, erect, red hair. Head
very large, closely longitudinally striate, longer than broad, the
posterior lateral lobes broadly rounded ; mandibles sparsely punc-
tured ; clypeus with a triangular medial portion depressed, smooth
and shining ; antennal carinai short, divergent posteriorly ; no
antennal groove ; antennae short, the apex of the scape scarcely
reaching half the distance from its insertion to the top of the
head. Thorax polished and shining, emarginate at the meso-
raetanotal suture, the pro- and mesouotum form one convexity ;
metanotal spines short, stout, acute. Pedicel without an append'ix
beneath the 1st node, this latter squamiform, its upper margin
short, laterally bidentate ; 2nd node transverse, about, twice as
broad as the 1st node, its upper margin rounded, produced laterally
into cones ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . Bright light chestnut, the abdomen brown, covered with
abundant erect reddish hairs ; head, thorax anteriorly and abdomen
smooth, polished and shining, the sides of the thorax posteriorly
delicately, longitudinally striate. Head posteriorly somewhat
transverse and broader than in front ; antennae comparatively
stout, the scape extending beyond the top of the head by about
one-fourth of its length. Thorax emarginate at the meso-
metanotal suture ; metanotum without spines. Anterior node
of the pedicel squamiform ; posterior node oval, nearly circular,
a little broader posteriorly than in front.

$ . Resembles the I/ in colour, head smaller proportionately ;
thorax smooth, sparsely punctured, metanotal spines stout, broad
at base ; anterior node of the pedicel as in the I/ , posterior node
broader. AViugs subhyaline, nervures and stigma yellowish.

PHIDOLE. 241

" c? • Mandibles trideutate, narrow at base. Scape shorter than
the basal two joints of the flagellum united. Head posteriorly
trapeziform. Of a dingy brownish-yellow colour. Metanotum
with two rounded elevations. Sculpture, wings and pilosity as
in the ? and I/ ." (Forel.)

Length, 7/ 6-5-7'5 ; $ 3-3'5; £ 10; J 6mm.

Hub. North-west Provinces (Smythies) -, Central (James) and
Western India ( Wroughton).

272. Phldole wood-masoni, Forel, Jour. As. Soc. JBena liv pt 2
(1885), p. 180, I/ $ ; Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 173 & 191,
I/ $ ? <5; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 529 & 541.

If. . Bright, rather light yellow, the mandibles brown, abdomen
fuscous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with rather
long semi-erect pale yellow hairs, most abundant on the abdomen ;
head nearly twice as long as broad, rectangular ; mandibles smooth,
sparsely punctured, with two acute teeth at apex ; clypeus narrow
and transverse; antennal carinao short, divergent posteriorly, no
antennal groove; scape of the antennae barely reaching one-third
of the distance between their insertion and the top of the head ;
eyes very small, placed on the sides in the anterior fourth of the
head ; head shining, anteriorly finely striate, tlie posterior half
sparsely punctured. Thorax : the pro- and mesonotum broad,
forming one convexity, the former laterally tuberculate, the latter
vertical posteriorly, the basal portion of the uietanotum depressed
and level, the metanotal spines very short, erect. Nodes of the
pedicel subequal, in profile conical, rounded above, with no
appendix beneath ; abdomen broadly oval.

£. Light yellow all over, shining; head posteriorly very
slightly but distinctly emarginate; antennae short, the scape
barely reaching to the top of the head ; thorax smooth and
shining, the same shape in miniature as in the I/.. Posterior
node of the pedicel slightly larger than the anterior node ;
abdomen oval.

$ . Brownish yellow ; head as brond as long, entirely longi-
tudinally striate, except a smooth elongate space for the scape ;
thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, the mt-tanotum strongly
bidentate ; the posterior node of the pedicel with its lateral angles
acute. Pilosity similar to that in the I/ , but more dense.

" d • Mandibles bidentate. Scape barely so long as the basal
two joints of the flagellum, of which the 2nd is a little longer
than broad. Head posteriorly trapeziform, the sides oblique, the
posterior margin short, the head opaque, finely striate and reticu-
late. The rest of the insect smooth and shining, like the 9
and cf of P. sylcesi. Pale yellow, head brownish yellow ; wings
yellowish, subhyaltne, elongate." (Forel.)

Length, I/ 2-5-4; £ 1'5 ; $ 4-5-5; <$ 3-5 mm.

Hal. Spread sparingly through Continental India and Ceylon.

242

273. Phidole megacephala, Fabr. (Formica) Ent. Syst. ii. 1793,

p. 361 : Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 173, I/ ; id. Jour.
Bomb.N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), p. 529.

I/ . Yellowish brown all over, darkening towards the apex of
the abdomen. Pilosity pale, very sparse arid short. Head, thorax
and abdomen shining, for the most part smooth, head with a
few slight longitudinal striae anteriorly, effaced half wav up ;
thorax with a few fine and, on the metanotum, rather closely-
set punctures. Head proportionately very large, longer than
broad, the occipital emargination shallow, the lateral lobes
rounded, convex and highly polished, a somewhat deep longi-
tudinal medial depression on the vertex, continued as an impressed
line partially down the front ; mandibles punctured, shining ;
clypeus slightly emarginate medially, not carinate ; antennae
short, slender, the scape falling short of the top of the head by
about half its length ; no antennal groove. Thorax anteriorly
rounded, gibbous, the lateral pronotal tubercles slight, obtuse;
the mesonotal transverse groove and ridge barely indicated ;
metanotum depressed, flat above, the metanotal spines com-
paratively stout and erect. Pedicel : the 1st node squamiform,
with a distinct transverse upper margin ; the 2nd node much
broader, transverse, nearly twice as broad as long ; abdomen
broadly oval.

$ . Brownish yellow all over, the head and abdomen slightly
darker. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining ; pilosity
as in the I/. Head broadly oval, slightly constricted anteriorly
and posteriorly, with a distinct occipital margin ; antennae short
and slender, the scape only extending slightly beyond the top of
the head. Thorax moderately broad and convex anteriorly, the
transverse mesonotal groove barely indicated, the metanotum
dentate posteriorly, flat above. Pedicel comparatively long, the
1st node squamiform, the 2nd globose ; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, 11 3'5-4 ; $ 2-2-5 mm.

Hob. Recorded within our limits only from Burma (Fen, Sing-
ham), but this species is found in Africa and extends, or has been
introduced, into many parts of the tropics of both hemispheres.

274. Phidole inus, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902), pp. 173 & 191,

I/ ? c? 5 id. Jour. Uomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 529 & 542.

I/ . Head and thorax dark castaneous brown ; abdomen, pedicel,
legs and scape of the antennae reddish brown, tarsi and flagellum
of the antennae yellowish. Head finely but very densely longi-
tudinally striate and pubescent, much longer than broad, and
about as broad posteriorly as in front, with the sides convex ;
mandibles smooth, minutely punctured ; clypeus with its anterior
margin transverse, not emarginate in the middle ; antenual carinae
very short ; no antennal groove ; scape of antennae falling short
of the top of the head by about its own length from insertion.
Thorax obscurely transversely striate; the pronotum laterally

PHIDOLE. 243

tubereulate, forming with the mesonotutn one convexity ; meso-
notum with no transverse groove, metanotal spines short, stout
and acute. Pedicel short : 1st node subcuneiform, transversely
rounded above, with no appendix beneath ; 2nd node from above
circular, about as broad as long ; abdomen broadly oval.

£ . Head and thorax dark bro\vn : antennae, legs and abdomen
brownish yellow. Head, thorax and abdomen with a few scattered
erect pale hairs, antennae and legs with a dense pale pubescence.
Head finely and closely punctured, opaque, longer than broad, the
occiput broad and slightly emarginate, the scape of the antennae
barely reaching, not extending beyond, the top of the head.
Thorax sculptured like the head, opaque, broad anteriorly, the
pronotum laterally tubereulate or sub-tuberculate ; metanotum
laterally dentate, its basal portion flat, longer than broad. Pedicel
seen from above elongate ; the 1st node rounded above, only
slightly smaller than the 2nd node, this latter circular, no appendix
beneath ; abdomen oval.

" tf . Mandibles tridentate. Antennos as in P. ivood-masoni •
head behind the eyes shorter. Metanotum depressed. Sculpture
as in P. wood-wasoni, but some tine striae on the thorax ; pilosity
more sparse. Brownish yellow. Wings short, with a brownish
tint, nervures and stigma pale." (Forel.)

Length, I/ 2 ; g To j rf <3'2 mm.

Hab. Eecorded hitherto only from Calcutta (liothmy) and
Kanara ( Wrouyhton).

27 5. Phidole sagei, Forel, JRev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 174 & 192,
^ & § ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc> xLv (1902), pp. 530 & 542.

" I/ . Head broad, nearly as broad as long, the sides somewhat
convex. Pronotal tubercles obtuse. Eyes placed in the anterior
fourth of the head. Mandibles smooth, with scattered punctures.
Clypeus carinate and emarginate. A place for the scape and
flagellum, more feebly sculptured within. Scape short, relatively
about the length it is in P. sylesi. A wide transverse impression
on the vertex. Occipital emargination moderately deep. Abdo-
men and the head posteriorly smooth, rest of the insect finely
reticulate and opaque. The head, moreover, somewhat finely
and closely longitudinally striate, the occiput in part reticulate.
Some transverse striae on the pronotum. Ferruginous red. Abdo-
men brown. Legs and antennae yellowish." (Forel.)

" g . Identical with the g of P. mus, Forel, but more robust ;
pro-mesonotum more convex. Spines thicker, longer (about as
long as half of the basal face of the metanotum); front of the
head more striate. Colour of a brownish-red ferruginous. .
nearly square." (Forel.)

Length, 7/ 2'5 ; £ 1'S mm.

Hab. Eecorded hitherto only from Dhannssila in the JNorth-w
Himalayas (Sage).

it2

244 FOBMICU>-E.

276. Phidole templaria, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 174:.
ill. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sue. xiv (1902), pp. 530 & 542.

7/. Dark chestnut-brown, the antenna?, legs and pedicel an-
teriorly yellowish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen covered
abundantly with soft, erect, red hairs. Head slightly shining,,
rectangular, narrow, very much longer than broad, anteriorly
longitudinally striate, the striae posteriorly and laterally becoming
broad reticulations; mandibles smooth: clypeus not carinate,
medially smooth, its anterior margin irregularly wared ; antenual
carinae short, divergent, no regular antennal groove, but above,
where the apex of the scape rests, there is an oblique depression -t
scape of antenna? short, barely reaching half the distance from
insertion to the top of the head. Thorax slightly shining, the
sides rather feebly sculptured ; the pro- and mesonotum form a
single convexity roundly cone-shaped, raised high above the
metauotum, the mesonotuin without the transverse groove and
ridge ; the basal portion of the rnetanotum flat, submargined at
the sides, the metanotal spines comparatively long and acute.
Pedicel : the 1st node in profile triangular, petiolate in front ;
2nd node rounded above, a little broader than long ; both nodes
slightly incised above ; abdomen very broadly oval.

$ . Light chestnut-brown, smooth and shining ; antenna) and
legs yellowish brown ; head oval, with a broad posterior margin ;
antenna? stout, extending beyond the top of the head by about
one quarter of its length. Thorax : the pro- and mesonotum
raised, rounded above, forming one convexity ; the metanotum
short, basal portion flat, the lateral spines short, erect and acute.
Pedicel and nodes like those of the 11 in miniature ; abdomen
oval.

Length. If. 3 • $ 1-8-2 mm.

Hab. Dr. Forel records this species from Nissor in the N.AV.
Himalayas ; I obtained it in Sikhim at 6000 ft. elevation.

277. Phidole parva, Mayr, Novara Seise, Formicid. 1805, p. 98, 1/ $ ,
pi. iv, fig. 28 a, b, 11 ; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 175-
& 192, 4 £ <j> <? ; «f. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 530
& 542.

11. Head, thorax and pedicel reddish brown, the latter two-
lighter in colour than the head ; abdomen brown ; mandibles,
antenna) and legs dark yellow ; head, thorax and abdomen covered
moderately with short, soft, semi-erect pale hairs. Head longi-
tudinally striate, elongate, very much longer than broad, constricted
posteriorly, the occipital emargination wide, the lateral lobes
prominent ; mandibles smooth, clypeus not emarginate anteriorly ;
antenna? short, the scape reaching only to about one-third of their
length from insertion to the top of the head ; antennal groove
shallow, reticulate within. Thorax finely reticulate-punctate,
opaque, the pronotal tubercle distinct ; the transverse mesonotal
groove shallow, the ridge posterior to it not well-marked ; meta-

PHIDOLE. 245

iiotum short, with the basal and apical portions subequal the
metanotal spines proportionately rather stout and acute Pedicel
comparatively long: the 1st node squamiform, high, transverse
above with no appendix beneath ; the 2nd node transverse, laterally
<?one-shaped ; abdomen short, depressed, smooth and shining.

5 . Keddish brown ; antenna? and legs yellowish. Head oval

• longitudinally striate ; antennae comparatively long, the scape

passing beyond the top of the head by about one-third of its

length. Thorax short, convex anteriorly : the metanotal spines

short and stout.

$ . Eeddish brown, the head in front, the antenna? and legs
yellowish red. Pilosity moderately plentiful. Head square,
as broad as the thorax, smooth ; the mesonotum with obsolete
longitudinal striae ; the metanotum opaque, punctured ; metanotal
spines stout, acute; wings brownish hyaline, nervures brown.
Abdomen smooth and shining.

" d1 . Mandibles bidentate. Antennae as in P. wood-masoni, but
the 2nd joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as broad. For
the rest as in P. ivood-masoni <$ , but the wings browner, the
whole colour of a more brownish yellow (head brownish), the
thorax more depressed, the pilosity of the tibia oblique." (Forel)

Length, I/ 3-3-2; g 1-5-2; $ 4-4-5; rf 2-8-3-2 mm.

Hab. Western India ( Wroughtori) ; Ceylon (Green); Burma
(Bingham).

278. Phidole nietneri, Emery, J)eut. ent. Zeit. 1901, p. 118, I/ $;
Forel, Rev, Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 175, 1/ ; id Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 531 & 543.

I/ . Brownish yellow, the head on the vertex, the pronotum
above, the 2nd node of the pedicel and abdomen brown, the
antenna? and legs slightly lighter brownish yellow ; pilosity abun-
dant and comparatively long; head in front up to the vertex
longitudinally striate, the vertex and posterior portion of the head
smooth, polished and shining ; thorax irregularly sculptured,
punctured 011 the sides, transversely striate on the pronotum ;
the metanotum above shining, but with fine punctures ; pedicel
and abdomen polished and shining. Head longer than broad, the
occipital emargination moderately deep ; mandibles smooth, shining,
with a few scattered punctures ; clypeus medially slightly carinate,
its anterior margin transverse ; antenna) comparatively long, the
scape falling short of the top of the head by about one quarter of
its length, antennal groove shallow and rather broad. Thorax
wide anteriorly, the pronotal tubercles obtuse but distinct, the
mesonotal transverse groove shallow, the ridge posterior to it rather
thick ; metanotal spines short, erect, acute. Pedicel : the 1st
node about twice as broad as long, rounded above, without an
appendix beneath ; the 2nd node transversely fusiform, more than
twice as broad as the 1st node; abdomen depressed, seen from
above circular.

" g . Brownish yellow, head darker, abdomon brown, mandibles,

246 JORMJCIDJE.

flagellum of the antennae and legs (excepting the femora which
are brownish) reddish yellow. Very shining, the pilosity long.
Head elongate, rectang'ular, with the posterior margin rounded,
cheeks minutely longitudinally sculptured. Clypeus vaulted, its
anterior margin arched. Mandibles finely denticulate. Antennal
carinje reaching up to the margin of the eyes. The scape ex-
tending beyond the top of the head, antennal joints 3-6 not
longer than broad. The thorax in profile has the pro- and
mesonotum arched. Pronotum smooth, laterally tuberculate.
Mesonotum above with shallow punctures. Sides of the meso-
and metathorax and the epinotum densely punctured, opaque.
Epinotuin above flat and with both sides obtusely rounded and
set with an acute erect spine. Pedicel somewhat smaller, and
with a less elevated node than in the I/ . The post-pedicel trans-
versely oval, about as broad as the pedicel." (Emery.}

Lenc/th, }/ 3-5 ; $ 1-8 mm.

Hab. Ceylon, Bandarawella (Horn); Burma, Pegu Yom a (Allan).

The Burmese specimen, a I/, which I have identified as this
species, is somewhat lighter in colour and with the thorax more
slightly sculptured.

279. PMdole capellinii, Emery, Ann. Mus. Oii: Gen. xxv (1887),
p. 463, footnote I/, pi. 1, fig1. 14; Forel (var. asperata, Em.},
Rev. Suissc Zool. x (1902), p. 175, I/ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiv (1902), pp. 531 & 543.

I/ . Chestnut -red, the anrennse and legs a shade lighter in colour,
abdomen brown, shading into black at the apex ; pilosity exceedingly
sparse, consisting of only a few scattered hairs : pubescence absent.
Head large, elongate, much longer than broad, feebly striate in
front, reticulate on the rounded posterior lateral lobes ; the front
below the vertex and the clypeus remarkably flat, forming a plane,
vertex itself with a shallow but distinct and broad transverse
impression ; sides of the head very slightly convex, more or less
parallel, the occipital emargination deep, the posterior lateral
lobes large and not divergent ; mandibles massive, broad, shining,
striate at base ; clypeus anteriorly slightly emarginate in the
middle, the portion between the antennal caring posteriorly
distinctly limited ; antenual carina? slightly arched outwards,
Avidely divergent and long, the antennal grooves well-marked,
rugulose within. Thorax : the pronotum long, attenuate in front,
the lateral tubercles very prominent, the mesonotal transverse
groove shallow, the transverse ridge well-marked ; basal portion of
metanotum slightly oblique, depressed, the metanotal spines short
and rather obtuse at apex. Pedicel : the nodes broader than long.
trausverse ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . Somewhat lighter in colour than the I/ . Head oval, with a
distinct posterior border, very slightly but perceptibly emarginate ;
front of the head and clypeus scarcely flattened as in the If. , not
forming a marked plane ; antennas stout and long, the scape

PHIDOLE. 247

extending beyond the top of the head by about one-fourth of its
length. Thorax with the lateral tubercles on the pronotum very
prominent as in the I/; the metanotal spines stout, pointing
upwards. Pedicel : the 1st node somewhat higher than the 2nd,
flat above, concave, and with rather a long petiole anteriorly;
abdomen oval. Head, thorax and pedicel finely but closely
rugulose opaque ; abdomen smooth and shining.

Length, I/ 5-5-57 ; £ 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim at high elevations (Fea) ; extending to Java.

The above is the description of the types of var. asperata,
Emery, which is the form of P. capellinii found in Burma. I owe
the loan of these types to the kindness of Dr. Gestro, of the Genoa
Museum.

280. Phidole wroughtoni, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp 176
& 193, I/ £ $ tf ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 531

I/ . Head, thorax, pedicel and the extreme base of the abdomen
chestnut-red, the rest of the abdomen, the mandibles and clypeus
anteriorly very dark brown or black. Head, thorax and abdomen
covered abundantly with rather long, soft, erect hairs. Head
proportionately very large, anteriorly longitudinally and some-
what coarsely, and posteriorly on the lateral lobes transversely
striate, rectangular, longer than broad ; mandibles punctate ;
clypeus anteriorly medially slightly emarginate ; antennal carinae
short, divergent posteriorly ; no antennal groove ; the scape of the
antennae short, not reaching quite half the distance between their
insertion and the top of the head. Thorax transversely striate,
anteriorly rounded and convex, with no prominent lateral tubercles ;
rnesonotum with a transverse groove and, posterior to it, a trans-
verse distinct ridge ; metanotum broad, the basal portion level, at
the extreme base transversely striate, posteriorly smooth ; the
metanotal spines short, stout, erect and acute. Pedicel with the
1st node emargtuate above, bearing no appendix beneath; 2nd
node transverse, transversely striate above, twice as long as broad,
convex, the lateral angles produced ; abdomen broadly oval,
almost circular, with an abundant piligerous punctation, opaque.

£ . Chestnut-brown, the thorax darker, covered with a fairly
abundant pilosity, shining, the thorax slightly transversely striate.
Head without the mandibles rectangular ; the antennae long, the
scape extending beyond the top of the head by about one-fourth of
its length, the apical three joints or club of the flagellum very
massive. Thorax : the pronotum convex, without lateral tubercles,
the transverse groove on the mesonotum shallow, the meso-meta-
notal suture very distinct, the metanotum rather long, subdentate
posteriorly. Pedicel : the 1st node viewed from the side conical,
its upper margin transverse ; 2nd node rounded and convex, above
longer than broad ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . Chestnut-red, the colour deepening to dark brown towards

248 FOBMICID^E.

the posterior half of the abdomen. Pilosity as in the I/ . Head
very short and broad, much broader posteriorly than in front.
Head and thorax longitudinally finely striate ; metanotal spines
sub triangular, very broad at base ; anterior node of pedicel very
slightly emarginate above, posterior node transverse laterally,
angularly produced, more than twice as broad as long, convex and
transversely striatu above ; abdomen elongate, convex above.
Wings lacteous, sub-hyaline, with a yellowish tint and with the
nervures and stigma yellow.

cJ. Brown, the antennae and legs yellowish. Head very convex
posteriorly behind the eyes ; mandibles with two teeth ; the scape
of the antennae about as long as the basal two joints of the
fliigellum. Smooth and shining, the mesonotum only longitudinally
striate.

Length, If. 5-5-6; $ 2-5-3-5; $ 7-7'5 ; d1 4-5 ram.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Western India ( Wroughtori).

281. Phidole constanciae, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 176 &
194, }/$ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 532 &
543.

I/. Head and thorax chestnut-red, antennae, legs and abdomen
yellowish brown. Pilosity as in P. wrougJitoni,^ but more sparse.
Head without the mandibles slightly broader than long, the occipital
emargi nation wide and shallow, anteriorly somewhat coarsely
longitudinally striate, the striae running into reticulations poste-
riorly on the lateral lobes ; mandibles smooth and shining, with a
few shallow punctures ; clypeus with the anterior margin trans-
verse, very slightly medially incised ; antennal cari rise short, widely
divergent, no antennal groove ; scape of the antennae falling short
of the top of the head by about half its length. Thorax : the
pronotum somewhat coarsely sculptured, the lateral tubercles
not distinct ; the transverse groove and ridge on the mesonotum
not so strongly marked as in P. wrougJitoni ; metanotum depressed,
with rather smaller lateral spines than in the above species.
Pedicel with 1st node in profile cuneate, its upper margin transverse,
and with no appendix beneath ; 2nd node from above smooth,
convex, about twice as broad as long, the lateral angles not much
produced ; abdomen almost circular as in P. wrougJitoni.

£ . Brownish yellow, shaded on the head, thorax and abdomen
with brownish red above. Head, without the mandibles, only a
little longer than broad, with the top of the head seen from the
front more or less transverse ; antennae long, extending by about
half their length beyond the top of the head. Thorax : the pro-
notum elongate, convex, the transverse groove and ridge on the
mesonotum distinct ; the metanotum broad, with the lateral spines
very short and erect. Pedicel : the 1st node somewhat conical,
obtusely transverse ahove ; 2nd node globose, a little longer than
broad, laterally not produced ; abdomen elongate, oval.

$ . Resembles the I/ , but the head is proportionately broader

PHIDOLE. 249

posteriorly, the inesonotum densely longitudinally striate the
metanotal spines are longer and more slender than in P. wroughtoni •
2nd node of the pedicel very broad and transversely sculptured'
opaque.

Length, 7/ 4'5-5 ; $ 2-5-3 ; $ 8 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from the Xilairis ( Wrouyhton).
Specimens, also from the Xilgiris, very much darker, almost black,
have been separated as var. nigra by Dr. Forel.

282. Phidole rngosa, Smith, Cat. vi (1858) p. 175; Forel, Rev. Suisse
Zool. x (1902), pp. 177 & 194, I/ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
siv (1902), pp. 532 & 544.

I/. Head, thorax and pedicel castaneous red; abdomen dark
brown, nearly black, with the apical margins of the segments
reddish yellow ; pilosity pale yellowish, short but abundant. Head,
thorax and abdomen dull and opaque, the front of the head
anteriorly and the metanotum coarsely striate, the striae on the
head posteriorly breaking into coarse reticulations ; thorax more
finely punctured and reticulate, abdomen finely and somewhat
slightly longitudinally striate. Head and abdomen exceedingly
large, globose, the former constricted in front, very wide posteriorly,
the occipital emargination proportionately shallow and slight, the
lateral lobes very large, rounded and convex above ; mandibles
smooth, sparsely finely punctured ; clypeus medially emarginate,
and with a medial vertical short and somewhat thick carina;
antenna3 very short ; the scape, flattened and laterally margined on
the upper side, falls short of the top of the head by about its own
length, antennal grooves divergent, rather narrow and shallow.
Thorax narrow in proportion to the very large and massive head
and abdomen ; pronotum and mesonotum rounded, convex, the
transverse groove and ridge on the latter very slight ; metanotum
cubical, the basal portion flat, margined on the sides and broadening
posteriorly ; the metanotal spines comparatively short, erect and
acute. Pedicel : the 1st node squamiform, deeply emarginate above,
almost bidentate, beneath with a translucid laminate and rounded
lobe ; 2nd node much wider than the 1st, transversely fusiform
and coarsely reticulate-punctate above; abdomen massive, very
convex, above as broad as long, and as long as the thorax and
pedicel united.

$ . Shining yellowish brown all over ; pilosity sparse, smooth
except on the meso- and metanotum, which are somewhat closely
and delicately punctured. Head broadly oval, eyes prominent,
occiput rounded and convex ; mandibles with the basal half flat and
narrow, suddenly broadening towards the masticatory margin ;
antennae long, comparatively slender, the scape passing beyond the
top of the head by nearly half its length. Thorax elongate, the
pronotum raised and convex; the meso- and metanotum oblique,
the transverse furrow on the former wide, nearly obsolete, the
metanotum unarmed. Pedicel moderately long; the 1st node

250 fORMICIDJE.

squamiform, with a distinct upper margin ; 2nd node globose ;
abdomen oval.

Length, If. 7'5-8 ; $ 2-5-3 mm.

Hah. Becorded so far only from. Ceylon (Yerbury 4' Green).

The great difference in size between the I/ and £ of this species
recalls the species of Phtdologiton.

283. Phidole rhombinoda, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii
(1878), pp. G75 & G78, I/ ; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),
pp. 178 & 195, I/ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902),
pp. 533 & 544.

I/. Very dark brown, shining, the head anteriorly and the
mandibles, sides of the thorax and of the pedicel chestnut-red,
scape of the antenna) and the legs brownish yellow. Head, thorax
and abdomen covered with scattered erect pale reddish hairs. Head
rectangular, as broad posteriorly as in front and a little longer
than broad, somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate, the stria;
rnnning into reticulations on the apex of the lateral lobes ;
mandibles smooth, with some slight scattered punctures ; clypeus
einarginate in the middle, with a smooth shining medial portion
above the emargination ; antennal carinae short, divergent ;
antennal groove broad and shallow, punctured within ; scape of
the antenna) falling short of the top of the head by about halt'
its length. Thorax transversely sculptured and striate, the pro-
notum convex anteriorly, laterally obtusely tuberculate, the trans-
verse mesonotal ridge and meso-metanotal suture very deep and
distinct ; basal portion of the inetanotum smooth and shining,
metanotal spines short, stout, acute and erect. Pedicel broad in
front of the 1st node and laterally subdentate ; 1st node transverse,
not einarginate above, with no appendix beneath ; 2nd node about
three times as broad as the 1st node, anteriorly convex, transversely
striate, posteriorly slightly constricted, and paler in colour ; abdo-
men from above broadly oval, nearly circular, obscurely striate at
base.

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel light castaneous brown, antenna?
and legs a paler shade of the same, abdomen very dark brown,
almost black ; head, thorax and abdomen highly polished and
shining, the sides of the thorax and posteriorly, the basal portion
of the metanotum delicately rugulose ; pilosity as in the I/ .
Head oval ; antenna? long, the scape extending beyond the top
of the head by fully one-third of its length from insertion ; eyes
lateral, remarkably large, and placed about the middle of the head.
Thorax : the pronotum laterally tuberculate, the transverse ridge
and the meso-metanotal suture very deep and distinct as in the I/ ;
metanotum laterally bidentate. Pedicel as in the I/ ; the 2nd
node only proportionately somewhat bell-shaped ; abdomen broadly
oval.

$ . Light reddish brown, the posterior margins of the abdominal
segments narrowly testaceous. Head, pro-, meso- and metanotum
and base of abdomen longitudinally striate, the scutellum and

PUIDOLE. 25 1

posterior node of the pedicel transversely sculptured. Pilosity
similar to that in the 7/ but more sparse. Head very short,
without the mandibles much broader than long, particularly broad
posteriorly, and very broadly but not deeply emarginate. Thorax :
the mesonotum flat above, very gibbous in front, the pronotum
well-depressed beneath it, the metanotal spines short and stout ;
the anterior node of the pedicel almost laminate with a sharp
margin, and broader above than at base ; posterior node and abdo-
men proportionately as in the I/ . Wings subhyaline, nervures
pale yellow.

Length, I/ 4-5-5 ; £3; $ 6 mm.

Hal. Throughout Continental India and Ceylon.

Var. taprobarux, Forel, differs in having the head slightly larger
and more deeply emarginate. Var. micantiventris, Mayr (apud
Forel), has " the abdomen entirely opaque, finely striate-reticulate/'

284. Phidole horni, Emery, Deutsch. cut. Zeit. 1901, p. 118, I/ :

Forel, Rev. Suissc Zool. x (1902), p. 183, I/ ; id. Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 537 & 54(5.

If. . Allied to and very closely resembling P. rhombinoda, Mayr.
Differs in being slightly larger and in having the head longer,
narrower anteriorly, with the occipital emargination not so shallow.
Head, thorax and abdomen bright reddish brown, the last darken-
ing posteriorly, with the apical margins of the segments yellowish,
the antennae and legs paler in colour. Pilosity, sculpture of the
head, and sculpture and form of the thorax as in P. rhombinoda.
Pedicel proportionately shorter, the 2nd node about as long and
about three times as broad as the 1st node. Metanotal spines
longer and more slender. For the rest as in P. rhombinoda.

Length, I/ 5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Horn <J* Green).

Dr. Emery received this species from Bentota. I am not quite
certain whether the solitary specimen of a I/ described above
without any £ or 2 accompanying it, collected by Mr. E. E.
Green at Peradeniya, near Kaudy, has been correctly identified.

285. Phidole sulcaticeps, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 193, 1/;

Forel, Rev. Suissc Zool. x (1902), pp. 178 & 195, 7/ ? ; id. Jmtr.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 533 & 544.

I/ . Eeddish brown, shining, the head and abdomen darker than
the thorax, the antennae and legs brownish yellow. Pilosity
reddish, abundant. Head rectangular, as broad posteriorly as in
front, and longer than broad, longitudinally striate, the stria>
curving laterally outwards and becoming transverse on the posterior
lobes, a distinct somewhat transverse depression on the vertex ;
mandibles smooth and shining, sparsely punctured : clypeus smooth
and slightlv depressed in the middle, its anterior margin medially
incised; antennal carintc short and rather prominent, antenna I
groove very marked, sculptured within and slightly widening at

252 KORMICIDJE.

apex ; scape of the antennae not reaching quite half way from their
insertion to the top of the head. Thorax transversely striate,
anteriorly convex, the mesonotal transverse groove and ridge very
distinct ; the metanotum flat above, depressed, the metanotal spines
short, erect, acute. Pedicel : the 1st node somewhat squamiform,
above transverse, not emarginate, no appendix beneath ; 2nd node
transverse, rounded above, laterally cone-shaped, punctured, opaque :
abdomen broadly oval, shining, punctured at base, the 2nd and
succeeding segments highly polished.

$ . Kesembles the If. in colour and pilosity, very smooth and
shining, the sides of the thorax indistinctly sculptured, the base of
the abdomen slightly punctured. Head broadly oval, very convex
in front ; antennae stout, the scape extending for about one-third
of its length beyond the top of the head. Thorax proportionately
broad and very convex anteriorly, the transverse mesonotal groove
shallow, the basal portion of the rnetanotum long and flat, the
metanotal spines short and acute. Pedicel elongate, from above
the 2nd node circular, convex above ; abdomen oval, attenuate at
base.

Length, I/ 4-5-5 ; $ 2-5 mm.

Hab. Bengal ( Taylor), the North-west Provinces (Smythies), and
Western India (JEfam).

Var. pitnensis, Eorel, is lighter in colour, with the transverse
mesonotal groove deeper and the 1st node of the pedicel emar-
ginate above.

286. Phidole yeensis, Ford.

Pheidole sulcaticeps, Roger, race yeensis, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x
(1902), p. 179 ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 533
& 544.

TJ.. Very dark brown, shining, the flagellum of the antennas and
legs lighter brown ; pilosity yellowish red, fairly abundant. Head
longer than broad, very distinctly constricted posteriorly, with the
occipital medial emargination very deep, the lateral lobes very
prominent and a deep and well-marked transverse impression on
the vertex, the lateral lobes above the impression being inclined
slightly forward ; mandibles smooth, shining, indistinctly striate
and punctured at base; clypeus vertically striate, its anterior
border medially emarginate ; antennas opaque, pubescent, the scape
reaching a little more than half way from insertion to the top of
the head; antennal carinae short, divergent, antennal hollows well-
marked, broadening posteriorly and reticulate within ; the front
and cheeks coarsely, regularly, longitudinally, the occipital lobes
transversely striate. Thorax transversely 'striate, the pronotal
tubercles not well-marked, the transverse mesonotal furrow shallow,
the ridge posterior to it slight; the busal portion of the meta-
notum flat, short and laterally margined, the spines stout, erect
and acute. Pedicel comparatively short, transversely striate ; the
1 st node squamiform, without an appendix beneath ; 2nd node twice

PHIDOLE. 253

as broad as long, the sides cone-shaped ; abdomen somewhat
depressed and coarsely longitudinally striate from end to end.

$ . Dark castaneous brown, shining, pilosity as in the I/ ; 'head
oval, smooth, very broad across the eyes, the occiput rounded -
antennae long, the scape extending beyond the top of the head.
Thorax elongate, broad anteriorly, pronotal tubercles absent, trans-
verse mesonotal furrow shallow; metanotal spines short, erect
acute, basal portion longer than the apical porrion, the latter
oblique ; the meso- and rnetanotum closely punctured, striate on
the sides. Pedicel smooth, with the 1st node seen from above
rectangular, raised posteriorly; the 2nd node twice as broad,
rounded above; abdomen dull and opaque, striate in certain
lights.

Length, I/ (j-6'3 ; £ 275-3 mm.

Hob. Throughout the hills of Burma andTenasserim(#mr/7««w).

287. Phidole striativentris, Mai/r, Verh. zool.-bot. Ge.s. Wien xxviii
(1878), p. 678, I/ ; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 179 &
195, }/ £ J; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 534 &
544.

I/ . Head and thorax chestnut-red ; abdomen brown posteriorly,
chestnut-red at base ; head, thorax and abdomen covered wirh a
soft, rather long, red pilosity, most dense on the abdomen. Head
rectangular, the sides rather convex, longitudinally and somewhat
coarsely striate, transversely on the front of the lateral lobes,
breaking into reticulations on the apex ; vertex with a very distinct
transverse depression, the occipital emargination deep; mandibles
smooth, punctured ; clypeus with a depressed medial portion,
which is obliquely striate ; antennal caring very short ; antennal
grooves shallow but distinct, finely and delicately sculptured
within ; scape of the antennae extending for a little more than
half the distance from its insertion to the top of the head.
Thorax rather short, transversely striate; pronotura convex in
front, only very slightly laterally tuberculate ; mesonotum sloping
obliquely back, the transverse groove shallow : metanotum short,
broad, the basal and apical portions subequal, the metanotal spines
comparatively large and acute. Pedicel short: the 1st node
cuneate, transverse above, without any appendix beneath ; 2nd
node punctured, twice as broad as long, laterally cone-shaped ;
abdomen anteriorly finely and closely striate, in certain lights
reticulate and opaque, posteriorly shining.

$ . Light brown, smooth and shining ; antenna) and legs
yellowish brown ; abdomen sometimes with the base yellowish
brown and the apical two-thirds very dark brown. Head oval
with a distinct posterior margin ; scape of the antenna) extending
only about one-fourth of its length bevond the top of the hn.-id.
Thorax in profile slightly bi-emarginate; the pronotum laterally
tuberculate, the basal portion of the metanotum long, laterally
bidentate. Pedicel : the 1st node comparatively small, its upper

254 FORMICIDJE.

margin entire; the 2nd node broader than long, sculptured;
abdomen punctured at base.

$ . Similar to the I/ but darker in colour. Pilosity as in
the I/ . Head without the mandibles somewhat square, the occiput
transverse not emarginate, slightly narrower than the thorax ;
head, mesonotum and base of abdomen longitudinally striate ; the
scutelluin shining and smooth ; the metanotum and nodes of the
pedicel transversely striate, metanotal spines stout and acute; apical
two-thirds of the abdomen somewhat densely pilose with piligerous
tubercles.

Length, I/ 4-4-5 ; $ 2-2-5 ; 2 6 mm.

Hob. Generally spread throughout Continental India.

288. Phidole ghatica, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 180 &
196, 1/ ? ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. xiv (1902), pp. 534 & 615.

I/. Reddish brown ; abdomen dark brown, mandibles, antennae
and legs yellowish brown. Head, thorax and abdomen covered
rather sparsely with erect pale hairs. Head without the mandibles
rectangular, a little longer than broad, regularly somewhat finely
longitudinally striate, the occipital emargination V-shaped, some-
what deep, little or no depression on the vertex; mandibles shining,
rather closely punctured ; clypeus with a shining medial portion,
delicately longitudinally striate, with its anterior margin incised ;
antennal carinie short, posteriorly divergent ; antennal groove
shallow but distinct, delicately punctured within ; scape of the
antennae reaching somewhat more than half way from insertion
to the top of the head. Thorax transversely striate, anteriorly
convex ; pronotum above laterally tuberculate, transverse groove
on mesonotum wide and shallow ; basal and apical portions of the
metanotum subequal, metanotal spines stout and acute. Pedicel
rather short : the 1st node in profile triaugular, with no appendix
beneath ; 2nd node transversely spindle-shaped, rounded above
and striate, not quite twice as broad as long ; abdomen broadly
oval, punctured and opaque, the bases of the 2nd and succeeding
segments smooth and shining.

£ . Head and thorax deep reddish brown, mandibles, antenna)
and legs yellowish brown ; abdomen dark brown. Head, thorax
and abdomen densely finely punctured, opaque, covered with
sparsely scattered erect pale hairs. Head oval, with a distinct
posterior margin ; eyes large, lateral, a little below the middle line
of the head ; thorax laterally tuberculate. mesouotal transverse
groove not very distinct ; the basal portion of the metanotum a
little longer than the apical, the lateral spines stout, acute, erect,
Pedicel : the 1st node thick and somewhat rounded above ; 2nd
node broader than long, the lateral cones fairly distinct ; abdomen
oval.

Length, I/ 3'5 ; $ 2'5 mm.

Hab. Recorded so far only from Western India ( WrouyJiton).

P1IIDOLE. 255

289. Phidole magretti, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxv (1887),

p. 462, 1/ $ ; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. ISO,}/ ; id. Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 534 & 545.

11 . Very dark reddish or chestnut-brown, deepening almost to
black on the abdomen ; flagellum of the antennae and legs much
lighter; pilosity reddish, abundant, rather long ; pubescence
wanting except on the flagellum of the antennae and the tarsi.
Head rectangular, much longer than broad, the sides parallel, the
occipital emargination narrow and not very deep, the posterior
lateral lobes not prominent nor divergent ; mandibles smooth,
shining, highly polished ; clypeus very well defined posteriorly, the
portion between the bases of the antennae somewhat depressed, with
a central slightly raised bulb ; antennal carina) widely divergent ;
the antennae short, antennal grooves broadening greatly at apex
downwards towards the eyes. Head somewhat irregularly longi-
tudinally striate, reticulate. Thorax short, irregularly transversely
rugose and opaque; the pronotum proportionately somewhat
massive, with the lateral tubercles prominent, mesonotal transverse
groove and ridge indistinct ; basal portion of mesonotum hori-
zontal, laterally margined, metanotal spines acute. Pedicel : the
nodes above rugulose, the 1st node transverse, a little broader
than long, 2nd node transversely shuttle-shaped, the lateral angles
cone-shaped ; abdomen smooth, polished, shining, broadly oval.

Length, If. 3-5-4 mm.

Hab. Karennee (Fea).

290. Phidole sepulchralis, sp. nov.

I/. Very dark brown, almost black ; the antennae and legs
reddish ; pilosity pale, very abundant and long, especially on the
head in front and on the abdomen ; head longitudinally finely and
regularly striate, with scattered superficial large punctures; thorax
smooth, highly polished and shining, only the sides and the meta-
notum obscurely rugulose ; pedicel and abdomen very highly
polished, smooth and shining. Head longer than broad, the cheeks
straight to above the eyes, then curved inwards, convex, occipital
emargination deep but not wide, the posterior lateral lobes long,
not divergent; eyes below the middle line of the head; mandibles
finely but sparsely punctured, the masticatory margin not dentate ;
clypeus narrow, anteriorly transverse, not emarginate ; the medial
portion between the bases of the antenna) smooth, convex, denned
posteriorly by a curved, very distinct, but narrow groove or
impressed line; antennal carinae long, divergent, the autennal
grooves shallow, finely rugulose within ; antenna) somewhat short
and slender, the scape barely extending two-thirds of the distance
between its insertion and the top of the head, the antennal
groove is longer than the scape, and broadens a little posteriorly.
Thorax : the pronotum with pronounced but obtuse lateral tubercles,
mesonotal transverse groove and ridge slight ; basal portion ot
metanotum short, broadening posteriorly and with a broad deep

256 FOHMICIDjE.

longitudinal groove ; metanotal spines long, suberect, curved and
acute. Pedicel : the 1st node transverse above, emarginate and
subdentate, without appendix beneath ; 2nd node rounded above,
transversely oval, the lateral angles produced and acute ; abdomen
very broadly oval.

Length, "if. 4'5-5 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma, the Chin Hills.

A few specimens, all I/ I/ , of this very distinct species were sent
to me by post, alive, in a joint of bamboo, by some unknown
correspondent. There was a pencil note with them to the effect
that they were taken crawling over a grave in a Chin village.

291 . Phidole jucunda, Forel, J. A. S. B. liv, pt. 2 (1885), p. 179, 11 ;
id. Rev. Suiise Zuol. x (1902), pp. 18U & 196, l/£; id. Jour.
Bomb. K H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 535 & 545.

I/ . Brownish cinnamon-red, the abdomen brown ; head coarsely
longitudinally striate ; thorax rather finely but obscurely trans-
versely sculptured ; abdomen smooth, but dull and subopaque.
Pilosity very sparse, reduced to a few scattered hairs. Head nearly
square, the occipital emargination moderately deep and wide;
mandibles minutely obscurely striate, with also a few distinct
puin-tures ; clypeus with a triangular medial depression bearing a
medial vertical carina ; antennae comparatively long, the apex of
the scape falling short of the top of the head by about a third of
its length ; antennal groove deep and coarsely sculptured within.
Thorax : the pronotum convex, rather elongate anteriorly, the
lateral tubercles very obtuse and indistinct, mesonotal transverse
groove arid ridge well-marked; basal portion of metanotum rect-
angular, laterally margined ; metanotal spines short, stout, acute.
Pedicel: the 1st node squauiiform, low, transverse above, with no
appendix beneath ; the 2nd node transverse, sculptured, opaque,
laterally obtusely cone-shaped ; abdomen broadly oval.

£ . Dark cinnamon-red, the abdomen dark brown. Head and
thorax finely, closely reticulate-punctate, subopaque, abdomen
somewhat smooth and shining. Head oval, the antennae pubes-
cent, stout and long, the scape extending by about one-third of
its length beyond the top of the head. Thorax elongate, the
transverse mesonotal furrow and ridge well-marked, the former
deep and wide ; raetauotal spines comparatively short, but stout
and very acute. Pedicel : the 1st node small, the 2nd node much
larger, rhombiform and rounded ; abdomen opaque at base, smooth
posteriorly.

Lmgtlt,'lL 4-4*5 ; $ 2-2-5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (M'oller} ; Calcutta (Kothmy} ; Western India
(Wrougliton}; Ceylon (Bingham). The Ceylon form is paler with
the head a little longer and narrower, and the 2nd node of the
pedicel not so broad, but otherwise it does not seem to me to differ
from the typical form.

PHIDOLE. 957

292. Phidole fossulata, Forel.

Pheidole jucunda, race fossulata, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902),

11. Closely resembles P. jucunda, Forel, but is of a browner
colour, the head is longer than broad, the occipital emargination
deeper, the occipital lateral lobes more obtuse, and the vertex bears
' a distinct but slight transverse impression. Thorax as in P. jucunda
Pedicel with the lateral cone-shaped ends of the 2nd node more
distinct ; abdomen closely and finely reticulate aud opaque at base
and studded with large oblong pilig'erous punctures.

$ . Differs from the £ of P. jucunda in the coarser denser
sculpture, the head is slightly longitudinally and the thorax trans-
versely striate and opaque. Head subrectangular, with the
posterior margin rounded, not distinct ; the antenna longer than
in P. jucunda % , the scape extends beyond the top of the head by
about half its length. The rest as in P. jucunda % .

Length, I/ 4*5-5 ; £ nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Western India (Wrougkton)- Sikhim (Bingham). This
species, unlike P. jucunda which I found only in the hot valleys,
extends in Sikhim up to 7000 feet.

293. Phidole multidens, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp 181 &
197, I/ £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 535

I/ . Sordid yellow, the abdomen posteriorly shading to brownish,
the head darker than the thorax ; bead very lightly longitudinally
striate : pronotum and abdomen smooth and shining, mesonotum,
metanotum and the pedicel finely punctured and reticulate ;
pilosity pale, abundant, soft and moderately long. Head without
mandibles rectangular, very slightly broader posteriorly than in
front ; mandibles smooth, shining, faintly obliquely striate on the
outer margin ; clypeus triangular in the middle, medially strongly
carinate ; antenna? slender, the scape falling short of the top of
the head by about one-fourth of its length ; the antennal groove
very shallow, finely reticulate within ; occipital emargination some-
what shallow. Thorax : the pronotum with subdentiform lateral
tubercles ; mesonotum posteriorly to the lateral tubercles indistinctly
formed into two very small teeth, the mesonotal transverse groove
and ridge not well-marked ; basal portion of metanotum rather
broad, margined along the sides and armed posteriorly with two
small, erect, acute teeth. Pedicel : the 1st node above with the
lateral angles acutely produced upwards, the petiole in front
decreasing in thickness to the base ; 2nd node slightly convex
above, transverse, anteriorly rounded, the anterior lateral angles
produced into little cones ; abdomen very broadly oval.

$ . Yellow; head with a slight brownish tint, shining but covered,
as is the thorax and abdomen, with fairly abundant, long, erect, pale
hairs. Head oval, elongate, convex in front ; eyes lateral, placed
about the middle of the head ; antennae long, the scape extending

VOL. II. S

258 FORMICID.E.

well beyond the top of the head. Thorax elongate, somewhat
narrow ; the pro-mesonotum with two lateral short erect teeth ;
basal portion of metanotum long, slightly sloping posteriorly,
dentate. Pedicel elongate ; the 1st node squamiform, entire, with
no appendix beneath ; 2nd node globose, twice as large as the 1st ;
abdomen oval.

Length, I/ 3'5 ; $ 2-5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Poona ( Wroughton).

294. Phidole rogersi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 181 & 197,
I/ £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 535 & 645.

I/ . Beddish yellow, abdomen brownish posteriorly, the antennae
and legs yellow ; head finely and lightly longitudinally striate,
posteriorly and on the occiput smooth, slightly punctured ; thorax
anteriorly and the abdomen smooth and shining, the sides of
the mesonotum and metanotum and the nodes of the pedicel finely
rugulose ; pilosity pale yellow, moderate, most abundant on the
front of the head and on the abdomen posteriorly above, rather
sparse but very distinct on the tibiae of the legs. Head longer
than broad, the sides parallel, the occipital emargination moderately
deep, the frontal groove well-marked and deep ; mandibles finely
but obscurely longitudinally striate ; antennae slender, the scape
falling short of the top of the head by about one-third of its own
length. Thorax short, the pronotal tubercles distinct but not
prominent, the mesonotal transverse groove and ridge nearly
obsolete ; basal portion of metauotum medially longitudinally
grooved, the spines short and erect. Pedicel: the 1st node
squamiform, entire, with no appendix beneath ; 2nd node globose,
slightly transverse ; abdomen elongate oval.

" £ . Head ovate-rectangular, posterior margin well-defined.
Scape extending by one-third of its own length beyond the occiput.
The pronotum with 2 subdentiform tubercles. Mesonotum very
slightly impressed in the middle. Two small metanotal spines.
Second node of the pedicel small, somewhat square, with the
angles obtuse. Thorax partly reticulate, cheeks striate, the rest
smooth. Hairs on the tibiae a little oblique. Eeddish yellow,
head and abdomen yellowish brown (in part brownish yellow)."
(Forel.)

Length, I/ 3 ; $ 1 '7-2-3 mm.

Hab. North- West Provinces, the Siwaliks (Rogers'); Bengal
(Taylor). The Bengal form has been separated by Dr. Forel as
var. taylori : it differs from the type in being smaller, narrower,
and has the scape of the antenna thicker.

295. Phidole peguensis, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),
p. 468, I/ £; Forel, Jtev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 182, }/; id.
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 536 & 545.

"]/. Head and thorax brownish red, pedicel and abdomen dusky
greenish brown, antennae and legs brownish yellow. Head,
thorax and abdomen covered with abundant, rather long, soft,

PHIDOLE. 259

erect red hairs. Head longitudinally striate, the striae running
into reticulations on the vertex and posterior lateral lobes ; no
transverse depression on the vertex, but a medial deeply impressed
line from the bottom of the occipital emargination ; mandibles
smooth, shining, sparsely punctured ; clypeus with the anterior
margiu medially bidentate ; autennal carinae divergent, antennal
grooves distinct, broadening at the top and delicately sculptured
within ; scape about half the length of the distance between its
insertion and the top of the head. Thorax transversely striate ;
the pronotum convex anteriorly, the lateral tubercles distinct,
obtuse ; transverse mesonotal groove and ridge not so distinctly
marked as in some other species (e. g. P. spathifera, striati-
ventris, &c.) ; metanotum short, the lateral spines long and acute.
Pedicel : the 1st node cuneiform, its upper margin transverse,
entire, without an appendix beneath ; the 2nd node transversely
striate, about twice as broad as long, laterally obtusely cone-
shaped ; abdomen broadly oval, shining, covered with piligerous
tubercles.

Length, I/ 5'5-6'5 mm.

Hob. Burma : Eangoon district (Fea) ; Pegu Yoma (Bingliam).

296. PMdole roberti, Fowl, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 182 & 198,
I/ £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 536 & 545.

I/ . Bright light red ; the antennae, legs and abdomen brownish
or reddish yellow ; pilosity rather sparse and scattered, of a
bright yellowish red ; head longitudinally, rather finely, and not
deeply striate, the striae breaking into reticulations posteriorly ;
thorax finely transversely striate, finely punctured on the sides ;
pedicel slightly sculptured ; abdomen smooth and shining. Head
longer than broad, very slightly constricted towards the occiput,
the sides convex ; mandibles smooth, polished and very shining ;
clypeus advanced slightly in the middle and emarginate ; antennae
short, the scape falling short of the top of the head by two-thirds
of its length. Thorax anteriorly gibbous ; the prouotura without
lateral tubercles ; mesonotum slightly constricted, the transverse
groove and ridge well-marked; metanotum narrow, the meta-
notal spines very long and acute. Pedicel somewhat elongate,
the 1st node squamiform, the 2nd node from above transversely
oval, slightly fusiform ; abdomen oval.

" £ . Head ovato-rectangular, with only a slightly distinct
posterior margin. The scape extends beyond the occiput by
two-thirds of its length. The pronotum forms a strong regular
convexity. Mesonotal furrow deep, behind which the meaonot urn
is raised and convex, without forming a transverse ridge.
Metanotum with two small teeth. Second node rounded. Smooth
and shining; sides of the thorax reticulate and subopaque.
Pilosity of the tibiaa short and a little oblique. Of a yellowish
red. Abdomen yellowish."

Length, I/ 4*5-5 ; g 2-4-2-0 mm.

Jfab. Sikhim (MoUer) ; Kanara

260 FOHMICIDJE.

297. PMdole feae, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894), p. 469,
I/ $ $ : Forel, Rei: Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 183, 1/ ; id. Jour. Humb.
N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), p. 536.

If. . Of a light yellowish red all over ; the flagellum of the
antenna?, the legs and abdomen more yellowish, the last with
a slight brownish tint ; pilosity pale reddish yellow, abundant ;
pubescence wanting except on the flagellum of the antennae and
the tarsi, where, in certain lights, it appears dense but very short
and minute. Head rectangular, broader posteriorly than in front,
somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate, the striae breaking into
reticulations on the prominent, rather acute and divergent lateral
lobes ; mandibles massive, sparsely punctured, masticatory margin
obsoletely dentate ; clypeus medially smooth, anteriorly emar-
ginate in the middle ; antenual carinse long, divergent posteriorly ;
antenna! grooves beneath them shallow, as coarsely sculptured
as the rest of the head ; antenna? slender, short, the scape
reaching only about two-thirds of the distance between their
insertion and the apex of the lateral lobes of the head ; eyes
small, lateral, placed well below the middle of the head. Thorax
short, transversely rugose, the pronotum rounded, the lateral
tubercles not at all prominent, the mesonotal transverse groove
broad and shallow ; basal portion of rnetanotum longer than
broad, with a shallow longitudinal medial groove; metauotal
spines short, acute, erect. Pedicel short ; the 1st node squamiform.
transverse, petiolate in front, the petiole laterally dentate ;
2nd node transverse, laterally cone-shaped ; abdomen convex,
smooth and shining, broader in front than posteriorly.

$ . Eeddish yellow, head and abdomen with a brownish tint.
Head smooth and shining, broadly oval, rounded, not transverse
posteriorly ; eyes very prominent ; mandibles comparatively long,
dentate ; antennae long and slender, the scape passing by nearly
half its length beyond the top of the head. Thorax short,
anteriorly smooth and shining ; the metanotum minutely and
closely punctured, opaque ; metanotal spines short, erect and
acute. Pedicel : the 1st node transverse, the 2nd node rather
long, globose ; abdomen smooth and shining, broadly oval.

?$. Dark brown, much darker than the I/, t'he mandibles,
antenna and legs reddish brown; the abdomen posteriorly
yellowish. Head coarsely longitudinally striate, short, much
broader than long, not at all or only . very slightly emarginate
posteriorly; antenna? very long, the scape passing a 'little beyond
the top of the bead. Thorax massive ; the mesonotum flat,
somewhat irregularly and finely longitudinally striate. reticulate ;
metanotal spines thick, triangular. Pedicel short, the nodes
transversely striate : abdomen smooth and shining.

-Length, I/ 3'5-3'7o ; g 2'5 ; $ 4/5 mm.

Hal. Tenasserim, Karennee (Fea).

PHIDOLE. !>61

298. Phidole binghami, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 183 &

198, 1/ $ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 53" & 546

I/. Dull castaneous red, legs brownish yellow, abdomen brown.
Some specimens are brighter in colour, with the abdomen brown
only in the middle above, and the legs reddish yellow. Pilosity
very sparse ; head longitudinally striate in front, reticulate pos-
teriorly on the lateral lobes;* thorax transversely irregularly
sculptured, the metanotum striate on the basal portion ; nodes
of pedicel punctured, opaque ; abdomen smooth and shining.
Head oval, the cheeks convex, the occipital emargination narrow ;
mandibles proportionately rather large, punctured : clypeus slightly
emarginate anteriorly ; antennae slender, the scape falling short
of the top of the head by about one-third of its length ;
antennal furrow broad but shallow. Thorax anteriorly gibbous,
the lateral tubercles barely indicated ; the transverse mesonotal
furrow broad and shallow, the carina posterior to it thick, the
basal portion of the metanotum flat and rectangular ; metanotal
spines pointing slightly obliquely backwards. Pedicel : the 1st
node somewhat conical, but with a distinct transverse upper
margin and without any appendix beneath ; 2nd node short,
transversely fusiform, much broader than long ; abdomen oval.

£ . Yellowish red, the abdomen brownish, the legs paler in
colour than the head and thorax ; head oval : antennae elongate,
the scape passing beyond the top of the head by nearly one-third
of its length. Thorax : the pronotum slightly bituberculate, the
mesonotal furrow distinct, and a wide transverse ridge behind it ;
metanotum elongate, bidentate. Pedicel : the 2nd node not quite
twice as broad as the 1st ; abdomen oval.

Length, I/ 3'5-4 ; $ 2'5 mm.

Nab. Lower Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan) ; Tenasserim, the
Ye valley (Bingham).

299. Phidole plagiaria, Stnith, Jotir. Linn. Soc. v (1860), p. 112, 7/ ?;

Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 184, I/ ; id. Jour. Bomb.

N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 537 & 546.

%. Beddish brown; the antennas, posterior portion of the
thorax, legs and base of abdomen paler, the last somewhat
yellowish, the abdomen posteriorly dsirk brown; pilosity pale
yellow, very abundant; the flagellum of the antenna? and the
tarsi of the legs minutely but densely pubescent. Head broader
posteriorly than in front, somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate,
the striae curving outwards on the lateral lobes of the head,
occipital emargination comparatively deep : eyes below the middle
line of the head ; mandibles punctured and shining ; clypeus not
emarginate, anteriorly depressed, smooth between the bases of the
antenna? ; antennal carina) produced as fine divergent stria through-
out the length of the scape ; antenual grooves finely rugulose
within. Thorax : the lateral tubercles on the pronotum strongly
pronounced, the transverse tnetanotal groove shallow ai

262 FORMICIDJE.

the metanotal ridge behind it barely indicated ; the basal portion
of the metanotum long, rectangular, finely transversely striate,
and with a longitudinal shallow medial groove ; metanotal spines
comparatively long, acute, erect. Pedicel rather short ; the
1st node flat, slightly emarginate above ; the 2nd transverse, with
the sides not conical above, transversely striate ; abdomen broadly
oval.

Length, I/ 4'5-5 mm.

Hab. Burma, Pegu Toma (Allan) ; Tenasserim (Fea).

300. Pbidole javana, Mayr, Tijds. v. Ent. x (1867), p. 98, I/ $ ;
Fo'-cl, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 184; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 537 & 546.

I/. Castaneous red, antennae, thorax, legs and pedicel more
yellowish, abdomen brownish yellow ; pilosity short but very
abundant ; head longitudinally striate, a little punctured on the
posterior lateral lobes ; thorax and pedicel more finely transversely
rugulose ; abdomen very smooth and shining. Head nearly
square, but a little longer than broad ; occipital emargination
wide, somewhat shallow ; mandibles shining, sparsely punctured ;
clypeus with a medial smooth shining triangular portion, the sides
striate ; antennal carinse as long as the scape, divergent pos-
teriorly ; antennal grooves shallow, broadening posteriorly, finely
rugulose within ; antennae moderately long, the scape reaches
about three-fourths of the distance between its insertion and the
top of the head ; eyes lateral, well below the middle of the head.
Thorax : the pronotum rounded, very convex, almost without
lateral tubercles ; the mesonotal transverse groove and ridge
very slightly marked ; the basal portion of the metanotum mode-
rately long ; the metanotal spines short, erect, acute. Pedicel
short, the nodes transverse, without appendix beneath, the 2nd
transversely oval, twice as broad as the 1st ; abdomen broadly
oval.

" £ . Shining reddish yellow, the head darker, the abdomen
fuscous ; pilosity abundant ; mandibles finely obscurely striate
towards the acutely dentate masticatory margin ; head somewhat
smooth, front between the frontal carinse very finely striate,
punctured and superficially reticulate- punctate, the cheeks
striate : pronotum rounded, finely coriaceous and rugulose (or
very superficially reticulate punctate), the disc smoother, with
some transverse striae in front ; mesonotum with a medial sloping
raised portion ; metanotum with two triangular erect teeth ;
meso- and metathorax reticulate punctate ; pedicel finely coria-
ceous and rugulose; abdomen smooth." (Mayr.)
LenfjtJi, I/ 3-5-4 ; $ 2-4 mm.

Hab. Burma (Fea, Binfjham), extending to Java. A variety
separated as var. dharmsalana by Dr. Porel, has been procured
by Sage in the North-west Himalayas. I have seen no specimen
of this latter, but it differs apparently in having the head in front
broader.

263

301. Phidole indica, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii (1878),
pp. 676-679, 1/ £ § ; Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 184, 11,
& 198, rf ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 538 & 546.

I/. Dark castaneous brown, shining, the flagellum of the
antennae, the metathorax, legs and pedicel of a somewhat lighter
shade ; head, thorax and abdomen with fairly abundant pale red
erect hairs, and a thin sparse minute whitish pubescence seen
only in certain lights, and most distinct on the flagellum of the
antennae and the tibiae and tarsi of the legs. Head slightly
narrower posteriorly than in front; the occiput deeply emar-
ginate, with a distinct depression on the vertex, the posterior
lateral angles conical and rounded above ; the whole head somewhat
coarsely longitudinally striate, the striae curving transversely
outwards on the posterior lateral angles ; mandibles smooth and
shining, the masticatory margin with two blunt teeth at apex, the
upper portion of margin indistinctly crenulate ; clypeus with its
medial portion smooth and shining, slightly convex ; scape of
the antennae reaching a little more than halfway up from its
insertion to the top of the head and fitted into a longitudinal
groove. Thorax irregularly transversely striate ; pronotum
rounded, convex; mesonotum with a transverse Bridge slightly
bigibbous ; metanotum longitudinally sulcate, the 'lateral spines
short and thick at base. Anterior node of the pedicel without an
appendix or prolongation beneath, posterior node slightly trans-
verse, about twice as broad above as the anterior node ; abdomen
a little longer than broad.

£ . Yellowish or reddish brown, smooth and shining, head and
abdomen darker ; pilosity as in the I/ , pubescence almost entirely
wanting; head oval, the occiput rounded; thorax anteriorly
smooth and polished, a little narrower than the head ; mesonotum,
metanotum and node of the pedicel delicately sculptured, opaque;
abdomen smooth and shining.

$ . Resembles the I/ , but is fuscous brown, with the mandibles,
antennas, sides of the thorax posteriorly and the legs reddish
brown. The head is a little broader than long, sculptured as
in the I/; the mesonotum and sides of the metanotum longi-
tudinally striate and rugose ; the nodes of the pedicel transversely
striate.

rf . Head smaller proportionately than in the ? , thorax massive ; .
scape of the antennae short, about equal in length to the basal
two joints of the flagellum. Head and thorax more or less
sculptured and opaque. Dark brown ; wings yellowish hyaline,
nervures yellow.

Length, I/ 4-5-5-5 ; $ 2-5 ; $ 8-5 ; J 5 mm.

Hob. Throughout Continental India, Burma, and Ceylon.

Var. coonoorensis, Forel, has the sculpture on the head and
especiallv on the occiput more pronounced, the strhe being more
abundant and distinct, and the prouotum somewhat tuberculate.

2(54 FORMICIDJE.

302. Phidole rotschana, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool x (1902), pp. 185, 1/,
& 199, £ ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902), pp. 538 & 546.

I/ . Resembles the I/ of P. indica ; differs in the head, thorax
and abdomen being almost uniform chestnut-red, with the an-
tennas and legs yellowish red. Pilosity and pubescence as in
P. indica. The striaa on the head are wider apart and lighter,
and less curved transversely outwards on the posterior lateral
angles ; the head itself is rectangular, as broad posteriorly as in
front ; the eyes larger and more prominent ; the scape of the
antenna} shorter, barely reaching half the distance from its
insertion to the top of the head. Thorax proportionately slightly
broader than in P. indica, the pronotum somewhat laterally
tuberculate, the metanotal spines shorter. The rest as in
P. indica.

$ . Differs from the $ of P. indica in being rather more
slenderly built, with proportionately shorter antennae and longer
legs ; the head is broader posteriorly ; the scape of the antennae
extending beyond the top of the head by less than one-fourth of
its length from insertion ; the metanotal spines are distinctly
shorter, and in colour the head and abdomen are darker.

Length, I/ 3*5-4-5 ; g 2-2-5 mm.

Hub. Western India ( Wrouyhton).

303. Phidole allani, sp. nov.

I/. Eather bright reddish or yellowish brown, antennaj and
legs reddish yellow ; head somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate
up to a little beyond the vertex ; the occiput and lateral lobes
above smooth ; the pronotum of the thorax in front and the meta-
notum transversely striate, the sides of the thorax somewhat
irregularly closely rugulose, granulate : legs, pedicel and abdomen
smooth; the whole insect bright and shining; pilositv pale yellow,
long and abundant, especially on the abdomen. Head remarkably
thick, short and broad, as broad as long, the occipital ernar-
gination moderate and wide, the medial frontal sulcation broad
and distinct ; mandibles smooth and shining, not punctate ;
clypeus in the middle smooth and polished, its anterior margin
transverse ; antennal carinaB short, wide apart, divergent, con-
tinued back as stria? about the length of the scape ; the antennal
hollow for the latter not well-marked ; antennae of moderate
length, the scape falling short of the top of the head by one-third
of its own length ; eyes lateral, placed low down in the lower
third of the side of the head. Thorax : the pronotum somewhat
flat in front, the lateral tubercles fairly well-marked, the trans-
verse mesonotal furrow shallow, the ridge or carina behind it
thick ; the basal portion of the metanotum short, rather flat,
slightly raised ; metanotal spines short, erect and stout. Pedicel
stout, the 1st node in profile subtriangular, anteriorly curved
inwards, transverse and emarginate above, without any appendix

PHIDOLE. — MTBMICA. 265

beneath ; 2nd node rounded above, about, half as broad again
as long ; abdomen almost circular, depressed.

£ . Brownish yellow, the legs clear pale yellow, the abdomen a
dingy dull yellow; head, thorax in front and abdomen smooth
and shining ; the sides of the mesothorax and the metathorax
finely punctured, rugulose ; disc of the pronotum with a few
irregular long transverse punctures. Head very broadly oval, the
sides very convex, a distinct but very narrow posterior margin ;
antennae long, the scape extending well beyond the top of the
head. Thorax : the shape of the prouotum as in the I/ ; basal
portion of metanotum short, the metanotal spines very short but
acute. Pedicel elongate ; the 1st node short and thick and little
raised, broader than long ; 2nd node globose ; abdomen broadly
oval.

Length, "]/ 4*5 : $ 1'5— 2 mm.

Hab. Burma: Pegu Toma, 1500 ft. (Allan)', Bernardmyo
6000 ft. (BingJiam).

304. FMdole himalayana, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), pp. 185
& 199, I/ £ min.; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv (1902),
pp. -338 & 546.

I/ . Light chestnut-red, the abdomen posteriorly shaded with
fuscous above, the mandibles, antennae and legs not lighter in
colour than the rest of the body. Pilosity and pubescence as
in P. indica. Head rectangular, as broad posteriorly as in front,
the cheeks convex, longitudinally striate as in the above-named
species, but the strias wider apart and less distinct, especially
on the lateral lobes of the head ; the depression on the vertex
shallower and less conspicuous. Thorax with the pronotum
strongly convex, somewhat produced at the sides; mesonotum
with the transverse carina not bigibbous as in P. indica ; meta-
notum broader than in that species, the spines short. The rest
as in P. indica.

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel light bright chestnut-red ;
abdomen yellowish, somewhat fuscous above. Pilosity, pubescence
and sculpture as in P. indica. Scape of the antenna short,
as short as in P. rotschana, not extending beyond the top of the
head by more than one-fifth of its length from insertion ; head
shorter and less oval than in either of the above species ; thorax
comparatively longer, the metauotal spines very short.

Length, 11 '3-5-4 ; £ 2-5 mm.

Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir (Lobiniere) to Sikhim
(Wrowjhton).

Genus MYRMICA.

Myrniica, Latr. Xouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv (1804), p. 179.
Manica, Jurine, Hym. 1807, p. 276.

Type, M. rubra, L., from Europe.

266

FOHMHJIDvE.

Raiuje. Temperate regions of both hemispheres, and high eleva-
tions in the tropical or subtropical zones.

$ . Head more or less oval, but always with a distinct posterior
margin ; mandibles broad, the masticatory margin dentate ; maxil-
lary palpi 6-, labial palpi 4-jointed ; clypeus strongly convex m
the middle, posteriorly produced between tbe bases of tbe antennae,
obtusely angular and well-defined; antennal carinaa short, wide
apart ; antenna? 12-jointed, the club of the flagellum moderately
distinct, formed by the apical 3, 4 or 5 joints ; frontal area tri-
angular, depressed. Thorax anteriorly rounded, convex, posteriorly

, _ Myrmica ntgosa, $ . a. Head ; b. Tibia with pectinate spur.

more or less rounded from one side to the other; pro-meson otal
suture obsolete, meso-metanotal suture more or less distinct, the
thorax often slightly emarginate at that point; metanotum (in all
Indian species) armed at the posterior lateral angles with two long
curved acute spines ; legs moderately long and stout. Pedicel :
the 1st node petiolate anteriorly, in front more or less truncate
above, posteriorly rounded to the apex by a gradual curve ;
2nd node globose or subglobose, transverse, sometimes as long
as broad or even longer ; abdomen oval.

$ . Head, pedicel and legs as in the £ . Metanotum generally
with two teeth or two obtuse tubercles. Wings with one cubital
cell half divided by an incomplete nervure, and one discoidal
cell.

c? . The mandibles as in the £ , dentate. Head smaller ; eyes
very large, ocelli prominent ; antennae 13-joiuted, the scape and
the slightly thickened apical 5 joints of the flagellum, forming the
club, subequal ; thorax massive, the mesonptum raised above the
pronotum and slightly gibbous with converging grooves ; meta-
notum much longer than in the <j? , with the posterior lateral
angles of the slightly sloping basal portion rather prominent,
the apical portion obliquely truncate and slightly concave ; pedicel
much as in the £ ; abdomen narrower and smaller than in the $ .
"Wings as in the $ , but the division of the cubital cell more
developed, though still not quite complete.

MYRMICA. 267

Key to the Species.

a. Thorax more or less longitudinally rugose.

^ striate.

a'. Medial portion of clypeus produced, an-
gular, the apex obtuse.
a2. Length 6 mm. ; metanotal spines long,

as long as the basal face of nietanoturn. M. rugosa, p. 268.
o . -Length 3'o-4'o mm. ; metanotal spines
short, only about half as long as basal

face of metanotuin M. smythiesi, p. 269.

0 . Medial portion of clypeus not produced.

not angular, transverse.
o2. Head regularly longitudinally striate,

the striae not broken or reticulate M. rilct, p. 267.

62. Head irregularly longitudinally striate,
the striae coarser, broken and posteriorly

reticulate M. margarita, p. 267.

o. Thorax transversely rugose striate M. inezte, p. 2(38.

305. Myrmica ritae, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 501.

£ , pi. 11, fig. 27.

£ . Head and antennae reddish yellow, the head shaded with
fuscous on the front ; thorax and pedicel dark brown, almost
black, legs yellow, the abdomen dark brown above and below in
the middle, yellowish at base, along the sides and at apex ; pilosity
pale, very sparse, pubescence entirely wanting. Head shining,
longitudinally coarsely sulco-striate, mandibles shining, striate at
base ; clypeus narrow, the striae on the medial portion subobsolete;
frontal area depressed, smooth and shining; antennal carinae
somewhat wide apart, parallel, reaching very nearly level with
the top of the eyes ; antennae long, the scape extending beyond
the top of the head ; eyes promiuent, Literal, placed about the
middle of the head ; head more or less oval, but with a distinct
slightly emarginate posterior border, the cheeks very convex.
Thorax elongate, coarsely rugose, with broken longitudinal furrows;
the metanotal backward-pointing spines smooth, slender and
acute ; legs smooth, very long and slender. Pedicel : the nodes
large, coarsely sculptured, the posterior node posteriorly and above
somewhat smoother than the anterior node ; abdomen subglobose,
highly polished, smooth and shining.

Length, $ 4'5-6 mm.

Hab. Teuasserim, Muleyit, 3000-4500 ft. (Fea).

306. Myrmica margaritae, Emery, Ann. Mus. Cn: Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 502, $.

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel dark piceous brown, head anteriorly
reddish brown, the mandibles and antennae brownish yellow, legs
and abdomen clear, somewhat pellucid ochraceous yellow ; pilosity
short and sparse, pubescence absent. Head with the mandibles

268 FOHMICIDJE.

oval, very convex in front, narrow posteriorly, with a distinct though
limited posterior margin, very coarsely rugose, with broken irregular
longitudinal coarse striae ; mandibles very finely striate ; the tri-
angular median portion of the clypeus obsoletely coarsely striate ;
frontal area depressed, smooth ; antennal carinaa wide apart, short
and parallel ; eyes prominent, placed rather more forward than in
M. ritce; antennae long and slender, the scape extending beyond
the top of the head. Thorax elongate, with sculpture similar to
that on the head ; metanotal spines long and slender, pointing
backwards and slightly curved downwards ; legs long and slender.
Pedicel as in M. ritce ; abdomen subglobose, very smooth, polished
and shining.

LeiKjth, $ 5-5-25 mm.

Hal, Tenasserim, Muleyit, 3000-5500 ft.

.307. Myrmica inezae, Ford, Rev. Swsse Zool. x (1902). p. 226.

£ . Black, the mandibles, antennae, metanotal spines and legs
reddish brown ; head, thorax and nodes of pedicel coarsely and
closely striate rugose, the striae on the head longitudinal and re-
gular, on the thorax and pedicel transverse and somewhat irregular;
abdomen highly polished, smooth and shining; pilosit-y light
reddish, fairly abundant and long, oblique on the antennae and
legs. Head without the mandibles broadly oval, rounded pos-
teriorly, regularly convex ; mandibles triangular, finely longitu-
dinally striate, the masticatory margin denticulate ; clypeus broad,
the medial portion slightly convex, broadly produced and rounded
posteriorly : antennal carinae short, wide apart ; antennae long and
somewhat thick, the scape extending well beyond the top of the
head; eyes large, lateral, closer to the anterior than to the
posterior margin of the head. Thorax elongate, slightly rounded
above, very lightly impressed at the meso-metanotal suture ; meta-
notal spines longer than in M. rugosa and subvertical, acute at
apex; legs long and somewhat stout. Pedicel: the 1st node
bluntly conical, a little longer than broad, compressed, with a long
petiole in front ; 2nd node rounded, a little longer than broad,
and slightly broader than the 1st node; abdomen convex, oval,
twice as long as broad.

Length, $ a little over 5 mm.

Hab. Central Provinces, India ; Pachuiarhi (Schurr).

308. Myrmica rugosa, Mayr, A'ovara JReise, ZooL, Formic-id. 1865,
p. 19 footnote, £ .

£ . Brownish black to jet-black, mandibles, antennae and legs
dark castaneous ; head, thorax and pedicel striate, rugose, the head
posteriorly and the thorax in front on the pronotum and rneso-
notum reticulate; on the metanotum and the sides of the thorax
the stria; are more regular and longitudinal, as they are on the
head anteriorly ; abdomen highly polished, smooth and shining ;
pilosity pale, rather long and plentiful on the head, thorax and

MYRMICA.— APH.EXOGASTEB. 269

abdomen shorter and oblique on the antenna) and legs. Head
convex broadly suboval, with a distinct posterior margin: man-
dibles finely longitudinally striate, the masticatory margin denti-
culate, the apical tooth very acute ; clypeus somewhat diamond-
shaped, slightly convex in the middle, the apex anteriorly pro-
duced but obtuse, the posterior margin rounded ; antennal carin*
short, wide apart ; antennoB not so long as in M. inezce, the scape
not passing beyond the top of the head. Thorax elongate, im-
pressed at the meso-metanotal suture ; the basal portion of the
metanotum rectangular above, the spines long, pointing backwards
and slightly curved, the apical portion concave and smooth. Pedicel
elongate, the nodes rugulose ; the 1st node with a short petiole
anteriorly, posteriorly constricted, longer than broad, subcubical ;
2nd node quadrate, the angles rounded, convex above, as broad
as long ; abdomen oval.

Length, $ 5*5-6 mm.

Hah. The Himalayas along their whole length and above
4000 ft. (SmytUes $ Hotter}.

309. Myrmica smythiesi, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 226.

£ . Closely resembling M. rugosa, Mayr, but smaller, of slighter
build, and typically a clear reddish brown, varying however to
black. The whole insect is more shining than M. ruyosa, with
the sculpture similar but more feeble, and the pilosity more sparse,
the scape being nearly smooth and shining, the legs having a
close oblique pubescence. It differs also from M. rugosa in the
flagellum of the antennae being more clavate, the mesonotum
higher and more convex, the meso-metanotal suture more strongly
impressed above, and the metanotal spines shorter. Pedicel : the
1st node is proportionately thicker, and the 2nd not so broad,
both nodes are longitudinally rugose and punctured ; abdomen
smooth and shining.

Length, £ 3-5-4-5 mm.

Hob. N.W. Himalayas above 7000 ft. (Smythies) -, Sikhim above
4000 ft. (Moller).

Var. rupestris, Forel, is black with the sculpture coarser and
more pronounced.

The race carbonaria, Forel, seems to me only a still smaller,
more slender form of smythiesi var. rupestris, and to differ chiefly
in having rather long and divergent spines.

Genus APHJE NOG ASTER*.

Myrmica, pt., Lucas, Rcplor. Sc. Alyerie, Zool. iii (1846), p. 301,
pi. 16, fig. 10, £ .

* Professor Emery (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. viii. 1895, p. 297) has quite rightly
placed AphteiMf/oster, Mayr, Ischnomi/rmex, Mayr, and 3f«MOT, Forel, as sub-
genera under Westwood's genus Stenamma. Typical Stenamma is not, so fur
as I know, found in India, Burma or Ceylon, while forms of both Aphano-
gastcr and of Messor occur. I have preferred, therefore, to consider these two

270

Aphaanogaster, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wlen, iii (1853), p. 107.
Ischnomyrmex, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 738.

Type, A. sardous, Mayr, from Sardinia.

Range. Both hemispheres.

£ . Of slender form. Head longer than broad, often elongated
posteriorly into a neck ; mandibles subtriangular, the masticatory
margin dentate, the outer margin not strongly curved ; clypeus
somewhat flat, the anterior margin transverse, posteriorly produced
between the bases of the antennae, and the margin rounded ; frontal
area depressed ; aritennal carinse short, posteriorly convergent,
antennal and clypeal hollows large, confluent ; antennae 12-jointed,
slender and filiform, the club of the flagellum not much thickened,
formed of the apical four joints ; eyes of moderate size, lateral,
placed about the middle of the head ; ocelli absent. Thorax
narrow, elongate ; pro-mesonotal suture generally slight, meso-
metanotal suture very distinct ; metanotal spines short, triangular,
dentiform, generally more or less erect ; legs remarkably long and
slender, the intermediate and posterior tibiae with one simple spur,
the spur of the anterior tibiae pectinate, claws simple. Pedicel
elongate; the 1st node subconical, rounded above, generally with
a long petiole in front ; 2nd node oval, usually longer than broad ;
abdomen oval, very convex above and below. Pilosity more or
less abundant, long and somewhat coarse, often setiform, the
hairs obtuse at apex.

$ . Eesembles the £ ; ocelli present ; wings long and somewhat
narrow, with one cubital cell.

6 . Antennae 13-jointed, the scape very short, the apical 5 joints
of the flagellum the longest ; wings as in the $ .

Key to the Specif*.

A. Head posteriorly produced and constricted,
forming a more or less cylindrical neck or
collar.

a. Metanotum transversely rugose above, ob-

liquely and somewhat coarsely stiiate on the

sides " A. beccarii, p. 271.

b. Metanotum smooth or at most with a few

scattered punctures.
a'. Length under 5 mm. ; 2nd node of pedicel

as broad as long A. lonyipes, p. 272.

U. Length over 5 mm. ; 2nd node of pedicel

distinctly nearly twice as long as broad . . A.fece, p. 273.

as true genera so far as the limited fauna dealt with in this volume is con-
cerned. Ischnomyrmex (type Myrmica longipes, Smith) I regard simply as
an exaggerated slender form of Aphanogastcr. On the other hand, Messor,
X ore! (type formica barbara, Linn.), seems to me clearly differentiated, not
only by its tar more massive build, but by the polymorphism of its workers.
It is, moreover, a strict vegetarian and harvester like Holcomyrmcx, whereas
Apfuenogaster is carnivorous.

APH^ENOGASTER.

271

A. rothneyi, p. 27-3.

B. Head posteriorly uot produced into a neck.

a. Pronotum seen from the front distinctly late-

rally bituberculate ttmm

b. Pronotum not laterally bituberculate.

a. Head and thorax coarsely, very closely

striate-reticulate, punctured and rugose . . A. schurri, p. 274.
b . Head and thorax very slightly and sparsely

sculptured, shining.

a2. Pro- and mesonotum forming one con-
tinuous convexity, mesonotum anteriorly
not raised into a transverse ridge or crest. A. sagei. p. 275.
b-. Pro- and mesonotum not forming one
continuous convexity, pro - mesonotal
suture distinct, anterior margin of meso-
notum behind the suture raised into a
ridge or crest.
a3. Antennae very slender; joints 2-7 of

flagellum three times as long as broad. A. cristata, p. 276.
b3. Antennae a little more robust; joints
2-7 of flagellum only a little longer
than broad * A.smi/thiesi, p. 276.

310. Aphaenogaster beccarii, Emery (Ischnomyrmex), Ann. Mus. Cu:
Gen. xxv (1887), p. 456, £ rf, pi. i, tig. 12, <J.

£ . Light castaneous brown, smooth and shining, the thorax
posteriorly and the abdomen slightly darker, the head in certain
lights indistinctly finely striate on the front between the eyes ;
mesonotum posteriorly and rnetanoturn coarsely striate, sculptured

Fig. 82. — Aphcenogaster becca

Profile of thorax ; b. Antenna.

and rugose, the striae transverse on the metanotum above, oblique
on the sides ; the whole head, thorax and abdomen with scattered
minute piligerous tubercles. Head, including the mandibles,
viewed from above elongate, oval, broadest at the eyes, which are
large, somewhat elongate and oval ; mandibles triangular, broad
at the masticatory margin, which is furnished with three con-
spicuous teeth towards the apex, finely striate at base ; clypeus
ample, rounded anteriorly, convex in the middle, anteunal hollows
very large ; antennal carinae, the distinct carinaj between the eyes
and the antennal hollows convergent posteriorly ; antennae very
long and filiform, the scape extending well beyond the posterior

272 . FORMICID.E.

margin of the head, the basal joint of the flagellum longer than
the 2nd, the apical four joints longest of all ; head posteriorly
attenuated into a cylindrical neck, the posterior border of which
is strongly margined. Thorax elongate, narrow, anteriorly at-
tenuated as the head is posteriorly, but not so long nor margined,
above convex ; pro-mesonotal suture indicated but not distinct ;
mesonotum oblique, convex above, roundly raised a little pos-
teriorly ; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed ; the basal
portion of the metanotum elongate, rounded, above the apex
divided into two acute dentate angles, the emargination between
them being smooth and polished ; legs very long and slender.
Pedicel : the 1st node conical, rounded above, with an elongate
petiole in front and a shorter one posteriorly ; 2nd node from
above suboval, rounded above ; abdomen short, broadly oval.

$ . Closely resembles the £ , but the sculpture of the head is
more marked and the transverse rugosity on the mesonotum and
metanotum is coarser. The antennae and legs are lighter in colour ;
the scutellurn gibbous. The wings as in the <$ , but the nervures
darker.

" c? . Black ; the mandibles, the flagellum of the antennae, the
articulations of the legs and the genitalia testaceous ; the apical 5
joints of the flagellum subequal and longest ; legs slender. The
fore wing lightly infuscate, the costa pale ; the transverse nervure
joins the external branch of the cubital nervure. The form of the
thorax is shown in the figure." (Emery.}

Length, $ 6-5-7 ; $ 8 ; tf 6 mm.

Hob. Recorded from Western India, Bombay (Beccari) ; Kan.ira
( Aitken) ; Sumatra (Beccari).

311. Aphaenogaster longipes, Smith (Myrmica), Journ. Linn. Soc. ii
(1857), p. 70, pi. 1, fig. 6, £ ; Emery, Ann. Hits. Civ. Gen. xxvii
(1889), p. 503.

$ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel yellowish or reddish brown,
abdomen dark brown, some specimens are entirely dark brown ;
smooth, highly polished and shining, very slender, the metanotum
only very minutely and closely punctured, iu certain lights sub-
opaque. Pilosity pale yellow, long and most plentiful on the
scapes of the antennae and tibia? of the legs. Head with the man-
dibles elongate and oval, produced posteriorly into a long con-
stricted neck with the margin recurved ; mandibles finely longitu-
dinally striate ; clypeus slightly convex in the middle, its anterior
margin arched ; frontal area sunk and depressed; antennal hollows
deep and large, a few striae between them and the eyes ; antennae
very slender and filiform, the scape extending beyond the posterior
margin of the head by about one-third of its length ; flagellum
without any distinct club, but the apical 4 joints much elongated ;
eyes lateral, proportionately somewhat large, prominent, and much
closer to the anterior than to the posterior margin of the head.
Thorax narrow, elongate, the pronotum convex, produced anteriorly

APH-ENOGASTEB. 273

to form part of the long neck ; pro-mesonotal suture tolerably dis-
tinct ; the mesonotuin behind the suture forms a raised transverse
ridge, posterior to which it curves downwards to the very distinct
meso-rnetanotal suture ; the basal portion of the metanotum long,
horizontal, and with two slender, very acute erect spines at the
posterior lateral angles, apical portion steeply sloped, a little
convex; legs remarkably long and very slender. Pedicel seen
from above with the 1st node only half the width of the 2nd, the
latter broadly oval, rounded above, both shortly petiolate in front;
abdomen a broad regular oval.

Length, £ 4'5 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan subregion.

-312. Aphaenogaster feae, Emery (Ischnomyrmex), Ann. Mu*. Civ. Gen.
xxvii (1889), p. 503, £ .

£ . Piceous brown, smooth, polished and shining : mandibles,
antennae and legs yellowish brown ; thorax posteriorly with a
little irregular sculpture ; pilosity rather sparse, the hairs long,
thick and obtuse. Head with the mandibles oval, prolonged
posteriorly into a neck with the posterior border margined ; man-
dibles finely striate at base, the masticatory margin with two teeth
at apex, and above denticulate ; clypeus slightly convex ; ant ennui
carinae short, very prominent, convergent posteriorly ; antennal
hollows large, smooth inside, margined laterally by prominent
carinae ; antennae long and filiform, the scape extending beyond
the top of the head by about one-third of its length, the basal
joint of the flagellum slightly longer than the 2nd joint, the club
formed of the apical 4 joints, which are only slightly thickened
and densely pubescent ; eyes lateral, subacuminate anteriorly.
Thorax narrow, elongate ; the pro- and mesonotum forming one
long convexity, the pro-mesonotal suture obsolete above ; the
thorax seen in profile emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture ;
ba.^al portion of metanotum elongate, slightly flattened above,
posteriorly with two erect, acute, short spines or teeth ; legs very
slender and long, the pilosity on them oblique. Pedicel slender,
the 1st node oval, longer than broad, the 2nd node oval, much
higher and slightly broader than the 1st ; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, £ 5'5-6*5 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, Thagata (Fea).

313. Aphsenogaster rothiieyi,.Fo/vJ(Stenanima (Aphaeiiogaster)), Rev.
Suisse Zool. x (1902) p. 224, £ .

$ . Brown, the head darker than the rest of the body, man-
dibles, antennae and legs brownish yellow ; head and thorax finely
reticulate, striate, subopaque, the metanotum more coarsely and
transversely sculptured ; abdomen polished, smooth and shining.
Head with the mandibles oval, not constricted into a neck posteriorly,
as in A. beccarii ; mandibles longer than in that species, finely striate
at base, with three largish acute teeth at the apex of the masticatory

VOL. II. T

274 FOBMICIDjE.

margiu and denticulate above; clypeus proportionately much
smaller, its anterior margin rounded ; antennal hollows not so
large, antennal carinse prominent, convergent posteriorly ; antenna;
very long and filiform, the scape passing beyond the top of the head
by about one-fourth of its length, flagellum with the proportions of
the joints as in A. beccarii. Thorax elongate, narrow, the pronotum
not constricted into a neck anteriorly, posteriorly slightly raised
into lateral tubercles ; the pro-mesonotal suture well-marked ; the
mesonotum slightly raised, iu some specimens with two transverse
impressions ; metanotum elongate, rounded above ; metanotal spines
thick at base, acute at apex, and as long as the distance between
them at base; legs long and slender. Pedicel: 1st joint with the
node conical, rounded above, petiolate in front and posteriorly, the
anterior portion more slender and twice as long as the posterior
portion ; 2nd joint with a pyriform node strongly constricted
anteriorly ; abdomen very broadly oval, subglobose.

Length, $ 5'5-6'5 mm.

Hal). North-west Himalayas to Sikhim, Mussoorie (Rothncy) ;
Darjeeling (Moller} ; Central India, Pachmarhi (Schurr).

314. Aphzenogaster schurri, Ford (Steuamma (Aphoenogaster)), Rev.
Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 223.

$ . Head and posterior half of the thorax black, the pronotum
and anterior half of the mesonotum black with a deep red tinge,
mandibles, antennae, legs, pedicel and abdomen yellowish brown ;
head and thorax very coarsely longitudinally rugose striate, the
striae broken and irregular (the sculpture resembles that of
3/?/nm'ra marf/aritce) ; legs, pedicel and abdomen highly polished,
smooth and shining ; pilosity white, rather long and most abundant
on the abdomen above, the hairs as usual obtuse at apex. Head
oval but with a distinct posterior margin, not elongated into a neck
posteriorly; mandibles finely and closely longitudinally striate, the
masticatory margin dentate, the apical three teeth the largest ;
clypeus transversely slightly convex, its anterior margin rounded ;
antennal hollows rugose, large, not margined laterally by a carina
as apart from the rugosity between the eyes and the antennal
hollows ; antennal carinae as in A. rothneyi, but much more pro-
minent ; antennoa long, filiform, the scape extending beyond the
top of the head by about one-fourth of its length ; joints 2-7
of the flagellum distinctly shorter than in A. rothneyi, the club
formed of the apical four joints ; eyes lateral, round and prominent,
equidistant from the anterior and posterior margins of the head.
Thorax very nearly as broad as the head, the pronotum depressed
a little in the middle ; pro-mesonotal suture very distinct, the
mesonotum raised so as to form, when viewed from the front, a
transverse ridge; meso-metanotal suture deeply impressed, the
thorax above emarginate at the suture ; basal portion of metanotum
convex, elongate, the rugosities particularly deep and coarse above ;
the metanotal spines close together, very erect and robust, distinctly
longer than the interval between their bases ; apical face of the

APHJENOGASTEB. 275

metanotnm smooth. Pedicel : the 1st node conical, rounded above,
inclined forward, steeply sloped posteriorly ; 2nd node very broad
only a little longer than broad, rounded above ; abdomen broadly
oval, finely and somewhat obsoletely longitudinally striate at

Length, £ 5-5-6 mm.

Hob. Pachmarhi, Central India (Schurr) ; Upper Burma, Kuby
Mines, 6000 ft. (Biagham).

The above described species may be distinct from A. schitrri, but
my specimens from the Kuby Mines district agree tolerably well
with Dr. Forei's description of A. schui-ri, except that they are
distinctly larger, with the thorax more robust than the measure-
ments and details recorded by Dr. Forel. In the British Museum
collection there is a single specimen of this species labelled
" F. Smith Coll., India." I noticed in members of this species the
remarkable method of carrying the abdomen tucked in underneath
the thorax as described by Wroughton (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
vii (1892), p. 182).

315. Aphaenogaster sagei, Ford (Stenamma (Aphamogaster)), Rev.
Suisse Zoo/, x (1U02), p. 221, £ $ rf .

£ . A beautiful shining polished black, in certain lights th« legs
dark chestnut, the tarsi reddish brown ; head and thorax somewhat
irregularly longitudinally striate, with a few scattered punctures :
the metanotum between the spines and at apex, the pedicel and
abdomen very smooth and highly polished ; piiusity fairly plentiful,
hoary white in colour. Head without the mandibles somewhat
rectangular, the posterior lateral angles rounded, the cheeks very
slightly convex, almost straight, the head not produced posteriorly
into a neck ; mandibles rather broadly triangular, finely longi-
tudinally striate, the masticatory margin as in A.rothne>/ij clvpeus
slightly emarginate in the middle of its anterior border ; antennal
hollows large; the frontal area very distinct; antenna? Jong aud
filiform, the scape extending by about one-tilth of its length bevond
the top of the head ; flagellum proportionately shorter, with
the basal joints shorter than in A. rolhneyi or A. beccttrii, and with
the apical four joints thicker, forming a distinct club. Thorax
somewhat more massive, the pro- aud mesonotum forming a single
convexity, but the pro-mesonotal suture distinct; mctunotuui
longitudinally convex and rounded, the meso-uietanotal suture
deep, the thorax in profile emarginate above at the suture; the
apex of the basal portion of the metanotum cleft and produced,
forming two triangular short spines. Pedicel: the 1st node
obliquely sloped posteriorly, rounded above, and with a short,
somewhat thick petiole in front ; 2nd node longer than bread ;
abdomen longer than broad and a little broader posteriorly thuu
at base, rounded in front and at apex.

" $. Identical with the g including the spines. Mesonotum
striate like the rest of the thorax, often narrower than the head.
Wings very long and pubescent, a little tinted with brownish, with

276 FOBMIOID.E.

the nervures and the stigma brown. Fore wing with a single
cubital cell."

" d1 . Mandibles with 4 or 5 teeth. Head much longer than
broad. Scape as long as the first four joints of the flagellum.
Scutellum verv prominent. The basal face of the metanotum
has a deep transverse impression posterior to its middle, behind
that two strong obtuse teeth. Anteriorly it rises with a slope
Towards the postscutellum. Nodes of the pedicel very low and
depressed, the first a little distinct from its pedicel. Pilosity
longer and more pointed than in the $ . The rest resembles the
2 . A single cubital cell." (Forel,)

Length, $ 5-6 ; $ 6 ; tf 5-3 mm.

Hab. The Himalayas, Lahoul (Sage), extending into Tibet.

316. Aphaenogaster cristata, Forel (Stenamma (Aphaenogaster)), Rev.
Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 225, £ .

" £ . More slender than the preceding. The head is not oval
but the anterior margin is broader. Behind the eyes it is
constricted, the sides slightly convex, curving gradually to the
articulation with the thorax. Dimensions of the antennae as in
A. rothneyi. Pronotum without tubercles. The mesonotum has
in its middle a raised transverse crest-like projection, somewhat
more pinched and flattened and a little more prominent than the
transverse ridge or carina on the mesonotum of A. smythiesi.
Behind this crest the mesonotum is sloping and bears a transverse
medial impression. Basal face of the metanotum convex as in
A.patmelis. Spines rather stout, wide apart, as long as two-thirds
of the distance between them. First node a little broader than
in A. rothneyi, with a slight petiole. Second node as in A. schurri,
but a little shorter and broader. Smooth and shining all over.
Front of the head and metanotum in part feebly reticulate. Some
few stria? around the eyes. Pilosity scattered, more setiform and
obtuse than in the two preceding species. That of the tibiae and the
scape as in A. scJmrri. Brown; legs, mandibles and antennae
yellowish. This form may be merely a race of A. rothneyi." (Forel.)

Length, $ 5*5 mm.

Hab. North-west Himalayas, Dharmsala (Sage). Unknown to
me.

317. Aphaenogaster smythiesi, Forel (Stenamma (Aphsenogaster),
Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 222, £ $ rf.

$ . Dark castaneous brown to piceous black, smooth, polished
and shining, with scattered raised piligerous points and a few
indistinct longitudinal striae on the front of the head and on the
metanotum ; pilosity comparatively sparse, hoary white and obtuse,
most plentiful on the abdomen. Head without the mandibles
rectangular, the posterior lateral angles rounded, the cheeks some-
what straight, the occipital margin broad at the articulation with
the thorax and not prolonged backwards into a neck ; mandibles

APHjES'OGASTEB. — MESSOR. 277

triangular, striate at base, the masticatory margin dentate at apex
denticu a e above Thorax narrow, the pronotum convex, the pro-'
mesonotal suture distinct ; the mesonotum sloping obliquely back
its anterior margin raised, forming a thick transverse ridge which
m some specimens is emarginate in the middle; thorax in profile
emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture, which is deeply marked •
metanotum rounded from side to side and a little convex longi-
tudinally ; the metanotal spines broad at base, short and acute
Legs long, the pilosity on them yellowish, more dense than on
the body and oblique. Pedicel with the nodes as in A. saqei
but proportionately a little longer; abdomen broadly oval.

" $ . Eesembles the £ ; the spines "long. Head longitudinal Iv,
metanotum transversely striate, the stria? distinct between the
spines on the latter. Mesonotum broader than the head Thorax
short. Win gs a little darker than in the d1-" (Forel.)

" d1. Mandibles very long, the masticatory margin with 5 or 6
teeth. Head elongate. Antennas and metanotum as in A. sagei
but the posterior portion of the latter cubical, without teeth
behind the impression, only two blunt tubercles. Nodes of the
pedicel more raised. Wings subhyaline, with the nervures pale and
having two cubital cells. Colour and sculpture of the 8 ." (Forel )

Length, g 4-5-5-5 ; $ 7 ; rf 4 mm.

Hob. North-west Himalayas (Smythies $ Wood-Mason).

Genus MESSOR.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i (1767), p. 962, tf.
Atta, pt., Illic/er, Mag.f. Ins. vi (1807), p. 194.
Myrmica, pt., Lucent, Ezplor. Sc. Alf/erie, Zool. iii (1846), o. 300.
Aphamogaster, pt., Roger, Verz. d. Fonnicid. (Berl. ent. Zeit.) 1863,

p. 29.
Messor, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xxxiv (1890), C. R. p. Ixviii.

Type, M. barbarus, Linn., from South Europe

Range. Both hemipheres.

£ max. Head without the mandibles square, the occiput
transverse, slightly emarginate, as broad as the anterior margin ;
mandibles very massive, the outer margin strongly curved, the
masticatory margin dentate, the teeth often obsolete, the inner
margin very thick, concave above ; clypeus flat, onlv a little
convex in the middle, produced back between the bases of the
antennae, the anterior margin transverse or waved ; antennal and
clypeal hollows confluent ; antennal earinae short, wide apart,
parallel ; antenna? 12-jointed, filiform, with no distinct club ;
joints 1-10 of the flagellum subequnl, the apical joint slightly the
longest ; maxillary palpi 4- or 5-, labial 3-jointed ; eyes somewhat
small, plac-ed about the middle of the sides of the head; ocelli
absent. Thorax narrower than the head but massive, the pronotum
rounded in front ; the mesonotum raised anteriorly above the leve
of the pronotum, posteriorly steeply sloped, with a transverse
impression ; pro-mesonotal suture distinct ; meso-metanotal suture

278 FOBMICIDJE.

deeply marked ; the thorax in profile more or less emarginate at
this suture ; mefanotum with a long, level, rather flat basal portion,
the posterior lateral angles of which are either dentate or entire, but
never with spines as in Aphoenog aster, apex truncate ; legs rather
long and slender. Pedicel : the 1st node conical, rounded above,
the front face curved inwards, and furnished with a tolerably
long petiole anteriorly ; 2nd node broader, rounded above, about
as broad as long ; abdomen rather depressed, very broadly oval.

$ med. Closely resembles the £ max., but is smaller and has
the head very much smaller in proportion to the body, pro-
portionately also the pronotum is longer, more rounded above, and
the mesonotum not so raised.

£ min. Still smaller, the pro- and mesonotum form one con-
vexity, there is no transverse impression on the latter, and the
metanotum is entire, with only the posterior lateral angles of
the basal portion somewhat prominent.

$ . Resembles the £ max., but the head is smaller, the eyes
larger, the ocelli present, the antennal hollows smaller, the thorax
very large and massive ; the pronotum vertical, when viewed from
above, hidden under the large, slightly gibbous mesonotum;
scutellum very large, projecting posteriori y over the metanotum,
this latter with a very short sloping basal portion and the apex
vertically truncate, flat or slightly concave, entire. Pedicel thick
and massive ; the 1st node broad, transverse, its upper margin
rounded ; the 2nd node broad, about as broad as long, and attached
by its whole posterior face to the abdomen ; abdomen massive,
very broadly oval, its anterior margin transverse. Fore wing
with 2 cubital cells.

c? . Head proportionately small, longer than broad and broader
posteriorly than in front ; mandibles broad, the masticatory
margin dentate ; clypeus narrow, truncate anteriorly ; antennae
13-jointed, filiform, the scape short, about equal to the 1st three
joints of the flagellum ; eyes large, ocelli present. Thorax, legs
and pedicel as in the $ , the first proportionately just as large and
massive; abdomen slightly attenuate towards the apex, the
external genital lamina broad.

I have no personal experience of the species of this genus, but
Mr. Wroughton records M. instabilis as a harvester. From its
close affinity to Holcomyrmex, essentially a harvester, this was to
be expected.

Key to the Species.

a. Metanotum wholly unarmed M. barbarns, var.

instabilis, p. 278.
o. Metanotum posteriorly distinctly bidentate

or sub-bidentate M. Mmalayanus, p. 279.

318. Messor barbarns, Linn. (Formica) Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i (1767),
Atta instabilis, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 163, $ rf .

MESSOB. 279

Aphaenogaster barbara, Linn., var. punctata. Forel. Jour. As. Soc.
Beng. lv (1886), p. 248, § .

Note. — True M. barbarus does not, so far as I know, occur
within our limits: the form described below is var. imtabilis. Smith,
identical, so far as the specimens in the British Museum <*o. with
specimens of var. punctata, named by Dr. Forel.

£ maj. Dark shining red, the abdomen in some specimens
black, the scape of the antenna? and the tarsi pale. Head in
some specimens finely longitudinally striate, in the majority
smooth, with a few obsolete stria? and scattered punctures ; thorax
above coarsely transversely, the sides obliquely striate; legs, pedicel

Fig. 83. — Mcssor Imrbarus, var. iiisfabilis, £ . a. Head from front.

and abdomen highly polished, smooth and shining ; the legs with
a few widely scattered punctures, nodes of the pedicel with some
half obsolete transverse stria? above. Pilosity almost entirely
wanting, reduced to a very few erect soft, not obtuse hairs on the
uuderside of the head and abdomen and on the thorax above.
Mandibles finely longitudinally striate. Metanotal spines or
teeth entirely wanting. For the rest the characters of the genus.
£ min. Resembles the £ maj., but is of course smaller ; the
head invariably smooth, highly polished and shining, with no trace
of stria and fewer punctures than in the £ maj. ; the sculpture of
the thorax much more feeble ; metanotum unarmed as in the $ maj.
$ . Closely resembles the $ maj., but is larger and darker,
almost black, the head anteriorly subopaque, longitudinally striate,
the posterior portion with the thorax and abdomen sparsely
punctured, polished and shining; the metanotum and nodes of
pedicel transversely striate ; wings hyaline.

(5 . Resembles the $ , but is smaller, with a considerably
smaller head and proportionately larger and broader wings.
Pilosity and sculpture more dense than in the £ ; mandibles with
a distinct dentate masticatory margin ; antenna; long, the scape
half the length of the flagellum; neuration of the wings as in the j .

Length, $ $ 4-9; ? 11-12-5; 6 7*5-8 mm.

Hab. Recorded so far from the North-west Himalayas, and
from Cochin.

319. Messor himalayanus, Forel.

Stenamma (Messor) barbarum, race himalayanum, Forel, Rfc.

Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 220.
$ max. Black, shining, the mandibles reddish brown, the

280 I-OBMICIDJE.

flagellutn of the antennae and the legs castaneous, the scape
fuscous brown. Head very finely longitudinally striate ; thorax
more coarsely and irregularly rugose striate ; the mesonotum, apex
of the metanotum, and the ahdomen smooth and shining, the sides
and hase of the metanotum and the nodes of the pedicel coarsely
transversely rugose. Pilosity abundant, setiform, of a clear
yellowish white, very conspicuous. For the rest the characters of
the genus.

$ med. Closely resembles the £ maj., but differs in being
smaller, and in the sculpture of the head and thorax, but especially
of the latter, being much finer and closer, giving the whole
insect a much more opaque appearance ; the meranotal spines or
teeth are smaller and feebler.

$ win. fiesembles the £ med., but is considerably smaller and
a little more shining, the very fine striation of the head seems
almost obsolete in certain lights. Thorax subopaque, metanotuni
transversely striate, metanotal teeth obsolete.

$ . Of very large size, larger than the £ max., but resembling
it. Head finely longitudinally striate on the front, the striae
strongly divergent outwards above the vertex ; the head above and
the occiput covered with large shallow punctures over the stria3 ;
mandibles coarsely longitudinally striate and pubescent ; antennae
pubescent. Thorax : the pronotum transversely striate ; the
mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen smooth, polished, shining,
with a few scattered punctures ; metanotum and nodes of pedicel
coarsely transversely rugose ; legs very slender : wings brownish
hyaline. For the rest the characters of the genus.

cJ. Head anteriorly irregularly sculptured and opaque, pos-
teriorly smooth and shining, with a few vague irregular striae and
punctures ; thorax on the sides, the metanotum and the nodes of
the pedicel more or less irregularly rugose, the remainder of the
thorax and abdomen smooth, polished and shining. Legs long and
slender, Mings as in the ? . For the rest the characters of the
genus.

Length, $ $ 4-10 ; $ 14 ; d 10 mm.

Hob. The North-west Himalayas. Dharmsala (Saye) ; the Tons
Valley (Smythies) ; Quetta (Nurse). '

The specimens kindly sent to me from Quetta by Maj. IVurse
have the abdomen very closely and finely reticulate, opaque and
not shining.

Genus HOLCOMYRMEX.

Atta, pt., JRoyer, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 259, £ .
Holcomyrmex, Mayr, Ferh. zool.-but. Ges. Wien, xxviii (1878),
p. 671, £ .

Type, H. scabriceps, Mayr.
It'inye. Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan regions.
$ maj. Head large, more or less rectangular, the sides straight ;
the occiput emargiuate, but not deeply, the posterior lateral angles

IIOLCOMYRMEX. 281

rounded ; mandibles very thick and massive, much curved, the
masticatory margin obtuse, indistinctly dentate ; clypeus narrow,
produced posteriorly between the bases of the antennae and rounded,
anteriorly more or less irregular, transverse, with a carina on each side
of a medial portion, the carinas projecting and ending in blunt teeth ;
antennal carinae short, wide apart, prominent ; antennas 12-jointed,
the club of the flagellum indistinct, formed of the apical three
joints ; eyes rather small, circular, lateral, placed below the middle
line of the head. Thorax massive, the pro-mesonotum forming
one somewhat raised convexity ; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete ;
meso-metanotal suture distinct ; the thorax in profile slightly
emarginate at the suture; metanotum comparatively long, the
basal portion level and slightly flat above, the posterior lateral
angles subtuberculate, the sides finely longitudinally carinate; the
apex obliquely truncate ; legs somewhat short and slender, the
spur on the posterior tibiao simple. Pedicel : the 1st node
petiolate in front, viewed in profile higher than the 2nd, sub-
triangular, conical and rounded at the top ; 2nd subglobose, as broad
as long, attached to the abdomen by the whole of its posterior
face ; abdomen broad, rather flat, truncate anteriorly, the 1st
segment covering more than half the whole length.

£ min. Very similar, smaller, with proportionately a much
smaller head, the mandibles not so thick and massive, tridentate.

$ . Very large ; head not enlarged, proportionately shorter and
broader, without the mandibles broader than long ; mandibles,
clypeus, antennal carinae, and antenna? as in the £ maj. ; ocelli
present. Thorax massive ; pronotum vertical, suppressed under-
neath the long, broad, somewhat gibbous mesonotum ; scutellum
large, rounded posteriorly ; the basal portion of metanotum very
short and sloping, but distinct, apical portion truncate ; legs as in
the £ maj.; wings broad and ample, fore wing with one long
cubital and one short nearly square discoidal cell. Pedicel as iu
the £ maj. ; abdomen rather massive, about two and a half times
as long as broad and slightly truncate, anteriorly rounded and
convex above.

c? . Head very small, eyes and ocelli very large and prominent ;
mandibles broad, triangular, with a distinct dentate masticatory
margin, clypeus obscurely bicarinate ; antennae 13-jointed, the
scape very' short, shorter than the 2nd joint of the flagellum.
Thorax massive, smaller than but similar to that of the $ ;
metanotum longer, the apex subconcave : legs and wings as in
the $ . Pedicel similar to that of the $ ; abdomen narrower,
posteriorly subacute.

The species of this genus are vegetarians and harvesters, like
the species of Messor, to which they are very closely allied.
H. criniceps was fairly common in the Pegu Yoiua in Burma, and
one very populous nest, which was close to some paddy-fields near
a Forest reserve, I had under observation, off and on, for over two
vears Eegnlarly beaten tracks radiated from it to the paddy-

282 FORMICID^E.

fields, and all day long a double stream of large, intermediate and
small workers could be seen during the hot weather and on fine
days, in the breaks in the rains, going empty and returning laden
with grass-seeds or paddy. Holcomyrmex moves very slowly, but
is dogged and persevering. I can confirm Mr. Wroughton's
observation as to these ants leaving a white track across the rocks
that their road happens to traverse. An interesting account of
Holcomi/rmev scabriceps is given by Mr. Eothney in the ' Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London,' 1889, p. 367.

Key to the Species.

a. Clypeal teeth present.

a'. Head entirely striate H. scabriceps, p. 282.

b'. Anterior half or anterior one-third only of

head striate.
a2. Posterior half or two-thirds of head finely,

closely, but not densely punctate If. criniceps, p. 282.

b'2. Posterior half or two-thirds of head

smooth, policed and shining H. glaber, p. 284.

b. Clypeal teeth entirely absent H. muticus, p. 284.

320. Holcomyrmex criniceps, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

xxviii (1878), p. 672, $ .

g maj. Eesembles in colour H. scabriceps, but seems to me
more variable. Some specimens have the head and thorax dai'k
chestnut-brown or even black, and the abdomen dark red. Between
these latter and specimens with the bead and thorax light ferru-
ginous and abdomen black, nearly all gradations can be found.
Differs from H. scabriceps in the head being striate only anteriorly ;
from about the middle of the head upwards it is somewhat
distantly punctured, more densely so at the sides, the cheeks
below being striate. Thorax : the pro-mesonotum finely longi-
tudinally striate, the strise curving at the sides, the sculpture
being distinctly finer and less rugose than ia H. scabriceps ; the
basal portion of the metanotum shorter than the pro-mesonotum,
finely transversely striate ; the obtuse triangular tubercles at the
posterior lateral angles of the metanotum distinctly larger than in
H. scabriceps ; legs as in that species, but proportionately a little
shorter. Pedicel and abdomen as in the genus.

$ min. Closely resembles the £ maj., much smaller, the head
proportionately rather large, the thorax more finely sculptured,
the striae on the anterior portion of the head almost obsolete.

Length, £ £ 3'5-5'5 mm.

Hob. Western India ( Wroughton) ; Southern India (Rotlmey) •
Ceylon (Yerbury) ; Burma, Pegu Yoma (Allan $ Bingham).

321. Holcomyrmex scabriceps, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 672, £ .

£ maj. Head, thorax and pedicel reddish ferruginous ; the

1IOLCOMYBMEX. 283

antennae, legs and posterior node infuscate, the abdomen dark
brown ; head very closely and finely longitudinally striate ; thorax
and the nodes of the pedicel rather more coarsely transversely
rugose-stnate; abdomen smooth. Pilosity very sparse, soft and
somewhat long on the scape of the antenna? and on the tibia of
the legs, adjacent and oblique. Head rectangular, longer than
broad the sides straight, the posterior lateral angles rounded ;
mandibles with a few coarse stria? at base ; head posteriorly slightly
emargmate and with a medial impressed line from the middle o"f
the emargmation to below the vertex. Thorax: the pro-meso-
notum narrower than the head, rounded anteriorly and above ;
the basal portion of the metanotum nearly as long as the pro-
mesonotum, the apex above medially subsulcate with the lateral
angles more or Jess carinate, the posterior face of the metanotum
obliquely truncate ; legs slender, moderately long. Pedicel and
abdomen as in the genus.

$ min. Closely resembles the £ maj., but is of course very
much smaller ; proportionately to the large pro-mesonotum, the
basal portion of the metanotum is shorter than in the $ maj.
The colour varies, some specimens have the head fuscous.

Fig. 84. — Holcomyrmex KobrieepB, $. a. Head from front; b. Leg.

$ . Head deep red ; thorax, pedicel and abdomen more or less
dark brown or black, in places with reddish tinge. Head finely,
densely punctate granulate; thorax and abdomen smooth and
shining, some vague transverse stria? on the metanotum posteriorly,
and the nodes of the pedicel opaque, granulate ; wings light flavo-
hyaline. For the rest the characters ot the genus.

cf . Head and abdomen black ; thorax and pedicel chestnut-
brown, with the borders of the articulations yellowish ; antennae
pale yellow ; legs brown, tibia? and tarsi dull yellow. Head opaque,
rugulose ; thorax entirely, pedicel and abdomen smooth and
shining. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, $ $ 3-5-7 ; $ 12 ; J 7 mm.

Hab. Distributed irregularly throughout India from the Punjab
to Cochin ; not recorded from Ceylon, Assam, or Burma.

.Dr. Forel describes (Bev. Suisse Zool. x, 1902, p. 220) a variety
named by him H. crinicipito-scabi'ieeps, intermediate between this
species and H. crinciceps, Mayr. This latter, however, occurs in
Burma, where I failed to procure //. scabriceps.

284

322. Holcomyrmex glaber, Andrt, Hym. Eur. ii (1883), p. 345, foot-
note.

$ maj. Varying from brownish red to brownish black ; the
mandibles, flagellum of the antennae and legs, sometimes the
metanotum also, yellowish red to chestnnt-red ; head, pro- and
mesonotuin very smooth, polished arid shining ; the head anteriorly
and the mandibles more or less finely longitudinally striate ; the
metanotum above finely transversely striate, the sides minutely
but densely rugulose, opaque ; pedicel finely rugulose and opaque
also ; pilosity more or less abundant (on the other two species
almost entirely and in some specimens quite wanting) ; pubescence
very sparse, except on the antennae and tarsi. Head, thorax,
pedicel and abdomen typical of the genus.

£ min. Smaller, with the head somewhat smaller in proportion,
generally lighter in colour, the flagellum of the antennae and the
legs being a clear reddish yellow. Sculpture and pilosity as in
the £ maj.

Length, $ £ 3'5-7'5 mm.

Hob. Kecorded so far from Western and Southern India, Ceylon,
and Burma.

This is a race barely separable from H. criniceps, Mayr.
Dr. Forel has described (Z. c.) a variety under the name H. glabro-
criniceps, intermediate between the two species. Also var. clarus,
altogether of a yellowish red, more or less clear, with the abdomen
brown, red at base, and the antennae and legs clear yellow. This
latter variety has been recorded also from the Siwaliks.

323. Holcomyrmex nraticus, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxv (1887),
p. 467, $ .

" $ maj. Piceous, the mandibles and legs obscurely ferruginous,
the tibiae and flagellum of the antennae paler ; pilosity sparse ;
shining ; metanotum opaque. Head smooth, sparsely punctured ;
the front, cheeks and occiput lightly longitudinally striate; clypeus
very smooth, without the usual teeth ; mandibles cribrate-sulcate,
shining ; the 8th joint of the flagellum of the antennae scarcely
shorter than the following joints. Thorax : the pronotum arid
mesonotum above distinctly punctate and longitudinally rugulose,
slightly shining ; the sides of the meso- and metanotum densely
punctured, the latter even obsoletely transversely rugose, posteriorly
lightly impressed, in the middle without teeth or elevated earinae.
Nodes of the petiole very finely punctate. Abdomen smooth.

" Length, $ maj. 5-6 mm." (Emery .)

Hob. " Upper Burma, Minhla (Commotto')"

This species is entirely unknown to me, but apparently, except
for the absence of the clypeal teeth, is almost identical with forms
of a species I have always looked upon as H. criniceps, Mayr,
collected at various localities in Burma.

TKIGOXOGASTER. 285

Genus TRIGONOGASTER.
Trigonogaster, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. BeJg. xxxiv (1890), C. It. p. cviii.

Type, T. recurvispinosa, Forel.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Elongate, narrow. Head viewed from the side truncate
anteriorly, longer than broad ; mandibles narrow, the masticatory
margin armed with 4 teeth; maxillary palpi 5-, labial palpi 3-jointed;
clypeus vertical, strongly vaulted and convex, forming an angle
with the portion of the front above it, and furnished with two longi-
tudinal carinae ; the antennal carinse short, prominent ; antennae
11-jointed, the last three joints incrassate, forming a club as in
the genus Phidole ; eyes lateral and a little to the front. Thorax
elongate, broad anteriorly, the pro- and mesonotum forming a
single convexity ; the pro-mesonotal suture visible as a line ; the
mefcanotum depressed, laterally slightly compressed ; the meso-
metaaotal suture very distinct, the basal portion of the metanotum
armed posteriorly with two strong recurved spines, the apical
portion oblique, nearly vertical ; legs moderately slender and long.
Pedicel with the two nodes close together ; the 1st node with a
long thick pedicel anteriorly, and squainiform, somewhat conical,
above ; the 2nd node broader than the 1st node and broader than
long, rounded in front, transverse posteriorly, articulated to the
abdomen by the whole of its posterior face: abdomen viewed
from the side triangular, flat above, the apex of the triangle
below.

324. Trigonogaster recurvispinosa, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely. xxxiv
(1890), C. -R. p. cix.

£ . Head and thorax tawny-olive ; abdomen dull yellowish.
Head, thorax and abdomen extremely finely and closely punctured,
opaque ; pilosity very sparse, only a few scattered pale erect hairs

Fig. 85.—Trigo>togaster recurvispinosa, g .

on the front and on the abdomen. Head rectangular, widely and
very slightly emargiuate posteriorly ; mandibles striate, slightly
shining. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, g 2 mm.

Hab. Western India (WrougJtion).

280 FOUMICID/E.

Genus CARDIOCONDYLA.

Cardiocondyla, Emery, Ann. Ace. Asp. Nat., Naples, Era 2, ii

p. 20.
Emeriya, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xxxiv (1890), C. K. p. ex.

Type, C. ekgans, Emery, from Italy.

Mange. Palsearctic, Ethiopian, and Indo-Malayan regions.

£ . Head broadly oval ; mandibles rather broad, armed with
5 teeth ; clypeus obliquely sloping downwards, slightly convex,
anteriorly rounded ; frontal area depressed ; antennae 12-jointed,
the club proportionately incrassate and formed of the apical 3 joints;
antennal carinse short but prominent ; eyes oval, lateral (in Indian
species below the middle line of the head) ; no ocelli. Thorax
short and stout, the pro-rnesonotal suture obsolete above, the
meso - nietanotal distinctly impressed ; metauotum posteriorly
armed with two stout spines (very short and thick in Indian
species) ; legs elongate, slender ; tibiae without calcaria. Pedicel
very long ; the 1st node with cylindrical petiole, long in front,
short posteriorly, node itself from above oval ; 2nd node in the
Indian species broadly cordate, usually very much broader than
long ; abdomen oval, lightly truncate or emarginate in front, the
basal segment remarkably long.

" $. Head as in $ but shorter; ocelli three on the vertex,
indistinct. Thorax elongate, the pronotum distinctly forming
part of the dorsum ; the two rnetanotal spines thick. Pedicel and
abdomen as in the £ : wings wanting." (Emery.)

c? . " Mandibles very long, very narrow, without a terminal
margin, nearly straight along the basal half, curved along the
apical half, terminating in a long acute point, a little enlarged and
depressed towards their middle, constricted near their base, without
trace of teeth. Between the mandibles is a wide space similar to
that in the 11 of Myrmecocystus bombycinus. Clypeus bicarinate,
emarginate, and with a deep groove between the carinae, the groove
prolonged up the front between the antennal carinae up to the
middle of the vertex. No ocelli. Head widened and somewhat
rounded posteriorly, constricted in front ; it has, however, a
posterior margin. Eyes rather small, situated in the anterior
third of the head. Frontal carinse very short. Antennas with
11 joints; the last very broad and thick, forming the club of the
flagellum. The scape does not nearly reach the posterior margin
of the head. The pronotum has distinct shoulders and anteriorly,
tow ards its articulation with the head, is formed into a ladder-like
slope. The mesonotum is short and very broad, laterally the
margins project triangularly in form of a thick festoon. Meta-
notum armed with two short spines. Pedicel as in the genus
Cardiocondyla *. The 1st joint is petiolate in front and has a

* Dr. Forel mistook a tf ( ardiocondyla for a $ , which he was unable to
identify. For this supposed $ he proposed the genus Emery ia. Subsequently
he discovered that this $ WHS really au ergatoid J, and belonged to the genus
Cardiocvndyla. It is no wonder therefore that the pedicel should be " as in the
genus Cardiocondyla." I have quoted Dr. Forel's description before he found
out his mistake.

CABDIOCONDYLA. 287

compressed node longer than broad ; the 2nd joint is broad,
broader than long, constricted and concave in front, a little less
constricted and convex posteriorly, rounded at the sides, flattened
above, furnished below with an obtuse tooth. Abdomen truncate
anteriorly." (Forel.)

This genus is remarkable as possessing ergatoid males.

Key to the Species,
a. Head posteriorly rounded, with no distinct

posterior margin C. )>uda, p. 287.

u. Head posteriorly transverse, with a distinct

posterior margin,
a'. Node on second joint of pedicel distinctly

much broader than long C. wroughtoni, p. 287.

£>'. Node on second joint of pedicel narrower,

as long as broad. C. parvinoda, p. 288.

325. Cardiocondyla nuda, Mayr (Leptothorax), Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, liii (1866), 1 Abth. p. 508, £ .

£ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel red, inclining to orange
on the thorax and pedicel and shaded with dark fuscous on the
front of the head ; antennae and legs orange-yellow ; abdomen jet-
black. Head, thorax and pedicel finely granulate, subopaque;
abdomen highly polished and shining. Head massive, as long
nearly as the thorax, oval, very convex in front ; mandibles broad,
very minutely punctured ; clypeus very narrow ; antenna} elongate,
the apical three joints of the flagellum fuscous. Thorax distinctly
narrower than the head, the anterior angles of the pronotum
visible but rounded ; metanotum cubical, the basal portion long,
about twice as long as the truncate face of the apical portion.
Pedicel about half the length of the thorax, the posterior node
about three times as broad as the anterior node ; abdomen oval.

LenytJi, $ 2'5— 3 mm.

Hal. Sikhim (Bi.igliam) ; Bengal, Barrackpore (Rothney);
Ceylon {Green}.

326. Cardiocondyla wroughtoni, Forel (Eraeriya), Ann. Soc. Ent.

Bdg. xxxiv (1890), C. It. p. cxi, 6 .
$ . Head, thorax, legs and pedicel dull brick-red, abdomen

Fig. 8t>.— Cardiocondyla wroughtoni, g .

black, sometimes entirely dark fuscous red, darkest on the head
and abdomen ; pilosity entirely wanting ; pubescence microscopic,

288 FOKMICIDJE.

visible only in certain lights on the head, legs and abdomen.
Head and thorax minutely and very closely reticulate-punctate,
subopaque, the nodes of the pedicel above and the abdomen
smooth, polished and shining. Head with a distinct posterior
margin, rectangular, a little longer than broad. Thorax as in
C. nuda, but the metauotal spines longer, more slender and acute.
Pedicel as in C. nuda, the 2nd node proportionately not quite
so broad, but still much broader than long ; abdomen as in
C. nuda.

" c?. Characters those of the genus. Mandibles smooth and
shining. Head for the most part smooth and shining, with very
large deep punctures, widely scattered and piligerous. ... On the
front these punctures are more abundant and accompanied with
fine short striae. Back of the thorax submargined. Pro-mesonotal
suture nearly obsolete ; meso-metanotal suture very deep, but
there is no constriction between the meso- and metathorax. Basal
face of the metanotum longer than broad, more or less horizontal.
Spines rather short and obtuse. Thorax irregularly reticulate-
punctate and somewhat opaque. The lateral expansions of the
mesonotum give it a peculiar aspect. Abdomen and pedicel some-
what smooth and shining, very finely and sparsely punctured. . . .
The whole surface covered with an abundant rather long pale
yellow pubescence, which, however, does not form a distinct pile
or nap. Pilosity almost entirely absent. Pale yellow testaceous.
Mandibles reddish. Abdomen of a brownish yellow." (Forel.)

Length, $ 1-8 ; <$ \'1 mm.

Hob. Western India, Poona ( Wroughton).

327. Cardiocondyla parvinoda, Ford, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902).
p. 213.

£ . Eesembles C. nuda, Mayr, but the head, thorax and pedicel
are of a lighter duller red, the antennae and legs a paler shade of
the same, and the abdomen shining castaneous. Head broader,
with a distinct posterior margin ; tnorax and legs as in C. nuda ;
pedicel of the abdomen proportionately not so long, with the
1st node higher ; the 2nd node much narrower, being as long as
broad and not twice as broad as the 1st node ; abdomen as in
C. nuda.

Length, g 2-2-2 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far from Western India only ( Wroughton).

Subfamily DOLICHODERIN^E.

The species belonging to this subfamily can be distinguished at
a glance from the Ponennce on the one hand by there being no
constriction between the 1st and 2nd segment of the abdomen, and
on the other hand from the Camponotina- by the anal aperture being
transverse, and not circular nor ciliated. The head is short and

LIOMETOPUM. 289

broad ; the thorax robust, the metanotum often compressed and
raised (Dolufadtnu) orspinous (Aneuretus)- pedicel 1-jointed, the
node placed closer to the abdomen than to the thorax, sometimes
inclined anteriorly, and often impinging on the front of the
abdomen, which has a hollow anteriorly for its reception ; abdomen
• generally gibbons in front ; sting not modified, but only in one
genus (Aneuretus) exserted.

Key to the Genera.
A. Metanotum not bispinous.
a. Clypeus wit-h oval fide-processes over-
lapping the base of the mandibles on

each side LIOMKTOPDM, p. 289.

0. Llypeus without such side-processes.
a'. Base of the abdomen not gibbous, not

overhanging the pedicel.
a2. Metanotum laterally compressed,
cuneiform, with a basal face more
or less horizontal, and an apical
face truncate, vertical, often con-
cave, the former passing into the [p. 291.

latter by a sharp angle DOLICHODKRUS,

fr. Metanotum not laterally compressed,
not cuneiform, rounded ; its basal
face passing into the obliquely
truncate sloping apical face by a

more or less rounded curve. , IRIDOMYRMKX, p. 297.

ft'. Base of the abdomen gibbous, over-
hanging the pedicel. [p. 300.

a-. Anal orifice apical TECHNOMYRMEX,

b2. Anal orifice inferior, not apical.
a3. Pedicel with a small, low, but

distinct node inclined obliquely [p. 305.

forwards BOTHRIOMYRMEX,

63. Pedicel without a distinct node . . TAPINOMA, p. 303.
B. Metanotum bispinous ANEURETUS, p. 290.

Genus LIOMETOPUM.

Formica, pt., Panzer, Faun. Ins. Germ, v (1798), p. 54, pi. 2, J .
Hypoclinea, pt., Jioyer, Bvrl. ent. Zelt. iii (I859J, p. 24J, rf.
Liumetopum, Mayr, Europ. Form. 1801, p. 83.

Type, L. microcephalum, Panz., from Europe.

liawje. Both hemispheres.

£ . Mead with the mandibles triangular, broader posteriorly
than in front ; mandibles broad, the masticatory margin with 8 or
10 teeth, the apical tooth long acute and curved ; dypeus some-
what flat, triangular, rounded posteriorly and extending to between
the antennal carinae, laterally it ex'ends in little oval processes
over the basal portion of the mandibles, its anterior margin trans-
verse ; antennal and clypeal hollows coalescent ; frontal area not
clearly defined ; antennal cariua) short, wide apart, parallel, slightly

VOL. II. TT

290 FORMICID.TC.

curved outwards ; antennae 12-jointed, stout, planted immediately
behind tbe posterior margin of the clypeus ; eyes placed laterally
and a little forward in the middle line of the head ; ocelli (in the
Indian species) wanting. Thorax: the pro-meso- and meso-meta-
notal sutures well-marked, but in profile the line of the thorax
nowhere emarginate,the pro-,meso-and metanotum forminga slight
curve to the apex of the last, which is oblique but not truncate ;
legs rather long and slender, the calcaria pectinate, claws simple.
Node of the pedicel oval, not inclined, erect; abdomen broadly
oval, not gibbous in front.

5 . Head somewhat broader than the thorax ; the mandibles,
clypeus, antennae, and calcaria as in the £ ; the frontal area in
form of an equilateral triangle, more distinct. Thorax depressed,
slightly flat. Front wing with two closed cubital cells.

c? . Head much narrower than the thorax ; mandibles and
elypeus as in the $ ; antennae 13-jointed, the first three joints of
the flagellum longer than the scape ; the frontal area not distinct.
The thorax massive; the mesonotum flat, not overhanging the
prouotum. Node of the pedicel erect, rounded above. External
genitalia large and prominent.

Only a single species of this genus has so far been recorded from
within our limits.

'328. Liometopum lindgreeni, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi (1902).
p. 293, $.

$ . Head, thorax, legs, nodes of pedicel and base of abdomen
reddish brown ; rest of the abdomen dark brown, the margins of
the segments pale. Pilosity rather sparse, short and soft, pale
yellowish in colour, somewhat more abundant on the abdomen
than on the head and thorax ; pubescence pale, very dense and
decumbent, giving with the fine, close, minute reticulate punctate
sculpture an opaque appearance to the whole insect. For the
form of the head, thorax, &c. see the characters of the genus.

Length, £ 4'5-5 mm.

Hob. Assam, Dibrugarh (Lindgreen) ; Burma, Bhamo (Bingliam).

Genus ANEURETUS.
Aneuretus, Emety, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixii (1893), p. 241.

Type, A. simoni, Emery, from Ceylon.

Range. Recorded so far only from Ceylon.
$ . Head cordate. Clypeus large, subtriangular, anteriorly
medially emarginate, posteriorly produced between the bases
of the antennae, and with clypeal hollows. Antennal carinaa wide
apart, low, slightly divergent, nearly straight. Eyes depressed,
ocelli wanting. Mandibles triangular, the masticatory margin
denticulate. Antennas 12-jointed, slender, with an elongate scape
and filiform flagellum, gradually thickening towards the apex,
but without a distinct club, the apical joint subequal to the two
preceding joints. Thoracic sutures distinct, metanotum bispinous.

ANEU11ETUS. DOLTCHODERUS. 291

Pedicel elongate, cylindrical, posteriorly with a minute globose
node. Abdomen almost entirely without a constriction between
the basal two joints. Legs slender, calcaria slightly denticulate,
claws simple. (After Enter;/.)

329. Aneuretus simoni, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixii (1893),
p. 242, £ .

£ . Testaceous, subopaque, the abdomen more shining, pubes-
cent and sparsely pilose ; head cordate posteriorly, widely
emarginate, very finely and lightly reticulate, the mandibles
somewhat smooch, the apex tridentate and in addition a little

Fig. ST.— Aneuretus nimoiii, $ . (After Emory.)

irregularly denticulate ; the scape of the antenna) extending
beyond the top of the head ; joints 5-10 of the slender flagellum
thickening gradually, all the joints longer than broad ; the pro-
mesonotal suture distinct, meso-metanotal suture deep and
broadly impressed, pronotum very lightly longitudinally striate,
metanotum transversely striate; the scutellum elevated, meta-
notum transversely rugose-striate, the base slightly gibbous,
posteriorly armed with long divergent spines ; pedicel with a
small round node having anteriorly an elongate petiole." (Emery.)

Letigili, $ 1*8 mm.

Hal. Ceylon.

Genus DOLICHODERUS.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i (1758), p. 581.
Dolichoderus, Lund, Ann. So. Nat. xxiii (1831), p. 130.
llypoclinea (Forst.), Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wie», v (185~>),

p. 377.

Type, D. atteJahoides, Lund, from Brazil.
Range. Both hemispheres.

£ . Head short, generally almost as broad as long, the front
iind the cheeks very convex ; in the Indian species not constricted
into a neck posteriorly ; mandibles triangular, very broad at the
masticatory margin, which is straight and furnished with numerous
{10-12) small teeth ; clvpeus very slightly convex in all the species,

292 FOBMICID^K.

its anterior margin transverse or slightly and widely emarginate ;
antennal carinaj always short and wide apart ; antennae 12-]ointed,
stout, the scape long ; eyes placed somewhat to the front and above
the middle line of the head. Thorax short, laterally compressed
and slightly constricted about the middle, the sutures very distinctly
marked ; the pronotum convex or flat ; the mesonotum short and
raised above the level of the pronotum, often longitudinally sulcate.
Viewed from the side, the thorax is deeply and very widely emarginate
at the meso-rnetanotal suture ; the metanotum is triangular, laterally
compressed, with a basal portion flat or slightly inclined to the
front, and a truncate apical lace often concave and curved inwards :
the legs are long and robust. Pedicel 1 -jointed, with a conical or
scale-like node low and inclined forwards ; abdomen broadly oval,
never produced anteriorly or overhanging the pedicel.

Key to the Species.

A. Mesonotum not longitudinally sulcate above.
«. Of large size : length over 5 mm. ; head,

thorax, legs, node of pedicel and basal
two abdominal segments black ; ab-
domen pi steriorly reddi.-h yellow D. sukaticeps, p. 293.

b. Much smaller: length under *3 mm.; head,
thorax and node of pedicel reddish
brown ; abdomen and legs yellow D. burmanicus, p. 293.

B. Mesonotum more or less distinctly longi-

tudinally sulcate above.

a. Head, thorax and abdomen with abundant

fine silky pubescence, but entirely with-
out erect hairs.
a'. Head and abdomen brownish ; thorax

and leg.? yellow or reddish yellow .... D.feoe, p. 294. '
V. Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous
brown or black ; legs dark caslaneous
red jr> fuscus, p. 294.

b. Head, thorax and abdomen more or less

furnished with erect hairs.
«'. Head finely punctured, pubescent and

opaque ; thorax very coarsely rugose . D. bituberculatus, p. 295.
b. Head smooth and shining, slightly
pubescent but not opaque; thorax
less coarsely punctured.
a2. Head and thorax reddish yellow;

abdomen black 2). taprobanee, p. 296.

o-. Head, thorax and abdomen con-

folorous.

o3. Basal portion of metanotum
distinctly longer than the apical
truncate portion : length over

., 3mm. •••: D. affinu, p. L>9(>.

o . -tJat-al portion or metanotum
distinctly shorter than the apical
truncate portion : length under
3 mm -D. moffffridffei, p. 297.

DOL1CHODERUS. 293

330. Dolichoderus sulcaticeps, Mayr (Hypocliuea), Verh. zool.-bat.

Ges. Wien, xx (1870), p. 957, £ ; Ford, Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix
(1895) p. 462, £ .

$ . Black, highly polished and shining, the apical five joints of
the flageilum of the antennae and the apical four segments of the
abdomen bright reddish yellow ; the mandibles brownish red ;
head, thorax and abdomen covered with fairly abundant erect pale
hairs. Head from the front with the mandibles triangular, the
posterior margin slightly convex, nearly transverse, the lateral
angles rounded, the front with a deep furrow reaching down to
between the eyes ; mandibles triangular, somewhat short and very
broad and dentate along the masticatory margin ; clypeus slightly
convex, its anterior margin transverse ; antennas with the scape
thickening towards the apex; eyes placed high upon the sides of
the head. Thorax high, the pronotum rounded and convex above,
the emargination between the meso- and metanotum deep, the
latter convex and rounded above, flat and longitudinally concave
at apex ; legs long and robust. Node of the pedicel viewed from
the side conical, triangular ; abdomen short and broadly oval, very
convex above.

Length, £ 5-5— 6*5 mm.

Hab. Burma (Fea) ; Tenasserim (BingJutm), extending into the
Malayan subregion.

Some specimens have the yellow on the abdomen extending up
the sides to the basal segment.

331. Dolichoderus burmanicus, sp. uov.

£ . Head, thorax and node of the pedicel reddish brown ; the
mandibles and antenna yellowish brown; legs and abdomen
yellow in striking contrast ; the whole insect densely pilose, and
minutely and aparsoly pubescent. Head with tho mandibles from

Fig. SS.—JJolichodcnts burauinittts, g .

the front elongately triangular, very convex; mandibles very
broad and straight at the masticatory margin, furnished with
10-12 small acute teeth, punctured and pilose; clypeus broad,
slightly convex, transverse anteriorly, with the margin B
with longish hairs ; frontal area small but distinct, triangular ;

294

antennae stout, the scape long, extending beyond the top of the
head ; anteimal carinaD short, wide apart, parallel ; eyes posterior
to the transverse middle line of the head. Thorax coarsely
crihrately punctured, rugose ; the pronotum rounded above, slightly
convex ; the meso-metanotal suture distinct ; the mesonotum from
above circular, raised slightly above the pronotum, slightly convex,
not sulcate ; meso-metanotal emargination deep, the basal portion
of the metanotum longer than the truncate apical portion,
convex, not flat, the apical portion vertical, flat, not concave ; legs
long and rather slight, pubescent and sparsely pilose. Node of
the pedicel flat, broader than long; abdomen short and broad,
globose, very convex above.

LenrjtJi, £ slightly under 3 mm.

Ifab. Upper Burma at elevations above 4000 ft. (BingJiam).

I found this pretty species not uncommon at Taunggyi, Southern
Shan States, and in the Ruby Mines district. It had the charac-
teristic pleasant scent given out by many of the species of the
genus.

332. Dolichoderus feae, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889)r

p. 509, pi. xi, tig. 21, £ .

£ . Head with the antenna) and abdomen brownish ; thorax
and legs bright yellow. Head, thorax and abdomen covered with
a thin sericeous silvery pubescence, which is somewhat dense on
the abdomen above ; pilosity entirely wanting. Head similar in
shape to that of D. sulcaticeps, but proportionately longer and not
so broad posteriorly, finely and closely reticulate punctate ; a long
longitudinally impressed line from the vertex to between the eyes,
the latter placed lower down on the sides of the head than in
D. sulcaticeps • mandibles broadly triangular, finely and closely
punctured, opaque ; clypeus convex, anteriorly transverse. Thorax
laterally compressed, irregularly and somewhat coarsely punctured ;
pronotum above flat, slightly concave, margined anteriorly and on
the sides ; mesonotum longitudinally sulcate ; metanotum viewed
from the side subtriangnlar, the meso-metanotal emargination
deep, the basal portion flat, slightly concave above, sulcate poste-
riorly, the apical portion concave, with a very distinct curve
inwards. Node of the pedicel laminate, somewhat thick and very
slightly convex anteriorly ; abdomen oval, proportionately much
longer than in D. sulcaticeps.

Length, § 5-6 mm.

Hal. Sikhim. and throughout the whole of Burma and Tenas-
serim (Fea, Bingliam).

333. Dolichoderus fuscus, Emery.

Dolichcderus fese, race fuscus, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ? Gen. xxvii
(1889), p. 509 ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), pp. 463
&465.

% . Resembles D. few generally in form and sculpture, in being

DOLICHODERUS. 295

entirely destitute of erect hairs, and in having a more or less
abundant fine silky pubescence, most dense on the abdomen.
Differs entirely in colour, is also larger and more stoutly built.
Head, thorax and abdomen black or dark fuscous brown, the
masticatory margin of the mandibles broadly yellow, and also the
apical joint of. the flagellum of the antenn®, the lower part of the
head and the clypeus shaded with dark castaneous red, the legs
throughout of that colour. Head very finely and closely reticulate-
punctate, subopaque ; thorax irregularly punctured and wrinkled,
longitudinally and obliquely striate on the sides. Node of the
pedicel and the abdomen proportionately broader than in D. fece.

Length, £ 6-5-7 mm.

Hob. Throughout Burma and Tenasserim (Fea, Binyham).

33 ±. Dolichoderus bituberculatns, Mayr (Hypoclinea). Verh. zool.-
bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 705, ? ; Ford. Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. ix (1895), p. 464, £ .

$ . Head and thorax black, legs dark reddish brown, node
of the pedicel and abdomen dark brown, the latter posteriorly
nearly black ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with sparsely
scattered erect black hairs and a somewhat abundant fine silky
pale pubescence, very dense on the head, thorax and legs. Head
without the mandibles broadly oval, the cheeks and front strongly
convex ; mandibles triangular, the masticatory margin broad, the
teeth minute ; clypeus broad, slightly convex, its anterior border

Fig. $Q.—DolicJioderus bitiiicn-ulaius, $ . «. Head from front.

very slightly and widely emarginate ; eyes very flat, not pro-
minent, placed only slightly above the middle transverse line
of the head. The whole head densely punctured and opaque.
Thorax very coarsely cribrately punctured and wrinkled ; the
pronotum more or less flat and margined anteriorly ; the mesonotum
longitudinally sulcate, the sides raised into tubercles more marked
in some specimens than in others, the basal and the truncate
inwardly curved and concave apical portions of the metanotum
subequal, the sides of the metanotum flat, smooth, margined

296

above and posteriorly. Node of the pedicel smooth and shining,
thicker above than at base, a little broader than thick ; abdomen
shining, broad at base, not so convex above as in D. sulcaticeps
and somewhat pointed at apex.

Length, $ 3-3'5 mm.

ffab. Sikhim (Afoller), Western India ( Wroug7i.ton) ; Burma.
Tenasserim (Fea, Bingliam) ; extending into the Malayan sub-
region.

335. Dolichoderus taprobanae, Smxth (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 13,

$ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), p. 464. $ .
Hypoclinea gracilipes, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gts. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 658, $.
Dolichoderus semirufu?, Andre, Rev. d'Entom. vi (1887), p. 288, $ .

$ . Head, thorax and pedicel brownish red, legs paler, ab-
domen black ; head, thorax and abdomen with a few scattered
erect, short, soft pale hairs and a thjn sericeous pale pubescence.
Head with the mandibles subtriangular, broader posteriorly than
in front, smooth and shining ; cheeks convex ; mandibles, clypeus,
antennal carinre and antennae as in all the Indian species of the
genus ; eyes placed more anteriorly than in D. fece or D. sulcaticeps.
Thorax laterally compressed, the pronotum slightly convex, ante-
riorly margined ; mesonotum longitudinally sulcate and bigibbous,
the meso-metanotal emarginat'on deep and well-marked; the
metanotum with the basal and apical portions subequal, the former
horizontal, the latter truncate and slightly concave ; legs robust.
Node of the pedicel low, slightly convex in front, transverse
above ; abdomen rather massive, broadly oval.

Length, $ 2-5-3-3 mm.

Hab. Throughout our limits.

Varieties have the abdomen reddish brown and the legs longer ;
var. gracilipes, Mayr.

336. Dolichoderns affinis, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 508, pi. xi, tig. 20, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix
(189-5), p. 404, $.

$ . Eeddish brown to dark brown, the mandibles, antennae
and legs lighter in colour ; head, thorax and abdomen sparsely
pilose and pubescent. Head shining, very finely closely punctate,
longer than broad; cheeks and front very convex; mandibles
proportionately large, the apical tooth long, acute and slightly
curved ; clypeus, antenna? and eyes as in D. bituberculatus.
Thorax : the pronotum slightly fl:it and anteriorly margined ;
the mesonotum raised, somewhat flat, indistinctly medially sul-
cate; metanofurn slightly convex and sloping from back to
front, its apical portion truncate and concave; the whole thorax
irregularly but very distinctly punctured, wrinkled and sculp-
tured, but not so coarsely as in D. bituberculatus ; legs long,
rather markedly pilose. Node of the pedicel inclined forward!

DOLICHODEKUS. — IBIDOMYRMEX. 297

thick at base, transverse above ; abdomen somewhat elongately
oval, smooth and shining, very convex above.

Length, £ 3-5-4 mm.

Bab. Sikhirn, up to 7000 ft. (Matter); Burma, Tenasserim
(Fea> Bingham), and Siam (Sigg).

Var. nigricans, Emery, is very dark fuscous, almost black.
Yar. glabripes, Forel, is longer, more slender, and has the legs
of a light yellowish red and comparatively smooth, without
pilosity.

337. Dolichoderus nioggridgei, Forel, J.A. S. B. lv, 2 (1880), p. 243,
£ j id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), p. 403, $ .

£ . Brownish red, uniform, the mandibles, antennae and legs a
shade lighter. Head and abdomen shining, bufc very minutely
and closely reticulate-punctate, sparsely pilose and pubescent ;
thorax more coarsely punctate and pilose, somewhat opaque.
Head oval, as broad posteriorly as in front, ; the cheeks and front
very convex ; mandibles triangular, the outer and masticatory
margins longer proportionately than in any other Indian species
of the genus; clypeus and antennae as in D. fece, only the scape
is proportionately Jonger and extends further beyond the top of
the head. Thorax short and broad ; the pronotura flat, margiued
anteriorly ; the mesonotum much raised and not very distinctly
longitudinally sulcate ; the meso-metanotal emargination very
deeply marked, the truncate apical portion of the metanotum
long and flar, almost vertical ; legs moderately long, robust, and
sparsely pilose. Node of the pedicel inclined to the front, slightly
convex anteriorly, flat posteriorly, its upper margin rounded ;
abdomen broadly oval, not very convex above.

Length, £ 2 3-25 mm.

Hob. Sikhim at 40UO ft. (Moller) ; Assam (Long).

I am a little in doubt whether I have rightly identified tin-
above species.

Genus IRIDOMYRMEX.

Formica, pt. Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc.iii (1858), p. 137, $ .
Acantholepis, pt., Lowne, Entomologist, ii (1865), p. 332, J.
Hypoclinea, pt.,7tf«</r, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xx (1870), p.95!>.
Iridomyrmex, Mayr, Vcrli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wicti, xii (1862), p. 702.

Type, /. delectus, Smith, from Australia.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head triangular ; mandibles very broad at the masticatory
margin, armed with 7-8 teeth; clypeus triangular, slightly com. \.
posteriorly extending slightly up between the antennal carma*.
anteriorly transverse; antennal carina) wide apart, short, parallel ;
antenna long, the scnpc and fljigellum both slightly cla\ ate, the
former extending beyond the top of the head ; front-il area indis-
tinct ; eyes of moderate si/.e, placed somewhat forward, about the
transverse middle line of the head. Thorax slender, the pro- and

208

mesouotuui subequal in length, the former moderately broad,
convex, the latter viewed from the side somewhat cylindrical and
sloping backwards from the pro-mesouotal suture, this latter and
the meso-metanotal suture distinct ; metanotum more or less
raised, convex and gibbous, obliquely truncate posteriorly ; legs
long, robust, the calcaria pectinate, the claws simple. Node of
the pedicel upright or slightly inclined forward ; abdomen short,
broadly oval, not produced anteriorly so as to overhang the
pedicel.

Key to the Species.

a. Head viewed from the front not emarginate

posteriorly.
a'. Thorax "in profile widely emarginate at the

meso-metanotal suture '. I. anceps, p. 298.

V. Thorax in profile not emarginate at the meso-
inetanotal suture ; meso- and metanotum

level one with the other /. glabef, p. 299.

l>. Head viewed from the front widelv emarginate

posteriorly ." /. lavigatus, p. 299.

338. Iridomyrmex anceps, Roger (Formica), Berl. ent. Zeit. \ii
(18<33), p. 164, § ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895),
pp. 468 & 469, $.

£ . Head, thorax and abdomen dark castaneous brown, with a
beautiful metallic refulgence in certain lights ; antennae very much
and legs slightly paler reddish brown. Pilosity very sparse, con-
fined to a few scattered pale hairs chiefly on the front of the head
and apex of the abdomen. Pubescence fine and silky, tolerably

Fig. DO. — Iridotiiyrmex aiiceps, ^.

abundant, especially on the abdomen. Head with the mandibles
triangular, very much longer than broad, cheeks slightly convex ;
mandibles elongate, the masticatory and outer margins nearly
equal ; clypeus triangular, nearly flat, almost as high as broad ;
the front with a distinct but short vertical carina between the
antennal carinae; eyes placed laterally and a little forw ard, closer
to the top of the head than to the anterior margin. Thorax
elongate, narrow, the metanotum remarkably raised and forming

IRIDOMYRMEX.

a round gibbosity somewhat similar to the shape of the metanotum
in the genus Myrmecocystus. Node of the pedicel broader than
long, slightly inclined to the front, flat anteriorly and posteriorly.
as thick above as at base, and rounded above ; abdomen broadly
oval, only slightly convex above.

Lenyth, £ 3-5-4*5 mm.

Hab. Spread through India except in the North-west Provinces
and the Punjab; Ceylon (Yerbury, Green); Assam (Smythies) :
Burma, Tenasserim (Fea, Bingliam) ; extending through the Malayan
sub-region to Java.

The specimens from Sikkim are larger (4-5 mm.), and the
specimens from Burma of a duller colour with very little or no
refulgence. The latter variety has been separated* as var. wat-
xoni, Fore).

339. Iridomyrmex glaber, Mayr (Hypoclinea), Verb, sool.-bot. Ges.

Wien, xii (1862), p. 70o, £ 3 ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
ix (1895), pp. 467 & 468, $ .

£ . Black, highly polished and shining, with, in certain lights,
brilliant metallic refulgence, antennae and legs castaneous brown :
almost destitute of pilosity or pubescence. Head proportionately
broader and with the sides more convex than in /. anceps ;
mandibles triangular, slightly convex, punctured and pilose ;
clypeus slightly convex, with the middle portion anteriorly flat ;
eyes placed lower down than in /. anceps. Thorax comparatively
broad, laterally slightly compressed, the pro-meso- and rneso-
metanotal sutures deep and well-marked ; in profile the thorax-
slopes slightly backwards, the pronotum is a little raised above
the meso- and metanotum, the latter two fairly level, somewhat
flat above, the apex of the metanotum obliquely truncate ; legs
somewhat short and robust. Node of the pedicel as broad as the
metanotum, very slightly inclined forward, slightly convex, an-
teriorly and posteriorly rounded above and laminate ; abdomen
oval, proportionately longer than in /. anceps.

Length, $ 2-2-5 inm.

Hab. Western India ( Wrought on) ; Burma (BingJiam); Aus-
tralia.

The specimens from Burma were procured at Bhamo and at
Maymyo, 3000 feet. They are slightly more slender in form, with
the head a little broader and the mandibles shorter.

340. Iridomyrmex laevigatus, Emery, Ann. Mu*. Civ. Gen. xxxiv

(1894), p. 475, $ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895),

p. 468, $.

$. Fuscous brown, the antennae, thorax beneath and legs
slightly paler, the whole head, thorax and abdomen pilose and
pubescent, especially the abdomen. Head sub-cordate, the occiput
widely emarginate, the posterior lateral angles prominent but

300 FOHMICIDJE.

rounded ; mandibles triangular, punctured and pubescent, armed
along the mastiratory margin with 9-10 small black teeth;
elypeus broadly triangular, slightly convex, its middle portion
anteriorly bent down and flat, the margin entire. Thorax with
the pro-meso- and meso-raetanoral sutures very deeply impressed,
the pro- and mesonotum slightly convex, level ; the metanotum
moderately gibbous, posteriorly obliquely truncate; legs moderately
long and stout, with short, somewhat abundant pale pilosity.
Node of the pedicel somewhat thick, its height and thickness
.subequal ; abdomen oval, proportionately longer than in /. anccps.

Length, $ 3-3-5 mm.

Hob. Burma, the Shan States (Thompson}-, Karennee (Pea).

Genus TECHNOMYRMEX.

Formica, pt, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. vi (1861), p. 38, £ .
Tapinoma, pt., Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862), p. 703, £ .
Technomyrmex, Mayr, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ii (1870J, p. 147, $ $ .

Type, T. strenua, Mayr, from Borneo.

Range. Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Australian regions.

g . Head more or less cordate, the occiput emarginate, generally
broader than the anterior margin of the head ; mandibles broad,
triangular, the masticatory margin equal in length to the outer
margin, the former armed with numerous small teeth ; elypeus
broad, convex in the middle, extending angularly up between the
antennal carinae ; frontal area indistinct : antennal carinse short,
wide apart, parallel ; the scape moderately long, the flagellum
thickening slightly towards the apex ; eyes comparatively large,
placed in front of the transverse middle line of the head. Thorax
moderately broad, viewed in profile deeply emarginate at the
meso-metanotal suture ; the pro-mesonotal suture distinct but not
incised; the mesonotum convex, raised slightly above the pronotum,
the two together forming a convex gibbosity ; metanotum convex,
the basal portion slightly sloping forward, the apical portion much
longer and sloping backwards ; legs comparatively short and stout,
the calcaria pectinate, claws simple. Pedicel without a proper
elevated node, simply with an oval flat thickening in the middle ;
abdomen at base very much produced, raised and gibbous, over-
hanging the pedicel, posteriorly conical, with aii apical cloacal
aperture.

$ . Closely resembles the £ , but the head is proportionately
broader posteriorly ; the ocelli are present and distinct though
small ;' the thorax is more massive ; the mesonotum and scutellum
nearly flat, very slightly convex; there is a slight constriction
behind the wings; the fore wing with a radial and one cubital
cell ; the metanotum broad, sloping obliquely back to apex, only
slightly convex, nearly flat. Pedicel very short, and together with
the abdomen as in the £> .

TECHNO.MYUMEX. JJOl

Key to the Species.

a. Anterior margin of clypeus with a deep cres-

centic emargination.
«'. Scape of antemue scarcely extending beyond

top of head.
«*. Black, the tarsi white or brownish white

in marked contrast j\ aiJ)ip€s p. 301

b-. Keddish brown, the tarsi slightly paler not

in contrast T. brunneus^.SW.

b . bcape of antennae extending beyond top of

head by one-fourth of its length T. tricolor, p. 302.

o. I he anterior margin of the clypeus very slightly

and widely emarginate °. . . . T. elatior, p. 302.

341. Technomyrinex albipes, Smith (Tapinoma), Jour. Linn. Soc vi
(1861), p. 38, £ ; Forei, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895),
p. 466.

£ . Black, somewhat shining; the mandibles reddish or yellowish
brown, the tarsi white; the head, thorax and abdomen very
finely and closely reticulate-punctate, covered with a thin very
short silky- white pubescence, and a few scattered erect pale hairs
on the front of the head and apex of the abdomen. Head longer

Fig. 91. — Technomijrmex albipes,

than broad, cordate or widely emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles
characteristic of tbe genus ; clypeus with the anterior margin
medially and circularly incised; antennae with the 2nd and succeed-
ing joints (except the apical joint) as broad as long or broader.
Thorax, pedicel and abdomen with the characters as in the genus ;
the thoracic emargination at the meso-metariotal suture wide but
not very deep.

$ . Resembles the £ , but has the head, thorax and abdomen
subopaque, not so shining; the antenna) are dark brown, the legs
castaneous red, the tarsi being white as in the $ . For the rest,
see the characters of the genus.

Lenyth, £ 2-5-3 : $ slightly over 3 mm.

Jf«b. Throughout our limits, and spread over the whole of the
tropics of the Old World. The species is frequently imported
into Europe with tropical plants ; 1 have seen many specimens
from the Kevv Gardens. A variety with the tarsi brown instead

302 10RMICJD.E.

of white is common, and has been named var. bnmneipes by
Dr. Forel.

:342. Technomyrmex brunneus.

Technomyrmex albipes, race brunneus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. ix (1895), p. 467.

$ . Eeddish brown, smooth and shining; the tarsi pale yellow-
ish brown, the posterior margins of the apical three abdominal
segments narrowly testaceous; pilosity more abundant than in
T. albipes. Head broader posteriorly than in front, the occiput
widely emarginate ; mandibles broadly triangular, convex on the
outside, the masticatory margin with numerous minute but acute-
teeth ; clypeus convex, its posterior margin not clearly defined,
anteriorly with a medial circular incision in the margin. Thorax
in front strongly convex, the meso-metanotal suture not so deep,
and the metanotum more rounded than in T. albipes ; legs more
.slender. Node of the pedicel and the abdomen as in T. albipes.

Length, £ slightly over 3 mm.

Hub. Sikhim (Bingham) ; Western India (Wroughton). Pro-
bably will be found generally distributed in the moister parts of
India and Burma.

343. Technomyrmex bicolor, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixii (1893;,
p. 249, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. (1895), p. 467, $ .

$ . Black ; the mandibles, antennae, thorax and legs pale
reddish or brownish yellow ; pilosity and pubescence as in T. albipes.
] lead subcordate, convex in front ; mandibles triangular, broad,
the masticatory margin minutely dentate ; clypeus as in T. albipes;
antenna), especially the scape, proportionately much longer ;
the joints of the flagellum longer than broad. Thorax more
slender than in T. albipes ; the pro- and mesonotum not so convex ;
the legs proportionately longer. Pedicel and abdomen as in
T. albipes.

Length, £ 2'5 to nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Green).

4544. Technomyrmex elatior.

Technomyrmex mogdiliani, Emery, race elatior, Forel, Ann. Soc.
Ent. Bdg. xlvi (1902), p. 293, £ .

£ . Black, the antennae and legs reddish brown, the tarsi
paling to yellowish brown ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, but
the head, thorax and abdomen covered with a thin silky hoary-
white pubescence, very short and fine, and only to be seen in
certain lights, the pubescence on the tibiae indistinct but recum-
bent. Entirely smooth but minutely closely reticulate, dull and
subopaque. Head with the cheeks very convex, the occiput
emarginate; mandibles proportionately rather large, shining reddish
brown ; clypeus medially incised, the incision broader than in the
other species of the genus and not so deep : antennae massive, the

TAPINOMA.

scape long, extending slightly beyond the top of the head. Thorax :
the pro- and mesonotum convex, obliquely sloping backwards ; the
pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Viewed in profile, the thorax is
emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture, the basal portion of the
metanotuin short, horizontal, much shorter than the obliquely
truncate apical portion ; legs stout and long. Pedicel and abdomen
much as in T. albipes, the latter slightly more massive

Length, $ 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. Assam (Long) ; Upper Burma, Rhsimo(Bingham) ; Southern
Shan States (Thompson).

Genus TAPINOMA.

Formica, pt., Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii (1793), p. 353.
Myrmica, pt., Lepel. Hym. i (1836), p. 185.
Tapinoma, I'orst. Hym. Stud, i (1850), p. 43, £ $> .

Type, T. erraticum, Latr., from Europe.

Ranye. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head with the mandibles scutiform, the occiput broadlv
transverse ; mandibles triangular, dentate, the masticatory and
outer margins subequal; clypeus broad, its anterior margin
narrowly incised in the middle (not incised in the Indian species) ;
maxillary 6-, labial palpi 4-jointed ; frontal area obsolete ; antennae
filiform. 12-jointed ; eyes comparatively large, lateral, placed a little
to the front. Thorax narrower than the head; the pronotum
comparatively convex and a little broader than the rest of the
thorax ; pro-rneso- and meso-metanotal sutures both distinct, the
pro- and mesonotum subequal in length ; the basal portion of the
metanotuin very short, the apical portion broad, obliquely truncate,
.slightly concave ; legs comparatively long and slender. Pedicel
with the node flat, strongly inclined to the front ; abdomen oval,
the basal segment gibbous, overhanging the node, and with an
almost obsolete fovea on the anterior face for the reception of the
node of the pedicel.

$ . Resembles the £ , but is larger, with a shorter and com-
paratively broader head, and much larger eyes ; ocelli minute but
distinct; clypeus not incised anteriorly in the middle. Thorax
very massive, broader than the head; the pronotum depressed,
vertical, not forming part of the dorsal surface ; mesonotuui large,
convex, gibbous in front ; scutellum broad and long ; postscutellum
transverse ; median segment or metanotum as in the g , but propor-
tionately much larger ; wings ample, fore wing with ouly one closed
cubital cell. Pedicel and abdomen as in the $ , but much larger.

cJ. Resembles the $, but the head is almost triangular, the
cheeks straighter, hot so convex, the mandibles narrow, not
dentate, but with the apex acute ; the eyes are extraordinarily
large and convex, and the ocelli minute and not very distinct.
Thorax similar to that of the $ , but the median segment or
metanotum is roundlv convex. Pedicel : the node rounded above,

304

thick ; abdomen longer than in the $ , somewhat narrower, with
the base of the 1st segment not gibbous.

Key to the Species.

a. Antennae lonpr, the scape extending beyond [p. 304.

the top of the head T. melanocephalum,

b. Antennae short, the scape not extending beyond

the top of the head T. indicum, p. 304.

345. Tapinoma melanocephalum, Fubr. (Formica), Ent. Syst. ii

(1793), p. 35:5 ; lord, Jour. Komb. A. H. Sue. ix (1895), p. 472, $ .
Formica nnna, Jerd. Madr. Jour. L. S. xvii (1851), p. 125, £ .
Myrmica pellucida. Smith, Cat. \\ (1858), p. 124, $.

g . Head, sometimes the thorax also, fuscous, dark brownish
red or black ; thorax and abdomen, or abdomen alone, pale brownish
or yellowish white. Head, thorax and abdomen somewhat
smooth, with a few scattered erect, hnirs ; pubescence in fresh or
living specimens very sparse, whitish in colour, but distinctly seen
when viewed in certain lights. Head longer than broad, oval,
not emarginate, rounded posteriorly ; mandibles triangular, broad,
with the masticatory margin equal to the outer margin and armed
with numerous minute teeth ; clvpeus evenly but hghtly convex,
broader than high, its anterior margin transverse or slightly
arched ; antennae somewhat thick, the scape long, the joints of the
flage'lum longer than broad ; eyes comparatively large, placed
rather forward. Thorax Aiewed from the side not emarginate, the
pro-meso-and meso-metanotal sutures, however, distinct, the thorax
slightly constricted at the latter suture; the basal portion of the
metanotum very short, passing into the much longer obliquely-
sloping portion by an obtuse angle ; legs moderately stout. Pedicel
short ; abdomen elongate, oval.

Lenr/th, $ 1-5 to barely 2 mm.

Hab. Throughout our limits and spread through the tropics of
both hemispheres. I have seen specimens imported into the Kew
Gardens with plants.

346. Tapinoma indicum, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895).

p. 472, $.

g . Resembles T. melanocephalum, Fabr. : differs in being sub-
opaque, not shining, of a reddish or brownish yellow all oxer; the
mandibles, antenna? and leg* pale yellow ; pilosity apparently
entirely wanting : pubescence tdin, silky white, visible only in
certain l;glits. Head broader posteriorly and shorter than in
T. melawotephahtm. Mandibles and clypens similar, the posterior
margin of the latter, however, clearly deHned ; antennae shorter,
joints 3-8 of tie flagellum not lorger than broad. Thorax pro-
portionately much broader in front, and posteriorly Literally
compressed ; seen in profile not emarginate, but the sutures as

BOTHJUOMYEMEX. 305

•distinct as in T. melanocepJiahim. Pedicel and abdomen as in that
species ; the latter, however, proportionately slightly shorter.

LengtJi, £ 1/5 mm.

ffab. Recorded so far from Western India only (W,-ouf/hton\

Genus BOTHRIOMYRMEX.

Tapinoraa, pt., Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 165, £.
Hypoclinea, pt., Mayr, Beitt-. Naturk. Preussen, i (1868), p. 50, pi. i,

fio-.s. .3-7, & pi. iii, figs. 42-46, $ $ tf .
Bothriorayrmex, Emery, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Nap. v (1865)

p. 117."

Type, B. mendionalis, Roger, from Italy and Spain.

Range. Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Indo- Malayan, and Australian
regions.

$ . Has somewhat of the same characters as the genus Tapl-
noma, Forst., but the whole insect is broader in proportion to
its length, the head being nearly square, almost as broad in front
as posteriorly, the cheeks straight and not convex ; mandibles
narrower, when closed hidden under the anterior margin of the
•clypeus, which is not incised as in Tapinoma ; antenna) 12-joiuted,
the apical joint as long as the preceding three joints ; eyes pro-
portionately much smaller. Thorax broad in front, compressed
posteriorly ; the pronotum proportionately broader in front than
in Tapinoma, and longer than the mesonotum ; the pro-noeso- and
meso-metanotal sutures distinct ; the metanotum with a still
shorter basal portion than in Tapinoma, and an obliquely truncate
apical portion ; legs shorter and stouter than in Tapinoma.
Pedicel and abdomen very like those in Tapinoma, but shorter and
broader, and the node of the pedicel distinctly raised and not
flattened on the pedicel.

$ . Mandibles triangular, with 6 teeth ; clypeus wide, bisinuatc
along the anterior margin ; frontal area triangular, depressed,
longer than broad, antennal and clypeal hollows confluent ;
antennal carinae short, wide apart ; antenna) 12-jointed, somewhat
massive. Thorax and abdomen much as in Tapinoma, but propor-
tionately more massive ; the pedicel with an erect node ; wings
with one cubital and one discoidal cell.

rf . Mandibles narrower than in the $ , acute ; clypeus trape-
/oidal, convex ; eyes very large, ocelli prominent ; antennae as
usual in tf , with L'i joints, the joints much longer proportionately
than in the $ . Thorax and abdomen as in the $ , but narrower-
Pedicel with the node thick, rounded above.

Key to the Species.

<t. Head, thorax ami abdomen brownish black ;

mandibles armed with 7 teeth B. icalshi, p. 30tt.

b. Head, thorax and abdomen some shade of

yellow or brownish yellow ; mandibles
armed with 4-6 teeth.

VOL. li. X

«'. Head without mandibles longer than broad.

a-. Occiput transverse ; length under 2 mm. B. mi/ops, p. 306.
b~. Occiput distinctly though widely emar-

ginate ; length over 2 mm li. dalyi, p. 307.

//. Head without mandibles square, as long a.s

broad //. icrouylitoni, p. 307 ~

347. Bothriomyrmex walshi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895),

pp. 469, 471, <?$.

$ . Dark castaneous brown or black, smooth and shining,
except the abdomen, which is conspicuously pubescent ; the man-
dibles, antenna;, tibia? and tarsi of the legs yellowish. Head oval,
longer than broad ; mandibles stout, convex, exteriorly with
7 small but acute teeth ; clypeus subtriangular, its anterior margin
trarsverse, posterior margin not clearly defined ; antennae com-
paratively short and stout, densely pubescent, the scape not quite
reaching the top of the head ; eyes placed laterally and a little
forward, closer to the base of the mandibles than to the top of the
head. Thorax short and comparatively broad, the pro-meso- and
meso-metanotal sutures very distinct and well-marked, the pro-
notum, mesonotum and basal portion of the metanotum convex,
the last obliquely truncate at apex, the truncate apical portion
much longer than the basal portion ; legs short, somewhat stout
and densely pubescent. Node of the pedicel low, flat posteriorly^
inclined to the front ; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, $ 1-5-2 inrn.

Hab. Sikhim (Binghani) : Bengal (liothney).

348. Bothriomyrmex myops, Farel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. tioc. ix (1895),

pp. 469 & 471, $ ¥ .

$ . Head, thorax and abdomen pale yel-
low, very slightly tinted with brown, espe-
cially on the abdomen, antennse and legs a
shade paler; the whole insect densely pu-
bescent, especially on the abdomen, pubes-
cence mixed with a few scattered erect pale
hairs on the front of the head and apex of
the abdomen. Head proportionately very
large, convex anteriorly; mandibles broad,
punctured, pubescent; clypeus widely sub-
ig. 92.—Bot/momyr- triangular, anterior margin transverse, pos-
terior margin distinct, well defined; antenna?
proportionately very thick, rather short,
the scape barely reaching the top of the head, the 2nd joint
ot the rlagellum as broad as long, longer than the 3rd joint •
eyes very small, smaller than in any other known Indian species
placed, as in B. walsJii, below the transverse middle line of the
head. Thorax short and broad, the thoracic sutures distinct, the

BOTH HIOMYU \fKX. JjQT

pro-, meso- and basal portion of metanotum viewed from above
convex and subequal. Node of the pedicel very- low, strongly
inclined forward ; abdomen comparatively large and massive very
convex in front.

$ . Eesembles the £ , but is larger and more massive ; the head
is smaller proportionately, the eyes larger ; the thorax not very-
gibbous or convex above, the node of the pedicel higher; the
abdomen more elongate and subcylindrical. Colour a pale reddish
brown.

Length, % 1-5-2 ; $ 3-5 mm.

Hob. North-West Provinces (SmytMes) ; Sikhim (Bi-ngJutm) ;
Western India ( Wrouc/ltton).

349. Bothriomyrmex dalyi, Forel.

Bothriomyrmex wroughtoni, Forel, race clalvi, Forel, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Sue. ix (1895). pp. 469 & 471, £ .

