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QUARTERLY J OURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.
EDITED BY
WILLIAM LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., F.ZS.
VOL. VEIoAgTS:
TENTH SERIES. ;
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.
PUBLISHED BY THE
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION
AND SOLD BY
WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND,
LONDON, W.C. 2.
1918, # ‘
{
(b4 1030)
\ N
CT a} Mev”
* SO ’ in hae
all }
vul STi fy ae
Up.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
Sx7F AOS 4X
Gee
PREFACE.
THE present number of ‘ Tue Isis’ is the two hundred
and twenty-fourth, and completes the tenth series, and
with its issue the Editor wishes to thank his numerous
contributors for the support they have given him in
these difficult times. The Editor believes that the
papers and other communications contained in the
present series will compare favourably with those
of the previous series, notwithstanding the unprece-
dented events which are taking place throughout the
world, and which have turned men’s minds away
from the peaceful pursuits of ornithological and
other scientific researches.
It is his hope, as doubtless it is that of all the
other Members of the British Ornithologists’ Union,
that peace will come soon, and we shall all be able to
give our undivided attention to our favourite study —
the advancement of Ornithology.
Wools s:
DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF
‘THE IBIS’ FOR 1918.
TENTH SERIES.
VOLUME VI.
Number 1. issued January 22nd.
2. April 9th.
July 15th.
~October 15th.
H OD
‘LIST OF THE MEMBERS
OF THH
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION.
1918.
[An asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested that
Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their
addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected. ]
Date of
Election.
1916. Apams, Ernest Epwarp; Lloyd’s, Royal Exchange, E.C. 3.
1914, Atpwortn, Capt. THomas Preston.
1911. Atexanper, Horace Gunpry; 3 Mayfield Road, Tunbridge
‘Wells, Kent.
1888. Apiin, OtrveR Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon.
1896. ArcuiBaLp, Cuartes F.; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,
Leeds, Yorks.
1896. ArRicont DEGLI Opp1, Count Errorn, Professor of Zoology,
University, Padua; and Ca’oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy.
1901. Arunpet, Major Watrer B., F.Z.S.; High Ackworth, Ponte-
fract, Yorks.
1915. Asusy, Epwin ; Wittunga, Blackwood, Adelaide, S. Australia.
1901. Asupy, Herserrt; Broadway House, Brookvale Road,
Southampton.
1908. AsnwortH, Jonn Wattwork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.GS.,
F.G.S.; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near Stockport,
Cheshire.
1918. Astiny, ArtHuR; Freshfield, Ambleside.
1897. Asttny, Husert Denavat, M.A., F.Z.8.; Brinsop Court,
Hereford.
1885. Bacxnousr, James, F.Z.8.; The Old Manor House
Knaresborough. Yorks.
1904. Baur, Puirie Hernricu, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.Z.8.; 12 Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, W. 8.
SER. X.—VOL. VI. a
Date of
Election.
15 1901.
1892.
1901.
1906.
1890.
20 1885.
1903.
1906.
1912.
1913.
25 1912.
1910.
1897.
1897.
1917.
30 1914.
1907.
1907.
1880.
1892.
35 1891.
1913.
vi
Barnwarp, Col. Artaur Cxurcaitt, F.Z.S. (R.F.A.) ;
64 Victoria Street, S.W. 1.
Baxer, E. C. Srvarr, J.P., F.Z.S8., F.L.S.; 6 Harold Road,
Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19. (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.)
Baxnr, Joun O., M.B., B.A.; Ceely House, Aylesbury,
Bucks.
Bannerman, Davin A., B.A., F.R.G.S.; 6 Palace Gardens
Terrace, Kensington, W. 8.
Barciay, Francis Husnrt, F.Z.8.; The Warren, Cromer,
Norfolk.
Barctay, Hue Gurney, F.Z.S.; Colney Hall, Norwich,
Norfolk.
Bartets, Max.; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaat (Preanger), Java,
Dutch East Indies. ;
Bares, Grorce L., C.M.Z.S.; Bitye, vid Yaunde, Cameroon,
West Africa.
BaxenpALE, Francis Ricuarp Saxissury ; Commissioner of
Famagusta, Cyprus.
Baynes, Groren Kunneto; 120 Warwick Street, 8.W. 1.
Begs, Capt. C. Wittiam, C.M.Z.S.; Curator of Birds, New
York Zoological Park, New York, U.S.A.
Brrston, Harry; Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.
Burnson, Joun.
Berry, Witt, B.A., LL.B.; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire.
BertramM-Jones, Joun Writttam ; Kelvedon Hall, Brentwood,
Essex.
Bretuam, Brigadier-General Roper M.; c/o Messrs. Grindlay
& Co., Hornby Road, Bombay, India.
Brrnect, The Hon. Ricwarp, F.Z.S. (Scots Guards); 18 Lower
Seymour Street, W. 1.
Bicxnrton, Wittram, F.Z.S. ; The Firs, Farraline Road, Wat-
ford, Herts.
Bipwett, Epwarp; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street,
E.C. 4.
Brrp, The Rev. Mavricn C. H., M.A.; Brunstead Rectory,
Stalham, 8.0., Norfolk.
Braauw, Frans Erwysr, C.M.Z.8.; Gooilust, ’sGraveland
Hilversum, Noord-Holland.
Brackwoon, Lt. Guorer Grenpinntne, M.C. (Seaforth High-
landers) ; Southwood, Peebles.
55
Date of
Election.
1912.
1903.
1914.
1897.
1905.
1894.
1906.
1898.
1904.
1908.
1918.
1915.
1895.
1909.
1902.
1908.
1899.
1912.
1900.
1907.
1906.
1908.
Vii
Brarnn, Capt. Girsurt, F.Z.S.; 5a The Albany, Piccadilly,
Wet:
Bratuwayt, The Rev. Francis Lintny, M.A.; Melbury
Rectory, Dorchester, Dorset.
Bryrx, Rosarr Oswatp, M.A.; Balvonie, Skelmorlie,
Ayrshire.
Bonar, The Rev. Horatius Niytay, F.Z.S.; 16 Cumin Place,
Edinburgh.
Bonz, Henry PErers.
Bonnorr, Joun Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Zoological
Gardens, Giza, Egypt; and Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel
Hempstead, Herts.
Boorman, Srarnes; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.
Boorn, Groree Arsert; Whalley Range, Longton, Lancs.
Bootn, Harry B.; Ryhill, Ben Rhydding, vid Leeds, Yorks.
Borrer, Crirrorp Datison; 6 Durham Place, Chelsea, 8.W.3.
Boyp, Capt. ARNotp Wurtwortn, M.C. (Lancashire Fusiliers) ;
The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.
Braprorp, Arruur Danny, F.Z.S.; Upton Lodge, Watford,
Herts.
BraprorpD, Sir Jonn Rosr, K.C.M.G., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.,
F.Z.S ; 8 Manchester Square, W. 1.
Briees, Tuomas Henry, M.A., F.E.S.; Rock House,
Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon.
Bristowr, Bertram Arruur; Ashford Farm, Stoke
D’Abernon, Cobham, Surrey.
Broox, Epwarp Jonas, F.Z.S.; Hoddam Castle, Ecclefechan ,
Dumfriesshire.
Brooks, Joun Artuur, J.P.; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield ; and
Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire.
Brown, Tuomas Epwarp; c/o Messrs. G. Beyts & Co., 11 Port
Tewfik, Suez, Egypt.
Broce, Wirriam Spares, LL.D., F.R.S.E.; Scottish Oceano-
graphical Laboratory, Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh.
Bucxiey, Cuartus Mars; 4 Hans Crescent, 8.W. 1.
Bucxnitt, Sir Jonn AtexanperR Srracuey, K.C., M.A.,
F.Z.S.; Chief Justice, Straits Settlements; Nassim Hill,
Singapore ; and Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
Buyyarp, Percy Frepericr, F.Z.S.: 57 Kidderminster Road,
Croydon, Surrey.
at2
60
Date of
Election.
1907.
1899.
- 1900.
65
7O
15
1905.
1912.
1896.
1888.
1909.
1909.
1904.
1908.
1890.
1913.
1882.
1908.
1910.
1918.
1912.
1904.
1916.
1889.
vill
Burter, Arrour Garpiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8.; 124 Beck-
enham Road, Beckenham, Kent.
Burter, Arraur Lennox, F.Z.8.; St. Leonard’s Park,
Horsham, Sussex.
Burrress, Bernard A. E.; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton, ©
Cambridge.
Buxron, AntHony; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
Buxton, Patrick Atrrep; Fairhill, Tonbridge, Kent.
Cameron, Major James S. (2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Regt.);
Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent.
Cameron, Joun Duncan; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,
Kent.
Camppect, Davin Cattenper, J.P.; Templemore Park,
Londonderry, Ireland.
Carroty, CLument JosupH ; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary,
Treland.
CaRRUTHERS, ALEXANDER Dovetas M.; 7 Park Place,
St. James’, S.W. 1.
Carter, Tuomas; Wensleydale, Mulgrave Road, Sutton,
Surrey.
Cave, Capt. Cuartes Jonn Purr, M.A., F.Z.S.; Ditcham
Park, Petersfield, Hants.
Cuarrin, Nucent; The Lodge, Bourne End, Bucks.
Cuasr, Rozsertr Wirrtram; MHerne’s Nest, Bewdley,
Worcestershire.
Cunesman, Roserr E.; c/o F. V. Winch, Esq., North View,
Willesley, Cranbrook, Kent.
Cuups, Cuaries, F.Z.8.; British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, 8.W. 7.
CuusB, Capt. Parrick ArrnuR (3rd K.O.Y.L.1. attached R.E.
Signals, Signal Depét R.E., Hitchin, Herts) ; York Lodge,
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
Crarx, Groner Wriyerrerp, M.A., F.Z.8.; 2 Devana Terrace,
Huntingdon Road, Cambridge.
Crarxn, Major Gotanp van Hott, D.S.0., F.Z.8. ; Chilworth
Court, Romsey, Hants.
Crarkn, Joun Puitip SrepHnnson; Borde Hill, Cuckfield,
Sussex.
Crarxe, Col. Srrpoenson Ropert, C.B., F.Z.S.; Borde Hill,
Cuckfield, Sussex.
1x
Date of
Election,
80 1880. Crarke, Wii11aM Eacir, LL.D., F.LS., F.R.S.E.; Royal
Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. (President.)
1904, Cocurann, Captain Henry Laxn, R.N.; Naval Board,
Melbourne, Australia.
1898. Cocks, Atrrep Henracs, M.A., F.Z.8.; Poynetts, Skirmett,
near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.
1895. Cotes, Ricnarp Epwarp; Rosebank, New. Milton, S.O.,
Hants.
1911. Cotterr, ANTHony Kzuetine; 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s
Inn, W.C. 2,
85 1904. Cottimr, CHartes, F.Z.8.; Bridge House, Culmstock,
Devon ; and Windham Club, St. James’ Square, 8.W. 1.
1916. Conrart, Dr. Henry Nevitte; Field House, Epsom,
Surrey.
1909. Conernve, Major Witt1am Marrtanp (R.A.); The Forest,
Kerry, Montgomeryshire.
1913. Coox, James Pemsurton; Kyambu, British East Africa.
1888. CorpEaux, Major Wittiam Witrrip (late 21st Lancers);
Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury, Kent.
go 1914. Courrois, The Rey. F. L., S.J.; Curator of the Sikawei
Museum, near Shanghai, China.
1913. Cowan, Francis; Wester Lea, Murrayfield, Midlothian.
1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt.; Calke Abbey, Derby.
1917. Cunninenam, Jostas, R.N.V.R.; Fernhill, Belfast.
1916. Currie, AterrNon Jamus; Southlands, Winchester Road,
Worthing, Sussex; and c/o Messrs, A. Scott & Co., Ran-
goon, Burma.
95 1915. Currie, Roperr ALzxanpER (Chinese Customs); The
Custom House, Yochow, by Hankow, China.
1899. Curtis, FrepErtck, F.R.C.S.; Lyndens, Redhill, Surrey.
1896. Danrorp, Major Berrram W. Y., R.E.; c/o Messrs. Cox &
Co., 16 Charing Cross, 8.W. 1.
1883, Davinson, Jamus, F.Z.8.; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin-
burgh.
1905. Davis, K. J. Acron, M.C., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S.; 24 Upper
Berkeley Street, W. 1.
100-1909. Detmi-Rapcuirre, Capt. Atrrep (105th Maratha Light
Infantry); c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Bombay, India.
1902. Dent, Cuartus Hanry; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd.,
Darlington, Durham,
Date of
x
Election.
1916,
1893.
1896.
105
| @ Ke)
115
120
1889.
1904.
1913.
1890.
1904.
1878.
1903.
1914.
1895,
1884,
1902.
1866.
1914.
1879.
1888.
1916,
1892.
1916.
Duseorr, Grusrere, Curator of the Natural History Museum,
The University, Malta.
De Winton, WitrtAm Epwarp, F.Z.8.; Southover Hall,
Burwash, Sussex.
Dossre, James Bett, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; 12 South Inverleith
Terrace, Edinburgh.
Dosir, Wittram Henry, M.R.C.S.; 2 Hunter Street,
Chester.
Draxu-Brockman, Ratrpuw LEveryn, M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.,
F.Z.8.; c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54 Parliament Street,
Se Wark.
Drommonp, James, F.LS., F.Z.8.; ‘Lyttelton Times,’
Christchurch, New Zealand.
Drummonp-Hay, Col, Jamzs A. G. R.- (Coldstream Guards);
Segegieden, by Perth.
Duckwortu, Grore¢n Hursert; Dalingridge Place, vid East
Grinstead, Sussex.
Durnrorp, W. Artuur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Barnsley, Yorks.
Earuz, Enwarp Vavasour ; 47 Lancaster Gate, W. 2.
Epwarps, Lavrence Atsrerr Curtis, M.A.
Etzrot, Epmunp A. S., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge,
South Devon.
Exiiorr, AneErnon, C.1.E.; 16 Belsize Grove, Hamp-
stead, N.W. 3.
Ex.ison, The Rey. Atay, M.A.; Althorpe Rectory, Doncaster,
Yorks.
Ewes, Henry Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire.
Erseriper, Rosert, Junr., C.M.Z.S.; Curator of the
Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia.
Evans, Antoun Humsizr, M.A., F.Z.8.; 9 Harvey Road,
Cambridge.
Evans, Witiiam, F.R.S.E.; 38 Morningside Park, Edin-
burgh,
Ezra, Aurrep, F.Z.8.; 110 Mount Street, W. 1.
Farrsriver, Wittiam Grorez; 141 Long Market Street,
Capetown, South Africa.
Faxiner, Capt. Joan McInrrez, I.M.S., F.R.C.8.; 22 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
* Date of
x1
Election,
- 1909.
1894.
125 1898.
1873.
1908.
1901.
1885.
130 1902.
1912.
1912.
1903.
1880,
135 1887.
185.
1881.
1895.
1909.
140 1881.
1886.
1907.
1900.
1892.
145 1902.
Fansuawe, Capt. Ricnarp D. (late Scots Guards); Broxmore,
Cavendish Road, Bournemouth.
Farquuar, Rear-Admiral Artur Murray, C.V.O.; Granville
Lodge, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
Faraunar, Capt. Sruarr Sr. J., R.N.; Naval & Military
Club, Piccadilly, W. 1.
Frripmn, Col. Henry Wumyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S.; Burwash,
Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W. 1.
Frycu-Davies, Craupn G. (1st 8, African Mounted Riflemen) ;
Windhuk, 8.W.A. Protectorate.
Finuinson, Horace W., F.Z.8.; 5 Rosamond Road, Bedford.
FirzH eRBER1-BrocknoLrs, WiLL1AM JosepH ; Claughton Hall,
Garstang, Lancashire.
Frowrr, Major Srantey Smyru, F.Z.8.; Kedah House,
Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
Fuoyp, James Francois Murray, B.A.; The University,
Glasgow.
Fostrr, Arraur H., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.; Sussex House,
88 Tilehouse Street, Hitchin, Herts.
Foster, Nevin Harxnuss, F.L.S., M.R.LA.; Hillsborough,
Co. Down, Ireland.
Fosrur, Witt1am ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater, W. 11.
Fow ier, Witt1am Warp, M.A.; Lincoln College, Oxford.
Fox, The Rey. Henry Extiorr, M.A.; The Croft, Lytton
Grove, Putney Hill, S.W. 15.
Frexs, Percy Evans; South Point, Limes Road, Folkestone.
Frouawk, Frepnrick Witr1am, F.E.S.; Uplands, Thunders-
ley, Essex.
Frost, Witu1am Epwarp, J.P.; Ardvreck, Crieff, Perthshire.
Gapow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8.; Cleramendi, Great
Shelford, near Cambridge.
GarnsporoucH, Cuartes WitiiAm Francis, Earl of ; Exton
Park, Oakham, Rutland.
Ganpotri, Atronso OrHo Ganpotri-Hornyrotp, Duke, Ph.D. ;
Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire.
Garner, Caoarras, F.Z.S.; Greathouse, Chippenham, Wilts ;
and New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. 1.
GeRRARp, Joun ; Silverdale, Worsley, near Manchester, Lanes.
Grssins, Witt Bevrneton, F.Z:S. ; Ettington, Stratford-
on-Avon, Warwickshire,
150
155
160
xil
Date of
Election.
1879. Grsson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.; c/o Senores Lock-
wood y Cia, 654 Rivadavia, Buenos Ayres.
1902. Gittman, Arruur Kitny; Heath Vale, Farnham, Surrey.
1903. Guapsrone, Capt. Huen Srevarr, M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.S.E.,
F.S.A.Scot.; Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire; and
40 Lennox Gardens, 8.W. lL.
1908. Gopman, Lt.-Col. Epwarp Suirtny (2nd Dorset Regiment) ;
Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex.
*1858. Gopman, Freperick DuCane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.Z.8.; 45 Pont
Street, S.W.1; and South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex.
(Gold Medallist.)
*1858.Gopman, Percy Sanpen, B.A., C.M.Z.S.; Hampsteel,
Cowfold, Sussex. (G'old Medallist.)
1906. Goopatt, Jrrem1sH Marruews ; The Nest, Bembridge, Isle of
Wight.
1900. Gooprettow, Watrsr, F.Z.S.; The Poplars, Kettering,
Northants.
1906. Gorpon, Snron Pavt, F.Z.8.; Auchintoul, Aboyne,
Aberdeenshire.
1912. Gossz, Capt. Puiiip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.; Curtle-
mead, Beaulieu, Hants.
1899. Goutp, Francis Herserr Carruruers, F.Z.8.; Matham
Manor House, Kast Molesey, Surrey.
1895. Graspuam, Oxtey, M.A.; The Museum, York.
1909, Granr, Cravpr Henry Baxrer, F.Z.S. (6th Battn. Rifle
Brigade) ; 2 Lebanon Gardens, West Hill, Wandsworth,
S.W. 18; and Sports Club, St. James’ Square, 8.W. 1.
1918. Grant, Francis; Dept. Public Works, 14 Churchill Road,
Rangoon, Burma.
1913. Greenine, Linnazvs, F.LS., F.Z.S.; Fairlight, Grappenhall,
Cheshire.
1909. Grey or Fatropen, The Rt. Hon. Epwarp, The Viscount,
K.G., P.C., F.Z.8.; Falloden, Christon Bank, R.S.0., —
Northumberland.
1906, Grirrirx, ArtHur Fosrur; 59 Montpellier Road, Brighton,
Sussex. :
1885. GuittemarD, Francis Henry Hitt, M.A., M.D., F.Z.8.; Old
Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge.
1908. Gurnny, Gerarp Hupson, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Keswick Hall,
Norwich, Norfolk.
165
170
175
180
xiii
Date of
Election.
1870. Gurney, Joun Henry, F.Z.8.; Keswick Hall, Norwich; and
Athenzum Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
1896. Guryny, Rosert, F.Z.8.; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham,
Norfolk.
1891. Hateu, Grorcr Henry Caton, F.Z.8.; Grainsby Hall, Great
Grimsby, Lincolnshire.
1887. Hatnes, Joun Purypern Witron; 17 King Street,
Gloucester.
1898. Harz, The Rev. Jamus Rasuteteu, M.A.; Boxley Vicarage,
Maidstone, Kent.
1905. Hamerton, Lt.-Col. Albert Edward, D.S8.0., R.A.M.C.,
F.Z.8.; c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Place,
SW,
1913. Harpy, Capt. Ernust Curirrorp, R.N.; Hydrographic
Department, Admiralty, Whitehall, 8.W. 1.
1900. Harerer, Epmunp Witi1am, F.Z.S.; P.O. Box 86, Calcutta,
India.
1900. Harris, Henry Epwarp.
-1893. Harrert, Ernst J.O., Ph.D., F.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum,
Tring, Herts.
1868. Hartine, James Epmunp, F.Z.8.; Portmore Lodge, Wey-
bridge, Surrey.
1893. Hartmann, Wittram; Milburn, Esher, Surrey.
1900. Hastuck, Percy Prpiry Harrorp; The Wilderness, South-
gate, N.
1898. Hawker, Richarp Macponne.t, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover
Street, W. 1; and c/o Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 96 Bishops-
gate, E.C. 2.
1905. Hawxsnaw, Joun Crarxe, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.G.S,; Holly-
combe, Liphook, Hants; and 33 Great George Street,
Westminster, S.W. 1.
1905. Huapitny, Freperick Wess, M.A., F.Z.S8.; Haileybury
College, Hertford.
1918. Herzert, Lieut. Eowarp Grevite, R.A.F.; c/o Messrs. Cox
&-Co., R.A.F. Branch, 111 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2.
1902, Herr, Guorrrey Sxccomsn, M.B., F.Z.S.; 8 Wimpole
Street, W. 1.
1913. Huewirr, Joun, M.A.; Director of the Albany Museum,
Grahamstown, South Africa.
1900. Hits, Lt.-Col. Jonw Wattnr; 98 Mount Street, W. 1.
XIV
Date of |
Election. ;
185 1884. Hozpsworrn, Cuartus Jamus, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge, |
Cheshire.
1912. Hony, Grorezn Barnurst; 4 Beaufort Road, Clifton,
Bristol.
1905. Horxtnson, Emirtus, M.B., D.S.0., F.Z.8.; 45 Sussex Square,
Brighton, Sussex; and South Bank Province, Gambia,
West Africa.
1916. Horwoon, Cyrrit (Indian Forests); c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook
& Son, Rangoon, Burma,
1888. Horsrietp, Hurpurt Kyieut; Crescent Hill, Filey, Yorks.
190 1895. Howarp, Hunry Extor, F.Z.S.; Clarelands, near Stourport,
Worcestershire. (Committee.)
1881. Howarp, Roserr James; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lanca-
shire.
1911. Hupson, Epwarp; 15 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. 1.
1911. Hupson, Reeinatp; 16 Warwick Road, Stratford-on-Avon.
1918. Inexis, Coartes Matcorm; Baghownie Factory, Laheria,
Serai P.O. Behar, India.
195 1901. Iveram, Capt. Cottinewoop, F.Z.S. ; Forest House, Westgate-
on-Sea, Kent.
1902, Lynus Bry, Dr. Watrsr Francis; Curator of the Zoological
Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
1913. Inepatz, Tom; 39 Northcote Avenue, Ealing, W. 5.
1888. Jackson, Sir Freperick Joun, C.B., K.C.M.G., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ;
The Red House, Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
1892. James, Henry AsHwortu, F.Z.S.; Hurstmonceux Place,
Hailsham, Sussex.
200 1896. Jussn, Witttam, B.A., F.Z.S.; Meerut College, Meerut,
India.
1891. Jounsron, Sir Harry Hamirton, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z8. ;
St. John’s Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex.
1905. Jounstonn, Epwin Jamus, F.Z.8.; Burrswood, Groombridge,
Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
1900. Jonus, Major Henry, F.Z.8. (late 62nd Regt.); 41 Vineyard
Hill Road, Wimbledon Park, 8.W. 19.
1909. Jonzs, Fleet-Surgeon Kennern Hourtsronn, M.B., Ch.B.,
F.Z.8., R.N.; Medical Transport Office, Royal Naval
Barracks, Chatham. :
205 1899. Jourpain, The Rey. Francis Coartes Rosert, M.A.; Apple-
ton Rectory, Abingdon, Berks,
Date ot
Election,
1902.
1880.
1894.
1897.
‘ato 1904.
1914.
1891.
1895.
1902.
o15 1910
220 1881.
xv
Joy, Norman Houmpert, M.R.C.S., LR.C.P.; Theale,
Berks.
Keruam, Brigadier-General Henry Rozerr, C.B. (late High-
land Light Infantry); Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall,
SAW 2
Ketsatt, Lt.-Col. Harry Josrpu, R.A.; c/o Messrs. Cox &
Co., 16 Charing Cross, 8.W. 1.
Kerrsatt, The Rey. Jonn Epwarp, M.A.; Milton Rectory,
New Milton, Hants.
Kntso, Jonn Epwarp Harry, M.D.; Braeside, Edgewood,
Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia.
Kunnepy, Joun Nosin, M.C., R.G.A.; The Manse, Port
Patrick, Wigtownshire, Scotland; and c/o Messrs, Cox
& Co., 16 Charing Cross, 8.W. 1.
Kerr, Joun Grauam, F.RS., F.Z.8., Regius Professor of
Zoology ; 9 The University, Glasgow.
Kinesrorp, Witni1am Epwarp ; Cairo, Egypt.
Kinnear, Norman Boyp, C.M.Z.8.; Bombay Natural History
Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
Kuioss, Cxciz Boprn, F.Z.8S., F.R.A.I.; Assistant Di-
rector of Museums, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay
States.
?
. Laiptaw, Tuomas Gepprs; Bank of Scotland House,
Duns, Berwickshire.
. Lampert, Goprrey Cuarxes ; Woodcote, Esher, Surrey.
. Lamparp-VacHELL, Brngamin Garner; 49 Knightsbridge,
me WW de
. Laneton, Herzsert; St. Moritz, 61 Dyke Road, Brighton,
Sussex.
Lascettes, The Hon. Grratp Wittian, F.Z.8.; Tillington
House, Petworth, Sussex.
. LaToucuz, Joun Davin Dievuzs, C.M.Z.8.; c/o Custom
House, Shasi, Hupeh Province, China.
. Lemon, Mrs. Marearerra Louisa, F.Z.S.; Hillcrest, Redhill,
Surrey.
. Le Sovir, Duptry, C.M.Z.S.;- Director of the Zoological
Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
. Lizrorp, Jonn, Lord, F.Z.S.; Lilford Hall, Oundle, Northants.
. Lines, Georce Herzpert; Richmond Hill, Cheadle,
Cheshire.
Date of
xvl
Election,
1897.
1908.
1904.
1914.
239 1904.
1905.
1917.
1916.
1897.
235 1899.
1906.
1894.
1906.
1917.
240 1917.
1907.
1904.
1894.
1894.
245 1898.
Lopar, Grorer Evwarp, F.Z.S.; 5 The Studios, Thurloe
Square, 8.W. 7.
Lona, Sypnry Hersert, M.D., F.Z.S.; 31 Surrey Street,
Norwich, Norfolk.
Lows, Capt. Percy R., B.A., M.B., B.C., R.A.M.C.; No. 15
Princess Christian Ambulance Train, B.E.F., France.
Lowz, Wittoveupy Prescorr; Gorsemoor, Throwleigh,
Okehampton, Devon.
Lynzs, Captain Husurr, C.B., C.M.G., R.N.; H.MS.
‘ Warspite,’ c/o G.P.O., London.
McGregor, Perer James Cortgunoun; 43 Castle Street,
Edinburgh.
Mackenzin, Joun Mircwett Doveras, B.A., C.M.Z.S., Indian
Forest Service; c/o Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma,
India; 6 The Circus, Bath.
MackwortH-Pragp, Crriz W. (Scots Guards); Orielton,
Pembroke.
McLean, Joun CuamBers; Waiamu, Puha (vid Gisborne),
New Zealand.
Macmittan, Groner Aveusrin, F.Z.8S.; 27 Queen’s Gate
Gardens, 8S. W. 7.
Macmitran, Witt1am Epwarp Frank; +2 Onslow Square,
Se Wiave
Macezerson, Artaur Hors, F.Z.8.; 21 Campden Hill
Square, Kensington, W. 8.
Maeratu, Lt.-Col. Henry Aveusrus FrepEerick (51st Sikhs,
F.F.); c/o Messrs. H. 8. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W. 1.
Matcomson, Hersert Tuomas; Glenorchy, Knock, Belfast.
Mann, Capt. Epwarp Haminton, M.C., R.H.A.; Junior
United Service Club, Charles Street, S.W. 1.
Mann, THomas Hueu, F.Z.S.; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield,
Sussex.
Marpteron-Broz, Harvey Witiiam, B.A.; Gable End,
Allesley, Coventry.
Marsuatt, ARcHIBALD McLmuan, F.Z.S.; Great Chitcombe,
Brede, Sussex.
Marsuatt, James McLuan, F.Z.8.; Bleaton Hallet, Blair-
gowrie, Perthshire.
Massry, Herrzsert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Man-
chester.
250
255
260
Date of
Election.
1907.
1915.
1915.
1883.
1912.
1899.
1886.
1916.
1903.
1879.
1901.
1914.
1886.
1893.
1892.
1918.
1897.
$911.
1910.
xvii
Martunws, Grecory Macauisrer, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ;
Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants. (Committee.)
Marton, Evstacr Bertie; Enford, Pewsey, Wilts.
May, Wirr1am Normay, M.D.; The White House, Sonning,
Berks.
Mzapre-Waupo, Epmunp Gustavus Buroomrrenp, F.ZS. ;
Hever Warren, Hever, Kent.
Merxiesoun, Major Ronatp Forses, D.S.0. (1st Bn. Royal
Warwickshire Regt.); 38 Queen’s Gate
Savio
MetnertzHaceN, Major Ricwarp, F.Z.8, (Royal Fusiliers) ;
69 Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill, W. 8.
Mitiais, Joun Guitie, F.Z.S.; Compton’s Brow, Horsham,
Sussex.
Mitrarp, Waren Samurz, F.Z.8.; Bombay Natural
History Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
Mitts, The Rev. Henry Horroyp, M.A., F.Z.8.; The
Rectory, St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Road,
Cornwall.
Mircnert, Frepurick Suaw; Hornshaws, Millstream,
B.C., Canada.
Mircnett, P. Cuatmers, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., 1! GSS
F.Z.8.; Secretary to the Zoological Society of London,
Regent’s Park, N.W. 8.
Movtron, Jonn Conny, F.Z.8.; Fort Canning, Singapore,
Straits Settlements.
MurrneaD, Gurorez, F.R.S.E.; Speybank, Fochabers,
Morayshire.
Mouturens, Major Witt1am Herperr, M.A., LL.M., F.ZS.;
Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex.
Monn, Puitte Wineuester, F.Z.8S.; Stourwood Cottage,
Stourwood Avenue, Southbourne, Hants.
Mont, Harry Raymonp; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensing-
ton, S.W. 7.
Mont, Henry, F.Z.8.; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensington,
S.W. 7.
Murray, Capt. Epwarp Macxenzin; Woodside, Coupar-
Angus, Perthshire.
Murray, Capt. Hurperr Wittavme, F.Z.8.; The Old House,
Epsom, Surrey.
Gardens,
Date of
Election.
265 1907.
1895.
1904.
ily hye
1902.
270 1900.
1876.
1902.
1890.
1889.
275 1907.
1906.
1913.
1883.
1880.
280 1908.
1891.
1911.
1904.
1894.
285 1902.
XVill
Neave, Suprrretp Arrey, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.8.; 24 De Vere
Gardens, Kensington, W. 8.
Nesaam, Rosert, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Utrecht House, Poynder’s
Road, Clapham Park, 8.W. 4.
Newman, Tomas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene
Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
Nicworr, Arcutnatp M. C.; Royal Naval College, Osborne,
Isle of Wight.
Nicnots, Joan Broce, F.Z.S.; Parliament Mansions, Victoria
Street, S.W. 1.
Nicuors, Watrer Boucnanan; Stour Lodge, Bradfield,
Manningtree, Essex. |
Nicnotson, Francis, F.Z.S8.; Ravenscroft, Windermere,
Westmoreland.
Nicott, Micaart Jonny, F.Z.S.; Valhalla House, Zoological
Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
Oattvin-Grant, WirttAmM Rosert, F.Z.8.; British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7.
Oat, Barrram Savite; Hill House, Steeple Aston, Oxon.
OtpHam, CHarues, F.Z.S.; The Bollin, Shrublands Road,
Berkhamsted, Herts.
Osmaston, Bertram Beresford (Imperial Forest Service) ;
Dehra Dun, India.
Owen, Jonn Huew ; Old School House, Felsted, Essex.
Parker, Henry, C.E.; 26 St. George’s Road, St. Annes-on-
the-Sea, Lanes.
Parkin, Tuomas, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8.; Fairseat, High
Wickham, Hastings, Sussex. 2
Paton, Epwarp Ricamonp, F.Z.S.; Hareshawmuir, By
Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Parrerson, Ropert, F.L.S., M.R.L.A.; Glenbank, Holywood,
Co. Down, Ireland.
Parrerson, Wittram Harry; 25 Queen’s Gate Gardens,
5. Wits
Puarsn, Tuenp ; Courtenay, British Columbia.
Pearson, Cuarues Epwarp, F.L.S.; Hillcrest, Lowdham,
Notts.
Prasr, Sir Anrrep Epwarp, Bt., F.Z.8.; Pinchinthorpe
House, Guisborough, Yorkshire; and Brooks’s Club,
St. James’s Street, 8.W. 1.
290
295
* 300
xix
Date of
Election.
(1891. Peyrosn, Francis Groren, M_D., F.Z.8.; Rathkeale.
51 Surrey Road, Bournemouth.
1900. Percivat, ArtHur Brayney, F.Z.S.; Game Ranger, Nairobi,
British East Africa; Sports Club, St. James’ Square,
S.W. 1.
1912. Pursnouss, Major Srantey (1st Border Regt.); Cuil Park,
Bridge of Dee, Castle Douglas, Scotland.
1886. Parties, Eruersert Lort, F.Z.8.; 79 Cadogan Square,
S.W. 1.
1893. Preorr, Sir Tuomas Driesy, C.B.; The Lodge, Lower
Sheringham, Norfolk.
1914, Prrman, Capt. Caartes Roperr Sensovsn (27th Punjabis) ;
Drewton, Chelston, Torquay.
1908. Prayer, W. J. Percy ; Wernfadog, Clydach, R.S.O., Glamor-
ganshire.
1907. Pocock, Rrernap Innes, F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.Z.S. ; Superintendent
of the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8.
1917, Porraxov, Grucory T. (Editor ‘ Messager Ornithologique es
Moskva-Nijninovgorod Railway, Station Obiralovka,
Savvino, Russia.
1905. Portarp, Lt.-Col. Arraur Erskine Sr. Vincent (The Border
Regiment) ; c/o Mrs. A. Pollard, Heatherlands, Lilliput,
Dorset.
1896. Popuam, Hueu Leyzorne, M.A.; Houndstreet House, Pens-
ford, Somerset.
1898. Pricn, Arnerstan Exper, F.Z.8.; 4 Mincing Lane, E.C. 3.
1901. Provp, Joun T.; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham.
1893. Pycrarr, Witt1aM Prans, F.Z.8.; British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, 8.W. 7.
1903. Rare, Prcuer Groner; The Parade, Castletown, Isle
of Man.
1903. Rarcrirr, Frepertck Rowxinson; 29 Connaught Square,
W. 2.
1917. Rarrray, Col. Rutrion Hare (retired); 68 Dry Hill Park
Road, Tonbridge.
1917. Raw, Witttam, Warrant Officer R.N.R., H.M. Wireless
Station, Abu Zabal, Caliubia, Lower Egypt; Whitfield
House, Goathland 8.0., Yorkshire.
1879, Rawson, Hurserr Everyy; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe, N,
Devon,
Date of
Election.
305 1894.
1888.
1917.
1903.
1908.
310 1907.
315 1898.
1912.
1917.
1896.
1913.
320 1893.
1894.
1918.
1907.
1910.
325 1883.
XX
Reap, Rrcnarp Heyry, M.R.C.S8., L.R.C.P.; Church Street,
Hanley, Staffordshire.
Reap, Rosprr H.; 8a South Parade, Bedford Park,
W. 4.
Reeve, Capt. Joun Suerarp (Grenadier Guards), F.Z.S.;
Leadenham House, near Lincoln,
Renavut, Wiir1am E.; Royal Academy of Music, York Gate,
Marylebone Road, N.W. 1.
Rrcnarvson, Norman Freperic, F.R.G.S. ; ‘ Lynton,”
Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Ricumonp, Herserr Witx1aM, M.A., F.R.S.; King’s College,
Cambridge.
. Ricxerr, Cuartes Boueury, F.Z.S.; 27 Kendrick Road,
Reading, Berks.
. Rippon, Lt.-Col. Groren, F.Z.8.; United Service Club, Pall
Mall, §.W. 1.
. Rircure, ARCHIBALD THomas AYRES.
. Rivizre, Bernarp Beryzt, F.R.CS.; St. Giles’s Plain,
Norwich, Norfolk.
Roxsinson, Herpertr C., C.M.Z.8.; Selangor State Museum,
Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.
Rosrnson, Hersert Witiiam, F.Z.8.Scot.; Patchetts, Caton,
near Lancaster.
Rosinson, Sypney Manpocx; c/o Col. J. H, Evans, Fraser
Road, Rangoon, Burma.
Rogers, Lt.-Col. Joun Muipprrron, D.S8.0., F.Z.8. (late
Ist Dragoons); Riverhill, Sevenoaks, Kent.
Rogers, Reernatp NanxivetL; Carwinion, near Falmouth,
Cornwall.
Rorsscuitp, Lionen Water, Lord, D.S8c., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
F.Z.8.; Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. ( Committee.)
Roruscuitp, The Hon. NarHantet Cartes, M.A., F.Z.S. ;
Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8.
Rowan, Witt14m; Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants.
Russutt, Capt. Conran Gorge Epwarp, F.Z.8. (Beds.
Yeomanry); 2 Audley Square, W. 1.
Russert, Haroxtp, F.Z.S.; 16 Beaufort Gardens, Chelsea,
S.W. 3.
Sr. Quintin, Witt1aAm Hersert, F.Z.S.; Scampston Hall,
Rillington, Yorkshire,
330°
335
Date of
Xx
Election.
1903.
1889.
1902.
1904.
1914.
1909.
1891.
1908.
1899.
1901.
1904.
1909.
1899.
1865.
34° 1917.
345
1918.
1908.
1918.
1914.
1918.
1906.
SER
Sanpeman, Lt.-Col. Roperr Preston (R. Gloucester Hussars) :
Dan-y Pare, Crickhowell, 8. Wales.
SapsworTH, Arnotp Durr, F.Z.8.; 30 Sussex Place, Regent’s
Park, N.W. 1.
Sarczaunt, Arraur Sr. Grorce; Exbury, Padstow,
Cornwall.
Saregnt, James; 76 Jermyn Street, S.W. 1.
Saver, Dr. Hans, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover Street, W. 1.
Savaen, The Rev. Ernest Uruson; The Vicarage, Levens,
Milnthorpe, Westmoreland.
Scrater, Witriam Lurtry, M.A., F.Z.S.; 10 Sloane Court,
Chelsea, 8.W. 1. (Editor.)
Srppryes, Major Joun Witt1am Hamitron, A.P.D.; The
Castle, Cape Town, South Africa.
SerzE, The Rev. Wixuram, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding-
ston, Edinburgh.
Seru-Smirx, Davi, F.Z.8.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South
Hampstead, N.W. 3.
Sera-Smira, Lestre Morrat, B.A., F.Z.8.; Tangley,
Caterham Valley, Surrey ; and Kampala, Uganda.
Seton, MarcoumCorrerCariston; 13 Clarendon Road, Holland
Park, W.11; and Union Club, Trafalgar Square, S.W. 1.
Smarman, Freperic, F.Z.8. ; 47 Goldington Road, Bedford.
SHEPHERD, The Rev. Coarzes WitrraM, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trottis-
cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent.
Surpron, Capt. Wirtram, M.B., B.C., R.A.M.C.; 2 The Square,
Buxton, Derbyshire.
Srapen, Major Arexanprr Grorcr Lamparr; 30 Barkston
Gardens, 8.W. 5; and Junior Carlton Club, 8.W. i.
Smattey, Freperic Witi1aM, F.Z.8.; Cove Hall, North Cove,
near Beccles, Suffolk.
Saerp, Major Cucrz Wirriam, R.F.A.; Tyes Cross, Sharp-
thorne, East Grinstead, Sussex.
Smirx, Major Jonn Linpsay (Indian Army); Supply &
Transport Corps, Commdt. Camel Corps, Multan, Punjab,
India.
Suirx, THomas; Whiston Eaves, Froghall, Stoke-on-
Trent.
SyouckaERT vAN Scuausure, Baron René Cuartes; Doorn,
Holland.
. X.—VOL. VI. b
35°
2S)
360
365
Date of
Election.
1903.
1906.
1910.
1913.
1913,
1915.
1900.
1902.
1910.
1906.
1914.
TOM.
1881.
1918.
1887.
1914.
1907.
1905.
1887.
1882.
1884.
Xxli
Sparrow, Lt.-Col. Rrcwarp, F.Z.8. (7th Dragoon Guards) ;
Rookwoods, Sible Hedingham, Essex.
Sranrorp, Staff-Surgeon Cartes Epwarp Corts, B.Sc.,
M-B., RN.
Sranrorp, Epwarp Fraser; c/o Messrs. Edward Stanford,
Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, W.C. 2.
Sranrorp, Major Henry Morrant, R.F.A., 115 Battery,
B.E.F., France; c/o Messrs. Edward Stanford, Ltd.,
12-14 Long Acre, W.C. 2.
Sranrorp, Joun Kutt; c/o Messrs. Edward Stanford, Ltd.,
12-14 Long Acre, W.C. 2
Srapies-Browne, Capt. Ricnarp Cuanres, B.A., F.Z.S.
(New Zealand Med. Corps); Brashfield House, Bicester,
Oxon.
Srares, Jonn WittiAM Cuester ; Portchester, Hants.
Srennouss, Joun Hutton, M.B., R.N.; Royal Naval Hospital,
Plymouth.
Srnvens, Hersert; Gopaldhara, Mirik P.O., Kurseong,
Darjiling Himalayan Rly., India.
Srewarp, Epwarp Simmons, F.R.C.S.; 30 Victoria Avenue,
Harrogate, Yorks.
Stewart, Joan; Mainshill, Beith, Ayrshire.
SroneHam, Capt. Huen Freperic (1st Battn. East Surrey
Regt.) ; ‘ Stoneleigh,” Reigate, Surrey; and Signal
Service, R.E.
Stuppy, Col. Ropert Wrieut (late Manchester Regiment);
Waddeton Court, Brixham, Devon.
Srurex, ARTHUR Luoyp ; Shepherd’s Green, Chislehurst, Kent.
Styan, Freperick Writiam, F.Z.8.; Stone Street, near
Sevenoaks, Kent.
Surnertanp, Lewis Roperrson, M.B., C.M., Medical School,
Dundee, N.B.; Wellgate House, West Newport, Fife-
shire.
Swann, Grorrrny; 11 Onslow Crescent, 8.W. 7.
Swann, Haronp, F.Z.8.; 9 Evelyn Gardens, 8.W. 7.
SWINBURNE, JOHN.
SwinHor, Col. Cuartss, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 4 Gunterstone
Road, West Kensington, W. 14. .
Tarr, Wittram Cuasrer, F.Z.S.; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto,
Portugal.
37°
375
380
385
Date of
Election,
1911.
1911.
1914,
1905.
1886.
1916.
1904,
1911,
1900.
1893.
1903.
1394.
1902.
1914.
1893;
1913,
1911.
1864.
1918.
1918.
Xxlll
Tatzor-Ponsonsy, Coartrs Grorce; 5 Crown Office Row,
Temple, E.C. 4.
Tarron, Rretnatp ArtHur; Cuerden Hall, Bamber Bridge,
Preston, Lancs. .
Tavistock, Hastives Witt1am Sackvitze, Marquis of, F.Z.8.;
Warblington House, Havant.
Taytor, Lionrt Epwarp, F.Z.8.; Bankhead, Kelowna,
British Columbia.
Terry, Major Horace A, (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ;
Compton Grange, Compton, Guildford, Surrey.
Tuomasser, Bernarp Cuartes, F.Z.S.; The Manor House,
Ashmansworth, near Newbury, Berks.
Tompson, Major Wittram R., R.G.A.; Ravello, Carlton
Road, Weymouth.
Tomson, A. Lanpsporoven, M.A.; Castleton House, Old
Aberdeen, Scotland.
Tuorsurn, ArcurpaLp, F.Z.8.; Hascombe, Godalming,
Surrey.
Tuorrr, Drxon L.; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle,
Cumberland.
Ticknurst, Ciaup Bucuanan, M.A., M.D., M.R.CS.;
Grove House, Lowestoft, Suffolk. ;
Ticeuursr, Norman Freperic, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ;
24 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex.
Townsend, Reeinatp Guittiat, M.A.; Buckholt, West
Tytherley, Salisbury, Wilts.
Treart, CHaptin Court; British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, 8.W. 7.
Trevor-Barryz, Ausyn, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S8.; Ashford
Chace, Petersfield, Hants; and Royal Societies Club,
St. James’s Street, S.W. 1.
TuckwEL_t, Epwarp Henry, F.Z.8.; Berthope, Compton,
near Guildford, Surrey.
Tyrwartr-Drake, Huen Garrarp, F.Z.S8.; Cobtree, Sandling,
Maidstone, Kent.
Urcuer, Henry Morris, F.Z.8.; Sheringham Hall, Cromer,
Norfolk.
Vaizny, Groran pp Horne; 53 The Pryors, Hampstead,
N.W. 3. ;
Varzey, Kur Groner Russi; 26 Cornwall Gardens, 8. W.7.
399:
395
400
405
Date of
Election.
1910.
1912.
1908.
1906,
1913.
1881.
1902.
1886.
1916.
1918.
1914.
1895.
1899.
1872.
1903.
1912.
1912.
1913.
1918.
1891.
xxiv
Van Somuren, Dr. Roperr Apranam Logan ; Jinja, Uganda,
British East Africa.
Van Someren, Dr. Vicrorn Gurnur Logan; Uganda Medical
Staff, c/o Post Offiee, Nairobi, British East Africa.
Vaueuan, Marrnew; The Limes, Marlborough, Wilts.
Vauenan, Commdr. Rospert E., R.N.; 6 Chalfont Court,
Clarence Gate, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1.
Vewnine, Capt. Francis Esmonp Wineate; c/o O.C. Depot,
31st Punjabis, Rawalpindi, India.
Vernuk, Col. Witt1am WitLoueuBy Cots (late Rifle Brigade) ;
Hartford Bridge, Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service
Club, 8. W. 1.
Wang, Epwarp Water; Melton Road, North Ferriby, East
Yorks.
Wapvz-Datton, Col. H. D.; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.8.0.,
Yorkshire.
Wait, Watrer Ernest (Ceylon Civil Service); The Resi-
dency, Puttalam, Ceylon.
Waker, ALEXANDER Hops, M.D., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S.; The
Common, Cranleigh, Surrey.
Watt-Row, Joun ; 51 Courtfield Gardens, 8.W. 5.
Watts, Henry Marriage; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch
Road, Reading, Berks. |
Watton, Lt.-Col. Herserr James, M.D., F.R.C.S8., C.M.Z.S.,
I.M.S. ; c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., P.O. Box No. 110,
Bombay, India.
Warpiaw-Ramsay, Col. Ropert Groresx, F.Z.8.; Whitehill,
Rosewell, Midlothian.
Wart, Huen Born, F.Z.8.; 12 Great James Street, Bedford
Row, W.C. 1.
Wetts, Cartes Henry; Broomfield, Brookhouse Hill,
Fulwood, Sheffield. '
Wenner, Max Victor; Burnside, Prestbury, near Maccles-
field, Cheshire.
Wuisrier, Hueu, F.Z.8. (Indian Police); Caldbee House,
Battle, Sussex; and ¢/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay,
India.
Wuiraknr, Capt. Joun Abert Cuartus (Coldstream Guards),
Wellington Barracks, Knightsbridge, 8.W. 1.
Wairaker, Josupn I. 8., F.Z.8.; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily.
410
415
420
XXV
Date of
Election,
1909. Wuirz, Henry Luxe; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales,
Australia.
1903. Wurre, Srepnen Josep, F.Z.S.
1912. Wuymper, Samvet Leen; Oxford Mansions, Oxford Street,
W.1.; and Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W. 1.
1914, Wickaam, Percy FREpErtc; c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son,
Rangoon, Burma.
1898. WicLtEsworrH, JosupH, M.D., F.R.C.P.; Springfield House,
Winscombe, Somerset.
1915. Win, Otiver Hitron ; Ariel Lodge, Cheltenham, Gloucester-
shire.
1894, Witxinson, Jounson ; Vermont, Huddersfield, Yorkshire.
1912. Witxinson, Witiiam Arruor, F.Z.8.; Dumcerieff, Tudor Hill,
Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1916. Wititamson, Warren James Franxuiy, F.Z.S. (Financial
Adviser to the Government of Siam); Bangkok, Siam.
1897. Witson, Attan Reap, B.A., M.B., B.Ch.; Eagle House,
Blandford, Dorset.
1888. Witson, Cuartes Josepu, F.Z.8.; 34 York Terrace, Regent’s
Park, N.W. 1.
1897. Wrrnersy, Lt. Harry Forsss, R.N.Y.R., F.Z.8.; 3 Cannon
Place, Hampstead, N.W. 1.
1908. WirHeRiIneton, Gwynnr; 19 Sumner Place, South Ken-
sington, 8.W. 7.
1899. Wottaston, ALEXANDER FrRepERIcK Ricumonp, L.A.
1912. Woop, Marrin Srantey, M.D., R.A.M.C.; Cheadle Royal,
Cheadle, Cheshire.
1917, Wooprorp, Capt. Cuartes Epwarp Monreomerie (1st Battn.
Sherwood Foresters); 8 Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent.
1916. Wooprorp, CuartEes Morris, C.M.G.; The Grinstead, Cow-
fold, Sussex.
5 1912. Woovuouss, Cucrz, M.D. ; Coaxdon Hall, Axminster, South
Devon.
1902. Workman, Wituiam Huenss, F.Z.8.; Lismore, Windsor,
Belfast, Ireland. 2
1912. Wormatp, Hue; Heathfield, Dereham, Norfolk.
1904. Wrieut, Witt1Am Crawrorp; Roslyn, Marlborough Park, N.,
Belfast, Ireland.
1908. Wynxnr, Ricnarp Owen; Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants.
430
XXV1
Date of :
Election. :
1895. Yersoury, Lt.-Col. Joun Wiir1am (late R.A.), F.Z.S.; 2 Ryder
Street, St. James’s, S.W.1; and Army and Navy Club,
SWE obs
1916. ZamBra, Rag. Cav. Vrrrorto ; Corso Umberto, I. 49, Rome,
Italy.
Extra-Ordinary Member.
1899. Gopwin-Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversuan, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;
Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey.
Honorary Members.
1907. Auten, Jopt Asapa, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S.; American Museum of.
Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
1914. Brancur, Dr. VALENTINE; Imperial Zoological Museum,
Petrograd, Russia.
1917. Cuarman, Frank Micuter; American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
1905. OsERHoLtsER, Harry Cxourcu; United States National
Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1915. Ricumonp, CHArLtEs Wattsce; United States National
Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1903. Riveway, Roserv, 0.M.Z.8.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C., U.S.A.
1890. Satvapvori, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.8.; Royal Zoological
Museum, Turin, Italy.
Honorary Lady Members.
1910, Barz, Miss Dorornna M. A.; Bassendean House, Gordon,
Berwickshire.
1911. Baxrer, Miss Evenyn Vina; The Grove, Kirkton of Largo,
Fifeshire.
1910. Beprorp, Mary, Ducuess or, F.Z.S.; Woburn Abbey, Beds.
1916. Havrranp, Miss Mavp D.; Lake Farm, Maidenhead Thicket,
Berks.
1915. Jackson, Miss Annie C.; Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire.
1911. Rivtour, Miss Leonora Jerrrey; Lahill, Largo, Fifeshire.
Date of
XXVIl
Election.
1915.
1910.
1904.
1908.
1910.
1909.
1908.
1914,
1905.
1907.
1912.
1909.
LOL].
1880.
1906.
1906.
1875.
1902.
Sveraraee, Dr. Emitre; Goeldi Museum, Para, Brazil.
Turner, Miss Emma Louisa, F.Z.8.; Cranbrook Lodge,
Cranbrook, Kent.
Colonial Members.
CamPBELL, ARCHIBALD JAMES; Custom House, Melbourne,
Australia.
Farqunar, Joun Henry Joseru, B.Sc., N.D.A.; Assistant
Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern
West Africa.
Fiemine, James H.,C.M.Z.8.; 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto,
Canada.
Haacnur, Atwin Kart, F.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological
Gardens, Box 754, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hatt, Roper, F.L.S., O0.M.ZS. ; c/o Tasmanian Museum,
Hobart, Tasmania.
Leacu, Joun Axpert, M.A., D.Se.; c/o Education Depart-
ment, Melbourne, Australia.
Macoun, Joun, M.A., F.R.S.C.; Naturalist to the Geological
Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Swynnerron, Cartes Francis Massy, F.L.S. ; Gungunyana,
Melsetter, South Rhodesia.
Waiter, Capt. Samver Atpert; Wetunga, Fulham, South
Australia.
Nigeria,
Foreign Members,
Atpubraky, Seretus N.; Academy of Science, Petrograd,
Russia.
Brasit, Prof. Dr. Lovis; Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Caen,
France,
Burgav, Dr. Louis; Ecole de Médecine, Nantes, France.
Bérrixorer, Dr. Jowannus, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the
Zoological Garden, Rotterdam, Holland.
Burvruin, Sureius A.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia.
Dorta, Marchese Giacomo, F.M.Z.S.; Strada Nuova 6, Genoa,
Italy.
Tuerine, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S.; Hansa de Joinville,
State of Catarina, Brazil,
Date of
XXVili
Election.
1918.
1914.
1o 1894.
1900.
1914.
1902.
Ike
15 1896.
Kuropa, Macmacnt; c/o The Tokyo Zoological Society,
Tokyo, Japan.
Lonnpere, Prof. Dr. A. J. Eryar, F.M.Z.8.; Director of the
Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.
Mernzsier, Prof. Dr. Micuant, C.M.Z.S.; University for
Women, Devitchje, Pola, Moscow, Russia.
Sreznecer, Leonnarp, C.M.Z.S.; Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Sronz, Dr. Wrrmer; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, Pa., U.S.A.
Susuxin, Dr. Perer, C.M.Z.S8.; Zootomical Cabinet and
Museum, The University, Kharkov, Russia.
Van Oort, Dr. Epvarp Dantet; Museum of Natural History,
Leyden, Holland.
Winer, Heruvur, C.M.Z.8.; University Zoological Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
CONTENTS or VOL. VI—TENTH SERIES.
(1918.)
Nomser 1, January.
Page
I. Notes on Embernagra platensis and its Allies, with the
description of a new Species. By Cuartes Cuvuss, F.Z.S.,
erereime Chita Iasi wow ah eo ee OS Ga it,
II. Index-List of the Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis,’
1859 to 1917. By Dr E. Hopxrnson, D.S.0., M.A., M.B.,
MIRED Tee 2. fe es ot eh Ee a ae e - 10
III, Notes on the Nidification of some Indian Falconide.—
III. The Genera Ictinaétus and Microhierax. By H.C. Sruarr
Penne eer Us er ebe Elie a tans a ets. ORL
IV. Erythrism in Birds’ Eggs: an Address read at the Third
Oological Dinner on 26 September, 1917, by E. C. Sruarr
See ONE LW yah ce Yipeae es ove ieee | OS
V. On Birds recently collected inSiam. PartI. Phasianide
—Eurylemide. By C. Bonny Kioss, M.B.0.U. . . . . . 76
VI. The Platycercine Parrots of Australia: a Study in
Colour-change. By Grecory M. Maruews. (Plate III. &
Pent ieee easy ee Ne a ae 8 eae a ee op ee
SER. X.— VOL. VI. ce
xxx CONTENTS.
; Page
VII. Rejections by Birds of Eggs unlike their own: with
Remarks on some of the Cuckoo Problems. By C. F. M.
Swynnurton, O.M.B.0.U. . . .~5 3. 3 3h” oe
. VIII. Obituary: Atrrep Joun Norrn; Czcrn Goprrey
Rawuine ; Commander The Hon. R. O. B. Brrneeman, R.N. . 154
IX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Despott on Maltese Birds; Gladstone on Lord Lilford’s
Coloured Figures of British Birds; Gyldenstolpe on the heel-
pads of Birds; Gyldenstolpe on Malay Birds; Mathews on
Australian Birds; Peters on the Birds of Santo Domingo ;
Roberts on South African Birds; Shufeldt on a Fossil Bird
from Colorado; White on the Birdlife of the South Australian
Coasts; The Auk; The Avicultural Magazine ; The Emu; and
List of other Ornithological Publications received . . . . . 158
X. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from C. F. M. Swynnerton, the Rey. F. C. R.
Jourdain, Captain 'T'. N. Kennedy, Hugh Whistler, Gregory
M. Mathews, and H. W. Robinson; Third Oological Dinner;
Diatryma (Pl. TV.); Russian Ornithological Review; A new
book by Mr. Beebe; Errata in Major Meiklejohn’s Paper . . 172
.
NoumsBer 2, April.
XI. On Birds recently collected in Siam.—-Part II.
Passeres. By C. Bopzrn Kuioss, M.B.O.U. (Concluded from
p. L143) 2 be ee ee Ec ictes
XII. Some Additions and Corrections to the B.O.U. List of
British Birds. By the Committee appointed to draw up the
Wists
XIII. A Note on the Structure of the Feather. By Joun §.
Guapstonn, (Plates V.—VIL).. ... . 2 % = pues
XIV. The Birds of the Isle of May: A Migration Study.
By Evetyn V. Baxrer and Leonora Jerrruy Rintoun . . . 247
CONTENTS. XXX1
Page
_ XY. Notes on some Birds of the Bessarabian Steppe.
Peo cuy D. Hayrnanp, H.M.B.0.U..0. 5)... . « « 288
XVI. Further Notes on the Birds of Macedonia. By
Captain Atexanpur G. L. Stapen, R.K., M.B.0.U. . . . . 292
XVII. Obituary: CurisropHer James ALEXANDER; Frreus
MenreitaH Ogitvie; Frisprich Hermann Orro FInscu ;
Epwarp Snow Mason; Sir Henry Jamus Jonnson; Goran
Pee PHM WSUN ae te cts, og Fe Seo} eae are EOE
XVIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Andrews on Fossil Birds from Glastonbury ; Beebe on
Guiana Birds; Chapman on Colombian Birds; Evans on the
Isle of May; Grinnell and Storer on a new Fox-Sparrow ;
Hartert’s recent papers; Murphy on the Colorado Desert;
Murphy on a new Albatross; Oudemans on the Dodo;
Robinson on Malayau Birds; Shufeldt on Fossil Birds from
Florida; Swarth and Bryant on Californian Geese; Austral
Avian Record; Bird Notes; The Condor; The Irish Natu-
ralist; Revue Frangaise d’Ornithologie; ‘The Scottish Natu-
ralist; Yearbook of the Dutch Bird-Club; and List of other
Ornithological Publications received . . . . . . . . . 808
XIX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letter from James Edmund Harting; Annual General
Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union; Erratum. . . 3884
Numer 3, July.
XX. Remarks on the Hawks of the Genus MWierastur.
By W. L. Sctatar, M.A., M.B.0.U. (Plate VIII.). . . . 344
XXI. Ornithological and Oological Notes from the River
Somme valley at its Mouth and near Peronne. By Major W.
Marrianp ConereveE, M.C., R.A..M.B.0.U. . .. . . «. 348
Xxxil CONTENTS.
Page
XXII. Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbour-
hood of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres.—Part I.
Passeres. By Ernest Gizsson, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. (Text-
Pe CeR Ce a M-Sat, Val ae oS depage . + obo
XXIII. A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
based on the Collections of Mr, A. L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman
and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy,
R.A.M.C.(T.F.). Part I. Corvide—Fringillide. By W. L.
Scrater, M.B.O.U., and C. Mackwortu-Prarp, M.B.O.U.
(Prte TX.) 2 6 ao ls 6.
XXIV. Further Notes on Birds observed at Alix, Buffalo
Lake, and Red Deer in the Province of Alberta, Canada, in
1915 and 1916. By Cuaries b. Horsprues, Canadian Army
Medical Corps, BB. oo. 55 5 40%. gia oe ee
XXYV. Obituary: Gractnro Marrorett1; Jonn Ranpat
ATPEIED 6 STS aa
XXVI. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Balfour on Bird-Cult in Easter Island; Cory on American
Birds; Despott’s Maltese Bird Notes; Gurney’s Recent
Papers; Loomis on the Petrels, etc.; Macoun on the Birds
of Canada; Mathews on Australian Birds; Murphy on
Oceanites; Swarth on Californian Jays; Swarth on the Birds
of Arizona; Theobald and others on the Food of the Rook, ete. ;
Thorburn’s ‘ British Birds’; Wetmore’s recent papers; S. A.
White on the Birds of Central Australia; Bird-Lore ;
British Birds; Cassinia; El Hornero; and List of other
Ornithological Publications received . . . ... =. =. . 499
AXVII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from C. Boden Kloss, the Marquis of Tavistock,
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, James Edmund
Harting, and the Rey. F, C. R. Jourdain; Beebe’s Monograph
of the Pheasant: <—). < .°% 3 eee . 5s
CONTEN'S. XXXill
Page
Number 4, October.
XXVIII. The Reversed Under Wing-Coverts of Birds and
their Modifi¢ations, as exemplified in the Birds of West Africa.
By Geores L. Bares, M.B.0O.U. (Text-figures 5-12.) . . . 529
XXIX. Notes on recently described Kaces of Siamese and
Malayan Birds, with Description of one new Race. by
Herserr C, Roxsinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Bopvsn Kxoss,
pend eee eet Fn Sk ek ee eS BBS
XXX. A reply to Messrs. Robinson and Kloss: with some
further critical remarks, by E. C. Stuart Bakur. . . . . 593
XXXI. Notes on European Birds met with during a short
visit to South Africa. By B. B. Riviere, M.B.0O.U.. . . . 598
XXXII. A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Kgyptian Sudan,
based on the collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman
and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy,
R.AM.C(T.F.) Part IL. Alaudide—Hirundinide. By W.L.
Scrater, M.B.0.U., and C. Mackworra-Prarp, M.B.O.U.
Pee) Meee a Se co ia Pee se ee a GOR
XXXII. Obituary: Wituiam Vincent Lecer; Roserr
Otiver ConnineuamM; L. Beresrorp Mountz. . .. . . 72)
XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Bangs’s recent papers ; Beebe on the Pheasunts ; Dwight on
the Junco; Ewart and Miss Mackenzie on the King Penguin ;
Gladstone’s Microphotographs of Feathers; Grinnell’s recent
papers; Kuroda on new Birds from the far East; Mathews on
the Birds of Australia; Robinson on hybrid Ducks; Wigles-
worth on the Little Owl; South African Journal of Natural
History ; and List of other Ornithological Publications
EEG a pieal I Caicee tpm, Clean ea i em rie (5
XXXV. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Hugh Whistler, Outram Bangs, Michael J.
Nicoll, E.G. B. Meade-Waldo, Col. Feilden, Major Sires
Mr, Glenn. Notice to Members . .. , - » (37
XXXIV CONTENTS.
Page
Index of Scientific Names . 749
Index of Contents . . 769
General Index to ‘ The Ibis,’ Tenth Series, 1913-1918 . tie
Titlepage, Preface, Dates of Issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1918,
List of Members, Contents, List of Plates, and List of
Text-figures.
LIST OF PLATES, XXXV
LIST OF PLATES IN VOL. VI.
TENTH SERIES.
Page
I, Embernagra longicauda. 2. E.gosst . . . . . 1
Il. Eggs of Indian Falconide. 1-4. Ictinaétus malay-
ensis. 5. Microhterax melanoleucus . . . . 52
ieee istralian- Parrots ec 2s Nhs teers s se oe C8
NE MPOTAIGUIME BICINT® 2 wns ok as, Bae ean e- o8 Mal OE
cee siiiernre Of Feathers; .. «ees: ve Ss Bad
VI. AA 3 freee Mise tas oN em ea ay
VIE $3 A Bema: = n= tey, il eh hence Oe 17017
VIII. Micrastur plumbeus . . alt ae Ae
IX. Sketch-map of the Anglo- Ez pynbien Sudan . 2 eae
X. 1,2. Cisticola lugubris marginata. 3, 4. C. natal-
ensis malzacit. 5. C.erythrops erythrops. 6. C.
e. rosetres. 7. C. terrestris eximia. 8-11. C.
rujiceps scotoptera. 2 ska eo es (B46
XXXVI LIST OF THXT-FIGURES
-
List oF TEext-FIGURES.
Page
. Diagrammatic Map of Australia and Tasmania to show
the distribution of the Platycercine Parrots . . . . 117
. Side-view of heads and outline of frontal view of bills
of—A. Purpureicephalus. B. Platycercus. C. Bar-
ROTOUUS 2 eat 5 . . 125
. Map of the Beesace of Panis: Morea to show ine sila?
tion of the estancia Los Yngleses and Cape San Antonio. 364
Sketch-map of the estancia Los Yngleses . . . . 365
. Diagram of the feather-arrangement of the andarande of
the wing of Pteronetta hartlaubi . . . . . 535
. Diagram of the wing of Pteronetia hartlaubi, dine oe
position of the extra median coverts marked (a) . . . 535
. Diagram of the feathering of the underside of the wing of
Agapornis pullarius . . . . 543
. Diagram of the feather- arcimement of fhe ‘wiles of
the wing of Limnocorax niger. . . . ‘3 a ee
. Diagram of the under wing-coverts of Typist tym-
panstria. . . aa . 556
. Diagram of the andar wing poco of Apadadae manarina . 598
ie
12.
Diagram of the under wing-coverts of Jspidina leucogaster. 560
Diagram of the under wing-coverts of Smithornis . . . 572
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LONDON: WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. 1.
Ibis.
1. EMBERNAGRA LONGICAUDA.
2. EMBERNAGRA GOSSET.
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD
1918.
PIM
RY
ie, a eB S,
TENTH SERIES.
Vou, VI. Nol. JANUARY 1918:
I.—Notes on Embernagra platensis and its Allies, with the
Description of anew Species. By Cuarues Cuuss, F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U.
(Plate I.)
Tue earliest recorded reference to this bird is that by
Montbeillard in 1778, on which Latham based his de-
scription of the Plata Bunting in 1783; this was followed
in 1789 by that of Gmelin, who latinised Latham’s
description under the title of Emberiza platensis.
Lesson in 1831 founded the genus Embernagra for two
birds in the Paris Museum, one name, Tanagra fabialatu,
being given without any description, the other described
under the title of Tanagra dumetorum with the following
description :—‘ Vert olivatre en dessus, gris-brun sur la
face et tout le dessous du corp. Du Bresil.”
Bonaparte, having examined the specimens, placed E. dume-
torum as a synonym of E. platensis, and introduced a new
species, /. viridis, with which he synonymised the Lessonian
nomen nudum.
In 1850 Cabanis introduced Limnospiza as a new genus to
replace Embernagra for the sake of purism.
G. R. Gray in 1841 described a bird from Maldonado in
Lower Uruguay under the name of LHmberizoides polio-
cephalus; this has been regarded by most authors as a
SER, X.—YOL. VI, B
2 Mr. C. Chubb: Notes on [ Ibis,
synonym of E. p. platensis ; but after a careful comparison
I have come to the conclusion that it differs sufficiently from
that species to be allowed the status of a subspecific form.
I have, however, suggested a further division by the
separation of the Paraguay and Rio Parana birds, the
details of which are given below. With this the broad
striped group ends, and is followed by an intermediate or
narrow striped form, which is represented by two species,
viz.: Tanagra dumetorum Lesson, 1831, and Embernagra
longicauda Strickland, 1844.
The remaining group is the uniform or unstriped one,
and consists of H. olivascens d’Orbigny, which was described
in 1836, to which I propose to add E. gossei, n. sp.
These notes are based on material that has hitherto been
regarded by authors as consisting of two species only,
divided by the striped or uniform upper surface. The former,
or striped bird, was known as Hmbernagra platensis (Gmelin),
and the latter, or uniform bird, as E’mbernagra olivascens
WVOrbigny. All other details relating to either appear to
have been ignored and, consequently, many facts are ob-
scure, as further research has proved: the most obvious
one being that E. longicauda of Strickland has for many
years been placed as a synonym of E. olivascens d’Orbigny,
whilst it is a perfectly distinct species and must now be
re-established and remain as such.
I have to thank the authorities of the University Museum
of Zoology at Cambridge for sending the bird, that Strick-
land described, to the British Museum for comparison; also
Mr. ‘om Iredale, for his valuable help in regard to the
literature.
Key to the Species.
A. Back broadly lined with black.
a. Upper surface yellowish green; buft
on under surface extended over the
abdomen,
a’. Abdomen and flanks uniform buff, £. platensis platensis, p. 3.
b'. Abdomen whitish in contrast to
the dark colour on the flanks .. LZ. platensis poliocephala,
[p. 4.
1918. ] Embernagra platensis and its Allies. 3
6. Upper surface darker green; buff on
under surface much restricted ;
centre of abdomen white ........ E. platensis paraguayensis,
B. Back narrowly lined with black. ; [p. 5.
ec. Throat grey ; no supraloral streak .. £. dwmetorum, p. 6.
d. Throat pale fawn-colour; a pale
SSIE PEROT MSELORIG). 0. v.52 01s avin sera os E. longicauda, p. 7.
C. Back uniform, not lined with black.
e. Upper surface olive-green; throat
and breast silvery-grey; abdomen
white; under tail-coverts isabel-
LRP MIRGE Sst Pav n) el swore acre S wr sbohS © E. olivascens, p. 8.
f. Upper surface olive-grey ; throat,
breast, and abdomen slate-grey, the
last tinged with ochreous - buff ;
under tail-coverts ochreous-buff .. £. gossev, p. 9.
Embernagra platensis platensis.
L?Emberise & cing couleurs Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv.
1778, p. 364.
Plata Bunting Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, 1788, p. 210:
Buenos Ayres—River Plata. Founded on Montbeillard.
Emberiza platensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1789, p. 886:
Buenos Ayres—ad fluvium Plata. Based on Latham.
Tanagra fabialatu Less. Traité d’Orn, 1831, p. 465:
Mus. de Paris; de la Plata—nomen nudum, cf. Bonap.
Consp. Av. 1. p. 483.
Embernagra viridis Bonap. Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 483:
La Plata; Burmeister, J. f. O. 1860, p. 256: La Plata.
Limnospiza platensis Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 136.
Embernagra platensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
1888, p. 758, part; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. 1. 1888,
p: 62; C. H. B. Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 100: part, specimens
a-j.
Adult male. Upper surface green, streaked with black on
the head and more broadly on the back ; sides of rump
buff ; short feathers round the eye blackish; throat slate-
grey; breast very pale grey washed with buff, the buff
becoming deeper in colour on the abdomen and under
tail-coverts. “Iris brown; legs and feet light horn-
colour” (Ff. Withington). 7
B
4 Mr. C. Chubb: Notes on [ Ibis,
Total length 197 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 86,
tail 84, tarsus 28, middle toe with claw 26, hind toe with
claw 20.
Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller.
Wing 80 mm., tail 77.
The specimens from which the descriptions are taken
were collected by F. Withington near Buenos Aires in
May 1886.
Female juv. Head and hind neck black, the feathers
fringed with cream-white, the fringes becoming dull green
on the back; lesser upper wing-coverts grass-green ; bastard-
wing, greater upper wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries
blackish with cream-white edgings ; outer webs of quills
green ; rump and upper tail-coverts ochreous, with black
centres to the long ones; tail-feathers dull olive-green,
edged with white at the tips; sides of face pale brown ;
throat and hinder cheeks white slightly tinged with
sulphur-yellow ; upper breast dull white, broadly marked
with black, which fades off on the middle of the lower
breast ; sides of breast, flanks, abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts buff.
The specimen on which this description is based was col-
lected by C. H. B. Grant at Ajo, Prov. of Buenos Aires, on
December 21, 1908, and presented to the British Museum
by Mr. E. Gibson.
Habitat. Eastern Argentina.
Embernagra platensis poliocephala.
Emberizoides poliocephalus Gray, Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ iii. Birds,
1841, p. 98: Monte Video and Maldonado.
Embernagra platensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
1888, p. 758: part, specimens c, d; Aplin, Ibis, 1894,
p70;
Having examined four birds from Uruguay, including
those that Gray mentions in his descriptions of this form,
viz., Monte Video and Maldonado, I notice that the
Maldonado differs from that of the Argentine bird in the
somewhat darker grey on the face and throat, the white on
1918. | Embernagra platensis and its Allies. 5
the middle of the abdomen, and the much darker flanks and
under tail-coverts; the dark shaft-lines on the head are
almost obsolete, and the measurements are larger.
Total length 198 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 94,
tail 90, tarsus 30, middle toe with claw 25, hind toe with
claw 20.
This form can very well be separated subspecifically under
the above title.
The Monte Video bird is much paler on the under
surface, the grey on the sides of the face also paler.
The female, of the two birds which were collected by
Mr. O. V. Aplin at Santa Elena, Soriano, on the 14th of
March, 1893, is quite a different-looking bird from £. pla-
tensis, being more yellowish green on the upper surface; the
black shaft-lines on the top of the head, so conspicuous in
the Argentine bird, are scarcely discernible, and the shaft-
streaks on the back very much narrower and inconspicuous.
The under surface is almost entirely buff with only a tinge
of grey on the throat, the buff becoming darker on the
flanks.
Total length 208 mm., culmen 14, wing (imperfect)
fourth primary 90, tail 93, tarsus 28, middle toe with
claw 26, hind toe with claw 20.
The male, which was collected on November 3, 1892, is
similar to the type from Maldonado, but inclining to grey
on the thighs and somewhat paler on the under tail-coverts.
«« Bill orange, culmen dark horn-colour” (O. V. Aplin).
Total length 201 mm., culmen 14, wing 94, tail 88,
tarsus 30, middle toe with claw 29, hind toe with claw 21.
Habitat. Southern Uruguay.
Embernagra platensis paraguayensis, n. subsp.
Habia de Canado Azara, Apunt. i. 1802, p. 363, no. xe.
Embernagra platensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
1888, p. 758: part, specimen #; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 641:
Paraguay 7 .C. H.-B. Grant, Tbis} 1911, p. 100): “part,
specimens k-q.
In the large series before me I notice that the birds from
6 Mr. C. Chubb: Notes on (Ibis,
Paraguay and the Rio Parana district are darker green, less
buff on the under surface, and larger in measurements than
those from Prov. of Buenos Aires.
Male. “Bill black above, orange-red below; feet and
legs pinkish horn-colour ; iris brown” (W. Foster). Total
length 212 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 91, tail 92,
tarsus 34, middle toe with claw 28, hind toe with claw 22.
Female. Wing 89 mm.
There is also a difference between the young from the two
localities cited above—a young female, collected by W. Foster
at Sapucay, Paraguay, in November, compared with the one
described under LE. p. platensis, which is about the same age,
is not so heavily marked with black on the breast ; under
surface, for the most part, yellow with scarcely any buff.
The edgings to the feathers on the upper surface are for
the greater part fawn-colour like the rump and upper tail-
coverts.
I have, therefore, decided to regard this form as distinct
under the above title.
Habitat. Paraguay, Rio Parana, and north-eastern Argen-
tina.
There are two specimens which have been in the British
Museum since 1858. They belong to the Argentine group
with broad stripes on the back and are said to have come
from Chile, but as there has been no record of any others
having been obtained since that date, it would appear that
there may have heen some mistake in the locality.
Embernagra dumetorum.
Tanagra dumetorum Less. Traité d’Orn. 1831, p. 465:
Mus. de Paris. Du Bresil. ‘‘ Vert olivatre en dessus, gris-
brun suv la face et tout le dessous du corp.”
Embernagra platensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. 1888,
p. 758: part, specimen J.
Adult. This bird very closely resembles E. longicauda on
the upper surface, with the dark shaft-limes to the feathers
rather more pronounced. It differs, however, in the absence
of the fawn-coloured circle of feathers round the eye and
1918.] Embernagra platensis and its Allies. 7.
of the supraloral streak, and in having the throat slate-grey
instead of fawn-colour. The ear-coverts are rust-brown, tlie
breast is rather paler, and the abdomen is cream-white but
lacks the pinkish isabelline wash ; under tail-coverts, under
wing-coverts, under surface of flight-quills, aud Jower aspect
of tail similar to #. longicauda.
Total length 207 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 94,
tail 92, tarsus 80, middle toe with claw 27, hind toe with
claw 20.
This bird may, or may not, be the true L. dumetorum of
Lesson, which name was introduced for a bird from Brazil,
but it differs from the other members of this group, and, as
it is said to come from Brazil, it may as well bear Lesson’s
name until time and circumstances may afford us further
information.
Habitat. Brazil.
Embernagra longicauda. (Plate I. fig. 1.)
Embernagra longicauda Strickl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist.
xlil. 1844, p. 420: South America.
Limnospiza longicauda Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 136.
Embernagra olivascens Sharpe (nec d’Orb.), Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xii. 1888, p. 759.
Adult. Head, back, and scapulars dull green with minute,
almost obsolete, dark shaft-lines to the feathers; brighter
and more yellowish green on the wings and tail; mner webs
of flight-quills dark brown, the tail-feathers showing traces
of obsolete cross-bars ; a supraloral streak and the short
feathers round the eye, as well as the throat, pale fawn-
colour ; lores blackish ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck,
and sides of breast dusky greyish brown, like the sides of
the body; abdomen white tinged with pinkish isabelline,
becoming buff on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts yellowish, more or less tinged with
whitish ; under surface of quills brown with buff inner
edges ; lower aspect of tail yellowish green.
The following characters separate this bird from all its
congeners: the pale fawn-coloured supraloral streak and
8 _Mr. C. Chubb: Notes on [ Ibis
throat, and the long tail compared with the short wing,
which accounts for its name.
Total length 220 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 77,
tail 93, tarsus 27, middle toe with claw 23, hind toe with
claw, 17.
Habitat. Unknown. *
The type of this species is in the Strickland collection at
the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
*Embernagra olivascens.
Embernagra olivascens VOrbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid. 111.
Oiseaux, 1836, p. 285: Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xl. 1888, p. 759.
Limnospiza olivascens Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 136.
Adult. Hind neck, back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
olive-green with a hoary-grey tinge; brighter and more
yellowish green on the wings; inner webs of flight-quills
dark brown with paler edges, innermost secondaries mar-
gined with ochreous; sides of the lower back buff; middle
tail-feathers brown fringed with yellowish green which
increases in extent on the outer feathers ; crown of the head
rather darker than the back; fore part of the head and
sides of the face grey; throat and breast also grey but paler
and more silvery grey ; abdomen cream-white; lower flanks
and under tail-coverts pale isabelline-buff; thighs very pale
grey ; under wing-coverts yellow ; under surface of quills
pale brown, the inner edges isabelline ; lower aspect of tail
yellowish.
Total length 199 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 98,
tail 99, tarsus 35, middle toe with claw 26, hind toe with
claw 20.
The above description is taken from an example collected
at Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia, by the late Clarence
Buckley, which appears to have just newly moulted and
agrees fairly well with d’Orbigny’s description. ‘There are
* It is to be regretted that by some inadvertence this species was not
included in Brabourne & Chubb’s ‘ List of the Birds of South America.’
Its number should have been 3897.
1918. | Embernagra platensis and its Allies. 9
four other specimens in the British Museum from Bolivia,
collected by P. O. Simons, one of which is almost identi-
cally the same as the bird described above. The other three
are in very worn plumage.
Habitat. Bolivia and western Argentina.
Embernagra gossei, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 2.)
Adult. Head, mantle, back, and scapulars olive-grey ; rump
and sides of the rump ochreous-buff; upper wing-coverts
and outer webs of primary quills yellowish green, becoming
ochreous on the outer edges of the inner secondaries ; inner
webs of flight-quills hair-brown, rather paler on the inner
edges; tail yellowish green, darker on the middle of the
central feathers and on the inner webs of some of the lateral
ones, with obsolete cross-bars to the feathers ; lores and
feathers round the eye blackish ; fore part of head, sides
of face, throat, breast, abdomen, and thighs slate-grey, with
a tinge of ochreous-buff on the abdomen, which is more pro-
nounced on the under tail-coverts and extends on to the
lower flanks ; under wing-coverts yellowish green ; under
surface of flight-quills pale brown with paler inner edges ;
lower aspect of tail yellowish green, becoming grey on the
apical portion.
Total length 215 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 94,
tail 99, tarsus 81, middle toe with claw 26, hind toe with
claw 21.
Habitat. Lujan, Mendoza, Argentina.
This bird is allied to E. olivascens d’Orbigny, but differs
in having the upper parts olive-grey instead of olive-green,
and the under surface slate-grey tinged with ochreous-buff
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, instead of pale ash-
grey on the throat and breast, white on the abdomen, and
isabelline-buff on the vent and under tail-coverts.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by Capt. Philip Gosse, R.A.M.C., who accompanied Mr, E,
A. Fitzgerald on his expedition to the ‘“‘ Highest Andes,” and
in whose honour the species is named.
There are six other specimens in the British Museum
10 Dr. E, Hopkinson: Indew-List of the [ Ibis,
from Mendoza, which I have no doubt belong to this
species, but they are in such worn and abraded condition
that it is quite impossible to be certain. Five of them
were collected by Herr Weishaupt in February 1871 and
were catalogued by Dr. Sharpe as LH. olivascens, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 759—specimens b-g.
I1.—Index-List of the Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The
Ibis,’ 1859 to 1917. By Dr. E. Horxrnson, D.S.O.,
M-A,, M.B., M.B.0.U.
[Norz.—The following is a list of the coloured plates of birds
only, and does not include any others (eggs, anatomy, etc.),
maps, or photographs. |
Tue order followed is that of the British Museum in
Sharpe’s Hand-list of Birds, five volumes, published 1899,
1900, 1901, 1903, and 1909 respectively.
The figures after the names of the genera refer to the
volume and page of the Hand-list; those preceding the
specific names are the species-numbers of these volumes.
Species (and on occasion genera) without these numbers
are those described since the issue of the Hand-list and
therefore not included therein. These can thus be distin-
guished at a glance by this absence of any numerical prefix,
and are followed as well by the original describer’s name.
Where a second name, having any reference to the plate,
appears in the Hand-list, it also appears here (in brackets)
below the principal name.
Where the name used on or in the description of the
plate differs from the MHand-list name, this difference,
to facilitate reference, is shown by the inclusion of the
original ‘Ibis’ name in inverted commas after the plate-
reference.
Casuariide.
Casuarius (i. 8).
8. uniappendiculatus. 1860, 402, PI. xiv.
claudii (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911). New Guinea Supplement,
1915, 325, Pl. viii. ¢.
1918. ] Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 11
Tetraonide.
Lagopus (i. 18).
5. rupestris. 1885, 378, Pl. ix. ¢ in autumn plumage.
Tetrao (i. 19),
urogallus lugens (Zonnb. 1905). 1906, 317, Pl. xvi.
Tetrastes (i. 21). ”
3. griseiventris. 1884, 430, Pl. xi. ‘ Tetrao griseiventris.”
Phasianide.
Francolinus (i. 23).
I, lerti., 1898) 425 Pl. x:
22. castaneicollis. 1890, 350, Pl. xi.
24. crawshayi. 1896, 482, PI. xii.
32. griseostriatus. 1890, 349, Pl. x.
35. gedgei. 1892, 551, Pl. xiv.
harwoodi (Blund. § Lovat). 1900, 335, Pl. vi.
hildebrandti altumi (Pinsch & Rchw.). 1915, 16, Pl. ii. 2.
tetraoninus (Blund. § Lovat). 1900, 336, Pl. v.
48. jacksoni. 1892, 51, Pl. i.
Arboricola (i. 29).
4. ardens. 1893, 436, Pl. xii.
8. gingica. 1892, 395, Pl. ix.
13. hyperythra.
(erythrophrys Sharpe). 1890,189, Pl.iv. ‘* Bambu-
sicola erythrophrys.”
campbelli (Robinson). 1905, 165, Pl. iy.
Hematortyx (i. 30).
1. sanguiniceps. 1894, 377, Pl. x.
Ithagenes (i. 33).
We CRUGMbta es ere ors Bake oe Para ears seve
99 eee
tibetanus (Stuart Baker, 1914).... | 1915, ae Pl. iit.
kuseri (Heebes LOLA yaaa cena, (heads).
Lophophorus (i. 33).
4. chambanus. 1884, 421, Pl. x.
Crossoptilum (i. 35).
5. harmani. 1881, 399, Pl. xiii.
Pucrasia (i. 36).
joretiana (Courtois, 1912). 1913, 14, Pl. iii.
Phasianus (i, 37),
6. zerafshanicus. 1910, 472, Pl. viii.
12 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Calophasis (i. 38).
mikado (0.-Grant, 1906). 1908, 606, Pl. xiii. ¢ Q.
Polyplectrum (i. 39).
1. chinquis. 1883, 136, Pl. v. ‘ P. belenz (Oates).”
Turnicide.
Ternix (i. 48).
15. saturata. 1882, 428, Pl. xii.
17. ocellata. 1889, 469, Pl. xiv.
Pteroclidide.
Syrrhaptes (i. 50).
1. paradoxus. 1860, 105, Pl. iv.
Treronide.
Sphenocercus (i. 51).
seimundi (Robinson, 1910). 1910, 672, Pl. x. ¢ Q.
Leucotreron (i. 55).
15. leclancheri. 1862, 342, Pl. xii. “ L. gironieri.”
Ptilopus (i. 56).
6. richardsi. 1882, 1389, Pl. v. ‘ P. rhodostictus.”
13. porphyraceus. 1891, 579, Pl. xi. ‘ P. clementine.”
Zonophaps (i. 65).
3. mindorensis. 1896, 476, Pl. xi.
Columbide.
Columba (i. 68).
53. palumboides. 1873, 315, Pl. xii. ‘ Ianthcenas palum-
boides.”
59. griseigularis. 1872, 104, Pl. vi. ‘Ianthcenas grisei-
gularis.”
Chalcopelia (i. 83).
ehalcospilos (Wagl.). 1912, 34, Pl. i.
i. vaira. . 1912, 34. a
Haplopelia (i. 85).
4, johnstoni. 1893, 28, Pl. iii.
Geotrygon (i. 87).
8. veraguensis. 1874, 328, Pl. xi.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 13
Phlogeenas (i. 88).
keayi (Hagle Clarke). 1900, 359, Pl. viii.
7. tristigma, 1865, 393, Pl.ix. “ P. tristigmata.”
Otidiphaps (i. 90).
2. cervicalis. 1880, 364, Pl. xi. “ O. regalis.”
Rallide.
Hypoteenidia (i. 95),
14. sulcirostris. 1880, 311, Pl. vi.
Ocydromus (i. 98).
1. australis.
2. earli.
“ Gallirallus townsoni.” 1914, 295, Pl. xi. (?an albinism of
one of the above).
Aphanapteryx (i. 98).
1. broecki (extinct). 1869, 306, Pl. viii.
Porzana (i. 101).
10. spiloptera. 1877, 194, PI. iii.
Rallicula (i. 103).
klossi (0.-Grant, 1913). New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 290,
Br vii, oO
Ortygops (i. 104).
2. exquisita. 1875, 135, Pl. iii. “ Porzana exquisita.”
4. ayresi. 1877, 352, Pl. vii. “‘ Coturnicops ayresi.”
Amaurornis (i. 106).
2, akool. 1892, 495. Pl. xii. “ Gallinula coccineipes.”
Notornis (i. 109).
5. albus (extinct). 1873, 295, Pl. x.
Podicipedida.
Podicipes (i. 113).
15. taczanowski. 1894, 109, Pl. iv.
Colymbidz.
Colymbus (i. 115).
5. adamsi. 1894, 273, PI. viii.
Spheniscida.
Pygoscelis (1. 118).
3. antarctica, 1906, 145, Pl. iv. (young).
14 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [Ihis,
Puffinide.
(Estrelata (1. 125).
12. brevipes. 1891, 413, Pl. ix. ‘ CE. torquata.”
Pagodroma (i. 127).
1. nivea. 1906, 145, Pl. ii. (young).
Diomedeide.
Thalassogeron (i. 129).
5. eximius. 1914, 504, Pl. xix. (head).
Alcide.
Fratercula (i. 133). i
2. glacialis. 1865, 199, Pl. vi.
Laride.
Pagophila (i. 143).
J. eburnea. 1888, 440, Pl. xiii. (nestling & egg). ‘Larus
eburneus.”
Chionidide.
Chionis (i. 145).
1. alba. 1906, 145, Pl. ili. (young).
Charadriide.
Hematopus (i. 147).
niger meade-waldoi (Bannerman). 1914, 71, Pl. vi.
Eubyas (i. 151).
1. leucura. 1865, 459, Pl. x. ‘‘ Cheetusia leucura.”
Ochthodromus (i. 152).
4. geoffroyi, 1870, 378. Pl. xi. ‘‘ Aigialitis geoffroyi.”
7. asiaticus. 1870, 202, Pl.v. ‘ Eudromias asiaticus.”
8. veredus. 1870, 209, Pl. vi. ‘* Eudromias veredus.”
Oxyechus (i. 154).
4, forbesi. 18838, 56, Pl. xiv. ‘* Adgialitis forbesi.”
Meialitis (i. 154).
15. pecuaria. 1873, 262, Pl. viii. “AX, varius.”
16. sancte-helene. 1873, 266, Pl. ix.
Thinornis (i. 155). ‘
1. nove-zealandie. 1893, 528, Pl. xv. (young).
Anarhynchus (i. 156).
1. frontalis. 1869, 306. Pl. viii.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in * The Ibis? 15
Recurvirostra (i. 157). :
4. andina. 1874, 242, Pl. ix.
Macrorhamphus (i. 159),
2. taczanowskii. 1909, 420, Pl. vii. og 9. “ Pseudo-
scolopax taczanowskii.”
Pseudoglottis (i. 161), :
1. guttifer. 1883, 135, Pl. iv. ‘ Totanus haughtoni.”
Eurynorhynchus (i. 163),
1. pygmeus. 1869, 432, Pl. xii. ¢ in breeding plumage.
Heteropygia (i. 163).
1. maculata. 1907, 57, Pl. xii. (young).
2. acuminata. 189.3, 183, PL. v.
Gallinago (i. 165).
22. pusilla. 1893, 529, Pl. xv. (young).
Cursoriida.
Rhinoptilus (i. 179).
4+. cinctus. 1863, 31, Pl. i. ‘ Hemerodromus cinctus.”
Glareolide.
Glareola (i. 170).
2. melanoptera. 1868, 254, Pl. viii.‘ G. nordmanni.”
Otidide.
Neotis (i. 174).
5. heuglini. 1859, 344, Pl. xi. ** Otis heuglini.”
Lissotis (i. 175).
lovati (0.-Grant). 1902, 453, Pl. xi.
Psophiide.
Psophia (i. 181).
6, obscura. 1898, 520, Pl. xi.
Ibidide.
Ibis (i. 184).
1. wthiopica. 1878, 450, Pl. xii. (young and egg).
Thaumatibis (i. 185).
1. gigantea. 1911, 17, Pl. i.
Theristicus (i. 186).
branickii (Berlep. & Stolz.). 1900, 515, Pl. ix,
16 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index.List of the [ Ibis,
Ciconiide.
Dissoura (i. 190).
2. stormi. 1903, 145, Pl. v. ‘ D. mortoni.”
Ardeidz.
Hemigarzetta.
eulophotis (Swinhoe), 1914, 541, Pl. xxi.
= Demiegretta sacra (Hand-list, i. 198, part).
Mathews, B. Austr. ii. 1914, p. 448.
Butorides (i. 199).
crawfordi (Nicoll). 1906, 696, Pl. xxi.
Erythrocnus (i. 201).
1. rufiventris. 1871, 265, Pl. ix. ‘* Ardea rufiventris.”
Nannocnus (1. 203).
1. eurythmus. 1873, 74, Pl. ii. ‘ Ardea eurythma.”
Pheenicopteride.
Pheenicopterus (i. 205).
2. roseus. 1884, 89, Pl. iv. ‘ Flamingos on nest.”
Anatida.
Anser (i. 211).
3. neglectus.
7. fabalis. }
Merganser (i. 229).
4. squamatus. 1900, 602, Pl. xii. ¢ @.
1897, 8, Pl. ii. (bills).
«e's 0 (eldultelie=aite Melle (e'leilells (73 AM. segetum.”
Plotide.
Plotus (i. 236).
l. rufus. 1886, 43, Pl. iii, ¢. “P. levaillanti.”
Sulide.
Sula (i. 236).
4. cyanops. 1859, 340, Pl. x. ‘S. melanops.”
Pelecanide.
Pelecanus (i. 238).
8. thagus. 1914, 403, Pl. xiii. (heads).
Falconida.
Ibycter (i. 244).
6. carunculatus. 1861, 22, Pl.i, ‘Milvago carunculatus,”
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis? 17
Circus (i. 245).
4, spilonotus. 1863,198, Pl.v. 3 9.
5. maillardi. 1863, 163, Pl.iv. ¢ @.
9. melanoleucus. 1874, 266, Pl. x. (young).
Urotriorchis (i. 247).
1. macrurus. 1870, 52, Pl. iii. “ Astur macrurus.”
Astur (i. 248).
24. griseiceps. 1864, 184, Pl. v.
36. francisee. 1864, 292, Pl. vii. ‘“ Accipiter francesi
(Smith).” ‘ Astur francesi (Smith), Sh. B. Afr.i. 152.”
38. poliocephalus. 1860, 322, Pl. x. ‘“ Accipiter polio-
cephalus.”
40. haplochrous. 1859, 275, Pl. viii. ‘ Accipiter haplo-
chrous.”
43. albigularis, 1881, 259, Pl. viii. (immature). ‘ Uro-
spizias albigularis.”
46, jardinii. 1887, 96, Pl. iii. “ Urospizias jardinei.”
50. pectoralis. 1861, 313, Pl. x. “ Accipiter pectoralis.”
Accipiter (i. 252).
5. granti. 1890, 439, Pl. xiv.
16. ovampensis. 1875, 367, Pl. vi.
19. collaris. 1860, 148, Pl. vi.
33. virgatus. 1863, 447, Pl. xi. “A. stevensoni.”
37. rufotibialis. 18389, 68, Pl. ii.
Buteo (i. 255).
5. hypospodius. 1876, 76, PI. iii.
18. brachypterus. 1862, 265, Pl. viii.
20. solitarius.
Onychotes gruberi (Ztidgw.). 1881, 396, Pl. xii.
Leucopternis (i. 258).
2. plumbea. 1872, 239, PI. viii.
Morphnus (i. 259).
2. teniatus. 1879, 237, Pl. vii.
Aquila (i. 260).
12. rapax. 1865, 166, Pl.v. ‘A. nevioides.”
Eutolmaétus (i. 262).
2. spilogaster. 1862, 149, Pl.iv. ‘‘ Spizaétus ayresi.”
SER. X.—VOL. VI. c
18 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Lophotriorchis (i. 262),
1. kieneri. 1868, 1, Pl. i. ‘Spizaétus nanus (Wallace)
‘near kieneri.’ ”
Dryotriorchis (i. 264).
1. spectabilis. 1878, 88, PI. ii.
Circactus (i. 265).
1. gallicus. 186U, 410, Pl. xv. ‘“ C. zonurus.”
4. beaudouini. 1862, 208, Pl. vi.
5. fasciolatus. 1862, 25, Pl. ii.
Pithecophaga (i. 265), |
1. jefferyi. 1897, 214, Pl. v.; 1910, 285, 758, PI. iv.
Baza (i. 271).
11. leucopais. 1890, 43, PI. ii.
Microhierax (i. 272).
3. latifrons. 1879, 237, Pl. vii.
Poliohierax (1. 273).
1. semitorquatus. 1861, 346, Pl. xii. “ Hypotriorchis
castanonotus.”
Spiziapteryx (i. 278).
1. cireumcinctus. 1862, 23, Pl.ii. ‘* Falco cireumcinctus.”
Falco (i. 273).
3. peregrinator. 1882, 293, Pl. x. “ F. atriceps.”
6. punicus. 1887, 276, Pl. viii.