£ . Head, thorax and abdomen yellowish brown, the abdo-
men sometimes dark brown. The whole insect covered with a
whitish pubescence, most dense and somewhat long on the head
and abdomen ; pilosity very sparse, confined to a few scattered
pale hairs on the front of the head and on the abdomen pos-
teriorly. Head with the mandibles broadly oval, the top of the
head slightly convex, the occiput widely emarginate; mandibles
broad, with 4 teeth placed rather wide apart ; clypeus much
broader than high, slightly com*ex, its anterior margin slightly
but distinctly arched ; antenna? more slender and longer than in
B. myops, the scape extending slightly above the top of the head,
the 2nd joint of the flagellum distinctly longer than broad ; eyes
larger, placed more to the front than in B. myops. Thorax short,
somewhat laterally compressed. Node of the pedicel higher and
more erect than in B. mi/ops ; abdomen broadly oval.

Length, $ 2-2-5 mm/

Hab. Apparently generally spread through India; recorded
from Coonoor ( Wrowjhtori), Bengal (Rotlmey), and Western
India.

Dr. Forel considers this species merely a race of B. wroughtoni,
Forel, but it differs constantly in the shape and proportions of
the head, and in being more pubescent.

350. Bothriomyrmex wroughtoni, Ford, Join: Bomb. JV. If. &.C. ix

(1895), pp. 409 & 470, $ J $ .

$ . Head and thorax brownish yellow ; abdomen brown, some-
times with a yellowish tint, the whole insect covered with a fairly
abundant pale pubescence, especially dense on the abdomen. Head
without the mandibles square, as broad posteriorly as in front,
very convex; mandibles comparatively broad, the masticatory
margin oblique, armed with 4 blunt teeth; clypeus convex, broad,

.308 FOBMICID.*;.

subtriangular, anteriorly lightly arcbed; antennae thick and rather
long, the scape extending beyond the top of the head ; the 2nd
joint of the flagellum longer than broad. Thorax short and
broad, thoracic sutures well-marked ; the pro-, meso- and ineta-
notum convex, the latter apically truncate and sloping; legs
robust. Node of the pedicel comparatively erect and high ; abdo-
men broadly oval.

$ . Kesembles the £ , but is dark brown ; the mandibles,
articulation of the joints of the legs, and the tarsi yellow ; the
antennae very pale whitish yellow. Head square, posteriorly
slightly emarginate ; the mandibles and clypeus as in the £ , the
antennae proportionately more slender and filiform, the basal two
joints of the flagellum of the antennae elongate. Thorax some-
what flat above ; the wings hyaline, nervures pale yellow ; the
node of the pedicel and the abdomen as in B. myops.

d . Eesembles the $ in colour. Head orbicular ; eyes and
ocelli very large ; mandibles narrow and pointed ; clypeus very
convex, transverse ; antennas filiform, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
elongate, longer than the 1st or 3rd. Thorax very massive ; the
mesonotum somewhat flat ; the scutellum slightly convex, elevated
above the basal portion of the metanoturn, which is horizontal and
shorter than the apical truncate portion.

Length, $ 2*3-2-3 ; $ 3-5 ; <5 2-2-5 mm.

Hal. Eecorded from the North-West Provinces (Smythies),
Western India (Wroughton), and Ceylon (Yerbury). Probably
spread throughout our limits.

Subfamily CAMPONOTIN^E.

The species belonging to this subfamily are probably mentally
and socially the most highly developed of all the ants. Structurally
they are distinguished by having a one-jointed pedicel with no
constriction between the two basal abdominal segments ; the
poison-glands and sting are considerably modified, the former
being converted into a cushion of convolutions, the latter forming
merely an orifice for the ejaculation of the poison, which in certain
genera ((Ecophylla, for instance) can be done with considerable
force ; the orifice of the cloaca is in this subfamily always circular,
and ciliated round the margin.

Certain genera — Formica and Mynnecocystus — are well known
as slave-makers, but the habit seems confined to the species in.
Europe, and does not, so far as has been observed, obtain in the
representative or even in the same species in India. Species of
the Camponotince, and especially of the representative genus
Camponottis, are pre-eminently known as farmers of Aphides,
Homoptera, Lycae aid-larvae, and such-like ant-cattle. A most

CAMPONOTIN^;. 309

interesting account of ants tending larvae is given at p. 164,
vol. iii (1888), of the Bombay Natural History Society's Journal.

Key to the Genera.

A. Mandibles long, linear, cylindrical, bent at

right angles and dentate at apex, denticulate [p. 313.

on inner margins MYRMOTERAS,

B. Mandibles not so formed.
a Antennae 12-jointed.

a'. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.
a2. Antennae inserted at a perceptible dis-
tance from posterior margin of clypeus.
a3. Thorax and node of pedicel not
dentate nor spinous, nor with the
angles markedly produced; basal
two abdominal segments equal or
subequal in length.

a4. Head not truncate anteriorly CAMPONOTUS, p. 347.

64. Hpad truncate anteriorly ; very

markedly so in the £ maj COLOBOPSIS, p. 342.

b3. Thorax and node of pedicel spinous
or dentate, or with the angles
markedly produced; basal segment
of abdomen much longer than 2nd
segment. [p. 382.

a4. Eyes entire, round or oval POLYEHACHIS,

b*. Eyes truncate posteriorly HEMIOPTICA, p. 380.

fc2. Antennae inserted immediately above
posterior margin of clypeus, almost
touching it.
a3. Antennal and clypeal hollows not

confluent, distinct PRENOLEPIS, p. 325.

b3. Antennal and clypeal hollows con-
fluent.
«4. Ocelli absent.

a'. $ maj. very much larger than [p. 337.

$ rain. ; eyes very small PSEUDOLASIUS,

b5. $ maj. and $ min. almost equal

in size ; eyes moderately large. LASIIJS, p. 338.
b*. Ocelli present.

a5. Node of pedicel rounded; 4th

joint of maxillary palpi nearly [p. 312.

twice as long as 5th MYRMKCOCYSTUS,

bs. Node of pedicel flat; 4th joint
of maxillary palpi only a little

longer than 5th FORMICA, p. 333.

b' . Maxillary palpi 5-jointed (ECOPHYLLA, p. 310.

b. Antennae 11- jointed.

a'. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

aa. Metanotum and node of pedicel more [p. 814.

or less bispinous or bidentate ACANTHOLKPIS,

b*. Metanotum and node of pedicel without

spines or teeth PLAOIOLKPIS, p. 319.

//. Maxillary palpi 2-jointed ACHOPYOA, p. 332.

310 FOBMICIDjE.

Genus (ECOPHYLLA.

Formica, pt, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 392, £ .
(Ecophylla, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 101, £ ?.

Type, (E. virescens, Fabr., from Australia.

Range. Palasarctic, Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Australian
regions.

$ . Head of £ maj. and of $ min. relatively of the same size,
roundly quadrangular without the mandibles, posteriorly trans-
verse, not emarginate, and slightly broader than in front ;
.nandibles long, with the masticatory margin very broad in pro-
portion to length, dentate, the apical tooth acute and curved ;
palpi very short, maxillary with 5, labial with 4 joints ; clypeus
strongly convex, about two-thirds as high as broad below, its
anterior margin strongly arched ; frontal area small, triangular :
antennal carinae short, comparatively wide apart, parallel ; antennae
12-jointed, filiform, their origin remote from the posterior margin
of the clypeus ; eyes large, prominent ; ocelli absent. Thorax
elongate ; pronotum convex, anteriorly narrowed into a collar ;

Fig. 93.— (Ecophylla smaragdina, £ • a- H ead from front.

mesonotum constricted, narrow, viewed sideways saddle-shaped as
in Myrmecocystus ; metanotum rounded above, gibbous ; thoracic
sutures distinct ; legs long and slender. Pedicel elongate, incras-
sate in the middle, scarcely nodiform ; abdomen short, oval.

$ . Resembles the $ , but the head is very broad and trans-
verse posteriorly ; the thorax proportionately shorter and more
massive, the pronotum vertical and overhung by the remarkably
broad and gibbous mesonotum ; scutellum also broad and gibbous,
compressed ; postscutellum and median segment roundly sloped
posteriorly ; legs shorter aud relatively stouter ; wings broad and
ample, with a marginal and one cubital cell. Pedicel relatively
shorter, with a broad subquadrate node very thick at base and
thin along the upper margin, which is broadly emarginate
abdomen oval, very broad and massive.

cJ . Head relatively very small ; the mandibles narrow, porrect,
very hairy, and with an indistinct dentate masticatory margin :

(ECOPHYLLA. 31 1

ocelli prominent ; eyes very large and prominent, giving great
width to the head ; antenna) 13-jointed, filiform ; the scape Ion"
thicken.ng slightly towards the apex, the basal joint of the
flagellum remarkably clavate. Thorax very massive, the meso-
notum broad and gibbous anteriorly, the pronotum sunk well
below its level in front ; scutellum large, laterally compressed, the
rest of the thorax and median segment sloping gradually to the
apex of the latter. Pedicel long, linear, scarcely thickened at all •
-abdomen depressed, oval ; external genitalia large.

351. (Ecophylla smaragdina, Fabr. (Formica) Si/st. Ent. 1775,
p. 828, $; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. If. Soc. viii (1894), p. 400.

£ maj. Eusty red, sometimes yellowish red, varying in depth
of tint according to locality : specimens from Travancore, Cochin,
•Ceylon, and Tenasserim are of a brighter richer red than the
yellowish form found in the drier parts of India. Head and
thorax not pilose, abdomen with a few short erect hairs, chiefly
beneath and along the margins of the segments ; pubescence very
thin, fine and minute, rather whitish in colour; the head, thorax.
legs, node of pedicel and abdomen dull, subopaque. For the rest
the characters of the genus.

£ min. Exactly similar, slightly smaller.

$ . Characters of the genus. Normally of a beautiful emerald-
green, with a peculiar pellucid translucent appearance when alive.
Varieties are found of a pale yellow, with more or less of brownish
markings on the head and thorax, and nine out of every ten
specimens preserved in spirit, or dry, change their beautiful
emerald-green for a dingy yellow.

c? . More or less similar in colour to the £ , sometimes dark
brown, very pilose, the hairs reddish brown and semierect ;
wings lacteous, hyaline, nervures yellowish brown. For the rest
the characters of the genus.

Length, $ maj. 9'5-Jl ; g min. 7-8; $ 15-18; rf 6-7 mm.

Hob. The whole of India, Burma and Ceylon within our limits,
except the desert and treeless tracts. The range of this species
extends through the Malayan subregion to Australia and New
Guinea.

This is the notorious and vicious " Red Ant " of India ; it in-
habits trees and makes a nest of leaves. Its habits have been very
fully described by Messrs. Aitken *, Wroughton t, Rothney t,
and Green §. Mr. E. E. Green records the remarkable habit
(E. smaraf/dina has of using its larva; to spin the silk with which
its nest of leaves is constructed. In Kanara and some other parts
of India, and throughout Burma and Siam, a paste made of this
species of ant pounded is eaten as a condiment with curry.

* Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vol. iv (1889), p. 151 ; & vol. v (1890), p. 422.

t Op. cit. vol. vii (1893-94), p. 39.

t Tnms. Ent. Soc. 1889, pp. 3T»5 & 368-361.

$ Proc. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. ix, and Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiii (19()0), p. 181.

312 FORMICIDjE.

Genus MYRMECOCYSTUS.

Formica, pt., Fair. Mant. Ins. \ (1787), p. 308, $.
Myrraecocvstus, Wenrn. Hull. Acad. Sc. Brux. v (1838), p. 770.
Cataglyplns, Font. Verh. Nat. Yer. Prcms. Itheinl. vii (1850), p. 40:T,

Type, M. mettigera, Llave. from America.

Iianf/e. Both hemispheres.

£. Head without the mandibles quadrangular, not emarginate
posteriorly, the sides straight or very slightly convex ; mandibles,
comparatively large, strongly dentate, the apical tooth remarkably
long, curved and acute ; maxillary palpi G-jointed, very long, the
'3rd and 4th joints the longest, the latter twice as long as the 5th
and arched ; labial palpi 4-jointed as in Formica • clypeus convex.
its anterior margin slightly arched ; frontal area triangular, with
the clypeal-frontal suture distinct ; antenna! carinie very short,
parallel ; antenna) springing from immediately behind the posterior
border of the clypeus. 12-jointed, filiform ; eyes of moderate size,
oval, placed well above the middle line of the head ; ocelli present.
Thorax viewed from the side constricted in the middle, saddle-
shaped, the sutures well-marked ; pronotum convex ; mesonotum
long, narrow, rounded above : metanotum short, gibbous ; legs
long and slender. Pedicel one-jointed, node rounded, not much
raised ; abdomen somewhat short, oval, capable in the typical
species, which is American, of immense dilatation.

2 . Similar to the £ • Wings short, hyaline, the nervurea
thick, with one cubital and one small, frequently incomplete,
discoidal cell.

c? . Head smaller than in the $ ; mandibles narrow, indistinctly
bidentate; antenna? 13-jointed, the scape long. Thorax com-
pressed ; pronotum slightly concave in the middle. Node of the
pedicel quadrangular ; abdomen cylindrical. Genitalia very large,
the pencili wanting, but the lamina) present : the external genital
plate bearing an appendix on the inner side.

Only a single species ( £ only known), that differs slightly but
constantly from the European and North African form, is found
within our limits.

&52. Myrmecocystus setipes. Ford.

Myrmecocystus viaticus, race setipes, Forel. Jour. Jioml. N. H~
' Soc. vii'i (1894), p. 401, $.

$ . Head, thorax, legs and node of pedicel dark red, abdomen
black; the legs of a darker shade than the thorax, almost black -
Pilosity on the head, thorax and abdomen sparse, confined to a
few scattered erect hairs, most numerous on the underside of the
abdomen ; legs densely setose and spinous ; pubescence extremely
minute and fine, with a silvery glint, but giving the. head, thorax
and abdomen a dull subopaque appearance. For the rest the
characters of the genus.

Lcnytli, % 10-12 mm.

MYEMECOCT STTJS. MYBMOTEHA8. 313

IJab. Confined within our limits to the United Provinces, the
Punjab, and Central India, but extending westwards into Persia.

Fig. 94. — Myrmccocystus sctipcs, $ . a. Head from front ; b. Maxillary palpus.

The closely allied M. viatic-as, Fabr., of which Dr. Forel con-
siders M, setipes a race, is found in North-eastern and Northern
Africa and Southern Europe.

Specimens of an extremely pale-coloured variety of M. setipes
are in the British Museum Collection, from the N.W.P. of India.
This variety is of a pale testaceous yellow all over, with the
abdomen shaded with fuscous. In structure and pilosity it agrees
with M. seiipes.

Genus MYRMOTERAS.

Myrmoteras, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 418, $ .

Type, M. Innglmmi, Forel, from Tenasserim.

Range. Procured so far only on the western borders of Tenasserim.

£ . Head remarkably large, very much broader than either the
thorax or the abdomen ; mandibles very long, about twice the
length of the head, linear and slender, resembling somewhat the
mandibles of Odantomachm, and armed similarly with teetlx on
the inner margin, but unlike the mandibles of Odontowachus those
of Myrmoteras are articulated at the anterior lateral angles of
the head, and not close together in the middle of the anterior
margin ; clypeus subquadrate, lightly convex, its anterior margin
waved; antennal carinso entirely wanting; antennrc 12-jointed,
filiform, the scape remarkably long, about one-eighth only shorter
than the flagellum; forehead very broad, ocelli present-; eyes
remarkably large, occupying the whole side of the head ; above
the ocelli the top of the head is transverse, the posterior portion
divided off by a curious deep wrinkle or transverse furrow.
Thorax resembles that of (Ecopliylla, constricted and hollow at
the mesonotum, saddle-shaped ; ' legs long, moderately stout.
Pedicel one-jointed, elongate ; node conical, rather flat at the top ;
abdomen oval, convex above, about as broad as the pronotum.

<3 and $ unknown.

314 FORMICIDJE.

-•{">M. Myrmoteras binghami, Ford, Jour. Bomb. X. 11. Soc. viii
(1894), p. 419, £.

£ . Bright reddish brown, highly polished and shining ; antennae
and legs yellowish brown, mandibles yellow. Pilosity very sparse,
confined to a few scattered erect soft pale hairs, pubescence nil.
.Mandibles curved inwards at apex into an acute long tooth, armed

Fig. 35.—Mi/i->n»1era* linf/liami, $ . rt. Head . 1>. Mandible.

on the inner margin with altogether 11 teeth, of which the apical
and three or four subapical are long and acute ; of the minute
teeth two are preapical, lying between the 1st and 2nd long tooth,
and the rest towards the base. For the rest the characters of
the genus.

Ltngtli, £ 7 mm., including the mandibles ; mandibles 2 mm.

Hob. Thaungyin Valley, Tenasserim.

Dr. Forel considers that the enormous size of the eyes marks
this species as probably a tree-ant.

Genus ACANTHOLEPIS.

Hypoclinea, pt., Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Vcr. Wicn, v (18-5.5), p. 377, £ .
Aeantholepis», Mayr, Eur. Form. 1861, p. 42, $ j.

Type, A. frauenfeldi, Mayr, from Europe.

Ranye. Palajarctic, Ethiopian, and Indo-Malayan regions.

$ . Head without the mandibles quadrangular, somewhat
rounded above, the occiput not emarginate ; mandibles with the
masticatory margin oblique, dentate ; clypeus broad and high,
sharply carinate down the middle, clypeal and antennal hollows
confluent, large, frontal area small but distinct ; antennal carinse
short, wide apart, parallel ; antennae ] 1 -jointed, filiform, the scape
-elongate, reaching well beyond the top of the head; eyes of
moderate size ; ocelli distinct, rather widely separated one from
the other. Thorax constricted at the mesonotum ; the pronotum
bread and convex anteriorly, somewhat compressed and seemingly
pinched up posteriorly ; pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures
distinct; metauotum obtusely dentate on each side in the middle ;
legs somewhat long and slender. Pedicel one-jointed, with a

ACANTHOLEPIS. 315

laminate node having a tooth or spine on each side above; abdomen
broadly oval, rather acutely pointed at apex.

$ . Large proportionately to the £ ; head triangular, very broad
posteriorly ; clypeus broad and high, convex and strongly vertically
carinate. Thorax massive, the mesonotum very large, gibbous in
front, overhanging the pronotum, which forms no portion of the
dorsum ; scutellum subtriangular, wide at base ; mesonotum and
scutellum obscurely longitudinally carinate in the middle. Node
of the pedicel pentagonal, the upper border deeply emarginate :
abdomen massive.

3 . Head small in proportion to the thorax, the latter very mas-
sive and broad ; mandibles narrow, porrect ; eyes very large, reaching
down to the base of the mandibles ; mesonotum large, slightly
convex, not carinate as in the $ ; wings lacteous, hyaline, broad
and long, the apex reaching considerably beyond the apex of the
abdomen.

Key to the Species,

a. Scape of antenna) remarkably long, ex-

tending for more than half its length

beyond the top of the head A.franenfeldi. p. 010.

b. Scape of antennae shorter, extending be-

yond the top of the head by not moiv
than one-third of its length.
a . The upper lateral angles of the node of the
pedicel surmounted by long, fine, acute
vertical spines.
a2. Abdomen purplish brown or black,

without yellow markings A. opacu, p. 318.

b2. Abdomen dull black, the basal segment

above and in front brownish yellow. . A. pulchella, p. 318.
b'. The upper lateral angles of the node of
the pedicel furnished with short thick
spines or teeth pointing more or less
outwards, or with the upper border of the
node simply emarginate.
a2. Head, thorax and abdomen abundantly

pilose.

a3. Head punctured, opaque ; head and
abdomen reddish brown, thorax and
a spot at the base of the abdomen

yellow l.fayuwni, p. 319.

//'. Head highly polished and shining,

head and abdomen black.
«l. Head without the mandibles about

as broad as long, thorax black . . A. capeiisis, p. 310.
64. Head without tlie mandibles dis-
tinctly longer than broad, thorax

reddish yellow *• >nodc*ta, p. 317.

Aa. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth,
without hairs except at the apex of
the abdomen * • «*»/*&*, P- 31 < •

816 lOKMICIDyi:.

354. Acautholepis frauenfeldi, Mayr (Hypoclinea), Verh. zool.-lot.

Ver. Wien, v (1855), p. 378, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1894), pp. 411, 413, £ .

£ . Head, thorax, legs and node of the pedicel brownish yellow ;
abdomen very dark brown ; the head, except the mandibles and
antennae, of a darker shade than the thorax. Pilosity and pubes-
cence almost entirely absent; head, thorax and abdomen smooth
and shining, the last highly polished. Head viewed from the
front distinctly longer than broad, rounded above; mandibles
somewhat narrow, curved, with the apical tooth long and acute :
clypeus strongly convex, proportionately rather large, with a faint
transverse subapical furrow parallel to its anterior margin, the
suture between its posterior margin and the frontal area distinct :
eyes lateral, situated about the middle of the head. Thorax : the
pronotum from above appears almost circular, the mesonotum
strongly constricted in front forming a cylindrical neck, widening
posteriorly ; the metanotal teeth thick and broad at base, obtuse :
the meso-metanotal suture above deep and distinct. Node of the
pedicel seen from the back pentagonal, the upper border slightlv
emarginate, with a not very distinct obtuse tooth at its lateral
angles ; abdomen oval, somewhat massive.

$ . Head very small in proportion to the very massive thorax
and abdomen ; head, thorax and abdomen of a rich brown colour,
covered with a dense silky golden pubescence, with a few
obliquely erect scattered hairs on the abdomen. For the rest the
characters of the genus.

Length, % 2-5-3; $ 5mm.

Hub. Within our limits spread irregularly in one form or another
through Continental India, confined chiefly to the bills but procured
by Mr. Eothney at Barrackpore. Not recorded from Burma or
Ceylon. It extends to Southern Europe and Northern Africa.

This is a variable species. Var. A. Upartita, Smith, is the
common Indian form. It differs from the type in averaging
slightly larger (2-8-3-3 mm.), in being more robust and somewhat
darker in colour ; the upper border of the node of the pedicel is
more deeply emarginate.

Var. Integra, Forel, has the node of the pedicel unarmed, and is
nearly black with a few brownish marks on the mandibles, antenna',
thorax and legs.

Var. sericea, Forel, is much larger (3-3-6 mm.) ; it is finely and
evenly sculptured and has a fairly dense silky pubescence.

355. Acantholepis capensis, Mayr, Verli. zool.-bot. Ocs. Wien, xii

(1862), p. 699, $5; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
pp. 412, 414, $ ; ix (1895), p. 458.

£ . Black and shining, the mandibles, antennae and legs
brownish yellow. Head, thorax and abdomen, particularly the
last, with abundant yello\\ish erect hairs. Head in front strongly
convex ; mandibles rather small, when closed nearly hidden under

ACANTHOUil'IS. 317

the large convex clypeus. Thorax as in A. fraueiifeldi, but not
so strongly constricted at the mesonotutn, with the large lateral
obtuse tubercles or teeth on the metanotum proportionately larger,
the metanotum itself finely sculptured. Node of the pedicel
with the upper border strongly emarginate and bidentate; abdomen
oval, broad, anteriorly rapidly narrowing towards the apex.

5 . Brown, with a more or less dense golden-yellow pubescence.
Except that it is slightly larger and the node of the pedicel above
is more deeply emarginate, it is scarcely distinguishable from
A. frauenfeldi $ .

'<? • Brown, smooth and shining, apparently without pilosity or
pubescence; mouth-parts, antenna and legs pale whity-brown.
For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, g 2-3-3-3 ; $ 5-3 ; tf 2 mm.

Hab. The Himalayas to 5000 ft. (Smythies <f- Matter) • Central
India (Sckurr) ; Poona ( Wrouyhton) ; Ceylon (Simon). Extending
to Aden and North-eastern Africa.

;J56. Acantholepis modesta, Forel, Jour. Homb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
p. 412, £ .

" $ . Resembles A. capensis, but is more slenderly built ; meso-
notum more constricted. Head narrow, oval, much longer than
broad. Eyes placed laterally in the middle. Metanotum with two
strong obtuse teeth. Node of the pedicel thick, bispinous, with
tingles laterally below the spines. Pilosity of the body longer,
more abundant, very fine and very acute. Thorax and node of
the pedicel of a reddish yellow, with brown markings on the back.
It is perhaps a race of A. capensis.

" Lengtfi, £ 2'3 mm.

" Hab. Mussoorie." (Forel.)

Unknown to me, but apparently very well distinguished by the
elongate head. In all the other Indian species the head without
t he mandibles is nearly as broad as long.

357. Acantholepis simplex, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Heine, xxxvi (1892),
p. 43, £ ; Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1892), p. 412, £ .

$ . Closely allied to and resembling A. capeiusis, Mayr, but
smaller and entirely without pilosity or pubescence. Black, the
mandibles, antenna;, and the tibiai and tarsi of the legs brownish
white. Head short, shorter proportionately than in A. capetusis
and not so rounded above, transverse ; mandibles proportionately
large, acutely dentate ; clypeus very convex ; antennae short, the
scape extending only a little beyond the top of the head. Thorax
narrower and more constricted than in A. cajwisis, the metanotum
enlarged posteriorly, with proportionately much smaller lateral
obtuse teeth or tubercles. Node of the pedicel only slightly
emarginate above, the lateral angles of the margin above not spinous
or dentate : abdomen as in A. cajtenmt.

Length, $ 2 mm.

318

Hub. Recorded so far within Indian limits only from Orissa in
Bengal (Taylor), but probably extends through Northern India to
Arabia and North-eastern Africa. Originally described from
Somnlilaud.

3oS. Acantholepis opaca, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belyc, xxxvi (1892),
p. 42; Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 413, £ ; ix (1895),
p. 458.

g . Head reddish brown, mandibles and antenna pale testaceous,
thorax and node of pedicel reddish yellow, legs testaceous shaded
with fuscous, abdomen a beautiful purplish black. Head and
thorax finely and very closely punctured, opaque ; abdomen shining,
with in certain lights a metallic tint. Head, thorax and abdomen
covered with fairly abundant short semi-erect white hairs, and
an extremely minute sericeous pubescence only seen in certain
lights. Head without the mandibles nearly square, the occiput
slightly flattened and transverse ; mandibles rather large, acutely
dentate; clypeus large and very convex, medially vertically cari-
nate ; antennaB with the scape rather short, extending very little
beyond the top of the head. Thorax : the pronotum broad, nearly
as broad as the head, flat above, the mesonotum moderately
constricted, the meso-metanotal suture deep and wide ; the ineta-
notum short, its sides forming lateral acute tubercles. Node of
the pedicel proportionately somewhat thick and high, surmounted
by two parallel acute spines on the lateral angles above ; abdomen
large and massive, slightly depressed and acutely pointed at apex.

Length, $ 2-2-2-5 mm.

Hob. Western India : recorded from Kanara and Goa
(Aitken).

350. Acantholepis pulchella, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xxxvi
(1892), p. 43, § .

$ . Resembles A. opaca, Forel, but the thorax, especially the
pronotum, is narrower, and the region of the mesonotum is not so

Fig. (M.—Acantholcpispul<.-hdla,

strongly constricted. Head, thorax and abdomen dark purplish
bro\\n, lighter on the anterior portion of the thorax, while the
abdomen is dull black, with a light reddish-yellow spot above at

ACANTHOLEPI8. — PLAGIOLEPIS.

base covering the 1st and anterior portion of the 2nd segment •
sculpture as in A. opaca; pilosity and pubescence entirely wanting'
Head rounder, more convex in front, the occiput arched, not
transverse. Thorax and abdomen as in A.

Length, % 2-5-3 mm.

Hal. Western India, Poona ( Wroufjliton\

360. Acantholepis fergusoni, Ford, Jour. L'owb. X. Jf. &c. ix(J89o)
p. 4.59, $ .

£ . Head and abdomen reddish brown ; the mandibles, clypeu*.
thorax, node of the pedicel, the base of the 1st abdominal segment
broadly and a narrow transverse line at the base of the 3rd seg-
ment, yellow ; antennae and legs pale brown. Head without tlie
mandibles about as broad as long, lightly convex in front ; the
occiput transverse, densely and very finely punctured, opaque ;
mandibles narrow, curved, armed with 4 teeth ; clypeus convex ;*
autennal carinae short, widely separated, slightly divergent
posteriorly. Thorax : the pronotum from above circular, rather
flat, the mesonotum depressed, the thorax deeply emarginate
behind the mesonotum : metanotum short, the basal portion from
above crescentic, the two horns of the crescent formed bv thick
curved teeth or tubercles. Node of the pedicel emarginate'above .-
abdomen comparatively massive and broad.

Length, £ 3-3*5 mm.

Hab. Travancore. Southern India (Feiyngon).

Genus PLAGIOLEPIS.

Formica, pt., La.tr. Ess. Hist, Fuunn. Fr. 1798, p. 4f».
Plagiolepis, Mnyr, Eur. Form. 1801, p. 42, £ $> J.

Type, P. pygmcva, Latr., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

£ . Mandibles somewhat narrow, masticatory margin oblique
with 5 teeth, the apical tooth Jong and acute ; clypeus com-
paratively large, convex, carinate, lozenge-shaped, its anterior
margin arched and partially covering the mandibles; antennal
carinae short, rather wide apart, parallel ; antenna) 11-jointed ;
frontal area ill-defined. Thorax very slightly constricted between
the rneso- and metanotum, in some species a little saddle-shaped ;
legs long and slender. Node of pedicel variable, in .some species
acute, above flat, in others thick and rounded above ; in all inclined
to the front. Abdomen massive.

$ . Head and node of pedicel as in the $ : clypous not carinate.
Thorax depressed, rather broader proportionately than in the $ .
Wings with one cubital and no discoidal cell.

c?. Mandibles triangular; clypeus, antenna? and node of tin-
pedicel as in the $ . Head very small ; frontal area sharply
defined, broad transversely, tilling the space between the antennal
carina? ; antennae 12-jointed. Thorax somewhat depressed and
flat above; the pronotum vertical, forming no part of the dorsum ;

;320

abdomen more or less cylindrical ; external genitalia large, the
valves produced at apex into an obtuse point.

Key to the Species.

\. Length over 2 mm.

a. Scape of the antenna) very long, extending

beyond the top of the head by more

than half its length P. longipes, p. 320.

b. Scape of the antennae short, extending

very little beyond the top of the head.
«'. Ocelli present.

a-. Clypeus with a median vertical

carina.
rt3. Basal two abdominal segments

densely pubescent, opaque P. moclleri, p. 321.

I*. Basal two abdominal segments

sparsely pubescent, shining P. wrougktoni, p. 321.

b-. Clypeus not carinate, convex P. ruthneyi, p. 322.

b'. Ocelli absent P. watsotti, p. 322.

1J. Length under 2 mm.

a. Colour pale dull brownish yellow.

a'. Head, thorax and abdomen punctured . P. e.viffua, p. 323.
b'. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth,

not punctured P. dichroa, p. 323.

b. Colour black or dark chestnut-brown.
a'. Frontal area distinct, well-defined.

a2. Head striate, opaque P. ruyeri, p. 324.

b-. Head smooth, polished and shining . P. jerdoni, p. 324.
b'. Frontal area indistinct, not well-defined. P. pissinn, p. 324.

:J01 . Plagiolepis longipes, Jenhu (Formica), Madi: Jaiir. L. $ ti.
xvii (18.51), p. 122, £; Forel, Jour, liornb. N. H. Soc. viii
(1894), p. 414, $ .

% . From pale honey-yellow to a light orange-yellow, antennae
and legs a shade paler, abdomen above with a tinge of brown ;
head, thorax and abdomen very minutely and closely reticulate

Fig. 97.— Plagiolepis longipct, £ .

punctate, but shining, covered with a few scattered erect yellow
hairs; pubescence wanting. Head oval, very rounded posteriorly;

321

mandibles narrow, acutely dentate along the masticatory margin,
with the apices crossing and folded beneath the margin of the
clypeus ; clypeus convex, carinate, with its anterior margin
medially angular; eyes very prominent; antenna) long, filiform,
the joints of the flagellum much longer than broad. Thorax
narrow, elongate, constricted at the mesonotum ; the meao-meta-
notal suture slightly emarginate ; the metanotum rounded, convex
and gibbous ; legs extremely long and slender. Node of the
pedicel thick, low, conical, rounded above ; abdomen broadly oval,
short and massive.

Length, £ 3'5-4-5 mm.

Hob. Throughout our limits except in the hot dry portions of
the North- Western Provinces, the Punjab and parts of Central
India. Common in Ceylon and Burma.

362. Plagiolepis moelleri, n. sp.

£ . Head and thorax deep reddish brown, antennae and legs
lighter red-brown, node of the pedicel and abdomen black ; head,
thorax and abdomen covered with long soft pubescence, pale
yellowish on the front of the head and the thorax, black on the
abdomen ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, confined to a few
scattered erect hairs chiefly on the front of the head and the apical
segments of the abdomen. The pubescence on the basal two
abdominal segments is thick, and gives the segments an opaque
appearance. Head subtriangular, very broad and emarginate
posteriorly ; mandibles broad, the masticatory margin very oblique,
dentate, the teeth very long and acute ; clypeus strongly medially
carinate, the medial angle on the anterior margin ill-defined ;
frontal area distinct, antennal carina? parallel ; antenna? com-
paratively short and stout; eyes comparatively small, placed
midway on the sides of the head. Thorax short and broad ;
pronotum very convex and gibbous ; mesonotum seen from above
almost circular, convex ; meso-metanotal emargination broad and
deep ; metanotura short and very broad, the basal portion about
the same length as the oblique apical portion, into which it passes
by a distinct angle ; legs short and stout. Node of the pedicel
low, transverse, rounded above ; abdomen broadly oval, massive.

Length, $ 4*5 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (Holler).

363. Plagiolepis wroughtoni, Ford.

Plao-iolepis rothneyi, race wroughtoni, Forel, Ann, Soc» Ent. Bclg.
xlvi (1902), p. 292, $.

$ . Black with, in certain lights, a purple gloss on the abdomen,
very smooth and shining, antennae and legs reddish brown, tarsi
yellowish white, mandibles ferruginous. Pilosity and pubescence
very sparse ; flagellum of the antennae only somewhat densely
pubescent. Head square, slightly emarginate posteriorly ; man-

VOL. II. Y

322 FOBMICIDjE.

dibles comparatively robust, with a much straighter, not oblique,
masticatory margin ; clypeus convex, with a very distinct median
carina; eyes large, placed somewhat to the front below the middle
line of the head. Thorax short and stout, pronotum very convex
and vaulted, mesonotum small, seen from above circular ; meso-
metanotal suture emarginate; metanotum short and broad, the
basal portion somewhat flat and nearly as long as the oblique
apical portion ; legs comparatively short and stout. Node of the
pedicel low, flat, transverse above ; abdomen massive, much longer
than broad.

Length, $ 2-2'5 mm.

Ifab. Recorded so far only from the Nilgiris ( Wroughtori).

364. Plagiolepis rothneyi, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),

pp. 414, 415, $.

$ • Black, smooth, polished and shining, the mandibles, antennae
and legs reddish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen with sparse,
erect, somewhat coarse hairs and a very fine thin pubescence, only
to be seen in certain lights. Head without the mandibles nearly
square, very slightly emarginate, and a little broader posteriorly
than in front ; mandibles triangular, the masticatory margin
broad, dentate and nearly straight, not so oblique aa in P. lonc/icornis ;
clypeus not carinate, convex and tectiform, the medial angle on its
anterior margin not well-marked, not covering any portion of the
mandibles. Thorax not so broad as the head, the pronotum very
convex and rounded in front ; mesonotum nearly as long as the
pronotum ; the meso-metanotal suture very distinct, deep and wide ;
metanotum large, broad and flat, posteriorly its basal and apical
obliquely sloping flat portions about equal. Node of the pedicel
low, thick at base, slightly conical and rounded, but broader than
long at apex ; abdomen very broad, convex and massive, gibbous
in front.

Length, % 2-5-4-5 mm.

Hab. Recorded from Bengal (Rothney} and Western India
( Wroughtori).

Some of the smaller workers are much lighter in colour, dark
chestnut-red instead of black, with proportionately longer heads
and larger mandibles with oblique masticatory margins.

365. Plagiolepis watsoni, Forel

Plaeiolepis rothneyi, race watsoni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1894), p. 416, $ .

$ . Very similar to P. rothneyi, and about the same size. Differs
in having the clypeus distinctly carinate, the mandibles propor-
tionately smaller, the masticatory margin very oblique, the apical
tooth long, acute and curved ; ocelli entirely wanting ; antennae
more slender and with the scape slightly longer. Pilosity and
pubescence much more abundant than in P. rothneyi. Viewed

PLAGIOLEPIS. 323

from the side the thorax is more level above, the meso-metanotal
emargination not being so broad or deep.

Length, £ 2-5-4 mm.

Hob. Spread throughout the whole of Burma and Tenasserim,
and extending into Siam ( Watson, Allan, Thompson).

' 366. Plagiolepis exigua, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894).
pp. 415, 417, $?.

£ . Brownish yellow, with a brown shade on the head and
posterior portion of the abdomen; moderately smooth and shining,
with minute, somewhat sparse punctures, most distinct on the head
and abdomen ; pilosity short, sparse and scattered ; pubescence fine,
thin, white in colour, moderately dense on the head, antennae,
legs and abdomen. Head without the mandibles nearly square,
very convex in front, transverse posteriorly ; mandibles triangular,
the masticatory margin dentate, straight ; clypeus comparatively
large, strongly convex, and not carinate ; antenn® slender, the
scape barely extending beyond the top of the head. Thorax
narrower than the head ; the pronotum convex and rounded in
front, but somewhat depressed as compared with P. rothneyi,
P. wroughtoni and other species ; the meso-metanotal emargination
distinct, the metanotum about as broad as the prouotum, its basal
portion very short, much shorter than its oblique apical portion.
Node of the pedicel low, somewhat thick at base, rounded above ;
abdomen comparatively broad, oval, gibbous anteriorly.

" $ . Very narrow, abdomen elongate. Eesembles the £ > but
the pubescence is thicker and more abundant. The head and
thorax are of a brownish or reddish yellow. Abdomen entirely
brownish or of a yellowish brown. Thorax strongly depressed
above. Node of the pedicel very low, strongly inclined to the
front; wings wanting." (Forel.)

Length, g 1-1-5 ; $ 2-5-3 mm.

Hab. Western India ( Wroughton). Found also in Madagascar.

367. Plagiolepis dichroa, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. x (1902), p. 235,

footnote.

£ . Yellow, the head shading to light or sometimes to dark
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining ; pilosity
very sparse, almost entirely absent. Head as in P. evigua, but much
broader posteriorly and proportionately more narrowed anteriorly.
Thorax longer, the metanotum transversely concave down the
middle. For the rest like P. exiyua, but larger and proportionately
more slenderly built.

Length-, $ barely 2 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (Moller), Bengal (Itothney).

I am not very certain whether one rather damaged specimen
received from Mr. Moller is this species. Dr. Forel's short
description agrees fairly well with the Sikhim specimen, only the
latter seems smaller, scarcely 2 mm. long.

Y2

324 FOEMICIDJE.

368. Plagiolepis jerdoni, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
pp. 415 & 416, £.

$ . Pitch-black or brownish black, the antennae and the tibia^
and tarsi of the legs brownish yellow, the coxae and femora dusky
black ; head, thorax and abdomen subopaque, almost without
pilosity, but with moderately abundant whitish pubescence, thin
and silky ; there are a few erect hairs on the front of the head and
the apex of the abdomen. Head without the mandibles a little
longer than broad, transverse, widely but very slightly emarginate
posteriorly, the lateral angles of the occiput somewhat prominent ;
mandibles subl riangular, rather small, clypeus shining, convex,
carinate ; antenna slender, extending slightly more beyond the
top of the head than in P. eocigua. Thorax short and broad ;
pronotum large, convex ; mesonotum from above circular, convex ;
meso-metanotal emargination well-marked ; metanotum nearly as
broad as the pronotum, basal portion very short, not half the
length of the oblique, declivous apical portion. Node of the
pedicel low, transverse above, strongly inclined to the front ;
abdomen oval.

LengtJi, $ 1-3-1-5 mm.

Hah. Western India (Wroughtori) ; Travancore (Ferguson).

369. Plagiolepis rogeri, For el, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),

pp. 415 & 417, £ .

$ . Very similar to P. jerdoni in colour, but the head is very
finely and very distinctly longitudinally striate, and both pilosity
and pubescence are more abundant, the latter especially dense on
the scape of the antennae and the tarsi. Head slightly longer than
in P. jerdoni, with the posterior margin transverse but not emar-
ginate and with the lateral occipital angles less prominent ; man-
dibles triangular, broader ; clypeus more distinctly carinate, opaque,
not shining. Thorax narrower, the pro- and mesonotum not so
convex, the meso-metanotal emargination shallow and not so well-
marked as in P. jerdoni. Node of the pedicel and abdomen similar
to those of P. jerdoni, the former very strongly inclined to the
front.

Length, $ l-5 mm.

Hab. Western India, Kanara ( Wrour/Jiton) ; Tenasserim, Mergui
(Binyham).

370. Plagiolepis pissina, Roger, Berlin, ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 162, $-r

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 417.

" £ . Nearly 1'5 mm. long. Very similar to P. pyc/mcca, Latr. ;
very shining, pitch-black or pitch-brown, legs brownish, antennae
more yellow ; one specimen is light brown with blackish abdomen.
Pilosity very sparse, consisting of one or two erect hairs on the
abdomen, and a few short adpressed hairs on the head. Mandibles

PBENOLEPIS. 325

reddish yellow, with a few sharp brown teeth. The clypeus bears
an impressed line parallel to its anterior margin, in the middle it
is strongly convex. Frontal area indistinct. Head towards the
front with very scattered fine punctures, or nearly smooth. The
abdomen appears to be without Sculpture." (Roger.)
Hab. Ceylon. Unknown to me.

Genus PRENOLEPIS.

Formica, pt., Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 1802, p. 113, $ .
Prenolepis, Mayr, Eur. Form. 1861, p. 52.

Type, P. nitens, Mayr, from Europe.

Range. Generally distributed through both hemispheres.

£ . Mandibles moderately broad, dentate, the apical tooth long,
curved and acute ; clypeus proportionately large, convex, its
anterior margin slightly indented in the middle so as not to cover
the mandibles ; antennal carinae very short ; antennae 12-jointed,
. placed very close to the posterior margin of the clypeus, the scape
remarkably long and slender ; antennal and clypeal hollows
separate ; frontal area not sharply defined ; ocelli wanting ; eyes
placed above the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax with the
pro-meso- and meso-metauotal sutures very distinct, the pro- and
mesonotum rounded and convex ; the metanotum as broad as the
mesonotum or broader, its basal portion convex, its apical portion
truncate, only slightly convex, almost flat ; the thorax viewed
sideways shows a deep emargination at the meso-metanotal suture ;
legs moderately long, slender. Pedicel short, the node somewhat
quadrangular, inclined forwards ; abdomen broad anteriorly, very
high and convex, somewhat overhanging the pedicel.

$ . Head small in proportion to the very massive thorax and
abdomen ; mandibles, clypeus and antennae as in the $ ; ocelli
distinct. Thorax : the pronotum vertical, not forming part of the
dorsum ; mesonotum broad, lightly convex, bearing two short,
parallel, widely separated, longitudinally impressed lines posteriorly;
scutellum large, with a shallow impressed short furrow in the
middle ; metanotum rounded. Node of the pedicel slightly thicker
than in the £ , very low and almost close to the forward bulge of
the remarkably large and massive abdomen.

d" . As small as or smaller than the g , slender. Head from in
front oval, posteriorly narrowed and arched ; mandibles short, not
hidden under the clypeus ; clypeus as in the $ , but the anterior
margin rounded ; antennae 13-jointed, remarkably long, very
slender and filiform ; eyes and ocelli very large, the former placed
in the middle of the sides of the head. Thorax massive ; legs very
long and slender ; wings long and ample, with one marginal and
one cubital cell. External genitalia small and narrow.

326

Key to the Species.

a. Thorax with mesonotum remarkably long,

strongly constricted, cylindrical .......... P. melanoy aster, p. 327.

6. Thorax "with mesonotum shorter, not or

only slightly constricted, not cylindrical.
a'. Scape of antennae remarkably long, ex-
tending beyond top of head by more than
half its length. '
a2. Thorax not constricted at the meso-

metanotal suture ....... _ ........... P. lonyicornis, p. 320.

ft2. Thorax distinctly constricted at the

meso-metanotal suture.
a3. Head distinctly broader posteriorly

than in front " .............. ---- P. naorojii, p. 331.

b3. Head as broad in front as posteriorly. P. birmana, p. 331.
V. Scape of antennae extending beyond top

of head by less than half its length.
a2. Head oval, narrowed posteriorly.

Length under 2 mm ............... P. taylori, p. 328.

b2. Head more or less quadrangular, broad

posteriorly. Length 2 mm.
a3. Head highly polished, smooth and
shining, not pilose ; only a few
scattered hairs on clypeus and man-
dibles ....................... P. bengalensis, p. 328.

b3. Head not polished, only slightly

shining, pilose or pubescent.
a4. Head above antennae with fairly

abundant erect hairs.
a5. Clypeus very convex, rounded,

about as broad as long ...... P. indica, p. 329.

i5. Clypeus less convex, transverse,

twice as broad as long ...... P. yerburyi, p. 329.

ft4. Head above base of antennae
without erect hairs; only a fine
but very distinct pubescence .... P. aseta *, p. 331.

371. Prenolepis longicornis, Latr. (Formica), Hist. Nat. Fourm.
1802, p. 113, ^ ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
pp. 406 & 407, $ rf .

$ . Dull coppery brown, mandibles, anbennse and legs pale
whitish brown, the articulations of the legs and of the segments
of the abdomen still paler ; head, thorax and abdomen with fairly
abundant, long, erect, somewhat coarse hairs. Head oval, as
broad in front as posteriorly, vertex rounded, not transverse,
sides of the head straight ; eyes very large and prominent ;
mandibles small and weak, the masticatory margin dentate with
5 or 6 teeth ; clypeus rounded, prominently convex ; antennae
filiform, extremely long. Thorax elongate, rounded above, the
sutures distinct ; viewed from the side the thorax is lightly

* P. smythiesi. p. 330, is omitted from the key, the $ being unknown.

PRENOLEPIS. 327

emarginate at the mesonotum ; metanotum rounded, the hasal
portion passing into the apical portion with a gentle curve ; legs
remarkably long and slender. Node of the pedicel not so broad as
high, rounded above ; abdomen anteriorly gibbous, oval, massive.

$ . Proportionately very much larger than the $ , similar in
colour but slightly darker, the apical margins of the abdominal
segments markedly pale ; head, thorax and abdomen entirely
devoid of the erect hairs so conspicuous in the g , but covered with
a fairly abundant silky pale pubescence. Head subtriangular,
very convex, broader posteriorly than in front. Ocelli present and
distinct. Thorax: the pronotum vertical, forming no part of the
dorsum ; mesonotum broad and convex ; scutellum slightly com-
pressed, medially longitudinally furrowed. Node of the pedicel
low and inconspicuous, completely overhung by the very large
massive abdomen.

c? . Similar to the $ , but much paler in colour, with the same
erect rather coarse pilosity. Head oval, eyes and ocelli very large
and prominent ; mandibles narrow and feeble ; clypeus as in the £ .
Thorax and abdomen moderately massive, the latter elongate, oval,
convex above ; the external genitalia large and prominent.

Length, £ 2-5-3 ; $ 5'5 ; 3 3 mm.

Hob. Throughout our limits, and introduced and spread over all
tropical countries. This ant is not uncommon in hot-houses and
large conservatories even in Europe.

372. Prenolepis melanogaster, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxxiv

(1894), p. 476, 5.

$ . Head, thorax, legs and node of pedicel bright orange-brown,
abdomen jet-black ; the whole insect covered with abundant long,
erect, yellow hairs ; head and thorax feebly punctured, subopaque ;
abdomen polished and shining. Head without the mandibles

Fig. 98.— Prenolepis mclanogastcr, $ . a. Head.

broader than long, viewed from the front almost circular, the
cheeks strongly convex ; mandibles large, subtriangular, the
masticatory margin broad, very oblique, strongly dentate, the
apical tooth very long and curved ; clypeus convex, broader than
high its anterior margin almost straight, only slightly rounded and

328

slightly incised in the middle ; frontal area distinct, above it on
the front a short but distinct longitudinal carina ; antennae long,
especially the scape, which extends beyond the top of the head by
more than half its length. Thorax with the pro- and metanotum
rounded, gibbous ; the mesonotum very long, strongly constricted
and cylindrical. Viewed from the side the thorax has a form some-
what like that of a dumbbell; thoracic sutures visible but not
very distinct above ; legs long and robust. Node of the pedicel
strongly inclined forwards, somewhat conical, rounded above ;
abdomen remarkably large, highly raised, convex and gibbous
anteriorly, conical posteriorly.

Length, £ 5*5 mm.

Nab. Shan Hills, Upper Burma, at 5000 ft. ; Karennee (Pea).

Described from three specimens procured by me.

373. Prenolepis taylori, Forel, Jour. Bomb. 2\*. //. Soc. viii (1894),
pp. 407 & 410, £ $<?.

£ . Pale yellow, very minutely punctured, subopaque and only
slightly shining ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with sparsely
scattered, short, semi-erect pale hairs. Head oval, longer than
broad, very convex in front, the vertex rounded ; mandibles
narrow, the masticatory margin oblique ; clypeus broad, its an-
terior margin arched ; antennae somewhat short, the scape not
extending beyond the top of the head by more than about one-
third of its length ; eyes proportionately rather small, placed
laterally below the middle line of the side of the head. Thorax
elongate, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct, a
well-marked incision or narrow emargination at the latter, but
the mesothorax not constricted ; legs moderately long. Node of
the pedicel low, inclined forwards, flat, rounded above ; abdomen
massive, convex above, gibbous in front.

" $ . Dark brown, mandibles, antennae, legs and node of the
pedicel reddish yellow. Hairs on scape of the antennae brownish.
Node of the pedicel thick, strongly inclined." (Forel.)

" 3 • Head oval, slightly longer than broad. Basal portion of
the metanotum horizontal, a little longer than the sloping apical
portion. Colour as in P. indica rf ." (Forel.)

Length, $ and rf under 2 ; $ 3-5-4 mm.

Hdb. Eecorded from Bengal (Taylor), Western India ( Wrougli-
ton), and Ceylon (Terbury).

374. Prenolepis bengalensis, Forel.

Prenolepis bourbonica, Forel, race bengaleusis, Forel, Jour. Bomb.
AT. H. Soc. viii (1894), pp. 406 & 407.

$ . Dark castaneous brown, shining, covered with long and
fairly abundant, erect, reddish hairs, more dense on the abdomen
than on the rest of the body; mandibles, antennae and legs
paler brown. Head not pilose, very convex, the cheeks and
the occiput transverse, broad ; mandibles subtriangular, armed

PEENOLEPIS. 329

with 5 acute teeth, the apical tooth long and curved ; elypeus
broader than long, medially vertically carinate, its anterior margin
transverse ; antennae short, the scape barely extending beyond the
top of the head. Thorax short and broad, deeply emarginate at
the meso-metanotal suture ; the apical portion of the metanotum
very broad and flat ; legs robust, somewhat short. Node of the
pedicel thick, quadrangular, transverse above; abdomen massive,
very convex above, short and broad, the anterior hollow that receives
the node of the pedicel not well-marked.

Length, $ 2-5-3 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Rotlmey} ; and throughout Burma and Tenas-
serim ( Watson $ JBingham).

375. Prenolepis indica, Ford, Jour. Bond>. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),

pp. 407, 408, & 409, £ £ <J .

£ . Brownish yellow, front of the head darker, mandibles,
antennae and legs paler, covered with rather abundant short, thick,
erect brown hairs, most dense on the front of the head and on the
abdomen ; pubescence extremely thin and sparse or wanting, only
to be seen in certain lights. Head as broad as long, mode-
rately convex in front, transverse posteriorly, the posterior lateral
angles not produced, but distinct. Mandibles attenuate at base,
the masticatory margin oblique, armed with 5 teeth ; elypeus
broad, medially vertically subcarinate; antennae moderately stout
and long, the scape extending beyond the top of the head by
about one-quarter of its length. Thorax stout, deeply emarginate
at the meso-metanotal suture ; the pronotum and mesonotum
broad and convex, the basal portion of the metanotum very short,
the apical portion obliquely truncate, broad and flat. Node of
the pedicel low, flat, transverse above, fitting into a hollow in the
front of the abdomen, the latter oval, moderately broad.

$. Dark brown; mandibles, flagellum of the antennae and the
articulations of the legs paler. Wings hyaline tinged with
brown.

rf . Head and the mesonotum of the thorax brownish yellow,
abdomen darker, rest of the thorax and legs light yellow.
" External genital valves narrowed at apex. Median valves very
large, the exserted external portion very long and pointed, the
internal much shorter and obliquely truncate at apex. Both are
armed with strong black teeth on the peripheral halves of the
margins opposite each other, and are straight and narrow. Internal
valves oval." (Forel.)

Length, $ 2-3 ; $ 5 ; rf 2 mm.

Hub. Bengal (ltothney\ Western and Central India ( Wrowfhton\
Ceylon (Yerbury).

376. Prenolepis yerburyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),

pp. 406, 408, & 409, $ rf $ .
£ . Light brown, antennas and legs slightly paler brown,

330

covered with a sparse minute pubescence and abundant, rather
thick, erect brown hairs, somewhat dense on the head and abdomen,
sparse on the thorax. Head broad, about as broad as long without
the mandibles, transverse, almost emarginate posteriorly ; mandibles
broad, punctured, each with 4 teeth, the apical tooth long, acute
and slightly curved ; clypeus strongly convex, broader than long ;
antenna of moderate length, the scape extending beyond the head
by about one-third of its length ; eyes placed more to the front
of the head than in the other species. Thorax broad, the mesp-
rafitanotal emargination distinct but not so wide or deep as in
P. benyalensis ; the metanotum rounded, the basal portion not
nearly so long as in P. indica. Node of the pedicel somewhat
flat, laminate and low, not nearly so conspicuous as in P. indica ;
abdomen broad and massive.

" $ . Similar to the £ , and pilose. Like all $ Prenolepis it is
nearly impossible to distinguish this species from the others.
Dark brown all over. Wings strongly shaded with brown."
(Forel.)

" d" . Valves of the external genitalia very long, black, chitinous
(nearly twice as long as broad without the appendix), terminating
in a very long appendix (nearly as long as the valve), very narrow,
slightly curved and rounded at apex, which is broader than the
basal portion, below terminated by a triangular protuberance.
Between the protuberance and the appendix there is a notch less
deep than in P. taylori. . . . Blackish, very shining, tarsi and
the articulations of the femora testaceous. Flagellum of the
antennae and coxae brown. Legs, scapes and mandibles of a
dark brown, as are the sides of the thorax. Head broad, broader
posteriorly than in front. The basal face of the metanotum
merged into the declivous apical face. Thorax broader than in
P. bourbonica. Wings fuscous." (Forel.)

Length, $ 2-5-3-5 ; 2 4-45 ; rf 2'5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Yerbun/); Southern India, the ~Ni]giris(Wroughton).

377. Prenolepis smythiesi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
pp. 408 & 410, $d.

$ . Head and thorax dull red, abdomen brown ; mandibles,
antennas, scutellum, basal margin of median segment and the legs
pale yellow ; head, thorax and abdomen densely pubescent and
covered with scattered erect pale hairs, very minutely and closely
punctured, opaque ; head subtriangular, broad posteriorly ; man-
dibles comparatively broad and strong, the masticatory margin
with 5 or 6 teeth ; clypeus very large, prominent, convex ; eyes
prominent ; antennae slender, filiform, the scape extending beyond
the top of the head by less than half its length, the joints of the
flagelluin short, very little longer than they are broad ; ocelli
distinct. Thorax massive ; pronotum vertical, not forming part
of the dorsum ; raesonotum and scutellum broad and convex ;
median segment oblique. Node of the pedicel depressed much

PRENOLEPIS. 331

below the level of the thorax and abdomen, the latter very massive
and gibbous in front. Wings subhyaline, nervures brownish
yellow.

d" . Brownish yellow, antennae and legs paler yellow. Head
oval ; eyes and ocelli very prominent. Thorax a little broader
than the head, the raesonotum broad and gibbous in front ; wings
as in the $ . " Genital valves small, pale in colour. The ex-
terior valves constricted at the apex, with a very narrow appendix
above, and below terminating in a slightly protuberant angle."
(Forel.)

£ . Unknown.

Length, $ a little over 4 ; J 1'5 mm.

Hah. Recorded as yet only from Dehra Dun, North-West
Provinces of India (Smythies).

378. Prenolepis birmana, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent, Bely. xlvi (1902),

p. 291.

£ . Head and abdomen black ; thorax fuscous dark brown,
antennae and legs a shade paler ; apex of the maudibles and tarsi
yellowish ; the metanotum posteriorly polished and shining, the
remainder of the head, thorax and abdomen more or less opaque
or subopaque, finely and very closely reticulate, the abdomen in
certain lights shining in parts. Pilosity moderately long and
abundant, the tibiae and scapes of the antennae with more or
less dense recumbent hairs. Head without the mandibles rect-
angular, with a distinct posterior margin ; mandibles narrow, the
masticatory margin armed with 5 teeth ; clvpeus narrow, convex ;
antennas long and slender; eyes small, placed a little lower than
the middle of the head. Thorax as in P. longicornis, but mon-
stoutly built, the meso-inetanotal suture deeply impressed. Node
of pedicel and abdomen as in P. longicornis, out the latter
more truncate and not projecting anteriorly so much over the
node.

Length, £ 3 mm.

Hub. Tenasserim, Moulmein (Hodgson) ; Tavoy (Bingham).

379. Prenolepis naorojii, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely. xlvi (1902),

p. 2SJO.

g. Head, thorax, the coxse> femora and tibiae of the legs
yellowish brown ; abdomen brown ; antenme and the tarsi pale
yellowish ; very smooth, polished, and shining, in certain lights
the abdomen minutely reticulate; pilosity yellowish, fine and
remarkably long, the scape of the antenna; and the tibiae with
shorter oblique hairs. Head broadly oval ; mandibles pilose,
shining, the masticatory margin aruif d with 0 teeth ; clypeus
convex, broad, anteriorly rounded, medially longitudinally rann;it«- :
antennas proportionately as long almost as in P. lonyicomit, the
scape extending beyond the occiput by more than half its length ;

332 VORUICID.X.

eyes remarkably large and prominent, situated above the middle of
the head. Thorax rather long, the pro- and rnesonotum forming
one convexity subequal with the metanotum forming the other
convexity, the meso-metanotal suture dividing them broad and
well-impressed. Node of pedicel somewhat thick, inclined for-
wards ; abdomen broad and short, anteriorly somewhat truncate
and gibbous, with a very distinct groove for the reception of the
node.

Length, £ 3-5 mm.

Hal). Recorded from, the North-West Provinces, India, and
from Assam (Smythies).

380. Prenolepis aseta, forel, Ann. Soc. Eat. Belg. xlvi (1902), p. 292.

$ . Head and abdomen brownish yellow, thorax dull reddish
yellow, antennae and legs dingy yellow of a lighter shade than the
thorax ; head, thorax and abdomen lightly minutely punctured,
reticulate; pilosity of a pale yellow, rather sparse, pubescence
fine and short, giving a pruiuose appearance to the head and
abdomen, less so to the thorax. Head rectangular, the sides
straight, a little longer than broad, posteriorly slightly emarginate ;
mandibles finely sculptured, armed with 6 teeth ; clypeus polished
and shining, very convex and subcarinate down the middle, with
the margin anteriorly slightly emarginate ; antennae long, but not
so long proportionately as in P. lonyicornis, the scape passing
beyond the top of the head by about one-fourth of its length ;
eyes not prominent, placed about the middle of the sides of the
head and a little to the front. Thorax in profile somewhat re-
sembling the thorax in species belonging to the genus Iridomyrmex,
Mayr ; the thoracic suture distinct but feeble, the meso-metanotal
suture slightly emarginate, and containing t\vo somewhat pro-
minent stigmata; metanotum raised a little, the basal portion
passing by a short and rounded curve to the apex. Pedicel as in
all species of Prenolepis ; abdomen rounded and gibbous in front,
with a shallow groove for reception of the node of the pedicel.

Length, $ 2'5mm.

Hob. Sikhim, Darjeeling ( Wroughton).

Genus ACROPYGA.
Acropyga, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 242.

Type, A. acutiventris, Roger, from Ceylon.

Range. Inclo-Malayan region.

$ . Head quadrangular, without the mandibles nearly square,
slightly emarginate posteriorly, convex in front ; mandibles some-
what narrow, the masticatory margin very oblique, and armed
with 5 teeth ; clypeus convex, broader than long, truncate pos-
teriorly, the angles rounded, anteriorly lightly and widely emar-
ginate, not covering the mandibles: antennal carinae short,
somewhat wide apart and parallel; antenna? 11-jointed; the

ACBOPYGA. — FORMICA. 333

scape is short, reaching to about the top of the head ; eyes very
small, as in Pseudolasius. Thorax short, rounded and" convex
above, the pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct ; the
thorax viewed from the side is widely emarginate at the latter
suture ; legs stout, long, cylindrical, the basal joint of the tarsus
more than half the length of the tibia. Node of the pedicel flat,
transverse, rounded above ; abdomen very long, rapidly narrowing
posteriorly, the apex acute.

$ . Very similar to the £ , the head proportionately broader,
more convex in front, the eyes larger, the clypeus transverse
anteriorly. Thorax massive ; pronotum vertical, not forming any
portion of the dorsum ; the mesonotum and broad scutellum
slightly convex ; metanotum with a rounded slope to apex. Node
of the pedicel and the abdomen as in the $> , but the former
thicker at base, the latter longer and more massive. Ocelli large
and close together, planted in little hollows. "Wings : fore wing
with one cubital cell, the radial cell very long.

381. Acropyga acutiventris, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862),

p. 243, £ $ .

Plagiolepis flava, Maw, Verh. sool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862).
"9,$.

£ and $ . Deep yellow or reddish yellow all over ; eyes jet-
black, in strong contrast with the yellow of the head and body ;
head, thorax and abdomen very minutely rugulose, but shining,

Fig. 99. — Acropyf/a acutiventris, g • »• Head.

covered somewhat thickly with long erect yellow hairs and a
dense pale yellow pubescence, very marked on the antennae and
legs. For the rest the characters of the genus.

Length, % 4-5-5 ; $ 6'5 mm.

Hab. Recorded from Western India (Wroughton), Ceylon
(Yerbury), Burma (Fea\ and the Nicobars (teste Mayr).

Genus FORMICA.

. Formica, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), p. 579,
Type, F. rufa, Linn., from Europe.
Banff*. Both hemispheres.

$. Mandibles triangular, with a broad dentate masticatory
margin, the apical tooth acute and curved ; clypeus broad and high ;

334

maxillary palpi with 6, labial with 4 joints, the 4th joint of the
maxillary palpi a little longer than the 5th ; frontal area small,
subtriangular and distinct; antennal carinae wide apart, more
or less curved outwards, never laminate ; antennae 12-jointed,
springing from just behind the posterior margin of the clypeus ;
the scape and flagellum filiform, the latter not sensibly thickened
towards the apex ; eyes placed above the middle line of the head
and somewhat to the front, ocelli present ; head viewed from the
side strongly convex in front. Thorax a little narrower than the
head, the pro- and mesonotum rounded, convex ; the pro-meso-
and meso-metanotal sutures well-marked, the thorax more or less
constricted at the latter suture ; legs moderately long and slight,
claws simple. Pedicel one-jointed, with an erect squamiforin
node ; abdomen comparatively short, globose.

$ . Similar to the $ , larger ; wings ample, the fore wing with
one cubital and one discoidal cell.

c? . Mandibles flat, the masticatory margin distinct, ending in
one to four or five teeth ; the palpi and clypeus as in the £ ; the
antennal carinso short, divergent posteriorly ; the frontal area as
in the £ ; the antennae 13-jointed, springing as in the £ from
just behind the posterior margin of the clypeus. Thorax massive,
broad in the middle, the mesonotum ample and convex, the
scutellum broad and prominent ; wings as in the $ . Node of the
pedicel rather low, cuneiform and square, above generally emar-
ginate ; abdomen above depressed, somewhat flat, the apical
segments gradually smaller. Pencilli present, outer genital laminae
knife-shaped, inner without appendix.

Key to the Species.

(i. Anterior border of clypeus not emarginate.
«'. Fuscous or brownish red, head darker than

rest of body.
a2. Abdomen opaque, not shining ........ I.fusca, p. 336.

bz. Abdomen polished and shining ........ F. c/ayates, p. 336.

V. Head and thorax clear yellowish red ; ab-

domen light fuscous brown.
a2. Node of pedicel lightly but distinctly
convex in front, flat or concave pos-
teriorly .......................... p. trundcola, p. 334.

62. Node of pedicel flat or a little convex,

both anteriorly and posteriorly ...... F. rufbarbis, p. 335.

b. Anterior border of clypeus emarginate ...... F. sanguined, p. 336.

382. Formica truncicola, Nyl. Ada Sc. lennic. ii (2), 1847, p. 907, $ $ ;
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 402, $ .

% . Head with the mandibles and antennas, thorax, legs and
node of pedicel clear light or yellowish red, abdomen fuscous brown ;
head, thorax and abdomen covered with short erect light-red
hairs, sparse on the head and thorax, fairly abundant on the
abdomen, and a fine minute pubescence, giving the insect a silky

FOBMICA. 335

shimmering appearance. Head, thorax and abdomen minutely
but very closely punctured. Mandibles broad, with the teeth
on the masticatory margin minute, in certain lights longi-
tudinally finely striate ; clypeus convex medially, vertically
carinate, its anterior margin arched; frontal area smooth aud
shining ; antennae long and slender, the scape extending well
beyond the top of the head. Thorax: the constriction at the
meso-metanotal suture deep, the metanotum viewed from the side
regularly arched. Node of the pedicel laminate, with the sides
and upper margin sharp, the latter scarcely arched, transverse ;
abdomen somewhat depressed, almost as broad as long.

$ . Very similar to the £ , larger ; the thorax above in some
specimens brownish, abdomen darker than in the $ ; wings sub-
hyaline, somewhat lacteous.

Length, £ 5-7 ; $ 9 mm.

Hab. Procured at Lahoul, on the frontier of Tibet (Sage).
Widely spread in Northern and Central Europe and Northern
Asia.

383. Formica rnfibarbis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii (1793), p. 355, £; Ford,

Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894;, p. 403, £.
? Formica fraterna et F. defensor, Smith, 2nd Yark. Miss. 1878,
p. 11, £ £ *.

£ . In colour very similar to F. truncicola, but less pilose,
having only a few scattered hairs on the abdomen and front of
the head. Pubescence sericeous, dense, giving the insect a much
more opaque look than F. truncicola; frontal area not shining,
opaque.

$ . Closely resembles the £ . Wings slightly more hyaline
than in F. truncicola.

Length, $ 5-6 ; $ 8 mm.

Hab. Himalayas over 10,000 ft. (Smylhies), Sikhim (Moller),
Lahoul, Dharmsala (Sage). Outside our limits found both in
Europe and North America.

Var. clara, Forel, has the head and thorax of a brighter yel-
lowish red.

* Smith, I. c., also describes the following, but the description is wholly
insufficient for the identificat.on of the species he had before him :-
CANDIDA Femina.—F. nigra nitidis&ima ; mandibuhs, aniennts, pedtbusyue
rufescwtibus ; squama lata, subtriangulariter, margine wpra rotundato —
Shining black, the mandibles, antenna- and legs ferruginous ; the latter
slightly fuscous above, as are also a few of the apical joint* ot the flagelluu.
above " The head the width of the thorax ; the dypeus with a sharp central
carina, the frontal area seimopaque and with a One cinereous pile, which
covers the squama, lega. and thorax on the s.des and beneath Abdomen
oblong-ovate,qvery .mJrth and shining, and with a sprmklmg of pale hair* at
the apex ; the extreme apex pale testaceous. Female, length i 3 1 lines (< mm.)
-HA. On the road across the Pamir from Bankol to Panja (April and

M Thi's may possibly be F. fusca, Linn., or a form of the same, or of F. gagatc*,
Latr.

33(5 i o it. \IICID.K.

384. Formica fusca, Linn. Syst. Nut. ed. 10 (1738), p. 580 ; Fowl,

Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), pp. 402, 403.

£ . Dull fuscous red ; abdomen concolorous with the head and
thorax, not darker, very opaque and with dense silky shimmering
pubescence. Head shorter and a little broader than in F. trunci-
cola; clypeus very acutely medially carinate; thorax with the
constriction at the meso-metanotal suture very deep ; node of
the pedicel somewhat thick, more convex in front, more or less
flat posteriorly ; abdomen depressed, broad.

Length, $ 4-5 mm.

Hob. Himalayas, hills north of Mr.ssoorie (Rotliney), Sikhiin
(Moller) ; Central Provinces, Pachmarhi (Schurr). Outside our
limits widely spread through Europe, North Africa, Northern
Asia and North America.

This species seems to be found at a lower level in the Himalayas
than any other of the genus. I have seen no $ or d from India.

385. Formica gagates, Latr. Ess. Hist. Fourm. Fr. (1798), p. 36 ;

For el, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 402.

£ . Dark castaneous or piceous brown, smooth and shining, with
a few scattered erect hairs on the front of the head and on the
posterior half of the abdomen. Head narrower, with the cheeks
slightly flatter and straighter than in F. fusca ; clypeus compara-
tively large, convex, medially vertically carinate ; this carina in all
specimens from India that I have seen is slight, not acute, and
medially interrupted. Thorax above less deeply emarginate at
the meso-metanotal suture than in F. fusca. Node of the pedicel
convex in front, flat posteriorly, its upper margin rounded,
remarkably attenuate and sharp ; abdomen narrower, less de-
pressed and more convex above than in F. fusca.

Length, $ 3*5-5 mm.

Hab. Lahoul, frontier of Tibet (Sage). Northern and Central
Europe, Northern Asia and North America.

380. Formica sanguinea, Latr. Ess. Hist. Fourm. Fr. 1798, p. '->>7 :
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 402, £ .

$ . Head, thorax and legs a clear light red, slightly fuscous on
the head ; abdomen fuscous brown or black. Head, thorax and
abdomen dull and semiopaque, with a few scattered erect red
hairs on the front of the head, on the underside and at the apex
of the abdomen ; pubescence extremely minute and thin, giving
the insect a silky appearance. Head without the mandibles nearly
square ; mandibles strong, broad and very clearly dentate ; clypeus
convex, medially vertically carinate and incised or emarginate at
the apex of the carina ; antenna? more massive than in F. trunci-
cola, F. fusca, &c. ; head posteriorly distinctly widely emarginate.
Thorax narrower than the head, the emargination at the "meso-
metanotal suture deep and broad. Node of the pedicel sub-

FOEMICA. — PSEUDOLASIUS. 337

triangular, slightly biconvex, very broad and transverse above, the
lateral angles rounded; abdomen depressed, broad, as broad as
long.

Fig. 100. — Formica sanguined, £ . «. Head ; b. Maxillary palpus.

£. Very similar to the $ but larger, the head, thorax and
abdomen a lighter brighter yellow, the abdomen slightly darker,
in greater contrast to the colour of the head and thorax. '

Lenr/th, $ 6-7 : ? 9-9-5 mm.

Hob. Lahoul, frontier of Tibet (Sage). Northern Europe, Asia
and America.

I have seen no <S of this species from India.

Genus PSEUDOLASIUS.

Formica, pt., Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. \ (18(31), p. 68, $ .
Pseudolaaius, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxiv (1886), p. 244.

Type, P. familiarig, Smith, originally described from the Celebes.

Range. Indo-Malayan region.

£ maj. Mandibles powerful, subtriangular, armed with four
teeth, the innermost broad, bimucroriate, the others acute ; clypeus
more than twice as broad as high, convex in the middle, depressed
at the sides, its anterior margin transverse ; frontal area not clearly
defined, clypeal and antennal hollows confluent ; antennal carinae
wide apart, rather short, parallel ; antennae 12-jointed, somewhat
short, the scape stout, the flagellum gradually thickened to the
apex ; eyes small, ocelli absent ; head massive, square, deeply
emarginate posteriorly. Thorax short, stout, not so broad as
the head, the pronotum rounded, convex ; viewed from above
the mesonotum is circular, the metanotum obliquely truncate, the
basal portion much shorter than the oblique apical portion ;
thoracic sutures distinct ; legs moderately long and stout. Node
of the pedicel quadrangular, slightly emarginate above, posteriorly
fitting into a hollow in the abdomen ; abdomen short, broad and
convex, somewhat gibbous in front.

$ min. Much smaller, very similar ; mandibles with the masti-
catory margin more oblique; clypeus convex, anteriorly transverse ;
clypeal and antennal hollows not so clearly confluent as in the

TOL. II. 7'

338 FOEMICIJD.E.

g maj. ; antennae proportionately more slender and longer, the
scape extending a little beyond the top of the head.

$ . Head not so broad as the thorax ; eyes much larger than in
the $ ; ocelli present ; antenna 12-jointed, proportionately longer
than in the £ maj. Thorax and abdomen massive. Node of the
pedicel very low, sunk between the thorax and abdomen. Wings
long, rather narrow ; fore wing with one very large cubital and
one marginal cell ; discoidal cell obsolete.

387. Pseudolasius familiaris, Smith (Formica), Jour. Linn. Soc. v
(1861), p. 68, $.

$ maj. Reddish yellow to creamy buff, shaded with reddish
brown, abdomen almost entirely reddish brown ; head, thorax and
abdomen very minutely but closely reticulate-punctate, and covered
copiously with minute piligerous tubercles, the hairs fairly long,

Fig. 101. — Pseudolasius familiaris. <£ niaj. a. Head.

erect, and glistening yellow: pubescence tine, short and silky,
very dense on the abdomen, giving it in certain lights a striate
appearance. For the rest the generic characters.

£ min. Similar, smaller, with proportionately longer antennae,
and lighter, paler in colour.

$ . Varying from reddish yellow to reddish brown ; wings
hyaline, with a silky pubescent appearance, nervures brown.
Pilosity and pubescence as in the g maj.

Length, $ maj. 6-7 ; £ min. 3-5-4 ; $ 7-8 mm.

Hob. Sikhim at 4000 ft. (Holler); Burma, the Karen Hills and
Shan pkteau from 3000 to 6000 ft. (Pea $ Craddock).

Genus LASIUS.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), p. 580.
Lasius, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 415.

Type, L. niger, Linn., from Europe ; a widespread Palasarctic
and Nearctic species.

Range. Temperate zones of both hemispheres.

£ . Mandibles short, elongate, triangular, masticatory margin
dentate and somewhat oblique, the apical tooth long, curved and
acute; clypeus trapezitorm, convex from side to side (in the

LA8IU8. 339

Indian species more or less medially vertically carinate), its
anterior margin rounded, posterior margin distinct ; frontal area
not distinctly limited, about twice as broad as high ; antennal
carinse short, wide apart, parallel and vertical ; antennae 12-jointed,
originating close to the hinder margin of the clypeus ; eyes of
moderate size ; ocelli present, but not distinct, very small.
Thorax : the pronotum rather short, strongly rounded, the meso-
notum broad, convex; metanotuin short, the basal level portion
about half the length of the obliquely sloping flat apical portion ;
the pro-mesonotal suture very distinct ; the thorax at the meso-
metanotal suture deeply emarginate ; legs somewhat short and
stout, claws simple. Pedicel with a small quadrangular, more or
less laminate node ; abdomen massive, broadly oval, not produced
in front or overhanging the pedicel.

§ . Head and pedicel as in the $ 5 ocelli larger and more
distinct. Tborax very massive, the pronotum short, vertical, not
forming part of the dorsum ; mesonotum very large, convex ;
scutellum broad, somewhat flat ; metanotuin short, rounded
posteriorly ; abdomen large, oval.

" c? . Mandibles broad, the masticatory margin acute, with
only one apical tooth, or the whole masticatory margin dentate.
Antennae 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, the joints nearly equal
in length, the 1st joint thicker than the others. Antennal carinae
short, diverging posteriorly. Genitalia very small on the under
side of the abdomen, covered by the tectiforrn dorsum of the apical
abdominal segments. The exterior genital plates narrowing to-
wards the apex, twice as long as at the base, broad, and the
rounded apical plate crescentic. Ventral plate not emarginate."
(Jfayr.)

Key to the Socles.

a. Front of the head with a medial, longitudinal,

impressed line or furrow.

«'. Joints 2-10 of the flagellum of the

antennae longer than they are broad .... L. himulayanug, p. 340

//. Joints 2-10 of the flagel'lum of the an-
tennae as broad as they are long, or [p. 340.
broader L. (ilieno-brunMiu,

b. Front of the head with a medial, longitudinal

delicate carina : • • L. alieno-flaciu, p. 341 .

-c. Front of the head without any medial longi-
tudinal furrow or carina.
a. Of comparatively large size. Length
4-5-5 mm. Dark castaueous brown to

jet-black L. f uliginose, p. 341.

b1. Smaller. Length 2-5-3'3 mm. Light

reddish brown L. aliens, p. 342.

388. Lasius crinitus, Smith (Formica), Cat. vi(18»8),p. 13, $; Fore
Jour. Bomb. JY. H. Soc. viii (1*94), p. 405, $.

$ . Ochruceous clay-colour all over, finely and closely reticulate-

340 FORMICIDJE.

punctate ; the posterior margin of the pronotum, the scutellum,
postscutellum, node of the pedicel above, base and sides of the
abdomen and the dorsal surface of the apical four segments covered
with remarkably long pale yellow hair, erect, curled and tufted on
the pronotum, scutellum and node of the pedicel, and recumbent
on the abdomen. Head without the mandibles square, remarkably
broad and transverse across the occiput. Thorax narrower than
the head, oval, moderately massive, the pronotum vertical, forming
no part of the dorsum ; the mesonotum large, slightly convex ;
the metanotum rounded with a moderate slope to the apex. Node
of the pedicel laminate, broadly oval ; abdomen oval, massive, very
convex above.

Length^ § 8'5 mm.

Hiib. Recorded so far only from Kashmir.

Described from the type (a $ ) in the British Museum. The $
and 3 are unknown, hence this species Thas not been entered in
the key to the species.

389. Lasius himalayanus, Fur el.

Lasius niger, Linn., race brunneus, Latr., var. himalayanus, Forel,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 404, $ .

£ . Dark reddish brown, with an extremely minute silky pubes-
cence giving the insect a shiny glabrous appearance ; the mandibles,
clypeus, anterior half of the cheeks, antennae and legs yellowish
brown ; pilosity almost entirely wanting, represented only by a
few scattered, very short, erect pale hairs. Head much wider
posteriorly than in front, broad and transverse across the occiput ;
mandibles stout, subtriangular, pruinose ; the masticatory margin
minutely dentate, the apical tooth not long or curved ; clypeus
proportionately large, convex and distinctly medially carinate ;
antennae somewhat short, the scape barely extending beyond the
top of the head. Thorax short and stout, the basal portion of the
metanotum flat, very short, only about one-quarter the length of
the obliquely truncate apical portion, which is broad and flat.
Node of the pedicel low, slightly convex anteriorly ; abdomen very
large and massive, strongly convex above.

Length, $ 3-3-5 mm.

Hal. N.W. Himalayas, 6000 to 9000 ft.

Dr. Forel considers this and the succeeding species mere
varieties of the European L. brunnetts, Latr. ; but L. himalayanus
seems to me a much more stoutly built insect with a shorter-
broader metanotum than Latreille's species, while both L. himalay-
anus and L. alieno-brunneus can be distinguished from that species
at a glance by the longitudinal furrow on the front of the head.

390. Lasius alieno-brunneus, Forel.

Lasius niger, Linn., race brunneus, Latr., var. alieno-brunneus.
Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 404, g .

$ . Closely resembles L. himalayanus, Forel, but is a distinctly

LASIUS. 341

smaller, paler insect, and very much more densely pubescent ; the
pubescence longish, very distinct on the head and abdomen. Head
without the mandibles nearly square, not much broader posteriorly
than in front; mandibles subtriangular, the apical tooth long,
curved and acute; clypeus less distinctly carinate, and antennae
proportionately shorter than in L. himaldyanus. Thorax narrower
than in L. himalayanus, and the basal portion of the metanotum
rounded, not flat above. Xode of the pedicel and abdomen as in
the above species.

Length^ £ 2—3 mm.

Hob. N.W. Himalayas, 6000-9000 feet.

It is just possible that this species is the V of L. crinitus,
Smith.

391. Lasius alieno-flavus (Ford, MS.), n. sp.

$ . Head, including the mandibles, reddish yellow ; antennae,
thorax, legs and abdomen paler dull yellow ; head, thorax and
abdomen covered with dense fine silky white pubescence, giving
the insect a slightly silvery look. Head quadrangular, slightly
longer than broad, the cheeks straight, occiput transverse ; man-
dibles subtriangular, the masticatory margin oblique, acutely
dentate, the apical tooth long and curved ; clypeus proportionately
large, convex, very distinctly carinate ; antennae short, the scape
not reaching beyond the top of the head, the joints 2-10 of the
tiagelluin as broad as long. Thorax somewhat narrow, basal
portion of the metanotum very short, rounded above. Node of
the pedicel broader proportionately than in L. Jiimalayanus ;
abdomen not so large or massive.

$ . Much larger, dark brown, pruinose ; shape of head, man-
dibles and antennae as in the £ ; front of the head between the
antennae delicately longitudinally carinate as in the g 5 clypeus
broad, convex, not carinate, transverse anteriorly. Thorax and
abdomen large and remarkably massive ; node of the pedicel
broad, emarginate above. Wings wanting.

Length, Q 2'5-3 ; $ 6-5 mm.

Hob. Himalayas, above 8000 feet.

Specimens in Mr. Wroughton's collection have been named as
above, I believe, by Dr. Forel, but I do not know of any published
description.

392. Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. (Formica), Ess. Hist. Fourm. France,

1798, p. 36, £ £rf.

$ . Dark chestnut-red to black, the mandibles, antennae and
legs yellowish brown. Head, thorax and abdomen very smooth
and shining, devoid of pubescence, but with very short and very
sparsely scattered erect hairs. Head subtriangular, very convex
in front, much broader posteriorly than in front, the occiput
slightly but distinctly emarginate ; mandibles short, powerful,
masticatory margin oblique, minutely dentate; clypeus higher

342 FOBMICIDA'.

than broad, convex and medially vertically carinate; antennae
rather short, the scape barely extending beyond the top of the
nead. Thorax short, stout, convex above, mesonotum slightly

Fig. 102.— Lasiusfiiliyinos/is, $. a. Head.

gibbous ; metaootum broad posteriorly, its apical face flat. Node
of the pedicel subquadrate, broad above, the upper margin gently
rounded ; abdomen proportionately shorter and less massive.

Length, £ 4-5-5 mm.

Hob. Recorded from Thana, in Western India. Occurs also in
Europe.

The largest among Indian species.

393. Lasius alienus, Forster (Formica), Hym. Stud, i (1850), p. 30,
£ d ; f'orel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 404.

£ . Eeddish brown to dark brown, antenna? and legs yellowish
brown, thorax light clear brown. All Himalayan specimens differ
from the European form in being densely pubescent. Head with-
out the mandibles quadrangular, the sides straight, the occiput
transverse, as broad as the head in front ; mandibles somewhat
long, subtriangular, the masticatory margin oblique, dentate;
clypeus as high as broad, convex ; antennae rather long, the scape
extending beyond the top of the head by about one-quarter of its
length. Thorax short and broad as in L. himalayanus, the
posterior face of the metanotum particularly broad. Node of the
pedicel and abdomen as in L. Jrimalayamis.

Length, g 2'5-3'3 mm.

Hob. N.W. Himalayas to 9000 ft. Of wide range, occurring in
Europe and also in America.

Genus COLOBOPSIS.

Formica, pt., Spinola, Ins. Li;/, ii (1808), p. 244, ? .
Colobopsis, Mayr, Eur. Formicid. 1861, p. 38, £ 5 .

Type, C. truncata, Spin., from Europe,

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ maj. Characters those of Camponotus, with the following
differences : — Head more or less cylindrical, anteriorly obliquely
and rather sharply truncate from 'just beyond the base of the
clypeus, so that the anterior portion of it is bent downwards at an
angle : mandibles linear or subtriangular, with the masticatory
margin strongly toothed. Thorax somewhat depressed, cylindrical ;
legs stout, short, coxae and femora generally broad and massive.

COLOBOPSIfc.

343

Node of the pedicel thick, oval, sometimes transverse ; abdomen
short, broad, oval.

$ min. Similar to the $ maj. in the shape of the thorax and
abdomen, but the anterior portion of the head is only bent down
at an obtuse angle, scarcely truncate.

$ . Similar to the £ maj. in the shape of the head, but the
thorax and abdomen are, as usual in all ants, more massive.