10. babylonicus. 1861, 217, Pl. vii.
35. eleonore. 1869, 445, Pl. xvi. ‘‘ Hypotriorehis
eleanor.”
37. richardsoni. 1896, 226, Pl. vi.
Cerchneis (i. 276).
13. alopex. 1861, 69, Pl. iii. ‘*Tinnunculus alopex.”
14. newtoni. 1863, 34, Pl. u.
Erythropus (i. 278).
2. amurensis. 1868, 40, Plu. ¢ Q & young.
Dissodectes (1. 278).
2. dickinsoni. 1864, 301, Pl. viti. ‘* Falco dickinsoni.”
Bubonide.
Scotopelia (i. 281).
1. peli. 1859), 445, Pl. xv.
4, ussheri. 1871, 414, Pl. xii.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis,’ ia
Bubo (i. 282),
14. milesi. 1886, 163, Pl. vi.
23. blakistoni. 1884, 183, Pl. vi.
Huhua (i. 283).
5. poensis. 1869, 194, Pl. iv.
| Scops (i. 284).
45. brookei. 1893, 417, Pl. xi.
holerythra. 1904, 105, Pl. ii. “ Pisorhina holerythra
(Sharpe).”
Heteroscops (i. 290).
Te lweres 1889277, Pl. ti
Gymnoscops (i. 290).
1. insularis, 1880, 458, Pl. xiv.
Ninox (i. 290).
3. affinis, 1874, 129, Pl. v.
25. obscurus. 1874, 129, Pl. iv.
39. rudolfi. 1882, 233, Pl. vi.
Syrnium (i, 293).
4, biddulpbi. 1881, 423, Pl. xiv.
18. whiteheadi. 1888, 196, PI. iii.
bartelsi (Finsch). 1906, 401, Pl. xvii. .
Athene (i. 296).
chiaradriz (Finsch). 1903, 1, Pl. i.
Gymnasio (i. 297).
1. nudipes. 1859, 64, Pl.i. ‘“ Gymnoglaux nudipes.’
Glaucidium (i. 297),
5. gnoma. 1875, 38, Pl. i.
me eee } 1875, 41, Pl. ii.
11. pumilum.
15, jardinii. 1876, 14, Pl. i.
albiventer (Alew.). 1902, 371, Pl. ix.
,
Strigide.
Strix (i. 300).
21. aurantia. 1882, 132, Pl. ii. “S. aurantiaca.”
Loriide,
Calliptilus (ii. 4).
1. solitarius. 1912, 293, Pl. v. o 9.
‘
20 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Vinia (ii. 4).
stepheni (North). 1918, 346, Pl. ix. “ Vini stepheni.”
Coriphilus (ii. 4).
cyaneus (Finsch). 1907, 379, Pl. viii.
Hypocharmosyna (ii. 6).
9. pygmea. 1873, 31, Pl. i. “ Trichoglossus pygmeus.”
Charmosynopsis (ii. 7).
2. margarite. 1879, 442, Pl. xii. “‘Charmosyna marga-
rethe.”
multistriata, (Zoths. 1911). New Guinea Suppl. 1915,
Pole Pl. 2
Oreopsittacus (ii. 7).
arfaki major (0.-Grant). New Guinea Suppl. 1915, Pl. v.
Cyclopsittacide.
Neopsittacus (ii. 8).
musschenbroeki alpinus (0.-Grant, 1914). New Guinea
Suppl. 1915, 236, Pl. vi. ¢.
Cyclopsittacus (ii. 8).
godmani (0.-Grant). New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 287,
BI. Gvdewae
Psittacide.
Conurus (i1. 14).
12: finschi. 1871, 915 Plpav.
Leptopsittaca (ii. 16).
1. branickii. 1894, 402, Pl. xi.
Pyrrhura (ii. 17).
9. egregius. 1881, 130, Pl. iv. ‘“ Conurus egregius.”
16. hypoxantha. 1900, 671, PI. xiv.
Bolborhynchus (11. 18).
6, panychlorus. 1883, 211, Pl. ix. “ Brotogerys pany-
chlorus.” |
Brotogerys (ii. 19).
8. gustavi. 1889, 181, Pl. viii. (‘* Rostro pallide corneo”
in text, but violet on plate.)
Amazona (ii. 20).
14. ochroptera. 1893, 328, Pl.ix. ‘“ Chrysotis ochroptera.”
15. rothschildi. 1893, 328, Pl.ix. “ Chrysotis rothschildi.”
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis. 21
Pionopsittacus (ii. 23).
5. hematotis. 1860, 405, Pl. xiii. “ Pionus hematotis.”
Eclectus (ii. 27).
3. roratus. 1890, 26, Pl. i. (young).
Paleornis (ii. 31).
5. wardi. 1876, 282, Pl. vi. ¢ 9.
id, exsul. 1875, 342, Pl.vii. 9.
Prioniturus (ii. 29),
4, verticalis. 1894, 248, Pl. vi. ¢ 9.
Psittacella (ii. 34).
4, picta. 1897, 58, Pl. ili. ¢ Q.
Agapornis (ii. 35),
5. liliane. 1894, 466, Pl. xii.
Loriculus (ii. 35),
5. chrysonotus. 1872, 324, Pl. xi.
13. bonapartei. 1891, 50, Pi. iii.
Barnardius (ii. 38).
macgillivrayi. 1902, 610, Pl. xv. “ Platycercus (Bar-
nardius) macgillivrayi (North).”
Podargide.
A gotheles (ii. 44).
2. ee} = :
Be karat. 1896, 375, Pl. vi.
13. savesi. 1881, 132, Pl. y.
Coraciide.
Coracopitta (ii. 46).
1. pittoides, 1862, 265, Pl. ix. “ Atelornis pittoides.”
Alcedinide,
Corythornis (ii. 51). :
thomensis (Salvad.). 1902, 565, PI. xiii. (adult & young).
Aleyone (ii. 52).
6. websteri. 1899 278, PI. iii.
7. richardsi. 1882, 184, Pl. iv.
Ceyx (ii. 52).
15. cyanipectus. 1884, 332, Pl. ix.
" 20. gentiana. 1879, 438, Pl. xi.
ee Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Haleyon (ii. 56).
28. farquhari. 1900, 339, PI. vii.
50. tristrami. 1880, 459, Pl. xv.
Bucerotide.
Ptilolemus (ii. 67).
1. tickelli. 1864, 173, Pl. iii.“ Tockus tickelli.”
Irrisoride.
Trrisor (ii. 70).
damarensis (0.-Grant).
somaliensis (0.- Grant).
Scoptelus (ii. 71).
brunneiceps (Sharpe). 1904, 610, Pl. xii. (adult & young).
\ 1902, 434, Pl. x.
Meropide.
Melittophagus (ii. 72).
variegatus bangweolensis (C. Grant). 1915, 297, Pl. iv.
6. oreobates. 1902, 620, Pl. xvi.
Todide.
- Todus (ii. 78).
2. subulatus. 1874, 351, Pl. xiii.
4, pulcherrimus. 1874, 353, Pl. xii,
Caprimulgide.
Eurostopus (ii. 80).
3. nigripennis. 1882, 134, Pl. iii. ‘ Caprimulgus nobilis.”
Cosmetornis (ii. 82).
1. vexillarius. 1864, 114, Pl. ii.
Caprimulgus (ii. 84).
19. fulviventris. 1912, 249, Pl. iv. fig. 2.
aceree (Shelley). 1912, 247, Pl. iv. fig. 1.
batesi (Sharpe). 1909, 25, Pl. i.
27. eximius. 1892, 279, Plow.
31. nubicus. 1866, 72, Pl. ii. ‘C. tamaricis.”
37. stellatus. 1900, 311, Pl. iv.
1918, Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis, 23
9
Cypselide.
Cypseloides (11. 93).
2. brunneitorques. 1860, 28, Pl. ii. ‘ Chetura rutila.”
Tachoruis (ii. 94).
4. infumatus. 1871, 355, Pl. x. ‘“ Cypselus infumatus.”
Aeronautes (ii. 94).
1. melanoleucus. 1887, 151, Pl. v. ‘‘ Micropus melano-
leucus.”
Trochilida.
Campylopterus (ii. 101).
7. phainopeplus. 1880, 171, Pl. iv.
Chlorestes (ii. 111).
2. hypocyaneus.
(pyropygia, S. gf G.). 1881, 596, Pl. xvi. ‘ Eucephala
pyropygia.”
Oxypogon (ii. 133).
3. cyanolemus. 1880, 172, Pl. iv.
Rhamphomicron (ii. 134).
2. dorsale. 1880, 172, PI. v.
Trogonide.
Pyrotrogon (ii. 150).
6. whiteheadi. 1888, 395, Pl. xii. “ Harpactes whiteheadi.”
Musophagide.
Turacus (ii. 152),
12. ruspoli. 1913, 1, Pl. i.
Gallirex (ii. 153).
johnstoni (Sharpe). 1902, 112, Pl. v.
Gymnoschizorhis (ii. 154).
2. leopoldi. 1881, 117, Pl. ii. ‘ Schizorhis leopoldi.”
Cuculide.
Cacomantis (ii. 159).
13. passerinus. 1872, 14, Pl. i. ‘“ Polyphasia passerina”
on plate; “ P. nigra” in text.
Eudynamis (ii. 164).
3. orientalis. 1869, 343, Pl. x. ‘ E. ransomi.”
24 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Centropus (ii. 166). —
40, andamanensis. 1873, 305, Pl. xi. ‘* Centrococcyx
andamanensis.”
Geococcyx (11. 174).
1. mexicanus. 1885, 286, Pl. vii.(head). “G. californianus.”
Indicatoride.
Indicator (ii. 176).
willcocksi (Alew.). 1902, 364, Pl. viii.
Prodotiscus (ii. 177).
peasi (0.-Grant). 1901, 667, Pl. xiii,
Capitonide.
Erythrobucco (ii. 178). :
1. rolleti. 1861, 121, Pl.v. ‘ Pogonorhynchus rolleti.”
Lybius (ii. 178).
5. macclouni. 1899, 377, Pl. vi. ‘“ Melanobucco mac-
clouni.”
6. leucocephalus. 1861, 121, Pl. v. “ Pogonorhynchus
leucocephalus.”
tsanx (0.-Grant). 1904, 273, Pl. vi.
Tricholema (ii. 179),
5. blandi. 1898, 415, Pl. ix,
11. diadematum. 1861, 121, Pl. v. ‘ Pogonorhynchus
diadematum.”
Smilorhis (11. 180).
3. whytei. 1893, 11, Pl. i.
4. sowerbyi. 1898, 572, Pl. xii.
Barbatula (ai. 181).
9, xanthoschista. 1900, 308, PI. iii.
14. jacksoni. 1902, 635, Pl. xvi.
Stactolema (ii, 182).
2. olivaceum, 1880, 334, Pl. vii. ‘ Barbatula olivacea.”
3. woodwardi, 1897, 404, Pl. x.
Cyanops (ii. 184).
8. pulcherrima. 1888, 393, Pl. xi. “ Megalema_ pul-
cherrima.”
12. nuchalis. 1270, 97, Pl.iv. ‘* Megalema nuchalis.”
13. faber. 1870, 96, Pl.iv. ‘‘ Megalema faber.”
—
EE Ee
1918. ] Coloured Plates of Birds in * The Ibis.’ 25
Mesobucco (ii. 185).
2. eximius. 1892, 324, 441, Pl. xi.
Trachyphonus (i. 186).
emini (Reichw.). 1915, 449, Pl.v. g @.
5. shelleyi. 1886, 105, Pl. v.
6. margaritatus. 1861,121, Pl.v. «* Trachyphonus squa-
miceps (Heugl.) may be the same as ‘ margaritatus.’”
Capito (ii. 187).
2. maculicoronatus. 1862, 1, Pl.i. ¢ 9.
4, squamatus. 1876, 494, PI. xiv.
Semnornis (ii. 188).
1, rhamphastinus. 1861, 184, Pl. vi. “Tetragonops ram-
phastinus.”
2. frantzi. 1864, 371, Pl. xi, Tetragonops frantzii.”
Picide.
Campothera (ii. 205),
iecapricorn. e69.323, Pl. ix:
Dendrocopus (ii. 218).
46. atratus. 1876, 348, Pl. ix. “ Picus atratus.”
Dendropicus (ii. 218).
11. gabonensis. 1883, 444, Pl. xii.
13. lugubris. 1883, 445, Pl. xiii.
Sapheopipo (ii. 223),
1. noguchii. 1887, 178, Pl. vii. “ Picus noguchii,”
Celeus (ii. 226).
3. kerri. 1892, 136, Pl. iii.
Chrysocolaptes (ii. 227).
9. xanthocephalus. 1872, 99, Pl. iv.
Thriponax (ii. 231).
9. hargitti. 1884, 317, Pl. viii.
11. richardsoni.
(kalinowskii Tacz.). 1892, 242, Pl. y.
Picumnus (ii. 233),
37. chinensis. 1881, 228, Pl. vii. ‘ Vivia chinensis.”
Tynx (ii. 236).
3. pulchricollis. 1884, 28, Pl. iii.
26 Dr. E. Hopkinson: [ndex-List of the [ Ibis,
Eurylemide.
Calyptomena (ili. 1).
2. hosei. 1892, 438, Pl. x.
4, whiteheadi. 1888, 231, Pl. v.
Pteroptochide.
Rhinocrypta (iii. 7).
2. fusca. 1874, 198, Pl. viii. (‘“fulva” on plate.)
Formicariide.
Thamnophilus (iii. 10).
35. simplex. 1873, 387, Pl. xv.
Terenura (iii. 27).
ene } 1881, 270, Pl. xi.
5. spodioptila.
Rhamphoceenus (iii. 27).
7. collaris. 1883, 96, Pl. ii. ‘‘ Microbates collaris.”
Grallaria (iti. 40).
14. ruficeps. 1877, 444, Pl. vit.
17. flavotincta. 1877, 445, Pl. ix.
Dendrocolaptide.
Aphrastura (ili. 51).
2. masafuere. 1871, 180, Pl. vii. ‘“ Oxyurus masafuere.”
Synallaxis (iii. 53).
23. whitii. 1881, 599, Pl. xvi.
Xenerpestes (111. 62).
1. minlosi, 1886, 54, Pl. iv.
Berlepschia (iii. 63).
ll, rikeri. 1889; 351521, xi:
Thripophaga (iil. 64).
4, sclateri. 1883, 490, Pl. xiii.
Picolaptes (ili. 88).
18. layardi. 1873, 386, Pl. xiv.
Tyrannide.
Mecocerculus (ili. 94).
5. calopterus. 1875, 383, Pl. ix. ‘ Serpophaga leucura.”
Cnipolegus (11. 96).
9. orenocensis. 1884, 455, Pl. xiii.
11. cinereus. 1880, 357, Pl. xi.
1918]. Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ ad
Aneeretes (iii. 112).
3. fernandezianus. 1871, 179, Pl. vii.
Myiopagis (iii. 116).
1. placens. 1859, 122, Pl. iv. fig. 2.‘ Elainia placens.”
Ornithion (iii. 119).
6. imberbe. 1859, 444, Pl. xiv. ‘* Camptostoma imberbe.”
Tyranniscus (iii. 121).
4, vilissimus. 1859,122, Pl. iv. ‘“ Elainea vilissima.”
Hirundinea (iii. 130).
1. ferruginea.
3. bellicosa. 1869, 196, Pl. v.
rupestris (Maw.).
Mitrephanes (ili. 136).
1. phxocercus. 1859, 442, Pl. xiv. ‘“ Mitrephorus phexo-
cercus.”
Pipride.
Pipra (iii. 153).
16. suavissima. 1882, 79, Pli. ¢ 9:
23. opalizans. 1898, 60, PI. ii.
: exquisita (Hellmayr). 1906, 35, PI. i.
Macheropterus (iii. 156).
4. deliciosus. 1862, 175, Pl. vi.
Cotingide.
Platypsaris (iii. 163),
6. aglaiz. 1859, 394, Pl. xiii. “P. affinis.”
Pachyrhamphus (iii. 164),
2. griseigularis. 1385, 302, PI. viii.
Lathria (iii. 166).
5. streptophora. 1884, 448, Pl. xvi.
Pipreola (iii. 172).
6. frontalis. 1878, 169, Pl. vi.
13. whitelyi. 1887, 502, Pl. xiii. ¢ 9.
Carpodectes (ili. 174).
2. antoniz. 1884, 27, Pl. ii.
Cephalopterus (iii. 177).
2. penduliger. 1859, 114, Pl. ii.
28 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Indea-List of the [ Ibis,
Gymnoderus (iii. 177).
1. feetidus. 1901, 714, Pl. xiv. (head of adult).
Chasmorhynchus (iii. 178).
4. tricarunculatus. 1865, 90, Pl. iii.
Pittide.
Pitta (iii. 179).
5. megarhyncha. 1870, 414, Pl. xii. ‘ Brachyurus mega-
rhynchus.”
reichenowi (Mad.).
longipennis (Ltezchw.).
8. nympha. 1870, 415, Pl. xii. ‘ Brachyurus oreas.”
49. cucullata. 1870, 415, Pl. xiii. ‘ Brachyurus bankana.”
| 1903, 91, Pl. iv.
Xenicide.
Xenicus (iii. 186).
1. longipes. 1905, 592, Pl. xii. (adult 3).
2. gilviventris. 1905, 592, Pl. xii. (adult g & juv.).
« X. stokesi (Gray)=gilviventris ”’ (Scl.).
Traversia (ili. 186),
1. lyalli. 1895, 237, Pl. vii. “*‘ Xenicus insularis.”
Hirundinide.
Chelidonaria (iii. 187).
4. dasypus. 1874, 151, Pl. vii. fig. 1. ‘* Chelidon
blakistoni.”
5. lagopus. 1874, 152, Pl. vii. fig. 2. “* Chelidon
whitelyi.”
Hirundo (iii. 192).
28. monteiri. 1862, 340, Pl. xi.
Petrochelidon (iii. 200).
8, spilodera. 1868, 185, Pl. iv. ‘ Hirundo alfredi.”
Muscicapide.
Hemichelidon (iii. 204).
5. ferruginea.
(cinereiceps, Sharpe). 1889, 194, Pl. vii.
Stizorhina (ili. 209).
1. fraseri.
7 9)
2. finschi. 1870, 52, Pl. ul.
a
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 29
Cyornis (iii. 214).
2. vivida. 1866, 393, Pl. xi.
33. erythaca. 1888, 199, Pl. iv.‘ Siphia erithacus.”
Chasiempis (iii. 232). .
1. sandwicensis. 1885,18, Pl.i. ¢ 9.
Hyliota (ii. 237).
2. australis. 1882, 258, Pl. viii.
4. nehrkorni. 1892, 373, Pl. viii.
Diaphorophyia (iii. 245).
3, blissetti. . 1873,.173, Pl. iv.
chlorophrys (Alexander). } 1907, 449, Pl. x.
ansorgei (Hartert).
Platystira (iii. 246),
3. peltata. 1873, 160, PI. iv.
o. jacksoni.- 1892, 301, Pl. vii.
Pseudobias (ii. 246).
1. wardi. 1870, 498, Pl. xv.
Smithornis (iii. 247).
sharpei (Alewander). 19 3, 384, Pl. vii.
Trochocercus (iii. 251).
megalolophus (Swynn.). 1£08, 96, Pl. ii. & Q.
4, albonotatus. 1892, 303 PI. vii..
vivax (Weave), 1910, 180, PLi. dQ.
Terpsiphone (iii. 263).
26. corvina. 1867, 335, Pl. iv. “ Techitrea corvina.”
Rhinomyias (iii. 266).
8. gularis. 1889, 201, PI. vii.
10. insignis. 1895, 446, Pl. xii.
goodfellowi (0.-Grant). 1906, 482, PI. xviii.
Cry ptolopha (iii. 272).
2. ricketti. 1897, 174, Pl. iv:
13, ruficapilla. 1862, 149, Pl. v. “ Pindalus ruficapillus.”
15. maekenziana. 1901, 91, PI. iii.
24. montis. 1889, 208, PI. viii.
Abrornis (iii. 275).
4. nigroruin. 1891, 47, Pl. ii. ‘“Cryptolopha nigrorum.”
5. olivacea. 1891, 47, Pl. ii.
6. schwaneri. 1889, 203, Pl. viii. ‘ Cryptolopha
schwaneri.”
30 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the
Stoparola (ili. 285).
10. nigrimentalis. 1894, 507, Pl. xiv.
Pseudocalyptomena.
eraueri (Roths.). 1909, 690, Pl. x.
Campophagide.
Chlamydochera (iii. 297).
1. jefferyi. 1887, 439, Pl. xiii.
Lobotus (iii. 298).
oriolinus (Bates), 1911, 535, Pl. viii.
Pericrocotus (ili. 299).
johnstoniz (0.-Grant). 1906, 480, Pl. xix. dQ.
Lalage (iii. 302).
17. rufiventer. 1866, 278, Pl. vii. 3d 2 et juv.
typicus.”
We, newtout= 1866) 278, “Pl. vil. ooo
newtoni.”
Pycnonotide.
ZEgithina (iii. 306).
1. viridissina. 1877, 304, Pl. v.
Chloropsis (ili. 307).
11. kinabaluensis. 1899, 272, Pl.ix. 3 2.
Trena (iii. 308).
2 relle. 1891, 313 9E war eu.
Hypsipetes (ili. 309),
4, perniger. 1870, 251, Pl. ix.
Hemixus (ii. 311).
6. castanonotus. 1870, 250, Pl. ix.
Cerasophila (iii. 312).
1. thompsoni. 1903, 592, Pl. xii.
Criniger (ill. 316).
8. gularis. 1871, 169, Pl. vi.
Alophoixus (iii. 319).
[ This,
“ Oxynotus
‘** Oxynotus
1. pheocephalus. 1871, 169, Pl. vi. ‘“ Criniger pheo-
cephalus.”
Trichophoropsis (iii. 319).
1. typicus. 1872, 377, Pl. xii. “Setornis criniger.” -
1918. ] Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 31
Bleda (iii. 320).
9. milanjensis. 1894, 9, Pl. i. ‘ Xenocichla milanjensis.”
12. fusciceps. 1894, 10, Pl.i. ‘ Xenocichla fusciceps.”
Phyllostrophus (iii. 326).
8. cerviniventris. 1894, 10, Pl. ii.
Molpastes (iii. 328).
6. intermedius. 1909, 304, Pl. v.
magrathi (Whitehead). 1909, 302, Pl. v.
Pyecnonotus (ili. 329).
ee los tawanns, 11894. 837. Pl. ix.
Otocompsa (iii. 333).
4. leucotis. 1909, 304, Pl. v. “ Molpastes leucotis.”
Oreoctistes (ili. 334),
1. leucops. 1888, 388, Pl. ix.
Timeliide.
Trochalopterum (iv. 6).
22. gipponi. 1901, 529, Pl. xi. t
Ianthocincla (iv. 10).
7. cinereiceps. 1887, 167, Pl. vi. ‘*'Trochalopterum
cinereiceps.”
Argya (iv. 11).
16. aylmeri. 1885, 404, Pl. xi.
Pomatorhinus (iy. 13).
3. schisticeps. 1878, 132, PI. iii.
9. ochraceiceps. 1877, 465, Pl. xiii.
15. ferruginosus. 1878, 134, PI. iv. fig. 1.
16. phayrei. 1878, 135, Pl. iv. fig. 2.
17. albigularis. 1878, 135, Pl. y. fig. 1.
18. stenorhynchus. 1878, 135, Pl. v. fig. 2.
19. musicus. 1863, 250, Pl. vi.
Allocotops (iv. 19).
1, calyus. 1889, 413, Pl. xiii.
Crateropus (iv. 22).
kordofanicus (Butler). 1905, 330, Pl. vii.
Androphilus (iv. 28).
l. accentor. 1888, 390, Pl. ix.
Pseudotharrhaleus (iv. 29).
1. caudatus. 1895, 448, Pl. xiii.
32 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndex-List of the [ Ibis,
Pellorneum (iv. 29).
4. subochraceum. 1877, 452, Pl. x.
Turdinus (iv. 32).
1. abbotti. 1877, 452, Pl. xi. ‘ Trichostoma abbotti.”
4. celebensis. 1876, 378, Pl. xi. ‘‘ Trichostoma celebense.”
5. finschi. 1876, 378, Pl. xi. ‘ Trichostoma finschi.”
27. batesi. 1902, 94, PI. iv.
Amaurocichla (iv. 36).
kempi (Sharpe). 1905, 231, Pl. v.
Drymocataphus (iv. 36).
7. tickelli. 1877, 452, Pl. xi.
Aethostoma (iv. 38).
1, rostratum. 1877, 308, Pl. vi. fig. 2. “ Brachypteryx
buxtoni.”
Ptilocichla (iv. 40).
2. basilanica. 1891, 312, Pl. vii.
Proparus (iv. 45).
5. fucatus. 1899, 295, Pl. iv.
Schceenoparus (iv. 46).
6. variegatus. 1899, 299, PI. iv.
Zosterornis (iv. 51).
I. striata. 1895, 1G, Pl. iv.
2. whiteheadi. 1894, 510, Pl. xv.
3. pygmea. 1897, 232, Pl. vi.
7. dennistouni. 1896, 118, Pl. iii.
Brachypteryx (iv. 55).
5. erythrogyna. 1888, 389, Pl. x.
6. poliogyna. 1895, 446, Pl. xii.
Heteroxenicus (iv. 56).
3. saturata. 1883, 251, Pl. x. ‘“ Brachypteryx saturata.”
Lioptila (iv. 59).
6. auricularis. 1866, 109, Pl. iv.
Actinodura (iv. 60).
2. ramsayl. 1877, 464, Pl. xii.
morrisoniana (0.-Grant). 1908, 604, Pl. xu. ¢.
Ixulus (iv. 63).
3. humilis. 1894, 481, Pl. xiii. fig. 2.
4, clarki. 1894, 481, Pl. xiii. fig. 1.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 33
Herpornis (iv. 64).
2. tyrannulus. 1870, 347, Pl. x. “ Herphoris” on plate.
Liocichla (iv. 64),
1. steerei. 1877, 474, Pl. xiv.
Paradoxornis (iv. 68).
3. heudei. . 1914, 181, Pls. viii. & ix. (uncoloured).
Suthora (iv. 69).
6. craddocki. 1903, 586, Pl. xi.
8. davidiana. Lov. V72.-Pls rv.
9. thompsoni. ~ 1903, 56, PI. xi.
15. bulomachus. 1866, 300, Pl. ix.
morrisoniana (0.-Grant). 1908, 604, Pl. xii. ¢.
Troglodytide.
Cistothorus (iv. 86).
11. brunneiceps. 1881, 129, Pl. iii.
Anorthura (iv. 91).
2. hirtensis. 1885, 80, Pl. iii. «‘ Troglodytes hirtensis.’
Elachura (iv. 92).
1. formosa,
(punctata Blyth). 1892, 62, Pl. ii.
2. haplonota. 1892, 62, Pl. ii. ©
Microcerculus (iv. 97).
13. teniatus. 1881, 130, Pl. iii.
15. ustulatus. 1883, 204, Pl. ix.
Orthnocichla (iv. 98).
2. whiteheadi. 1889, 410, Pl. xii.
’
Cinclide.
Cinclus (iv. 100).
15. ardesiacus. 1867, 109, Pl. vi.
Turdide.
Entomedestes (iv. 114).
2. coracinus. 1901,311, Pl. viii. “ Myiadestes coracinus.”
Merula (iv. 117).
12, leucops. 1878, 57, Pl. i. “ Turdus brunneus Zawr.”
(= 9, teste B. M. Cat.)
22. ludovicie. 1896, 78, Pl. ii.
23, pritzbueri. 1879, 187, Pl. v. “Turdus pritzbueri.”
SER. X.—VOL. VI. D
34 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndew-List of the [ Ibis,
34. euryzona. 1861, 277, Pl. viii. ‘Turdus fulviventris.”
37. protomelena. 1872, 186, Pl. vu. “ Turdus dissimilis.”
(Geocichla dissimilis in text.)
83, javanica. 1875, 346, Pl. viii. “ Turdus javanicus.”
_ 88. albiceps.. 1866, 135, Pl. v. ‘‘ Turdus albiceps.”
Geocichla (iv. 180).
batesi. 1908, 123, PI. ii.
6. gurneyi. 1864, 346, Pl. ix. ‘‘Turdus gurneyi.”
Turdus (iv. 138).
7. naumanni. 1862, 319, Pl. x.
10. hortulorum. 1874, 444, Pl. xiv. “Turdus chryso-
pleurus.”
Hylocichla (iv. 141).
Redwing x Fieldfare hybrid. 1898, 317, Pl. vii.
Tharrhaleus (iv. 146).
5. koslowi.
(pallidus Menzb.). 1887, 299, Pl. ix.
7. fulvescens. 1882, 281, PI. viii.
fagani (0.-Grant). 1917, 162, Pl. iv. ‘ Accentor
fagani.”
Hydrocichla (iv. 149).
3. frontalis. 1872, 259, Pl. ix. ‘ Henicurus frontalis,”
Chimarrhornis (iv. 150).
2. bicolor. 1894, 509, Pl. xv.
Diplootocus (iv. 152). .
1. moussieri. 1860, 364, Pl. xi. ‘ Ruticilla moussieri.”
Erithacus (iv. 154).
swynnertoni (Shelley). 1907, 61, Pl. i.
Tanthia (iv. 156).
jobnstoniz (0.-Grant). 1907, 175, Pl.iv. 6 Q. “In
the plate the under tail-coverts of the female should
be white” (O.-G. Ibis, 1912, 649).
goodfellowi (0.-Grant). 1912, 649, Pl. xiv. ¢ 9.
Larvivora (iv. 157).
ruficeps (Hartert). 1907, 621, Pl. xiii.
Callene (iv. 158).
8. eynorthopsis. 1902, 95, PI. iv. fig. 1. -
Copsychus (v. 159).
2, seychellarum. 1865, 332, Pl. viii.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in‘ The lbis? 35
Cittocinela (iv. 161).
10. albiventris. 1873, 307, Pl. xii. “Kittacincla albi-
ventris.”
Cossypha (iv. 162). -
12. bartteloti. 1890, 159, Pl. v.
19. modesta. 1897, 539, Pl. xii. “ Bessonornis modesta.”
Trania (iv. 165),
1. gutturalis. 1867, 73, Pl. i. “Bessornis albigularis.”
Pratincola (iv. 171).
dacotize muriele (Bannerman). 1914, tonbls ¥. ©‘ Saxt-
cola dacotiz muriele,”
Cercomela (iv. 174),
2. melanura. 1896,°24, Pl.i. « Myrmecocichla melanura.”’
3. asthenia.
(yerburyi Sharpe), 1896, 24, Pl. i. “ Myrmecocichla
yerburyi.”
Saxicola (iv. 175).
24. seebohmi. 1882, £63, Pl. xiv.
25. phillipsi. 1885, 494, Pl. xii.
37; cumingi. 1902, 59, Pl. iii.
38. meesta. 1859, 299, Plix. ¢92. “S§. philothamna.”
Zeledonia (iv. 183),
1. coronata. 1905, 24, Pl. i.
Sy viidee.
Locustella (iv. 185).
4. ochotensis. 1876, 332, Pl. viii. “ Arundinax blakistoni.”
6. certhiola. 1876, 41, Pl. ii. « Calamodyta doriz.”
Acrocephalus (iv. 187).
8. stentoreus. 1864, 97, Pl. i.
22. mendane. 1883, 43, Pl. i.
23. pistor. 1883, 44, Pl. ii.
27. vaughani. 1904, 55, Pl.i. “Tatare vaughani,”
Orthotomus (iv. 192).
1. frontalis. EST 7. 112. Plein
3. cinereiceps. 1877, 112, Pl. ii.
8. chloronotus. 1896, 117, Pl. iii.
10. cineraceus. 1876, 41, Pl.ii. “O. borneoensis.”
13. erythropterus. 1869, 93, Pl.i. “Cisticula iodoptera.”
D2
36 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndex-List of the [ Ibis.
Cisticola (iv. 194).
11. cinerascens. 1869, 97, Pl. ii. ‘“ Drymeeca concolor.”
18. nigriloris. 1897, 536, Pl. x11.
21. rufa. 1870, 476, Pl. xiv. ‘ Drymeca brachyptera.”
_ 22. troglodytes. 1869, 106, Pl. iii. ‘“ Drymceca ferru-
ginea.”
30. terrestris. 1863, 330, Pl. vii. fig. 2. ‘C. ayresi.”
1869, 106, Pl. iii. (both figures). ‘* Hemi-
pteryx oligura” and “ Drymeeca eximia.”
Sl.aridula. 2902, 16, Pl. 1.
32. hindei. 1898, 580, Pl. xii.
38. marginalis. 1869, 93, Pl. i. ‘ Drymceca marginalis.”
1869, 97, Pl. ii. ‘* D. flaveola.”
Eremiornis (iv. 203).
1. carteri. 1902, 608, Pl. xiv.
Cry ptillas (iv. 203).
1. victorini. 1866, 139, Pl. vi. ‘“ Phlexis layardi.” .
Bradypterus (iv. 204).
5. barratti. 1876, 202, Pl. iv.
Calamonastes (iv. 206). ;
1. simplex. 1901, 54, Pl. ii.
Sylvia (iv. 209).
992. nana. 1859, 340, Pl.x. ‘8S. delicatula.”
Herbivocula (iv. 212).
1. schwarzi. 1899, 1, Pl.i. ‘‘ Lusciniola schwarzi.”
Sericornis (iv. 220).
balstoni (0.-Grant). 1909, 677, Pl. ix.
Apalis (iv. 222),
ruddi (C. Grant). 1911, 306, Pl.iv. ¢.
claudei (W. Sel.). 1911, 305, Pl.iv. ¢.
6. pulchra. 1892, 155, PI. iv.
7. jacksoni. 1892, 156, Pl. iv. ‘* Dryodromas jacksoni.”
Euprinodes (iv. 223).
4. cinereus. 1901, 65, Pl. iti.
7. lopezi. 1903, 373, Pl.ix. ‘* Apalis lopezi.”
13. viridiceps. 1899, 71, Pl. ii. fig. 1. ‘* Apalis viridiceps.”
Urolais (iv. 225).
1. marie. 1903, 375, Pl. viii.
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis,’ 37
Dryodromas (iv. 225).
1. fulvicapilla. 1863, 330, Pl. viii. ‘ Camaroptera natal-
ensis.”
pearsoni (Neave). 1910, 150, Pl. ii. 5 Q.
Sylviella (iv. 226).
SI } 1900, 75, Pl. i.
9. maxima.
Eremomela (iv. 228).
23. nigriceps. 1902, 320, Pl. vii. ¢ Q. ‘“ Apalis nigriceps.”
Parmoptila (iv. 233).
1. woodhousei. 1909, 67, PI. 11.
3. jamesoni. 1890, 163, Pl. vy. ‘ Pholidornis jamesoni.”
Stiphrornis (iv. 234),
xanthogaster (Sharpe). 1905, 476, Pl. ix.
Scotocerca (iv. 234).
1. inquieta. 1909, 296, PI. iv.
Urosphena (iv. 238).
1. squamiceps. 1877, 205, PI. iv.
Suya (iv. 238).
5. superciliaris.
(albigularis Hume). 1883, 250, Pl. x.
Burnesia (iv. 241).
1. flaviventris. 1877,311, Pl. vi. “PP. rafflesi (Tweedd.).”
Malurus (iv. 243).
9, leuconotus. 1917, 589, Pl. x. ‘ Hallornis cyonotus.”
bernieri (0.-Grant). 1909, 676, Pl.x. 3d @.
Stipiturus (iv. 245).
malachurus hartogi (Carter, 1916). 1917, 597, Pl. xi.
df.
2. ruficeps. 1899, 399, Pl. vil. ¢ 9.
Vireonide.
Vireo (iv. 247).
laure (Vicoll). 1904, 563, Pl. x1.
Pachysylvia (iv. 253).
5. muscicapina. 1881, 299, Pl. x.
12. fuscicapilla. 1881, 3038, Pl. |
14. brunneiceps. 1881, 305, Pl. xi.
18, ferrugineifrons. 1881, 307, Pl. xiv
> Hylophilus,”
38 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Vireolanius (iv. 256).
2. leucotis. 1878, 445, Pl. xi.
Cyclorhis (iv. 257).
17. altirostris. 1887, 824, Pl. x.
Artamide.
Pseudochelidon (iv. 262).
1. eurystomina. 1861, 321, Pl. xi.: misprinted “ Psalido-
progne cypselina ” on plate.
Prionopide.
Hypocolius (iv. 275).
1. ampelinus. 1868, 181, Pl. v.
Laniide.
Lanius (iv. 279).
8. mollis. 1882, 374, Pl. xi.
Fiscus (iv, 284).
9. mackinnoni, 1891, 596, Pl. xiii. ‘“ Lanius mackinnoni.”
Enneoctonus (iv. 285).
3. raddei. 1889, 89, Pl. v. ‘ Lanius raddei.”
7. tigrinus. 1806, 211, Pl. vii ¢ 2. ‘ Lanius magni-
rostris.”
Otomela (iv. 288).
4. cristata. 1867, 211, Pl. v. ‘ Lanius pheenicurus.”
5. isabellina, 1867, 211, Pl. v. ‘* Lanius isabellinus.”
Chlorophoneus (iv. 290).
5. manningi. 1899, 369, Pl. v. ‘ Malaconotus man-
ningi.”
16. maraisi. 1901, 183, Pl. vi. ‘ Laniarius maraisi.”
17. bertrandi.'' 1894, 15, Pl. ii. ‘ Laniarius bertraudi.”
Laniarius (iv. 293).
1. ruficeps. 1885, 402, P]. x. ‘ Dryoscopus ruficeps.”
mufumbiri (0.-Grant). 1912, 332, Pl. vi.
Dryoscopus (iv. 296). }
2. nandensis. 1901, 41, PI. ii.
Pomatorhynchus (iv. 299).
13. jamesoni, 1885, 403, Pl. x. ‘‘ Telephonus jamesoni.”
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in‘ The Ibis. 39
Pachycephala (iv. 303).
27. littayei. 1879, 190, PI. vi.
85. leucostigma. New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 95, Pl. iv.
3 ad., ¢o juv.
Eulacestoma (iv. 314).
1. nigripectus. 1904, 373, Pl. ix.
Paride.
Periparus (iv. 324).
1. ledouci. 1871, 86, Pl. iii. ‘“ Parus ledoucii.”
5. atlas. 1903, 207, Pl. vi. ‘“ Parus atlas.”
6. cypriotes. 1888, 119, Pl.ii. ‘ Parus cypriotes.”
ater ptilosus (0.-Grant). 1912, 646, Pl. xii. fig. 2.
‘“ Parus ater ptilosus.”
8: britamnicus. <5. .2. ; } ’
1911, 552, Pl. x. “ Parus.’
hibernicus (0.-Grant). ; f ae
Machlolophus (iv. 327).
4, holsti. 1895, 211, Pl. v. ‘* Parus holsti.”
Parus (iv. 328).
lv, sarawacensis.
(cinerascens Slater). 1885, 327, Pl. iv.
Pentheres (iv. 330).
2. funereus.
(nigricinereus Jackson). 1899, 638, Pl. xii. ‘‘ Parus
nigricinereus.”
20. thruppi. 1885, 406, Pl. xi. “ Parus thruppi.”
Penthornis (iv. 383).
1, semilarvatus. 1879, 301, Pl. ix. ‘ Melaniparus semi-
larvatus.”
Cyanistes (iv. 333).
5. ombriosus. 1890, 433, Pl. xiii. ‘‘ Parus ombriosus.”
6. palmensis. 1889, 512, Pl. xvi. ‘ Parus palmensis.”
AEgithalus (iv. 337).
12. tephronotus. 1865, 95, Pl. iv. “ Orites tephronotus.”
Anthoscopus (iv. 340).
Se } 1904, 313, Pl. viii.
2, smithi.
4.0 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndex-List of the
Regulus (iv. 343).
Regulide.
goodtellowi (0.-Grant). 1907, 167, Pl.ili. 3 Q-
Sitta (iv. 346).
Sittide.
S.macoa. “1897, 3, Pl, i. 3.
23. krueperi. 18
24. whiteheadi.
Dendrophila (iv. 350).
65, 306, Pl. vii.
1885, 28, Pl. ii. ¢ Q.
7. mesoleuca. 1895, 111, Pl. iv.
Neositta (iv. 351).
magnirostris (
Dapheenositta (iv. 353
Ingram). 1908, 473, Pl. ix. dQ.
).
1. miranda. 1898, 208, Pl. iv.
Rhabdornis (iv. 356).
3. inornata. 18
Zosterops (v. 1).
14. poliogastra.
15. anjuanensis.
Certhiide.
97, 235, Pl. vi.
Zosteropide.
1861, 357, Pl. xiii.
(pretermissa Tristr.). 1887, 370, Pl. xi.
43. metealfei. 1894, 29, Pl. iii.
59. siamensis. 1876, 350, Pl. x.
71. rendove. 1894, 30, Pl. ii.
92. minuta. 1879, 186, Pl. iv.
106. kikuyuensis.
116. clara. 1890,
145. inornata. 18
1891, 594, Pl. xii.
287, Pl. viii.
79, 186, Pl. iv.
153. hovarum. 1887, 370, Pl. xi.
Chlorocharis (v. 20).
1. emiliw. 1888, 392, Pl. xi.
Hypocryptadius (v. 21).
1. cinnamomeus.
1906, 473, Pl. xviii.
Woodfordia (v. 632, Addenda).
1. superciliosa.
1916, 121, Pl. iii.
[Ibis,
1918. | Coloured Plutes of Birds in ‘ The Ibis’ 41
Dicxide.
Diceeum (v. 21).
18. monticola. 1890, 287, Pl. viii. ¢ 2.
47. hypoleucum. 1894, 252, Pl. vii.
49. trigonostigma. 1876, 350, Pl. x. 9°.
58. sibutense. 1894, 251, Pl. vii. ¢ 9.
formosum (0.-Grant). 1912, 652, PI. xiii. fig. 1.
Prionochilus (v. 30).
4. johanne. 1888, 201, Pl. iv.
Acmonorhynchus (vy. 31).
1. vincens. 1874, 2, Pl. i. “ Prionochilus vincens.”
Piprisoma (vy. 32).
1. squalidum. 1867, 430, Pl. x. ‘ Piprisoma agile.”
Pachyglossa (v. 32).
1. melanoxantha. 1874, 3, Pl. i. ‘ Prionochilus melano-
xanthus.”
Nectariniida.
AEthopyga (v. 37).
25. flavipectus. 1895, 111, Pl. v.
Eudrepanis (v. 40).
3. jefferyi. 1895, 111, Pl. v.
Urodrepanis (v. 40).
1. christine. 1570.18, Pl. i. “ Athopyga christine.”
2. latouchii. 1891,43,Pl.i. 6 2. ‘ Athopyga latouchii.”
Leptocoma (v. 41).
3. henkei.
(whiteheadi 0.-Grant). 1894, 514, Pl. xiv. “Cin-
nyris whiteheadi.”
6. grayi. 1870, 18, Pl.i. “ Nectarophila grayi.”
Cinnyris (v. 44).
11. shelleyi. 1899, 556, Pl. xi. ¢ Q.
21. osea. 1865, 67, Pl. ii. “ Nectarinia osea.”
46. reichenowi. 1891, 593, Pl. ii.
46 b. neergaardi (v. 634, Addenda). 1911, 274, Pl.iii. ¢ 9,
Cyanomitra (v. 53).
17. ursules £9030 542. Pl. ix,
4.2 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndex-List of the [ Ibis,
Arachnothera (vy. 58).
14. julie. 1887, 451, Pl. xiv.
Anthothreptes (v. 60).
5a. carruthersi (v. 636, Addenda). 1908, 285, Pl.v. dQ.
Meliphagide.
Ptilotis (v. 79).
S.soracilis, W898, 56, Pl. 1.
salvadorii utakwensis (O.-Grant). New Guinea Suppl.
HONS 75, Pl. VS.
precipua lorenzi (van Oort). New Guinea Suppl, 1916,
foo bl. ails Sd
Ptilopleura (v. 86).
1. erythropleura. New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 75, Pl.in. 3.
Pycnopygius (v. 96).
1. stictocephalus. New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 79, PI. er eh 5
Mniotiltide.
Dendreeca (v. 102).
56. crawfordi. 1904, 586, Pl. xi.
Catharopeza (v. 111).
1. bishopi. 1880, 73, Pl. i.
Granatellus (v. 118).
2. francesce. 1874, 307, Pl. xi. ¢o 9.
Myioborus (v. 120).
6. albifrons. 1878, 318, Pl. viii. ‘‘ Setophaga albifrons.”
7. flavivertex. 1887,130, Pl.iv. ‘‘Setophaga flavivertex.”
8. bairdi. 1878, 317, Pl. vii. ‘‘ Setophaga bairdi.”
10. rufocoronatus. 1878, 316, Pl. vii. ‘ Setophaga rufi-
coronata.”
12. chrysops. 1878, 314, Pl. vii. ‘‘Setophaga chrysops.”
Drepanidide.
Chlorodrepanis (v. 131).
4, stejnegeri. 1890, 192, Pl. vi. g. ‘‘ Hemignathus
stejnegeri.”
Heterorhynchus (v. 135).
1. hanapepe. 1890, 192, Pl. vi. g. ‘ Hemignathus
hanapepe.”
— 2 2
Se
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Lbis.’ 43
Loxioides (v. 136).
1. bailleui. 1879, 90, Pl. ii. (‘ bailleni” in text.)
Telespiza (v. 137).
1. cantans. 1890, 341, PI. ix.
Motacillide.
Motacilla (v. 137).
8. lugens. 1878, 345, Pl. ix. ‘“ M. amureusis.”
Xanthocorys (y. 151).
1. nattereri. 1878, 366, Pl. x. ‘* Anthus nattereri.”
Macronyx (v. 153).
5. sharpei, 1905, 102, Pl. i.
Alaudide.
Certhilauda (v. 154).
4, somalica. 1905, 512, Pl. x.
Otocorys (v. 157).
4, atlas. 1898, 604, Pl. xii.
35. berlepschi. 1892, 523, Pl. xiii.
Pseudalemon (v. 163).
1. fremantlei. 1898, 415, PI. ix. fig. 2.
Spizocorys (v. 165).
1. conirostris. 1874, 103, Pl. iii. “ Alauda conirostris.”
5. raze. 1898, 107, Pl. i.
Mirafra (v. 170).
7. degeni. 1904, 261, Pl. v.
22. simplex.
(marginata Hawker). 1899, 64, Pl. 11. fig. 2.
27. africana. 1863, 322, Pl. ix. ‘‘Megalophonus ros-
tratus.”
Ammomanes (v. 183),
17. erythrochlamys. 1874, 103, Pl. ni. ‘ Megalophonus
erythrochlamys.”
Eremopteryx (v. 186).
7. signata.
(harrisoni 0.-Grant). 1901, 286, Pl. yi. ‘“ Pyrrhu-
lauda harrisoni.”
44, Dr. E. Hopkinson: Jndex-List of the [ Ibis,
Fringillide.
Sporophila (v. 207).
27. nigrorufa. 1871, 6, Pl.i. $2. ‘“Spermophila nigro-
rufa.”
28. pileata. 1871, 6, Pl.i. g. ‘Spermophila pileata.”
' 46. ocellata. 1871, 14, Pl. ii. g$. ‘Spermophila ocellata.”
(“ 2” in error on plate.)
50. aurita. 1871, 14, Pl. ii. g. ‘ Spermophila aurita.”
Dolospingus (v. 215).
1. nuchalis. 1871, 402, Pl. xi.
Fringilla (v. 225).
2. polatzeki. 1912, 614, Pl. xii. “ F. teydea polatzeki.”
(eopaime. 1890, 71, Pi. an. «gio
Rhynchostruthus (v. 241).
2. louise. 1898, 398, Pl. viii.
Carpospiza (v. 245).
1. brachydactyla, 1868, 206, Pl. viii. ‘* Petronia brachy-
dactyla.”
Passer (v. 248).
36. moabiticus. 1867, 360, Pl. vi. 3 Q.
Poliospiza (v. 254).
12. whytei. 1897, 528, Pl. ii. ‘ Serinus whytei.”
Serinus (v. 257).
21. syriacus. 1868, 204, Pl. vii. ‘‘Serinus aurifrons.”
Pseudacanthis.
yemenensis (0.-Grant). 1917, 145, Pl. iv.
Sycalis (v. 261).
7. lutea. 1872, 46, Pl. 1.7
12. chrysops. 1872, 45, Pl. i.
Propasser (v. 266).
2. rhodochlamys. 1881, 156, Pl. vi. ¢ Q. “P. rhodo-
metopus.”
5. blythi. 1882, 283, Pl. ix. ¢ 9.
10. waltoni. 1906, 225, Pl. xiv. ¢ 2.
Pyrrhula (v. 271).
9. leucogenys. 1895, 455, Pl. xiv.
10. murina. 1866, 97, Pl. iui.
15. erithacus. 1863, 440, Pl. x.
OO
1918. | Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 45
Emberiza (v. 276).
1. scheeniclus.
(passerina Pall.). 1879, 39, Pl. i.
3. pyrrhulina. 1876, 332, Pl. vili. “ Schceniclus pyrrhu-
linus.”
8. yessoensis. 1879, 39, Pl. i.
25. citrinella.
(brehmi Popham), 1901, 453, Pl. x. “E. citrinella
brehmi.”
26. erythrogenys.
(mollessoni Sarudny). 1901, 453, Pl.x. “E. citri-
nella mollessoni.”
33. semenovl.
(citriniventris Scl.). 1906, 313, PI. xv.
45, castaneiceps. 1889, 294, Pl. x. “ E. cioides.”
47, jankowskii. 1888, 317, Pl. viii.
51. siemseni. 1913, 277, Pl. vi. ‘‘ Junco siemseni.”
Incaspiza (v. 299).
pulchra. 1886, 259, Pl. viu. ‘ Hemophila pulchra.”
Compsospiza (v. 299).
1. garleppi. 1893, 208, Pl. vi.
Poospiza (v. 301):
7. melanoleuca. 1880, 354, Pl. ix.
11. erythrophrys. 1891, 599, Pl. xvii.
Brachyspiza (v. 309).
6. strigiceps. 1877, 47, Pl.i. ‘ Zonotrichia strigiceps.”
8. canicapilla. 1877, 47, Pl. i. ‘ Zonotrichia canicapilla.”
Pseudochloris (v. 325),
6. aurantiiventris. 1872, 47, Pl. iii, ¢ Q@. ‘Sycalis
aurantiiventris.”
Nesospiza (v. 326).
2. goughensis. 1905, 255, PI. vi.
3. jessiz. 1905, 257, Pl. vi.
Idiopsar (v. 329),
1. brachyurus. 1884, 241, Pl. vii.
Lophospingus (v. 331).
1. pusillus. 1880, 354, Pl. ix. ‘* Coryphospingus
pusillus.”
46 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Buarremon (v. 336).
13. melanolemus. s
14. latinucha. LoD am es
Cerebide.
Coereba (v. 341).
luteola major (Cab.). 1912, 508, Pl. viii.
chloropyga majuscula (Oab.). 1912, 505, Pl. viil.
Diglossa (v. 345).
6. pectoralis. 1875, 212, Pl. iv.
15. albilateralis. 1875, 216, Pl. v.
Dacnis (v. 349).
13. venusta. 1863, 311, Pl. vii.
Tanagridz.
Chlorochrysa (v. 361).
4, fulgentissima.
(hedwige Berlep. § Stolz.). 1901, 716, Pl. xiv. dQ.
5. nitidissima. 1875, 466, Pl. x.
Calospiza (v. 363).
12. johanne. 1901, 595, Pl. xii. ¢ @. ‘Calliste johanne.”
43. emiliz. 1901, 595, Pl. xii. ‘ Calliste emiliz.”
56. cabanisi. 1868, 71, Pl. iii. “ Calliste cabanisi.”
palmeri (Hellmayr). 1910, 331, Pl. v.
57. dowi. 1863, 450, Pl. xii. ‘* Calliste dowi.”
70. melanotis. 1876, 409, Pl. xii. ‘‘ Calliste melanotis.”
71. cyanotis. 1876, 409, Pl. xii. “ Calliste cyanotis.”
80. whitelyi. 1884, 455, Pl. xiii. ‘* Calliste whitelyi.”
Tridornis (v. 373).
2. reinhardti. 1865, 495, Pl. xi.
Pecilothraupis (v. 374).
8. melanogenys. 1880, 120, Pl. iu,
Spindalis (v. 380).
4, pretrei. 1916, 33, Pl. i.
8. benedicti. 1916, 33, Pl. i. “8S. exsul.”
9. salvini. 1916, 33, Pl. i.
Pyranga (vy. 384).
12. roseigularis. 1873, 126, Pl. iii.
a
1918. ] Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 47
Tachyphonus (vy. 392).
2. luctuosus.
(Lanio lawrencei Scl. = ¢ juv.). 1885, 272, Pl. vi.
9. nattereri. 1885, 273, Pl. vi.
Nesospingus.
speculiferus. 1875, 383, Pl. ix. « Chlorospingus ?
speculiferus.”
Ploceide.
Drepanoplectes (v. 412).
I> jacksoniz 1891, 246, Pl. v. 3 2.
Pyromelana (vy. 414).
14, aurea. 1886, 354, Pl. ix.
Nigrita (v. 419).
4. emilie. 1869, 384, Pl. xi.
12. uropygialis. 1869, 384, Pl. xi.
Pseudonigrita (v. 421).
4. cabanisi. 1888, 292, Pl. vi. ‘ Philwterus cabanisi.”
Nesocharis (vy. 424),
1. shelleyi. 1915, 514, Pl. viiz ¢ O.
Paludipasser.
locustella (Weave). 1910, 251, Pl. iii.
Hypargus (v. 427).
3. schlegeli, 1870, 482, Pl. xiv. -“ Pytelia schlegeli.”
4. nitidulus. 1910, 681, Pl. xi. 2. “ Pytelia nitidula.”
5. dybowskii. 1915, 514, Pl. vii. Q. Lagonosticta
dybowskii.”
Munia (v. 4389),
20. hunsteini. 1886, 1, Pl. i. ‘ Donacicola hunsteini.”
Erythrura (v. 448),
Sy. i ibe
ay Nissi Baa Bl ay
. regia. J
Estrilda (v. 450),
27. ochrogaster. .
(margarite O.-Grant). 1900, 130, Pl. iii.“ Sporegin-
thus margarite.”
29. atricapilla. 1886, 330, Pl. ix.
48 Dr. E. Hopkinson: Index-List of the [ Ibis,
Malimbus (v. 460).
3. cassini. 1876, 461, Pl. xiii.
10. scutatus. 1887, 41, Pl. ii. “ M. rubropersonatus.”
14. coronatus. 1908, 352, Pl. vii.
Anaplectes (v. 462).
1, rubriceps. 1876, 466, Pl. xiii. fig, 2, .‘ Malimbus
rubriceps.”
1882, 353, Pl. vii. fig. 2.“ Sharpia ayresi.”
(“ Sharpea ” on plate.)
2. gurneyi. 1887,17, Pl.i. ‘ Ploceus gurneyi.”
Notiospiza (v. 463).
1. angolensis. 1887, 18, Pl.i. ‘ Ploceus angolensis.”
Phormoplectes (v. 464). :
1. insignis. 1891, 253, Pl. vi. fig. 1 (9). ‘*Sycobrotus
insignis.”
1917, 73, Pl. ii. (head). ‘ Heteryphantes
insignis.”
4, auricomis. 1917, 72, Pl. ii. (head). “ Hetery-
5. dorsimaculatus. 1917, 73, Pl. u. (head). } phantes. . .”
Othyphantes (v. 465).
6a. batesi (v. 645, Addenda). 1910, 435, Pl. vi. 3 Q.
Heteryphantes (v. 466).
1. stephanophorus. 1891, 258, Pl. vi. fig. 2. ¢.
Sitagra (v. 472).
3. jacksoni. 1882, 293, Pl. vii. ‘‘ Ploceus jacksoni.”
6. capitalis. 1887, 34, Pl. ii. ‘* Ploceus capitalis.”
16. bertrandi. 1893, 23, Pl. ii. ‘ Hyphantornis bertrandi.”
17. velata. 1868, 466, Pl.x. ‘‘ Hyphantornis mariquensis.”
Ploceus (v. 480).
3. megarhynchus. 1901, 32, Pl. i. figs. A & B.
Icteride.
Ostinops (v. 485),
4, salmoni. 1883, 153, PI. vii.
7. oleaginus. 1883, 154, Pl. vii.
Ageleus (v. 491).
18. cyanopus. 1884, 13, Pl.i. o @.
Icterus (vy. 498).
16. oberi. 1882, 487, Pl. xiii.
32. grace-anne, 1883, 368, Pl. xi.
1918.] Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ 49
Megaquiscalus (v. 508).
7. tenuirostris, 1884, 157, Pl. v. 36 2. “ Quiscalus
tenuirostris.
Sturnide.
Spodiopsar (v. 515).
8. andamanensis. 1873, 313, Pl. xii. “Sturnia andaman-
ensis.”
Aithiopsar (v. 520).
6. albocinctus. 1880, 72, Pl. i. ‘* Acridotheres albo-
cinctus.”
Basileornis (v. 521).
1. cel is.
g cereus } 1861, 283, Pl. ix.
. corythaix.
Cinnyricinclus (v. 525).
3. sharpei. 1899, 590,-Pl. xii. (ad. et juv.). ‘* Pholidauges
sharpei.”
Galeopsar (v. 534),
1. salvadorii. 1891, 241, Pl. iv.
Onychognathus (v. 536). :
8. walleri. 1880, 335, Pl. viii. ‘* Amydrus walleri.”
Heteropsar (v. 542).
2. albicapillus. 1860, 246, Pl. vii. “ Notauges albi-
capillus.”
Paramythiide.
Paramythia (v. 545).
1. montium. 1893, 244, Pl. vi.
Oriolida.
Oriolus (v. 546).
4, notatus. 1870, 218, Pl. vii.
34. meneliki. 1900, 122, PI. ii.
42. brachyrhynchus. 1870, 220, Pl. viii., both figures.
43. nigripennis. 1870, 228, Pl. vii.
45. chlorocephalus. 1896, 183, PI. iv.
46. cruentus. 1881, 33, Pl. i. ‘ Analcipus cruentus.”
47. consanguineus. 1881, 33, Pl. i. ¢ Q@. ‘ Analcipus
consanguineus.”
49. hosei. 1893, 393, Pl. x.
50. ardens. 1862, 368, Pl. xiii. ‘ Psarolophus ardens.”
SER, X.—VOL, VI. E
50 Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘ The Ibis.’ [ Ibis,
Dicruride.
Dicrurus (y.. 556).
4, mirabilis. 1872, 103, Pl. v.
Paradiseide.
Parephephorus (v. 568).
1. duivenbodei. 1890, 419, Pl. xii. |‘ Craspedophora
duivenbodei.”
Paradisea (v. 572).
4, decora. 1883, 202, Pl. viii.
9. minor. 1905, 431, Pl. viii. (final stage of the display).
Paradisornis (v. 574).
1. -rudolfi. 1886, 252, Pl. vii.
Cicinnurus (v. 575).
1. regius. 1907, 227, Pl. v. (in full display).
Semioptera (v. 578).
1. wallacei. 1860, 26, Plu. S 9.
Paradigalla (v. 581).
brevicauda (Roths. § Hart.) 1912, 109, Pl. ii.
Ptilonorhynchide.
Macgregoria (v. 581).
1. pulehra. 1897, 251, Pl. viii.
Parotia (v. 581).
3. wabnesi. 1911, 356, Pl. vi. ¢ 9.
4. duivenbodei. 1911, 355, Pl. v.
Loria (v. 583).
1. loria. 1895, 344, Pl. vii, ¢ 9. ‘“ Loria marie.”
Cnemophilus (v. 584).
1. macgregori. 1891, 414, Pl. x.
Xanthomelus (v. 585).
2. ardens. New Guinea Suppl. 1915, 31, PI. i.
Corvide.
Dendrocitta (v. 607).
8. cinerascens. 1879, 250, Pl. viii.
9. bayleyi. 1874, 145, Pl. vi. (‘ baylei” on plate.)
Cissa (v. 608).
4. jefferyi. 1889, 84, Pl. iv.
1918.] The Nidification of some Indian Falconide. 51
Garrulus (v. 611).
14. brandti. 1867, 193, Pl. iii.
Cyanolyca (v. 623).
9. viridicyanea. 1917, 465, Pl. vii. ‘“* Cyanolyca v. viridi-
cyanea.”
viridicyanea cuzcoensis (W. Z. Scl. 1917). 1917, 465,
Pl. viii.
Picathartes (v. 626).
1. gymnocephalus. 1874, 67, Pl. 1. (adult & young).
III.—Notes on the Nidification of some Indian Falconide.
Ill. The Genera Ictinaétus and Microhierax. By E. C.
Stuart Baker, M.B.O.U.
(Plate II.)
Ictinaétus malayensis (Reinw.).
The Black Eagle.
Ur to the time Oates wrote the second volume of the
‘Catalogue of the Birds’ Eggs in the British Museum’ the
only existing account of the nesting of this fine Eagle was
that of Hume in ‘ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,’ and it
is not quite certain that the eggs described by him are those
of this Eagle.
In the first place, the nests are described as having been
built on ledges on the faces of cliffs, whereas all nests taken
since have, without exception, been found on trees; again,
in one of these supposed Black Eagles’ nests there were
three eggs, but no one else has ever found more than two in
a nest, and very rarely more than one. The colour of—or
want of colour in—the fourth single egg almost certainly
shows that it was not that of the Black Eagle, which lays
very richly-coloured eggs. Finally, the lining membrane
in the eggs described by Hume is paler and more yellow
than in any of those since obtained.
Probably the first authentic egg of the Black Eagle is
ER
SY : ~ 5 aie * oF + a cs ee Pane ae en ee” See
’ oy ° ae 2 . Pos re ~u . oo
[Ibis,
one which was in the collection of Mr. J. C. Parker, and
which was secured by me at his death, together with the skin
of the female. This was taken on the 16th of April, 1883,
somewhere in Kashmir, but the only note on skin and egg
was “ Spilornis rutherfordi 16/4/83,’’ and an indecipherable
word, which looks like Kooloo. On the back of the ticket
is “ Shot off nest with one egg very hard-set.”’
The skin and egg are both undoubtedly those of the Black
Eagle, and the name inscribed, though in Mr. Parker’s own
handwriting, is assuredly only a clerical error, as not only
was Mr. Parker a good ornithologist, but I had previously
corresponded with him about this very egg under its proper
name. The nest, he informed me, was built on a fir-tree
on a cliff-side.
52 _. Mr. BE. C. Stuart Baker on the
I found this fine Eagle breeding in the mountain ranges
south of the Brahmapootra, and first took its egg in north
Cachar. Previously I had found a nest containing a
youngster in down, so the following year I went out to,
investigate about six weeks earlier, and was lucky enough
to find a fresh egg. This was left for four days to see if
another would be laid, and then taken.
The nest was a huge affair of sticks lined with green
leaves, and was placed high up in a large tree in deep ever-
green forest, at an elevation of about 5500 feet. Like all
other nests which I have seen, this one was built on a tree
standing in a very rugged country, but was not particularly
hard to get at owing to the tree being covered with a net-
work of the ‘elephant creeper ” and other plants, which
made climbing an easy matter. The tree itself grew on the
side of a very narrow ridge, joining two hills together, and
forming a narrow bridle-path, some three or four feet wide,
which zig-zagged its rocky and difficult way from one Naga
village to another. Looking over the edge of this path on
one side, one could see through the straggling tree-tops
into a depth below of many hundreds of feet, the drop being
almost sheer, and the trees seeming to hang on by their
roots in the most precarious way between jutting boulders
and rocks. On the other side, though not quite so sheer,
Pie
OTS;
Ibis
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD
.
ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS
MICROHIERAX MELANOLEUCUS
Figs. 1-4.
Riga
1918. | Nidification of some Indian Fulconide. 53
the cliff fell away very precipitously, yet holding enough
‘soil to encourage a dense growth of oaks and other trees.
Fortunately it was on this side of the ridge that the Black
Eagles had selected a tree on which to build their nest, and
clambering down the rocks I was soon at the foot of the
tree, and in another five minutes was up to the nest.
Up to this point in the proceedings the parent birds had
taken but little interest beyond wheeling round and round
the tree and uttering their shrill, rather melancholy call.
As, however, I got to the nest, both birds swooped down
time after time to within a few feet of me, and once indeed
the female almost struck me in passing. Leaving the egg,
I then descended, and before I was half-way down, the female
was back again in the nest and crouching over her egg.
Later, when I went to take the egg, the birds were much
fiercer, and commenced their attacks directly I began to
climb their tree, so that after trying to get up myself, I had
to come down, and shoot the female before I could tackle
the nest. Both birds swooped at me repeatedly, but the
female again and again came within inches of my head,
whereas the male never came within two or three feet. A
fall at that height would have meant certain death, and it
would have been quite impossible to have carried the egg
down and also shield oneself, so that the murder of the
parent bird was absolutely necessary.
This nest must have been over four feet in diameter and
about eighteen inches deep, with a well-made depression in
the centre lined with a pad of green leaves and the ends of
green branches. The leaves were nearly all those of the
“elephant creeper,” and were so large that it only took
about a dozen to make a thick, cool pad. The branches
were just the small ends of oak twigs with the green leaves
still adhering.
In the body of the nest the sticks were of considerable
size, some of them fully an inch in diameter, and many of
them over three feet in length. Most of these appeared to
be dead sticks and branches either picked up by the birds
off the ground, or torn off dead boughs. The sticks which
5A Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the [ Ibis,
lay on the upper part were much smaller and more pliant,
and seemed in some cases to have been torn from living
trees.
The male secured another partner within a very short
time of the death of his wife, and in the subsequent years
the pair built a nest on the opposite side of the ridge, where
they were quite safe from molestation, for though we could
see it well enough, we could not get at it.
A second nest, taken in the adjoining Khasia Hills, was
built in a tree growing on the side of the Lailancote-
Cherrapoonji cliffs. I was never able to visit this nest in
time to take the egg; but in 1913, after I had left India, one
of my collectors sent me home an egg which he had taken ~
from it. He refused to again rob the nest on the ground
that the birds had attacked and nearly killed him on this
occasion, and stipulated for the gift of a gun and ammuni-
tion to enable him to shoot or scare the birds away before
taking the egg.
Colonel R. H. Rattray, who took this Eagle’s egg in
Danga Gali, found the parents quite as bold as those which
I had robbed. He writes ;—
“The only place I ever came across these Eagles breeding
was near Danga Gali. During the summer of 1903 I was
staying in Murree, and my men then reported to me that
they had found an Eagle’s nest in the Gali in question.
When, however, we went out and examined it, we found
that the young one had been hatched out.
“In 1904 I again went up to Danga Gali, arriving there
about the 20th of April, and at once put men on to watch the
hillside upon which the birds had nested the previous year.
On the 3rd of May they found the nest occupied, and reported
to me that the bird was sitting. I went out the next day,
and found the great stick platform in a tall fir-tree, half-
way down a nasty precipice. After a dangerous climb, we
succeeded in getting to the ledge, out of which the tree
grew, and I sent the men up, who reported one egg, which
1. directed them to bring down. The birds were most
aggressive whilst the man was on the tree, and I had some
1918. | Nidification of some Indian Falconide. 55
difficulty in persuading him to continue his climb up to the
nest, and had eventually to fire at and wound one of the
birds before they would desist from their attacks.
‘This egg was much incubated, but I managed to clean
it, and it is the one you now have in your collection.
“T was in Danga Gali in 1905, but failed to find the birds
or their nest ; Buchanan, however, had taken an egg exactly
sinilar to mine some years previously from the same hill-
side, so it is probable that the pair had bred there for many
years.”
Mr. J. Stewart, who has taken many nests of this Eagle
in Travancore, gives the birds the same reputation for
bravery in defence of their homes and young, and tells me
that it is frequently necessary to frighten the birds off with
gunfire before they will allow the native climbers to get up
to the nests.
This gentleman has sent me home a mass of interesting
notes about this Eagle, from which I have compiled the
following information.
Many pairs have two nests, which they use apparently
without any definite rule to guide them. Sometimes they
occupy the same nest year after year, and then suddenly for
no obvious reason leave it, and use the other nest, returning
again to the first after a year’s absence. Sometimes they will
occupy alternate nests in alternate seasons, and, generally,
when their eggs or young are taken will leave the robbed
nest and lay for the second time in their other home. Even
in this, however, one cannot prophesy with any certainty as
to their movements, and more than once Mr. Stewart has
taken a second egg from the same nest in one and the same
season. Another curious thing is that these birds are very
irregular in their laying, and frequently it would seem as
if they miss a year’s laying altogether. After his long
residence in the southern part of Travancore, Mr. Stewart
says :—
“TI think I know practically every pair of birds and their
nests within a radius of many miles, and often I have known
birds resort to their nests, play about with them, do a few
56 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the [ Ibis,
odd repairs, stay by them all the breeding-season, yet make
no attempt to lay.” ,
They start nesting operations very early ; Mr. Stewart has
seen them repairing their nests in October and November,
and his men have reported them as being back at their nests
even earlier than this. At first, however, their interest in
them is very casual ; an odd hour or so may be spent in
pulling out and in putting in a few sticks, and then some
days may elapse before any more work is done. Some two
months may be passed in this manner, by which time the
body of the nest is repaired to suit their tastes, then after
another interval of rest the more important work of lining
their nests with green leaves is begun ; this, if the birds are
in earnest about laying, only takes two or three days, but
even at this advanced stage the birds often delay their
laying, and the lining has all to be done over again.
The actual laying season is from the end of November to
the second week in January, but most of Mr. Stewart’s eggs
were taken in the end of December.
After the eggs have been laid the birds continue to put
green leaves into the nest, for eggs have been found which
have been much incubated, with fresh green leaves under
them.
In southern India they appear to make much the same
kind of nest, and to place it on much the same kind of tree
as they do in northern India, but as a rule the ground on
which the tree stands is not broken and precipitous ; whereas,
also, in the Himalayas the forest selected is generally more
or less evergreen, in southern India it appears often to be
deciduous.
Mr. Stewart has taken a nest from a tree so covered with
creepers and parasites that in spite of its size it was difficult
to detect, and also from trees in which it stood out as a
conspicuous object visible from a considerable distance,
One nest he described to me as having been built on a tree,
the extreme summit of which had been broken off in a
storm, and on the splintered end of the trunk reposed the
mass of sticks of which the nest was composed,
1918.] Nidification of some Indian Falconide. 57
The eggs are nearly always one only in number, but on
three occasions Mr. Stewart has taken two eggs in the same
clutch. They vary most extraordinarily in size and shape,
and also in character and colour of their markings, but,
taken as a whole, are the most handsome eggs of any
of the birds-of-prey I know, with the exception perhaps of
Pernis.
Excluding Hume’s eggs, the authenticity of which I
doubt, I have now seen 20 eggs of this Eagle, of which no
less than 12 were taken by Mr. J. Stewart. The most
usual type perhaps is as follows (Plate II. fig. 4) :—Ground-
colour white to creamy white, primary markings, blotches,
spots and specks of rich vandyke-brown, the majority of
the blotches of great size, in some cases as much as
25 x 15 mm., but, of course, broken and irregular in shape.
There are also a few smaller marks of a brown, so deep as
to appear black. In this type of egg, the secondary mark-
ings are few in number and very small, such as there are
being of a paler washed-out brown or sienna. There are
really no subordinate or sub-shell markings. of the usual
grey or purple-grey tint.
A somewhat similar type to the above differs in being
altogether a paler, more poorly-marked egg. The markings,
which are equally large and numerous, and, as in the former
type, irregularly distributed over the whole surface of the
egg, are more of a dull earth-brown than vandyke-brown,
with here and there a faint purplish or grey tint.
In this egg, as in the last described, there are practically
no secondary markings.
Two eggs taken by myself in Cachar and a third taken
in the Khasia Hills (Plate IJ. fig. 2) are extraordinarily
handsome eggs. The ground-colour is a pale cream with a
fair number of primary markings of rich vandyke and
blackish brown, some fairly large, but mostly smallish
blotches and spots. ‘The secondary markings are extremely
numerous over the whole of the egg, especially at the
larger end, where they coalesce to form a cap or cloud of
lilac and brownish grey upon which the deeper primary
58 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the [ Ibis,
markings stand well out, whilst the larger smudges and
smears blend more or less at their edges with the surround-
ing colour.
Yet a third type of egg is more clouded than definitely
blotched or spotted with colour. The primary marks con-
sist of clouds and indefinite blotches of light earth-brown
scattered sparsely over the whole surface of the egg, whilst
underlying these, but far more numerous, are similar,
though somewhat smaller, markings of faint neutral tint
and greyish purple (Plate IT. fig. 1).
An extraordinary egg given to me by Mr. Stewart
(Plate II. fig. 3) was taken with the egg depicted in
Plate IT. fig. 4, and though both belong to the same clutch ~
they contrast as strongly as any two eggs I have seen.
The whole ground-colour is a dull reddish ochre with a
few pale reddish-brown markings scattered here and there
over its surface, and with more numerous, but still fainter
mottlings and clouds of neutral tint which coalesce and
form a cap at the larger extremity. Single eggs very
similar to this have been taken by Mr. Stewart.
The above four may be said to form the standard types of
this egg, but a few may be obtained which are more or less
intermediate, though generally inclining distinctly to one or
the other of the four.
Most eggs are in shape very broad ovals, but little
compressed towards the smaller end; in some, indeed,
the difference between the two ends is almost negligible.
In a few eggs the shape is a rather long oval, and in
one or two the smaller end is well differentiated from the
larger.
The texture is coarse and not very close, but the surface
varies considerably ; in some it is dull and almost rough to
the touch, whilst in others it is comparatively smooth and
exhibits a very faint gloss when fresh.
In length the eggs vary between 65°0 and 58°6 mm.,
and in breadth between 51°2 and 48°4 mm., whilst one
abnormally small egg measures only 55°0x43'0 mm. This
egg is a second one, laid after the first had been robbed.
1918. | Nidification of some Indian Falconide. 59
The breeding-season over the greater part of this bird’s
range is, as I have already shown, during the months of
November, December, and January, but in the higher hills
and mountains in the north would appear to be in April
and early May, and perhaps the end of March.
In the Khasia Hills a perfectly fresh egg was taken on
the 2nd of May, and Rattray’s hard-set one was taken on the
4th of the same month.
The Black Eagle is essentially a bird of forest, mountains,
and wild country, but where such a combination exists, it is
to be found practically all over India, Ceylon, Burma, and
Malaya. In India it is not found in the plains except as a
straggler in the non-breeding season, nor is it found even
on the hills and mountains except within reach of heavy
forest.
Colonel Rattray tells me that he saw one bird at Now-
shera, and adds :—
“We certainly saw them at Kohat, where I once shot a
bird that was annoying us when out shooting. We used to
hate the bird at this place, for it was a no uncommon occur-
rence for one of them to accompany us, soaring high above
us overhead, but out of range of the guns. They kept the
birds down, and if'a snipe got away wounded, they at once
followed and picked it up. I know in this way I lost a
number of snipe and quail. It was also a nuisance when out
hawking, as it kept the houbara down so that they continued
running and refused to be put up. I never heard of their
nesting anywhere in the vicinity.”
In Cachar, where the bird was, however, rare, we never
saw any instances similar to that described by Colonel
Rattray, even when we were snipe- or partridge-shooting on
ground surrounded on all sides by forest. The various
fishing Eagles and an occasional Osprey would regularly
retrieve and carry off wounded birds of all descriptions, but
we never saw or heard of a Black Eagle doing so. Up in
the mountains, however, I once shot a Bamboo Partridge in
a glade in deep forest, which was seized and carried off by
an Eagle, I believe, of this species.
60 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the [Ibis,
I have more than once, also, seen them stoop at and strike
Jungle-fowl or Kalij Pheasant, either just on the outskirts
of forest or actually in the forest itself. One evening I was
going through some beautiful oak forest, high up on the
Barail Rauge, when two or three Jungle-fowl ran across
the path, from one side to the other, into the thin cover of
caladiums and ferns which carpeted the ground. Just as they
were disappearing out of sight, there was a rushing swish
through the air, anda magnificent Black Eagle came hurtling
down, struck the old cock Jungle-fowl fair on the back,
bowling it over in a cloud of feathers. As the Hagle struck
it rose again with a few flaps of its wings, and then turning
in its stride, so to speak, was back instantaneously on to the
fowl, which it seized and carried away without any apparent
effort to a tree close by. It was most remarkable the
manner in which this Eagle stooped through the interlacing
boughs of the lofty trees, and again, when it had seized its
prey, twisted its way in and out of their trunks whilst
moving at great speed. The majority of birds-of-prey
require more or less open ground in which to stoop, and
the smaller birds when once they have obtained the cover of
a tree or bush consider themselves safe. The performance
as I have described it cannot, however, be anything unusual
for the Black Eagle, as I once saw one eating a hen Jungle-
fowl on a tree miles from any big clearance or open space,
and have twice on other occasions seen them eating Wood-
Partridge well in the heart of extensive forest. Probably
they frequent the outskirts of clearances, rivers, and open
glades for choice when hunting, but there is no doubt that
forest and cover is no deterrent to the Eagle stooping when
hungry, and is but little safeguard to the quarry.
They do not, however, restrict themselves to bigger game,
and will eat locusts, grasshoppers, lizards, etc., and I have
seen them regularly quartering deep and gloomy nullahs in
heavy forest, and now and then stooping and seizing small
things both in the air and off the ground and bushes, which
I was too far away to identify. Their flight under these
circumstances is slow, but very easy and pliant, and when
1918. | Nidification of some Indian Falconide, 61
necessary a couple of beats of the wings suffice to increase
the speed in a moment.
Its curiously long and straight claws would seem to be
ill-adapted for striking heavy quarry, although the tarsi are
extremely powerful. So far as I have been able to see,
however, the result of the stoop is just as effective as it
is when made by Eagles with the usual powerful short hind
claw. A partridge which once nearly fell on the top of
me, when struck by one of these Eagles, was dead before
it fell to the ground, and had its back quite cleanly ripped
from about the centre well up into the head, which was
nearly torn off by the one and same stroke as that which
opened the back.
It has a shrill ery which it sometimes utters when soaring,
but it is on the whole a very silent bird, and one may be
within the haunts of this bird all day long without hearing
its plaintive call. When perching, it sometimes utters a
low croak, and when attacking anyone at its nest, utters
a rather loud croak as it stoops, possibly with a view to
instilling fear.
Genus MicrouIEerRAx.
The genus Microhierax contains several tiny birds worthy
of avery high position among the Eagles and [’aleons on
account both of their beauty of form and wonderful daring
and pluck. According to Sharpe’s Hand-lst there are
six species of Microhierax confined to southern Asia and
Malaya, of which three enter Indian and Burmese limits.
Two of these, Microhierax melanoleucus and M. fringillarius,
are very closely allied, whilst the third, W. cerulescens (or
M. eutolmus), differs in having a white collar and red thighs.
Microhierax melanoleucus. (PI. II. fig. 5.)
The White-thighed Falconet.
This little Falcon is found over the whole of the Assam
Hills, both north and south of the Brakmapootra, from
Bhutan to Sadiya in the north, and from Cachar and Sylhet
62 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the [ Ibis,
in the Surma Valley to Margherita in Lakhimpur in the
south. It also occurs in Manipur, the Looshai Hills, and
the upper Western Chin Hills.
The only account hitherto published of this bird’s breeding
is the one by myself, which appeared in vol. xi. of the
Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal, but since then
I have been fortunate enough to take other eggs.
The first nest found by me was taken at Gunjong,
North Cachar Hills, on the 13th of March, 1889; I was
prowling about one evening with my gun, shooting an odd
cock Jungle-fowl or two for the pot and taking notes and
observations on birds generally, when I noticed what seemed
to be a small black-and-white bird disappear into a hole in a ~
branch of a tree high overhead. Knowing that there were
no Woodpeckers or Barbets anything like this bird, and
anxious to ascertain what it could be, I hammered on the
trunk of the tree until it reappeared, when I at once shot it,
and greatly to my surprise found it to be a White-thighed
Halconet.
At this time I had not read Bingham’s account of the nest-
ing of MW. cerulescens, so that I thought the Falconet must
have gone into the Barbet’s hole to rob it of eggs or young,
and in order to see if this was the case, I climbed up the tree
and opened out the hole. At first I could feel no eggs in it,
but brought out two or three handfuls of beetles’ wings and
other remains of insects, and then felt a single egg lying in
the bottom of the hole, which I secured and brought down.
This egg, though it had been originally white, and was in
size much the same as that of a Blue-eared Barbet, was
of so totally different a texture that I saw at once it did not
belong to any bird of that family. In size it measured
29°] x 22°3 mm., and in shape was a very obtuse blunt oval ;
both ends were practically the same in size, whilst the texture
was half-way between that of Barbet’s eggs and of eggs of the
Lark-heeled Cuckoos of the Centropus group. The chalky
covering is not nearly so thick or so crumbly as it is on the
eggs of those birds, but there is enough to make a distinct
covering which can be scratched off with a knife. The whole
1918. | Nidification of some Indian Falconide. 63
surface is much stained with yellow and grey, presumably
from the rotten insect-remains upon which it had been
lying, although it was quite fresh.
Whilst examining the bird and egg under the tree in
which the nest-hole was, the mate of the former came
wheeling round and round, but as I did not require it
as a specimen for identification, I did not shoot it. The
bird killed proved to be a female.
This particular nest-hole was made in a branch of a dead
tree, standing in a Naga “jhum,” or cultivation clearing,
surrounded on all sides by dense bamboo and tree jungle, in
which, however, there were other similar *jhums:”. > ‘The
trees in these clearings are not cut down by the Nagas, but
merely ringed so that they die within a few weeks, though
it may be years before they rot away and fall. The branch
in which the Barbet had bored her nest-hole was about
40 feet above the ground, with the entrance cut, as usual,
in the lower surface of the bough.
A second egg brought to me by Nagas, and said to have
been taken from a deserted nest-hole of a Barbet or Wood-
pecker, was similar to the above in size, shape, and texture,
but was well marked with bold reddish blotches like those
on a Sparrow-Hawk’s eggs. Thinking that they had been
faked by the Nagas, I tried to rub them off, but only
succeeded in taking off the soft outer covering and leaving
the hard inner shell exposed. It may be, therefore, that
this little Falcon does sometimes lay spotted eggs. This
ege measures 27°7 x 22°7 mm.
Other eggs taken in the Khasia Hills are exactly like that
first described, and were taken on each occasion from holes
in trees excavated either by Woodpeckers or Barbets. In
one case the tree was one standing in a patch of rice
cultivation on a hillside covered elsewhere with bamboos,
and a few scattered trees; in another the hole had been
bored in the under surface of a large branch high up in
a tree standing on the outskirts of evergreen forest.
In Dibrugarh, Assam, where the bird was much more com-
mon than in either the North Cachar or the Khasia Hills,
64 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the _ Pilbis,
neither Dr. Coltart nor myself ever succeeded in finding a
nest, though a pair undoubtedly bred in an enormous
Bombax standing a couple of hundred yards or so behind
Dr. Coltart’s bungalow. Roh Lak.
Tris hazel or crimson; wattles dull carmine; bill—
proximal half dull crimson, distal half black; feet dull
yellow, “* knees ” and toes tinged with olive or grey.
Males: T. L. 330, 380; W. 215, 212.
Females: T. L. 310, 399 ; « Wo 195.206:
Very common in open country.
+12. Charadrius dominicus P. S. L. Miill.
ief9) Koldiak,
Iris dark ; bill black ; legs dark plumbeous ; feet black.
Dts 2ad);) Ws 16) > Ta. 41; Bs £2 2 29: Distance
between extremity of longest secondaries and end of wing
50 mm.
713. Charadrius geoffroyi Wag].
1g. Koh Lak.
Iris dark ; bill black ; legs stone-grey; feet plumbeous-
black. ;
ile 212 :-W. 143.: Ta. 36:
+ 14. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus (Swinh.).
Aigialites dealbatus Swinhoe, P. Z. 8S. 1870, p. 138.
Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Hartert & Jackson,
This, 1915; p. 528.
1 2. Koh Kram, Inner Gulf of Siam. Nov. 1916.
2--e- Koby Bale
86 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Iris dark ; bill black; legs stone-grey or yellowish-grey ;
feet grey-black.
T. L. 175, 173, —; W. 108, 110, 108 ; Ta. —, 26°5, 28;
Bet. e.21, 13; 20:
The bird from Koh Lak has the head slightly tinged with
sandy-buff.
Hartert and Jackson, in their “ Notes on some Waders ”
(1. c. s. p. 527), recognize two subspecies of C. alexandrinus
as winter visitors in south-eastern Asia—C. a. alevandrinus,
“bill generally about 14-15 mm., hardly ever longer”
(Malay Peninsula and Islands), and C. a. dealbatus Swinh.,
differing “in its considerably stouter and longer bill....
generally 16-17°5 mm.” (Amherst, Tenasserim). By “bill” —
(of which no definition is given) I understand in this instance
the exposed portion of the culmen, which in my Koh Lak
birds measures 16°38, 17, 18 mm., while a female and two
males from the southern part of the Malay Peninsula
(Selangor, Malay States) have exposed culmens of 18, 19,
19 mm. and wings of 112, 110, 108 mm. respectively.
As the type of C. a. dealbatus was said to have a bill of
‘75 inch, or 19 mm., Hartert and Jackson are evidently
wrong in their diagnosis of the race ; and its range must
be extended to the south of the Malay Peninsula, where,
according to these authors, the true C. alerandrinus occurs,
though it is not yet represented there in the local museums,
4-15. Totanus glottis (Linn.).
1¢?. Bangkok, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
W087 3:82.27 5 Be Lee.
ARDEIDA,
+-16. Butorides javanica (Horsf.).
1 ¢. .Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Woo Wa.473 Bt. ge. 7 6.
17. Ardeola grayi (Sykes).
1 ¢. Lat Baa Kao?
1¢@. ‘'Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
oe _—
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 87
Iris yellow; orbital skin yellow and green; maxilla
black ; mandible yellow, base green, tip black ; feet apple-
green.
Males Tob. Soe ow. 22 3 Ta: 57.508. fe. 79.
Female: T. lL. —; W. 197; Ta. 52; B.f. g. 71°5.
+ 18. Bubulcus coromandus (Bodd.).
F< Kol, Lak.
Tris pale yellow ; bill deep yellow ; feet black, soles pale
olive. .
Pere WN cao sd. 86 3 Deltekocsr.
FaLconipé&.
+ 19. Astur badius poliopsis (Hume).
Micronisus policpsis Hume, Stray Feathers, i. 1874,
p. 825.
1 gad. KohSiChang, Inner Gulf of Siam. Jan. 1915.
1 gad. Koh Lan, 5 ps Oct. 1916.
1? ad. Koh Lak.
1 gimm.,1 ? ad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris yellow or crimson, or crimson with a narrow outer
ring of yellow; bill black, base grey, cere yellowish-
olive ; feet yellow, sometimes tinged with greenish; claws
black.
Males: T. L. —, 305, 310*; W. 195,188, 181 *.
Females : T. L. 3860, 355 ; W. 210, 205.
The male from Koh Si Chang is an old bird, with pure
white thighs and the middle pair of tail-feathers entirely
devoid of dark bars or spots.
The immature male is brown above with a considerable
exposure of white on crown, nape, and scapulars ; cheeks
and ear-coverts striped brown and white; under surface
white with a brown median throat-stripe and dark patches
on the feathers, very elongate on the breast but becoming
broader than long on the flanks; thighs banded.
All adults exhibit a grey throat-stripe.
* Immature.
88 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
+20. Baza lophotes (Temm.).
1 2. Lat Bua Kao.
Bill and feet pale blue-grey.
T. L. 310; W. 224. Length of crest-feathers 60 mm.
Though apparently fully adult, this specimen seems rather
small for a female, but I have no reason to doubt that it has
been properly sexed.
Hawks of many species seemed very common in the open
country of Siam, but as at the time of my visit these areas
were flooded, and under rice almost ripe for harvesting, we
found it practically impossible to obtain specimens.
ASIONID&.
+21. Scops bakkamena lempiji Horsf.
Otus bakkamena lenmpiji Hartert, Vogel pal. Fauna, u.
1913, p. 974.
1 g ad. Koh Mesan, off Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov.
1916.
Iris dark ; bill pale yellowish-grey ; feet pale brownish-
yellow.
Tae loss VW. be:
This is a rather dull-coloured example ; the feathering of
the tarsi does not extend to the toes, and the fifth quill
of the wing is slightly the longest. It is perhaps somewhat
intermediate between the Javanese race and S. db. lettia of
Nepal.
+ 22. Ninox scutulata burmanica Hume.
Ninox burmanica Hume, Stray Feathers, iv. 1876, p. 285 ;
Hume & Davison, op. cit. vi. 1878, p. 40.
1 gad. Koh Kram, Inner Gulf of Siam. Oct. 1916.
Iris deep yellow; maxilla black ; cere, culmen, and tip
olive-yellow ; mandible olive-yellow and black ; feet deep
yellow.
T. L. 805 ; W. 2138.
This race from Pegu and Tenasserim was described as
having the upper surface much darker than N. s. /ugubris of
northern India, but not so dark as the bird inhabiting
1918. | recently collected in Siam. oe
Malacca, Singapore, and Sumatra. I have compared my
specimen and an unsexed skin from Bangkok (coll. H.R.H.
Prince Chumporn) with birds from the Malay States,
Singapore, and the Rhio Archipelago, and find that the
upper parts of the Siamese birds are a less rich, brown,
being paler and duller on back and wings, and that the
heads are paler and greyer,
I find that two forms occur in the Malayan localities
mentioned :—(1) a smaller bird with richly-coloured under-
parts, having the wing in males (6 examples) 183-193,
females (3 examples) 186-198 mm. ; and (2) a larger race
with the brown element less extensive below, and having
wings in males (3 specimens) 210-216 mm. and females
(2 specimens) 218 mm. The larger birds were obtained in
the winter months on the mountains of the Malay States
and on Pulau Jarak, an islet in the middle of the Straits of
Malacca, and are probably examples of N. s. scutulata
Raffles [N. s. japonica (Temm. & Schleg.)].
Both subspecies are similar in colour above; but in the
smaller the brown markings on the flanks are broader and
more bar-like, whereas in the larger they more nearly
approach longitudinal streaks: these are the distinguishing
characters recorded by Grant (‘ Ibis,’ 1896, p. 111) for the
Indian N. scutulata and N. japonica (T. & S.).
The Siamese birds have the lighter underparts of the
larger race, but the flank-markings are intermediate in
shape.
f 23. Glaucidium cuculoides (Vigors).
Athene cuculoides bruegeli Parrot, Verh. Orn. Gesellsch.
Bayern, viii. 1911, p. 97.
1 9 ad. Lat Bua Kao.
1 9 ad. Koh Lak.
Iris lemon-yellow ; edge of eyelid black ; bill pale olive-
green or olive-yellow, with tip and culmen yellow ; {eet pale
olive-green or olive-yellow.
T. L. 235, 222 ; W. 148, 146.
Parrot’s paper containing the description of G. c, brueyeli
90 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
is not available, so I have recorded my examples under the
specific name.
24. Bubo coromandus klossi Robinson.
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv. 1911,
p- 247.
1 gad.,1 2 ad. Koh Lak.
Iris deep yellow; bill pale blue-grey ; feet plumbeous- .
grey.
Male: T. L. 540; W. 380; B.f. g. 43.
Female: T. L. 545 ; W. 895; B.f. g. 46*.
I have compared this pair with the type, which came from
northern Perak, Malay States, and find that they are even
slightly darker and duller than that individual.
Pst?TTAcIDsz.
4-25. Paleornis fasciata (P. L. S. Miill.).
19. Lat Bua Kao. .
Iris pale yellow; orbital skin brownish-black ; bill horny-
brown; feet yellowish-black.
T. L. 387; W. 158; bill from cere 23; height at base
12°3.
Somehow we were unsuccessful with Parrots, and did
not meet with any examples of the large Red-shouldered
Paroquet, which also occurs at Lat Bua Kao, and which,
on material lent me by Mr. W. J. F. Williamson, I have
recently named Paleornis eupatria siamensis (Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, ii. 1917, p. 219).
#26. Paleornis rosa (Bodd.).
Pon @.. Akoh diak.
Males. Iris pale yellow ; cere black ; maxilla yellow with
orange base and black tip; mandible black with yellow
base, or yellow streaked with black ; feet dull olive.
Female. Iris yellowish-white ; cere black ; maxilla yellow
* As in the type, where this measurement was given by some error as
1:55 inches (=89°5 mm.),
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 91
_ with horny tip; mandible black with greenish base ; feet
olive-grey.
Males: T. L. 302, 297; W. 132, 133; bill from cere
7; 7, heieht 9:55.02"
Female: T.L. 235; W.123; bill from cere 16, height 9.
Not previously recorded in this area from further south
than Tavoy. It extends eastwards to the Mekong.
CoRaciipD#&.
+27. Coracias affinis McClell.
Coracias affinis theresie Parrot, Verh. Orn. Gesellsch.
Bayern, viii. 1911, p. 97.
1¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brown ; bill black; feet brown.
T. L. 335; W. 184,
This bird is often seen in Bangkok gardens in the winter
season, but we met with very few while collecting.
While travelling from Koh Lak to Bangkok on Noy. 17
none were observed; but on my return to Koh Lak on the
21st, hundreds were seen perched on the telegraph-wires
along the railway-line.
ALCEDINID&,
+ 28. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gm.
1,1 92. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
i o5-2. 9... Kohylak:
Iris dark ; bill (males) black, gonys red, (females) maxilla
black, mandible dull red washed with black; feet red washed
with brown.
Males: T.L. —, 160; W. 70, 69; B.f. g. 45, 44.
Pemales, 2, T..Is;.—, 170; 1625 W.70, 72, 71: B.f. g. 45,
47, 45.
#29, Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.).
1 ¢. Satahip, near Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov. 1916.
i 2s. Kob Mesa ioff) * ;, . 3g
Iris dark ; bill and feet orange to blood-red.
T. L. 186, 186; W. 57, 57.
92 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
+> 30. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.).
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 215.
Halcyon perpulchra Madarész, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar.
1. 1904, p. 85.
1g. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Wold ; Baie 367
++ 31. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).
Halcyon chloris, H. armstrongi, H. humet Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. xvii. pp. 272-3, 277, 281, pls. vii., vill.
(1892).
1 ¢@. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
W.99; B.f. g. 55.
Upurpip-£.
+ 32. Upupa epops longirostris Jerdon.
Birds of India, i. 1862, p. 393.
1 ¢, 1-9.) Kohghak.
Iris dark ; bill black with fleshy-brown base; feet (male)
brownish-black, (female) blackish-plumbeous.
Male Td. 310; P895:; W.lo7 sbi eGo:
Female <1. Li. 2952) 9). 95°; W. 1305 5B. esol:
Both these birds lack any white spot on the first primary,
as do two Siamese specimens belonging to Mr. W. J. F.
Williamson—a female from Bangkok (W. 1380) and an im-
mature male from Patani, peninsular Siam. It is absent
in a female (W. 129) from the island of Koh Samui, Penin-
sular Siam; while a male from the State of Trang, in the
same area, has a spot on one of the first primaries only.
A series of birds from the Malay Peninsula (Bandon to
Selangor, where a straggler has been taken) all have white
spots on the first primaries, but agree in dimensions with my
Siamese specimens—3 males: wings 132-137, bills from
gape 65-68 mm. ; 6 females : wings 126-131, bills from gape
54-60 mm. Gyldenstolpe records females from eastern
Siam and Koh Lak with wings of 131 mm.; while a male
of his from northern Siam has the wing of 140 mm.
It seems evident that no value attaches to the presence
or absence of spots on the first primary. I have retained
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 93
_Jerdon’s name for these Indo-Chinese birds, though Hartert
(Vogel pal. Fauna, p. 870) considers that U. e. indica
Reichenbach extends through the whole of India (exclusive
of the south, where U. e. ceylonensis Reichenbach occurs) to
southern China and Hainan.
From Koh Lak Gyldenstolpe records a male with a wing
of 146 mm.,and Mr. Williamson informs me that he has two
adult males from Bangkok and south-eastern Siam with wings
of 145 and 152 mm. and white spots on first primaries.
These birds are so large that they call for examination,
particularly since there is in the F.M.S. Museums a female
Hoopoe from Taiping, Perak, with wing of 147 and bill from
gape 55 mm.; though much worn, it is undoubtedly an
example of . e. saturata Lonnberg, and provides by a great —>
distance the most southerly record of the race.