The species of Colobopsis, though widely diffused in India,
Burma, and Ceylon, are nowhere very plentiful. One species,
C. pubescens, lives in hollows of trees, and the £ min. on being
touched emits an acrid milky juice.

Key to the Species.

A

Colour black, or black and red.

a. Head, thorax and abdomen entirely black.
«'. Covered with a thin grey pubescence ....
b'. Covered with a dense yellow pubescence .

b. Head £ maj. black, anteriorly red, of $ min.

entirely black ; thorax and abdomen black.
a'. With a yellow spot on each side of base

of abdomen

b'. Without a yellow spot, abdomen entirely

black ,

c. Head, thorax, legs and node of pedicel

yellowish brown

B. Colour entirely brownish red

C. Colour entirely testaceous yellow

C. stricta, p. 343.
C. pubescent, p. 344.

C. cotesi, p. 345.

C. anyustata, p. 345.

C. rothneyi, p. 346.
C. saundersi, p. 348.
C. testacea, p. 347.

394. Colobopsis stricta, Jerd. (Formica), Madr. Jour. L. 8f S. xvii
(1851), p. 128, £ ; Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 16, $ $;
Foref, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1893), p. 438.

£ maj. Black with a few scattered
erect brown hairs, and a soft thin
greyish pile chiefly visible on the
abdomen ; antennae, thorax and legs
very dark castaneous brown, almost,
but not quite, black. Head very
large and massive, a little narrower
in front than across the vertex,
the anterior truncated portion
of the head depressed, the basal
portion of the clypeus being thus
bent downwards and inwards; the
cheeks on either side of the depressed
portion acutely ridged and coarsely
obliquely striate ; the lower portion
of the head above truncation lon-
gitudinally striate. Thorax narrow,
a shallow transverse, rather broad
«. n«au. sulcus marking the meso-metanotal

suture ; basal portion of metauotum rounded above and posteriorly,

Fig. 103,—CblobotHUiMcta, <J>.
a. Head.

344

FOBM1CID.T.

apical portion obliquely truncate ; legs stout, posterior tibiae very
slightly compressed. Node of pedicel bluntly conical ; abdomen
narrow, elongate.

£ min. Similar, smaller ; head com-
paratively broader and not so cylin-
drical, anteriorly more obtuse than
truncate ; head and thorax more
pubescent.

$ . Similar to the £ maj. ; head
not so large or so sharply truncate ;
truncated portion not so depressed.

Length, $ maj. 11—12; £ min. 9-
9-5 ; $ 12-5 mm.
Hob. Malabar (Jerdon) ; Burma ; extending to Borneo.
It is with some doubt that I have described as C. stricta
specimens of a Colobopsis in the British Museum Collection from
India, Burma, and Borneo, labelled as such by the late Mr. F.
Smith. Jerdon's original description is quite inadequate for
certain identification ; he gives the metanotum as bidentate
posteriorly (" post-thorax in the form of a rounded narrow plat-
form ending in two points "). None of the specimens in the British
Museum labelled C. stricta have the metanotum bidentate, other-
wise, however, they answer very well to Jerdon's description so
far as this goes.

Fig. 104. — Colobopsis stricta,

Coloh

395. Colobopsis pubescens, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii
(1862), p. 691, $ $; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),

p. 435 & 437, $ .

obopsis leonardi, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 515, g .

$ maj. Resembles £ maj. of C. stricta, Jerd. : differs in being
somewhat smaller, densely pubescent, and in the thorax not being
emarginate at the meso - metanotal
suture. Black, covered with a thick
yellowish rusty pubescence which en-
tirely bides the sculpture. Head very
large, cylindrical, comparatively very
convex above, the posterior margin of
the truncated portion coarsely longi-
tudinally striate, the surface of the
truncation wrinkled and with a medial
vertical carina on the clypeus. Thorax
cylindrical, not sloping or emarginate ;
legs stout, short; femora and tibi»
compressed ; abdomen massive.
$ min. Differs only in being slighter and smaller and having
the head obtuse anteriorly, scarcely truncate. Forms intermediate
between $ min. and $ maj. exist.

$ . Eesembles the $ maj. but is not so pubescent, and, as in

Fig. 105. — Colobopsis pubescens.
Head of £ min.

COLOBOPSIS. 345

all $s of the Formicidce, has the thorax and abdomen more
massive.

Length, $ maj. 10-11 ; $ min. 6-8; $ 13 mm.

#a&. Burma ; Tenasserim (Fea, Binrjham).

• 396. Colobopsis cotesi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1893),
p. 438, £ mm,

£ wio/. Black, shining, with very sparse short erect black
pubescence ; the truncated front of the bead, including the base
of the clypeus, the scape and flagellum of the antenna;, and the
front of the mandibles reddish chestnut,
the legs dark brownish chestnut ; two
spots at the base of the abdomen, a line
along the base of the 2nd abdominal
segment and two lateral spots at the
base of the 3rd segment testaceous yellow.
Head very massive anteriorly, above
Fig. 106. coarsely rugose. Thorax comparatively

C<rtobopsh cotesi. broad, widely emarginate at the meso-
d 9 maJ- metanotal suture ; inetanotum raised,

rounded, somewhat conical; legs stout,

short, femora aud tibiae especially of the anterior legs broad,
strongly compressed. Node of pedicel transverse, notched above ;
abdomen massive, broadly oval.

£ min. Similar, smaller and slighter ; head obtuse anteriorly ;
inetanotum truncate posteriorly. Node of pedicel longer than
broad, very convex in front, flat posteriorly.
Length, £ maj. 8 ; £ min. 4*5-6 mm.
Hab. The Garo Hills, Assam (Long}.

397. Colobopsis angnstata, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Witn, xx
(1870), p. 942, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1896).
pp. 435 & 436, $ 5 .

$ . Black, smooth and shining ; the anterior portion of the
head, the pro- and mesothorax, the anterior portion of the scu-
tellum, and the legs reddish brown. Head shorter proportionately
and the front truncated portion more obtuse than in the $ of any
other Indian species known to me ; mandibles broad, subtriangular ;
clypeus rectangular, the base beginning just at the margin of the
truncation ; a medial longitudinally impressed line on the front
carried on to the base of the clypeus. Thorax with the pronotum
depressed, the mesonotum elongate ; scutellum triangular, com-
pressed, and metanotum rounded posteriorly ; legs short, robust.
Node of the pedicel transverse ; abdomen oval, elongate and
massive.

" $ m(tj- The part of the clypeus situated in the truncated
portion is strongly constricted from back to front, and is raised
above the sides of the clypeus ; no medial carina. Thorax of the
5 min. and of the 5 ( I/ ) maj. with a deep meso-inetathoracic

346 FOEMICID^E.

suture. The truncation of the clypeus slight, not submargined."
(Forel.)

Length, $ 10 mm.

Hal). Bengal, Barrackpore (Eothney}, probably extending through
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim to the Malay peninsula and islands.
From Singapore var. siggii, Forel, has been described. Of C. an-
gustata I have only seen the 5. The £ maj. and $ min. are
unknown to me.

398. Colobopsis rothneyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1893),

p. 435, $.

$ maj. Short, broad, with the head comparatively very massive
and large. Head and thorax testaceous brown ; abdomen black,
shining, the posterior margins of the segments yellowish white.
Head cylindrical, the truncated portion concave ; clypeus medially
vertically carinate, the front behind the margin of the truncation
coarsely reticulate-punctate. Thorax broad, comparatively broader
than in the other Indian species ; pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures distinct, the thorax not emarginate at the latter. Node
of pedicel transverse ; abdomen massive.

$ . Larger relatively to the g maj. than in other Indian
species ; head more elongate than in the $ maj. ; metanotum
more convex.

£ min. Unknown to me.

Length, £ maj. 4 ; $ 7 mm.

Hab. Bengal, Orissa (Taylor), Barrackpore (Roihney}.

This species closely resembles C. truncata, Spinola, of Europe.
The type is in Mr. Rothney's collection.

399. Colobopsis saundersi, Emery, Aim. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),

p. 516, § ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1893), pp. 435 &
438,$$.

$ min. Bed, the legs and a subapical transverse line on the
margins of the abdominal segments fuscous; pubescence very
short and sparse, mixed with a few
erect pale hairs on the front of the
head and at the apex of the abdomen.
Head anteriorly subtruncate ; mandibles
rather narrow, clypeus with a distinct
but not prominent medial vertical
Fie 10" ^*^~~^ carina ; antennal carinse short, wide
Colof/opsis saundersi, £ min. apart. Thorax viewed from the side
Head and thorax. with a shallow wide sulcation in the

middle, obliquely truncate posteriorly ;

legs of moderate length, fairly densely clothed with short oblique
whitish hairs. Node of pedicel low, conical, convex anteriorly, some-
what flat posteriorly ; abdomen oval, about as long as the thorax.
£ mfij. The head is greatly enlarged in front, strongly trun-
cated and with a very acute margin, which is also the case with

COLOBOPS1S. — CAMPONOTUS. 347

the £ , just as it is with the $ and $ of C. jmbescens, but in the
latter species the margin of the truncated portion is less raised
and more obtuse." (fbrel.)

Length, $ 5-6 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma, Pegu Toma (Allan) • Tenasserim (Fea) •
Sumatra.

£ maj. and 5 ar© unknown to me.

400. Colobopsis testacea, n. sp.

£. Pale testaceous yellow, with only a few scattered erect
pale yellow hairs. Head cylindrical, the anterior truncated
portion deeply depressed and very closely set with shallow punc-
tures ; clypeus medially vertically carinate, the portion of the
cheeks forming the lateral rims of the depressed truncation
carinate along the edge; head wider anteriorly than at the
occiput, this latter rounded posteriorly. Thorax as in C. stricta $> ;
legs short, the femora and tibiae compressed, anterior femora
remarkably broad. Node of pedicel thick, transverse above ;
abdomen elongate, massive.

Length, $ 7 ; evp. about 13 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Thwaites : Hope Mus. Oxford, type).

$ maj. and £ min. unknown.

Genus CAMPONOTUS.

Formica, pt., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i (17G6), p. 962: Smith, Cat.

vi (1858), p. 1.
Camponotus, Mayr, Eur. Form. 1861, p. 35.

Type, C. ligniperdus, Latr., from Europe.

liange. Both hemispheres.

$ . Mandibles triangular or subtriangular, with broad toothed
masticatory margins ; maxillary palpi 0-, labial pnlpi 4-jointed ;
clypeus trapeziform, not extending to the outer border of the
cheeks ; antennal carinae sinuate, somewhat S-shaped, rising from
the posterior border of the clypeus ; antennal and clypeal hollows
separate ; antenna? 12-jointed, filiform, originating remote from
the posterior border of the clypeus ; frontal area small, broader
than long ; eyes moderately large, placed above the middle line of
the head ; ocelli absent.

Thorax anteriorly broad, posteriorly more or less compressed ;
pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures generally distinct. The
form of the thorax varies much among Indian species of this
genus, but four fairly distinct types occur : (a) pro-, meso- and
metanotum forming a regular arch ; (6) pro-, meso- and ineta-
notum forming an arch, but the last more or less truncate at
apex ; (c) pro- and mesonotura arched, metnnotuin gibbous, raised
out of the line of the curve ; (d) pro- and mesonotum arched,
meso-metanotal suture emarginate, metnnotum very strongly
laterally compressed, the sides vertical, the basal portion above

348

horizontal, the apex sharply truncate and more or less concave.
Pedicel 1-jointed, surmounted by a scale or node ; abdomen more
or less oval, the basal segment not forming half its length.

$ . Head and pedicel as in the £ . Ocelli present. Thorax
more massive ; prothorax short, its posterior margin arched ;
posterior lateral angles reaching back to the base of the wings ;
mesonotum and scutellum long, raised and gibbous ; metanotum
depressed below the level of the scutellum. Abdomen longer and
more massive. Fore wing with one marginal and one cubital cell.

d1 . Mandibles narrower than in the £ ; antennae 13-jointed ;
ocelli and eyes large and prominent. Thorax as in the $ , but
more massive in proportion. Node of pedicel thicker ; abdomen
proportionately slightly more elongate ; external genitalia very

This widely spread genus has the £ dimorphous, often poly-
morphous. In some species the £ major has a remarkably broad
massive head and strong mandibles.

Key to the Species.

A. Thorax viewed from side forming a

regular arch.
«. Pubescence on sides of head and

beneath long, forming a beard

b. Pubescence on sides of bead and beneath

short, not forming a beard.
a'. Head, tborax and abdomen black.
«'J. Tibiae of the legs prismatic.

a3. Tibiae without spines beneath . .
b3. Tibiae of the legs with spines

beneath.
«'. Abdomen covered with long

recumbent yellowish hair
I4. Abdomen covered with sparse

erect hairs.

«3. £ maj. Length 11-16 mm.
£ min. with head poste-
riorly narrow but not con-
stricted to form a collar . .
i5. £ maj. Length 17-21 mm.
£ min. with the head poste-
riorly constricted so as to

form a collar

b-. Tibiae of the legs compressed but

not prismatic.

«3. Abdomen with a fine thin seri-
ceous pubescence.
fl4. Length ty maj. under 7 mm. ;

pubescence grey

6*. Length £ maj. over 9 mm.;
pubescence yellowish

Fig. 108.— Outline thorax:
C. compressus.

C. barbatus, p. 362.

C. lamarcki, p. 365.
C. japonicus, p. 370.

C. compressus, p. 351.
C. angusticollis, p. 366.

C. linghami, p. 367.
C. parta, p. 364.

CAMPONOTUS. 349

b3. Abdomen more or less opaque,
without any tine sericeous
pubescence.

a4. Hind tibiae spinose beneath . . C. dolendus, p. 364.
6*. Hind tibiae without spines be-
neath C. crassisyiiamis, p. 368.

b' . Head, thorax and abdomen entirely

pale yellow C. invidus. p. 367.

c. Head, thorax and abdomen never all

black or all yellow.
«2. Scape of antennse flat.

a3. Basal joint of tarsi broad and

flat C. mistura, p. 360.

b3. Basal joint of tarsi narrow,

slightly depressed C.fornaronis, p. 360.

b-. Scape of antennae cylindrical.

a3. Abdomen with dense silky

pubescence.
a4. Clypeus with a distinct medial

lobe produced anteriorly .... C. rufoglaucus, p. 363.
/A Clypeus without a medial lobe,

its anterior margin transverse. C. menda.r, p. 370.
b3. Abdomen without, or with only
very thin, sparse recumbent
pubescence.
«l. Tibiee cylindrical.
a5. Tibiae covered with long

erect hairs C'. buddha?, p. 359.

6'. Tibiae covered with very
widely spaced, adpressed
hairs.

a6. With a few spines on
apical third of tibise

beneath C. oblonyus, p. 358.

b6. Without spines on tibiae.
a~. Medial lobe of clypeus
with its anterior margin

rounded C. wrouyhloni, p. 3/ 2.

b~. Medial lobe of clypeus
with its anterior margin
transverse.
as. $ maj. under 8, $ min.

under 6 mm C. fay/on, p. «io«i.

6s. ^ maj. over 8, $ min.

over 6 mm.
a9. £ maj. with 7, $

min. with 6 teeth . C. infuscus, p. 354.
b". $ maj. with 6, $

min. with 5 teeth . C. vaneffatm, p. 359.
/>*. Tibiae compressed.
a''. Tibise spined beneath.

a8. Head, thorax and abdomen

castaneous red.
a'. £ mm. over 15, $ min.

over 10 mm C.festmus, p. 36l>.

b~. $ maj. not over S, gflMM.

5-6 mm C. airoyans, p. 35/ .

350

FOEMICIDJE.

b6. Head and abdomen black
or dark castaneous red ;
thorax yellow, wholly or
in part.

a'. Medial lobe of clypeus
long rectangular ; the
lateral angles acute.
a8. Head much broader pos-
teriorly than in front. .
i8. Head only as broad pos-
teriorly as in front . .
b7. Medial lobe of clypeus
short, not much pro-
duced ; the lateral

angles rounded

b5. Tibia? without spines be-
neath.
a6. Head, thorax and abdomen

finely rugulose opaque.
«". Castaneous brown ....
b". K eddish yellow, apex of

abdomen darker

bK. Head, thorax and abdo-
men sparsely punctured,
shining, not opaque,
a". Plead, thorax and abdo-
men dark castaneous
brown.

a6. Pronotum longer than
mesonotum, strongly
constricted, anteriorly

forming a neck

ba. Pronotum about equal
in length to meso-
notum, only slightly
constricted, in front
not forming a distinct

neck

b~. Head and abdomen fus-
cous brown or black (in
$ min. head sometimes
yellow) ; thorax honey-
yellow.

a8. Distance between the
antennal carinae equal
to distance between
eyes and antennal

carinse

b8. Distance between an-
tennal carinae dis-
tinctly greater than
between eyes and
antennal carinae ....

B. Regular arch of the thorax interrupted by

the apex of the metanotum being truncate.

a. Mandibles toothed at apex and also on

inner margin

C. dichrous, p. 356.
C. basalis, p. 352.

C. iirttans, p. 353.

C. badius, p. 358.

C. nicobarensi*, p. 364.

C. carin, p. 365.

C. thruso, p. 356.

C. mitts, p. 355.

C. pallidits, p. 357.
C. giyas, p. 369.

CAMPONOTUS. :jol

b. Mandibles toothed only at apex.

«'. Clypeus anteriorly* emarginate in the

middle C. maiyiiiutiu, p. 309.

//. Clvpeus not emarginate.

a?. Scape of antenna flattened C. radiatus, p. 371.

b~. Scape of anteunte cylindrical.

a3. Length £ maj. over 12, $ min.

over 5 mm C. siemsseni, p. 3U1.

b3. Length $ maj. under 7, $ min.

under 5 mm.
a*. Head, thorax and abdomen

reddish brown C. reticulatus, p. 372.

b1. Head and thorax black, ab-
domen castaneous C. yerburyi, p. 372.

C. Regular arch of the thorax interrupted bv

the metunotum being raised, rounded
above and gibbous.

a. Anterior lateral angles of prouotum

dentate or subdentate.
a'. Abdomen with dense, recumbent,

sericeous golden pile hiding the

sculpture C. auriventris, p. 374.

b'. Abdomen without recumbent pile, the

sculpture plainly visible C. wasmanni, p. 375.

b. Anterior lateral angles of pronotum

rounded, not dentate.
a'. Length over 9 mm.

a'2. Thorax posteriorly and node of

pedicel coarsely punctured, cribrate. C. holosen'ceiis, p. 374.
b2. Thorax posteriorly and node of
pedicel tineh' reticulate - punctate,

rugulose C. camdinus, p. ->73.

b'. Length under 9 mm C. confucii, p. 375.

D. Regular arch of the thorax interrupted at

the meso-metanotal suture by the meta-
notum forming an angle with the meso-
notum ; basal portion of metanotuui
horizontal, flat or slightly concave ; apical
portion excavate.

a. Tibiae of legs spinous beneath.

a. Length 0-10 mm.; node of pedicel

thick, globose C. scricetw, p. 370.

£'. Length 3-4 mm. ; node of pedicel

broader than long, somewhat flat . . C. variant, p. 377.

b. Tibi.B of legs not spinous beneath C. nirvantc*, p. 377.

401. Camponotus compressus, Fabr. (Formica), Mant. Ins. i (1787),

p. 307, $ ; Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 13, £ rf.
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., race compressus (Fabr.), Furtl,Jottr.
Bomb. X. H. Soc. vii i!892), pp. 229 & 240. .

$ maj. Black, opaque, very finely and densely reticulate-

* C. luteus and C. grette, p. 379, are omitted from this key, the workers

being unknown.

352 FORMICID.E.

punctate, the pedicel and base of abdomen sometimes shining,
the posterior margins of the abdominal segments narrowly
testaceous, mandibles, flagellum of the antennae and legs cas-
taneous brown or red, rarely black ; pubescence sparse, erect,
often wanting on the head and thorax. Head triangular, very

Fig. 109. — Cainponotus compressus, £ maj. a. Head.

broad posteriorly, lateral occipital angles prominent ; mandibles
with 7 teeth ; clypeus medially vertically carinate, the middle
portion anteriorly rectangularly produced into a lobe ; scape of
antennae cylindrical ; eyes comparatively small, frontal rather
than lateral. Thorax narrower than the head, anteriorly pro-
duced into a collar ; legs long, tibiae compressed prism-shaped.
Node of pedicel oval, transverse, convex in front, flat posteriorly ;
abdomen comparatively broad and massive.

£ min. Similar, smaller and more slender ; head elongate, pro-
duced and narrowed posteriorly, the sides of the head straight not
convex ; mandibles with 5 teeth.

$ . Eesembles the £ ma/., but the head is not so large in
proportion, and its lateral occipital angles not so prominent ;
mesonotum gibbous in front, flat or very lightly convex above.

cJ . Somewhat similar to the § ; head very small, subtriangular,
mesonotum and scutellum gibbous ; node of the pedicel bituber-
culate above.

Length, % maj. 11-16 ; $ min. 6-8 ; $ 14-18 ; rf 10-13 mm.

Hob. India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, ascending up to 7000 ft.,
perhaps higher ; extending through Eussia and Arabia into Africa,
and on the east to the Malayan subregion.

This species is plentiful where it occurs, but in Burma certainly
it is locally distributed. Interesting accounts of its habits are
given by Mr. Eothney (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 347-350)
and by Mr. Wroughton (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
p. 30). It is one of the ants noted for tending and keeping
" ant-cattle."

402. Camponotus basalis, Smith, 2nd Yark. Miss., Hum. 1878, p. 9,

pi. fig. 1, $.

Camponotus rnaculatus, Fair., race lobinieri. Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Bekje, xlvi (1902), p. 287.

$ maj. Head and abdomen fuscous brown or black, antenna,
thorax, legs and node of pedicel reddish yellow ; abdomen in front
with a large reddish-yellow stain, the posterior margins of the

CAMPONOTITS. 353

abdominal segments yellowish. Head, thorax and abdomen finely,
very closely rugulose, subopaque. Head without the mandibles seen
from the front long, narrow, somewhat rectangular, but with the
angles rounded, as broad posteriorly as in front ; mandibles
broadly triangular, armed with 6-7 teeth ; clypeus broadly pro-
duced in the middle into a lobe, convex in the middle, concave at
the sides, and with a distinct medial carina ; antennal carinae long
and divergent posteriorly, antennae long, the scape passing the
top of the head by about one-third of its length. Thorax long
and narrow in profile, forming a single curve above ; legs long,
slender, the pubescence on the tibiae close and recumbent. Node
of pedicel as in C. mit-is; abdomen long and narrowly oval.

£ min. Closely resembles the £ maj., with similar coloration,
pilosity, and sculpture, but the head is proportionately smaller,
the antennae more slender and longer, the scape extending by
about half its length beyond the top of the head, while the thorax
is narrower and not so strongly arched.

Length, $ vnaj- 8; $ min. 0*5 -j $ 11 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Kashmir (2nd Yark. Miss. Coll.
<Sf Lobiuiere).

403. Camponotus irritans, Smith (Formica), Proc. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 55, 9 : id. Cat. vi (1858), p. 25, $ .

Camponotus agnatus, Roger, Berlin, ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 137, £ .
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., race irritans (Smit/i), Forel, Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 230 & 242, $ .
$ maj. Head and abdomen shining, dark castaneous brown
flagelluni of the antenna, thorax, pedicel and legs honey-yellow ;
the front and vertex of the head, but not the cheeks, the thorax,
node of pedicel and abdomen above, with sparse erect pubescence,
head, thorax and abdomen extremely lightly and finely reticulate-
punctate but not opaque. Head subtriangular, very convex in
front ; mandibles with 7 teeth ; clypeus tectiform, raised along the
medial carina ; median lobe extremely short ; antennae and eyes as
in C. compretru*. Thorax proportionately longer, narrower, more
compressed in front : legs covered with a fine, short, oblique
pubescence, tibia? slightly compressed. Node of pedicel narrow,
conical, convex in front, flat posteriorly ; abdomen shorter and
distinctly narrower than the head.

$ min. Similar, slighter, the head concolorous with the thorax,
oval, rounded posteriorly, and only a little wider than the thorax.
Length, $ maj. 8-10 ; $ min. (5-7 mm.

Nab. India, Ceylon (YtrTnmj, Green} ; Malay Peninsula (Ford) ;
Bankok (%«/). I procured C. irritans only at Mergui, in
south of Tenasserim.

404. Camponotus taylori.

Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., race taylon, lorel, Jour. Homh.

N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 229 & 241, $ .
$ maj. Castaneous brown, the mandibles, antennae, thorax and

VOL. II. ^ A

354

legs of a lighter redder brown, minutely and closely reticulate-
punctate, the head and the thorax above with scattered larger
punctures ; pubescence sparse, short, ertct, a little more plentiful
on the front of the head, the cheeks and the abdomen. Head
subt riangular ; mandibles with 7 teeth; clypeus, antenna? and

Fig. 110. — Camponotus tai/luri, £ moj

eyes as in C. compressus, but the median lobe of the clypeus is
very shortly produced. Thorax very broad and short, the pro-
thorax nearly as broad as the head ; legs comparatively short and
stout, covered with a short, not very dense recumbent pubescence;
tibiae cylindrical. Node of the pedicel as in 0. compressus, but not
so 'broad ; abdomen short and broad.

Fig. 111. — Camponotus (ftylori, $ min.

$ min. Similar, more slender, head comparatively longer, nar-
rower, almost rectangular, broadly rounded posteriorly. Node of
pedicel conical ; abdomen narrow.
, Lenr/th, $ maj. 7-8 ; $ min. 5-5*5 mm.

ffab. Distributed throughout India, but local. Eecorded from
the N.W. Himalayas (Smythies) ; Sikhim (MoUer); Oris«a (Taylor};
Poona ; the Nilgiris ( Wroughton) ; Ceylon (Yerlunj} • Burma
(Allan} ; the Shan States (Craddock). The Ceylon form, slightly
darker, with longer legs, and the tarsi and flagellum yellowish, has
been separated by Forel as var. infuscoides. Var. albospaisus,
Forel, is redder in colour, with lateral yellow spots (somewhat
confluent) on the basal two abdominal segments. 1 found this a
common form in the Shan States, and observed a colony once
attending a number of larval Hemiptera.

405. Camponotus infuscus, Forel.

Camponotus maculatus, f'abi:, race infuscus. Forel, Jour. Bomb
N. H. Soc; vii (1892;, pp. 230 & 242, $ .

5 maj. Resembles C. taylori, but is a larger, more stoutly-built
and darker insect. Very dark castaneous brown, almost black ;
mandibles, clypeus, flagellum of the antennae and legs lighter

CAMPONOTUS. 355

brown. Head triangular, lateral occipital angles prominent ;
mandibles and clypeus as in G. taylori, but the median lobe of the
latter considerably longer. Thorax broad; pronotum nearly as
broad as long; legs comparatively short, covered with short,
rather sparse re'cumbent hairs. Node of the pedicel narrowly
oval ; abdomen broad and massive.

£ min. Similar, slighter ; head somewhat rectangular, rounded
above, about the same width as the prothorax ; mandibles with
6 teeth ; antennae, thorax, legs and abdomen all comparatively
longer than in the $ maj.

Length, £ maj. 8-9 ; £ min. 6-7 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Ycrbury) ; Upper Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft.
(Smythies) .

406. Camponotus mitis, Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 20, $ .
Formica ventralis $ & bacclms £, Smith, Cat. vi (18-38), pp. 20

ft 21.
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., race, initis (Smith), Ford, Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 230 & 242, $ .

£ maj. Head, scape of antennae and abdomen opaque dark
fuscous brown ; nagellum of the antennae, thorax and legs yellowish
brown ; pubescence erect, sparse on the head and thorax, more
plentiful on the abdomen, short, fairly close, aud recumbent on
the legs. Head subtriangular, broad posteriorly, the occiput

Fig. 112. — Camponotus initis, $ uiaj.

emarginate ; mandibles, clypeus, antennae and eyes as in C. coni-
pressus. Thorax stout; legs moderately long, femora slightly
compressed, tibia! prism-shaped, longitudinally channeled. Node
of the pedicel a little narrower than in C. compressus ; abdomen
comparatively broad, long and massive.

51 min. Similar, but of a testaceous brown . all over ; head

rectangular, narrow, pos-
teriorly rounded.

$ . Besembles the $ »»«/'•»
but the sides of the head are
more convex, the lateral oc-
cipital angles rounded, the
Fig. U3.—Campottotu* mtii*, $ min. occiput transverse. Node of

Ihe pedicel broader, Hatter,
rounder above ; abdomen very large and massive.
Length, g maj. 8-10 ; $ min. 6-7'5 ; $11-13 mm.

356 FORMICID.E.

Hob. A very variable species, spread in one form or other
throughout our limits, and extending through the Indo-Malayan
region to New Guinea.

Var. baccJius, Smith, is reddish, with the head and abdomen
more or less fuscous.

Var. fuscitliorax, Forel (loc. cit.\ is very dark brown, with the
coxae and base of the femora yellow.

Var. comottoi, Emery (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxiv (1887),
p. 513, $ & <J>), and var. dulcis, Emery (loc. cit. xxvii (1889).
p. 571, £ ), are pale varieties found in Burma ; and lastly, var.
crassinodis, Eorel (loc. cit.), which is not uncommon in Burma and
Tenasserim, is of a very dark chestnut-brown colour, shining, with
longer and somewhat denser erect pilosity, and the node of the
pedicel thick and conical.

407. Camponotus dichrous, Forel.

Camponotus maculatus, Fabi:, race diclirous, Forel, Still. Soc.
Vaud. Sc. Nat. xvi (1879), p. Go ; id. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
vii (1892), p. 432.

$ maj. Head and 3rd and following segments of the abdomen
pitch-black ; flagellum of the antenna?, thorax, legs and basal
two segments of the abdomen yellow, the latter with sometimes
brown markings ; the thorax anteriorly shaded with brown.
Head triangular, the lateral occipital angles very prominent ;
mandibles with 7 teeth ; clypeus carinate, with a median anteriorly
produced rectangular lobe, as in C. compressus. Thorax an-
teriorly narrowed into a collar ; legs long and rather slight, tibia?
compressed and feeblv longitudinally carinate. Node of the
pedicel not so thick as in C. compressus : abdomen oval, not broader
than the head.

£ min. Similar, much smaller and more slender, the head
narrower posteriorly than in front, the occiput compressed.

Length, £ maj. 9-11 ; £ min. 5-6'5 mm.

Hab. The Himalayas to 6000 ft. ( Wood-Mason, Sage 4" Moller).

Forel has described a lighter-coloured and slightly larger variety
as var. kattensis The species resembles C. vwiec/atus, Smith, but
is structurally different.

408. Camponotus thraso, Forel.

Camponotus maculatus. race thraso, Forel. Join: Bomb. N. H. Sec.
vii (1S93J, p. 432, $ .

$ maj. Very dark castaneous, almost black, very minutely re-
ticulate-punctate, shining; pubescence almost absent (or abraded),
reduced to very scanty scattered erect hairs. Head rectangular,
as broad posteriorly as in front : clypeus carinate, with a very
short lobe, its anterior margin transverse : mandibles moderately
broad, the teeth abraded or obsolete ; antennal carinae short,
moderately close together, divergent posteriorly. Thorax some-
what depressed in front, strongly compressed posteriorly ; pro-

CAMPONOTUS. 357

niesonotal suture very distinct, meso-inetauotal indistinct ; legs
short ; tibiae compressed but not prismatic, and destitute of spines
beneath, Node of pedicel biconvex, as long as broad ; abdomen
moderately massive.

£ min. Closely resembles the $ maj., but is slightly lighter
,in colour, with the legs markedly lighter; node of the pedicel
convex in front, flat posteriorly.

Length, £ maj. 6'5-8 ; £ min. 4-6 mm.

Hob. Ceylon ( Yerbury) ; Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. (JBingham);
Taunggyi, Southern Shan States (Thompson).

I am not quite certain whether I have identified this species
correctly. I found a few attending some Aphides on a jungle-
plant at Maymyo and again at Taunggyi.

409. Camponotus arrogans, Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 23, £ .
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., race junctus, Forel, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 231 & 243, $ .

£ maj. Head, node of the pedicel and abdomen very dark
brown or black ; flagellum of the antennae, thorax and legs
brownish red ; head and thorax very finely reticulate-punctvte,
subopaque ; abdomen shining, posterior margins of segments
testaceous. Head proportionately very large and massive, 2*5 mm.
wide at occiput and strikingly wider than the thorax; mandibles
with 7 teeth ; clypeus medially vertically carinate, median lobe as
in C. irritans, very short. Thorax short and narrow ; prothorax
rounded in front, about as broad as long ; legs short and stout,
tibia? cylindrical. Node of pedicel very broadly oval, not very
convex anteriorly ; abdomen short and somewhat narrow. *

$ min. Smaller and more slender, similar in sculpture and
colour ; head oblong oval, narrowed at the occiput. Node of
pedicel proportionately narrower, subacuminate ; abdomen pro-
portionately longer and more massive.

Lenr/th, £ maj. 8—9 ; £ min. 5-6'5 mm.

Hal. Bengal (llothney) ; Burma ; Tenasserim (BinyJiam) ; the
Malay Peninsula (Brit. Mus.).

A forest ant. I have compared specimens of C. maculatus, Fabr.,
race junctus, Forel, in Mr. Kothney's collection, identified and
named by Dr. Forel, with the types of C. arrogant, Smith, in the
British Museum. The t\vo are identical.

410. Camponotus pallidus, Smith (Formica), Proc. Linn. Soc. ii

(1857), p. 57, $; id. Cat. vi (1858), p. 20, $; Fortl, Jour. Bomb.

N. H. Sue. vii (1892), pp. 228 & 239, $ (rar. subnudus, Emery).

Camponotus rubripes, JDrurt/, race subnudus, Emery, Ann. Mu*.

Cw. Gen. xxvii (1889), p. 511, 5 .

^ maj. Mandibles, scape of the antennae and head dark
brownish red, thorax, legs and node of the pedicel testaceous
yellow ; abdomen black ; pubescence sparse, erect, yellowish, only
the legs thickly set with erect yellow hairs. Head widely tri-

358

angular, occiput deeply einarginate ; maudibles with 6 teeth ;
clypeus subcarinate, median lobe rectangularly produced. Thorax
elongate ; legs stout, tibia? subcylindrical. Node of pedicel slightly
convex in front, flat posteriorly, acuminate at apex ; abdomen oval,
somewhat large and massive proportionately.

$ min. Similar, more slender; head rectangular, the sides
parallel, the occiput rounded and narrowed. Thorax more
elongate proportionately. Node of pedicel oval.

Lenr/th, $ maj. 8-9 ; £ min. 5-6 mm.

Hab. Burma (Allan} ; Teriasserirn (Bingham) ; the Malay
Peninsula and islands down to Borneo (Wallace).

Described from the type in the British Museum. Except that
Burmese specimens are slightly larger and darker, there is no
difference, so far as I can see, between Smith's species and the
race or variety submidvs, Emery.

411. CamponotUS badius, Smith (Formica), Proc. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),

p. 54 : id. Cat. vi (1858), p. 22.

$ maj. Head and abdomen black, maudibles, flagellum of the
antennae, thorax and legs reddish brown, shaded with fuscous on
the thorax above and on the tibiae of the legs. Head and thorax
subopaque ; abdomen smooth, shining. Pubescence sparse, erect.
Head a little longer than broad, the sides convex, the occiput very
slightly emarginate; mandibles with 7 teeth; clypeus broad,
tectiform, with a broad median lobe rectangularly produced, its
anterior margin denticulate. Thorax short and massive ; legs
short, the tibiae compressed and longitudinally channeled. Node
of pedicel thick, oval, convex anterioi'ly, flat posteriorly ; abdomen
comparatively broad and massive.

£ min. Similar, more slender ; head similar to that of the £ maj.,
not compressed or rounded posteriorly ; mandibles with 6 teeth ;
clypeus distinctly vertically carinate. Node of pedicel narrower.

Length, $ maj. 7-8 ; £ min. 5-6-5 mm.

Hal. Burma (Bingliam) : Ceylon ; Malacca ; Borneo (Brit.
Mus.}.

Some specimens of the £ min. are entirely dark castaneous
brown aucl subopaque all over.

412. CamponotUS oblongus, Smith (Formica), Cut.\i (1858), p. 21,$;

Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 227, $ .

£ maj. Very dark brown, almost black, with a tint of reddish
on the prothorax in some specimens ; antennae and legs light
reddish yellow ; posterior margins of the abdominal segments
testaceous ; pubescence almost wanting, consisting of onlv a few
scattered erect hairs. Head large, massive, as broad anteriorly as
across the occiput, this latter emarginate, the lateral angles
rounded but prominent ; maudibles with 7 teeth ; clypeus broad,
subtectiform but not carinate ; median lobe short, anteriorly

CAMPONOTUS. 359

transverse. Thorax short, broad and robust ; legs stout, tibiie
cylindrical. Node of pedicel thick, convex in front, flat posteriorly ;
abdomen broad and massive.

£ min. Similar ; much smaller, slighter, and lighter in colour.
Head not narrowed posteriorly ; clypeus more distinctly tectiform ;
mandibles with 6 teeth.

Length, $ maj. 8-9 ; g min. 5-5-6 mm.

Hal. India, Bhutan (Calcutta Mas.}-, Sikhim (Moller}; Assam
(Smythies) ; Burma ; Siam (Bincjham).

413. Camponotus variegatus, Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858),

p. 19, $$.

£ maj. Yellowish red without lustre, head and abdomen f uscous,
flagellum of the antennae and legs paler than thorax ; pubescence
pale yellow, sparse and erect. Head stibtriangular, rather elongate,
the posterior lateral angles not prominent : mandibles with 6 teeth ;
clypeus tectiform, median lobe very short. Thorax narrow, rather
compressed ; legs long, comparatively fine and delicate, tibiae
cylindrical. Node of the pedicel small, remarkably thick, very
convex in front, flat posteriorly ; abdomen broadly oval.

£ min. Similar, smaller and more slender, head and abdomen
only a shade darker than the thorax ; mandibles with 5 teeth.

.9 . Testaceous yellow all over, mandibles red-brown, scape of
the antennae fuscous ; abdomen with the apical margins of the
segments dark brown, giving it a cross-barred appearance. Head,
thorax and abdomen finely and densely reticulate-punctate.

Length, $ maj. 9-10 ; '$> min. 6-7 ; $ 13 mm.

Hal). Ceylon (apud Smith) ; Upper Burma, Ruby Mines District
(Binghani) ; the Shan States (Thompson) ; Maymyo, 3000 ft,
(Si>n/ihies) ; Singapore (apud Smith).

414. Camponotus buddhae, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),

pp. 227 & 238, £ .

" £ media. Head rectangular, with the posterior margin trans-
verse and the posterior angles rounded ; length of scape 1*9 mm.,
of posterior tibia 2mm. Mandibles armed with 6 teeth more or
less worn (obtuse), very finely reticulate-striate, somewhat shining,
profusely punctured, moderately curved on the external margin.
Clypeus'carinate, with a trapeziform anterior lobe, the margin in
front shorter than the margin at base, and furnished with stiff
hairs. Frontal area rather wide. Antennal carintc divergent.

" Thorax moderately arched, wide in front, compressed poste-
riorly. The sloping face of the metanotum not distinct, about as
long as half the basal portion. Node of pedicel narrow, oval, bicon-
vex, thick, with an obtuse margin, which is narrow at the summit.
Tibhe nearly cylindrical (a little compressed) without spines.

" Shining, very finely and feebly rugulose. A superimposed
coarse punctation is spread all over the head, somewhat more
abundant posteriorly than in front. On the thorax and abdomen

30'0 FOB.MICI1XE.

the punctures are smaller, more sparse, and often a little raised
and bearing hairs.

" The whole body, the legs and the scape thickly covered with
erect hairs, acute and yellowish, of very irregular length and
thickness ; the long hairs are mixed with the shorter and finer
ones. On the tibia? and the scape this pilosity is entirely erect
and very abundant. Eecumbent pubescence very thin.

" Of a testaceous yellow. Head, tarsi and scape a little more
reddish yellow. Mandibles reddish. The antenual carina?, extreme
anterior margin of the head, extreme margins of the joints of the
segments of the body and of the legs lightly but distinctly brownish.
On the abdominal segments this brownish transverse line is sub-
apical.

" Length, £ media 6*5 mm.

" Hal. Lahoul, frontier of Tibet." (Forel.) Unknown to me.

415. Camponotus fornaronis, Forel.

Campouotus mistura, race fornaronis, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
vii (1892), pp. 224 & 232, $ maj.

" £ maj. The only $ that I possess differs from typical C.
mistura, not only by its narrow tarsi (not dilated), but bv its more
arched thorax and by its much feebler sculpture ; the thorax and
the posterior angles of the head are somewhat shining and rather
feebly reticulate (opaque or subopaque in typical C. mistura). The
node of the pedicel is thicker and has an obtuse margin (acute in
C. mistura). C. mistura is covered with a distinct though sparse,
rather long recumbent pubescence ; C. fornaronis has only an
extremely short fine indistinct yellow pubescence. The pilosity is
as in C. mistura, but a little scantier, longer, and of a clearer
yellow colour. The scape is somewhat wider and more depressed
even than in C. mistura. Mandibles strongly curved near their apex,
armed with 6 teeth. Head without the mandibles 3'75 mm. long,
3-9 mm. wide. Length of scape 3 mm., of the posterior tibia?
3-2 mm.

' Length, £ maj. 12-13 mm.

" Hob. Continental India." (Forel.) This species is unknown
to me.

410. Camponotus mistura, Smith (Formica), Proc. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),
p. 53, $; id. Cat. vi (1858), p. 24, $; Forel, Jour. Bomb. X. 11.
Soc. vii (1802), p. 224, g .

$ maj. The lower portion of the head, the scape of the antenna?
and the abdomen black, the occiput, vertex and sides of the head
above, the thorax, coxa? and femora of the legs and the node of the
pedicel dull rusty red ; flagellum of the antenna? lighter red, tibia?
and tarsi dark castaneous brown. The whole insect very finely
and densely punctured, granulate, opaque, and moderately covered
with erect hairs. Head similar in shape to that of C. compressiis
$ max., but the mandibles are 6- not 7-toothed, the clypeus is very

CAMPOXOTUS. 3g]

feebly carinate, the median lobe is very shortly produced, and its
anterior margin is notched in the middle ; the scape of the antennae
is quadrangular and the lateral occipital angles are not so pro-
lent. Ihe thorax is comparatively short and narrow, the legs
long and powerful, the metatarsi depressed and flattened. Node
the pedicel rather small, convex in front, flat posteriorly, its
• upper margin notched in the middle ; abdomen massive.

9 min. Similar, smaller, more slender ; mandibles with 5 teeth •
scape of the antennas flattened towards apex; head narrower;
legs comparatively longer.

$ . Similar to the $ maj. but larger; the thorax and abdomen
t opaque, but distantly punctured and shining; the mesonotum

Fig. \l±.—Cam2)onotusmistura, $>.

is flat above, and the metathorax abruptly truncate posteriorly ;
wings fulvo- hyaline, uervures yellow.

Length, £ maj. 14-16 ; g min. 9-10; $ 15-17 mm.

Hub. Tenasserim (Bingham) ; extending in the Malavan sub-
region to Borneo (Brit. J/us.).

417. Camponotus siemsseni, Fvrcl, Jahrb. Hambwry. \\'UKH. Anstalt,
xviii (1001), p. 70, giuaj., $; Ann. Soc. Ent. fit-lye, xlvi (l'JO:>),
p. 287.

$ maj. Eesembles somewhat in form the largest $ of C. coni-
pressus, but is more massive, with the head larger, but not quite so
large as in C. mistura, Smith. Black, the scape of the antennae at
base, the flagellum and the legs chestnut-red ; head, thorax and
abdomen smooth and shining, the head in certain lights very
minutely, the thorax more distinctly rugulose, the latter anteriorly
somewhat subopaque, the abdomen polished. Pilosity very sparse,
represented by only a few scattered pale hairs ; pubescence very
fine and sparse, only to be seen in certain lights, on the antennae
and legs it is a little more pronounced. Head very large, larger
proportionately than in C. comjn-fs*ut, broader posteriorly than
in front, the occiput widely emarginate; mandibles broad, the

362 rOKMICIDJE.

masticatory margin strongly dentate ; clypeus lightly tectiform, the
medial lobe shortly produced, the anterior margin nearly trans-
verse ; autennal carinae as in C. compressus : antennae short, slender,
the scape not extending to the top of the head. Thorax in profile
arched above the apex ofc' the metanotum, truncate; the legs long,
the posterior tibiae not prism-shaped, slightly compressed, almost
cylindrical. Node of pedicel cuneiform, broad and transverse above ;
abdomen liigh, convex, anteriorly steep and rounded.

g min. Kesembles the £ mo/., the head proportionately not
so massive, the scape of the antennae longer, reaching above the
top of the head ; the arch of the thorax slighter and continued
down almost to the apex of the metanotum, which is very slightly
truncate ; pedicel and abdomen proportionately smaller but similar
to those of the $ maj.

" $ . Wings light brownish yellow, with bright brown nervures.
Metanotum like the legs, yellowish red. Mandibles with 6 teeth.
For the rest similar to the £ maj." (Forel.)

LengtJi, £ maj. 12-13 ; $ min. 5 ; $ 18 mm.

Hal. Eecordedfrom 3500 ft. in the Himalayas (Smytliies) ; Siam,
and extending to the Malayan subregion.

418. CamponotUS barbatus, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 138,

£ ? ; Ford, Join: Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 224, g .

" £ . At first sight closely resembles C. marginatus, Latr. (fallax,
Nyl. ); like that species it is black, with reddish antennal joints
(especially of the tiagellurn) and tarsi : coxa; yellow. The erect
pubescence is yellow, moderately long and not dense on the thorax,
but on the other hand very dense on the head, the sides of which
are set with a thick row of hairs, and beneath the hair is very long
and voluminous. Tibiae of the legs and scape of the antennae with
erect hairs. Head unusually elongate, quadrangular, with the sides
parallel, emarginate posteriorly and polished, lightly transverse
behind, in front very feebly and finely punctured like a net. Node
of pedicel polished, oval above, rounded or nearly truncate. Abdo-
men transverse rugose, yellow and globose. Legs brown, without
erect hairs.

" $ . Entirely resembles the £ , though the sides of the head
are not so richly pubescent as the upper and under sides, perhaps
the hair is only abraded. Wings light yellow. 9 mm. long. The
node of the pedicel is lightly emarginate above." (Roger.)

Length, g 6'7 ; $ 9 mm.

fJab. Ceylon (Roger). Unknown to me.

419. CamponotUS festinus, Smith (Formica), Proc. Linn. Soc. ii

(1857), p. 53, $ ; id. Cat. vi (1858), p. 23. $: Forel, Jour. Bomb.
X. H. Afec.vii (1892), p. 228, $.

$ ma). Kesembles C. compressus, $ maj., but is a shorter and very
much more stoutly built insect, it differs also in being shining and

CAMPOXOTUS. 363

not opaque. Dark castaneous brown, nearly black, flagellum of the
antennae and legs yellowish brown ; pubescence very sparse, con-
sisting of only a few scattered hairs. Head triangular, very broad
at the base, lateral occipital angles remarkably prominent; anterior
margin of clypeus transverse, emarginate on either side, the median
portion not produced. Thorax short ; prothorax much narrower
than the head. Node of pedicel not nearly so convex in front as
m C. compressus ; abdomen longer, broader and more massive than
in that species.

£ min. Similar, more slender, more polished and shining ; head
elongate, almost rectangular ; mandibles with 5 teeth.

$ . liesembles the £ maj. ; head comparatively not so large, the
cheeks not so convex, the occiput transverse'; the mesonotum
elongate, almost flat above ; the metanotum rounded, steeply sloped
to apex and somewhat gibbous. Abdomen remarkably massive.
Length, g maj. 13-14 ; g min. 10-12 ; $ 19-21 mm.
Hab. This species was originally described from Borneo, but in
the Brit. Mus. there are specimens from Java and China, and one
specimen labelled Burma.

420. Camponotus rufoglaucus, Jordan (Formica), Madr. Jour. L. S.
(1851), p. 124 ; Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p. 16; 1'orel,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 226 & 237, g.
Camponotus redtenbacheri, Mayr, Verh. zoof.-bot. Ges. Wien. xii
(1862), pp. 667 & 770, g .

£ maj. Head and thorax blood-red, abdomen brown ; the whole
insect covered with a very fine, close, silky pilosity and sparsely
with erect hairs. Head subtriangular, occiput widely emarginate ;
mandibles comparatively small, with 7 teeth ; clypeus carinate, the
median lobe shortly anteriorly produced, its margin crenatr.
Thorax comparatively narrow ; legs with the tibia) only slightly
compressed. Node of the pedicel not so thick as in C. compressus,
only slightly convex anteriorly. Abdomen large and massive.

g min. Very much more slender ; head elongate, the sides
straight ; mandibles with 5 teeth ; anterior margin of the slightly
produced median lobe of clypeus arched, not transverse. Node
of pedicel conical, thicker proportionately.

Length, g maj. 9-10 ; g min. 5-9 mm.

Hab. Delhi (Bingham); Central India (Schurr); the Deccan
( Wroughton) ; Travancore (Ferguson); Ceylon (Yerbury); Assam
(Smythies) ; Upper Burma (Fea, Bingham).

A species varying somewhat in the amount of red on the head
and thorax, some specimens have only the head red. This and the
succeeding species can be distinguished at once by their remark-
ably silky lustre, especially on the abdomen.

364

421. Camponotus paria, Emery.

CamponotHs micans, Nyl., race pavia, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.

xxvii (1889), p. 513, § .

Campouotus rufoglaucus, Jerd., race paria (Emery), Ford, Jour.
Bomb. X. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 226 & 288, $ .

£ maj. Closely resembles C. rufoglaucus, Jerd., but the examin-
ation of a long series of each shows the following structural
differences besides the constant difference of colour : — The pro-
duced median lobe of the clypeus has its lateral angles more or less
rounded, and there is generally an emargination or notch in the
middle of the margin. In rufoglaucus, the anterior margin of
the median lobe is transverse. The node of the pedicel is broader,
thinner and flatter than in C. rufoglaucus, and the silky pilosity is
more dense and more equally spread. This species is black, with
the posterior margins of the abdominal segments testaceous yellow.

£ min. Similar, more slender ; the head elongate, compressed
posteriorly ; mandibles with 5 teeth.

2 • Very similar to the £ maj., but the head longer, the sides
less convex, and the occiput transverse. Node of the pedicel similar
in shape, but thicker than in the £ maj.

Length, $ maj. 9-10 ; £ min. 5-7 ; 2 14 mm.

Hob. Apparently throughout India, Assam, Burma and Ceylon.
I have found nests of this species side by side with those of C. rufo-
glaucus.

4*22. Camponotus dolendus, Forel.

Camponotus rufoglaucus, Jerd., race dolendus, Forel, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 227 & 238, $ .

£ maj. Kesembles C. paria, Emery, but entirely wants the silky
lustrous pubescence ; on the contrary, it is opaque dead-black,
with the posterior margins of the abdominal segments much more
narrowly testaceous. Head with the sides more convex ; clvpeus
with the medial lobe distinctly rectangularly produced. Thorax
short and broad ; legs with the tibiae compressed and with scattered
spines on their underside. Node of pedicel and abdomen as in
C. paria.

$ min. Similar, more slender, the head narrower, oval, rounded,
but not compressed posteriorly ; the pronotura, mesonotum and
basal half of the metanotum form a gentle curve, apical half of
the last steeply sloped, almost truncate. Node of the pedicel
conical.

Length, £ maj. 8-9 ; £ min. 6-7 mm.

Hab. The N.W. Himalayas above 5000 ft. (Smythies) ; Sikhim
(Albller).

423. Camponotus nicobarensis, Mayr, Xovara Meise, Formicid. 1865,
p. ^1, $; Forel (var. exiguoguttatus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii
(1892), pp. 229 & 240; Emery (rar. monticola), Ann. Mtts. Civ.
Gen. xxxiv (1894), p. 479.

$ maj. Brownish reel, subcoriaceous, opaque, the posterior

CAMPOJSOTUS. 305

portion of the abdomen shaded with fuscous. Headsubtriangular,
articulation of mandibles distinctly but slightly remote from the
lower corner of the cheeks ; mandibles short and broad, with
7 teeth ; clypeus subcarinate and sublobed ; occiput emarginate.
Thorax short, moderately broad ; legs short, tibire very distinctly
flattened and longitudinally channeled. Node of pedicel slightly
convex anteriorly, rounded above, concave behind ; abdomen
subglobose.

£ min. Slighter, smaller, and lighter in colour ; head oval ;
thorax proportionately longer ; femora and tibire of the legs more
compressed. Node of pedicel conical.

Length., £ maj. 7-8 ; £ mm. 5-7 mm.

Hab. Assam (Long} ; Burma (Fea, Binyham) ; the Nicobars
(teste Mayr) ; Cochin China (Andre),

Var. exiguoyuttatus, Forel, and var. monticola, Emery, are darker
coloured varieties of Mayr's species. This species is fairly common
in the hills in Burma.

424. Camponotus carin (Emery), Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. vii (1893)r

p. 223.

Camponotus dorycus, Smith, race carin, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxvii (1889), p. 512, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
p. 226, % .

£ maj. Head and scape of the antennae black ; flagellum, thorax
and abdomen reddish, somewhat fuscous brown, legs pale yellowish
brown; head opaque, thorax and abdomen subopaque, slightly
glossy. Head elongate, oval, the occiput transverse, but the
occipital angles not prominent ; mandibles with 6 teeth ; clypeus
rather narrow, vertically carinate down the middle, median lobe
slightly produced. Thorax remarkably long proportionately ; pro-
thorax narrowed anteriorly into a neck, about twice as long as
broad ; legs very long, tibiae very slightly compressed, longitudinally
channeled. Node of pedicel very thick at base, low and conical ;
abdomen narrow oval.

$ mm. Similar, more slender; head narrowed posteriorly;
mandibles with 5 teeth.

Length, % maj. 11-12; 8. min. 8-10 ram.

Udb. Burma (Bingham) ; Tenasserim (Fea).

425. Camponotus lamarcki, Forel t Join: Bomb. X. H. Soc. vii (1892),

pp. 226 & 236, g .

8 maj Reddish testaceous to dark brownish black, reticulate-
punctate, opaque ; pubescence somewhat dense, especially on the
head and thorax above, erect, reddish yellow. Head long, tri-
angular, broadest below the vertex, the occipital angles rounded ;
mandibles rather small, with 7 teeth ; clypeus vertically carinate
down the middle, median lobe slightly produced, its anterior mnrgm
distinctly but very slightly and wide y emarginato.
elongate, metanotum very strongly laterally compressed ; legs 1 >ng,

366 "FORMICID.fi.

tibia prism-shaped, longitudinally channeled. Node of pedicel
narrow anteriorly at base, flat above, slightly convex, the margin
transversely rounded ; abdomen elongate oval.

$ min. Similar, smaller ; head oval, occiput rounded ; mandibles
with 5 teeth ; thorax proportionately narrower. Node of the
pedicel flat behind, very convex anteriorly.

Length, $ maj. 11-13; $ »**»• 7-10 mm.

flab. Northern India (Smythies) ; Sikhim (Matter).

426. Camponotus angnsticollis, Jerilon (Formica), Madr. Jour. L. S.
xvii (1851), p. 120, $ $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
pp. 226 & 235.
Formica ardens, impetuosa & callida, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), pp. 17

& 18.

Camponotus prismaticus, Mayr, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. xii
(1862), p. 669, $.

£ maj. Black, opaque, the flagellum of the antenna and the
apical two or three joints of the tarsi brownish yellow. Head
subtriangular, occipital angles prominent but rounded ; mandibles
with 6 teeth ; clypeus with a very prominent medial vertical carina
ending in a sharp point, and a broad median lobe transverse in
front and only very shortly produced ; occiput more or less widelv

Fig. 115. — Campouufua anyusticollis,

emarginate. Thorax elongate and narrow ; legs elongate, rather
slender; tibi® prism-shaped, compressed and longitudinally
channeled. Node of pedicel thick, the front at base flat, above very
convex, the upper margin transverse and notched, posteriorly flat
and truncate ; abdomen massive, oval.

$ min. Head very much smaller, elongate, wider at the articu-
lation of the mandibles than at the vertex, occiput very strongly

Fig. 116.— Campouotiis angusticoll

constricted and elongated into a neck. Thorax constricted and
narrowed in front. Black, the flagellum of the antenme ami le-,
fuscous brown.

CAXirONOTUS. Ijfiy

2 . Very similar to the £ maj. ; mesonotum in front and scutelluin
very gibbous. Node of pedicel much wider; abdomen very
massive and heavy. .

Length, $ maj. 17-21 ; £ min. 12-15 ; $ 18 mm.
Hab. Western and Central India (Jenlo)i, Wroughton) • Assam
(Smythies) ; Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft., and the plateaux in the
Shan States (Bingham). In Assam and Burma the black form is
replaced by var. sanguinolentus, Forel, varying in colour from a
light yellowish red to a deep maroon-red, with, in some of the
£ maj., a black head and legs.

427. Camponotus invidus, Forel, Jour. Jtomb. A". H. Soc. vii ( !8!>->)

pp. '225 & 234, £ .

£ min. Pale yellow, with very sparse erect yellowish pubes-
cence. Head from in front more or less elongate oval, the
occiput somewhat constricted, sides of the head straight not
convex ; mandibles with 6 teeth ; clypeus comparatively broad,
medial carina indistinct ; median lobe scarcely produced ; antennas
comparatively long and thick. Thorax very convex anteriorly,
giving a high-shouldered look to the insect, strongly laterally
compressed posteriorly, with the pro-, meso- and metanotum more
strongly curved than in most species ; legs stout, tibiae cylindrical.
Node of the pedicel low, convex in front, Hat posteriorly ; abdo-
men comparatively long and massive.

Length, $ min. 5-6 mm.

Hah. Orissa (Taylor).

The £ maj., $ and <3 are unknown.

428. Camponotns binghami, Forel, Jour. £omb. X.H. Soc. viii (1894),

p. 898, £ min. ; Ann. Soc. Ent. Belye, xlvi (1902), p. i>8-3, £ inaj.

" $ maj. Head absolutely rectangular, emarginate in front and
at back, longer by a good fourth than broad, subtruucate in front.
Mandibles armed with 6 teeth, punctured, striate or shagreened and
opaque towards their base. Median portion of the clypeus much
longer than broad, enlarged posteriorly where its sides are convex,
impressed in front, and feebly grooved in the middle of its posterior
half. Eyes somewhat in front of the posterior third of the head.
Mesonotum very distinct, submargined. Node of the pedicel
thick, but less obtuse on its upper margin than in the $ »»*'«•
Front of the head reticulate-punctate, opaque, studded with large
elongate punctures irregular and piligerous, abundantly covered
with short, thick, obtuse yellow hairs, which are less abundant
on the $ min. Clypeus 'and cheeks yellowish red; antenna;
entirely brown, except at the base of the scape which is reddish.
Head less pubescent than in the § mm. For the rest resembling
the latter." (Ford.)

$ min. Black ; the mandibles, antennae and legs dark cnstu-
neous brown, the whole insect covered with a fairly dense, short,

368 F0RMICID.S.

recumbent white pubescence, and more sparsely with longer erect
pale yellow hairs. Head elongate, occiput rounded and sloped
posteriorly, but slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly ; man-
dibles comparatively broad, with 5 teeth ; clypeus broad, convex,
strongly carinate down the middle and sublobed ; antennae long
and somewhat thick. Thorax proportionately rather broad, the
mesonotum large and slightly gibbous ; legs long and robustr
the tibi* cylindrical. Node of pedicel thick, biconvex, the upper
margin rounded and fringed with long erect hairs ; abdomen
broadly oval.

Length, £ maj. 6*5-7 ; $ min. 3'5-5 mm.

Hal. Upper Burma, Mandalay (Bingham) ; Tenasserim (Hodgson ).
I did not procure the $ maj. and quote Dr. Forel's description.

429. Camponotus crassisquamis, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xlvi
(1902), p. 286, $ maj. et £ min.

£ maj. Fuscous black ; the abdomen with a bluish metallic
reflection as in Lobopelta chinensis, and the margins of the
segments yellow ; the lateral occipital angles, masticatory margins
of the mandibles, the flagellum of the antennae and the legs
reddish brown. Pilositv reddish yellow, long and abundant,
especially on the front of the head and the abdomen above ;
pubescence, except on the flagellum of the antennae where it is
sparse, entirely wanting. Head reticulate-punctate, subopaque,
longer than broad, the occiput slightly emargiuate, nearly trans-
verse, the cheeks very convex ; eyes lateral, placed somewhat to
the front ; mandibles dull, subopaque, with a few coarse punctures ;
clypeus longitudinally medially carinate for one-third of its
length from base, the median lobe shortly produced and rect-
angular ; antennae long and slender, the scape extending beyond
the top of theliead by about a fourth of its own length. Thorax
reticulate-punctate, subopaque, strongly compressed posteriorly ;
legs long and slender, the tibiae not spinous beneath. Node of
pedicel very thick in profile, triangular, with a rounded top and
not high, its upper margin lo\ver than the dorsum of the meta-
notum ; abdomen massive, broadly oval.

£ min. Resembles the $ maj., but is smaller and with a
proportionately smaller head, which viewed from the front is oval
with the occiput rounded ; the abdomen is shorter, roundly oval
and very convex.

Length, $ maj. 8 ; $ min. 5'5-6'5 mm.
Hub. Assam (Smythies) ; Bhamo, Upper Burma (Bingham).
The Burmese specimens vary somewhat in colour, one £ maj.
has the head and thorax dull red, somewhat like C. rufoglaucus,
but then it lacks the fine silky pubescence of the latter, and
from the shape of the node of the pedicel it is clearly C. crassi-
squamis.

CAMPONOTUS. 369

430. Camponotus gigas, Latr. (Formica), Hint. Nat. Fourm. (1802),

p. 10o, $ , pi. 2, tig. 3G ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
p. 225, £ .

$ maj. Head, thorax, legs and node of pedicel pitch-black,
apical joints of the tarsi and abdomen castaneous brown or red,
'the basal two segments of the latter shaded with fuscous brown ;
head nearly devoid of pubescence ; thorax and abdomen covered
rather sparsely with erect brown hairs. Head comparatively very
large, subtriangular, the sides straight, the occiput deeply em ar-
ginate, lateral occipital angles rounded but remarkably prominent ;
mandibles elongate, toothed on the inner as well as on the
masticatory margin ; clypeus comparatively narrow, with a medial
vertical carina and a very prominent median lobe, the anterior
margin of which is subeinarginate ; scape of antenna? cylindrical.
Thorax comparatively narrow ; legs very long, tibia? compressed
and longitudinally channeled. Node of pedicel conical, very
convex anteriorly ; abdomen broad.

£ min. Similar ; head rounded posteriorly, flagellum of the
antenna?, coxa? and femora of the legs and the abdomen cas-
taneous.

$ . Similar to £ maj. ; bead smaller, narrower and less deeply
emarginate posteriorly ; wings hyaline yellow, brown along the
costal margin. Node of pedicel thick, transverse, notched above.

c? . Similar to the g min. ; head proportionately very small, the
cheeks concave, head behind the occiput strongly constricted.
Entirely of a dark brownish black, coxae and femora of the legs
testaceous yellow.

Length, $ maj. 27-30 ; £ min. 13-18 ; $ 28-30 ; rf 19 mm.

Hob. The Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, creeping into the
extreme south of Tenasserim. Mergui district (Bine/ham).

431. Camponotus marginatus, Latr. (Formica), Ess. Hist. Fourm.

Fr. (1798), p. 35, $ 9; Forel (var. himalayanus), Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. vii (1893), p. 431, $ .

£ maj. Head and thorax black, head slightly polished and
shining, thorax opaque, legs brownish red ; abdomen dark cas-
taneous brown, polished and shining ; pubescence sparse, erect,
more plentiful on the abdomen. Head subtriangular, very convex
in front; mandibles short, very massive, striate and deeply punc-
tured ; clvpeus comparatively small, sublobed, not carinate, its
anterior margin slightly denticulate. Thorax broad in front,
abruptly truncate posteriorly ; legs stout, tibiae slightly flattened.
Node of pedicel broad, oval, slightly biconvex and rounded above ;
abdomen broad and massive.

$ min. Similar, smaller, more pubescent ; head not constricted
or attenuated posteriorly ; mandibles with 6 teeth.

$ . Very similar to the $ maj. ; head slightly narrower. Node
of pedicel broader, notched in the middle above ; abdomen very
much longer and more massive.

TOL. II. 2 B

370 FOBMICIDJE.

<J . Very much smaller than the $ and darker, almost black ;
head triangular, very small, rounded ppsteriorly; thorax raised
and gibbous. Node of pedicel a little thicker ; abdomen much
smaller, oval.

Length, $ maj. 10-11 ; $ min. 7-9 ; $ 13-15 ; rf 7 mm.

Nab. The North-west Himalayas (Smythies) ; also in Europe
and North America.

432. Camponotus mendax.

Camponotus sericeus, var. mendax, Forel, Jour. £omb. N. If. Soc.
ix (1895), p. 454, $ .

£ maj. Head and legs of an obscure dull red, thorax, node
of the pedicel and abdomen brown; the head sparsely, the thorax
and abdomen densely covered with a silky golden recumbent
pubescence, and also with fairly thickly-set pale yellow erect hairs.
Head massive, broad at the occiput, the lateral occipital angles
rounded but prominent ; mandibles with 6 teeth ; clypeus broad,
not carinate nor lobed, its anterior margin transverse, denticulate.
Thorax very broad in front, narrowing posteriorly, but the meta-
notum remarkably broad, its basal portion forming a regular curve,
with the pro- and mesonotum and the apical half more steeply
sloped, obliquely truncate ; legs comparatively long, the tibia?
compressed and longitudinally channeled. Node of pedicel very
thick, strongly biconvex and transverse above ; abdomen large and
massive.

$ . Black, opaque, the apical half of the mandibles, the antennae
and apical joints of the tarsi reddish. Head smaller and squarer
than in the £ maj. ; abdomen longer and more massive. Head,
thorax and abdomen with scattered pale erect hairs, but entirely
devoid of the beautiful golden pile so conspicuous on the $ maj.

$ min. Unknown.

Length, $ maj. 10 ; $ 12 mm.

Hab. Southern India, Mysore ( Wrouyliton).

M. Forel regards this and another form, which he has named
var. integer, as varieties of C. sericeus, Fabr. I have described
C. mendax from specimens in Mr. Wroughton's collection named,
I believe, by M. Forel, and it seems to me a good species. C. in-
teger, Forel, is unknown to me, but is described as very like
C. sericeus, except that the thorax is equally convex anteriorly and
posteriorly, with no emai-gination at the meso-metanotal suture.
It is variegated with brownish and ferruginous.

433. Camponotus japonicus, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi

(1866), p. 885, £ .

Camponotus herculeanus, Linn., subsp. pensylvanicus, de Geer, var.
punctatissimiis, Emei-y, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),
p. 477, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), p. 455.

$ maj. Black, very closely and finely reticulate-punctate ; head

CAMPONOTUS.

371

sparsely, thorax and abdomen somewhat densely pubescent, pubes-
cence erect on head and thorax, ob-
lique and recumbent on the abdomen,
of a yellowish-red colour. Head very
large, very convex on the sides, occi-
put emarginate, lateral angles very
prominent ; clypeus not carinate,
slightly convex and bi-emarginate
anteriorly. Thorax very broad in
front, suddenly laterally compressed
posteriorly, only slightly arched above,
the posterior half of the metanotuin
suddenly and obliquely truncate ; legs
stout, tibia? slightly flattened and
longitudinally channeled. Node of
pedicel comparatively thick ; abdomen
short, broadly oval.

g . Similar, slighter, head much
smaller proportionately, clypeus tecti-
form, slope of metanotum less steep,

femora and tibiae strongly compressed.

Length, $ maj. 11-13 ; $ min. 8-10 mm.

Bab. The Karen and Shan hills, Burma (Bingham), extending

through China to Japan.

Fig. 117. — Camponotus
japonicus, £ maj.

434. Camponotus radiatus, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
pp. 225 & 233, ? .

$ maj. Unknown.

£ min. Jet-black, densely opaque, with a granular appearance,
clothed scantily with hoary white erect hairs, chiefly on the pos-
terior portion of the thorax, the node of the pedicel and abdomen;
on the node of the pedicel they form a fringe radiating outwards
in a circle ; underneath this is a denser but still widely spaced
covering of very short yellowish-white hairs all over the head,
thorax and abdomen. Head somewhat square, a little broader
posteriorly than in front ; mandibles with 5 teeth ; clypeus tecti-
form, with a very shortly produced median lobe. Thorax rather
broad, pronotum depressed, rounded in front, metanotum truncate
posteriorly ; legs comparatively long, the tibia prism -shaped.
Node of pedicel cuneiform, broadly oval ; abdomen broad, slightly
depressed and massive.

Length, £ min. 5'5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Kanara ( Wrought**).

This species is very closely allied to C. carltonariug, Latr., which
is unknown to me, but the description of which is quoted by
M. Forel.

372

435. Camponotus yerburyi, Ford.

Camponotus reticulatus, Roger, race verburyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. vii (1893), p. 431, $ .

$ maj. Dull black, rather coarsely but sparsely punctured and
covered with short stiff white hairs ; mandibles, antennae and legs
reddish brown, posterior margins .of the abdominal segments
broadly transparent white. Head seen from in front rectangular,
as broad in front as posteriorly ; mandibles short, with 0 teeth ;
clypeus indistinctly carinate dowai the middle, median lobe slightly
produced, emarginate anteriorly. Thorax comparatively very
broad across the pro- and mesonotum and basal half of metanotum ;
apical half of metanotum obliquely truncate ; legs short and stout,
tibia? cylindrical. Node of pedicel laminate, broad, flatter in front
than posteriorly ; abdomen short and broad.

£ min. Similar ; head smaller, more oval, narrowed posteriorly ;
mandihles, antennae, legs and abdomen reddish brown.

Length, £ maj. 5-5-5 ; £ min. 4-4*5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Terbury}.

436. Camponotus reticulatus, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863),

p. 139, £ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 224, $ .

$ maj. Brownish red, opaque and granulate, studded sparsely
with short, erect, white hairs, the abdomen with transverse white
semi-transparent bands at the junctions of the segments. Head
longer than broad, as broad in front as posteriorly, the occipital
angles not prominent, rounded, but the occiput transverse ; man-
dibles with 5 teeth ; clypeus narrow, slightly convex, not carinate,
and with no distinct lobe. Thorax broad ; the pro- and mesonotum
large, the basal half of the metanotum slightly flat and depressed,
its sides finely longitudinally striate. apical half obliquely truncate ;
legs stout, tibiae cylindrical. Node of pedicel thick, transverse
above, convex posteriorly ; abdomen elongate, massive.

$ min. Similar, more slender ; head smaller and more oval ;
clypeus tectiform. Node of pedicel not so thick.

Length, $ »wy. 6 ; £ min. 4 mm.

Hab. Ceylon ( Terbury). M. Forel has separated a variety under
the name C. reticulatus var. latitans.

437. Camponotus wroughtoni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii
(1893), p. 430, 9 .

§ maj. Dark castaneous brown ; legs slightly lighter in colour,
posterior margins of the abdominal segments testaceous ; head,
thorax and abdomen glabrous, shining. Head almost square,
as broad at the articulation of the mandibles as across occiput ;
mandibles short and broad, teeth almost obsolete ; clypeus with a
very distinct medial vertical carina, median lobe slightly produced,
rounded in front. Thorax short and comparatively broad ; legs

CAMPONOTUS. 373

stout, tibiae more or less compressed and longitudinally channeled.
Node of pedicel biconvex ; abdomen broad and massive.

£ min. Similar, smaller and slighter, slightly more pubescent ;
head more elongate ; legs comparatively longer, tibiae cylindrical.

$ . Similar to the £ maj. ; head more elongate and rounded
posteriorly. Node of pedicel thicker and broader, abdomen more
massive.

d . Similar to the $ , but with a very much smaller head, the
mesonotum with a medial and two laterally impressed longitudinal
lines ; head and thorax opaque, densely and very finely reticulate-
punctate.

Length, £ maj. 7-8 ; £ min. 5—6*5 ; 5 8'5 ; c? 6 mm.

Hob. The Himalayas (Smythies) ; Upper Burma, the Shan States
at 4000 ft. (Bingham).

438. Camponotus caxnelinus, Smith (Formica), Pi-oc. Linn. Soc. ii
(1857), p. 57, $; id. (Formica). Oat. vi (1858), p. 23, $; Ford,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 224, § .
Formica singularis, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 27, £ .

g maj. Black, covered with a thin brownish sericeous pile and
rather more densely with erect brownish hairs ; head, thorax and

Fig. 118.— Camponotus camdinus, $ initj.

abdomen minutely reticulate-punctate, with a superposition of
minute scattered tubercles. Head oval, very convex in front, the
occiput constricted and narrowed into a neck; mandibles with
7 teeth ; clypeus with a medial vertical carina ; median lobe broad
and slightly produced, its anterior margin waved. Thorax elon-
gate narrow, meso-metanotal suture emarginate ; legs very long,
the tibiaa cylindrical. Node of pedicel rounded ; abdomen com-
paratively massive.

$ mm. Very similar. Head and abdomen much smaller. Node
of pedicel more globose.

5 . Similar to the $ maj., but more elongate and with a pro-
portionately larger abdomen ; node of pedicel elongate oval.

Lewjth, $ maj. 14-15; $ min. 11-12; $ 1, mm.

Hal. Sikhim (Moller); Burma; Tenassenm (BtnyJuim).
C singularis, Smith, is only a variety of which the head i
variably of a blood-red colour. Both forms are common n
Burma.

374

439. Camponotus holosericeus, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii
(1889), p. 515, §; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
p. 224, $ .

$ maj. Black, covered with a fine, silky, recumbent, shining
yellowish pubescence mixed with a few erect white hairs. Head,
thorax and abboinen very finely and
closely reticulate-punctate with super-
ficially widely spaced shallow punc-
tures. Head very broad above and
massive, the lateral occipital angles
remarkably prominent and separated
Fig. 119.— Camponotus Mo- from the middle portion of the occiput
sericeus, g inaj. Thorax. by shallow, rather wide sulcations ;
mandibles with 6 teeth ; clypeus

higher than broad, medially vertically carinate, median lobe very
little produced. Thorax elongate, narrow, emarginate at the
meso-metanotal suture, the gibbosity of the metanotum remarkably
prominent. Node of pedicel very thick, nearly square, convex on
both sides ; abdomen very broad and short.

$ media et min. Much more slender, the head rounded pos-
teriorly ; the mandibles with 5 or 6 teeth ; the node of the pedicel
in the intermediate form similar to that in the $ maj. ; abdomen
longer, not so broad. In the £ min. the legs are dull castaneous
red, and the node of the pedicel is globose.

Length, $ maj. 15 ; £ media 12 ; $ min. 9 mm.
Hal. Upper Burma, the Chin Hills (Watson}- Tenasserim,
Haungdraw Valley (Fea ; Bingham).

440. Camponotns auriventris, Emei-y, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii

(1889), p. 514, $; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892),
p. 224, 9.

$ maj. Black, opaque ; the head, thorax and node of the
pedicel closely and finely reticulate-punctate and superficially
marked with more scattered widely spaced large punctures, re-
markably coarse, almost confluent on the metanotum and node of
pedicel ; abdomen with a dense shining golden pubescence hiding
the sculpture, pubescence on head and thorax very sparse and
erect. Head rather elongate, truncate at the occiput ; mandibles
with 7 teeth ; clypeus prominently carinate down the middle,
the median lobe very short. Thorax not so long proportionately
as in C. holosericeits, but similar, with a gibbous metanotum. Node
of pedicel globose ; abdomen broad, subglobose.

$ min. Similar, the sides of the head parallel, the vertex very
high and rounded ; mandibles with 6 teeth.

Length, $ maj. 15; g min. 10-11 mm.

Hob. Upper Burma, Byingyi, 5000 ft. (Bingham) ; Tenasserim,
Muleyit Mountain. 5000 ft. (Fea).

CAMPONOTUS.

375

441. Camponotus confucii, Forel, Jour. Bomb. 'N. H. Soc. viii (1894),
p. 396, $ .

£ maj. Black, opaque ; flagellum of the antennae brown, man-
dibles and legs castaneous. Head rather rectangular in shape, a
.little broader posteriorly than in front, the sides straight, very
slightly convex ; mandibles with 6 teeth ; the clypeus depressed,
slightly carinate, the median lobe rounded in front, only slightly
produced, notched in the middle. Thorax short and broad, dis-
tinctly but not deeply emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture,
the metanotum raised, rounded, gibbous ; legs short, the tibiae
cylindrical. Node of the pedicel rather thick, convex in front,
transverse and slightly emarginate above, flat posteriorly ; abdomen
broadly oval.

£ min. Similar, smaller, but proportionately not more slender ;
head similar, but the occiput rounded.

Length, $ maj. 7 ; £ min. 5-5'5 mm.

Hob. Western India, Kanara ( Wroughton) ; Upper Burma,
Katha ; Tenasserim, Thaungyin Valley (Binghani). Some speci-
mens of the $ minor have the abdomen dark castaneous red.

442. Camponotus wasmanni, Emery, Rev. Suisse Zool. i (1893),
p. 224, £ $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), p. 453, $ ? .

£ maj. Black, more or less thickly covered with erect hoary
white pubescence ; mandibles bright castaneous red ; head, thorax
and abdomen closely finely reticulate
punctate, with a superficial sculpturing
of large scattered punctures. Head
very broadly triangular, almost as broad
at the occipital angles as long ; clypeus
with a prominent vertical carina and
only a very shortly produced median
lobe. Thorax short and broad, lateral
angles of the prothorax subdentate,
a distinct but narrow emargination
at the meso-metanotal suture ; legs
longish, rather slight, tibino only very
slightly compressed. Node of pedicel
roundly conical, knob-like, not much
raised ; abdomen broadly oval, slightly
depressed.

§ min. Similar, much smaller, with
proportionately much smaller head ;
thorax broadly articulated to the head,
the lateral anterior angles distinctly
dentate, the anterior margin of pro-
thorax transverse, as wide as the head ;
metanotum more distinctly raised and gibbous than in the
$ maj.

\

Fig. 120. — Camponotn*
wasmanni, £ maj.

376

$ . Similar to the £ maj. • node of pedicel proportionately
not so thick ; wings fusco-hyaline.

Length, g maj. 11-12; £ min. 5-6; $ 13-14 mm.

Hob. Sikhim (Matter) ; Kumaun, 4000 ft., Assam (Smythies) ;
Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. ; Karen Hills, 5000 ft. (Bingham).

It is remarkable that all specimens from Burma should have the
thorax and basal abdominal segment either entirely bright red or
variegated with bright red. In sculpture and form they are
identical with specimens from Sikhim and Assam. Emery (loc. cit.)
has separated the Burmese variety as var. mutilloides.

443. Camponotus sericeus, Fabr. (Formica) Ent. Syst. Suppl. (1798),

p. 279 ; Ford, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), pp. 223 &

231, £ .
Formica cinerascens, Jerd. Madr. Jour. Lit. Sf Sc. xvii (1851),

p. 123, S$rf.

Formica obtusa, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 30.
Camponotus opaciventris, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii

(1878), p. 648, £ .

$ maj. Black, opaque, with a granular appearance on the head
and thorax, antenna? and the tibia? and tarsi of the legs more or

Fig. 121. — Camponotus sericeus, <J$ maj-

less dark castaneous ; head, thorax and node of pedicel with very
sparse erect pubescence ; abdomen with a dense recumbent silky
golden pubescence hiding the sculpture. Head very broad and
massive, almost as broad across at the base of the mandibles as at
the occiput, the latter more or less emarginate ; mandibles with
5 teeth ; clypeus broad, somewhat tectiform, the anterior border
broadly emarginate in the middle. Thorax broad in front, strongly
compressed posteriorly, emarginate at the meso-metanotal suture,
the basal face of the metanotum horizontal, flat, the sides margined,
posterior face excavate; legs stout, tibia? cylindrical. IS'ode of
pedicel rounded, knob-like ; abdomen very broad, globose.

$ min. Similar, smaller ; head more elongate proportionately,
occiput rounded, anterior margin of clypeus transverse, antenna?
and legs lighter in colour than in the £ major.

$ . Similar to the £> maj. ; head rounder, occiput transverse,
thorax not compressed, and the metathorax as in the $ of typical
Camponotus. Node of pedicel thick but transverse, not globose ;
abdomen long and massive.

CAMPONOTPS. 377

Length, $ maj. 8-10; $ min. 5-7; $11 min.

Hob. More or less commoii throughout our limits. C. opaci-
ventris, Mayr, is clearly only a variety, having no pubescence on
the abdomen. The excavation of the posterior face of the meta-
.notum varies in individuals from the same nest. Certain specimens
from Burma and Ceylon have the head blood-red ; others have the
thorax and even the head more or less pubescent.

444. Camponotns varians, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 138, £ ;

Farel, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1892), p. 223, £ .

" £ . Shining black, basal two abdominal segments yellow,
antennae and legs brownish yellow, the articulations, coxae and
tarsi bright yellow, or else wholly black with brown legs and
antennae. Body with sparse recumbent pubescence. Head a
little broader than the thorax in front, with shallow net-like
punctures, posteriorly more lightly transversely rugose, above all
very shining. Clypeus convex, not carinate nor emarginate nor
lobate. Mandibles 5-toothed in front, yellow, with the base brown
with scattered punctures. Frontal area shining, finely rugulose.
Thorax viewed from the side arched, above broad and more or less
flat ; pronotum much broader than long, rounded at the sides,
separated from the mesonotum by a crescentic line, the anterior
angles with acute margins ; mesonotum transverse, flat posteriorly,
somewhat sharply emarginate. Metanotum laterally strongly
compressed, above about one-third as broad as the pronotum
and longitudinally quadrangular, posteriorly abruptly truncate,
slightly concave. Thorax above very finely, rather closely trans-
versely rugose, the sides of the pronotum finely, those of the
meso- and metanotum deeply longitudinally striate, in the latter
the sculpture is dense, coarse, nearly granulate. Node lower than
the metanotum, smooth, oval, rounded above, with a somewhat
sharp margin on the sides. Abdomen thickly transversely rugose.

" Length, $ 3*4 mm.

" Bab. Ceylon." (Roger). Unknown to me.

445. Camponotus nirvanae, Forel,Joum.Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii (1893),

p. 443, 9$-

" £ maj. Mandibles short, obtuse, armed with 5 or 0 teeth,
opaque or subopaque, extremely finely and densely reticulate,
striate, nearly without punctures. Head rectangular, much longer
than broad, subtruncate anteriorly, as in C. reticulatus race yerburyi,
but a little broader posteriorly than in front, the occiput somewhat
deeply emarginate. Eyes situated in the second fifth of the sides
of the head posteriorly. Clypeus rectangularly rounded, much
narrower in front than posteriorly, flat, not carinate, nor lobed
nor emarginate in front, and almost without the lateral portions.
Antennal carinae long, distinct and very divergent. The scape
does not reach the posterior margin of the head. The thorax
broad, subdepressed above, without emargination, but with the

378 FORMICID-E.

sutures deeply impressed. Basal portion of the inetanotum sub-
margined, rectangular, a little longer than broad, the apical sloping
portion obliquely truncate, slightly concave, and submargined as
in C. reticulatus. Node of pedicel very low, very broad, twice as
broad as high, its upper margin obtuse, transverse ; node mode-
rately thick. Tarsi short.

" Bather densely reticulate and subopaque, occiput and vertex
somewhat shining, feebly reticulate. Abdomen shining, rugulose.
Front of the head a little more deeply reticulate-punctate, some
large irregular fossae on the clypeus and a very few on the
cheeks.

" Pilosity erect, yellowish, very sparse, very short and a little
obtuse, a row of hairs between the basal and apical portions of
the metanotum. Tibiae and scape with erect hairs or spines, with
a thin, very fine, recumbent pubescence, which is sfcill more sparse
elsewhere on the body.

" Eeddish, abdomen black. Mandibles and the anterior margin
of the head dark brown. Node of the pedicel, coxae and femora
brownish.

" $ min. Clypeus convex, somewhat distinctly carinate, lightly
emarginate in the middle anteriorly, without a lobe, and much
broader in front than posteriorly. Head broader in front than
posteriorly, where it is very obtuse. Scape long, extending beyond
the posterior angles of the head by a quarter of its own length.
Pronotum with distinct shoulders and a median longitudinal im-
pressed line. Upper portion oE the thorax more depressed than
in the £ maj. Mesonotum and the basal portion of the metanotum
distinctly submargined. This latter more elongate than in the
$ maj.

" For the rest resembles the $ maj., but the upright hairs are
longer and more pointed and the colouring deeper. Head and
thorax of a deep brown ; scape, base of the flagellum and the legs
yellowish brown. Sculpture of the head not so distinct as in the
$ maj. Clypeus almost without the coarse punctures. Man-
dibles as in the <$ maj. but narrower.

" $ . Resembles the £ maj., but the mandibles have, in addition,
somewhat distinct scattered punctures, and the cheeks are more
distinctly fossulate. Mesonotum densely reticulate-punctate, and
opaque. Metanotum strongly convex. The colour resembles
that of the $ maj., but the front of the head and the scutellum
are reddish, and the abdomen a reddish brown lighter than in
the $ • Wings subhyaline, slightly yellowish. Nervures and
stigma of a pale yellow. The rest as in the $ .

" Lenyth, $ maj. <r2 ; £ min. 4'8 ; $ 7'8 to 8 mm.

"#«&. Kanara, Western India (WrougTiton).

" C. nirvance is close to C. variant. Eoger, but larger, with the
sculpture quite different." (Forel.}

Unknown to me.

CAMPONOTUS. 379

446. Camponotus luteus, Smith (Formica), Cat. vi (1858), p 19 0
Formica tincta, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 21, $.

$ . Reddish yellow, covered with a fine, rather sparse, erect,
yellowish pubescence ; head subtriangular, smooth, but not shining,
with a few irregularly scattered punctures ; mandibles with 7 teeth •
clypeus vertically carinate, with anteriorly a rectangularly pro-
duced median lobe, not so long as in C. compressus. Thorax
massive, the mesonotum gibbous ; legs stout, femora broad, strongly
compressed, tibiae cylindrical. Node of pedicel wedge-shaped, not
much more convex in front than posteriorly ; abdomen broadly
oval, depressed.

£ unknown.

Length, $ 12 mm.

Hob. Northern India (Brit. Mus.) ; Burma (BingTuxm) ; Java
(Mayr}.

Described from the type in the collection of the British Museum.
Formica tincta of Smith, the type of which, a $ , is also in the
British Museum collection, seems to me only a colour variation of
this species. C. tinctus has the reddish yellow of the abdomen
marked with three broad transverse black bands.

447. Camponotus gretae, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xlvi (1902),

p. 288, $.

$ . Head and thorax reddish yellow ; abdomen brown, with
yellow bands lying over the apical margins of the segments and
spreading narrowly along the bases of the succeeding segments ;
antennas concolorous with the head, mandibles of a deeper reddish,
legs yellow. Finely rugulose all over, somewhat shining, in certain
lights subopaque, the front punctured ; pilosity yellowish, fairly
abundant and long, oblique, nearly recumbent, and shorter on
the scape of the antenna? and on the tibi® of the legs. Head
longer than broad, strongly constricted anteriorly, occiput widely
but slightly emarginate ; mandibles with the masticatory margin
very broad, armed with G teeth and one on the inner margin, the
apical tooth long and acute ; clypeus narrow and depressed, giving
the head a truncate appearance anteriorly, posteriorly it is broadly
rounded and anteriorly it is produced and narrowly rounded, the
cheeks on each side of the clypeus slightly swollen : antennai long,
filiform, the scape striate at base and extending to the top of the
head ; eyes large, placed a little to the front in the upper third of
the head, Thorax and abdomen as in C. mitis, $ ; pedicel with
the node cuneiform, broad, transverse above; wings hyaline,
nervures yellow.

Lew/th, $ 13 mm.

Hah. Eecorded only from the Thaungyin Valley, Tenasserim.

380

FOBMICHXC.

Fig. 1'22.
Hemioptica,
head.

Genus HEMIOPTICA.

Hemioptica, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (18G2), p. 238, £.
Polyrhachis, pt., Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Koc. viii (1893), p. 17.

Type, H. scissa, Eoger, from Ceylon.
Range. The Indo-Malayan region.

£ . Characters very like those of Polyrhachis, Smith, but the
compound eyes, instead of being round and com-
plete, are incised or truncate posteriorly. In the
typical species, H.' scissa, the thorax is almost
divided into two parts by a deep and comparatively
broad furrow at the meso-metanotal suture, the
pronotum is triangular, the apex pointing back-
wards ; the mesonotum is attenuate, consisting
virtually of two triangular points, one on each
side, sunk below the level of the pronotum ; the
basal portion of the metanotum is roundly curved,
the apical portion, separated from the basal por-
tion by a distinct transverse carina, slightly concave. In the 2 ,
however, the peculiar deep furrow succeeding the mesonotutn is
placed behind the scutellum ; in the $ of the two other Indian
species belonging to this genus it is wanting. The rest of the
characters of ffemioptica are identical with those of the genus
Polyrhachis.

Key to the Species.

a. A deep transverse furrow between the meso-

and metanotum in the § H. scissa, p. 380.

b. No furrow between the meso- and metanotum.

a\ Densely pubescent H. pubescens, p. 381.

b'. Not pubescent, a covering onlv of sparse

erect hairs ". H. aculeata, p. 382.

448. Hemioptica scissa, Royer, Berl. ent. Zeit. vi (1862), p. 240, £ 2 ;
Forel (Polyrhachis), Jour. Bomb. X. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 17
& 27, $ d .

£ . Black, shining, very minutely reticulate-punctate, the cheeks
posteriorly a little more coarsely rugulose, and the sides of the
thorax behind the meso-metanotal suture finely obliquely striatej:

Fig. 123. — Hcmiopficfi tcissa,

pubescence almost entirely absent, reduced to a few scattered hairs
on the front of the head and apex of abdomen beneath. Head
broadly oval; clypeus steeply tectiform, coming to a point in the

HEMIOPTICA. 381

middle of the anterior margin ; antennal carinae moderately long,
placed in the middle of the face, on a raised vertical tubercle which
is longer than broad, the carinae somewhat close together and
slightly convergent posteriorly. Thorax entirely unarmed and the
form as given in the characters of the genus ;" legs robust, tibiae
cylindrical, smooth, constricted for a third of their length from base.
Node of the pedicel cuneate, the upper margin very thin and arched,
bearing at its lateral angles an acute tooth ; abdomen globose.

$ . Similar to the £ ; larger ; wings hyaline with a brownish
tint ; pronotum short, vertical ; mesonotum ample, convex ;
scutellum transverse, very convex and gibbous ; postscutellum
sunk in a deep wide furrow between the scutellum and the
metanotum ; this last short, gibbous above, vertically truncate
posteriorly.

Length, $ 6-7 ; $ 8 mm.

Hob. Ceylon ( Yerlury 6f Green).

449. Hemioptica pubescens, Mayr (Polyrhachis), Verh. zool.-bot.

Ges. Wien, xxviii (1878), p. 657, $ .

Polyrhachis pubescens, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893).
pp. 17&27, £ tf.

£ . Eesembles Polyrhachis striata, Mayr, but is much smaller
and more slender. Black, covered with a fine sericeous silvery
pubescence as in Polyrhachis tibialis, Smith, and more sparsely
with short erect hairs ; head, thorax and abdomen finely punctured,
opaque. Head short, as broad posteriorly as in front, the cheeks
straight, not convex, the truncation of the eyes not so marked as
in H. scissa, Boger ; clypaus convex, with a low medial tubercle at
base, anteriorly arched, not einarginate ; antennal carinfe remark-
ably prominent, viewed from the side they form projecting lunate

Fig. 124.— Hemioptica pults-cn*, $.

laminae. Thorax anteriorly as broad as the head, posteriorly
narrowed, flat or slightly convex above and margined on each side
along its whole length ; pronotal spines slender, acute, pointing
divergently forward, basal portion of metanotum posteriorly trans-
versely margined, the lateral angles with short erect points, apical
portion concave ; legs slender, tibiae cylindrical and without spines.
Node of pedicel high, biconvex, surmounted at the lateral angles
with short erect spines, the upper margin of the node between
the two spines straight, the sides of the node with a lateral acute
tooth very short and placed low down on the node; abdomen
globose.

382 FORMICIDJE.

Length, $ 8-9 mm.

Hub. Burma ; Tenasserim (Pea, Bingliam).
A variety with the lateral angles of the node flattened and pro-
duced has been separated as var. alatisquamis by Dr. Forel.

450. Hemioptica aculeata, Mayr (Polyrhachis), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xxviii (1878), p. 657, $ ; Forel (Polyrhachis), Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 17, $ .

£ . Jet-black, shining, the mandibles finely longitudinally striate,
opaque, the extreme bases of the antennae and the femora and tibiae
of the legs blood-red ; head, thorax and abdomen covered with fairly
plentiful erect pale hairs, the front of the prothorax and sides of
the pro-, meso- and metathorax with a fine, very short, sericeous
recumbent pubescence. Head from the front nearly square, the
sides not very convex, the vertex broad and rounded, the truncation
of the eyes posteriorly oblique ; the clypeus convex, tectiform,
rounded anteriorly. Thorax strongly arched, narrowed posteriorly,
convex on the margined sides, the pro-, meso- and basal portion
of the metanotuin each broader than long ; pronotal spines long,
acute, directed almost straight forward, basal portion of meta-
notum bounded posteriorly by a faint transverse carina, apical
portion of metanotum very slightly concave ; legs comparatively
stout, tibiae smooth, not spinose. Node of pedicel biconvex, the
upper lateral angles surmounted by two acute spines, beneath the
base of which on the outside is a short blunt tooth ; abdomen
oval, slightly depressed, pointed at apex.

<j> . Eesembles the £ , but the pronotal spines are shorter and
the pedicel spines are formed into laminate projections bituberculate
at apex.

d1 . Eyes not truncate. Node of pedicel rounded.

Length, £ 6-7 ; $ 7 ; c? 5'5 mm.

Hub. India, Kanara ( TFroM//faon),Travancore (Ferguson) ; Burma ;
Tenasserim (BinyJiam).

Genus POLYRHACHIS.

Formica, pt,, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 394.

Polyrhachis, Swains. |- Shuck. Hist, fy Nat. Arranqt. of Ins., Lardner's

Cyclop, (p. 172, no desc.) (1840) ; Smith, Jour' Linn. Soc. ii (1858),

p. 58.

Type, P. bihamata, Drury, from the Malay Peninsula.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Resembles Camponotus ; but there is little or no difference
in the size and form of workers. Head more or less orbicular,
maxillary palpi 6-, labial palpi 4-jointed, the basal joint of the
maxillary palpi about half the length of the 2nd joint. Thorax
and node of the pedicel more or less armed with spines or teeth,
or with certain points distinctly angular, rarely wholly unarmed.
Abdomen short, the basal segment generally covering more than
half of the total length of the abdomen.

POLYRHAC'HIS.

383

$ . Similar to the £ . Thorax subovate and more massive.
As a rule the armature is similar, but the thoracic and pedicel
spines or teeth are generally shorter and^thicker. Fore wing with
one marginal and two cubital cells, the*2nd cubital cell generally
reaching the outer margin of the wing. Abdomen larger than in
the £ , with the basal segment proportionately not so long.

c? . Similar to the $ , but very much smaller, with a narrower
abdomen, and in all the species of which the males are known with
the thorax and node of the pedicel unarmed.

The species of Polyrhachis are on the whole arboreal ants, making
their nests either between the leaves or in the hollows of trees
and bamboos. A few — P. Icevissima, Smith, for instance — nest in
the ground ; others like P. armata, le Gruillou, occasionally make
their nests inside human habitations. The nests of Polyrhachis
are of a silky cobwebby material, which, when the nests are made
among leaves, is used to attach leaf to leaf ; in ground-building
species it is used to line the galleries. P. armata, P. dives, and
many others construct the whole nest of this material.

Kei/ to ilie Species.

A. Thorax and pedicel armed with spines or teeth,
a. Thorax more or less rounded above, the sides

not margined along their whole length.
a'. Pro- and mesonotum with a spine on each

side.
a~. Spines on node of pedicel parallel for a

part of their length from base.
a3. Pronotal spines pointing outwards,
and curved laterally backwards,

forming hooks P. bihamata, p. 380.

b3. Pronotal spines pointing outwards,
slightly bent downwards, not forming

hooks P. bellicosa, p. 387.

62. Spines on node of pedicel not parallel,

divergent from base ^ P. ypsilon, p. 387.

b'. Pro- and metanotum with a spine on each

side, mesonotum unarmed.
a2. Pubescence soft, erect and abundant.
«3. Spines on node of pedicel forming

hooks P.fwrcttta, p. 388.

b3. Spines on node of pedicel not forming

hooks.

a1. Head not punctured, smooth, shining. P. yracUior, p. 388.
b*. Head coarsely punctured posteriorly. P. phipsoni, p. 889.
b\ Pubescence short', silky and recumbent,
or sparse and erect, or entirely absent.
an. Metanotal spines forming hooks.

a*. Abdomen with dense golden pile . . P. mj>icaj)ra,Tp.3SU.
b*. Abdomen without pile or pubescence.
a5. Thorax finely punctured, head and

nbdomen opaque P. hodysoni, p. .'{90.

&'. Thorax coarsely punctured, head

and abdomen shming P. nrackne, p. 390.

384

FOBMIOmX.

'. Metanotal spines not forming hooks.
a*. Basal portion of nietanotum not

margined laterally.
a3. Pubescence sparse, almost entirely

wanting.

«G. Pedicel spines wide-spreading,
shaped so as to encircle front
of ahdomen.
a1. Head with a tubercle on each

side behind the eyes

b~. Head not tuberculate

bc. Pedicel spines not so wide-
spreading, not shaped so as to
encircle the abdomen.
a~. Head, thorax and abdomen
shining metallic blue or

purple

b~. Head, thorax and abdomen
black, the latter sometimes
red.

as. Head, thorax and node of

pedicel coarsely punctured.

a!). Abdomen black ; length

9-10-5 mm

in. Abdomen ferruginous;

length 5'7 mm

W. Head, thorax and node of

pedicel finely punctured.

a'J. Node of pedicel with 2

median vertical short

acute spines between

spines on upper lateral

angles of node

b9. Node of pedicel without

median spines

6'. Pubescence dense, silk}' and re-
cumbent.

a6. Abdomen red

bB. Abdomen black.

a7. Pubescence bronzy yellow or

golden.

n8. Two small teeth between
spines on upper lateral
angles of node of pedicel .
68. Three small teeth between
spines on upper lateral
angles of node of pedicel .

b~. Pubescence silvery

bl. Basal portion of nietanotum dis-
tinctly margined laterally.
a5. Pronotal and metauotal spines

subequal.
a°. Length 7-9 mm.

«7. Abdomen steel-blue

V. Abdomen red

be. Length 6-7 mm. ; abdomen
bronze-green

P. tubericeps:$.39l.
P. thompsoni, p. 391.

P. venus, p. 392.

P. armata (typical),
[p. 393.
P.fvrtis,?. 394.

P. Jimi.Twelli, p. 394.
P. simplex, p. 394.

P. bicolor, p. 395.

P. dives, p. 396.

P. qffinis, p. 396.
P. iibialis, p. 396.

P. chalybea, p. 397.
P. abdominals,

[p. 397.
P. cedipus, p. 398.

POLYttHACHIS. 385

b\ Metanotal spines nearly twice the

length of the pronotal spines.
a°. Mesonotum concave ; tibiae with

spines on the inner margin . . P. mutata, p. 399.
bG.- Mesonotum convex ; tibiae with-
out spines on the inner margin. P. binghami, p. 399.
c'. Pronotuui with a short tooth ; metanotum
with a spine on each side; mesonotum
unarmed.

a2. Abdomen not depressed, very convex
above.

a3. Length 6-7 mm. ; abdomen red P. Uviyata, p. 400.

b3. Length 4-5 mm. ; abdomen black . . P.cey(o)iensis,-p.4W).
b'2. Abdomen strongly depressed, only very [p. 401.

slightly convex above " " P. wrougktoni,

d'. Pronotum with a short tooth on each side ;

mesonotum and metanotum unarmed . . P. Icevissima, p. 402.
b. Thorax more or less flat above, the sides

margined along their whole length.
«'. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum

with a spine on each side P. craddocki, p. 403.

b'. Pronotum with a spine, mesonotum and
metanotum with a triangular lamina on

each side P. horni, p. 403.

c'. Pronotum with a long spine ; mesonotum
unarmed; metanotum with a tooth or
tubercle on each side.

a2. Node of pedicel with 2 long spines on
upper angles, and two short lateral
spines or teeth on sides.
a3. The lateral spines or teeth truncate or
bimucronate at apex.

a1. Pubescence very dense P. proximo, p. 405.

b1. Pubescence sparse P. intermedia,

ft3. The lateral spines or teeth pointed, [p. 405.

not truncate nor bimucronate at apex.

a4. Pubescence very dense P. inayri, p. 404.

b*. Pubescence absent or very sparse.
as. Antennal carinae long, divergent

posteriorly P. striata, p. 405.

b*. Antenna! carinse short, not diver-
gent posteriorly.
a°. Legs thickly covered with long

erect hairs P. hanwlata, p. 406.

b°. Legs hairless, smooth P. yerburyi, p. 406.

62. Node of pedicel armed with 4 short sub-
equal spines. [p. 407.

a3. Length 9-10 mm P. stnatorttgosa,

A3. Length 5-6 mm P. convert!, jr. 408. '

d1. Pronotum with a short spine or tooth ;
mesonotum unarmed ; metauotnm with a
lamina, spine or tooth on each side.
o2. Metanotum with backward pointing
laminate spines on each side, with the
apices curved inwards, shaped like a
pair of callipers P. seletu, p. 408.

TOL. II. 2 c

386

FOBMIOmX.

. Metanotum with vertical or obliquely

sloped teeth or spines.
«3. fvode of pedicel with two long spines
on upper lateral angles and two short
obtuse teeth between them ........

b3. Node of the pedicel quadridentate or
quadrispinous, the spines typically
subequal ........................

c3. Node of pedicel trispinous.

«'. Antennal carinse distinctly diver-
gent posteriorly ..............

not divergent

P.jerdoni, p. -409.

[p. 409.
P. punctillata,

P. ihrinax, p. 410.

b4. Antennal carinse not divergent [p. 411.

posteriorly .................... P. fi-anenfeldi,

e. Pronotum and mesonotum unarmed ; meta-

notum with a spine on each side.
a2. Metanotal spines broad, triangular,

pointing backwards.

an. Head and thorax punctured, not striate. P. clypeaia, p. 411.
63. Head and thorax striate .......... P. rastrata, p. 412.

62. Metanotal spines vertical, very small . . P. halidayi, p. 413.
B. Thorax wholly unarmed ; pedicel with four

subequal spines or teeth .................. P. rastellata, p. 414.

451. Polyrhachis bihamata, Drury (Formica), III. Exot. Im. ii
(1773), p. 73, pi. 38, figs. 7 & 8; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1893), p. 21, $.

$ . Eufous brown, the head, apex of the femora, the tibiae and
tarsi, and apices of the thoracic and pedicel spines black, the apical
half of the abdomen more or less fuscous, the whole insect
covered with a fine sericeous pile mixed with scattered erect hairs ;

Fig. \'2b.—Polyrhachis\bihamata,

pron(f al spines pointing obliquely forward and bent outwards and
backwards; mesonotal spines erect, their points directed backwards.
JSode of pedicel columnar ; above, it rises into two long spines,
parallel for a part of their length from base, then turned outwards
and downwards.

Length, g 10-12 mm.

ffab. Lower Burma, Pegu Toma (Allan) ; Tenasserim (Eiwi-
ftMt), extending into the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

POLYRHACHIS. 387

I once found a nest of this species in the Thaungyin valley. It
was of silky yellowish-brown material, placed close to the ground
in the centre of a clump of bamboos, and measured about a foot in
diameter.

452. PolyrhacMs bellicosa, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. iii (1859), p. 142, £ ;
Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sac. viii (1893), p. 21, £ .

£ . Resembles P. bihamata, Drury, but is a smaller, slighter
insect, and the spines of the thorax and pedicel are different in
shape. Head, apices of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi, the apices
of the thoracic and pedicel spines and the abdomen black ; pubes-
cence as in P. bihamata, but not quite so dense, and entirely
destitute of erect hairs. Pronotal spines short, pointing outwards
and downwards ; mesonotal spines curved and sloping obliquely
back. Node of the pedicel columnar, spines very much shorter
proportionately than in P. bihamata, and curved backwards, down-
wards and slightly outwards.

Length, $ 8-9 mm.

Nab. I picked up a solitary specimen in the Mergui Forest
Experimental Gardens, and Dr. Forel has received this species
from Singapore. It occurs in Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

453. Polyrhachis ypsilon, Emery, Ann. Mus. do. Gen. xxiv (1886),
p. 239, $.

£ . Closely resembling P. bihamata, Drury, but it is larger, with
the thoracic and pedicel spines somewhat differ-
ently shaped, and it differs also in colour and
pubescence. Black, with the node of the pedicel
more or less reddish yellow ; pubescence fairly
dense, recumbent and of a greyish, in some speci-
mens of a rich golden yellow ; head, thorax and
abdomen very finely rugulose beneath the pubes-
cence. Head a little longer and more oval than
in P. bihamata, with the elypeus broadly verti-
cally carinate down the middle (in P. b'Jiamatu it
is eonvex and not carinate). Pronotal and meso-
notal spines similar to those in bihamata, but

i i • • • A \ t> \ •

of <3. much thicker, and their apices instead of being

bent backwards are turned a little outwards ; legs
as in bihitmata, thickly spiuosc. >'ode of pedicel columnar, with
two long hooked spines curved outwards and divergent from base ;
abdomen short, globose.

Length, $ 10'5-H mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Forel) ; Singapore ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

Dr. Forel received this species from Ceylon ; I have only seen
JSumatran specimens, from one of which the above description is
taken.

388 FOBMICIDJE.

454. Polyrhachis furcata, Smith, Cat. \\ (1858), p. 64, pi. 4, fig. 20,

$ ; Ford, Jom: Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 25 & 33, £ .

% . Black, the apical half of the flagellum of the antennae and

the legs and abdomen castaneous ; head and abdomen polished and

shining ; thorax and node of the pedicel very coarsely punctured.

Thoracic and pedicel spines slender; pronotal spines pointing

Fig. lyj.—

forward and outward and curved slightly downward ; metanotal
spines much longer than the pronotal spines, erect and slightly
curved backward. Node of pedicel columnar, with two long
spines rising above it like the lateral branches of a Y, their
apical half curved backward, downward and slightly outward.

Length, £ 4*5-5'5 mm.

Halt. Assam (Smj/thies) ; Burma ; Tenasserim (Fea, ffodr/son,
Bine/ham).

The colour is variable in this species ; some have the legs nearly
black, and the majority of specimens have the abdomen jet-black.
Var. tenella, Forel, has the spines on the node of the pedicel
enormously long.

455. Polyrhachis gracilior, Forel.

Polyrachis furcata, race gracilior, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii
(1893), pp. 25 & 33, $ .

£ . Resembles P. furcata, Smith, but is much smaller and the
thoracic and pedicel spines are different. Rufous brown ; head
black, scape of the antennae for the greater part of its length from
base fuscous black ; head and abdomen highly polished, shining ;
thorax and node of pedicel coarsely punctured, but not so coarsely
as in P. furcata. Pronotal spines proportionately much shorter
than in the above species ; metanotal spines similar. Xode of the
pedicel not columnar, broader than long, with two long slender
spines rising from the upper lateral angles and curved so as to
embrace the abdomen.

Length, $ 4-4*5 mm.

Hob. Travancore (Ferguson) ; Assam (Lonrf).

Dr. Forel considers this species simply a race of P. furcata, but
the shape of the spines on the pedicel, which is constant, serves to
distinguish it at a glance.

POLYBHAOHIS. :>9

450. Polyrhacbis phipsoni, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. &*.-. viii (1894),
p. 399, $ .

" £ . Length 4'8 mm. Very close to P. furcata, Smith, from
which it differs by the following characters : — Head longer than
broad ; scape more slender. Clypeus not carinate ; a raised margin
in the place and position of the frontal sulcus. Thorax less
convex ; spines of the metanotum shorter than in typical
P. furcata, but longer than in P. gracilior. The node or column
of the pedicel is lower and much thicker (nearly as long as broad),
with the upper surface inclined from front to back and terminated
in front by a somewhat acute protuberance. The spines of the
columnar node are nearly horizontal, elongate, slightly encircling
the abdomen (as in P. gracilior), but never recurved at apex. A
longitudinal lobe under the pedicel (there is a tooth in P. furcata).
Sculpture very coarsely reticulate as in P. furcata • but this
sculpture extends on to the posterior half of the head, which in
P. furcata is smooth and shining. Front of the head somewhat
smooth, sparsely punctured. Abdomen smooth and shining.
Pilosity and pubescence as in P. furcata, but the pubescence on
the abdomen is more abundant, on the thorax more sparse. Of a
dark red. Scape, abdomen and the apex of the spines blackish ;
tibia; and tarsi brownish." (Forel.)

Hob. I procured this species myself in the Ye valley, Tenasserim,
but unfortunately have no specimens to refer to now, so I
reproduce Dr. Forel's description.

457. Polyrhachis mpicapra, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863),
p. 154, $ $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1803), p. 25, $ .

" £ . Length 8 mm. Black, opaque ; the head has a very sparse,
the thorax and node of pedicel a more abundant fine yellowish
recumbent pubescence ; the abdomen, however, is densely clad with
a recumbent golden pile. The antennal carinaj are moderately wide
apart, in front nearly as wide apart as posteriorly. The clypeus
is arched anteriorly, in the middle almost triangularly incised, and
toothed on each side near the emargination, veiy shortly carinate
posteriorly below the frontal area. The scape of the antenna) is
stout, somewhat thickened towards the apex. Mandibles longi-
tudinally striate, with scattered shallow punctures. The head is
coarsely intricately rugose, and in the intermediate spaces some-
what granulate ; the clypeus and the frontal area are much more
finely rugose. The thorax above is slightly convex and rounded
on the sides, very like what it is in P. dives. The pronotum is
furnished with two spines in front, directed forwards and out-
wards, much longer than in dives, and they are slightly curved.
The two metanotal spines are longer and thicker than the pronotal
spines, divergent with the ajtical portion curved outwards in form,
very like the horns of the chamois. Thorax coarsely irregularly
rugose. Node of pedicel ivith two long slender spines whieJt, are
disposed in lunate fashion claspiivj Hie base of the abdomen ; between

390 TORMICIDJE.

them in the middle are placed two short erect teeth. Underside of
the first tarsal joint with golden pubescence ; claws reddish.

" $ . Length 9 mm. Similar to the £ , but the prouotal spines
are like triangular short teeth ; the mesonotum in front is finely
rugose and in the middle, like the scutellum, studded with neat
rounded punctures ; the spines of the metanotum are shorter,
stouter, with the apex only a little bent outwards. Also the
spines on the node of the pedicel are somewhat shorter than in
the £ . The wings are brownish, the nervures brown." (Roger.)

Hal. Ceylon. Unknown to me.

45S. Polyrhachis hodgsoni, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xlvi (1902),
p. 289. £ .

£ . Kesembles P. arachne, Emery, in the shape and disposition
of the metanotal and pedicel spines, but differs from that species
considerably in sculpture and in the pronotal spines being stouter
and more erect. Black ; the head and thorax very finely and
delicately punctured, rugulose, opaque ; abdomen smooth, not
shining, with a thin covering of very fine silky yellowish pile, and
on the apical segments a few short erect hairs. Pronotal spines
stout, pointing slightly forward, upward and outward ; metanotal
and pedicel spines as in P. arachne. There is a distinct transverse
gibbosity on the thorax at the meso-metanotal suture, and the
abdomen is longer and more massive than in the above-named
species.

Length, $ 6-7 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, Moulmein, Papun.

I found this species in the forests on the Tunzalin river, near
Papun, fairly common, nesting like P. arachne in the hollow joints
of bamboos. In Mr. Wroughton's collection there are specimens
collected by Mr. Hodgson of the Forest Department, labelled
Moulmein.

459. Polyrhachis arachne, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xl (1896),
p. 249, $ .

5 . Jet-black, the head and abdomen shining ; the head and

Fig. 128.— Polyrhachis arachne, g .
node of the pedicel finely rugulose ; thorax above rather coarsely,

POLYEHACHIS. 391

on the sides finely and delicately punctured ; the apices of the
thoracic and pedicel spines, and the legs and abdomen smooth and
highly polished ; pubescence and hairs entirely wanting. Pronotal
spines shorter than the inetanotal spines, pointing forward,
outward and curved slightly downward ; metanotal spines stout,
erect, their apical half curved outward and downward, resembling
chamois horns. Node of pedicel biconvex, with two moderately
long spines rising from the lateral angles above and pointing
backward, curved to the shape of the abdomen.

Length, $ 8-9 mm.

Hob. Upper Burma, the Euby Mines (BingJiam), and Shan
States, at 4UOO feet (Thompson) ;"Tenasserim, Karen Hills north
of Papun at 5000 feet (Bingham) ; Java. Nests in the joints of
bamboos.

460. Polyrhachis tubericeps, Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii
(1893), pp. 26 & 33, $ .

£ . Closely resembles P. simplex, Mayr, but can be readily
distinguished by the shape of the head. Dull black, head,
thorax and node of the pedicel somewhat coarsely and closely
punctured ; antennae, legs and abdomen opaque, finely granulate ;
the extreme apex of the thoracic and pedicel
spines smooth and shining, pubescence entirely
wanting. Head broadly oval, rounded pos-
teriorly, the tubercle behind the eyes on each
side very distinct ; clypeus convex, broadly but
not very distinctly longitudinally carinate, its
anterior margin nearly transverse, with two
minute median projections; thorax slightly
depressed ; pronotal spines short, pointing
forward and outward ; metanotal spines erect,
Pofi/hachis slightly curved outward at their extreme
tubericeps, g . points ; legs stout, tibiae without hairs or
spines. Node of pedicel thick, with a mode-
rately long, stout spine at its lateral angles, curved backwards and
embracing the abdomen, and with two vertical acute short teeth
between them ; abdomen only slightly convex above.
Length, £ 7-8 mm.

Hab. Bengal, Barrackpore ; North-West Provinces (Rothney).
But for the tuberculate head this species is almost identical
with some of the larger varieties of P. simplex, Mayr.

461. Polyrhachis thompsoni, sp. nov.

Black, opaque ; head and thorax moderately coarsely, abdomen
very finely rugulosely granulate ; pilosity and pubescence entiivly
waiiting, with the exception of a very few erect yellowish hairs at
the apex of the abdomen. Head nearly oval, a little broader
posteriorly than in front; clypeus convex, its anterior margin
slightly advanced in the middle, with the apex medially sub-

392

FOBMICIDJE.

truncate: anteunal carinae of moderate length, as broad posteriorly
as in front. Thorax seen from the side strongly arched, very
convex above ; pro-mesonotal suture very distinct, smooth and
shining, rneso-metanotal suture indicated ; pro-
notal spines short, thick at base, directed
divergently forward with a slight downward
bead; metanotal spines massive, long, acute,
pointing obliquely back ; legs of moderate
length, entirely destitute of spines or erect
hairs. Node of pedicel biconvex, armed with
two long curved spines pointing backwards,
and shaped so as to encircle the front of
the abdomen, arid between them in the middle
OQ the upper margin of the pedicel-node three
very short obtuse teeth disposed in a triangle,
the apex of the triangle directed forward as in P. affinis ; abdomen
short, globose.
Length, 6 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim, Atarau valley (Bingham) ; Upper Burma, the
Shan States (Thompson).

Eare ; described from two specimens in my collection.

Fig. 13().

Polyrhachis

thompsoni, £ ,

Fig. 131.
Polyrhachis venus,

462. PolyrhacMs venus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. X. H. Soc. viii (1893),

pp. 23 & 31, $.

5 . Brilliant dark metallic blue ; the abdomen particularly
bright, polished and shining; the head and thorax above very
minutely and finely shagreened, pub-
escence entirely wanting. Head very
broadly oval, the sides almost straight ;
clypeus high and broad, tectifor/a, its
anterior margin nearly transverse with a
medially impressed spot. Pronotal spines
very little more than half the length of
the metanotal spines, pointing forwards
and outwards ; metanotal spines very
thick at base, long, acute and oblique ;
legs long, robust ; the tibiae without spines or hairs. Node of
pedicel comparatively low, very convex in front, flattish posteriorly,
bearing a thin spine at its lateral angles, pointing upwards and
slightly backwards ; these spines not so long as those on the rneta-
notum ; abdomen rather massive, very convex above.
Length, $ 9-10'S mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, the Ataran valley; the Thaungyin valley
(Hodgson, Bingham).

The abdomen of this very beautiful species has, as Dr. Forel
remarks, the metallic glint of certain beetles of the genus Meloe.
I noticed that these ants habitually carried their conspicuous
shining abdomen depressed and in a way tucked up partially
under their thorax. This they were enabled to do owing to the

POLYEHACHIS. 393

length of their legs, which iu walking raised them well ahove the
ground. On being touched they emitted a strong pleasant smell,
like that of the tuberose.

463. Polyrhachis armata, Le Guill. (Formica) Ann. Sec. Ent. Fr. x
(1841), p. 313, rf ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),
pp. 26 & 34, £ .

Polyrachis det'ensus et pandarus, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857),
pp. 59 & 02, £ $ .

£ . Black ; head, thorax and node of pedicel coarsely punctured ;
legs and abdomen opaque, granulate ; pubescence entirely wanting.
Head oval, narrowed posteriorly ; clypeus vertically subcarinate ;
median lobe broad but short, its anterior margin widely emarginate.
Thorax higher than the head, gibbous ; pronotal, metanotal and

Fig. 132. — Polyrhachis armata, £ .

pedicel spines stout, moderately long, subequal, pronotal spines
pointing divergently forwards, metanotal and pedicel spines
divergently backwards ; legs long, robust, tibiae without spines or
hairs. Node of pedicel cubical ; the anterior lateral angles with a
short vertical tooth, the posterior angles spined ; abdomen globose.

$ . Similar, the thorax very massive ; the mesonotum and
scutellum gibbous ; the thoracic and pedicel spines much thicker
and somewhat shorter.

Length, $ 9-1O5 ; $ 11'5 mm.

Hab. Assam, and throughout the whole of Burma and Tenas-
serim ; extending to Borneo, Java and the Philippines.

P. defensus, Smith = P. armata var. minor, Forel (Jour. As. Soc.
Beng. Iv (1886), p. 241). Both forms occur in Burma and are
common. In sculpture and form of the thoracic and pedicel
spines they are exactly alike, but P. defensus is invariably smaller
(length 7-8 mm.), and as invariably has the abdomen red. I am a
little in doubt as to whether P. defensus should not be considered a
good species, for the two forms never intermingle or occur in the
same nest. I once found a huge nest of the larger variety built
inside a Forest Department Inspection bungalow. It extended
across a window and a portion of the outer wall. The nest
measured 4'-3" x 2'-7" X 5£".

394 FORMICIDjE.

464. Polyrhachis fortis, Emery, Rev. Suisse Zool. \ (1893), p. 228, pi. viii,

fig. 5, g; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix (1895), p. 456, $.

tv £ . Black ; abdomen ferruginous, opaque, densely rugose-
punctate, not pubescent ; bead ovate, clypeus convex, anteriorly
in the middle obtusely truncate ; thorax massive, not margined,
with four spines, the metanotal spines strong and thick, elongate,
sub-erect ; node of pedicel with arcuate acute spines. Length
5'7 mm. ; width of head 1-4, of thorax 1 mm. ; length of proiiotal
spiues 0-6, of metanotal spines 1 mm. ; distance between the
apices of the nodal spines 2 mm.

" Upper Burma, one specimen." (Emery.)

Unknown to me, but apparently very similar to P. armata, var.
defensus, Smith.

465. Polyrhachis hauxwelli, sp. nov.

$ . Black ; head and thorax finely punctured, the punctures
rather larger and coarser on the latter ; abdomen finely, minutely
rugulose, opaque ; pubescence almost wanting, confined to a few
short erect hairs on the front of the head and the apical segments
of the abdomen. Head oval, clypeus not very convex, sublobed,

with the anterior margin
rounded, and a faint medial
vertical carina ; antennal
carinse far apart, not diver-
gent. Thorax seen from the
side moderately arched, very
rounded and convex above ;
pro-mesonotal suture indi-
cated, meso-metanotal suture
completely obsolete ; pro-
Fig. 1 SS.—Polyrftac/tis liauxwelli, £ . notal spines very short, acute,

planted low down on the

anterior lateral angles of the pronotum ; metanotal spines much
longer, suberect, sloping backwards and with the extreme apex
bent laterally outwards : legs stout, the tibiae with a row of short
spines beneath. Node of pedicel low, biconvex, much more
strongly convex posteriorly than in front, armed at the upper
lateral angles with two thick, rather short spines which are directed
backwards and curved to the shape of the base of the abdomen ;
between the two spines on the upper margin of the node in the
middle are two short acute upright spines ; abdomen broadly oval.
LengtJi, £ 4-5 mm.
Hob. Tenasserim, the Taoo plateau, 4000 feet (HauxweU).

466. Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii (1862),

p. 682, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 26 &
34, $ $ .

Polyrhachis spiniger, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii (1879),
p. 653, $ <j .

5 . Black ; head and thorax finely punctured, granulate, abdomen

POLYRHACIIIS.

opaque ; pubescence almost entirely absent except a few scattered
erect hairs on the front of the head and on the apical segments of
the abdomen. Head broadly oval ; clypeus with a distinct medial
vertical carina, and briefly lobed, the anterior margin incised in
the middle ; antennal carinae wide apart, not divergent. Thorax
narrower than the head, compressed posteriorly, pronotum and
inesonotum longer than broad ; pronotal spines very short and

Fig. 134. — Polyrhackie simplex,

thick, directed obliquely outwards ; rnetanotal spines erect, slightly
divergent, the apex slightly bent outwards ; legs stout, tibiae without
hairs or spines, except towards the apex where there are three or
four on the underside. Node of pedicel broader than long,
biconvex, with two spines curved to the shape of the abdomen
on the upper lateral angles, and to obtuse points or teeth in the
middle between them : abdomen short, very convex above, globose.

$ . Very similar ; the mesonotum and scutellum rather coarsely
punctured, pronotal spines very short, metanotal and pedicel spines
shorter than in the £ and more massive ; wings hyaline, with a
slight yellowish tint.

c? . Abdomen shining, the head and thorax opaque, the base of
the metanotutn with a slight longitudinally impressed line, thorax
and node of the pedicel unarmed. Wings subbyaline.

Length, £ 4-5-7 ; $ 8 ; J 7 mm.

Hob. Found throughout our limits ; nearly the most common
species of the genus.

467. Polyrhachis bicolor, Smith, Cat vi (1858), p. 65, $; Forel,Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 26, $ .

£ . Head, thorax and node of pedicel black ; antennae, mandibles,
legs and abdomen light red ; the whole insect covered with a fine
silky yellowish-white recumbent pubescence, fairly long and dense,
hiding the sculpture. Head broader above than below, the cheeks
only slightly convex ; eyes round, very prominent. Thorax very
convex in front ; pronotal and metanotal spines short, slender and
very acute ; legs long and slender, covered with soft, very fine,
long erect hairs. Node of the pedicel longer than broad at base,
surmounted by two slender erect spines at its lateral angles, which
are longer than either the pro- or metanotal spines ; abdomen very
convex above.

396 FOEMICID^E.

$ . Very much larger than the $ , not so densely pubescent ;
thoracic and pedicel spines shorter, thicker ; abdomen proportion-
ately more massive.

Lenfjih, $ 5-6 ; $ 8-9 mm.

Hub. Bengal (liothney) ; Burma (Binyliam*) ; Philippines ;
Molucca.

The 2 occasionally has the antennae and legs black.

468. Polyrhachis dives, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 64, £ ;
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 27 & 34, $ .

g . Black, with a de"nse, bronzy, golden recumbent pile, sparse
on the head, but fairly dense on the thorax and abdomen, hiding
the sculpture. Head finely rugulose, short and broad, as broad
posteriorly as in front, the cheeks convex ; the clypeus medially
vertically carinate, sublobed, the anterior border of the lobe emar-
ginate. Thorax very convex and rounded ; pronotal spines pointing
forward, outward and slightly bent downward ; metanotal spines
erect, divergent, rheir apices slightly bent outward ; legs slender,
tibiae with a row of short spines on the underside. Node of
pedicel high, flat and truncate in front, convex posteriorly, sur-
mounted at the lateral angles by two wide-spreading spines curved
to the shape of the abdomen, and with two medial short obtuse
teeth ; abdomen short and broad.

Length, $ 6-7 mm.

JJab. Burma (Brit. Mm.') ; Tenasserim (Binf/ham) ; Ceylon
(Yerbury); extending to China, Siam, the Malayan Peninsula, and
down to the Philippines and Molucca.

409. Polyrhachis affinis, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 63; Forel, Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 27, £ .

Polyrhachis vicina, Royer, Verz. Form. Gatt. 11. Art. (Bcrl. ent. ZeU.
vii, 1863), p. 7, £.

$ . Closely resembles P. dives, Smith, but is constantly smaller :
the thorax is not so convex, and the pedicel spines not so wide-
spreading, with three (not two) short obtuse teeth between them,
placed more or less triangularly, one in front, two posteriorly ;
the legs are also stouter in proportion, with the tibiffi less spinose
beneath.

Letiyth, $ 4—5 mm.

Hab. Burma; Tenasserim (Binyliam).

P. dives and this closely allied species are both very common
throughout Burma and Northern Tenasserim, but the latter
apparently does not go further south. Both build small globular
nests of cobwebby material in low bushes, but the nests of P. affinis
are much smaller, and the colonies less populous.

470. Polyrhachis tibialis, Smith, Cut. vi (1858), p. 63, S; Forel, Jour.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893;, pp. 27 & 35, $ .
Polyrachis acasta, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1861), p. 100, pi. i,

POLYRHACHIS. 397

Polyrhachis argenteus, Mayr,Ver1i. zool-bot. Ges. Wicn. xii

p. 682, £ . '
Polyrhachis cali^ata, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxxiv (1894),

p.488,g.

£ . Black ; the legs more or less castaneous red ; the whole
insect covered with a fine dense, recumbent, silky silvery pile, very
brilliant and glittering in fresh specimens, and entirely hiding the
sculpture. Head very convex in front and at the sides ; clypeus
tectiform, its anterior margin more or less rounded. Thorax
convex, sometimes with the meso- and pronotum gibbous ; pronotal
spines short, acute, pointing forwards ; metanotal spines straight,
pointing backwards, and with a more or less distinct ridge between
them across the metanotum ; legs long and slender, the tibiae
smooth. Node of pedicel high, biconvex, the middle slightly
arched, bearing two short teeth, the lateral angles spined, the
spines wide-spreading, curved to the shape of the abdomen.

2 . Similar, more massive ; the thoracic and pedicel spines
shorter and thicker, the pronotal spines being reduced to mere
acute tubercles ; abdomen very massive ; wings brown, nervures
darker.

Length, £ 4-5*5 ; $ 6*5 mm.

Hob. India, Kanara (Wrouc/hton), Bengal (Sothney) ; Ceylon
(Yerbury, Green): Burma; Tenasserim (Bingham) ; extending to
the Malayan subregion.

The convexity of the thorax varies very much in this species, and
cannot be relied on as separating tibialis from acasta.

47 1 . Polyrhachis chalybea, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 61, $ ;
For el, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. L>3, $ .

5 . Head, thorax and node of pedicel black, legs and abdomen
brilliant metallic purple; head, pro- and mesothorax finely rugulose,
opaque, metathorax and node of pedicel polished, shining; abdomen
smooth, brilliant and glittering. Head oval, constricted posteriorly.
Thorax elongate ; pro- and mesothorax of about equal width ; the
mesonotum circular, very slightly convex above ; pronotal spines
slender, acute, suberect, pointing slightly forwards ; metathorax
laterally strongly compressed, above concave, the sides vertical ;
the metanotal spines erect, nearly vertical, with very broad bases ;
legs stout, elongate ; tibiae minutely and sparsely spinose beneath.
Node of the pedicel cubical, flat and truncate anteriorly, the
posterior lateral angles with stout spines erect, slightly curved
downward ; abdomen short, very convex.

Length, $ 9-10 mm.

Hab. Mergui and southwards in Tenasserim (Bingham} ;
Malacca ; Borneo.

47->. Polyrhachis abdoininalis, Smith, Cat. vi (1858), p. 68, $ ; Furel,

Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1898), p. 24, $.
Polvrachis phyllophilns, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1801), p. 69, $.

398

g Polyrachis acbilles, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),

pp. 24 £ 32, g.

g . Head, thorax, legs and node of pedicel black, abdomen red
or fuscous red ; pubescence wanting. Head, thorax and abdomen
finely granulate, opaque. Head equally broad posteriorly and in
front, the cheeks straight, not convex ; clypeus convex, broad, with
a broad but short lobe, the anterior margin of which is transverse.
Thorax elongate, prothorax distinctly
broader than the mesothorax ; rneta-
thorax laterally compressed, but not so
strongly as in P. chalybea, Smith ; the
mesonotum wide, convex ; metanotum
flat, in front of the spines between
them slightly concave; pronotal spines

Fig 13o-PolyrJ,achi*aMo- slender, pointing forwards, metanotal
minalis, % . Thorax. spines broad and flat at base, slender

above and pointing backwards ; legs

long, the tibiae in some specimens slightly spinose, in others smooth.
Node of pedicel much longer than wide, surmounted by two stout
spines, which are slightly curved backwards ; abdomen short,
globose.

Length, g 8-9 mm.

Nab. Burma: Tenasseriin (Watson, Binyham}; Sumatra, ex-
tending to the Celebes.

I am doubtful whether PotyrJutchis achilles, Forel, is anything
more than a variety of P. abdominalis, Smith. The latter varies
greatly in colour and in the thickness of the pedicel. P. achilles
as described has a very short pedicel, and the tibiae armed with only
two or three spines on the inner margin. It is more robustly
built, and the metanotum, according to Forel, is not laterally
margined, otherwise it resembles P. abdominalis, Smith.

473. Polyrhachis cedipus, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),
pp. 22 £31, g.

$. Black, with a greenish -bronze tint; head, thorax and
abdomen delicately shagreened and rugulose. Head broadly oval,
the cheeks almost straight, clypeus convex, subcarinate, its anterior
margin transverse. Thorax : pro- and mesothorax of the same
width, the latter proportionately longer than in either P. abdo-
minalis or P. mutata ; pronotal spines stout, divergent, pointing
forwards and outwards ; metanotal spines slender, parallel, sloping
backwards ; legs elongate, slender, tibiae compressed. Node of
pedicel a little longer than wide, the spines rather short, wide-
spreading and curved a little backwards ; abdomen shining.

Leiwjth, $ barely 7 mm.

IM>. Ceylon (Yerbury, Green}.

This species though resembling P. mutata, Smith, in form, is
markedly smaller, with the thoracic and pedicel spines shorter and
of a somewhat different shape.

POLTBHA.CHIS. 399

474. PolyrhacMs mutata, Smith, Cat: vi (1858), p. 64, pi. iv. figs. 12,

13, £.

Polyrachis mutata, Smith, race ajax, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1893), pp. 24 & 32, £ .

•• £ . Resembles P. abdominalis, Smith, but is more slenderly made,
with the thorax much narrower and the thoracic and pedicel spines
longer and more slender. Black, the abdomen from a brownish
black or dark brown to dark red. Head, thorax and abdomen
minutely rugulose granulate and opaque,
the abdomen more minutely rugulose than
the head and thorax ; pilosity extremely
sparse, confined to the extremities of the
head and abdomen ; pubescence extremely

v IQA T> i i i- thin and minute, visible only in certain
.big. IJb. — Poh/rhactns ,. . , TT , .' , ,. J .

mutata, £ Thorax. lights. Head with the posterior portion
retreating and only lightly convex, the

sides nearly straight; the eyes prominent, placed above the middle
and rather forward ; mandibles broad and powerful, armed with 5
teeth, finely striate towards the apical margin ; clypeus nearly flat,
very indistinctly subcariuate down the middle ; antenna long and
slender, the scape extending more than half its own length beyond
the top of the head. Thorax : the pro- and metanotal spines very
long, almost horizontal and level with the back, divergent forward
and backward respectively, the pronotal spines slightly curved
downwards ; pronotum between the spines flat ; mesonotuin slightly
longitudinally concave, strongly margined ; metanotum very
narrow, concave from side to side and laterally margined, the
margins in a line with the base of the metanotal spines; legs long,
the tibiae remarkably compressed and flattened, with a row of short
but distinct spines on their internal margin. Pedicel thick, cylin-
drical, truncate posteriorly, and armed with two long divergent
spines curved to the abdomen, not so slender as the metanotal
spines ; abdomen subglobose.

Length, $ 7-8 mm.

Hab. Burma : Pegu Yoma, Maymyo, 3000 feet ; Tenasserim
(Bingliam).

It is somewhat doubtfully that I join the race ajax, Forel,
with mutata, Smith. Though originally collected by myself, I have
now only one mutilated specimen of P. ajax named by Dr. Forel.
This latter seems to me smaller, with a proportionately shorter,
broader bead and thorax than typical P. mutata, Smith, which I
got plentifully at Maymyo.

475. Polyrhachis binghami, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),

pp. 25 & 33, £ .

$ . Closely resembles P. mutata, Smith, especially the race ajax,
Eorel, but is 'a smaller and more stoutly built insect, entirely black
and slightly more coarsely granulate. Head somewhat short-er and
squarer ; clypeus slightly more convex ; pronotal spines shorter,
stouter and straighter, not curved; mesonotum transversely convex,

400 FOBMICIDJE.

not concave; rnetanotum shorter, the spines thicker at base and
shorter. Pedicel shorter, but similar to the pedicel in P. mutata,
but the spines are very much shorter, most noticeably so, and
instead of passing round curved to the shape of the top of the
abdomen, they embrace the abdomen somewhere about halfway up
the anterior face of the 1st segment. Tibiae of the legs not quite
so compressed as in P. mutata. Smith, and entirely without spines
on the inner margin.

Length, $ 5-5 mm.

ffab. Burma : Pegu Yoma (Singham).

470. Polyrhachis levigata, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii (1857), p. 62,$;
Forel, Jour. Bomb. K. H. Soc. viii (1894), p. 400, £ .

£ . Black, the coxse, base of the femora and abdomen red, apical
half of the flagellum brownish red : head and abdomen smooth
and shining, polished ; thorax delicately punctured, subopaque.
Thorax cylindrical, very convex above ; pronotum transverse in
front, without spines, but the lateral angles acute, subdentate ;•
metanotum with the basal portion concave from right to left, the
spines slender, acute, slightly divergent and sloped backward;
legs rather long and stout, tibiae smooth, without spines or hairs.
Node of pedicel biconvex, with two proportionately stout spines,
divergent and strongly curved backwards to the shape of the
abdomen ; abdomen globose.

Length, £ 5*6 mm.

Hob. Burma : Pegu Toma (Allan) ; Tenasseriin, Ye Valley
(Binrjham) : Malacca.

A rare species. It is with some doubt that I follow Dr. Forel
in uniting the above described ant with P. levigata, Smith. Smith
says nothing of the abdomen being red, and states that P. levigata
has the flagellum of the antennae clavate, which the species from
Burma and Tenasserim has not.

477. PolyrhacMs ceylonensis, Emery.

Polyrachis hippomanes, Smith, race ceylonensis, Emery, apud Forel,
Jour. liomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 22. £ .

$ . Black ; the flagellum of the antennae, and the femora, tibiae and
tarsi of the legs reddish yellow, the mandibles and scape of the
antennae fuscous red. Head and thorax finely, abdomen minutely,
reticulate-punctate and slightly shining ; pubescence almost en-
tirely wanting, a few scattered erect hairs occurring on the front
of the head and apex of the abdomen. Head oval, a little broader
posteriorly than in frout ; clypeus convex, with a median vertical
carina, the anterior margin arched ; antennal carinae slightly diver-
gent towards the vertex, moderately wide apart, w^ith an impressed
shoi-t vertical line between them. Thorax short and massive, con-
vex above, the pro- and mesonotum broader than long ; pronotum
armed with a short outward-pointing tooth on each side ; meta-
notum with two short erect stout spines at the posterior lateral
angles of the basal portion ; legs stout, tibiae cylindrical, without erect

POLYBHACHIS. 401

hairs or spines, and slightly attenuated towards the base. Node of
pedicel somewhat flat in front, convex posteriori}', armed at the
upper lateral angles with two strong, rather wide-spreading spines,
that are curved backward ; abdomen globose.

$ . Similar to the £ in colour ; head and thorax reticulate-
punctate, abdomen opaque ; head shorter and much wider poste-
riorly than in the £ ; clypeus narrower, only subcarinate ; pronotal
spines thicker, triangular in shape, metanotal spines shorter and
more horizontally directed backward ; mesonotum nearly flat
above, with an indistinct longitudinal sulcus down the middle and
a short impressed line on either side near the base of the wings.
Node of pedicel broad and flat, the spines shorter than in the g ;
the anterior portion of the abdomen with a deep overhanging margin,
the abdomen above slightlv convex, depressed.

Length, £ 4-5 ; $ 6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Green).

The $ d'iffers more from the £ in this than in any other species
of Polyrhachis known to me.

478. Polyrhachis wroughtoni, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. II. Soc. viii
(1894), p. 398, g; ix (1894), p. 457, $ rf.

£ . Black ; the autennse, the tibia) and tarsi of the anterior, and
the femora, tibiae and tarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs
ochraceous, more or less shaded with fuscous, the femora of the
anterior legs castaneous, the front of the abdomen reddish. Head,
thorax and node of pedicel somewhat coarsely punctured, cribrate ;
abdomen finely granulate, opaque ; with the exception of a few
short erect pale hairs on the head anteriorly and on the apex of
the abdomen beneath, pubescence entirely wanting; in certain
lights a very thin recumbent pilosity is visible on the head, the
sides of the thorax and abdomen. Head broader posteriorly than
in front ; clypeus very convex, with the anterior margin arched and
bearing two short divergent teeth in the middle ; autennal carinae
short, widely separated and slightly divergent posteriorly. Thorax
short, massive, pronotum much broader than long ; pro-mesonotal
suture distinct, meso-rnetanotal suture obsolete; pronotum with
the anterior margin transverse, undulate, the lateral angles armed
with a short acute downward-bent tooth, directed obliquely out-
wards ; metanotal spines acute, erect, very divergent ; apical portion
of metanotum flat, nearly concave; legs short, stout, the tibiae
smooth. Node of pedicel biconvex, broad, with two stout laterally
spreading spines, carved to the shape of the abdomen ; between
the'm the upper margin of the node is arched and bears two minute
erect teeth ; abdomen depressed, very slightly convex above.

" $ . Mesonotum depressed, the pronotum armed with only two
small triangular teeth. The spines on the metanotum are shorter
than in the $ and directed more horizontally backward. Wings
brown, a pale spot before the stigma. For the rest similar to
the $.

VOL. II. 2 £

402 FOUMIClDjE.

" rf . No trace of teeth or spines. Metanotum rounded, the
apical face much longer than the basal portion. Pedicel with a
node broader than long. Finely reticulate-punctate and opaque or
subopaque; abdomen finely reticulate and slightly shining.
Pilosity almost entirely wanting. Pubescence fine, greyish, some-
what "abundant all over without at the same time forming a
distinct pile. Brownish black ; the mouth-parts, apex of the
antennae, genital valves, trochanters, the joints, and sometimes the
tibise and tarsi, reddish yellow." (Ford.)

Length, g 4-4-5; $ 4-3-4-7; c? 5mm.
Hal. Kanara ( Wroucjliton).

, pi. 4, tig-.

479 Polvrhachis laevissima, Smith, Cat. \\ (1858), p. 64,

42 ; Forel, Jo>»: Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii a 893), pp. 21 & 30,
Polyrhachis globukria, M ayr, Tijds. v. Ent. x (1867), p. 41, g .

£ , Black, the femora and tibiae of the anterior, and the coxae,
femora and tibia of the intermediate and posterior legs blood-red.

The whole ' insect smooth,
highly polished and shining,
almost without pubescence : a
few short, pale, erect hairs on
the face anteriorly and on the
apex of the abdomen. Head
subtriangular, much wider
posteriorly than in front ;
clypeus convex, its anterior
Fig. ISfi.—Polt/rkacJiiti la-visKtiiia, £ . margin indistinctly slightly
'Thorax. emarginate in the middle:

antennal carinse moderately wide apart, with a short longitudinal
carina between them. Thorax viewed from the side very strongly
arched, gibbous ; lateral angles of the pronotum with a short tooth
pointing outwards ; pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-metanotal
suture barely indicated ; basal portion of metanotum passing into
the apical portion with a smooth regular slope ; legs moderately
long, the tibiae with extremely minute widely-spaced spines. Node
of pedicel biconvex, with a moderately acute tooth at the upper
lateral angles, between which the upper margin is strongly arched
and emarginate in the middle ; abdomen globose.

$ . Identical with the £ except in being larger and in the
ordinary sexual difference between $ and £ . Mesonotum gibbous
in front, pronotum depressed, vertical. Wings dark brownish and
subhyaline.

d . Similar to the $ , smaller ; thorax shorter, proportionately
deeper ; mesonotum remarkably gibbous in front, head and abdo-
men very much smaller ; wings as in the $ but a shade lighter in
colour.

Length, $ 6-7 : $ 8-5 ; rf 6 mm.

Hal. Bengal (Rothney) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Assam (Long) ;
Burma: Tenasserim ( Binyhani) ; Siam and down to Java.

POLYRHACHIS.

403

Some specimens from Assam have the abdomen and legs of a
reddish yellow, and the antenna? and front of the head reddish
(var. dichroits, Forel).

480. Polyrhachis craddocki, sp. nov.

£ . Black, thorax and legs dark lake-brown ; head and abdomen
very smooth and shining; thorax delicately rugulose, opaque.

Fig. 138. — Polyrhachi

Node of pedicel.

Head very convex, much broader posteriorly than in front ; clypeus
convex, its anterior margin arched. Thorax compressed, the lateral
margin deep, the sides vertical ; pro-meso- and meso-metanotal
sutures distinct ; pronotal spines broad at base, pointing forwards
and outwards, mesonotal spines nearly vertical,
pointing slightly outwards ; metanotal spines
short, blunt, parallel, pointing obliquely back-
wards ; mesouotum and basal portion of meta-
notum transversely concave ; legs comparatively
long, femora and tibia? compressed, the tibiae not
spinous underneath. Node of pedicel columnar,
very highly raised, surmounted by two cylindrical
spines which rise vertically and are close
together and parallel for three-fourths of their
length from base, the apical fourth bent outwards
and slightly backwards in the form of a hook ;
abdomen short and round, ve'ry convex above.
Length, $ 5'5-6'5 mm.

Hob. Upper Burma, the trans-Salween Shan States (Craddodc).
This very distinct species is close to P. lamellidens, Smith, from
China and Japan, but differs in the shape of its spines. In Smith's
species the pronotal spines are curved downwards, the apex of the
mesonotal spines bent backwards, and the spines on the pedicel
diverge widely from their base.

481. Polyrhachis horni, Emery, Deutsche ent. Zeit. (1901), p. 122, $.

" £ . Black, head and abdomen shining, devoid of pubescence,
densely but finely punctured. Thorax with thick, light yellow,
silky shiniug pubescence. Pedicel only above with similar but less

2 D 2

Fig. 139.— Poh,-
rhachis lamelli
dens, £ .

Node of pedicel.

404

dense pubescence. Spines bare. Legs with thin grey pubescence.
The exterior of the underside of the head and abdomen with very
short erect hairs. Head highly convex, the antennal carinae close
together. The posterior margin shortly elevated. Eyes pro-
minent, convex. Clypens with the lobe truncate. Scape rounded.
Thorax laterally sharply rounded. Pronotum with a curved spine
on each side directed forwards, somewhat inwards and downwards.
The lateral margins of the mesonotum and of the basal portion of
the metanotum are furnished with triangular lamina. The basal
and sloping portions of the metanotum pass one into the other
without an angle, and the margin on each side bears a small obtuse
tubercle. Pedicel with four spines, the lateral short, pointing
upwards, the median long, divergent, arched backwards and
shaped to the curvature of the following segments.

" Length, % 9-9'5 mm.

" $ . Colour, sculpture and pubescence as in the $ . Spines on
the pronotum and on the node of the pedicel much thicker and
shorter ; the tubercle on the metauotum, on the contrary, sharper
and more prominent. Length, 10-10-5 mm." (Emery.)

ffab. Ceylon, Nalanda. Unknown to me.

482. PolyrhacMs mayri, Roger, Verz. Form. Gatt. u. Art. (Berl. ent.
Zeit. vii, 1863). p. 7, S ; ' Forel. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893)
pp. 20 & 29, $'.

Polyrhachis relucens, Mayr (nee Latr.\ Verb, zool.-bot. Ges Wien
xii (1862), p. 685.

£ . Black ; covered with a dense golden recumbent pubescence,
and with a fairly thick mass of short erect hairs. Head from in
front very broadly oval, almost circular; clypeus convex, its
anterior margin arched, antennal carinae short, wide apart. Thorax
strongly arched, compressed, wide anteriorly, narrowing rapidly
posteriorly, slightly convex between the lateral margins, which are

Fig. 140.— Polyrhachis mayri, $.

deep, overhanging the vertical sides, pro-meso- and meso-inetanotal
sutures distinct ; pronotal spines broad at base, slender and acute
at apex, pointing almost horizontally forwards and outwards ; a
.sharp transverse carina, with its lateral points subdentate, separates
the basal portion of the metanotum from the oblique concave apex ;
legs moderately long, pubescent, the tibiae cylindrical. Node of
pedicel broad, cuneiform, biconvex, the upper lateral angles sur-
mounted by spines diverging outwards, and below their bases on

POLYUHACH1S. 405

each side of the node is a short laterally pointed acute tooth or
spine ; abdomen very massive, broadly oval.

$ . Similar, somewhat larger, with the inesonotum very long,
convex above and gibbous ; thoracic and pedicel spines shorter and
thicker : wings flavo-hyaline, nervures brown.

Length, $ 9-5-10-5; $ 11-12 mm.

Hab. Bengal, Sikhim (Moller): Kanara ( Wroughton) ; Travan-
core (Ferguson) ; Ceylon (Yerbury) ; Burma, Tenasserim (Bingliam) ;
extending down to the Malayan subregion.

A common species in Burma.

483. Polyrhachis intermedia, Forel.

Polyrhachis mayri, race intermedia, Forel, Jour. As. Soc. Seng. Iv
(1886), p. 242, £ ; Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 20, $ .

£ . Very similar to P. mayri and P. proxima. Resembles the
former in having the thorax narrower posteriorly than in front,
and the latter in wanting the transverse carina bordering the
basal portion o£ the metanotum, in the closely approximate
antennal carinae, and the bimucronate lateral spines on the pedicel.
Differs from both in having greyish, not golden pubescence very
sparse, not hiding the sculpture ; this gives it quite a different
appearance.

Length, £ 8-9 mm.

Hab. Assam (Smythies) ; Burma : Myitkyina, Bhamo and the
Ruby Mines (Bingham).

I 'am not quite certain whether I have identified this species
correctly. I have not met with it further south in Burma than
the Ruby Mines district.

484. Polyrhachis proxima, Itof/er, Serf. ent. Zeit. vii (1863),

p. loo, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 20, £ .

£ . Closely resembles P. mayri, being black and covered with
similar dense golden shining pubescence, which hides the sculp-
ture ; but besides the bimucrouate lateral spines on the pedicel,
this species is shorter than P. mayri, with a proportionately wider
thorax posteriorly, and with the antennal carinse very much closer .
together.

$ . Resembles $ of P. mayri, but the mesonotum and scutellum
are still more gibbous and raised than in that species.

Length, $ 89 ; $ 10 mm.

Hab. Burma (Bingham) ; Ceylon (Yerbury, Green); Malacca
extending to Java.

485. Polyrhachis striata, Mayr, T'erh. zool.-bot. Get. Witn, xii

(1802), p. 686, pi. 19, fig. 8, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1893), p. 19, $ .

$ . Jet-black, with fairly abundant erect pubescence, black on
the head, thorax, legs and the greater part of the abdomen above,
reddish yellow beneath and on the apical segment. Head, thorax
and node of pedicel longitudinally striate ; abdomen very finely

406 FORMICIDJE.

punctured, rugulose and opaque, the punctures in certain speci-
mens seem to run into minutely fine striae. Head elongately
oval, the cheeks nearly straight, the head behind the eyes nar-
rowed, distinctly narrower than in front ; clypeus angularly
arched in front, tectiform, with a well-marked medial vertical
carina ; antennal carinae long, closely approximate in front.
Thorax with the lateral angles of the prouotum armed with two
long strong broad-based spines, slightly curved downwards and
pointing forwards and outwards ; basal portion of metanotum
transversely subtnargined, apical portion concave, striate, not
smooth; legs long, the tibiae not spinous beneath. Node of
pedicel high, biconvex, armed at the upper lateral angles with two
upright slightly divergent spines, as long as the prouotal spines
or a little longer, and on the sides beneath the base of the above
with a short, acute, laterally-pointed tooth ; abdomen massive, much
broader than the thorax.

Length, $ 9-5-10 mm.

Hab. Sikhim (M oiler) ; Assam (Long) ; Burma {Bfagham) ;
Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

486. Polyrhachis hamulata, Emery (sumatrensis, Smith, race hamu-
lata), Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxiv (1887), p. 234 ; Forel, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 21, $ .

$ . Resembles P. striata, Mayr, but is a stouter, more heavily
built insect. Black, with a dense erect yellowish-red pilosity and
a thin, fine, silky sericeous pile, most dense on the abdomen but
in no way hiding the sculpture. Head, thorax and abdomen
closely and somewhat coarsely longitudinally striate, the striae
finer on the abdomen than on the head and thorax. Head broader
posteriorly than in front ; clypeus convex, not carinate. Thorax
distinctly broader and more massive than in P. striata ; pronotal
spines pointing forwards and outwards ; pro-meso- and meso-
metanotal sutures deeply marked and incised laterally; basal
portion of metanotum transversely margined and with an erect
lateral tooth ; apical portion concave, slightly striate and rugose ;
• legs long, with longer and denser erect pubescence than on the
thorax; tibiae cylindrical, not spinous. Xode of pedicel broad,
biconvex, surmounted at its upper lateral angles by two slightly
divergent erect spines, on each side beneath their bases is a
laterally pointing acute shorter spine ; there is also a distinct
medial projection or tooth between the two longer spines ;
abdomen broadly oval, massive.

Length, % 10-10*5 mm.

Hab. Assam (Smytliies) ; Burma (Fea) ; Tenasserim (Binyham)-
Celebes (apud Dalla Torre).

487. Polyrhachis yerburyi, Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),
pp. 20 & 29, $ $ .

$ . Black, with a few erect yellow hairs on the front of the

POLYRHACHIS. 407

head and the apical and under surfaces of. the abdomen, and a
very thin, more or less indistinct, recumbent yellow silky pile
chiefly visible on the abdomen. Head rounder and shorter than
in P. striata, Mayr, the cheeks and front very convex ; clypeus
convex, its anterior margin arched, not emarginate ; the front of
the head finely longitudinally striate. Thorax short, broad in
front, compressed posteriorly, longitudinally striate ; pro-meso-
notal suture well-marked, laterally incised ; meso-metanotal
suture obsolete above, but the thorax incised laterally at the
place ; pronotal spines strong, acute, diverging outwards ; basal
portion of metanotum posteriorly transversely margined and with
an erect short tooth at the posterior lateral angles ; apical portion
concave, smooth, shining, the striae almost effaced ; legs mode-
rately long, opaque, without spines or hairs, the tibiae cylindrical.
Node of pedicel high, biconvex, striate, narrower proportionately
than in P. striata and P. Jiamulata, surmounted at the lateral
angles by two long erect spines, the space between which is
concave ; the sides of the node with a laterally pointing short
acute spine, placed lower on the side of the node than in any of
the preceding species ; abdomen globose.

Length, $ 8-9 mm.

Hab, Ceylon (Yerbury).

488. Polyrhachis striatorugosa, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xii (1862), p. 086, $ , pi. 19, % 9 ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. viii (1893), p. 19, $.

" $ . Length 10 mm. Black, opaque, apex of the flagellum
and claws reddish yellow, middle of the front tibiae brown.
An erect fox-red pubescence, somewhat plentiful on the whole
body. A recumbent yellowish pile sparsely covering the head
and abdomen. Mandibles finely and closely longitudinally striate,
with scattered punctures. Clypeus feebly carinate, finely rugose ;
anterior margin rounded. The remainder of the head rather
coarsely strigately rugose. Thorax as in the preceding two
species rugose, longitudinally striate. Pronotum with two broad-
based spines pointing forwards and outwards. The lateral angles
of the basal portion of the metanotum toothed, the teeth short,
vertical. Pedicel with a thick six-sided node surmounted by two
rather short erect slightly divergent spines ; the margin of the
node between the two spines nearly straight, only with a median
tubercle, the sides of the node bear a lateral and somewhat upward
pointing spine, a little shorter than the upper two spines ; node
of pedicel rugose. The abdomen closely, distinctly longitudinally
striate and rugose. Legs finely shagreened." (Mayr.)

Hab. Burma ; Java (Mayr}.

This species, unknown to me, seems very close to P. hamulata,
Eirery, distinguished chiefly by the shorter upper nodal spines.

408

489. Polyrhachis convexa, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863),
p. 153, $ ; Forel, Jour. £omb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 19, $ .

£ . Black, very finely rugulose, and covered with a very fine
short, recumbent glistening grey pile. Head short, as broad
posteriorly as in front, the cheeks very slightly convex, the eyes
prominent ; clypeus tectiform, rounded anteriorly ; antennal
carinae divergent towards the vertex. Thorax, seen from the side,
strongly arched, the pro-, meso- and basal portion of metanotum
all broader than they are long ; apical portion of metanotum
deeply concave ; pronotal spines short, acute, directed divergently
forward ; basal portion of metanotum bounded posteriorly by a

Fig. 141. — Polyrhachis convexa, £.

slight carina between two short erect points at its lateral posterior
angles ; legs moderately long, devoid of spines or erect hairs.
Node of pedicel broad, biconvex, armed with four short subequal
spines placed about equidistant from each other ; abdomen short,
globose.

Length, $ 5'5-G mm.

Sab. Ceylon : Kandy, Jaffna (Green), Colombo (Bingham).

490. Polyrhachis selene, Emery, Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 518, $, pi. 11, fiprs. 18 & 19 ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii (1893), p. 18, $ .

$ . Black, opaque ; head and thorax finely, abdomen minutely
and more finely rngulose, covered with a very short black erect
pubescence. Head short, broad, con-
vex, the occiput broad, almost flat,
the posterior lateral angles well-
marked, cheeks convex ; clypeus con-
vex, with a medial vertical carina, its
anterior margin strongly arched and
rounded ; antennal carinse not promi-
nent, very wide apart. Thorax very
bread; pronotum much broader than
long, anteriorly transverse ; lateral
anterior angles pointed, but without
spines ; mesonotum flat, transversely oval ; pro-mesonotal suture
distinct j meso-metanotal suture impressed, very distinct ; basal

Fig. \42.—PolyrhacItis scfcnc,

POLYBHACHIS. 409

portion of metanotum flat, broader than long, with on each side a
flat, horizontal, backward-pointing laminate spine, the two spines
curve inwards like a pair of callipers ; apical portion strongly
concave, shining, overhung by the metanotal spines ; legs mode-
rately long, stout ; tibiae cylindrical, without spines. Node of
pedicel thick, conical, raised in the middle, above transversely
grooved ; abdomen broad and comparatively massive.

Length, £ 3-4 mm.

Hob. Upper Burma, Maymyo, 3000 ft. (Bingham) ; Tenasserim,
Kawkarait (Fea).

A remarkable aud aberrant form superficially resembling species
of the genus Catalaucus of the Myrmicince. Emery has further
described a race or variety under the name obtusata. This has the
abdomen more coarsely rugulose, and the node of the pedicel more
rounded, blunt above.

491. Polyrhacbis jerdoni, Forel, Neujahrsbhitt, Xatwforsch. Ges.
Zurich, 1893, p. 491, £ ; Jour. Bomb. X. H. Soc. viii (1893),
pp. 17&28, $?.

£ . Black, with a bronzy tint ; head and thorax closely and
finely punctured, rugulose ; abdomen more minutely punctured ;
mandibles, antenna? and legs red ; pubescence almost entirely
wanting. Head not very convex, broader posteriorly than in
front; clypeus broader than high, medially vertically carinate,
its anterior margin transverse : antennal carinse short, widely
separated. Thorax depressed, broad in front, with two widely
divergent broad-based spines anteriorly, contracted posteriorly,
with two obliquely erect, slightly divergent spines at the posterior
lateral angles of the basal portion of the metanotum ; the pro-
notum, the mesonotum and the basal portion of the metanotum
all much broader than long ; apex of raetanotum very steeply
sloped, slightly concave ; legs stout, smooth, but opaque, without
spines or hairs. Node of pedicel biconvex, broad above, with two
widely-spread spines on its lateral angles, shaped to the curve of
the abdomen, the upper margin of the node between the two
spines obtusely biangular ; abdomen broad, depressed, distinctly
submargined anteriorly and on the sides.

$. Similar; thorax more massive ; thoracic and pedicel spines
much shorter ; wings flavo-hyaline.

Length, $ 5-6 ; $ 7-8 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).

492. Polyrhachis punctillata, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (180;?). p. 1<>2,

$ $: Ford, Jour. Bomb. N.' H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 19, $.
Polvrhachis punctillata, Royer. var. emythiesi, Forel, Jotn: liomb.
N. H. Soc. ix (1894), p. 456*.

* Subsequently (Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, xlvi (1902), p. 289) referral t.. MS a
race or subspecies, not a variety.

410

Polyrhachis subpilosa, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, xxxiv (1894),

p. 480, $ .
Polyrhachis puuctillata, Roger, race fergusoui, Forel, Ann. Soc. En1.

Belye, xlvi (1902), p. 289, £ .

$ . Black, opaque, minutely rugulose, with a very short and
sparse covering of pale erect hairs and a thin fine silky pubes-
cence. Head oval, vertex rounded, very little broader posteriorly
than in front ; cly peus broader than high and indistinctly medially
carinate ; antennal carin* moderately wide apart. Thorax broad,
narrowed posteriorly, laterally incised at the pro-meso- and
meso-metanotal sutures, the former suture distinct, the latter
nearly obsolete ; anterior margin of pronotum undulate, the
lateral angles armed with a strong triangular tooth pointing
outwards ; basal portion of metanotnm trapezoidal, the lateral
posterior angles each with a very short erect tooth, the bases
joined by a slight carina ; apical portion of metanotum concave ;
legs slender ; tibiae smooth, without spines. Node of pedicel
biconvex, quadridentate, the teeth or little spines equidistant one
from the other ; abdomen broadly oval, very convex above.

u $ . Black, with a distinct grey sheen. Head strongly longi-
tudinally striate. Thorax intricately sculptured. Teeth of the
metanotum distinct. Xode of pedicel slightly emarginate, the
lower lateral teeth more acute than in the £ • Abdomen and
the rest of the body as in the £ . Wings brownish, with brown
nervures ; wing about 8 mm. in length." (Roger.)

Length, $ 5-6 ; $ 7 mm.

Hob. North-west Provinces (Smythies) ; Kanara (Wrouyhton) ;
Burma, Pegu Toma ( Allan), Southern Shan States (Thompson) ;
Ceylon (Terbury).

The three varieties, races or subspecies, Polyrhachis smythiesi,
Forel, P. subpilosa, Emery, and P. fergusoni, 'Forel, grade into
typical punctiV.ata, the chief difference being the length of the
teeth or spines on the pedicel. These are longest, so far as
the two middle spines are concerned, in P. fergusoni, and almost
obsolete in P. subpilosa.

493. Polyrhachis thrinax, Roger, Berl. ent. Zeit. vii (1863), p. 152, £ :
Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 18 & 28, £ $ rf .

$ . Brownish yellow, the abdomen translucent yellow ; head,
thorax and node of pedicel rugulose granulate ; legs and abdomen
shining, smooth ; pubescence almost entirely wanting, reduced to

Fig. 1-43.— Polyrhachis thrinax,

a very few erect yellow hairs on the front of the head and apex
of the abdomen. Head oval, vertex rounded, eyes large and

POLYBHACHIS. 411

prominent; clypeus convex, anteriorly rounded, with a medial
vertical carina ; antennal carinae very wide apart. Thorax wide
in front, gradually narrowed posteriorly and slightly emarginate
on each side at the meso-metanotal suture ; pronotum arched
t anteriorly, truncate in the middle of the anterior margin, armed
with a tooth on each side in the middle ; basal portion of rnetanotum
armed posteriorly with two stout erect short spines, apical portion
slightly concave; legs long, moderately stout, the tibiae without
spines. Pedicel nodiform, longer than thick, with a single medial
vertical spine, bimucronate at apex, and on either side of it and a
little in front a very much shorter spine ; abdomen broadly oval.

$ . Similar, larger ; the thoracic spines shorter and stouter, the
lateral spines on the node of pedicel longer, very little shorter
than the medial spine, which however is shorter than in the £ .

" c? . Brownish variegated with brownish yellow, flagellum of
the antennas darker. Shagreened, somewhat shining. Pedicel
with a node more or less bituberculate or trituberculate at the
apex above." (Forel.)

Length, $ 4-5-6 ; £ 8 ; rf 5'7-6 mm.

Bab. India : Bengal (Eothney), Kanara ( Wrougliton), Travancore
( Ferguson] ; Ceylon ( Yerbury) ; Burma, the Shan States (Thompson) ;
Java.

Var. lancearius, Forel. " Node of pedicel at least as thick as
wide, if not thicker" (Forel). Var. javana, Mayr, has the pronotal
spines a little stouter and the pedicel spines subequal. There is
one specimen from Calcutta of this latter variety in the collection
of the British Museum.

494. Polyrhachis frauenfeldi, Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wlm, xii

(1862), p. 687, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893),
p. 18,'?.

" £ . Length 8-9-5 mm. Black, the apex of the flagellum of
the antennas and the tarsi brownish yellow. Pubescence nearly
wanting. Head, thorax and pedicel finely and closely punctured,
cribrate and opaque. Thorax not short nor high, quadrilateral,
with obtuse margins which are not incised. Pronotum with two
triangular obtuse teeth. Metanotum with two teeth pointing
outwards. Pedicel nodose above, thick, with a medial upwards
and posteriorly directed straight spine and two teeth. Abdomen
shining, finely transversely rugose coriaceous." (Mayr.)

Hob. Ceylon (apud Forel) ; Java (apud Mayr).

Unknown to me.

495. Polyrhachis clypeata, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. IVfen, xii

(1862), p. 683, $> ; Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1898),
pp. 19 & 29, £ .
Polyrhachis indica, Mayr, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xx (1870),

p. 945, $.

£ . Black ; the mandibles, except the apex, and the legs red ;
the antennae dark fuscous red ; the heaJ, thorax and abdomen

41^ FOKMICIDJE.

opaque, finely reticulate-punctate ; pubescence very sparse, reduced
to a few scattered erect hairs, chiefly on the apical abdominal
segments ; the whole insect covered with a very thin, tine, silky
pile, visible only in certain lights. Head short, very broad, almost
as broad posteriorly as in front ; clypeus with a well-marked medial
vertical carina and a distinct anteriorly produced rectangular lobe,
the anterior margin of which is transverse and dentate ; antennal
carinae widely separate. Thorax broad anteriorly, gradually com-
pressed and narrowed towards the metanotum, the sides vertical ;
the pronotum and mesonotum each broader than long, the former
arched anteriorly ; pro-meso- and meso-metanotal sutures distinct
and deeply impressed ; basal portion of metanotum nearly square,
the posterior lateral angles broadly turned upwards so as to form
stout triangular projections, and making the upper surface of the
metanotum concave from right to left ; apical portion of meta-
notum nearly vertical, slightly concave ; legs stout, tibiae with
extremely minute indistinct spines beneath. Node of pedicel
slightly biconvex, armed with four short acute spines nearly equi-
distant from one another, the median spines nearly vertical,
pointing a little backwards and slightly longer than the lateral,
which point obliquely outwards and backwards ; abdomen broadly
oval, depressed, the front portion of the basal segment sub-
margined.

$ . Similar to the £ , but very much larger. Larger in pro-
portion than the 2 of any other Polyrhachis known to me. The
thorax is not laterally margined as in the £ ; pronotum short,
dentate on each side anteriorly ; mesonotum raised above the pro-
notum, convex ; metanotum depressed, the basal portion horizontal,
convex, posteriorly deeply emarginate, the posterior lateral angles
prominent but rounded ; node of the pedicel armed with four
equal teeth.

Length, g 6'7 : $ 9 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Itothney); Western India ( Wroityhton) ; Travan-
core (Ferguson); Ceylon (Yerbury).

496. Polyrhachis rastrata, Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1889),
p. 517, £ : Ford, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 19, £ .

£ . Close to P. indica (recte clypeata), but distinguished by
the regular longitudinal striate sculpture. In the form of the
thorax, the armature of the same, the node of the pedicel and
the form of the clypeus P. rastrata is similar to P. indica ; but the
sculpture of the head and thorax is different, also the punctures
run into regular longitudinal striae, close and tine on the head,
sparser and deeper on the thorax.'' (Emery.)

Length, $ 7'5 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim (Fea).

Unknown to me. Described by Professor Emery from a solitary
specimen. It is apparently very close both to P. clypeata, Mayr,
and P. halidayi, Emerv.

POLYBHACHJS. 413

4!) 7. Polyrhachis halidayi, Emery, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii (1887),
p. 517, $ ; Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), p. 19, $ .

£ . Resembles P. dypeata, Mayr, but is larger and more robust
and the sculpture is entirely different. Black, the mandibles
and legs castaneous red, the latter more or less shaded with
fuscous ; head and thorax neatly longitudinally striate ; node of
pedicel faintly and rather irregularly striate ; abdomen smooth and
shining, not opaque ; pilosity very sparse, recumbent pubescence
fine, thin, sericeous and shining. Head comparatively shorter
and, seen from in front, rounder than in P. dypeata ; clypeus
more convex and much more strongly carinate, anteriorly produced
into a rectangular lobe as in P. dypeata, but the anterior margin,
though transverse, is not dentate. Thorax broad in front, narrow
posteriorly, the pro-mesonotal suture broad and deep, the meso-
metanotal suture marked by a transverse carina ; the pronotum

Fig. 144.— Polyrhachis halidayi, $.

angular laterally; the basal portion of the metanotum flat, not
concave, the teeth or spines at the posterior lateral angles minute ;
apical portion of metanotum concave, shining, very minutely
transversely striate; legs robust, tibiae smooth, not spined. Node
of pedicel biconvex, thicker than in P. dypeata, and quadrispinous
as in that species, but the lateral spines are broader and placed
higher up on the node, and the two medial spines are reduced to
obtuse teeth and placed much closer together ; abdomen broadly
oval.

$ . Very similar to the g , the stria) on the head and thorax
coarser, the pronotum laterally obtusely angled ; the basal portion
of the metanotum transversely rectangular, its posterior margin
widely emarginate, the lateral angles slightly turned up ; the
abdomen longer and more massive ; the soft fine sericeous recum-
bent pile much denser, especially on the abdomen, and of a reddish
yellow.

Length, $ 6-7 ; $ 8 mm.

414

Hab. Burma ; Tenasserim up to 5000 ft. (Fea Sf Bingham). A
common species in the Pegu Yoma, making comparatively large
nests among the leaves of trees.

498 Polyrhachis rastellata, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 1802, p. 130, £ ;

Forel, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii (1893), pp. 21 & 30, $ .
Polyi'hachis busiris & euryalus, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. \ (1861),

p/98, pi. 1, fig. 15, £ , & vii (1863), p. 16, $ .

g . Black : the coxa?, femora and tibiae of the legs blood-red,
the anterior coxae shaded with fuscous, the tarsi opaque, black.
Head, thorax and abdomen shining, polished and smooth; recum-
bent pubescence nil, pilosity very sparse, short and scattered.

Head triangular, very broad
posteriorly, the vertex and
occiput rounded ; clypeus
convex, not carinate an-
teriorly, broadly emarginate
in the middle ; antennal
carina? widely divergent
posteriorly." Thorax very
convex and rounded above
viewed from the side,
strongly arched and gibbous

anteriorly; pro-mesonotal suture distinct; meso-metanotal suture
obsolete; legs moderately long, smooth, not spined. Node of
pedicel thick at base, sloping rapidly to a sharp margin above, the
latter armed with four subequal acute teeth or spines, the median
two close together and vertical; abdomen globose, very convex
above.

5 • Very similar to the $ •> but the thorax very broad and
massive, the node of the pedicel entirely unarmed and the abdomen
larger.

Length, % 5-6-5 ; $ 8 mm.

Hal. South Konkan ( Wroughton) ; Kanara (Aitken) ; Ceylon
( Yerbury) ; Burma : Tenasserim (Bingham) ; Siam ; Sumatra ;
Borneo.