MeERopPip&.
+ 33. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei (Hume).
29. Lat Bua Kao. .
Tris crimson; bill and feet black.
Dh 2222 215° We 110, 102.
~~ 34. Merops viridis (Linn.).
Merops sumatranus Raffles & auct. (vide Hartert, Nov.
Zool. xvii. p. 482).
1 g subad.,1 ¢ imm. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris crimson ; bill and feet black.
W. 109, 114.
The young bird is green throughout except for the rump,
tail, and under tail coverts which are blue, and the ear-
coverts which are dusky black.
+ 35. Merops lamark burmanus Neumann.
Merops orientalis burmanus Neumann, Ornith. Monatsber.
xvii. 1910, p. 80.
Merops viridis auct. (vide Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 482).
1 ?. Lat Bua Kao.
ado &.9 42 Boh. Lak:
Iris crimson ; bill and feet black.
94 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males: W. 96, 94, 94.
Females : W. 91*, 91, 89*.
In adults the top of the head and hind-neck are brilliant
ferruginous, and the whole of the plumage is suffused with
a coppery sheen.
Owing to the recent discovery by Dr. Hartert that the
bird so long known as JM. sumatranus is the one described
by Linneus much earlier under the name of M. viridis, the
latter lias to replace M. sumatranus Raffles, and we have got
to employ a fresh specific name for the present bird. The
earliest available is Merops lamark Cuvier, applicable to
examples from Ceylon and Bengal, from which the Indo-
Chinese form has been separated by Neumann as burmanus.
+36. Merops philippinus Linn.
1 2 subad. Koh Lak.
Iris crimson; bill and feet black.
T. L. 2475; W. 126.
+37. Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby).
1 gad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brown ; bill black, base of lower mandible grey;
feet olive.
1.7350; W. 142; 1. 1295 Bet. e055.
CAPRIMULGIDA.
+ 88. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert.
Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373.
1 2 ad. Koh Lak.
da 277s Ws 89,
In his “‘ Synopsis of the Races of the Long-tailed Goat-
sucker ” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvili. 1915, pp. 589-599)
Oberholser has resuscitated the name bimaculatus applied by
Peale (‘ U.S. Exploring Expedition,’ vol. vili., Mammals and
Birds, p. 170) to a Malayan Nightjar, and has relegated
ambiguus Hartert to its synonymy. According to him, the
type of C. m. bimaculatus came from the Settlement of
Malacca, and all Peninsular and more northern birds agree
* Subadult,
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 95
with it, while those from Singapore together with Sumatra
differ.
The type-locality of dimaculatus, however, is not Malacca
in a restricted sense, but Singapore. Peale based this name
on a bird “obtained at Singapore” (J. c.s.), and, later,
stated that the species occurred in Malacca (¢. c. s. p. 208).
As every zoologist who deals with eastern material should
know, the name Malacca was almost universally used by
writers of English in the first half of the last century—
especially by those who did not reside in the East——in the
same way as the Dutch and other continental authors use
it to-day, 7. e., the greater portion of the Malay Peninsula ;
and this is obviously what Peale meant when he stated, first,
that bimaculatus was “ obtained at Singapore,” and, after-
wards, that it came from “ Malacca”: not that it came from
** Malacca, Malay Peninsula,”’ as Oberholser would have us
believe—a very different thing. Furthermore, a reference
to the narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition shows
that Malacca was not visited, Singapore being the only
place of this region at which a call was made.
Oberholser is of opinion that two Malayan forms of
macrurus are recognizable: one occurring in the Malay
Peninsula, and also in Indo-China, which he argues is
C. m. bimaculatus Peale (C. m. ambiguus Hartert being
synonymous), and a second, found in Singapore and also
Sumatra, to which he has given the name anamesus,
Singapore being the typical locality (¢. ¢. s. p. 593).
These two forms are said to differ in size alone, the
smaller with a wing of 189 mm. and less (average 185°8 *)
occurring in the south, and the larger with a wing of
190 mm. and more (average 193°5*) being found in the
north. This difference in dimensions is scarcely to be
realised by an inspection of the series I have examined—
a series considerably larger than that at Mr. Oberholser’s
disposal; but, admitting for the moment the correctness
of his perceptions, Singapore and Sumatran birds will have
to bear the name dimaculatus (anamesus ranking as a pure
* Vide measurements, Oberholser, ¢. c. s. pp. 594, 596.
96 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
synonym), leaving available for the northern form the
name ambiguus given by Hartert to birds from the Malay
Peninsula, Burma, Assam, and the Eastern Himalayas.
(The first-named place must be regarded as the typical
locality; but it is a rather comprehensive term, and as
I suspect Hartert meant by it all the country south of
about lat. 13° N., I would restrict it for the sake of greater
preciseness to the southern part of Tenasserim.)
I have before me a series of birds ranging through the
Malay Peninsula from Siam to Singapore, and their wing-
measurements are so variable that it seems impossible to
strike a difference between northern and southern examples
in this respect :—
Koh Lak, S.W. Siam........ 189,
Trang, Peninsular Siam...... 194, 190, 186, 186.
Langkawi Id., Kedah........ 194,
Trengannu, Malay States .... 177 (apparently adult).
Penang Tae a. ee cee oe 187,
Pahang, Malay States........ 198.
Perak, °. Fig fae nate 193, 180.
Selangor, ,, Ped eo 196, 198, 198, 193, 191, 190, 190,
189, 188, 187, 185, 185.
Simoupore Td. 4.4. seep o ae 181, 188, 186,
It will be seen that Singapore examples are no smaller
than several more northern birds; and it remains to be
shown if an equal series from that island will include
longer-wiuged examples or not.
On laying the series out from north to south one gets the
impression, however, that the buffy markings on the back
and wings of southern birds are of a deeper, richer tint than
is the case with northern specimens: this is not always so
with individuals, but one seems to see a difference, though
very slight, with series. The point where change takes
place is about the latitude of Penang, and so I suggest that
birds from the south of this, including Sumatra, should be
known as bimaculatus, while northern birds should be called
ambiguus. Of course, if this distinction prove fallacious
and a difference cannot be established, all should stand as
bimaculatus Peale.
1918. ] recently collected in Siam. 97
$39. Caprimulgus asiaticus Lath.
2 dad. Koh Lak.
Tris dari ; bill brownish, tip black ; feet fleshy-brown.
T. L. 225, —; W. 144, 148.
TROGONIDA.
+40. Pyrotrogon oreskius (Temm.).
boo = lat Bua Kao.
Orbital skin slaty-blue ; bill slaty-grey, tip black; feet
slaty-grey.
Ta 290); W115; Bufie, 22.
CucuLip2.
#41. Surniculus lugubris dicruroides Hodgs.
Stresemann, Nov. Zool, xx. 1913, Pa ol.
93 Koh Tak:
Bill black ; feet plumbeous, soles dull white.
T. L. 250; T. 125; W. 183*; Bf Bad «
Stresemann, who has examined a large series of the Black
Cuckoo, is of opinion that two subspecies must be recog-
nized in Continental Asia—a large form, S. 1. dicruroides
(typical locality, Nepal: wing 136-148, average about
141 mm.), and a smaller race, S. J. brachyurus (typical
locality, Pahang, Malay States : wing 117-139, average
about 123 mm.). Both differ from the true lugubris of
Java, Bali, and Ceylon (in which the wing ranges between
122 and 131) in having the middle tail-feathers longer,
instead of shorter, than the wing. The former possibly
ranges eastward as far as Hainan ;-the latter is said to
occur also in Sumatra and Borneo,
I have measured nine adult birds from the Malay Peninsula
(no white spots on the body), and I find their wings are as
follows :—138, 137, 135, 185, 131, 127, Tr, V1iss 18.
These dimensions are within the range given for brachyurus ;
but there is also a specimen obtained on the mountains in
February with a wing of 145 mm, (almost the extreme of
* The wing-measurements of other Siamese birds are 135, 1365,
135 mm.
SER. X.— VOL, VI. H
98 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
dicruroides), which may represent a winter visitor from the
north. The presence of such birds in the Peninsula, where,
again, they may be high-level residents, may have unduly
raised the range for brachyurus. The birds of southern
Burma and Siam are intermediate; but as there does not
seem any necessity for recognizing them as a race, I would
place them under dicruroides, to which they seem to come |
nearest.
+ 42. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Hume.
Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xix. 1912, p. 382.
1¢?. Koh Lak.
Tris red-brown ; bill black, base of mandible brown ; feet
yellow washed with olive-brown,
MP. , 220: W, 108% Bate. L.
As the result of his investigations of the Cuckoos of this
species, Stresemann considered that the present dark-bellied
form was Indo-Chinese, while the home of the true merulinus
was the Malayan and Philippine areas. I find, however,
that both races occur in the Malay Peninsula, whence we
have adult specimens of C. m. querulus taken in July,
August, September, and December, with wings 108, 108,
106, 107 mm.
Stresemann, who regards the merulinus of Java as not
distinguishable from the typical bird of the Philippines,
considers that the merulinus of the Malay Peninsula is
intermediate between C. m. merulinus and C. m. querulus.
It is indeed intermediate in colour between the yellow-
bellied Javan and Bornean birds and the rufous-bellied
northern querulus, but it is quite constant ; therefore I see
no reason why the name of threnodes, applied to it by
Cabanis and Heine, should not stand. The wing-lengths of
adult Peninsular birds, in a series I have examined, are :—
95, 97, 97, 98, 98, 99, 100, 104 mm.
Cacomantis sepulchralis (S. Mill.) also occurs in the
Malay Peninsula, though unrecognized there by Strese-
mann (¢. ¢. s. pp. 3382, 334). I find that the wings of adult
examples measure 107, 108, 113, 114 mm., and I am inclined
to attribute to this species or race all banded birds obtained
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 99
in the Peninsula, though the bars (which are rufescent) on
the inner webs of the tail-feathers extend to the quill.
48. Eudynamis orientalis malayana Cabanis.
1 ¢. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
io Bat Bua Kao:
Female. Iris crimson ; maxilla greenish-horny; mandible
pale dull greenish ; feet plumbeous-horn.
Male < Ti th. 5) 'T. 187. 3 W208 5 -Tap34: Bvt. 2. 37.
Female: T.L. 440; T. 213; W. 222; Ta. 35; B. f. g.
37°5.
These two birds are larger than the Indian form, E. o.
honorata, and the female has the top of the head rufescent,
while by far the greater number of the pale markings on the
upper parts are also rufescent ; the under parts are black
and buff.
I am indebted to Mr. W. J. F. Williamson for the infor-
mation that the wings of birds in his collection from central
and eastern Siam range between 203 and 221 mm. in the
ease of adult males and 198 and 215 mm. in females.
The first race geographically adjoining honorata to be
separated on account of larger size was malayana Cabanis,
of Sumatra, which Hartert, in his “ Notes on the Genus
Eudynamis” (Nov. Zool. x. 1903, p. 235) considers to
extend north to Tenasserim.
Ingram has recently described from Hainan, on account
of its slightly smaller size, a pale form like L/. 0. honorata,
under the name of £. o. harterti (Nov. Zool. xix. 1912,
p. 279). Before this name is further used, however, Hainan
birds should be compared with specimens from Canton,
since to birds of this locality the name chinensis has been
given by Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein. iv. 1862, p. 52,
note).
FA Centropus sinensis intermedius Hume.
I g. Koh Si Chang, Inner Gulf of Siam. Jan. 1915.
Ig, tg. > Koh Tan, 2 $3 Oct. 1916.
ser ae Koh Lak.
Iris crimson ; bill and feet black.
H2
100 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Males: T.L. 500, —, 510; W. 197, 189, 194; B.f.g. .
44, 43, 43.
Females: T. L. 515; W. 199; B.f.g. 45.
he 45. Rhopodytes tristis hainanus Hartert.
Nov. Zool. xviii. 1910, p. 218.
pads | 2. dat Bua Kao,
ees Koh Lak.
Iris brown; orbital skin deep crimson ; bill apple-green ;
feet plumbeous.
Males’: “P.s. 585, 5105575 5; Wie 157,152, 25s.
Female: T. L. 505 ; W. 145.
CaPpiITONID&.
+-46. Thereiceryx lineatus (Vieill.).
26, 19... Hat Bua Kao:
Tris brown; orbital skin deep yellow ; bill fleshy; feet
yellow.
TL. 270, 275275 4 W. 115, 126, 13)3) Bie
41, 42.
These examples are intermediate between the true lineatus
of Java and the large form hodgsoni Bp. of Nepal.
I have an adult female from Chiengmai, northern Siam
(coll. K. G. Gairdner), which agrees with these examples in
colour and size (wing 126), but has a much longer bill, the
length from gape being 46 mm.
+ 47. Thereiceryx flavostrictus (Temm.).
Bucco flavostrictus Temminck, Pl. Col. iii. 1831, p. 527.
Thereiceryx pheostriata, Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 737.
1 é ad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris red-brown; bill pale plumbeous, tip black; feet
plumbeous-olive. eg
T.L. 247; T.66; W. 108; Ta. 27; B.f. ¢.38°5; eulmem
from frontal 80; exposed culmen 27.
T. flavostrictus was based on a specimen from Cochin-
China (vide also Oustalet, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. (iv.) i.
p. 249). In Bull. B.O.C. xxii. 1908, p. 31, Neumann
pointed out the differences between northern and southern
1918. recently collected in Siam. 101
9 y
birds, and, erroneously believing that the typical race came
from the north, redescribed the smaller southern form under
the name of saigonensis, which is a pure synonym of jlavo-
strictus. The type of the latter is in the Leyden Museum,
and its measurements are (fide Goffin, Mus. Pays-Bas, i.
p. 37): bill 24°8 ; wing 112°8 ; tail 67:7 ; tarsus 22°5 mm.,—
while the type of saigonensis from Saigon measures : culmen
265; wing 103; tail 58; tarsus 245.
The larger darker-headed northern form, ranging from
southern China to Annam, is thus still without a name, and
may be known as
THEREICERYX FLAVOSTRICTUS PRETERMISSUS, subsp. nov.
Typical locality: Southern China. Extreme measure-
ments recorded: culmen 30; wing 118, tail 80; tarsus 27.
As is to be expected, birds inhabiting a great part of Siam
are intermediate between the two. ‘The species is recorded
by Gyldenstolpe in the extreme north-west, but in the
south has not been met with west of the Menam.
7-48. Xantholema hematocephaia (P. S. L. Miill.).
26. Lat Bua Kao. ;
Iris dark or brown ; eyelids crimson; bill black; feet
dull cerise, claws black.
T. L. 160, 170; W. 81, 84.
Picip#.
49. Gecinus canus hessei (Gyldenstolpe).
Picus canus hessei Gyldenstolpe, Ornith. Monatsber. xxiv.
1916, p. 28; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2,
LOG, p: 317.
Picus canus occipitalis Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, 1913, p. 47.
Lope. iat Bua Kao.
Iris crimson ; bill black ; feet grey.
T. L. 335, 333,345 ; T. 103,105,105; W. 148, 148, 149 ;
Ta. 31°5, 31, 31 ; B.f. g. 46, 49, 43.
Gyldenstolpe’s statement (second reference quoted) that
this race is smaller than G. ¢. occipitalis is an obvious slip.
102 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Hargitt (‘ Ibis,’ 1888, p. 10) has pointed out that Burmese
specimens exceed in measurement those from Sikkim and
Cachar ; and I have seen a male from Sikkim with a wing
of 139 mm. only, against the 155 mm. which Siamese birds
are known to attain.
My specimens, though not otherwise paler above than the ©
Sikkim example, have the wings more markedly bronze-olive
and the underparts greener and less olive; the females
differ from the male in having the entire top of the head
grey striped with black, in lacking the black lores and
frontal feathers, and in having the black malar stripe much
reduced.
Adjacent races are G. c. tancelo Gould of Formosa and |
southern China, G. c. hainanus Grant of Hainan, and
G. c. robinsonit Grant of the Malay States.
+. 50. Gecinus erythropygius Elliot.
Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Bull. 1865, 1. p. 76, pl. 11.
1 ‘¢, 1 9 Gat Baa Kao:
Iris lemon-yellow ; eyelids black; bill olive-yellow, tip
horny ; feet plumbeous.
Bill from gape—male, 37 ; female, 35:5.
Described from lower Cochin-China, this Woodpecker
seems to extend westward a little beyond Korat in eastern
Siam, where it has been met with by Gyldenstolpe as well.
In northern Siam it is replaced by G. e. nigrigenis Hume,
a very distinct subspecies and far handsomer bird,
As this is a rare bird in collections, I have put together
the following measurements :—
Ey: ee WF oa. Culmen.
Bee he. a7) | MLL RAO peo. fide Elliot (type).
China.
North Cambodiay g. B17 114 GL, S1% 40° | cescass.. +
and Laos. { pwede 109 jako oa9"\ Rah gen. } fae wr.
(od. 25 1 we 8B fide Gyldenstolpe.
Fevee ine te ee ale SEL eT Jato, Ot §
See 315 105 150 285 815t, 855+ mihi,
. 294 77+ 140 28 295+, 340 [ B.f.g. 35 (subadult).
(Q. 815 108 150 29 310t,345t} ,, 36.
* « Bill from front.”
t+ Exposed portion of culmen.
t+ Oulmen from base of frontal.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 103
(There is a considerable range in the length of the culmen,
which may be due to different methods of measurement. It
is a dimension about which some confusion probably exists :
a measurement used by Tweeddale, viz. length of bill from
nostril, was much more definite, but being taken on a
reduced length had the disadvantage of making differences
in size appear less obvious. The length of bill from gape
seems to be best, as being that least capable of two inter-
pretations and at the same time the greatest measurement
that can be taken.)
The type from the extreme south of French Indo-China
seems to have been an immature bird, as it is of practically
the same size as the obviously subadult individual from
Lat Bua Kao, which had, further, a very worn tail. The
specimens from northern Cambodia and Laos are larger than
the others, and it may be that there is a general increase in
size in that direction.
+ 51. Gecinus vittatus eisenhoferi (Gyldenstolpe).
Picus vittatus eisenhoferi Gyldenstolpe, Ornith. Monatsber.
xxiv. 1916, p. 28; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi.
No. 2, 1916, p. 88.
Gecinus vittatus Robinson, This! 1915, p. 738.
1. Lat Bua Kao.
1g. Koh Mesan off Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov.
TSIG.
Tris brown or crimson; maxilla black or plumbeous-
black; mandible olive or greenish-yellow, tip black; feet
olive.
T. L. 296, 320; W. 140, 137; B.f. g. 38, 39.
The type, a female and only specimen obtained, was
described as having the upper parts “ bright grass-green
instead of yellowish-olive ; the rump-feathers fiercely tipped
with yellow,” and was perhaps an abnormally bright indi-
vidual, for my examples confirm the character of greater
size only (wing 142). It is interesting to note the
increase in this respect as the species proceeds north-
wards :—
e/
104 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Java (a pair from the typical locality) .......... Wings 123-126
Malay States (Johore, Negri Sembilan, Selangor). . 5 123-128
Langkawi Id., east coast Malay Peninsula........ » 128-185
South-east Siam (Klong Menao) ..............+. 5, 187-187
Hasbisiam(westot Korat) ios. as.cs ss oes ene », 187-140
BV GRE MASAI, Chace ch a Reise ste nthe wits Fase sbe ee se 3s aD
I have compared the Malay States birds with those from
Java and cannot perceive any differences whatever. All the
more northern birds having wings above, say, 135 mm.,
should, I think, be called G. v. eisenhoferi.
+ 52. Gecinus viridanus (Blyth).
Gecinus weberi Mill. Ornith. Ins. Salanga, 1882, p. 69.
13,19. KohLak. 7&, /b. x1. 7/96
Tris crimson; orbital skin grey; maxilla black ; mandible
greenish-yellow with black tip ; feet olive-green.
T. L. 305, 290 ; W. 137, 133.
This Woodpecker does not seem to extend southward
beyond the latitude of Peninsular Siam, and five birds from
the southern part of that area have wings ranging from
128 to 185 mm. A male from Tanjong Badak, southern
Tenasserim, has the wing of the same size as the Koh Lak
male, and a male and female from Mergui and the foot of
Muleyit have wings of 132 and 130 mm. The typical
locality of G. viridanus is Arakan.
+53. Gecinus striolatus (Blyth).
Picus striolatus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x11.
1843, p. 1000. ‘“ Himalayas and Central India.” Typical
locality restricted, Himalayas.
1 gad. Koh Lak.
Iris, inner ring crimson, outer white; maxilla horny
brown; mandible dull yellow, tip brownish ; feet olive.
Tae. e6b; ©, 83; W. 1275 Tas 205 B24, '¢..a0;
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a pair of this bird
from “ Burma” with wings of 129 mm., but it seems to
attain a considerably larger size, as Oates gives the wing-
length of Upper Pegu examples as ranging from 136 to 141
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 105
(‘Stray Feathers, iii. p. 68), and Scully obtained a male in
Nepal with a wing of 137 mm. According to Oustalet
this Woodpecker extends to Cochin-China, and Anderson
obtained it in Yunnan.
4-54. Gecinulus viridis Blyth.
1 2? ad.,1 2 imm. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brownish crimson, dark brown*; bill pale lavender,
lavender-white*; feet olive.
Hee 20, cote, Ws bar, LIS: B. fie. 27; 26°5 *,
This is probably only a rather marked southern subspecies
of G. grantia (McClell.), which is known from Nepal to
Assam, and again from French Laos (Attopeu, east of
Bassac, not Laos, northern Siam). Described originally
from Tenasserim, it extends into Pegu and down the Malay
Peninsula.
Malayan birds do not differ in size (wings of males 120-
129, females 118-131), but, compared with my specimens,
the females are rather darker below, ¢. e., more brownish,
less greenish, olive, and the white spots on the inner webs
of the wing-feathers are smaller ; the head also is slightly
darker throughout and the broad yellowish nuchal collar
absent, the crown and nape being practically concolorous.
They may be known as
‘+Gecinulus viridis robinsoni, subsp. nov.
Typical locality: Mountains of the Selangor—Pahang
Boundary, Malay States. Named after my colleague H. C.
Robinson, who, by allowing one of his collectors to engage
with me during my vacation in Siam, helped to considerably
increase the results of my visit.
+ 55. Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides Gyldenstolpe.
Brachylophus chlorolophoides Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monats.
xxiv. 1916, p. 29; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi.
No. 2, 1916, p. 90, pl. 2. fig. 2.
1¢. Lat Bua Kao.
* Tmmature female.
106 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Tris crimson; eyelids black ; maxilla black; mandible
greenish-yellow, tip black; feet dark olive.
Ph. 265; 1.90; W.1838 5 Ta. 21; Bid.g. ols vexposed
culmen 24.
I am afraid that some confusion exists in regard to the
way the Indo-Chinese representative of B. chlorolophus has
been treated. Gyldenstolpe has recorded as typical, birds
from northern Siam, and has also described from the same
locality, under the name of B. chlorolophoides, a single male
which, it is stated, “ differs by the intensity of the red colour
of the crown and nape” and other relative features. But
B. chlorolophus does not possess a red crown as, by inference
from the above quotation, Gyldenstolpe believes ; and it seems
very possible that the specimens he regards as chlorolophus
are only somewhat less extreme examples, not specifically
different from the individual he has named chlorolophoides.
Like other races of chlorolophus (longipennis Hartert, from
Hainan; wrayi Grant, from the Malay Peninsula ; chloro-
gaster Jerdon, from Ceylon and S. India), it differs chiefly
in having a considerably greater amount of red on the crown —
and occiput. Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 222) was not
certain that the five males on which he founded his sub-
species were really adult—two had no red malar stripe, and
in the other three it was indicated by some red spots only,
the crown was “red with some large green patches; it is
impossible to say if the crown would ever become quite red.”
B. chlorolophoides, of the same size, seems only doubtfully
distinct in having the occiput red, the basal part of the
crown-feathers greenish-grey broadly tipped with red ; and
a broad malar stripe red faintly barred with dusky olive, the
feathers having grey bases.
My specimen differs from a female from Manipur only in
having the nuchal crest paler yellow, the outer webs of the
primaries unspotted and the primaries and secondaries much
more extensively coloured with deeper red, the rectrices
more edged with golden olive; while the throat and breast
are greener olive.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 107
- 56. Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni, subsp. nov.
1 g ad. Koh Lak, S.W. Siam. 10 Nov. 1916.
Iris dark ; bill plumbeous-black ; feet brownish-black.
TL. 230; 0. 625, We lie; Ta. 21 ; Bef. g. 26:5:
Differs fen the form bibicie ie Malay Peninsula
south of Lat. 9° N. (which if distinct from the Javan bird
will have to be known as M. b. squamigularis Sundevall*)
in having the dark median area of the chin and throat-
feathers much narrower with no pale shaft-line, and their
pale edges broader; rather darker breast ; dark bars on the
tail (five and a black tip), though reaching the shafts yet
much narrower (2 mm. above and 1 mm. below, against
3mm. or more above and below), and also narrower dark
bars on the back and wings. Size about the same, as the
Malayan birds vary in wing-length between 102 and
114 mm.; the larger wings occurring in the south as well as
in the north of their area.
M. b. phaioceps differs in having the shafts of the wing
and tail-feathers clear brown, not barred with black ; while
M. b. fokiensis of eastern China and M. b. holrgydi of
Hainan have the plumage dark brown above narrowly barred
with rufous.
Where my own material has been meagre Mr, W. J. F.
Williamson has, in a number of instances, lent me additional
specimens from his own collection, and I have much pleasure
in naming this Woodpecker after him in recognition of this
assistance.
All forms of Micropternus ave, as Hartert has noted (Nov.
Zool. xvii. p. 221), only subspecies of brachyurus. In deal-
ing with continental birds—exclusive of the dark brown
rufous-barred races of southern China, and perhaps Tonkin
and northern Laos—it seems simplest to place them in two
sections :—(1) the brachyurus group with the shafts of the
wing-feathers barred or otherwise blackened, and (2) the
phaioceps group, in which the wing-shafts are perfectly
unsullied. All the southern forms belong to the first
* Consp. Ay. Pic. 1866, p. 89 (ex Malacca),
iy
108 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
section: those which have been recognized are brachyurus
(or squamigularis) of the Malay Peninsula, williamsoni of
south-western Siam, and gu/aris of southern India.
The Ceylon bird, while otherwise resembling gularis,
differs in its darker colour, which is nearer bay. It may be
known as
Micropternus brachyurus lanka, subsp. nov.
Further I find that some birds in the Indian Museum
from Cuttack, Calcutta, and “‘ Bengal” have the darkened
wing-shafts of gularis, but lack the notably dark throat-
feathers of that race which are pale-edged near the apices
only: they are thus intermediate between phaioceps and
gularis, but belong to the brachyurus group on account of
their darkened wing-shafts. I would call them
peo
Micropternus brachyurus mesos, subsp. nov.
The phaioceps group is less easily disposed of, owing to
the fact that the several names proposed have distributions
attached which overlap. ‘These names are:—
Micropternus phaioceps Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xiv. 1845, p. 195. “India proper extending eastward to
Tipperah and Arakan.” Subsequently (¢.c. p. 551) this
bird was stated to occur in “ Bengal, Nepal, Assam, and
Arakan,” so that Bengal should be regarded as the typical
locality. Picus rufinotus Bp. (Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 118) is
said to have come from Central Asia, but the type, which is
in the British Museum, is labelled “ Bengal”; thus rujinotus
is probably rightly placed as a synonym of phaioceps.
Phaiopicus blythii Malh. Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 534.
“« Himalayas, Arakan, Tenasserim, and Nepal.” As Hume
says that birds from Sikkim are much larger than those of
the plains (‘Stray Feathers,’ v. 1877, p. 479), and I find the
same to be the case with specimens from Khatmandu, Nepal,
this name is available for the race of the eastern Himalayas.
Micropternus burmanicus Hume, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,.
1872, p. 70. “Thayetmyo, North Pegu.” This name will
serve at present for Burmese birds which are not phaioceps
(s. s.). The race was said to be most nearly allied to
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 109
phaioceps, but to have the head less brown, the pale margins
of the throat-feathers broader and more conspicuous, and
to be brighter and larger; a specimen from Chiengmai,
northern Siam, agrees. All birds I have seen from Indo-
China (Assam to Siam north of the Malay Peninsula) are
of phaioceps section, having the wing-shafts unblackened.
One more race of Micropternus may well be distinguished :
of it Hume writes (loc. cit. supra), “ When you go towards
the extreme western limits of the species in the Kumaon
Bhabur, northern Rohilkund, the Dhoon, etc., you come
upon a huge race almost more distinct from phaioceps than
the latter is from brachyurus.
“Tt is characterized not only by its size but by the almost
entire absence of infuscation on the head, and by the fact
that the adults are not only absolutely immaculate delow,
but also lose all markings on the upper surface, on the back,
scapulars, and rump, which, coupled with the bright chestnut
of their plumage, gives them a very different appearance
from all the other races of phaioceps.”
For this race I suggest the name
Micropternus brachyurus humei, subsp. nov.
+57. Tiga javanensis intermedia Blyth.
Tiga intermedia Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv.
1845, p. 193.
Tiga javanensis intermedia Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 95.
Po: Lat Bua Kao.
igs) 2: - Kohvhalke
Iris dark brown or crimson; eyelids black; bill black,
gonys and proximal half of mandible pale plumbeous ; feet
olive or plumbeous-olive.
Peli 230, 276, 2653 W. 145, 142,-138; Bof. e.13e
33, 33.
In a series of twenty adult examples of 7’. javanensis from
the Malay Peninsula, south of Lat. 10° N., the wing-length
varies from 125 to 1836 mm. Three specimens from southern
Johore and one from Bintang I., Rhio Archipelago, have
110 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds : [ Ibis,
the entire under surface and sides of the head strongly
suffused with ochraceous-tawny, but this occurs not in-
frequently in others of the series from farther north ; this
feature is quite lacking in all my Siamese birds, hich: like
the majority of the Malayan, are only faintly tinged with
brownish below.
T. j. javanensis jung was based on Javanese material,
but Gyldenstolpe (J. ¢..s.) erroneously states that Javanese
birds are intermedia and that Malayan and Sumatran birds
represent the typical form. His specimens of intermedia
from northern Siam have wings varying from 139 to 154mm.
Blyth, in describing this race, stated that it ranged from
Nepal to Tenasserim, but he does not seem to have very
clearly distinguished it from 7’. shoret.
+58. Callolophus mineatus perlutus, subsp. nov.
Callolophus malaccensis Hume & Davison, Stray Feathers,
vi. 1878, p. 140.
Chrysophlegma miniatum malaccense Gyldeustolpe, Kung}.
Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 91.
lo. Koh Lak, S.W. Siam. 15 Nov. 1916.
Iris crimson; maxilla black; mandible greyish-white ;
feet olive.
Tees; "T. 81; W.137; Ta. 23; B.£.¢. 3405,
Larger than C. m. malaccensis; the breast and abdomen
paler, the ground-colour being less tinged with brown and
the dark bands narrower and farther apart; the yellow
nuchal crest without any spots or bars of brownish.
"+59. Chrysophlegma flavinucha lylei, subsp. nov.
1 gad. Koh Lak, S.W. Siam. 15 Nov. 1916.
Iris crimson ; orbital skin bright olive ; bill pale grey, tip
whitish ; feet clive.
A bp 320 ; tT. 963 W. 153; Tal; B. £2: 2) culmen
to frontal 43; exposed culmen 38.
Smaller than C. f. flavinucha Gould, of the Himalaya
(the wing of which attains a length of 173 mm. or more) ;
throat paler: a few white feathers on the loral region as in
1918. | recently collected in Siam. LE
C. f. wrayi Sharpe, from the mountains of the Malay States .
in C. f. flavinucha the lores are well clad with feathers
concolorous with the forehead.
This form differs from C. f. pierrei Oust. (specimens from
Lat Bua Kao, EK. Siam) in the paler bill and in the nearly
black, instead of brown, centres to the feathers of the fore-
neck ; it also has the sides of the head, neck, forehead, and
crown rather darker.
From C. f. wrayi Sharpe it is separated by larger size;
more white on the feathers of the fore-neck, the black of
which is not continued in two lines to the base of the
mandible to form distinct yellow chin and malar patches ;
much paler under surface ; larger yellow nuchal crest and
paler bill, that of wrayt being slate-coloured.
I have not seen C. f. ricketti Styan, of Fokien, 8S. China,
nor C. f. styant Grant, of Hainan, but (fide Grant, ‘Ibis,’
1899, p. 588 ; Bonhote, P. Z.S. 1901, p. 71) both have dark
chins and almost white malar patches; the former is as
large as C. f. flavinucha, while the latter is of the size of
-wrayi, but has the largest bill of all.
I have compared C. f. ly/ei with examples of flavinucha
from Darjeeling lent to me by the Indian Museum, together
with a male bird from “ Burma” (coll. Dr. Williams), which
differs from them in having the white of the fore-neck con-
fined to the extreme bases of the feathers and entirely
concealed by the long black ends.
This Woodpecker is named in honour of Mr. T. H. Lyle,
H.B.M. Consul at Bangkok, and once an enthusiastic
collector of mammals, in recognition of the assistance and
courtesy received from him during my two visits to Siam.
+ 60. Chrysocolaptes strictus gutticristatus (Tickell).
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus indomalayicus Gyldenstolpe,
-Kungl. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, 1913, p. 49.
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus gutticristatus Gyldenstolpe,
op. cit. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 95.
o aGeiee. Lat Bua Kao;
Tris yellow or pinkish-yellow ; oF ide black ; bill blackish,
112 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
mandible sometimes paler or greenish; feet dark olive or
plumbeous-olive, soles dirty yellow.
T. .-322, 320; 810, 315; W. 165, 167, 165, 1662 Boe.
bl, 56, 53,50.
Gyldenstolpe, who collected this species on both his visits
to Siam, first identified a female from eastern Siam (wing
159) and other birds from northern Siam (wings 156-159)
as indomalayicus Hesse, and later recorded other specimens
from the latter locality (wings 161-168) as true gutti-
cristatus, the typical locality of which is Chota Nagpur.
The typical locality of indomalayicus is the island of
Salanga or Junk-Ceylon, near the west coast of the Malay
Peninsula, whence Hume and Davison record males with |
wing-lengths of 156 and 160 mm., “bills from front”
46 and 50 mm. I have examined a series from the Malay
Peninsula and Lang Kawi Id., and find that the wings
measure from 148 to 157 mm.
Large birds from the Himalaya with wings of 170-190 mm.
(and also from the Dafla Hills, Assam, whence the Indian
Museum has a female with wings of 175) are sultaneus
Hodgs. ; while the southern Indian form, de/esserti Blyth,
has wings of about 147-155 (vide Hume, ‘ Stray Feathers,’
iii. p. 64). The first continental bird to be described, gutti-
cristatus Tickell, is scarcely represented topo-typically in
collections and no useful measurements have been recorded,
which is most unfortunate, as all these races are merely
dimensional ones.
In view of its position gutticristatus is probably inter-
mediate in size between sultaneus and delesserti, and tliere-
fore has wings of 155-170 mm., in which case it is difficult
to see how indomalayicus Hesse can be maintained, especially
since birds from Tipperah, Arakan, Pegu, and Siam come
exactly between the maximum and minimum of delesserti
and sultaneus as given above. Until therefore we know more
about gutticristatus, it seems to me that it would be best to
ignore indomalayicus and regard gutticristatus as extending
from Bengal through Burma and Siam into the Malay
Peninsula as far as Lang Kawi Island.
1918. recently collected in Siam. bts
9 y
In spite of assiduous collecting in the Malay States for
many years, we have not succeeded in obtaining any speci-
mens of Chrysocolaptes except on Lang Kawi Island and
again in the extreme south, where it reappears once more
after a gap of several hundred miles.
An adult male from Singapore Island has a wing of
143 mm., and another from the coast of Johore opposite
measures in wing 146, while its bill is also considerably
shorter than those of northern examples—in fact, these
are altogether smaller birds, and on this account may be
distinguished as
“ Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus, subsp. nov.
I do not see how Picus strictus Horsfield, of Java, can be
maintained as specifically distinct, so being the oldest name
(Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1822, p. 176) it must have pre-
ference over all others.
161. Sasia ochracea reichenowi Hesse.
Hesse, Ornith. Monatsber. xix. 1911, p. 181; Gylden-
stolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p.97.
1 ¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris blood-red ; orbital skin crimson; maxilla black ;
mandible plumbeous ; feet orange-red, soles yellow.
T. L. 87; T. 21; W. (to tip of 4th primary) 50; Ta. 12;
B. f. G. 14°5.
Gyldenstolpe writes:—‘“‘The Rufous Piculet inhabiting
Siam belongs to the form which Hesse has separated under
the name of 8. 0. reichenowi. This subspecies also inhabits
North Cachar, Burma, and Tenasserim, It is chiefly cha-
racterized by its being much brighter-coloured on the upper
and under-parts of the body. Its size is also much smaller
than typical S. ochracea Hodgs.”’
I have not seen Hesse’s paper, but my female, as com-
pared with a specimen from Sikkim, 6000 ft., and another
from the Garo Hills, Assam (both unsexed), is paler above
and below, more ochraceous, less rufous, and the head and
wings are perhaps rather more olive. The wing is the same.
SER, X.— VOL. VI. I
114 Birds recently collected in Siam. [ Ibis,
size, but the tarsus and bill are a little longer; the specimens
lent to me by the Calcutta Museum having wings 50, 50;
tarsus 18, 13; and B. f. g. 18, 1495; and perhaps their
deeper colour is due to their sex or age as specimens,
the first having been collected in 1908 and the other by
Dr. J. Anderson.
EurRyYLaMID&.
+62. Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus malaccensis Salvad.
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Robinson, Ibis, 1916,
p. 740.
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus lemniscatus Gyldenstolpe,
Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 87.
29 ad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris emerald ; bill turquoise and yellow; feet dark cobalt.
Dodie 222; 2203 W.99, 100:
These specimens and others I have examined from Siam
have broad oblique bars of white stretching from the quill to
the edge of the inner web on the three outer tail-feathers, and
represeut Salvadori’s malaccensis which seems sufficiently
distinct on this account for recognition.
C. m. macrorhynchus (Gm.) came from Borneo, and the
white tail-feathers are either absent or only faintly indicated
by small spots on one or two of the feathers. Of C. m.
lemniscatus, the type-locality of which may be taken as
Bencoolen, Raffles wrote, “‘ the tail is black” ; but specimens
which I have seen from the west coast of Sumatra have both
white-spotted tails and tails with scarcely any white on the
feathers. All specimens, however, from the northern part
of the range of this species seem to have markedly white-
patched tails, and where the difference has become constant
it should be recognized.
[To be continued. }
1918. ] The Platycercine Parrots of Australia. TES
Vi.—The Platycercine Parrots of Australia: a Study in
Colour-change. By Grucory M. Maruews.
(Plate III. and Text-figures 1, 2.)
Tue Broad-tailed Parrots of Australia, ranged under the
genera Platycercus and Barnardius, provide an interesting
study in colour-evolution, and close investigation at some
later period may lead to valuable conclusions as to the rate
and reason of colour-changes. It was necessary to examine
the group as a whole and also individually for my ‘ Birds of
Australia,’ and in that work I have proposed some theories
to account for the facts. I propose to give a résumé of my
remarks in this place, as this Journal will circulate among a
larger and more varied number of readers. I hope that the
matter here provided may interest, and perhaps suggest
similar criticism of other groups. By means of the co-
operation and consideration of independent ideas we may be
able to determine some of the factors in bird-evolution, but
the complexity of these factors is well shown in the present
subject.
_ In the first place, the Broad-tails are divisible by means of
colour-pattern into two genera, Platycercus and Barnardius.
By acceptance of structural characters alone the two are in-
admissible. I hope to prove that the former solution agrees
best with the facts. The first genus, Platycercus, is charac-
terized by having the feathers of the back bicoloured, a broad
edging giving the well-kuown scalloped appearance to that
feature. The species of the second genus, Barnardius, have
the feathers of the back unicoloured. As the young of the
first genus show the scalloping to a greater or less extent,
it is obviously an ancient feature. As it is missing in the
immature of the second genus, we have two stocks divergent
at an early period of their existence, though at the present
time their structural characters are to all intents identical.
Newer and more accurate modes of examination may
perhaps discount this last statement.
In the genus Platycercus I admit seven species, and in
12
116 Mr. G. M. Mathews on the [ Ibis,
the genus Barnardius I recognize two. Other workers have
acknowledged many more species, but I regard these forms
as subspecies only, my most recent criticism recording
between twenty-five and thirty subspecific forms. Before I
undertake the consideration of these I would remark upon
some remarkable features of the members of the genus
Platycercus. Though the species are now. well established,
and in many cases the subspecies are also fixed, there is a
peculiar plasticity seen in the group—albinos, aberration,
and hybrids constantly occurring. Further, there has been
recorded, more than once, what is apparently dimorphism
in the immature stage: that is, the immature taking on the
adult plumage in the nest, though the immature plumage is
different from that of the adult.
The whole group is confined to Australia, no member
ranging into New Guinea or the islands to the north, nor are
the species represented there by any form at all comparable.
Two species of the genus Platycercus occur in Tasmania,
and these well merit special consideration, as one is the
least developed and the other the most developed, as regards
coloration as distinct from colour-pattern. It might be
further noticed that in the extreme south-west a species has
developed from the Barnardius group a structural feature
which long ago claimed generic rank (Purpureicephalus),
and this will be dealt with towards the end of these remarks.
As we have here a peculiar well-marked group isolated
in Australia, we are given factors which are not interfered
with by extra-limital and unknown complications. Some
workers have in other Continents ranked as subspecies
forms which were really representative species. In many
cases the difference between a subspecies and a representa-
tive species is difficult to determine, and a great deal is left
to the personal equation. In the peculiar case now before
us, I can show that while we have species representing each
other we have also subspecies, and in this instance these are
well-marked groups of different value.
In the genus Platycercus 1 admit seven species, viz. :
caledonicus, elegans, flaveolus, icterotis, adscitus, venustus,
and eximius (see Pl. Iil.). While the first six are more
1918. | Platycercine Parrots of: Australia. 117
or less representative species, the seventh, evimius, ranges
coincidently with elegans and caledonicus. The ranges of
flaveolus and elegans overlap (see Text-figure 1), as do the
ranges of elegans and adscitus, the flaveolus in the southern
limits of the range of elegans, the adscitus in the northern
Text-figure l.
caledonicus
elegans
. @ximlus
flaveolus
venustus
icterotis
barnardi
. ZGnarius
S. spurtus
WAALS 9 |
Diagrammatic map of Australia and Tasmania to show the distribution
of the Platycercine Parrots.
extent, but in each case elegans strongly survives well into
the territory of the other species.
The two species of the genus Barnardius cover the
southern part of the Continent, being purely representative
species scarcely above the rank of subspecies, as will be
shown later. The eastern representative does not range
into Tasmania.
From a consideration of all the plumage-changes of the
118 Mr. G. M. Mathews on the © [ Ibis,
species it is deduced that the ancestral coloration was an
unmottled green. The nearest approach to this coloration
is seen in the species caledunicus, which in the immature has
the gteater part of the plumage of that colour. To follow
the explanation hereafter, it had better be recorded that
there is a distinct cheek-patch which is usually blue, in
some cases blue and white, in others white, and in one case
yellow. This is an easy feature to group the species by, and
we can note its direct evolution from a non-differentiated
cheek, as the immature of caledonicus shows this cheek-
patch of quite an undecided blue, partly greenish. The
most highly developed species, eximius, has a white cheek-
patch distinct in the young. The yellow-cheeked species is
a peculiar one in many respects, showing plasticity and
variable adult coloration. It appears to be developing in
two phases under the stresses of different western environ-
ments from an all-green immature similar to that of
caledonicus. We may conclude that the yellow cheeks have
developed independently of the blue, though it seems that
the white are a later product through the blue. Thus the
northern species have the cheeks mixed white and blue, the
white apparently being produced at the expense of the blue.
Further, this elimination of blue cheeks is accompanied by
an albinistic tendency in one species, but in the other by a
complex melanism. Hence we cannot deduce much from
the variation of one feature only. However, by the con-
sideration of all the features we may arrive at some valuable
result, and consequently it is necessary to lay some stress
upon apparently trivial points.
The colour that is present in every species is red, so that
we may suggest an erythristic element in the original species,
the ancestor of caledonicus. It has predominated in the
species elegans, become lessened in flaveolus, only surviving
in the under tail-coverts of the northern species adscitus aud
venustus ; in the species ewimius it has developed coincidently
with a yellow coloration, while in the western form icterotis
it is now in a most interesting stage. Thus the coastal form
appears to be mostly green on the back, though the under
surface is red in the adult. In the interior the green back
AUSTRALIAN
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.
Jk JUL
OMS:
Ibis.
H. Gronvold, del.
Pain ROTs.
1918. | Platycercine Parrots of Australia. eS
is becoming grey, and red tips are making their appearance
on the feathers, and it seems that this grey stage is becoming
fixed in the immature.
However, I had better place the facts of the coloration
on record and discuss their suggested evolution afterwards.
I will begin at caledonicus (Pl. III. fig. 1), as I believe it to
be nearest the ancestral form. This species has a greenish
coloration throughout, darker on the back and yellowish
green below. A red frontal patch appears and the cheeks
have a bluish tinge, and there is a faint bluish shoulder-patch.
These are present in the young, but are indistinctly marked
and can certainly be regarded as a comparatively recent
acquisition. They become emphasized in the adult while
otherwise the head and under surface develop more brightly
into greenish yellow, the feathers of the back becoming
black with, however, bright green edges, giving a scalloped
appearance,
It is noteworthy that Tasmania is the home of this form.
On the mainland two species seem to have evolved indepen-
dently: flaveolus (Pl. III. fig. 3) has retained the coloration
throughout, but has brightened on the under surface to pale
yellow, and also the upper surface to the same colour,
retaining the black bases to the back feathers. The upper
surface of the tail has, however, become blue. The other
species, elegans (fig. 2), has in the juvenile stage evolved a
reddish cap, and the breast and vent have also attained that
colour, the belly remaining greenish. ‘The mature, however,
has become a scarlet bird, the whole of the upper and under
surfaces being that colour, though the bases of the back-
feathers are black, while the upper surface of the tail is
blue. The scarlet coloration is much deeper at the limits of
its range, but in one district the scarlet has become orange
and the bird has been confused with the preceding species.
The fourth species, icterotis (Pl. III. fig. 7), when immature
recalls that of caledonicus, but has no red forehead, and the
cheeks are yellowish not bluish. This species develops yellow
cheeks, all the preceding species having blue cheeks, while it
also acquires a red under surface. As regards the upper
surface two phases are in being, one in which green still
120 Mr. G. M. Mathews on the [Ibis,
predominates, as in the edging of the back-feathers, the
rump, and the upper surface of the tail; the other in which
the upper surface is greyer, that being the colour of the
rump and the edging of the back-feathers, which, however, in
quite old specimens is replaced by scarlet tips, while then
the upper surface of the tail becomes blue. This is the
sole south-western species. A north-eastern and a north-
western species, adscitus (fig. 4) and venustus (fig. 8), agree
in showing pale yellow backs with the cheeks parti-coloured,
but otherwise are remarkably different in that one tends to
albinism and the other to melanism, using these words in a
specific sense. The albinistic adscitus has the head and
back pale yellow, in the former place tending to white and
extending on to the throat, The yellow of the back only
refers, of course, to the broad edges, the bases being as
usual black; the rump is of a different colour, varying
from grey to blue, while the underparts are bluish, differing
in localities from greyish to greenish blue. This species is
of remarkable coloration, but is as peculiar for its instability,
almost every mature specimen showing variation in extent
and depth of the yellow coloration. It appears, however,
to have passed the green stage in the immature, young birds
showing a similar but duller coloration to the mature, with
the head, however, speckled with blackish tips.
- The north-western species, P. venustus, has the head black,
the back black with yellow edges, the rump and under surface
yellow, the feathers tipped with black, while the bases are
black. The cheeks are parti-coloured blue and white, and
the tail is blue. This species, again, has passed the green
immature stage, as the young are quite like the adults.
The last species, P. evimius (fig. 5), has perhaps the most
beautiful coloration of the series, and the specific name
seems well chosen. The head and breast are bright scarlet,
- the lower breast golden-yellow, the abdomen green, and the
under tail-coverts scarlet ; the cheeks white; the black
back scalloped with golden-green, the rump yellowish
green, and the two middle tail-feathers green, the rest dull
blue. The species occurs in the east from New South
Wales to Tasmania.
1918. ] Platycercine Parrots of Australia. 121
I have considered these species as a whole, and now
suggest the probable dispersion and evolution of the forms.
I propose to allow a northern origin for the group, and I
conclude that the ancestral form was purely green. In the
germ-plasm we may assume there was a yellow element, a
blue element, and a red element.
The blue element shows itself in the blue cheeks, blue
shoulder-patch, and generally blue tail. The yellow element
is seen in the two northern species in full play, subdued in the
eastern species, aud almost entirely missing in the western.
The red element is noticeable in all save the two northern
species, where, however, it crops up erratically in the north-
western form.
The varying dominance of these elements has constituted
the species, but the exact stresses are at present unknown,
and the excitation of interest im the search of these is the
purpose of this note.
Thus the geographical distribution of the species admits
of theories of evolution without giving clues to the stresses,
while these cannot be suggested from knowledge of their
environment.
_ First, we may suppose that the green bird entered Aus-
tralia by way of Cape York, and travelled down the east
coast into Tasmania, and along the south coast into south-
west Australia. It is probable that the central and north-
western parts of Australia were submerged or separated.
Tasmania became isolated, so did south-western Australia,
the latter division not remaining permanent as did the
former. The stress in both cases was towards the preserva-
tion of the green coloration, but the erythristic element
shows itself in the red forehead, the xanthochroistic in the
head and under surface, the cyanistic in the cheeks and
shoulder-patch in the Tasmanian form ; while in the south-
west species the xanthochroistic has been suppressed in
favour of the erythristic, it in its turn eliminating the
cyanistic in the cheeks. We thus see a yellow-cheeked
species with, however, the blue shoulder-patch, while the
yellowish under surface has become dull red. Since this
stage was achieved a further development seems to be
122 Mr. G. M. Mathews on the [ Ibis,
taking place by the revival of the cyanistic element, and
this has caused the back-feathers by interaction with the
erythristic element to become grey, while the blue tail-
feathers come into their own as seen in the eastern forms.
Then still the erythristic element is working, and we find
the grey eliminated in favour of red. All these stages can
be seen at once in a series from the west, and, moreover,
it appears that the grey phase is becoming the juvenile
plumage and the red the adult, the immature green of the
coast being lost ; further, on the coast the green is more or
less perpetual, the back and tail-feathers remaining in that
colour. We can guess that the climatic conditions in these
cases favour the changes denoted, but in other parts of
Australia similar climatic conditions are associated with
entirely different coloration.
To return to the Tasmanian form; on the islands of Bass
Straits we find it varying, being constantly darker, but in
one case larger, in the other smaller, while in the one it has
red under tail-coverts, in the other green. No reason for
this variation can be suggested at the present time. On the
mainland, as regards the south three species occur: one is
the mainland representative of the Tasmanian species in
which the xanthochroistic element has maintained itself,
and the bird has become practically wholly yellow, the blue
cheeks, blue shoulder-patch, blue (upper) tail-feathers, and
red forehead being unchanged. It has varied only in the
depth of the yellow.
The second is the erythristic form of the group, and this
is the dominant species, so far as can be ascertained, in
eastern Australia. Commencing life with a red cap, red
breast and vent, blue cheeks and shoulder-patch, otherwise
all green, it has developed all the head and under surface
scarlet, the edges of the feathers of the back scarlet, the
tail blue above, the blue cheek and blue shoulder-patch
persistent; it will be noted that the xanthochroistic element
has been entirely suppressed, though the cyanistic has main-
tained its usual standard. Variation in this species is
notable and interesting. At the extremities of its range, it
has become smaller and melanistic, while it is suggested that
1918. | Platycercine Parrots of Australia. 123
at one (the southern) limit it takes on its mature plumage,
if not from the nest, at least very soonafterwards. In other
parts of its range, immature specimens are much more
plentiful than adults, and it is recorded that they commonly
breed in the immature plumage. Keartland concludes that
males do not take on the mature plumage until two years
old, and that females continue in the immature state much
longer. There are further notes that sometimes the young
in the nest are plumaged as the adult, but more evidence of
this is required. However, at the eastern limit, and geo-
graphically not very distant from the southern end of its
range, the xanthochroistic element has regained strength and
the scarlet has become orange. This has continued in some
cases so that fully adult birds have been mistaken for the
xanthochroistic species living close by. We have here a
representative species and a representative subspecies very
closely approaching each other, through the revival of the
dominating element.
Thirdly, coincident with these species is a third, in which
the erythristic and xanthochroistic elements have developed
without interference, though the cyanistic has been sup-
pressed. In this species the cheeks are white, the head and
breast scarlet, lower breast golden yellow, abdomen green,
under tail-coverts scarlet ; the back scalloped with golden-
green, rump yellowish green, and tail green.
Little variation is seen in this species, which ranges into
Tasmania. The most important point is that it seems to be
getting brighter-coloured, and is increasing owing to the
destruction of bush, it having been christened “a bird of
sunshine.” We may conclude that here the xanthochroistic
element is developed nunder sunlight, but this would not
account for the yellow cheeks of the western form nor the
yellowish underparts of the Tasmanian species (caledonicus),
while this species (eximius) ranges into Tasmania and the
yellow becomes more green. So faras I can discover, the im-
mature take on the mature plumage from the nest, proving
that this is the most specialized of the southern species.
The two northern species can be treated together, as they
have many peculiarities in common; in both the immature
124 Mr. G. M. Mathews on the [ Ibis,
green plumage has been lost, in both erythrism is missing,
In both xanthochroism is dominant, but in the one case
cyanism is a strong factor, in the other melanism is a new
and overpowering feature. I can see no reason for these
differences, as the environmental stresses seem similar.
The immature of the north-eastern species (adscitus, Pl. ILI.
fig. 4), which is the cyanistic one, has the head yellowish
speckled with blackish, back with dull yellow scalloping, the
cheeks blue and white, the rump and under surface dull
greyish blue. The mature has the head and cheeks pale
yellow, the back scalloped with bright golden, the rump and
underparts greyish blue. Great variability in tone is seen in
the species, in some parts the blue having a greenish shade,
in others a greyish, while the cheeks are parti-coloured blue
and yellowish white. However, the xanthochroistic ten-
dency seems to be increasing, as the majority of fully adult
specimens have the yellow of the head encroaching on to the
throat and breast, and the more colour the paler it becomes,
suggesting an albinistic tendency.
In the north-western species (venustus, Pl. III. fig. 8), the
cyanism is entirely suppressed, being only seen in the cheeks,
which are parti-coloured blue and white. The head is wholly
black, the yellow-scalloped back being followed by a yellow
rump, the feathers, however, are tipped with black; while the
under surface is also yellow, the feathers tipped with black,
and the bases black. An atavistic erythristic tendency
seems to have been recorded in a red forehead and even
a totally red head. The general progress appears to be
strongly melanistic, the black becoming more extensive, and
the yellow diminishing.
It may help in appreciating these changes to indicate in
tabular form the dominating elements :—
P. caledonicus ...... Nearest ancestral, slight xanthochroism.
P, flaveolus \.....5.% Strong xanthochroism.
WP, elegans coma ne Strong erythrism.
(P ACkerouts eee Weaker erythrism, weak cyanism.
Pherimius. Ji, ama Strong xanthochroism, strong erythrism,
Pad svg ais estamos Xanthochroism, strong cyanism.
P, VENUstus vevveees Xanthochroism, strong melanism.
1918. | Platycercine Parrots of Australia. 125
Throughout the series the colour-pattern is unchanged,
although the colour itself has undergone many changes.
Further, the young seem now to skip the immature plumage
in some cases and in some species. Had this stage been
achieved before this time, we would have had to guess at the
evolution of the species, even as we now must in the case of
the White Cockatoos. At the present time we have many
facts, but little connection. One thing is certain, that we
have here a colour-genus, though the colours are different.
Text-figure 2.
Side-view of heads and outline of frontal view of bills of—
A. Purpureicephalus, B. Platycercus, C. Barnardius.
The next genus, Barnardius (Text-figure 2, C), is separated
by the larger size of the birds and different coloration, though
no striking character can be cited. as regards structural
126 The Platycercine Parrots of Australia. [ Ibis,
features. This genus extends over southern and south-central
Australia, but notinto Tasmania. Two representative species
appear recognizable (B. barnardi and B. zonarius, Pl. III.
fig. 9 & Text-fig. 1, 6. & z.), and the variation is marked. It
appears that the normal green survived more conspicuously,
though cyanism seems to have been the most dominant factor ;
erythrism, melanism, and xanthochroism are all seen, but
in subordinate features, while the peculiar scalloped back
has never been produced. The evolution of the feature in
Platycercus is inexplicable at present, and in the present
genus it has never been developed, though apparently both
groups are referable to allied ancestral sources.
A red forehead only appears sporadically throughout the
geuus, which otherwise has suppressed the erythristic element.
The chief difference between the two species appears to be
the possession by the western form of a wholly black head :
the eastern form has the crown of the head pale green, the
nape brown; in some cases the brown predominates, in others
the green. Generally, however, the chief feature is the
bluish shade of the green back, rump, and breast; the
xanthochroistic element seems confined to a yellow band
across the belly, which is variable in size, sometimes extend-
ing from the breast to the vent, at others only appearing as
a spot on theabdomen. ‘The variation in size is noteworthy
and needs careful study. The species. seem peculiarly plastic,
as subspecies can be distinguished with ease if few speci-
mens are examined, but more material tends to confuse the
judgment, probably because the birds are wanderers to some
extent and the subspecies are limited in breeding-areas.
Speculation as to the origin of these species is handicapped
by the survival in the south-west of a species commonly
referred to a distinct genus, Purpureicephalus (Pl. III. fig. 6 &
Text-figure 2, A),on account of a structural difference in the
bill. Otherwise it is a Barnardius as regards colour-pattern,
the erythristic element, which has been almost entirely
eliminated in that genus, having maintained itself, as the
bird has a red head and is mauve underneath with red under
tail-coverts. I must note that the cheek-patch, seen in the
genus Platycercus, is present in the genus Barnardius in a
1918.|] Rejections by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 127
deeper blue shade, and is even seen in this aberrant genus
as a yellow-green patch. As the immature of the genus
Purpureicephalus shows the evolution of the mature from a
green bird, we have here a case of a structural difference
developing at a more rapid rate than a colour-change. We
are compelled to indicate our lack of knowledge of how
colour-changes and structural changes are produced, but we
do know that study of colour and colour-pattern will prove
even more valuable than study of structural differences.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III,
The upper and under sides of the following Parrots :—
1. Platycercus caledonicus.
2 3 elegans.
3. 3 Jlaveolus.
4, a adscitus.
5, s eximuus.
6. Purpureicephalus spurius.
7. Platycercus ictérotis.
8 cs venustus.
9. Barnardius zonarius.
VIl.—Rejections by Birds of Eggs unlike their own: with
Remarks on some of the Cuckoo Problems. By C. F. M.
Swynnerton, C.M.B.O.U.
I nave referred very briefly to the general result of my
first season’s experiments in the above connection in
‘The Ibis’ for October 1916 (p. 557). I returned to the
attack last year, partly to ascertain whether really fine
discrimination is ever shown. The experiments were in-
terrupted while still incomplete, but Major Meiklejohn’s
interesting and comprehensive paper in the April ‘ Ibis,’
just received, recalls me to the subject and suggests the
publication of my summary of them. ,Except in the case
of the first dozen experiments, [ only recorded the details of
such as struck me as being of somewhat special interest ;
but not less, 1 should say, than fifty were carried out in all
128 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [Ibis,
in the two seasons, and this summary of them was written
while the later details were still fresh in my mind.
The figures I shall refer to are those of Plate XIX. in
‘The Ibis’ for October 1916. I hope to figure later some
of the actual eggs used.
I have found it very necessary, for convenience and
clearness, to coin single word-terms to denote (1) birds
that lay only one type of egg (with its variations), and
(2) birds that lay two or several distinct types, as do
many Cuckoos, Weavers, and Warblers. On the analogy
of botanical usage, I am using the adjective ‘‘ homoic”
for the former and “ heteroic ” for the latter.
Resutts oF THE EXPERIMENTS.
1. Acceptances of changeling eggs occurred.—Among other
instances, a lLark-heeled Cuckoo (Centropus burchelli),
laying pure white dove-like eggs, accepted and sat on a
brown Fowl’s egg weighing twice as much as one of her
own; a Cisticola natalensis, with very pale, unspotted,
blue eggs, accepted an egg of Pycnonotus layardi, again
twice as large as her own and coloured like a Tree-Pipit’s
(cf. fig. 16); a Coly (C. striatus minor: fig. 2) accepted
and retained a Canary’s egg (Serinus sharpet) with black
spots, and a Tarsiger stellatus (Robin-like) a Coly’s ; and
Thick-billed Weavers (Amblyospiza albifrons, nearest fig. 14)
took back eggs of their own, the appearance of which had
been modified by the addition of blotches or smears of
brown-madder water-colour paint.
2. Such acceptance was not necessarily final—I placed |
a Layard Bulbul’s egg, of the type shown in fig. 11,
in a nest containing two eggs of Yelephonus senegalensis,
removing (as usual) one of the latter (whitey with a
heavy sepia cap). The Shrike returned, perched on the
side of the nest and, leaning over, manipulated one
or both of the eggs with her bill, then quietly settled
down on to them afid sat steadily. On my revisiting the
nest later, the Bulbul’s egg was gone and the Shrike
was sitting on its one egg only. This was the last egg
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 129
of its clutch of three, for I had taken one previously, yet,
although the eggs were fresh, it continued to incubate it and
reared a young bird which gave me some very interesting
tongue observations. Very numerous similar instances
occurred throughout the experiments, and suggested that
we need not regard a Cuckoo’s egg found in a nest as
quite necessarily finally accepted. The bird’s first object
seemed usually to be to warm the eggs, and attention to
the intruder was postponed.
3. Nor was the acceptance necessarily always voluntary.—
A Layard’s Bulbul with three eggs of the type shown in
fig. 16 rejected a Weaver’s egg of the type shown in fig. 9
of the same plate. One-of the Bulbul’s remaining two
eggs was then replaced by a pigeon-like egg of Centropus
burchellii. First one Bulbul returned and perched beside the
nest ; then its mate arrived and perched on the edge. The
first flew off, but the second stood gazing at her new and
enormous acquisition, motionless, for approximately one
minute. Then she slipped down on to the nest and sat!
I waited for a considerable time, and, as she did not stir
and it was now getting dark, I left. Next afternoon the
nest was pulled down a good deal on one side. The weight
of the Centropus egg would not have done it alone, as the
nest had been firmly placed. That egg was still there,
but the Bulbul’s egg was gone and a minute search below
the tree failed to produce any trace of it. On another occa-
sion a Stonechat (Pratincola torquata) adopted a Shrike’s
egg (Lanius collaris humeralis) given her in place of one
of her own three. Several days later she was still sitting
on it. I now replaced a second of her eggs with another
Shrike’s egg. When I revisited the nest it was deserted
and the Stonechat’s egg was gone, the two Shrike’s
remaining in possession. I am inclined to believe that
the Bulbuls and the Stonechats of the above observations,
finding the substituted eggs beyond their powers of
ejection, accepted it perforce for the time being, and
later removed their own egg. The distortion of the
Bulbuls’ nest may have resulted from a previous effort
SER. X,— VOL. VI. K
130 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
to remove the heavy interloper, and in the case of a
Warbler (Cisticola natalensis) there was suggestive evidence
—in the form of a fresh hole made low down in the side
of the nest and the position of the “ Cuckoo’s” egg in
relation to it—of such an attempt previous to the removal
of the bird’s own eggs.
4, Rejection of substitutes.—The following was a witnessed
example. Finding a nest of Turdus tropicalis, I replaced one
of the Thrush’s three eggs, blue with bold brown spots and
blotches, by a Shrike’s (Lanius humeralis), whitish closely
freckled with light brown. Finding that leaves blocked my
view, I shortly returned to the nest to remove them, and
the bird flew, as I thought, from it. Taking the incident
for an acceptance, therefore, I replaced the Shrike’s egg
with that of a Layard’s Bulbul, in which the contrast is even
stronger (fig. 16). The bird, on returning, obviously at
once noticed it and, leaning over, examined and examined,
putting her head down and perhaps turning the egg about ;
then slipped away. As she did so, her mate appeared, went
through the same actions, and left. The female thereupon
at once returned, slipped on to the eggs without further
hesitation, and sat. I went down and found the Bulbul’s
egg gone.
After this discovery I put in a large white egg, brought
me by a Kafir and unidentified. The male (brighter bill)
came first this time and definitely, from his movements,
must have turned the egg about. He looked and looked at
it in the gravest manner (a bird can look grave!), and at last
went off. I feared desertion, if the egg should be beyond
their powers of removal, so went over quickly and replaced
it with a small white egg (Colius striatus minor, fig. 2).
One of the birds, almost certainly the female, quickly
came back, picked the egg up in her bill, and disappeared
with it behind the foliage—perhaps wondering at her mate’s
difficulty !—then returned and sat on her own two eggs.
In a subsequent experiment I watched the Thrushes, again
after an inspection by each bird in turn, remove two.
Shrike’s eggs from the nest; but they flew off behind
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 131
the foliage with them, and [ again failed to see their final
fate. A small boy, who had seen the commencement of
the first experiment from a different angle, told me later
that the supposed acceptance of the original Shrike’s egg
was not one, the bird being still a couple of feet from
the nest when my approach frightened her away.
In my experiments generally I actually witnessed only
a few of the rejections: most of the experiments I had
not time to watch, and in those I did watch initial
acceptance was the more general rule. In very few cases,
again, did I recover the “ Cuckoo’s” egg. It was evidently
usually carried away, as excreta and egg-shells so com-
monly are, probably to avoid revealing the nest to enemies.
In some cases—for all I know, in most—the bird definitely
pierced the shell; so that even if the Cuckoo had witnessed
the ejection, there would be no possibility of her using the
egg again.
5. Closer selection.—I placed a specially richly-coloured
egg of Pycnonotus layardi in the nest of a Yellow-streaked
Bulbul (PAyllastrephus flavistriatus), removing one of the
latter’s. Unluckily, the small boy who had showed me
the nest at once announced another within a few yards,
and I went to inspect. Returning within a very few
minutes, I found the Yellow-streaked Bulbuls just drawing
off and the Layard Bulbul’s egg still in the nest, but
spiked. The eggs were by no means unlike, excepting for
the fact that in the latter the darker markings were less
definitely gathered into a zone. I have already mentioned
“the rejection of an egg of Sitagra ocularia by Hyphantornis
nigriceps laying spotted blue eggs (‘ Ibis,’ Oct. 1916,
pp. 558-9). Though not really like each other, these
eggs were not greatly in contrast in a dark nest. But a
far better case than either of these was that of a Layard’s
Bulbul that rejected eggs of its own species that differed
very slightly indeed from its own, and even its own egg
when its zone was widened by the addition of markings
(of the colour and size of the others) in water-colour
paint. I will give the whole experiment below. The last
K 2
132 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
eggs taken from the nest were unluckily destroyed by a
cat when I had brought them in to blow. It was a dis-
appointment, as I had hoped to exhibit all, feeling that
no one could see them together and deny that selection
by foster-parents might have brought about the very closest
resemblances that exist between any Cuckoo’s eggs and its
host’s. I hope later to figure the others *.
6. The ability to distinguish did not depend entirely on
the presence of the host’s own eggs for comparison, though
their presence was undoubtedly helpful_—When two of the
eggs of a Rock-Thrush (Monticola angolensis) hatched, a
third with which I had been experimenting failed to hatch.
I had no other blue eggs in hand, so painted a white egg of
Hyphantornis jamesonigreenish-blue and substituted it for the
Rock-Thrush’s egg. It was adopted. A few days later I took
it out and put in a Layard Bulbul’s egg. It was rejected.
I then returned the painted egg, and it was adopted.
Two days later I painted it with a number of light brown-
madder blotches, and it was rejected> Actually the Weaver’s
egg was painted of a slightly deeper shade than the Rock-
Thrush’s and, I fear, rather smearily. It also differed
from it in its elongated shape and somewhat smaller size,
and it is perhaps doubtful if it would have been accepted
had the host’s egg been there for comparison. But wider
departures were at once rejected. A Bulbul (P. dayardi),
that had discriminated very finely, nevertheless accepted
two eggs of another form (of her own species) on my
finally removing her own two eggs ; so that it may actually
be that a Cuckoo’s best chance would lie in® finding a nest
with only one egg.
7. Evidence for the view that polymorphism in the host’s
eggs may be of use against Cuckoos.—-Il watched a Bar-
* On p. 568 of ‘ The Ibis’ for October 1916, I spoke of Pyenonotus
layard? as laying very variable eggs, but did not include it in the
heteroic category. This was hardly correct, for its eggs may be
divided into several distinct forms, even though they are close enough
to each other and sufficiently connected in some cases by transition to
give the superficial appearance of general variability,
1918.] by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 133
throated Warbler (Apalis thoracica) accept an egg of
Sitagra ocularia. later I found the egg lying spiked below
the nest, and the Warbler sitting. The Apalis eggs were
white with bold, scanty, red spots, and not far away was
another nest of the same species containing blue, closely-
freckled eggs just like miniature Stonechats’. I exchanged
an egg from each nest. I watched each Apalis accept the
other’s egg ; but three hours later the first had rejected,
and the egg was lying spiked below the nest. Next day,
at noon, the second Apalis had not yet rejected ; so,
regarding it as an acceptance, | removed one of its own
eggs for an experiment of another kind. On returning
with it six hours later, I found the white, red-spotted egg
gone and the bird’s own egg in sole possession. Other
cases occurred in experiments on Layard’s Bulbuls. The
very fine discriminators already mentioned rejected an egg
of Lanius humeralis, accepted their own back, rejected an
ege of their own species but of another form, accepted
their own back, accepted instead an egg of their own form
from another nest, rejected one differing slightly from their
own form, accepted their own egg back, rejected the latter
on my painting on to it a few additional small markings,
widening the zone, rejected an egg of Colius striatus sub-
stituted for one of their two remaining eggs, did not
desert the one survivor, and accepted the other one back.
However, on my now substituting, for both these, two
eggs belonging to another form, they accepted them, as
already related. It was a very pretty experiment.
Weavers (Hyphantornis jamesoni: vide figs. 3, 5, 7, 9,
12, 15) very freely and in several experiments rejected
eggs of their own species but not their own form,
On the other hand, the pair of Bulbuls (P. dayardi) that
had supplied one of the eggs rejected by the lighly dis-
criminating birds—of the form shown in fig. 11—had
accepted, instead of it, two other eggs of their own species
but belonging to quite different forms.
8. Some birds accept anything.—This last-mentioned pair
- of Bulbuls accepted also, and retained, an egg of Colius
134 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
striatus minor (fig. 2) and, later, one of Sitagra ocularia
(‘ Ibis,’ 1908, pl. viii. fig. 5) ; also, subsequently, a white
egg of Hyphantornis jamesoni (fig. 3), and, when this was
removed by myself, one of Telephonus senegalus, white with
a heavy sepia cap.
9. Size and shape not always important where coloration
is nearly the same.-—“12.12.15. Serinus sharpei nest in
low custard-apple bush, conspicuous. Three eggs, fresh.
Replaced one (2215 mm.) with a white egg noticeably
smaller than itself (19x 16 mm.) and far rounder—lIspidina
natalensis, practically certainly. Adopted. Later I put ina
white Hyphantornis jamesoni egg (fig. 3), a good deal bigger
than the Canary’s egg and differently shaped (26 x 16 mm.).
Adopted. A Layard Bulbul’s egg was at once discarded ;
but the Canary was still sitting on the Hyphantornis and
smaller egg, and one of its own, a few days later. A Coly
(Colius striatus minor, fig. 2) with the usual chalky-white
eggs (23X18 mm.) accepted and retained one of the
Canary’s (white, but smooth and of a different shape).
An egg of this Canary is figured in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1908,
pl. viu. fig. 4. Those in the nest in question were pure
white and hardly spotted at all: one was really unspotted.
The small round Kingfisher’s egg of the experiment was one
of aclutch that I had found in an ant-bear’s hole, mixed up
with the silt from a heavy rain. The clutch contained a
Cuckoo’s egg, of the same white colour as the others, but
larger (26 x 20 mm.), and, like the others, it showed slight
incubation, indicating that it had been accepted and sat on
before the catastrophe occurred. It was probably that of
Coccystes hypopinarius, a common Cuckoo here ; and it is
rather a question how its inserter could have got to the
Kingfisher’s nest, unless this was laid in the main hole
or a very shallow passage off it. ‘‘ Both Millar and the
Woodwards have taken the eggs [of this Kingfisher] from
the earth of an ant-bear” (Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, iii.
p. 84). Chrysococcyx has also been recorded as laying
in the nest of Jspidina, but I am unable to lay hands on the
reference.
1918. ] by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 135
It is interesting here to recall Mr. Stuart Baker’s con-
viction, arrived at as the result of the study of “ very many
hundreds” of eggs of Asiatic Cuckoos (including over a
thousand of C. bakeri alone), that....
**2. The majority of foster-parents are totally unconscious
of incongruity in size between their own eggs and
that of the Cuckoo. i
“3. That they are not conscious of variation in shape.”
(‘ Ibis,’ 1913, p. 386.)
For “totally unconscious” I would substitute “ rela-
tively unsuspicious”’ ; yet I cannot help recalling the great
disparity in size that sometimes in butterflies exists between
model and mimic, and also various incidents in my insect
experiments which showed that a bird may be far more
strongly impressed by a very small difference in coloration
than by a very large difference in size. My prettiest
examples were obtained from a Muilanji Bulbul (Phylla-
strephus milanjensis). Charaxes ethalion is a butterfly with
black non-mimetic males and many female forms, each
of which is a beautiful mimic of one or other of the larger
species of Charaxes that are protected by their size and
power. Yet the Milanji Bulbul, so far from realizing
that it was size that was at the bottom of her trouble
with the larger species, always, after an unpleasant
experience with these, refused to touch the small mimetic
individuals also, though she readily attacked their differ-
ently-coloured males.
10. Sight, not smell, was the means of recognition—In
every case in which the coloration of the eggs was the
same the substitute was accepted, even by birds that
freely rejected eggs of the wrong colour: this even where
the eggs belonged to different families and differed in taste
(as I ascertained) and therefore, presumably, in smell (which
I could not sufficiently appreciate). In my very numerous
experiments in regard to the preferences of insectivorous
birds the evidence was all against the view that smell is
used by them to an appreciable extent for purposes of
recognition (though it is true that discomfort was shown
136 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
in the presence of highly pungent smells, amounting almost
to a volatile discharge, and that short-tongued birds such
as Hornbills apparently did their tasting by an intake
of breath which, so far, was equivalent to smelling). The
view seems to be confirmed further by the acceptance by a
Rock-Thrush of aWeaver’s egg painted blue, and its rejection
of it when a few brown markings were added, the similar
rejection by a Bulbul of its own egg when a few small brown
markings were added to it, and, if it be supposed that
brown-madder paint may smell worse than blue, by the
retention of eggs by Amblyospiza with much brown-madder
paint added. The fact that an egg, drilled but unblown
and already smelling unpleasant, was accepted by Bulbuls
and retained until I removed it two days later, might also
be regarded as bearing on the point.
11. The Cuckoo’s habit of removing one of the host’s eggs
seemed sound.-—In three or four cases I added an egg to a
clutch which already contained one accepted egg of the
wrong colour. In each case the addition was at once
followed by the rejection of one egg. Thus, at a time
when the nest of the indiscriminating pair of Layard’s
Bulbuls I have referred to above contained two of the
birds’ own eggs (fig. 11) and one of Telephonus senegalus,
I added a fourth egg—a white egg of Hyphantornis jamesoni
(fig. 3), for which the Telephonus egg had been substituted
more than twenty hours before—I found shortly afterwards
that the Telephonus egg had been ejected. As both the
Shrike’s egg and the Weaver’s had previously been adopted,
it was probably only the fact that there were now four eggs
instead of three that caused the birds to reject one of
them—and only one. A Yellow-streaked Bulbul adopted
(quite likely, however, only temporarily, for I watched her
examine it well) a Coly’s egg; but on my putting back
her own egg, making three eggs in the nest instead of
the original two, she at once on her return flew back to
her mate, and one of the birds returned, picked up the
Coly’s egg in its bill after a good deal of fumbling and
trouble, and flew off with it, gradually swerving towards
1918. ] by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 137
the ground with (it seemed) the weight of the egg. During
the last few yards of her flight she disappeared behind
tree-trunks, but I judged that she must have reached the
ground about fifty yards from the nest, which was about
twenty feet up. A careful search failed to recover the egg,
bet it had been very visible in the bird’s bill as he, or she,
flew past within a few feet of myself,
The occasional ejection by the Cuckoo of one of its
victim’s eggs the day before it inserts its own, quoted by
Major Meiklejohn, would seem likely to lessen slightly its
chauce of getting its own egg accepted; but this is a point
yet to be tested. I think that on all the occasions on which
T brought the birds’ eggs to their original number again
after an interval, it was by the return of their own egg.
This was never rejected unless its appearance had been
altered, and, of course, if the Cuckoo’s harmonized well it
would not be rejected either.
Against the suggestion conveyed by my results must be
placed cases such as that quoted by W. L. Sclater from Ivy
(‘Fauna S. Africa,’ Birds, iii. p. 198). Here a nest of
Andropadus importunus was found “ containing two of the
usual eggs .... in addition to five large Cuckoos’ eggs.
These all together more than filled the small cup-shaped
nest, the rightful occupants of which” had apparently not
deserted. Such a case must be rare, and could hardly
happen in the case of many foster-parents ; but from other
records it would seem that this Bulbul is quite the “ Hedge-
Sparrow ” of South Africa, in the sense of being readily
duped——a contrast to Passer arcuatus, the “‘ Redstart ” of
the same country. In any case more experiments are
needed.
12. The number of rejections of unmatched eggs so very
greatly exceeded the acceptances that conclusions based on
the eyys found are likely often to be unreliable, especially
if elimination is not well allowed for.—Without having
recorded nearly all my experiments—a pity from this point
of view—I should say that rejection of the ill-matched
substitutes took place in about 80 per cent. of cases. This
138 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
at once suggests an argument which might be urged by
critics of the view that mimicry takes place at all in the
eggs of heteroic Cuckoos. I have lately had letters from such
critics, though they did not use this argument. It is that,
for the most part, we see only the successful candidates in
each annual “‘examination.”’ If we could also see the possi-
bility for larger numbers that were “ploughed,” we might
find that the great majority of the eggs laid in the nests of
a given host—even of a host in whose nest we rarely find a
wrongly-coloured Cuckoo’s egg—by no means resemble its
own eggs, and that the alleged tendency to resemble them
has no existence till after the ‘‘ examination.”
I once planned an experiment to illustrate this criticism.
It was checked at the outset by the general interruption of
my experiments, but such as there is of it will just serve my
purpose. Taking two Coly eggs (white), I placed each of
them in a different Layard Bulbul’s nest. From one of
these nests four wrongly-coloured eggs had already been
ejected, but it still contained an egg of its own species and
form that had been adopted. Going the rounds later I
found that only one of these Bulbul’s nests contained
a “Cuckoo’s” egg and that this resembled the bird’s
own.
Conclusion. “A hundred per cent. of the eggs of Pseudo-
coccyx experimentor found in the nests of Pycnonotus layardi
resemble the eggs of the foster-parent.”’ The actual position,
in this case, as we happen to know, was that only one egg
out of seven placed in the Bulbuls’ nests was of this type,
the remaining 85 per cent. having been utterly unlike those
of the foster-parent. These represented the Cuckoos’ eggs
that we never see. This definitely limits us, for our direct
evidence of mimicry, to eggs seen as soon as inserted and
before the foster-parents’ return: for, as some of my experi-
ments showed, the latter sometimes remove the offending
egg at once—and, by flying away with it, destroy all evidence
of its having been there except such as is afforded by the
incompleteness of their own clutch. This last line of evidence
is fairly useful in Africa, less so in a civilised country in
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 139
which one or two eggs might have been removed by some
tender-hearted collector.
However, the indirect evidence, which I shall refer to
below, seems sufficiently strong.
Other results of our not seeing all the eggs that are re-
jected would be, I think, to make it difficult always to be sure,
except on ovarial evidence and observation of behaviour,
(1) of the duration of the laying season of particular
birds—it might extend beyond that of the special host, but
the eggs then laid would be mostly eliminated before being
seeu—or (2) of the total number of eggs laid. This is likely,
I think, always to be distinctly larger than the number of
eggs found by an observer and correctly attributed by him
to a particular bird, unless we can assume not merely that
the observer has found all the eggs laid but that the Cuckoo
will have been successful in matching all her eggs.
Discussion.
1. Methods of dealing with the Cuckoo’s egg.—I1 have
already shown that the removal of the interloper was the
method adopted by nearly all the birds on which I experi-
mented, that it was usually, apparently, carried right away,
as are excreta, that it was sometimes spiked and that, in one
experiment, it was merely dropped, after spiking, outside the
nest. Of the two eggs treated thus, one was probably too
heavy for the bird to carry, the other not, and another bird
of the same species that was experimented on with a light
egg apparently carried it away, for it could not be found.
I have already referred to the alternative course, probably
followed where the substitute was large. -Practically no
definite desertion of the bird’s own eggs took place, even
though some parents were reduced to sitting on a single egg.
The Flycatcher, Bradyornis murinus, seemed to be an ex-
ception, three nests in succession being deserted, eggs and
all—in one case after a substitute had been ejected, in the
other cases after I had merely visited the nests. In a few
cases all the eggs in a nest, substitute and host’s eggs,
disappeared, and this may have sometimes occurred through
140 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
the ejection of the substitute being followed by a decision to
remove the eggs from a nest that had been detected; but it
did not seem that this occurred in a larger proportion of
cases than I found amongst nests on which I did not experi-
ment, and in some cases the damage to the nest suggested
that an enemy was responsible. Mr. Stuart Baker has men-
tioned an instance (‘Ibis,’? 1913, p. 898) in which all the
eggs were smashed, ‘ evidently by a bird’s bill ”’—a case in
which it seemed “as if the Shrike, in a fury at the deception
attempted on it, had itself broken the Cuckoo’s as well as
its own eggs.’’ I obtained no such instance myself, and
Lanius humeralis, on which I experimented several times,
was one of the birds that most tended, apparently, to remove
its eggs after two or three attempts at cuckolding, but
Mr. Baker’s suggested explanation is quite likely correct.
Similarly, the fact that I obtained no instance of desertion
of the bird’s own egg except in Bradyornis does not teil
against his supposition that the deserted nests he found
containing Cuekoos’ eggs were deserted on account of the
latter’s presence, though this naturally requires a little
proof unless such nests were proportionately more nume-
rous than deserted nests of the same species (Horornis,
Garrulax, Mesia, Liothrix, Anthus, Lanius, Surga, Cisticola)
not containing Cuckoos’ eggs. I remember well that as a
school-boy in Ireland and England my main fear, justified
by experience, was lest by visiting a nest too frequently
or taking too many eggs I might make the bird desert.
Here, in Africa, my fear is not so much the desertion
of the eggs (though this sometimes occurs) as their disap-
pearance, and the Kafirs, in giving their reason for avoiding
tampering with a nest with eggs, or placing a charm in it
if they have touched an egg, always say, not that the bird
will desert, but that it will take its eyys away ; cases are
sometimes mentioned in which, as in the case I have myself
mentioned above, the bird was seen carrying its eggs away.
I am inclined to suspect that there really is some difference
here, of a general nature, between the birds of the two
countries, conceivably in relation to different dominant
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 141
classes of enemies. A similar general difference occurs in
the number of eggs composing the usual clutch—five in
England, three in south-east Africa ; and here again the
difference is probably dependent on some general difference
in the conditions. That desertion is common, at any rate
in some species, as a result of the insertion of a Cuckoo’s
egg, is shown by Major Meiklejohn’s quotation of the fact
that Wrens (in 150 cases noted by Walter), Willow-
Warblers, Wood-Warblers, and Chiffchaffs invariably desert
under these circumstances. Another mode of dealing with
the Cuckoo’s egg would seem to be to cover it with fresh
nesting material, so that it remains built into the lining.
2. The history of the parasitic habit.—Wallace’s view, I
think, may be quickly dismissed. It was that, the colours of
small birds’ eggs being protective—fitting in, as he supposed
them to do, with their chequered surroundings of light and
shade—a Cuckoo’s egg, unlike the others in the nest, would
strike a discordant note “ and lead to the destruction of the
whole set. Those Cuckoos, therefore, which most frequently
placed their eggs among the kinds which they resembled,
would, in the long run, leave most progeny, and thus the very
frequent accord in colour might have been brought about ”
(Darwinism, 2nd ed. p. 216). I have indicated elsewhere
(‘Ibis,’ Oct. 1916, pp. 531-532) * my view, which must,
I think, be shared by field-naturalists generally, that it is
impossible to regard Hedge-Sparrows’ and Song-Thrushs’
eggs, for example, as protectively coloured, and the survival
of the “discordant” Cuckoos’ eggs accepted by Hedge-
Sparrows also tells against the theory. I have stated above
that in my experiments, the robbery, probably by enemies,
of nests containing discordant eggs was not more frequent
than that of nests without them.
Darwin quotes the statement that some Cuckoos “ mani-
fest a decided preference for nests containing eggs similar in
* A correspondent regards it as my own view that the Song-Thrush’s
egg is protectively coloured. Evidently I did not make it sufficiently
clear that I was merely stating an illustration of Wallace’s theory and
that I strongly disagreed with him,
142 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
colour to their own” ; and I was interested lately, in looking
up the ‘Origin’ for his views on the subject of Cuckoos,
to see that the explanation I offered in ‘The Ibis’ (Oct.
1916, p. 561) for the young Cuckoo’s habit of ejection was,
in detail, that long ago given by Darwin. I am a bad |
reader, having little time for it—I have probably not read
the ‘ Origin’ through since I was a schoolboy, if then—and
the idea came to me independently, as it was likely to do to
anyone watching ejection and puzzled over its explanation.
I mention the point here merely in order to apologize for
having inadvertently brought forward the suggestion as
my own.
I was interested further, however, to see that the general
theory of the transition to parasitism, as I have seen it
given by Newton and others, is also Darwin’s. He refers
to the fact that various birds occasionally lay their eggs in
other birds’ nests, quotes the Gallinacee rather particularly
in this connection, refers to ‘the singular instinct of the
Ostrich,” in which family ‘ several hen-birds unite and lay
just a few eggs in one nest and then in another, .... as with
the Cuckoo, at intervals of two or three days,” and refers to
the fact that “ the instinct of the American Ostrich, as in the
case of Molothrus bonariensis, has not as yet been perfected,
for a surprising number of eggs lie strewed over the plains,
so that in one day’s hunting I picked up no less than twenty
lost and wasted eggs.” Darwin also speaks of the stages in
the transition that are illustrated by the American Cow-
birds, quoting from Hudson, and especially remarks on the
fact that in IZ. bonariensis, with parasitic habits already well
developed, “several [birds] together sometimes commence
to build an irregular untidy nest of their own,” which they
apparently never finish, and that “they often lay so many
eggs—from fifteen to twenty—in the same foster-nest, that
few, if any, can possibly be hatched.”
It is possible out of Darwin’s material, and with one or
two small additional suggestions, to frame the following
theory. So far as one can tell at this date, it may represent
an approximation to what has actually taken place.
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 143
We start with a polygamous species, with several females
laying in the same nest, as in Crofophaga. The male or
first-incubating females drive away late layers or the nest
becomes over-full. The layers then go off and either lay in
other nests of the same species, not yet full, till the same
thing happens there, or, nests failing, drop their eggs about
and waste them. In both the earlier and the later nests
Darwin’s suggested advantage —undelayed incubation of
eggs laid at nearly the same date—comes about. Darwin
laid stress on this advantage in relation to the Rheas, it
being his own theory here, and strongly endorsed the view
of “some naturalists” that parasitism on unrelated species
would confer a similar advantage; but it may be said,
I think, that the advantage would have already been present
in the stage thus described—the stage reached by the
Rheas,—and that parasitism, therefore, would confer not
so much this as a further advantage. For where, instead of
wasting their eggs, the layers placed them, nests of their
own species being no longer available, im nests of other
species (a very natural development), a certain proportion
of them would be saved : perhaps a very large proportion
when the habit first arose, if it be true that selection has
had much to do with the perfecting of the qualities of sus-
picion and discrimination in hosts, and if overcrowding of
the foster-nests were either not serious or were eliminated
early by selection. The hens that became broody last, or at
least, perhaps through laying most eggs, would tend to be
the chief layers in strangers’ nests, and the loss of the desire
to brood, being now correlated with a habit that brought
with it all the advantage between probable survival and
certain elimination, might become accentuated in succeeding
generations through the action of natural selection.
A point to be borne in mind, I think, is that a primary
necessity throughout will have been that of obtaining the
right food for the nestling and that the latter may not have
been so well adapted at the outset to a somewhat varying
diet as it perhaps is now. It may be the case (and this
could be tested experimentally and by stomach-examination)
144, Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
that necessities of diet have much to do with the early
stage now represented by the relations between the Cow-
birds Molothrus badius and M. rufo-avillaris, though it is in
any case only natural that the first layers in nests of other
species should go, where it is available, to a species nearly
related to their own.
Again, when the next and bigger step was taken of placing
eggs in the nests of quite unrelated birds, food will have
remained a prime consideration, and this seems to me to
have a bearing on another point. For, sureiy, the safest
rule in this connection, as well as the natural thing to
happen, would be for the Cuckoo to base its choice primarily
on recognition of the foster-parents that had successfully
reared itself. It is quite true that in butterflies, in which —
recognition is primarily by smell, a male will, after a first
pairing, recognize also by sight, as is evidenced by the
courtship of model by mimic and mimic by model that
IT have myself often witnessed. It is similarly possible
that, having seen its own egg, a Cuckoo may be influenced
by egg-coloration in its choice of nests; but I cannot help
feeling that the order of probability, or, if (as is sometimes
likely) all three means of recognition are used, the order of
importance will be, (1) appearance of foster-parents, (2) of
nest, (3) of eggs. The criticism, frankly adduced by
Major Meiklejohn himself, that Cuckoos regularly deposit
in Hedge-Sparrows’ nests eggs unlike those of the foster-
parent, seems to me to tell too strongly against the opposite
view to be lightly passed over.
Selection would soon follow the adoption of the habit of
placing the eggs in other birds’ nests—selection of dis-
crimination in the more usual hosts and of deceptive
coloration in the Cuckoo’s egg. Discrimination may be
rarer, and mimicry less needful, at first than later, and it is
in this connection that the transition so well illustrated
by my experiments is suggestive: the transition between
such a bird as the Hedge-Sparrow must be (my experiments
on any one species were insufficient to convince me that I
rg18. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 145
had found an equivalent here) through such species as
Pycnonotus layardi, individuals of which discriminated
closely, others less closely and one or two not at all, to
such a species as Hyphantornis jamesoni, which, in my
experiments, ejected or destroyed all eggs that were appre-
ciably unlike its own. It is even possible that the Hedge-
Sparrow may be a recent victim and the Redstart an old
one, and the transition between them as much a matter of
past selection as of any original difference in discriminating
power between the species concerned—not that this will
not, in many cases, have existed.
With the growth of discrimination on the part of the
Species most victimized—and special victimization would be
a matter both of abundance and (through natural selection
and correct choice of other survivors) of suitable feeding—
would come mimicry. I doubt whether this would always
end the matter, for, when a Cuckoo’s egg became indistin-
guishable from its host’s, variation in the latter would still
afford the means of distinguishing it from the Cuckoo’s, and
it is even imaginable that a race may in some cases have
taken place between the host’s eggs and those of the over-
taking Cuckoo. High distinctiveness might sometimes have
been the result. In other cases sheer variability would help
much to baffle the Cuckoo whatever its choice were founded
on, and useful polymorphism, as in the eggs of the heteroic
Warblers and Weavers, might even be selected, and the
influence of parasitic birds have thus contributed much, in
the course of ages, towards the production of that quality
of diversity that to-day so characterizes Passerine eggs.
it will not have been the only factor, for the possibility of
preference remains, and tie actual stimulus to variation will
doubtless always have been environmental. Experiments
in this last connection might have very interesting results.
The similar diversity that is found in the eggs of Cuckoos
has been sufficiently explained by other observers. I am
not inclined to regard homoism (if the word is permissible)
as necessarily more recent than heteroism in Cuckoos’ eggs.
SER. X.—VOL, VI. L
146 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
It seems to me rather that the original parasite is likely to
have laid eggs of approximately one type, like some of the
non-parasitic Cuckoos to-day, and that, whether this was the
case or not, the two conditions are likely to have alternated
one with the other in any given locality. ‘The homoic condi-
tion will have given place to the heteroic where a dominant
species, hitherto the chief victim and model for mimicry,
has for any reason (including the over-success of the
Cuckoo) become relatively scarce, and where it takes several
species of birds to make up the population needed for the
consequent overflow on the Cuckoo’s part. It (the homoic .
condition) will be resumed again as one of these species
becomes abundant and more and more discriminating; for.
the other types of Cuckoos’ eggs, dependent for their con-
tinuance on the scarcer or less discriminating hosts, will
sooner or later, if the chief host be really abundant, come
under its inspection and be eliminated. At the same
stroke, obviously, will be eliminated the tendency to choose
other species as foster-parents, while instances through
difficulty in finding the right foster-parent will also be
reduced by the latter’s abundance.
In view of the fact that the dominant soft-billed birds are
different in different localities and that in some localities
there is no very marked dominance in numbers on the part
of any favourite species, it is easy to believe that “the eggs
of the Cuckoo (C. canorus) vary more in colouring and
markings than those of any other known species” (Rey’s
first conclusion, as quoted by Major Meiklejohn). The case
is readily comparable with what occurs in mimetic genera in
butterflies, such as Psewdacreaand Euralia. This mention of
butterflies at once recalls the fact that in polymorphic mimics
the inheritance has been practically proved by breeding
experiments to be Mendelian. Further, whether the domi-
nant or the recessive form will be abundant depends on the
presence of the appropriate model. The hzppocoon female
form (incomplete recessive) of Papilio dardanus is abundant
at Chirinda (S. Rhodesia) and also in other places where
1918. ] by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 147
its model, Amauris dominicanus, is abundant. The cenea
form (incomplete dominant) * is abundant at Natal, where
that Amauris model is nearly absent, but Amauris echeria
abundant. But in each case the scarce form is still kept up
in small numbers through the Mendelian relationship and
“might replace the other form were a change in the numbers
of A. dominicanus to lead to a corresponding change in the
incidence of selection. Other female forms of the species
also occur, mostly mimetic, but one or two not mimicking
any pattern at present extant amongst models.
The same principles seem likely to apply in the case of
the eggs of the Cuckoo. Here we have exactly the same
evidence of the dependence of particular forms on the
presence of particular models, the same local results from
changes in the relative abundance of particular models, the
same ‘“‘mixed” and now non-mimetic forms, scarce or ap-
parently absent where some model dominates completely,
more abundant where this is not the case tf. And the ap-
pearances of the case—the highly distinctive types obviously
duly segregated in generation after generation,—the ueces-
sities of the case, and the analogy of the butterflies all
strongly suggest Mendelian inheritance.
With the criticism of the theory that similarity of diet will
have produced resemblance between the Cuckoo’s egg and
the host’s, one cannot but agree; but the view that par-
ticular foods may affect the coloration of the eggs of birds
is not to be summarily dismissed. Dr, Péringuey told me,
in 1915, that ducks fed on acorns at the Cape laid black
eggs, and I was interested to see a black duck-egg a few
days later, shown me by Mr. Fitzsimons of the Port Elizabeth
_ * This conclusion is indicated by the results, in the F, generation, of
a series of matings I obtained recently between individuals of a pure
cened strain (out of pups sent me from Natal by Mr. H, E. Platt) and
individuals of pure Azppocoon parentage from Chirinda.
+ The facts here referred to constitute the real evidence for the
existence of mimicry in Cuckoos’ eggs, Mr. Stuart Baker has stated
them very convincingly for the Asiatic Cuckoos in ‘ The Ibis’ for July
1918. The fact that the size of the egg is not reduced where the usual
host lays a large egg is also not to be despised.
L2
148 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
Museum, and presumably produced in this way. The black
deposit was superficial, but in this, of course, it did not differ
from the chalk-layer of certain eggs and the heavier blotches
of, e. g., certain eggs of Pycnonotus and Phyllastrephus.