Fig. 1-15. — Polyrhachis rastellata.

CUBY8IDIDJE.

415

TUBULIFERA.
Family CHRYSIDID^E.

The members of the tribe Tulidifera are entirely parasitic, and
occupy a position intermediate between the true Parasitica and
the Aculeata. According to M. du Buysson, who has made a
special study of the tribe, the Tubulifera are allied to the family
Proctotrypidce of the Parasitica, but they have the trochanters of
the legs one-jointed, and one genus, Cleptes, possesses both poison-
glands and sting, thus bringing the tribe into close relationship
with the true Aculeata. The Titbulif&'a comprise but one family,
the Ch't'ysididcK or Cuckoo-wasps, characterized by a very hard and
chitinous covering, more or less strongly and closely punctured,
and always brilliant with metallic colours, chiefly greens and blues,
with or without cupreous red or golden tints or spots.

Fig. 146.— Clirysis.

A. Fore wing : a, costal cell ; b, medial cell ; c, subinedial cell ; (I, stigma ;

c, radial cell ; ./; 1st discoidal cell.

B. Hind wing. C. Head.

D. Antenna : a, scape ; b, flagellum.

E. Leg : a, coxa ; /', trocbanter ; c, femur ; d, tibia ; e, tarsus.

The head may be entirely rounded, subcubical or more or less
triangular, often transverse, broader than long; the mandibles
short and slightly curved, simple or dentate at apex, in repose
hidden under the* clypeus ; clypeus transverse, very short, often
porrect in the middle, occasionally anteriorly emarginate ; cheeks
and sides of the head behind the eyes short, the latter rarely some-
what produced ; face up to the front and between the eyes more
or less deeply hollow, concave ; the antennae, when at rest, folding
into the cavity ; antennae simple, in one genus, Pleurocera (so far
not recorded from India), the joints of the flagellum are curiously
flattened and twisted; front and vertex uiore or less convex;
occiput transverse, emarginate or rounded ; eyes very large, lateral ;

416

CHRYSIDID.E.

ocelli always present ; mouth-parts similar to those of other Hymeno-
pterous insects (ride p. iv, Introduction to Hymenoptera, Vol. i.) ;
except in the subfamily Parnopinw the maxillary palpi are 5-, the
labial palpi 2-3-jointed. In Parnopes the maxillary and labial
palpi are both 2-jointed, but the mouth-parts are enormously
prolonged and exserted as in many of the Apidce.

Fig. 147.

.A. Thorax (Chry&is) : side view.

B. Tliorax (Ckrysis): from above, a, collar; b, pronotum ; c, medial area
mesonotum ; d, d, lateral areas mesonotum ; c, scutellura ; /, postscutellum.

Thorax subcylindrical, more or less convex, anteriorly broad,
widely arched or truncate, posteriorly truncate ; pronotum always
broader than long, more or less transversely rectangular ; meso-
notum divided by well-marked parapsidal grooves into three areas,
the medial area always longitudinally rectangular; mesopleurae
may be flat, depressed or convex, more or less coarsely sculptured,
angular or dentate at apex ; scutellum convex, often transverse,

Fig. 148.

A. Upper side abdomen (Chrysis) : a, b, c, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments ; c, basal

area 3rd segment,; /, apical area of 3rd segment; a, retractile segments
partially exserled.

B. Under side abdomen (Ckrysu) : a, b, c, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ventral segments ;

/, retractile segments ; g, ovipositor.

never very narrow ; postscutellum in the majority of cases convex,
often gibbous, occasionally mucronate at base ; median segment
suppressed beneath the postscutellum ; the posterior lateral angles
always produced and more or less prominent ; the stigmata placed
above or in the hollow below them : wings never very long, with
few nervures and cells ; legs moderately slender ; the trochauters
one-jointed; the femora compressed, broadest in the middle; tibiae
more or less cylindrical, the aiiterior tibire with one, the inter-
mediate and posterior tibiae with t\vo calcaria.

CLEPTES. 417

Abdomen (fig. 148) pseudosessile, more or less transverse at
base, either convex above and below (Cleptince), or convex above
and concave below (remaining subfamilies), oval, roundly sub-
quadrate, elongate, with the sides parallel, or broad at base with
the sides (sometimes only sides of the apical segment) convergent
posteriorly. In only two subfamilies the abdomen has more than
three visible segments, the remaining segments being highly
contractile, tubular, and generally only in the $ partially exserted.

The Chrysididse may for our limited fauna be conveniently
divided into four subfamilies characterized as follows : —

Key to the Subfamilies.

a. Abdomen convex both above and below . . Cle^jtinas, p. 417.

b. Abdomen convex above, concave below.

«'. Claws of the tarsi dentate Ellampince^ p. 418.

b'. Claws of the tarsi simple, not dentate.

ft2. Mouth-parts, maxillae, and labium

short, not exserted in repose ; $

&c? with three visible segments . . uhrysidince, p. 430.
b'2. Mouth-parts, maxilla?, and labium
remarkably long, exserted, in re-
pose folded beneath the thorax
as in many of the Apidce ; $ with
three, tf with fourvisible segments. Parnojtin(Kt p. 495.

Subfamily CLEFIIN^E.

The Cleptince comprise two genera, Cleptes, Latr., and Httero-
ccelia, Dahlb. No representative of either has, so far as I am
aware, been recorded from within our limits, but species of Cltptes
very probably, and of Heteroccelia possibly, may be discovered in
the mingling of Pakearctic with Indo-Malayan forms occurring in
Northern India and at high elevations further -south and east : I
give, therefore, diagnoses of both genera.

Key to the Genera.

a. Apical abdominal segment unarmed, not

dentate CLEPTES, p. 417.

b. Apical abdoiuinnl segment dentate HETKROCCELIA, p. 4 IS.

Genus CLEPTES.
Cleptes, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii (1802), p. 316.

Type, C. semiauratus, Linn., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$> 3 . Head transverse, globose ; occiput transverse, as broad as
the front of the pronotum, vertex and front convex ; face slightly
concave, but no regular facial cavity ; antennae moderately long
and thick, cylindrical ; mandibles short, broad, tridentate at apex.
Thorax : the pronotum subcy lindrical, compressed, shaped like a neck,

VOL. II. 2 E

418 CHRYSIDID.E.

narrower than the head ; mesonotum and scutellum convex, the
former with 4 longitudinally impressed lines ; mesopleurae convex,
oblique, not acute at apex ; postscutellum strongly convex ; pos-
terior lateral angles of median segment produced, acute at apex ;
wings ample ; fore wing with costal, medial, the 1st discoidal and
radial cells complete, the 1st submedial cell open towards the apex,
the 2nd submedial incomplete, the rest not formed ; legs slender ;
femora and tibiaa normal, claws of the tarsi unidentate. Abdomen
pseudosessile, convex above and below, the sides posteriorly
strongly convergent, the apex of the abdomen pointed, not den-
tate : the $ with 4, cT with 5 visible segments.

Genus HETEROCGELIA.
Heterocoelia, Dalhb. Hym. Eur. ii (1854), p. 21.

Type, H. nigrivuntris, Dahlb., from Algeria.

Range. Known so far only from Algeria.

$ . Head flat, the vertex not broad ; eyes very «mall, rounded :
antenna; of moderate length, placed on little raised, rounded, projec-
tions ; clypeus strongly vertically carinate. Thorax : the pronotum
anteriorly forming a collar, longitudinally sulcate on the disc.
Mesonotum with lateral areas simple ; no postscutellum : fore
wing with only the costal and medial cell complete, the radial cell
incomplete, the remaining cells obsolete. Abdomen normally
formed, narrowing to the apex posteriorly ; in $ with 6 visible
segments, the apical segment attenuate ; in d1 (apud Dahlb.) with 5
visible segments, the apical segment triemargiuate or quadridentate
along posterior margin.

. Subfamily ELLAMPIN^.

Insects of small size, the majority smaller than the majority of
the species of the Chrysidiiuv ; stoutly built. Head more or less
transverse and short ; facial cavity generally present ; antennae
13-jointed in both $ and tf- Thorax short and broad, the pro-
notum longer proportionately than in the Chrysidirue ; wings
ample, fore wing with the basal nervure more or less arched
inwards ; stigmata placed above the produced posterior lateral
angles of the median segment close to the bases of the hind wings ;
claws of the tarsi dentate ; abdomen broad, very convex above, the
apical margin incised, subtruncate, sinuate or entire, or only feebly
angular, subdentate laterally, never strongly dentate.

The species are parasitic on the Fossores and on the

Key to the Genera.

A. Claws oi tarsi multidentate.

a. Fore wing with medial cell only com-
plete ; apical margin of abdomen
truncate or subtruncate in middle
and incised ...................... ELLAMPUS, p. 419.

ELLAMPUS. 419

b. Fore wing with medial and 1st discoidal
cells complete, outer nervures of latter
outlined only in light brown but dis-
tinct ; apical margin of abdomen

rounded, entire HOLOPYGA, p. 421.

B. Claws of tarsi unidentate.

a. Apical margin of abdomen rounded,

entire ; teeth on claws of the tarsi
placed at a right angle to the inner
margin of claw HEDYCHRIDIUM, p. 424.

b. Apical margin of abdomen laterally

angular or subdentate ; teeth on claws
of tarsi not at right angles, apex
merely bifid HEDYCHRUM, p. 427.

It is possible that two other genera of the Ellampina may
occur in India. These are characterized as follows: —

HOLOPHRYS, Mocsary. " Sides of the pronottun narrowly
applied againsb the anterior margins of the mesopleurse, its sides
as long as these margins ; no posterior lateral angles to the meta-
pleurae ; apical margin of 3rd abdominal segment entire " (du Buys-
son). Founded on a species from Sumatra. A second species has
been described by du Buysson from the regions of the Congo in
West Africa.

PHILOCTETES, du Buysson. " Posterior tibiae (especially in the
c? ) dilated. In the d1 these are also slightly hollowed. Third
abdominal segment very lightly sinuate at apex." (du Buysson.)

Genus ELLAMPUS.

Elampus, Spin. Ins. Liy. i (1800), p. 10.

Notozus, Forst. Vcrh. nat. Ver.preuss. Rheinl. x (1853), p. 331.

Omalus et Elampus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii (1854), pp. 26 & 38.

Type, E. auratus, Linn., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ <3 . Head transverse, as broad as the pronotum or broader ;
facial cavity subtriangular, the arch above narrowing distinctly,
moderately deep ; antennas slender, cylindrical. Thorax broad,
very convex above : the pronotum long or short, often shorter
than the mesonotum, transverse ; metanotum and scutellum
convex, the former sometimes gibbous anteriorly; mesopleurae
convex or flat, the apex beneath more or less rounded : post-
scutellum convex, gibbous or with a inucro at base : posterior
lateral angles of median segment produced, apex acute or obtuse.
Wings: fore wing with medial cell only complete, the 1st sub-
medial and sometimes the radial cell almost complete, generally
two-thirds of the apical portion of the radial nervure is obliterated,
occasionally the 2nd submedial cell is faintly outlined ; nervures
and cells of the hind wing obsolete ; legs slender, the posterior
tibise not incrassate ; the claws of the tarsi multidentate. Abdo-
men very convex above, the base transverse, the apical margin
rounded at the sides, truncate and incised in the middle.

Onlv two species have sc far been recorded from India.

L'KL'

420 CUKYSIDIDJE.

Key to the Species.

a. Postscutellum without a mucro E. timidus, p. 420.

b. Postscutellum with a mucro at base E. kashmirensis, p. 420.

499. Ellampus timidus, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902), p.305, $ d" •
(PI. I, fig. 11.)

$ . Head dark blue, thorax bluish green, abdomeu dark indigo-
blue, appearing black in certain lights, antennae dark brown, the
scape purple, tarsi yellowish brown; head above and thorax
anteriorly with large, coarse, somewhat effaced punctures ; thorax
posteriorly cribrate ; abdomen smooth, very highly polished, un-
punctured; facial hollow smooth, polished and shining within,
without- pubescence : pilosity very sparse, fine and short, only
visible in certain lights. Head transverse, very broad, almost twice
as broad as long ; eyes proportionately large and prominent ; facial
hollow deep, rounded above, with a very narrow but distinct
chitinous brown margin; antennae thick, comparatively long, the
2nd joint of the flagellum the longest ; vertex and front broad,
convex ; occiput sharply transverse. Thorax : the pronotum
declivous, nearly vertical, broad, rounded from side to side an-
teriorly ; the propleurae flat, slightly excavate ; mesonotum,
scutellum and postscutellum very convex ; inesopleurse broad,
subtriangular, punctured, the apex beneath not acute ; median
segment with the posterior lateral angles strongly produced, broad,
acute at apex; wings delicate, hyaline and iridescent, nervures
brown, tegulae green ; legs slender. Abdomen short, broad and
convex, the base transverse, the apex declivous, acutely rounded ;
the apical margin in the middle transverse, chitinous, translucid,
and minutely emarginate.

" tf. Similar, more conspicuously shining; vertex of head,
pronotum and mesonotum above almost, if not quite, impuuctate.''
(Nurse.)

Length, 5 cJ 2*5-3 ; eocp. 5 mm.

Hob. Baluchistan ; Quetta, Pishin (Nurse).

oOO. Ellampus kashmirensis, Nurse (Notozus), Entomologist, xxxv
(1902), p. 305, $d.

$ cf . Metallic purple-blue, turning to green in certain lights,
the flagellum of the antenna? dark brown, the tarsi reddish brown :
head and thorax somewhat sparsely and moderately coarsely
punctured, the punctures minute and dense along the anterior
margin of the mesonotum, and very large and rugose on the
scutellum, postscutellum and median segment ; abdomen very
minutely, regularly and rather closely punctured ; facial cavity
finely striate, the striae running from each side obliquely upwards ;
pilosity brownish, very short and sparse. Head about as long
and as broad as the pronotum, to which it is closely applied ;
occiput transverse, vertex and front sloping, anteriorly rounded,
slightly convex ; facial cavity shallow, grooved longitudinally in

ELLAMPUS. — HOLOPYGA. 421

the middle ; antennae long, filiform, the 2nd joint of the nagellum
the longest, the 1st joint very short ; clypeus broad, slightly
raised in the middle anteriorly. Thorax: the pronotum very
convex, subcyliudrical, the sides nearly parallel ; propleurae slightly
hollow ; mesonotum and scutellum strongly convex ; meso-
pleuras oblique, convex, strongly but not rugosely punctured,
the apex slightly excavate ; postscutellum with a large elongate
triangular rnucro at base ; posterior lateral angles of the median
segment produced, comparatively broad at base, suddenly attenuate
towards apex; wings hyaline, nervures aud tegulae brown, the
latter shining, slightly aeneous. Abdomen convex, transverse at
base, suboval, the sides strongly convergent posteriorly, the apical
margin truncate.

Length, $ tf 4-5 ; exp. 8-9 mm.

Hub. So far recorded only from Kashmir, 5000 ft. (Nurse).

Genus HOLOPYGA.
Holopyga, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. 1854, p. 47.

Type, H. ventralis, Say, from America.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ <S . Head transverse, shorter than the pronotum or equal to
it ; facial hollow moderately deep ; mandibles bi- or tridentate ;
antennae filiform, moderately long. Thorax short and very stoutly
built, strongly convex above ; pronotum long, massive, as long as
the mesonotum or longer ; mesonotum and scutellum transverse ;
mesopleurse lightly convex, subtriangular, acute beneath ; post-
scutellum rounded, convex, sometimes a little gibbous, never
mucronate; median segment truncate posteriorly, the posterior
lateral angles produced. Wings : fore wing with complete medial
and 1st discoidal cells, the outer nervures of the latter cell some-
what more faintly outlined ; the other cells entirely or partially
incomplete ; the basal nervure bent inwards towards the base of the
wing, distinctly angular, not curved. Legs with the femora and
tibiae normal, the claws of the tarsi with from 2 to 5 teeth.
Abdomen pseudosessile, short, stoutly built, broad and very convex
above, the apical margin regularly completely rounded, never
truncate, incised or dentate.

Key to the Species.

a. Abdomen green or bluish green, not broader

than pronotum.
a'. Head as broad as pronotmu ; pronptnm

transverse, not rounded nor declivous

anteriorly //. indtca, p. 422.

b' . Head narrower than pronotnui : pronotum

not transverse, rounded aud declivous

anteriorly -W- ""**«<•«, p. 423.

b. Abdomen cupreous golden, broader than pro-

notum H- cupreata, p. 42.'1.

422 CHBYSIDIDJE.

501 . Holopyga indica, Mocsdry, Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 118, $ .

$ . Dark metallic green with blue shades in certain lights, in
gome specimens the mesonotum and abdomen almost entirely
metallic blue ; antennae black, the scape in front purple or green
according to the light ; legs green, larsi light brown ; head and
pronotum moderately finely but irregularly punctate ; mesonotum,
scutellum and postscutellum very coarsely punctured, cribrate,
the punctures with minute punctures within and in the inter-
spaces ; abdomen finely and densely punctured, the punctures even
and regular on the basal two segments, larger on the apical seg-
ment ; facial cavity finely transversely and somewhat obliquely
striate, without pubescence obscuring the sculpture ; pilosity very
sparse, pubescence fine, almost invisible. Head broad but short,
about half as long as the pronotum, from the front subtriangular,

Fig. 149. — Holopyga indica, 5 • «• Outline of head in profile ;
b. Tarsus and claws.

the cheeks strongly convergent, the eyes large ; clypeus broad,
smooth, almost unpunctured, strongly emarginate in the middle
anteriorly ; facial cavity very shallow, not margined above ; antennae
slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum very long, more than twice
as long as the 1st ; front somewhat flat, vertex convex, occiput
sharply transverse, very widely but very distinctly emarginate ;
the temples strongly triangularly produced posteriorly. Thorax :
the pronotum convex, transversely subrectangular, the sides some-
what convergent anteriorly, the anterior margin narrowly de-
pressed ; propleurae deeply excavate ; mesonotum, scutellum and
postscutellum convex ; the mesopleurse very large, flat, shaped
somewhat like the apical half of a lanceolate leaf, margined, the
apex acute ; the posterior lateral angles of the median segment
broadly produced and acute at apex ; wings slightly fusco-hyaline,
iridescent, nervures and tegulaa brow~n. Abdomen short, broad,
strongly convex above, sharply transverse at base, the apex rounded,
the margin entire.

c? . Almost identical, smaller, the puncturing somewhat coarser,
especially on the 3rd abdominal segment ; the pronotum shorter,
the abdomen proportionately not so broad.
Letigth, $ Q-Q-o,exp. 12 ; J 5, exp. 10 mm.
Hob. India Orientalis (apud Mocsdry) ; Delhi (Bin;f7xnn) : Eaj-
putana, Mount Abu (Nurse). The specimens from Mount Abu
are more blue than green.

HOLOPYGA. 423

502. Holopyga nursei, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 16.)

d1 . Bright metallic green, with blue shades in certain lights, the
lateral areas of the mesonotum and the scutellum aeneous golden ;
antennae dark brown, the scape in front purple, the tarsi yellowish
brown ; head and pronotum moderately punctured, the punctures
on the prouotum rather sparse, with minute punctures in the
interspaces, rest of the thorax and the median segment cribrate,
the large coarse punctures minutely punctured within ; abdomen
very finely and closely punctured, the punctures shallow ; facial
cavity minutely transversely striate, with a fine thin whitish
pubescence not hiding the sculpture ; pilosity whitish, moderately
abundant, very short. Head thick, not quite so broad as the
pronotum and a little longer than broad ; clypeus bVoad, arched
anteriorly and emargiuate in the middle ; facial hollow deep,
arched above, not margined ; antennae long, the 2nd joint of the
flagellum twice as long as the 1st, the 3rd and 4th joints subequal ;
front and vertex very convex, moderately broad ; occiput widely
and very distinctly emarginate, the sides behind the eyes produced
posteriorly but not so prominently as in H. indica. Thorax :
the pronotum long and massive, very convex, slightly declivous
anteriorly, the sides somewhat converging to the front ; pro-
pleurae excavate ; mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum convex,
the latter with a gentle rounded slope posteriorly ; mesopleura
rugose, strongly convex, the apex beneath subacute ; postscutellum
large and prominent, overlying the median segment, this latter
with large shallow foveae at the sides, the posterior lateral angles
produced, thick, acute at apex ; wings hyaline, iridescent, the
nervures light, tegulse dark testaceous brown ; legs moderately long
and stout. Abdomen short, broad, very convex above, truncate
at base, broadly rounded at apex, the margin entire.

Length, tf 4'5 ; fxp. 8-5 mm.

Hob. Northern Grujerat, Deesa (Nurse).

503. Holopyga cupreata, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv ( 1902), p. 305, rf.

" tf . Front below vertex to base of antennae very concave, and
finely transversely striate; head behind ocelli somewhat finely
punctured ; remainder of head, thorax and median segment coarsely,
abdomen closely and finely punctured ; head slightly wider than
pronotum ; abdomen slightly longer and broader than thorax ; a
little short sparse pubescence, visible only with a lens, on the head,
legs and abdomen ; a trace of a median longitudinal carina on the
2nd abdominal segment. Head and thorax dark blue, the vertex,
pronotum and mesonotum with a greenish tinge; abdomen brilliant
coppery golden, scape of antennae dark blue, flagellum and tarsi
very dark testaceous, almost black ; wings hyaline at base, the
outer half tinged with fuscous, the tegulae black." (Nurse.)

Lenyth, tf 5'6 mm.

Nab. Kashmir, 5000-6000 feet : two specimens.

Unknown to me.

424 CHEYSIDID-t.

Genus HEDYCHRIDIUM.

Hedyckrum, pt, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. Hi (1802), p. 317.
Holopvga, pt., Daklb. Jtym. Em: ii (1854), p. 47. _

Hedvchridium. Ab. de Perrin, Ann. Soc. Lmn. Lyon, xxvi (18/9),
p/35.

Type, H. anale, Dahlb., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ cJ. ffedychridiwn is closely allied both to Holopyya and
Hedychrum. It is considered by^Mocsary to form only a subgenus
of the former. From Holopyya it can be distinguished by the
basal nervure of the fore wing being straighter, only slightly
curved, never bent inwards at an angle, and by the unidentate
claws to the tarsi. From Hedychrum it is separated by the
rounded, entire, not laterally angular nor subdentate apical margin
of the abdomen, and by the tooth on the claws of the tarsi being
farther away from the apex of the claw and at right angles to its
underside.

Key to the Species.

a. Extreme apical margin of abdomen channeled

and very narrowly curled upwards H. icrouglitoni, p. 425.

6. Apical margin of abdomen not channeled nor

curled upwards.

a'. Pronotum anteriorly with a short trans-
verse deep impression H. pei-vertum, p. 424.

b'. Pronotum anteriorly without such im-
pression.
a2. Sides of 1st abdominal segment more

coarsely punctured than disc H. (?) rut/osum, p. 425.

b3. First abdominal segment uniformly

punctured.

a3. Sides of pronotum parallel ; abdomen
dark blue, 2nd segment with purple

reflections H. selectum, p. 426.

63. Sides of pronotum very distinctly con-
vergent anteriorly ; abdomen o"n the
discs of the segments fiery cupreous
golden * H. mimtfum, p. 427.

504. Hedychridium perversum, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902),
p. 306, $cj. (PI. I, fig. 8.)

$ . Metallic green with in certain lights a bluish shine,
abdomen with a coppery effulgence from the apical half of the
basal segment down to the apex ; antennse : the scape green above,
the flagellum brown, the tarsi of the legs light yellowish brown;
head, thorax and abdomen punctured, the punctures on the head
and thorax tolerably close but not dense and somewhat shallow,
larger and farther apart on the scutellum and postscutellum ;
on the abdomen the punctures are fine and regular ; facial hollow-
finely transversely striate, covered densely with rather long white
pubescence, that hides the sculpture ; pilosity whitish, abundant.

HEDYCHRIDIUM. 425

Head very broad, with the eyes broader than the pronotum and
much broader than long, the sides strongly convergent anteriorly ;
antennae comparatively long and slender, densely pubescent, the
2nd joint of the flagellum longer than the 1st ; facial hollow deep,
t not margined above, no transverse carina on the front ; vertex
and front broad and convex, occiput slightly and widely emar-
ginate. Thorax : the pronotum comparatively long and massive,
transversely rectangular, the front with a short transverse deep
impression ; propleurse slightly hollow, smooth, unpunctured
posteriorly ; mesonotum and scutellum convex ; tuesopleurae
coarsely punctured, slightly convex, triangular, the apex beneath
acute ; postscutellum very rounded and convex ; the posterior
lateral angles of the median segment produced, somewhat broad,
acute at apex ; wings iridescent, nervures and tegulae brown, the
latter green at base ; legs rather long and slender. Abdomen
verv broad, very convex above, somewhat roundly truncate at
base, steeply sloped and acutely arched posteriorly; the 3rd
segment with a very narrow apical margin undulate posteriorly,
the anteapical series of foveae very indistinct.
c? . Similar ; a little smaller.
Length, $ of 2-3-3 ; exp. 2 <J 5 mm.
Hob. Baluchistan, Pishin (Nurse).

505. Hedychridiuni wroughtoni, du Bui/sson. Jour. Bomb. N. H.

Soc. x (1896), p. 466, pi. ii, fig. 6, & pi. v, fig. 4.

" 2 . Body robust, depressed, entirely bright green, with bluish
shades on the abdomen and on the median area of the mesonotum.
Pubescence fine, reddish brown and slightly recumbent. Antennae
brownish, the first two joints (i. e. the scape and the 1st joint of
the flagellum) green. Pronotum long, depressed, the sides con-
vergent anteriorly; the puncturing moderate, dense, irregular,
deep, that on the' rest of the thorax larger and less close together,
becoming coarse and reticulate on the postscutellum and the meso-
pleuraj. Wings fuscous; legs green, with the joints and the tarsi
reddish brown. Abdomen somewhat convex, with fine, widely
spaced punctures ; the 3rd segment entire, the extreme margin
very characteristic, attenuate, channeled, then slightly turned
upwards. The ventral side green, the segments margined with
black." (du Buysson.)

Length, 2 7'5 mm.

Nab. Central Provinces of India (Wrouyhton). Unknown
to me.

506. Hedychridium (?) rugosum, Smith (Hedychrum), A. M. N. H.

ser 2, ix (1852), p. 45; Mocsdry (Ilolopyga), Mm. Chrys.
1889~P- 125.

2 (?) Metallic green, the abdomen in certain lights blue ;

antenna; dusky black, the scape and 1st joint of flagellum above

426 CHRYSIDIJDJE.

green ; head and thorax coarsely, closely punctured, rugose, the
punctures serried, running into reticulations on the side-areas of
the mesonotum, on the scutellum and postscutellurn ; abdomen
tinely and more sparsely punctured, the punctures coarser but not
serried or reticulate on the sides of the basal segment. Head as
broad as the pronotum, the occiput sharply transverse, the vertex
and front convex; the facial cavity deep, rugose within and medially
longitudinally grooved, above arched, not margined ; antennae
cylindrical, the 2nd joint of the flagellum the longest. Thorax
massive ; the pronotum very convex, subcylindrical, the sides
convergent anteriorly, propleurae excavate ; mesouotum and scu-
tellum strongly convex ; mesopleuraB large, convex, scutiform, the
apex not separated from the rest by groove or carina ; post-
scutellum large, strongly convex ; posterior lateral angles of the
median segment narrowly produced, acute at apex. Abdomen
broad, short, strongly convex above, the base transverse, the apical
margin regularly rounded, not angular nor subdentate at the
sides.

Length, $ (?) 6-5 mm.

Hab. Western India, Poona (Capt. Downes).

The above description and the particulars of locality are taken
from a solitary specimen in the collection of the Brit. Afus. The
specimen is not labelled " type" and is in very bad condition,
minus the wings, a good portion oh' all the legs and of the
antennae, but the size, sculpture, name and locality given on the
label agree with Smith's description of his Hedychrum ruyosa.
The abdomen being entirely rounded, I have with some doubt
entered it under the genus Hedychridium.

507. Hedychridium selectum, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902).
p. 306.

" c? . Head and thorax closely and finely, postscutellum more
coarsely, abdomen minutely and closely punctured ; pronotum and
head subequal, the former with its sides parallel ; abdomen wider
than thorax, very convex, 3rd segment almost vertical. Dark
blue, 2nd abdominal segment with purple reflections; antennae
dark rufous, tarsi testaceous ; wings hyaline, their apical margins
very slightly darker, nervures and tegulae testaceous ; a little
sparse short greyish pubescence on head, thorax, abdomen and
legs.

" Length, tf 3-5 mm.

" Hab. Quetta ; a single specimen.

" This species is easily distinguished from H. perversum by its
being dark blue and not light green, and by its longer pronotum.
The basal nervure is also more sharply curved in H. selectum than
in H. perversum." (Nurse.)

Unknown to me.

HEDYCHKIDIUM. — HEDYCHBUM. 427

508. Hedychridium minntum, Lepel (Hedychrum), Ann. Mm. Hist.
Xat. vii (1806), p. 122, pi. 7, fig. 9, <J ; du Btiysson, Rev. iCEnt.
(1900), p. 128.
? Chrysis ardens, C'oquelert, Illnstr. Icon. Ins. dec. ii (1801), p. 59,

pi. xiv, fig. 7.
i

$ d" • Head and thorax green, with more or less of cupreous
effulgence on the vertex, the pronotum posteriorly, and on the meso-
notuni and scutellum ; postscutellum light green, in certain lights
cupreous golden ; the face, pronotum anteriorly, and sides of the
thorax green without any golden effulgence ; abdomen on the discs
of the segments fiery cupreous golden, the sides and base in certain
lights greenish golden ; head and thorax moderately finely punc-
tured, the punctures larger and reticulate on the postscutellum ;
abdomen minutely and closely punctured ; facial cavity minutely
rugulose; pilosity brown, short and sparse. Head a little broader
than the pronotum, the occiput and front from above flat and
transverse ; vertex convex ; facial cavity shallow ; antennas
short, moderately thick ; 2nd joint of the flagellum longer than
the 1st or 3rd ; clypeus moderately long and broad, raised in the
middle. Thorax : the pronotum from above longer than the head,
transverse, slightly sloping in front, sides convergent anteriorly ;
propleura? slightly excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently
convex : mesopleurae flat, subtriangular ; postscutellum strongly
convex, somewhat gibbous posteriorly; posterior lateral angles of
median1 segment largely produced, acute at apex ; wings slightly
fu^co-hyaline beyond the disc, which is clear hyaline; nervures
and tegulae aeneous brown. Abdomen broad, proportionately
massive, transverse at base, the apical margin rounded, entire.

Length, $ tf 4-4'75 ; exp. 8-o mm.

Hah. Reported from Calcutta ( teste du Buysson) ; spread through
the whole of Europe. The above description is taken from a
European specimen in the collection of the British Museum.

Genus HEDYCHRUM.
Hedychrum, Lair. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii (1802), p. 317.

Type, H. nobile, Scop., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

5 cJ . Head transverse, much shorter than the pronotum :
occiput transverse, closely approximate to the front of the
pronotum ; vertex and front convex ; facial cavity deep, in all
species finely transversely striate ; antennae moderately long,
filiform or setaceous ; mandibles bidentate or tridentate. Thorax
short, massive, broad ; in all the Indian species known to me the
pronotum is longer than the mesonotum, transverse, almost square.
slightly convex above ; propleurrc more or less excavate ; meso-
notum and scutellum gently convex ; mesopleura? convex, trian-
gular, not carinate, the apex" not excavate ; postscutellum strongly
convex, from above more or less semicircular ; median segment

428 CHKYSIDIOJE.

suppressed beneath the postscutellum, the posterior lateral angles
moderately produced and acute at apex. Wings : fore wing with
a complete medial and almost complete 1st submedial cell, the
radial and 2nd submedial cells very rudimentary, the 1st discoidal
cell outlined by faint, sometimes very faint, brown lines. Legs :
the femora and tibiae normal, the claws of the tarsi bifid at
apex. Abdomen pseudosessile, broad, very convex above, rounded
posteriorly, the extreme apical margin more or less chitinous,
laterally angular or subdentate ; the 3rd abdominal segment in all
the Indian species very distinctly subapically grooved.

Key to the Species.

a. Facial cavity above not sharply margined.
a'. Head not broader than front of pro-

notum, sides of thorax distinctly an-
teriorly convergent; apical chitinous
margin of ahdomen medially slightly

emarginr.te H. timidum, p. 428.

b'. Head slightly broader than front of
pronotuin ; "sides of thorax parallel ;
apical margin of abdomen not emar-
ginate H.jlammulatum, p. 429.

b. Facial cavity above sharply margined,

carinate H. luynbre, p. 430.

50!). Hedychrum timidum. Dakllom, Hym. Eur. ii (1854), p. 65 ;
Mosc. Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 160.

$ . Green, with a golden effulgence and bluish shades in certain
lights, antennae dark brown, the scape above green, the apex of
the tibiae and the tarsi yellowish brown ; head closely reticulate-
punctate ; thorax coarsely and more sparsely punctured, the
punctures on the scutellum and postscutellum larger and farther
apart than on the front of the thorax ; abdomen finely and closely
punctured, the punctures shallow and somewhat larger and more
open on the apex of the 2nd and on the 3rd segment ; facial
cavity transversely finely striate, the upper portion smooth,
polished, uupunctured, the sculpture not obscured by any pubes-
cence ; pilosity whitish, very short and somewhat sparse. Head
short, flat, from occiput to the front about half the length
of the pronotum, but quite as broad ; clypeus broad, trans-
verse anteriorly, raised a little in the middle ; facial cavity com-
paratively deep, rather narrow, with a shallow broad groove down
the middle, its upper margin abruptly rounded, not carinate ;
front and vertex broad, convex ; the occiput sharply transverse ;
antennae slender, the 1st and 3rd joints of the flagellum subequal,
the 2nd joint twice as long as the 1st. Thorax : the pronotuin
convex, very long and massive, longer than the mesonotum, the
sides convergent anteriorly and with a waved outline ; propleurse
excavate ; mesonotum short, convex, somewhat transversely
rectangular, scutellum convex, subtrapezoidal ; mesopleurre trian-

HEDYCHRUM. 429

gular, slightly convex, rugose, the apex beneath subacute ; post-
scutellum large, prominent, strongly convex, overlying the median
segment, the posterior lateral angles of which are broadly produced
with their apices acute ; wings hyaline, a broad fuscous border on
the fore wing from the base of the radial cell round the outer
'margin of the disc ; nervures and tegulae brown. Abdomen
very broad and short, strongly convex, the base truncate and
slightly ernarginate, the apex steeply sloped, the apical margin
broadly rounded, with a minute but' very distinct tooth on each
side.

<$. Identical in colour, smaller, with the sculpture on the
abdomen slightly coarser.

Length, $ 6, <J 5'5 ; exp. $ <$ 12 mm.

Hob. Bengal (apud Dahlbom)- Punjab, Lahore, Delhi (Binq-
.ham) ; Northern G-ujerat ; Quetta (Ifurse). I found this species at
Delhi around the burrows of a Bembex which I failed to capture.

510. Hedychrum flammulatum, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. iii (1859)
p. 26. (PL I, fig. 5.)

$ . Metallic green, the space round the ocelli, two broad
anteriorly convergent bands on the middle of the pronotum, the
sides and anterior portion of the medial area on the mesonotum,
the middle of the 1st, and the bases, broadly, of the 2nd and 3rd
abdominal segments purplish blue, in some specimens the blue is
more spread, in others less ; antennae and tarsi black, scape green
in front ; head and thorax densely punctured, rugose, the facial
hollow finely transversely striate, the punctures on the middle of
the mesonotum posteriorly, and on the scutellum, postscutellum
and median segment large and cribrate ; abdomen finely and
densely punctured, the punctures shallow; pilosity brownish,
fairly abundant. Head subtriangular, broad and slightly convex
posteriorly ; clypeus moderately broad, subporrect ; antenna)
cylindrical, 2nd joint of the flagellum the longest ; facial hollow
deep, with no transverse carina above it, ocelli placed far back on
the vertex. Thorax : pro- and mesonotum subequal, convex,
transversely rectangular, the sides of the pronotum slightly
convergent anteriorly ; the scutellum, postscutellum and median
segment roundly convex, the posterior lateral angles of the last
produced and acute ; wings hyaline to fusco-hyaline ; legs short,
somewhat slender. Abdomen strongly convex, the base transverse
with a slight medial impression ; the apical margin of the 3rd
segment rounded, laterally obscurely angular, subdentate; the
preapical series of foveae moderately well marked, in some
specimens distinct, entirely absent in others.

d1 . Similar, smaller and a little narrower.

Length, $ 6, exp. 12; £ 5'3, exp. 12 mm.

Hob. The Indo-Malayan region.

I found this species parasitic on Odynenis bipustulatits, Saussure,
but only males were bred out of some nests 1 had of that wasp.

430 CHRYSIUtlX'E.

511. Hedychrum lugubre, Cameron, Mem. Manch. L. Ph. Soc. xli,
(1897), no. 13, p. 0, pi. 16, fig. 10.

$ cJ . Green : the vertex, the front, the middle of the pro-
notum and a medial transverse mark on the same posteriorly, the
whole base and median area of the mesonotutn, the middle of the
scutellum, the discs of the 1st and 2nd and the base somewhat
narrowly of the 3rd abdominal segment deep blue ; antennae dark
brown, the scape in front bright green ; legs greeu, the tarsi
reddish brown ; head and thorax densely punctured, the punctures
subserried and increasing in size on the thorax posteriorly ; the
abdomen neatly, regularly punctured, the punctures down the
middle of the abdomen above markedly smaller than those on
the sides ; facial cavity densely minutely punctured, rugulose ;
pilosity very short, abundant, brown. Head as broad as the front
of the pronotum, the occiput sharply transverse, the vertex and
front convex ; the facial cavity deep, sharply margined by a
transverse carina above ; antennae short, rather slender ; 2nd joint
of the flagelluin longer than the 3rd. Thorax proportionately broad
and massive ; pronotum very long, convex above, the sides slightly
convergent to the front ; mesonoturn and scutellum slightlv
convex ; mesopleurffl broad and rugose, somewhat flat : post-
scutellum very convex and gibbous : the produced lateral angles
of the median segment proportionately large, pointing outwards
and acute at apex ; wings hyaline, nervures yellowish brown ;
tegulse dark brown. Abdomen broad and very convex above,
base transverse ; apical margin broadly rounded, entire, with a
minute tooth on each side, traces of a groove laterally at the
apical margin.

Length, $ rf 4-5 ; exp. $ 3 G mm.

Hal. Procured by Mr. Eothney at Barrackpore, Bengal. Type
in his collection.

Subfamily CHRYSIDIN^.

This subfamily contains the bulk of the species of Chrysididcn .
These vary very much in size, but on the whole are larger than
the species of the Ellampime, from which they are distinguished by
the claws of the tarsi being simple and not dentate, the stigmata
on median segment being beneath, not above the produced lateral
angles of the same, and by the more complete neuration (except
in the genus Chrysoyona) of the fore wing, the 1st discoidal cell
being (in Indian species at all events) always complete. As a rule
the apical margin of the abdomen is dentate : one section, however,
has the margin simply rounded, somewhat as in the Ellampincx,
but the abdomen is rarely or never so convex, and the transverse
anteapical series of foveaj is more or less always present.

CHBYSOGONA. 431

Key to the Genera *.

a. First discoidal cell in fore wing absent or

incomplete . CHRYSOGONA, p. 431.

fb. First discoidal cell in fore wing present,

complete.

«'. Of large size, face elongate ; sides of head
below eyes subparallel and prolonged into
somewhat of a oeak shape ; apical margin

of abdomen dentate STILBUM, p. 432.

b'. Size variable, sides of head not prolonged
into a beak shape ; apical margin of abdo-
men entire or dentate or sen-ate.
a2. Apical margin of abdomen with not

more than 6 teeth CHRYSIS, p. 434.

b~. Apical margin of abdomen serrate, with

numerous uneven teeth EUCHRCEUS, p. 404.

Genus CHRYSOGONA.

Chrysogona, Fiirster, Verh. nat. Ver.preuss.Rheinl. x(1853), p. 327
Chrysis, pt., Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii (1854), p. 187, pi. x, fig. 105.

Type, C. yracillima, Forst., from Europe.

lianye. Both hemispheres.

$ <3 . Very close to and resembling the genus Clirysis, Linn.
Differs chiefly in the neuration of the fore wing, in which the
discoidal cells are entirely wanting, or occasionally the 1st discoidal
is outlined faintly with brown lines ; the costal and medial cells
only are complete, the former very narrow; the radial cell is
always open at the apex, sometimes very incomplete ; the 1st and
2nd submedial cells incomplete, the rest of the cells entirely
obsolete ; the legs and tarsi are normally constructed, the claws
simple. Abdomen very nearly as in Chrysis ; the transverse
anteapical series of foveae on the 3rd segment very distinct in the
Indian species. Only one species has so far been recorded from
within our limits.

512. Chrysogona pumila, Kluy, Si/mb. Physic, pt. 6 (1845) Ins.,

pi. 45, tig. 13 ; Mocs. Man. Chrys. 1889, p. 183, pi. i, tig. 38.
Chrysis assimilis, Daltlb. (nee Spinola), Hym. Enr. ii (1854), p. 201.
Chrysogona assimilis, du Buyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1890),
p. 467, pi. ii, ng. 8.

$ . Greenish blue, the discs of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments darker blue, on the 2nd almost black ; antennae dusky

* Founded on a table of geuera by du Uuysson in the Jour. Bomb. N. H
Soc. x (1896), p. 467.

4^2 CHBYSIDID.-E.

black, the scape in front and the basal joint of the flagellutn above
bluish or greenish ; legs green, tarsi reddish brown ; head and
thorax somewhat densely punctured, the punctures large and small
mixed ; abdomen more 'finely, evenly and very closely punctured ;
facial cavity rugulose, pubescent, the pubescence in part hiding the
sculpture ; pilosity brownish, short and abundant. Head thick,
as broad as or slightly broader than the front of the pronotum ;
facial cavity deep, above acutely margined, front and vertex pro-
portionately broad and convex ; the antennae thick, the 1st joint
of the flagellum small, the 2nd longer
than the 3rd, the 3rd and 4th subequal ;
occiput from above slightly widely emar-
ginate. Thorax : the pronotum short,
transversely rectangular : propleurae ex-
cavate ; mesonotum and scutellum slightly
convex ; rnesopleurse rugose, the apex
excavate, margined and subacute ; post-
scutellum rounded posteriorly, prominent
an(j convex; posterior lateral angles of
^.^ ^^ moderately broadfy pro.

duced, acute at apex, slightly curved ; wings hyaline, nervures
dark brown, tegulae blue. Abdomen somewhat short and broad,
with three wide but shallow impressions at base, the three seg-
ments medially longitudinally carinate, the 3rd segment slightly
transversely incrassate before the anteapical series, the fovete
comparatively large and open, the apical margin of the 3rd segment
sinuate, laterally bidentate.

<$ . Similar. The one 1 have seen slightly broader and shorter.

Length, <jj 375; J 3'5; exp. $ <J 6mm.

Hob. Within our limits recorded from Bombay, Poona
(Wi-ouyhton'). Found in Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
and Persia.

1 have taken the above description from a specimen from Spain,
in the British Museum Collection. According to Mocsiiry, the
apical margin of the 3rd abdominal segment is variable.

Genus STILBUM.
Stilbuin, Spinola, Ins. Liy. i (1806), p. 9.

Type, S. cyanurum, Forst., from Europe.

Itanye. Both hemispheres.

$ d . Head much narrower than the pronotum, very short, the
occiput more or less rounded, the vertex and front convex, very
narrow, the eyes occupying more than two-thirds of the whole
width of the face ; the sides of the head and the cheeks elongate,
tin- mandibles produced somewhat into the shape of a beak ; the
clypeus also produced, anteriorly medially emarginate ; facial
hollow deep, transversely striate, above not margined ; antennce

STILBUM. 433

moderately long and thick ; eves large, oval ; ocelli well developed,
the anterior ocellus placed in a hollow. Thorax massive, the pro-
notum concave anteriorly, the sides strongly convergent, the anterior
lateral angles of the prothorax prominent ; propleurae proportion-
ately larger in the d" than in the $ , excavate ; mesonotum and
scutellum convex ; mesopleurse broadly longitudinally grooved,
' the margin anteriorly and the apical area depressed, the latter
bidentate ; the upper tooth broad, rounded at apex, the lower tooth
narrower aud more acute ; scutellum gibbous, with a medial little
hollow at base ; postscutellurn suppressed under the scutellum,
but from its base a large mucro, hollow above, projects backwards.
Wings ample : fore wing with the costal, medial and long 1st dis-
coidal cell complete, the 1st and 2nd submedial almost complete,
the radial cell open for its apical third ; hind wing nervures
present, but cells all unformed. Abdomen massive, transverse at
base ; the sides convergent posteriorly, the anterior lateral angles
broadly truncate, the truncate portion widely but slightly emar-
ginate, making the extreme anterior lateral angles of the 1st
segment rather prominent, the sides of the 1st and of the 2nd
segment at base laterally flattened ; the abdomen above convex,
the 2nd segment indistinctly medially longitudinally carinate ; the
3rd segment deeply depressed along the base, strongly transversely
incrassate before the well-marked anteapical series of foveae : the
apical area ample, the apical margin with 4 subequal large tri-
angular teeth, the medial two slightly advanced and closer to each
other than either is to the next tooth on the outside.

The genus contains but one species with three well-marked
varieties, of which two are found within our limits.

513. Stilbum cyanurum, Forst. (Chi-ysis) Nov. Spec. Ins. 1771, p. 89;

Mocs. Man. Chrys. 1889, p. 190, pi. 2, tigs. 3, 4 & 16. (PI. I, fig. 6.)

Chrysis amethystina, Fabr.

2 st. Ent. (1775), p. 359 ;
Buyss. (Stilbum,) Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896),
p. 478.

Stilbum splendidum, Spinola,
Ins. Ly. i (1806), p. 9;
dtt Buyss. Jour. Bonw. N.
H. Soc. x (1896), p. 478,
pi. iii, figs. 9-12, pi. iv,
tigs. 1-4, & pi. v, fig. 8.

True S. cyanurum, Forst. ,
does not, so far as I know,
occur within our limits.

Var. splendidum, Fabr.
£ . Metallic green, the 3rd
abdominal segment purple ;
the occiput, medial area of
mesonotum, and the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments more or

Fig. 151. — Stilbum ci/anurum,
var. splendidum , head and thorax,

VOL. II.

2p

434

less metallic blue in certain lights ; head and thorax very densely
coarsely punctured, cribrate ; abdomen much more sparsely but
quite as coarsely punctured; the punctures on the thorax pos-
teriorly serried and reticulate, on the abdomen, towards apex
finer and shallower, rf similar, much smaller.

Var. ametJiystinum, Fabr. $ . Metallic green, much shaded with
blue to entirely metallic blue ; the sculpture similar, c? similar
to the $ , but smaller.

For the rest, for both varieties, see the generic characters.

Length, $ 12-16, rf 9-12; exp. $ 21-26, J 16-20 mm.

Hob. Throughout our limits and apparently spread all over the
world. No hard-and-fast line separates the habitats of the two
above varieties, but var. ametJiystinum is commoner in Sikhim and
in the countries east of the Bay of Bengal, where the rainfall is
very heavy, than var. splendidum.

I have bred var. ametJiystinum from the nests of McyacJiile
fraterna, Smith, Meycichile monticola, Smith, and Eumenes pttiolata,
Fabr.

Genus CHRYSIS.

Chrysis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767), p. 947.
Pyria, Lepel. $ Sen: Encycl. Meth. x (1825), p. 494.

Type, C. cyanea, Linn., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . The head varies in shape, triangular or subtriangular,
rounded and convex above, occasionally it is globose, sometimes
broader than long, rarely quadrate ; mandibles pointed at apex or
bidentate ; clypeus generally broad, often subporrect in the middle
or emarginate anteriorly; the face up to the front below the
anterior ocellus and between the eyes is generally hollow, forming
a facial cavity in which the antennae when folded rest ; antennae
$ and cJ simple, generally cylindrical ; scape moderately long ;
front more or less convex, sometimes slightly hollow round
the anterior ocellus ; ocelli always present ; eyes proportionately
rather large, lateral ; cheeks below and the sides of the head
behind the eyes generally short and restricted ; vertex more
or less convex ; occiput transverse or emarginate, occasionally
rounded. Thorax : the prothorax short or moderately long, the
posterior lateral angles prolonged slightly towards the base of the
wings ; the pronotum above more or less transversely rectangular,
convex, the sides parallel or slightly convergent anteriorly ; pro-
pleurae generally more or less excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum
distinct ; inesopleurae generally rugose, very often obliquely grooved,
the groove formed by foveate distinct depressions ; the apex acute
or rounded, sometimes bidentate, often excavate and margined ;
postscutellum well developed, most often convex, rounded poste-
riorly, sometimes with a mucro projecting backwards from base ;
median segment always more or less suppressed beneath the post-

CHBVSIS. 435

scutellum, the posterior lateral angles always produced, flattened
and usually acute at apex. AVings with few nervures and cells ; in
the fore wing the costal, the medial and 1st discoidal cells are
complete, the 1st subraedial and radial cells sometimes complete,
sometimes incomplete, the 2nd submedial and the 1st cubital in-
' complete, the costal cell is always very narrow, almost obliterated,
and the 1st cubital generally entirely open at the apex, rarely the
transverse cubital nervure closing it is faintly outlined ; in the
hind wing the neuration is still more incomplete, mere vestiges of
cells and nervures being faintly outlined. Legs feeble, unarmed ;
femora and tibiae normal ; claws simple, not dentate. Abdomen
pseudosessile, more or less convex above, very variable in proportion
of length to breadth ; the sides may be parallel or convergent
posteriorly; the base concave, transverse, or with one or more
impressions above ; 2nd segment generally the longest, very often
medially longitudinally carinate ; 3rd segment often transversely
incrassate in the middle, with an anteapical row of foveae present
as a rule, exceptionally absent or obliterated ; apical margin with
or without teeth, the latter, when present, vary in number in
Indian species from 2 to 6.

The species of this genus are parasitic on fossorial and other
Hymenoptera. One species, 0. shanghaiensis, Smith, has been
reared from the cocoons of a moth (Monema flavescens, Walk.) ;
but it occurs to me that this is probably a case of double parasitism,
the Chrysis being parasitic on an Ichneumon, itself a parasite
of the moth.

Key to the Species.

A. Apical margin of abdomen without teeth.
a. Abdomen without any cupreous or golden

effulgence.
a'. Head broader than front margin of pro-

notum.
a2. Apical margin of abdomen with a very [p. 440.

narrow white chitinous border C. hedychroides,

b2. Apical margin of abdomen without any

such border.

a3. Facial cavity shallow, not margined
above; front without a transverse
carina.

a\ Apical margin of abdomen nar-
rowly arched, continuous with

sides C'.m7a,p.441.

b4. Apical margin of abdomen not

arched, forming rounded but dis- Lp- •**!•

tinct angles with sides C. kashmiriensi*,

b3. Facial cavity deep, margined above ;

front, with a transverse carina ;... C. bunnanu-(t, \> 44J.
b'. Head not broader than front margin of

prouotum.

tf. Apical margin of abdomen not sinuate. C. wroiigktoni, p. 443.
b-. Apical margin of abdomen trisinuate. . C. yucenta, p. 444.

436

CHBYBIDIOJE.

Abdomen with more or less of cupreous or

golden effulgence.
a'. Apical margin of abdomen sinuate.

a2. Pronotum and scutellum cupreous

golden C. bayadera, p. 444.

b-. Pronotum and scutellum dark blue . . C. chnvonce, p. 445.
V. Apical margin of abdomen not sinuate.
o2. Punctures on head and thorax very fine,

serried, coriaceous.
a3. A distinct carina behind anterior

ocellus C. ignifascia, p. 445.

b3. No carina behind anterior ocellus . . C. abuensis, p.^446.
b2. Punctures on head and thorax not fine,

serried, or coriaceous.
a3. Sides only of 1st and apical margin
of 2nd abdominal segment with a
light golden efl'ulgence ; length [p. 447.

5'5 mm C. dissimilanda,

b3. Whole of 1st (except extreme base
and narrow medial line) and apical
two-thirds of 2nd abdominal seg-
ment cupreous golden ; length 6'6-
9 mm C.jalala, p. 447.

B. Apical margin of abdomen with 2 teeth.

a. The teeth medial, close together C. elizabethcc, p, 449.

6. The teeth not medial, not close together,

placed atposterior lateral angles of abdomen. C. furiosa, p. 448.

C. Apical margin of abdomen with 3 teeth.

a. Apical margin of abdomen more or less

transverse, lateral tooth on each side placed

at the posterior lateral angles.

a. Apical area of 3rd abdominal segment

brown, translucent, chitinous ; length

12 mm C. nugatrix, p. 450.

b'. Apical area of 3rd abdominal segment
green, not translucent nor chitinous ;
length under 8 mm.
a2. Apical margin of abdomen between

lateral and medial teeth sinuate .... C. mendicalis, p. 451 .
It-. Apical margin of abdomen between
lateral and medial teeth not sinuate,
straight.

«n. Head thick, more than twice as long
as pronotum ; species verv slender

and small, length 3go mm/ C, lanka, p. 451.

b\ Head not so thick, a little longer only
than pronotum ; species larger and
more robustly built, length overG mm.

«4. Occiput transverse . '. C. triacantha, p. 453.

b*. Occiput widely emarginate.

a'. Second abdominal segment me-
dially longitudinally strongly

carinate ". C. sinyalensis, p. 453.

b'~. Second abdominal segment not

carinate C. scioemis, p. 454.

I. Apical margin of abdomen completely
rounded, with the three small acute teeth
placed in middle C. paria, p. 455.

CHBYS1S. 437

i). Apical margin of abdomen with 4 teeth.

a. Wings hyaline.

«'. Apical abdominal teeth very uneven ;
medial pair obtuse, advanced; lateral

acute, not advanced C. autocrata, p. 456.

b'. Apical abdominal teeth more regular,
none obtuse nor advanced much beyond
the others.
a2. Second joint of flagelluni of antennae

the longest.
a3. Abdomen with more or less of a

cupreous or golden effulgence.
a4. Entire abdomen golden green, with [p. 456.

a cupreous effulgence C. gujaratica $,

6*. Abdomen only cupreous or golden

in part.
a5. Basal 2 segments and basal area [p. 457.

of 3rd deep cupreous red .... C. annulata $ ,
b5. Basal 2 segments cupreous

golden red C. apiata, p. 458.

c5. Apical margins only of basal 2

segments cupreous red C. yreeni, p. 459.

63. Abdomen green or bluish green, with-
out cupreous or golden effulgence,
a*. Anteapical series of foveae very

indistinct, obsolete C. obliterate, p. 460.

b1. Anteapical series of foveae more

distinct, rounded or oval, open.
a5. Stoutly built ; pronotum long,

massive, longer than head; [p. 456.

length 7-9 mm C. gujaratica <$ ,

b'\ More slenderly built ; pronotum

distinctly shorter than head ;

length under 7 mm.

a('. Medial two teeth on apical

margin longer than lateral

two G. disparilis, p. 461.

a'. Medial and lateral teeth on
apical margin of abdomen

subequal C. thalia, p. 462.

62. Third joint of tiagellum' of antennae the

longest.
a3. Second and third abdominal segments

with a cupreous golden effulgence . C. nursei, p. 46-3.
ft3. Second and third abdominal segments
entirely without or with spots only
of cupreous golden effulgence.

«*. Thorax and^abdomen entirely green. C. f/racifenta, p. 464.
6*. Lateral areas of mesonotum, sides
of 1st and 2 spots laterally on
2nd and ord abdominal segments

cupreous golden C. spcculata, p. 46o.

c'2. Fourth joint of flagelluni of autennre [p. 457.

the longest £'• annulata rf ,

b. Wings more or less fuscous.

a'. Abdomen entirely deep cupreous or

ruby-red, shaded with blue on, discs of [p. 465.

segments C'. cupreivetUris,

438 CBXOOKOM.

b'. Abdomen more or less blue or green.

a2. Sides and apical margins of two basal [p. 466.

segments cupreous golden C. sandaracata,

b-. Abdomen without "any cupreous or

golden effulgence.
a*. Head narrower than pronotum;

anterior ocellus placed in a hollow . C.fuscipennis, p. 467.
b3. Head as broad as pronotum or broader.
a4. Apical abdominal teeth remarkably

broad and obtuse.
a\ No transverse carina on front.
a*. Medial two teeth closer to one
another than either is to the

tooth next to it exteriorly . . C. anyustata, p. 469.
b ''. All four teeth equidistant . . C. cotesi, p. 470.
ft"'. A transverse carina on front. ... C. jjerfecta, p. 471.
ft'. Apical abdominal teeth acute.
a*. Medial two teeth longer than

lateral teeth.
a6. Anterior ocellus with a carina

on each side C. bhavante, p. 472.

ft6. Anterior ocellus without carina;

at the sides C. bahachtr, p. 473.

ft3. Medial two teeth not longer than

lateral teeth.

fl°. Punctures on 1st abdominal

segment coarser than on 2nd.

a~. Facial cavity transversely and

sharply margined above by

a carina ; length 10 -11 mm. C. conserta, p. 474.

ft.7. Facial cavity not margined

above, sinuate, a transverse

carina above it on front,

not along margin; length

6 mm C. saraksensis, p. 475.

ftc. Pu nctures on 1 st abdominal seg-
ment not coarser than on 2nd.
a1. Anterior lateral angles of
pronotum seen from above

distinctly truncate C. indoyotea, p. 475.

ft7. Anterior lateral angles of
pronotum seen from above
sharply prominent, not

truncate C. ionophris, p. 476.

E. Apical margin of abdomen with 5 teeth.

a. Postscutellum furnished at base with a broad [p. 477.

mucro C. shanyhaiensts,

ft. Postscutellum without mucro.

a. Outer emarginations on apical border of
abdomen distinctly broader than medial
emarginations.

a'. Anteapical series obsolete C. libita, p. 478.

b'. Anteapical series not obsolete, well-
marked.

a2. Teeth on apical margin of abdomen
acute, triangular, subequal ; head
and thorax above and sides of abdo-
men aeneous purple C. imperiosa, p. 479.

CHHYSIS.

439

b'2. Teeth ou apical margin of abdomen
not all acute, nor triangular nor sub-
equal ; head, thorax and abdomen
differently coloured.
«3. Median tooth short obtuse, 2 outer

teeth on each side acute.
«4. Two outer teeth on each side
spinose, equal; 1st abdominal
segment with a lateral cupreous
golden spot near apical margin . C. furcifera, p. 480.
b*. Two outer teeth on each side sub-
triangular, unequal, the outer
the shorter ; 1st abdominal
segment without lateral golden
spot, 2nd segment lightly golden

along apical margin C. amcenula, p. 481.

Is. Three median teeth obtuse, outer

tooth on each side acute.
a*. Abdomen above densely and
coarsely punctured, apical mar-
gins of 1st and 2nd segments
•with a golden-green 'lateral
spot, 3rd segment entirely deep

blue * C. bengalensis, p. 482.

It1. Abdomen above minutely and
very densely punctured, a nar-
row band on apical margins of
1st and 2nd and on apical mar-
gin of basal area of 3rd segment

cupreous C. danue, p. 483.

It. Outer and medial emarginations on apical

border of abdomen equal C. lusca, p. 484.

F. Apical margin of abdomen with 6 teeth.

a. Postscutellum furnished at base with a mucro.
a'. Two medial teeth on apical margin of ab-
domen closer to each other than either
is to the tooth next to it exteriorly; a
deep blue lateral spot at base of 2nd ab-
dominal segment C'. orientalis, p. 486.

b' ' . Two medial teeth on apical margin of ab-
domen not closer to each other than to
the tooth next to each exteriorly ; no blue
lateral spot at base of 2nd abdominal
segment C. indicti, p. 480.

b. Postscutellum without mucro.
a' . Length under 8 mm.

a2. Abdomen finely punctured, disc of 1st

segment almost smooth C. arrestans, p. 487.

b~. Abdomen punctured all over ; large
coarse punctures few and scattered,
the interspace very finely and densely

punctured • (•'. durya, p. 487.

b'. Length over 9 mm.

«-. Second abdominal segment with two
large cupreous lateral spots at apical
margin.
rt3. Second joint of fiagelluni of nnteniue

very much shorter than 3rd joint . . C. oculata, p. 488.

440 CHBYSIDIDJE.

£'. Second joint of fiageiluiii of antennae

equal to 3rd joint or longer C. schioedtei, p. 489.

62. Second abdominal segment without any
cupreous-red lateral spots at apical
margin.
a3. Second joint of flagellum of antennae

longer 'than 3rd joint.
a*. Pronoturn bearing a medial longi-
tudinal impression.
a''. Pro- and mesonotum covered
with very coarse dense serried

punctures C. principalis, p. 490.

b'\ Pro- and mesonotum in part with
coarse, scattered not serried

punctures C. comottii, p. 491.

6*. Pronotum without a medial longi-
tudinal impression C.feana, p. 491.

I3. Second joint of flagellum of antennae
remarkably short, much shorter than
3rd joint * C. obscura, p. 492.

514. Chrysis hedychroid.es, sp. uov.

5 . Light metallic green, the thorax and abdomen where the
surface is rubbed coppery, antennae brown, the scape and basal
joint of the flagellum above green, legs green, tarsi brownish
yellow ; head, thorax (the postscutellum excepted) and abdomen
minutely and very densely punctured ; on the head and thorax
the punctures run into reticulations giving a finely granulate
appearance to those parts, on the abdomen they are distinct, not
granulate ; postscutellum with large shallow and serried punctures,
a few similar punctures mixed with the finer ones on the scutellurn
and mesonotum posteriorly ; facial cavity minutely punctured like
the rest of the head ; pilosity brownish yellow, long, soft and
abundant on the head and thorax, almost entirely wanting on the
abdomen. Head broad, broader than the thorax, much broader
than long, strongly constricted anteriorly, occiput transverse,
vertex and front broad, convex ; facial cavity nearly obsolete, the
face merely slightly depressed inwards towards a short medial
longitudinally impressed line ; antenna short, slender, 3rd joint
of the flagellum the longest ; clypeus slightly emarginate anteriorly ;
eyes very large and prominent. Thorax short and broad : the pro-
notum short, transverse, medially impressed in front, the sides
convergent anteriorly, propleuras slightly hollow, the mesonotum
nearly flat, the scutellum and postscutellum convex, with a some-
what steep slope posteriorly ; mesopleura? strongly convex, the
apex not acute, rounded, excavate, smooth and margined by a sharp
carina ; produced posterior lateral angles of the median segment
small, very narrow, curved and acute at apex; wings hyaline,
nervures light brown, tegula? green. Abdomen proportionately
very broad at base, very convex above, the sides very convergent

Cteriorly, the apical margin entire, narrowly rounded, the extreme
ier very narrowly chitinous, white, the anteapical series not

CHETSIS. 441

very distinct, with 8 foveae, the base of the 1st segment slightly
concave, the 2nd segment with a medial longitudinal slight cariua.

6 unknown.

LengtJi, $ 5'5; exp. 11 mm.

Hob. Procured at Pishin, Baluchistan (Nurse).

515. Chrysis nila, sp. nov.

6 • Head, greater part of thorax, and the basal abdominal seg-
ment dingy bluish green ; the space round the ocelli, the meso-
notum and the apical two abdominal segments black, purplish in
certain lights, with the apical margins of the latter green ; antennae
dark brown ; legs, the coxae and femora purplish black, the tibiae
and tarsi dark brown ; head and thorax finely punctured, slightly,
very finely granulate ; facial hollow and abdomen minutely punc-
tured, the punctures shallow, not giving a granulate appearance ;
pilosity brownish, fairly abundant. Head thick, broad, longer
and broader than the pronotum, constricted anteriorly, the occiput
somewhat sharply transverse, the front and vertex broad and
slightly convex ; the facial hollow almost obsolete, the face only
slightly concave and medially longitudinally grooved ; antennae
long and slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellurn very little longer
than the 3rd ; the cheeks and mandibles long, the latter bidentate
at apex. Thorax : the pronotum long, nearly as long as broad,
the sides parallel ; propleurse not excavate, the sides of the pro-
thorax slightly concave ; mesonotum and scutellum slightly convex ;
mesopleurae slightly convex, rugulose, the triangular apex beneath
separated from the upper portion by a deep groove ; postscutellum
convex ; the produced posterior lateral angles of the median
segment rather long, narrow, acute at apex and curved backwards ;
wings hyaline, iridescent, the nervures and tegulae dark brown.
Abdomen convex, moderately long, the ls,t segment transverse at
base, slightly impressed in the middle above, the 2nd segment-
not carinate, the 3rd segment has the sides continuous with the
margin, forming a narrow arch, the latter entire, not dentate ;
anteapical series very close to the margin, not very distinct, the
foveae small, punctiform.

$ unknown.

Length, tf barely 5 ; exp. 8 mm.

Hob. Northern Gujerat, Deesa (Nurse).

510. Chrysis kashmirensis, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902), p. 307.

$ . Uniform greenish blue, in certain lights more blue than
green ; the median area of the mesonotum and the scutellum deep
ultramarine-blue; antennae brown, the scape in front and tin-
basal two joints of the flagellum above green ; legs green ; tarsi
brown; head and thorax rugose, very densely punctured, the
punctures irregular in part, cribrate and within finely punctured ;
abdomen rather more finely and less densely punctured, the
punctures shallow, with a mixture of larger and deeper punctures ;

442 CHKTSIDIDJF.

facial cavity as coarsely punctured as the head and front above it ;
pilosity brownish, long and plentiful on the head, thorax and
towards the apex of the abdomen, almost wanting on the basal
two segments of the last. Head broader than the pronotum
and quite as long ; facial cavity very shallow, the face barely
depressed ; clypeus produced, its anterior margin sharply trans-
verse ; antennae long and thick, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
three times as long as the 1st and twice as long as the 2nd ;
front and vertex very broad, with a slight rounded slope to the
front ; occiput slightly emarginate ; the sides of the head behind
the eyes broad. Thorax : the pronotum transversely rectangular,
the sides very slightly emarginate ; the anterior margin rounded,
not sharp ; a rounded depression in the middle above ; propleurse
depressed, with two slight hollows ; mesonotum, scutellum and
postscutellum convex, the sutures between them deep and broad,
the median area of the mesonotum somewhat narrow, longitudinally
rectangular ; mesopleime rugose, with a broad longitudinal groove
from under the wings terminating in a short transverse pre-
apical groove, the apex beneath triangular ; postscutellum rounded,
not prominent, median segment vertical, its posterior lateral angles
broadly produced and acute ; wings hyaline, nervures dark brown,
teguke purple ; legs long and somewhat slender. Abdomen as long
as the head and thorax united, the base more or less truncate, the
three segments indistinctly medially longitudinally carinate, the
sides of the 3rd segment slightly convergent posteriorly, the apical
margin straight, entire, the anteapical series not deep, the foveac
small.

Length, $ 9-10 ; exp. 16-17 mm.

Hub. Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft. (Nurse).

517. Chrysis burmanica, Mocsdry, Termesz. Fiizete7c, xv (1892), p. 214.

d • Closely resembles G. ignifascia, Mocs., but differs in colour
and somewhat in sculpture. Dark blue, with greenish tints in
certain lights, arising from the punctures being greenish inside ;
the margin of the head and pronotum posteriorly, the posterior
angles of the median segment, the base of the abdomen, the
apical margin of the 1st and 2nd, and preapical band on the 3rd
abdominal segment decidedly green ; the space round the ocelli,
some marks on the pronotum, the medial area of the mesonotum,
the base of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments, and the apical
margin of the latter segment black or partially very dark blue ;
antennae and legs dusky black ; the scape of the antennae in front,
the basal two joints of the flagellum above, the coxa;, trochanters,
femora and tibiae of the legs green ; pilosity as in 0. ignifascia,
but the whitish hairs in the facial hollow and on the legs softer,
more dense and not so oblique. Puncturing as in G. ignifascia
but finer, shallower and more regular on the abdomen. Head
subglobose ; mandibles, clypeus, antennae and frontal carina as in
G. ignifascia. Thorax similar to the thorax in that species, but

CHKTSIS. 443

the median segment posteriorly somewhat truncate ; wings slightly
more fuscous ; abdomen also similar, but the 1st segment with a
short broad longitudinal furrow at base and the 3rd segment
as well as the 2nd medially longitudinally carinate.

Length, <$ 6;5 ; exp. 13 mm.

Hob. Upper Burma, Bhamo (Fea) ; Mandalay (Binghani) ;
Lower Burma, Pegu (Allan},

I am very doubtful, notwithstanding the striking difference in
colour and slight difference in sculpture, whether this species is
not the tf of C. ignifascia. The description of both species has
been taken from the types kindly lent me by Dr. Gestro, of the
Genoa Museum ; but the two males of G. bwmanica in my own
collection are much greener than the type of that species, and one
of them makes an approach to the brilliant colouring of C. igni-
fascia, as it has the apical margin of the 2nd abdominal segment
a decidedly yellow golden-green.

518. Chrysis wroughtoni, du Buysson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x
(1896), p. 469, $ , pi. iii, fig. 2, & pi. v, fig. 7.

" 5 . Body narrow, elongate, subparallel, entirely blue or
bluish green, with some parts more blue ; the scutellum and post-
scutellum fiery golden ; pubescence fine reddish grey. Head not
broader than the pronotum, thick, rounded, with serried moderately
large punctures, running into reticulations on the front ; facial
cavity greener, wide, more finely punctured, terminated above by
a transverse carina, roundly arched near the eyes ; cheeks very
short ; antennae blackish brown, the 1st three joints blue, the 3rd
twice as long as the 4th. Pronotum subcylmdrical, punctures on
the thorax moderately deep, serried, subreticulate, those on the
metathorax large and reticulate: the posterior lateral angles of
the metathorax acute, recurved at apex. Tegulae blue, rather
chitinous ; wings subhyaline, nervures reddish testaceous, legs
green, tarsi brownish. Abdomen elongate, subcylindrical, lightly
carinate ; punctures moderately large, somewhat serried, sub-
reticulate ; posterior lateral angles of the 2nd segment rounded :
3rd segment regular, convex, with large coarse punctures ; ante-
apical series obsoletely hollow, with 10 moderate-sized foveoe,
round, open, separate one from the other; apicr.l margin long,
even, entire, with a subchitinous narrow border, protruding in such
a manner as to form a sinus with the sides of the segment, which
are convergent posteriorly. Ventral side of the abdomen with
black spots.

" Length, $ 0—7 mm.

" Hob. Recorded from Bombay Presidency, Poona ( Wroughton).

" This species probably has the antennae, nervures of the wings
and tarsi reddish." (du Buysson.)

444 CHBYSIDIDjE.

519. Chrysis quanta, JVwm>, Entomologist, xxxv (1902), p. 307, rf.

" <5 . Bather stoutly built ; head, thorax and abdomen closely,
but not very finely punctured, and covered with a short, sparse,
greyish pubescence ; head about as wide as pronotum, and, when
viewed from above, subequal to it ; abdomen not quite so long as
head and thorax united ; vertex overhanging the front, but with no
distinct ridge between them ; front concave, finely and closely
punctured, and with stiff somewhat sparse white pubescence ;
pronotum with a median longitudinal depression ; 3rd abdominal
segment trisinuate, with r.ubapical fovea3. Dark blue, with a
greenish tint in some lights ; front and scutellum light green ;
mandibles, antennae and tarsi black; wings hyaline, the radial
cell subfuscous and closed.

" Length, $ 6 mm.

" Hob. Deesa ; a single example." (Nurse.}

520. Chrysis bayadera, du Bnys&on, Jour. Bomb. H. N. Soc. x (1896),

pp. 469 & 470 ; pi. ii, fig. 15 ; pi. iii, figs. 1, 3 ; pi. v, tig. 6.

" c? . Body narrow, subparallel, entirely bright green or bright
blue, with the vertex, the median area of the mesonotum, the base
of the 2nd, and the whole of the 3rd abdominal segment deep
blue, at times becoming blackish blue ; the prouotum, the scutellum,
and the apical half of the 2nd abdominal segment fiery golden.
Pubescence white, fine. Head thick, rounded; facial cavity
golden green, narrow, finely punctured, covered with white hairs,
margined above by traces of a transverse carina ; cheeks moderate,
converging anteriorly ; antennae maroon, the first two joints
greenish bronze, the 3rd a little longer than the 4th. Punctures
on the body anteriorly of moderate size, serried, close together,
subcoriaceous, mixed with finer punctures ; pronotum subcylin-
drical ; postscuf ellum with the anterior suture open, gaping ; the
posterior lateral angles of the metathorax triangular, the apex
obtuse, straight. Tegula; maroon colour, wings slightly fuscous ;
legs green, tarsi reddish maroon. Abdomen wide, slightly cariuate,
a little depressed ; the punctures moderate, serried, subcoriaceous,
irregular, mixed with finer punctures, the posterior lateral angles
of the 2nd segment rounded ; 3rd segment regularly convex, the
sides straight and continuous with those of the apical margin;
series anteapical very slightly hollow ; 12 small fovea3, subtrans-
verse, open, subcouflueiit ; the apical margin short, slightly sinuate
at apex. Abdomen beneath marked with black.

" $ . Differs from the tf by being brighter coloured, the cheeks
long, the 3rd joint of the antenna longer, colour blue ; the 3rd
abdominal segment more elongate, and the abdomen beneath
blue." (du Buysson.)

Length, $ 3 » 7-8 mm."

Hab. Central Provinces ; Poona (Wroughton).

Unknown to me.

CHBYSIS. 445

521. Chrysis chavanae, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1002), p. 308, $.

" $ . Head and thorax closely but somewhat irregularly, abdo-
ineu rather more regularly and finely punctured ; head wider than
pronotuin, the latter with sides almost parallel; 1st abdominal
segment with a deep median longitudinal indentation at base, 2nd
and 3rd segments with traces of a carina, apical segment without
teeth, slightly sinuate. Head and thorax dark blue, the meso-
notum with greenish reflections ; abdomen light metallic green,
with a coppery effulgence on 2nd and 3rd segments : legs dark
blue, flagellum of antennae piceous ; tarsi dark red or Reddish
black ; the whole insect more or less covered with rather sparse
greyish pubescence ; wings hyaline, fore wing with the central
portion very slightly infuscated, nervures dark testaceous.

" Length, $ 6 mm.

" Hab. Quetta ; a single specimen." (Nurse.}

522. Chrysis ignifascia, Mocsdry, Termesz. F'tizetek, xv (1892), p. 215.

$ . Dark metallic green : the space round the ocelli, a medial
transverse mark on the occiput, another similar mark on the front
of the prouofcum, the medial area, the lateral margins and the
tegulae of the wings on the mesonotum, and the base broadly of the
2nd and 3rd abdominal segments dark bluish black, on the 2nd
abdominal segment the blue reaches medially further towards the
mai'gin than it does at the sides and is bordered with greenish,
beyond which the remainder of the segment is brilliant fiery ruby-
coloured ; antennae black, the scape in front and the basal two
joints of the flagellum above green; legs, including the tibia'
and 1st joint of the tarsus on the upper side green, the tibiae
below and the rest of the tarsi dark brown ; head, thorax and
abdomen evenly, rather coarsely and very densely punctured all
over ; the facial hollow finely, transversely striate ; pilosity rather
abundant, dark and very short ; on the legs and in the facial
hollow on either side there is a little rather long, oblique, white
pubescence. Head subglobose, somewhat broader than long,
mandibles bidentate; clypeus transverse, fiat; antennae short and
moderately thick, the 2nd joint of the flagellum twice as long as
the 3rd ; below the anterior ocellus, but appreciably above the
upper margin of the facial hollow, the front is crossed by a trans-
verse deeply bi-vvaved carina. Thorax : the prouotum transverse,
only a little shorter than the mesonotum, the sides slightly con-
verging towards the front ; mesonotum convex, the medial area
rectangular ; mesopleurae excavate anteriorly, the hollow flat,
coarsely punctured and margined, coining to a point beneath,
posteriorly the mesopleurae are finely punctured ; scutellum, post-
scutellum and median segment together rounded, forming one
convexity, the posterior lateral angles of the median segment
flattened and produced; wings hyaline, slightly fuscous, nervure*
brown ; legs comparatively long. Abdomen subcyliudrical above,

446 CHRYSIDIUJE.

the 2nd segment medially longitudinally carinate ; the apical
margin of the 3rd segment entire, broadly rounded, with an ante-
npical series of 14 to 16 fovese.

Length, $ 6-5; ex p. 12-5 mui.

ffab. Recorded so far only from Lower Burma, Palon near
Rangoon (Fca). See, however, the remarks under 0. burmanica,
Moos, (ante, p. 443).

•r>23. Chrysis abuensis, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902), p. 307,5 3 .

(PL I, fig. 10.)

2 . The face and head in front, the pronotutn, the lateral areas
of the mesonotum, the mesopleurae, the legs, the disc of the 1st
abdominal segment, the apical margins of the 2nd and of the
basal area of the 3rd segment, light metallic green ; the head
posteriorly, the prothorax in front, two crescentric marks on the
disc of the pronotum, the propleuraa, the median area of the meso-
notum, the median segment, the basal face of the 1st abdominal
segment and the basal portions broadly of the 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments, deep metallic blue ; the medial portion broadly of the
scutellum cupreous red, and of the postscutellum cupreous red
bordered posteriorly with golden, the sides of the 1st abdominal
segment also cupreous red bordered with golden ; head, thorax
and abdomen very densely and finely punctured, granulate on the
head and thorax, the punctures more shallow on the abdomen, on
the scutellum and postscutellum they are slightly larger but not
coarse as in many species ; facial hollow minutely punctate,
rugulose, towards the upper margin slightly more coarsely punc-
tured, reticulate ; pilosity brownish, very short and somewhat
sparse ; the facial hollow without the usual long whitish pubescence.
Head flat, transverse, as broad as the pronotum but not quite so
long; clypeus broad, convex, and slightly incised in the middle
anteriorly ; facial hollow rather shallow, margined above by a
. — • — .-shaped carina ; front and vertex broad, convex, the occiput
transverse ; the sides of the head behind the eyes broad ; antennas
as in G. gujaratica. Thorax: the pronotum long, transversely
rectangular, the sides very slightly convergent anteriorly ; pro-
pleurae excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gentlv convex, the
median area on the me*onotum rather narrow, a little more than
twice as long as broad ; mesopleurae flat, with the anterior and
apical portions slightly depressed, the former bounded by an oblique
farina posteriorly ; postscutellum very convex ; median segment
with a wide semicircular depression on its posterior face, formed
by foveae divided by cariuae; posterior lateral angles produced,
and somewhat short and thick ; wings hyaline, slightly fuscous ;
nervures brown, tegulae purple ; legs stout and long. Abdomen
as long as the head and thorax united, subcylindrical, the base
concave ; the 2nd and 3rd segments medially obsoletely carinate ;
the auteapical series of foveae on the latter small, not very distinct :
apical margin of segment roundly arched, entire, and without
teeth.

CHEYSIS. 447

c? . Identical with the $ in form and sculpture. Differs only
in color, the scutellum being bright golden, the postscutellum and
sides of the 1st abdominal segment golden green, the posterior
lateral angles of the median segment deep blue like the rest of the
segment ; the colour of the rest of the parts is similar to that in
'the $.

Length, $ ^ 9'5-10 ; exp. £ c? 18 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Mount Abu, 4000 ft., in
Rajputana (Nurse).

524. Chrysis dissimilanda, du Buysson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x
(1896), pp. 469 & 470.

" $ . Similar to C. bayadera, from which it differs in colour,
not showing any of the fiery golden tint, a light golden efful-
gence only on the apical margin of the 2nd abdominal segment.
The punctures on the anterior portion of the body are not
rugose nor very serried and close ; the face wide, not constricted
at the base, the cheeks scarcely developed at all : pronotum shorter
and more convex, the posterior lateral angles of the metathorax
very small and scarcely produced, obtuse ; the tarsi subtestaceous ;
the 3rd abdominal segment evenly rounded at apex, not sinuate.
Ventral side of abdomen bright green, with two dark blue spots on
the 2nd segment.

" Length, 5*5 mm.

" Hab. Bombay, Poona ( Wroughton)" (du Buysson.)

This species is unknown to me.

525. Chrysis jalala, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxv (1902), p. 306, $ rf.

" $ . Slenderly built ; head, except front, thorax and abdomen
closely but not very finely punctured, and very sparsely covered
with short greyish pubescence; clypeus emarginate anteriorly,
front concave from beneath a transverse ridge which is situated
just below the vertex, covered with a somewhat sparse white
pubescence, and finely transversely striate in the centre ; head,
thorax and first two abdominal segments of about equal width ;
head when viewed from above equal in size to prouotum, scutellum
and postscutellum somewhat more coarsely punctured than the
rest of the segments ; abdomen as long as the head and thorax
united, the 2nd segment with a median longitudinal carina, 3rd
segment rounded at apex, with a conspicuous subapical row of
fovese. Dark blue, the clypeus bright green ; the pronotum, meso-
notum, scutellum and postscutellum, and a spot on the 3rd abdo-
minal segment just above the subapical row of fovese, green ; the
first abdominal segment, except the extreme base and a line on
the centre above not reaching the apex, and the apical two-thirds
of the 2nd abdominal segment bright coppery golden ; second and
following joints of flagellum of antennae dark red ; tarsi dark

448 CHEYSIDID.E.

testaceous, almost black ; remainder of legs metallic green ; wings
hyaline, tegulae dark blue, radial cell closed.

" cJ . Similar, the patch of blue on the 2nd abdominal segment
not transverse but somewhat wedge-shaped ; no green spot on
3rd abdominal segment ; antennae light red below, except the first
two joints which are metallic green.

" Length, $ rf 6-5-9 mm.

" Hob. Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft. ; three specimens." (Nurse.)

526. Chrysis furiosa, Camerm, Mem. Manch. L. Ph. Soc. xli (1897),
no. 13, p. 3, pi. 16, fig. 9.

$ . Metallic green, the space round the ocelli broadly, the front
of the prothorax, the mesonotum more or less, the middle of the
scutellum and of the postscutellum, the discs above of the 1st
and 2nd and the basal half of the 3rd abdominal segment blue,
antennae black, the scape and the basal two joints of the flagellum
above green, legs green, tarsi reddish brown ; head, thorax and
basal abdominal segment densely punctured, granulate, on the
lateral areas of the mesonotum the punctures are larger than on
the rest of the thorax and wider apart, the intervals minutely
punctured, the front of the mesonotum and the apical two abdo-
minal segments very finely punctured; facial cavity transversely
rugulose. Head thick, transverse, very much broader than long ;
facial cavity broad and deep, sharply margined above by a trans-
verse carina, giving off from either end carina3 closely bordering the
orbits of the eyes above, as far as a point level with the anterior
ocellus, then crossing the front, meeting and forming a loop
round the ocellus ; antennae proportionately rather thick, the 2nd
joint of the flagellum much longer than either the 1st or 3rd
joint ; front and vertex convex and very broad ; occiput trans-
verse. Thorax : the pronotum transversely rectangular, from above
the sides appear tuberculate immediately behind the anterior
lateral angles, auteriorly the pronotum is impressed in the middle
above ; propleurae excavate, mesonotum and scutellum convex ;
inesopleurse rugose, longitudinally grooved ; postscutellum rounded,
posterior lateral angles of the median segment broadly produced,
acute at apex ; wings hyaline, nervures light brown, tegulae purple ;
legs robust. Abdomen proportionate, broad and massive, the base
transverse, the sides of the 1st and 2nd segments parallel, sides
of the 3rd segment strongly convergent posteriorly, terminating
in an acute small tooth on each side, between which the apical
margin is slightly arched and entire ; the whole abdomen slightly
medially longitudinally carinate, the anteapical series on the 3rd
segment subobsolete.

c? unknown.

Length, $ 0 ; exp. 11 '5 mm.

hob. Procured at Barrackpore, Bengal (Eothney).