3. The host’s and the Cuckoo’s defences.—The host’s de-
fences include, first, means of preventing the Cuckoo from
depositing its egg. Attacking or mobbing the Cuckoo is one
such means, and here it would seem that the habit of nesting
in colonies must be exceedingly useful. I have seen the
members of a Weaver colony drive off a Didric Cuckoo, and
in a previous instance I saw a similar mobbing, at a large
colony, of a dark bird, probably a Cuckoo, that I failed to
obtain a sufficiently good view of for identification (‘ Ibis,’
1908, p. 11). It must be difficult for a Cuckoo to lay
undetected in such a colony, and the mobbing is, of course,
more formidable than the attack of a single pair of birds.
Even so, the Cuckoo hangs about such colonies and is
sometimes successful, and, if detection should be avoided—
which is unlikely,—the close collection of nests would, of
course, improve its opportunity of matching its egg, if it
should have become.its habit to attempt todoso. Mr. Austin
Roberts’s observation (Journ. S.A. O. U. ix. 1913, p. 33) that
“ Chrysococcyx cupreus sometimes deposits its eggs in the
nest of Ploceus auricapillus, but apparently only when there
are one or two nests in a tree,” has a bearing on this point.
As he had spoken of “dozens of nests” in some of the trees, I
take his meaning to be that isolated nests are mostly selected.
This would seem to testify to the usefulness of the colony.
Prevention failing, the defence afforded by the colouring
of the host’s own eggs comes into play. I have already
(‘Ibis,”? 1916, pp. 570 & 573; 1917, p. 271) expressed my
opinion that, whatever be the correct explanation of varia-
bility in such eggs as the Common Guillemot’s, poly-
morphism in the eggs of many small Passerines is probably
to be explained as having been selected in relation to the
baffling of Cuckoos that might otherwise more often match
theireggs. The results of my experiments quoted under Con-
clusion 7 (p. 182), above, show clearly that there is nothing
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 149
visionary about this suggestion, and, in view of my results
from the strongly heteroic Warbler, Apalis thoracica, I am
much interested to note that two eggs of Chrysococcyx
klaasi, taken by Messrs. Haagner and Ivy from its nests,
resembled in coloration (though not in size) the particular
form of the Warbler’s egg with which they were found
(Journ. 8. A.O.U. ii. 1906, p. 36, figured pl. iii.).
Discrimination comes next, and this, as my experiments
seemed clearly to show, has in some birds probably become
a most efficient defence, right up to the point at which the
coloration of the Cuckoo’s egg exactly resembles that of
the host’s. The carrying away of the egg that apparently
took place in most of my experiments was possibly useful,
not merely in relation to detection by enemies, but for the
baffling of the Cuckoo, should it be in the habit of ever again
utilising the egg, though I do not regard this advantage, if
it exists, as other than incidental. Spiking, and the evi-
dences of destruction of the egg seen in Weavers’ nests,
would be still more effective, but the former may sometimes
be merely a convenient way of carrying a large egg out of
the nest. ‘This was obviously not the explanation for the
spiking of a Pycnonotus egg by a Phyllastrephus, described
above.
Whether its fellow-nestlings, once the Cuckoo is hatched,
have any further chance of escape, might be the subject of
further observation. Especially might those instances be
studied in which the young Cuckoo retains nest-mates,
Some nestlings have, from the outset, far greater grasping-
power than others and cannot be lifted without bringing the
lining of the nest with them. I found that differences in
this respect made a difference to the young Cuckoo I experi-
mented on, but' I had no really strongly-marked example
to test and the Cuckoo successfully solved all reasonable
problems that I set him to work on. Against the possibility
that grasping-power might be of use to the host’s nestling
may be set Mr. John Craig’s fascinating observations which
I have recently seen quoted in Mr. Percival Westell’s book
on ‘British Bird-Life.’ Truly Homeric struggles took place
150 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [ Ibis,
between his two Cuckoos and the prehensile feet were freely
used to prevent ejection, but the stronger Cuckoo eveutually
threw the weaker from the nest, and repeated the perform-
ance on its being replaced. Experiments of my own, as well
as general observation with regard to Cuckoo nestlings, tell
against the view that the hosts ever eject or neglect the
latter through noticing the differences between them and
their own young, and the probability generally is, I am
inclined to think, rather against the explanation of the
coloration of the young Koel that I shall refer to below.
The Cuckoo’s defence against the attempts to prevent
her placing the egg in the nest must, where she does not
intimidate, lie largely in cunning and adroitness and in ob- -
servations of the birds for the purpose of choosing a suitable
moment. I am thinking especially of the case of a colony
and of those Cuckoos which lay in the nests of Corvide,
for the problem would be simpler, though not always quite
simple, in the case of isolated nests of small birds the eggs
of which were not yet beg incubated. The thickness and
strength of the shell, again, must occasionally save it from
breakage when it comes to a scuffle, as well as permitting it
to be carried about with impunity. It is even possible that
the extraordinarily tough skin of the Honey-guide, selected
primarily in another connection, may be highly serviceable
to it as a parasite in enabling it to face attacks from heavy
Barbets and its other strong victims. Haagner and Ivy
(Journ. 8. A. O. U. iii. 1907, p. 103) speak of “all the
Honey-guides” as “very persistent in ‘commandeering’ the
nest-hole of other birds, as they are generally fiercely attacked
by the foster-parents,” and the accounts one has read of the
actual encounters certainly suggest that they show much
fearlessness of their heavier antagonists. Whether the
hawk-like appearance of several Cuckoos is backed up by
a hawk-like approach to the nest and the insertion of the
egg facilitated by the consequent intimidation of the owners
is still, I take it, a point for observation. It has been sug-
gested, I believe, that the Drongo-Cuckoos are enabled by
their likeness to their hosts to approach the latter’s nests
1918. | by Birds of Eggs unlike their own. 151
without arousing suspicion. This may actually be so if the
theory has been based on observation, but I am impressed
by the fact that our African Drongos are more intolerant of
the approach of another bird of their own species, not merely
to their nest, but even within their “ beat,” than any other
bird I know—and this is saying much.
Once the Cuckoo’s egg has been placed in the nest it has
to trust to the host’s lack of discrimination, or, alternately, to
its resemblance to the host’s eggs—and to this last its small
size is generally acknowledged to contribute. It remains
large enough, however, to be likely to give so small a host
as a warbler much difficulty in removing it, as I saw in my
experiments on Cisticola, and one might even amuse oneself
by supposing that the optimum size might be one not large
enough to fill the victim with complete conviction that it was
a fraud, yet just sufficiently large to dissuade it, after an
attempt or two, from trying to eject it! One of my Grass-
Warblers, again C. natalensis, accepted and continued to incu-
bate a Layard Bulbul’s egg after what appeared to have been
an initial attempt to eject it: here the fraud was obvious from
the wrong coloration, but the bird had not the enterprise to
remove its own eggs on failing with the Bulbul’s. It is just
conceivable, again—the point could be tested experimentally,
—that the thick shell of a Cuckoo’s egg, explicable, I believe,
as the result of a reduction in size without a corresponding
reduction in the amount of lime used, and useful as enabling
it to be carried about, may also protect it from being pierced
by such weak birds as Warblers —as the Bar-throated
Warbler of my experiments pierced thinner-shelled eggs ;
and that this, with the difficulty of handling it otherwise
which must be experienced by such small birds, may account
for the Cuckoo’s egg being so often left deserted in the nests
of Wrens, Willow-Warblers, &e. At the same time, even
should it be so strong—which probably it is not,—this would
be of no use to it unless its own parent then removed it to
another nest. If such intervention zs the rule in relation to
the egg, it seems hard to understand how Walter could have
ood?)
found as many as 150 deserted Cuckoos’ eggs in Wrens’ nests
152 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Rejections [Ibis,
alone. At the same time it would be the natural develop-~
ment in response to desertion, and Major Meiklejohn’s
record of the Hedge-Sparrow’s nest, in which the host’s eggs
were less incubated than the Cuckoo’s, does not stand alone.
Mr. Ivy records finding a nest of Andropadus importunus con-
taining an egg of Cuculus clamosus, slightly incubated, and
two of the host’s, fresh. A still better observation by the
same naturalist was one in which a partly incubated egg of
C. solitarius was placed in a nest which the day before had
contained only two fresh Cossypha caffra eggs. It seems
obvious, therefore, that intervention has to be reckoned
with.
After hatching comes the ejection of the fellow-nestlings, ©
and here J might lay stress on two points that have been
insufficiently emphasized, I think, in the one or two descrip=
tions I have seen of the process. One is that the young bird
is not simply shot out of the nest by an upward heave—the
impression that one is, perhaps, given ; but that, except in
a shallow nest, there is a display of the greatest will and
endurance—Rodin might well take a blind young Cuckoo as
the subject for a statue personifying those qualities. Pauses,
during which both victim and murderer ask for food and
probably, in nature, get it—as they did from me,—punctuated
in my experiments what was sometimes a tedious operation,
but one during which the young Cuckoo, as I have said else-
where, did not give back a millimetre of the ground gained
until it finally tumbled its victim over the side. Then comes
the second point I have referred to. My Cuckoo, at any
rate, on bringing about this result, would climb, backwards,
right to the top of the nest if he were not there already, and,
leaning over or even almost hanging down, would push, and
push, and push, into empty air with his back until he was
quite certain, apparently, that nothing remained to be pushed,
It is to be supposed that the parents would often replace the
nestling in the nest if it were found clinging to the outside,
otherwise there would be no object in this final coup-de-grace.
Then the young Cuckoo would recover itself and climb down
again into the nest. The very highly prehensile feet, useful
1918. | by Birds of Eggs uniike their own. 153
throughout, were, of course, quite indispensable to the per-
formance of the part of the operation just described. The
wings, as Mr, Craig describes, were used largely for steadying
the victim on the Cuckoo’s back and were very sensitive and
useful. The stimulus to the commencement of the opera-
tion seemed always to be movement on the part of the
fellow-nestling.
I have referred above to the coloration of the young Koel.
If the explanation given for it in Mr. Pycraft’s useful
little book, ‘The Story of Bird-life,’ be the correct one—
namely, that it resembles its male parent instead of, as is
usual, the mother, because, were it not black, the foster-
parents with black young “would promptly kill it on
detecting the fraud,’—then it is obvious that some foster-
parents continue to discriminate after the egg is hatched.
This may be so, and it will be very interesting if it is, but
the theory is one that ought to be tested carefully in the
field by substitution of wrongly coloured nestlings, or eggs
that will produce them, for those of the Crows, &c., that are
the Koel’s hosts. Possibly it has been so tested.
Finally, we come to the adult Cuckoo, with, in many
cases, a close resemblance to some unrelated bird. I have
referred to one explanation of these resemblances—that they
enable the bird the more easily to insert its egg in its victim’s
nest, An alternative—or additional—possibility must not,
however, be overlooked. It is that, as in most cases of
mimicry, the resemblances will be useful in relation to
enemies. The Drongo is. likely to be a particularly useful
model, not merely for its aggressive qualities, but for its.
nauseating effect on the eater, tested by me so far, however,
only on mammals, not hawks. ‘ Nauseousness” seems to
me likely to be the model’s qualification in nearly all cases
of mimicry in birds that have been suggested as models,
though “ fighting- weight,” such as hawks possess, will doubt-
less also tell. An argument against mimicry generally has
been drawn from the extraordinary closeness of the resem-
blance of Mierococcyx varius to Astur badius and from the
fact that the resemblance extends to the immature plumage.
154 Obituary. [ Ibis, -
I will touch on this in dealing, elsewhere, with my experi-
ments on carnivorous animals. Meantime, I may say that
it seems to me to tell against mimicry in relation to the
host, but not against mimicry for protection from enemies.
Finally, we have the Cuckoo as a possible model for
mimicry, suggesting that it, too, sometimes possesses
nauseousness. I refer to the resemblance between the
females of the Emerald Cuckoo and of Campophaga nigra
and hartlaubi. It even extends to the bunchy appearance
of the rump, noticeable in the field. JI am aware of the
objections to the view that these and the other resemblances
referred to here are real cases of mimicry and, up to a
certain point, share in them myself, but I feel that they —
are probably strongly protective and that the element of
real mimicry in them is probably considerable.
Major Meiklejohn’s summary of known fact and of points
on which further information is needed is both interesting
and likely to be highly useful to investigators. In the one
or two places in which the above remarks happen to have
overlapped his statement, it has not been done with any
idea either of “poaching” or of criticizing—though I
think that the view that the Cuckoo bases its choice on
egg-coloration requires careful testing. I have merely felt
that it is sometimes suggestive to state things from slightly
different standpoints. Elsewhere I have tried to suggest
one or two additional points for investigation.
VIIL.—Obituary.
ALFRED JoHn Nortnu.
Tne death of Mr. A. J. North, C.M.B.O.U., which took
place somewhat suddenly from heart failure on 6 May,
1917, was briefly announced in the October number of
‘The Ibis.’ ;
Born on 1] June, 1855, at Melbourne, the second son
of Henry and Mary T. North, of Moonee Ponds, Victoria,
1918. | Obituary. 155
young North was educated at the Public School and sub-
sequently at the Grammar School, Melbourne. He had
an inborn taste for ornithology, but was for some years
engaged in business in Melbourne, where. he was one of
the original members of the Field Naturalists’ Club. In
1878 he made the acquaintance of Ramsay, whom he only
survived by five months, and who-was at that time the
Curator of the Australian Museum. A few years later he
joined Ramsay in Sydney, where he was employed to
arrange the Ramsay collection of birds and to prepare a
catalogue of the eggs of the Australian Museum. About
this time he was appointed assistant to the Curator,
Dr. Ramsay, and subsequently, in 1891, Ornithologist of
the Australian Museum, a post which he retained until
his death.
The ornithological writings of Mr. North chiefly deal
with the life-history and habits of Australian birds, espe-
cially of those which occur in the immediate vicinity of
Sydney. His most important publication is undoubtedly
the ‘Nests and Eggs of Birds found breeding in Australia
and Tasmania,’ published by the Trustees of the Australian
Museum at Sydney between the years 1901-1914. The
work is in four quarto volumes and is a second edition,
though entirely re-written, of a previous work published
in 1889. An idea of its scope and value will be gained
from the notice of the last part issued, to be found in
‘The Ibis’ for 1915 (p. 378).
Mr. North also wrote an account of the birds of the
Horn Scientific Expedition in Central Australia, 1896, and
of the birds collected by the Calvert Exploring Expedition
in Western Australia, 1898. Many other contributions
from his pen have appeared in the publications of the
Australian Museum, the Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, and the ‘ Victorian Naturalist,’ as well
as in ‘ The Ibis,’ to which he sent several short papers from
1893 onwards.
For his ornithological work Mr. North was elected a
Colonial Member of our Union in 19038, and he had the
156 Obituary. [ Ibis,
previous year become a Corresponding Fellow of the
American Ornithologists’ Union, but he was never a
member of the Royal Australian Ornithologists’ Union
as he had no faith in the work of his amateur contem-
poraries. This feeling was so strong that it detracted from
the value of his work, as, rather than incorporate anything
in his writings that he deemed doubtful, he ignored the
work of most of his fellow Australians.
It was in the matter of the detailed study of the lfe-
history of those birds especially which occur in the neigh-
bourhood of Sydney that his best work was done, and his
neglect of modern methods in nomenclature and taxonomy
in no way detract from the value of these observations,
and in many respects he was one of the best ornithologists
that Australia has yet produced.
Ceci GopFrrey RAWLING.
Though not a member of the Union, the death of
Brigadier-General Rawling, C.I.E., C.M.G., by a casual
shell on the 28th of October, 1917, on the western front
cannot be passed over without notice in these pages.
Born in 1870 and educated at Clifton, Rawling received
his first commission in the Somerset Light Infantry and
proceeded immediately to India. He had a passion for
high mountains and the exploration of the waste places in
the world, and in 1903 he mapped over 40,000 square miles
on the Tibetan border. He was an invaluable member
of the Tibetan expedition of the following year, so that,
when the Jubilee Expedition of the B.O.U. to explore the
snow mountains of Dutch New Guinea was proposed and
organized by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant under the leadership of
My. W. Goodfellow in 1909, Captain Rawling (as he then
was) was asked to go as Surveyor of the expedition on
behalf of the Royal Geographical Society. On the return
of Mr. Goodfellow through illness Rawling was appointed
leader of the party, and though they failed to climb
Mt. Cartensz they discovered a new pigmy race of natives,
and made very valuable collections in all branches of
1918. | Obituary. 157
zoology. The story of the expedition was told by Rawling
in his book, ‘The Land of the New Guinea Pigmies.’
On his return home his mind reverted to the Himalaya,
and the great ambition of his life was to climb Mt. Everest,
which he believed could be done from the northern or
Tibetan side. On the outbreak of the war Rawling was
appointed to command one of the service battalions of his
old regiment. He took his battalion to France in the spring
of 1915, and had been fighting there with distinguished
success until a stray shell killed him while talking to a
friend just outside his Brigade Headquarters.
For his exploring work he was awarded the Gold Medal
of the Royal Geographical Society only last year, and his
death ends a career of great achievement and of still greater
possibilities in the future.
Commander The Hon. R. O. B. Bripceman, R.N.
The following details of the death of Commd. Bridgeman,
M.B.O.U., a notice of whose death appeared in ‘The Ibis,’
for last April (p. 247), recently appeared in the ‘Times’
and will be read with interest by his fellow-members of
the B. O. U. :—
* Details of a series of adventures which befell Flight-
Commander Edwin Roland Moon, D.S.O., R.N., of South-
ampton, who was at first reported killed in East Africa, but
who is now a prisoner in the hands of the Germans, and
Commander the Hon. Richard Bridgeman, D.S.O., R.N.,
who Jost bis life, have been received :—
“Tt appears from the story of a captured German
merchant captain and from native sources that a seaplane
carrying the two officers was forced to land in the delta of
the Rufigi River owing to engine trouble. As they could
not repair the damage the officers burnt their machine.
Flight-Commander Moon swam across a stream which
swarmed with crocodiles with a view to finding a boat or
canoe, but failed in his quest. On the following day he
again crossed the river, but was carried down stream by the
158 Recently published Ornithological Works. — [ Ibis,
ebb tide before he could land, and had to force his way back
through the mangroves. Apart from coconuts the officers
had had nothing to eat or drink since leaving their station.
At nightfall, after much weary marching, they discovered
an empty house, and were able to make a raft on which they
set off. Their only relief from the mosquitos was to dip
their heads under the water. The coconut milk which
they carried in bottles had turned sour by this time, and by
the evening of the third day both were completely exhausted.
Commander Bridgeman, indeed, was almost insensible.
“‘ The tide carried the raft out to sea and the raft became
waterlogged, so that Flight-Commander Moon had to support
his comrade in his arms in order to keep the almost uncon-
scious man’s head out of water. The two spent thirteen
hours on the raft on the fourth day, and for at least nine
hours were on the open sea. Again and again Commander
Bridgeman was washed off the raft and rescued again by
his brother-officer, until at last he died of exhaustion aud
exposure. During the afternoon of the fourth day the tide.
carried the raft back to within a short distance of the shore,
and the survivor managed to regain the land. In his final
struggle to shore his face, hands, and feet were severely cut
by the rocks. A native conducted him to two Germans
who were living near, and there he collapsed. He soon
recovered, however, and is now quite well. Commander
Bridgeman’s body was washed ashore a few days afterwards,
and was buried by the Germans.”
IX.—WNolices of recent Ornithological Publications.
Despott on Maltese Birds.
[Ornithological notes from the Maltese Islands (July-December, 1916).
By G. Despott, M.B.0.U. Archivum Melitense, 1917, pp. 251-256.]
Mr. Despott, whose paper on the birds of Malta was
published in ‘The Ibis’ last year, continues to record
all ornithological occurrences of interest in the Maltese
1918.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 159
Islands. The present contribution, dealing with the last
half of the year 1916, is drawn up in diary form and
mentions the arrival from the north of many migratory
birds. An Egyptian Vulture and a flock of Oyster-catchers,
both birds of rare occurrence, are mentioned as having been
recently observed, the former in November, the latter in
August.
Gladstone on Lord Lilford’s Coloured Figures of British
Birds.
[Handbook to Lord Lilford’s Coloured Figures of the Birds of the
Britisn Islands. By Hugh 8. Gladstone, M.A., &c., &e. Pp. 1-69.
London (Bickers & Son), 1917. 8vo. Price 12s. 6d.]
This is a bibliophile’s labour of love and must have cost
Mr. Gladstone much time and patience to draw up. As is
known to many ornithologists, there were two editions of
Lord Lilford’s well-known and justly prized ‘ Coloured
Figures.” Both were issued in parts, and after a time the
second edition caught up, so to speak, the first, and the last
eight parts appeared simultaneously.
Mr. Gladstone has carefully worked out the rather com-
plicated history of the two editions and gives us a table
showing the exact date of issue of each part of the two
editions, their contents, and the number of copies printed.
Another table is in the form of an index indicating the
name of the artist and lithographers of each plate and the
part in which it appears. Out of 421 plates, 260 were
drawn by Mr. A. Thorburn and 125 by the late Mr. J. G.
Keulemans.
A third table gives some account of certain “ suppressed
plates” which were either not considered of sufficient
merit or which had not been drawn from the correct bird.
Some of these have got on the market and caused con-
siderable confusion.
Any book-lover or ornithologist possessing a copy of
Lord Lilford’s work should certainly consult Mr, Glad-
stone’s book if he is in any doubt as to the history of his
particular copy.
160 Recently published Ornithological Works. [Ibis,
Gyldenstolpe on the heel-pads of Birds.
(Notes on the heel-pads in certain families of Birds. By Nils
Gyldenstolpe. Ark. f. Zool. Stockho}m, vol. xi. no. 12, 1917, pp. 1-15;
16 figs. ]
As is well known, some young birds have a thickened heel-
pad on the proximal end of the tarso-metatarsus. Dr. Giinther
first called attention to this structure in the Wryneck in
‘The Ibis’ for 1890 (p. 411). Other writers have described
similar structures in the case of other birds, and in this
short paper Count Gyldenstolpe has collected together a short
list of those species in which he has found this peculiarity.
As would naturally be expected, the heel-pads are generally
found in those birds which breed in holes in trees or on the »
ground, as the pads assist the young birds to move about.
In some groups, such as the Toucans, Barbets, and some
of the Woodpeckers, the pads are furnished with pointed
tubercles which no doubt enable the young bird to obtain
a greater leverage when moving about. In some others,
such as the Rollers, Hoopoes, and Bee-eaters, the edges of
the scales covering the pads are raised up and roughened.
Many of these cases are described and figured by Count
Gyldenstolpe in his interesting communication,
Gyldenstolpe on Malay Birds.
[On Birds and Mammals from the Malay Peninsula. By Nils
Gyldenstolpe. Ark. f, Zool. Stockholm, vol. x. no, 26, 1917, pp. 1-81. ]
This paper contains an account of two small collections of
birds made by Count Gyldenstolpe’s Dyak collector in the
Malay Peninsula. The first, consisting of 44 species, was
formed at Bukit Tangga, a mountain station at about
1300 feet elevation, in the State of Negri Sembilan. It
contained no novelties or anything of special interest.
The second collection, a rather larger one with represen-
tatives of 90 species, was formed in the low country near the
mouth of the Perak river, and is now in the Museum at
Stockholm. One species, Locustella certhiola, is recorded
for the first time in the Malay Peninsula. It is, as would
1918 | Recently published Ornithological Works. 161
be expected, a winter visitor only and breeds in Siberia.
It could hardly be hoped, after the thorough investigations
made by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, that much remains for
other collectors in the low country of the Malay Peninsula.
Mathews on Australian Birds.
[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. vi. pt. 5,
pp. 873-444, pls. 308-316. London (Witherby), September 1917. 4to.]
Mr. Mathews’s book keeps on the even tenor of its way,
and furnishes us with well-chosen compilations of the life-
histories of species, accompanied by excellent illustrations.
The present part deals with ten of the Parrots.
Of these Barnardius zonarius (Shaw and Nodder) is shown
to be identical with semiturquatus of Quoy and Gaimard,
while occidentalis is classified merely as one of six sub-
species. Purpureicephalus is upheld—chiefly on account of
its peculiar long bill—as a distinct genus, with one species
(spurius of Kuhl) synonymous with pileatus of Vigors and
rufifrons of Lesson. The subspecies carteri is discarded.
Next comes a series of small but beautiful Parrakeets,
beginning with Psephotus which has two species, hemato-
notus and varius. The former is permitted to keep a
subspecific form, virescens, while the latter has four,
orientalis and ethele being new and rosine being cancelled.
The name var/us must stand, as multicolor is preoccupied
and dulciet antedated ; moreover, a new subgenus Clarkona
is proposed for this bird.
Northiella, founded for Platycercus hematogaster of Gould,
has caused considerable trouble, but, finally, zanthorrhous and
hematorrhous of Bonaparte prove not specifically separable,
though the latter with padlescens and alter may still be
allowed to hold subspecifie rank.
Psephotellus pulcherrimus, with its form rightly named
* dubius,” is probably extinet ; P. chrysopterygius has one
subspecies (dissimilis) allowed it, which used to be con-
sidered a distinct species. The names P. blaauwi and
P. cucullatus were given to birds from the same locality
as dissimilis.
SER. X.— VOL. VI. M
162 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
Neopsephotus is noted as peculiar for its crepuscular
habits, while the single subspecies pallida is suppressed.
Finally, Neonanodes has four species, of which chrysogaster
Lath. (= aurantia Gould), with two subspecies, and chryso-
stomus Kuhl (= venustus Temm.), also apparently with two,
are included here.
Peters on the birds of Santo Domingo.
[ Birds from the northern coast of the Dominican Republic. By
James L. Peters. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, Mass., 1xi. 1917,
pp- 891-426. ]
Although the Island of Hispaniola, which is now divided —
politically into two independent Republics—that of the
French-speaking Haiti to the west and the Spanish-speaking
Santo Domingo to the east,—was discovered by Columbus
and was the first settled land in the New World, its birds
are less known perhaps than those of any other West
Indian Island.
In pre-Linnean days, however, a M. Chervain collected a
considerable number of the native birds and sent them to
M. de Reamur in Paris, where they were described by
3risson. These formed the basis of a good many names
found in Linneus’ and Gmelin’s Systems. In the last
few years a good deal of ornithological exploration by
American collectors has been done and some very inter-
esting new forms have been described (see Ibis, 1917,
pp. 256, 4:38).
Mr. Peters, the author of the present paper, spent about
two months of the winter of 1916 on the northern coast
of S. Domingo and made very considerable collections for
the Museum at Cambridge, Mass. Ninety-two species are
listed, with field-notes and native Spanish names. One new
subspecies, a Black-collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris
melanotis), described in the Proceedings of the New England
Zoological Club, was discovered, and the form of the Golden
Warbler of the island, shown to be a well-marked race,
must bear the name Dendroica petechia albicollis (Gmel.).
1918.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 168
There are also a number of other remarks and rectifications
of taxonomic interest as well as the field-notes.
Roberis on South African Birds.
[Ornithological Notes. By Austin Roberts. Ann, Transvaal Mus.
v. 1917, pp. 246-262.
Descriptions of a new species and genus of Flycatcher from East
Africa and two new subspecies of Guinea-Fowls from South Africa.
Id. ibid. vi. 1917, pp. 1-3.]
The first portion of the first paper quoted is occupied with
a somewhat severe criticism of Mr. Claude Grant’s action
in a recent paper published in our pages (Ibis, 1915) on
Captain Cosens’s East African collection, in which some
of Mr. Roberts’s proposed new forms are discredited.
Mr. Roberts recognizes four Scops Owls in South Africa—
one from Cape Colony, one from the Orange Free State and
north-east Cape Colony, one from the Transvaal, and one
from Portuguese Hast Africa. Mr. Grant believes that
there is only one form which varies so much individually
that no constant character can be found warranting the
recognition of separate races. A final decision on this
question can only be made, of course, by careful comparison
of a large amount of material, and even that examined by
Mr. Roberts himself hardly seems sufficient in the case of
such a notoriously difficult group as the Scops Owls. Other
differences of opimion exist between Mr. Roberts and
Mr. Grant in regard to Lophoceros nasutus maraisi and
subspecies of Zrrisor and Rhinopomastus recently described
by the former writer. Mr. Claude Grant is now on service
in East Africa, but later on when he comes back to England
he may perhaps be able to defend his position in these
matters.
In a second note Mr. Roberts informs us that Vinago
calva and Francolinus hartlaubi have recently been obtained
by Lieut. Finch-Davies at Otavi in the north of the South-
west African Protectorate. These species, though previously
recorded from southern Angola, have not hitherto been
noticed within South African limits.
M2.
164 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
In another note three new subspecies are described—
Mirafra africanvides harei, Damaraland, Phyllastrephus
terrestris rhodesie, N.W. Rhodesia, and Andropadus im-
portunus noomei, N.E. Transvaal ; while the description of
Spinus symonsi, previously printed on a separate unpaged
slip, is reprinted with additional matter.
A final note is of great interest and deals with the para-
sitic habit of some South-African Weavers and Finches.
It appears to us that a new word is required to denote the
habit now known to be prevalent in several groups of birds
of laying their eggs in the nests of other species. Perhaps
Coccygism would meet the case. At any rate, Mr. Roberts
seems to have proved without doubt that the Pin-tailed
Vidow-bird (Vidua serena) aud Rendail’s Seed-eater (Ana-
molospiza imberbis) should be inciuded in this category, and
in the latter case he is actually able to give a photograph of
the young Seed-eater being fed by a pair of Black-chested
Warblers (Prinia flavicans) who acted as foster-parents ; his
observations on this matter are full of interest.
The second paper quoted contains a description of Chluro-
petella suahelica, gen, et sp. nov., for a little Flycatcher
nearest to Chloropeta, but differing in its narrower and more
decurved bill and longer and more numerous rictal bristles.
The type, and apparently the only specimen, was obtained
by Mr. Roberts himself at Myiai, an outpost some forty
miles south-west of Dar-es-Salaam, on the coast of what
was German Hast Africa.
In the same note Numida papillusa damarensis from
Windhuk, S.W. African Protectorate, and Guttera edowardi
symonsi, Karkloof, alt. 3,500 ft., Natal, are described as new
subspecies.
Shufeldt on a fossil bird from Colorado. 3
[Fossil Remains of what appears to be a Passerine Bird from the
Florissant shales of Colorado. By R. W. Shufeldt. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. 58, 1917, pp. 453-455, pls. 60-61. ]
The fossil which Dr. Shufeldt here describes consists of
the impression of the pelvic region and a limb-bone of a
1918.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 165
bird. It appears to be referable to the Order Passeres, and
the author compares it with a Purple Grackle (Quiscalus
purpureus), to which it comes near in size, but wisely does
not give it name as its affinities are so uncertain.
It was found by Prof. Cutler, of Denver University, at
Florissant in the Rocky Mountains, where there is a deposit
of oily shales from which large numbers of insects and plants
have been obtained and described. The beds are of late
tertiary age.
White on the Birdlife of the South Australian coasts.
[The Cruise of the ‘Avocet’ in search of Skuas and other things.
By Capt. S. A. White, M.B.0.U. Pp. 1-68; many photos, Adelaide.
sm. 8yo. }
In this booklet Captain White gives a popular account,
reprinted from the ‘Register,’ an Adelaide newspaper, of
several trips among the islands and harbours of Spencer
and St. Vincent Gulfs, which form two deep indentations on
the South Australian coasts. He was the' guest of his
friends the Messrs. Rymills, in their motor-yacht ‘Avocet.’
Amoug other interesting places visited was the rookery
of the Mutton-bird (Neonectris tenuirostris brevicaudus) on
Althorpe Island, where thousands of these Petrels breed.
Some interesting details are given of their habits at this
time. .
The most important result of the voyage was perhaps
the taking of the Arctic Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus)
for the first time in South Australian waters. It had
only previously been noticed in Australian waters on one
or two occasions. It was also proved by the examination of
their stomachs that the Cormorant or Shag (Hypoleucus
varius hypoleucus) does not consume edible fish, and should
not therefore be ruthlessly destroyed as has been done
hitherto.
The Auk.
[The Auk. A quarterly journal of Ornithology. Published by the
American Ornithologists’ Union. Vol. xxxiv. for 1917.]
The volume of the ‘Auk’ for last year consists of over
166 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
500 pages and contains much to interest Old World
ornithologists, though naturally a good deal of space is
occupied by local lists and records which appeal more to
the members of the A. O. U.
Among the faunal papers are those of Major Allan
Brooks, now serving in France, on the birds of Chilliwack
in British Columbia, of H. L. Stoddard on the birds of
Wisconsin, of Messrs. Philipp and Bowdish on the birds
of New Brunswick with photographs of the nests of several
of the rarer Warblers, of Messrs. Nichols, Murphy and
Griscom on the birds of Long Island, and of C. A. Gianini
on Alaskan birds; while Mr. W. P. Lowe, M.B.O.U.,
who has done so much good coliecting work in Africa and
elsewhere during the past few years, contributes some
reminiscences of birdlife in -Colorado, where he was
residing from 1888 to 1901.
The most interesting new species is a Hawaiian Finch
Telespiza ultima, described by Mr. W. A. Bryan from Nihoa,
an outlying and very inaccessible island of the Hawaiian
group between the main group and Laysan. It is probably
the last member of the intensely interesting Hawaiian
avifauna that remains unknown; hence the specific name.
Other new forms described are Buteo platypterus iowensis
Bailey, a dusky form of the Broad-winged Hawk from
Iowa, Sturnella neglecta confluenta Rathburn from the
coast-region of Washington State, and Agelaius pheniceus
grinnelli Howell from Salvador in Central America,
Mr. H. Oberholser has a number of articles on taxonomic
points. Dealing with the White-breasted Nuthatch, the name
of which is founded on Catesby’s description from Carolina,
he shows that the Nuthatch of South Carolina is more
closely allied to the Florida form, which is distinct from the
race in north-eastern United States which has hitherto been
known as Sitta c. carolinensis, and he proposes to call the
north-eastern race Sitta c. cookei, after the late Prof. W.
W. Cooke. A series of articles deal with the status,
relationships, and nomenclature of various North American
—1918.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 167
birds. In one of these he rejects the generic name Banner-
mania recently proposed by Mathews and Iredale for a
Pacific Petrel, as well as Cymochorea Coues, which was
revived by the same authors. He also discusses and
criticises the changes proposed by Lord Rothschild and
by Mathews & Iredale in the matter of the names of the
Frigate-birds and Petrels.
With regard to the Waxwing (Ampelis or Bombycilla gar-
rulus), which has been hitherto generally treated as a widely
ranging but unvarying species from western Europe through
Asiato eastern North America, Oberholser believes that he can
distinguish three races—a darker European (B. g. garrulus),
a somewhat paler central Asian (B. g. centralasie Poljakov),
and a still paler and more greyish American (B. g. palli-
diceps Reichw.). He also controverts the decision of the
Committee of the B.O.U. in regard to the usage of the
generic name Ampelis for the Waxwing, and believes that
he is correct in the use of Bomdycilla. A further examina-
tion of this question is desirable so that a definite and final
conclusion can be reached acceptable to all ornithologists.
During his trip to Labrador in the summer of 1915,
Dr. C. W. Townsend obtained a pair of Chickadees or
Tits which he found to be a hitherto undescribed race
and named Penthestes hudsonicus nigricans. In the winter
of 1916-17 a great southward migration of Chickadees took
place into the region about Boston, aud Dr. Townsend had
the satisfaction of recognizing his Labrador form among the
migrating birds. Inashort paper relating this he comments
as follows :—“‘It is not often that the discoverer of a new
race in a distant land is so fortunate as to have that race
return his visit in his own home.”
A paper on rather novel lines is that of Mr. H. Mousley,
who has made a number of detailed observations on second
nestings and laying. He finds that when the first nest and
eggs are taken, about 70 percent. of the birds make a second
nest and about 30 per cent. two subsequent nests ; that the
new nest is made and the second clutch laid, on an average
168 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
about eleven days after the first set is taken ; that the second
and third nests are placed in similar situations to the first
and on an average about 66 yards away ; that the second
and third clutches of eggs are similar in shape, colour, and
markings to the first, but frequently differ in size and
are generally smaller. Mr. Mousley’s observations were
made chiefly on (American) Warblers in the southern part
of the Quebec Province of Canada.
The fact that the horny lining of the gizzard in birds is
periodically shed and regurgitated was first pointed out by
the late Mr. Bartlett, in the Zoological Gardens in London,
in the case of the Hornbills. Mr. McAtee contributes a
paper on this subject dealing especially with the case of the
ducks, in which he believes this phenomenon is of frequent
and regular occurrence.
There are many other contributions some of which have
been already noticed in our pages, while others must be
passed over, as this notice has already been unduly lengthy.
Finally, we must mention that the present volume con-
tains portraits with appropriate memoirs of three recently
deceased Fellows of the American Ornithologists’ Union—
D. G. Elliot, W. W. Cooke, and F. E. L. Beal.
The Avicultural Magazine.
[The Avicultural Magazine: being the Journal of the Avicultural
Society for the study of foreign and British birds in freedom and
captivity. Edited by Hubert D. Astley, M.A., &c., &c. Third Series.
Vol. viii. November 1916 to October 1917. ]
With the completion of this volume Mr. Astley, who has
edited the Magazine for nearly five years, resigns his task.
All the Members of the Society, as well as others with a
love for birds and bird-keeping, will regret that he has
found it necessary to take this step. He has most ably
and indefatigably carried out a most difficult task in keeping
up tlie standard of the magazine through the last three
difficult years of war. We wish him a well-earned repose
and hope that his successor will be able to maintain the
magazine at the same pitch of excellence.
1918. Recently published Ornithological Works. 169
9 YP 9g
The present volume contains a number of contributions
filled with practical hints and advice on the care and health
of birds in captivity from Messrs. Amsler, A. J. Butler,
C. B. Smith, Teschemaker, Miss Alderson, and many
another.
Mr. St. Quintin sends an interesting account of his
successful efforts to get his Little Bustards to breed, though
he has never yet been able to induce his Great Bustards to
do so. Since 1886 he has never been without examples
of the latter in his aviaries in Yorkshire. He states that
he believes Olis tetrax is monogamous and that it lays three
eggs only. The young of both sexes are indistinguishable
from the female during the first year, and the young males
begin to show their distinctive markings at about fifteen
months.
Another well-known aviculturist, Mr. Blaauw, has been
successful in breeding the South American Black-faced Ibis,
Theristicus melanops ; one of the pair had been brought to
Europe by Mr. Blaauw himself from Punta Arenas in the
Straits of Magellan, and he gives a photograph of the young
bird.
From the pen of Lady William Cecil there is an article
on the American Warblers, a group of birds seldom seen in
captivity and little known to bird-lovers in the Old World,
but great favourites among our American cousins for the
beauty of their plumage and song. A further paper deals
with the Greenlets or Vireos, also a sweet-voiced family.
The coloured plates of the present volume illustrate
Xanthoura cyanocapilla, the Guatemalan Jay, with a note
by the editor, Bernicla ruficollis from a picture in the
possession of the Duchess of Bedford, also with a note by
the editor, and, finally, on one plate, two rare South
American birds, Calliste cyanopygia and Compsocoma nota-
bilis, painted by Mr. Rowland Green from living ea
in the aviary of Mr. E. J. Brook.
Dr. Hopkinson has compiled a useful list of the published
coloured plates of Parrots arranged in systematic order,
and the new editor, Mr. Renshaw, has two articles on the
‘
170 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis,
Secretary-Bird and Mantell’s Apteryx in which he deals
with their avicultural history. Finally, we must mention
a contribution from Sir William Ingram containing the
diary of the caretaker employed by him to look after the
Great Birds of Paradise on the island of Little Tobago
in the West Indies. Sir William believes that these birds,
introduced by him eight or nine years ago, have now
become completely acclimatized and are increasing by
natural means,
The Emu.
[The Emu: official organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’
Union. Vol. xvi. July 1916—April 1917.]
Some of the numbers of our Australian contemporary
have not reached us so punctually or regularly as usual,
They have suffered perhaps from ‘ enemy action” ; hence
the delay in noticing the last completed volume, which is
edited by Messrs. J. A. Leach and C. H. Croll; Mr. C.
Barrett, whose name appears only on the first number as
joint-editor, has joined the Australian Expeditionary Force.
We wish him good luck and a safe return.
Perhaps the longest and most important paper in the
present volume is one in which Mr. H. L. White gives an
account of an expedition organized by him and undertaken
by Mr. William M‘Lennan along the northern coast of
Australia. Leaving Thursday Island in his cutter ‘ Avis’
on 29 June, 1915, Mr. M‘Lennan coasted along the Gulf
of Carpentaria and beyond, nearly as far as Port Essington.
He landed at many places and collected birds and eggs, and
explored a vast heronry situated at the mouth of the Roper
river, never before visited by an ornithologist. Mr. M‘Lennan
did not get back to Thursday Island till May 1916, and was
then suffering from a very severe attack of fever and beri-
beri. Two papers deal with the expedition, one containing
M‘Lennan’s journal illustrated with a map, the other a list
of the species obtained.
Among other faunal papers are two by Mr. W. B.
Alexander on birds noticed at Bremer Bay on the southern
1918.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 171
coast of West Australia, a spot never previously visited by
an ornithologist and quite out of the way of ordinary
travellers. A second paper deals with some uncommon
birds receutly observed near Perth.
Some good field-notes, in each case accompanied by fine
photographs, are given by Mr. A. H. Chisholm on the three
species of Pachycephalus, by Miss Fletcher on Porzana
immaculata in Tasmania, and by Mr. A. Tullock on the
Penguins of Macquarie Island far away to the south,
where a wireless station was erected for the benefit of the
Mawson Antarctic Expedition. Four species of Penguin
inhabit the island—the magnificent King (Aptenodytes
patagonica), the Rock-Hopper (Pygosceles papua), the Royal
(Catarrhactes schlegeli), and the Victoria (C. pachyrhynchus).
Interesting notes and good photographs accompany this
article.
The new forms described are as follows :—Malurus
lamberti dawsonianus H. L. White, from Dawson River,
Queensland; Ptilutis albilineata H. L. White, King River,
Northern Territory ; Climacteris waitei S. A. White, from
Coopers Creek district, South Australia; and Acanthiza
winiamida Wilson, from the desert region of Victoria.
A novel subject is dealt with by Dr. Shufeldt of
Washington in the matter of fossil birds’ eggs. He figures
and describes five so-called fossil eggs preserved in the
United States National Museum, two from the United
States and three from France, and all apparently of
Oligocene age. It is, of course, impossible to make any
guess even at the identification of such eggs; indeed, it is
not always possible to prove that they are eggs at all, but it
is doubtless a subject which has an opening for future study
and which may some day carry us further in our knowledge
of ancient bird-life.
A word must be said for the illustrations of the ‘ Emu.”
There are a large number of photographs reproduced and
some of these are excellent ; we very specially draw attention
to the Black Swans and nest on the Hacking River, N.S.W.,
taken by Mr. H, Burrell. There are also coloured plates of
172 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
Barnardius z. myrte and Acanthiza mariane discovered by
Captain 8S. A. White in central Australia in 1913 and 1914,
and of Ptilotis albilineata, Mr. H. L. White’s recently
described species already alluded to.
List of other Ornithological Publications received.
OvpErmans, A.C. Mededeelingen door Dr. A. C. Oudemans over zijne
“ Dodo-Studién,” gedaan in de Vergadering der ‘‘ Nederlandsche
Ornithologische Vereeniging,” gehouden te Winterswijk op 9 Juni,
1917. -
Annals of the Transvaal Museum. (Vol. v. pt. 4; Vol. vi. pt. 1.
Pretoria, 1917.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. ix. Nos. 1, 2. London,
1917.)
Rird-Lore. (Vol. xix. No. 5. New York, 1917.)
Bird Notes. (New Series, Vol. viii. Nos. 9-11. Ashbourne, 1917.)
British Birds, (Vol. xi. Nos. 5-7, London, 1917.)
Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de Genéve. (Tome ii. Fasc. 10-12.
Genéve, 1917.)
The Condor. (Vol. xix. No. 5. Hollywood, Cal., 1917.)
The Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxvi. No. 10, Dublin, 1917.) :
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. (Vol. xxy. No, 2.
Bombay, 1917.)
Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum. (Vol. vil. pt. 3.
Singapore, 1917.)
Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie. (Nos. 102-4. Orleans, 1917.)
The Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 67-72. Edinburgh, 1917.)
X.—Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
(Plate IV.)
Gulls’ Eggs.
Dear Sir,—I am glad that Mr. Jourdain has corrected
what appears to have been an error on my part in this
connection in ‘The Ibis’ for 1917 (p. 272). Living at “the
back of beyond” and far from museums and _ oologists,
I relied rashly, but, I thought, safely, on the literature of the
subject I happened to possess myself.
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 173
The suggestion which I used the Gulls to illustrate,
together with the arguments generally of the section in
which it occurred, were merely intended to suggest that
the actual existence of variability in eggs was not incom-
patible with the possible presence of a factor, the tendency
of which would be to make for uniformity. Several of them,
together with the necessity for them, would fall to the ground
should it be shown that prefereuce is rare in egg-eaters.
If, on the other hand, it is common, they would require to
be taken into consideration.
Yours truly,
Gungunyama, C. F. M. Swynnerron.
S. Rhodesia,
13 July, 1917.
Ornithology of Malta.
Sir,—In the second part of Mr. G. Despott’s interesting
and valuable paper on the Ornithology of Malta, some
evidence is quoted under the heading of Falco peregrinus
peregrinus of the breeding of this bird in the Maltese group
(p. 474). That the Continental race of the Peregrine visits
Malta during the winter months is an admitted fact, but it
is much more probable (and is practically certain) that the
breeding stock belong to the smaller Mediterranean race,
F. peregrinus brooket, which is known to breed in Corsica,
Elba, Sardinia and many other of the Mediterranean islands.
On the other hand, on p. 475, for F. peregrinus pele-
grinoides read F. p. brookei, tie former subspecies being
the resident form in northern Africa, north of the Sahara.
I would also add that the Maltese Jackdaw is Coleus mone-
dula spermologus, according to-the nomenclature of Hartert’s
Vog. pal. Fauna which is followed elsewhere in the paper,
the name C. monedula monedula being restricted to the
Scandinavian form.
The Shag reported by Sergeant Mackay (p. 499) must
have belonged to the Mediterranean race, P. graculus
desmaresti, rather than to the form inhabiting the North
Atlantic and the North Sea, P. graculus graculus. It is
174 Letters, Kxtracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
somewhat remarkable that this bird should be so common
on the coasts of Sardinia and Corsica and in the Adriatic,
and yet be unknown or almost so in Malta.
Yours truly,
2 November, 1917. F, C. R. Jourpain.
—_——
Birds of Egypt.
Sir,—I have read with great pleasure Captain A. W.
Boyd's paper on “ Birds in the Suez Canal Zone and Sinai
Peninsula,” which is especially interesting to me, as I was
also stationed in the Suez Canal Zone for some six weeks in
February and March, 1916. :
My observations, so far as they go, confirm Captain Boyd’s
remarks on the distribution of the various species, except in
the case of the Common Snipe (Gallinago calestis), which was
not uncommon in the marshes along the south-west shores
of Lake Timsah, where I shot several. Quail (Coturnia
communis) were also found in considerable numbers in these
marshes and in the fields near them, and during their
northward migration, in March, afforded us some excellent
sport.
I saw two Pratincoles (Glareola pratincola) towards the
end of March near the native village south of Ismailia.
This species was not observed east of Alexandria and Cairo
by Captain Boyd.
A pair of Stone-Curlews (Cidicnemus sp.?) had a nest
containing two eggs in the desert near the point at which
the Canal enters Lake Timsah from the north, and I saw the
birds there frequently. When riding along the bank of the
Freshwater Canal I also observed several pairs of Pied King-
fishers (Ceryle rudis) which were almost certainly nesting.
The Hoopoe (Upupa epops) was seen once or twice among
the trees near Ismailia. Redshank (Totanus calidris) were
often heard calling on the mud-flats in the Lake.
Yours truly,
B. E. F., France, T. N. Kennepy, Capt. R.A.
7 November, 1917.
OU
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 17
The late Lieut. G. V. Webster.
Sir,—The English Mail has brought me the sad news of
the loss of a very valued friend in Mr. Godfrey Vassell
Webster, Grenadier Guards, who was killed on the Western
front on the 4th of August. No doubt you will publish an
official biography in ‘ The Ibis,’ but as one of his seconders
when he was elected to the Union this year, may I give my
tribute to a good soldier, a good friend, and a good naturalist.
I have known Webster since he was a small boy (and
I was not much older myself), and while on leave
recently in England was able to see something of him, so
far as his military duties allowed ; we spent some days
together shooting or collecting in East Sussex, and I had
ample opportunity of learning that the boyish naturalist
had grown into a first-rate observer; his knowledge of
English birds was considerable, both as regards their
plumages, habits, and racial forms, and as a taxidermist
he must have been almost without equal for his age. Of his
personal attributes there is no need to write ; they are known
and admired by all who knew him.
Yours truly,
Ludhiana, Punjab, Hucu WuistT er.
27 September, 1917.
Australian Parrots.
Sir,—In the last number of ‘The Ibis’ was a very
interesting letter from the Marquis of Tavistock regarding
Australian Parrots as he knows them in captivity. I value
such criticisms as they assist the rectification of erroneous
ideas on both sides, and therefore put on record the facts as
disclosed by the examination of bird-skins concerning his
remarks.
‘“‘No mention is made of the striking difference in the
colour of the eye in male and female Roseate and Leadbeater’s
Cockatoos.” If there be any difference in colour in the
male and female it is not constant in nature for the species
176 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
but may be in some subspecies. Thus the eyes are recorded
the same colour in the sexes by my experienced collectors,
sometimes one colour, sometimes the other. Consequently
I could not lay any stress upon a non-existent feature as
regards the species. Jam emphasising this remark as it is
very possible that the eye-coloration may be constantly
different in a restricted area and diagnostic as a subspecific
feature, |
“No mention is made of the ‘spatules’ of the primaries
in the male Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeet.’”’ This is a
generic character of the genus Northipsitia, and is fully
discussed in the generic diagnosis.
“The females of all Platycercus and Barnardius Parra-
keets are inferior to adult males of the same race in the size
of the head and beak, and some are duller in colour and
slightly different in markings.” The difference in the size
of the head cannot be seen in bird-skins, and the difference
in the size of the beak is so small that it is not shown
by measurements and moreover is not a constant feature,
the size of the bill varying with age. The difference in
coloration cannot be utilised as a striking feature as the
female develops the perfect male plumage with age, so that
the most highly-coloured female is scarcely any duller than
the most brightly-coloured male, while it is, of course,
brighter than the majority of fully-plumaged males. There
can scarcely be any doubt that in nature the coloration does
develop with age.
“The statement that the adult female Stanley (yellow-
cheeked) Parrakeet resembles the male is quite incorrect.
The female differs from all other Platycerci in retaining
all her life a plumage very similar to that of the young.”
Notwithstanding the remarks above given based on a sight
of nearly four dozen Stanley’s, the adult female in nature is
quite like the adult male. I have examined many more
than “ four dozen ” skins, and my facts are right as regards
nature and are confirmed by such skilled bird-observers as
Mr. F. L. Whitlock and Mr. Tom Carter. If in captivity
the female retains the immature plumage while the male
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 177
develops a different coloration, we have another of the
extraordinary cases where birds in captivity do not follow
the laws of nature. It may be that the birds in captivity
all came from one district and consequently show a sub-
specific feature which has not been observed in _ the
bird-skins I have examined.
Lord Tavistock’s belief that all Platycercine Parrakcets
take only fourteen months to assume adult plumage may be
quite true for birds in captivity, but it is just as certainly not
applicable to these birds in the wild state. It may be here
explained that I am using the words in captivity to include
birds at liberty in England. I gave Keartland’s results that
at least two years elapsed in one case, and this could be
easily confirmed by Australian ornithologists.
“The classification of Platycercus adelaide as merely a
local race of Platycercus elegans seems hardly justifiable,
as it bears no closer resemblance to that bird than to
P. flaveolus.” IT agree with Lord Tavistock that this form
is almost exactly intermediate between e/eyans and flaveolus,
as Mr, Edwin Ashby has just shown another apparently
connecting link, and the correct status of adelaide is at
present in doubt. As regards coloration, Ashby has named
a form P. elegans fleurieuensis which connects (apparently)
P. adelaide and P. elegans, P. subadelaide seems inuter-
mediate between P. adelaide aud P. flaveolus. But typical
P. flaveolus lives and breeds along with typical P. elegans,
and these differ in every detail. It seems at present that
P. adelaide should be associated with flaveolus rather than
with elegans, but further research is necessary.
I would emphasise the fact that though I apparently
controvert the statements put forward by Lord Tavistock in
luis letter, I have only done so on the facts before me and
for the purpose of advancing our knowledge of these birds.
1 really am very grateful for his interesting letter as it may
be the means of adding to our knowledge, and it is pos-
sible that his statements may prove accurate in the ease
of certain subspecies, though not constantly true for the
species as a whole. If this were proven, we should have
SER, X.—VOL. VI. N
178 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [Ibis,
advanced a step, while if his note concerning the plumages
lead to the recognition of subspecies not otherwise deter-
mined, we may through them delve into the history of the
evolution of the species.
I would refer those interested in this subject to my paper
in the present number concerning these Parrots, which was
in the hands of the Editor before I saw Lord Tavistock’s
letter.
Yours, &c.,
Foulis Court, Grecory M. Maruews.
Fair Oak, Hants.
29 November, 1917.
The Green Sandpiper.
Sir,—Concerning your editorial note to my paragraph
on the Nesting of the Green Sandpiper in Great Britain, to
the effect that “Until eggs and parents are taken and
identified, we feel that we must regard the breeding of the
Green Sandpiper in Great Britain as unproven,” may I
draw your attention to Rule 7 in the Rules of the B.O. U. ?
Here it states that if any Member “shall have personally
assisted in or connived at the capture or destruction of any
bird, nest, or egg in the British Isles, by purchase or other-
wise, likely, in the opinion of the Committee, to lead to the
extermination or serious diminution of that species as a
Foriish” bird, —.\. sas x the Committee shall have power to
remove that gentleman’s name from the List of Members.”
Had I done as your editorial suggested, simply to convince
sceptical fellow-ornithologists, I should probably have been
so treated, and should have well deserved it.
Surely, Sir, when the young, quite unable to fly, are
seen with their parents (by three witnesses), it is proof
enough of their having been hatched there, without having
to slaughter one or all of them to prove it ?
Yours, &c.,
H. W. Rosinson, M.B.O.U.
Lancaster,
30 November, 1917.
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 179
Third Oological Dinner.
The third Oological Dinner was held at Pagani’s Restaurant
on Wednesday, September. 26, and was attended by thirty-
two guests. Inthe unavoidable absence of Lord Rothschild,
Mr. R. W. Chase acted as Chairman.
The subject illustrated by the exhibitors was Erythrism,
and a wonderful collection of “ red ” eggs was shown, among
which may be specially mentioned Mr. Massey’s series of
eges of Larus argentatus and L. marinus.
Mr. E. C. Stuart Baxer read a short address on the
subject (see antea, p. 68), and exhibited a fine series of
Indian erythristic eggs.
Mr. R. W. Cuasse exhibited the following :—
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) : Clutch of 4, dirty white
ground with a very few dots and small brown blotches
(Dorset) ; 4, very elongated eggs of most abnormal shape
(Yorks.).
Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola): 4, pale ground, with
reddish-brown caps at larger ends (Wyre Forest).
Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus) ; 3, dark reddish-
brown ground, with bold markings (Donegal).
Redshank (Tringa totanus): 4, with dark reddish-brown
ground (Dorset).
Sandpiper (Zringa hypoleuca): 4, with ochreous-red
ground (N. Wales).—Br. Birds, vii. p. 255.
Ringed Piover (Charadrius hiaticula) : 4, with unusually
dark ground and bold markings (Norfolk).
Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) : 4, three eggs with greenish-
white ground, scantily marked, the fourth with brown
ground and dark cap at larger end. Probably unique.
(8. Wales.)
Yellow Bunting (Hmberiza citrinella): 5, nearly covered
with reddish mottling and a few characteristic markings
(Salop); 4, white unmarked (Salop).
Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra): 5, white, a few fine
brown spots at larger end (Durham) ; 4, dark ground, with
cloudy red and dark brown markings (Lincs.).
180 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
Blackbird (Turdus merula): 3 erythristic and 1| blue set.
Also erythristic eggs of Tree-Pipit, Spotted Flycatcher,
Chaffinch, Red-backed Shrike, and Robin.
Mr. E. P. Cuance showed very fine series of eggs of
Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) and Tree-Pipit (Anthus
trivialis) from his collection.
Dr. E. Harrerr showed the following eggs from the
Tring Museum :—
1 Herring-Gull (Larus a. argentatus) from North Cape:
creamy-white with reddish-brown spots.
2 reputed eggs of Iceland Gull (Larus leucopterus) from
“Labrador”: pale red-brown ground, one with large
chestnut-red patches, the other finely spotted. Possibly
J.. avrgentatus, or if L. leucopterus, the locality given is
incorrect.— Br. Birds, vii. p. 257.
3 eggs of Sterna bergii velur from the Persian Gulf, with
ground-colour varying from rich reddish-cream to light
creamy, scribbled and spotted with blackish-brown and
purplish-grey shell-markings.
1 egg of Gallus domesticus, deep brown-red.
1 Sterna fuscata infuscata (Kermadec Is.) : reddish-cream,
with dark brown blotches and underlying pale bluish-grey
spots.
3 Vanellus vanellus: one brownish-rufous, two creamy-
rufous ground, markings normal.
2 Otis tetrax orientalis (Sarepta): one reddish coffee-
brown, the other similar but very much lighter, with faint
darker brownish patches.
Corvus (Heterocorax) capensis. A series from S. Africa,
illustrating constant specific erythrism, unique in the family
Corvide, though abnormally erytlristic eggs of various
species occur rarely.
A clutch of eggs of Rhamphocorys clot-bey from the
Oued N’ca, W. Sahara, illustrating constant generic and
specific erythrism in the family of Alaudide.
3 very pronounced erythristic eggs of the red type of
Sylvia a. atricapilla.
1 Sylvia c. communis (Germany), reddish-cream with
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Noies. 181
rufous and dark brown spots and purplish-grey sliell-
marks.
1 clutch S. undata (Spain), of a very pronounced reddish
type.
1 clutch S. m. melanocephala (Algeria), with an egg of
Cuculus canorus minor. Not only are the eggs of thie
Warbler of the reddish type, but the Cuckoo’s egg is pale
cream-colour with faint reddish-brown spots.
The Rev. F. C. R. Jourvain exhibited the following
clutches :—
Pica pica pica. Clutch with 2 erythristic eggs, the rest
normal (Derbyshire).—Br. Birds, vil. p. 247.
P. pica mauritanica, Clutch with tendency to erythrism
(Morocco).
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Set with rich brown
ground (Essex).
Emberiza cioides ciopsis. Erythristic clutch (Japan).
Lanius senator badius. Rich erythristic set (Corsica).—
Br. Birds, vil. p. 250.
L. senator senaior. Hrythristic set (Spain).
Locustella fluviatilis. Strongly erythristic clutch (Hun-
gary).
Sylvia communis. Red set (Leicestershire)—Br. Birds,
vii. p. 252. |
S. undata undata, Strougly marked red set (Spain).
Turdus aureus. Set with brownish-red ground, almost
uniformly marked (Japan).—Br. Birds, vii. p. 253.
T. merula. Set with pinkish-white ground and reddish
markings (Warwickshire).
Tringa totanus. Set with red-brown ground (Spain).
Vanellus vanellus. Set of 2 erythristic eggs (British).
Sterna hirundo. Set of 2 red eggs (British).
Lieut. D. H. Mearezs showed two sets of 3 eggs of Sterna
hirundo, both highly erythristic, taken on June 6 and 24 in
East Anglia from the same bird.— Br. Birds, x. p. 292.
He also exhibited a clutch of 3 eggs of Redshank
(Totanus tetanus) with light green ground, and one of
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), in which all four eggs
182 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [Thbis,
were pale uniform green, unspotted. Before blowing, these
eggs were blotched with darker green, but these markings
have faded.
Mr. H. Massey exhibited a splendid series of no fewer
than 83 erythristic eggs of the Herring-Gull (Larus argen-
tatus) from the Norwegian coast, including seven sets of 3.
9 erythristic eggs of L. marinus, including two sets of 3,
all from Norway.
One erythristic egg of L. fuscus (Norway) and one of
L. glaucus (Labrador).
15 eggs of Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) , all erythristic type.
9 eggs of Rock-Pipit (Anthus s. obscurus), all erythristic
ty pe.
Also a greyish-pink set of Meadow-Pipit (A. pratensis)
from Sweden, and erythristic eggs of Skylark (Alauda
arvensis), Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris), Yellow Bunting
(Emberiza citrinella), Little Bunting (H. pusilla), and
Wood-Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), Also 36 more
or less rufous eggs of Cuculus canorus with fosterers,
15 decidedly erythristic.
Mr. C. E. Pearson exhibited a series of clutches of
Larus argentatus ranging from pale blue, unmarked, and
grey with brown blotches, to the normal type and the
erythristic form, of which three eggs were shown.
Mr. R. H. Reap showed sets of various species, some
strongly erythristic and others showing a tendency towards it.
Among them were fine red sets of Common Whitethroat,
Sedge- Warbler, Blackcap, Meadow-Pipit, Tree-Pipit, Chaf-
finch, and Red-backed Shrike ; also a set of Bullfinch, with
pure white ground and red spots, all taken by himself.
Other interesting eggs were two purplish-red eggs of Cuckoo
with the set of Tree-Pipit in which they were found; set of
3 Herring-Gulls (Norway), two with white ground, the third
cream-coloured, and all marked with red; fine red eggs of
Sooty Tern from Ascension, Red Guillemot, Razorbill, Red-
shank, etc. Others with more or less erythristic tendency
were sets of Mistle-Thrush, Blackbird, Greenfinch, Yellow
Bunting, Lesser Whitethroat, Tree- and House-Sparrow,
1918. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 188
Snow Bunting, etc. With each set of erythristic eggs were
shown sets of normal type, or tending to vary in the opposite
direction. Eggs of Lapwing and Carrion Crow were also
shown, so heavily marked that they might almost be classed
as melanistic varieties.
Dr. P. Renpatt showed clutches of 9, 11, and 9 eggs
of Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba lugubris), all taken within
thirty-seven days and within half a mile, in the same season.
The first and second nests were only a foot apart. The
last set contained a Cuckoo’s egg. A Cuckoo’s egg with
dull red splashes was also shown with 3 Hedge-Sparrow’s
eggs (Surrey, 1909), also one of a dark sienna-red, and
3 Meadow-Pipit’s eggs (Staffs., 1916).
Mr. 8S. Boorman exhibited three sets of Blackeap (Sylvia
atricapilla) of pink type, of which four sets were found within
a radius of half a mile in a fortnight, but none since. Also
set of 4 Tree-Pipit (Anthus trivialis), bright terra-cotta
ground with black hair-lines (Suffolk), and set of 6 very bright
red-brown eggs taken in Surrey. A set of 4 Robin’s and one
erythristic Cuckoo’s egg, taken in Surrey, were also shown.
Mr. F. R. Rarciirr exhibited a very fine rufous set
of Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio porphyrio) taken at Lac
Fezzara in North Algeria.
Major C. Smexp showed a set of Ringed Plover (Gullane
Links), with unusual light slaty-blue ground, finely marked.
Also an abnormally small Cuckoo’s egg with 3 White-
throat (Dorset).
Set of 4 Meadow-Pipit (Hants), closely resembling Reed-
Warbler’s eggs.
Set of 5 Meadow-Pipit taken in an oat-field near Ypres,
and closely resembling an erythristic type of Tree-Pipit’s
egg, both in size and colour. Major Smeed spent much
time and trouble in watching and identifying the birds.
Mr. G. Tomxrnson exhibited a series of five sets of Tree-
Pipit’s eggs, ranging in colour from plain blue (unmarked)
to blue with brick-red spots and blue with reddish blotches ;
also a set of 6 Blackcap with pink ground. One of the
clutches of blue Tree-Pipit’s eggs contained a Cuckoo’s egg.
184 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [Ibis,
Mr. Aset Cuapman also forwarded for exhibition the eggs
described in § Wild Norway,’ p. 107.
Mr. Percy F. Bunyarp exhibited the following erythristic
eggs from his collection :-—
‘British Jay (Garrulus glandarius rujitergum). A clutch of
6 from Northants, with minute reddish-brown markings on
a white ground ; a similar clutch of 4 from the New Forest.
—-British Birds, vii. p. 247; Bull. B. O. C. xxxiii. p. 70.
Greenfinch (Chloris chluris). A clutch of 5 from Gloucester-
shire, with rose-pink markings on a pure white ground,
——British Birds, vi'. p. 247.
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes). A clutch of 5
from Kent, creamy-white ground, richly blotched and vein-
marked reddish brown; underlying markings lead-grey.—
British Birds, vii. p. 247; one egg is figured in Dresser’s
‘Eggs of the Birds of Europe’; Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. p. 24.
British Bullfinch (Pyrrhula p. pileata). A clutch of 5
from Northants, and a clutch of 4 from Surrey, pure white
ground, faintly marked with pale red; a clutch of 6 from
Surrey, and a clutch of 6 from Kent, apparently in the
transition stage, being only very faintly tinged greenish-
blue.—-British Birds, vii. p. 248; Bull. B. O. C. xxii. p. 24,
Xxvil. p. 49.
Crossbill (Lowia curvirostra). A clutch of 5 from Suffolk,
with pure white ground, faintly marked pale red.—British
Birds/ vil. p. 248; Bull. BuOoC. xxxiz ps 20;
Corn Bunting (Hmberiza calandra). A clutch of 4 pure
white eggs, without markings, Suffolk; also a clutch of 5
from Suffolk, with greyish-white ground, with conspicuous
underlying grey markings.—Bull. B. O. C. xxv. p. 14.
Yellow Hammer (Emberiza citrinella). A clutch of 5
from the Continent, exceptionally reddish in appearance,
with a total absence of any greenish tinge usually found in
the eggs of the species.—Bull. B. O. C. xxix. p. 87.
Skylark (Alauda arvensis). A clutch of 4 from Orkney,
only three of which show true erythrism ; the fourth is
almost normal in appearance, but is tinged with red, sug-
gesting that erythrism with some species is a transition
1918.] Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 185
stage.—_British Birds, vii. p. 249, wrongly described as a
clutch of 3; Bull. B. 0. C. XXill. p. 24.
Grey- headed Wagtail (Motacilla flava thunbergi). A atch
of 6 from the Continent, showing true erythrism.
Rock-Pipit (Anthus petrosus). Two clutches of 5 from
Kincardine, both of which are exceptionally fine examples
of true erythrism.—Ibis, 1916, p. 187.
Whitethroat (Sy/via communis). A clutch of 6 excep-
tionally handsome eggs from Northants ; also a clutch of 5
from Surrey, and two clutches from the Continent.—British
Birds, vii. p. 252, wrongly described as a// Continental.
Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca). A clutch of 4 from
Banham, Suffolk, taken June 25, 1909, by L. W. Leader,
who flushed the bird from the nest. This is believed to be
the first authenticated record of erythrism occurring in the
eggs of this species; the eggs resemble in some respects
the erythristic egg of the Common Whitethroat, but they
possess characteristics of the Lesser Whitethroat ; ey also
agree in size. Weight: average 4 eggs, 0°095 m.g.; average
weight of 4 erythristic eggs of Common AWhitethnadt
0-113 m.g.— Bull. B. O. C: xxxvii. p. 22.
Blackeap (Sylvia atricapilla). A particularly beautiful
and well represented series, to show that an erythristic
form shows as much variation as the type.—Bull. B. O. C.
XXvil. p. 49.
British Song-Thrush ( Tur dis: musicus clarkei). Clutches
of 5 and 4 from Surrey; also a clutch of 4 from Sussex, all
with pure white ground. _ The two Surrey clutches are only
faintly marked with pale red; the Sussex clutch has rich
reddish-brown spots. One from the first clutch is figured
in Dresser’s ‘Eggs of the Birds of Europe.’ An exactly
similar egg is figured in the Cat. Birds Eggs B. M. iv. pl. viii.
fieqde.-—bull. BO. C. xxv: p. 14; xxvit. p. 17 ; xxix: ps87;
British Birds, vii. p. 254. .
Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhyncha). A clutch
of 3 from Northants, with a rose-pink ground, heavily
marked at large ends with black-brown.—British Birds, vii.
p. 254.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. fC)
186 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis,
Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). A clutch of 5
from Kent, entirely without the greenish tinge, a compara-
tively rare occurrence with this species.—Ibis, Jan. 1916,
p. 187; British Birds, vi. p. 251.
Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Four eggs from Kent, and
one from Northants, all with Hedge-Sparrow’s; all dis-
tinctly erythristic.
Nightjar (Caprimulgus europeus). Four clutches from
various localities, showing pinkish ground.—British Birds,
vii. p. 254; Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. p. 24.
Green Sandpiper (Jotanus ochropus). A very reddish
clutch. At least one form of the eggs of this species has a
distinctly erythristic tendency. - |
Wood-Sandpiper (Totanus glareola). A clutch of 4 from
Lulea.
Kentish Plover (£gialitis alewandrina). A clutch of 4
from Holstein, with erythristic tendency ; the green pigment
is, however, present in the innermost lime-layer, though
very slight.
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). A clutch of 3 from Forfar,
showing true erythrism ; the green pigment usually present
in the innermost lime-layer is wholly absent.——Ibis, 1917,
p: 127.
Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). A clutch of 3 very
beautiful eggs from Norway. This clutch differs from the
type eggs in the arrangement of the markings; this appa-
rently often occurs with erythristic eggs.
Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), Three clutches of 8,
aud two of 2, each British; all from same locality. These
are remarkably beautiful eggs, and vary in ground-colour
from salmon-pink to reddish-brown. These eggs were first
described by me in Bull. B. O.C. xxix. p. 45; British Birds,
vil. p. 256.
Razorbill (Alca torda). Five eggs from various localities,
showing true erythrism. The greenish tinge usually present
in the innermost lime-layer in the eggs of this species is
quite absent, which is apparently of rare occurrence.
‘Al
‘Id
‘SI6l
SI]
INIFALS VAWANLVIC
“GHOJLYM ‘SS3Hd S3dN3W
|
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hs
=
ZIN
pels
1918. ] Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 187
Jommon Guillemot (Uria troille). A well represented
and beautiful series of erythristic eggs; one form at least
is normally so,
Diatryma.
In the last number of ‘ The Ibis’ (1917, p. 627) we gave
some account of a paper by Messrs. Mathew and Granger
on the extinet bird Diatryma. Through the courtesy of
the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History
in Central Park, New York City, we are able to reproduce
(Plate IV.) photographs of the reconstructed skeleton and
also of a restoration of the bird itself, which has been
prepared for exhibition in the Galleries of the American
Museum,
Russian Ornithological Review.
We regret to hear that M.G. F. Poliakov, the founder
and for eight and a half years the editor of the ‘ Messager
Oruithologique,’ has been obliged, owing to ill-health, to
resign his functions. He is succeeded by Prof. M. A.
Menzbier, F.M.B.O.U., under whose able editorship the
journal should have a continued prosperous life.
A new book by Mr. Beebe.
The New York Zoological Society have recently estab-
lished a Tropical Research Station at Kalacoon in British
Guiana, of which Mr. William Beebe, M.B.O.U., of the
New York Zoological Park, is the chief. Together with his
colleagues Messrs. G. Inness Hartley and Paul G. Howes
he has recently prepared an account of the Station, its work
and surroundings. The volume is entitled “ Tropical Wild
Life in British Guiana,” and may be obtained from the
Chief Clerk of the New York Zoological Park, New York, .
N.Y., U.S.A., price $3.
188 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, 1918.
Errata in Major Meiklejohn’s paper,
‘Ibis,’ 1917, pp. 196-197.
pp. 196-197, wherever “grammes” are quoted a decimal point
should be placed in front of the figures given; thus
188 grammes should read ‘188 grammes (or 188 milli-
grammes).
p-197, for ‘84’x-63" read *83'"' x63" (line 3 from top)
and for °82"x:65" read 82! x64" (line 4 from top).
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Page
I. Notes on Embernagra platensis and its Allies, with the
description of a new Species. By Cuartes Cuvss, F.Z.8.,
M.B.0.U. (Plate I.) 1
TI, Index-List of the Coloured Plates of Birds in ‘The Ibis,’
1859 to 1917. By Dr. E. Hopxrnson, D.S.O., M.A., M.B., |
MBO Ue. oe ee ee atne CALI EISDRS We Siete <2 hie a
III. Notes on the Nidification of some Indian Falconide. III. The
Genera Jctinaétus and Microhierawx. By E. C. Sruarr
Baxer, M.B.O.U. (Plate II.) ; emia te 51
IV. Erythrism in Birds’ Eggs: an Address read at the Third
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Barer, MBO ye ay ee ols a ee
V. On Birds recently collected in Siam. Part I. Phascanide—
Eurylemide. By C. Bopnn-Kuoss, M.B.0.U. . . . . 76
VI. The Platycercine Parrots of Australia: a Study in Colour-
change. By Gregory M. Marnews. (Plate III. & Text-
figures 1, 2.) Sone srnaeninn ae eh ta RA lrg
VII. Rejections by Birds of Eggs unlike their own: with Remarks
on some of the Cuckoo Problems. By C. F. M. Swyynurton,
COM BiOLUE COLE OUR a iB ses a aa
VIII. Obituary: Alfred John North ; Cecil Godfrey Rawling
Commander The Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R.N. . .
?
154
IX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Despott on Maltese Birds; Gladstone on Lord Lilford’s
Coloured Figures of British Birds; Gyldenstolpe on the heel-
pads of Birds; Gyldenstolpe on Malay Birds; Mathews on
Australian Birds; Peters on the Birds of Santo Domingo ;
Roberts on South African Birds; Shufeldt on a fossil bird
from Colorado; White on the Birdlife of the South Australian
Coasts ; The Auk; The Avicultural Magazine; The Emu; and -
List of other Ornithological Publications received . . . . . 158
X. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from C. F. M. Swynnerton, the Rev. F. C. R,
Jourdain, Captain 1. N. Kennedy, Hugh Whistler, Gregory
M. Mathews, aud H. W. Robinson; Third Oological Dinner ;
Diatryma (P1. TV.) ; Russian Ornithological Review; A new
book by Mr. Beebe; Errata in Major Meiklejohn’s Paper . . 172 &
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TENTH SERIES.
Vor Viz Now’; APRIL 1918:
XI.—On Birds recently collected in Siam. Part II. Passeres.
By C. Bopen Ktoss, M.B.O.U.
[Concluded from p. 114. ]
MuScICcAPID.
+763. Siphia albicilla (Pall.).
26,2 ¢?. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; bill brown or black ; feet black.
Dy tay 21, 180,:127,°128 ;.'W. 68,69, 68, 68.
These examples have whitish throats, with the exception
of one male in which the chin and throat are washed with
fulvous.
+64, Alseonax latirostris (Raffles).
bo? Lat Bux Kao.
1 ¢. Koh Lan, Inner Gulf of Siam. Oct. 1916.
Iris dark; bill black, base of mandible yellow; feet
black..
©. L. 125, 128; W. 66, 66.
+65. Cyornis sumatrensis Sharpe.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1x. 1902, p. 549.
a rads, b. Sady> Simm: att bua. Kao.
SER. X.—VOL. VI.
190 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Tris dark ; bill black ; feet (males) pale pinkish-plumbeous
or dark lilac, (females) pinkish-plumbeous or bluish-fleshy.
Males: T. L. 137-153 ; W. 65-68.
Females: T. L. 150, 135 ; W. 68, 61.
The adult female is a bluish olive-brown above, bluest on
the rump; tail black on inner, blue on outer webs; wings
dusky edged with olive-brown ; point of forehead and a ring
round the eye buffy ; sides of neck like the nape, ear-coverts
rather paler: below like the males, but paler, the rufous of
the fore-breast extending to the point of the chin.
+ 66. Cyornis pallidipes hainana (Grant).
Siphia hainana O.-Grant, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 480. .
Siphia pallidipes hainana Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p- 225.
2g ad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris black ; bill brown ; feet dark pinkish-plumbeous.
T. L. 145, 155 3: Tr 54, 50 3° W. (70; 70 aia eo ion,
By £.g-164, 10°%,
The only examples of this species known from Siam, five
in number, obtained by Gyldenstolpe and myself, are all
males, while, unfortunately, females are necessary to settle
the point as to which subspecies Siamese birds really belong ;
for the difference in size between Hainan birds and the true
C. p. pallidipes from southern India are, fide Hartert, less
marked than was at first supposed. On geographical grounds
I have placed these specimens under the name given to
Hainan examples, believing that all Indo-Chinese birds will
prove alike.
+ 67. Hypothymis azurea styani (Hartl,).
Stresemann, Noy. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 295.
8 gad.,3 9 ad. Lat Bua Kao.
1 gad.,1 2? ad. Satahip, Cape Liant, S.E.Siam, Nov.
1916.
1 @ ad. Koh Mesan near Cape Liant, S.E, Siam. Nov.
1916.
Iris dark; bill (males) cobalt, edges and tip black,
(females) dull cobalt or dark brown or blackish with the
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 191
mandible horny; feet dull cobalt or plumbeous-blue or
brownish-cobalt.
Males: I’. L. 157-168 ; W. 69-71.
Females: ‘Il. L. 160-165 ; W. 67-71.
In 1910 Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 225) recorded his
opinion that H. a. styani was the same as H. a. ceruleo-
cephala (Sykes) from the Dekkan, and a year later Ober-
holser in his “Monograph of the Flycatcher Geuera
Hypothymis and Cyanonympha” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Xxxix. p. 596) with inadequate material in front of him
was content to accept this pronouncement, and the range of
ceruleocephala was thus defined as all Peninsular India and
Indo-China—a very improbable distribution considering the
subspecific differentiation that occurs elsewhere. In 1913,
however, Stresemann, in his revision of the species, came
to the conclusion that H. a. ceruleocephala was confined
to Peninsular India (Dekkan and southwards), and that
Hi. a. styant was a good subspecies which extended from
Hainan through Indo-China to India north of the Dekkan.
Stresemann had five series of specimens from these areas,
and the recognition of two races—an Indian and an Indo-
Chinese—was to be expected.
I have no hesitation in recording my white-bellied
examples as H. a. styani; a comparison of them with
Malayan birds shows that the change to H. a. prophata
Oberholser takes place somewhere in Peninsular Siam.
+ 68. Muscitrea grisola (Blyth).
2 6 ad.,1 2 ad.,1 2imm. Koh Lak.
Iris dark ; bill black ; feet dull plumbeous.
Males: T.L. 155, 162; W. 80, 83.
Female ad.: T.L. 162; W. 81.
The young female (wing 77 mm.) has the secondaries and
wing-coverts broadly edged with ferruginous.
69, Xanthopygia narcissina xanthopygia (Hay).
1 ? ad. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark; bill black, base of mandible blue-grey ; feet
pinkish-cobalt.
Be by, LSS Ws 70!
P2
192 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
+ 70. Rhipidura javanica (Sparrm.).
hg, 2. Tachi, Central Siam, 7Oct49is;
22652 ¢%. Koh Lak,
Tris dark ; bill and feet black.
Males: T. lL; —, 183, 197; W. 78,-72, 78.
Females: T. L. 188, 185, 180; W. 76,:74, 77.
This Flycatcher was very common in the above localities,
but does not seem to have been obtained in Siam north or
east of Bangkok. It is stated by Oustalet to breed in
Cochin-China. I have compared my birds with four topo-
tvpes from Java (wings 74-77 mm.) and can detect no
differences.
CAMPEPHAGID®.
+ 71. Graucalus macei macei Lesson.
Graucalus macei Gyldenstolpe, Kung]. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl. 1. No. 8, 1913, p. 34; id. op. cit. lvi. No. 2, 1916,
p. 70.
1 ¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brown ; bill and feet black.
Di 803); UT; 1259 Wet 5. aoe BB ire coe
Lores and frontal plumes black ; a dark ring round the
eye; ear-coverts only slightly darker than the grey of
the head ; primaries and primary-coverts black, edged with
grey. (Also obtained by me in south-eastern Siam, though
omitted from the account of my previous collection : ‘ Ibis,’
1915, pp. 718-761.)
Graucalus macei has been divided into three races—the
typical form which came from Bengal; G. m. nipalensis
Hodgs. from Nepal (Ind. Rev. 1837, p. 227); and G. m.
layardi Blyth, from Ceylon and southern India (‘ Ibis,’ 1866,
p- 368).
Hume went into the matter of these races at some length
(‘Stray Feathers,’ 11. p. 204), and found that throughout the
Himalayas *, at Dacca, and in Tipperah, occurred birds
with wings of about 180 mm. and largerf; in Ceylon
* Vide also Scully, ‘Stray Feathers,’ viii. p. 244.
t+ Also in Assam, fide Ball, ‘Stray Feathers,’ ii. p. 400.
1918. recently collected in Siam. 193
9 y
and southern India the wing-length ranged from about
147-160 mm.; while the wings of Calcutta birds varied
from 162-170 mm.: these last are the typical form which
apparently extends through Burma to Siam.
I have examined specimens in the Indian Museum col-
lection from south Sylhet and Tsagain, Burma, with wings
of 172mm. Tweeddale (‘ Ibis,’ 1878, p. 311) records speci-
mens from Tounghoo and Moulmein with wings of 173 and
165, and birds from Siam, mine being the most easterly on
record, have the wings 161-170 mm. _I have also examined
younger birds with partly banded underparts from Manbhum
aud Orissa (practically topotypes) having wings of 163 mm.,
and, allowing for differences in age, the Indo-Chinese
examples seem exactly similar.
+ 72. Volvocivora koratensis, sp. nov. .
19. Lat Bua Kao, East Siam. Nov. 1916. = °C, /!.
Tris brown ; bill black, lower mandible horny below at
the base ; feet black.
Wh. 2475 T. 108; W.120; Ta..22; Bf. gs. 24:5,
Head, neck, and upper breast grey, the lores rather dusky ;
the feathers of the occiput and throat with dark shaft-stripes
and those below the eye with whitish spots. Back from
scapulars to tail-coverts grey tinged with russet, upper tail-
coverts palest. Lower breast, abdomen, and flanks grey
tinged with russet and faintly banded with narrow dusky
bars ; under tail-coverts creamy-white, the shorter feathers
obsoletely barred with dusky. Primaries black, 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th very narrowly edged with white ; secondaries black,
slightly washed with grey on the outer webs and narrowly
edged with pale grey ; primary-coverts black, very narrowly
edged with pale grey ; greater and median coverts black,
edged with grey like the secondaries; lesser coverts grey
like the scapulars. Tail black, the median pair of feathers
slightly tinged with grey proximally ; the other feathers
black tipped with white, the outermost pair having the white
about 8 mm. in depth, but gradually decreasing in the others
until it can only just be seen on the outer middle pair.
194 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Wings and tail with a slight greenish sheen. Axillaries
grey like the breast ; the under wing-coverts mingled grey,
dusky, and whitish. A patch of white on the inner webs
of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries. Wings and tail with
a greenish gloss.
On account of its size and general coloration this bird
only seems to need comparison with V. lugubris Sundev.
(= melaschistus Hodgs.) and with V. intermedia Hume, which
is probably the south-eastern representative of the other.
(All that can be gathered from Hume’s description of
intermedius is that it is paler than dugubris, and that the
difference in length between the inner and outer tail-feathers
is greater, while the white tips are also larger; the size is
about the same. It is therefore a bird with grey under
tail-coverts. The types came from the hills of Tenasserim,
and it extends northward to Pegu.)
V. keratensis is clearly distinguished from both by the
possession of white, instead of grey, under tail-coverts.
In V. innominata Oates the under tail-coverts are ashy.
V. saturata from Hainan is rather smaller and has, at most,
only the longest under tail-coverts tipped with white ;
V. melanoptera Riipp. (= avensis Blyth?) and V. neglecta
Hume have white under tail-coverts, but are smaller birds.
+73. Volvocivora polioptera (Sharpe).
Campophaga polioptera Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv.
[87 9,.p: "68, plu,
Volvocivora avensis Tirant, Bull. du Comité agri. et
indust. Cochin-Chine, 1879, (8) 1. No. 1, p. 111, No. 128.
Volvocivora intermedia Tirant, loc. cit. supra, No. 129.
Campophaga neglecta Oustalet, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.
(4) v. 1903, p. 45.
216; ae. Kobiak.
Iris crimson-brown (old male) or brown ; bill and feet
black.
T. Le. 210,212, 212% T. 95, 95, 954, W. 109, 109s Gee
Ta, 20,.19°5, 20 5. Bat... 82'd, 2 lb, 20a:
This species was described by Sharpe from two unsexed
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 195
specimens, which he considered to be male and female from
Lower Cochin-China*. The name has not come into use,
perhaps because no further examples have attracted the
notice of ornithologists, perhaps because Oates (‘ Birds of
Burma,’ i. 1883, p. 232) stated that Sharpe’s types were
both merely females of V. neglecta Hume. My three
carefully sexed specimens show that Oates was quite wrong
and Sharpe right, and that the species or race is a perfectly
good one.
As the fourth volume of the ‘ Catalogue of Birds’ is now
very rare and frequently inaccessible, and no other account
of V. polieptera exists, I shall describe my birds, which are
apparently only non-typical in that they are somewhat
larger than the original pair. Sharpe’s figure is bad, it
does not even agree with his description.
Male. General colour above grey, “slate-grey” on the
head, ‘‘ deep dull grey” on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
the crown with faint traces of dark shaft-stripes. Least
wing-coverts like the back, somewhat darker in part ;
median and greater coverts darker than the back, their
edges rather paler, or, like the back, with paler edges ;
bastard wing- and primary-coverts black, margined with
the grey of the back. Primaries black, except the first,
variably margined with white or grey and tipped with
whitish, most extensively on the inner feathers. Secondaries
black, externally grey like the back, the edges and tips
whitish.
Two central tail-feathers “dark dull grey” with sub-
terminal oblong patches of black, the tips white, the quills
black ; remaining tail-feathers black, tipped with white,
which increases in extent towards the outermost where the
tip is about 18 mm. long: the pair next the innermost with
grey bases and a grey or whitish edge to the outer web;
the edges of all the inner webs whitish (and in one bird
the outer webs edged with white also).
* Lower Cochin-China (Basse Cochin-Chine) is now known as
Cochin-China; the greater portion of it lies south of the eleventh
parallel of latitude, but near Saigon it extends nearly to Lat, 12° N,
196 fr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Sides of face like the crown, a little dusky in front of the
eye and on the ear-coverts (in one specimen only). Under
surface of the body gradually paling from the slate-grey
throat, to white under tail-coverts. Under wing-coverts and
axillaries grey and whitish ; wing greyish-black below, the
inner webs of all except the first primary and some of
the secondaries variably white.
Female. Differs from the male in being a trifle less of a
blue-grey above and in having the rump and upper tail-
coverts indistinctly tipped with whitish. The two tail-
feathers on each side of the middle pair have the outer
webs largely grey, and there are numerous obsolete bars
below on the inner webs (these are present in the males,
but barely perceptible). The secondaries and the primaries,
except the first three, are broadly edged with whitish, as are
the greater coverts. A whitish eyebrow is present, the
feathers below the eye are spotted and the ear-coverts
striped with whitish. The lores are dusky. .
The under surface is white, washed with greyish on the
breast and barred with dusky cross-lines which become
wider apart posteriorly; they are absent on the terminal
half of the white under tail-coverts.
A female from northern Siam obtained by Mr. K. G.
Gairdner differs in having the bill and feet brown, not
black ; there are marked black shaft-stripes on the crown,
the rump is faintly tinged with russet, and the lower breast,
abdomen, and tail-coverts are tinged with buff. It is shghtly
larger (W. 111 ; Ta. 21), and perhaps, like so many birds of
this region, V. polioptera increases in size towards the north;
my birds are intermediate between Mr. Gairdner’s specimen
and the types (wings 106 and 104 mm.).
Gyldenstolpe has recorded as V. m. avensis a pair of
Cuckoo-Shrikes from Koh Lak and a male from northern
Siam (Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand]. lvi. No. 2, p. 71) ;
from their dimensions (wings 109, 111, 109 mm.) they might
be examples of V. polioptera, and they have the large white
patches on the under side of the wing; no other details are
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 197
given, save that the northern specimen is rather darker than
the others.
+ 74. Pericrocotus cinereus Lafr.
Ig ‘Kot Lak:
Iris dark: bill and feet black.
Dee 20a" We 96.
PYCNONOTIDS.
175. Mgithina viridissima (Bp.).
a6. oh Tak. /
Iris greyish-white, pale grey, or dark; bill blue-grey,
culmen blue; feet dull cobalt or greyish-plumbeous.
T.L. 135, 138, 140; W. 58, 60, 59; B.f.g. 17-5, —, 16.
+76, Hithorhynchus lafresnayei (Hartl.).
Aithorhynchus xanthotis Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, 1913, p. 22, pl. i. fig. 1.
bao? 2 lat Bite Kao:
1¢,1¢2. Satahip near Liant, S.E. Siam, Nov. 1916.
Iris brown or dark; bill blue-grey, culmen black; feet
blue-grey or dull cobalt. ;
Metesian Eo 166, 1625 We 70, 7s Bf. 2. 20°3723°2,
Hemales:. IV. Li. 165, 162 ;. W.. 68, 67 ; B: f..¢..22, 24:
I have compared these birds, the males of which are in
green plumage, with a large series of topotypes from the
Malay Peninsula, and they are quite identical with examples
in the same stage, except that, on the whole, they have
yellower ear-coverts ; but as these darken with age (becoming
black in old males) this is a negligible difference. The wings
of Malayan birds range between 68 and 72 mm., and the bills
vary considerably. Gyldenstolpe’s two males from eastern
Siam, recorded by him as 4. wanthotis, agree in description
and size with mine, so that, even if it is a good form, I do
not think 4%. zanthotis Sharpe (Cat. Birds, vi. p. 15), based on
a single female from Cambodia, can yet be claimed to occur
in Siam. A pair from Burma (Tenasserim and Minthan-
toung) do not differ from Malayan birds either.
198 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
++ 77. Chloropsis chlorocephala (Wald.).
1¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; bill black ; feet plumbeous-blue.
[a 1825 W. 86.
+78. Chloropsis aurifrons inornatus, subsp. nov.
1 g ad., 2 2? subad., 1 2? imm. Lat Bua Kao.
19 ad.,1 9 imm. Koh Lak.
Tris dark ; bill black ; feet plumbeous.
Adult males: “LT. L183 3 T0655; @V."S8 ;. Nass) Bate:
22°5.
Adult females: ‘T. lL. 185, 189,:172;-2. 63. 66, 60%
W. 87, 86,855 Ta, 18,18, 185. Bdge. 2227p see elon
Like C. aurifrons aurifrons, but with the orange forehead
of smaller extent, scarcely reaching beyond the posterior
limit of the eyes and without any trace of a golden collar
bordering the black throat ; also without any yellow on the
occiput and sides of the head.
C. a. aurifrons was supposed by Temminck to have come
from Sumatra, but Sharpe, who examined the types in the
Leyden Museum, found that this obvious error had been
amended and “ India” substituted, so that region may be
taken as the typical locality (Cat. Birds, vi. p. 21).
Himalayan birds which have been named hodgsoni by
Gould are the largest and brightest of all (vide Hume &
Davison, ‘Stray Feathers,’ vi. p. 326) ; therefore it would
seem that the species gets smaller and duller in colour as it
goes south-eastward. My series shows no difference in the
colour of the two adult birds, which alone have the fore-
head clear bright orange; the frontal region of the subadult
birds is duller and tinged with green, of the immature
examples almost entirely green: all except the latter have
the chin and throat, as well as the moustachial streak, clear
blue; in the two young birds this colour is replaced by
green on the chin and throat. .
I have examined five specimens of C. aurifrons from
northern Assam: four skins (unsexed) have a large orange
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 199
frontal patch, the occiput tinged with yellow and a yellow
border all round the black area of the throat; an immature
female with a green chin and black throat has the frontal
region deep yellow, but shows distinct promise of a yellow
collar (wings 84-90 mm..).
+79. Microtarsus melanocephalus (Gm.).
2. Koh Lak.
Tris pale blue ; bill and feet black.
Hes 1809 W826 W... 795.79:
Erroneously supposed in the first instance to have come
from the Sandwich Islands, Sumatra has recently been
designated as the type-locality (Oberholser, Smithsonian
Mise. Collections, Ix. No. 7, p. 10, footnote). I cannot find
any differences between Sumatran, Malayan, and Siamese
birds.
go. Pycnonotus analis (Ilorsf.).
1 g. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Tris brown; bill and feet black.
Tail 84; W. 90; Ta. 21; B.f.g. 21.
The wings of a pair of topotypes from Buitenzorg are
85 mm. long, whereas those of Sumatran and continental
birds are often over 90 mm. A larger series from Java
would probabiy show that no difference in size exists; the
colour of all is alike. Freshly moulted birds are sometimes
very dark, especially on the breast.
*81. Pycnonotus finlaysoni (Strickl.).
3¢,38 2. Lat Bua Kao.
1 ¢. Satahip near Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov. 1916.
1 g. -Koh Mesan off Cape Liant, S8.E. Siam. Nov. 1916.
Iris brown or grey ; bill black or with mandible plum-
beous ; feet plumbeous or black.
Males: T. L. 200, 190, 190, 200, 197; W. 85, 79, 79,
78, 82.
Hentales 3) Tot, 192,188,178 5. Wi. 75, 7an7 4:
200 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
82. Pycnonotus blanfordi robinsoni Grant.
Pycnonotus robinsoni Grant, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool.
Pt. iii. 1905, p. 85; Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
WI pp. zal.
1¢. Koh Mesan off Cape Liant, S.E.Siam. Nov. 1916.
les 222’ woh thak
Iris dull blue or grey ; bill black, base of mandible fleshy ;
feet plumbeous-brown or blackish-brown.
Male: T.L. 200; W. 84.°
Females: T. L. 212, 202, 202; W. 85, 84, 80.
A comparison of these birds and others from Bangkok
and peninsular Siam (typical locality) with examples of
P. b. blanfordi from Upper Burma (typical locality)
and Chiengmai, northern Siam (coll. K. G. Gairdner),
shows that they differ in having the breast rather paler,
the abdomen considerably washed with yellow (“ baryta
yellow”) and the under tail-coverts brighter; also there
is perhaps a rather stronger tinge of olive in the upper-
parts.
— 483. Otocompsa flaviventris minor, subsp. nov.
Otocompsa flaviventris Robinson, Ibis, 1916, p. 747.
1 2? ad. Koh Lak, 8.W. Siam. 16 November, 1916.
Tris yellow ; bill and feet black.
Smaller than O. f. flaviventris (Tickell) of Chota Nagpur;
wing 83 mm. or less.
This form occurs throughout the Malay Peninsula, where
the examination of a large series shows that the wing-length
ranges between 77 and 82 mm.; and it probably extends
through south-eastern Siam (where I obtained a large series
in 1914-15, of which no measurements have been recorded)
to Cambodia and Cochin-China.
~ 84. Otocompsa flaviventris johnsoni (Gyldenstolpe).
Rubigula johnsoni Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl. }. No. 8, 1918, p. 25, pl. i. fig. 3.
Rubigula johnstoni Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxirp. 11 (1915).
4$,42,2 2 juv. Lat Bua Kao.
x
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 201
Iris pale yellow (in juv. yellowish-white) ; bill and feet
black.
Males: T. L. 195, 190, 186, 183; W. 85,84, 83, 81.
Females: T.L. 200, 190, 181, 177 ‘Guv. 190, 185) ;
W. 84, 81, 80, 80 (juv. 75, 80).
This handsome Bulbul, first obtained and described by
Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, appears to be peculiar to eastern
Siam, as black-throated birds neighbour it on the west and
in the north extend (fide Oustalet, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.
(4) p. 81) through Yunnan to Tonkin, while they also occur
in south-eastern Siam and Cambodia. Thus its distribution
is confined to eastern Siam with a possible extension to
central Laos and Annam, concerning which areas I| can find
no records.
It does not, as supposed, belong to the genus Rubigula—
for it has a well-developed crest,—but to Otocompsa*,
though the red throat-patch and general coloration give
it a superficial resemblance to Rubigula dispar of Java and
Sumatra with which it was originally compared, and to
R. gularis of southern India; the gular patch has the
same shining appearance as in those birds, but in a very
modified degree.
Except for the red throat, the colour of O. f. johnsoni
is exactly that of O. f. flaviventris, of which it is a local
development, and it is therefore a much duller bird than
Lt. dispar.
The individuals of my series vary considerably in the size
and colour of the red area—perhaps because they were col-
lected in the moulting season,—and it is only by a careful
examination of one male in moult that any indication of the
red colour can be found, for, save for a minute spot of red
on two or three of the feathers, the throat is black, though
the feathers there are still rather glistening. In other
specimens in moult the throat-patch is small and the
feathers are parti-coloured black and red, and it is probably
only after several moults that the pure glistening red throat
* Mesolophus Bittikofer, Notes Leyden Museum, xvii. p: 247, 1895-6,
202. Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
is attained; otherwise we must assume that the feathers
change colour during their growth.
In the two young birds the throat is clad with soft, dull,
yellow feathers beset with three or four of glistening orange-
red ; the heads of these birds are brown, sprinkled with the
black feathers of the mature plumage.
The assumption of the throat-colours in the three birds—
montis of Borneo, flaviventris, and johnsoni—is interesting.
In montis the throat remains yellow; in flaviventris it is
first yellow and then becomes black ; while in johnsoni it
is first yellow, next black, and, finally, red.
TIMELIID.
~ 85. Pellorneum subochraceum Swinh.
2. Lat Bua Kao.
aid sl 2 Moh tak.
Iris hazel or crimson; maxilla brown ; mandible—proximal
half yellow, distal portion fleshy, pale grey, or brown ; feet
fleshy or yellowish-fleshy.
Males: T. L. 162, 170, 166; W. 65, 67, 68, 67.
Female: T.L. 155; W. 68.
This bird is subject to a good deal of individual variation,
and the specimens in the present small series differ con-
siderably in the amount of the sandy suffusion on the
under-parts aud size of the dark breast-stripes.
+86. Malacocincla abbotti abbotti Blyth.
Turdinus abbotti Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 749.
Pigee @. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris hazel or brown; maxilla blackish; mandible pale
blue-grey ; feet fleshy or brownish-fleshy.
Males: Ts. 165, 151°; We73,"70.
Females: T. L. 152, 148 ; W. 66, 66.
This race (typical locality Arakan) extends down the
Malay Peninsula about as far as Penang; south of that it
is replaced by a very slightly differentiated form, M. a.
olivacea (Strickl., typical locality ‘‘ Malacea ”).
I found it very common in 1914-15 im the extreme
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 203
south-east of Siam, and on the neighbouring island Koh
Kut, where I preserved many specimens of it (not of
M. a, olivacea, as stated by Gyldenstolpe).
4-87. Setaria lepidocephala (Gray).
Setaria rufifrons (Cab.) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 748.
5 6,4 9. Lat Bua Kao.
1 3,1 9. ‘Satahip near Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov.
1916.
Iris (males) hazel, brown, or crimson, (females) hazel ;
maxilla black; mandible blue-grey or pale grey; feet
pinkish-plumbeous, bluish-brown, or dull pinkish-blue.
Males. 0.0. 158), 155, Yoo; 154, 153, Tos.
Females: T. L. 150, 150, 146, —, 147.
Males: T. 61, 62, 64, 61, 60, 60.
Females: T. 57, 58, 54, 56, 57.
Males :-W. 74, 72, 72, 69°5, 71, 72.
Females: W. 68, 67-5, 69, 67, 67.
Males : Ta. 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 19°5.
Females: Ta. 19, 19°38, 20, 19°7, 20.
Males: 7 Bot e217, 18): 134018, 17:5, 173.
Hemales::~B.£. 8: 17, 16, 1G'5, 16:5, 17-2.
I have not seen the original description of S. rufifrons, but
(jide Finsch, Notes Leyden Museum, xxii. p. 220) Cabanis’s
measurements (W. 80, T. 67, Ta. 22) are so much larger
than any known to me of Sumatran, Japanese, and Siamese
birds which have been recorded by that name, that one is
made to wonder whether what has been regarded as
S. rufifrons is really the bird of Cabanis.
Setaria cinerea (Eyton) is as small a bird as the present,
but I have examined a series of Setaria magnum (Eyton)
from the Malay Peninsula and find, though the majority are
considerably larger, that four males out of fourteen examples
agree very closely in dimensions (W. 79-80, T. 64-70,
Ta. 21-22) with those given by Cabanis, and, unless his
description, or his material, if in existence, clearly shows
that the throat is immaculate and the nape not black,
I should feel much inclined to question whether subsequent
204 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [Ibis,
authors have assigned his name correctly ; therefore I have
not used it here. The next name available is lepidocephala,
fixed by Buttikofer on Javan birds about which no doubt
exists. I have not been able to obtain topotypes, but the
appearance of the Siamese birds is as follows :—
General colour above brownish-olive (between “ brownish
olive” and “ medal bronze,” Ridgway), the rump brightest ;
wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing- and primary-
coverts a little duller; visible portion of primaries like their
coverts, of secondaries like the back; upper tail-coverts
tawny-rufous throughout ; tail-feathers above rather darker,
becoming dusky-rufous towards the end, but with tawny-
rufous edges for the greater part of their length ; crown of
head tawny-rufous, the feathers with pale shafts and black
tips; the nape like the back, with obsolete dusky fringes to
the feathers ; frontal plumes, lores, and feathers round the
eye ashy-white, above the eye some small scaly feathers of
fulvous tipped with black ; ear-coverts pale fulvous-brown
with buffy shaft-lines; cheeks fulvous-white with dusky
edges to the feathers ; throat white; rest of under-surface
white, completely suffused with buffy; sides of breast and
flanks slightly tinged with brownish-olive and sometimes
very vague stripes of the same on the breast; thighs pale
brownish-olive, sometimes tinged with fulvous. Under tail-
coverts like the belly ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull
buffy with dark bases. Quills dusky below, all except the first
and upper tertiaries with albescent edges to their inner webs,
Sharpe’s description of a Sumatran female (Cat. Birds,
vii. p. 567) seems to show considerable differences in the
tones of the colours: it may be that it was based on an old
and faded skin. A Javan female mentioned by him seems
to agree more closely.
+88. Mixornis rubricapilla * sulphurea (Tickell).
Stachyridopsis sulphurea Rippon, Bull. B.O. C. xi. 1890,
pds
* With regard to the specific name of this bird, Mr. Oberholser has
pointed out (Smithsonian Misc. Collections, lx. No. 7, p. 9) that
Motacilla gularis Raffles (Trans. Linn, Soc. xii. p. 812, 1820) is
1918. ] recently collected in Siam. 205
Mizornis gularis rubricapilla Harington, Bull. B.O.C.
xxxili, 1913, p. 68; id. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
xxill, 1915, pp. 632-633.
Mixornis gularis minor Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p- 60.
( ao ieus sat Bua Kao:
Tris pale yellow to ochreous ; bill dark plumbeous or pale
plumbeous, with culmen blackish ; or maxilla blackish,
mandible plumbeous ; feet olive-yellow or brown or greenish-
brown.
Males: T. L. 132, 130, 180, 180, 130, 130, 130.
Females: 'T. L. 127, 122.
Males: W. 54, 57, 54, 55, 54°5, 54°, 56.
Females: W. 52°5, 53.
Males: Ta. 16, 16, 16°5, 17, 16°5, 16°5, 16:5.
Females: Ta. 16°5, 16.
Males: Bote) 15°6; 15°20 15) 15-7, 15°2, 15,
Females: B.f. g. 15°3, 15.
The loan by Mr. W. J. F. Williamson of eighteen speci-
mens of Mixornis from various parts of Siam enables me to
state that birds from eastern Siam (fifteen examples from
Lat Bua Kao and two from Muak Lak) are indistin-
guishable from topotypes of M. g. minor Gyldenstolpe,
from northern Siam (five specimens examined, wings 50-
55 mm.), which are stated to be the same as specimens
from Ahsohn (Aswon) east of Moulmein, Tenasserim.
The only difference between the birds from the two areas
preoccupied by Motactlla gularis Gm. He suggests that Prinia pileata,
applied by Blyth (Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xi. 1842, p. 204) to birds
from Malacca, should be used, but he has not realised that Motacilla
rubricapilla Tiekell, is only subspecifically distinct and is thus next in
priority. If the first xace known had to remain the type of the species
whatever name it eventually bore, we should have to call this bird
Mixornis sumatranus (Bp. Consp. Av. i, 1850, p. 217). Such a practice
would seem to me logical, as the first race described ought to be always
the type of the species irrespective of its title. Horsfield in 1824 (Zool.
Res, in Java) gave an excellent description of Rattles’s bird under the
name Timalia gularis, but by the rules governing zoological synonymy
this name is unfortunately unavailable.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. Q
206 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
is that the northern wing-series is 50-55, that of the
eastern 52°5-57.
In describing M. g. minor, Gyldenstolpe either ignored or
was unaware of the fact that the J/wornis of the South Shan
States had already been described by Rippon as Stachy-
ridopsis sulphurea. Gyldenstolpe’s name is thus almost a
pure synonym for this, since it is practically impossible
that birds of such small adjacent areas as northern Siam and
the South Shan States can be distinct.
M. r. sulphurea differs principally from M. r. rubricapilla
(topotype from Manbhum, west of Calcutta, examined) in
having the black stripes of the fore-neck and breast much
finer—reduced to mere shaft-lines. This form, or one closely —
allied to it, seems to occupy an eastern area extending
through Yunnan to Tonkin (wide Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris,
1896, p. 184; id. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. (4) v. p. 92).
M. r. rubricapilla extends from Bengal through Burma
and down the coast of Tenasserim to a few miles south of
Tavoy, but at Mergui another race commences (vide Hume
& Davison, ‘Stray Feathers,’ vi. pp. 266-267).
_In going into the question of Mizornis I have examined
about a hundred examples ranging from northern Siam to
western Sumatra, and I find that the birds occurring at
Mergui, Bangkok, Cape Liant, and down the Malay
Peninsula differ from M. r. rubricapilla, as noted in ‘ Stray
Feathers,’ in having the black stripes heavier and produced
further down the breast, a longer more robust bill, a deeper
rufous crown, a rather narrower yellow supercilium, and
rather darker back ; they are separable at a glance from
M. r. sulphurea with its pale ‘Sudan brown” crown,
olivaceous upper-parts, and bright yellow under-parts where
the mere shaft-stripes are confined to throat and fore-breast.
They extend about as far south as Penang and Singgora,
and to the islands adjacent, chief of which are the Bandon
Group, Terutau, and the Lang Kawis—as with several
mammals and other birds, northern forms range further
down the west coast of the Malay Peninsula than down the
east, and southern forms further up the east than the west
/
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 207
coast. Typical birds come from about Lat. 10° N., and for
them I propose the name
+ Mixornis rubricapilla connecteus, subsp. nov.
They differ from M. r. pileata of the Malay States and
Patani in being a little less rufescent, more olive, above,
the yellow eyebrow more marked, and the black stripes
less heavy.
The race first known, that of Sumatra now to be called
M. r. sumatrana, differs from pileata in’ having the yellow
eyebrow only just traceable, the black stripes very broad
and continued over the lower breast as shaft-lines, and the
upper-parts very rufous and not strikingly different from
the chestnut dark-shafted crown. This form also has a
very heavy bill.
Excluding the Shan-Siamese race, which is a departure
on different lines, Mivornis rubricapilla increases from north
to south in size of bill, heaviness of breast-striping, and
greater depth of rufescence on head and back; but it
decreases as regards the extent and clearness of the yellow
eyebrow.
The following are a few measurements of some of the
southern races:—
M. r. connectens.
Males: W.59, 57,55; B.f. 2. 16-2, 17, 16°5:
Females: W. 58, 56, 54; B.f. g. 16, KZ UG:
M. r. pileata.
Males: W.-b8)07, 07 5.5. f..¢..17, 17, 17.
Females: W. 58, 56, 54; B.f. g. 17, 17, 17.
A female of M. r. sumatrana.
We Gre Bi tee LP.
+» 89. Myiophoneus eugenii Hume.
Mytophoneus eugenti Hume, Stray Feathers, i. p. 475
(1873) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 750; Gyldenstolpe,
Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 62.
1 2 ad. (?),1 9 imm. Koh Lak.
Q2
208 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Iris dark ; bill deep yellow, culmen and nasal region
blackish; feet black.
|. L. 310, 303 ; -‘T.:114, 118; W. 168,157; Daro2) 47-3.
B.f. g. 36, 37°5.
The younger bird is less blue, lacks the glistening blue
tips of the feathers, and has much more black on the
maxilla, Mr. W. J. F. Williamson has lent me a male
from Pre, N. Siam, with the following measurements :—
T. 131; W. 173; Ta. 50; B.fve.40 mm. It only differs
from the Koh Lak adult (which could not be sexed, but is
possibly a female on account of its smaller size) in having
more black on the culmen and about the nostrils, in this
respect approaching my immature specimen. |
I have no example of M. eugenii from Pegu with which to
compare these birds, but think they are undoubtedly of that
species. In contrast with a series of J/.temmincki from Simla,
Dehra Dun, and South Shan States, I note one difference
which has not hitherto been emphasized *: in M. eugeniu
(of Siam) the overlying colour of the plumage is blue, in
M. temmincki violet or purplish. Other differences are :—
M. temmincki. M., eugenit.
Bill shorter, narrower, shallower. Bill longer, broader, and deeper.
Maxilla blackish, the edge yellow Maxilla yellow, only culmen and
broadening anteriorly. nasal region blackish.
Bright frontal area larger. Bright frontal area smaller.
Shining tips of feathers more Shining tips of feathers less
numerous. numerous.
Bright wing-patch larger. Bright wing-patch smaller t.
Generally some white spots on Apparently never white spots on
wing-coverts. wing-coverts.
The other continental forms of Myiophoneus, i. e. ceruleus
of China, insularis of Formosa, and horsjieldi of India, all
have black bills; while the races found in the Malay
Peninsula, dicrorhynchus, robinson, and crassirostris (the
* Hume remarks in the original description of M. ewgent’, however,
“on the whole the bird is perhaps bluer and brighter ” than temmincki.
+ Sharpe (Cat. Birds, vii. p. 6) says that M. ewyenit has no bright
shoulder-spot, but this statement is not in agreement with accounts of
other writers,
1918. | recenily collected in Siam. 209
last being apparently a local form of ewgenii), though having
bills largely yellow, have also the feathers of the under-
parts very largely white, a difference that serves to distin-
guish them immediately from more northern birds.
+90. Herpornis xantholeuca Hodgs.
36,3 2. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; maxilla brown or horny; mandible fleshy ;
feet fleshy.
Malests ), i. 1502-125, 120." W..68, 67, 66 5B. fo. 16;
15, 15. E
Bemales Tb 125,108, 118+ W. 62,62; 60; Bi figs 15,
14°7, 14°4,
These specimens differ shghtly from a series of H. wantho-
leuca of the Malay States in being a little duller above with
greyer heads; they have paler ear-coverts, and the abdomen
and throats are a shade purer white ; in the latter respect
they perhaps approach H. #. tyrannula Swinh. of Hainan
aud Formosa, which I have not seen (vide Hartert, Nov.
Zool, xvii. p. 280).
TURDIDA.
-- 91. Monticola solitaria philippinensis P. S. L. Mull.
1 2 imm. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark brown; bill and feet blackish.
Wolaeeers Wo LlA.
4-92. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.).
1 gad. Lat Bua Kao.
1 gad. Satahip near Cape Liant, S.E. Siam. Nov.
1916.
Ivis dark; bill blackish, base of mandible pale fleshy or
grey ; feet fleshy.
Wot ad, VSS We vle Te.
+93. Copsychus saularis musicus (Raffles).
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 235.
1 gad. Lat Bua Kao.
1 gad. Koh Lan, Inner Gulf of Siam. Oct. 1916.
210 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Iris dark ; bill and feet black.
T. L. 215, 225; W. 97, 99.
The axillaries and under wing-coverts in both these birds
are black or blackish at the bases with the distal portions
white. In birds from the Malay States the black element is
more extensive, so that my specimens appear intermediate
between C. s. musicus of Sumatra and C. s. saularis of Bengal
and northern Siam.
~~ 94. Kittacincla macrura macrura (Gm.).
Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 572.
26 ad., 1 @imm., 2 2? imm. ~ Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; bill black ; feet fleshy.
Adult males: ‘I. L. 295, 8302; W. 98, 94.
Both females have the abdomen slightly paler than the
young male and conspicuously paler than the old males.
"95. Pratincola torquata stejnegeri Parrot.
Parrot, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, viii. 1908, p. 124.
I? . lat Bua Kao:
Iris dark ; bill and feet black.
A young bird has a pale fulvescent throat and the top of
the head like the back, the feathers with dark brown centres
and sandy edges.
SYLVIIDA.
+ 96. Sutoria sutoria (Forst.).
1 ¢?. Lat Bua Kao.
Tris umber-brown; bill fleshy-brown; feet yellowish-
fleshy.
PG 110 NV ale
+ 97. Orthotomus atrigularis nitidus Hume.
Orthotomus nitidus Hume, Stray Feathers, ii. 1874, p. 507 ;
id: op; cit. 1. 1875, 9p.325-
1 9... “Wat Bwaskao:
Tris ochreous ; maxilla horny ; mandible fleshy ; tarsi
brownish ; feet fleshy.
T.L. 103; W. 41.
I have compared this specimen with a series of females
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 211
from the Malay States (flavoviridis Moore, which needs
comparison with Bornean birds) and find, as Hume re-
corded, that the rufous of the head is paler and the green
of the rest of the upper-parts brighter and lighter. Though
the presumed differences in the colour of the throat and neck
do not hold good (Hume compared Tenasserim females with
Malayan males), the two birds are undoubtedly subspe-
cifically distinct.
+98. Franklinia rufescens beavani (Wald.).
io; 1. ?.: Lat Bua Kao.
Tris umber-brown and ochre-yellow ; bill horny-brown
and black ; feet fleshy and yellowish-fleshy.
DP. he 112, 105°; W..42, 42.
+99. Prinia inornata blanfordi (Wald.).
Ong. Le? lat Bua Kao:
Iris ochre-yellow to brownish-yellow; maxilla horny or
brown; mandible fleshy or pinkish-grey ; feet fleshy to
brownish-fleshy.
T. L. 155-157, 144; T. 68, 63, 64, 60; W. 53°5, 58, 51-5,
Doce. fg) 16) 16,16, 15.
I have no material from Lower Burma with which to
compare these specimens, and they do not entirely agree in
the matter of colour with descriptions, which may be due
to the somewhat worn state of their plumage. The female
is rather brighter above and more buffy below than the
others. :
A fifth example, a male from the same locality, differs
from those above in having a rather more robust bill which
I have noted as ‘ blackish-brown,” while the irides were
“raw-sienna’’: it is, perhaps, an older individual (T. Ju. 168;
1 685 W.54; Bet. ¢: 16:4),
-+-100. Phylloscopus superciliosus superciliosus (Gm.).
oe 6, Le ad Koh Lak.
Iris dark; maxilla brown; mandible yellow with black
tip; tarsi brown; feet olive-yellow or brownish-yellow.
PL. P10, 110, 105, 105% Ws56; 55; 68554.
°
212 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
+ 101. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth).
1?. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; bill black, base of mandible dull yellow; tarsi
and feet brown, soles yellow.
T. 1.120; W. 54.
7+ 102. Acanthopneuste tenellipes (Swinh.).
3 ¢. Lat Bua Kao.
ges -Koh tiak.
Tris dark ; maxilla brown ; mandible fleshy with brown
tip ; feet fleshy, yellowish-fleshy, and bluish-brown.
T. L. 132, 128, 122, 120, 128; W. 58, 65, 57, 60, 61.
+1038. Acanthopneuste occipitalis coronatus (Temm. &
Schleg.).
ig. Lat Bua Kao:
1¢. Koh Lak.
Iris dark; maxilla horny or dark brown; mandible
yellow; tarsi brown; feet yellowish.
DT. Ti. 116, 1215 WiG0;"39-
104, Acanthopneuste borealis borealis (Blas.).
22. Lat Bua Kao:
26. Koh Lak.
Iris dark ; maxilla horny or dark brown; mandible dull
yellow and brown; feet brown or olive, soles yellow.
(One female is recorded as having bill and feet plumbeous-
black.)
fT, L. 1238, 127, 120,123; W. GO OL bi G4:
+105. Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas (Swinh.).
246,192. Lat Bua Kao.
24,1 9. Koblialkes
Iris dark; maxilla brown; mandible yellow; tarsi
greenish- or brownish-yellow, olive-brown, brown; feet
and soles yellowish.
T. L. 122, 120, 126, 127, 127, 117; W. 63; 61, 6036S;
64, 60.
(I am indebted to Mr. H. C. Robinson for the identifi-
cation of this and the next species.)
1918. | recently collected in Stam. 213
106. Acanthopneuste lugubris (Blyth).
3.6. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; maxilla brown or horny; mandible yellow ;
feet yellowish or olive-brown, soles yellow.
Po Deli7; Lid, Lis W. 57, 58) 55.
LANIIDA.
7-107. Hemipus picatus Sykes.
26. Liat Bua Kao:
Ja@ 3 Koh Lak:
Tris dark; bill and feet black.
T. L. 140, 145, 1387 ; W. 60, 61, 60.
This is apparently a very stable species, as I can find no
tangible differences between birds from southern India
(typical locality), Siam, and the Malay Peninsula.
+108. Tephrodornis pelvicus (Hodgs.).
Tephrodornis pelvica Hume & Davison, Stray Feathers,
VI, p: 205.
Lag, 2. Koh Lak.
Iris yellowish-grey (male), greenish-brown (female) ;
maxilla black (male), brownish-black (female) ; mandible
black (male), browuish-black, base fleshy (female) ; feet
black (male), brownish-plumbeous (female).
Die 2105200 T-82, 80); We Lil, 109)s. Tas 19; 18*5;
B. f. g. 28, 28°5.
These examples are intermediate between topotypes from
Nepal and the birds of the Malay States, of which a
description will shortly appear.
09. Lanius cristatus (Linn.).
1 ?imm. Tachin, Central Siam. - Oct. 1916.
T. 81; W. 76; Ta. 25; B.f.g. 20°5.
A young individual with the under-parts barred ; very
small, but apparently referable to this species.
“110. Lanius nigriceps longicaudatus Gould.
Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8,
19138, p. 31.
214 Mr. C. Bodeu Kloss on Bards [ Ibis,
292. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Tail 162 (abraded), 140 (in moult) ; W. 93°5, 96°5.
This handsome Shrike was very common in the flat rice-
lands of Central Siam, where numbers were observed
perched on bushes, poles, and the telegraph-wires along
the railway. |
+ 111. Lanius collurioides Lesson.
Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 475; Hume, Stray
Feathers, xi. 1888, p. 92; Gyldenstolpe, Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Siam, i. 1915, p. 167.
Lanius hypoleucus Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvii.
1848, p. 249; Hume, Stray Feathers, ii. 1875, p. 90.
1 ? subad., 2 2? imm., 1 gimm. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; maxilla horny or brown; mandible grey ;
feet black.
Females: T. L. 195, 180, 192-; T. 86, 86, 85 ; W. 83, 84,
37; B:f.¢.20, 18, 194.
Male: T.L. 192; 1. 84; W. 86; B.f. 2. 18.
For comparison with the specimens enumerated I have
four Burmese Shrikes from the Indian Museum collection.
Two of them (a female from Kalaw, South Shan States,
obtained in November, and an unsexed skin labelled
“Burma’’; wings 88 and 83 mm.) exactly agree in every
respect with the description and figure of birds from Siam,
which Gyldenstolpe has named Lanius hypoleucus siamensis
(Ornith. Monatsber. 1916, p. 28; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 40, pl.ii. fig.2). The other two—
unsexed specimens from Mandalay taken in October, wings
83 and 85 mm.—only differ in having the black of the frontal
region continued over the occiput to meet the dark ear-coverts
(in this respect exactly resembling the birds from enasserim,
which Blyth named hypoleucus *), aud in being a little darker
* “The entire crown nigrescent, passing gradually from the black of
the forehead to dark ashy on the nape; the ear-coverts being uniformly
coloured with the feathers superiorly adjacent; ....the rump and
upper tail-coverts of the same deep maroon colour as the back and
scapularies.”
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 215
on the back and upper tail-coverts. The last of the two is,
perhaps, not fully adult, for, though it is not banded on the
under surface, many of the feathers of the occiput and nape,
which are very worn, are barred with greyish; the frontal
plumes and lores are also whitish, whereas in the other bird
they are quite black. It would seem, therefore, that the
pale frontal plumes and lores and the black band confined
to the lores are features of immaturity and have no sub-
specific value; they are the characters on which Gyldenstolpe
chiefly relies for the distinction of his race, together with a
white wing-lining and dark bases to the feathers of the
thighs—the last two characters are present in all the birds
dealt with here.
My Siamese birds—three of which are immature with
barred breasts, while the fourth, owing to the presence of
pale shafts to the ear-coverts, is probably hardly fully adult
——are superficially very different, but, in view of what Hume
says with regard to L. collurioides (¢.s.c. p. 92), I believe
they must be regarded as referable to the typical form of
that species :—‘‘ This species is very variable according to
age. Ina comparatively young bird the whole head and lores
are iron-grey ; the back, scapulars, etc., are a rather bright,
not deep, ferruginous; while in the old adults the lores
are jet-black, the head all but black, and the back, etc.,
the deepest and richest maroon. The differences in colour
between the young and old in this species are far greater
than between L. cristatus and L. superciliosus.”
Anybody who has been unable to examine a large series
of this Shrike, as in my case, or was unacquainted with
Hume’s statements, would undoubtedly regard my Siamese
specimens as something distinct ; the lack of biack on the
comparatively light grey heads, the pale backs, and slight
amount of white on the outer tail-feathers are apparently
very marked features, but, in view of Hume’s observations,
it seems necessary to look upon them as merely immature
examples of L. collurioides.
The most adult of my birds has the frontal plumes
and lores brownish to greyish-white ; the head and nape
216 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
grey (intermediate between “ mouse-grey” and ‘“neutral-
grey”); ear-coverts dusky-brown with pale shaft-stripes;
and the feathers above and behind the eye dusky-brown and
albescent ; the back, from mantle to tail-coverts, is deep
tawny ; and the rufescent edges to the secondaries, tertiaries,
and wing-coverts (except those of the primary coverts) are
much less broad than in the Burmese birds. The outermost
tail-feather is white, narrowly dusky along the dark shaft, the
dusky colour expanding into an oblong patch near the tip;
the next feather is dusky, merely tipped and edged with white,
most broadly on the inner web; the remaining feathers are
dusky-black with pale tips, which decrease in size towards the
centre pair. The throat and sides of neck are almost white,
but the rest of the under surface is suffused with tawny,
deepest on the flanks. There is a large patch of white on
the underside of the wing and a white speculum on the
primaries. The younger birds are very similar, but the heads
are spotted with albescent, the breasts are banded and the
two outer tail-feathers are rufescent dusky only, edged with
white. Specimens from northern Siam, apparently similar to
mine, have been recorded by Gyldenstolpe as L. collurioides.
If Hume is correct as to the changes which L. colluriotdes
undergoes through life, the above material illustrates very
perfectly the gradations in colour which take place between
youth and age.
Most ornithologists seem agreed that L. hypoleucus
(‘‘'Tenasserim ”’”) is the same as L. collurioides (‘‘ Pegu”),
but Gyldenstolpe regards it as sufficiently distinct to have
a subspecies of its own.
Dicm1p@.
+ 112. Diceum cruentatum siamensis, subsp. nov.
1 @-ad., 1 9.ad. Lat Bua Kao.
2¢@ad., 19 ad. Koh tak.
Iris dark; bill and feet black.
Males: T. L. 90, 88, 88; W. 47°5, 47, 46; B.f. g. 11, 11,
11°3.
Females: T. L. 88, 90; W. 43,445; B.f.g. 11, 11:2.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 217
Types. Adult male and female collected at Lat Bua Kao,
E. Siam, on 14 and 19 October, 1916.
Differs from D. c. cruentatum of Bengal and Assam in
being much paler below, the under surface in both sexes
being white washed with buffy, rather than buffy. From
D. c. ignitum (Begbie), of the southern half of the Malay
Peninsula, males differ in the same way but to a less degree,
the buff colour on the under-parts of Malay birds being less
deep than in the Indo-Burmese specimens, but markedly
deeper than in the Siamese examples. All have the wing-
coverts of the same colour—a glossy steel-blue or greenish
steel-blue,— except some Malayan birds, in which the sheen
is purplish ; this latter feature is relied on by Hartert (Nov.
Zool. xviii. p. 244) for distinguishing ignitum, but examples
showing it are decidedly in the minority.
Hartert states that D. c. coccinea (Scop.), of southern
China and Hainan, differs from the Indian form in having
a larger bill and longer wings, while females have the upper-
side more tinged with rusty—so, presumably, the under-parts
are asin D. ¢. cruentatum. The Siamese specimens do not
appear to be in any way larger than Indian or Malayan
birds, so, apparently, they are not the same as D. ¢. coccinea.
In a large series of Malayan birds [ find the wings of
males to vary from 45 to 49 mm. (lengths of 46 and 47 being
commonest), of females between 42 and 46 mm.; two males
from the Malay States, with wings of 44°5 and 44°3 mm., on
the strength of which Gyldenstolpe identified Siamese birds
as D. coccinea (Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2,
p. 85), are decidedly minimum-sized specimens.
NECTARINIIDA.
4, 113. Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris (Blyth).
Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet,-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2,
1916, p. 33.
Id ad; 1 ¢imm:, 19. Lat Bua Kao.
1 gad. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Adult males: T. L. 108, —; W. 49°5, 49:5.
Females: T. L. 110; W. 48.
QS! 5 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
This species extends through peninsular Siam to about
Penang. It is very common on the Butang Group, west of
the Langkawa Is., where it has the upper-parts much browner,
less olive, and the abdomen much paler—a difference that is
probably due to the action of sea-air.
Southern specimens, however, appear to run _ larger
(wing 49-53) , as all Gyldenstolpe’s birds from northern Siam
and Koh Lak have a wing-length of 49 mm. or less.
+H 14. Chalcoparia singalensis koratensis, subsp. nov.
1 fg ad., 1 5 imm., 2 9 ad., 1 2 juv. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris crimson; bill black; feet olive, soles yellow.
Males: Tas) Ale; 1125 W762," olor
13°8.
Females : T. i. 105; 110, 112 ; W. 50:5, 50; 51 5 Va14-6;
14°6, 15; B.f. g. 13:4, 13 5, 15.
Rather smaller than C. s. singalensis* ; the rufous of
the breast terminating more sharply and not extending so
far downwards; the abdomen of a considerably deeper
yellow (male intense “lemon yellow,” female intense “‘ light
greenish yellow,” Ridgway), the abdomen of the female
being of the same tone as the male of the typical form and ,
much brighter than the corresponding female. Also females
and young males are much paler above than corresponding
southern birds, the upper-parts being “ yellowish oil-green”’
against “dark Cerro-green ” in fresh plumage.
Types. Adult male and female collected at Lat Bua Kao,
KE. Siam, on 15 October, 1916.
I have been able to compare four birds from Java
(Nectarinia phenicotis Temm.) and also a male from
Sumatra with Malayan birds. The former have, unfor-
tunately, been mounted and their colours are probably
somewhat degraded, but, allowing for this, I do not find
that birds from these three places differ in any respect
* Chalcoparia singalensis (Gm.), supposed originally to have come from
Ceylon, is now known not to occur there, and Oberholser has therefore
designated Malacca as the typical locality (Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, lx. No. 7, p. 21, footnote),
1918, | recently collected in Siam. 219
among themselves, so phenicotis Temm. should rank merely
as a synonym of singalensis.
Measurements of Chalcoparia singalensis singalensis :—
Malay States,6 9,49.
Males: W. 52°5-54; B.f.g. 15-15°7.
Females : W. 51-52°5.
Sumatra, 1 3.
Wayo4s Bitoe. 15.
Java, 2 g ad., 1 g imm., 1 2? ad.
Males: W. 51-55; B.f. g. 15.
Female: W.52; B.f.g. 14:5.
Walden, writing of males from Moulmein, says (P. Z. S.
1866, p. 544), “‘ when compared with a Sumatran skin they
appear less brightly and richly coloured. In the latter bird
the rufous of the breast aud throat is deeper in tone and
descends lower down ; it is separated from the yellow of the
abdominal region by a more trenchant line. In the Tenas-
serim species the rufous dies away into the yellow; in them
also the bill is decidedly longer, while in all other dimensions
they are inferior to the Sumatran bird.” Perhaps, therefore,
Tenasserim birds represent a third race yet unnamed.
Oates states that the nestling resembles the female (Faun.
Brit. Ind., Birds, u1. p. 872) ; but my young female differs in
having the throat and fore-breast pure yellow, not rufous ;
and in having. the frontal feathers and a fairly distinct
supercilium extending behind the eye pale yellow also ; the
iris is brown.
MoractLuip@.
115. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.
eg.) Liat-Buaieao.
Tris dark; bill and feet black.
Tei. 195 5. W. 87.3 Ta. 24.
116. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.
1¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Tris dark ; bill dark brown ; feet brown.
T. L. 185; W. 79; Ta. 18.
220 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
+117. Limonodromus indicus (Gm.).
SiGe wuat Bua Kao;
Iris dark; maxilla brown or black ; mandible fleshy ;
feet brownish-grey,
T. L. 175, 167, 167, 179; W. 77, 77, 79, 76.
+118. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).
ios.) Koh, bak
Iris dark ; maxilla black, edge at base yellow ; mandible
yellow, tip brown ; feet brownish-fleshy.
i; LOGS 3. W.825- Tavis,
The throat is only slightly tinged with vinous, but
Mr. W. J. F. Williamson informs me that he has obtained.
birds at Bangkok in all stages of plumage.
'- 119. Anthus trivialis maculatus Jerdon.
i o5 3 2) atBia, Kao.
Iris dark; maxilla brown; mandible fleshy; feet fleshy.
Ty, 163i 164.162. 60s We 7S; SO, (as van
+120. Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.
26,1 ¢.. that BuaskKao,
1¢,19¢. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Las Koh Lak. :
Iris dark; maxilla horny or brown; mandible fleshy ;
feet fleshy-yellow or brownish-fleshy.
Males’; T. L, 182, 177,-—, 198; W. 88, 85, 93,0808
Ta. 30, 29, 29°5, 31.
Females: T. L. 197, —; W. 89, 90; Ta. 32, 31.
I do not think that any reliable records exist for the
occurrence of this race south of Tenasserim.
121, Anthus richardi malayensis Eyton.
9.2 2 Koh tak.
1 O% Lat Bua Kao.
Iris dark ; maxilla black or brown; mandible fleshy with
dark tip ; feet fleshy-yellow.
Males: T. L. 164, 158; W. 76, 80; Ta. 26, 26.
Females: T. L. 158, 155,170; W. 79, 74, 80; Ta. 25:5,
26°5, 27°5.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 221
The female from Lat Bua Kao, where otherwise only A. r.
richardi was met with, is a trifle larger than the Koh Lak
birds and rather more richly coloured above, with throat and
underparts more fulvescent, but I do not think it can be
other than a member of this race. The outer web of the
penultimate tail-feather is black, while in the others it is
white, but, as Sharpe has stated (Cat. Birds, x. p. 577), this
is a peculiarity that frequently occurs in birds from the
- Malay Peninsula; and in a series collected south of
Lat. 10° N. I have found that many birds possess this
feature and show a considerable degree of variation in the
amount of white on the inner web also.
A. r. striolatus Blyth does not seem to occur in the Malay
Peninsula ; of all the Pipits I have seen from there, one
(apparently abnormal, though adult and fully plumaged)
has a wing of 71 mm. ; thirty (two of them much worn and
bleached) have wings between 75 and 80 mm., and the
wings of twelve (four much worn and bleached) range
between 80 and 84 mm.
On the supposition that 4.7. rufulus is confined to western
and central India with Ceylon, whence I have no specimens,
Ihave used Eyton’s name for the Indo-Chinese and Malayan
birds,
ALAUDIDA.
+122. Alauda gulgula sala Swinh.
? Alauda peguensis Oates, Stray Feathers, iii. 1875,
p. 343.
Alauda gulgula sala Swinh.; Williamson, Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, ii. 1916, p. 60.
19%, ‘Koh Kak.
Iris dark; maxilla black ; mandible greyish-fleshy ; feet
fleshy, soles yellow.
T.L. 157; T. 48; W.79; Ta. 245; B.f.g. 16.
This bird has not been met with so far south before,
though it is common at Bangkok; a pair obtained there
by Mr. W. J. F. Williamson have wings of 84 and 82 mm.
Compared with a male A. g. gulgula from the Calcutta
SER. X.—VOL, VI. R
222 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Bazaar (wing 84 mm.) and a specimen from Dehra (wing
88 mm.), the feathers of the top of the head of the Koh Lak
and Bangkok birds are smaller and more acuminate with
sandy edges, forming a finer chequering of dark and light;
the nape and mantle are similarly coarsely patterned, and the
breast-stripes and abdomen are as in the Calcutta bird (those
on the Dehra specimen are more like indistinct spots than
stripes, and the middle of the abdomen is lighter) ; but they
differ from both the Indian specimens in having narrower,
much more acuminate tail-feathers—a feature to which
Mr. Stuart Baker has already drawn attention.
+123. Mirafra cantillans williamsoni Baker.
Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvi. 1915, p. 9.
192. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brown; maxilla brown; mandible dull brownish-
fleshy ; feet purplish-fleshy.
Tid. 1503 T. (imperfect) 475, W. 70; Na. 225 ob anaes
14:5.
Mr. Williamson states that this bird is common at Bang-
kok (typical locality) in the fields and along suburban road-
sides. I only met with the one example in eastern Siam ;
it was obtained in open ground covered with long grass, and
when disturbed took short flights of twenty yards or so;
I had to flush it several times before I could drop it into
a little space of short grass where there was no risk of
losing it.
124. Mirafra assamica marione Baker.
Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvi. 1915, p. 34.
1 ¢. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris hazel; maxilla brown with edges fleshy ; mandible
fleshy ; feet fleshy.
T. D.A365 a0. 40); W712 a. 2372.5 1B. de abs
Described from a pair obtained at Ayuthia, central Siam,
this race is apparently the south-eastern representative of
M.microptera Hume, of Pegu. Compared with a pair of the
latter obtained by Bingham at Mandalay (wings 74 & 71 mm.)
\
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 223
‘this example has the spots of the breast rather larger and
extending farther towards the abdomen, while, owing to the
darker edges of the feathers, the upper-parts are duller as
stated by Baker. The “ill-defined nuchal markings ”’ cannot
be called whitish, as in the types of M. a. marione, and the
pale portions of the feathers of the MPDCR Dante: wings, and
tail seem deeper in toue.
My specimen had the same habits and was obtained under
the same conditions as M. c. williamsoni.
FRINGILLID.
+125. Emberiza aureola Pall.
1g. Koh Kram, Inner Gulf of Siam. Oct. 1916.
Iris dark ; maxilla black ; mandible dull fleshy at base
with black tip ; feet brown.
Pia 1655 TS 3. Wi. 72
PLOCEID™®.
126. Munia acuticauda Hodgs.
1g. Koh Lak.
T.40; W. 48; Ta. 13.
STURNIDA.
+127. Gracula javana intermedia (Hay).
2s. Lat Bua Kao:
Iris brown ; wattles yellow ; bill blood-red with yellow
tip; feet yellow.
i: 250: 260, 265 5. W. 159; 153, 1Gl.
+128. Graculipica leucocephala (Gigl. & Salvad.).
ie, bo a8 st Baa, Kao.
hey 19. Koh: Lak.
Iris yellowish-white to brown; orbital skin black; bill—
proximal half brownish-yellow or orange, distal half yellow
or pale green, extreme base black ; feet orange.
Males: T. L. 250, 240; W. 130, 130.
Females: T. L. 225, 230; W. 117, 120.
R2
224 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Besides being smaller the females have darker heads than
the males.
When freshly moulted the distal half of the tail-feathers
is of the same fulvous colour as the rump-patch, but in worn
plumage the colour on the tail has to a large extent faded to
whitish.
The birds from eastern Siam have the pale portion of the
tail considerably larger than have the others.
-/ 129. Graculipica nigricollis (Payk.).
1¢?@. Lat Bua Kao.
1¢. * Woh Gak;
Tris (male) grey-white, (female) dark ; orbital skin yellow ;-
bill black ; feet (male) stone-grey, (female) pale yellow and
grey.
T. L. 300, 284; W. 156, 155.
The female from Lat Bua Kao has the feathers of the tail,
wings, and back much more extensively and largely tipped
with white than the male from Koh Lak, and the blackish
bases of the tail-feathers are completely hidden by the lower
coverts so that the tail appears white throughout below.
~- 180. Hthiopsar grandis (Moore),
26,19. lat Bua Kao.
1G @ Koh Lak,
Tris brown ; bill and feet yellow.
Males; T. L. 255, 250, 255; W. 129, 134, 135.
Female ; T. L, 247; W. 124.
The frontal feathers of the male from Koh Lak when
drawn forward extend considerably beyond the tip of
the bill.
This bird goes about in large flocks, and near my camp at
Lat Bua Kao there was a huge hollow clump of bamboo
where hundreds used to spend the midday hours, so busy
singing and amusing themselves that I used to creep into its
centre without being noticed by birds which were only four
or five yards away.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 225
131. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).
1g. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
1g. Koh Lak.
Tris greyish-brown spotted with yellow ; bill and orbital
skin yellow; feet yellow..
W129; 138 5B. fg. 30; 80.
7-182. Sturnopastor superciliaris floweri Sharpe.
Sturnopastor flowerit Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vii. 1897,
p- XVii.
1 ?. Tachin, Central Siam.
Tris dirty white; bill yellow, base orange-yellow; feet
brownish.
Paik 725 Wis 27 3/Var dl: B.f. 2.33.
OrI0LIDA.
/- 133. Oriolus indicus Jerdon.
24,4 9. Lat Bua Kao.
Tris (males) dark ; (females) brown, dull pink, crimson ;
feet plumbeous.
Males: T. L. 275, 265; W. 153, 148.
Females: T. L. 265, 260, 260*, 260*; W. 148, 145,
145 *, 147%.
This Oriole was quite common in the fairly open country of
eastern Siam, as I found it two years ago in the province
of Chantabun (wing 153 mm.). The greatest wing-length
I have found in a series of birds from the Malay Peninsula
is 149 mm., but the species is not resident there,
> 134. Oriolus melanocephalus himalayanus Legge.
Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 1879, p. 358.
Oriolus melanocephalus Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, 1913, p. 34; id. op. cit. lvi. No. 2,
1916, p. 23.
5 g,2 2. Koh Lak.
* Subadult,
226 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
Iris (males) crimson, (females) dark; bill (males) deep
fleshy-pink, (females) black ; feet plumbeous.
Males: T. L. 228, 220, 225, 220, 235 ; W. 134, 130, 129,
127, 124.
Females: T. L. 225, 220; W. 128, 122.
Very common in south-western Siam, but, though not met
with by me in the east or south-east, an example was obtained
near Korat in January 1912 by Gyldenstolpe.
DIcRURID&.
+135. Chibia hottentotta (Linn.).
2 46;2 2. Mat Bua Kao.
Iris brown ; bill and feet black.
Males: T. L. 810, 822; W. 164, 166; B.f. g. 38°5, 39°5.
Females: T. L. 300, 315; W. 149, 151; B.f.g. 36:5,
37:0. j
The males are much more iridescent above and have
the beautiful shoulder-hackles longer, while the outer
tail-feather is longer and more curled than is the case
with the females; but as these latter have the abdomen
and thighs rather greyish it is possible that they are not
fully matured.
136. Dicrurus annectens siamensis, subsp. nov.
ig ad., 1 9 ad. “Koh Wak, S.W. Siam. 10 & 15 Nov:
1916. Goes )
19 ad.,1g¢imm. Lat Bua Kao.
1g oe Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
Tris crimson or brown; bill and feet black.
Adults: T. L. 285, 275, 275; T. 142, 142, 138; W. 142,
14401385 Va. 21, 21, 205 Bot. 2.27, 260957:
Differs from both D. a. annectens (Hodgs.) of the Hima-
layas and from Malay Peninsula birds, which have been
named affinis by Blyth (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi.
1842, p. 174), in having the bill very much smaller in all
dimensions. Breadth at nostrils 8°7 mm.; height at chin
8°5 or less.
=_
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 227
+ 137. Buchanga atra longus (Bp.).
Dicrurus longus Bp. Consp. Av. i. 1850, p. 352.
292 ad. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
1 fg ad., 1 ¢ subad.,1 9 imm. Koh Lak.
Tris crimson or brown; bill and feet black.
Females: T. L. —, —; T. 158, 156; W. 129, 128;
Ta,.20, 197b; B: fog. 22°5, —.
Males: T. Ll. 284, 275; T. 157, 146; W. 128, 125;
Ta. 20, 20; Bvt. g. 24, 2375.
I have compared these birds with examples from Java, and
think they must be ranked with the form occurring in that
island; the bills appear to be a little smaller, but not suffi-
at any rate, on the material
ciently so to justify separation
available.
It is interesting to note that while the Siamese birds are the
same as those of Java the Burmese are, judging by Oates’s
description (‘Birds of Burma,’ i. p. 218), indistinguishable
from D. a. atra of southern India, examples of which are
before me, and from which longus is only separable on
account of its somewhat shorter wing (129 mwnm. against
143 mm.) and the absence of any white rictal spot.
Siamese birds do not need reference to the larger race
albirictis Hodgs., from the Himalayas, nor to cacoetha
Swinh., of southern China, as the last-named differs at a
glance from Indian forms through having a larger, more
powerful bill but shorter wings (fide Hartert, Nov. Zool.
XVill. p. 249).
7-188. Buchanga leucopheza (Vieill.).
Buchanga cinerea mouhoti Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4) v. 1870, p. 220.
2 ¢subad. Lat Bua Kao.
1 2 ad. Koh Lak.
Iris (males) hazel and orange, (female) crimson ; bill and
feet black.
Males: T. L. 272, 277; W. 129, 186.
Female: T. L, 285; W. 1388.
228 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds | Ibis,
The males have the tail-coverts faintly tipped with whitish.
I haye compared these birds with a recently collected series
of B. leucophea (cinerea auct.) from Java and cannot detect
any differences. The colour is quite the same and, though
the Javan birds are smaller on the whole, the series yet
contains three equal in size to the Siamese.
139. Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus (Linn.).
Edolius rangoonensis Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 5*.
Edolius cristatellus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi.
1842, p. 171 (Tenasserim Coast).
Dissemurus paradiseus Hume & Davison (partim), Stray
Feathers, vi. 1878, pp. 219-222.
8 g ad., 2 fg subad.,1 9 imm. Lat Bua Kao.
Tris crimson or brown; bill and feet black.
Males: W. 161, 157, 155, 154, 154; B.f. g. 36, 38, 34,
36, 35.
The type of Cuculus paradiseus Linn. came from Siam, and
these specimens may be regarded as practically topotypes.
In the example showing greatest development of the crest
the length from the nostrils to the tips of the longest feathers -
is almost equal to the length of the bill from gape ; when
pressed down the longest crest-feathers about reach the
occiput, while their greatest length from root to tip, when
straightened, is 833 mm.
One rarely obtains truly adult examples of this Drongo,
but I regard as practically adult, birds having black abdomens
which show scarcely any white tips to the feathers there; as
subadult those in which the whitish tips are numerous; and
as immature specimens those in which the abdomen and
flanks are greyish.
A crimson iris does not always seem to go with immacu-
late plumage, nor a brown one certainly indicate immaturity ;
only one of this series has the iris red, and the bird is con-
siderably more white-barred than are other specimens with
brown irides; its crest is also much smaller.
* Founded on a crestless specimen, but Rangoon birds have a crest
and are probably members of the present race.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 229
+140. Dissemurus paradiseus malayensis (Jerdon).
Edolius malayensis Jerdon, Birds of India, i. 1862,
p. 438.
Dissemurus paradiseus Hume & Davison (partim), Stray
Feathers, vi. 1878, pp. 219-222.
1 9 ad. Koh Lak.
Tris brown; bill and feet black.
W. 148%" B. f..2.32.
The northern Malayan race of Paradise-Drongo seems
first to have been definitely separated by Blyth as E. malay-
ensis, a name first published (in passim) with a description
by Jerdon and since overlooked.
It is a good subspecies and differs from D. p. para-
diseus in its smaller size, smaller crest, and in having
the metallic sheen of the upper-parts less green, more
purplish.
The examination of a large series from the Malay
Peninsula shows that this race extends down to about
Lat. 4° N., south of which birds, though similar in other
respects, become practically crestless, the frontal feathers
no longer assuming the form of a backward-curving longi-
tudinal ridge, but presenting merely a tufted appearance
but little more developed than the frontal feathers of
Bhringa remifer. These latter birds should stand as D. p.
platurus (Vieill.), which is a species of crestless Paradise-
Drongo based on material of unknown provenance ; but as
Tweeddale (‘ Ibis,’ 1877, p. 315) has adopted the name for
Malaccan and Sumatran birds, is it available for the small,
practically crestless race of the southern extremity of the
Malay Peninsula ?
These differences have been well demonstrated by Hume
aud Davison, but though they recognised D. p. platurus
(¢. c. s. p. 220) and clearly indicated the difference between
birds occurring north of Mergui and those found south of
that place, they yet ‘‘lumped ” both forms under the name
D. p. paradiseus,
230 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds [ Ibis,
CorvID&.
+141. Corvus macrorhynchus Wag.
Corvus macrorhynchus and C. insolens Gyldenstolpe, Kung}.
Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, 19138, p. 18.
Corvus macrorhynchus and C. coronoides Gyldenstolpe,
op. cit. lvi. No. 2, 1916, pp. 16, 160.
1 @. Lat Bua Kao.
Tris dark; bill and feet black.
054 YE 188.5 NV. 308 5 Baie. del:
This specimen only differs from a series of C. macro-
rhynchus from the Malay Peninsula (wings 803-355 mm.)
in having the green sheen of the outer primaries and their
coverts and the purple gloss of the rest of the upper-parts
much duller. It is possibly nearer the Indian form C. m.
levaillanti than typical macrorhynchus, but as I have no
material of the former for comparison I have not attempted
to place it subspecifically. Stresemann’s recent paper on
Crows is also unavailable at present.
We found Crows common everywhere in Siam, and it was
as much on account of this as of their entertaining manners
that I refrained from shooting them, while my collectors
carefully ignored them since they are unpleasant to skin
because of the lice they swarm with.
They associate with Vultures in a most intimate manner,
I have seen single individuals of each species going about in
company and also flocks of both, the Vultures being often
both red- and black-necked birds together. One could see
Crows and Vultures feeding on the same garbage in a most
friendly way, though, if a Vulture fancied a small bit that
the Crow was engaged with, the latter bird left it at once ;
if they are disturbed all fly away in company or perch
mingled together on some neighbouring tree.
142. Urocissa occipitalis magnirostris Blyth.
Psilorhinus magnirostris Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xv. 1846, p. 27.
26,19. Lat Bua Kao.
Iris brown; bill and feet blood-red.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 231
T.L. 640, 650, 580; T. 400, 408, 365; W. 209, 205,
194; Ta. 52, 50, 48; B.f. g. 42, 45, 40.
The Calcutta Museum has lent to me three specimens
of U. o. occipitalis collected by Scully in the Nepal Valley
in 1877, and the type of U. 0. magnirostris from the Yama-
dong Hills, Arakan. These examples do not confirm Sharpe’s
descriptions in the 3rd volume of the ‘ Catalogue of Birds,’
nor Oates’s opinion that the latter name has no claims to
recognition (‘ Birds of Burma,’ i. p. 401).
Cat. Birds, pp. 69 and 71. The outer webs of the
primaries of magnirostris are tipped with white and more
extensively so than in occipitalis.
Id. p. 70. There is no pale patch on the inner webs of
the lower tail-feathers above the black subterminal band in
the Nepal birds, and in stating that it is present in most
examples of occipitalis Sharpe may have taken too compre-
hensive a view of that race.
The bill of magnirostris is considerably larger than that
of any of the Nepal birds (vide also Hume, ‘ Stray Feathers,’
ii. p. 144), and the white tips of the upper pair of tail-feathers
are about half an inch longer.
The Siamese specimens agree with magnirostris in the
length of the white tail-tips, in the presence of pale patches
on the inner webs of the lower tail-feathers, in having larger
white tips to the outer webs of the primaries, and in the
broader subterminal bands to the upper tail-coverts. One
of the specimens has the bill of the same length as the type
of magnirostris, but scarcely so broad and deep; in the
others the bills are smaller and more like those of the
Nepal birds *.
The under surface, axillaries, inner sides of wings, and
edge of most of the primaries in my Specimens are con-
siderably tinged with buff. These features are not men-
tioned in descriptions hitherto and may only be present in
living birds and fresh skins ; they are not to be seen in the
* The “great naked space” round the eye of magnirostris (type) has
a few scattered feathers therein and is the result of accident or bad
preservation, the base of the mandible on one side being also denuded.
232 Mr. C. Boden Kloss on Birds | Ibis,
Calcutta specimens, but, like the blue colour which has
largely disappeared, may have faded with age.
$148. Garrulax moniliger mouhoti Sharpe.
Garrulax mouhoti Sharpe, Cat. Birds, vil. 1883, p. 443 ;
Williamson, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, ii. 1916, p. 59.
2¢. Lat Bua Kao.
’ Tris ochre-yellow; bill black with grey tip; feet fleshy-
grey.
T. di: 290,.275.;.T. 122, 118 :9W. 1295125 : argoo soe
B. f. g. 30, 830; culmen 28, 27.
G. mouhoti was based by Sharpe on birds from Cambodia :
the typical locality of G. moniliger Hodgs. is Nepal. Sharpe,
with specimens before him from Nepal to north-west Assam
and others from Pegu and Tounghoo, recorded all (tom. cit.
supra) as moniliger, though noting the differences in colour
of the tail-tips: north-western birds white tips, south-
eastern birds buff tips*. A further difference has been
pointed out by Oates (Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, i. p. 81), who
states that in Himalayan birds the ear-coverts are black
with a white patch in the middle, while Burmese birds have
pure white ear-coverts. It is evident that the south-eastern
birds comprise a good subspecies which requires recognition.
Sharpe, while noting the characters of the southern Bur-
mese birds and recording them as moniliger, immediately
afterwards recognised three Cambodian birds as a distinct
form and described it under the name of Garrulax mouhoti;
and until a good series is available to prove the differences,
if any, between Cambodian birds and others ranging thence
to Lower Burma, I propose to regard all as belonging to
one race and call it Garrulax moniliger mouhoti.
The description of mouhoti applies perfectly to my two
birds, except that I do not see the “indistinct stripe or
shade of grey becoming blacker over the eye” which should
separate the white eyebrow from the crown. In the larger
* These tips are not the accompaniment of fresh plumage only; my
birds are moulting and the tips of the old ragged feathers are just as
buffy as those newly appearing.
1918. | recently collected in Siam. 233
specimen the frontal feathers are buffy-white, becoming
white over the eye; in the smaller, the forehead is buffy-
white for almost 7 mm., some of its posterior feathers being
partly coloured like the crown; it has also the sides of the
body considerably more fulvous than the other.
Of specimens lent to me by the Indian Museum, examples
from Darjeeling (2), Bhamo, and Thayetmyo have white-
tipped tails and white centres to the black ear-coverts,
which are continuous with the pectoral band; but a
skin from the lower Irrawaddy has buff tips to the tail-
feathers and the ear-coverts white, dusky feathers occur-
ring only between them and the white eyebrow, as in
Siamese birds.
Yi44. Garrulax leucolophus diardi (Less.).
Garrulax leucogaster Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549.
1 g ad., 2 2? ad.,1 ¢ subad.,1 9 juv. Lat Bua Kao.
2 2 subad. Koh Lak.
Iris brown ; bill black ; feet bluish-brown or black.
Male: 'T, . 305% T. 126: W. 185; Ta. 45: B.£¢. 35.
Females: T. L. 310, 300, 305; T. 125, 124,122; W. 182,
128, 183; Ta. 44, 45, 46; B.f. g. 34, 82°5, 33°5.
The Koh Lak birds are much smaller than the other sub-
adult specimen (wings 122, 120 mm.), but these three only
differ from old birds in the reduced amount of ashy on the
hind neck. In the young individual, however, the wings are
suffused with the colour of the mantle and the middle of
the body below is much washed with brown.
I found these birds going about in parties, moving quickly
through the undergrowth. One of a flock that was brought
down wounded was badly mobbed by its companions as it
lay on the ground.
+145. Crypsirhina varians (Lath.).
3 fd ad,2¢imm. Lat Bua Kao.
1 gad. Tachin, Central Siam. Oct. 1916.
2 6 ad., 2 9 ad. Koh Lak.
Tris pale blue ; bill and feet black.
234 Additions und Corrections to the [ Ibis,
Males: T. L. 835, 330, 330, 330*, 380 *, —, 330, 327 ;
Woda. a14 115 *; 115 *; 114, tia ato:
Females: T. L. 835, 810; W. 116, 114.
The two immature birds, though of full size, are brownish-
black in colour with the green metallic sheen present on
back, wings, and tail, but much lacking in intensity.
The favourite resting-places seemed to be the tops of high
bamboos.
XII.—Some Additions and Corrections to the B.O. U. List
of British Birds. By the Committee appointed to draw
up the List. +
Av the General Meeting of the British Ornithologists’
Union, held on March 14 last, the following resolution
proposed by the Committee was passed unanimously :—
That the Sub-Committee who edited the new edition
of the B.O. U. List of British Birds be re-appointed,
with power to add to their number, to make the neces-
sary additions and corrections that from time to time
may become unecessary to the list and to publish them
in “The Jibis
Since the date of the publication of the second edition
of the B.O. U. List of British Birds, a certain number of
species have been added to the British List.
There are also some corrections in nomenclature which
require to be made. Most of these have been pointed out to
us by kindly critics, and we are glad to record them here.
We have not attempted to deal with other criticisms of
general method or of minor errors in this place, but have
only made such corrections as were obviously necessary.
It is gratifying to the Committee to observe that the
Authors of the ‘ Hand-List of British Birds’ have recently
* Immature birds.
+ Separate copies of this paper for binding in with the B. O. U. List
can be obtained from Messrs. Wm. Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street,
Strand, post free for sixpence.
1918. | B. O.U. List of British Birds. 235
resolved to rehabilitate the genera Hirundo and Podiceps to
their old places as the correct generic names for the Swallow
and the Grebes respectively, thus bringing the nomenclature
of these well-known birds into agreement with that in the
B. 0. U. List.
The following additions and alterations will have to be
made in the B.O. U. List.
p. 388. Add :—
Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis.
Eastern Short-toed Lark.
Alauda longipennis Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, xxi. 1848, p. 219: Songarei (z.e. Western Mon-
golia).
Mr. Eagle Clarke (Scottish Nat. 1915, pp. 100-1) has
had sent to him a Short-toed Lark, which proves to be an
example of this race. It was obtained at Fair Isle on
11 November, 1907. It must, therefore, be added to the
British List.
This form of the Short-toed Lark takes the place of the
typical race in Central Asia from Transcaspia to Tibet and
winters in India.
p. 89. Transfer from p. 326 :—
Melanocorypha calandra. Calandra Lark.
Mr. J. B. Nichols (Brit. Birds, x. 1917, p. 254) states
that two examples of this species were shot near St. Leonards,
Sussex, on 16 & 17 May, 1916, out of a small party of
five, and that the birds were examined in the flesh by
Mr. Ruskin Butterfield. The species must, therefore,
be transferred from the hypothetical to the regular list of
British Birds.
p. 41. For Motacilla boarula read
Motacilla cinerea.
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, Orn. Brit. 1771, p. 2.
Tt now seems clear that Scopoli’s name M. boarula applies
not to the Grey but to the Blue-headed Wagtail (Motacilla
236 Additions and Corrections to the [Ibis,
flava Linn.) or one of its forms. The oldest name for the
Grey Wagtail seems, therefore, to be Tunstall’s /. cinerea,
founded on the “Grey Water Wagtail” of Penuant’s
‘British Zoology,’ folio ed., 1766, p. 105 (cf. Brit. Birds, ix.
1915, p. 8).
p- 59. Insert :—
Parus cristatus mitratus.
Parus mitratus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.
1831, p. 467: Germany.
Parus cristatus mitratus Witherby, British Birds, v. 1911,
p. 110: |
The Crested Tit killed at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight,
previous to 1840 (Kelsall & Munn, B. of Hants, p. 40)
is stated by Mr. Witherby, who has examined the specimen,
to be identical with this subspecies, which breeds in Central
Europe south to the Pyrenees and Alps.
p. 65. Add:—
Sylvia rueppelli. Riippell’s Warbler.
Sylvia ruppeli Temminck, Pl. Col. ii. pl. 245, fig. 1,
1823: Kandia (but more probably from the Red Sea or
Egypt, ef. Cretzschmar, Atlas, p. 29).
Found breeding in Greece and Asia Minor, and wintering
in north-east Africa. Two examples of this species are
stated to have been obtained at Baldslow, near Hastings,
Sussex, 5 May, 1914 (Ford-Lindsay, Brit. Birds, viii. 1914,
p- 93).
p. 74. For Acrocephalus streperus read
Acrocephalus scirpaceus.
Turdus scirpaceus Hermann, Observ. Zool. 1804, p. 202:
Alsace.
The necessity for this change was pointed out by Dr. Hartert
(Brit. Birds, xi. 1917, p. 2), as Hermann’s name is un-
doubtedly valid and has thirteen years’ priority over that of
1918. | B. O.U. List of British Birds. 237
Vieillot. The change is much to be regretted, but must,
we fear, be accepted.
‘p.76, Add :—
Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis.
Kastern Great Reed-Warbler.
Salicaria turdina orientalis Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna
Japon., Aves, 1847, p. 50, pl. xx B: Japan, Borneo, &c.
Mr. J. B. Nichols (British Birds, x. 1917, p. 254) records
the occurrence of this form of the Great Reed-Warbler.
A male example was picked up dead in West St. Leonards,
24 August, 1916, and has since been mounted. It was ex-
amined by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, Dr. Hartert, and Mr. Witherby,
who all agree with the identification. This form of the
Great Reed-Warbler breeds in eastern Siberia and northern
China, and winters in the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula,
Malay Archipelago, and Celebes.
p- 78. Add :—
Lusciniola melanopogon. Moustached Warbler.
Sylvia melanopogon Temminck, Pl. Col. iii. pl. 245, fig. 2,
1823 : near Rome.
An example of this species, killed near St. Leonards-on-
Sea, Sussex, on 12 April, 1915, is recorded by Mr. H. W.
Ford- Lindsay (British Birds, ix. 1916, p. 197).
This Warbler’s usual range extends through southern
Europe from Spain to Hungary, and it is also found in
Egypt.
p. 78. Add :—
Hypolais pallida. Olivaceous Warbler.
Curruca pallida Khrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg,
Symb. Phys. fol. 64, 1833: Egypt and Nubia.
Mr. Thomas Parkin (British Birds, ix. 1916, p. 198)
states that a male example of this species, killed near
SER, X,—VOL. VI s
238 Additions and Corrections to the [Ibis,
Hastings on 20 May, 1915, was brought to him in the flesh
by Mr. G. Bristow.
This Warbler breeds in south-east Europe, Reyne and
Central Asia from Dalmatia to Turkestan ; it winters in
east and north-east Africa, southern Arabia, and perhaps’
in Baluchistan.
p- 84. For Phylloscopus superciliosus read
Phylloscopus humei premium.
Reguloides humet premium Mathews & Iredale, Austral.
Av. Ree. iii. 1915, p. 44: Russia.
In the ‘ Austral. Avian Record,’ vol. iii. 1915, p, 44,
Messrs. Mathews & Iredale poimted out that Motacilla
superciliosa Gmelin, 1789, was pre-occupied by the use of
the same name by Boddaert in 1783 (Tabl. Planch. Enlum.
p. 43 for pl. 686) for an American Warbler 1row kuown as
Dendroica dominica, and proposed for Gmelin’s species the
name given above.
p- 88. For Turdus fuscatus read
Turdus eunomus.
urdus eunomus Temminck, Pl. Col. i. pl. 514, 1831:
Japan.
My. Iredale has pointed out (British Birds, xi. 1917, p. 8)
that Turdus fuscatus Pallas, 1827, is invalidated by Turdus
fuscatus Vieillot ( Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept. 1. pl. 57 dis,
1808: Porto Rico and 8. Domingo) for a Mocking Thrush
now known as Cichlherminia fuscata, aud that the next
oldest available name as given above must be used for the
Dusky Thrush.
p. 104. Add :—
(nanthe leucura syenitica.
North African Black Wheatear.
Sawxicola syenitica Heuglin, Journ. Ornith. 1869, p. 155:
Kgypt.
A male of the Black Wheatear taken by Mr. Bristow on
1918. | B.O. U, List of British Birds. 239
7 June, 1915, at Pevensey Sluice, Sussex, was examined by
Mr. Witherby and identified by him as an example of the
North African form of the species (British Birds, ix. 1916,
p. 200). ;
The usual range of this form of the Black Wheatear is
in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt.
p. 110. For Muscicapa collaris read
Muscicapa albicollis.
Muscicapa albicollis Temminck, Man. d’Orn, 1815, p. 100:
Germany.
Muscicapa collaris Bechstein, 1794, is invalidated by
Muscicapa collaris Latham (Index Orn. 1790, p. 471)
which refers to an African bird now known as Platystira
cyanea ; the next available name appears to be the one
given above.
p. 142. For Aquila fusca read
Aquila clanga.
Aquila clanga Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1. 1827, p. 351:
Russia, :
Aquila fusca Brehm, 1823, is pre-occupied by Aquila fusca
Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat. i. 1804, p. 344, used for a bird
which appears to be the Golden Eagle in immature plumage
(cf. Iredale, Ibis, 1915, p. 388). The name of the Spotted
Eagle should, therefore, be Aquzla clanga Pall., as formerly
pointed out by Blanford (Ibis, 1894, p. 286).
p- 162.
The American Brent Goose appears to be merely a
colour variation of the European form: both dark- and
light-breasted Brents nest together. In any case the name
glaucogaster cannot be used for the American form, as the
bird so cailed by Brehm was a dark-breasted European
individual. The type is not in the Trmg Museum and has
been lost sight of, but Brehm’s description is quite clear.
82
240 Additions and Corrections to the [ Ibis,
p- 178. For Genus G@laucion read
Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
viii. Sept. 14, 1885, p. 409. Type by original designation,
G. clangula (Linn.).
The generic term Glaucion Kaup, 1829, is invalidated by
Glaucion Oken, Lehrb. der Natur. ii. pt. 1, 1815, p. 1x;
used for a mollusc.
For the exact date of publication of this generic name the
authors are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Charles W.
Richmond of Washington. The date of the publication of
Charitonetta Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 29, p. 163,
type Anas albeola Linn., is December 16, 1885. I, there-
fore, the Golden-eyed and the Buffel-headed Ducks are
considered congeneric, Glaucionetta must stand for them
both as the oldest generic name.
p. 232. Add :—
Totanus incanus brevipes. Grey-rumped Sandpiper.
Totanus brevipes Vieillot, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vi. 1816,
p. 410: probably Timor.
Two examples, male and female, of this Sandpiper were
shot at Rye Harbour on 23 & 27 September, 1914, and are
recorded by Mr. H. W. Ford-Lindsay (British Birds, ix.
1916, pp. 205, 208).
This bird probably breeds in eastern Siberia and Kam-
chatka, and ranges south in winter as far as New Guinea
and Australia.
p. 244. Add :—
Egialitis semipalmata. The Semi-palmated
Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, v. 1825, p. 98: Coasts of New Jersey.
In ‘British Birds, x. 1917, p. 254, Mr. Thomas Parkin
records the capture of an example of this species on
18 April, 1916, at Rye in Sussex.
1918. | B.O.U. List of British Birds. 241
This Plover is an American species breeding in Canada
from Yukon to the St. Lawrence and winters from the
southern United States south to Patagonia. It has been
met with in Greenland, Bermuda, and Siberia, but not
previously in Europe.
p. 246. For Agialitis dubia read
gialitis dubia curonica.
- Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 692: Courland, Russia.
Dr. Hartert and Miss Jackson (Ibis, 1915, p. 532) distin-
guish several races of the Little Ringed Plover. That from
the Philippines and eastern Asia retains the typical name
Aigialitis dubia, while the western Palearctic form becomes
Ligialitis dubia curonica.
p. 269. For Sterna fuliginosa read
Sterna fuscata.
Sterna fuscata Linneus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 228: S. Domingo.
There can be no doubt that the A. O. U. Committee
(Check-List, 3rd ed. 1910, p 46) and Mr. Iredale (Ibis,
1914, p. 437) are correct in identifying Linnzeus’ Sterna
Juscata, founded solely on a young bird described and
figured by Brisson, with the Sooty Tern. Linneus’ name
should, therefore, be accepted.
p. 280.
Fratercula arctica.
Dr. Hartert (British Birds, xi. 1917, p. 5) regards the
Puffins breeding on the British coasts including the Faroe
Islands as a distinct subspecies, under the name F. a. grabe
Brehm. Some further correspondence on the matter will
be found in ‘ British Birds,’ xi. pp. 162, 214, and the Com-
mittee consider that on the evidence given it is not advisable
to recognize the British Puffin as a distinct race.
242 Additions to the B.O.U. List of British Birds. [\bis,
p. 288. Add:—
Puffinus kuhli borealis.
North Atlantic Great Shearwater.
Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Orn, Club, vi. 1881,
p. 84: off coast of Massachusetts.
A Shearwater washed ashore near St. Leonards, Sussex,
14 March, 1914, has been identified by Mr. Witherby with
the North Atlantic form of the Great Shearwater (British
Birds, ix. 1916, pp. 203, 208).
This subspecies is the one recently named Pufinus kuhli
fortunatus by Mr. Bannerman; it breeds on the Azores,
Madeira group, and Canaries, and is found off the north-
east coasts of the United States in autumn. It has also
occurred on the coasts of Portugal.
p. 289. Add :—
Puffinus Vherminieri boydi.
Cape Verde Little Shearwater.
Puffinus Vherminieri boydi Mathews, Birds Australia, 1.
1912, p. 70: Cape Verde Isiands.
Two Little Shearwaters, one picked up at Pevensey,
4 December, 1914, the other caught alive at West
St. Leonards on 2 January, 1915, were examined by
Mr. Witherby and pronounced to belong to the Cape
Verde form of the Little Shearwater (British Birds, ix.
1916, pp. 201, 208).
This form, apart from the present record, is only known
from the Cape Verde Islands.
p. 823. For Serinus icterus read
Serinus mozambicus.
Fringilla mozambica P. L 8S. Miller, Syst. Nat. Suppl.
1776, p. 163 : Mozambique.
Mr. Iredale informs us that the oldest name for this
species is the one quoted above; both it and /7ringilla
ictera Bonn. & Vieill. 1823 are based on the figure in
‘Pianches Eulumineées,’ pl. 36. figs. 1 & 2.
1918. | On the Structure of the Feather. 243
p. 829. For Monticola cyanus read
Monticola solitarius.
Turdus solitarius Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 170:
Italy (ex Willughby).
The oldest name of the Blue Rock-Thrush is that of the
10th ed. of Linnzus Syst. Nat.; in the 12th ed. it was
re-named Turdus cyanus.
p. 851. For Porphyrio porphyrio read
Porphyrio madagascariensis.
Gallinula madagascariensis Latham, Index Orn, Suppl.
1801, p. Ixvii: Madagascar.
Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. xxiv. 1917, p. 265) has recently
shown that there is no justification for using the name
Porphyrio porphyrio (Limn.) for this African species, and
that the first available name for it is that of Latham.
XIII.—A Note on the Structure of the Feather.
By Joun S. Grapstong, F.Z.S..
(Plates V-VII.)
For some time past I have been engaged on the photographic
analysis of a feather, and my attention has been concentrated
on the glazed portion of the underside of the primaries of
certain birds. Chandler (University of California Publi-
cations, Zoology, xii. 1916, pp. 243-446), referring to the
subject states :—
“The ventral edges of the rami are produced into
horny keels usually with no evident cell structure,
known as the ventral ridges. Although in the great
majority of birds the ridge forms only a narrow, incon-
spicuous border for the ramus, in a few birds it is
extraordinarily developed as a very thin translucent
film, which bends distally and overlaps the following
244. Mr. J. 8. Gladstone on the [ Ibis,
ramus, giving a smooth, glazed appearance to the under
surface of the feather which is conspicuous at the most
casual glance.”’
My examination of the ventral ridge indicates that when
present in complete form it extends about half the length of
the barbs. It is widest at the rhachis end and tapers to a
fine point. Prior to perusal of Chandler’s work I named
this cover of the space between the barbs as the “ tegmen,”’
which for convenience I continue to use, as there is a
considerable difference between a ventral ridge and a fully-
developed tegmen.
The tegmen is particularly developed in water- and game-
birds as well as in the Turkey. The Heron has a dark brown
ventral ridge which, though not large enough to form a com-
plete tegmen, is sufficient to create the general appearance
of tegmenous structure, but instead of a glazed surface it
resembles brown velvet when the feather is held at a suitable
angle to the light. I find this Heron-like structure is not
uncommon, but as it does not come under the head of
“a tegmen”’ the subject has not been specially studied.
I find three types of barbs :—
1. The flat barb, which may or may not have a ventral
ridge and gives no indication whatever of a tegmen.
2. The curved barb, which, having a coloured ventral
ridge, gives a tegmenous appearance to the under-
side of a feather.
3. The flat or curved barb with fully-developed tegmen.
Type 1 includes the Passeres, Picaria, Columb, Fuli-
cari, Alectorides, and Pygopodes. .
Type 2 is represented by the Accipitres, Steganopodes,
Herodiones, Pteroclites, and Limicole.
Type 3 is found in the Striges, Anseres, Galline, and
Gavie.
The following is a description of the photographs which
I have prepared in studying this structure :—
Plate V. fig. 1 is a portion of the underside of a Pink-
footed Goose primary, magnified six times. ‘The lower
bis; “Olea RIVE
Rig. 2, Mag. 55.
STRUCTURE OF FEATHERS.
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.
7 bp °
tt)
Ibis 198s =e Wie
Figs: Mag. 22.
Fig. 2. Mag. 22. Pigt so: Mag. 22.
Fig. 4. Mag. 150. Rigeeo: Mag. 150.
STRUCTURE OF FEATHERS.
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.
1918. ] Structure of the Feather. 245
two-thirds of the illustration shows the tegmen “covering
the space between the barbs. The barbs in the upper
one-third have open spaces between them with background
of barbules.
Plate V. fig. 2 is a portion of a barb from a Goosander
primary, magnified 55 times. This view shows the barb
from the side, and it will be seen that the tegmen entirely
covers the barbules on the left. Towards the right the tip
of the tegmen has become detached from the barb, which is
not usual.
The tegmenu appears in two forms, (1) a flat cover, (2) a
curved cover. There does not appear, however, to be any
particular system about the construction, for while the
Buzzard, Blackcock, Grey Partridge, Grouse, and Duck
have a flat tegmen, the Turkey, Pheasant, Capercaillie,
Goosander, Gull, and Owl have a curved tegmen.
Plate VI. fig. 1 is the sectional surface of seven barbs
(in their original position) of a Turkey’s primary, magnified
22 times. Here the impossibility of securing good definition
over the whole had to be met with an average focus. The
distal and proximal barbules are seen interlacing above and
from them depend the seven barbs, each barb terminating
in the curved form of tegmen which should close the space
between the barbs, but in arranging the subject it was
difficult to avoid disturbance.
Plate VI. fig. 2. The above explanation applies to this
illustration, which represents a Pink-footed Goose’s primary.
The barbules extend along the upper surface and the tegmen
appears as a flat cover on the lower side. In the original
position the construction was that of a series of tubes, but
in order to show the tegmen the barbs had to be slightly
separated.
Plate VI. fig. 3 is a section similar to the above from a
Heron’s primary. The section was cut outside the semi-
tegmenous area. This photograph was made to show an
instance of “no tegmen.” The barbules are seen above
and the vertical pointed barbs below, showing the absence
of tegmen at the tips.
216 On the Structure of the Feather. [ Ibis,
It is curious that although the tegmen appears on the
Pheasant, Blackeock, Grey Partridge, Capercaillie, Ptar-
migan (summer and winter plumage), and Turkey, it is not
found on the Domestic Fowl or Red-legged Partridge. The
Partridge, Grouse, Blackcock, and Pheasant being so closely
allied, it is remarkable that, as far as my investigations go,
I should not have found the tegmen in the Red-legged
Partridge. It is beyond the scope of these notes to go
deeper into this subject, but it seems to me tliat the absence
or presence of the tegmen may well prove to be a diagnostic
character which so far has escaped the attention of syste-
matic ornithologists. :
The Red-legged Partridge has on the inner vane of the
primary a narrow ventral ridge with a smooth edge, while
towards the base of the outer vane the ventral ridge is larger
and has a strongly fringed edge.
Plate VI. fig. 4, with magnification of 150 times, shows
an example of this fringed edge.
The Grey Partridge has on the inner vane a tegmen with
smooth edge, and on the outer vane a ventral ridge more or
less fringed.
Plate VI. fig. 5, with magnification of 150 times, is given
as a sample of this type of fringe.
The Grouse outer vane has a tegmen with a trace of
fringe here and there. The Pheasant outer vane has a
ventral ridge with rough edge and irregularly fringed.
The Blackcock outer vane has a tegmen with light fringe
commencing about half way from the base. ‘The Caper-
caillie outer vane has a tegmen with rough edge, with very
little trace of fringe.
The presence of tegmen is not restricted to the primaries,
for I find it on the tail-feathers of the Grouse and Blackcock,
while in the Capercaillie it is most marked. It does not
appear on the tail-feathers of the Pheasant, Grey Partridge,
or Red-legged Partridge.
Plate VII. fig. 1 was made to show the difference
in structure between the barb and tegmen. ‘The dark
mottled portion is barb, and the lower and lighter portion
Ibis; 19165 FIVE
STRUCTURE OF FEATHERS.
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.
1918. | On the Birds of the Isle of May. 247
is tegmen. This subject was made from a barb cut from a
Pink-footed Goose primary with magnification of 50 times.
Plate VII. fig. 2 is an attempt to show the superficial
structure of the tegmen of a Pink-footed. Goose. It was
made with a magnification of 500 times.
At the commencement of these notes it was stated that
I was engaged on the photographic analysis of a feather.
These notes on the tegmen form a portion of the whole
work, which it is hoped to publish before long in complete
form.
X1V.—The Birds uf the Isle of May: A Migration Study.
By Everyn V. Baxrer and Leonora Jerrrey Rintout.
INTRODUCTION.
Tux Isle of May has long been known as a very favourable
station for the observation of bird migration. It stands at
the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and is separated from
the land by a distance of five miles on the north and ten
on the south. It is about a mile long and half a mile
wide ; the rocks on the west and south-west sides are very
precipitous, rising to a maximum height of 180 feet above
the sea ; they are intersected by caves, are basaltic in forma-
tion, and of a crumbling consistency, making any attempt
at cliff-climbing dangerous. On the north and east the
land slopes gradually down to the water’s edge, broken by
inlets on the eastern side. Parts of the island were for-
merly cultivated, but now the greater portion is covered
with rough grass interspersed with rocks: here and there,
patches of thistles, nettles, and hemlock occur, and these,
together with the gardens of the lightkeepers, form the only
covert available for the birds which visit the island. On the
west of the island the cliffs are broken by a ravine, the
precipitous sides of which rise to a height of 100 feet, and
in which lies a partly artificial lake; small pools are found
in the shallow depressions on the grass-grown plateaux and
rock-pools close to sea-level.
248 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [ Ibis,
In old days the Isle of May was a famous place of pil-
grimage: St. Adrian and his companions abode on the
island in the ninth century, and the saint was slain there
by the Danes about 872 a.p. Before the middle of the
twelfth century David I. founded a monastery on the island
and granted it to the Benedictine Abbey of Reading, on
condition that it would maintain therein nine priests of
their brethren, to celebrate divine service for the souls
of the donor, his predecessors and successors, the Kings of
Scotland. Inthe thirteenth century the Priory of May was
sold to the Bishop of St. Andrews, and it remained under the
spiritual lordship of the Priory of St. Andrews until 1606,
when the lands were erected into a temporal lordship. There
are mauy reminders of the ecclesiastical foundation: asmall
building on the eastern side is said to be the remains of the
chapel, while the names borne by different parts of the island,
such as Pilgrim Haven, Altarstanes, Holyman’s Road, and
others, form a link with the pilgrims of old. The island
was purchased early last century by the Commissioners of
Northern Lights, to whom it now belongs.
The lighthouse stands on the highest part of the island,
on the western side, 240 feet above the sea: it is an electric
light, and said to be 3,000,000 candle-power. Close by, on
the other side of a hollow, is the old lighthouse, a square,
stone, white-washed tower 40 feet high, built in 1636 by
Alexander Cunningham of Barnes — the first lighthouse to be
erected in Scotland. On the east side of the island, at a
considerably lower altitude, stands a third lighthouse, for-
merly used to indicate the position of the North Carr Rocks,
but now no longer in use. During our visits to the island,
the only inhabitants were the lightkeepers, to whom we
were indebted for many kindnesses and much assistance
in our ornithological work.
It is a fortunate circumstance that the lightkeepers
stationed on the Isle of May have been so often interested
in observing and recording the birds which occurred there.
Mr. Joseph Agnew made an excellent series of notes, from
1879 to 1886, for the British Association Reports on the
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 249
Migration of Birds. Mr. T. E. Arthur contributed good
notes from 1898 to 1903 for the Report on the Movements
and Occurrences of Birds in Scotland. Mr, J. McCuish
from 1907 to 1909 sent notes to the Report on Scottish
Ornithology, while Mr. S. Baigrie has kept a splendid
series of records from 1911 onwards. Dr. Harvie Brown
spent three weeks on the island in the autumn of 1884;
Mr: William Evans has paid frequent short visits there, and
has kindly given us the benefit of his observations ; while we
ourselves spent a month or six weeks there in the autumns of —
1907-18 and a fortnight to a month in the springs of 1911-14,
when the war put an end to ornithological expeditions.
We are very much indebted to. the Commissioners of
Northern Lights for so kindly giving us permission to
visit the island, and we thank them very heartily for having
enabled us to do so much work at this important station.
A good many of the old writers mention the birds of the
Isle of May. Perhaps the most interesting of these accounts
is the ‘‘ Statistical Account of Scotland,” published in 1792,
in which it is stated that the Isle of May ‘‘is frequented by
a great variety of sea-fowl, such as Kittiwakes, Scarts,
Dunters, Gulls, Sea-pyets, Marrots, &c.”’ ; while Sibbald,
in his ‘History of the Sheriff-doms of Fife and Kinross’
(1710), says:—‘‘ Many fowls frequent the rocks of it, the
names the people gave to them, are skarts, dunturs, gulls,
scouts, kittiewakes ; the last is so named from its cry, it is
of the bigness of an ordinary pigeon, some hold it to be as
savoury and as good meat as a partridge is. The scout is
less than an ordinary duck and of its colour; the flesh of
it is hard; it has eggs bigger than these of geese, the shells
are of a green colour, with some black spots scattered here
and there upon them.”
Sir William Jardine in the second quarter of last century ©
states that the following birds bred there: —Black Guillemot,
Green-crested Cormorant, Sandwich, Roseate, Common, and
Arctic Terns. Several species of birds which used to breed
on the island now no longer do so; for instance, these four
species of Terns and the Black Guillemot do not now nest
250 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [ Ibis,
there, while the Peregrine, which formerly bred on the cliffs,
now only visits the island in pursuit of prey. Writing in
1886, Dr. Harvie Brown includes in his list of breeding-birds
the Song-Thrush, Wheatear (about 50 pairs), Linnet (a few
pairs), Hedge-Sparrow (one pair in 1884 for the first time),
and Cormorant, none of which now neststhere. All that we
have found breeding are the Starling, Pied Wagtail, Meadow-
Pipit, Rock-Pipit, Blackbird, Eider, Shag, Oystercatcher,
Redshank (one year only), Herring-Gull, Kittiwake, Razor-
bill, Guillemot, and Puffin. It is difficult to find a reason
for many of the changes which have taken place, the island
affording many apparently suitable breeding-places.
MIGRATION ON THE ISLE oF May.
We have notes from the Isle of May of the arrival and
departure of summer visitors, winter visitors, partial migrauts,
passage migrants, occasional visitors (viz. birds which visit us
under certain weather conditions only, such as Yellow-browed
Warblers and Little Buntings), and rare stragglers (that is,
birds that have lost their way and of which only one or two
occurrences have been recorded, as the Indian Stonechat
and Pied Wheatear); also of weather movements and move-
ments of cliff- and sea-birds. It must be remembered that
on an island, owing to its limited size and lack of covert, a
much larger proportion of the birds present can be seen and
identified than is possible on the mainland. Also that it is
much easier to ascertain when a bird arrives than ona larger
space: for instance, if a Barred Warbler be beaten out of
covert one morning, there can be but little doubt that it has
arrived since the previous day; shoulda bird of the same
species appear on the mainland, it is next to impossible, owing
to the amount of covert, to say whether or no it had been
there for some time previously.
Weather conditions have a great influence ou the move-
meuts of birds: the main facts are not in dispute; but when
we come to the more subtle effects of wind and weather,
opinions differ as to the extent and direction of their in-
fluences. We find on the Isle of May that the weather in
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 251
which rushes of birds come to the island, and uncommon
visitors appear, is during easterly or south-easterly winds,
usually with cloud, haze, fog, or rain. An extensive anti-
cyclonic area, with light east to south wind and fair weather,
brings numbers of birds, and is by far the most satisfactory
from our point of view, because working is agreeable and
one can be sure of determining a much larger proportion
of the arrivals than is the case in bad weather. A falling
barometer, with strong east winds and heavy rain, does not,
however, stop the birds; we have seen large numbers arrive
under such conditions, when wind and rain made working
very difficult. In northerly and westerly winds compara-
tively few birds are seen, and these are almost entirely our
own summer or winter visitors; the enormous rushes of
passage migrants do not occur and uncommon visitors are
few and far between. At the same time, we are not sure that
this is not the weather most favourable for the birds, although
not for the observer. The direction of the wind does not
prevent birds migrating—they move when the wind is at
every point of the compass,—but although this is so, in our
opinion the direction of the wind has a great influence ou
the route followed and therefore ou the species which occur
on our shores. From evidence gathered on the Jsle of May
and from data which we have studied, extending over a
long period of years, in this country and eisewhere, we are
convinced that alternative routes are followed, according to
wind influences, though it is difficult to say whether drift is
wholly responsible for the deviation from the direct route
or whether this is to some extent undertaken voluntarily.
For instance, in the case of birds going from their summer
home in northern Europe to their winter quarters in northern
Africa, if an easterly type of weather prevail during their
migration period, we find that they strike our east coasts in
enormous numbers, and many species are seen which do not
visit us under any other weather conditions. On the other
hand, should the prevailing type be westerly, these migrants
do not strike the British Isles at all, and we believe that
they proceed to their winter quarters along a more easterly
252 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [ Ibis,
route. This question of alternative routes is a difficult
matter to prove beyond a doubt, but there is a good deal of
evidence which seems to us strongly in support of our theory.
This we will detail as briefly as possible, dealing with autumn
movements for the sake of convenience, though it must be
understood that the same remarks apply to the spring
migrations.
Firstly. There is the fact that, should a westerly type of
weather prevail during the whole migration-period of any
given species, such as Bluethroats, Barred and Yellow-
browed Warblers, Scarlet Grosbeaks, Northern and Siberian
Chiffchaffs, and many others, these birds will not be seen at
our migration-stations. Should, however, the wind change
to an opposite direction during the period of their migration,
these species will at once make their appearance on our
shores, travelling, no doubt, along that ‘“ bridge of fine
weather ”? which Dr. Hagle Clarke, in his “ Studies of Bird
Migration,’ has shown to exist between the Continent
and Great Britain under these meteorological conditions.
Should the easterly type of weather not extend far enough
to the east of our islands, the Asiatic species will not
appear, although we may be visited by birds from northern
and central Europe. In the autumn of 1912, late in
September, we had easterly and south-easterly winds and a
large rush of birds, including Little Buntings, Red-breasted
Flycatchers, and Barred Warblers; in view of our former
experiences we expected Yellow-browed Warblers, but none
came under observation. On studying the meteorological
conditions we found that, previous to and during that time,
the weather conditions favourable for bringing this species
to our shores did not extend sufficiently far east to influence
its movements.
Secondly. If the easterly type of weather comes late in the
season, an entirely different class of birds to those we get
earlier in the year comes with it, thus proving, in our opinion,
that the birds do not wait for this type of weather to perform
their migration journey, but proceed to their winter quarters
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 253
by another route should westerly winds prevail during their
normal migration-period.
Thirdly. Species which breed in the far north of both
hemispheres, such as Lapland Buntings and Shore-Larks,
appear in both easterly and westerly winds.
Fourthly. Observations made on the flight of Homing
Pigeons also go to prove this point: for instance, a pigeon-
fancier in Kirkcaldy (Fife) told us that when Pigeons were
flown from North Berwick to Kirkcaldy, the route taken by
the birds varied according to the wind which was blowing at
the time. On a perfectly calm day, he had ascertained from
observation that the Pigeons flew straight from one spot to
the other. If the wind were westerly the birds crossed
pretty straight over the Firth to the side opposite North
Berwick, aud then approached Kirkcaldy from the east along
the north side of the estuary. If, on the other hand, the
wind were easterly, the Pigeons hugged the south side of the
Firth and crossed over much farther up, sometimes as high
as Aberdour, thus actually approaching Kirkcaldy from the
west side. The distance from North Berwick to Kirkcaldy
is infinitesimal compared with that traversed by birds during
their migration-flights, and if the divergence caused by the
varying winds be so great in so small a distance, it is a fair
assumption that on a flight of hundreds of miles it will
assume very considerable proportions indeed. We have had
corroborative evidence from others who fly Homing Pigeons.
Fifthly. If easterly winds continue over a considerable
period birds keep coming in, but the migrants tend to
remain on the island and do not pass on until the wind
changes to the west, when the island is swept bare almost
in a single night. This appears to us to show that the
easterly wind is not favourable to the birds’ southern
journey, but has drifted them across the North Sea, many
miles out of their direct route, which they will find it difficult
to regain until the wind changes.
Siathly. In westerly winds rushes of birds visit the
Liuchiu Islands, off the east coast of Asia,
SER, X.—VOL. VI, T
254 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [Ibis,
Seventhly. In an interesting article in ‘Nature,’ 26 July,
1917, by W. H. Dines, he shows the effect of wind on the
drift of an aeroplane. He states: “The pilot, therefore, if
the earth is hidden from him by a sheet of clouds, is abso-
lutely and entirely ignorant of the strength and direction of
the wind in which he is flying ; it is just the same to him
if it be adead calm orif it be blowing at the rate of a hundred
miles an hour from the east or from the west ; he is, indeed,
as unconscious of the motion which he is sharing with the
air as he is of his daily revolution at a rate in these latitudes
of some 600 miles an hour round the axis of the earth. But
the effect upon the drift of his machine may be very con-—
siderable, and as he does not know what it is he cannot
allow Lor ts .tse-s06 Thus Glasgow lies very close to a point
400 miles due north of Plymouth, and an aeroplane leaving
Plymouth and flying due north at 80 miles an hour would
find herself close to Glasgow in five hours’ time. Should,
however, a strong west wind be blowing of which the pilot
did not know, and also clouds so that he could not see the
earth, he would, if steering by compass, find himself in five
hours’ time over the North Sea, and quite possibly much
nearer to the Danish than tothe English coast. In the pre-
sent state of our knowledge he could obtain information at
starting of the general direction and strength of the wind,
but not in such detail that he could hit off Glasgow within
100 or 200 miles.” Easterly winds with low clouds, haze
or fog is exactly the type of weather in which big rushes
of birds occur on our coasts, and we think it a fair deduc-
tion that they, like the aeroplane pilot, have been drifted
from their direct route.
Eighthly. In an autumn such as this (1917), in which per-
sistent westerly winds prevail, not only do the large move-
ments of passage migrants through Scotland not occur, but
the numbers of winter visitors are enormously below the
average, Fieldfares, Redwings, Bramblings, &c., being con-
spicuous by their absence. Dr. Eagle Clarke kindly informs
us that in 1887, when similar weather conditions prevailed,
winter visitors were equally scarce.
1918. ] Birds of the Isle of May. 255
In view of the above evidence, we hold that there are
strong grounds for believing that the route followed by birds
on migration depends largely on the direction of the wind.
It would appear that a bird’s most fixed point is its breeding-
place, and that its migration routes, and even its winter
quarters, greatly depend on weather conditions during its
periods of movement. We wish to reiterate that we do not
consider that the direction of the wind, apart from its force,
stops birds migrating, but merely determines the route taken
on their long journeys. We believe that the deviation from
the direct route is largely, perhaps mainly, due to drift,
though voluntary “ tacking ” may be a factor. It seems ifn-
possible that it can be any advantage to a European or Asiatic
bird breeding far north to make its journey southwards to
its winter quarters hundreds of iniles longer by proceeding
via the British Isles, as many of them do under easterly
weather conditions. We must remember that the best
‘“‘migration-weather”” for observers is probably the worst
for the birds, and when ideal conditions prevail for them we
see little or nothing of their migration-flights.
On their migration journeys birds run the gauntlet of
many perils; foremost among these are adverse weather
conditions. We have found Fieldfares and Blackbirds
washed up by the sea, having evidently become exhausted
by the struggle against wind and weather, and having fallen
into the water and been drowned. We have also often seen
birds alight on the May in a thoroughly exhausted condi-
tion, too tired even to flutter a few yards farther, and after’
such an arrival as this, we have picked up next morning
many corpses of migrants, evidently killed by exhaustion,
probably aided by starvation. This last is another peril
which besets the path of birds on migration. In the autumn
of 1913 this was brought home to us very forcibly. There
were a great many birds on the island, and of these many
Redwings, Thrushes, and Goldcrests literally starved before
our eyes. Day after day we saw them getting weaker and
weaker, till at last we picked up many dead. We felt sure
that starvation was the cause of death but, wishing to have
TQ
256 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [Ibis,
our diagnosis confirmed, we sent some to Professor Suther-
land of University College, Dundee, who kindly examined
them for us and told us that our impression was correct.
There had been a long drought, the island was parched and
the grass dried up; this probably caused a shortage of their
usual food supply, which on the Isle of May appears largely
to be a small beetle found among the grass.
We now come to the depredations of the birds of prey.
Merlins, Kestrels, and Short-eared Owls come with the
flocks and harry them. Peregrines, too, slay many of the
migrants—we have seen them hunting or eating all sizes of
birds, from a Wood-Pigeon to a Goldcrest. We have seen
Short-eared Owls chasing the birds that were circling in the
rays of the lantern: that their hunts were all too successful
was proved by the discovery of small heaps of dead birds in
tufts of grass on the north plateau, where these Owls were
living. Often these birds were minus the primaries of one
or both wings, and sometimes the rectrices had been plucked
out too. Thrushes seemed to be their chief fare, but we
also found the remains of Redwings, Chaffinches, Spotted
Flycatchers, Meadow-Pipits, Skylarks, Wheatears, a Bunt-
ing (probably a Reed), Goldcrests, a Turnstone, and Common
Terns. There seemed to be regular larders, where the birds
were kept till the Owls were ready to eat them.
Under certain weather conditions the lantern is a very
great danger; given a night of fine rain or haze, preferably
with a south-east wind, the light proves a fatal attraction
and hundreds of birds are lured to their doom. We have
stood on the balcony and watched the birds dash themselves
at great speed against the glass and fall dead at our feet,
often with the whole of one side cut as cleanly open as if it
had been done with aknife. After a “lantern night” many
disabled birds might be seen on the island next day, but
what struck us most about these was the wonderful way in
which they recovered from their injuries. One Wheatear,
in particular, interested us greatly: it had a very badly
smashed wing and we were doubtful of its recovery, but day
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 257
by day it improved till it was able to take short flights;
these gradually became longer till one day it had left us
and, we will hope, arrived safely at its winter quarters.