CHBY8I8. 449

527. Chrysis elizabethse, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 9.)

$ . Head, thorax, the base and apical margin of the 1st, the
apical margin of the 2nd and the 3rd abdominal segment on the
sides metallic green ; the region of the ocelli, two spots on the
^ pronotum, the medial area of the mesonotum, the middle of the
' disc of the 1st, and the greater portion of the base broadly of
the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments brilliant metallic blue ; an-
tennae dusky black, the scape above metallic blue, the basal two
joints of the flagellum above green, legs green on the outside, on
the inner side together with the tarsi dusky brownish black ; head,
thorax and abdomen densely punctured, the punctures on the
abdomen except at base somewhat finer and shallower than on
the head and thorax, on the back of the thorax and median seg-
ment they are cribrate; pilosity whitish, long, abundant and
slightly oblique on the head beneath, on the legs and on apex of
the abdomen, entirely absent on the 1st and 2nd abdominal seg-
ments above. Head subglobose, eyes large ; clypeus vertical
very narrow anteriorly, at the bases of the mandibles with a
coppery sheen ; antennal hollow broad, within finely punctured ;
front with a transverse carina bent downwards at each end,
giving off from the middle a broad loop, medially on which above
is placed the anterior ocellus ; occipital margin transverse, slightly
broader than the pronotum ; antennae rather short and thick, the
2nd joint of the flagellum the longest. Thorax: the pronotum
short, very convex, transversely rectangular, the sides widely but
slightly emarginate, the posterior lateral angles a little produced ;
propleurae excavate, the hollow finely rugulose svithin ; mesonotum
convex, medial area rectangular, somewhat narrow, about twice as
long as broad, mesopleurae coarsely punctured, angular beneath,
with a well-marked oblique carina from beneath the base of the
wings circling round the produced angular apex beneath ; scu-
tellum from above semicircular ; postscutellum crescentic, slightly
gibbous, completely hiding the median segment except its produced
acute posterior lateral angles ; wings hyaline with a brownish tint,
nervures and tegulae dark brown ; legs slender. Abdomen some-
what long and comparatively massive, medially cariuate from near
the base to apex, the base with three well-marked impressions ;
3rd segment nearly as long as the 2nd, with an anteapical series of
10 moderately large, round, foveate punctures, the apical margin
gently rounded with two acute teeth close together in the middle ;
ventral segments green, smooth and shining, with the base of the
2nd and sides broadly of the 1st segment brownish black.
c? unknown.

Length, $ 8 ; exp. 16 mm.

Hob. I procured one specimen of this distinct species at Tavoy
in Southern Tenasseriin. Superficially it resembles C. angustata.
Mocs., but the bidentate apical margin of the abdomen distinguishes
it at once.

VOL. ii. 2o

4oO CHRYSIDIDJE.

528. Chrysis nugatrix, sp. nov.

$. Dark bluish green, the discs of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments broadly violet-blue ; in certain lights the whole of these
two segments appear of that colour ; the antennae black, the scape
and basal two joints of the flagellum green ; legs and the basal
joint of the tarsi of the posterior legs green ; head and thorax
densely and very coarsely punctured, rugose, 1st abdominal seg-
ment as coarsely but more sparsely punctured, not rugose, the
remainder of the abdomen more finely punctured, the apical
margin of the 3rd segment smooth, unpunctured, shining, slightly
ohitinous and translucent at base ; facial cavity, around the base
of the antennae and on the clypeus entirely smooth and shining,
above closely and somewhat finely punctured, pubescent, the hairs
long, slightly hiding the sculpture ; pilosity tolerably abundant,
brownish. Head thick and broad above, as broad as the pronotum,
from in front triangular, the cheeks strongly convergent anteriorly ;
clypeus raised in the middle, the anterior margin medially deeply
emarginate ; the facial cavity deep, margined
above by a transverse carina, from which are
emitted two curved carinae meeting above,
behind the anterior ocellus ; antennae stout,
pubescent, the 2nd joint of the flagellum a
little longer than the 3rd ; front and vertex
broad, convex ; occiput sharply transverse.
Thorax : the pronotum subcylindrical, decli-
vous anteriorly, rounded and convex poste-
riorly, the sides slightly convergent towards
,,, . &• **>*• . the front : propleurae with two deep hollows,

Lnryttt nuqatrix. 9. , • . i • i_fii

smooth within ; mesonotum, scutellum and
postscutellum convex, the mesonotum long
and ample, the scutellum rather short, transversely rectangular ;
mesopleurae broad, rather short, very coarsely deeply punctured,
rugose, with a medial broad line of large foveae from under the
base of the wing almost to the apex, this latter broad and
obtuse ; postscutellum very rough and coarsely sculptured, tri-
angular and prominent, the apex obtuse, posteriorly entirely
overhanging the median segment, of which the posterior lateral
angles are very broadly produced and very acute at apex ;
wings fusco-hyaline, nervures brown, tegulae purple ; legs short
though slender. Abdomen broad, massive, truncate or transverse
at base, with a somewhat deep impression on each side and
a shallower medial one ; 2nd segment medially longitudinally
carinate along its apical half, the basal area of 3rd segment convex,
not carinate ; anteapical series of fdveae large, the fovese opening
downwards ; anal area medially strongly carinate, the carina ter-
minating in a strong acute tooth, the sides slightly convergent
posteriorly, the apical margin transversely truncate, armed at the

CHBYSIS. 451

lateral angles with an acuto short tooth, thus making the apical
margin tridentate.
cf unknown.

Length, $ 12 ; exp. 22 mm.

Hob. I procured a single specimen of this very distinct species
' in the verandah of a house in Delhi. It resembles in size and
robustness C. oculata, C. principals and Stilbum, and is by far the
largest of the tridentate section of Chrysis known to me.

529. Chrysis mendicalis, Cameron, Mem. Manch. L. Ph. Soc. xli

(1897), no. 13, p. 4.

$ . Metallic green ; the vertex, collar, prothorax in front, median
area on the mesonotum, and the discs broadly of the abdominal
segments bluish black ; antennae dark brown, the scape in front
and basal joint of flagellum above bronzy green ; legs green, tarsi
brown above, reddish yellow beneath ; head and thorax with
closely serried fine punctures, rugulose, the punctures larger on
the thorax posteriorly ; abdomen more finely, evenly and regularly
punctured, the punctures slightly larger on the sides and somewhat
shallow ; facial cavity minutely transversely rugulose, pubescent ;
pilosity pale brown, short, soft, rather sparse. Head thick, broad,
occiput rounded, not sharply transverse, vertex and front convex ;
facial hollow comparatively deep above, sharply margined by a
transverse carina ; antennae thick, slightly flattened, the 2nd joint
of the flagellum a little longer than the 3rd ; clypeus transverse
or very slightly emargin ate anteriorly in the middle. Thorax : the
pronotum short, medially longitudinally sulcate, with also a narrow
transverse groove a little in front of the posterior margin; propleurae
excavate, mesonotum and scutellum slightly convex ; mesopleurae
rugose, two large hollows or foveae one above the other beneath
the bases of the wings; postscutellum very convex, gibbous; the
posterior lateral angles of the median segment shortly produced,
broad, at apex very acute ; wings hyaline, nervures light brown,
tegulae green. Abdomen long, the base above with a medial
and two lateral shallow wide impressions ; sides nearly parallel,
those of the 3rd segment slightly convergent; apical margin of the
latter with an acute tooth on each side and one in the middle, the
intervals between the teeth undulate ; anteapical series with 6
moderately large fovese.

c? very similar, slightly smaller.

Length, $ 5'5, tf 5 ; e.vp. $ d 10 mm.

Hob. Eecorded only from Barrackpore, Bengal (Rjthney).

Type in Mr. Kothney's collection.

530. Chrysis lanka, sp. uov.

2 . Metallic golden green, the middle of the scutellum and of
the postscutellum and the discs of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal

2o 2

452 CHBl'SIUIDJE.

segments broadly blue, the apical margins of all the abdominal
segments with a brilliant effulgence in certain lights ; sides of the
1st and 2nd segments with a cupreous-red spot towards the apical
margins ; antennae dark brown, the scape green, the basal joint
of the nagellurn with a faint golden-green lustre in certain lights ;
legs green, the tarsi yellowish brown; head, thorax and basal
abdominal segment moderately coarsely punctured, granulate, apical
two abdominal segments more finely and irregularly punctured,
rugulose; facial cavity finely punctured and bearing a narrow
medial vertical short groove; a very sparse whitish pubescence on
the sides, not obscuring the sculpture within ; pilosity brownish,
moderately abundant, short. Head subglobose, thick, more than
twice as long as the pronotum ; eyes prominent ; facial cavity deep,

Fig. 153.— Chrysis lanka, $ . a. Head in profile.

margined above by an arched carina ; clypeus raised in the middle,
front and vertex convex ; antennae long, cylindrical, the 1st and
2nd joints of the flagelluin subequal and long. Thorax elongate,
narrow, the sides nearly parallel ; pronotum. short, transversely
rectangular ; propleurse excavate ; mesonotum, scutellum and post-
scutellum rather flat, the mesonotum short, nearly square, the
scutellum transversely rectangular ; mesopleuras oblique elongate,
punctured, the punctures rugulose within, apex not acute ; post-
scutellum rather long, narrow, rounded posteriorly, the produced
posterior lateral angles of the median segment somewhat broad,
acute at apex ; wings lightly fusco-hyaline, uervures and tegula?
dark brown ; legs rather long and slender. Abdomen narrow
elongate, subcylindrical, the sides nearly parallel, a little con-
vergent posteriorly, the base transverse ; a short, shallow, longi-
tudinal impression above, the apical margin transverse, armed at
the lateral angles and in the middle with a short tooth, no traces
of a medial longitudinal carina on the 2nd and 3rd segments ; the
anteapical series distinct, the fovese small.
d unknown.

Lenyili, $ 3*5 ; exp, 6'5 mm.
Hal. Itecorded so tar only from Ceylon, Peradeniya (Green).

CHBYSIS. 453

531. Chrysis triacantha, Mocsdry (Trichrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p. 325; du Buyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 471.

$ . Dark metallic green or bluish green, the space round the
ocelli, the median lobe of the mesonotum, the middle of the
scutellum, and the disc on either side of a median line on the 2nd
and 3rd abdominal segments purplish, the purple on the abdomen
very much lighter in colour and forming only a transverse spot on
the 3rd segment, round the ocelli and on the mesonotum anteriorly
the purple grades into black ; the antennae black, scape in front
and 1st joint of flagellum above green ; legs green, the inner side of
the femora dark, the inner side of the tibiae and the whole of the
tarsi lighter brown ; head and thorax closely, moderately coarsely
punctured, granulate, abdomen more finely punctured ; a space at
base of the scutellum almost smooth, with minute punctures ;
pilosity brownish, somewhat sparse. Head broader than long, the

Fig. 154.— Chrysis triacantha, $. a. Head from front.

eyes prominent ; facial cavity rugulose, covered somewhat densely
with white hairs ; clypeus broad, emarginate in the middle anteriorly,
frontal transverse carina very short ; anterior ocellus not enclosed
within a carinate space, occiput transverse. Thorax : the pro-
notum short, transversely rectangular, medially impressed in front,
the side emarginate at base, the anterior lateral angles somewhat
truncate ; propleurae excavate ; mesonotum, scutellum and post-
scutellum very convex, median area on mesonotum broadened
anteriorly ; mesopleurse longitudinally impressed, the apex beneath
not dentate ; median segment suppressed beneath the postscutellum,
posterior lateral angles shortly produced, acute ; wings hyaline,
very lightly fuscous, nervures brown, tegulae greenish blue. Abdo-
men a little depressed, deeply sulcate in the middle at base above,
the sulca short and smooth within, a shallower impression on each
side of the medial groove ; 2nd and 3rd segments lightly medially
carinate, the anteapical series of foveae on the latter few, 6-8, large
and open, apical margin armed with 3 teeth. 3 unknown.

Length, $ 6'8-7 ; exp. 13 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far from Calcutta (du Buysson) and Ceylon
(Green) ; extending to the Malayan subregion.

532. Chrysis singalensis, Mocsdry (Trichrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p. 324. (PI. I, fig. 4.)

$ . Metallic green, with golden effulgence on the sides of the

454 CHBYSIDID^E.

thorax and abdomen and on the legs ; the space round the ocelli,
two or three spots on the pronoturn, the medial area more or less
of the mesonotum, the scutellum, and 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments medially purplish blue, mixed with black on the scutellum
and medial area of mesonotum ; antennae black, the scape in front
green, the legs green, the tarsi brown ; pilosity brownish, short,
fairly abundant; the facial hollow with rather long whitish
recumbent hairs on the sides ; head, thorax and abdomen densely,
somewhat evenly punctured, the punctures within rugulose. Head
from the front broad, much broader than long, the sides conver-
gent anteriorly ; clypeus broad, subporrect ; antennae rather long,
slender, cylindrical ; the facial hollow with a transverse carina a
little above its upper margin, vertex convex, anterior ocellus free,
not set in a hollow nor with lateral carinse. Thorax : the prono-
tum transversely rectangular, the sides sinuate, the anterior lateral
angles distinctly truncate ; mesonotum slightly convex, the medial
area rectangular ; mesople urae strongly margined , grooved posteriorly,
the apex beneath excavate ; scutellum and postscutellum convex,
the median segment vertical, almost hidden under the postscutellum,
its posterior lateral angles produced, acute ; wings hyaline, nervures
and tegulse brown ; legs short. Abdomen medially distinctly
carinate ; the 1st segment with a medial broad short groove at
base, and a slight hollow on the base at each side ; the apical
margin of the 3rd segment with the middle and the posterior
lateral angles dentate, and an anteapical lateral series of 6 f oveae, the
lateral ones sometimes obsolete.

Length, $ 6-6-5 ; exp. 13 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (apud Mocsdry) • Kandy, Peradeniya (Green). I
have not seen a c? of this species.

533. Chrysis scioensis, Grib. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.xiv (1879), p. 344;
id. I. c. xvi (1881), p. 251 ; Mocs. (Trichrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p. 321 ; du Buyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 471.

$ . Dark metallic green, the space round the ocelli, the median
area of the mesonotum, and the bases and discs slightly of the
apical two abdominal segments dark metallic blue, getting black in
the middle of the space round the ocelli ; antennae brown, scape in
front and first joint of flagellum above green. In some specimens
this blue is more or less absent. Head, thorax and abdomen mode-
rately coarsely and evenly punctured, the punctures smaller and
more distantly spaced on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments,
and minutely punctured within on the thorax ; pilosity brownish,
moderately abundant, exceedingly short on the basal two abdominal
segments. Head much broader than long, the eyes verv pro-
minent ; clypeus broad, widely emarginate in the middle anteriorly :
facial hollow moderately deep, rugose within, covered with long
white hairs, above bi-carinate, the lower margin or carina indis-
tinct, the upper in two arches in some specimens, simply widely

CHBYSIS. 455

arched, transverse, no emitted carinae towards the anterior ocellus ;
front and vertex rounded, convex, occiput transverse ; antennae
rather long, the 2nd joint of the flagellum longer, about twice as
long as the 1st joint. Thorax : the pronotum short, transversely
rectangular, medially impressed above, the sides emarginate at
base, then with a rounded angle towards the front ; propleura>
excavate ; mesonotum, scutellum, and postscutellum convex, the
median area on the mesonotum rectangular, the suture between
scutellum and postscutellum not transverse, gently arched poste-
riorly ; mesopleurse rugose, not dentate beneath, with a broad oblique
groove ; postscutellum from above semicircular, somewhat com-
pressed ; median segment hidden and suppressed beneath, the
posterior lateral angles shortly produced, acute ; wings hyaline, with
a slight fuscous tint towards the costal margin, nervures brown,
tegulae bluish green ; legs slender, bluish green, tarsi dark brown.
Abdomen rather short, not longer than the head and thorax united,
the basal segment with a deep impression in the middle above
and a shallower impression on each side of it ; the 2nd segment
without any medial longitudinal carina, the anteapical series on the
third segment with the fovese small and few, from 8-10 ; apical
margin of segment strongly tridentate.

rf . Very similar, slightly more slender, the apical abdominal
teeth not so acute.

Length, $ 3 7 ; exp. 13 mm.

Hob. N. India, Delhi (Bine/ham) ; Karachi (Cumming) ; extend-
ing to Aden (Yei-bury). Described originally from Equatorial
Africa.

534. Chrysis paria, sp. nov.

cJ . Metallic green, with blue effulgence in certain lights, the
front of the median area of the mesonotum, the postscutellum and
the disc above of the 2nd abdominal segment more decidedly blue,
the last deep violet-blue ; antennae brown, the scape deep blue, the
1st joint of the flagellum above green ; legs bluish green, articula-
tions and tarsi reddish yellow ; head and thorax moderately finely
punctured, rugose, the punctures rather shallow ; abdomen more
finely and regularly punctured, not rugose ; facial cavity finely
punctured, with short whitish pubescence ; pilosity greyish, long
and fairly abundant. Head thick, transverse, from the front very
much broader than long and with the eyes much broader than the
pronotum ; occiput and front somewhat sharply transverse, from
above the head appearing longitudinally compressed ; facial hollow
broad, somewhat shallow, arched above and margined by a trans-
verse carina ; antennae long, slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
slightly longer than the 3rd. Thorax short, subcylindrical, tin-
sides rounded, converging slightly to the front: propleurae excavate;
mesonotum and scutellum convex, the suture between them
depressed ; mesopleurae convex, a large fovea underneath the base

450 CHEYS1D1JXE.

of the wings and a short transverse groove dividing off the trian-
gular apex beneath ; postscutellum convex, slightly gibbous, the
produced posterior lateral angles of the median segment proportion-
ately large, acute at apex; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures
yellowish brown, tegulae blue. Abdomen somewhat short and
broad, the base transverse, medially broadly impressed ; 2nd
segment not carinate ; 3rd segment very convex, the apical margin
continuous with the sides, rounded, and armed in the middle with
3 acute little teeth, the apical area and margin below the ante-
apical series very narrow, yellowish brown and chitiuous, the series
not very distinct, of 8 or 10 rounded punctures. $ unknown.

Length, tf 4-5 ; exp. 8 mm.

Hob. Recorded from Baluchistan, Quetta (Nurse).

535. Chrysis autocrata, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 40, § .

" $ . Stoutly built ; frontal cavity finely, head and thorax
somewhat irregularly, the latter coarsely, punctured ; abdomen,
especially 2nd and 3rd segments, more reguiai-ly and finely punc-
tured; pronoium distinctly narrower at base than at apex, its
shoulders slightly rounded, and having a median longitudinally
impressed line at base ; 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments distinctly
carinated; 3rd segment without subapical foveaa, quadridentate,
the inner teeth close together and blunt, the outer teeth smaller,
sharper, and not projecting nearly so far back as the inner ones.
Head, thorax and 1st abdominal segment metallic green with blue
reflections : 2nd and 3rd segments lighter green with a golden or
coppery effulgence ; antennae piceous ; tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings
hyaline, nervures and tegulse brownish testaceous ; head, sides of
thorax and abdomen and legs with some sparse, rather long
pubescence.

" Length, $ 8-5 mm.

" Hob. Quetta, 2 specimens." (Nurse.)

536. Chrysis gujaratica, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1U03), p. 11, $ .
(PI. I, fig. 3.)

$ . Head and thorax light metallic green, with brilliant golden
effulgence on the head posteriorly, on the pro- and mesouotum
and on the scutellum ; postscutellura, and the thorax beneath and
on the sides bright light metallic green without the golden sheen ;
posterior lateral angles of the median segment bright golden yellow ;
legs and abdomen golden green with brilliant coppery effulgence ;
antennae and the tarsi brown, the scapes of the former very dark
brown, nearly black, the latter and the flagella a light yellowish
brown. Head, thorax and abdomen very densely punctured, the
punctures on the head, the pronotum, lateral areas of the meso-
notuii), the median segment and abdomen fine and rather shallow,
on the median area of the mesonotum they are larger and wider
;ip:irt, and on the scutellum and postscutellum rather coarser;
iacial cavity very finely rugulose and covered somewhat densely

CHRYSIS. 4.'j 7

with soft white pubescence ; pilosity whitish, short and fairly
abundant, on the legs the hairs are long and oblique. Head thick,
as long and as broad as the pronotuin ; clypeus wide, medially
rectangularly produced, its anterior margin in the middle trans-
verse ; i'acial hollow moderately deep, bordered above by an irregular
' transverse carina on the front, the ends of which do not extend to
the eyes on each side ; antenna rather slender, the 2nd joint of
the flagellum twice as long as the 1st, the 3rd joint very short ;
front and vertex broad and lightly convex, occiput very slightly
and very widely emarginate, nearly transverse. Thorax : the
pronotuin transversely rectangular, the sides of the prothorax
concave ; mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum gently convex,
the median area of the mesonotum broad, a little longer than broad,
mesopleurge finely punctured, strongly convex ; the apex beneath
very narrow, subacute and excavate, postscutellum short, crescentic ;
median segment with the produced posterior angles very narrow,
curved inwards, acute at apex ; wings hyaline, slightly fuscous on
the disc, nervures brown, tegulae purple ; legs slender. Abdomen
massive, broad, the 1st segment concave at base, shortly and
slightly longitudinally impressed above in the middle of its anterior
margin ; 2nd and 3rd segments obsoletely medially longitudinally
carinate ; the anteapical series of foveae on the latter segment
obsolete ; apical margin strongly arched, with four narrow, rather
long acute teeth.

c? . Identical in form and in the armature of the abdomen, but
entirely dark green with blue shadings on the thorax and on the
2nd and 3rd abdominal segments ; the puncturing is much coarser,
almost granulate.

Lety/th, $ 9, <$ 8-75 ; exp. $ <$ 17 mm.

Hob. So far recorded only from Northern Gujerat, Deesa (Nurse) ;
Delhi (Binyhani).

537. Chrysis ammlata, du Buyss. Rev. tfEnt. vi (1887), p. 19:?, rf; id.
1. c. xix (1900), p. 148, $ ; Macs. (Tetrachrysis), Mon. Chrys.
1889, p. 4£>. (PI. I. fig. 14.)

Chrysis fulvicornis, Mocs. (Tetrachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 4i>7.
Chrvsis quettaensis & C. balucha, Nurse, Bttomologi*, xx.\\i
(1903), p. 41.

$ . Metallic light golden green, the median area of the meso-
notum, the hollows in the propleurae, the coxa?, femora and til>i;i-
of the legs, and the apical margin of the 3rd abdominal segment
dark metallic blue ; the 1st, 2nd and basal area of 3rd abdominal
segment effulgent, golden, coppery red ; antennae and tarsi brown,
the scape in front and the basal two joints of the nagellum abou*
green ; head, thorax and abdomen somewhat coarsely and vi«ry
evenly and closely punctured ; the facial cavity finely rugulose ;
pilosity yellowish 'white, short, rather sparse. Head as long and
as broad as the pronotum; clypeus broad, slightly emarginate in the
middle anteriorly ; facial cavity moderately deep, clothed \\ ith \.-ry
short white pubescence, margined above and with a transverse

458 CHEYS1D1D2B.

somewhat irregular carina above the margin on the front, anterior
ocellus not enclosed within carinae, vertex convex, occiput trans-
verse ; antennae : the 2nd and 3rd joints of the flagellum subequal.
Thorax : the pronotum transversely rectangular, the sides parallel ;
a shallow medial longitudinal groove anteriorly above ; mesonotum
and scutellum convex, the median area on former rectangular ;
mesopleurae with a broad longitudinal impression from beneath the
wings to the apex beneath, bordered posteriorly and round the
apex by a carina, the apex not dentate ; postscutellum sloping
posteriorly, rounded ; posterior lateral angles of the median seg-
ment produced, flat above, acute at apex ; wings hyaline, nervures
brown, tegulae metallic dark blue. Abdomen a little longer than
the head and thorax united, the 1st segment transverse at base,
not or very slightly impressed in the middle above ; 2nd segment
more or less medially distinctly carinate ; 3rd segment depressed
transversely at base in front of the anteapical series of foveae, these
latter B-8 in number, large and open below, apical margin with
4 almost equidistant teeth.

<f . Differs from the $ in being entirely green, with in certain
lights a cupreous spot on each side of the apical margin of the 2nd
abdominal segment ; the puncturing is a little coarser, especially on
the abdomen ; the flagella of the antennae and the tarsi brownish

C" >w, the 4th joint of the former being longer than any of the
I three joints.

Length, $ 6-5-7, rf 6-6'8 ; exp. $ <$ 13 mm.
Hob. Syria, Arabia, Persia, Turkestan, extendinginto Baluchistan ;
Quetta (Nurse), but not recorded from any other locality within
our limits. It is an extremely variable species, a specimen ( cf )
also from Quetta is very much more blue than green.

538. Chrysis apiata, du Buyss. Rev. $Ent. xix (1900), p. 149, rf.
Chrysis lucinda, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 12, $ tf.

$ . Head and thorax metallic green with golden effulgence ;
basal two segments of abdomen coppery golden, basal half of the
3rd segment deep blue, apical half and a tine median longitudinal
line through the blue, green with golden effulgence ; scape of the
antennae and coxae, femora and tibiae of the legs metallic blue ;
flagellum and tarsi reddish brown, the basal joint of the former
greenish or bluish above ; head, thorax and abdomen somewhat
coarsely and closely punctured, the punctures on the head and
thorax cribrate, on the discs of the segments of the abdomen a
little more distant ; pilosity soft, white, fairly abundant but short,
oblique on the abdomen. Head from above about as long and as
broad as the thorax ; clypeus short, broad, indistinctly vertically
carinate, the apex in the middle emarginate ; facial hollow not
margined or carinate above, medially with a short, shallow longi-
tudinal groove and with recumbent silvery pubescence within, no
frontal carince ; occiput slightly and very widely emarginate.

CHBYSIS. 459

Thorax : the pronotum convex, nearly transversely rectangular :
the sides sinuate and slightly longer than the notum in the middle,
where there is a medial, broad, shallow longitudinal groove not
quite reaching the posterior margin ; propleurse excavate ; meso-
notum, scutellum and postscutellum slightly convex ; the median
area on the metanotum rectangular, a little widened anteriorly and
posteriorly ; mesopleurae a little more coarsely rugose than the
thorax above, the apex beneath margined by a carina which is
continued up on the posterior side to beneath the base of the
wings ; postscutellum slightly gibbous, the median segment de-
pressed beneath it, the posterior lateral angles of the latter
produced, acute ; wings hyaline, nervures brown, tegulae greenish
blue ; legs comparatively short. A bdomen proportionately massive,
the 1st segment at base widely emarginate, slightly impressed in
the middle above, with the anterior angles prominent ; 2nd seg-
ment indistinctly medially longitudinally carinate ; 3rd segment
elliptical ; the anteapical series of foveae rather small ; the apical
margin with 4 rather long triangular acute teeth, the outer ones
the shorter.

c? . Similar ; the flagellum of the antennae a lighter brown, the
1st and 2nd segments metallic green with a golden effulgence,
but not with the beautiful coppery golden sheen of the $ in the
specimen I have seen. The type-specimen, however, according to
du Buysson has the abdomen fiery golden (" feu-dore").

Length, $ 8, rf 7 ; exp. $ 16, <$ 15 mm.

Hub. Baluchistan, Quetta (Nurse); extending to Persia (du Buys-
son).

539. Chrysis greeni, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 7.)

$ . Head, pronotum, scutellum, postscutellum, median segment
and sides of the thorax metallic green, the space round the ocelli
and the middle of the occiput black, the former shading into dark
blue on the margins ; the mesonotum, the discs of the basal two
abdominal segments, and the disc and apical margin of the 3rd
segment dark metallic purple, this purple on all the segments
bordered by green and succeeded on the apical margins of the 1st
and 2nd segments by a broad transverse bar of fiery metallic red ;
scape of the antennae and basal joint of the flagellum above green,
remainder of the flagellum dusky black ; the vertical front surface
of the prothorax and the coxae, femora and tibiae of the legs
purplish blue, tarsi dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
somewhat finely and very closely punctured, granulate, the
punctures on the abdomen shallower than on the head and thorax ;
pilosity brownish, short, fairly abundant, oblique on the abdomen
and legs. Head about as broad as the pronotum and a little
longer ; clypeus broad, slightly vertically carinate and emarginate
in the middle; facial hollow comparatively deep, transversely
finely rugulose, not margined above, but above it on the front

460 CHRYSIDID.E.

is a short transverse carina, not extending on each side to the
orbits of the eyes, with no carinae emitted towards the anterior
ocellus; front and vertex convex; occiput from above widely
emarginate. Thorax : the pronotum short, transversely rectangular,
longer at the sides than in the middle, the latter slightly emar-
ginate with the anterior lateral angles truncate ; propleurae excavate ;
mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum lightly convex ; meso-
pleurae rugose, slightly excavate at apex beneath ; median segment
depressed beneath the postscutellum, the posterior lateral angles
prominent and acute at apex ; wings hyaline, nervures and tegulse
brown. Abdomen a little depressed, the 2nd segment medially
strongly carinate, the 3rd segment with the anteapical series of
foveaB small, the apical margin ending in 4 very broad and short
but acute teeth.

cf unknown.

Length, $ 5-5 ; eaep. 10'5 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Tangala in Ceylon (Green}.
Mr. Green attached the following note to the specimen he kindly
sent me : " Found in rose twig in tunnel formed by Crabro sp.? "

540. Chrysis obliterata, Mocsdry (Tetrachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p. 377 ; du Buyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1890), pp. 472 &
473, pi. iii, fig. 5, $rf.
Chrysis orientalis, DcMb. (nee Guer.) Hym. JEur. 1854, p. 225, $ .

2 . Metallic green, the median area of the mesonotum, the
bases and the discs of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments violet-
blue; antennas brown, the scape in front and the basal two joints
of the flagellum above bluish green ; legs green, tarsi reddish
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen closely but not densely punc-
tured ; the punctures irregular, the larger
punctures mixed with many minute points ;
the punctures on the thorax posteriorly
coarser and on the abdomen somewhat
h'ner than on the rest of the body ; facial
cavity finely rugulose, with some short
whitish pubescence which does not, how-
ever, conceal the sculpture ; pilosity whitish,
very short and somewhat sparse. Head
thick, slightly broader than * the pronotum ;
/t Fig;,155' n clypeus broad, raised in the middle ; facial
ata> ?• cavity moderately deep, margined above by a
slight transverse cariua ; antenna? moderately
long, the 2nd joint of the flagellum a very little longer than
the 3rd ; front and vertex convex, occiput transverse. Thorax :
the pronotum subcylindrical, the sides convergent towards the
front, the middle anteriorly slightly impressed ; propleura? slightly
excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum slightly convex ; mesopleurae
convex, longitudinally grooved, the apex excavate and divided off
by a short transverse groove ; postscutellum from above semi-

CHBYbiS. 461

circular ; posterior lateral angles of the median segment produced,
small and triangular ; wings hyaline, pubescent, nervures brown,
teguloe bluish green. Abdomen subcylindrical, sides slightly con-
vergent anteriorly, the base transverse, lightly impressed in the
middle above ; 3rd abdominal segment convex, the anteapical series
of foveae nearly obsolete, the foveae represented by shallow sub-
effaced punctures, apical margin armed with 4 subequal triangular
teeth.

" rf • Differs from the $ by the facial cavity being shorter ; the
antennae reddish-maroon, the 3rd joint (2nd of the flagellum) being
subequal with the 4th ; the sculpture coarser, the tarsi reddish,
the 3rd abdominal segment shorter. In some specimens the
scutellum, pronotura, breast, legs and 1st abdominal segment have
a coppery tint." (du Buysson.)

Length, $ b'-8'5 ; exp. 11-5-13 mm. Dimensions of the 3 not
given.

Hob. N. India, Delhi (BinyTiam) ; N. Gujerat, Deesa (Nurse) ;
Bombay, Poona ( Wrouyhton) ; Central Provinces (Betham}. *

A variable insect, in some specimens the $ has the scutellum
and basal abdominal segment golden green, coppery in certain
lights, similar to the J as described above.

541. Chrysis disparilis, Cameron, Mem. Manc/i.L.Ph.Soc.xli(l897),
no. 13, p. 5.

$ . The head except the vertex and occiput, the pronotum,
the produced posterior lateral angles of the median segment, the
1st abdominal segment except the disc, a transverse bar broad-
ening at the sides on the posterior margin of the 2nd segment
and the middle of the 3rd segment golden green, brightening to
coppery gold on the sides of the 2nd abdominal segment ; the
vertex, the mesonotum and the postscutelluin deep metallic blue,
the disc of the 1st, the whole basal portion of the 2nd segment,
and the basal half and apical area of the 3rd segment also dark
metallic blue, deepening to black at the base of the 2nd segment ;
antennae blackish brown, the scape and the 1st joint of the
flagellum above bluish green ; sides of the thorax and legs green,
tarsi reddish brown; head and thorax densely punctured, the
punctures serried, rugose, on the scutellum and postscutellum as
usual somewhat larger ; abdomen finely and regularly punctured,
the punctures close but not dense or serried; facial cavity
rugulose, finely punctured, covered with snow-white pubescence ;
pilosity light brown, very short, fairly abundant on the head,
thorax and apical segment of the abdomen, entirely wanting on
the basal two segments above. Head longer and broader than the
pronotum ; the sides behind the upper part of the eyes broad and
well-developed; occiput emarginate; vertex and front broad,
convex, not distinctly margined, but traces of a transverse carimi
above the margin ; antennae short, the 2nd joint of the flagellum

460 CHRYSLDIDvE.

long, the 1st and 3rd subequal. Thorax : the pronotum short,
transversely rectangular, a little impressed in the middle above,
the sides sinuate ; propleurse excavate ; mesonotum and sctitellum
nearly flat, very slightly convex ; rnesopleurse rugose ; postscutelluni
convex, rounded; the produced posterior lateral angles of the
median segment small, narrow, acute at apex : wings hyaline,
nervures brown, tegulee purple. Abdomen comparatively short,
transverse at base, medially longitudinally carinate, the sides
slightly convergent posteriorly ; the apical margin somewhat
sharply transverse, bearing 4 short acute, nearly equidistant teeth ;
the fovese in the anteapical series few in number, about 6, large,
deep and open.

<3 . Almost identical, slightly broader, the antennae longer ; the
fove« in the anteapical series very much smaller, nearly obliterated.

Length, $ 5'5-6-5, <J 5-5-6 ; eaep. $ rf 12 mm.

Hob. Bengal, Barrackpore (Rothne;/) • Deesa (Nurse) ; Ceylon
(Green). Type in Mr. Rothney's collection.

542. Chrysis thalia, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 41, $ <$.

2 . Metallic green, a spot on the sides of the head behind the
eyes, the middle indistinctly of the scutellum, and very narrowly
the apical margins of the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments golden ;
the median area on the mesonotum, the bases broadly of the 1st
and 2nd, the -base broadly, and sides and apical margin of the 3rd
abdominal segment dark metallic blue ; antennae brown, the scape
in front green ; the 1st joint of the flagellum above bronze ; legs
green, tarsi yellowish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen very
evenly punctured, the punctures close but not dense and not
larger on the thorax than on the abdomen; facial cavity very
minutely transversely rugulose, almost smooth, in some specimens
more coarsely sculptured than in others, the pubescence within
thin, almost wanting ; pilosity brownish, fairly abundant. Head
as broad as the pronotum, thick ; the clypeus broad, arched
anteriorly in the middle ; the facial cavity moderately deep, with
an irregular transverse carina above it on the front ; anterior
ocellus placed in a slight depression, not nearly so marked as in
C. fuscipennis ; antennas slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
a little longer than the 3rd ; front and vertex convex, occiput
slightly but distinctly widely emarginate. Thorax narrow,
elongate ; the pronotum transversely rectangular, the anterior
margin sharply transverse, a slight medial depression anteriorly ;
propleura3 with a longitudinal oval excavation bounded beneath by a
short high carina; mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum gently
convex ; the mesopleurae punctured, with a longitudinal groove,
and the apex beneath excavate, groove and apex margined ;
postscutellum large and somewhat gibbous, rounded posteriorly,
entirely overlying the median segment, except the produced
posterior lateral angles which are acute at apex. Wings hyaline,
nervures and tegula3 brown ; legs slender. Abdomen narrow,

CHB.YSIS. 463

elongate; the sides of the 3rd segment slightly convergent
posteriorly ; the 1st segment transverse at base with three slight
broad impressions above, the 2nd segment strongly medially
longitudinally carinate ; the 3rd segment transverse at the apical
margin, armed with 4 triangular equal teeth; the anteapical
Aeries of foveae large and distinct, the apical margin below them
in some specimens slightly translucent.

cJ . Identical with the $ .

Length, $ rf 5-5-7; exp. 10-5-13 mm.

Hab. Quetta (Nurse) ; Delhi (Binghani) ; Ceylon, Peradeniya
(Green). The Ceylon specimen is smaller and with more blue
about it. Extending to Persia (Gumming).

543. Chrysis nursei, sp. nov.

<3 . Light metallic green, the abdomen with a coppery efful-
gence ; antennae reddish brown, the scape in front green, no
green or blue ou the upper side of the basal joints of the Sagellum ;
legs green, tarsi brownish yellow ; head and pronotum very finely
and densely punctured, the punctures irregular and serried one
against the other, giving a somewhat finely granulate appearance ;
lateral areas of the mesonotum reticulate-punctate, median area
of the same, the scutellum and postscutellum with much larger
and rather distant punctures, the intervals between them smooth
and polished ; abdomen punctate, the punctures moderately large

Fig. 156.— Chryais nursei, <$ . a. Postscutellum and median segment;
b. Apical margin of abdomen.

and shallow ; facial cavity somewhat finely punctured, very thickly
pubescent, the pubescence white, entirely concealing the sculpture ;
pilosity light brownish, very short and abundant. Head thick,
about as broad and as long as the pronotum ; facial cavity indis-
tinctly margined above, 3rd joint of the flagellum of the antennae
the longest ; clypeus slightly raised in the middle, not emarginate
anteriorly ; the mandibles bidentate, front above facial cavity slightly
concave ; vertex broad and convex ; occiput transverse. Thorax :
the pronotum massive, transversely rectangular ; the sides slightly
convergent, the anterior lateral angles somewhat rounded, the
middle anteriorly broadly but very slightly impressed ; propleuno
excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ; the meso-
pleurso convex, longitudinally grooved from beneath the base of the
wings to the apex ; postscutellum rounded posteriorly, completely

464 CHRYSIDID.E.

overlying the median segment, the produced posterior lateral
angles of the latter very narrow, the apex acute, pointing
backwards ; wings hyaline, nervures light yellowish brown,
teguloo greenish blue ; legs somewhat long and slender. Abdomen
short, broad, the base transverse, the upper margin at base
declivous anteriorly, the sides of the basal two segments parallel,
the sides and apical margin of the 3rd forming a semicircular arch
set with 4 acute, rather short and narrow spinoid teeth ; the 2nd
and 3rd segments slightly medially longitudinally carinate, the
anteapical series on the latter subobsolete ; the foveae small, few
in number, round, some indistinct.
$ unknown.

Lenyth, $ 6*5 ; exp. 12 mm.

Hob. Recorded so far only from Deesa in Northern Gujerat
(Nurse).

544. Chrysis gracilenta, Mocsdry (Tetrachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p. 375.

$ . Metallic green, the space round the ocelli, the occiput and
anterior margin of the pronotum medially, and the medial lobe oi
the mesonotum very dark blue mixed with black ; the tegulae, the
basal medial portion of the 1st and greater part of the 2nd
segment of the abdomen dark metallic blue ; the thorax posteriorly,
the sides of the 1st, the sides and apical margin of the 2nd and
apical margin of the 3rd abdominal segment bluish green; the
scape of the antenna in front, the basal two joints of the flagellum
above, and the legs (except the tarsi) bluish, the rest of the
flagellutu dusky black, the tarsi brownish ; head and thorax
closely and coarsely, the abdomen more finely punctured ; pilosity
short, dark and fairly abundant, no white pubescence in the facial
cavity or on the legs. Head much broader than long, the clypeus
broad but very short ; the facial hollow deep, a curved transverse
carina between its upper margin and the anterior ocellus, the
latter with no carinae on either side ; antennae somewhat short, the
3rd joint of the flagellum the longest ; the vertex broad. Thorax :
the pro- and mesonotum convex, the former transversely rectan-
gular, the median lobe of the latter rectangular ; mesopleurae
rugose, margined, angular below ; scutellum, pcstscutellum and
median segment rounded, convex, the posterior lateral angles of
the last moderately produced and prominent ; legs comparatively
-slender ; wings hyaline, nervures brownish. Abdomen with a
short, broad, longitudinal medial impression at base; the 2nd
abdominal segment medially carinate ; the apical margin of the
3rd segment quadridentate.

Length, $ 6 ; exp. 12 mm.

Hob. Recorded within our limits from Upper Burma, Mandalav
(Fea) ; extends to China. I procured one specimen of what is
possibly the J of this species in Tenasserim. It does not differ in
size or sculpture, but is much greener with slightly darker wings.

CHHYSIS. 465

545. Chrysis speculata, du Buysson, Jour. Bomb. N H. Soc x

(1896), pp. 471 & 473, pi. 3, fig. 4, $ .

$ . " Body of moderate size and somewhat robustly built,
slightly depressed, recalling the form of C. grohmanni, Dahlb. ;
greenish blue, with the lateral areas of the mesonotum, the sides
of the 1st abdominal segment, two large lateral spots on the 2nd
and two more on the 3rd fiery golden ; the vertex, the median
area of the mesonotum, and the bases of the 2nd and 3rd
abdominal segments deep blue ; pubescence long, whitish. Facial
cavity short, broad, covered with thick white hairs, above margined
by a double transverse carina ; cheeks very short, strongly con-
vergent anteriorly ; mandibles simple ; antennae blackish, the first
two joints and the base of the 3rd green, the 3rd joint nearly as
long as the two following united ; pronotum very short, convex,
anteriorly declivous ; punctation anteriorly moderate, irregular,
slightly rugulose, moderately serried ; postscutellum convex,
posterior lateral angles of the metathorax small, obtuse at apex ;
tegulae maroon-coloured, chitinous ; wings hyaline ; legs green,
slightly golden at the junction of the femora and tibia?, set with
thick white hairs, tarsi brown. Abdomen oval, moderately punc-
tured, the punctures serried and mixed with finer punctures ; the
posterior lateral angles of the 2nd segment rounded ; 3rd segment
with large, widely spaced, reticulate punctures, the sides long and
straight, the anteapical series slightly hollow at the apex, more so
than on the sides ; 10 foveae, open, of moderate size, irregular,
subconflueut ; apical margin quadridentate, the teeth subchitinous,
triangular, subacute, placed along a very curved line, the medial
two closer to one another than either is to the next tooth
exteriorly ; the outer teeth much shorter, separated from the
medial teeth and from the sides of the segment by a wide rounded
eraargination, the median emargination much smaller and tri-
angular; the ends of the margin prominent and forming with
the sides a slight angle. Ventral side of abdomen greenish blue,
with black spots.

~l Length, $ 6 mm.

" Hab. Bombay Presidency, Pooua ( Wroucjhton}." (du Buysgon.)

546. Chrysis cupreiventris, Bincfh. Jour. Bomb. iV. H. Soc. xii (1898),
p. 117, $.

$. Head and thorax metallic blue or bluish green; abdomen
ruby-red to deep cupreous red with a brilliant metallic efful-
gence, shaded on the discs of the segments with violet-blue or
purple ; front of the face in some specimens golden greeu ; the
scapes of the antennae and legs bluish green, flagella of the
antennse and tarsi dark brown or black ; head and thorax closely
and somewhat coarsely punctured, the punctures not very deep,
especially on the head and on the thorax anteriorly, on tbo
scutellum and postscutellum they are deeper, coarser and some-
what cribrate; abdomen very densely and much more finely

460 CHKYSIUIDJE.

punctured, the punctures on the basal two segments running into
reticulations and irregular fine striae in certain lights ; base of the
3rd segment smooth, remainder very minutely and densely punc-
tured ; pilosity brownish, fairly abundant, long and soft on the
head and thorax, much shorter and a little more sparse on the
abdomen. Head slightly longer and somewhat broader than the
pronotum ; the clypeus broad, margined and transverse anteriorly
in the middle ; facial hollow shallow, closely and somewhat finely
punctured, granulose, its upper margin bordered by a bi-sinuate
transverse carina, with a medial much shorter perpendicular carina
emitted downwards from it into the facial hollow. Thorax : pro-
notum transversely rectangular, a little longer at the sides than
in the middle, with a medial longitudinal shallow impression on
the anterior margin above ; propleurte excavate ; mesonotum,
scutellum and postscutellum convex, the latter two with a gentle
slope posteriorly to the median segment ; the median area on the
mesonotum rectangular; niesopleurse rugose, rounded beneath, the
apical portion slightly excavate ; postscutellum somewhat gibbous
posteriorly, from above semicircular ; median segment with the
lateral angles broadly produced and acute at apex ; wings slightly
fusco-hy aline, nervures dark brown, tegulaa purplish blue. Abdo-
men long, longer than the head and thorax united ; the basal
segment sloping anteriorly, the 2nd and 3rd segments medially
cariuate, the apex of the carina on the 3rd segment subtuber-
culate ; the preapical series of foveffi on the same large and open
below, the apical margin with four broad triangular teeth acute
at apex and equidistant from one another.

cJ unknown.

Length , $ 9-10 ; exp. 18 mm.

Hal. Eecorded from the Himalayas, Simla (Nurse); Sikhim
(Bine/ham).

The representative in India of our English Chrysis ignita, to
which it is very closely allied. It differs, however, slightly in
colour, the abdomen above being shaded with blue ; and markedly
in sculpture, the abdomen being much more finely punctured.

547. Chrysis sandaracata, sp. nov.

$ . Head and thorax green ; the space round the ocelli, the
occiput, the front and median area of the mesonotum, the middle
of the scutellum, postscutellum and median segment violet-blue;
the face in front, the scape and basal joint of the antennae above,
the coxae, femora and tibiae of the legs and the abdomen bright
metallic golden green ; the apical margins and sides broadly of the
basal two abdominal segments metallic coppery red bordered
inwardly with bright golden, the medial longitudinal carinae on
the ^nd and the sides of the basal area of the 3rd segment
golden. In certain lights the facial cavity and the sides of the
scutellum have a golden sheen. Head and thorax densely re-
ticulate-punctate, the punctures largest on the scutellum' and

CHETSIS. 467

postscutellum and minute along the anterior margin of the
mesonotum ; abdomen thickly punctured, the punctures shallow,
moderately large and running into reticulations on the basal two
segments, minute and very dense on the 3rd segment; facial
hollow densely minutely reticulate-punctate, covered with sparse
yellow erect pilosity ; the pilosity on the rest of the head and
thorax yellow, long and abundant, on the abdomen very short,
somewhat sparse. Head broader than the front of the pronotum,
vertex and front convex and sloping anteriorly; facial cavity
comparatively deep, rather sharply margined above by a transverse
carina, with, however, no subsidiary carinae emitted towards the
ocelli ; antenna long and slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
remarkably long, more than twice the length of the 3rd. Thorax :
the pronotum subcylindrical, impressed in the middle anteriorly,
the sides strongly convergent towards the front ; propleurae deeply
excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ; mesopleura3
very rugose and impressed with 3 or 4 deep fovea? ; postscutellum
rounded posteriorly, bearing a slight impression in the middle
at base ; the produced lateral angles of the median segment
broad, convex, blunt at apex. Abdomen broad, rather depressed,
at base slightly concave, with a medial short longitudinal, somewhat
deep depression above ; sides of the 1st and 2nd segments parallel,
sides of the 3rd convergent posteriorly ; 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments medially longitudinally carinate; anteapical series on
3rd segment well-defined, but the foveaB round and small ; apical
margin armed with four equidistant acute teeth, the outer dis-
tinctly larger than the intermediate teeth.

c? unknown.

Length, $ 8 ; exp. 15 mm.

Hah. Sikhim, Kungaroon, 7000 ft. (Bingham).

548. Chrysis fascipennis, Bi-ulle, Hist. Nat. Int., Hym. iv (1846),
p. 38; Mocsdn/ (Tetrachrysis), Mon.Chnjs. 1889, p. 370 : du Buyss.
Jtnir. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 47.2. (PI. I, fig. 1.)

$. Metallic green, shaded with varying amounts of metallic
blue ; the posterior portion of the median area of the mesonotum
always more or less black ; antennae and tarsi dusky black, the
scape in front and the basal two joints of the flagellum (in some
specimens only the basal joint) bluish green ; head, thorax and
abdomen coarsely punctured, the punctures on the abdomen above
smaller, more widely spaced, slightly foveate and delicately nmu-
lose within; facial hollow finely and very closely rugulose ;
pilosity brownish, fairly abundant, long and more dense beneath,
the sides of the facial hollow with long recumbent white hairs.
Head a little longer than broad, not quite so broad as the
pronotum ; antenna! long, cylindrical ; facial hollow very large,
extending to the margin of the clypeus, narrowed above and
bordered by a transverse carina ; anterior ocellus in a fovea, with
a transverse carina iust above it, and a short carina on each side

2n 2

468 CHRTSIDID-C.

joining the lower carina ; top of the head narrow, convex. Thorax
massive ; the pronotum convex, anteriorly and posteriorly slightly
and widely emarginate, the sides from above sinuate; mesonotum,
scutellum, postscutellum and median segment convex, the medial
area on the first rectangular, the mesopleurse ending in a double
bluntly-angular fold beneath ; the produced posterior lateral angles
of the median segment acute; wings more or less dark fusco-
hyaline, nervures dark brown, teguiae green or bluish green ; legs
slender. Abdomen : the base with three broad short grooves, the
lateral grooves the wider; the 2nd and 3rd segments with a
distinct, rather broad, longitudinal medial carina ; the apical margin
of the 3rd segment with 4 triangular teeth, and an anteapical series
of 10 large fovese.

<$ . Similar ; differing only in the non-exserted genitalia and in
the apical teeth being shorter and broader, the medial two wider
apart than in the $ .

Length, $> 3 8-12; exp. 15-24 mm.

Hob. The Indo-Malayan region, extending to Syria, Palestine,
Egypt and Asia Minor, and to China and Australia.

A very variable species, both in size and colour, and found at all
elevations from sea-level to 10,000 ft. I found this cuckoo-wasp
very common in all parts of Burma, and parasitic on three species
of Eumenes — E. conica, Fabr., E. petiolata, Fabr., and E. flavopicta,
Blanch. .In the Journal of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Society
(vol. xii, 1899, p. 585) I published the following note describing
an incident connected with CTirysis fuscipennis which I myself
observed : —

"Moulmein, April 24th. — Noticed a half-finished mud-cell of
Eumenes, made on the woodwork of a window in my study.
While examining it closely with a lens, the wasp returned with a
pellet of mud, and buzzed rather angrily round my head. I moved
away a little, and watched her. After flying round for a while,
she alighted close to the half-finished cell, and, walking up to it,
stuck the mud she was carrying on to one of its sides, and proceeded
to work it into the wall of the cell, kneading it, so far as I could
see without approaching too close and frightening her, with both
jaws and forelegs. Then she retreated a little, as if to take a view
of her work, and in a few seconds flew away, to return with more
mud. It was easy to recognize the species : it was E. cornea, the
commonest of the Fossorial wasps in Burma. I watched for nearly
an hour while the nest was being completed. The nest then formed
the half of a hemispherical cell somewhat smaller in circumference
than a rupee, with a circular opening at the top. When the cell-
walls were so far finished, the wasp flew off, and was absent fully
half an hour. During her absence, one of those beautiful metallic-
green cuckoo-wasps, subsequently identified as Chry sis fuscipennis,
alighted near the nest, approached it cautiously, examined it quickly,
and then retreated behind the wooden framework of the window,
where it remained motionless, apparently on the watch. Presently
the Eumenes returned, carrying a green caterpillar. She alighted

CHEYSIS. 469

on the window, and after some preliminary inspection of her nest,
and hauling and dragging of the caterpillar, crammed it into the
cell. She took quite a long time over it, with sometimes her head
and thorax inside the cell and sometimes her abdomen. All this
time the cuckoo-wasp remained perfectly still, watching. As
soon, however, as the Eumenes had flown away, the Chrysis
again approached the nest, slowly, and apparently with great
caution. She walked all round it, then up the side, and peeped
in, withdrew her head, seemed to give a final good look all round,
and popped in. She could not have been more than a few seconds
inside, when a loud buzz announced the return of the rightful
owner of the nest. I had barely time to glance at the Eumenes,
which alighted, as before, on the window, when my attention was
attracted by the darting-out of the cell of the burglarious cuckoo-
wasp. The Eumenes saw it, too, and with what sounded very like
an angry buzz, dashed after it in pursuit, overtook it, and then
the two dropped to the ground. I ran out, but I had to go round
by a verandah too high to jump, to the steps, and by the time I
arrived on the ground the fight was over, and the Eumenes had
disappeared. The Chrysis, however, lay on the ground, crippled
and crawling painfully, with all its wings torn off close to the
roots. I have the specimen and one torn fore wing, which was
all I could find, in my collection still. Returning to the nest,
I sat and worked at a table near it for more than an hour, and
inspected it at intervals through that day, but the Eumenes never
returned, and next morning the cell was still open and unsealed.
I tried to take it off with care, but it broke to pieces. Inside was
one green caterpillar and two semitransparent white eggs, one
much smaller than the other ; of these eggs, the larger one was
stuck against the wall of the cell, the other deposited on the
caterpillar. I may mention that the caterpillar was quite dead."

549. Chrysis angustata, Mocsdry (Tetrachrysis), Tenntsz. Fiizetek, xv

(1892), p. 225.

$. Metallic green, with shades of blue on the pronotum
posteriorly, on the middle area of the mesonotum, the scutellum,
postscutellum and mesopleurae, and on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments, the posterior portion of the last deepening to purplish
blue ; antenna) dusky black, the scape in front and the basal three
joints of the flagellum above bluish green ; legs metallic green, the
tarsi dusky brown. Head, thorax and abdomen moderately coarsely
punctured, the punctures somewhat shallow and rugulose within,
large and cribrate on the thorax posteriorly, and smaller, more
regular on the abdomen, along the medial line of the latter they
are slightly farther apart ; pilosity pale, somewhat less dense than
in C. burmanica, except on the sides of the facial hollow and the
legs, where it is slightly longer; recumbent on the former, ratlin-
oblique on the latter. Head, from the front, without the mandi-
bles, somewhat circular, the vertex arched, the eyes of moderate

470 CH11YS11HU.E.

size, the width across clypeus between base of mandibles about
the same as across the vertex between the tops of the eyes ; clypeus
broad, its anterior margin sinuate, facial hollow rather shallow, the
transverse carina on front above its upper margin indistinct,
anterior ocellus large, not enclosed by a carina. Thorax some-
what narrow, the pronotum transversely rectangular, with a
medial broad short groove, the mesonotum convex, the medial area
rectangular, about twice as long as broad, pro- and mesopleurae
not very rugose, the latter excavate at apex, and also obliquely
grooved and margined all round ; scutellum and postscutellum
rounded posteriorly, convex, the latter not gibbous, posterior

Fig. 157. — ChrtjSis angustata, $. a. Head from front.

lateral angles of the median segment moderately produced ;
wings fusco-hyaline, nervures brown, tegulae purplish blue; legs
somewhat slender. Abdomen somewhat long and narrow, the base
of the 1st segment widely emarginate and with a slight medial
impression ; 2nd segment medially slightly, but distinctly carinate ;
3rd segment convex in the middle, about two-thirds of the length
of the 2nd segment, the anteapical row of fovese rounded, small,
apical margin with four somewhat blunt broad teeth.

Length, $ 9-5-10 ; eaep. 18 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far from Tipper Burma, Manclalay (Fea $
Bingham) ; Maymyo, 3000 ft. (Bingham). I bred this species from
cells of Odynerus multipictus, Smith, formed in a hole in a block
of teak timber.

550. Chrysis COtesi, du liuysson, Rev. <TEnt. xii (1893), p. 249; id.
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 472.

$ . Brilliant metallic green, slightly blue on the mesonotum
aud above all on the apical abdominal segment; in a specimen
from Deesa the mesonotum is almost entirely blue, antennae dark
brown, the scape and the basal two joints of the flagellum above
green ; legs green, tarsi reddish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
somewhat finely and not very closely punctured, the intermediate
spaces highly polished, shining and brilliant, on the top of the
head the punctures run into reticulations; facial cavity rather
more minutely punctured, covered with long white pubescence,
which partially conceals the sculpture; pilosity brownish, very
short aud rather sparse. Head as broad as the pronotum in
tront or slightly broader ; facial cavity deep and slightly constricted

CHRYSIS. 471

posteriorly, not distinctly margined above ; clypeus slightly
emarginate anteriorly ; antennae thick, the 2nd joint of the fla-
gellum longer than the 3rd, the 3rd slightly longer than the 4th ;
front and vertex gently convex, sloping anteriorly ; occiput not
sharply transverse, rounded. Thorax : the pronotum transversely
rectangular, convex from side to side, the sides very slightly
broadly emarginate and convergent anteriorly, the anterior lateral
angles prominent ; propleurae only slightly concave, mesonotum
and scutellum gently convex ; the mesopleuree convex, the apex
beneath rounded and cut off by three deep foveae ; postscutellum
rounded and rather prominent posteriorly ; the produced posterior
lateral angles of the median segment small, narrow and acute at
apex ; wings fusco-hyaline, nervures brown, tegulae green ; legs
rather short and robust. Abdomen broad, massive, concave at
base, with a medial and two lateral slight impressions, the sides
parallel, towards the apex of the 3rd segment slightly convergent,
2nd segment not or very slightly medially carinate ; 3rd segment
with the anteapical series well-marked, the foveae large and deep,
apical margin armed with four broad, very blunt teeth.

c? . Smaller ; the apical teeth remarkably blunt, their apices
almost rounded.

Length, $ 9-5-10, d" 9*5 ; exp. $ tf 17-18 mm.

Hah. Probably throughout Continental India, recorded from
Deesa (Nurse), Central Provinces and Western India ( IVroughton),
Bangalore (Cotes), Mysore (Lee).

551. Chrysis perfecta, Cameron, Mem. Manch. L. Ph. Soc. xli (1897),

no. 13, p. 1, $ .
Chrysis hoggei, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 40.

rf . Metallic green shaded with blue, the head with a slight
golden effulgence, the bases of 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments
black, turning to dark blue towards the disc, the blue on the 3rd
segment broader and more extended than on the 2nd ; antennae
dusky black, the scape in front and the basal two joints of the
nagellum, with the base of the 3rd joint, above greenish blue ; legs
greenish blue, tarsi yellowish brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
closely but not densely punctured, the punctures more shallow and
less dense than in G. fusdjtennis, which G. perfecta much resembles ;
on the abdomen the punctures are finer and even more shallow than
on the thorax and head ; facial cavity transversely rugose and
thickly covered with rather long white pubescence ; pilosity
brownish, fairly abundant, on the abdomen it is very short and
more sparse. Head from the front almost subtriangular, the sides
far more convergent and the clypeus narrower than iu C.ftutci-
pennis; facial cavity shallow, not margined above and with no
distinct transverse carinse above it on the front ; antennae short,
the 2nd joint of the flagellum the longest ; anterior ocellus not
placed in a margined hollow ; eyes above very divergent posteriorly,
the vertex very convex and broad ; occiput transverse. Thorax :
the pronotum transversely rectangular, above with a medial

472 C11HY.SH) 1 1>.Y.

shallow longitudinal impression, the sides broadly but slightly
emarginate ; propleurse with an oval hollow much shallower than
in C. 'fuscipennis ; mesonotum and scutellum convex, the former
shorter and the latter longer proportionately than in C. fusci-
pennis ; mesopleura? finely punctured anteriorly, coarsely rugose
posteriorly, the apex below with four depressions separated by
short carinse ; scutellum and median segment depressed below the
level of the rest of the thorax, the posterior lateral angles of the
latter produced and acute ; wings as in C. fuscipennis, but not
quite so dark. Abdomen : 1st segment somewhat concave at base,
L'ad and 3rd segments medially faintly logitudinally carinate ; the
anteapical series of foveffi on the latter small, narrow, transverse,
the apical margin with four much rounded blunt teeth equidistant
from each other.

Length, tf 9 ; exp. 17 mm.

Hab. Eecorded so far only from Bengal, Barrackpore (llotlmey),
and var. Jiogr/ei, Nurse (' Entomologist,' xxxvi (1903), p. 40) from
Quetta (Nurse). The latter, of which I have seen only one speci-
men, also a d , is very similar to C. perfecta, Cam., with the same
four very blunt teeth on the apical margin of the 3rd abdominal
segment, but it is smaller, with the puncturing slightly coarser and
the wings hyaline. It probably forms a subspecies or race.

C. perfecta superficially resembles C. fuscipennis, but can be
distinguished from that, species by the facial cavity not margined
above, the anterior ocellus not placed in a hollow, and the re-
markably blunt apical teeth on the abdomen.

552. Chrysis bhavanae, sp. nov.

$ . Dark metallic green, with blue reflections in certain lights,
the 2nd abdominal segment and basal area of the 3rd deep
indigo-blue ; the face, the legs except the tarsi, and the thorax
beneath green ; antennae dusky black, the scape and basal two joints
of the flagellum above green, tarsi dark brown ; head and thorax
closely and somewhat coarsely punctured, the punctures serried
and rugose, deeper but scarcely larger on the postscutellum than
on the thorax anteriorly ; abdomen slightly more finely punctured,
the punctures shallow but running into reticulations in certain
lights ; facial cavity almost as coarsely punctured as the rest of
the head, but with a central, smooth, highly polished space ; the
head (facial cavity included), thorax and abdomen covered with a
fchort sparse dark greyish-brown pilosity. Head thick, transverse,
broader than long, occiput sloped posteriorly, slightly emarginate,
vertex and front strongly convex, broad ; facial cavity deep, with
a deep medial longitudinal groove, its upper margin bordered by a
transverse carina ; antennas short but somewhat slender, the 1st
and 3rd joints of the flagellum subequal, the 2nd longer than
.either; clypeus anteriorly transverse. Thorax elongate, narrow ;
the pronotum convex, transversely rectangular, the sides parallel,
a slight median impression anteriorly ; propleurre excavate, meso-

CHBYSIS. 473

notum and scutelluiu gently convex ; mesopleurae slightlv convex,
rugose, with a broad shallow vertical depression under "the base
of the wings ; postscutellum somewhat narrow and elongate,
arched posteriorly, the produced posterior lateral angles of the
median segment narrow, sharply acute at apex ; wings hyaline,
pubescent, nervures brown, tegulae purple. Abdomen elongate,
narrow anteriorly, transverse and bearing a medial and two lateral
impressions at base above, 2nd segment with a slight medial longi-
tudinal carina, 3rd segment witb the sides strongly convergent
posteriorly, the basal area transversely incrassate before the ante-
apical series, the foveae small, punctiform, from 8-10 in number,
apical margin narrowly and convexly arched, armed with four
triangular teeth, the two medial very close together, narrow and
advanced, the lateral broader at base, acute at apex, and con-
tinuous on the outer side with the sides of the segment.

c? unknown.

Length, $ 7; exp. 13 mm.

Hub. Procured so far only in Tenasserim, Thaungyin Valley
(Bingham).

553. Chrysis bahadur, Kurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 11, $ cf .
$ . Head and thorax bronzy green, the latter more golden
bronzy anteriorly than posteriorly, apex of scutellum and the post-
scutellum metallic blue, abdomen metallic green, a spot above in
the middle at base of the 1st, the basal margin of the 2nd narrowly,
a patch on each side on the basal portion, and the auteapical series
of foveae on the 3rd segment deep metallic blue ; facial cavity
golden bronze, with a touch of coppery red : antenna? dark brown,
the scape in front and the basal segment of the llagellum above
bronzed ; head, thorax and abdomen punctured, the punctures
very dense on the head aud thorax, increasing in size and cribrate
on the scutellum, postscutellum and 1st abdominal segment, on the
2nd and 3rd abdominal segments they are very much smaller but
quite as dense and serried ; facial cavity densely punctured, the
punctures similar to the punctures on the head above ; pilosity
whitish, soft, short and rather sparse, in the facial cavity the hairs
are longer, very sparse, in no way concealing the sculpture. Head
a little broader than the pronotum, from the front nearly circular,
clypeus slightly raised in the middle, anteriorly emarginate ;
antennae rather loag, the 2nd joint of the flagellum a little longer
than the 3rd ; facial cavity bordered above by a prominent trans-
verse cariua, the anterior ocellus prominent, not in a hollow or
enclosed within carina), front and vertex convex, occiput slightly
emarginate. Thorax : the pronotum short, broad, strongly convex
from front to back, steeplv declivous anteriorly, and with a small
round medial depression, the sides convergent anteriorly ; pro-
pleurae excavate, mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ; meso-
pleurae convex, with a well-marked longitudinal groove from base
to apex ; postscutellum convex, rounded posteriorly ; median

474 CHBTSIDID^E.

segment vertical, the posterior lateral angles produced, broad,
convex, not very acute at apex ; wings subhyaline, nervures brown,
tegute green ; legs slender. Abdomen about as long as the head
and thorax united, transverse anteriorly, with a broad shallow
medial impression at base above ; 2nd segment very prominently
medially longitudinally carinate ; 3rd segment not carinate, convex,
the anteapical series of foveae well-marked, the fove« large, round,
deep and open, apical margin long, with four subequal triangular
teeth.

cJ . " Similar, but of a deeper blue, almost mauve colour, fla-
gellum of antenna? black." (Ntirse.)

Length, $ 7 ; exp. 13 mm.

Hub. Eecorded so far only from Kashmir between 6000 to 8000 ft.
(Nurse).

554. Chrysis conserta, du Buyss. Rev. cCEnt. x (1891), p. 37.

5 . Indigo-blue, the face in front, the pronotum anteriorly, the
lateral basal portions of the scutellum and postscutellum, the sides
and apical margin of the 1st and the apical margin of the 2nd
abdominal segment bright green ; antennae black, the scape and
the basal joint of the flagellum above green, the two succeeding
joints more or less of a dull bluish tint ; legs and sides of thorax
greenish blue, tarsi dusky black ; head, thorax and basal abdominal
segment densely reticulate-punctate, the punctures largest on the
scutellum and postscutellum, remaining two abdominal segments
very finely and closely punctured, the punctures shallow ; facial
cavity finely punctured, rugulose ; pilosity long, rather sparse.
Head broad and thick, a little broader than the front of the pro-
notum ; facial cavity broad but shallow, with sparse long soft hairs,
sharply margined above ; clypeus raised and emarginate in the
middle ; antenuse long, the 2nd joint of the flagellum longer than
the 3rd, the 3rd and 4th subequal ; front and vertex convex,
occiput transverse. Thorax : the pronotum transversely rect-
angular, the sides slightly convergent anteriorly, the front more
or less deeply medially longitudinally sulcate ; propleura3 slightly
concave, mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ; mesopleurae
rugose, broadly obliquely longitudinally sulcate ; postscutellum
gently convex, subtriangular, the apex rounded ; the produced
posterior lateral angles of the median segment large, broad, acute
at apex ; wings hyaline, nervures dark brown, tegula3 deep blue.
Abdomen long, the sides of the basal two segments parallel, the
base of the 1st transverse above, with a medial and two lateral
slight impressions ; 2nd segment medially longitudinally carinate
above ; 3rd segment with the sides slightly convergent posteriorly,
slightly transversely incrassate before the anteapical series, the
foyese in the latter (in Indian specimens) subtransverse, not deep ;
apical margin with four acute triangular teeth.

<3 . Similar, smaller and slighter.

Length, ? 11, <f 10 ; «y. $ <J 21 mm.

CHRYSIS. 475

ffab. Eecorded so far only from Sikhim (Harmand) ; I got it at
Eungaroon, 7000 ft., near Darjiling. It will probably be found
throughout the Himalayas. It is a very widespread species,
occurring also in. North America.

555. Chrysis saraksensis, Radoszk. Rev. tfEnt. x (1891), p. 195.
Chrysis seraxensis, du £uyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896),

pp. 472, 473.

$ . Metallic bluish green ; the median area of the mesonotum,
the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments (except at apical margins;,
more blue, the antennas dusky black, the scape and the basal two
segments of the flagellum above green, legs green, tarsi dark
brown ; head and thorax densely punctured, rugose, the punctures
irregular in size and serried, abdomen more finely punctured
than the head and thorax but equally densely; facial cavity punc-
tured and granulate, the sides covered with "rather long white
pubescence ; pilosity brownish, abundant, soft and short. Head
as long as and a little broader than the pronotum ; clypeus slightly
raised in the middle anteriorly, transverse or a little arched ; facial
hollow deep, sharply margined above ; antenna3 long, the 2nd joint
of the flagellum a little longer than the 3rd ; front and vertex
convex, occiput transverse, rounded posteriorly. Thorax : the
pronotum subcylindrical, the sides nearly parallel, the anterior
margin rounded, not sharp ; propleuraB excavate ; mesonotum and
scutelluoi convex ; the mesopleurae very rugose, studded with
rather large f ovea3 ; postscutellum very convex, rounded and some-
what prominent ; posterior lateral angles of the median segment
produced, slightly curved downwards ; wings hyaline with a slight
fuscous tint, radial cell of fore wing closed. Abdomen elongate,
rather narrow, at base slightly emarginate with three slight im-
pressions above, 2nd segment medially longitudinally carinate,
3rd segment convex, the foveas of the anteapical series few but
large, apical margin with 4 rather large, triangular, subequal teeth.

Length, $ 6-6-5 ; exp. 11 mm.

Hob. Central Provinces (Beiliam)\ Western India, Bombay
( Wrouyhton} ; Upper Burma, Mandalay, Meiktila (Binyhain).
Described originally from Saraks in Central Asia.

I have described the form found in Burma. It seems to be a
variable and widely-spread species. The Central Asian specimens
according to Eadoszkowski are a bright green with the scutellmu
golden green. One Mandalay specimen has the scutellum slightly
golden.

556. Chrysis indogotea, Duf. et Pen: Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix (1840),

p. 38; Radosz. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, iii (186(3), p. 304, pi. iv,
tig. 20; Mocs. (Tetrachrysis) Mon. Chnjs. 1889, p. 346, $ rf.

$ . Metallic green or blue according to the light, antennae black,
the scape and the basal two joints of the flagellum above blue or
green, legs green, tarsi reddish brown ; head densely, thorax and

476

1st abdominal segment more sparsely, 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments very closely punctured, the intervals between the punc-
tures on the thorax and the 1st abdominal segment studded with
minute punctures, the punctures on the head and postscutellum
reticulate, on the apical two segments of the abdomen somewhat
shallow ; facial cavity minutely and very densely punctured with
sparse silvery pubescence partially biding the sculpture ; pilosity
dark brown, abundant, short. Head broader than front of pro-
notum, clypeus slightly raised and rounded anteriorly; facial cavity
not deep, margined above by an arched carina, bent upwards at
the lateral angles ; antennae rather thick, the 2nd joint of the
flagellum longer than the 1st or 3rd ; front and vertex convex,
occiput transverse. Thorax : the pronotum transversely rectangular
and convex, the sides parallel, lightly impressed in the middle
above ; propleur® excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently
convex ; mesopleurae very rugose, foveate, the apex excavate ;
postscutellum large and prominent, convex, broadly rounded
medially, subtruncate posteriorly; the posterior lateral angles of the
median segment moderately produced, broad ; wings hyaline, the
radial cell of fore wing almost complete, shaded with brownish,
nervures brown, tegulaj purplish blue. Abdomen long and
narrow, the base transverse with a medial and two lateral slight
impressions, sides of the basal two segments parallel, of the 3rd
segment somewhat convergent posteriorly, 2nd segment medially
longitudinally tarinate ; 3rd segment transversely incrassate in
front of the anteapical series, the foveae in this latter of moderate
size, numerous and deep, apical margin couvexly arched, with 4
subequal triangular teeth.

c? . Similar, scarcely smaller, a little narrower.

Length, $ <$ 6-6'5 ; exp. 11-12 mm.

Hah. Recorded so far within our limits only from Sikhim,
Eungaroon, 7000 ft. (Binyham). Extends sparingly throughout
Europe, Syria, and Siberia.

557. Chrysis ionophris, Mocsdni (Tetrachrvsis). Termesz. Fiizetek, xv
(1892), p. 226.

$ . Metallic green ; the region of the ocelli, two spots one on
each side of the middle of the pronotum, the median area and a
broad stripe above the tegulae on the mesonotum, the pro- and
mesopleune beneath, the base and middle of the 2nd broadly, and
the base and apical portion of the 3rd abdominal segment purplish
blue, turning to black on the median area of the mesonotum ;
antennae dusky black, the scape of the antennae in front and the
basal two joints of the flagellum above bluish green. Head,
thorax and abdomen closely punctured, the punctures coarser on
the thorax posteriorly, fine and very shallow in the middle of
the abdomen above ; pilosity somewhat dense and short on the
head and thorax, long beneath the former ; sparse, almost entirely

CHRYSIS. 477

wanting on the abdomen ; the facial hollow and legs with a little
soft fine pubescence, silvery in certain lights. Head as broad as
long, eyes large, vertex convex, clypens convex anteriorly trans-
verse and margined in the middle ; facial hollow broad, punctured
with a broad, shallow, medial longitudinal groove, smooth or
in certain lights indistinctly transversely rugose, the hollow
above margined and above that a transverse sinuate carina, the
anterior ocellus surrounded by a carina in a broad loop joining
the lower transverse carina. Thorax : the pronotum transversely
rectangular, convex, the mesonotum convex, medial area rect-
angular with the anterior angles obliquely broadened ; scutellum
transversely rectangular ; propleurae with a deep hollow ; meso-
pleurae coarsely cribrately punctate, the apex bluntly angular and
excavate, margined by a carina ; postscutellum somewhat narrow,
prominent, convex and rounded posteriorly ; median segment de-
pressed beneath postscutellum, the posterior lateral angles acutely
produced ; wings lightly fusco-hyaline, nervures brown, tegulse
brown, bluish in the middle ; legs slender. Abdomen narrow, the
1st segment nearly transverse at base, 2nd segment indistinctly
medially longitudinally carinate. 3rd segment transversely convex,
the anteapical series of foveae large, the apical margin with 4 teeth,
the two middle teeth closer to one another than either is to the
lateral tooth next to it.

c? unknown.

Length, $ 6-7; exp. 13 mm.

Hab. Eecorded from Lower Burma, Palou (Pea) ; Upper Burma,
Bhamo (Bingham).

558. Chrysis shanghaiensis, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 400;

du Buyss. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 47o, pi. 3, fig. 7.
Pentachrysis bimalayensis, Mocsdry, Harts Soc. Ent. Ross, xxiii

(1889), p. 31, cJ .
Pentachrysis crassiscuta, Jfocsdry, Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 524.

$ . Head, thorax and abdomen metallic green, the space round
the ocelli, the occiput, the mesonotum except a border on each
side, and the bases and sides broadly
of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments
deep purple ; antennae dusky black,
the scape and basal two joints of the
nagellum of the antennae green, legs
green, the inner side of the tibire and
the tarsi reddish brown ; head and
thorax very coarsely and closely punc-
tured, the punctures serried and rnn-
Chrysissl<anyhaienSis,$. "ing into reticulations; abdomen a
little more finely and distantly punc-
tured, the interspaces smooth and polished ; facial cavity finely
punctured. Head broader than long, as broad as the front of
the pronotum, occiput seen from above transverse, vertex and

478 CHRYSIDID2E.

front convex ; facial cavity wide and moderately deep, margined
above by a short transverse carina, the anterior ocellus with a
longitudinal short carina on each side joining the transverse
cariiia ; antennae somewhat thick, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
remarkably long. Thorax: the pronotum transverse, slightly
sloped to the front and bearing a short longitudinal groove
anteriorly ; propleurae excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum convex,
mesopleura rugose, the apex beneath acute, excavate and margined
by a carina ; postscutellum with a broad triangular mucro at base ;
posterior lateral angles of the median segment strongly produced,
broad at base, acute at apex ; wings fuscous with, in certain lights,
a purple iridescence, nervures aud tegulae dark aeneous brown.
Abdomen massive, transverse at base, with a medial somewhat deep
impression and a shallower impression on each side of it above,
sides slightly convergent posteriorly ; 2nd and 3rd segments
medially very slightly longitudinally carinate ; anteapical series of
fovese on the 3rd segment nearly obsolete, apical margin with
5 acute teeth placed on a wide arch.

cJ . Similar, smaller ; head and thorax more massive and shorter
proportionately ; abdomen broader at apex, apical teeth slightly
smaller.

Length, $ 11-15, c? 9-11; exp. £ 18-26, rf 19 mm.

Hal. The Himalayas ; Bengal ; Tenasserim, Thaungyin valley
(Bingham) ; Siam (BingJiam). Described first from China.

559. Chrysis libita, du Vuysson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896),
pp. 475, 476, pi. 3, fig. 6.

cJ . Metallic green, the space round the ocelli and the median
area of the mesonotum metallic blue, the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments bluish green, antennae brown, the scape and the basal
two joints of the flagellum above green ; legs green, tarsi dark
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen closely but not densely punc-
tured, the punctures of moderate size mixed with finer points,
increasing a little in size on the thorax posteriorly, on the head
they are closer and give a rugulose appearance, while on the
abdomen they run slightly into reticulations ; facial cavity finely
punctured, rugulose, medially longitudinally grooved in its upper
half, the groove smooth and polished within ; the sides of the facial
cavity covered with a soft white pubescence in part concealing the
sculpture ; pilosity brownish, short and fairly abundant except on
the basal two abdominal segments, where it is almost entirely
wanting. Head thick ; clypeus medially emarginate anteriorly ;
facial cavity deep, margined above by a transverse carina ; antennae
moderately long and thick, the 2nd joint of the flagellum a little
longer than the 3rd, front and vertex convex. Thorax : the pro-
notum short, very declivous anteriorly, the sides a little emarginate
posteriorly, strongly convergent at their anterior third ; propleurae
excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ; mesopleuraa

CURYSIS. 479

rugose, longitudinally carinate posteriorly', the apex excavate ;
postscutellum convex, prominent posteriorly, from above semi-
circular, completely overlying the median segment, except the
posterior lateral angles which are broadly produced and somewhat
obtuse at apex ; wings hyaline, the fore wing with a faint brownish
'tint from base to near the apical margin, nervures brown, tegulae
green. Abdomen broad, the base transverse, a slight broad shallow-
depression in the middle of the base above ; sides of the abdomen
parallel, convergent posteriorly on the 3rd segment, the anreapical
series on the latter more or less obsolete, the fovea? small and
round, the apical margin broadly but not strongly curved, armed
with 5 teeth, subacute, broad, the medial three subequal and
shorter than the lateral teeth.

$ unknown.

Length, tf 9-9-5 ; exp. 17 mm.

Hal. Kecorded so far only from Pooua ( Wroughton) ; Tenas-
serini, Haungdraw valley (Binf/ham).

560. Chrysis imperiosa, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 460; Mocsdhj
(Peutachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 526. (PI. I, fig. 13.)

$ . Greenish blue, the facial hollow green ; the region of "the
ocelli, the thorax above and partially on the sides, and the sides of
the basal two abdominal segments, dull metallic copper-colour ; the

Fig. 159.— Chrysis imperiosa, $. a. Head from the frout.

postscutellum, median segment, and the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments shaded with brilliant purple ; antennae dull black, the
scape in front and the basal two segments of the flagellum above
purplish blue ; the legs purplish blue, the tarsi dusky brownish
black. Head and thorax coarsely and densely punctured, cribrate,
abdomen more finely but just as" coarsely punctured, the punctures
shallow. Pilosity abundant, brownish ; very short, longer on the
head and towards apex of abdomen ; still longer, white, recumbent
or oblique in the facial hollow and on the legs. Head from the
front triangular, very broad across the vertex, slightly convex ;
clypeus with its anterior margin sinuate, almost eomrginate in tli«-
middle ; facial hollow coriaceous, in certain lights appearing trans-
versely striate ; a transverse carina above its upper margin, from
which is given off a semicircular cariua enclosing the anterior

480 CHBYSIDIIXE.

ocellus ; antenuse somewhat massive, occiput transverse. Thorax :
the pronotum transversely rectangular, a little broader at the sides
than in the middle, the sides with a sinuate outline and distinctly
margined ; mesonotum convex, the medial area well defined, rect-
angular, and more than twice as long as broad ; the propleurse
and the apex of the mesopleura? excavate, the inesopleuraB tri-
angular beneath and margined ; scutellum convex and from above
semicircular ; postscutellum convex, prominent, narrowing pos-
teriorly, from above almost triangular ; median segment depressed
beneath the postscutellum, broad, the posterior lateral angles pro-
duced, acute at apex, somewhat flat ; wings fusco-hyaliue, the
nervures brown, the tegulae brilliant purple ; legs moderately long
and robust, pruinose. Abdomen massive, broad, convex above, the
base transverse, anterior lateral angles well-marked but not pro-
duced, a short deep medial impression above ; 2nd and 3rd segments
distinctly but not acutely medially carinate, the latter segment
with a broad, deep, transverse depression along the base and an
anteapical series of large and deep foveae ; between the above the
segment is raised and strongly convex ; apical margin with 5 tri-
angular acute teeth.

c? . Similar, smaller, with a narrower abdomen, the apical teeth
shorter and more obtuse. The metallic coppery tint less marked
on thorax, the sides of abdomen orange coppery.

Length, $ 9-10, J 8'5 ; exp. $ 16'5, d1 16 mm.

Hab. Recorded within our limits from Sikhim (Dudgeon),
Barrakpore (Rothney), Ceylon (Green) ; Lower Burma, Palon (Feet) ;
Pegu Yoma (Bingham). Described originally from Australia.

06 1. Chrysis furcifera, sp. uov.

c? . Brilliant metallic bluish green, the space round the ocelli,
the occiput in the middle, the apex of the median area of the
mesonotum, and the sides broadly from base to apex of the 3rd
abdominal segment deep c*rulean blue, the basal abdominal segment
with a large spot on each side towards the apical margin fiery
coppery red, the 2nd abdominal segment without any such spot or
indication of one ; antennas dark brown, the scape and the basal
two joints of the flagellum above green, legs green, tarsi brown ;
head densely rugosely punctured, the punctures increasing in size
posteriorly, the thorax and abdomen much more sparsely and very
coarsely ciibrately punctured, on the thorax the intervals between
the coarser sculpture are finely punctured here and there ; on the
abdomen the intervals between the punctures are smooth, shining,
brilliantly polished ; facial cavity deep, finely transversely rugulose,
pilose ; pilosity of the head and thorax slightly reddish brown,
short, somewhat sparse, on the abdomen it is almost entirely
wanting, on the tarsi in certain lights it has a bright golden sheen.
Head about as broad as the front of the pronotum, vertex and
front convex, rounded and sloping anteriorly ; facial cavity broad,
moderately deep, above margined by a not very distinct carina ;

CHRYS1S. 481

clypeus anteriorly transverse, slightly convex in the middle :
antennae short and thick, rather flattened and twisted and bearing
a slight resemblance to the antenna? as in the genus Plcurocera,
occiput slightly convex. Thorax : pronotum transversely rect-
angular, cubical,, the sides parallel, the anterior lateral margins
«,cute, prominent, the front above widely einargiuate and bevelled :
propleurae excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum gently convex ;
mesopleurae very rugose, obtuse beneath, transverse, foveolate ;
postscutellum very convex, gibbous, entirely overlying the median
segment, the posterior lateral angles of which are very broadly
produced, flat, with the apex somewhat obtuse ; wings very dark
brown with a purple effulgence in certain lights, the venation
normal, the radial cell of fore wing complete, nervures dark brown,
tegute dark blue. Abdomen broad and massive, somewhat as in
C. principalis, C. oculata, &c., the base slightly concave, the medial
longitudinal carina on the 2nd segment absent or very indistinct :
the sides of the abdomen convergent posteriorly, the 3rd segment
transversely incrassate in front of the anteapical series, the fovea>
small, round but distinct, the apical margin armed with 5 teeth,
the outer two on each side spinoid. acute, the middle tooth broad,
triangular, obtuse.
$ unknown.

Length, c? 10*5 ; ex±>. 20 mm.

Hot). Upper Burma, Mandalay (Biiigham).

562. Chrysis aincenula, Jfoc<«ir»/(Peutachrysis), T^rmesz.FH:cfek,\\n

(1899), p. 187, $ .

" $ . Of moderate size, elongate, robustly built, with greyish-
white pilosity ; the vertex behind the ocelli, collar, median lobe
of mesonotum, the discs of the abdominal segments, the base on
each side of the 2nd and the entire base of the 3rd segment deep
bluish black, the margin of the 2nd segment bright golden ; facial
cavity deep, densely punctured, coriaceous, the sides with silver)
pubescence, above the anterior ocellus is placed in an obsoletely
denned area ; antennas slightly incrassate, black, the scape and
basal two joints of the flagellum green, the 2nd joint somewhat
short, about equal in length to the 3rd ; cheeks rather long, about
equal to the 2nd joint or a little longer ; vertex somewhat densely
and finely, the thorax above rather strongly and closely punctate-
reticulate; pronotum rather long, narrower than the head or the
mesonotum, anteriorly slightly impressed in the middle, the sides
parallel, not sinuate ; metanotum convex, somewhat gibbous ;
posterior lateral angles strongly produced, triangular, acute,
slightly curved; mesopleurac below margined, the apical area
distinct and coarsely sculptured ; the abdomen above strongly
convex, nearly evenly and somewhat densely strongly punctured,
the narrow interspaces smooth ; 2nd segment not medially cannate,
the posterior lateral angles slightly prominent ; 3rd segment rather
strongly convex, the fovea? not deep, about 12 in number, for the

482 CHRYSIJJIDJE.

most part small and not distinct; apical margin short, densely
punctured, 5-dentate, the teeth placed on a wide arch, not long,
subtriangular, medial tooth minute, subacute, intermediate teeth
longer and more acute, lateral teeth small and acute, the medial
two emarginations deeper and narrower than the lateral two,
the sides in front of the lateral teeth lightly sinuate ; ventral side
of the abdomen and the legs slightly golden green, the bases of
2nd and 3rd segments with black spots on either side ; the tarsi
fuscous red ; wings fuscous with slight purple effulgence, nervures
fuscous, the radial cell in the fore wing lanceolate, nearly complete,
the apex slightly open, tegulse bluish green.