We were surprised to find how many of the migrants, in
spring, sang while resting on the island. We have heard
many Willow-Warblers, Sedge-Warblers, Whitethroats,
Skylarks, Whinchats, Wheatears, and Greater Wheatears,
singing vigorously. A fine male Reed-Bunting woke us one
morning by singing just outside our window, and early on
the 9th of May, 1911, we heard the unmistakable song of
the Nightingale, while the dissyllabic note of the Cuckoo
is often heard all over the island. The number of birds
attracted to the lantern in spring is usually very much less
than that of the autumn movements, but the charm of these
spring rushes is greatly enhanced by the fact that the birds
often come fluttering up the rays of light singing as they
come. One May morning we stood on the balcony of the
lighthouse from midnight to 3 a.m. watching a big rush
of Willow- Warblers, Whinchats, Wheatears, and other
migrants. There wasa light south-east wind and small rain,
aud though many birds were attracted by the light they did
not dash themselves against the glass, but merely fluttered
singing up to the lantern and remained gazing in, fascinated
by its powerful rays. After an arrival of migrants in spring,
quite a large number of Warblers might be heard in song at
the same time, answering each other from the walls round
the fields, from the fences and bushes in the gardens, from
thistle top and hemlock spray.
We have no intention of attempting to describe a rush,
for the all-sufficient reason that it is indescribable; there
are, however, certain differences between spring and autumn
rushes which we would like to mention. In spring the
birds seem more hurried than in autumn, not lingering on
the island but hastening on, urged apparently by a stronger
impulse than that which impels them in autumn. ‘The mag-
nitude of the autumn rushes, in our experience, exceeds
that of those in spring, and the period of the spring passage
258 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [Ibis,
of most species tends to be shorter than that in autumn.
There are, too, certain species of birds which very rarely, or
never occur in spring but which are not very uncommon in
autumn. The brilliancy of plumage of birds in spring makes
identification much easier, and their less skulking habits at
that season, as well as the smaller amount of covert on the
island, tend to reduce the number which escape notice.
We have examined many birds killed at the lantern, both
in spring and autumn, and have never found any food in
their crops or stomachs, though occasionally one or two
particles of grit were present.
The following is a list of all the birds known to have
occurred on the island, with their status there; they number
178. We have added our field-notes, and it must be under-
stood that these are made from our own observations on the
island and refer to the birds’ behaviour there. One asterisk
before the name of the bird indicates that it was new to the
Forth list, two that it was new to Scotland, and three that
it had not before been recorded for Britain.
List oF SPECIEs.
Corvus corone corone. THe Carrion-Crow. Occurs on
passage in both spring and autumn, more Gommonly at the
former season. In spring it has been recorded throughout
March and April and up to 18 May, and in autumn from
26 September to 16 November. An occasional straggler
appears in winter.
Corvus cornix cornix. Tur Hoopep Crow. A bird of
double passage, more common in autumn than in spring ;
considerable numbers sometimes appear in easterly winds.
In spring, passage takes place in March and April and occa-
sionally, in small numbers, throughout May, while single
birds have been recorded on 2 & 9 June and 5 July. In
autumn, passage begins in the end of September and con-
tinues till mid-November ; single birds sometimes visit the
island in winter, and a number appeared there on 6 January,
LOL7.
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 259
Corvus monedula monedula. Tue Jackpaw. Occurs ir-
regularly in spring and autumn, occasionally in some
numbers at the former season.
Corvus frugilegus frugilegus. THe Roox. An irregular
visitor in spring and autumn; most common in spring,
occasionally occurring in large numbers in March,
Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. THe Srarutine. Breeds on
the island in some numbers. Also a bird of double passage ;
in spring the regular movements take place from mid-
February to mid-April, but we have seen numbers on
passage as late as 14 May. The earlier birds are probably
Scottish breeding-birds returning to their nesting-quarters ;
the later, passage migrants along our shores. Enormous
numbers visit the island in autumn; small arrivals take
place during the second half of September, but October and
the first half of November are the times of maximum move-
ment. It is difficult definitely to separate the departures
of our own birds from the movements of Starlings from
overseas, but it is safe to say that the large majority of
these October and November migrants consists of birds from
the continent of Europe. A few spend the winter on the
island. Starlings are strongly attracted by ight ; we have
seen them sitting thickly crowded on the hand-rail, on the
balcony, and on the edge of the dome; at such times several
usually manage to find their way into the light-room.
They can strike the lantern harder than any bird we know
without killing themselves, being very different in this
respect from the Sky-Lark, which pays heavy toll on every
migration night.
Oriolus oriolus oriolus. ‘Hr Goxtpen Orioxte. The only
record for the island is of one seen on 13 September, 1913,
in strong north-east wind and heavy rain.
Chloris chloris chloris. ‘Tur Greenrincn. Occurs on
passage during April and up to mid-May. On 6 May,
1912, we watched small flocks passing over the island all
day up to 3 p.M.; they came from the south-east and went
260 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [ Ibis,
over to the north-west. They flew quite low, with the
steady yet fluttering flight so characteristic of small birds
ou a long journey. Autumn passage takes place chiefly
in October aud November, though Greenfinches are occa-
sionally seen as early as September, but no large flocks are
ever recorded. This species frequently visits the island in
winter, always in small numbers.
Spinus spinus. Tue Siskin. The spring records for the
Isle of May are: three on 25 March, 1909, a male on
13 May, 1911, and another on 18 May, 1913. Large flocks
frequently occur in autumn; passage at this season takes
place between 22 September and mid-November. The
only winter record is of a flock of about half-a-dozen on
1 January, 1883.
Passer domesticus domesticus. ‘Tne House - Sparrow.
Between 1881 and 1885 there are scattered records of from
one to a few House-Sparrows on the island in February,
March, May, November, and December. The first autumn
we were there (1907) we saw a few throughout our stay,
and Mr. Ross, then chief engineer on the island, told us
that they had bred that year—the first time to his know-
ledge. After this they seem to have vanished from the
island, our only other record being of a male, found dead
on 23 May, 1911; it had been dead for a considerable time.
Passer montanus montanus. ‘THe Tkue-Sparrow. Resi-
dent, several pairs breeding on the island. Also a passage
migrant, much less numerous in spring (April-May) than
in autumn (October and first week of November). ‘The
immigrants we have seen were always in much finer plumage
than the local birds.
Fringilla celebs celebs. THe Cuyarrincu. A bird of
double passage, very large flocks occurring in autumn,
lesser numbers in spring ; both sexes are represented.
Fringilla montifringilla. Tux BramBiine. Passage
migrant and occasional winter visitor. Spring passage
1918. | Birds of the Isle of May. 261
takes place chiefly in April, though one or two birds are
recorded from 19 March to 18 May. In autumn very large
flocks visit the island: the earliest noted is on 17 September,
the latest 17 November, but October is the month in which
the main arrivals take place. We have often seen day-time
movements of this species: on 10 October, 1909 (south
wind, liglit) flock after flock came in from the north-east
all morning, till by midday there were numbers on every
part of the island; by afternoon the flocks were enormous—
there must lave been thousands present. On 7 October,
1910, a good many Bramblings arrived from the east during
the day (W., light, haze), and we heard and saw many
other flocks flying over us, going west. .
Acanthis cannabina cannabina. Tue Liyner. Formerly
a few pairs bred on the island ; now, however, it only occurs
on passage in small numbers. One appeared on 11 March,
1908, and there are a few scattered records in May, while
in autumn small numbers are reported between 19 September
and 8 November.
Acanthis linaria linaria. ‘HE Meraty Reppott. An
irregular passage migrant and winter visitor. It has been
recorded in spring in small numbers between 12 March and
20 May, and in autumn (sometimes very plentifully) between
21 September and 12 November; large immigrations oc-
curred in the autumns of 1910 and 1918. Under the date
8 February, 1886, Mr. Agnew writes: ‘‘ For some weeks
the island has been visited by a considerable number of
Redpolls, and numbers of them died, I suppose from the
extreme cold.”
*Acanthis linaria holboelli. Ho1ispoéuu’s Reppouyu. A bird
of this subspecies was procured on 28 October, 1910, and
sent to us.
*Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula. THe NortHern BuLLFINCH.
The Isle of May participated in the large immigration of
Northern Bullfinches which took place in Scotland in the
autumn of 1910; several visited the island in the latter half
262 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [ Ibis,
of October, both sexes being present. A Bullfinch reported
by Mr. Agnew on 12 April, 1881, in light south-easterly
winds may have belonged to this race.
*Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus. THe Scartet Gros-
BEAK. Single birds, always in the greeny plumage (7. é.,
females or young males), occurred on 25 September 1907,
12 September 1908, 13 September 1909, 7 September
1910, 8 and 20 September 1913. They chiefly frequented
the potato patches in the gardens, and uttered a curious
soft dissyllabic note ; on one occasion we saw one eat a
moth. The Grosbeak procured in 1907 was the second
record for Scotland.
Emberiza calandra calandra. Tur Corn-Buntinc. We
have only once seen tl:is bird on the island, viz. on 30 May,
1912, but Mr. Agnew records it in January, February,
March, April, June, October, and December, and Mr. Baigrie
in April, 1913. Never more than two birds have been seen
at the same time, and the visits have been paid at long
intervals.
Emberiza citrinella citrinella. THe YeLLow Bonrine.
This species never occurs in any numbers on the island. It
is a passage migrant in very small numbers and an occa-
sional winter visitor. The spring movement is most pro-
nounced in April, the autumn in October and the first half
of November.
*Emberiza hortulana. THe OrtoLtan Buntine. An occa-
sional visitor to the May. ‘The records are: one shot
2 May 1885, several seen next day and two on 28 May
1885, one 20 September 1910, and three on 16 October
of the same year. They frequeuted little patches of oat-
stubbles in the gardens and were very wild,
*Emberiza pusilla. THe Lirrte Buntine. An occasional
visitor in autumn under suitable weather conditions. The
records are: one on 25 & 26 September 1909, three on
28 and one on 29 September 1912, and one on 8 October
1918. |] Birds of the Isle of May, 263
1913—all with easterly and south-easterly winds. They are
confiding little birds; we heard them utter a soft single
note and also a gentle twittering song.
Emberiza scheniclus scheniclus. Tue Rexp - Buntine.
A bird of double passage, occurring regularly in May and
again from 24 September to mid-October.
*Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. THe LapLanp Bunrtina.
An occasional visitor in autumn. The records are: single
birds on 1 October 1907 (S.E., light to fresh, fog), 28
September 1911 (W., strong), 12 October 1911 (E.), and
24 September 1913 (S.S.E., light). The direction of the
wind is interesting and suggestive if we consider the range
of the species. This Bunting has a loud and peculiar note,
which it usually utters when flushed.
Plectrophenax nivalis. THe Snow-Buntine. A common
passage migrant and winter visitor. The period of move-
ment in spring is March and the first half of April, in
autumn the second half of September, October and November,
the last month being the time the Snow-Bunting appears in
the largest numbers. Comparatively few strike the lantern.
Alauda arvensis arvensis. THe Sky-Lark. It is impossible
from data collected at one station only, to disentangle satis-
factorily the very complicated movements of this species.
It does not breed on the island, but is certainly a bird of
double passage there and a common winter visitor under
stress of weather on the mainland. It is recorded steadily
on migration from February to May; the earlier dates
probably refer to the return of our breeding-birds, the later
to winter visitors and passage migrants going overseas to
their continental breeding-grounds. In autumn, movement
occurs continuously from mid-September to mid-November,
It would seem probable that the earlier are our home-bred
birds leaving, the later the arrival of winter visitors and
passage migrants. Sky-Larks are peculiarly susceptible to
light and visit the lantern in large numbers, many being
killed.
264 Miss Baxter and Miss Rintoul on the [Ibis,
*Lulltila arborea arborea. ‘lnc Woop-Lark. An occa-
sional visitor to the island. The records are: one on 16 &
17 October 1910, and one on 29 September 1912, both
with south-easterly winds
Otocorys alpestris alpestris. ‘THe SHore-Lark. An occa-
sional visitor in autumn. One was killed at the lantern on
11 October, 1907 (S.E., very light) and sent to us, two were
seen on 18 October, 1909, and one on 14 & 16 (S.W. & W.,
fresh to strong) and four on 9 October, 1913 (EH. & N.E.,
moderate). It will be noticed that this species has occurred
in both types of weather, it, like the Lapland Bunting,
having a circumpolar distribution, Shore-Larks have a
sweet wild note, “hi-yi-yi,” which they utter constantly
when flushed ; we often watched them settle half-way up a
rock, run to the top, elevate their “horns,” stretch their
necks, and look around them.
Motacilla alba alba. Tue Waite Waertait. A bird of
double passage, having been recorded in spring between
23 April and 29 May and in autumn between 11 August
and 2 October, always in small numbers. It has several
times been taken at the lantern.
Motacilla alba lugubris. ‘ne Prep Wacrain. ce 3) cn ie eee
XIV. The Birds of the Isle of May: A Migration Study. By
Evetyn V. Baxrer and Leonora Jerrrny Rinroun . . 247
XV. Notes on some birds of the Bessarabian oe By Mavp
D. Havitano, H.M.B.0.U. . . a baer
XVI. Further Notes on the Birds of Macedonia. By Captain
ALEXANDER G, L, Suapen, R.E., M.B.0.U. . . . . . 292
XVII. Obituary: Christopher James Alexander; Fergus Menteith
Ogilvie; Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch; Edward Snow
Mason; Sir Henry James Johnson; George Hogarth
Darvon eye its ie hair meee ee
XVIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Andrews on Fossil Birds from Glastonbury; Beebe on
Guiana Birds; Chapman on Colombian Birds; Evans on the
Isle of May; Grinnell and Storer on a new Fox-Sparrow ;
Hartert’s recent papers; Murphy on the Colorado Desert ;
Murphy on a new Adbatross; Oudemans on the Dodo ;
Robinson on Malayan Birds: Shufeldt on Fossil Birds from
Florida; Swarth and Bryant on Californian Geese; Austral
Avian Record; Bird Notes; The Condor; The Irish Natu-
ralist; Revue Francaise VOrn ithologie; The Scottish Natu-
alist : Yearbook of the Dutch Bird-Club; and List of other
Ornithological Publications received . . . . . 808
XIX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letter from James Kdmund Harting ; Annual General
Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union; Erratum . . 384
Communications intended for publication in ‘The Ibis’ should be addressed
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Beikabers are requested to inform the Secretary, c/o The Zoological Society
of London, Kegent’s Park, N.W.8, of any change of Address, so that the
numbers of ‘The Ibis’ may reach chen without delay.
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TENTH SERIES.
Vou. VI. No. 3. JULY 1918.
4
XX.—Remarks on the Hawks of the Genus Micrastur.
By W. L. Sctater, M.A., M.B.O.U.
(Plate VIII.)
Recentty, while recataloguing and rearranging the Accipi-
trine Birds in the Natural History Museum, 1 found a
hitherto undescribed species of the genus Micrastur which
was briefly characterized at a meeting of the B.O.C. in
March last (Bull. B.O.C. xxxviii. 1918, p. 44). As the
birds of this genus are not very well known and have not
had much attention in literature of late years, I am now
offering a few further remarks on the genus to accom-
pany the coloured plate of the new form prepared by
Mr, Gronvold.
Genus MIcrasturR.
Micrastur Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, p. 6.
Type, alco brachypterus Temm., = M. melanoleucus
(Vieill.).
A good discussion of the characters of the genus is given
by Ridgway (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1875, p. 476).
SHR, X.—VOL, VI. rc
344 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [ Ibis,
The following key shows briefly the distinctions between
the various species and subspecies in adult dress :—
a. Larger; below uniform, unbarred.
a’, With a white collar on the nape .......... M. melanoleucus.
4'. Without a white collar on the nape........ M. mirandollei.
b. Smaller ; under parts with transverse barring.
ec’. Tail shorter; only one transverse white bar
wisible ion the tall Ge. tsa a ntomtgtesiecleieiee « M. plumbeus.
d'. Tail longer; two or more transverse white
bars visible.
ce’, Throat and chest rich rufous or, at any rate,
traces of a rufous wash on the chest;
barring becoming lighter towards the
fall-COVGIis “aries made erate ore Meeeemes M. ruficollis.
d?, Only the throat rufous-brown ; black bar-
ring continuing heavy to the tail-coverts . M. sonothorax.
é*. Throat and chest not washed with rufous.
f°. Barring of abdomen heavy throughout ;
back rafous or slightly washed with
PULOOSIy fi, Hanes Rs PSs oie yee Pee M. gilvicollis.
g®. Barring becoming fainter or even obsolete
towards the under tail-coverts; back
PUUIVEOUS Sie ess aot ines ae eae M. guerilla.
The four last-named forms appear to me to constitute a
compact geographical group, and I have therefore treated
them as subspecies.
Micrastur melanoleucus.
Sparvius melanoleucus Vieillot, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. x.
1817, p. 827: Paraguay [ex Azara].
Falco leucomelas Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 62: Para-
guay [ex Azara].
Falco brachypterus Temm. PI. Col. livr. 26, 1824, pl. 116
(juv.), pl. 141 (adult): Brazil, Guiana, and Paraguay.
Carnifex naso Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 379: South
America. :
Falco percontator Cabot, Boston Journ. N. H. iv. 1844,
p. 462 : Yucatan.
Micrastur amaurus Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 173: Panama
[founded on a melanistic variation ].
1918. | Hawks of the Genus Micrastur. 345
The name used in the Catalogue, Sparvius semitorquatus
Vieill. (N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. x. 1917, p. 322), as was first
shown by Ridgway (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1875, p. 484),
cannot be used for tlis species as the description is in
no way applicable.
Hellmayr (Rev. Spix’schen Typen, p. 570) also rejected
Vieillot’s S. melanoleucus on the ground that another bird
had been previously described under the same name on
p- 319 of the same work; but tlis latter was not a new
description, but merely a citation of Latham’s Falco melano-
leucus, and does not appear to invalidate the subsequent
description of the new form.
Distribution. From the State of Sinaloa in Mexico south-
wards to Ecuador, but not farther south in the Andes, and
to the Prov. Salta in northern Argentina and Paraguay,
including Brazil and the Guianas.
Micrastur mirandollei.
Astur mirandollei Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr, 1. 1863,
p. 180: Dutch Guiana.
Micrastur microrhynchus Pelzeln, Novara Reise Vég. 1865,
p. 11: Para State, Brazil.
Distribution. Costa Rica south to the basin of the Amazon
and Guiana.
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis.
Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot, N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. x. 1817,
p. 822: South America [Rio Janeiro, apud Berlepsch &
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xv. 1898, p. 290].
Falco leucauchen Temm. Pl. Col. livr. 52, 1824, pl. 306:
Brazil [founded on a young bird of the rufous phase].
Falco xanthothorax Temm., PI. Col. livr. 16, 1824, pl. 92:
Brazil and Guiana | founded on an adult bird of the rufous
phase}.
Micrastur ruficollis jugularis Gurney, List Diurnal Birds
of Prey, 1884, p. 118: Bahia [founded on an adult of the
plumbeous phase].
2c2
346 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [ Ibis,
This species has a rufous and a plumbeous phase ; examples
from Bahia show both extreme and intermediate stages of
the phases, but all retain some traces of the rufous on the
throat and chest. Birds from Rio Janeiro are all more or
less in the rufous phase, while two from Parana State and
Paraguay are in the plumbeous phase.
Distribution. The series in the British Museum show a
range from Bahia in eastern Brazil south to Paraguay. It
does not appear to extend into the basin of the Amazon.
Micrastur ruficollis gilvicollis.
Sparvius gilvicollis Vieillot, N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x. 1817,
p. 823: patr. ignot. [Cayenne, apud Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.
1908, p. 290 ; 1910, p. 410. ]
Nisus concentricus Lesson, Traité, 1831, p. 60: Cayenne.
Micrastur pelzelni Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1875,
p. 494: Sarayacu, Peruvian Amazons.
This form seems never to have but the one plumbeous
phase.
Distribution. Guiana and the Amazon valley from Para
to the eastern slopes of the Andes.
Micrastur ruficollis guerilla.
Micrastur guerilla Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1848,
p. 87: Jalapa, Mexico.
Micrastur interstes Bangs, Auk, xxiv. 1907, p. 289:
Costa Rica.
The rufous and plumbeous phases in this subspecies are
much less differentiated than in M. r. ruficollis.
Distribution. From Vera Cruz State of Mexico south to
western Ecuador, whence there are examples in the British
Museum from Nanegal, 4000 feet, on the western slopes of
Pinchincha, 10 leagues from Quito, and from the Balzar
Mountains in the province of the same name in western
Keuador.
I have not examined the type of Micrastur interstes, \ut
I am quite unable to distinguish examples from Costa Rica
or southwards from those from Mexico.
MICRASTUR
PLUMBEUS.
Ibis.
1918.
Pl
V
Il.
1918, Hawks of the Genus Micrastur. 34.7
9
Micrastur ruficollis zonothorax.
Climacocercus zonothorax Cabanis, J. f. O. 1865, p. 406:
Porto Cabello, Venezuela.
Distribution. Venezuela and possibly eastern Colombia.
Micrastur plumbeus. (Plate VIII.)
Micrastur plumbeus W. Sclater, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvin.
1918, p. 44: Prov. Esmaraldas, N.W. Ecuador.
The following is a reprint of the description :—
*“Resembling in general colour M. gilvicollis from the
Amazon basin, but very much greyer above, the crown and
mantle bluish grey, becoming blacker on the rump and
tail; below, the transverse banding extends from the throat
to the thighs, but not apparently to the under tail-coverts,
and is composed of alternate bands of white and plumbeous
rather than white and dusky ; the throat and neck are un-
banded plumbeous. The tail is very short compared with
other species of the genus, and has only one cross-band of
white about the middle of its length, though there are traces
of another cross-band concealed by the coverts. In the
other species of the genus there are always two, often three,
such bands.
“Tris light brown to yellowish grey, feet orange-red to
yellow, bill blackish with a yellow cere.”
Type, a male from Carondelet, Rio Bogota, Prov. Esmar-
aldas, N.W. Ecuador, about 450 feet elevation. Collected
by Messrs. Miketta and Fleming, 23/i1i./1901. B.M. Reg.
no. 1902/5/5/62.
Measurements of type: Length about 330 mm., wing 178,
tail 125, tarsus 64, bill (without cere, measured straight with
dividers) 15. In a female the wing is 167, the tail 120.
The tail of M. 7. gilvicollis averages 153 mm., against a wing
of 180 mm.
There are in the British Museum two other examples
from the same district, collected by Messrs. Miketta and
Fleming. Another younger bird with only the breast
transversely marked, in the Tring Museum, was obtained
by the same collectors in the same region.
348 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and _ [Ihis,
XXI.— Ornithological and Oological Notes from the River
Somme valley at its Mouth and near Peronne. By Major
W. Mairianp Conecreve, M.C., R.A., M.B.O.U.
Tue River Somme for many miles from its mouth is
canalized, but owing to the fact that it runs through a
wide flat-bottomed valley it is unable to drain the sur-
rounding meadows, which are normally very marshy and
intersected by reed and rush-grown irrigation ditches.
In many places in the valley there are large sheets of
deep water, surrounded by swamps and osier plantations.
The sides of the valley are fairly-well wooded, and the
numerous villages are surrounded by fine old orchards of
apple and pear. The higher ground above the valley is
undulating and open, and highly cultivated with corn,
sugar-beet, lucerne, ete. There are few hedges except in
the neighbourhood of villages, but there is a fair amount
of cover for birds in the numerous small, and in places
very large, woods which owing to the war have not been
kept free of undergrowth in the usual methodical French
way. |
The above is a rough description of the district in which
the writer worked from March to early June of 1917.
During June and part of July he soldiered in the neigh-
bourhood of Peronne. There the River Somme is a fairly
fast clear stream, normally several hundreds of yards wide
and much choked, except in the main channel, by dense
reed-beds interspersed by sluggish channels overgrown by
water-loving weeds. The surrounding country is open and
undulating. There are numerous small woods, but villages,
orchards, and cultivation are non-existent owing to the
depredations of the Hun in the great retreat following
the Battle of the Somme.
The writer of these lines had only odd hours in which to
take notes of birds and nests, and did not waste any time
on species which did not interest him oologically, except
that he made an occasional entry in his note-book about the
1918.] Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 349
arrival or departure of migrants. Consequently, these notes
will be very incomplete, and will rely for their interest
on the fact that they were taken in a theatre of war under
unusual conditions. Only binomial names are used as the
birds were only identified by sight, and not collected.
Except where Peronne is specifically mentioned, these
notes will refer to the river-mouth district only.
Corvus corone. Carrion Crow.
Common, and nesting in all the woods and spinneys.
First nest with eggs found on 20 April. The eggs were
slightly incubated. On that date numerous nests were
being built, and the weather was anything but spring-like.
Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow.
Numerous near the mouth of the river as late as 19 April.
Two pairs were found nesting near Ktaples by Major L. B.
Windle, R.A., and the following are notes extracted from a
letter from him :—“ Nests were found about April 24, and
the second about May 8. The first had two eggs which I
left to get the whole lot, and on returning two days later
found all had been taken by somebody else. The second
had three eggs and the bird was sitting. Both nests were in
fir-trees, in the small bits of green stuff close to the top,
and in small groves of trees which are dotted about in the
sand-hills. I could not find more than these two pairs,
though I searched all over the area round here within
about two miles, nor did I see any of the common black
crows nesting anywhere about.”
Corvus monedula. Jackdaw.
Common in church towers, as at Abbeville. Not met
with in the country except when feeding, as there were few,
if any, suitable nesting-sites,
Corvus frugilegus. Rook.
Not so common as they are in England. Only two
“ pookeries ”? met with, viz., near Abbeville and a small
one near Peroune.
350 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and [Ibis,
Pica pica. Magpie.
Extremely common, and their nests are quite a feature of
the landscape.
Garrulus glandarius. Continental Jay.
Common, nesting in all the woods and spinneys. A nest
of six considerably incubated eggs in the top of an ivy-
grown pollarded willow on 20 May, and another with five
considerably incubated eggs on 10 June in an oak-tree.
Sturnus vulgaris. Starling.
Not very common. Nesting in typical situations, espe-
cially old Woodpeckers’ holes. .
Oriolus oriolus. (Golden Oriole.
A pair of males first seen at Saigneville on 10 May.
A fairly common species and easy to locate owing to its
curious distance-carrying note. Every wood of any size at
all had at least one pair nesting in it, and they were found
occasionally in quite open spinneys.
In the Peronne district they were even more common
than farther north, and they were easier to locate owing to
the woods being smaller.
One nest, found near Peronne in June, was suspended at
the end of a thin beech bough some twenty feet from the
ground, in a small wood seamed with old German trenches
and dug-outs. It was a puzzle to discover where the fine
sheep’s-wool came from out of which the nest was con-
structed, for there are no civilians or, consequently, sheep
for many square miles of that district. The mystery was
solved by discovering several old sheep’s-wool mattresses
lying about 300 yards from the nest, at the entrance of a
“dug-out.”? These mattresses had doubtlessly been looted
from some Frenchman’s home during the Hun occupation.
Another nest in the same district was in a Silver Birch,
and was made entirely of paper and one or two big chicken’s
feathers. Unfortunately there were two large young, birds
in the nest, so it could not be cut down. The paper would
have been of interest, as it was probably “ made in Germany.”
1918.] Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 351
The district was left shortly afterwards, so the nest could
not be again visited for further examination.
The time for fresh eggs of this species appears to be
during the first week of June.
Chloris chloris. Greenfinch.
Not uncommon, but no nest was found.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Hawfinch.
Only one seen, and that was near St. Valéry on 10 May
and presumably breeding m the wood in which it was seen.
Carduelis carduelis. Continental Goldfinch.
Not uncommon in the orchards round the villages of
Saigneville, Boismont, St. Valéry, etc. They are prized
as cage-birds, as at home, for two pairs nesting in some
pear-trees beside a farm-house were being most carefully
preserved by the owners of the land.
Passer domesticus. Sparrow.
Common.
Passer montanus. ‘'T'ree-Sparrow.
Common, and breeding in the holes of apple and other
trees. In the neighbourhood of Albert they positively
swarmed last winter, and were far commoner than P. domes-
ticus.
Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch.
A common breeding species.
Acanthis cannabina. Linnet.
Fairly common, and breeding in gorse patches. ‘The
gorse appeared to have been completely killed by the hard
frost of last January-February and never showed the least
sign of flower or even green.
Emberiza calandra. Corn-Bunting.
Common in both districts, but most so in the neighbour-
hood of the sea.
352 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and | Ibis,
Emberiza citrinella. Yellow Bunting.
Common everywhere, and breeding in banks and gorse
patches.
Emberiza cirlus. Cirl Bunting.
Common, especially in the neighbourhood of villages, and
breeding in grassy banks bordering lanes. Kggs were first
found on 6 May. Im all, four nests were found round
Saigneville and St. Valéry. The typical clutch appears -
to be three.
Emberiza scheniclus. Reed-Bunting.
Not uncommon, and breeding in suitable situations im
marsh-land.
Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark.
A common breeding species.
Galerida cristata. Crested Lark.
Common, particularly on the sea-coast and round the
outskirts of Abbeville; also everywhere in the Peronne
district.
They appear to have numerous broods, and nests were
found. as follows :-—
14 May. Nest with large young; nest of four fresh eggs.
Both the above on the side of the old Abbeville
fortification ditch.
23 May. Nest with one fresh egg in same situation as
above.
6 June. Nest with four fresh eggs. Same place as above.
16 June. Nest of five moderately incubated eggs at Roisel
(Peronne district).
Motacilla alba. White Wagtail.
A pair here and there. A pair built under the roof of an
open shed in Saigneville village and should have had eggs
by about 14 May, but the nest was destroyed by somebody
or other. A nest of six eggs slightly incubated on 14 May.
This nest was near the top of an old wall forming part of
1918.| Oological Notes from the River Summe valley. 353
the ancient fortifications of the town of Abbeville. The
parent-birds were not very light-coloured, and it is possible
that Pied and White Wagtails overlap and interbreed in
this district, as undoubted “ Pieds”? were seen now and
again in May as also were seen unduly dark-looking
“ White’ Wagtails.
Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail.
Common in the early spring. Not proved by the writer
to be actually breeding, though undoubted specimens of this
Species were seen now and again in May, but there never
happened to be time or opportunity for investigation.
Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail.
A few seen among Blue-headed Yellow Wagtails on
28 April near St. Valéry. It is probable that a few pairs
remain to breed, as undoubted males were seen at the end
of May among the lucerne crops near the mouth of the
river.
Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail.
Very common on the meadows and lucerne fields near
the mouth of the river. This Wagtail was first noted on
27 April, and a colony of about ten pairs had taken up
their residence in a marshy, coarse grass- and rush-covered
flat near St. Valéry by 28 April.
The first two nests were found on 10 May, well concealed
under tufts of coarse grass, and they contained respectively
one egg and three sucked eggs. A nest with six fresh eggs
was found on 15 May, and three more nests with sucked
eges. A day or two later a friend, who used to go about
with the writer, caught a Cuckoo red-handed beside another
nest of this species with newly-broken and partly-sucked
eggs. The Cuckoo was shot, and subsequently another
Cuckoo was found dead, evidently shot, on the same patch
of ground. Other eggs found sucked were those of the
Reed-Bunting and Partridge. It seems impossible to believe
that a soft-billed bird like a Cuckoo can suck Partridge eggs,
but there was no doubt about the Wagtails’,
+
364 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and [Ibis;
No Harrier or other egg-sucking bird or beast was ever
seen in that neighbourhood. By 22 May the colony was
practically non-existent, but one more nest, containing
young, was found at the end of May by the same friend.
Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit.
First noted on 29 April. Common and breeding in
typica] situations. Several nests were found, the average
date for fresh eggs being 20 May.
Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit.
Common, especially near the sea-coast.
Certhia sp.? The Tree-Creeper.
Tree-Creepers were fairly common among the willows in
the river-valley. The remains of an old nest, containing
very strongly-marked egg-shells, was found in a pollarded
willow. It appeared to date from a previous year. Unfor-
tunately no new nest was found, though a good deal of time
was spent trying to do so. *
Sitta cesia. Nuthatch.
Scarce. Two pairs were met with in the orchards at
Saigneville and one nesting-hole was located, but no eggs
were laid, although the parent-birds were in the immediate
vicinity on many occasions.
Regulus regulus. Goldcrest.
Some birds of this species lived in some fir-trees near
St. Valéry during April, but seemed to disappear later.
The district is a bad one for Goldcrests, as fir-trees are very
scarce and a yew-tree was never met with.
Parus major. Continental Great Tit.
Common, and breeding in suitable situations in the
orchards round Saigneville and other villages in the
district.
* Since this note was written [I took a nest on 18 April, 1918, near
Ypres containing six eggs. The male bird, shot for the purpose of
identification, proves to be a typical example of C. 6. brachydactyla,
which is probably the prevailing form in northern France.
1918.] Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 355
Parus palustris. Marsh-Tit.
Not uncommon, A nest with eight fresh eggs on 8 May.
It was about six inches down from the crown of a rotten
pollarded willow and some six feet from the ground. The
nest was very substantial and did not resemble that of a
Willow-Tit, though it would, perhaps, have been more satis-
factory if identification could have been made even more
certain by obtaining a bird.
Parus ceruleus. Continental Blue Tit.
Common and breeding in suitable holes in the orchards.
AEgithalus caudatus. Long-tailed Tit.
Fairly common up till the end of April, when they dis-
appeared. One nest was found suspended in broom in the
Forét de Crécy on 3 May with one egg. ‘The nest was
unfortunately subsequently deserted owing to rough treat-
ment by one of the writer’s men.
Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike.
First noted on 3 May. A not uncommon breeding species
in the hedges bordering railway-lines round Abbeville.
Sylvia communis. Whitethroat.
No note was made of the arrival of this species, but it is
fairly common and a few nests were found.
Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat.
First noted on 29 April. A fairly common breeding
species.
Sylvia simplex. Garden-Warbler.
First noted on 29 April. Common.
Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap.
First noted on 14 April. Common.
Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Reed-Warbler.
A very common breeding species in both districts. First
noted on 14 May.
356 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and {| Ibis,
Acrocephalus palustris. Marsh-Warbler.
Common in both districts. The first pair was noted on
20 May. Im all, nine nests were found at different times.
The most common situations in the river-mouth district
were in reed-filled ditches and spinneys. Four nests were
suspended on an average two feet from the ground in
dead reeds up which bindweed was growing, and in one
case privet as well. Another nest was in willow-herb.
Several pairs nested on the high ground well above the
valley, and nowhere near water, in a very well-grown patch
of rye bordering the writer’s camp. One nest was located
in this patch by standing on a box and thus getting the
necessary height to look down on the rye, which was quite
two feet six inches high. The old birds would periodically
pop out, carrying long pieces of dead stalk. They would
dodge along near the top of the rye and then dive in near
the nest, which by careful marking was eventually found,
It was suspended in a mustard plant about one foot from
the ground. This nest was most clumsily made of dead
rye-grass reduced to the consisteucy of ordinary straw.
The nest was subsequently beaten down to the ground by
a tremendous hail-storm, but a parent-bird nevertheless
valiantly continued to sit on three eggs (possibly a fourth
was destroyed) although the nest was actually on the
ground.
In the Peronne district a colony of perhaps ten pairs was
found breeding in dense high nettles growing in a marshy
hollow in which willows and alders also grew. The nests
found were suspended on three nettle stalks at from
eighteen inches to two feet from the ground.
The dates on which eggs were found were as follows :—
River-Movuts District:
June 9. (5) fresh.
11. (5) considerably incubated.
16. (5) incubation slight.
16. (4): -- ditto.
20. (3) ditto.
21. (4) considerably incubated,
1918.] Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 357
Peronne District:
June 23. (5) very much incubated.
24. (4) incubation slight.
26. (4) ditto.
With regard to their song, I noticed that those that lived
in the rye-grass mimicked Partridge and Quail, which were
common in the immediate neighbourhood. This was, of
course, in addition to many other successful efforts at
mimicry.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Great Reed-Warbler.
First noted on 14 May in a reed-bed near St. Valéry.
A nest containing five fresh eggs found on 11 June. This
is a very common species in the reed-beds at Peronne.
Acrocephalus schenobenus. Sedge-Warbler.
First noted on 29 April. Not a very common breeding
species, and only one nest met with.
Hypolais icterina. Icterine Warbler.
Although most carefully songht for, this species was not
identified on the Somme, but is common in river valleys
north of Abbeville.
Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler.
First heard on 14 April. A fairly common breeding
species.
Phylloscopus collybita. Chiffchaff.
First heard on 8 April. A fairly common breeding
species.
Turdus viscivorus. Mistle-Thrush.
Not common. A pair here and there nesting in village
orchards.
Turdus musicus. Continental Song-Thrush.
Not common, and extremely shy and retiring. They
appear to breed much later than those at home. Nests with
five and four eggs respectively were found in the Forét de
358 Major W. M. Congreve: Ornithological and _ [Ibis,
Crécy on 8 May and 20 May. In each case the nest was
about seven feet from the ground against the trunk of
a tree. The eggs were fresh. A nest containing five fresh
eggs was found on 21 May in a hawthorn hedge near
St. Valéry.
Turdus iliacus. Redwing.
Last seen on 3 May.
Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare.
Last seen on 29 April.
Turdus merula. Blackbird.
Common, but not nearly so much so as at home.
Turdus torquatus. Ring-Ouzel.
Two observed on migration on 29 April.
Phenicurus phenicurus. ledstart.
First noted on 8 April. A common breeding species, and
a pair in nearly every orchard.
Erithacus rubecula. Continental Robin.
Fairly common. The first nest was found on 4 May
and contained three young and three unfertile eggs.
Subsequently nests with six, six, and seven fresh eggs were
found on 10 May and 12 May. All these nests were in
lane-side banks in Saigneville. A friend of the writer’s
found two other nests with six and seven eggs respectively
near St. Valéry late in May. Seven is apparently a not
uncommon clutch and appears to be larger than is usual
with the British Robin.
Luscinia megarhyncha. Nightingale.
First heard on 6 May. Common in suitable woods and
spinneys.
Saxicola rubicola. Stonechat.
A pair here and there, but not common. A nest with
five considerably incubated eggs found on 8 May in a tuft
of grass by the roadside at Neuville near St. Valery.
1918.] Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 359
Saxicola rubetra. Whinchat.
First noted on 9 May. A pair here and there, and com-
monest on the low-lying cultivated ground near the river-
mouth, where they probably nested in the lucerne.
(nanthe enanthe. Wheatear.
Common near the sea, where they were probably breeding
in the shingle-banks.
Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow.
Not uncommon round the villages.
Troglodytes troglodytes. Wren.
A common nesting species.
Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher.
First noted on 4 May. A common nesting species.
Hirundo rustica. Swallow.
Common. The sites selected for nesting in the Peronne
district were often quite remarkable owing to the absence
of buildings. The birds often used the circular Nissen
huts put up for the troops, and were extraordinarily tame
and confiding. A wooden porch put up outside the ruined
single room occupied by the writer at Roisel was used directly
it was put up. Another pair made valiant efforts to build
their nest under the hood of one of the Battery lorries.
The lorry went out regularly, but the old birds carried on
building operations on its return and only gave up after
two or three days.
Again, there was the curious case of a pair that managed
to stick their nest against a vertical wall of a windowless
room used by the officers of a Brigade H.Q. as a mess.
The nest had no sort of underneath support.
Delichon urbica. Martin. \
Riparia riparia. Sand-Martin.
Both these species were moderately common, and found
nesting in suitable situations.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. 2D
360 Major W.M. Congreve: Ornithological and [Ibis,
Dryobates major. Spotted Woodpecker.
Fairly common. The only breeding-hole which the
writer thought was a certainty was appropriated by a pair
of large tree-mice, or perhaps rats. The species was quite
unknown to the writer.
Picus viridis. Green Woodpecker.
Common. Their breeding-holes were usually in most
inaccessible positions well up the bare trunks of large
beech-trees.
Iynx torquilla. Wryneck.
Not observed till late in July, and that was in northern
Belgium. |
Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo.
Fairly common. A pinkish type of egg found in a Reed-
Warbler’s nest near Saigneville on 9 June (fresh). The
Cuckoo had completely broken and practically destroyed
one of the Reed-Warbler’s eggs, and, of the remaining three,
one was badly holed.
The egg-sucking propensities of a certain Cuckoo are
remarked on under the heading of the Blue-headed Yellow
Wagtail.
Micropus apus. Swift.
Common.
Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher.
Occasionally seen.
Flammea flammea. Barn-Owl.
Common, and constantly flushed from old willows.
Carine noctua. Little Owl.
Very common. Nests with five and three fresh eggs
respectively found near St. Valéry on 19 May. In one case
an old bird sat so closely that it allowed the writer to
place his hand underneath it without making the least
attempt to move away or retaliate. The nests found were
in old apple-trees.
1918. | Oological Notes from the River Somme valley. 361
Circus pygargus. Montagu’s Harrier.
Not observed until 8 June, when several were seen
quartering in the extensive fields of corn in the neighbour-
hood of the Forét de Crécy. One was seen towards the end
of June in the Peronne district.
Buteo buteo. Buzzard.
Often noticed in the Forét de Crécy. Several could at any
time be seen on the wing at once, and they doubtless breed
there, but no nest was found.
Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk.
Not uncommon.
Falco tinnunculus. Kestrel.
Very common, and nesting in old Crows’ nests.
Anas boschas. Wild Duck.
Common and breeding in the swamps.
Mareca penelope. Wigeon.
A pair seen on a pool near the mouth of the river on
9 May, but they were not seen after that date.
Spatula clypeata. Shoveler.
Three seen on a pool near the mouth of the river on
9 May, but not seen after that date.
Nyroca ferina. Pochard.
One seen on a pool near the mouth of the river on 9 May,
but not seen after that date.
Ardea cinerea. Heron.
Occasionally seen near the river-mouth.
Ciconia ciconia. White Stork.
Five or six first seen on 7 June on the grassy flats near
the river-mouth. Subsequently, a friend informs the
writer, they became much more common, and he saw
them constantly round St. Valéry.
Gallinago gallinago. Snipe.
An odd one seen now and again, but there was no
drumming.
862 Ornithological Notes from River Somme valley. { Ibis,
Limosa sp.? Godwit.
A flock of about twenty near the mouth of the river in
summer plumage and last seen on 9 May.
Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing.
Large flocks in the early spring, but none remained to
breed.
Podiceps fluviatilis. Little Grebe.
Met with near Peronne, and a nest containing four fresh
eggs was found in the river swamp on 15 June.
Gallinula chloropus. Moorhen.
Not very common. Breeds.
Fulica atra. Coot.
Common in the early spring, but did not appear to remain
for breeding purposes.
Columba palumbus. Ring-Dove.
A fairly common breeding species.
Streptopelia turtur. Turtle-Dove.
A common breeding species. First noted on 6 May.
Perdix perdix. Partridge.
Very common. °
Coturnix coturnix. Quail.
Extremely common in both the river-mouth and Peronne
districts, especially the latter.
Round Peronne the thousands of acres of uncut grass
must have meant a most successful undisturbed breeding-
season,
In conclusion, the writer wishes to state that he fully
realizes how incomplete this list is. Species such as Hobby,
Bittern, the Rails, Goshawk, and Honey-Buzzard were care-
fully watched for with no success, and the Gulls and Waders
which were common near the sea during the early spring
were not sought for and identified owing to lack of time and
inclination.
1918.] On the Ornithology of Cape San Antonio. 363
XXII.—Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbour-
hood of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres.
Part I. Passerns. By Ernest Gisson, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.
(Text-figures 3 & 4.)
IvtRopucrion.
As it is nearly forty years since I wrote my first notes on
this subject (Ibis, 1879, p. 405), I may be justified in re-
capitulating and extending the preface regarding the exact
locality referred to, and the nature of the terrain, The
former is important, for, as Mr. Claude H. B. Grant
remarks (Ibis, 1911, p. 81) :—“It is a very interesting
locality, inasmuch as it is about the southern limit of
many woodland species common at Buenos Ayres and to
the northward, and is about the northern limit of many
Patagonian species that migrate northward in the winter
months.” The topographical details are, in their turn,
worthy of attention, bearing in mind the unique conjunc-
tion of the Atlantic Ocean and the estuary of the River
Plate (totally dissimilar in their elementary and coastal
formations) : the mainland, or “ Campo,” of pure Pampean
origin; the indigenous or natural woods of the littoral ;
and tidal creeks and salt lagunes, which again merge into
and lose themselves in immense freshwater swamps and
small lakes.
The smaller map (text-figure 3) establishes the exact
geographical position, the larger one (text-figure 4) the
physical features of my “ Happy Hunting-ground,” though
without attempting to delineate in detail the labyrinth of
salt-water creeks which characterize the northern or River
Plate side, or to depict the maze of swamps and marshes
on the remainder of the land, principally towards the
southern end.
The Gibson “Yngleses” estancia or stock-farm is now
approaching its centenary. When I last wrote from it, in
1878, its large extension of 65,000 acres was unfenced, and
364 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
very much in a state of nature, in spite of some sixty sub-
stations with 100,000 sheep, a few thousand cattle, ete.
Situated just inside Cape San Antonio (latitude 36° S.),
it is hounded on the north by the estuary of the River Plate.
Our neighbour Leloir holds the adjoining Tuyu estancia, on
which actually is the Cape itself; while his boundary, again,
is the Atlantic. The shore of the latter is sand, and a line
Text-figure 3.
URUGUAY
PROVINCE p enaszenoy a
56° 55°
6)"
Map of the Province of Buenos Ayres to show the situation of the
estancia Los Yngleses and Cape San Antonio.
of shifting dunes (varying probably from half-a-mile to two
miles in width) extends from the Cape down as far south as
the Sierras of Tandil and Balearce, where the first rocks or
cliffs occur at the now fashionable watering-place of Mar del
Plata (latitude 38° S.). The coast-line may be said to run
north and south; but I am unable to account for the exis-
tence, inland, of numerous long sandy ridges (now covered
with vegetation) parallel to each other and all trending
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 365
north-west and south-east. These would seem to indicate that
the confluence of the estuary and the ocean had combined
Text-figure 4.
seen,
* TeiINCON
AJO* E STANCIA
TUNE
ESTANCIA Ny eae
“LOS YNGLESES.”
(Sar 65400 acres).
= Hees,
. ice s* Meso starrom
oe
08 THGse.
e cnenen
Terms. -
ESTANCIA ® RANCHES on TTOCE PARR,
RinCem = “Conmag” Pamnten
WSLA =r ano
CANADA @ swans
Les
Peele ie
forte cyt
ha ats aes .
< eee aes,
aS Sajeevie
C
ran Real Wiese
eae s a he
otet SL atest eat tt es
Sketch-map of the estancia Los Yngleses.
to alter the shape of the Cape since the formation of these
old coast-lines or beaches.
366 Mr. E, Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
Immediately inside the cape, and extending all round the
Bay of Sanborombon, the coast is of an entirely different
character. For three or four miles inland, and encircling
the whole of the bay, are found the “rincénes,” a maze of
islands and. peninsulas, formed by tidal creeks of more or
less importance, and the ramifications of which are innu-
merable. The soil is a clay, hard enough on the surface,
but becoming soft as butter a short distance down, and is
strongly impregnated with salt. The ground shakes for a
considerable distance when a stake is driven in by a heavy
mallet. Horses, unaccustomed to the district, betray a
manifest uneasiness. And woe betide the unlucky rider
who—having traversed our great freshwater swamps, his
horse “ withers under”? and the rushes towering overhead,
in perfect immunity—innocently puts his mount at the
deceptive little creek, only three or four yards wide and not
many inches deep; in all probability, rider, saddle, and
horse become three separate factors within one wild horri-
fying minute, and the horse may have to be dragged out by
another with a lasso! ‘‘ What of the pass, Palomeque ? ”
I asked suspiciously of our guide, as a baker’s dozen of us
faced a mud-flat intersected by a streamlet, im the Rincon
Grande (Palomeque, be it noted, knew the rincdnes as
“the palm of his hand,” and his horse was accustomed to
them, whereas all ours were from the head-station side). -
“The going-in is good,” he replied, and five minutes later
finished the sentence with a cynical, “but I do not know
about the coming-out!” Three of us—Palomeque, the sub-
manager, and myself—had won through; the ten peones
were struggling out on foot, mud-bedaubed, and dragging
their plunging half-frantic horses on to terra firma. The
men were of various nationalities, and their language emu-
lated that of our Army in Flanders, past and present. The
rincones have a vegetation consisting principally of jungles
of such giant-grasses as the Pampa-grass (Gynerium argen-
teum) and a species of Esparto three feet high. The most of
the so-called terra firma and all the tidal creeks are in-
labited by a small burrowing crab in countless myriads ;
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 367
and the creeks are consequently called “ cangrejales” (from
“cangrejo,” a crab). The rincdnes are evidently of a very
recent formation, and are perceptibly both rising and be-
coming firmer *.
The shore of the Sanborombon Bay is muddy, and various
salt-water Carices fringe it in parts, from the cape upwards.
A few rocks of that curious formation, known locally as
“tosca”’ (the loéss of the Pampean formation of German
geologists), make their first appearance also on rounding the
cape and advancing into the bay. But these are rare.
As I have said, all the cangrejales merge into freshwater
swamps. These must resemble the former fens of England,
with the difference that a drought may dry up the largest
and deepest. They are to be traversed pretty well every-
where on horseback, especially by the narrowest or best-
known passes. But to launch oneself into the heart of a
“canadon” (superlative of “ cafiada,” a swamp) of several
hundred acres in extent, and explore it for hours at a
time—as I have so often done in the course of my ornitho-
logical pursuits,—requires on the part of the rider a thorough
development of the bump of locality, and that his horse
should be very strong and tame. It is a very serious
matter, on a dark winter’s night, to make a mistake re-
turning home late from a distant sub-station (“ puesto ’’)
and, missing one of the passes, get hopelessly lost; I have
known of one or two cases where horse and rider failed to
strike any higher ground, and ultimately succumbed to cold
and exhaustion. The cahadas form the great drainage-
system of the district, and have an existent though almost
imperceptible current. The deepest have only about five
feet of water, and then, perhaps, another foot of mud.
Their vegetation consists principally of the beautiful dark
green rush known as “Junco” (Scirpus riparius Presl) ;
the “ Espadafia” or sword-bladed flag, and “Totorra” of a
similar nature; and the “ Durasnillo blanco” (Solanum
glaucum Dunal), a deciduous-stemmed plant, with bunches
* The Bay of Bahia Blanca has its “ cangrejales.” As also that of
Sau Blas, between the Rivers Colorado and Negro,
368 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
of mauve-coloured flowers and later on clusters of dark
purple berries,—all of which grow to a height of from five
to seven feet above the surface of the water. There are
many other aquatic plants, but I will only mention the
prevalent duckweed or “Camalote’’ (Ceratophyllum sp.,
not C. australis Griseb., the only hitherto-described South
American species), which lies in beds on the surface of the
water, particularly in the open spaces, and when in full
growth at certain seasons of the year forms a very awkward
entanglement to the traveller. I remember the horse of our
head cattle-man being drowned one night, the rider narrowly
escaping with his life by clinging on to the tail of another,
the rider of which had gallantly turned to his rescue (for
the whole party of half-a-dozen was in serious difficulties at
the time). Notwithstanding the almost stagnant nature of
these swamps and the abundance of decaying vegetation
contained in them, they are perfectly healthy and give off
no injurious malaria. Doubtless this is to be accounted for
by the level country being so frequently and thoroughly
swept by the winds, from the Andes to the ocean ; and by a
considerable amount of nitre and salt inherent to the soil
and vegetation—a good example of the latter being an
abundantly-distributed Salicornia (Salicornia sp.), called
here “ Jame.”
We are fortunate in having many natural woods (the ex-
ception to the “ Treeless Pampas”), part of that strip which
extends from Buenos Ayres to Cape San Antonio, and from
there along the sea-coast (a little inland) until it culminates
on a large scale in the Montes Grandes, some forty miles
south. Those of the Yngleses head-station, though not
large, are singularly picturesque, being situated on and
about a group of dunes of a height varying up to twenty
or thirty feet. The “Tala” (Yala celtis) predominates ;
but the evergreen “Coronillo” (Scutia buzifolia Reiss.) is
abundant; and the ‘‘ Quebrachillo ” or “ Sombra de Toro”
(Iodina rhombifolia Hook.) is not uncommon. There is a
large distribution of the “ Sauco” or Elder (Sambucus aus-
tralis Cham. et Schlecht.). The undergrowth or brushwood
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 369
consists principally of the poisonous (to livestock) “ Duras-
nillo negro” (Cestrum parqui L’Heérit.) and the prickly
sweet-flowered “‘ Brusquilla.” The blue Passion-flower with
its golden fruit is common in all the woods, as are various
other creepers* ; and a few Air-plants (Oncidium? sp.),
with purple and crimson blossoms. The preceding are the
most salient features in the woodlands.
The “camp,” as all the English familiarly call it (from
“el campo,” the country, or plains), is quite level in this
district, no roll in the prairie. Sir Francis Head, who,
in his ‘Ride Across the Pampas,’ delineates them better
than anyone I know, gives a most graphic description of
the way in which a rancho, a tree, or a herd of cattle
or horses, appears on the horizon, is reached, passed, and
fades in the distance, to be replaced by some such other
object, as the rider gallops steadily on—fifty miles before
noon, ninety or a hundred by the time he finally dismounts
for the last time and unsaddles his second, third, or fourth
horse (verily, he was a mighty rider before the Lord, was
the said Sir F. Head!). Words, however, cannot describe
the Pampas ; they need to be seen to be appreciated pro-
perly. It is strange that various writers find their influence
to be gloomy and saddening, and attribute the natural gravity
of the Gaucho (the Horseman of the Plains) to this most
unnatural cause. They are solemn and impressive at times
—in a magnificent thunderstorm, rolling up from the horizon
to the zenith in a few minutes; or at night, with a fierce
Pampero wind driving a few white clouds across the full
moon, and bearing on its blast the uncanny shrieks of the
“Mad Widow” (the Southern Courlan, Aramus scolopaceus
Gm.) from the swamps; or again, when the said swamps
have been fired in a great drought, and by day or night the
landscape becomes a roaring crackling inferno of fire and
smoke. But commend me to the warm sunlight and the
pure air, the sensation of perfect freedom in that vast soli-
tude, the line where plain and sky meet so palpably yet so
_ * The well-known Solanwm—green and scarlet-berried—is also
indigenous and abundant.
370 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
unattainably, though the long leagues gather behind one,
day after day ; while the only sounds are those of the breeze
among the grasses and scarlet verbena, the occasional cry of
a bird, and the continuous dull beat of the horse’s hoofs on
the springy turf, to the jingling accompaniment of the
Spanish saddle-housings and the cheery bell of the ma-
drina mare leading the tropilla ahead. ‘“ Paja y cielo,” as
Cunninghame Graham aptly puts it, ‘Grass and sky.”
The actual alluvial soil here is shallow, and consists of
about nine inches of black earth, followed by a foot of grey
clay (‘‘greda”); then comes sand, a deeper belt of blue clay,
and after that—more sand! I had hitherto written that the
preceding expressed all that was known of the depth of these
strata. But a few years ago the Government undertook
the sinking of an artesian well in the township of General
Lavalle or Ajé. The cost ran to several thousand pounds;
the boring reached a depth of over 2500 feet ; no potable
water was struck, and the geological formation throughout
was purely Pampean—sand, clay, loéss, etc. ‘There are no
stones or pebbles in the soil, not even the dimension of a
pin-head ; but sea-shells make their appearance at from
eight to ten feet below the surface of the ground. Water is
found at a depth of from four to eight feet, but is often
brackish or even salt. It is, of course, surface or rain-
water, and is retained in situ by the second belt of blue clay
I have mentioned; if this is traversed, the up-welling is a
water not only salt, but bitter. Probably the district only
averages six feet above the level of the sea.
Of the herbage or grasses, suffice it to say that they have
undergone various important modifications during the past
century of grazing—the Pampa-grass, for example, formerly
covering a Jarge part of the centre of the estancia, being
only found in the rincénes now, its place being taken by
soft grasses. De Moussy, in his work on the Argentine
Republic, includes this district among the highest class of
pastoral lands in the Province of Buenos Ayres; and Buenos
Ayres yields precedence to no other country in the world in
that respect. Rye-grass is the staple indigenous pasture ;
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 371
in a good season I have frequently seen it stirrup-high,
wetting my feet with the early dew. Thistles, of various
species, it is needless to say, abound; no writer on the
Pampas has failed to expatiate on the giant thistle-beds
(sometimes higher than a rider’s head) which make their
appearance in the spring and summer; nor, indeed, is the
unfortunate traveller who has been “ thistled ” (¢. e., lost his
way at night, possibly with an unruly tropilla of horses)
likely to forget the unpleasant and painful experience. Very
awkward, too, is the “ Junquillo negro” (Juncus acutus Lam.),
found more especially on the sandy soils of the coast, where
it practically covers the terrain. Trefoils and clovers are
abundant—the “ Trebol de Ol6r” (Melilotus parviflora Desf.),
the common “ Carretilla,” and others. The pretty heath-like
‘“ Hierba de Perdiz” (Margyricarpus setosus R. & P.) cannot
be overlooked. . Nor the abominable Xanthium spinosum, so
well-named by Linneeus and by the Gauchos “ Sepa caballo.”
The “ Altemisa” (Tagetes glandulifera Schenk) communi-
cates its pungent flavour to the very mutton itself. I take
it that the “Camambu” (Physalis alkikengi Linn.) is a
near relative of the Cape gooseberry. And I would particu-
larly note the “ Rossetta” (Cenchrus tribuloides Linn.), a
useless hard grass with a cruel mace-like head, admirably
suited to lame sheep and dogs, which made its first appear-
ance after the flood of 1877, and is now found everywhere.
Nor is colour wanting ; flowers are more or less abundant.
The pretty white blossom of the “ Hierba de mosquito”
(Lippia nodiflora Rich) is dominant in the summer. Acres
of a sorrel (of which there are two varieties) give a lovely
pink or pale lemon-coloured carpeting, extremely rare and
delicate. The two verbenas, scarlet and mauve (the white
one I have only met in the Banda Oriental), are common.
Convolvulus and vetches of various kinds abound. And
there are many others.
In paleontological remains the district is very poor, as
might be inferred from its low elevation. Fragments of
the carapace of the Glyptodon are occasionally found on the
Atlantic sea-board, amongst the débris scattered along
372 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
the shore. There are also the remains of six more or less
incomplete skeletons of whales on the Yngleses alone.
About the year 1876 I made the interesting ethnological
discovery (in four different localities) of extensive remains
of Indian pottery, “bolas perdidas,” flints, ete. The flints
were very numerous as regards flakes, and some of the
finished arrow-heads of excellent workmanship. These last
conclusively prove that they belonged to the former Guarani
Indians, and not to the present races now inhabiting the
pampas of Buenos Ayres. [N.B.—The preceding is a quota-
tion from my previous paper. The end of the Indians—
Tehuelche and Pehuelche—came in 1880, when General
Roca’s expedition swept clean the Pampa Central.]
What follows, then, as may be gathered from these notes,
is a natural division of all our birds into three great classes
—namely, those of the wood, the plain, and the swamps or
marshes. The rincones have also a few species peculiar to
them ; but, again, on the other hand, the shore has none.
The thirty-seven years that have passed since I last wrote
have produced no changes in these bird-solitudes, now more
of a sanctuary than ever. The general use of wire-fencing
has been conducive to their protection, inasmuch that the
public is restricted to the roads; the paddock-system has
reduced the number of shepherds by two-thirds; and the
gangs of hunters of that giant water-rat, the “ Nutria”
(Myopotamus coypu), accompanied by packs of dogs, no
longer rove over the land at their own sweet will*. The
nearest railhead is still sixty miles off, and likely to
remain so. Various droughts (one of four yeaxs’ duration)
and floods (the last—the greatest on record—enduring for
nearly three years) were productive of extraordinary varia-
tions in bird-life ; but have always been followed by a return
* “Valiente! Me vas 4 privar de nutriar donde quiero?” (Anglice:
“Oh boaster; Dost thou purpose forbidding me to hunt the nutria
anywhere I choose ? ”—using the insolent second person) was the trucu-
lent reply I received on one occasion from the leader of half-a-dozen of
these men, who, with a score of mongrels, were raising pandemonium
as they systematically quartered a half-dry swamp.
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 373
to normal conditions. In the course of the big drought the
swamps not only dried up in all their extension, but their
aquatic vegetation totally disappeared, and they became at
one with the surrounding plains. In October of 1913, when
the great flood touched its highest point, two-thirds of the
Yngleses was under water; and the old joke was revived
that the Gibsons bred their Lincoln sheep to a web-footed
type! In the total course of forty-five years, I have ob-
served the increase of one or two species of birds ; whilst a
few others have diminished, from natural causes.
Probably, I may not have further opportunities of con-
tinuing these notes. Voyages to and from the River Plate
are not of a festive nature at present. I also found on my
last two visits to the Yngleses (1915 and 1916) that my
once-good horses had degenerated sadly—they galloped
heavily and stumbled frequently. Localities, too, had
struggled absurdly far apart, as compared with my former
estimates (though, of course, the ‘‘legua pampa” was”
always of a similar quantity to the “Scotch mile”). How-
ever, the Buenos Ayres Museum and myself have arranged
to exploit the district conjointly, by means of one of the
museum’s collectors. My former collections are to be found
in the Museums of Buenos Ayres, London (Natural History
Museum), Edinburgh, and Dresden. I believe there are a
few specimens also in Dublin and Cambridge.
To Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and Mr. Charles Chubb, of the
Natural History Museum, I am indebted for much kindly
assistance, in identification and other matters, as also to
the good services of Mr. James Wells—which I take this
opportunity of gratefully acknowledging.
The enumeration and nomenclature herein followed is
that of Sclater and Hudson’s ‘Argentine Ornithology,’
except when the species in question does not happen to
figure in that work. This publication has been my
general authority since it first saw the light in 1889; nor
could I wish a better guide in field-work than Mr. Hudson’s
accurate and interesting observations. Otherwise, any
further references are confined to my own former paper
374 _Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
(Ibis, 1879, pp. 405-424; 1880, pp. 1-38, 153-169), and
those by Mr. Claude H. B. Grant (Ibis, 1911, pp. 80-137,
317-350, 459-478; 1912, pp. 273-280), who collected in
this neighbourhood on behalf of the British Museum and
myself.
2. Turdus rufiventris Vieill. Red-bellied Thrush.
Very abundant in the woods and garden, and even in the
smaller plantations and gardens of the numerous shepherds.
‘Ihe song, sweet and clear, may be heard all the year round,
though, of course, is more in evidence in the spring, and then
generally in the early morning and the evening. Its par-
tiality for grapes and figs is much to be deplored, for, of the
various species of fruit-eaters which devastate the vines and
fig-trees, the mellow-toned Thrush is the one least readily
to be spared.
It will nest familiarly in a jasmine of my verandah, or in
a shrub a few yards from the front-door. And I have found
a nest with young, inside a deserted old tumble-down rancho,
round which there grew only half-a-dozen stunted acacia-
trees, and the surroundings were swamp and plain. The
usual situation, however, is an elder-tree or bush, in the
woods by preference ; in any case it 1s concealed as much
as possible by thick foliage. The height from the ground
varies from three to ten feet, the general average being
about five or six. It is generally very well put together ;
sometimes deeply cup-shaped and solid. The outer materials
are of grass, moss, wool, and dry plant-stems ; then follows
a course of mud, more or less thick (on one occasion I found
this substituted by a mixture of sand and dry grass); the
lining consists generally of fine roots, fibres, or grass. As
early as 26 August I have observed a completed nest, though
I do not recollect taking eggs until a month later. All the
month of October constitutes the laying season. Two nests
with full-fledged young, on 27 January and 2 February
respectively, are exceptional, and may represent a second
brood.
The eggs not unfrequently number four, though three is
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 375
the more usual clutch and the number of nestlings reared.
Ground-colour pale blue, thickly spotted with reddish brown;
generally most marked towards upper end, where it some-
times takes the form of a ring or cap. The blue is more
pronounced than in those of the Calandria Mocking-bird
(Mimus modulator), aud the eggs generally rounder in shape ;
otherwise there is much and confusing similarity between
the eggs of the species.
Measurements: General average 29x21 mm. Largest
clutch 29 x 22 mm. ; smallest 26 x 20 mm.
6. Mimus modulator Gould. Calandria Mocking-bird.
It would be impossibie to add to, or improve upon,
Mr. Hudson’s notes on this species. As abundant in the
district as Turdus rufiventris, it shares in many respects
—food and locality—the latter’s habits. “It is a voracious
and bold fruit-eater, and is not deterred by scarecrows in
the shape of stuffed cats and hawks, nor driven far afield by
shooting. Generally distributed about the woods, it is
equally at home in the patio aud around the houses, where
it examines the fresh sheep-skins and the rubbish-boxes in
front of the kitchens, for scraps of meat and grease. Like
the Thrush above referred to, it will nest in the creepers of
my house-verandah ; and, what is more, the whole family
will continue to roost subsequently in the same locality until
the approach of the following spring. Indeed, the conti-
nuity of the family-association is very marked all through
the autumn and the greater part of winter. A group of
nine, however, recorded in the middle of April, must have
consisted of two families. Courageous and pugnacious are
adjectives well merited by the Calandria. Away back in the
year 1875 I made the following note :—“ Saw a Calandria—
after repeatedly trying to dislodge a Carancho Carrion- Hawk
(Polyborus tharus) from its perch on the top of a large
Tala tree—deliberately alight on its back and rémain there
for fully half-a-minute, the Carancho merely looking round
at it once or twice.” The date being 5 August, there could
be no question of a nest or young to defend. It was a day
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 2E
376 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
of surprises, for, in an open part of the same paddock, my
attention was drawn to an attack by a very large nocturnal
moth (Hrebia odora ?) on a Chingolo Sparrow (Zonotrichia
pileata)—a most Homeric combat, all in the _ bright
sunlight: an incident related*in my former paper. But
especially in defence of its nest is the Calandria’s bravery
exhibited. It scolds angrily, and will approach quite close
to the trespasser. Once I found a pair nesting in a quince-
tree at a singularly isolated “ puesto” on the Atlantic
seaboard, where the Puestero—a warden of the fences—
was absent all the day, and the two or three species of
wood-birds inhabiting the few trees of the garden were little
accustomed to the sight of man. The Calandrias vehemently
disputed my intrusion, and one of them (the female) kept
pace with my hand as I parted the branches to reach the
nest, which was just on the level of my eyes. I reached
the edge on the one side simultaneously with the bird on the
other, and had only time to feel there were two eggs when
my hand got a violent and quite sufficiently painful peck
from the feathered fury. My curiosity was more than
satisfied, and I beat a retreat.
The nesting-season begins early in October, when the first
eggs are laid, and extends to the end of the first week in
November, being most general in the second half of tlie
former month. I have seen a couple of nests with eggs at
the end of November, and actually noted one on the 10th of
January ; but these are marked exceptions to the general
rule. The bulk are placed in Tala trees (frequently isolated
or apart from the main woods), Coronillo trees, Elder trees,
or bushes; and, in the garden, Quince or Poplar trees.
There is not much attempt at concealment, and, indeed, the
scolding activity of the birds betrays the cause of their con-
cern, I have known of a nest in an Elder bush only one foot
from the ground, and another in a Poplar at the height of
ten feet; but the general average is about five.
The nest itself is strongly built on the outside of thorny
twigs from the Tala tree, followed by dry roots of grass and
occasionally some wool or moss (in many cases this is mixed
1918.] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 377
with a little earthy matter or sand). The lining consists of
fine roots, to which often is added horsehair and, more rarely,
some wool or a little cow-hair.
The full clutch of eggs is from three to four (I have seen
one of five), in the proportion of two of the former to one of
the latter. Ground-colour pale or dull blue, thickly marked
with reddish brown, tending to increase towards blunt end,
They are more even in appearance and shape than those of
Turdus rufiventris, with which, as I have remarked, they
may be easily confounded.
Measurements: General average 28x21] mm. Largest
clutch 30x 21 mm. ; smallest 28x20 mm.
8. Mimus triurus (Vieill.). White-banded Mocking-bird.
Of this Mocking-bird, so enthusiastically celebrated by
Hudson, | have only one recorded appearance—a solitary
specimen shot by Mr. M. A. Runnacles from an Ombu tree
in the Estancia patio, in the autumn of 1896. We were
both much interested in its occurrence.
10. Polioptila dumicola (Vieill.). Brush-lovin g Fly-snapper.
A most dainty and charming species, resident, but irregular
in its appearance, irrespective of any question of migration.
Generally in pairs (I have seen three such in one morning),
they sometimes associate three or four together, even five
or six, which last, being at the end of January, probably
constituted a family group. ‘These pairs or parties may
sometimes be found for several days in the same locality,
after which they move on. Either they are worshippers
of the sun for its heat, or profit by its light in their food-
researches ; for I have frequently observed one of the
groups busily employed on the cast side of a small wood in
the early morning, and on the west side towards sundown.
Mr. Hudson, after alluding to its * short notes,” states that
“it has no song.” I myself, on the contrary, find (under
date of 8 August) that I “twice heard it singing very
prettily ’; and again (from 1-17 September), “noticed
that it has a very sweet short song.”
2ER
378 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
The breeding-season is in the first half of November, to
judge from the very sparse number of nests (only four) which
I have obtained. Two of these were in Tala trees, one in a
cleft and the other at the very extremity of a branci, to
which it was attached like a cup to its handle; the other
two hidden in thorny “ Brusquilla” bushes: all four about
six feet from the ground. The localities chosen were sunny,
and in the most retired parts of the woods. Beautifully
built of lichens, moss, and spider-webs—lined with horse-
hair, small feathers and down, and rather cup-shaped—the
nests much resemble those of the Chaffinch. The respective
clutches of the four nests were two, three, three, and six—
the last clutch of six being laid between 2 and 9 November.
The colour of the eggs is a pale yellowish buff, and they
are rather roundish. Measurements: 16x13 mm.
12. Troglodytes furvus (Gm.). Brown House-Wren.
I have absolutely nothing to add to the notes in my
former paper.
15. Anthus correndera Vieill. Cachila Pipit.
Until the advent of Mr. Claude H. B. Grant in 1908, I
had failed to separate this species from the following one
(A. furcatus). Accordingly, all my former Correndera
field-notes are valueless. Mr. Grant himself, however,
has omitted to describe the eggs of both birds (vide Ibis,
1911, p. 87), so I herewith supplement his notes, from
clutches of his own collecting.
A. correndera. The shape is not so elongated as would
be inferred from Hudson, though perhaps more so than
those of A. furcatus. Ground-colour a very dirty white,
thickly spotted with dusky brown and drab. “ In some eggs
the spots are confluent,’ as Hudson says, “the whole shell
being of a dull brownish-drab colour.” To which may be
added a tendency to form a ring at the blunt end. According
to both Hudson and Grant, the full clutch is four. Measure-
ments: Average 20X15 mm,
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. $79
16. Anthus furcatus d’Orb. et Lafr. Fork-tail Pipit.
Shape of eggs somewhat rounder than in A. correndera.
Ground-colour and markings much lighter; the former
whitish, the latter lighter brown spots and speckles, with
rarer tendency to increase towards the blunt end. There
are, however, a few dark hair-like streaks at the blunt end,
which are more noticeable in this species than in A. cor-
rendera. Measurements: Average 19x 14 mm,
17. Parula pitiayumi (Vicill.), Pitiayumi Wood-singer.
I have no note of this species from 1872 (when I took up
residence) until 1880. During the subsequent twelve years
it occurred eight times, always in the winter months, from
April to August. On six of these occasions they were single
birds; on the other two a pair, which remained in evidence
during all the month of August 1881 and all of May 1902
respectively. Two of the single birds were seen in the
woods ; the others were of the garden.
Mr. Grant chronicles it during lis stay, 1908-9, but con-
siders it only a winter visitor, in accordance with my own
notes. Subsequent to 1902, there is a blank in my diary
until the spring of 1913, when my previous conceptions
were quite upset. On the lst of November there appeared
a single bird at the Cypress and Orange trees alongside of
my house: until the 26th of December it was seen frequently
aud seemed very tame; twice it came to the dining-room
window in search of flies, whilst we were at table, and twice
it alighted on a rose-bush quite close to me (once quietly
to discuss a catapillar), At other times it was observed
diligently quartering the Cypress and Orange trees in search
of small insects—Tit-fashion—or extracting honey from
flowers. On one occasion it amused itself by actually driving
off the scene that most pugnacious Tyraut-bird, Lichenops
perspicillatus. My daughter was positive that she saw no
less than three together on 8 November, and on 26 De--
cember I fancied there were two. Otherwise, only one was
in evidence, and this continued to haunt the particular
380 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithulogy of [ Ibis,
Cypress adjoining my house in a way that strongly indi-
cated a nest (but which I failed to locate amidst the dense
foliage). On the morning of 8 January, after a night’s
thunderstorm and heavy rain, I saw two adults and what I
took to be two full-fledged young in the usual lower part of
the Cypress. Alter that, until 25 February, one bird only
continued to be observed in its favourite locality, and ceased
to appear after that date.
25. Progne furcata Baird. Purple Martin.
When writing on this species in ‘The Ibis’ (1880,
p. 23), under the designation of Progne purpurea Linn., I
was actually referring to Progne chalybea Gm. The real
furcata is summarized in the paragraph which says :—
‘‘There were two entirely black specimens which used to
appear annually at the head-station; but I have not seen
them for the last year or two.”
Mr. Grant records one which he obtained (the only one
observed) in 1909 (‘ Ibis,’ 1911, p. 89).
On 13 September, 1880, there appeared two. On 16 Sep-
tember, 1881, one. On 15 September, 1882, one. All
the preceding—mine and Mr. Grant’s—were in associa-
tion with Progne chalybea. With one other exception
(18 November, 1899), I have noted none since 1882.
26. Progne chalybea (Gm.). Domestic Martin.
To my former notes (‘ Ibis,’ 1880, p. 23, under P. furcata),
I have only one further observation to add. Mr. Hudson
states that it ‘‘never breeds in the domed nests of other
birds in trees, a situation always resorted to by the Tree-
Martin (P. tapera),” referring, of course, to the nests of
the Oven-bird (Furnarius rufus). ‘Two such cases, however,
have come under my notice, on 5 and 12 November, 1879,
which I tind jotted down under the remark : ‘‘ Noticed that
a pair of Domestic Martins have taken possession of an
Oven-bird’s uest, closing up the lower half of the entrance
with mud”; and, “another similar case to the preceding |
observed.”
1918. | Cave San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 381
27. Progne tapera (Linn.). ‘Tree-Martin.
Again, I have few further notes to add to my former
observations on this species, beyond confirming Mr. Hudson’s
remarks regarding its autumnal departure. I have occa-
sionally, but not often, seen it congregated on a tree or
trees in the wood, to the number of fifteen or twenty, and
even in one instance some thirty, adults and young, in the
month between 13 February and 10 March. But this,
undoubtedly, is unusual.
One characteristic of P. ¢apera which has been overlooked
by Hudson, Grant, and, hitherto, myself, is its untiring
pugnacity. How often have I seen the victim—perhaps
even the Tree-Teal (Querguedula jlavirostris) — winding
silently and desperately through the trees, whilst the
equally mute Tree-Martin sped closcly after it, curving
with every swerve of the other like a baleful shadow.
My carpenter, alluding to this habit, told me how it
bullied his Pigeons, getting behind and below them and
striking up at the root of the tail, sometimes knocking
feathers out. His birds‘were much afraid of these attacks,
and would promptly drop down into his yard when struck.
28. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieill.). Red-backed Rock-
Martin.
Mr. Grant first chronicled this bird as a passing migrant
on 2 March, 1909, and again on 23 February, 1910. Another
correspondent further wrote me on 29 March, 1910 :—
“ P. pyrrhonota is going across now. I saw a flock of from
twenty to thirty this morning.” It would seem not to make
any stay in our district.
29. Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieill.). | White - rumped
Swallow.
Mr. Hudson has written so fully on this species that he
has left little for me to add. For a migrant, it is difficult
to specify its arrival and departure. As he says, there is an
invariable re-appearance throughout the winter on sunny
days, however cold. - For example, June 1875 happened to
382 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
be a particularly cold month, notwithstanding which I
observed it practically every day about the buildings, woods,
and plains; on the 19th I recorded ‘ Five or six seen in the
open campo, though the thermometer was at 23° F., and
ice on the swamps”’; on the 24th, “ Very cold. After sun-
down saw nine or ten about the patio, chasing one another
and twittering.’ Again, on 10 July, 1876, ‘Some thirty
seen perched on afence. Mild day.” Or, 27 April, 1877,
“Fifty or sixty seen in open campo, perched on or. flying
about a sheep-corral. Fine day.”’ And so on, during many
years’ records. Take another abnormal instance. The
22ud of August is still exceedingly early spring, yet ‘‘ Late
in the afternoon a flock of over fifty made its appearance,
flying about over the head-station and occasionally alighting
on one of the Ombu trees in the patio, all apparently very
tired. Bitterly cold day, the continuance of months of
extremely frosty and dry weather. These had vanished
again, the next day.” Roughly speaking, the consensus of
my notes for this district would give the middle of August
for the spring arrival and the middle of April for the general
autumnal departure.
As described by Mr. Hudson, the nesting-season is
initiated by much inspection of old and new sites, and
a prolonged warfare between the would-be occupants.
Taken as a whole, the sites which are preferred are those
in trees, generally the deserted abode of the Red-crested
. Woodpecker (Chrysoptilus cristatus); next in favour are
holes in buildings and mouths of waterpipes, ete. It
has never been my fortune to corroborate Mr. Hudson’s
statement that ‘It sometimes lays in a tree, in a large
nest, previously abandoned, of the Lenatero or Firewood-
gatherer (Anumbius acuticaudatus).’ -But I once found a
nest, all feathers, within that of an Oven-bird (Furnarius
rufus). On the neighbouring Estancia of the Tuyu one of
the entrances to the garden of the head-station is through an
archway formed by the jawbones of a whale. Ina cavity
of this, about eight feet from the ground, I observed a
Swallow flying. in and out, evidently to its nest. The fact
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 883
of a pair of Swallows having taken up their abode in the
skull of a whale is somewhat reminiscent of the anachronism
of Samson’s beehive in the dead lion!
Four or five eggs is the general number of a clutch (only
once have I seen six). These are pure white, of an elon-
gated pear-shape, and average 21 x 14 mm.
30. Atticora cyanoleuca (Vicill.). Bank-Swallow. {
The Bank-Swallow has, to all practical purposes, passed
beyond my ken for the last thirty-five years. It is still to be
seen occasionally in the district (see [bis, 1911, p.92). But
in remarking that “it does not now breed in the Ajo district,
or if so very sparingly,’ Mr. Grant omits to furnish the clue
to his statement. Mr. Hudson describes how the species was
common on the level Pampas because it took possession of
the forsaken hole excavated by the little Miner ( Geositta
cunicularia) in the brow of the Vizcacha or Biscacho’s
burrow. Now it so happens that many years ago there
was carried out a systematic extirpation of Vizcacha (Lago-
stomus trichodactylus), with the result that nowadays, to
take our own Estancia, a Vizcacha is as likely to be found
as the extinct Red Wolf or Aguard Guazti (Canis jubatus),
whilst their erstwhile innumerable villages are fallen in
aud assimilated completely to the surrounding grass plain.
With the Vizcacha went the Miner (for it found no little
bank of any kind io excavate in, except an occasional bunker
in the sand-lills); and without the Miner the Bank-S wallow
lost the landlord in whose flat it had a reversionary interest.
In the foregoing is another curious instance of the effects
produced in the chain of Nature by tampering with one
of its links or factors. [In my 1879 paper I erroneously
alluded to this species as Hirundo leucorrhoa. | Sila
The nest is placed in the chamber at the end of the
passage or burrow, is’ built of dry grass, and lined with soft
feathers. The eggs (of which I have taken five to the
clutch) are laid towards the end of October; they are
pure white and pointed. Unfortunately I do not possess
the measurements.
384 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [1bis,
38. Tanagra bonariensis(Gm.). Blue-and-yellow Tanager.
In my former notes I alluded to this species as Tanagra
striata.
Mr. Grant expresses a strong belief as to its nesting in
the district, but the fact remains to be proved. Generally
it is scarcer in the months of October and November (so
much I find from the long record in my diary). Equally
true is it that both males and females were never entirely
wanting during these months, in pairs or small flocks.
Iris blood-red ; bill, above dark brown, below whitish ;
feet dark brown.
53. Spermophila cerulescens Vieill. Screaming Finch.
Until Mr. Grant recorded this species in 1909 and again
in 1910 (when two nests were taken) I was only aware of
its visits to this district by one specimen, a female, which
I shot in the garden in May of 1899.
Mr. Hnudson’s description of the nest is deservedly
eulogistic. One in my possession, of Mr. Grant’s collecting,
bears out lis praise. It was situated in a shrub, in a clump
of bamboos. Placed between five forked stems, it is wedged
in position, not attached. Built of thin pale-coloured fibrous
roots, cleverly interwoven; but so frail that it can be seen
through, from bottom or sides. A few of the dead leaves
of the stems sustaining it are ingeniously caught-in on the
outside, and aid the disguise. Width: outside, 22 in.,
depth 2 in.; inside, 2x 14} in, The one egg is thin-shelled
and blunt-pointed. Ground-colour dirty white, spotted
with bluish brown (mostly towards blunt end, where a
cap is formed) and a few black specks. Measurements :
18x 12mm.
54. Paroaria cucullata Lath. Cardinal Finch.
T'o my former notes I have only to add that the Cardinal
also nests occasionally in an Elder tree or bush. In one
such case, where the nest was only five feet from the
ground, it contaiued the unusual number of four eggs,
three being the normal clutch.
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 885
Adult. Iris reddish brown ; bill brown above, whitish
below ; feet black.
Juv. Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; feet dark grey.
59. "Poospiza nigrorufa d’Orb. et Lafr. Black-aud-chestnut
Warbling Finch, i
This Finch is to be found about the woods, and occa-
sionally in dry swamps or the coverts of ‘‘ Junquillo negro ”
(Juncus acutus).
Though in evidence all the year round, singly or in
pairs, it is not an abundant species. One summer, from
1 November, 1898, to 31 January, 1899, proved a singular
exception. I find it recorded as ‘“ Unusually plentiful.
Instead of the two or three strictly localised pairs of former
years, it is to be seen and heard everywhere —in the woods,
garden, sub-stations, thistle-beds, and swamps. Brown, the
carpenter, had no difficulty in trapping some for his aviary,
where they quickly became at home with his canaries.
He described to me a peculiar habit of the male, which
occasionally spreads its tail like a Turkey-cock ” (I cannot
personally confirm the last statement). It always has a
tendency in its haunts to brushwood and weed-coverts.
The constantly-iterated song is pretty, though only con-
sisting of a few notes, and is not unlike that of the
Chattinch. Frequently I have been aware of the presence
of the bird, without actually being able to set eyes on it,
owing to its secluded surroundings amidst the dense under-
growth.
‘The food in the crop I have found to be small beetles.
I confess the nest is very difficult to find. wo are
described respectively in my notes as follows :— Placed
on the top of a little Tala stump, about a foot from the
ground, among thick dry brushwood and weeds. Built
rather slovenly of dry grass and plant stems, and lined with
fine roots and a few horsehairs. Two eggs. 12th October,
1879.” ‘The second :—“ Situated in a big thistle, about a
foot from the ground, in an opening in a wood. Built of
dry grass and lined with hair. ‘I'wo (much-incubated) eggs
386 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
with one of Molothrus bonariensis. 1st November, 1881.”
The eggs are as described by Hudson :—* Of a pale bluish
ground-colour, irregularly marked with black and very dark
brown spots, and in some instances clouded with faint grey.”
I regret I have no specimens for measurements.
77. Zonotrichia pileata (Bodd.). Chingolo Song-Sparrow.
I have nothing of importance to add to my former notes.
In the three last months of 1913 it was extraordinarily in
evidence, owing to the great flood having driven it out of
all the lower grounds. In the garden, consequently, the
havoc it caused was of the very worst nature.
It will be of interest to watch the effects produced by the
advent of its Huropean congener, Passer domesticus Linn.
(uow, unhappily, established in our midst).
Passer domesticus Linn. Domestic Sparrow.
On revisiting the Yngleses in the summer of 1916-17,
I found this undesirable alien firmly established at the
head-station. In all the holes under the eaves of the
buildings, and even in the boxes put up for the benefit
of the Domestic Martin (Progne chalybea), were its nests
to be found, whilst a considerable number roosted at night
under the same eaves. None but a bird of this audacious
species would systematically cling outside the cage of an
innocent little Parroquet, suspended over the kitchen door,
and shamelessly pilfer its sopped bread! Antonio, the
gardener, was promptly despatched, with a flea in his ear
and a wire look in his hand, to drag out all the nests, and
I was sadly ungrateful when he appeared at the office-door
with a double handful of the familiar eggs and the solicitous
query, ‘ Did I want them for my collection?” It is much
to be feared that all such efforts will be in vain, for I have
it on record that Mr. Grant took a nest situated in an old
nest of the Firewood-gatherer (Anumbius acuticaudatus),
And in any case, a bird of such versatility and resource
must necessarily baffle all ordinary means of repression.
The species was introduced into the Argentine somewhere
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 387
about a quarter of a century ago. Rumour has it that a
well-known German brewer of Buenos Ayres longed for its
familiar presence in the yards of his establishment, where
grain was abundant. Anyhow, I was startled to recognize
it high up in the decorative architecture of Calle Florida
(the Bond Street of Buenos Ayres) in 1890. Since then
it has spread all over the country, eicouraged by the
development of the grain production, and facilitated by
the network of railways with their corresponding leakage
from trafic.
Merely from method I add the description of the
eggs :—Ground-colour dirty white, thickly spotted with
dark ash-grey, increasing towards the blunt end. Measure-
ments 21 x 16 mm.
83. Embernagra platensis (Gm.). Red-billed Ground-
Finch.
Rarely or never seen about the woods, nor in the open
plains. Always to be found in our “ rincénes” amidst the
great Pampa grass and Hsparto beds, and in the equally
vast “Junquillo negro” coverts of the neighbouring Tuyu
estancia, occasionally in dry Swamps in time of drought,
and sometimes in a little jungle of the “ Carda ” (Agave sp.)
which grows on the sandier soils.
The crops examined contaiued seeds and small beetles,
In qualification of Mr. Hudson’s disclaimer, I have once
seen it followed by a young Molothrus bonariensis, which
it was feeding, and also have the record of a nest which
contained an egg of the same parent.
It would seem to build rather late in the spring, in spite
of pairing for life, the record of half-a-dozen nests ranging
from 27 October to 20 November, mostly in the latter
month. These are difficult to find, well-hidden and placed
low in a dense clump of the particularly obnoxious “ Jun-
quillo negro,” fairly well-built of dry grass and lined with
finer material of the same nature.
The full clutch of eggs (undescribed by either Hudson or
Grant) is three. There is considerable variation in these,
388 Mr. EK. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ihis,
Sometimes white is the ground-colour, with very dark red-
brown spots and streaks, nearly all gathered about the apex
of the blunt end. Or the ground-colour may be of a pale
warmish-yellow, with warm red specks, spots, and blotches,
some violaceous sub-surface spots, and interlaced streaks
of bright red-brown mostly at the blunt end, where they
form a circle. The general appearance is bold and striking.
Measurements: 25x18 mm.
87. Chrysomitris icterica (Licht.). Black-headed Siskin.
I deal fully with this species in my former paper under
the name of C. magellanica Burm.
In nesting, the height from the ground varies from four
to eight feet. Four is the predominant clutch (never
exceeded). Only on one oceasion have I found a nest con-
taining both types of eggs, one being pure white, the other
two of the delicately-spotted variety.
89. Sycalis pelzelni Scl. Yellow House-Sparrow.
It is impossible to improve upon Mr, Hudson’s detailed
description of this species. At best, 1 can only supplement
it with a few details.
As a rule, it nests in the old abode of the Oven-bird, and
in the woods here there are always many vacant homes of
Furnarius rufus. The same statement applies to the
Firewood-gatherer (Anumbius acuticaudatus) ; many nests,
and many Yellow House-Sparrow tenants. I have also
found it occupying the hole excavated by a Red-crested
Woodpecker (Chrysoptilus cristatus). About the buildings,
a hole in the eaves or:a waterpipe provides it with a home.
But, to me, the most curious site was the nest of a Rush-
loving Spine-tail (Phlwocryptes melanops) suspended of
course to some reeds in a swamp, and which it had lined
with a little wool and hair. Another extraordinary case
was where a pair of Oven-birds had built upon the “ciguena ”
(the old-world stork or crane for drawing water) of a well,
doubtless in the winter-time and when the well was not
in use. When [ saw it, at the end of November, the
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 389
occupants were a couple of House-Sparrows, and they
seemed to be quite at their ease, though the “ ciguefia ”
was being swung up and down by hand, for a couple of
hours and twice a day, in order to fill the sheep-troughs.
I have taken eggs from the end of October to the begin-
ning of February, November and December being the usual
months. The clutches are three or four; one reached
six. In ground-colour they are whitish brown, thickly
marked with dark brown or brown and dark ash-grey.
Measurements: 20x15 mm.
91. Sycalis luteola (Sparrm.). Misto Seed-Finch.
All the year round this species is to be found in flocks of
from fifty to several hundreds, generally in the open plains
or the paddocks, very frequently in dry swamps, and occa-
sionally in a large opening amidst the woods. Some of these
flocks are peculiarly local, and one may go with perfect
confidence to a certain point day after day (or following
a year’s absence) and not be disappointed. But so well
does the plumage harmonise with the surroundings, and so
tame is the species, that its presence is generally not
detected until the flock rises at one’s very feet.
I cannot say that nests are numerous, though some years
they are more so than others. And the season is late, from
the middle of November to early in January, the majority
occurring in December. The nest is well-hidden in a tuft
of grass, but very frequently in a stunted clump of rushes at
the edge of a dry swamp; generally in that case (though
not invariably) it is raised a little above the ground. In
structnre it is cup-shaped, about 33 inches in diameter by
24 inches deep, outside measurement; sometimes well-built,
at other times loosely. The outside consists of dry grass and
roots, followed by a little moss, and it is lined entirely with
horsehair ; or, built of strips of dry rushes, and lined with a
little wool, fine grass-stems, roots, and a feather or two.
The full clutch of e-gs is five, the more general number four,
They are round rather than pointed as described by Hudson,
fragile, and daintily tinted. Ground-colour white or
390 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
bluish white, thickly speckled and spotted with reddish
brown. Sometimes these markings are generally distributed
and large ; in other cases small and delicate, or gathered in
aring at the blunt end. Measurements: 18x 14 mm,
94. Molothrus bonariensis (Gm.). Argentine Cow-bird.
Since I wrote my former notes on this species, its habits,
parasitical and otherwise, have been so well described by
Mr. Hudson that further comment would be superfluous.
From him I have learned that not only the pure white eggs
found in so many strange nests are attributable to M. bona-
riensis, but also an endless variety of coloured specimens. -
Perhaps the principal characteristic which distinguishes
them all is the thickness and strength of the shell, to which
may be added the very round shape and glossy texture.
Measurements: 22 x19 mm.
The iris in the adult is very dark brown.
95. Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin. Screaming Cow-bird.
As in the case of M. bonariensis, Mr. Hudson has fully
dealt with this species, and I have nothing worth adding
to his notes.
The eggs are also round in shape, thick-shelled, and
glossy, though in a less degree than the former. Ground-
colour pinkish white, boldly spotted, marked and streaked
with red and dark brown, increasing towards the blunt end.
Measurements: 24x18 mm.
The iris in the adult is dark brown.
96. Molothrus badius (Vieill.). Bay-winged Cow-bird.
Again, when Mr. Hudson has said his say about M. badius,
there is little to add.
It nests late with us, from the beginning of November to
the beginning of January. Besides the localities mentioned
by Mr. Hudson, I have found nests in a hole in a willow-
tree in the garden, built of pieces of newspapers, string,
and dry grass, and lined with horsehair ; in an old nest of
the Bienteveo Tyrant (Pitangus bolivianus), where it was
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 391
a well-built deep cup of dry fine rootlets; and in an ivy-
covered tree, twenty feet from the ground. This last was
an ill-concealed nest, loosely built of roots and grass-stalks,
string, wool, moss, lichen, thistledown, etc., with no special
lining, about six inches in diameter and four inches deep
(outside measurement), rather shallow internally.
The clutch varies in number from four or five to as many
as seven. The eggs are, again, thinner in the shell than those
of the two preceding species, and are also less glossy. There
is much variation in the colour of the clutches. Possibly the
commoner type is represented by a pink ground-colour,
spotted and marked equally all over with red and dark
reddish brown, similar to, though not so bold, as in M. rufo-
axillaris. Another clutch is of a white ground colour,
boldly marked and blotched with dull reddish brown, in-
creasing at the blunt end. A third is dirty greyish, spotted
and blotched all over with pale brown. Yet another is
inerely whitish, densely marked with reddish brown.
Measurements: 24x 18 mm.
The iris in the adult is dark brown.
97. Ageleus thilius (Mol.). Yellow-shouldered Marsh-
bird.
Mr. Hudson has again anticipated nearly all my ob-
servations.
For a Marsh-bird, this species shows a marked proclivity
for the vicinity of buildings, and is also always to be found
at the offal where the daily slaughter of cattle and sheep
takes place. The larger flocks have sometimes a number
of the Yellow-breasted Marsh-bird (Pseudoleistes virescens)
associated with them.
The nesting-season is from late in October to early in
December, most of the nests being found in November.
They are placed generally in a dry flag-bed in a swamp
(where they are sometimes abundant), or more rarely in a
clump of “ Junquillo negro.” In both these cases they are
either simply *‘ lodged ” in, or attached to, their dense sur-
roundings, and about a foot to two feet from the ground.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. 2F
392 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
Sometimes they are cup-shaped and compactly built, occa-
sionally slighter. The material is invariably the same—dry
strips of the flags or a certain other water-grass, lined with
finer filaments of the same. I have only once found four
eges, the normal clutch being three. The ground-colour is
a pale buff or a white with a pinkish glow, boldly spotted
and streaked at the blunt end with a rich dark brown,
almost approaching black. Measurements: 22x17 mm.
98. Ageleus flavus (Gm.). Yellow-headed Marsh-hird.
This is a curiously irregular visitor to our district. First
observed in 1875, 1 recorded it every subsequent year to
(and inclusive of) 1882. Since then, I am not aware of
having seen it again. At the risk of being prolix, the
following are the detailed appearances :—
1875. Nov. 30. Pair seen in a thistle-bed.
1876. July 27. Flock of seven or eight on the campo,
Oct. 5
1877. June 4. Three or four on campo, in company with
P. virescens.
Three on campo.
Oct. 1. A flock seen on campo, in company with
T. defilippii.
1879. Sept. 26. Flock of twenty to thirty on campo.
Nov. 20. A few in thistle-bed.
Nov. 22. Two flocks seen—one in thistle-bed, other
on campo.
Nov. 28. Some seen in township of Ajo.
Nov. 30. Two in a thistle-bed.
Dec. 7. Some in township.
Dec. 20. As above, and also on campo.
1880. Aug. 1. One seen on campo, in company with some
Plovers!
1881. Oct. 9. Flock of eight on campo.
Oct. 10. Same flock seen again.
Oct. 24. ‘Two or three again, in above locality.
1882. June 10. Two seen near township, in company with
P. virescens.
Those seen in the thistle-beds in 1879 gave me the
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 393
impression that they were nesting. From my _ notes
I gather that all these cases were confined to the more
eastern parts of the estancia Los Yngleses, none passing
further inland: from which I deduct that they must either
have migrated following the littoral, or crossed boldly over
the mouth of the estuary of the River Plate from the Banda
Oriental. It also is to be observed that these occurrences
synchronize with the southern range assigued to the species
by Hudson, namely, the thirty-sixth degree of latitude.
Referring to their association with the Yellow-breasted
Marsh-bird (Pseudoleistes virescens) aud De Filippi’s Marsh-
Starling (Trupialis defilippii), I remember how, riding home
one evening, I came across a large gathering of the three
species. The grass of the campo was short, turf-like, and
emerald-green.- The birds in consequence stood out in relief
upon it, and the rays of the setting sun brought out all the
brilliant hues as of a most brilliant carpet.
Mr. Hudson describes the nest and eggs.
_ In another paper of my own (‘The Ibis,’ July 1885) will
be found similar details regarding a small nesting-colony
near Paisandt, in the Banda Orieutal.
99. Ageleus ruficapillus Vieill. Red-leaded Marsh-bi:d.
Mr. Grant chronicles the only record of this species
(Bull. B. O. C, xxv. p. 114, 1910). A female was obtained
by Miss Runnacles in the swamps.
100. Leistes superciliaris Bp. Red-breasted Marsh-bird.
Adult.— Male: Iris brown; bill black (upper ridge of
lower mandible white) ; feet black. Female: Iris brown ;
bill—upper mandible dark brown, lower one pale horn-
colour; feet pale horn-colour.
In effect this very beautiful species has only appeared
twice in our district, in the summer of 1901 and that of
1916. In considerable numbers on both’ occasions, and
nesting. Also, these were epochs of much drought, here
as elsewhere.
The first-named year I found it in a large paddock of
2FR2
394 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
lucerne at the neighbouring Linconia station, to which field
and a similar patch or two of lucerne it was confined (the
campo proper being very bare). The date was 28 October.
On 22 November I again saw several, but was not successful
in finding a nest. Mr. Runnacles, the manager, told me
that the lucerne-mower had revealed some nests, generally
situated in the foot-print of a horse. I am not aware when
it disappeared from Linconia.
On 20 December, 1916, immediately after my return to
the Yngleses, I was surprised to see three males not far
from the head-station, in a small dry swamp and grass-
covert. Another male I found the same day, about two
miles away, in the weed-grown garden of an unoccupied
rancho (as in 1901, the campo was again very bare and
no water anywhere). But it was not till the Sth of January,
when I happened to have occasion to look over a new
lucerne-field (but which contained nearly as much of the
original grasses and herbage as lucerne, and had absolutely
been undisturbed by stock or intruders), only a quarter of a
mile from where I[ had observed the three males a fortnight
previously, that I was pleased to find a large number, from
twenty to thirty, males and females. Mr, Hudson has fully
described the habits of both sexes, to which I can only offer
my corroboration. ‘The situation was a most ideal one as
regards vegetation and shelter, and had been undisturbed
all the spring until the mowers began to cut the principal
patches of lucerne in January. Unfortunately, as can be
gathered, [ was somewhat late in my investigations for
nests. The scythe-men found two for me: the first con-
tained three fully-fledged young, which promptly decamped
and were taken charge of by their parents ; the second had
two eggs, too far incubated for preservation. Both nests
were mere linings of fine rootlets to a hollow in the ground.
The flock or colony was still in evidence when I left the
Yngleses about the end of January.
Eggs bluish white, spotted with reddish brown, increasing
towards blunt end, Measurements: 24X17 mm,
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 395
101. Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scop.). Scarlet-headed
Marsh-bird.
My former paper gave a full account of this handsome
species, and the interval has not furnished me with much
new material. I think it has increased in numbers, which
may be attributed to the further cultivation of small plots
and fields of maize in the district. It is now much. more
frequently observed in the woods—perching, not feeding.
At the end of June 1899 I saw a flock, which must have
numbered from eighty to a hundred, on the sandy ground
near the head-station ; even in a maize-field, at the end of
autumn, I have never seen a similar gathering. These
remarks do not apply to the nesting-pairs in the swamps,
which continue to be few, and are very local and faithful to
their habitat, frequenting the deepest and loneliest of the
larger swamps. Probably we are now favoured, or cursed
(for it is very destructive to the maize) with the incursions
of various migratory and predatory flocks.
The nests are no longer a rarity to me, now that |
know where a pair of birds are likely to be found, after
which it is only a matter of quartering the flag-bed, guided
by the agitation of the parent-birds. I have found them
from the middle of November to early in January (late
breeders, as is to be seen). In situation and material the
formula is curiously alike. It is built into five or six
* Durasnillo” stems (Solanum glaucum Dunal), about five
feet from the water, in a flag-bed of the deeper swamps ;
rather deeply cup-shaped and fairly compact ; built of
stems of the “Junco ” rush (Scirpus riparius Presl) and
water-grasses, and entirely lined with wiry or narrow strips
of flags. Birds generally hover about, or alight close to the
intruder, repeatedly uttering their sweet plaintive note.
The full clutch of eggs is three, though I have taken one
of four. The ground-colour is pale blue, some with hardly
a mark at all. More generally there are a few black specks,
some lilac sub-surface spots, and a few strong black mark-
ings and streaks, mostly towards the blunt end. The egg
396 . Mr. EB. Gibson on the Ornithology of [Ibis,
is somewhat like the bird—of a strong personality. Measure- —
ments: 26x19 mm.
102. Pseudoleistes virescens (Vicill.). Yellow - breasted
Marsh-bird.
Tris red-brown ; bill and feet black.
Mr. Hudson has so fully dealt with this abundant species
that my own notes contain nothing novel, beyond some
additional nesting-notes.
It begins to build here as early as the middle of August,
and makes no attempt to hide the fact from any intruder ;
indeed, the birds absolutely draw attention by their loud
clamours and the consequent concurrence of others of the
same species. The work of construction goes on so leisurely
that the nests are only balf-built by the middle of the month
and the first eggs not laid before the 25th of September.
From the middle of October to the end of November consti-
tutes the general epoch, an occasional clutch occurring in
the first week of December.
I have found a few nests in dry swamps amidst the rushes
and weeds about a foot and a half from the ground, and an
occasional one in a thistle-bed. But it is essentially a wood-
builder. The selection of a Tala-tree is so exceptional as to
prove the rule that an Elder-bush is invariably preferred,
and the nest is therein situated at a height of about six feet
from the ground, the two extremes being two and ten feet.
I have on record an extraordinary aberrant case of a nest 1n
a tuft of grass in an open paddock, though quite close to the
woods, taken on the 3rd of December. The nest was rather
a special one in every way, and I may be pardoned for
describing it in extenso :—Cup-shaped, rather compact and
extremely solid, measuring outside 5} in. across by 4& in.
deep, inside 3} in. by 3 in.; built of dry grass, stems, and
roots, with a base of extremely hard mud extending half-
way up, sparsely lined with dry rootlets, and a good many
green stems of a hard wire-like grass. Clutch of four eggs.
The formula of nearly a score nests reads as follows :—
Built of dry grass and plant-stems and wool, followed by a
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 397
- plastering of mud, lined with horsehair and fine roots.
Four eggs is the general clutch, but I have taken several
of five and, more rarely, even six. Probably the losses
inflicted by various parasitical birds militate against the
higher number.
The egg is a very handsome one, when seen by itself,
and not to be confused by the omnium gatherum of its
many parasites (I have a vague recollection of a nest con-
taining thirteen eggs, not one of which was of legitimate
pedigree !). Rather long-shaped, white ground-colour, but
clouded reddish, and with large rich reddish-brown spots
and blotches, heavier towards the larger end, where they
sometimes become confluent.
Measurements of much variation: Largest clutch 30x
20 mm., smallest 25x19 mm. General average 28 x
20 mm.
103. Trupialis militaris (Linn.). Patagonian Marsh-
Starling.
104. Trupialis defilippii Bp. De Filippi’s Marsh -
Starling.
These two species are dealt with at length, in their range
aud general habits, by Mr. Hudson. In his turn, Mr. Grant
has established the residence of the first, and the autumnal
visits of the second species to this district
T. militaris nests on the ground in long grass, and the
nest is built of dry grass.
The three eggs which constitute the eluteh are striking in
appearance. Ground-colour white, suffused with purplish
spots, and marked with large red-brown blotches and
tracings.
Measurements: Largest clutch 30x19 mm.; smallest
26x19 mm. General average 28 x 19 mm.
111. Myiotheretes rufiventris (Vieill.). Chocolate Tyrant.
Extremely rare in this district. From 1872 to 1898
1 may have seen perhaps halt-a-dozeu solitary individuals
398 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
in the winter-time. On 12 August of the last-mentioned
year I saw a flock of five in the outskirts of Tapalqué, a
small town in the Azul district, and I only mention the fact
(unconnected with Ajé) as being the only instance of a flock
observed, versus our single visitors. Mr. Grant got one
specimen in January 1908, but personally I do not recollect
having seen any more in Ajé since 1898.
The bird is an anachronism, and, apart from its rarity,
its peculiarities have always had a fascination for me.
“ What is this huge and lonely Thrush ? ”’ I would ask myself
on each occasion, as it unexpectedly came under my notice
in the open campo. And ‘the next moment, as it took to —
flight, “‘ Thrush! No, a Plover, and of the most striking and
swiftest kind!” Finally, on going home and turning up
my references and diary, it cost me a mental effort to
reconcile the identification with a member of the Tyrant
family.
112. Tenioptera nengeta (Linn.). Pepoaza Tyrant.
The only record of this Tyrant is that by Mr. Grant—one
solitary male—on 29 October, 1908.
114. Tenioptera dominicana (Vieill.). Dominican Tyrant.
As stated by Mr. Grant, this striking species is only to
be found in the ‘“‘rincénes,” the wild lonely land of coarse
grasses and saltwater creeks, or on the outskirts of the same.
On the plains proper I have never seen it—for example, on
the remainder of the Yngleses estancia. Nor is it likely to
be overlooked, with its most conspicuous plumage of snowy-
white and jet-black, perched on the highest plant possible.
In its proper haunts—the “rincones ”’—I have observed it
all the year round, though more frequently in the winter
months —generally individual birds, and occasionally a pair
(these latter only occurred in the winter, which goes to
confirm Grant’s opinion that it does not nest with us).
Two pairs have been the most seen in one day. It is
exceedingiy wild and difficult to get within gunshot of,
and I never have beeu near enough to distinguish its note.
1918. ] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 399
125. Sisopygis icterophrys (Vieill.). Yellow- browed
Tyrant.
Iris dark brown.
Since I wrote about this species in my former paper, it has
undoubtedly become more numerous. In June, July, and
August it is only occasionally seen (though since 1880 I have
actually recorded it in all these months), and I should have
difficulty in absolutely establishing its arrival in spring or
departure in autumn.
Besides the woods and (of late years) the garden, it is
sometimes found far afield—amongst the ‘ Durasnillos”’ at
the edge of a swamp or in a bed of ‘Cardas.” The short
low whistle, its only note, on the nest being approached, has
been mentioned by Mr. Hudson. In the crop I have only
found small beetles.
A goodly number of nests noted, range from 3 October to
7 December, nearly all of which appertain, however, to the
first-named month. In the Tala tree, the end of a branch is
selected ; in a Poplar or Elder, it is placed next the stem.
i have known of one only four feet from the ground, and
another at a height of twelve feet; seven or eight feet is,
however, the general average. The outside material con-
sists of twigs or dry grass-stems and a little wool or moss;
the lining of fine roots, horsehair, and often a few light
feathers. The whole constitutes but a slight structure.
I have two clutches of four eggs, the usual number being
three.
The ground-colour of the eggs is a warm yellowish white,
marked with a few large dark red spots, chiefly at the larger
end. Measurements: 21x15 mm.
131. Lichenops perspicillatus (Gm.). Silver-billed Tyrant.
To my previously published notes on this species I have
nothing to add, but somewhat to take away.
Subsequent dissection taught me that the rufous birds
were not necessarily females, as I had formerly surmised.
Secondly, my description of the nest and eggs is, by a
clerical error, totally erroneous and misleading. Mr. Grant
400 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of | Ibis,
gives the correct account of the former, but omits the
description of the eggs. These are of a pale yellowish
ground-colour, with some large spots of dark red at the
larger end. Measurements: 22x 16 mm.
132. Machetornis rixosa (Vieill.). Short-winged Tyrant.
Mr. Hudson describes very fully some of the principal
characteristics of this species. [t is certainly a tyrant
amougst the Tyrants. I have seen it attacking and pur-
suing birds which are themselves bullies—the Spur-winged
Lapwing, the Bienteveo Tyrant, the Calandria Mocking-
bird, and others. On these occasions, it may perhaps
elevate the brilliant crest, but this display is singularly
rare. It is frequently to be seen at carrion, fly-catching,
and also following the plough. Livestock attracts it, for
the sake of the insects found in their vicinity ; and it is a
wonder how the birds escape being trodden on, such is their
familiarity. Our large open patio, with its closely-worn
turf, is a favourite haunt; there 1 have seen a family group
of six, all running swiftly about or making short springs
into the air, to capture flies aud beetles; and I have often
passed within two or three yards of others without alarming
them.
The nesting-habits are eccentric, for it would generally
seem to seek the shelter of a Parroquet’s abode (Bolbo-
rhynchus monachus) or that of the Firewood-gatherer
(Anumbius acuticaudatus)—perhaps an old or abandoned
habitation —sometimes fifteen or twenty feet from the
ground. ‘The period ranges from early in November to
end of December. The nest itself is built of light twigs
or dry grass, and lined with fine rootlets, horsehair, and
a few feathers. Four eggs constitute the usual and full
clutch.
The eggs are brownish or reddish white in ground-colour,
densely marked with rich chocolate-brown, or dark brown
and ash spots or stripes, running uniformly from the blunt
to the small end. Measurements: 24x 18 mm.
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 401
136. Centrites niger (Bodd.). Red-backed Tyrant.
Mr. Hudson and Mr. Grant describe all we know about this
species, which makes its appearance in our district in January
(viz.the middle of summer), from the 3rd to the 31st, usually
in the latter half of the month. By February it is very abun-
dant and generally distributed. In July it proceeds to take its
departure again, though a few remain through August and
so late as 7 September. Generally, it is shy of pedestrians,
though I have known one exception, when the bird re-
peatedly let me approach within three yards before taking
to flight.
141. Hapalocercus flaviventris (d’Orb. et Lafr.). Reed-
Tyrant.
Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; feet black.
This dainty little Tyrant comes to us in October and leaves
again in April. Its habitat is invariably the grass-coverts of
dry swamps and the great beds of “Junquillo negro” on
this and the neighbouring Tuyu estancia, and consequently
it is not easily detected or observed. It possesses a sweet
clear call or note, as detailed by Mr. Hudson.
The nesting-season is from the middle of November to
the middle of December. The nest, which is not easily
found, may either be attached to a few “ Durasnillo” or
rush-stems in a dry swamp, or in a dense clump of “ Jui-
quillo negro,” at a height from the ground of a few inches
to three feet, more generally two feet. It is well and com-
fortably constructed of finé dry moss, and lined with delicate
dry grass and a few feathers. I have never found a clutch
of more than three eggs, and two is not an infrequent
number.
The eggs are cream-coloured, and measure 18 x 14 mm.
146. Serpophaga subcristata (Vieill.). Small - crested
Tyrant.
I would not call this species an abundant one in our
district, and the records in my diary all these years are not
402 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
conducive to simplicity. I find it noted in all the winter
months, whilst some summers I specially state that none at
all have been observed.
The latter part of October and the first half of November
coustitute the nesting-season, to judge from the half-dozen
uests which have come under my notice. These were situ-
ated in an Elder bush, a young “Coronillo” tree (Scutia
buxifolia Reiss.), or a thorn bush, all about three feet
from the ground. In form compact and rather deep, they
are built of lichens with some fine grassy filaments and a
horsehair or two, and lined with feathers. Three is the full
clutch of eggs.
The eggs are bluff-pointed, of a pale yellowish buff or
cream-colour, aud measure 15 x 12 mm.
147. Serpophaga nigricans (Vieill.). Blackish Tyrant.
Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.
More frequently observed than the previous species, and
not so strictly confined to the woods. It may frequently be
seen about the buildings of the head-station, in the neigh-
bourhood of the water-tanks and feed-tubs; and is equally
at home amongst the rushes of a swamp.
It nests from the middle of October to the middle of
November, and the sites selected are curiously varied. In
an Elder tree or bush, at any height from three to twelve
feet ; suspended below the eaves of a house; in a hanging
flower-pot in a verandah; hung underneath the timbers of a
bridge, or built into the top of a ‘ Durasnillo” growing
below; placed between a vine and the iron netting of a
window ; and “down the side of a well,” as instanced by
Mr. Grant.
As arule, the small nest is very neat and compact, and
rather deep. ‘The materials embrace moss, wool, dry grass
and plant-stems, fine roots, and spider’s-webs—all quilted
together ; the lining consists of fine feathers.
Three is the usual clutch of eggs. These are yellowish
buff or cream-colour ; unspotted, and not glossy. Measure-
ments: 18x 14 mm.
1918. | _ Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 403
150. Cyanotis azare (N aum.). Many-coloured Tyrant.
Tris delicate pale blue; bill and feet black.
There is little further to add to my previous notes and
those of Mr, Hudson on this species, to which the name of
Tyrant seems so misapplied, in view of its miniature beauty,
tameness, and sweet clear call.
As stated by Mr. Hudson, it is only occasionally seen
during the winter months, the majority having migrated.
A drought does not necessarily drive it away; for example,
the autumn of 1902 found all our Swamps completely dry,
notwithstanding which, I continued to observe as many as
seven or eight in one locality towards the end of March.
On the other hand, when the great flood of 1913 took place,
I did not see a single specimen on my journey from Buenos
Ayres to Ajo at the end of September. Nor in any of the
Yngleses swamps until 10 October, when, boating in the
deepest localities, a great many were scen (generally pairs) ;
rarely was it observed subsequently; and at the end of
summer (30 March) I record the curious fact that during
all the season. only an occasional one was seen. “* Cer-
tainly not for want of water on the estancia,” is my rueful
comment.
The following are the measurements of a very neat nest :—
Outside, 2 in. (50 mm.) wide by the same in depth ; inside,
13 in. (41 mm.) wide by the same in depth. Which shows
the delicate compactness of the moulded walls and the fine-
ness of the vegetable strips constituting the lining. It was
attached to oue single slender “ Durasnillo.”
Cyanotis azare is a late nester, from the end of November
to the beginning of January. ie eggs never exceed two in
numbcr, and are of a pale cream-colour, which darkens to-
ward the blunt end and occasionally merges into a faint
brownish ring there. They measure 17x13 mm.
152. Elainea albiceps (d’Orb. et Lafr.). White-crested
Tyrant.
The only recorded occurrence is that of an adult male
obtained by Mr. Grant on 18 January, 1909. There is
404 Mr. EF. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
another instance of a pair (if my correspondent is correct
in his identification), the nest of which was obtained on
26 November, 1910. My correspondent’s three eggs are
pure white and pointed, and measure 25 x 17 mm.
158. Pitangus bolivianus (Lafr.). Bienteveo Tyrant.
I have only a few nesting-notes to add to my former
account of this species. To show its familiarity or in-
difference to man, one nest was placed in a small lemon-
tree just outside my bedroom window and adjoining the
patio; another on a gate-post (far removed from house or
tree), where there was considerable traffic. Four nests have |
come under my observation, which were built on the ground
in the open campo, and, being only “ backed-up” against a
tuft of grass, were naturally very conspicuous; three of
these were close to the woods of the head-station, the fourth
only a short distance from an abandoned rancho with a con-
siderable number of trees. So it is difficult to assign any
reason for such a curious departure.
162. Pyrocephalus rubineus (Bodd.). Scarlet Tyrant.
I have nothing to add to my own and Mr. Hudson’s notes.
The year of 1913 (that of biggest flood ever known all over
the Province) was marked by a great incursion of this lovely
Tyrant. “More abundant and generally distributed than
any previous year,” I find myself writing at the end of
October. Mr. Grant’s observations on the moult are
interesting.
The nest and eggs have been fully described. The latter
measure 17 x 13 mm.
170. Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieill.). | Melancholy
Tyrant.
On 5 January, 1902, I saw a pair of this species. In his
two visits to Ajé, Mr. Grant chronicles four observed, be-
tween 29 December and 12 March, and alludes to its rarity
as a visitor. About the middle of January 1917, I found a
pair frequenting an orchard at the Yngleses head-station.
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 405
These were exceedingly shy and silent; but my oppor-
tunities were too limited for extended observation. In the
course of past years, I was aware of having rare glimpses
of a bird which could only have been of this species, but its
wildness and swiftness had hitherto always baffled my being
sure of the identification.
171. Milvulus tyrannus (Linn.). Scissor-tailed Tyrant.
Such a striking species as the Scissor-tail is sure to have
its habits fully described, and consequently my former paper,
along with that of Mr. Hudson and Mr. Grant’s notes,
affords a fairly complete account of what is known.
Its earliest chronicled appearance in Ajo is, I find, on
11 October ; but it does not become abundant until the end
of that month. The last departure occurs towards the end of
March, lagree with Mr. Grant that the spring immigration
is initiated by the males, but the rule is not absolute ; for,
on one occasion, whilst lying becalmed in a sailing-ship on
a sunny morning off the town of La Plata, on 17 October,
I noted the advent of a pair, flying low, coming from the
Banda Oriental, and which were subsequently followed by a
single male. In the summer of 1913-14, when our dis-
trict was so greatly flooded, the species was extraordinarily
abundant.
The nesting-notes require no addition, beyond the recti-
fication of my former dictum that the number of eggs
never exceeded three; as a matter of fact, four is not
uncommon. These have been fully described. They
measure 22 x 16 mm.
176. Geositta cunicularia (Vieill.). Common Miner.
“Send me some eggs of the Common Miner,” was the
request of Dr. Eagle Clarke, on behalf of the Edinburgh
Museum, a good many years ago. Alas, the Miner is
common no longer in this. particular district. As
described in the present notes on the Bank - Swallow
(Atticora cyanoleuca), the extermination of the Biscacho
(Lagostumus trichodactylus) on these level and bankless
406 Mr. FE. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
plains has deprived both species of birds (one of ground
and the other of aerial habits) of any possible nesting-sites.
It is only necessary to refer to my former paper to realize
how greatly the Miner is missed in the campo, where every
larger Biscacho-colony, of the many thousands, had its pair
of these birds (as well as the Burrowing Owls), and their
familiar and lively presence constituted a source of interest
and pleasure to the wayfarer.
In consequence, for many years past I have been in the
habit of chronicling the presence of two or three pairs at
certain favoured localities on sandy roadways, where the
action of wheeled-traffic and the-winds combined had left
little cliffs two or three feet high, and the surrounding
terrain was bare or close-cropped; for it must be noted that
the Miner passes all its time on the ground and does not
affect concealment. Even those now alluded to were not in
evidence during a brief visit I paid to the Yngleses in the
spring of 1915, nor in the previous summer of 1914.
Further, in the last-named year I observed none on the
long sandy coast-route to the Montes Grandes in the south,
nor on the equally long journey to Dolores in the west.
On the other hand, a few pairs would seem to have found a
refuge on some of the large canals constructed of late years
for the drainage of this part of the Province. As the banks
are, however, generally shelving, there are few sites which
afford the necessary security for nesting-burrows. Mr, Hudson
has fallen into what is probably a clerical error, when he
indicates “the side of the deep pit-hke entrance to one of
those burrows (i. e. of the Biscacho) for the bird to bore its
cylindrical hole.” It is invariabiy the front or brow which
is selected, a position admirably adapted to provide security
against intruders or molestation from further excavating
action on part of the Biscacho. My excuse for the extension
of these remarks must be the possible total disappearance of -
the once Common Miner from this district.
The nesting-notes lave been detailed at length by Hudson
and myself. 1 may add that, in former years, | have seen
a freshly-excavated burrow in a sand-bank on 1 June
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 407
(practically early in winter) and another on 25 July (mid-
winter). The usual clutch of three—according to Hudson,
five—eggs are pure white in colour, and the measure-
ments average 24x 18 mm.
178. Furnarius rufus (Gm.). Red Oven-bird*.
Hudson supplements my former notes by a still fuller
life-history of the Oven-bird, written after his usual graphic
and interesting manner. There remains, therefore, but little
for me to add at the present date. It is needless to say
that the great four-years’ drought of 1908-11 was particu-
larly disastrous to this species ; the iron-bound soil was
nonproductive of the usual food-supply of larvee and insects,
and water was only to be found at the troughs of the cattle-
wells, in the immediate neighbourhood of which were con-
structed the only possible nests. It cannot be said the
number of individuals showed any marked’ diminution, but
all building-operations were necessarily suspended. Sub-
sequently, [ was struck with the prompt resumption of work
on the return of normal conditions. This observation is -
applicable to every more than usually dry summer, followed
by the March rains. The first shower has probably not
ceased falling, when the birds may be seen busily employed
making and carrying mud-pellets ; their activities being
accompanied by a most vociferous chorus of. satisfaction
and mutual congratulation. With the occurrence of the
equally great three-years’ flood of 1918-15, the situation
underwent an extraordinary reversal. The flood began in
the winter-time, and by 3 October I find myself struck by
the wonderful number of birds and of completed nests.
These latter were situated everywhere—in trees in woods
and gardeus, on gates and posts of fences, buildings, ete.
One on the window-sill of my dressing-room (constructed
before I went into residence) was an endless pleasure to me,
* The Sociedad Ornitolégica del Plata, founded in Buenos Ayres
on 28 July, 1916, has adopted the vernacular name of this species as
the title for its Review. And the cover of ‘ El Hornero’ is accordingly
adorned with a vignette of these birds and their interesting nest.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. 2G
408 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
during the period of incubation and until the young ones
were reared and left. Since 1879, when I recorded two
nests built on the ground, I have met with only one similar
instance; and this, again, was situated within a hundred
yards of a Tala wood.
Mr. Hudson places the clutch at five, but I have never
found the number to exceed four. The pure white pear-
shaped eggs average 28 x 22 mm., with great variation.
180. Upucerthia dumetoria (Geoffr. et d’Orb.). Patago-
nian Earth-creeper.
I have but one recorded occurrence of this Patagonian
species—a male bird shot in the woods of the Yngleses
head-station, in July 1899.
183. Cinclodes fuscus (Vieill.). Brown Cinclodes.
Of uninteresting habits and appearance, and uncommuni-
cative manners, the Brown Cinclodes is a winter migrant
from the south, arriving in this district about 20 March
and taking its departure towards the end of October. By
the end of April it is abundant, generally singly, but some-
times in pairs, and I have seen one lot of four or five ;
otherwise it is strictly non-gregarious during its stay with
us. A “restless, silent, unsociable bird” is the consensus
of my notes; frequenting the ground where the grass is
short, also sheep “rodeos” (muster-grounds) and muddy
roadways, and often found in the woods. It perches occa-
sionally on a low tree, a post, ora “durasnillo.” It is not at
all shy, and I have approached, or been approached by it,
within a distance of two or three yards. In gait—the short
run and flirting of the wings—there is a certain resemblance
to the Wheatear (Ginanthe ewnanthe), though without that
bird’s attractive sprightliness. ‘The little used voice is at
best a mere chirp or twitter.
188. Phleocryptes melanops (Vieill.). Rush-loving Spine-
tail.
Perhaps there is no species of bird so reminiscent of our
swamps to one acquainted with them as this species, ‘To the
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 409
observer—whilst ensconced comfortably in a canoe, engaged
pontooning out sheep in flood-time, or “ egging ”’ on horse-
back or laboriously thigh-deep on foot—there comes at
frequent intervals the long cricket-note call, followed by
the crackling taps and creaks, which herald and accompany
the advent of the bright-eyed little proprietor of each par-
ticular small domain. Creeping from stem to stem of the
fluted dark green “junco,” generally close to the surface of
the water (and as often as not head downwards )— itself
a harmonious study in blacks, browns, and greys,—it
approaches within a few feet of the intruder, rapping out
little quaint oaths and protests, and is only to be ap-
peased by the withdrawal of the disturber of its solitudes.
To it, on these occasions, sometimes comes the Many-
coloured Tyrant (Cyanotis azare), as similarly described by
Mr. Hudson ; but the latter little beauty always struck me
as being more coquettishly disposed than resentful, and
frivolously disinclined to take the Spine-tail’s serious view
of the situation,
Mr. Hudson has anticipated me in the fuller description
of its habits. In this locality the migration is not absolute.
Some years I have observed it until the end of June (more
by token, one flew in at the sitting-room window at night,
on 4 June, 1893) in no inconsiderable numbers ; though I
admit July has always been a blank. By 15 August it is
recorded again, and even a completed nest on the 24th of
the same month; whilst by 20 September many nests are
nearly finished. All of which points to a but partial, or at
the best general, migration. On the other hand, when the
great flood began in the winter of 1913, I observed abso-
~ lutely none during all my travels, until one or two appeared
early in October. It was singularly scarce all the spring
and summer (except during the one month of January), and
when I revisited our district at the end of August 1915,
under similar inundated conditions, I do not think I saw a
single individual between Buenos Ayres and the Yngleses,
or on the latter itself.
It is only necessary to supplement Mr. Hudson’s nesting-
262
410 My. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
notes by stating that I have never been able to corroborate
his one and interesting instance of a nest which had a
stopper, or hinged doorway, to the orifice. In this locality
eggs are to be found from the beginning of October to the
middle of December. Only once has the clutch reached
four, three being the usual number ; indeed, I have several
cases where only two were being incubated. In colour these
are as described by Hudson, “of a bright, beautiful blue,
sometimes with a slight greenish tinge.” They are some-
what pear-shaped, and measure 21 x 16 mm.
In the bird, the iris is dark brown; Claude Grant calls
it hazel, and Hudson is silent on the subject. My notes.
describe the bill as black or very dark brown; Grant says
brown, yellow at gape and base of lower mandible; Hudson,
pale horn-colour. Further, I characterize the feet as being
sometimes horn-brown, dark slate-grey, almost black, and
black ; Grant, ashy; and Hudson, pale horn-colour.
189. Leptasthenura egithaloides (Kittl.). Tit - like
Spine-tail.
This graceful little species has heen previously described
by myself and by Claude Grant from the Ajo district, and by
Hudson in its more general range. Reference to my diary
since 1879 leads me to modify my former appreciation as to
its abundance locally. It is not exactly common, though
coming under occasional observation ; singly, in pairs, and
(in the months of May and June) as many as two or three
pairs noted in one day—perhaps the absence of foliage in
the winter time allows it to be more easily noticed. I have
not unfrequently found it in such an unexpected situation
as the weed-jungle on the outskirts of a dry swamp, some
distance from any wood.
The nesting-habits have been sufficiently dealt with.
Hudson puts the clutch as high as five or six; my own
experience is three, only once four. The eggs are white in
colour, slightly pointed, and average 19x 14 mm.
Iris dark brown (“ hazel,” according to Grant). Bill dark
brown or black (‘ blackish, pearly at base of lower mandible,”
1918.] Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 41]
Grant ; “horn-colour,” Hudson). Legs and feet greenish
yellow or olive (“ horn-colour,” Hudson). I shot a specimen
once, the feet of which had the appearance as of some yellow
pollen or sulphur adhering to them.
201. Synallaxis sulphurifera Burm. Yellow-marked Spine-
tail.
Personally, I have no notes of my own upon this species.
Hudson gives a brief notice, as does Claude Grant, who
states it is fairly common in our district. Specimens which
have been brought me were shot in the grass-coverts of dry
swamps.
Hudson quotes Durnford in connection with the nesting-
habits, and Grant’s account is similar. Two eggs in my
possession were taken on 21 November. They are rather
round, pure white, and measure 19x 15 mm.
203. Synallaxis hudsoni Scl. Hudson’s Spine-tail.
It is more than natural that I should have little to add to
Hudson’s account of the Spine-tail which bears his name.
And, to be frank, it is a species which, though quite common,
does not lend itself to mere cursory observation (see Hudson
and also Claude Grant). Where these two past masters
emphasize its skulking and timid habits, I may be pardoned
for merely referring to their oditer dicta. As far back as
1883 I sent Mr. Salvin a couple of skins, collected three
years previously “in dry durasnillo-beds” ; and since then
many specimens have passed through my hands. But I am
reduced to stating that I know it when I see it (a compli-
ment which it does not show much tendency to reciprocate),
and that I have never yet succeeded in finding a nest.
The nesting-period, from some half-dozen authentic cases
furnished me, seems to occur rather late in the season—
8 November to 27 December. Four is the largest clutch,
three being apparently the general number. Hudson places
it at five.
The eggs are sometimes pure white, in others there is a
tendency to a creamy colour or pale buff. They are bluntly
pointed, and average 22x 17 mm.
412 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ This,
204. Synallaxis maluroides d’Orb. Wren-like Spine-tail.
An abundant species in “ rincones,”’ where the immense
esparto beds constitute a safe refuge from birds of prey ; also
generally distributed in the vicinity of swamps, wherever
there is a dense growth of either dry grass or wet weeds ;
but entirely absent on the plains. During the great flood of
1913-15 it practically disappeared. It is of feeble flight,
and only on evidefice when disturbed by the rider, and
it flies a few yards. On these occasions the horseman is
sometimes accompanied by an attendant Harrier (Circus
cinereus), but I never saw a capture achieved, in the course
of many attempts. One day, in the course of a very
high wind, the helplessness of these little birds was very
obvious ; no sooner did they rise out of the esparto than
they were put down again, and one was actually driven
against my knee or saddle.
I am inclined to agree with Mr. Hudson that it has a
partial migration, as I have found it scarcer in the colder
months.
Personally, I am ignorant of its breeding-habits. In vain,
on innumerable occasions, in the spring and summer, have
I pulled out and dropped my handkerchief when a bird rose
at the horse’s feet; the subsequent search amongst the
esparto, for many yards round, has always been un-
successful.
Hudson describes the nest as “a slight open structure of
grass lined with a few feathers, and placed in a tuft of grass
or weeds; the egg pure white in colour.’”? Claude Grant’s
one and only clutch of three eggs had ‘a mere bedding of
dry grass with a little wool and thistle-down, placed on the
ground in adry part of the swamp.” The three eggs—taken
on 2 January, 1909—are of a broad-oval shape, pure white,
aud slightly glossy. They average 17 x 14 mm.
206. Anumbius acuticaudatus (Less.). Firewood-gatherer.
The ‘ Lefiatero”’ or Firewood-gatherer is exceedingly
common, and its nests, new and old, are to be found
everywhere except in the heart of a wood; where, as
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 413
Mr. Hudson explains, the birds would be handicapped in
rising with their building-material of small but rather long
sticks. But the trees bordering the woods, and particularly
isolated clumps or individual stunted Tala trees (though
only five or six feet high) have all from one to three or four
nests, a fresh one being built each season or the old one
repaired ; and in view of the size of these, and the thin
foliage of Tala celtis (or in other cases the poplar), they
are particularly conspicuous. There are three species
of birds whose nests do not require to be sought, for in
number and prominence of feature they positively “throw ”
themselves at one; namely, the Firewood-gatherer, the
Bienteveo Tyrant (Pitangus bolivianus), and the Red Oven-
bird (Furnarius rufus). In material they are extraordinarily
divergent, and might be typically described as “a pile of
sticks,” “a rag-bundle,” and “a mud-pie.”
Telegraph-posts are a favourite site for the irewood-
gatherer’s nest, and on many stretches of the railway the
traveller in the train wonders if there is actually a nest to
every post, or if he is obsessed by the same one post and
nest—a freak of the eye’s retina. At one bran-new station
on a southern railway-line, the company had planted an
equally recent row of silver-poplars just outside the wooden
railing which guarded the platform ; these were not more
than six or seven feet high, and in the featherduster-top of
one of these methodically-pruned saplings, I was amused to
find a pair of “ Lefiateros” with a nearly completed nest,
quite regardless of train-traffic and passenger concourse.
In parenthesis again, I should like to state how railway-
stations in the Pampa territory (and doubtless in other
similar parts of the world) play an interesting and im-
portant part in the development and protection of bird-life.
As plantations spring up, the necessary covert and nesting-
sites are provided; whilst the overflow from the accom-
panying wells and water-tanks supplies another necessary
element of life. During the great four-years’ drought of
1908-11, the latter feature was particularly noticeable.
The look-out ladder in the Yngleses patio has generally a
414 Mr. E. Gibson on the Ornithology of [ Ibis,
Lefiatero’s nest wedged into two of the cross-spars near the
top, making further ascent difficult ; I have also found a
nest mm an old bucket, which happened to be hung on a post.
I have an impression that the nest of this species is haunted
by an evil-looking fly, which I have never observed else-
where —somewhat larger than a house-fly and yellow-
banded.
The nest itself is fully described by Hudson. Those I
have examined were chiefly situated in small Tala trees, at
about six.or eight feet from the ground, and were selected
for that reason, as being easily bent down for the purpose.
The spiral passage is both uarrow and thorny, hence my
usual procedure consisted in cutting through into the base,
where the egg-chamber is to be found ; by doing so with
care, the damage is not irreparable, in case of there being
no eggs or the alternative of nestlings.
In this locality, building begins as early as 15 August ;
what would seem to be repairs of old nests, not till the
beginning of October. It must be borne in mind that
the nest and its tree constitute the headquarters of the
life-pairmg birds. Frequenting the open bare campo, in
a radius of a very few hundred yards, they make a straight
bee-line for home on being disturbed, to the accompaniment
of their rolling note “ chic-chic-churrrr.”
Eggs are laid from 3 October to early December, the first
mouth embracing the general period, which, for the builder
of a structure of this nature, seems undoubtedly early, if it
is borne in mind that the Green Parrakeet (Bolborhynchus
monachus Bodd.)—also a chamber-nest twig-builder—does
uot lay until the end of December. True, the latter does
not line its abode, whereas the Wood-gatherer is most snug
in its domestic arrangements.
Four eggs has been my general clutch, very rarely five.
In colour pale creamy white, and averaging 24 x 17 mm.
210. Phacellodomus striaticollis (d’Orb. et Lafr.). Red-
winged Thorn-bird.
Hudson’s mention of this species is only characterized by
1918. | Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres. 415
lis non-acquaintance with it. The present writer professes
equal ignorance of its habits, pleading that all species of this
form present much difficulty in identification and observa-
tion, owing to their strictly local habitat aud secretive
nature, and that accordingly (following his general pro-
cedure) he maintains silence when he has nothing to say.
Claude Grant, however, establishes its presence in this
locality as being “fairly common, inhabiting rough grass-
lands and the cafadons ; it has a whistling call. The nest
is usually placed in a low solitary tree or shrub, and is a
longish structure of sticks placed almost horizontally, the
entrance being at the higher end and with a tunnel com-
municating with the nesting-cavity ; it is lined with wool
and hair.” ‘The following is the consensus of various nests
examined by myself :—Placed in a Brusquilla bush or isolated
and stunted Tala tree (in the “rincon” district), from three
to six feet from the ground. Built of thorny twigs of the
two above-mentioned plants. About twenty inches long,
and generally situated perpendicularly (not horizontally).
From the entrance at the top, and at a slight angle, a
narrow passage—lined with moss, wool, dry grass, and
horsehair—leads down to a false nest ; at the opposing side
of which, and as it were a step down, is the real breeding-
chamber (rather larger than the preceding). This last is
domed, deep, and lined all round with fine rootlets and some
wool, dry grass, and a few feathers. The nesting-bird sits
close, and on being disturbed leaves silently and takes refuge
in the surrounding esparto.
The eggs are laid at tie end of October or early in
November, and the clutch apparently consists of four.
They are pure white in colour, rather pointed, and average
21x 16mm.
My own measuremeuts of birds in the flesh are not in
accordance with those of Hudson, and none are furnished
by Claude Grant. On the other hand, I agree with the
latter as to the colouring of the iris, bill, and feet, in both
adults and young.
[To be continued. |
416 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
XXIII.—aA List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, based on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler,
Mr. A. Chapman and Capt. H, Lynes, R.N., and Major
Cuthbert Christy, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). Part I. Corvipa—
Frineinuipz™. By W. L. Scrater, M.B.O.U., and
C. MackwortH-Prarp, M.B.O.U.
(Plate IX.)
INTRODUCTION.
Up to quite recently the great collection of Birds in the
Natural History Museum has been singularly deficient in
material from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This has recently
been remedied by the donation of Mr. Butler of the large
collection made by him during a long residence in that
country.
Mr. Butler was appointed Superintendent of Game Pre-
servation to the Sudan Government in 1901, and retained
that post until he retired in 1915. During those years
he made good use of his opportunities of collecting birds
throughout the Sudan, and the collection presented to the
Museum consists of over 3100 beautifully prepared skins.
During his residence in the Sudan he published in ‘ The
Ibis’ a series of four “‘ Contributions to the Ornithology of
the Sudan ” between the years 1905 aud 1909, in which he
described the habits and in many cases unravelled the
taxonomy of many of the species he had met with, and
these papers are all referred to in the present list.
We are much indebted to him for help in drawing up this
paper and for notes of the occurrence of several species in
the Sudan not contained in the collection presented to the
Museum.
In the winter of 1913-14 Mr. Abel Chapman and
Capt. Lynes, R.N., accompanied by Mr. W. P. Lowe, paid a
visit to the Sudan for shooting big game and collecting
birds. They landed at Port Sudan and proceeded thence
to Khartoum; they spent a month or so on the Blue Nile
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 417
in Sennar Province, and then travelled slowly up the White
Nile as far as Lake No and back. ‘The collections made
by them—which have been presented to the Museum and
comprise nearly 1600 skins—are most valuable, as they
paid great attention to the smaller and more obscure birds
and everything was most carefully labelled.
It was the intention of Capt. Lynes to work out the
collection himself, but since the outbreak of the war
he has been continually on active service and has not
been able to do more than to name a few of the birds.
We owe our best thanks to Capt. Lynes for permitting us
to make use of his collection in conjunction with that of
Mr. Butler, and we hope that later on he will himself
publish an account of his experiences and the very valuable
field-notes which he made.
The third collection, from which the Museum is permitted
to retain such specimens as they require, was made by
Major Cuthbert Christy, R.A.M.C. (T.F.), during a recent
journey made in connection with sleeping-sickness investi-
gation along the southern border of the Bahr el Ghazal
from Rejaf to ‘Tembura (see ‘Geographical Journal,’ vol. 50,
1917, pp. 199-216, with map).
Major Christy was fortunate enough to secure the services
of one of Mr. Butler’s trained collectors, and made a
valuable collection from a region hitherto never visited by
an ornithologist.
We have therefore a very fine mass of material to deal
with, and we decided to endeavour to make our paper a
complete list of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudau,
which can perhaps be made use of later in order to prepare
a Handbook for the use of residents and travellers in that
region. —
HisTorIca..
It does not seem out of place to trace briefly the history
of the ornithological exploration of the Sudan, but the list
of names is a long one and only those of major importance
can be mentioned. .
418 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
The explorations of C. G. Ehrenberg and F. W. Hemprich
hardly extended to what is now the Sudan but were confined
to the coast of the Red Sea, though in their ‘ Symbol
Physice ’? many Sudanese birds were first described.
Almost contemporary with them was the well-known
Eduard Riippell, who was born at Frankfort in 1794. He
visited Egypt in 1817 and again in 1822-26, when his
travels extended to Nubia and the Red Sea coast. His
third journey in 1831-83 was to Arabia and Abyssinia.
He discovered at least a hundred new species, and in his
‘Systematische Uebersicht’ published the first complete
list of the Birds of north-east Africa.
Following Riippell came the Hertzog Paul Wilhelm von
Wiurttemberg, who made zoological aud botanical collections
in Sennar and explored the Blue Nile in 1840-41, and the
Swede, Dr. Hedenborg, who travelled in north Arabia,
Sennar, and the lower White Nile valley, and whose col-
lections were described by Sundevall.
The first English name on the list is that of John
Petherick, who was British Consul at Khartoum for some
years and travelled as far as Kordofan, where he made
a collection of Birds which was worked out by Strickland.
He also sent home the first living example of Baleniceps
to the Zoological Gardens in London.
The Italian Marchese Orazio Antinori visited north-east
Africa in 1859-61 and in 1870-71. His first journey was
through Sennar to Kordofan and the Bahr el Ghazal ; his
second to Eritrea and Abyssinia. He himself published a
good account of the birds collected on his first journey, and
those of his second were reported on by himself with the
aid of Count Salvadori. Another explorer of the same
period was Dr. A. E. Brehm, whose travels however did
not extend far beyond Khartoum.
It is, however, to Freiherr Theodore von Heuglin (1824—
1877) that we owe the greatest advance of our knowledge of
the birds of north-east Africa. Between the years 1849 and
1865 he wandered all over the whole of what is now the
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 419
Sudan from Egypt to the Bahr el Ghazal and the coasts
and islands of the Red Sea, making large collections, which
are now chiefly in the Vienna Museum, and copious notes
on the breeding and other habits of the birds, all of which
were finally embodied in his great work, ‘ Ornithologie
Nordost-Afrikas.’
The only other name which should be mentioned in con-
nection with the earlier exploration of the upper Nile
valley is that of Emin Pasha, whose real name _ was
Eduard Schnitzer (1840-1893). Appointed by Gordon
Governor of the Equatorial Province of Egypt, he at once
commenced sending collections of birds and mammals from
Lado and other stations in his Province to Dr. Hartlaub of
Bremen, who published a long series of papers on these,
chiefly in the ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie” A considerable
number of Emin’s skins, beautifully prepared and labelled
with the fullest particulars in his neat handwriting, are
now in the British Museum collection, and form the basis
of our knowledge of the avifauna of what is now partly
the Mongalla Province of the Sudan and partly the Nile
Province of the Uganda Protectorate.
From the time of the death of Gordon in 1885 to the
Khartoum expedition of 1898, the Sudan was inaccessible
to travellers and collectors.
Since the reoccupation and reopening of the Sudan under
the protectorate of Great Britain, a great many travellers
and collectors have visited the country; and a list of the
more important papers published since that date will be
found in the bibliography, including those of Mr. Butler
and the earlier explorers.
BipiioGRAPHy.
(Titles arranged -in order of date.)
1. Hemenicn, F. W., and Exrensere, C.G. Symbole Physice.
Berlin, 1828 .
2. CrerzscumMar, P. J, Atlas zu Dr. E. Riippell’s Reise.
Frankfurt, 1828-45,
420 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
3. Riprety, E. Neue Wirbelthiere. Frankfurt, 1835.
4, Rijppnin, E. Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nordost-
~I
10.
ie
12
13.
14,
15.
Afrikas. Frankfurt, 1845.
. SuypEvatt, C. Foglar frin Nordostra Afrika. CEfvers. K.
Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1850, p. 126.
. Stricknann, H. EH. List of Birds procured in Kordofan by
Mr. J. Petherick. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 214.
. Breum, A. BE. Reiseskizzer aus Nord-Ost-A frika.
3 vols. Jena, 1855.
. Haverty, T. Systematische Uebersicht der Végel Nord-
ost-Afrikas etc., ete. 8.B. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856,
pp. 255-824.
. Anrtnor1, O. Catalogo descrittivo di una collezione di
uccelli fatta nell’ interno dell’ Affrica centrale nord.
Milano, 1864.
Batpamus, EH. “ Verzeichniss Central -Afrikanischer und
Nord-Afrikanischer Vogel abgebildet in des Herzog Paul
Wilhelm von Wiirttemberg Icones ined.”: Naumannia, vii.
1857, p. 482; and Heuglin, “ Ueber die ornithologischen
Arbeiten des Herzog etc., ete.”: J. f. O. 1867, p. 289.
Hevewy, T. von. Ornithologie Nordost-Afrikas.
2 vols. in 4 parts. Cassel, 1869-71.
Emin Pasoa. Description of Emin’s collections were chiefly
published by Hartlaub, as follows :—
P. Z.S. 1880, p. 624.
J.£.°0. 1880; p. 210; 1882, p. 321; 1883) %p;sazae
1887, p. 310; 1890, p. 150.
Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 1881], p. 83; vii. 1882,
p. 183.
Ibis, 1884, p. 28.
Wirnsrsy, H. F. An _ ornithological. expedition to the
White Nile. Ibis, 1901, pp. 237-278.
RoruscuHiup, Hon. N. C., and Woutaston, A. F.R. Ona
collection of Birds from Shendi, Sudan. Ibis, 1902,
pp. 1-33, 1 pl.
OginviE-Grant, W. R. On a collection of Birds made
on the White Nile between Khartoum and Fashoda.
With an introduction and field-notes by R. McD. Hawker.
Ibis, 1902, pp. 3938-470, 2 pls.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 4.21
16.
18.
19:
20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
26.
Neumann, O. Végel von Schoa und Siid-Athiopien. J. f. O.
1904, pp. 3821-410; 1905, pp. 184-243, 335-360; 1906,
pp. 229-300.
. JkcERsKI6LD, L. A. Birds from the White Nile. Swedish
Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901.
Upsala, 1904. Pt. i. Aves, pp. 1-18.
Oattviz-Grant, W.R. On the Birds procured by Mr. W.
N. MeMillan’s expedition to the Sobat and Baro rivers.
This, 1907, pp. 578-614.
Burtzr, A. L. A contribution to the Ornithology of the
Egyptian Sudan. Ibis, 1905, pp. 301-401, 1 pl.
Buriur, A. L. A second contribution to the Ornithology of
the Egyptian Sudan. Ibis, 1908, pp. 205-263.
Burter, A. L. Contributions to the Ornithology of the
Sudan.—No., III. On Birds collected by Captain EB. P.
Blencowe in the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province. Ibis, 1909,
pp. 74-90.
Butter, A. L. Contributions to the Ornithology of the
Sudan.—No. IV. On Birds observed on the Red Sea Coast
in May 1908. Ibis, 1909, pp. 389-406.
Sasst, M. Hin Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Vogelwelt vom
Weissen Nil. Ann. k.-k. Nat. Hist. Hofmus. Wien, xxi.
1906, pp. 45-59.
Mrnne@avx, A. Catalogue des Oiseaux rapportés par M. et
Mme. Ph. de Vilmorin du Soudan égyptien. Bull. Mus.
Paris, xiii. 1907, pp. 385-401, 1 map.
Brreer, A. Liste der auf meiner mit Major Roth und
K. y. Donner unternommenen Expedition gesammelten
Vogelbalge. J. f. O. 1911, pp. 508-521.
Koxnie, A. Die Ergebnisse meiner Reise nach dem Sudan
in Friihjahr 1910. Verhandl. V. Internat. Orn.-Kongr.
Berlin, 1911, pp. 469-545, 6 pls.
Maparisz, J. vy. Neue Vogel aus Afrika. [Upupa butleri,
Cisticola sudanica, Passer nikersoni, Passer albiventris,
spp. n.} Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. ix. 1911, pp. 339-342,
. Pumurps, J. C. Notes on a collection of Birds from the
Soudan. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, Mass., lviii.
1913, pp. 1-27.
Werrtsrety, O. v. Neue Vogel aus Nordostafrika. Anz. Akad.
Wien, lili, 1916, pp. 131-186.
4.22 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on | Ibis,
GEOGRAPHICAL.
(See Pl)
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan extends from Wadi Halfa,
22° N. lat., to Nimule, 33° N. lat., a distance of about
1200 miles; while its greatest breadth, from the Darfur-
Wadai froutier to the Abyssinian border, is about 950.
The whole of it except the coast-belt of the Red Sea
Province is in the basin of the Nile and its tributaries,
and is remarkable for its low elevation throughout.
Between Khartoum (1260 ft.) and Lado (1525 ft.) the.
level of the Nile only rises 265 ft., and while there are
isolated groups of hills here and there, there is nothing
which can be called a mountain anywhere in the country,
except the range parallel to the coast of the Red Sea behind
Port Sudan. Here some of the peaks rise to over 7000 ft.
elevation. Elsewhere there appears to be no hills reaching
the 5000 foot contour.
The northern part of the Sudan from Wadi Halfa to
Shendi is practically rainless, and the country away from
the Nile is a desert in the stiictest sense of the word.
From Khartoum southwards to Lake No the rainfall is
progressively greater, and the country gradually becomes
less arid. At Khartoum the rains fall almost entirely in
August and do not amount to more than a few inches,
while at 'laufikia they are a little earlier, in June and July,
and perhaps amount to 10 inches. In the Bahr el Ghazal
there is a good deal more rainfall, mostly between June and
October, perhaps amounting to 20-25 inches. Kordofan is
very dry and is without perennial streams. Finally, in
Mongalla Province the rains are more eveuly distributed
over the year and there is a tendency for two rainy seasous,
one in June—July, the other in September—October.
It is important to bear in mind the occurrence of the
rainy season in tropical and subtropical countries; for
the breeding-time of birds depends much more on the
rainy season than it does on the seasonal changes of
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1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 423
temperature, which, as the equatorial belt is approached,
become comparatively negligible.
List oF SPECIES.
The references and synonymy have been cut down as much
as possible. Reference tothe original description of the species
is given in all cases where it is not obviously stated in the
text-book cited, and also one to Shelley’s ‘ Birds of Africa’
or Reichenow’s ‘ Vogel Afrikas,’ and in the ease of paleearctic
migrants to Hartert’s ‘ Vogel paliiarktischen Fauna.’
A list of specimens in each of the three collections worked
over is given, and the localities mentioned are all arranged
according to the administrative Provinces into which the
territory has been divided, and we hope ali the localities
will be found marked on the map (PI. IX.).
The names of the Provinces have been abbreviated as
follows :—
Ber. = Berber Province, R.S. = Red Sea _ Province,
Kas. = Kassala, Sen. = Sennar, B.N. = Blue Nile; Kh. =
Khartoum Province, Kor.=Kordofan, W.N.:= White Nile
Province, U.N. = Upper Nile Province, B.G. = Bahr el
Ghazal, Mon.= Mongalla Province, and L.E.= Lado Enclave.
The last-named, formerly part of the Belgian Congo, is,
so far as its northern half is concerned, a portion of the
Mongalla Province ; the southern half south of Nimule
forms part of the Nile Province of the Uganda Protectorate,
and is outside our limits.
We hope with the concluding instalment to give a few re-
marks on the general relationship of the fauna of the Sudan,
but it seems better to defer this until the work is completed.
The new forms described in the present instalment are as
follows :-—
Estrilda astrild gaboonensis, nom. n. pro E. rubriventris
Sharpe & Shelley nec Vieill.: Gaboon.
Anomalospiza butleri, sp. n.
Serinus mozambicus tando, subsp. n.: from Angola.
Serinus mozambicus aurifrons, described for the first
time though named by Heuglin in 1856.
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 2H
424 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[Thbis,
Family Corvin.
Heterocorax capensis minor.
Corvus minor Schlegel, Cat. Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867,
p. 27: patr. ignot.
Corvus capensis Licht. ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 326.
[B.coll.] 5 Malakal May, U.N.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Melut Jan., 1 Taufikia Jan., 1 nr. Lake
No * Mch. U.N.
As was first pointed out by Heuglin, the South African
Rook is a much larger bird than that of the Nile valley.
The wings of the five examples in the Butler collection
average 308 mm. (299-315), while those of five birds from
Cape Colony average 365 mm. (3855-376). Birds from the
Transvaal and East Africa are intermediate, but show a
gradual deci ease in size as we travel northwards. On the
other hand, Abyssinian birds are very large, the only two
examples in the Museum measuring 855 and 358 mm.
respectively.
As it seems necessary to draw a line somewhere, we should
be inclined to include all birds from south of the Zambesi
with a wing-measurement of less than 330 mm. under
the name //. c. capensis. Birds from the north of the
Zambesi to the Nile valley (except those from Abyssinia)
must be called H. c. minor, with a wing-measurement of less
than 8830 mm. The Abyssinian bird will probably require a
new name.
Dr. Biittikofer kindly informs us that the type of Corvus
minor Schlegel is still preserved in the Leyden Museum, and
that it resembles Heterocorax c. capensis in every respect
except that it is so very much smaller. He gives us the
following measurements :— Wing 290, tail 170, culmen 50,
tarsus 62. It is obviously a very small bird, but not so
very much smaller than some of the Sudanese examples.
Unfortunately, it has no indication of locality. It was
* We regret to find Lake No has been accidentally omitted from the
map; it is an expansion of the Nile at the junction of the Bahr el Ghazal
and the Bahr el Jebel,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyplian Sudan. 425
purchased by the Leyden Museum from Messrs. Verreaux
of Paris many years ago.
It is perhaps worth while to give the measurements of
the wings of birds in the Museum collection, to show the
gradual decrease in size from south to north :—
Cape Colony: ¢ 376, 370,560,355; ? 364. Zululand:
$ 376. Transvaal: ¢ 345, 338; 2 354, 349, 344, 335.
Damaraland: ¢ 341. Rhodesia: ¢ 337. Angola: ¢ 320.
East Africa: g 322, 309; 9 3829. Sudan: ¢ 320, 317,
315, 3138, 299; ¢ 321, 303. Abyssinia: ¢ 358; 9 355.
Corvus albus.
Corvus albus P. L. 8. Mill.; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 144.
Corvus scapulatus Daud. ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 326, 1908,
p. 223, 1909, p. 79.
[B.coll.] 1Goz Abu Guma Apl. W.N.; 1 Renk Jan. U.N;
1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Tonga Feb. U.N.
Corvus umbrinus.
Corvus umbrinus Sundev. ; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 149;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 826, 1908, p. 223, 1909, p. 394.
[ B. coll.}| 2 Khartoum Sept.
[C.& L.coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch. B.S.
Rhinocorax affinis.
Corvus affinis Riipp.; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 140; Butler,
This, 1908, p. 223, 1909, p. 394.
[B. coll.] 3 Erkowit Mch. R.S.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Jebelein Jan. W.N.
Cryptorhina afra.
Cryptorhina afra (Linn.), Shelley, B. A. v. p. 161; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 223, 1909, p. 79.
[B. coll.] 2 Malakal May June, 4 Taufikia Jan. Mch.
U.N. ; 1 Wau Mch., 1 Doleiba May, B.G.
[C.& L. coll.] 5 Taufikia Jan., 6 Tonga Feb. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 5 Wau July Aug. B.G.
pes: Ge
426 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ibis,
- Corvultur crassirostris.
Corvus crassirostris Riipp. N. Wirb. Vég. 1835, p. 19,
pl. 8: Abyssinia.
Corvultur crassirostris (Riipp.); Shelley, B. A. v. p. 138.
The Thick-billed Raven occasionally wanders over the
eastern boundary of the Sudan from the mountains of
Abyssinia. It is reported from Famaka, south of Roseires,
by Hartmann (J. f. O. 1854, p. 232), and from Galabat by
Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 507). It does not seem
to have been recorded since.
Family Dicrurip2@.
Dicrurus adsimilis divaricatus.
Muscicapa divaricata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. 1828,
p. 52: Senegambia.
Dicrurus adsimilis divaricatus (Licht.) ; Oberholser, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xxviii. 1905, p. 920.
Dicrurus afer apud Shelley, B. A. v. 1912, p. 172; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 326, 1908, p. 224, 1909, p. 80.
[B. coll.] 1 Fachi Shoya Novy., 2 Jebelein May, W.N. ;
1 Roseires Aug. Sen.; 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 nr. Tonj
river Jan., 1 Tembura Mch. B.G.; 1 Sheikh Tombé,
Mon.
[C.&L.coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec.,1 Singa Dec. Sen. ; 1] nr.
Meshra Zeraf Jan., 1 Malakal Jan. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.; 5 Yei Nov. Dec.
L.E.
This form of the larger Forked-tailed Drongo only differs
from the South African typical race in its smaller size, and
was first clearly distinguished by Oberholser. It appears to
be common throughout the Sudan, and extends westwards
to Senegambia and southwards through East Africa to the
Transvaal, where it intergrades with the large typical form.
Family Or1oLip#.
Oriolus oriolus.
Coracias oriolus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 107:
Sweden.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 427
Oriolus galbula Linn.; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 3; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 323, 1909, p. 3894.
[B. coll.| 4 Khartoum Sept. Oct.; 1 Jebel Maba Apl.
Sen.
Allin immature plumage and on migration (see Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 328).
Oriolus auratus.
Oriolus auratus Vieill.; Shelley, B. A. vy. p. 5; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 221, 1909, p. 79.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires July Aug. Sen.; 1 Chak Chak
Jan., 1 Khor Gitti Jan., 2 Raffali Feb., 1 nr, Kojali
Mch. B.G.; 1 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
(Chr. coll.] 5 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 2 Meridi Jan, 3 Wau
July—Aug. B.G. ; 2 Yei Dec. L.E.
The Sudan Orioles have been separated under the name
of O. a. chryseus Heugl. on account of their having a shorter
bill than the typical West African form. We have measured
a series of 14 adults from West Africa and 18 from the
Sudan, and find that the difference is negligible, namely
28 to 27 mm.
Oriolus larvatus.
Oriolus larvatus Licht. ; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 12.
A form of Black-headed Oriole occurs in the Sudan,
namely, Oriolus rolleti (Salvadori, Atti Accad. Torino, vii.
1864, p. 151), and was described from the Upper White
Nile, where it was obtained by Brun Rollett in 7° N. lat.
The species is not represented in the Butler collection.
As there is some doubt about the forms of the Black-
headed Oriole, we will not commit ourselves to the sub-
specific name.
Oriolus sp.
In Major Christy’s collection is a large Oriole obtained
at Yambio in March 1916, and sexed 92, which we are
unable to identify. It resembles O. auratus, but is slightly
larger (wing 147, bill 28); it also has distinct traces of
black on the crown, most of the feathers having black bases
428 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [Ibis,
which show through in places giving it a slightly spotted
appearance. The black streak through the eye resembles
that of O. auratus, but there is not so much yellow on the
wing. It does not seem possible to identify the bird with
any known species, but without more material we hesitate
to describe it as new.
Family Burnacipg.
Buphaga erythrorhyncha.
Buphaga erythrorhyncha (Stanley); Shelley, B. A. v.
p. 28 ; Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 328.
[B. coll.] 1 Mongalla July Sept.
Buphaga africana.
Buphaga africana Linn. ; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 28.
The Yellow-billed Oxpecker is also found in the Sudan,
whence it is recorded by Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 718).
It was also obtained by Emin at several localities in the
Lado Enclave.
Family EviaBetip”.
Onychognathus morio riippelli.
Onychognathus morio rueppelli (Verr.); Shelley, B. A. v.
p. 105.
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Fazogli May, Sen. ; 1 Rejaf Apl. E.E.
Pilorhinus albirostris. :
Ptilonorhynchus albirostris Riipp. N. Wirb. Vog. 1885,
p. 22, pl. 9: Abyssinia. .
Pilorhinus albirostris (Riipp.); Reichw. Vog. Afr. ii, p. 704.
Antinori, Cat. p. 62, states that he secured examples on
the road between Gedaref and Gallabat ; also one example
from the White Nile. There are no Sudanese examples in
the British Museum.
Spreo superbus.
Spreo superbus (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 89; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 228.
[B. coll.] 7 Mongalla July—Sept.
1918.] the Burds of the Anglo-lgyptian Sudan. 429
Spreo pulcher.
Spreo pulcher (PR. L. S. Mill.); Shelley, B. A. v. p. 93;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 825.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch, Ber.; 1 85 m. W. Omdurman
Jan. Kh. ; 1 Sebil Mch. B.N.; 1 Renk Mch. U.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Apl. R.S.; 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
Count Zedlitz (J.f.O0. 1911, p. 9) divides this bird into
three subspecies, viz. :—
S. p. pulcher (P.L.S. Mill.) : Senegal; from N.W. Africa.
S. p. rufiventris (Riipp.): Abyssinia; from Eritrea and
N. Abyssinia.
S. p. intermedius Zedlitz: Adamaua; from eastern Cam-
eroon to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
We have examined all the examples of this group in the
collection of the British Museum and fail to find any of
the alleged differences, which are chiefly in the shade of the
metallic colouring, always a doubtfully consistent character.
Lamprocolius purpureus amethystinus.
Lamprotornis amethystinus Heuglin, J. f. O. 1863, p. 21 :
Bahr el Ghazal.
Lamprocolius purpureus (PR. L. S, Mill.) ; Shelley, B. A.
v. p. 78; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 222.
[B. coll.] 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yei Nov. LE.
Lamprocolius chalybeus chalybeus.
Lamprotornis chalybeus Hempr. & Ehr, Symb. Phys. 1828,
fol. y, pl. 10: Dongola.
Lamprocolius cyanogenys Sundevall, fver. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockholm for 1850, 1851, p. 127: Sennar.
Lamprocolius chloropterus schradert Neumann, Orn.
Monatsb. xvi. 1908, p. 65: Ailet, N. Abyssinia.
Lamprocolius sycobius apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 222.
[B. coll.] 8 Roseires Apl. July Aug. Sen.; 1 Sheikh
Tombé “ summer,’ Mon.; 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1
Moyen Jan. B.G.
(Chr. coll.] 8 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
430 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
There are undoubtedly two species of Glossy Starling,
which haye often been confused one with the other. The
smaller one, with a wing of 115-125 mm. and with a
sharply defined blue ear-patch, must retain the original
name given by Ehrenberg; while the larger species is
L. cyaniventris. The synonymy is as given in 1859 by
Hartlaub, and subsequently by Neumann (J. f. O. 1905,
p. 239) and Ogilvie-Grant (Ibis, 1913, p. 556).
The young bird is originally dull’ brown below and dark
green above; this changes into a more bluish tint on
the back, the wings becoming brighter green with dark tips
to the feathers, the underside with the chest and under
tail-coverts greenish, the belly bright blue. The ear-
coverts, originally brownish black, become bright blue
and sharply defined.
In West Africa this bird is replaced by a slightly differing
form, which should bear the naine L. cha/ybeus chloropterus
Swains. ‘This differs from the north-east African form in
being distinctly greener on the back.
Two birds from the Bahr el Ghazal, killed in January and
February, are even more green than the West African form
and may eventually prove to be a new subspecies.
However, the birds obtained by Dr. Christy in the same
district are practically indistinguishable from the West
African form.
Lamprocolius cyaniventris.
Lamprocolius cyaniventris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xxiv. 1855, p. 255: Abyssinia (ex Riippell).
Lamprocolius abyssinicus Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1859, p. 21:
Abyssinia.
Lamprocolius chalybeus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 325,
1909, p. 79.
[B. coll.] 2 betw. Doka and Atbara river Apl. Kas. ;
1 Roseires Apl. Sen. ; 1 Tawela Dec., 1 nr. Renk Feb.
U.N. ; 1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Jebelein Jan., 1 Lat.12°N. Mch. W.N.
L. cyaniventris is, as Neumann points out (J. f. O. 1905,
igt8.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 431
p. 239), the correct name for the Glossy Starling which is
generally known as L. chalybeus. The wing measures
130-150 mm.
~ The form of this bird found in the Sudan does not have
sharply defined blue ear-patches, though there is always a
bluish tinge present.
Lamprocolius chalcurus.
Lamprotornis chalcurus (Nordm.); Shelley, B. A. v.
a ee
Lamprocolius chalybeus Butler (nec H. & E.), Ibis, 1909,
p. 79 (pt.).
[B. coll.] 2 Wau Mch. Apl., 2 Tembura Mch. B.G.;
4 Kenisa ‘‘ summer,” Mon.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.; 3 Yei Nov. L.E.
Lamprotornis splendidus splendidus.
Turdus splendidus Vieill. Ene. Méth. i. 1822, p. 653:
Malimbe, north of mouth of Congo.
Lamprotornis splendidus (Vieill.); Shelley, B. A. v. p. 65.
(Chr. coll.] Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
This fine species has not previously been noticed in the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, though it was obtained by Neumann
in Shoa; its range extends to Cameroon and to north Angola,
and in our view it should bear the typical name founded on
a bird obtained at Malimbe in Gaboon by Perrein.
Lamprotornis purpuropterus purpuropterus.
Lamprotornis purpuropterus Niipp. ; Shelley, B. A. v. p. 56.
Lamprotornis porphyropterus apud Butler, Ibis, 1908,
Dascer, 1909, p. 79:
[B. coll.}] Malakal Jan., Tawela Dec. U.N. ; Gardein,
Apl. B.G.; 3 Mongalla May.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Tonga Feb., 2 mouth of Bahr el Zeraf
Mch. U.N.
Lamprotornis purpuropterus zneocephalus.
Lamprotornis purpuropterus eneocephalus Heugl.; Shelley,
Bs A. v..p.:56.
432 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on —_ [Ibis,
Lamprotornis porphyropterus (nec Cab.), Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 324 (pt.).
[B. coll.] 6 Roseires June Sept. Nov. Dec. Sen. ; 1 Hin
el Lueiga Apl. B.N.; 1 Fachi Shoya Nov., 1 Kosti
May, W.N.
[C. & L. coll.| 4 Kamisa Dec, Sen.; 1 Hassania I. Jan.
W.N.
This is the longer-tailed form of Riippell’s Glossy
Starling, which has been generally confused with the
shorter-tailed form. Shelley and O.-Grant (Ibis, 1902,
p. 402) have shown that they must be distinguished as
subspecies—the longer-tailed form ranging from Bogosland
through the Blue Nile and lower White Nile districts to
Kordofan; the short-tailed form, P. p. purpuropterus,
taking its place farther south in Abyssinia, on the Upper
White Nile, and the Bahr el Ghazal, and southwards.
Two of the Roseires birds caused us considerable trouble,
as they had shorter tails; but we believe that in these
examples the tail was not fully developed. They have also
more purplish-bronzy gloss on the lower breast than is
usual with the short-tailed form, and we are satisfied that
they are correctly placed here.
Lamprotornis caudatus.
Lamprotornis caudatus (P. li. S. Mull.); Shelley, B. A. v.
poo; Butler; Tbis,1908, p..221, 1909,—p. 79.
[B. coll.] 1 Wau Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Raffali
Feb., 1 Kojali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Wau July—Aug. B.G.
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster leucogaster.
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster (Gum.); Shelley, B. A. v. p. 38;
Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 79.
[B. coll.] 8 Roseires Apl. July Aug. Sen.; 10 Wau
Mch. Apl. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 6 Wau July—Aug.
B.G.
1918.|] the Birds of the Anglo-E-gyptian Sudan. 433
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster verreauxi.
Cinnyricinclus verreauxi (Bocage); Shelley, B. A. v. p. 41.
A single example, probably a wanderer, of this southern
African race of C. leucogaster was secured by Mr. Butler at
Mongalla and is now in the Museum at Khartoum. It is
distinguished from the northern race by the presence of a
white patch on the outer web of the outer tail-feathers.
Family Srurnips&.
Creatophora carunculata.
Crealophora carunculata (Gm.) ; Shelley, B. A. yv. p. 123.
[B. coll.] 1 Mongalla “summer” Mon. ; 1 Lado Feb.
L.E.
Hypocolius ampelinus.
Hypocolius ampelinus Bp. Consp. i. 1850, p. 336: Cali-
fornia! (probably Abyssinia, cf. Heuglin, Ibis, 1868, p. 181);
Shelley, B. A. v. p. 34.
There is a specimen in the British Museum collected by
Verreaux and labelled “‘ White Nile.” Three specimens in
the Paris Museum are also believed to have been obtained
in Sennar. It seems probable that it is an occasional
migrant to the Sudan. It is otherwise only known from
Arabia. ‘
Family PLoceip#.
Ploceus (Othyphantes) emini.
Othyphantes eminit Hartl. ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 458.
[Chr. coll.] 1 ¢ juv. Yambio Mch. B.G,
This rare species is not represented in the Butler col-
lection ; but a single young male with a grey back finely
streaked with black in the Christy collection appears to be
referable to it. ‘The type locality Agaru is in the Nile
Province of Uganda.
Ploceus (Hyphanturgus ) ocularius crocatus.
Hyphantornis crocata Hartlaub, Abh. Bremen, 1881,
p- 100: Magungo.
434 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
Hyphanturgus ocularius (Smith); Shelley, B. A. iv.
p. 385 (pt.).
Ploceus ocularivs crocatus (Hartl.); Reichenow, V. A.
il, p. 46.
[B.coll.] 1 Tembura Mch. B.G.; 1 Kajo Kaji Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 9 Meridi Jan.—Feb., 1 Yambio Mch., 1
Tembura Apl. B.G. |
Ploceus (Hyphantornis) cucullatus abyssinicus.
Hyphantornis abyssinicus (Gm.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 429.
[ B. coll.] 5 Roseires Aug. Sept., 1 Rahad river Apl.,
1 Gerif Apl. Sen.
Ploceus (Hyphantornis) cucullatus feminina.
Hyphantornis feminina O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1907,
p. 15: Ruwenzori.
[B.coll.] 1 Koja Feb. B.@.; 1 Mongalla.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio, Mch., 2 Wau July—Aug. B.G.;
5 Yei Nov.—Dec. L.E.
We have made a careful examination of all the Spotted-
backed Weavers in the Museum, and have come to the
following conclusions as to the species and races.
Pitoceus nicxicers Layard, B. S. Afr. 1867, p. 180:
Kuruman.
This species has the hack evenly mottled, and the black
of the head which extends to the nape is followed by a clear
yellow ring.
Distribution. South Africa extending north through
eastern Africa to southern Somaliland.
Proceus couxaris Vieill. N. Dict. xxxiv. 1819, p. 129:
Angola.
This species has the back like P. nigriceps, but the black
of the head extends on to the neck almost to the shoulders
and is without the yellow ring; it also has a chestnut patch
on the chest.
Distribution. Angola, Gaboon and the lower Congo
districts.
1918.| the Birds of the Anylo-Egyptian Sudan. 435
| PLocevs CUCULLATUS CUCULLATUS.
~ Oriolus cucullatus P.L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776,
p- 87: Senegal
~ All the northern forms of the Spotted-backed Weavers
are distinguished by having a yellow back with black
scapulars forming a V-shaped mark and a few other black
feathers. We can recognize four races, of which the
West-African one, which keeps the typical name, is dis-
tinguished by its very dark brown nape-patch and by the
black of the head extending well beyond the level of
the ear-coverts.
Distribution. Senegal to Cameroon.
PLocEUS CUCULLATUS BOHNDORFTFI.
Ploceus bohndorffi Reichenow, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 214, 307:
Stanley Falls, Belgian Congo.
This race differs from C. c. cucullatus in the paler brown
of the nape-patch, which extends forward as a narrow band
almost to tlie eye.
Distribution. Belgian Congo.
PLOCEUS CUCULLATUS FEMININA.
Hyphantornis feminina O.-Grant, supra.
This race is distinguished from P. ce. bohndorffi by having
a somewhat paler brown nape-patch, which is not sharply
defined posteriorly but fades into the colour of the back.
The black of the head is more restricted.
This form was originally founded by Grant on the female
of a bird from Ruwenzori, which he believed to be dis-
tinguished by its yellow underparts. ‘This, however, we
consider to be only a seasonal phase, as similar yellow
females occur in all the forms of P. cucullatus.
Distribution. Upper White Nile, including the Bahr
el Ghazal and Uganda. ‘There is also an example in the
Alexander collection from Bima on the Welle river, and
another from the Mau plateau in British East Africa.
PLOcEUS CUCULLATUS ABYSSINICUS.
Loxia abyssinica Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 860:
Abyssinia.
436 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
The Abyssinian bird is again slightly less brightly coloured
than P.c. feminina ; the brown nape is less conspicuous and
the black of the head still more restricted.
Distribution. Abyssinia north to Sennar and south to Shoa. |
Ploceus (Sitagra) badius badius.
Hyphantornis badius Cass.; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 434.
[B. col).] 8 Roseires July Aug. Sen. ; 1 Khartoum Sept.
[C.& L.coll.] 1 Singa Dec., 5 Kamisa Dee. Sen.
All the birds in the Chapman & Lynes collection are
in non-breeding dress.
Ploceus (Sitagra) badius axillaris.
Hyphantornis axillaris Heuglin, J. f. O. 1867, p. 381:
district of the ‘ Kidj-Neger,” 7. e. the neighbourhood of
Shambé on the Bahr el Jebel or upper White Nile.
Hyphantornis badius (non Cass.); Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 221.
[B. coll.] 2 Mongalla, 1 Kenisa, 1 Bor May, Mon.
There are undoubtedly two races of this species, as was
first pomted out by Butler in a letter addressed to Ogilvie-
Grant, dated 26 Sept. 1914, as follows :—“In White Nile
birds the whole head is black right on to the nape and sides
of the neck, whereas in Blue Nile birds the black shades
into chestnut on the back of the head, and does not extend
further back on the sides of the head than the ear-coverts.
The bill of the White Nile birds is much smaller and
straighter ; there is a yellow wash on the rump in White
Nile birds, which the Blue Nile ones lack, and the White
Nile birds have got more chestnut and less yellow on the
abdomen and under tail-coverts.”
A comparison of the specimens in the Butler collection
(there are no others in the British Museum) confirms
what Butler has written, and it only remains to settle the
nomenclature.
The oldest name is undoubtedly Hyphantornis badius
(Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 57: Fazokl, 7. e.
Fazogli in Sennar), and applies to the Blue Nile bird,
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 437
Ploceus rufocitrinus Miull., P. mordoreus Bp., and Textor
castaneo-auratus Antin., were all proposed for birds from
the same district, and the only other available name is
Hyphantornis axillaris of Heuglin.
In the J. f. O. for 1867 Heuglin mentions that he had
himself obtained examples of this Weaver on the upper
White Nile, and he refers to a previous description in
J. f. O. 1865, p. 99, where he leaves the bird unnamed but
gives the type locality ‘“ Kidj Neger,” although he alludes
to other examples taken by other collectors in Sennar ; but
on the whole it seems the best course to fix Heuglin’s name
on to the White Nile bird.
The wings of the three males of P. 6. badius measure 79,
75, and 75 respectively, and those of P. b. axillaris 72, 72,
72, and 71; so that Blue Nile birds appear to be slightly
larger.
Ploceus (Sitagra) luteolus.
Sitagra luteola (Licht.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 397;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 822, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires June July Aug. Sen.; 1 Jebel
Abu Sinun Apl., 2 Bara Apl. Kor.; 1 Gadein Jan.,
2 Wau Mch. Apl. B.G.; 3 Sheikh Tombé, 1 Bor,
1 Mongalla Jan. Mon.; 1 Lado Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Mch., 2 near Lake No Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl.,1 Wau July—Aug., 2 Yambio
Mch. B.G.
Ploceus (Sitagra) vitellinus vitellinus.
Hyphantornis vitellinus (ULicht.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv.
p: 443.
(Chr. coll.] 2g 2 Tembura Apl. B.G.
_ Weare unable to distinguish these or birds from Shoa and
East Africa from the typical West-African form; they have
been separated by Neumann as P. v, uluwensis (Neumann,
J,f.O. 1900, p. 282).
438 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _ [Tbis,
Ploceus (Sitagra) teniopterus.
Hyphantornis teniopterus (Reichenb.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv.
p. 411; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 323, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Kh.; 2 Fashoda Aug., 1 Tautfikia
June, U.N.; 2 Wau Apl., 1 Meshra el Rek May,
B.G.; 1 Kenisa May, 1 Shambé, Mon.
[C. & L. coll.]/ 1 Kosti Jan. W.N.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Agha Jan., 6 40 miles south of Renk Jan., 1 10 miles
south of Meshra Zeraf Jan., 1 Melut Jan. U.N.
Ploceus (Sitagra) heuglini heuglini.
Hyphantornis heuglint (Reichenw.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv.
p- 413 ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 1 Kojah Feb. B.G.
Ploceus (Xanthophilus) galbula.
Xanthophilus galbula (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 474;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 322, 1908, p. 221, 1909, p. 394.
[B. coll.] 5 Khor Arbat May, 1 Erkowit Mch., i Erba
Mch. R.S.; 1 Gedaref Apl. Kas.
[C. & L. coll.]- 3 Erkowit Apl., 2 Sinkat Mch. RS. ;
1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
Ploceus (Sitagra) melanocephalus dimidiatus.
Hyphantornis dimidiatus Salvad. & Antin. Atti R. Ae.
Torino, 1873, p. 360: Kassala; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 486.
The type of this species was procured by Antinori at
Kassala in September 1871, and there are examples in the
British Museum from Wadelai (Emin) and from other
localities farther south, but it has never been found between
the type locality and the Lake district, nor are there any
examples in the collections we are now examining. It seems
probable, therefore, that there was some mistake about the
type locality and the bird is not a Sudanese form at all.
Ploceus (Sitagra) intermedius.
Ploceus intermedius Riipp. Syst. Uebers. 1845, pp.71, 76:
Shoa.
Hyphantornis intermedius Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 401,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 439
Heuglin obtained this bird, and first called it H. erythro-
pthalma, at Gallabat and Gedaref, in Sennar. He afterwards
identified it with Riippell’s: species. Shelley doubts the
identification, as Heuglin’s birds were out of plumage, and
suggests that they were probably P. teniopterus.
Amblyospiza albifrons melanota.
Amblyospiza melanota (Heugl.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 307.
[B?coll.] 9 Gigging, 1 Kenisa, Jan. Mon.; 2 Rejaf
Feb. L.E.
There appear to be three races of the Grosbeak Weaver
in east and north-east Africa:
A. albifrons melanota (Heugl.): White Nile to Uganda.
A. a. ethiopica Neum.: 8. Abyssinia.
A. a. unicolor Fisch. & Reichw.: British and German
East Africa.
The specimen from Kenisa is distinctly darker on the head
even than 4. a. ethiopica, but judging by the white edgings
to the breast-feathers it appears to he a young bird and may
be referred to A. a. melanota for the present.
Anaplectes melanotis.
Anaplectes melanotis (afr.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 238 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 2 Jebel Fazogli May, Sen.; 1 Raffali Feb.
B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
Aidemosyne cantans orientalis.
Atdemusyne orientalis Lorenz & Hellmayr, O. M. 1901,
p. 89: S. Arabia.
Ai demosyne cantans (Gm.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 393.
[B. coll.] 1 Talgwarab Apl. B.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Apl., ] Erkowit Apl. B.S.
Aidemosyne cantans inornata.
Aidemosyne inornata Mearns, Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. 61,
No. 14, 1913, p. 3: El Dueim, White Nile.
SER. X.— VOL. VI. aot
440 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Uroloncha cantans (in part) Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 152;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 319, 1908, p. 219.
[B. coll.] 7 ¢,6 2 Roseires Aug. Sept. Sen. ; 4 Khar-
toum Dec. Feb.; 1 Kawa Nov. W.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 White Nile, lat. 133°-15° N. W.N.
We have been very carefully into the races of A. cantans.
We agree with Shelley and the German authors that the
type-locality of Gmelin’s bird wus probably West Africa.
We propose to formally designate Dakar, Senegal, for this,
where it is known to have occurred.
We can distinguish three races—
1. A. c. cantans Gm., which extends from West Africa
to the Bahr el Ghazal, and of which the Museum contains
examples from Gambaga in the Gold Coast Colony, Northern
Nigeria, and Lake Chad, all collected by Alexander, and
some birds from “the mouth of the Zeraf river,” Bahr el
Ghazal, collected by Capt. Dunn.
This form is distinguished by its plainer and greyer back,
with hardly any indications of the transverse markings on
the back itself. .
2, A. c. 1nornNATA Mearns, to which form we are inclined
to assign all the birds from the Sudan, except those from
the Bahr el Ghazal and the Red Sea Province. It seems
evident from the fine series in the Butler collection that
there is a considerable seasonal plumage-change in this
form, the winter birds being much plainer and browner
and less transversely barred than those obtained in the
summer months. Mearns’ description was obviously based
on a rather large winter-killed bird.
The Sudan birds on the whole are more barred on the
back and are distinctly brown at all times of the vear as
compared with the West African birds.
8. A. c. onrenTaLis Lorenz & Hellmayr, O. M. 1901,
p. 39: S. Arabia, is a still browner and more heavily striped
bird, and is confined to south Arabia, Somaliland, and the
Red Sea Coast, extending north as far as the Port Sudan
district.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 441
As regards 4d. ¢. bardensis Wettstein (Anz. Akad. Wicn,
1916, No. 13, pp. 181-5: Bara, N. Kordofan), we can offer
no opinion, as we have no specimens from Kordofan. We
should, however, consider it unlikely that a race from that
locality should be separable from the very closely related
A. c. cantans to the west and A, c. inornata to the east.
Ureginthus bengalus ugande ?
Ureginthus bengalus ugande Zedlitz, J.f.O. 1911, p. 606:
Entebbe.
Kstrilda phenicotis (Swains.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 319,
1908, p. 219, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat May, Kas. ; 1 nr. Tonj Dec., 3 Wau
Apl. B.@. ; 1 Bor, Mon.
[C. & I. coll.] 3 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 2 nr. Lake No Feb.
U.N.
[Chr. coll.} 1 Yambio Mch., 1 Tembura Apl., 2 Wau
July—Aug., B.G.
The Ruby-cheeked Cordon-bleu has been divided into a
large number of subspecies by Neumann, Reichenow, and
Zedlitz. According to the list given by the latter author
our form should be referred to the Uganda race.
Our birds are certainly paler than the north-west African
form. According to Neumann and Zedlitz the form oc-
curring on the lower White Nile is again distinet in
consequence of its paler colour and smaller size, and this
has been named U. 6. perpallidus, but the material in the
Museum is hardly sufficient to settle the status of the various
races.
A female from Gallabat and three males from Kamisa
should be referred according to Zedlitz to U. b. senafensis,
but we are unable to distinguish them from the Bahr-el-
Ghazal race, and we feel sure that Zedlitz has made many
more races than can be finally upheld.
Estrilda astrild macmillani.
Estrilda macmillant O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907,
p. 108: Baro river,
212
449 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
[C.& L. coll.] 2 nr. Tonga Mch. U.N,
Two males shot from the same flock have the ‘legs
darkest sepia, bill brilliant vermilion, and iris dark.’ One
of the individuals is rather more rosy on the lower breast
than the other, but neither are strongly marked with the
rosy flush. Wings 45,47 mm. We consider these birds are
nearest to this small-winged race, which is confined to the
Sobat river and the adjacent portion of the Nile valley,
though they are slightly larger than the type. The colora-
tion of this race is nearest that of H. a. occidentalis.
Estrilda astrild peasei.
Estrilda peasei Shelley, Bull. B.O.C. xii. 1908, p. 74:
S. Abyssinia.
[B. coll.] 2 Kenisa, Mon.
These two birds are intermediate between F. a. peasei and
E. a. occidentalis, the west African race. On the whole
they seem rather nearer to the typical EH. a. peaset.
‘Wings, 6 47, 6 50mm. F£,. a. peasei measures 48-52 mm,
E. a. occidentalis measures from 45°8 to 48 mm. They have
also more of the rosy flush of E. a. peasei, which is not so
pronounced in E. a. occidentalis.
The latest list of the races of Estrilda astrild is that of
Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1916, p. 36).
The following is a revised list based on the material in the .
Natural History Museum :—
1. E. a. astritp (Linn.), founded on Edwards, from the
“ Bast Indies.” As this name has always been connected
with the South African form we designate Cape Town as.
the typical locality. South Africa north to the Zambesi,
but not Damaraland or Portuguese East Africa. Wing
average 50 mm.
9, E. a. vaMARENsIs Reichw. (O. M. 1902, p. 178:
German S.W. Africa). A paler desert form from the
S.W. African Protectorate. Wing average 50 mm.
3. E. a. cavenpisut Sharpe (Ibis, 1900, p. 110: Mapicuti,
Portuguese E. Africa. Type in B,M.). A rather darker
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Eyyptian Sudan. 443
bird than. /. a astrild, with a rather paler throat. It. is
intermediate between E. a. astrild and E.a. minor, Wing
45-18, type 45 mm.
EH. a. nyasse Neumann (J. f. O. 1907, p. 596: New
Helgoland, S. Germ. E. Afr.) is apparently a synonym.
Distr. Rhodesia, Portuguese E, Africa, Nyasaland, and
S.W. German East Africa.
The type of this bird is undoubtedly an unusually dark
specimen, and others from the same district are considerably
paler.
4, KH. a. Minor Cabanis (J. f.O. 1878, p. 229: Voi river,
50m. N. of Mombasa). Back much the same shade as in
E. a. astrild, but with a white throat; very little rosy flush
asarule. Wing average 48 mm.
E. a. massaica Neumann (J. f.O. 1907, p. 596: Njoro,
Brit. E. Afr.) is apparently a synonym.
Distr. German and British Mast Africa.
5. KE. a.nyanz# Neumann (J. f. O. 1907, p. 596: Bukoba,
west of Victoria Nyanza). Distinguished by the grey-brown,
not reddish-brown back ; throat white. Wing 48 mm.
I. a, miinznert: Kothe (O. M. 1911, p. 70: Bismarckburg
on L. Tanganyika) is apparently a synonym.
Distr. Uganda and central part of Belgian Congo.
A single specimen from Albert Edward Nyanza shows
considerable approach to L. a. gaboonensis from the western
Congo.
6. HE. a. ancoxensis Reichw. (O. M. 1902, p. 173: Angola).
Resembling /. a. astrild, but with more rosy flush below
and darker on the back ; chin rosy. Wing 47 mm.
7. EH. a. GABOONENS1S, nom. nov. pro Ll’. rubriventris Sharpe
& Shelley, nee Vieill.: type Landana (Petit), B.M. Reg. no.
89/7/20/453. This form is a very distinct one as stated by
Shelley, but as the name used by him applies to a Senegal
bird the form requires a new name,
Distinguished at once by its brilliant rosy wash which
extends over the back. Wing 47 mm.
Distr. Western Belgiau Congo and Gaboon.
4.4.4: Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ This,
8. E. a. occupentatis l'raser & Jard. (Coutr. Orn. 1851,
p. 156: Fernando Po). Back reddish brown, nearer E. a.
astrild and unlike E. a. nyanze ; a rosy flush over the whole
of the underparts, but as a rule no rosy ceatral streak below.
Wing 47 mm.
Distr. Cameroon, Fernando Po, aud Sierra Leone. Also
eastwards to the Upper Welle (Alexander), Lado Enclave,
and Mongalla, where it meets with the following race.
9. E. a. peaser Shelley (Bull. B.O.C. xiii. 1903, p. 75:
Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia) (type in Brit. Mus.).
E. a. erlangeri Reichw. (J. £. 0. 1907, p. 20: nr. Adis
Ababa, Abyssinia) is a synonym.
Resembling /’. a. minor, but larger. Wing average 50 mm.
Chin white and underparts a rich pink, and the barring
obsolete on the breast.
Distr. Highlands of Abyssinia and Shoa.
10. E. a. MACMILLANI: see above. The smallest race.
Wing 43-45 mm. Less pink underneath and barring more
obsolete.
Of these races, the three extreme forms are HE. a. astrild
from 8S. Africa, L. a. gaboonensis from the Congo, and &. a.
peaset from Abyssinia. The others can all be described as
intermediate with one or the other.
Other described forms are :—
FE. a. souse Reichw.: St. Thomas Island.
E. a. jagoensis Alexander: Cape Verde Islands
(erroneously placed by Shelley under . cinerea).
E.. a. sancta-helene Shelley : St. Helena.
When writing the above we overlooked the fact that
Reichenow had described two more races in the O. M.
1916, p. 168. The difficulty of dealing with these is con-
siderably increased by their being only compared to /. a.
astrild and not to the neighbouring races. ‘The first,
E. a. niediecki from tiie Kafue river, from which locality
there are specimens in the Museum, appears to be, like
E. a. nyasse Neum., a synonym of £. a. cavendishi Sharpe.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 445
It is probable that some specimens from this locality will
show an approach to the greyer-backed neighbouring form
to the north, 1. a. nyanze Neum.
E. a. adesma, on the other hand, from Lake Kivu seems
to be, from the single example available, quite distinct from
any form. As we had only one specimen we had considered
it as merely an abnormality, but the almost complete absence
of barring on the upper side is a very noticeable feature.
Estrilda cinerea.
Lstrilda cinerea (Vieill.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 208;
Butler, [bis, 1908, p. 219, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires Aug. Sen.; 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
2 Wau Mch. Apl., 1 Moyen May, B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 20 miles south of Sennar Jan. Sen. ;
3 mouth of Bahr el Zeraf Mch. U.N.
Estrilda rhodopyga rhodopyga.
Estrilda rhodopyga Sund.; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 205 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 320.
[B. coll.] 5 Khartoum July, Nov.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 20 miles south of Sennar Jan. Sen.
Estrilda paludicola.
Estrilda paludicola Heugl.; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 214;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 219.
[B. coll.j| & Chak Chak Mch. B.G.; 1 Rejaf Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yei Nov. L.E.
Estrilda nonnula.
Estrilda nonnula Hartl.'; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 226,
[Chr. coll.] 8 Yambio Mch. B.G.
There is also an example from near Rejaf in the British
Museum.
Estrilda nigricollis nigricollis.
Estrilda nigricollis (Heugl.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 223.
Lagonosticta butleri O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi, 1906,
p. 16: Chak Chak; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 220.
[B.coll.] 2 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.
4.4.6 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Lagonosticta butleri, described by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, was
based on a young female of what is without doubt Estrilda
nigricollis Heuglin.
Neumann distinguishes a slightly paler race from Togo-
land (/. larvata togoensis Neumann, O. M. 1907, p. 167),
and this difference appears to be recognizable judging by the
examples in the British Museum, but we do not agree with
him that either of these can be considered to be subspecies
of E. larvata.
There are examples of the typical race in the British
Museum, in addition to those from Chak Chak, from the
Ubangi and Shari rivers obtained by Alexander, and of
the paler race (EH. n. togoensis) from Northern Nigeria
(Alexander & Forbes) and the hinterland of the Gold Coast
(Alexander).
Estrilda larvata larvata.
Amadina larvata Riipp. N. Wirb. Vog. 1835, p. 97,
pl. 36. fig. 1: Semien.
Estrilda larvata (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 225.
Lagonosticta nigricollis Butler (nec Heugl.), Ibis, 1905,
p. 32).
Lagonosticta larvata (Riipp.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 219.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat Apl. Kas.; 3 Roseires Apl. Aug.,
2 Famaka May, Sen.
Nesocharis capistrata. .
Pytclia capistrata Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 259: Bissao,
W Africa.
Chlorestrilda capistrata (Hartl.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 177.
Nesocharis capistrata (Hartl.); O.-Grant, Trans. Zool. Soe.
x1x. 1910, p. 295.
[Chr. coll.] 5 Meridi Jan. B.G.
We cannot see the slightest difference between these and
West African specimens; so far as we are aware, this species
has not been previously obtained farther east than the Tomi
river, a tributary of the Ubangi on the Shari-Ubangi road,
where it was got by Alexander. Major Christy’s birds, there-
fore, extend the range to within the southern borders of the
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 44.7
Bahr el Ghazal. Emin’s birds from west of Albert Nyanza,
referred to this species by Shelley, are really N. ansorgei.
Lagonosticta melanogastra.
Lagonosticta melanogastra Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 278:
Djur, B.G.; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 247.
Habropyga rara Antin. Cat. 1864, p. 72.
[B. coll.] 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
Lagonosticta rufopicta.
Estrilda rufopicta Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 27: Gold Coast.
Lagonosticta rufopicta (Fraser); Shelley, B. A. iy. p. 262.
[B. coll.] 1 Bor May, 1 Kenisa Jan. Mon.; 1 Kajo Kaji
Mch.; 1S. of Rejaf Apl. L.E.
Lagonosticta senegala brunneiceps.
Lagonosticta brunneiceps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B. M. xui.
1890, p. 277: Maragaz; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 820, 1909,
p. 72.
Lagonosticta senegala erythree Neumann, J. f. O. 1905,
p. 349: Adarte.
[B. coll.] 1 Gedaref May, Kas.; 1 Khartoum Nov.;
1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Singa Dec., 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ;
2 Jebel Ahmed Agha Jan. U.N.
The type of L. brunneiceps Sharpe is a bird collected
at Maragaz in Hritrea by Jesse and is so marked in
Dr. Sharpe’s writing, though not so mentioned in the
printed Catalogue of Birds. It is undoubtedly identical
with Neumann’s subspecies which was obtained in the same
district.
The birds in the Butler collection from Gedaref and
Khartoum, as well as those in the Chapman & Lynes col-
lection, appear to be referable to this form. The specimen
from the Bahr el Ghazal is a female and cannot be satisfac-
torily determined; but there are two other examples in the
British Museum from the Bahr el Jebel, and they certainly
seem to differ from those of the northern Sudan in their
browner backs and in having much less red on the top of the
448 Messrs. Sclater und Mackworth-Praed on _ [ Ibis,
head. If more specimens were available they might perhaps
be regarded as a distinct race. They do not fit well into any
of the races mentioned by Zedlitz in his revision of the
subspecies (O. M. xviii. 1910, p. 171).
Lagonosticta rhodopsis.
Estrelda rhodopsis Heuglin, J. f. O. 1868, p. 166:
Gazelle R.
This species is only known from the types. Reichenow
suggests (Vog. Afr, iii. p. 198) that they are immature
examples of L. brunneiceps.
Sporeginthus subflavus subflavus.
Estrilda subflavu (Vieill.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 207.
[B. coll.] 1 Bor, Mon.; 1 Kajo Kaji Apl., 2 Lado
Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 7 Melut Jan,, 2 Tonga Feb., 2 near
Lake No Feb., 4 Bahr el Zeraf Feb. U.N.
Hypochera ultramarina ultramarina.
Fringilla ultramarina Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 927: Abyssinia.
Hypochera ultramarina (Gmel.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 8 ;
Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 316, 1909, p. 77.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Feb. Ber.; 2 Gedaref May, Kas. ;
4 Roseires Aug. Sept. Sen. ; 3 Khartoum Oct. Nov.
Feb.; 1 Tawela Dec. U.N.; 2 Wau Apl. B.G.; 2
Mongalla.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Singa Dec. Sen.
Hypochera funerea wilsoni.
Hypochera wilsoni Hartert, Nov. Zool. vill. 1901, p. 342:
Middle Niger.
[B. coll.] 1 Sheikh Tombé, 2 Mongalla, Mon.
We have examined all the specimens of the genus in the
Museum and have come to the conclusion that there are
four main groups which can be again divided into a number
of races. As in one or two instances examples of more than
one of the main groups occur together, we think they should
1918. the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 449
9 y Glo- Lgyp
be regariled as species. We also agree with Alexander (Bull.