" Length, $ 8 mm.

" Nab. India orientalis (>Sanf/li)" (Mocsdry).

563. Chrysis bengalensis, Mocsdnj (Pentachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889,
p.o27, $.

$ . Brilliant metallic green, in certain lights above metallic blue ;
the space round the ocelli extending to the occiput, the median
area of the mesonotum, the middle of the scutellutn and post-
scutellum, and the apical area of the 3rd segment metallic deep
purplish blue ; the discs of the abdominal segments are of a bluer
tint than the sides, on the basal two segments the sides at apex
have a bright greenish-golden spot ; antenna? brown, the scape and
basal two joints of the flagellum green above ; the head, thorax
and abdomen more or less closely punctured, the punctures on
the head dense, rather small, on the postscutellum dense and large,
on both running into reticulations, on the pro- and raesouotum and
scutellum they are wider apart and irregular, the spaces between
the larger punctures with finer points, on the abdomen the
punctures are shallower, largest along the middle ; facial cavity
very finely densely punctured, pubescent on the sides ; pilosity
very fine, short and rather sparse. Head a little broader than
the prouotum in front; facial cavity somewhat deep, acutely
margined above by a transverse carina, from which are emitted
upwards two short carinae, arching and nearly meeting above the
anterior ocellus ; antennae slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum
longer than the 3rd; front and vertex convex, broad, occiput
slightly and very widely emarginate ; pronotum somewhat massive,
deeply impressed in the middle anteriorly, the sides margined ;
propleuraa broad, excavate, mesonotum and scutellum slightly
convex ; mesopleurae slightly convex, the apex beneath acute,
slightly excavate and margined ; postscutellum from above semi-
circular, convex, not concealing the median segment which is
vertical posteriorly, the lateral angles broadly produced, their apices
not acute ; wings subfuscous, in certain lights iridescent, the radial
cell of fore wing nearly complete. Abdomen rather long, the base
transverse, with a somewhat deep medial and two broader and
less distinctly marked impressions ; 2nd segment not or very in-
distinctly medially longitudinally carinate ; 3rd segment slightly
transversely incrassate in front of the anteapical series, the fovesfi

CHIIYSIS. 483

•deep aud distinct; apical margin with 5 teeth, the outer teeth
acute, the three intermediate slightly broader, tf unknown.

Length, § 8 ; exp. 15 mm.

Hab. Bombay, Madras (Brit. J/us.). I have only seen the one
Specimen from Madras in the British Museum, which I rather
doubtfully identify as this species.

-564. Chrysis danae, sp. nov.

2 . Metallic green, with golden-yellow tints in certain lights,
the abdomen lighter green, with burnished slight coppery tints on
the disc of the 1st segment, the sides and apical margins broadly
of the 1st and 2nd segments and a transverse band in front of
the anteapical series of foveae across the 3rd segment shining
copper colour ; the space round the ocelli and the median area of
the mesonotum slightly darker green, the antennae and apical two
or three joints of the tarsi brownish, the scape in front and basal
two joints of the flagellum above green ; legs green, shading into
coppery golden on the tibia? and basal two joints of the tarsi ;
head and thorax somewhat coarsely and very closely punctured,
granulate, the facial hollow finely rugulose ; abdomen in striking
contrast to the thorax, very minutely and densely reticulate-
punctate ; pilosity brownish, very short, somewhat sparse, a little
silvery pubescence on the sides of the facial hollow. Head very
broad above, the vertex very convex, the eyes prominent and
very broadly oval, nearly circular, anteriorly the head is narrowed ;
clypeus anteriorly emarginate in the middle ; facial hollow broad
and shallow, extending right up to the inner orbits of the eves
and bounded by a continuous carina on the sides and above, no
carina around or enclosing the anterior ocellus ; antenna) short and
.somewhat slender, the 2nd joint of the flagellum much longer than
the 1st but only a little longer than the 3rd; occiput widely
emarginate. Thorax : the pronotum convex, long, nearly as long
as the mesonotum, the sides convergent anteriorly and slightly
emarginate, the posterior lateral angles produced and extending
back towards the mesopleurse ; propleurse excavate ; mesonotum
convex, median area very shortly rectangular and broad, only
about a quarter as long again as broad ; scutellum transversely
rectangular, convex ; mesopleuraj not very rugose nor excavate nor
dentate beneath, with no carinai; postscutellum from above semi-
circular, somewhat gibbous aud rounded posteriorly; median
segment hidden beneath the postscutellum, but the lateral angles
produced, almost lanceolate, the apices acute ; wings hyaline,
nervures brown, tegula) green ; legs slender. .Abdomen somewhat
depressed, not very convex above, the basal segment with a short,
broad, shallow medial longitudinal groove at base ; 2nd and 3rd
segments with a slight but tolerably distinct medial longitudinal
carina, the anteapical series of foveae on the latter segment small,
the apical margin with 5 very short teeth, the outer somewhat
acute, the three intermediate verv obtuse. J unknown.

2i2

484 CHBYSIDDWE.

Lenytli, $ 6; exp. 11 mm.

Hub. Procured at Mandalay, Upper Burma. A very distinct
species in colour, sculpture and form.

505. Chrysis lusca, Fabr. St/st. JV«. 1804. p. 171 : Mocsdry (Penta-
chrysis). Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 527, $ d . (PI. I, fig. 2.)

$> . Metallic green or greenish blue, the space round the ocelli
and the median area on the mesonotum purplish black, in part
blue ; the base and apical margin of the 3rd abdominal segment,
sometimes a large spot in the middle of the disc of the same,
brilliant metallic blue ; a burnished coppery-red spot on each side
of the 2nd segment at apex; antenna3 and tarsi dusky bro \vnish
black, the scape in front and the basal two joints of the flagellura.
above green or blue; head, thorax and abdomen evenly and
somewhat coarsely punctured, the punctures on the scutellum
and postscutellum" coarser than on the rest of the body, on the
produced posterior lateral angles of the median segment and on
the apical margin of the 3rd abdominal segment they are markedly
fine and dense, mixed with one or two rather coarser punctures
on the former ; clypeus and facial cavity finely rugulose ; pilosity
fairly abundant, short and brownish above, longer beneath the-
head and on the legs, in the facial hollow long, silky and white.
Head broader than long, eyes very large proportionately and

Erorninent ; clypeus widely emarginate in the middle anteriorly ;
icial hollow shallow above, not sharply margined ; antennae short,
not thick, the 2nd joint of the flagellum more than twice as long
as the 1st, transverse frontal carina very close to the upper margin
of the facial hollow, the short emitted vertical carina irregular, a
short well-marked vertical groove from the anterior ocellus ; occiput
transverse. Thorax : the pronotum convex, anteriorly rounded,,
declivous, with a broad medial longitudinal impression, the sides^
emarginate ; propleurao excavate ; mesonotum convex, the median
area twice as long as broad, rectangular ; mesopleurse excavate,
the apex margined by a fine carina, this latter posteriorly continued
obliquely upwards to the base of the wing; scutellum from above
broad, convex, transversely rectangular ; postscutellum semicircular,
somewhat produced and rounded posteriorly, overhanging the
median segment, the posterior lateral angles of the last produced,
flat ; wings fusco-hyaline. nervures brown, tegulae blue with a
little green on the margin. Abdomen : the 1st segment with the
base transverse and three somewhat indistinct impressions, no
distinct medial carina on 2nd and 3rd segments, anteapical series
of foveae on the latter well-marked, the apical margin with 5
almost equal teeth.

3 , Similar, a little smaller.

Length, ? 9-9-5, rf 8; exp. $ 15, rf 13mm.

Hob. Throughout India, Ceylon and Burma. Extending to
Java. Yar. condnna £ , Gribodo, from Minhla in Upper Burma, is
a metallic golden green, with the face in front entirely coppery
golden.

CHRYSIS. 485

•066. Chrysis orientalis, Giitr. (Pyria) Her. Zool. 1842, p. 140, <$ •
Mocs. (Hexachrysis), Mon, Chrys. 1889. p. o92 : rfw 7/tw«0. «7cmr.
Bomb. N.H. Soc. x (1896), p. 477, $ <J.

* ? . Metallic green, in certain lights brilliant dark blue, the 2nd
-abdominal segment more decidedly metallic blue on the sides, the
•3rd segment dark blue at base, changing to purple and then to
green towards the apex ; the median area of the mesonotum
posteriorly and the lateral grooves partly blue partly black, the
blue extending posteriorly to the scutellum ; antennae and tarsi
dusky black, the scape in front bluish metallic green, the basal
joint of the flagellum with only a spot of bluish green at base
above; head, thorax and abdomen very coarsely punctured, on
the head and thorax the punctures are very close, and cribrafe
mixed with smaller punctures, on the abdomen more distant and
even ; pilosity abundant, brown and short, in the facial hollow
recumbent, white and rather long. Head a little longer than
broad, the vertex convex; clypeus broad, its anterior margin
medially transverse, not emarginate, and with a small medial
•convexity; facial hollow broad, shallow, coriaceous within,
margined above by a transverse but sinuate cariua, above which
the front is set with three shallow hollows, the medial hollow
margined by a carina and enclosing the anterior ocellus ; occiput
transverse ; antennae somewhat long, cylindrical, the 3rd joint of
the flagellum longer than the basal two united, these latter sub-
equal. Thorax : the pronotum convex, short, shorter in the
middle than at the sides, the sides slightly convergent towards
the front, a shallow broad longitudinal impression in the middle
anteriorly ; propleurae excavate, the two deep hollows rugulose
within and separated by a carina ; mesonotum short, broad and
convex, with the margin anteriorly depressed into a more or less
smooth transversegroove lying between it and the pronotum ; median
area rectangular, widening slightlv anteriorly ; scutellum convex,
from above semicircular ; mesopleura; produced, bideutate beneath,
the apex separated by a longitudinal broad groove ; postscutfllum
with a large medial mucro at base, hollow above and overhanging
the median segment, the posterior lateral angles of the latter
strongly produced, acute at apex, concave above, rugulose in the
middle, punctured along the margins ; wings f usco-hyaline with a
slight purple tint, the nervures purplish brown, tegula? purplish
blue ; legs rather long, slender. Abdomen massive, broad, with a
short deep longitudinal groove or impression medially at base:
2nd and 3rd segments with indications of a medial longitudinal
cariua ; the 3rd segment slightly incrassate across the middle, the
anteapical series of foveae small but distinct, the apical margin with
<} acute triangular teeth disposed on a broad curve, the outer
ones the shortest.

3 . Similar ; smaller, slighter, more green, the face and front
golden.

Length, £ 11-12, <J 10-11 ; exp. ? 23, rf 21 mm.

486 CHEYSIDIB-i:.

Hal. Northern India : Allahabad. Lahore, Delhi (Binyharn) :
Deesa (Nurse) : "Western India, Poona to Mysore ( WroiigJiton ^
Lee); Central Provinces (Betham) : not recorded from Burma
or Tenasserim, but probably extending throughout them to the
Malayan subregion and Xew Guinea.

567. Chrysis indica, Mocsun/ (Hexachrysis), Man. CJmjs. 1889,
p. 591. <$.

<S . Metallic blue : the head, prouotum, mesonotum and apex of
basal two abdominal segments with shades of green ; the space
round the ocelli, the posterior half or two-thirds of the medial
area of the mesonotum and a medial longitudinal band on the
scutellum black ; antenna? and tarsi dusky black ; the scape in
front, the coxa?, trochanters, femora and tibiae metallic green ;
head and thorax densely punctured, cribrate, the base of the
abdomen with large scattered punctures, the spaces between
minutely punctured, the remainder of the abdomen more finely
punctured than the thorax, but equally closely ; the facial hollow
finely punctured, the punctures running into transverse striae in
certain lights ; pilosity abundant, pale brown, longest on the sides
of the facial hollow. Head a little longer than broad, narrowing
anteriorly ; clypeus raised a little and transverse in the middle :
antennas rather long, cylindrical, the basal two joints of the flagellum
subequal, the 3rd joint a little longer than the 4th and more than
twice the length of the 2nd, a transverse curved carina a little
above the upper margin of the facial hollow, the anterior ocellus
placed on the upper side of a small frontal hollow that is margined
by carinae. Thorax : the pronotum transversely rectangular, the
posterior lateral angles produced back ; the medial area of the
mesonotum longitudinally rectangular, the anterior and posterior
lateral angles of the area a little produced ; mesopleurae rugose,
slightly excavate towards the apex beneath and produced into an
acute triangular tooth ; scutellum transverse, con vex; postscutellum
with a medial mucro at base pointing backwards ; median segment
short and truncate posteriorly, its posterior lateral angles trian-
gularly produced. Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures brown, tegulse
blue ; legs short and rather slender. Abdomen : the basal segment
widely emarginate at base and with a short broad medial sulcus :
2nd segment not or only indistinctly medially carinate, it&
posterior lateral angles prominent ; 3rd segment short, the apical
margin with <5 prominent triangular teeth, the indentations
between them semicircular ; an auteapical row of 18 round
punctures, not foveate.

Length, c? 9 ; e.vp. 17 mm.

Hal. " India orientalis," Mus. Hung. (Mocsdry) ; Upper Burma
(Fea).

I have not seen a $ of this species.

CHBYSIS. 487

568. Chrysis arrestans, Nurse, Entomologist, xxxvi (1903), p. 42, $ .
" $ . Head and thorax coarsely, abdomen finely punctured ;

head and thorax very slightly narrower than abdomen ; clypeus
emarginate anteriorly; a well-defined sinuate transverse ridge below
anterior ocellus, and the front below it concave, with sparse white
pubescence, under which it is finely punctured; head viewed from
above nearly twice the size of the pronotum, the latter with a
median longitudinal depression ; 1st abdominal segment almost
impunctate in the centre, 2nd segment with a median longitudinal
carina, 3rd segment sexdentate, the teeth sharp and with a sub-
apical row of foveae. Dark blue-green, with a purple tint in some
lights ; the clypeus, mandibles at base and scape of the antennae
bright metallic green ; mandibles black in the centre, red at apex ;
2nd abdominal segment green at apex ; antennae and tarsi dark
red, almost black ; wings hyaline, tegulse purple, radial cell not
quite closed.

" Length, $ 6 mm.

" Halt. Deesa ; a single specimen." (Nurse.)

569, Chrysis durga, sp. no\.

$ . Dark green, the middle of the scutellum, the disc broadly
of the 2nd abdominal segment and the apical area of the 3rd seg-
ment dark blue, the space round the ocelli and the anterior portion
of the median area on the mesonotum black, facial cavity and
clypeus bright golden or bronzy green ; antennae brown, the scape
in front and basal joint of flagellum above green. In some specimens
the base of the 3rd abdominal segment is dark blue, in others the
black on the vertex and on the median area of the mesonotum is
entirely wanting. Head and thorax densely punctured, the punc-
tures serried and close together (except on the scutellum and
postscutellum, where they are wider apart), and themselves with
finer punctures within ; abdomen with large scattered punctures
which, like those on the thorax, are finely punctured within, the
intervening spaces very densely and minutely punctured, the whole
abdomen having thereby a densely rugulose, finely reticulated
appearance ; facial cavity finely punctate-reticulate, the upper
third or fourth with large and coarse punctures ; pilosity short,
very sparse, brownish in colour, the facial cavity with a little very
fine silvery pubescence. Head thick, as broad as the pronotum
anteriorly ; occiput slightly emarginate, vertex and front convex.
sloping to the front ; facial hollow shallow above, margined by a
transverse carina ; antennae slender, somewhat elongate, 2nd joint
of the flagellum longer than the 3rd. Thorax: the pronotum
short, transverse, subcylindrical, the propleurae excavate ; meso-
notutn and scutellum gently convex ; mesopleurae rugose, longi-
tudinally grooved, the apex beneath subacute ; postscutellum convex,
rounded ; posterior lateral angles of the median segment broad at
base, acute at apex but short; wings hyaline, nervures brown,

488 CHBYSIDIDJG.

tegulae purple. Abdomen elongate, subcylindrical, the base trans-
verse, with a shallow short medial impression above ; sides very
slightly arched outwards, the sides of the 3rd segment slightly
convergent posteriorly, the apical margin arched, with 6 teeth,
the medial four triangular, acute at apex, more or less equidistant,
the outer two, one on each side, very broad, very obtuse and
shorter than the others ; the anteapical series well-marked, the
fovese 14-16 in number, large and open, decreasing in size
laterally, the segment slightly transversely incrassate in front of
the anteapical series.

J unknown.

Length, $ 7-8 ; exp. 14 mm.

Hob. Burma: Pegu Yoma, Mandalay. Mayinyo, 3000 feet
(BingJiam).

A very distinct species, easily recognizable by its rugulose, very
irregularly and densely punctured abdomen. 1 bred one specimen
from the nest of Seeliphron intrudens. Smith.

o70. Chrysis oculata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 357; Smith (Pyria),
Tram. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 465 ; Mocs. (Hexachrysis) Mon. Ckrys.
1889, p. 543. (PL I, fig. 15.)

$ . Deep metallic blue to bluish green, the 2nd abdominal
segment with a large spot fiery copper-red on each side near apical
margin. The deep metallic-blue varieties have the space round
the ocelli, three spots placed in a row transversely on the pronotum,
the mesonotum in the middle posteriorly and the middle of the
scutellum black, portions of the thorax and the basal two segments
of the abdomen above with shades of metallic green ; antennas and
tarsi hlack, the scape in front and the basal segment only of the
flagellum above green ; head and thorax densely and coarsely
cribrately, abdomen more finely and more sparsely punctured, a
few large scattered punctures at base of 1st segment ; pilosity
brownish, fairly abundant on the head and thorax, sparse on the
abdomen ; facial cavity and legs with rather sparse long white
hairs. Head longer than broad, clypeus subporrect, anteriorly
arched, facial hollow somewhat finely and densely rugose, its upper
margin bordered by a sharp transverse carina ; anterior ocellus
placed in a square depression bordered above and laterally by short
carinae, and below by the above transverse carina ; antennae rather
long, cylindrical, the basal two joints of flagellum subequal and
united about two-thirds the length of the 3rd joint; vertex-
convex ; occiput widely emarginate, showing the neck or collar
between it and the anterior margin of the pronotum, this collar
green, finely punctured, with a medial large, deep, polished un-
punctured depression. Thorax: the pronotum convex, short,
longer at the sides than in the middle, its anterior margin sloped
to the front ; propleurse excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum
convex, the latter transversely rectangular ; median area on the
mesonotum more or less rectangular, broadening a little anteriorly.

CHRTSIS. 489

anterior margin of the mesonotum distinctly depressed, forming a
sort of shallow, finely punctured groove between it and the pro-
notum ; inesopleurae coarsely sculptured, an oblique broad groove
from underneath base of wings to near the apex of the mesopleurae,
>the latter beneath bidentate ; postscutellum gibbous, coming to a
blunt point, which is longitudinally sulcate in the middle posteriorly ;
median segment depressed beneath the postscutellum, the posterior
lateral angles produced but not large. Abdomen massive, the 1st
segment concave anteriorly, impressed in the middle at base above,
the anterior lateral angles rather prominent ; 2nd segment with a
slight medial longitudinal line scarcely carinate ; 3rd segment with
a transverse, slightly incrassate portion in front of the anteapical
series of fovea?, which latter are large, deep and round ; apical margin
with 6 triangular acute teeth, the medial four longer, narrower,
closer to one another than to the outer tooth on each side.

c? . Differs from the $ in being more green and having the 3rd
abdominal segment shorter, more widely and roundly truncate.

Length, $ 11-13, rf 11 ; exp. £ rf 22 mm.

Hob. Probably the whole of Continental India. I procured one
specimen at Kandy in Ceylon, and I found this species common in
both Upper and Lower Burma ; it is recorded by Gribodo from
Upper Burma.

Var. snmptuosa, Gribodo, from Burma, differs in being brilliant
cupreous or golden, with cupreous spots on the sides of the 3rd as
well as on the 2nd abdominal segment.

571. Chrysis schioedtei, Daklb. Hym. Ear. ii (1854), p. aw, $ ;

Mocsdnj (Hexachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889, p. 544.
Chrysis gemmatus, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 461, $.
? Chrysis siva, M ocsdry (Hexachrysis), Mon. Chrys. 1889. p. 545, $.

$ . Metallic green or bluish green, the 3rd segment for the
most part metallic blue, the space round the ocelli and three spots in
a transverse row on the disc of the pronotum dull black, the rest
of the thorax shaded above more or less with black varying in
different specimens, the apical margin of the 2nd segment with a
lateral spot of fiery copper colour which varies in size and intensity,
sometimes very nearly indistinguishable ; head and thorax coarsely
closely punctured, cribrate, the large punctures with minute punc-
turings within ; abdomen much more finely and evenly punctured,
the punctures shallow, very fine and dense on the basal abdominal
segment, which also bears a few large scattered punctures near
the base ; pilosity brown, very short, moderately abundant, on the
sides of the facial hollow and on the legs it is white, more or less
oblique and longer. Head short and broad, about as broad as the
pronotum in front ; clypeus broad, its anterior margin broadly
and slightly emarginate ; facial hollow broad and deep, bordered
above by a somewhat prominent transverse carina, from which
another short rather indistinct carina is emitted, forming a loop
enclosing the anterior ocellus ; vertex with a rounded slope to
the front, occiput transverse ; antennas cylindrical, rather long, the

400 CIIRI'SIDID.E.

'2nd and 3rd joints of the flagelluin subequal. Thorax : the pro-
notum convex, transverse, a little broader at the sides than in the
middle, the anterior margin with an indistinct and slight longi-
tudinal impression in the middle; propleurse excavate ; mesonotum
convex, the median area rectangular, with the anterior lateral
angles widened and turning obliquely outwards, the anterior margin
depressed, forming a somewhat broad shallow transverse groove
which is minutely and closely punctured ; mesopleursD rugose, the
triangular apex beneath surrounded by a carina and separated
from the upper portion of the mesopleurre by a deep, short, laterally
carinate groove ; scutellum from above with the middle slightly
narrowed, transversely rectangular ; postscutellum semicircular,
rounded posteriorly, hiding the median segment with the exception
of its posterior lateral angles, which are produced, flat, and acute at
apex ; wings brownish hyaline, nervures brown, tegulae purple ; legs
slender. Abdomen : the 1st segment somewhat hollow and concave
at base, with a medial longitudinal broad impression at base above ;
2nd and 3rd segments medially longitudinally carinate, the 3rd seg-
ment bulging and incrassate just before the anteapical series of foveae,
these latter large, open beneath ; apical margin of segment with (>
acute teeth, the two outer smaller than the 4 intermediate ones.

<5 . Similar ; smaller, more green and with the black markings
more distinct.

LengtJi, $ 9-5-10, rf 8-5; exp. $ 19-20, rf 18 mm.

Hob. The Punjab (Binglumi) ; Central Provinces (Betham} •
Western India, Poona ( WrougTiton), Deesa (Nurse) ; throughout
Burma and Tenasserim (Fea. Bine/ham). Extending to Australia.

572. Chrysis principalis, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 401, $ ; Mocs.
(Hexachrysis) Mon. Chiys. 1889, p. 559. (PI. I, fig. 12.)

$ . Metallic green, the space round the ocelli, three spots on
the pronotum, and the lateral grooves limiting the medial area on
the mesonotum brownish black ; the front above the facial cavity,
the inesouotum anteriorly, the pro- and mesopleurae, median seg-
ments and legs, the bases and greater part of the discs of the
segments of the abdomen and the anteapical fovese on the 3rd
seguient shaded with brilliant blue; antennae and tarsi dusky black,
the scape of the former in front and the basal two, sometimes three,
joints of the nagellum above metallic green; head, thorax and base
of abdomen coarsely cribrately punctured ; the interspaces on the
mesonotum rugulose, on the base of the abdomen finely punc-
tured, the large punctures smooth and shining within; the apical half
of the 1st and the remaining abdominal segments finely and densely
punctured in contrast to the coarse punctures on the thorax ;
pilosity sparse, brownish on the head, thorax and abdomen,
whitish on the legs. Head a little longer than broad, slightly
constricted anteriorly ; clypeus broad, somewhat golden green ;
facial hollow rugose within, deep and broad, further deepened
abov.- into two pits, the margin above each pit arched : the front

CHEYSIS. 491

above the facial hollow with a transverse carina, the little cariuse
branching upwards from the latter irregular; head posteriorly
transverse ; antenna short, somewhat thick ; the 2nd joint of the
^nagellum long, more than twice the length of the 1st joint.
Thorax massive; the pronotum very convex, transversely rect-
angular, the sides widely emarginate anteriorly, a slight depression
m the middle ; propleurse with two large depressions ; mesonotum.
scutellum and postscutellum forming a regular and somewhat
gentle convexity ; the median segment depressed and with a broad
V-shaped hollow posteriorly formed of 4 large depressions, the
posterior lateral angles broadly produced, subacute; mesopleurse
coarsely irregularly cribrate, blunt beneath, the apex margined by a
carina, which is continued posteriorly up to the bases of the wings ;
the latter brownish hyaline, the nervures brown, the tegulse with
the basal half blue, the outer half green ; legs short and robust.
Abdomen : the basal segment subemarginate in the middle at base,
the 2nd and 3rd segments medially broadly subcarinate ; the ante-
apical series of fovea? on the 3rd segment large and well-marked ;
the apical margin with 6 large triangular teeth, the medial 4 sub-
acute and long, the outer one on each side shorter, broader, more
obtuse.

c? • Similar, smaller and slighter.

Length, $ 12-13, eosp. 22 ; length, <$ 10, exp. 21 mm.

Hab. Eecorded from the Himalayas ; Bengal (Mocsdry} : Poona
( Wroughton) • Ceylon (Mocsary) ; Burma and Tenasserim (Bing-
ham). Extending to China and the Malayan subregion.

573. Chrysis comottii, Grib. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1884), p. 367.
Chrysis insularis, Smith (nee Giter.). Jour. Linn. Soc. iii (1859),

p. 26.

2 . Exceedingly like 0. principalis, Smith, of which it may be
merely a local race. Differs in having the pronotum, the anterior
half of the mesouotum and the abdomen much more sparingly
punctured than in C. principalis ; the intervals between the large
punctures on the mesonotum and pronotum are, in the type speci-
men in the British Museum, minutely punctured, and the punc-
turing on the abdomen is much more regular and neater than in
G. princij tails. Beyond this I can see no difference.

Length, $ 11-12; exp. 22 mm.

Hab. Pondicherry (Gribodo) ; Upper Burma, Meiktila (Comotto).
Extending to the Malayan subregion.

574. Chrysis feana, Mosc. (Hexachrysis), Termesz.Fiizett>/,;\\: (189l>),

p. -235.

$ . Metallic dark green ; the occiput, the median segment
posteriorly and the middle from the base to near the apex of the
2nd abdominal segment dark metallic blue, the 3rd segment entirelj-
dark blue except for a transverse narrow band of green in front of
the anteapical series of fovese ; the space round the ocelli, three
spots in a transverse row on the disc of the pronotum, and some

492 CHRYSIDID^E.

markings in the middle of the mesonotum and scutellum black or
very dark purple ; antenna} and tarsi dull black, the scape in front
and the basal two segments of the flagellum above dark blue ; head
and thorax coarsely and very closely punctured, cribrate ; abdomen
very finely, somewhat densely punctured, the 1st segment with
scattered large punctures at base ; the punctures on the head and
thorax with minute punctures within, those on the abdomen,
especially on the apical two segments, shallow ; pilosity short,
brownish, only moderately abundant, sparse on the 2nd abdominal
segment, no whitish pubescence in the facial hollow in the three
specimens I have seen. Head as broad as the pronotum ; clypeus
broad, its anterior margin transverse ; facial hollow shallow,
margined above, coriaceous within, slightly above it on the front is
a sinuate transverse carina, no distinct carinse emitted from it
towards the vertex ; antennae long, cylindrical, pubescent ; the 2nd
joint of the flagellum twice the length of the 1st ; vertex and front
c-onvexly sloping anteriorly ; occiput transverse. Thorax : the
prouotum convex, transversely rectangular, the sides with a sinuate
margin ; propleurae excavate ; mesonotum and scutellum convex,
the latter slightly but suddenly narrowed from near the base to
the apex, its posterior margin transverse ; median area of meso-
notum rectangular, its anterior lateral angles Jiot outwardly
curved or broadened ; mesopleurae coarsely rugose, the triangular
apex excavate and margined by a carina : postscutellum semi-
circular, not produced or overhanging the median segment ; the
latter vertical, with a series of large depressions arranged in V-
shape on its posterior face, the lateral angles produced, acute, some-
what thick ; wings hyaline, with a slight fuscous tint anteriorly ;
nervures brown, tegulse purple ; legs somewhat robust. Abdomen :
the 1st segment anteriorly very slightly concave, a short, broad,
medial longitudinal impression at base above ; 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments medially carinate, the latter comparatively long, with the
middle portion raised in a transverse line in front of the anteapical
series of foveae, these very large, well-marked and open ; the
apical margin with 0 teeth, of which the 4 medial are long, narrow
and acute, closer to one another than to the outer, somewhat short
and obtuse teeth on each side of them.

d". Two specimens from the Haungdraw valley, Tenasserim,
which 1 identify as the males of this species, are identical in
structure and sculpture with the $ , but are entirely green in colour,
with black markings similar to those on the $ .

LetHjtli, $ 9-10, rf 0 ; exp. 2 d 18 mm.

Hab. Burma: Bhamo district (Fea)\ Tenasserim, Haungdraw
valley (Binrjliam).

">75. Chrysis Obscura, Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc. v (1801), p. 67 ; Mow.
(Hexachrysis) Mo». CTirys. 1889, p. 561.

$ . Somewhat resembles C. orientalis, Guer., but is decidedly less
massive and robust, with lighter sculpture on the head and thorax

CHBV8I8. 49$

and no mucro on the postscutellum. Head and thorax metallic
green, basal two segments of the abdomen metallic blue with
greenish reflections in certain lights, 3rd abdominal segment dark
purple ; the space round the ocelli, three coalescent spots alono- the
'posterior margin of the pronotum, and the middle posteriorly of
the inesonotum and scutellum deep purplish black; antenna and
tarsi dark brown, the scape in front metallic green, no green or
bine on the basal joints of the flagellum ; head and thorax very
coarsely densely punctured, cribrate ; abdomen finely and closely
punctured, with more scattered larger punctures at base of the
1st segment, most of the large punctures on the head and thorax
with minute punctures within ; pilosity as in 0. orientalis. Head
proportionately rather small, vertex convex, not sloped to the
front ; clypeus broad, anteriorly slightly emarginate in the middle ;

a
Fig. 160. — Chrt/fis olscura, $. «. Head from front.

facial hollow broad, punctured and coriaceous within, margined
above by a strong carina from which two or three not well-defined
carinae are emitted upwards towards the anterior ocellus ; antenna-
thick, cylindrical and long ; the 2nd joint of the flagellum very
short, only about half the length of the 1st, the 3rd joint very
long, more than twice as long as the first two united ; occiput not
transverse, slightly arched posteriorly. Thorax : the pronotum
very convex, transversely rectangular ; the anterior angles slightly
prominent, the sides nearly straight ; propleura? posteriorly ex-
cavate ; mesonotum and scutellum convex, the latter semicircular,
narrowed posteriorly from near the base, the median area on the
former rectangular, not broadened anteriorly ; mesopleunr very
coarsely sculptured and excavate, bideudate beneath ; postscutellum
short, slightly constricted towards the apex, and together with th(-
median segment very coarsely sculptured ; the posterior lateral
angles of the latter produced, broadly triangular, concave above
and acute at apex ; wings dark fusco-hyaline, with purple irides-
cence in certain lights, nervures purplish brown, teguhe purple
at base, green outwardly ; legs robust. Abdomen : the 1 st seg-
ment concave at base, a shallow, short, medial longitudinal grum.
at base above ; no medial carina on the 2nd and 3rd segments, the
latter very slightly incrassate in front of the anteapical series of
foveoo, these are very large, open and deep ; apical margin with 6
triangular almost equidistant teeth arranged on a broad curve, the
outer two only very slightly shorter than the others.

tf. Very similar in sculpture and form, but more green than
blue and slightly smaller.

494 CHETSIDID-S.

Length, $ 11-12, rf 10-5; exp. $ 19, rf 18 mm.

Hob. Burma, Bhamo district (Fea\ Meiktila (&in0fom),
Tenasserim, Tavoy (Ingram}. Originally described from the
Celebes.

Genus EUCHRCEUS.
Chrysis, pt., Fabr. Mant. Ins. i (1787), p. 283, $ ; Mucsury, Mon.

Chrys. 1889, p. 595.
Euchroeus, ia^r. 6?e«. Crust. $ Ins. iv (1809), p. 49.

Type, #. purpuratus, Fabr., from Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ (J . Allied to and closely resembling the genus Chrysis ;
differs chiefly in the form and armature of the 3rd abdominal
segment. Head subtriangular, the cheeks below the eyes and the
clypeus, the maxilla and the labiuia rather long, longer than in
true Chrysis ; facial hollow short, not reaching quite up to the
base of the antennae. Thorax and abdomen with the sides parallel ;
wings proportionately longer than in Chrysis, the ueuration of
the fore wing similar, the radial cell always open, but never so
much as in Holopyya, and always for less than one-third of its pro-
bable length ; 3rd abdominal segment with a rounded transverse
subapical ridge in front of the anteapical series, the apical margin
serrate, beset ivith numerous small and large uneven teeth. In the
one species recorded so far from within our limits, the transverse
anteapical ridge is not so prominent as in the typical species.

576. Euchrcens cupreiventris, Cam. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv
(1902), p. 423, $ .

§ . Metallic green with golden and blue tints on the vertex
and abdomen, scape of the antennae green, the flagelluni black,
the legs bluish green, the anterior and posterior femora at apex,
the anterior and intermediate tibiae in front, the posterior tibiae
entirely, and the whole of the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; head strongly
punctured, pilose, the pilosity white, thick in the facial hollow,
sparse and short elsewhere; the punctation in the facial hollow is
shallow, on the apex of the clypeus large and deep, forming irre-
gular foveae ; anterior ocellus surrounded at back and sides by a
smooth groove extending below it on to the front. Thorax more
or less closely coarsely punctured, the punctures coarser on the
scutellum and postscutellum than in front, the sides of the pro-
uoturn prominent anteriorly, the base impressed anteriorly in the
middle ; mesonotuin anteriorly depressed, closely, rather finely
punctured ; mesopleuraB grooved, rounded at the apex beneath ;
postscutellum gibbous, posteriorly superimposed on the median
segment, the posterior face of the latter with a medially carinate
area in the centre, the posterior lateral angles produced ; wings
fusco- violaceous, uervures black, tegulae large and punctured.
Abdomen : the apex of the 1st, the base and apex of the 2nd and
the base of the 3rd segment closely and minutely punctured, the
rest of the abdomen with larger, more distant punctures, the apical

EUCHIUEU8. — PAEXOPES. 495

depressions covered with white pubescence ; the apical margin of
the abdomen with stout, mostly bluntly pointed short spines inter-
mixed with smaller sharper ones ; the anteapical fovese few in
number, and the broad apical margin thickly punctured. (After
Qameron.}

Length, $ 10 mm.

Hob. Eecorded so far only from Deesa (Nurse).

Subfamily PARNOPIN^.

This subfamily is distinguished from the Chrysidince, which it
much resembles, by the remarkably elongate maxilla) and ligula
which, as a rule, are in repose folded back beneath the thorax ;
the labial and maxillary palpi are one- or two-jointed ; and the
stigmata of the median segment are placed above the produced
posterior lateral angles, and not beneath as in the Chrt/sidina1.

The subfamily contains only one genus, Parnopes.

Genus PARNOPES.
Pnraopes, Lair. Free. Cur. Gen. Ins. 1796, p. 120.

Type. P. carnea, Fabr., Europe.

Range. Both hemispheres.

$ . Head subtriangular ; the frontal cavity shallow ; mandibles
narrow, bidentate at apex ; clypeus broad, convex ; antennae
moderately long, somewhat thick ; eyes large ; vertex and occiput
broad ; the ocelli well-formed and distinct, but not very prominent.
Thorax somewhat massive, slightly convex above ; mesopleurae
produced beneath, slightly convex and not grooved ; scutellum
broad, sornewiiat flat, trapezoidal; postscutellum with a tabular,
somewhat triangular lamina above, the apex of which points
backwards and overhangs the median segment ; median segment
truncate posteriorly, the posterior lateral angles strongly produced.
Wings of moderate size ; fore wing with a complete medial and 1st
submedial cell, an incomplete 2nd submedial and radial cell, and
a discoidal cell of which the upper and outer uervure is only
indicated ; cubital cells entirely absent. Legs slender, of moderate
length, trochauters one-jointed, claws simple. Abdomen with
3 visible segments, broad, convex above, concave below, the ante-
rior lateral angles of the basal segment prominent, the posterior
margin of the 3rd segment entire or at most denticulate, above
medially shortly carinate, with a slight depression on either side of
the carina.

<S . Similar ; abdomen with 4 visible segments.

577. Parnopes viridis, JSmlle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv (J846),p. 13, cJ;
Buys*. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1896), p. 478, pi. lii, tig. M,
pi. iv, figs. 5-11, & pi. v, fig. 9.

$ . Metallic green, with shades of blue on the tegula?, the
scutellum, postscutellum and the abdomen posteriorly; densely

4<J(j CHRYSID1D.E.

and coarsely punctured, the scutellum and postscutellum above,
the sides of' the thorax and the median segment very rugose, the
middle of the mesonotum anteriorly, the 1st abdominal segment
at ba*e, and the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment more dis-
tantly punctured, with smooth shining intervals between the
punctures ; on the basal and apical margins of the 2nd and on the
base of the 3rd segment the punctures are very much finer and
closer together. Head from the front with the mandibles sub-
triangular ; the frontal hollow shallow, not margined, densely
pubescent, the pubescence whitish ; mandibles narrow, bidentate ;
clypeus short, convex ; antenna? black, short and thick, the scape
green above, the vertex broad and slightly flat ; the ocelli a little
depressed, level with the surface of the head. Thorax : the pro-
notum transversely rectangular, with a slight medial longitudinal

Fig. 101.— Parnvpex viridis, $ . a. Head from front, showing elongate
mouth-parts; b. Thorax ; c. Third abdominal segment.

depression on the anterior margin; mesonotum slightly convext
the medial area broad and ill-defined, the mesopleura? triangularly
produced beneath, the apex rounded ; scutellum trapezoidal,
postscutellum above with a triangularly produced lamina at base,
directed posteriorly and overhanging the median segment, this
latter vertically truncate posteriorly, the posterior lateral angles
produced, divergent, more or less flat above, acute at apex ; wings
fusco- hyaline, nervures brownish ; legs punctured, the coxae,
trochanters, femora and outer side of the tibia? of the anterior, and
the coxa), trochanters, femora and tibia? of the intermediate and
posterior legs green ; the front of the anterior tibiae, the apex of
all the femora, the base and apex of all the tibia?, and all the tarsi
reddish. Abdomen broad and massive, the anterior lateral angles
of the 1st segment prominent ; the 3rd segment with a strong
medial longitudinal short carina towards the apex, and a pinching
in or preapical depression on each side of it, the apical margin of
the segment crenulate or denticulate.

c? . Similar, but with 4 abdominal segments.

Length, $ 13, eaop. 22 ; rf 12. exp. 23 mm.

Hob. Pondicherry ; Calcutta (du Buysson) ; Sikhim (Binr/Jiam) ;
Northern Gujerat, Deesa (Nttrse).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

ntxlominalis (Polyrha-

alieno-flavus (Lasius),

annamitus (Ectomyr-

chis), 397.

341.

mex), 87.

aberrans (Cremasto-

alienus (Lasius), 342.

annulata (Chrysis), 457.

gaster), 136.

allaborans (Paeudo-

annulata (Tetracbrysis),

aberrans (Monomorium),

myrma), 113.

457.

207.

allaborans (Sima), 107,

Anocbetus, 38.

abuensis (Chrysis), 446.
Acantbolepis, 297, 314.

113.
allani (Phidole), 264.

antennatus (Cerapacbys),

Acanthomyrmex, 191.

altisquamis (Lobopelta),

anthracina (Cremasto-

acasta (Polyracbis),

61.

gaster), 132.

396.

ambiguus (jEnictus), 6, 9.

Aplucnogaster, 269.

aceryorum (Leptothorax),

Amblyopone, 33, 36,

apiata (Chrysis), 453.

214.

104.

apicalis(Cremastogaster),

achilles (Polyrhachis),

ambl3'ops (Belonopelta),

147.

398.

92.

aracbne (Polyrbacbis),

Acropyga, 332.

amblyops (Mvopias),

3iK).

aculeata (Heinioptica),

103.

aracbnoides (Myrmi-

382.

amblyops (Pacbyebon-

caria). 1 19.

aculeata (Polvrhacbis),

dyla), 92.

ardens (Chrysis), 427.

382.

arnblyops (Ponera). S>2.

ardens (Formica), 3<i<).

aoutiventris (Acropyga),

ainblyops (Pseudo-

arj;enteus (Polyrbachis),

332, 333.

ponera), 91, 92.

397.

yEnictus, 6.

atnetbystina (Chrysis),

armata (Formica), 393.

affinis (Dolicboderus),

43;i.

arinnta (Polyrbachia),

29fi.

nmetbystinum (Stilbum),

393.

affinis (Occdoma\ If4.

433, 434.

arrestans (Chrysis), 487.

affinis (Phidologitoii),

aincenulrt (Chrysis), 481.

arrogans (Camponotus),

164.

ainoenula (Pentaebrysis),

357.

affinis (Polyrbachis),

481.

arrogans (Formica),

396.

anale (Hedycbridium),

357.

agnatus (Camponotus),

424.

artifex (Cremastogaster),

353.

anceps (Formica), 298.

139.

aitkeni (^nictns), 19.

anceps (Iridomyrmcx),

arya (^nictus), 8.

aitkeni (Cerapachys), 30.

298.

aseta (Prenolepis), 332.

aitkeni (Crem.istogsstcr),

andrei (Lobopelta) dis-

asinus (Oligomyrmex),

139.

tingtiendu, yar., 57.

156.

aitkeni (Ponera), 91.
aitkeni (Sima). 115.

Aneuretus, 290.
angustata (Chry^i*.). 469

nspatha (Phidole). 233.
iispera (Lobopelta), 60.

aiax (Polyrachis), inii-

angustata (Colobopsis),

a.sj>eratii(Pbi(iole) 246.

" tatn, ract, 399.

345.

aesamense (Diacamma),

Alaopone, 1.

angustata (Tetraclirysin),

79.

albipes (Tapinoma),

409.

assamensis (Lobojwltn),

301.

angtistirollis (Catnpono-

70.

albipes (Tecbnoipyrnicx),

tuj.), 3«6.

MHBffii (Chrysis\ 4."-1.

301.

angueticolli.s (Formica),

asainiilis (Cl.rj-sogona),

aliena (Formica). 342.

§66.

431.

alieno-brunneus (Lasiuf.),

angustior (Phidole). 236.

astuta (PachTchondyla).

340.

annamitn (Poncrn). 87.

86.

VOL. 11.

2K

41)8

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

astutus (Ectomomyr-
mex), 86.

bengalensis (Oligomyr-
mex), 154.

breviceps (Myrmica), 212.
brevicornis (./Enictus), 2 1 .

atomr.s (Monoraorium),
208.

bengalensis (Pentuchry-
sis), 482.

brevicornis (Typhlatta),
21.

Atopomyrmex, 189.

bengalensis(Phidole\228.

brevispinosus(Pri8tomyr-

at ruta (Tetraponera), 1 1 0.

bengalensis (Prenolepis),

mex), 194.

Atta, 157, 160, 220, 277,

328.

brunnea (Myrmicaria),

280.

bengalensis (Typhlatta),

117, 118.

attolaboides (Dolicho-

20.

brunnescens (Cremasto-

derus), 291.

bhavanae (Chrysis), 472.

gaster), 147.

attenuate (Siraa), 112.

bhavanae (Phidole), 228.

brunneus (Technomyr-

attenuate (Tetraponera),

bicolor (Cryptocerus),

mex), 302.

112.

168.

buddhje (Camponotus),

auratus (Ellampus), 419.

bicolor (Ectatomma), 83.

359.

aurianus (Liomyrmex),

bicolor (Meranoplus),

budclhse (Cremasto-

199.

166, 168.

gaster), 132.

auri?entris (Campo-

bicolor (Polyrhachis),

burmanica (Chrysis),

notus), 374.

395.

442.

autocrata (Chrysis), 456.

bicolor (Technomyrmex),

burmanicus (Dolicho-

302.

derus), 293.

bihamata (Formica), 386.

burmanus (Lophomyr-

bacchus (Camponotus),

bihamata (Polyrhachis),

mex), 196.

356.

382, 386.

busiris(Polyrhachis),414.

bat-ohus (Formica), 356.

binghami (.Enictus), 18.

badia (Formica), 358.

binghami (Camponotus),

crcca (Myrmica), 212.

bndius (Camponotus),

367.

caecus (Liomyrmex), 198.

358.

binghami (Ectatomma),

ciespituui (Tetramo-

bahadur (Chrysis), 473.

83.

rium), 175.

balucha (Chrysis), 457.

binghami (Lobopelta),

caffraria (Mesoponera),

barbara (Formica), 278.

65.

99.

barbarum (Stenamma,
Messor), 279.

binghami (Myrmoteras),
313, 314.

calida (Solenopsis), 164.
caligata (Polyrhachis),

barbarus (Messor), 277,

binghami (Phidole), 261.

397.

278.

binghami (Polvrhachis),

callida (Formica), 366.

barbatus (Camponotus),

399.

camelina (Formica), 373.

3«2.

basale (Monomorium),
209.

binghami (Sima), 111.
birmana (Lobopelta), 58.
birmana (Myrmicaria),

camelinus (Camponotus),
373.
camillae (Mystrium), 36.

basalis (Camponotus),

119.

Camponotinse, 308.

352.

birmana (Prenolepis),

Camponotus, 347.

bnyadera (Chrysis), 444.

331.

Candida (Formica), 335.

beccarii (Aphtcnogaster),

tirmana (Sima), 112.

capellinii (Phidole), 246.

271.

bt'ccarii (Ischnomyrmex),

biroi (Cremastogaster),
138.

capensis (Acantbolepis),
316.

271.
bedoti (Lophomyrmex),

bispinosa(Bothroponera),
97.

carbonaria (Monomo-
rium) (Myrmica), 210.

19(5.
belgaense (Tetramorium),

bispinosa (Pachvchon-
dyla), 97.

carbonaria (Myrmica),
2(59.

189.

bituberculata (Hypo-

carbonaria (Pseudo-

belgaense (Xiphomyr-

el inea), 295.

myriua), 110.

mex) (Tetramorium),
189.

bituberculatus (Dolicho-
deruB), 295.

Cardiocondyla, 286.
Carebara, 150.

belli (Amblyopone), 38.
belli (Meranoplus), 109.
belli (Stigmatoinma), 38.
bellicosa (Atta), 164.

bohemanni (Centromyr-
mex), 93.
Bothriomyrmex, 305.
Bothroponera, 95.

carin (Camponotus), 3(55.
carnea (Parnopes), 495.
castanea (Amblyopone),
33.

bellicosa (Polyrhachis),

bourbonica (Prenolepis),

castanea (Myopopone),33.

387.

328.

castanea (var. maculatu),

Belonopelta, 91.
bengnlensis (jEnictus), 20.

Brachyponera, 101.
hreviceps (Dorylus)

(Mvopopone), 33.
Cataglyphis, 312.

mi!;:ui'nsis( Chrysis), 4S'_>.

(Typhlopono), 3.

Cataulaous, 120.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Centromyrmex, 93.

coonoorcnse (Tetramo-

dalyi (Bothriomyrmex),

Cerapachys, 28.

rium), 178.

307.

certus (^Enictus), 10.
ceylonense (Diacamma),

coonoorensis (Lobopelta),
68.

dalyi (Cremastogaster),
138.

79.

coonoorensis (Phidole),

dalyi (Lobopelta), 67.

cervlonensis (Polyrha-

263.

dame (Chryais), 483.

chis), 400.

corax (Cremastogaster),

darwini (Belonopelta),

ceylonensis ( Ponera), 90.

134.

93.

cevlonica (Typhlatta),
22.

costatum (Ectatomma),
83.

darwini (Pseudoponera),

ceylonicus ( Jinictus), 22.

cotesi (Chrysis), 470.

decamera (Triglypho-

ceylonicus (Atopomyr-

cotesi (Colubopsis), 345.

thrix), 174.

mex), 190.

coxale (Ectatomma), 82,

defensor (Formica), 335.

ceylonicus (Centromyr-

84.

defensus (Polyrhachis),

mex), 95.

coxale (Ponera), 84.

393.

chalybea (Polyrhachis),

craddocki (Polyrhachis),

denticulatum (Stigma-

397.

403.

tomma), 36.

chavanae (Chrysis), 445.

crassicornis (Leptogenys),

dentilobis (Lobopelta),

chinensis (Lobopelta),

59.

58.

69.

crassicornis (Lobopelta),

deponens (Cremastogas-

christiei (Tetramorium),

59.

ter), 147.

178.

crassinodis (Campono-

destructor (Atta), 203.

Chrysididae, 415.

tus), 356.

destructor (Monomo-

Chrysidiiise, 430.

crassiscuta (Pentachry-

rium), 209.

Chrysis, 434.

sis),477.

detectus (Iridomyrmex),

Chrysogona, 431.

crassisquamis (Campo-

297.

cinerascens (Formica),

notus), 368.

dharmsalana (Phidole),

376.

Cretnastogaster, 124.

262.

civa (Cremastogaster),

criniceps (Holcomyr-

Diacamma, 75.

141.

mex), 282.

clichroa (Plagiolepis),

clara (Formica), 335.

crinita (Formica), 339.

323.

clavatus (/Enictus), 12.

crinitus (Lasius), 339.

dichroum (Monomo-

clavitibia (./Euictus), 14.

cristata (Apha-nogaster),

riuin), 202.

Cleptes, 417.

276.

clichrous (Camponotua),

Cleptinae, 417.

cristata (Stenamma),

356.

clypeata (Polvrhachis),

276.

Dichtbadia, 1.

411.

cruentatus (Drepano-

dilKcilis (Sima), 115.

coarctata (Ponera), 88.

gnatbus), 50.

dilformis (Cremasto-

Colobopsis, 342.

cruentatua (Harpegna-

gaster), 145, 146.

comottii (Chrysii?), 491.
comottoi (Camponotus),

thus), 50.
Cryptocerus, 120, 166,

diff'usa (Myrmica), 136.
dill'usa (Myrmica, Cre-

356.

Cryptopone, 104.

mastogastor), 146.

compressa (Formica),

cupreata (Holopyga),

dioiicans (Meranoplus),

861.

423.

168.

compressa (Sima), 113.

cupreiventris (Chrysis),

diminuta (Lobopelta),

compressus (Campono-

465.

54, 61.

tus), 351.

cupreiventris(Euchrcjcus),

diminuta (Ponera), 61.

concinnus (Oligomyr-
mex), 152!

494.
curtisi (Labidus, Typh-

disparilis ^CUrysis), 4(51.
dissimilanda (Clir\

con finis (Ponera), 91.

lopone), 4.

447.

confucii (Campoiiotus),

curtulum (Tetratuo-

diuimilu (Alta), 212.

375.

rium), 180.

distinguenda (Lobo-

conserta (Chrysis), 474.
constanciuj ( Phidole),
248.

cursor (Myrraica), 212.
curvispinosum (Tetra-
morium), 179.

pelta), 58.
diversuH (Ocodoma), 162.
diversus (Phidologiton),

consternens (Myrmica),

cyanoa (Ohrysis), 434.

160, 162.

213.

coutemta (Crema.sto-

cyaneiventre (Diacain-
ma), 78.

dives (Polyrhacl,^ «
dohrni (Cremastogaster),

gaster), 130.
convexa (Polyrhachis),

cyan ura (Chrysis), 433.
cvamiruiu($tilbum),432.

139.
dolendus (Camponotus),

408.

4:33.

364.

500

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Dolichoderinsc, 288.

feana (Hexachrysis), 491.

furcatus (Sphinctomyr-

Dolichoderus, 291.

fergusoni (Acantho-

mex), 25.

domestica (Myrmica),

202.

lepis), 319.
fergusoni (jEnictus), 18.

furcifera (Chrysis), 480.
furiosa (Chrysis), 448.

domicola (Atta), 212.

fergusoni (Phidole), 234.

fusca (Formica), 33(5.

dorycus (Cainponotus),

fergusoni (Polyrhachis),

fuscipennis (Chrysis,),

365.

410.

467.

Dorylinae, 1.

fergusoni (Sima), 114.

fuscipennis (Tetrachry-

Dorylus, 1.

fergusoni (Tetramorium),

sis), 467.

Drepanognathus, 49.
clulcis (Cainponotus),

182
ferrarii (Cremastogaster),

fuscithorax (Campouo-
tus), 356.

356.

144.

fuscus (Dolichoderus),

durga (Chrysis), 487.

festina (Formica), 362.

294.

festinus (Cainponotus),

fuscus (Dorylus), 5.

ebenina (Cremastogaster),

362.

133.

flammulatum (Hedy-

gagates (Formica), 336.

Eciton, 107.

chrum), 429.

gemiiiata (Atta), 158.

Ectatomma, 82.

flava (Cremastogaster),

gemmatus (Chrysis), 489.

Ectomomyrmex, 85.

142.

geometricum (Dia-

Elampus, 419.

flava (Plagiolepis), 333.

camma), 80.

elatior (Technomyrmex),

floricola (Atta), 211.

ghatica (Phidole), 254.

302.

floricola (Monomorium),

ghilliani (Anochetus), 38.

elegans (Cardiocondyla),
286.

211.
fodiens (Myrmica), 117,

gigas (Camponotus), 3(19.
gigas (Formica), 369.

elizabethae (Chrysis),

118.

glaber (Holcomyrmex),

449.

Formica, 333.

284.

Ellampinae. 418.

Formicidae, 1.

glaber (Hypoclinea), 299.

Ellampus, 419.

fornaronis(Camponotus),

glaber (Iridomyrmex),

Emeriya, 286.

360.

299.

emiliae (Lobopelta), 66.

forticula (Cremasto-

glaberrima (Dichthadia),

erraticum (Tapinnma),

gaster), 147.

3.

303.

fortis (Polyrhachis). 394.

glabi-ipes (Dolichoderus),

Euchroeus, 494.

fossulata (Bothroponera),

297.

Euponera, 99, 101.

99.

gleadowi (JEnictus), 8.

eurvalus (Polyrhachis),

fossulata (Phidole), 257.

gleadowi (Ponera), 91.

414.

fossulatum (Monomo-

globularia (Polyrhachis),

exigua (Plagiolepis),

rium), 205.

402.

323.

fossulatus (Cerap'ichys),

glyciphila (Myrmica),

exiguoguttatus (Campo-

28.

206.

notus), 364.

fragosa (Ooceraea), 31 , 32.

glyciphilum (Mono-

f'raterna (Formica), 335.

morium), 206.

falcigera (Leptogeny*),

frauenfeldi (Acantho-

godeffroyi (Strumigenys),

52, 53.

lepis), 314. 316.

149.

familiaris (Formica),

frauenfeldi (Hypoclinea),

gracilenta (Chryeis), 464.

338.
familiaris (Pseudolasius),

316.

frauenfeldi (Polyrha-

gracilenta (Tetrachrysis),
464.

337, 338.
feae (JSnictus), 14.

chis), 411.
fuliginosa (Formica),

gracilior (Polyrhachis),
388.

fea; (Amblyopone), 38.
feae (Aphasnogaster),

341. ,
fuliginosus (Lasius), 341.

gracilipes (Hypoclinea),
296.

273.
feae (Centromyrmex),

fultoni (Leptothorax),
216.

gracillima (Chryso-
gona), 431.

94.
fea: (Dolichoderus), 294.

fulvicornis (Chrysis), 457.
fulvicornis (Tetra-

gracillimum (Mono-
morium), 210.

ffffi (Ischnomyrmex),

chrysis), 457.

grandis (jEnictus), 11.

273.
feae (Phidole), 260.
feae (Spalacomyrmex), 94.

fulvus, var. labiatus
(Dorylus). 2.
furcata (Polyrhachis),

granulata (Formica), 122.
granulatus (Cataulacus),
122.

feae (Stigmatomma), 38.

388.

grayi (Phidole), 230.

feae (Strumigenys), 148.
feana (Chrysis), 491.

furcatus (Eusphinctus),
25.

greeni (^Enictus), 11.
greeni (Chrysi*), 459.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

501

gretse (Camponotus),

humilis (Mym ica), 212.

japonicus (Camponotus),

379.

Hypoclinea, 289, 291,

370.

guineense (Formica), 184.

297, 305, 314.

javana (Phidole), 262.

guineense (Tetramo-

hysterica (Lobopelta), 64.

javana (Polyrbacliis),

rium), 184.

411.

. gnjaratica (Chrysis), 456.

ignifascia (Chrysis), 445.

javanus (Ectomomyr-

imperiosa (Chrysis), 479.

mex), 85, 86.

haematodes (Formica),

imperiosa fPentachrysis),

jerdoni (Bracbyponera),

47.

479.

102.

haematodes (Odontoma-

impetuosa (Formica),

jerdoni (Plagiclepis),

chus), 46, 47.

368.

324.

halidayi (Polyrhachis),

indica (Belonopelta), -93.

jerdoni (Polvrhachis),

413.

indica (Chrysis), 486.

409.

hamulata (Polyrhachis),

indica (Hexachrysis),

jerdoni (Ponera), 102.

406.

486.

jucunda (Phidole), 256.

Ilarpegnathus, 49.

indica (Holopyga), 422.

hauxwelli (Polyrhachis),

indica (Phidole), 263.

kanarensis ( .^Enictus), 13.

394.

indica (Polyrhachis),

kanariensis (Anochetus),

Hedychridium, 424.

411.

44.

hedychroides (Chrysis),

indica (Prenolepis), 329.

ka?bmirensis (Chrysis),

440.

indicum (Monomorium),

441.

Hedychrum, 427.

205.

kashmirensis (Ellampus),

helvolus (Dorylus), 1.

indicum (Tapinoma),

420.

Hemioptica, 380.

304.

kattensis (Camponotus),

Heptacondylus. 117.

indicus (Anochetus), 4.3.

356.

herculeanus (Campono-

indogotea (Chrysis), 475.

kirbii (Myrmica) (Cre-

tus), 370.

indogotea (Tetrachrysis),

mastogaster), 146.

Heterocoelia, 418.

475.

kitteli (Lobopelta), 60.

Heterogyna, 1.

inermis (Leptothorax),

klugi (Dorylus), 3.

himalayana (Cre-nasto-

215.

gaster), 143.

iuezsv (Myrmica), 268.

labiatus (Dorylus), 2.

himalayana (Phidole),

inflata (Oremastogaster),

Labidogenys, 147.

265.

J45.

laboriosa (Solenopsis),

himalayamis (Campono-

infuscus (Camponotus),

164.

tus), 369.

354.

beviceps (.Enictus), 18.

hirnalavanus (Lasius),

inglebyi (Cremasto-

keviceps (Dorvlus) (Ty-

340."

gaster), 137.

phlopone), 2.

himalayanus (Messor),

inglebyi (Tetramorium),

hcviceps (Ponera), 61.

279.

183.

hevigatus (Dorylus), 3.

himalayensis (Penta-

instabilis (Atta), 278.

la'vigatus (Iridomyrmex),

chrysis), 477.

insularis (Chrysis), 491.

299.

hinclo?tanus(Doi-ylus), 2.

integer (Camponotu*),

lacvigatus (Typhlopone),

hippomanes (Polyra-

370.

3.

cbis), 400.

integra (Acautholepis),

licvissima (Polyrhachis),

hodgsoni (^En ictus), 18.

316.

402.

hodgsoni (Cretmu-to-

integrius (Monomorium),

la;viventris(Meranoplus),

gaster), 131.

208.

170.

hodgsoni (Lobopelta), 62.

intermedia (Polyrhachis),

lamarcki (Camponotus),

hodgsoni (Polvrhachis),

405.

365.

390.

invidus (Camponotus),

lamellifrons (Pliidolo-

hoggei (Chrysis), 471.

367.

giton), 166.

Holcomyrmex, 280.

ionophris (Chrysis), 476.

lamcllinoda (Pbid«le),

Holopyga, 421.

ionopbris (Tetrachrysis),

229.

holosericeus (Campouo-

476.

lancearius (Polyrhachis),

tus), 374.

Iridomyrmox, 297.

411.

hoogwcrfi (Phidole), 235.

irritans (Campountns),

lanka (Chrysis), 451.

horni (Pliidole), 251.

353.

Lasius, 33«.

liorni (Polyrbachis), 403.

irritans (Formica), 353.

latinoda (Pliidole), 235.

horni (Stereomyrmex),

Ischnomyrmex, 270.

latinode (Mouomoriuui),

218,219.

211.

hospira (Pbidole), 238.

jalala (Chrysis), 447.

latibcapus (.Enictus), 15.

502

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

latitans (Camponnlus),

lusca (Chrysis), 484.

inicnns (Camponotus),

372.

lusca (Pentaclirysis), 484.

364.

latreilli (Myrmecina),

lulea( Formica), 379.

microcephahiin (Liome-

197.

luteipes (Brachypouera),

topum), 289.

latro (^nictus), 22.

101.

mi Hard i (Cremasto-

latus (Cataulacus\ 121.

Inteipes (Ponera), 101.

gister), 135.

leei (Oligomyrmex), 155.

luteus (Camponotus),

minchiui (Lobopelta), 70.

leeuwenhoeki (Ectomo-

379.

minuta (Atta), 202.

myrmex), 88.

lyroessa (Labidogenys),

minutum (Eciton), 116.

leeuwenhoeki (Ponera),

148.

minutum (Hedychri-

88.

Ivroessa (Strumigenys),

dium), 427.

leonardi (Colobopsis),

148.

minutum (Hedychrum),

344.

427.

Leptogenys, 52.

maciilata (Myopopone),

minutum (Monoinoriuni),

Leptothorax. 214.

33.

199, 210.

levigata (Polyrhachis),

maculatus (Camponotusl,

mistura (Camponotus),

4uO.

351, 352, 353, 354,

360.

levithorax (Vollenhovia),

355, 356, 357.

mistura (Formica), 360.

213.

madaraszi (Anochetus),

mitis (Camponotus), 355.

lewisi (Strumigenys), 149.

43.

mitis (Formica), 355.

libita (Chrysis), 478.

magretti (Phidole), 255.

mixtum (Tetramorium),

lignata (Carebara), 150,

malinsi (Phidole). 231.

182.

151.

inanclibularis (Solenop-

mocquerysi (Atopomyr-

ligniperclus (Campo-

sis), 157.

mex), 189.

notus;, 347.

mandibularis (Strumi-

modesta (Acantholepis),

lindgreeni (Liometo-

genys), 147.

317.

puu'), 290.

Mank-a, 265

moelleti (Lobopella), 67.

Liometopum, 289.

margarittc (Mynnica),

moelleri (Myopupone),

Liomyrniex, 198.

267.

34.

Liopouera, 26.

marginata (Formica),

moelleri (Plagiolepis),

Lobopelta, 54.

369.

321.

longi (yEuictus), 13.

uiarginatns (Campo-

mogdiliani (Cremasto-

longi (Monomorium),

notus), 369.

gaster), 144.

203.

martini (^Enictus), 17.

mogdiliani (Teclmo-

longi (Odontomachus),

maternus (Ectomomyr-

myrn.ex), 302.

49.

inex) 87.

moggridgei (Dolicho-

longiceps (Sima), 115.

mayri (Polyrhachis;, 404,

dei-us), 297.

longicornis (Dorylus), 4.
longicornis (Formica),
326.

405.

megacephala (Formica),
242.

Monomorium, 199.
montanus (/Enictus), 18.
uionticola (Camponotus),

longicornis (Prenolenis),

megacephala (Phidole),

364.

326.

242.

monticola (Odontoma-

longifossatus (Anoche-

melanaria (Mesoponera),

chus), 48.

tus), 40.

100.

mucronatus (Merano-

longipes (Aphamogaster),

melanaria (Ponera), 100.

plus), 168.

27-'.

melanocephala (For-

multidens (Phidole), 257.

longipes (Formica), 320.

mica), 304.

mus (Phidole), 242.

longipes (Myrraica), 272.

melanocephalum (Tapi-

musculus (Triglvpho-

longipos (Plagiolepis),

noma), 304.

thrix), 173.

320.
longitarsus (Lioponera),

melanogaster (Preno-
lepis). 327.

inutata ( Poly rachis), 399.
mutata (Polyrhachid),

26, 27.
Lopbomyrmex, 194.

nielligera (Myrmeco-
cystus), 312.

399.
mut.icus (Cataulacus),

lucidula (Leptogenvs), 66.
lucidula (Lobopelta), 66.
lucinda (Chrysis), 458.

mendax (Camponotns),
370.
mendicalis (Chrysis), 451.

124.
mu*icus (Holcomyrmex),
284.

luciolae (Acanthomyr-

Meranoplus, 166.

mutilloides (Campo-

mex), 191, 192.

meridionalis (Bothrio-

notus), 376.

luctnosa (Myrmica), 212.

myrmex), 305.

Myopias, 103.

lugubre (llcdychruui),

Mesoponera, 99.

Myopopone, 33.

430.

Mcsior, 277.

uiyops (Anochetuif), 40.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

503

myopa (Bothriomyrmex),

oblongus (Camponotus),

parvinoda (Cardiocon-

300.

358.

dyla), 288.

Myrmecia, 38, 40.

obscura (Chrysis), 492.

peguensis (.Enictus), 22.

Myrmecina. 197.

obecura (Hexachrysis),

peguensis (Phidole), 258.

Mynnecinffi, 105. .
.' Myrmecocystus, 312.

492.
obscurata (Mynnica),

pellens (Cremastogasler),
147.

Myrmica, 205.
Myrmicaria, 117.

213.
obscurior (Odontoma-

pellucida (Myrmica), 304.
pensylvanicus (Campo-

Myrmoteras, 313.

chus), 48.

notus), 370.

mysticum (Mystrium),

obtusa (Formica). 376.

perelegans (Cremasto-

35.

obtusata (Polyrhachis),

gaster), 142.

Mystrium, 35.

409.

perf'ecta (Chrysis), 471.

ocelli fera (Lobopelta), 57.

perversum (Hedychri-

nana (Formica), 304.

ocellifera (Pheidole), 162.

dium), 424.

nanus (Phidologitoi)),

Ocodoma, 160, 194.

petiolata (Sima), 113.

165.
naorojii (Phklole), 231.

oculata (Chrysis), 488.
oculata (Hexachrysis),

petiolata (Tetraponera),
113.

naorojii (Prenolepis),

488.

peuqueti (Lobopelta), 71.

331.

Odontomachus, 38, 46.

pharaonis (Formica),

nicobarensis (Campo-

Odontoponera, 72.

202.

notus), 364.

(Ec..phylla, 310.

pharaonis (Monomo-

nietneri (Anochetus), 44.

cedipus (Polyrhachis),

rium), 202.

nietneri (Odontomachus),

398.

Pheidole, 220.

44.

Oligomyrmex, 152.

Pheidologeton, 160.

nietneri (Phidole), 245.

Omalus, 419.

Phidole, 220.,

niger (Lasius), 338, 340.

Oocersea, 31.

Phidologeton, 160.

nigra (Eciton), 110.

opuca (Acantholepis),

Phidologiton, 160.

nigra (Sima), 110, 114.

318.

phipsoni (Phidole), 238.

nigricana (Dolichoderus),

opacinodis (Lobopelta),

phipsoni (Polyrhachist),

297.

62.

389.

nigrita (Brachyponera),

opaciventris (Campo-

phyllophilus (Polyra-

102.

notus), 376.

chis), 397.

nigrita (Ponera), 102.

orientale (Monomoriura),

Physatta, 117.

nigriventris (Hetero-

207.

physothorax (Cremasto-

ccelia), 418.

orientalis (Chrysis), 460,

gaster), 146.

nila (Chrysis), 441.

485.

pilosum (Tetramorium),

nirvana) (Camponotus),

orientalis (Dorylus), 4.

186.

377.
nitens (Preuolepis), 325.

orientalis (Hexachrysis),
485.

pilosum (Xiphomyrmex)
(Tetramorium), 1S6,

nitens (Solenopsis), 160.
nobile (Hedychrum), 427.

orientalis (Pyria), 485.
orissana (Triglyphothrix),

187.
piltzi (.Enictus), 18.

Notozus, 419.

174.

pissina (Plagiolepis), 324.

nuda (Cardiocondyla),

plagiaria (Phidole), 261.

287.

pachycerus (^Emctus), 20.

Hugiolepis, 319.

nuda (Leptothorax), 287.

pachycerus (Eciton), 20.

Platythyrea, 73.

nugatrix (Chrysis), 450.

Pachychondyla, 73, 85,

politula (Cn-masto-

nursei (Chrysis), 463.
nursei (Holopyga), 423.
nursei (Tetramorium),

95, 99, 101.
pallida (Formica), 357.
pallidus (Cauiponotus),

gaster), 131.
Polyrhachis, 382.
Ponera, 88.

181.

357.

Ponerimc, 23.

piillinodis (Myrmica),

Prenolepis, 325.

213.

prinoeps (Anochetus),

oberthuri (Alaopone), 4.

palliseri (Lobopelta), 63.

45.

obesa (Triglyphothrix),
173.

pandarus (Polyracbw),
393.

principalis (Chrysis), 490.
principalis (Hexuchrysis),

obesuiu (Tetramoriuui),
173.

paria (Camponotus), 364.
paria (Chrysis), 455.

490.
prismaticus (Campono-

obliterata (Chrysis), 400.

Parnopes, 495.

tus), :366.

obliterata (Tetrachrysis),
460.
oblonga (Formica), 358.

Parnopiiia?, 495.
parva (Lioponera), 27.
parva (Phidole), 244.

Pristomvrmex, 193.
pronotalis (Phidole), 239.
providens (Phidoh-). 220.

504

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

proxima (Polyrhacliis),

rastellata (Polyrhachis),

rufa (Myrmica) (Cremas-

405.

414.

togaster), 146.

pminosa (Leptogei.ys),
53.

rastrata (Polyrhachiri),
412.

rufa (Solenopsis), 159.
rufibarbis (Formica), 335.

Pseudolasius, 337.

recurvispino?a (Trigono-

rufipes (Bothroponera),

Pseudomyrma, 107.

gaster), 285.

9(>.

Pseudopouera, 91.

redtenbacheri (Cainpo-

rnfipes (Eciton). 116.

pubescens (jEnictus), 10.

notu#), 3(i3.

rufipes (Ponera), 96.

pubescens (Colobopsis),

relucens (Polyrhachis),

rufoglauca (Formica),

344.

404.

363.

pubescens (Hemioptica),

reticulatus (Camponotus),

rufoglaucus (Campo-

381.

372.

notus), 363, 364.

pubescens (Polvrhachis),

rhombinoda (Phidole),

rufonigra (Eciton), 103.

381.

250.

rufonigra (Sima), 108.

pulchella (Acantholepis),

Rhoptromyrmex, xii,

rufula (Mvopopone), 33.

318.

175.

rugifrons (Myrmica),212.

pumila (Chrysogona),
431.

risii (Cerapacliys), 29.
ritae (Myrmica), 2(57.

rugosa (Holopyga), 425.
rugosa (Myrmica), 268.

punctata(Aphsenogaster),

rixosus (Odontomachus),

rugosa (Phidole), 249.

barbara, Tar., 279.

48.

rusrosum (Diacamma),

punctata (Platvthvrea),

roberti (Lobopelta), 6S.

75. 80.

73.

roberti (Phidole), 259.

rugosum (Tledychri-

punctatissimus (Campo-

rogenhoferi (Cremasto-

dium), 425.

notus), 370.

gaster), 141.

rugosum (Heclychrum),

punctatostriata (Vollen-

rogeri (Plagiolepis), 324.

425.

hovia), 213.

rogeri (Trichomyrmex),

rugosum race cyaniventre

punctillata (Polyrhachis),

214.

(Uiafamraa), 78.

409, 410.

rogersi (Phidole), 258.

rupestris(Myrmica), 269.

punctiventris (Anoche-

rothneyi (Amblyopone),

rupicapra (Polyrhachis),

tus), 41.

37.

389.

punctiventris ( Lobo-

rothneyi (A phacnogaster),

pelta), 64.

273.

sagei (./Enictus), 17.

piinctulatus (Odonto-

rothneyi (Colobopsis),

sagei (Aphtenogaster),

niachus), 49.

346.

275.

punensis (/Enictus), 21.
punensis (Phidole), 252.

rothneyi (Cremasto-
gaster), 140.

sagei (Cremastogaster),
135.

pungrns (Pristomyrmex),

rothneyi (Diacamma),

sagei (Monomorium),

193.

81.

203.

purpuratus (Eucbroeus),

rothneyi (Leptothorax),

sagei (Phidole), 243.

494.

217.

sagei (Platythyrea), 74.

pygmrca (Plagiolepis),

rothneyi (Meranonlus),

sagei (Stenamma), 275.

319.

170.

Salomon!* (Monomo-

Pvraniica, 147.

rothneyi (Oligomyrmex),

rium), 205.

Pyria, 434.

156.

saltator (Drepanogna-

quadrispinosus (Lopho-

rothneyi (Plagiolepis),

thus), 49, 50.
saltator (Harpegnathus),

myrmex), 194, 195.

rothneyi (Stenamma),

50.

quadrispinosus (Oco-
doma), 195.

273.
rothnevi (Stigmatomma),

salvatum (Tetramorium),
180.

quterita (Cbrysis), 444.

37. '

sandaracata (Chrysis),

quettaensis (Chrysis),

rothneyi (Tetramorium'),

466.

457.

177.

sanguinea (Formica),

rotsohana (Phidole), 264.

336.

rabula (Cremastogaster),

rubiginosa (Bothropo-

saraksensis (Chrvsis),

130.

nera), 99.

475.

radial us (Camponotus),

rubiginosa (Ponera), 99.

sarasinornm (Lobopelta),

371.

rubra (Myrmica), 265.

62.

raja_ (Oligomyrmex),

rubripes (Camponotus),
357.

sardous (Aphainogaster),
270.

rnnsonneti (Cremasto-

rudis (Anochetus), 41.

saundersi (Colobopsis),

gaster), 1I57.

rufa (Formica), 333.

346.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

scabriceps (Holcomyr-

simoni (Aneuretus), 290,

striiitidens (Triglypho-

mex), 280, 282.

291.

thrix), 173, 174.

scabrum (Tetramorium),

simoni (Cataulacus), 123.

striativentris (Phidole),

185.

simplex (Acantholepis),

253.

scalpratum (Diacamma),

317.

striatorugosa (Poly-

77.

simplex (Polyrhachis),

rhachis), 407.

scalpratum (Ponera), 77.

394.

striatula (Leptogenys),

schioedtei (Chrysis), 489.

singalensis (Chrysis),

63.

schioedtei (Hexachrysis),
schurri (Aphaenogaster),

453.

singalensis (Trichrysis),
453.

striatula (Lobopelta), 63.
stricta (Colobopsis), 343.
stricta (Formica), 343.

274.

singularis (Formica),

Strumigenys, 147.

schnrri (Leptothorax),

373.

subcarinata (Myrme-

218.

siva (Clirysis), 489.

caria), 119.

schurri (Monomorium),

siva (Hexachrysis), 489.

subnuda (Cremastogas-

203.

smaragdina (CEcophylla),

ter), 129, 131.

schurri (Stenamma),

3nr

subnudus (Camponotus\

274.

smaragdina (Formica),

rubripes, race, 357.

scioensis (Chrysis), 454.

311.

subpilosa (Polyrhachis),

scioensis (Trichrysis),

smithi (Tetramorium),

410.

454.

188.

subtilis (Sima), 113.

scissa (Hemioptica), 380.

smythiesi (Aphsenogas-

sulcata (Bothroponera),

scissa (Polyrhachis), 380.

ter), 276.

98.

sculptum (Diacamma),

smythiesi (Cremastogas-

sulcata (Ponera), 98.

80.

ter), 139.

sulcaticeps (Dolicho-

sculptum (Ponera), 80.
scutellaris (Creruasto-

smythiesi (Myrmica),
269.

derus >, 293.
sulcaticeps (Hypoclinea),

gaster), 124.

smythiesi (Phidole), 227.

293.

sedilloti (Anoehetus), 42.

smythiesi (Polyrhachis),

sulcaticeps (Pheidole),

selectum (Hedychridium),

409.

252.

426.

smvfchiesi (Prenolepis),

sulcaticeps (Phidole), 251 :

selene CPolyrhachis),

330.

sulcato-tesserinoda (Bo-

408.

smythiesi (Stenamma),

throponera), 99.

semiauratus (Cleptes),

276.

sulcinodis (Cerapachvu),

417.

smythiesi (Struuiigenys),

30.

semirufus (Dolichoderus),

149.

sumatrensis (Polyrha-

296.

Solenopsis, 157.

chis), 406.

scimarensis (Brachypo-

soror (Cremastogaster),

sundaicus (Ectomomyr-

nera), 101.

134.

mex), 86.

sepulchralis (Phidole),

Spalacomyrmex, 93.

sykesi (Phidole), 240.

255.

spathit'era (Phidole),

Syscia, 31.

seraxeusis (Chrysis), 475.

232.

sericea (Acantholepis),
316.

specuLiris (Monomori-
um), 211.

Tapinoma, 303.
taprobanaj (Oataulacus),

sericea (Formica), 376.
sericeus (Camponotus),
370, 376.

speculata (Chrysis), 465.
Sphinctomynnox, 24.
spiniger (Polyrhachis),

120, 123.
taprobame (Dolicho-
derus), 29(5.

setipes (Myrmecocystus),

394.

taprobamw (Formic p.

312.

splemlidum (Stilbum),

29(5.

shanghaiensis (Chrysis),

433.

taprobamu (Pheidole),

477.
sharpi (Phidole), 234.
shuckardi (^Enictus), 12.

stSli (Sphinctoinyrmex),

!a*r*

Stereomyrmex, 218.

1(52.
taprobanaj (Phitlolo), 2.-. 1.
taylori (Anocholus), 4:5.

siemsseiii (Camponotus),
361.

Stictoponera, 82.^

taylori (Oauipouotus),
353.

Sima, 107.

Stilbum, 432. '

taylori (Leptothorox),

eimillima (Ponera), 91.
simillimum (Myrmica),
185.

8trenua(Technorayrmcx),
300.
striata (Myrmeciua), 198.

216.
taylori (Phidole), 258.
taylori (Prenolepis;, 328.

simillimum (Tetramo-
rium), 185.

striata (Polyrhachis),
405.

Uiylori (Sphinctomyr-
mex), 25.

VOL. 11.

"2L

500

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Technomynnex, 300.

Tubulifera, 415.

wood-in asoni (Phidole),

templaria (Phidole), 244.
tenella(Polyrhachis))388.
tesserinoda (Bothropo-
nera), 97.

typhla (Syscia), 31.
Typhlatta, 6.
Typhlopone, 1.

241.

wroughtoni (^Enictus),
16.
wroughtoni (Bothrio-

tesserinoda (Ponera), 97.
testacea (Amblyopone),
104.
testacea (Colobopsis),

vagans (Diacamma), 81.
vagans (Ponera), 81.
varians (Camponotus),
377.

myrmex), 307.
wroughtoni (Campono-
tus), 372.
wroughtoni (Cardiocon-

347.
testacea (Cryptopone),
104.

variegata (Formica), 359.
variegatus (Camponotus),

dyla), 287.
wroughtoni (Chrysis),
443.

Tetramorium, 175.
Tetraponera, 107.
thagatensis (Sima), atten-

359.
vastator (Myrmica), 209.
venator (Drepanogna-
thus), 51.

wroughtoni (Cremasto-
gaster), 128.
wroughtoni (Emeriya),

uata, Tar., 112.
thalia (Chrysis), 462.

venator (Harpegnathus),
51.

287.
wroughtoni (Hedychridi-

thompsoni (Polyrhachis),
391.
thraso (Camponotus),
356.
thrinax (Polyrhachis),
410.

ventralis (Formica), 355.
ventralis (Holopyga),
421.
venus (Polyrhachis), 392.
versicolor (Diacamma),
on

um), 425.
wroughtoni (Monomori-
um), 204.
wroughtoni (Phidole),
247.
wroughtoni (Plagiolepis),

tibialis (Polyrhachis),
396.

oU.
viaticus (Myrmecocys-
*»i«\ ^n *) *4i ^

321.

wroughtoni (Platythy-

timidum (Hedychrum),

428.

1 usj, ».j 1 „, olo.
vicina (Polyrhachis),

QQ£

rea), 75.
wroughtoni (Polyrha-

tiiuidus (Ellampus), 420.
tincta (Formica), 379.

Ot/O.

victoria: (Platythyrea),

7K

chis), 401.
wroughtoni (Ponera), 91.

tortuosum (Tetramori-
um), 188.

/O.

villosus (Meranoplus),

wroughtoni (Ehoptro-
myrmex), 177.

transversa (Odontopo-
nera), 72, 73.

168.
virescens (CEcophylla),

wroughtoni (Solenopsis),
159.

transversa (Ponera\ 73.
transversarium (Tetra-
.morium), 183.

310.
viridis (Parnopes), 495.
Yollenhovia, 213.

wroughtoni (Tetramori-
um), 177.

travancorensis (Cremas-
togaster), 134.

walshi (Bothriomyrmex),

Xiphomyrmex, 175.

triacantha (Chrysis), 453.
triacantha (Trichrysis),
453.

306.
walshi (Cremastogaster),
136.

yeensis (Phidole), 252.
yerburyi (Anochetus), 42.

Trichomyrmex, 214.

walshi (Triglyphothrix),

yerburyi (Camponotus),

Triglyphothrix, 171.

171, 172.

372.

Trigonogaster, 285.

wasmanni (Camponotus),

yerburyi (Lobopelta), G9.

truncata (Colobopsis),
342.

375.
watsoni (Lobopelta), 72.

yerburyi (Phidole), 235.
yerburyi (Polyrhachis),

truncata (Ponera), 90.

watsoni (Phidole), 237.

406.

truncicola (Formica),

watsoni (Plagiolepis),

yerburyi (Prenolepis),

334.

322.

329.

tuberculatum (Ectatom-

westwoodii (^Enictus),

yerburyi (Tetramorium),

ma), 82.

10.

187.

tubericeps (Polyrhachis),

wood-niasoni (Lobopel-

ypsilon (Polyrhachis),

391.

ta), 62.

387.

PRINTED DY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COCRT. FLEET STREET.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Clii'ysis fuscipennis, Brulle, tf p. 4(57.

„ 2. Chrysis lusca, Fabr., $ p. 484.

,, 3. Chrysis f/ujaratica, Nurse, $ p. 456.

„ 4. Chrysis singalensis, Mocsary, $ p. 453.

„ 5. Hedychrum flammulatum, Smith, tf p. 429.

„ 6. Stilbum cyanurum, var. splendidum, Fabr., $ . . p. 433.

„ 7. Chrysis greeni, Bingham, $ p. 459.

„ 8. ffedychridium perversum, Nurse, <5 p. 424.

„ 9. Chrysis elizabethce, Bingham, $ p. 449.

„ 10. Chrysis abuensis, Nurse, $ p. 446.

„ 11. Ellampus timidiis, Nurse, d" p. 420.

,, 12. Chrysis principalis, Smith, 2 p. 490.

., 13. Chrysis imperiosa, Smith, <3 p. 479.

„ 14. Chrysis annulata, du Buyssou, $ p. 457.

„ 15. Chrysis ocidata, Fabr., 5 p. 488.

„ 16. Holopyya nursei, Biugham, $ p. 423.

Hymenoptera Vol. II.

Plate I.

16

Horace Knight, del.

Antirt «• Sleigh. Ltd., Dushey.

HE LIBS ART
"Tf 'CALIFORNIA
)3 AISLES

A 000 28E