B. O. C. xxii. 1908, p. 15) that variation in the brown of
the quills is not a specitic character. We would recognize
the following :—
A. Glossy blue with a faint green tinge.
1. H. cuaryseata cHatyBeata (P.L.S. Mill.), with which
H. nitens (Gm.) and H. enea Hartl are synonymous.
Distinguished by its glossy blue plumage with a faint
green tinge.
Examples from Senegambia, Portuguese Guinea, and
the Gambia.
2. H. c. nsumanni (Hypochera neumanni Alexander, Bull.
B.O. C. xxii. 1908, p. 33). A clear steel-blue without
greenish gloss.
Yo ur. Lake Chad and Bautahi in N. Nigeria.
3. H.c. AMAUROPTERYX Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B. M. xiii. 1890,
p. 8309: Rustenberg. Very similar to H. c. neumanni
in general colour but darker and with much less gloss.
Examples examined from Rustenberg, the Zambesi,
Nyasaland, and Damaraland.
A bird from Kasai, Belgian Congo, is slightly duskier,
and skins from the Ubangi river (Alexander) seem
to be intermediate between //. c. neumanni and H. c.
amauropteryx.
B, Deep purple almost black, with hardly a trace of gloss.
4, H. FUNEREA FUNEREA De Tarrag. Rev. Zool. 1847,
p. 180: Natal. Deep purple with faint traces of gloss.
Examples from Natal, Mozambique, and Nyasaland,
where it merges with the following.
5. H. F. NIiGERRIMA (Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 183:
Galungo Alto, Angola). More dusky than funerea,
almost black without gloss.
Examples from Kassongo, Upper Congo, and Augula.
6. H. rv. witsonr (Hartert, vide supra). Very like the
South African bird but rather brighter in colour.
Examples from Portuguese Guinea, Senegal and
Southern Nigeria, as well as the Bahr el Ghazal.
450 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
C. Purple with a brilliant gloss.
7. H. ULrrRaMARINA ULTRAMARINA (Gmel., vide supra).
Brilliant glossy purple.
_ Examples from Abyssinia and Anglo-Egy ptian Sudan.
8. H. vu. purpurascens (H. purpurascens Reichenow,
J. f.O. 1888, p. 221: Usegua, Germ. EK. Afr.) is inter-
mediate between H. u. ultramarina and H. f. funerea,
and is perhaps best placed here as a subspecies of the
former.
ixamples from British Kast Africa and Uganda.
D. Green with considerable gloss.
9. H. coprinetont (Neave, Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man-
chester, vol. 51, No. 10, 1907, p. 94: Molilo’s, N.E.
Rhodesia).
10. H. nigerim (Alexander, Bull. B.O. C. xxii. 1908,
p. 15: Kiri river, N. Nigeria).
These two birds, each only represented by one example
(the types in each case), are quite distinct from any other
members of the other groups. They appear also to be
distinct one from the other, H. codringtoni being the largest,
with a wing measurement of 70 mm. against 66 mm. of
H. nigeria. Probably H. nigeria will eventually be placed
as a subspecies of H. codringtoni.
Pytelia melba citerior.
Pytelia citerior Strickland, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151:
Senegambia; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 321. ;
[B. coll.] 2 Fatasha, nr. Khartoum, Jan. Feb., 2 Sudan
(probably Khartoum); 1 Ummat Rumeila June, Kas.
The bird from Ummat Rumeila is intermediate between
this form and P. m. soudanensis.
Pytelia melba soudanensis.
Zonogastris svuudanensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B. M. xii. 1890,
p- 298: type said to be from Khartoum, probably from Eritrea.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires Aug, Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec., 2 Sennar Dec., I Singa
Dec. Sen.
1918.| the Birds of the Anylo-Egyptian Sudan. 451
Pytelia melba kirki.
Pytelia kirki Shelley, Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903, p. 76:
Lamu.
Pytelia citerior et P. soudanensis apud Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p. 220.
[B. coll.] 1 Pongo R., 1 Chak.Chak Feb., 2 Wau Apl.
B.G.; 5 Mongalla Jan. May ‘* July—Sept,” 1 Shambé
Jan., 1 Bor “summer,” Mon.
We have gone very carefully into the question of the races °
of this species, which have been up to now in considerable
confusion, and we agree with Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1916, p. 32)
in considering that P. citerior must be regarded as a race
of P. melba.
We find five well-marked subspecific races represented in
the British Museum collections.
1. P. meLBa MELBA Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 180:
Angola (apud Zedlitz).
Red of face extending to the cheeks and well down the
throat ; a grey stripe through the eye; breast-band distinctly
green; under tail-coverts unbarred.
Distr. South Africa, north to the Congo at Landana and
Nyasaland, but not in Cape Colony..
2. P. MELBA BELLI O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1907,
p. 14: Ruwenzori.
Red of the face not extending to the cheeks, but even
lower down the throat, almost completely covering the
breast-band ; a grey stripe through the eye: under tail-
coverts barred.
Distr. Uganda, Ruwenzori to Lake Albert.
3. P.meBa kirKI Shelley, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. 1903, p. 76:
Lamu, Brit. E. Afr. (type in British Museum).
Red of the throat and cheeks as in P. m. melba; no grey
eye-stripe; breast faintly tinged with green ; underparts
as in P. m. melba, but the under tail-coverts faintly barred,
sometimes plain.
Distr. British Bast Africa, extending to Somaliland, south
Abyssinia, and the upper White Nile,
452 Messrs. Selater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
The type-specimen of this race, described by Shelley,
appears to be abnormally coloured, possibly due to some
preservative, as the barring on the belly has practically
disappeared and the feathers there have a washed-out dirty
brown appearance. Another example from Manda I., which
is practically the same locality, is lke other East African
examples of the same race.
P. m. tanganjice Reichenow (D. Zentral-Afr. Exped. i.
Zool. i. 1910, p. 8382: Usambara on Lake Tanganyika)
appears to be intermediate between’ P. m. kirki and
P. m. belli.
P.m. afinis Elliot (Field Columbian Publ. Orn. 1. 1897,
p. 34: Ogaden, Somali) may possibly be a distinct race
confined to Somaliland, but it is not the East African
race.
The birds in the Butler collection from the Bahr el
Ghazal, as opposed to those from Mongalla, are somewhat
intermediate between P. im. kirki aud P. m. ciferior, but as
these two are very distinct, the imtermediate form may
require another name.
4, P. MELBA SOUDANENSIS Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B.M. xiii.
1890, p. 298: type said to be from Khartoum, probably
from Eritrea.
Like P. m. kirki, but paler on the underside ; under tail-
coverts strongly barred and breast-band yeliower ;_ red
generally confined to the throat ; no grey cye-stripe.
Distr. Blue Nile Provinces of the Sudan, Eritrea,
northern Abyssinia, and north Somaliland,
With this form P. jesse Shelley (Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1903,
p. 76: Anseba river, Eritrea) is synonymous.
The type of P. soudanensis, though labelled Khartoum, is
a dealer’s skin, quite unlike the form occurring at Khartoum,
but is quite similar to birds from Eritrea and probably came
from Keren, as suggested by Shelley.
The birds in the Chapman & Lynes collection from the
Sennar district are not quite typical P. m. soudanensis, but
show traces of the lighter colouring of the next form,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 453
5. P, mw. critertor Strickland, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151:
Kasamanse river, Senegambia.
Red restricted to the upper part of the throat, underparts
very pale, belly almost white ; breast-band clear yellow.
Distr. Senegambia to Kordofan and the lower White
Nile at Khartoum.
Pytelia afra.
Pytelia afra (Gmel.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 269.
[B. coll.] 1 Kajo Kaji Apl., 1 south of Kaia river, L.E.
This bird had previously been obtained in the Kavirondo
district of British East Africa, and these examples in
Mr. Butler’s collection extend its range farther north ;
it has also been found in southern Abyssinia.
Pytelia phenicoptera emini.
Pytelia pheenicoptera emini Hartert ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 266.
[B. coll.] 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. L.E.
We are inclined to believe that Pytelia hypogrammica and
P, lopezi (Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1906, p. 124), which
exactly correspond to 2. p. phanicoptera and P. p. emini as
far as subspecific characters and distribution are concerned,
will prove to be phases of the same bird. P. lopezi difters
only in having the head red, and P. hypogrammica in having
the head red and the wings vellow. P. /opezi, with red wings
and red head, is represented only by the type, and if our
suggestion is correct, is a rare phase of the adult male, the
more common being the yellow-winged phase known as
P. hypogrammica, It is well known that exactly the same
colour-change occurs in the wings of Anaplectes melanotis, so
that we feel sure that P. lopezi and P. hypogrammica are
colour phases whether distinct from P. phenicoptera or not.
Against this theory is the fact that there are apparently
adult males of P. phenicoptera in the collection without
red heads, so that, unlike the other species of Pytelia, the red
would only be assumed as a breeding plumage. We have
not sufficient material to do more than make the suggestion,
454 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
and to hope that it may be investigated in the field by some
fortunately situated ornithologist.
Pytelia phoenicoptera lineata. :
Pytelia lineata Heuglin, J. f. O. 1863, p. 17: Dembea,
nr. Lake Tsana; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 267.
There are two examples of this Abyssinian subspecies in
the Tring Museum obtained by Butler at Roseires on the
upper Blue Nile, in which country it was also procured by
Heuglin and Duke Paul of Wiirttemberg. Except for this
it is confined to Abyssinia.
Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus.
Spermestes cucullatus (Swaius.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 167;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 219, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 1 Abu Sheneina Mch. Sen.; 1 Khor Gitti
Feb., 1 Tembura Mch. B.G.; 1 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. L.E.
These birds are more or less intermediate between S. ec.
cucullatus, from W. Africa, and S. ¢. scutatus, which occurs
in Abyssinia.
Sporopipes frontalis.
Sporopipes frontalis (Daud.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 300 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 321.
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Melbis Apl., 1 Um Bosha May, Kor. ;
4. Mongalla.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
So far as we can determine, the measurements of Abys-
sinian birds, separated by Mearns (Smiths. Misc. Coll. 56,
No. 14, p.7) as S. f. abyssinicus, are not recognizably larger
than those of the typical race, and his name must become a
synonym.
Amadina fasciata fasciata.
Amadina fasciata (Gm.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 128;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 319.
[B. coll.] 1 Doka May, 1 Setit river, May, Kas.
[C. & L. coll.} 1 Sennar, 3 near Kamisa Dee, Sen,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 455
These birds are somewhat aberrant and show an approach
to the eastern race A. /. alexanderi, which occurs in Abyssinia
and southwards to Rhodesia.
Ortygospiza atricollis atricollis.
Ortygospiza atricollis (Vieill.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 158.
[B. coll.] 3 Kajo Kaji Apl. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Bahr el Zeraf Feb. Mch., 1 Taufikia
Jan., 1 near Melut, U.N.
Zedlitz gives a good and clear account of the races of this
species (J. f.O. 1911, pp. 602-4) ; since then Lynes (Bull.
B. O. C. xxxiii. 1914, p. 181) has described another quite
distinct form from Gaboon.
We find that in the present series, especially among the
bids from Lado, the chin sometimes shows a little white,
indicating an approach to the southern O. a. polyzona and to
O. a. mullert of Kast Africa and south Abyssinia.
Clytospiza monteiri.
Clytospiza monteiri (Hartl.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 297.
[B. coll.] 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Tembura Apl. B.G@.
Pseudonigrita arnaudi arnaudi.
Philetairus arnaudi (Bp.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 132.
[B.coll.] 4 Mongalla July—Sept. Mon.; 1 Rejaf Feb. L.E.
Quelea quelea zxthiopica.
Quelea ethiopica (Sund.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 115;
Butler, [bis, 1905, p. 319.
[B. coll.] 2 Gedaref June, Kas.; 3 Roseires Aug. Sen. ;
] El Masid Mch. B.N.; 4 Khartoum Aug. Sept.;
6 Mongalla ; 3 Lado Feb.
[C. & L coll.] 1 Seunar, 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Kosti
Jan. WN.
Shelley has shown (2. c. p. 150) that the name Fringilla
sanguinirostris (Linn. 8S. N. 1758, p. 173) does not apply to
this species.
SER, X.—-VOL. VI, 2K
456 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Quelea cardinalis.
Hyphantica cardinatis Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1880, p. 325:
Lado.
Quelea cardinalis (Hartl.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 119.
[B. coll.] 1 Mongalla.
Quelea erythrops.
Quelea erythrops (Hartl.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 117.
A single bird was procured in the Bongo country, Babr el
Ghazal, by Heuglin and made the type of his Foudia hemato-
cephala. It has not since been recorded from the Sudan.
Ploceipasser superciliosus.
Ploceipasser superciliosus (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv.
p. 333 ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 322, 1908, p. 220, 1909, p. 78.
[B. coll.] 3 Roseires Aug. Sept., 1 Fazogli May, Sen. ;
1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor.; 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1 Khor Gitti Mch., 1 Raffali Feb., 1 Wau Apl. B.G.
(Chr. coll.] 5 Wau July—Aug. B.@.
Ploceipasser mahali melanorhynchus.
Ploceipasser melanorhynchus Riipp.; Shelley, B. A. iv
p- 328.
[B. coll.] 13 Mongalla May—Sept.
Pyromelana flammiceps craspedopterus.
Pyromelana flammiceps (Swains.); Shelley, B. A. iy.
p. 104.
Pyromelana flammiceps petiti (Des Murs) ; Neumann,
J. f. O. 1905, p. 344.
Pyromelana flammiceps ee (Bp.) ; O.-Grant,
Ibis, 1913, p. 564.
[B. coll.] 1 Wau Mch. B.@.; 3 Mongalla.
The north-east African form of P. flammiceps is distin-
guished from that in West Africa by Neumann on the
character of the broader frontal band. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant
finds that the under tail-coverts of the southern Abyssinian
birds are white, and believes that this is a good distinctive
character,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 457
The only adult breeding male in the Butler collection
(one from Mongalla) has the under tail-coverts parti-
coloured white on one side and brownish on the other,
while the frontal band is fairly well-developed.
Neither of these distinctions seem to us entirely satisfac-
tory, but we propose to retain the subspecies provisionally.
Des Murs’ name petiti is rejected by O.-Grant, as the
description apparently applies to two distinct species and
cannot be accepted.
Pyromelana franciscana.
Pyromelana franciscana (Isert) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 90 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 318, 1908, p. 218, 1909, p. 77.
[B. coll.] Gedaref June, Kas.; 3 Roseires July S: pt.
Sen. ; 3 Khartoum Oct. Nov.; 1 Jebelein Nov. WN.;
2 Gadein Apl., 3 Wau Mch. Apl. B.G.; 1 Mongalla;
1 Kajo Kaji Apl. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Taufikia Jan. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 2% Mt. Baginzi Mch. BG.
Pyromelana taha ladoensis.
Pyromelana ladoensis (Reichw.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 83;
O.-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 404.
Curiously enough there are no examples of this species in
these three collections, though Emin records it as abundant
near Lado.
Mr. Butler informs us that one or two people told lim
they had seen a yellow and black Pyromelana on the White
Nile and in the Lado Kuclave, but he never came across it
himself, although he kept a special look out for it.
Pyromelana ansorgei.
Pyromelana ansorgei Hartert in Ansorge’s Under Afr.
Sun, 1899, p. 344: Masindi, Uganda; Shelley, B. A. iv.
p. LOZ.
Coliuspasser dubiosus Neum. J. f.O. 1905, p. 348 ; id. Bull.
B. O. C. xxiii. 1908, p. 47.
[Chy. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb., 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
2K
458 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
These birds, both males in winter dress, are especially
interesting as there are no similar examples in the British
Museum. Neumann described the winter bird as a distinct
species, but subsequently recognized his error and identified
his C. dubiosus with Hartert’s P. ansorgei.
The species is found from Shoa to Ruwenzori, and, so far
as we know, has not been hitherto obtained within the limits
of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Euplectes capensis xanthomelas.
Pyromelana xanthomelas (Riipp.); Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 77.
Antinori, Cat. p. 68, states that he procured examples
in the country of the ‘ Kidj Negroes,” 7. e., Sud country
between Bahr el Jebel and Bahr el Ghazal.
It has not been reported from the Sudan since, nor was
it procured by Heuglin, but it is known from the highlands
of Abyssinia.
Urobrachya phenicea, subsp. ?
Urobrachya phenicea (Heugl.); Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 317,
1908, p. 218, 1909, p. 77.
[B. coll.] 1 Dinder river Mch. Sen. ; 3 Meshra-el-Rek
Mch. May, B.G. ; 1 Bor Jan. Mon. ; 1 Lado Feb. L.E.
[C2 °& i, -eoll-] 1 White: Nale “lat. 102" Ny ed Jebel
Ahmed Agha, 2 Meshra Zeraf Jan., 6 nr. mouth of
Bahr el Zeraf Feb. Mch. U.N.
All these birds, as well as those already in the British
Museum from the Nile districts, are in non-breeding
plumage and were taken in the first half of the year.
Heuglin, too, does not seem to have obtained any birds
in breeding plumage, judging by what he states in his
Orn. N.O.-Afr., although in J. f. O. 18638, p. 167 he gives
a description of a male in “ summer plumage” from the
Sobat.
It is impossible to say with certainty whether the
Sudanese birds should be referred to the Abyssinian form
generally known as U. p. traversi or to the form occurring
in Uganda’ which Reichenow identifies with U. p. phenicea.
1918.] the Bards of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 459
To settle the question it will be necessary to examine
Heuglin’s type, which is now impossible, and obtain breeding
Pads from the upper Nile districts.
Coliuspasser macrourus.
Coliuspasser macrourus (Gmel.) ; Shelley, B, A. iv. p. 49.
[B. coll.] 1 Chak Chak Feb., 3 Raffali Feb., 3 Kojali
Feb. Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Feb., 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 1 Yambio
Apl., 2 Tembura Apl., B.@.; 6 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
None of the birds in the Butler collection are in breeding
plumage, but two of the Christy birds from Yei dated
November are; these do not show any distinction from
West African birds.
One of the April birds from Tembura is changing to
breeding plumage; the black tail is just sprouting ; the
throat is quite black and the crown is becoming so,
So far as we are aware, tliis species has not previously
been recorded from the Bahr el Ghazal, though it has been
obtained in the Niam Niam country.
Vidua serena.
Vidua serena (Linn.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 16; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 218.
[B. coll.] 5 Roseires Aug. Sen-; 1 Fachi Shoya Novy.
W.N.; 1 Bahr el Zeraf June, U.N.; 1 Gigging,
21 Mongalla, Mon.; 1 Lado Feb., 1 Kajo Kaji
Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan., 1 Wau July—Aug. B.G.
Steganura paradisea verreauxil.
Vidua. verreauxi Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1850, p. 56:
Abyssinia.
Steganura paradisea (Liun.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 317,
1908, p. 218.
[B. coll. ] 1 Jebel Alatarang June, Kas.; 2 Roseires,
Sen.; 2 Jebelein Nov., 1 Kawa Nov. W.N. ; 1 Jebel
Ahmed Agha Jan. U.N. ; 12 Mongalla July—Sept.
460 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on —_ [Ibis,
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Kamisa Dec., 3 Sennar Dec., 2 nr.
Sennar Jan. Sen. ; 1 Jebelein Jan. W.N.; 1 White
Nile lat. 9°°5, Feb., 2 Tonga Feb. U.N.
(Chr: -coll.| 1 Yer NowaL.m;
An examination of the series of the Paradise-Whydahs in
the British Museum shows that birds from the southern
half of Africa, including Nyasaland, Uganda, and Belgian
Congo, are larger than those of the northern part of the
range, including north-west and north-east Africa.
The wings of the adult males of the southern race average
85 mm. and are seldom below 80; those of the northern
race average 78 mm. and are rarely above 80. As this seems
to be fairly constant, it seems worth while to distinguish
the two races.
The oldest name for the northern race appears to be the
one here adopted. The wing of the male of the type
measured by Cassin is given as 3°1 inches, which is just
under 80 mm. The other distinctions given by Cassin do
not seem to hold good, and he is mistaken in stating that it
is a generally larger bird.
Birds from Senegambia have been separated by Neumann
(Bull. B. O. C. xxi. p. 43) as S. p. aucupum, and are distin-
guished by the dark colour of the neck. From the limited
material available in the Museum this would appear to be
constant, but occasional birds from other parts of Africa are
quite as richly coloured.
Anomalospiza butleri, sp. n.
[B. coll.] 1443 9 Kajo Kaji Apl. L.E.
The adult male comes nearest to 4. macmillunt Bannerman
(Bull. B. O. C. xxix. 1911, p. 38), but is distinctly smaller
(wing averages 66 mm. against 72 mm.) and has only traces
of golden yellow about the forehead, the crown being washed
with greenish brown ; the back has somewhat broader stripes
of brown and the feathers have a paler almost whitish edging
(not greenish as in A. macmillani). The sides of the face and
cheeks are also washed with brown, and are not so yellow as
in the other form. The lower surface is a paler yellow than
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudaa. 461
in A. macmillani and is partially covered over with creamy-
coloured feather-tips which look as if they might wear
off later in the year, leaving a pure pale yellow under-
surface.
Type, a male, collected on 8/iv./15 at Kajo Kaji, Lado
Enclave, by A. L. Butler, B.M Reg. no. 1915/12/24/1781.
Measurements of type: wing 68, tail 39, culmen 12,
tarsus 17 mm.
The female appears to be identical with that of A. mac-
millant, except that it is slightly smaller. The wings of three
examples measure 64, 64, and 67 mm., while that of the
female of A. macmillant measures 68 mm., not 65 as stated
by Bannerman. The wings of the males measure 64 to
65 mm., except two which are larger, 68 and 69 mm.
The whole of this fine series was taken in April, and there
are indications that they are in an intermediate plumage,
between a winter and a summer dress. We are strongly of
opinion that when the summer dress is fully assumed, this
form will differ from A. macmillani ouly in its slightly
smaller dimensions.
As there are so few examples of this genus in Museum
collections and so little is known about these birds, we
propose to name it as a species provisionally.
Mr. Butler states in litt.:—‘*I found Anomalospiza in
big flocks—habits just like Pyromelana with which they
associate more or less. The mouth in fresh birds is remark-
able. The sides of the lower mandible are dilated inwards
so as to form two broad horny pads occupying most of the
floor of the mouth with a narrow groove for the very small
tongue between them. In the centre of the palate there is
a corresponding narrow groove for the tongue to fit into,
and on each side near the gape a hard circular hollow into
which the crushing pads on the lower mandible fit.” —
It would be most interesting to know whether any similar
structure is to be found in any other members of the families
Ploceide or Fringillide.
Ogilvie-Grant (Ibis, 1913, p. 573) and Shelley (B. Afr.
iv. p. 108) have discussed the systematic position of this
462 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis.
bird; we agree that it should undoubtedly be placed among
the Ploceide.
Textor albirostris albirostris.
Textor albirostris (Vieill.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 315;
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xiv. 1907, p. 485 ; Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 321.
[B. coll.] 1 Bara Apl. Kor.; 2 Goz Abu Guma Mech.
W.N.; 1 Tawela Nov. U.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sennar Dec.
This and the following genus have recently been separated
from the other Weavers by important modifications of the
skull in the method of the arrangement of the orbital
foramina, and in the shape of the sternum. Mr. Chapin
(Bull. Amer. Mus. N.Y. xxxvii. 1917, p. 243) considers that
these peculiarities entitle Textor and Dinemellia to rank as a
distinct family. We have therefore placed these genera at
the end of the family Ploceide to emphasize this.
Dinemellia dinemelli.
Dinemellia dinemelli (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. iv. p. 811.
[B. coll.] 1 Mongalla.
Family Frineitui2.
Fringillaria striolata.
Fringillaria striolata Licht. ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 161.
Emberiza septemstriata (nec Riipp.), Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p. 217, 1909, p. 393.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May, 2 Erba Mch., 1 Erkowit
Mch. B.S.
[C. & L.coll.] 3 Sinkat Mch. R.8.; 1 Omdurman Mch.
Kh.
Fringillaria septemstriata septemstriata.
Fringillaria septemstriata (Riipp.); Shelley, B. A. iii.
p. 162 ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 315.
[B. coll.] 1 Setit river May, Kas. ; 1 Jebel Fazogli May,
Sen.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 463
Fringillaria septemstriata goslingi.
Fringillaria goslingi Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1906,
p. 124: Welle river.
(Chr. coll.] Meridi Feb. B.G.
The Rock-Bunting of the Bahr el Ghazal is undoubtedly
referable to this race recently described by Alexander, which
ranges from Northern Nigeria to the upper Welle. It has
not previously been recorded from the Sudan.
Fringillaria reichenowi.
Fringillaria reichenowi Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wien,
1915, No. 13, pp 181-185: Jebel nr. Kadugli, 8. Kordofan.
An apparently distinct species, not at present represented
in either these or the Museum collections.
Emberiza affinis.
Emberiza afinis Heugl.; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 148.
Emberiza flavigastra nec Ripp., Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 216.
[B. coll.] 1 Pongo river Feb., 2 Raffali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Dec. L.E.
Emberiza flaviventris flavigastra.
Emberiza flaviventris flavigastra Riipp. ; Zedlitz, J. f. O.
191], p. 142.
Emberiza flaviventris (Vieill.) ; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 143
(part.).
Emberiza flavigastra Riipp.; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 314.
[B. coll.] 1 Setit river, Kas. ; 1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
This form, tentatively recognized by Reichenow, seems to
be separable as a slightly paler race of EL. f. flaviventris.
It is confined to northern Abyssinia, Eritrea, and the drier
parts of the Sudan.
Emberiza cabanisi cabanisi.
Emberiza cabanisi (Reichw.) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 150.
[Chr. coll.| 1 Meridi Feb., 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
So far as we can ascertain, 10 examples of this bird have
464 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ihis,
been recorded from the Sudan, though Emin met with it at
Tingasi. It was described from Cameroon.
Emberiza cinerea semenowi.
Emberiza (Hypocentor) semenowi Sarudny, Ornith. Jahrb.
xv. 1904, p. 217: Arabistan, Persia.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Erkowit, Apl. B.S.
These birds undoubtedly belong to this race of EH. cinerea,
which is strongly washed with greenish gold beneath. These
specimens, 2 ¢ and 1 2, confirm what Sclater states in ‘The
Ibis,’ 1917, p. 147, as regards the sexual distinctions.
Zedlitz (J.f.O. 1911, p. 42) obtained an example of
EE. cinerea at Keren in Bogosland, where Heuglin is
also stated by Reichenow to have obtained a young bird.
Whether these are /. c. cinerea or I’. c. semenowi remains to
be proved, and should they turn out to be true L. c. cinerea,
then our birds will be the first record of L. c. semenowi from
Africa.
Emberiza cesia.
Mmberiza cesia Cretschm.; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 155;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 314, 1908, p. 217.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.; 1 Erkowit Mch. RS. ;
7 Khartoum Dec.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Lrkowit Mch. R.S.;*] Sennar, 1 Kamisa
Dec. Sen.; 1 Hassania island Jan. W.N.
Emberiza hortulana.
Emberiza hortuluna Linn. ; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 154;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 314.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Apl. R.S.; 1 Khartoum Oct.
Serinus mozambicus * barbatus.
Crithagra barbata Heuglin, J. f. O. 1864, p. 248: Djur,
B.G.
Serinus butyraceus (pt.), Shelley, B. A. i. p. 1938.
Serinus icterus (nec Vieill.), Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 217,
1909; p. 77.
* For use of this name see antea, p. 242.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 4.65
[B. coll.]. 1 Menyah, 1 Wau Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1 Dug Dug May, B.G. ; 1 Sheikh Tombé, Mon. ; 1 Kajo
Kaji Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb., 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.; 3 Yei
Nov. L.E.
Serinus mozambicus aurifrons.
Fringilla (Dryospiza) aurifrons Heuglin, Syst. Uebers.
in SB. Akad. Wien, 1856, p. 293 [nom. nud. ].
Serinus butyraceus pt., Shelley, B. A. 11. p. 198.
[B. coll.] 12 Roseires July-Sept., 1 Jebel Fazogli May,
Sen.
We have examined the examples of Serinus mozambicus in
the Museum, and find that the following races seem fairly
distinct :
1. Sexrinus MozaAMBicus MozamBicus (P. L. S. Miill.) :
S. Africa. |
Dusky brown above, strongly streaked with dark brown.
Tail-feathers tipped with white or yellowish white.
Range. South Africa north to the eastern parts of British
East Africa, Nyasaland and Rhodesia.
2. SERINUS MOZAMBICUS TANDO, subsp. un.
Differs from S. m. mozambicus in being distinctly greener
above and with rather fine streaking on the back; tail-
feathers, if tipped at all, very slightly with yellowish.
Type, a male from Ndala Tando, north Angola, col-
lected by Dr. W. J. Ansorge 16/ix./08. B.M. Reg. no.
1910/5/6/1300.
Range. Northern Angola. A bird from the Dikulwe
Valley, Belgian Congo (Neave), would appear to belong
to this form.
3. SERINUS MOZAMBICUS PUNCTIGULA.
Serinus punctigula Reichenow, O. M. 1898, p. 28:
Cameroon.
Differs from S. m. mozambicus aud S. m. tando in having a
bright greenish back with very faint streaking. The crown
is green as in the last two races, and the tail is slightly
tipped with yellow.
466 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Some examples, possibly young or possibly in non-breeding
plumage, have a white chin and distinct spots of black on the
throat, and it was on these characters that the species was
distinguished by Reichenow.
Range. Cameroon. There is a good series of this form
collected by Bates in the Museum.
4. SERINUS MOZAMBICUS BARBATUS.
Crithagru barbata Heuglin, J. f. O. 1864, p. 248: Djur, B.G.
Resembles S. m. punctigula, but is distinctly a brighter
yellow below and on the forehead and wing-coverts. It is '
very close to S. m. punctigula.
Range. Bahr el Ghazal east to Mongalla and Lado, west- |
wards to the Krebeji, French Congo (Alexander), and south
to Ruwenzori and Uganda.
5. SERINUS MOZAMBICUS AURIFRONS, subsp. n. (ex Heugl.
Syst. Uebers in SB. Akad. Wien, 1856, p. 293: Sennar.)
This form comes uear S. m. barbatus, but is considerably
paler and greyer on the back, and the yellow of the lower
parts, forehead, and tips of the wing-coverts is also paler.
The tips of the tail-feathers are whitish yellow, and the
yellow of the forehead is generally much broader. The
moustache-streaks are finer and less pronounced.
We have adopted Heuglin’s name, which is without
description, for this form, and this must be regarded as its
first description.
Range. Sennar and probably Kassala, extending to north
Abyssinia.
The birds from Shoa and south Abyssinia should probably
be referred to this form. They appear to be slightly darker
and with less yellow on the forehead than the more northern
birds; but the specimens are not in sufficiently good condition
to be certain. They are, however, easily distinguishable from
S. m. barbatus, with which they were identified by Neumann
(J. f.O. 1905, p. 354) and O.-Grant (Ibis, 1913, p. 583).
6. SERINUS MOZAMBICUS HARTLAUBI.
Crithagra hartlaubi Bolle, J.f. O. 1858, p. 355 : W. Africa.
This form is at once distinguished by its grey head.
Range. Senegal to northern and southern Nigeria.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 467
With regard to Serinus madaraszi Reichw. O. M. 1902,
p- 8, from north of Lake Nyasa, we have wo specimens
which in any way approach his description, all the Nyasa-
land birds before us being indistinguishable from those
from South Africa. From its description, however, it
would seem quite a distinct form.
The birds from St. Thomas Island which were identified
by Bannerman (Ibis, 1915, p. 101) as Serinus hartlaubi, have
no sign of grey on the head and do not exactly agree with
any mainland race.
Poliospiza leucopygia leucopygia.
Serinus leucopygius (Sundev.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 216.
[B.coll.] 1 Shasheina nr. Gedaref May, Kas.; 2 Roseires
Aug. Sen.; 2 Mongalla.
[C. & L. coll.}| 5 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 nr. Jebelein Jan.
W.N.
The birds from Mongalla are whiter and paler than those
from Roseires and approach P. 1. riggenbachi Neumann (Bull.
B.O. C. xxi. 1908, p. 44: Dakar).
There would appear to be no structural differences which
can be used to separate Poliospiza from Serinus. We propose
therefore to follow Reichenow, and to eall all birds which are
green above and yellow below Serinus and the rest Poliospiza.
Poliospiza gularis elgonensis.
Poliospiza elgonensis O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxi. 1912,
p- 17: Mt. Elgon.
Poliospiza canicapilla Butler (nec Du Bus), Ibis, 1908,
p. 218.
[B. coll.] 1 Bringi’s Jan. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 4 Yei Nov. & Dec. L.E.; 1 Yambio Mch.
B.G.
In working out the races of P. gularis, we found that one
or two other species had at different times been confused
with it. These were Poliospiza tristriata Ripp. from
Somaliland and Abyssinia, which can always be distin-
guished by its smaller size, wing 65 mm. against 75 or over,
and the fact that no white shows through on the crown;
468 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
and P. mennelli Chubb from Nyasaland which, at any rate
in the adult, has jet-black ear-coverts.
The races we find to be as follows :—
I. P. GULARIS GULARIS.
Linaria gularis Smith, Rep. 8. Afr. Exped. 1836, p. 49:
Latakoo.
The type, which is in the Museum collection, obviously
belongs to the Transvaal race with little spotting on the
throat. Smith (op. cit.) says “inhabits the colony as far
north as Latakoo,” near Kuruman, Bechuanaland. We
therefore designate Latakoo as the particular type-locality.
P, g. transvaalensis Roberts, J. S.A. Orn. Union, ix. 1913,
p. 86: Pretoria, then becomes a synonym.
White patch on throat larger, with less black spotting.
Underparts as a rule paler. Size slightly larger, wing
average 78 mm.
Range. Bechuanaland and Transvaal north to Mashona-
land and Matabeleland.
2. P. G. STRIATICEPS.
Poliospiza striaticeps Hartl. in Layard’s Birds of 8. Africa,
1867, p. 203: Swellendam, in C. Colony.
White patch on throat smaller, spotting more pronounced.
Underparts more dusky. Size slightly smaller, wing average
76 mm.
Range. Cape Colony east to Natal.
3. P. G. REICHARDI.
Poliospiza reichardi Reichenow, J. f. O. 1882, p. 209:
Kakoma, Germ. E. Afr.; Poliospiza striatipectus Sharpe,
Ibis, 1891, p. 258: Elgeyu, Brit. E. Afr.; and Serinus
melanochrous Reichw. O. M. viii. 1900, p. 122: Ukinga,
north of L. Nyasa, appear to be synonyms.
Exceedingly like P. g. gularis, and possibly identical
with it. All three names were founded on young birds with
streaked breasts. The streaks, however, appear to be
slightly larger and the upper parts slightly richer brown
than in the young of the typical race. There is only one
adult skin in the Museum, in bad condition.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 469
Range. Southern German East Africa, through Rhodesia
and Nyasaland to the Eastern Belgian Congo.
It is quite possible that the young of P. mennelli Chubb
lack the black ear-coverts and closely resemble this race.
4. P. G. ELGONENSIS.
Poliospiza elgonensis O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxi. 1912,
p. 17: Mt. Elgon.
Similar to P. g. gularis and P. g. reichardi, but with the
white throat-patch much less distinctly defined. The young
birds rather more finely streaked on the breast.
Range. Mt. Elgon to the Lado Enclave and southern
Bahr el Ghazal, west to N. Nigeria. Birds from the latter
locality procured by Alexander are slightly lighter, and are
probably intermediate with the next race.
5. -P. G. CANICAPILLA.
Poliospiza canicapilla Du Bus, Bull. Ac. R. Bruxelles,
1855, p. 151: Senegal.
We have no specimens of this race, but it would appear to
be somewhat smaller than the eastern races—wing 73-75 mm,
against 78-85 mm. in P. g. elyonensis—and also, from
Shelley’s description of the type (B. Afr. iii. p. 228), distinctly
paler underneath. We suspect that the type of P. jlegeli
Hartert (J. f. O. 1886, p. 583: Loko, Benue R.) is, like the
' Alexander birds, intermediate between P. g. elgonensis and
P. g. canicapilla.
Range. Senegal, possibly to Lower Nigeria.
6. P. G. ERLANGERI.
Poliospiza erlangeri Reichw. O. M. 1905, p. 146 : Ladscho,
Arussi, Gallaland.
Distinctly darker, and with the streaking above and below
broader and more pronounced.
Range. Abyssinia.
It may be mentioned that some, if not all, of these races
breed while still in the striped plumage. Major Christy
procured birds in the Lado Enclave of which two were in
the plain adult dress, two in the juvenile streaked dress, and
one somewhat intermediate,
470 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Passer (Sorella) emini-bey.
Sorella emini-bey Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1880, p. 211: Lado.
Passer emini (Hartl.) ; Shelley, B. A. iti. p. 256; Butler,
Ibis, 1909, p. 77.
[ B. coll.} 1 Mongalla, 1 Meshra-el-Rek May, B.G.
As this species has so distinct a type of plumage, it seems
more satisfactory to separate it from Passer under the sub-
genus specially cliaracterized for it by Hartlaub.
Passer (Auripasser ) luteus.
Passer luteus (Licht.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 258; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p..dlo:
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber. ; 20 Khartoum Apl. May
June Sept. ; 4 Bara Apl. Kor.
[C. & L. coll.] 5 White Nile lat. 133°-15° N. Jan.
Passer jagoensis cordofanicus.
Passer cordofanicus Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. Suppl. 1871,
p. exli: Kordofan ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 247.
[B. coll.] 3 Mongalla.
We consider that this bird is more closely allicd to
P. jagoensis from the Cape Verde Is. than to P. motitensis
from southern Africa, of which it has generally been con-
sidered a subspecies,
Passer domesticus arboreus.
Passer arboreus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 510 (ex
Licht. MS. in Berlin Mus.) : Sennar.
Passer rufidorsalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 376:
Khartoum.
Passer domesticus [part], Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 239;
Butler, Ibis, 1995, p. 315.
[B. coll.] 10 Khartoum Feb. Apl. Oct. Nov. Dec.
[C.& L. coll.] 8 Singa Dec. Sen. ; 13 White Niletiat
1383°-]5° N. Jan.
A single example collected by Mr. Butler at Khartoum
is washed all over with a strong reddish tinge. We had
thought it to be merely artificial, but Mr. Butler informs us
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 471
that this is not so, and that it is a true example of natural
erythrism. He knew the bird while alive quite well, and is
convinced that it could not have been handled, and also on
skinning it the whole under surface of the skin was found
to be of a rich pink colour, deepening into carmine under
the wings and in other places.
Passer griseus eritren.
Passer diffusus nec Smith, Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 315,
1908, p. 217, 1909, p. 77.
[For other references, see below. ] °
[B. coll.] 2 Setit R. May, Kas. ; 5 Roseires, July—Sept.
Sen. ; 1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor. ; 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
6 Wau Jan. Mch. B.G.; 2 Mongalla.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Kamisa, 2 near Sennar, Sen. ; 2 Kosti,
W.N.; 1 Bahr el Zeraf, U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan., 1 Tembura Apl. B.G. ; 1 Yei
Dec. L.E.
Passer swainsoni swainsoni.
[For references, see below.]
1 Port Sudan Apl. B.S.
Passer griseus and its allies.
We have gone carefully through the large series of these
Grey Sparrows in the British Museum, and have come to the
following conclusion as regards the Species and races.
PASSER GRISEUS GRISEUS.
Fringilla grisea Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. 1817, p. 198:
United States! [Senegal, apud Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 95].
Pyrgita gularis Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 45 : Senegal.
Passer occidentalis Shelley, Ibis, 18838, p. 548: ? Niger.
Passer diffusus thierryi Reichw. O. M, 1899, p. 190:
Mangu, N. Nigeria.
This race extends from Senegal to northern Angola and
through Nigeria, Cameroon, and French and Belgian Congo
to N. Rhodesia.
Back reddish brown ; underside greyish white ; abdomen
almost white. Wing 78-88 mm.
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 21
472 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on ___[Ibis,
Shelley founded his type of P. occidentalis on an unlabelled
bird ; but in the ‘ Birds of Africa,’ iii. p. 254, he says it
came from Lukoja, Nigeria.
2. PassER GRISEUS DIFFUSUS.
Pyrgita diffusa Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped. 1836, App.
p. 53: N. of Orange R.
Fringilla spadicea Licht. Verz. Vog. Kaffern]. 1842, p. 15:
KE. Cape Colony.
Passer griseus georgicus Reichw. Vog. Afr. i. p. 231:
Damaraland, ‘
Range. Africa south of the Zambesi.
Back lighter and duller brown ; underparts more dusky.
Wing 78-85 mm. |
Damaraland birds can be matched exactly by birds from
the N.E. Transvaal.
3. PassER GRISEUS SUAHELICUS.
Passer griseus suahelicus Reichw. Vog. Afr. i. p. 2381:
German East Africa.
Range. German East Africa and Nyasaland, north along
the coast to Lamu in British East Africa, where it occurs
side by side with P. gongonensis Oust. ‘The latter therefore
must be considered a different species.
Back a little brighter than in P. g. diffusus, but a hardly
definable race. It is really intermediate between P. g.
diffusus and the next race. Hardly distinguishable from
P. g. griseus, except that the underparts are usually duskier.
Wing 83-90 mm.
4, PassER GRISEUS UGANDA.
Passer diffusus ugande Reichw. O. M. 1899, p. 190:
Uganda.
Range. Uganda. Ruwenzori and eastern Congo birds
approach the West African race,
Back brighter than in the other races, and the crown
browner and less grey. Wing 83-88 mm.
5. PAsseR GRISEUS ERITREA.
Passer griseus eritree “edlitz, J. f.O. Jan. 1911, p. 33:
W. Eritrea and Sudan.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 473
? Passer nikersoni* Madardsz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung.
June 1911, p. 841 : between Dinder R. and Blue Nile.
Passer albiventris Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. June
1911, p. 842: Sudan.
Range. From Eritrea throughout the region of the Blue
and White Niles to the western Sudan and N. Nigeria.
Separable from any other race by its considerably whiter
throat and underparts (see J.f.O. 1911, pl. 1). Wing 82-
86 mm. In the western limits of its range it merges into
P. g. griseus, and the name P, diffusus theirryi Reichw. was
probably given to the intermediate form. Birds from the
Bahr el Ghazal are also duskier, and are probably inter-
mediate with P. g. griseus or P. g. ugande.
The Museum is unfortunately very deficient in material
from Senegal, and it is possible that fresh skins may show
the Senegal bird to be the same as the Eritrean form. In
that case this form would become P. g. griseus, and P. occi-
dentalis of Shelley would stand for the race from the rest of
West Africa.
We have no specimens so small as Passer nikersoni of
Madarasz, and are inclined to think it will prove to be
a young bird of this race.
6. PassER GRISEUS NEUMANNI.
Passer griseus neumanni Zedlitz, O. M. 1908, p. 180:
Salamona.
Range. Sandy coast region of Somaliland, northwards to
Eritrea. :
Differs from P. gy. griseus in having somewhat lighter
underparts, though not so light as in P. g. eritree. They
have, however, especially on the under tail-coverts, a dis-
tinctly yellowish tinge. Wing 82-86 mm.
The Museum has examples from Somaliland collected by
Lort Phillips and Gillett.
Of the above-mentioned races, P. g. eritree and P. g. neu-
manni are easily distinguishable ; P. gy. diffusus fairly so;
* nikersont is a lapsus calami for nickersoni. Nickerson was Governor
of the Sennar Province, and was killed by a fall from his horse (A. L, B.
in litt.).
2L2
47 4, Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ -[Ibis,
and P. gy. ugande, P. g. suahelicus, and P. g. griseus are
so close that only in a large series can any difference be
detected.
PassER SWAINSONI SWAINSONI.
Pyrgita swainsoni Riipp. N. Wirb., Vog. 1835, p. 94,
pl. 33. fig. 2: N.E. Africa.
? Pyrgita crassirostris Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 299:
Fazogli.
Passer griseus abyssinicus Neum. Bull. B.O.C. xxi. 1908,
p. 70: Mareb R.
We think it necessary to keep this bird as a separate
species. It appears not to interbreed with any races of
the low-ground P. griseus, and in Somaliland and Eritrea
seems to occur side by side with them.
Underparts uniform dusky, with traces of lighter colour
on the throat and abdomen. The under tail-coverts with
dark centres and light edges, giving a mottled appearance.
Wing 85-90 mm.
Range. Highlands of Abyssinia, Eritrea, and Somaliland.
A single bird from Port Sudan in the Butler collection
would appear to be somewhat distinct. It is smaller, wing
80 mm.; underside clearer grey ; back greyer brown ; head
lighter grey. More material from that locality is desirable.
We think that the name Pyrgita crassirostris of Heuglin
is referable to the present form and was based on a particu-
larly brightly coloured specimen. The description precludes
its being P. g. eritrea, which is the form one would expect
to occur at Fazogli; and the size, not to mention the locality,
precludes its being P. s. gongonensis as Shelley suggests.
PAsSER SWAINSONI GONGONENSIS.
Pseudostruthus gongonensis Oust. Le Naturaliste, 1890,
p. 274: Gongoni.
Range. From the coast of British East Africa inland to
Baringo.
Larger than P. s. swainsoni, and with a considerably thicker
bill. Underparts completely uniform, often with a tinge of
rust-colour. Wing 95-100 mm.
At Lamu this bird occurs side by side with a race of
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 475
P. griseus. Birds from the Omo river are somewhat inter-
mediate with P. s. swainsoni.
Passer simplex simplex.
Fringilla simplex Wicht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 24:
Ambukokl= Ambigol, Dongola.
This species occurs in Kordofan and Dongola. It is not
represented in the Butler or Chapman & Lynes collections,
nor are there specimens in the British Museum.
Carpospiza brachydactyla.
Petronia brachydactyla Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. 1850,
p. 513: Konfuda, Arabia (Hartert) ; Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i, 1871, p. 624.
Carpospiza brachydactyla (Bp.); Hartert, V. p. F. p. 145.
[B. coll.] 1 ur. Khartoum Dec.; 1 nr. El Dueim Jan.
W.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Erkowit Mch. & Apl., 1 Port Sudan
Apl. R.S.; 1 Blue Nile Dec. Sen.; 9 White Nile
lat. 14° N. Jan., 2 Jebelein Jan. W.N.
This species was obtained by Heuglin on the Abyssinian
coast, along the Mareb river on the borders of Kassala, and
in Kordofan. After that it was lost sight of in Africa until
met with by Zedlitz near Keren in Eritrea (J.f£.0. 1911
p. 87). It is in all probability a migrant from western
Asia, where it ranges to Persia.
Petronia pyrgita pallida.
Gymnorhis pyrgita pallida Neumann, Bull. B.O.C, xxi.
1908, p. 70: Shendi.
[B. coll.] 6 Fatasha ur. Khartoum Feb. Noy.
The type of this subspecies, which is clearly distinct from
the typical form, came from Shendi. There was previously
only one example in the British Museum, which was obtained
by Capt. Dunn in the Haraza hills in the north of Kordofan,
Petronia pyrgita pyrgita.
Petronia pyrgita (Heuglin) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 263.
This species, of which the Museum contains a long series
476 On the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, [Ibis,
from Eritrea, Abyssinia, and northern Somaliland, was
described by Heuglin from eastern Sennar. There are no
examples in the Butler collection or in the British Museum
from within the boundaries of the Sudan, though there is
ne reason to doubt its occurrence within its limits.
Petronia dentata dentata.
Petronia dentata (Sund.) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 261.
[B. coll.] 8 Roseires Aug. Sept. Sen.; 1 Pongo R. Feb.,
3 Chak Chak Feb. Mch., 2 Wau Mch. Apl., 3 Raffali
Feb. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 8 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 3 Melut Jan.,
1 Mouth of Sobat R. Jan., 1 Kodok Mch., 2 Renk
Mch. U.N.
We have examined the whole series of this species in the
Museum collection, but have failed to find any sufficiently
distinctive racial characters, except in the case of two
immature birds from southern Abyssinia which have already
been commented on by O.-Grant (Ibis, 1913, p. 580), though
he does not state that they are considerably darker than the
typical form which probably came from Eritrea. The
Roseires birds are somewhat paler than the Bahr-el-Ghazal
birds in the Butler collection, but this may very likely be
seasonal,
Erythrospiza githaginea githaginea.
Erythrospiza githaginea (Licht.); Shelley, B. A. iii.
Pp, U7 QO.
(C.& L. coll.] 2 Jebel Okum nr. Sinkat Mch. R.S.
The Sudan is rather south of the range of this bird,
though Brehm found it plentiful in the Bajuda desert south
of Dongola. There is one other specimen in the Museum
from Kerma, near the 8rd Cataract in Berber Province.
It has not apparently been previously recorded from the
Red Sea Province, but Mr. Butler informs us that he has
met with it in flocks and has shot specimens at Jebel Erba
and Jebel Karbosh, both in the Red Sea Province.
[To be continued. }
1918.] Birds of Alix, Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer. 477
XXIV.—Further Notes on Birds observed at Alix, Buffalo
Lake, and Red Deer in the Province of Alberta, Canada, in
1915 and 1916. By Cuanzes B. Horsprueu, Canadian
Army Medical Corps, B.E.F.
Tues additional notes on the birds of Alix, Buffalo Lake,
Red Deer, and other districts (vide ‘ Ibis,’ 1915, pp. 670-689)
are the result of my change of residence to Red Deer in
October 1915, and better opportunity to extend my obser-
vations over a wider territory. During the early spring
and summer of 1916 the weather was, as in the previous
year, disagreeably wet, and snow fell early in November.
Red Deer, which lies nearly halfway between Edmonton and
Calgary, is as well-wooded, watered, and hilly as the Alix
country, and offers a good field for ornithological study.
It lies 2860 feet above sea-level. A Natural History Society
has been in existence for a few years, the reports of which
are published annually in the Journal of the Government
Agricultural Society.
The nomenclature and classification, as in the previous
paper, are that of the A.O.U. Check-List.
ichmophorus occidentalis. Wuxstern Grese. I visited
the same colony reported in my notes for 1914 on 28 May,
1915, finding plenty of nests with full clutches and birds as
numerous as in the previous season. I received a specimen
picked up alive near Red Deer on 17 November, which died
next day. Mr. P. A.Taverner, of the Victoria Memorial
Museum, Ottawa, writes me as follows:—“One of the
Western Grebe’s skins is an interesting bird, being the form
clarkit, originally described as an independent species but
now regarded as a variant form of the Western. It is charac-
terized by its smaller size, different coloration of lores and
bill, and by having a recurved bill like the Avocet.” My
knowledge of this subspecies is insufficient to add anything
to the above.
Gavia immer. Grear Nortuern Diver. A single specimen
was seen on a large lake afew miles south of Alix on3 April,
478 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Aliz, [Ibis,
1915. On 30 May I received a female, with ovaries greatly
enlarged, which was shot close to the above village. Four
birds were reported seen on Alix Lake on 14 August—
probably parents and young. On 3. September a single
bird still remained.
Larus argentatus. Herrine-Guit. On 24 May, 1915,
I saw a pair of these Gulls at Buffalo Lake, and on the 29th
I shot an immature specimen. Whilst exploring an island
near the lake’s head, Mr. George Cook stated that in
previous years Herring-Gulls formerly bred at its northern
point, as well as Common Terns, but I found no signs of
nesting, although a few birds of both species were in the ©
neighbourhood.
Larus franklini. FRranKuiIn’s Guty. On 21 April, 1915,
I saw two, and eight on the 22nd, after which date they
became common, but I think they had decreased in
numbers compared with last season’s observations. On
30 June, 1916, I visited Spotted Lake with the Rev. H. M.
Holdom, to show him the gullery. We had a heavy thunder-
storm, and head-winds made rowing very arduous work.
We found many nests and young in down, and a remarkable
number of Pied-billed Grebes’ nests scattered thickly amongst
the Gulls’ nests. Four seemed to be the average clutch of
the former species. The young gulls, when handled, vomited
a mass of insects, identified as grasshoppers and dragonflies.
I reared one bird, which is now in the Banff Zoo. On 19 July,
1916, I observed a small flock numbering about fifteen birds
migrating south, high over the town of Red Deer.
Sterna hirundo. Common Trern. This species appeared to
be more abundant than during the previous season in the
Alix district.
Phalacrocorax auritus. DousLe-crestTep CoRMoRaNrT.
Mrs. Cassels called my attention to a single bird, probably of
this species, flying over Sylvan Lake on 20 May, 1915. I have
been informed that this Cormorant breeds on a lake near
Edmonton, but I could not find if this was really the case.
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 479
Anas platyrhynchos. Mattarp. This was the first species
of duck I found nesting this year (1915), picking up four
eggs, probably destroyed by crows, in the large slough
opposite my house, on 1 May.
Matiarp x Pintait. Although a hybrid of these two
species in captivity is not a great rarity, I imagine that
such a cross in a wild state must be very uncommon. A
beautiful specimen was presented to me by a friend, who shot
it near the town on 28 October, 1916. The characteristics
of the Mallard and Pintail males are very evenly divided,
and the bird was in prime condition. Dissection as well
as external details proved it to be a male. Weight 2 Ib.
13 oz. Length 244 inches. Wing-joint to longest primary
114 inches. Eye brown. Legs dull creamy buff, too small
for an ordinary Mallard. Bill dusky black along centre,
slate on sides.
Mareca americana. AMERIcAN WipGEON. I did not dis-
cover eggs of this bird during last season, but was fortunate
to do so on 8 May, 1915, when visiting the north end of
Buffalo Lake. The nest contained nine eggs, quite fresh.
Dafila acuta. Pinraiz. I found two Pintails’ nests of
eight eggs each, with a plentiful supply of down—the first
in asmall patch of bush close to the Mirror trail on 24 May,
1915, and the other on the same date at Buffalo Lake. This
latter was situated on a small rise close to a shallow pond,
which the male bird seemed loath to leave. 13 April is my
earliest record for their appearance in 1916.
Marila valisineria. Canvaspackx. I secured a fine male
near my house with my ‘22 rifle on 21 April, and at the
present date of writing (15 January, 1916) have a pair alive
in my cellar at Red Veer, together with a male Pochard.
The nest from which these specimens came was looted by
crows. The majority of the nests I met with this season
held Pochards’ eggs mixed with those of the rightful owners.
The female Canvasback was presented to the Zoo at Banff ;
the males of both the above species unfortunately died.
480 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, [Ibis,
Clangula clangula americana. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.
I flushed a male Golden-eye from a small stream on 1 April,
1915, whilst riding into Alix ; and on 80 June, when punting
towards the Spotted Lake gullery, the Rev. H. M. Holdom
and I saw a female with four downy youngsters swimming
in the creek. This species Cook and I observed in numbers
at Buffalo Lake during the month of June.
Charitonetta albeola. Burruz-Heap. I saw a single male
on 10 April near my house, but beyond an empty nest in
the usual situation I did not succeed in finding any eggs,
although several young broods were observed.
Oidemia deglandi. Wuuirr-wincep Scormr. My efforts
to shoot a specimen were futile, as the species unless killed
outright can dive and stay submerged like a turtle. Mr.
James Brindle, however, brought me a fine male, shot at
Buffalo Lake on 19 June, 1915, where they were to be found
in hundreds. By 15 August the Lake seemed to be almost
deserted.
Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruppy Duck. The Ruddy Duck
appeared to be more abundant at Buffalo Lake and neigh-
bourhood than in the previous season.
Chen hyperboreus nivalis. Greater Snow-Goosz. I saw
two specimens shot near the town on 4 November, 1916.
One was immature. Length 27 inches.
Anser albifrons gambeli. Wuuirr-rrontep Goosr. At the
local birdstuffer’s shop I was shown a mounted specimen,
obtained at Ponoka in October 1915.
Branta canadensis canadensis. Canapa Gooszr. On
17 March, 1915, a farmer near Alix showed me five Canada
Geese which he kept as decoys, finding them most useful.
He had discovered the nest in 1912, placed on a musk-rat
house at Buffalo Lake. A number of these Geese appeared
on the slough opposite my house on 1 April, and some would
undoubtedly have bred there had not local gunners driven
them away. The last pair remained till 1 May.
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 481
Ardea herodias herodias. Great Brun Heron. Another
farmer brought me a fine male specimen of the Great Blue
Heron on 4 May, 1915, which he had shot at dusk, pre-
sumably for a Goose, near Alix. Length taped, 45 inches;
wing spread, 70 inches. Gullet contained several large
newts. An immature specimen was sent me on 30 May
from south of Alix. I observed a single bird at Buffalo
Lake on 15 August.
Grus mexicana. Sanpuit~t Crane? I noticed a bird
which I suspect to have been a Sandhill Crane flying over
myhouse at Alix on 4 May, 1915, but it was too distant to
determine the exact species.
Porzana carolina. Sora. Like my similar experience the
previous year, I picked up a Sora, killed by the telegraph-
wires near Alix, on 29 July, 1915.
Steganopus tricolor. Wutson’s Puatarors. Opposite my
house I saw several pairs of Wilson’s Phalarope on the
slough on 19 May, 1915, and after three days’ careful
hunting discovered a nest with four eggs close by. I flushed
the male bird off the nest several times; it was joined on
each occasion by its mate, and both became noisy but fairly
tame. ‘This species seemed rare the following year, as I
only saw a single bird (female) at Buffalo Lake although
I hunted diligently. I shot a male near Red Deer on
6 July, 1916, with plumage much worn. A female was
also observed as she pursued the former round a large
slough.
Recurvirostra americana. Avocrr. Whilst travelling
with Cook to his house at Buffalo Lake on 24 May, 1915,
we found an Avocet’s nest containing eight eggs. his was
placed on a small sandy promontory jutting out into a
large pond. On the edge of a lake near Bashaw, we dis-
covered another nest with five eggs on 27 May. Cook has
several times in past seasons found more than the average
clutch in one nest.
432 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, | Ibis,
Macrorhamphus griseus griseus. DowrttcHrer. Cook
brought me the skin of a Dowitcher shot at Buffalo Lake
on 22 August, 1915. During the following season most of
the Waders were scarce, and I have no further notes of this
species, which I have not personally seen.
Pisobia minutilla. Least Sanppiper. I saw about half-
a-dozen near Brindle’s house, Buffalo Lake, on 15 August,
1915, feeding in company with a few pairs of Killdeer and
Greater and Lesser Yellow-legs.
Totanus melanoleucus. GREATER YELLOW-LEGs. I received
a Greater Yellow-legs on 26 September, 1915, from Mr. W.
Pettet, of Alix. Throughout the season, particularly during
the earlier months, this species was fairly frequently observed
and occasionally the Yellow-legs (Totanus flavipes) was met
with both in the vicinity of the village and Buffalo Lake.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus. WeEsTERN
Wier. This species yearly frequents Buffalo Lake and
its neighbourhood in small numbers, and I saw two
pairs on 25 May, 1915. On the 30th of the same month,
whilst driving to his home with Cook, we noticed a
Crow flying over a grassy meadow near the lake closely
pursued by a Willet. We at once proceeded to search
for a nest, and wasted almost an hour before I accidentally
discovered it. The female had placed it close to a whitened
(shoulder-blade) bone of a buffalo, and but for this error
my eye would not have been led to the spot. So close
did she sit that, after calling up Cook, the bird actually
allowed me to lift her off her four beautiful eggs. Cook
informed me that for many years he had sought the
eggs of this species, but had never experienced my luck.
We let the poor bird escape, after photographing the
nesting-site.
Bartramia longicauda. Upianp Piover. I noticed a pair
of Upland Plover near Cook’s house, on the ploughed lands,
on 27 May, 1915.
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 483
Numenius hudsonicus. Hupsontan Curtew. These birds
are by no means numerous, and I saw but one pair at Buffalo
Lake on 25 May, 1915.
Charadrius dominicus dominicus. GoLpEN Puioyrr. On
11 October, 1916, Cook sent me two specimens from Buffalo
Lake, but they were immature and a bit too badly shot to
accurately determine the sex.
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. KiLtitprErR. One of the
commonest of the Plovers in this part of the Province.
Between Cook’s house and Mirror we found a Killdeer’s
nest on 5 June, 1915, containing one egg, placed at the edge
of the trail. I also found one well-grown young, still in
down, at the head of Buffalo Lake on 1 June. A few pairs
frequented Alix Lake.
Tympanuchus americanus. Prairie Cuicken. Cook
kindly gave me the skin of a female shot at Buffalo Lake
on 26 December, 1914. It was the only specimen he had
ever observed.
Pediccetes phasianellus campestris. PRairin SHARP-TAILED
Grousz. Owing to the very wet months of early spring,
Prairie ‘‘ Chicken ” and Ruffed Grouse were not as plentiful
as last year. Close to the spot where Cook and I discovered
a Killdeer’s nest, I dismounted from the “democrat” to shoot
ahare. Several shots failed to obtain the animal, and as I
stepped off the bank bordering the road I trod on a Prairie
Sharp-tailed Grouse. She had been sitting, all the while I
was moving noisily around, on her nest of thirteen eggs, and
kept close by until we drove away. This was on 5 June,
191.
Circus hudsonius. Marsn-Hawk. One specimen seen
near the town on 19 April, 1916. It is not particularly
common in this locality.
Accipiter velox. SHarp-sHINNED Hawk. Almost within
a stone’s throw of my house I found a nest of the Sharp-
shinned Hawk, built in the branches of a willow on the edge
484. Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, [Ibis,
of asmall wood. It held three handsome eggs, which I took
on 18 June, 1915. The structure was not bulky, and was
placed about twelve feet above the ground. On 31 July,
1916, I shot an immature specimen on the same spot where
I hunted for a nest in May but without success, close to the
town (Red Deer). I saw others in the woods near my house
on 5 August, all very noisy though not shy. I witnessed
one stoop at a Kingfisher, which it hustled along for a short
distance.
Astur atricapillus atricapillus. GosuawKk. Mr.T. Pinnell,
of Alix, presented me with an immature male shot on his
farm on 27 February, 1915 ; and I saw two Goshawks close.
to Red Deer on 7 November, and a pair on 19 December
near my house. This species seems fairly common. I re-
ceived five of these birds between September and November
1916, one being an immature of the same season’s hatching.
Buteo borealis calurus. Rep-rartep Hawk. Close to the
village of Tees, I noticed on 23 March, 1915, several large
Hawks. My notes for 17 April state ‘“‘ Hawks numerous ”—
evidently returning with spring, and probably of the above
species. On 29 April I found a nest being built near
Mirror ; and the pair of birds which nested close to the
house last year built again in the same wood, but the tree
was too difficult to climb. Isecured a fine (male), melanistic
phase of this Hawk near Alix on 8 October, 1914; also
another male of the light variety on 13 October, 1914. The
first Hawk of this species appeared on 5 April, 1916, flying
over the town, and eight more on the 15th circling high.
I found a nest on the 19th in a balm-tree (Balsamia balsami-
fera), about 30 feet from the ground, holding a clutch of
three well-marked eggs. I collected these on the 26th.
During a brief visit to Dried Meat Lake, near Camrose,
I found another nest on 19 May with two pale eggs in
a slender poplar tree growing at the edge of some uncleared
land, and it was built about 12 feet from the ground.
A large sheet of ‘The Edmonton Journal’ had been fixed
into the structure and was very conspicuous at a considerable
¢
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 485
distance. I found this nest on 20 May. Red-tailed Hawks
seem to be the commonest species almost everywhere.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. Rovucu-Leccep Hawk.
A resident brought me an immature female Rough-legged
Hawk, which was found sitting on a fence-pole near Red
Deer ; being injured, it was easily captured. The crop was
empty. In the local taxidermist’s shop I saw another
specimen lately obtained in this district. I flushed a young
bird in the woods close to the town on 6 September, 1916,
and saw another, also immature, living in a saloon in the
town, which had been picked up slightly injured.
Buteo swainsoni. Swatnson’s Hawk. I secured a male
Swainson’s Hawk on 24 May, 1915, at Buffalo Lake, and
another on 16 August, with my rifle, near the same locality.
I have a female mounted specimen in the dark phase shot
near Alix on 12 September, 1914.
Haliaétus leucocephalus alascanus. Ba.Lp-HEADED EHacur.
One or two reports reached me of Bald-headed Eagles being
seen during the spring near Alix, but I could not personally
verify them. Whilst visiting Banff, in May, I saw in the
Zoological Gardens a magnificent specimen, which I believe
had been in captivity for a number of years. Probably
before the well-wooded shores of Sylvan Lake became a
summer resort for the inhabitants of Red Deer and other
towns, the Bald Eagle and Osprey nested undisturbed.
Nowadays the latter has long ceased to do so; but the
former still remains, though I was disgusted to find on
16 June that the tree holding a huge nest had been wantonly
felled. A pair of these grand birds were seen over the lake
on 17 June, and I hope they may have nested in safety, as
I have friends at the lake who would do much to protect
them.
Aquila chrysaétos. Goutpen Eaeiz. I received in the
flesh on 17 November, 1915, a splendid female specimen of
the Golden Eagle, shot near Prairie Creek. Its crop and
stomach contained a partly digested hare. The feet were of
486 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, [Ibis,
a bright lemon-yellow, and the bird was in excellent con-
dition. Two younger specimens were brought me alive
on 80 November aud 2 December respectively—one from
Pine Lake district and the other closer to the town. The
latter was caught in an unbaited trap set on top of a
haystack. On 10 January, 1916, I received in the flesh
a fine bird weighing 12 lb., shot near Red Deer. A second
one was brought me on the 19th, which was secured also
near the town, in an unbaited coyote trap placed on top of
a haystack. Judging from reports received from different
parts of the surrounding country, Eagles, particularly this
species, appear to be plentiful, and the taxidermist here
told me he had refused many. My specimens were not
fully adult, and I found it impossible to ascertain the sex by
dissection, which has greatly puzzled me. No doubt the
severity of the winter had driven these birds down from
the mountains, and it is a great pity so many should have
been ruthlessly destroyed. Hares filled the crops of those
I preserved. An immature specimen, shot some miles north
of the town, was brought me by a neighbour who shot it
from off a telegraph-pole. The bullet damaged its interior
anatomy so much that I could not discover its sex with
certainty.
Falco rusticolus rusticolus. Grey Gyr-Fatcon. I received
from my friend, Mr. A. Tomlinson of Calgary, during
October, a fine specimen of the Grey Gyr-Falcon obtained
last year at Camrose in October. At a taxidermist’s shop
in the town I saw another and similar specimen collected
about the same date.
Falco sparverius sparverius. Sparrow-Hawsg. I expected
to observe this migrant earlier than the date recorded in my
notes—19 April—when one was seen near my house. On
6 May a pair had a nest in a hole in a balsam-tree (Populus
balsamifera) whose top had fallen off, but the tree was un-
climable. On 2 June another pair occupied an old nesting-
hole of the Flicker, within half a mile of the former. I
received a single egg taken in the vicinity of the town on
1918.]. Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 487
9June. A nest at Buffalo Lake held four young on 20 June
(Cook).
Pandion haliaétus carolinensis. Osprey. A pair was
reported to have been seen at Pine Lake, about twenty-five
miles south-west of the town, 26 April, 1915, where they
used to nest some years ago.
Asio wilsonianus. Lonc-rarep Owz. Cook and I found
a Long-eared Owl’s nest with four newly hatched young,
near Buffalo Lake, on 29 May, 1915. In the same wood in
which I found the Sharp-shinned Hawk’s nest, I also flushed
a Long-eared Owl from her nest, which held four eges, on
23 June. I was shown a nest of this Owl, about five miles
out of town, which contained four eggs, on 28 May, 1916.
It was situated in a thick clump of willows, having been
originally built by a crow, and the female sat so close that
I almost touched her.
Asio flammeus. Suort-zarep Owxz. Two Short-eared
Owls were circling above my house on 16 April, 1915, at
a considerable height. I noticed a fair number this season,
and at Buffalo Lake picked up a well-fledged youngster on
31 May. In 1916, I noticed a single bird at Camrose
on 16 May. It does not appear to be common in the Red
Deer district.
Bubo virginianus subarcticus. Arctic Hornep Ow. My
pair of pet Great Horned Owls were with me at Red Deer
and thriving well on hares and raw meat. I took a young
friend to a nest ina wood near my house at Alix, and on
climbing the tree he reported that the nest contained three
eggs and was lined with a few Owls’ feathers and some dead
leaves of the balm-tree. The birds flew around, uttering
many piteous “hoo-hoos.” I did not hear the “werk”
note, as reported in my notes for last year. We examined
this nest on 27 March, 1915,
Surnia ulula caparoch, Hawx-Owr. During 1915 I saw
only one specimen, on 24 September, near Alix, hunting for
its prey.
SER. X.— VOL. VI. 2M
488 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, [Ibis,
Ceryle alcyon. Benrep Krinertsuer. First observed at
Alix on 6 August, 1915. It was generally flushed from
below the dam of the village lake. I saw a female, which I
believe was the same that nested in the bank of the creek
close to my house, sitting on the telegraph-wires in the same
locality as late as 9 November, 1916. On 380 June, 1916,
I observed a Kingfisher enter its nesting-hole in a bank,
almost opposite the tree which the Golden-eye selected for
its nest, by the creek near my house. I feel sure the eggs
had then hatched.
Dryobates villosus villosus. NorrHern Harry Woop-
PECKER. Fairly numerous in this and the Sylvan Lake ~
district. In the latter I found several nests between 12
and 24 June, all full of young birds.
Dryobates pubescens nelsoni. Nerzson’s Downy Woop-
PECKER. This species was also nesting in the woods around
Sylvan Lake, and was fairly abundant.
Sphyrapicus varius varius. YELLOW-BELLIED Sap-SucKER.
The last of my remaining quartette of Yellow-bellied Sap-
Suckers died on 4 February, 1915, as my “ Life” food
supply became exhausted. During June, however, I gota
pair of young, which I presented to the Banff Zoo in August.
These birds make delightful pets and, but for occasional fits,
do well in captivity. They are common wherever woods
exist. I saw the first migrant of the year near my house
on 30 April, 1916. I noticed a few pairs at Dried Meat
Lake on 18-22 May.
Colaptes auratus luteus. NorrHern Fuicker. The
Northern Flicker is one of the commonest birds in this
part of the country. Cook found a nest with seven eggs
at Buffalo Lake on 4 June, 1915. Common everywhere.
Mr. J. H. Fleming of Toronto writes me regarding two
skins of females I sent him :—‘ Colaptes auratus borealis
Ridgway (Boreal Flicker). This is not in the A.O.U
Check-list, but if the form is good your bird is it. A male
shot on 2 May, 1916, is also dorealis.”
1918. ] Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 489
Tyrannus tyrannus. Kineprrp. Not common. First
migrant of the year reported by Cook on 22 May, at
Buffalo Lake.
Sayornis phebe. Pua@se. LHarliest appearance at Red
Deer 24 April. Common.
Empidonax minimus. Least Fry-catcHer. Common
everywhere. I discovered several nests at Sylvan Lake,
the first with eggs on 15 June. Larliest record at Buffalo
Lake was on 22 May, when a pair was seen by G. Cook.
Pica pica hudsonia. Magpie. Three or four were seen near
Alix on 9 February, and a pair at Red Deer on 7 November.
The Magpie is apparently extending its range.
Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Buu Jay. Soon after my
arrival in Red Deer I saw a Blue Jay close to the house,
about 10 October, 1915. On 5 April, 1916, I saw a pair in
the spruce-woods about a mile north of the town. A pair
nested in my friend Mr. F. C. White’s garden, quite close to
his house. The young were successfully reared.
Corvus brachyrhynchus hesperis. WrsteRN Crow. These
pests were observed as early as 20 March, but I saw none
myself till the 30th, when one appeared near my house. At
Buffalo Lake they were seen on the 27th (Cook).
Molothrus ater ater. Cowsirp. Plentiful. First noted
on 16 April, near Alix. I found the Thick-billed Red-
winged Starling acting as host to this species on two
occasions. By 19 April they were numerous everywhere
in the district. In 1916 it was abundant in all districts.
At Sylvan Lake I found its eggs in nests of the Clay-
coloured Sparrow, Olive-backed Thrush, and Philadelphia
Vireo. .
Agelaius pheniceus fortis. TuHick-BitLep ReEp-winerp
Buacxsirp. I shot a male of the Thick-billed Red-winged
Blackbird at Buffalo Lake on 5 January, 1915, in eclipse
plumage. It was feeding on the grain from the pig-troughs,
2M 2
490 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alia, [ Ibis,
_ and appeared to be a solitary specimen, but in spite of the
cold and deep snow, was not at ali starved. During the
nesting-season it is a common sight to see them mobbing
the thieving Crows.
Sturnella neglecta. Werstern Meapow-Larx. I was a
little surprised to find a pair of these birds remaining here
(Alix) so late as 2 October, 1915. The earliest note on their
arrival that I have is 14 April, when I saw one near the village.
In 1916, the latest date on which this species was observed
here was 18 September, when one was seen within the town
limits. I kept a fledgling alive for a month during the
summer and found it a most engaging pet. I knew of three
open fields undoubtedly containing nests, but I could not hit
on the exact spots. Cook saw five birds at Buffalo Lake on
16 April.
Icterus galbula. Bauttrmore Ortotze. More abundant
than in preceding season. I found a nest close to Cook’s
house on 26 May, 1915, although building was still in pro-
gress. It was suspended in the characteristic way from the
top of a thin bough and was very difficult to re-discover
when the foliage grew thicker. On 4 June, whilst staying
at the head of Buffalo Lake, I noticed another pair gathering
nesting materials. I did not find this species so abundant
around the town as at the Sylvan Lake, where it nests,
although I failed to notice any. Cook reports hearing one
sing near his house on 19 May, 1916.
Euphagus carolinus. Rusty Buacxsirp. Fairly plentiful
everywhere. I observed two males at Red Deer on 19 April.
On 26 September, 1916, there were about forty birds around
my garden, one of which I shot with my °22 pistol. It
proved to be a male in winter plumage. I also got a similar
specimen on 5 October.
Quiscalus quiscula mneus. Bronzep Grackie. I received
a skin of the Bronzed Grackle, shot by Cook near his house
in August 1915. Two central tail-feathers were white and
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 491
somewhat abraded. I saw a small flock near my house on
9 April, 1916, and was much interested in the nuptial display
of the males. These spread the breast and back feathers as
well as the tail to the fullest extent, dropping the wings low
and uttering their curious call-notes at the same time. Cook
found a clutch of five eggs at Buffalo Lake on 6 June, and
records the species as plentiful.
Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina. Evenina GROSBEAK.
At Red Deer on 17 October, 1915, I saw a single Evening
Grosbeak feeding on the seeds of maple-trees growing in one
of the main streets, also a flock of four on 18 November in
same spot. In another of the main streets of the town two
males were feeding on Manitoba maple-seeds on 19 January,
1916. I noticed a flock of eight or ten near the river on
1] April, arfd I saw them for the last time on 6 May.
Pinicola enucleator leucura. ALaskaN Pine Grosbeak.
The Rev. H. M. Holdom informed me that he saw, on 10 &
31 January, 1915, several Pine Grosbeaks at Red Deer and
Clive, feeding on maple-berries. Near my house in Alix I
saw one specimen on 10 June, and a few close to my new
abode on 25 December. I secured a fine male shot near the
town on 1] April, 1916. They were not rare during January
and February in this district. Mr. J. H. Fleming states
that the skin examined by him was probably this species,
but the beak was, unfortunately, rather damaged.
Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. Purpte Fincu. On
6 May I saw three males close to my house and a pair near
the mouth of the creek on 30 June.
Acanthis linaria linaria. Reproty. Quite plentiful at
Red Deer during December 1915. I noticed Redpolls
frequently at Alix about the same month in 1916, but
overlooked including records in my notes. A small flock
visited my garden on 7 September, 1916, and from then
onwards they appeared to be fairly common.
4.92 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, | Ibis,
Astragalinus tristis tristis. Pate Gotprincn. Plentiful
in the vicinity of the town. I sent a skin to Mr. Fleming,
who states it is probably this form.
Pléctrophenax nivalis nivalis. Snow-Buntine. On
5 February, 1916, a flock, numbering about fifty, appeared
in the woods near my house, one male of which I secured
with my ‘22 pistol] at long range.
Poccetes gramineus confinis. WrsterRN VESsPER-SPARROW.
Fairly plentiful, but more so at Camrose. Singing lustily
on 18 May, 1916.
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus. WrsTERN SAVANNAH
Sparrow. Common.
Zonotrichia albicollis. WuHite-THROATED SpARRow. Plenti-
ful everywhere.
Spizella monticola ochracea. Wurstern Trreu-Sparrow.
L noticed a small flock around my house on 24 April, 1916,
and shot a male on the 28th.
Spizella pallida. Cray-cotourep Sparrow. At Sylvan
Lake I found two nests containing eggs ; to one of these a
Cowbird had contributed. Both were well hidden in the
long grass near the roadside.
Junco hyemalis hyemalis. Siare-cotourrep Junco. Not
rare. I shot a pair not far from the town on 26 April, 1916.
One bird was seen at Buffalo Lake on 16 April (Cook).
Melospiza melodia melodia. Sone-Srarrow. Abundant
everywhere. JI found a nest in my back garden holding
five well-fledged young, on 12 July, 1916.
Zamelodia lIudoviciana. Rosr-BreasteD Grosbeak. I
noticed one male in the woods north of the town, on
24 May, 1916, after which date these birds became com-
mon, particularly at Sylvan Lake. At this place I found a
nest with four eggs, on 14 June, on which the male was
incubating, surrounded with flowers of the clematis, and
allowed me to approach very close. I found several more
ee
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 493
nests later. One on the 18th contained four young, covered
with white downy fluff. At Buffalo Lake, Cook observed a
pair on 6 June, and states that a few breed in the locality.
Lanius borealis. Norruern Surike. More abundant
than in the previous season, particularly so near Mirror.
Like the Sparrow-Hawks (Ff. s. sparverius), they like the
telegraph-poles and wires from which to survey the sur-
rounding country.
Vireosylvia philadelphia. PuHitapeLpHi1a Vireo. I found
a nest at Sylvan Lake on 18 June, 1916, containing four
eggs, which I believe to belong to this species. It was
suspended from the slender branch of a small bush not
more than four feet above the ground. Three eggs of the
Cowbird crowded the structure to its fullest capacity.
Dendroica estiva estiva. Yr~ttow Warsier. One of the
commonest members of this family. I found three nests on
13 June, 1916, at Sylvan Lake, one with five eggs and the
others unfinished. Later on I found more nests, the birds
being particularly fussy when I approached near them.
They were usually built at about four to five feet above the
ground, though a few were even twelve to fifteen, but the
site was then against the trunk of a fair-sized poplar-tree.
Some of these nests held small young about the 15th of
the same month.
Dendroica coronata. Myrrte Warsier. A few pairs
frequented the woods around my dwelling in early May.
On 29 April, 1916, several were seen by Mrs. Cassels near
the town, and Cook (Buffalo Lake) noticed one on 15 May.
Piranga ludoviciana. Western ‘Tanager. Fairly rare.
I saw several in the woods around my house on 29 May,
1916, and at Sylvan Lake found a nest on 14 June, This
was placed amongst the slenderest branches of a young and
thin poplar-tree, about forty feet from the ground, and quite
impossible to investigate. Another nest close by was either
an old one or else deserted, but was only about twenty feet
above the lake-side. At the best of times, the structure is
49 4 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh on the Birds of Alix, [Ibis,
a very fragile one. Mrs. Cassels, a very keen observer of
birds, informs me that her earliest date for Red Deer was
18 May, and for Sylvan Lake 6 June, when she noticed one
building.
Progne subis subis. Purpie Martin. Between Mirror
and Buffalo Lake, I saw a pair of these birds on 30 May,
1915. They do not appear to be common. In 1916, I saw
one near the town on 1 May. A few pairs built in the
rotten stumps left standing after a bush-fire, along the banks
of the lake and a little inland at Sylvan Lake. At this place
I examined a nesting-site and took out a single egg on
23 June. Oue or two small fresh leaves were utilized as a
lining.
Petrochelidon lunifrons Innifrons. Crirr-Swattow. 23 July,
1916, was the last date on which I saw this species. Two
birds were flying around the neighbourhood of my house.
Noi plentiful.
Iridoprogne bicolor. Tres-Swattow. Fairly numerous.
IT found them nesting under the same conditions as the
Purple Martins, and both species, where -possible, were
using the same stump. At Dried Meat Lake they were be-
ginning to build on 20 May, 1916. About a dozen were
first observed, near my house, on 9 May, one by Cook at
Buffalo Lake on the 8th.
Riparia riparia. Bank Swatiow. A small colony nested
in the river-bank near my house. At Buffalo Lake they
arrived on 22 May, 1916 (Cook).
Bombycilla garrula. Boxnrmian Waxwine. During the
summer this species was common throughout the Alix
district. My first notes record five, seen near my house
on 22 June, 1915. I observed a flock of about twenty birds
in the woods north of the town on 5 April, 1916. They were
busily hawking flies and were rather shy; their manner of
hunting insects reminded me greatly of the European Bee-
eater (Merops apiaster) I saw in such large numbers in
1918. | Buffalo Lake, and Red Deer Districts. 495
Cyprus. I shot a fine male on the 19th, and Cook states
that he saw seven birds on 16 February at Buffalo Lake.
Bombycilla cedrorum. Crpar Waxwine. A pair first
observed on 6 June, 1916, near my house. On the 19th
I noticed one carrying nesting materials. On 8 August
I saw eight flying south-east over the town. Not very
abundant.
Anthus sp? Pirrr. On the banks of the river I observed
a flock of about eight or ten Pipits, not tame enough to
approach very closely, on 4 October, 1916.
Dumetella carolinensis. Carsirp. Although I strongly
suspected the presence of this bird at Alix in 1914, I could
not be certain of its identity, but at Red Deer I saw three,
at close view, on 28 July, 1915.
Troglodytes aédon parkmani. Western Hovsz-Wren.
Fairly abundant. I found a nest at Sylvan Jake on
15 June, 1916, containing seven eggs; the bird had used
an old nesting-site of the Downy Woodpecker. At Red
Deer a pair successfully reared their brood in a ginger-jar
slung in a small tree, close to Mr. C. F. White’s porch,
Cook heard one singing on 26 May.
Sitta canadensis. Rup-sreastep Nuruarcu. This species
during May 1916 was fairly numerous in the woods sur-
rounding the town. I saw the first specimen on 26 April,
but not many at Sylvan Lake. Mrs. Cassels reported a pair
in her garden at Red Deer on 18 April, worrying some -
Chickadees. .
Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Oxive-packep Turusu.
A. few birds were seen during early May in 1915 in the
woods around the town, all very shy. At Sylvan Lake on
the 14th, I discovered a nest in the woods containing four
eggs, with two Cowbird’s. On the following day another
with three eggs and one Cowbird’s, and two empty nests.
I had the same luck on the 17th, and on the 19th found a
nest with three newly hatched young along with a fresh egg
4.96 Obituary. [ Ibis,
of the other species under them. On 26 June I found the
last one of the season, as far as my searching went, which
held three eggs and one young. This was about a quarter
of a mile from my house in the woods. All these nests
were built within six feet of the ground, with one exception,
situated about ten feet up in the branches of a small poplar.
Planesticus migratorius propinquus. Western Rosin.
Near Alix, on 23 April, 1915, I noticed a Robin with a
pure white head, also several primaries of the same colour.
Nesting began about 19 May, on which date, in this
locality, I found eggs but no full clutches. I have managed
to rear a young bird, now successfully moulted, which, as
my wife remarks, “ always starts to sing in unison with the
kettle.’ One specimen reported near the town on 2 April,
1916, and I saw one on the 7th. Plentiful everywhere. At
Dried Meat Lake I observed a nest with four eggs, neatly
concealed in the hollow at the top of a dead tree-stump, on
21 May.
Sialia currucoides. Mountain Buvussirp. Decidedly
more abundant than in 1914. .> eee oe 6/-
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XX. Report on the Immigrations of Summer Residents in
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sa Noa ae
f
TENTH SERIES. Seeger ci
Vout. VI. No. 4. OCTOBER 1918.
XXVITI.— The Reversed Under Wing-Coverts of Birds and
their Modifications, as exemplified in the Birds of West
Africa, By Grorce L. Bares, M.B.O.U.
(Text-figures 5-12.)
é
Introduction.
Tue two rows of feathers which form the subject of this
paper are those called the major and the median under
coverts of the wing, or the under coverts next to the remiges.
The terms “major” and “median” were adopted doubt-
less on account of analogy with the upper coverts, but
are not as appropriate in the case of the under as of the
upper coverts, since, as will appear later, the major under
coverts are often the smaller of the two series, and the
median under coverts are often larger than either the major
or the minor coverts, or in many cases smaller than either.
The major and the median under coverts are distinguished
from all the other feathers on the underside of the wing,
in that they are placed facing downwards, or in the same
position as the remiges; while all other feathers on the
underside of the wing face upwards, in the opposite position
to the remiges, i.e. stand face to face with them. Con-
sidered with reference to the remiges as a norm, it is these
SER, X.—VOL. VI. 2Q
530 Mr. G. L. Bates un the Reversed [ Ibis,
other feathers, consisting of the minor and the marginal
under coverts, that are reversed; but considered with refer-
ence to the position that*seems most natural for the under
surface of the wing,—the position of the majority of the
feathers,—the two rows, the major and the median under
coverts, are reversed: hence the term “ reversed coverts ” is
applied to them. The fact of the peculiar position of the
reversed coverts was pointed out by Sundevall (1), but his
explanation of it must give place to that of Wray (2), which
has since been generally accepted, and is here given in the
author’s own words (p. 353) :—‘ These feathers or their
antetypes were originally on the dorsal surface and have
been carried down to the ventral in the formation of
the ‘ala membrana’ by the excessive development of the
remiges and tectrices majores.’? Wray noted that the
embryo wing is rounded in section, there being no “ala
membrana,” and that the inferior major and median coverts
are at first “distinctly more on the dorsal half of the
rounded edge of the wing than its ventral.”
When one becomes accustomed to thinking of the reversed
coverts as really belonging to the upper surface of the wing,
though pushed over to the under surface iu the manner
described, other facts besides their reversed position come
to be understood. Sundevall (1) noted that “they often
retain rigidity and straightness and an external form which
give them some resemblance to quill feathers.” It may be
added that they sometimes resemble even in colour the
remiges and upper coverts, and contrast with the minor
under coverts. The reversed under coverts in the large
Plantain-eater, Corytheola cristata, have their dorsal sur-
faces of the same beautiful blue colour as those of the
remiges, though these surfaces lie flat against the bases of
the remiges and upper coverts and are never exposed to the
light, while the exposed ventral surfaces are dull black hke
those of the remiges, and like other feathers of the under-
side of the wing: thus the reversed coverts are brightly
coloured exactly like the upper wing-feathers even though in
their case the bright colour is never seen,
1918.] Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 531
Practically nothing has hitherto been attempted in the
way of particular descriptions of the various modifications
of the reversed under coverts in different groups of birds.
There is more on this subject in Sundevall’s treatise (1) than
in-any succeeding memoir that I have seen. There it is
stated as a universal fact, what will be seen in the sequel to
be only generally true, that “on the cubitus the feathers of
the first of these two series are firmly attached and just like
the remiges, with the inner (posterior) margin free, covering
the outer (anterior) margin of the next feather; but in the
second series they are movable, and lie with the margins in
the opposite direction to the former, so that the outer edge
of each feather is free and covers the inner edge of the next
one.” Sundevall says he never found an exception to the
above rule, and Pycraft (3) says the same thing ; and they
both add that the invariable overlap is a certain means of
telling, when part or all of one series is absent, to which
of the two series the remaining feathers belong. The
numerous examinations of wings to be described in the
following pages clearly show the above view to be wrong ;
the overlap is not invariable in either series of the reversed
coverts, and is no certain criterion for deciding to which of
the two rows any particular feathers belong.
In the space of two or three pages Sundevall’ describes
the characteristic modifications of the reversed under coverts
in quite a variety of birds. Of Columba he says that the
major under coverts on the hand are “ first interrupted,
then again continued,” while the median coverts upon the
hand “seem to form a single row with” the major coverts,
The facts as seen by him agree exactly with those found by
me in other Doves, as described hereafter but are differently
interpreted—the major coverts should really be regarded as
one uninterrupted series on cubitus and manus, which
changes its overlap on part of the manus; and the feathers
which Sundevall describes as median coverts, ‘ which seem
to form a single row with” the major, are really major
coverts overlapped the contrary way. Sundevall’s slight
observations on the reversed under coverts of other birds
2Q2
532 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
likewise agree very well, as to the facts, with the detailed
and extensive ones here to be recorded. He notes the vary-
ing tendency to be reduced in size, or to disappear, in
the different parts of these two series of feathers. The
different degrees of reduction or disappearance, together
with variations in the overlap, as observed in different birds
and groups of birds, with the manner of the derivation of
one condition from another, so far as that may be traced,
form the subject of the present paper.
Before leaving the literature relating to the reversed
under coverts, it is proper to mention the important writings
of Goodchild (4, 5) on a similar subject, the cubital upper
coverts. In the different series of upper coverts on the
eubitus he found variations characteristic of groups of birds,
particularly as regards their overlap. He introduced and
defined the terms “distal”? and “ proximal overlap,’”’? which
have been used also by other writers since.
In the following pages another way of describing the
overlap is employed, and the terms “ distal”? and “ proximal
overlap” are not used. I am aware that this terminology
should not have been discarded without ample reason. My
reason is that it is hable to ambiguity and confusion, in
more ways than one, and that it not only may be, but
has been, used differently by different writers. The first
difficulty is that ‘distal overlap” does not tell us whether
the distal edge is the one that covers the edge of the other
feather, or the one that is covered by it. In the former
sense it is used by Goodchild; but it is used in the latter
(and opposite) sense by Gadow both in Bronn’s ‘ Tierreich,’
chapter on Pterylography (p. 558), and in Newton’s
‘Dictionary of Birds,’ article ‘‘Tectrices’’ (p. 951). But
still another chance for ambiguity arises, when the under
surface of the wing is considered as well as the upper one,
which alone was kept in view by Goodchild. Are we, then,
to view the underside of the wing asif held in the hand or
laid on a table, upside down, or in its natural position on
the bird? The latter view can be taken only in imagination ;
but it is the consistent one if the whole of the feathering of
the wing is to be thought of at once, as should certainly be
1918. ] Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 533
done when studying these reversed coverts, which properly
belong to the upper surface of the wing, so that upper
coverts, remiges, and reversed coverts may all be viewed
alike. This was evidently the method of Pycraft, when he
calls the overlap of the major under coverts, as of the
remiges, “ distal,” and by Gadow when he calls the overlap
of both “ proximal.” But if we view the wing as held
upside down, the only way in which the reversed coverts can
be actually looked at, the overlap of these must be described
in the contrary terms to that of the remiges, though it is
actually the same as that of the remiges.
In view of these manifold confusions, the terms “ distal ”
and ‘‘ proximal overlap” are not used in the following obser-
vations; but the simple method is employed of referring
always to the remiges, with their invariable overlap, as a
standard, and saying “overlap the same as the remiges”
or “conforming to the remiges,” or briefly “ overlap con-
forming,” and in the case of the other overlap “contrary to
the remiges,” or “overlap contrary.”
A list of the publications referred to in this introductory
portion of my paper is given here instead of at the end,
since they are not referred to again ; they do not pretend to
constitute a full “ bibliography.”
(1) Sunpevart,C. J. ‘On the Wings of Birds.” (Trans-
lated from the Swedish.) Ibis, 1886, pp. 389-457.
(Reversed coverts, pp. 418-421.)
(2) Wray, R.S. “On some Points in the Morphology of
the Wing of Birds.” P. Z. 8. 1887, pp. 343-357.
(3) Pycrarr, W. P. “ Pterylography of Birds’ Wings.”
Leicester, 1890.
(4) Goopcartp, J.G. “ Observations on the Disposition
of the Cubital Coverts in Birds.” P. Z. 8. 1886,
pp. 184-203.
(5) Same. ‘ The Cubital Coverts of the Euornithe.”
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. x. 1890-91, pp. 317-333.
(6) Gapvow, H. Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des
Thierreichs, Vogel. Anatomischer Theil. 1891.
(7) Newron, A. Dictionary of. Birds, 1893-96, article
eTectrices..
534 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Ibis,
Detailed Examination of the Reversed Coverts in
Various Birds.
-Tue Normat Typr.—One type of major and median
under coverts is found in many large birds, belonging, for
the most part, to orders that must be regarded as primitive
or little specialized. In this type the major under coverts
form a complete series, of large feathers, with a uniform
conforming overlap; and the median series is complete on
the cubitus and extends on the proximal part, sometimes as
far as the middle of the manus, and consists of smaller
feathers, all having the contrary overlap. Jn the following
account, birds having this normal type of reversed under
coverts will be given first, and the others will follow im an
order intended to indicate roughly the amount of divergence
from the normal type. The arrangement is not intended to
be systematic—rather it 1s purposely not so, as the bearing
of this examination on questions of phylogenetic classifi-
cation must be left till the close.
Pteronetta hartlaubi. Eight specimens examined, in-
cluding Nos. 5543, 5889 & 5840, the others not saved.
(Text-fig. 5.)
The major under coverts all have the conforming overlap.
The series is complete, there being one covert for each
remex, and an extra one between the 4th and the 5th on the
cubitus. The 11th or most distal one on the manus is just
equal in length to its remex (the ‘“‘remicle”), each being
30-33 mm. long; this covert hides the remicle which is
very narrow.
The median under coverts form a complete row on the
cubitus and extend to six feathers on the manus, besides
another extra one that is exactly at the carpal joint, as in the
accompanying diagram (text-fig. 6). These median coverts
thus do not exactly correspond in position to the major
coverts, but close upon one another and stand nearer
together, to a slight extent.
The overlap of the median under coverts is contrary to
that of the remiges, with the exception, at least in some
1918, | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 535
cases, of those nearest the elbow-joint. This exception was
noted only in two or three of the last specimens examined :
but I think it may have escaped notice in the others, since
Text-figure 5.
Diagram of the feather-arrangement of the underside of the wing ot
Pteronetta hartlaubi.
i-x. Primaries,
i’-iv’, etc. Secondaries.
1*-11*, Manual major upper wing-coverts.
1°-16", Cubital major u.w.c.
1-6", Manual median u.w.c.
1*-16*, Cubital median u.w.e.
a, Additional carpal median covert.
Text-figure 6. Me ig
Vv jl
We, Tl I,
’ Iv’ 9 e 1 I iL Se | Pa t
It i ye t = Ike
oy is 3 I! [ees ie Nee
48 f,3 / Me \l zs 1, Le
3 Ie ! 93 (ie i ‘ | P Ike
(2 ie / Ie
L
Diagram of the wing of Pteronetta hartlaubi showing the position of the
extra median covert marked (*) ; other lettering as before.
at first I was accustomed to attribute any exceptional over-
lap to disarrangemeut. That the exceptional conforming
536 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
overlap of these feathers was not due to disarrangement in
the cases where it was noted, is proved by the more exten-
sive downy fringe on the distal edge of each, showing that
that edge naturally lay covered.
Rhynchops flavirostris. One specimen examined, No.
5565.
Major under coverts a complete row, with the conforming
overlap. The 11th on the manus is larger than its remex
(the remicle). ;
Median under coverts with the contrary overlap, the row
being complete on the cubitus, with in addition one just at
the carpal joint and two wholly on the manus.
Totanus glareola. One specimen examined, No. 5646.
Major under coverts a complete row, with the conforming
overlap. The 11th on the manus just equals the remicle.
Median under coverts with the contrary overiap, the row
being complete on the cubitus, with three feathers on the.
manus.
Charadrius forbesi. One specimen examined, No. 5870.
Resembles in every respect Totanus glareola.
Actophilus africanus. One specimen examined, No. 5727.
Major under coverts with the conforming overlap ; row
complete, including the 11th on the manus, though I failed
to find any 11th remex.
Median under coverts with the contrary overlap, the row
complete on the cubitus, and one feather of this row on the
manus.
Plotus rufus. One specimen examined (shot at Akono-
linga, 12 January, 1914).
Major under coverts with the conforming overlap; row
complete. There are also two small supernumerary feathers
at the carpal joint, apparently in the row of the major
coverts.
Median under coverts entirely wanting, unless, as is
probable, the two small feathers at the carpal joint, just
mentioned, are in reality a remnant of the median row.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 537
The space between the quills of the lst manual and the
lst cubital remex, in the wing of this Snake-bird, is very
wide, as is also that between the corresponding major under
coverts. Hence two small feathers of the median row,
obsolete elsewhere, naturally persist in this vacant space and
tend to close up into the major row.
Ardea goliath. One specimen examined, shot 9 September,
1916.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with an
extra one between the 4th and 5th cubital remiges; the
11th on the manus 62 mm. long, completely hiding the
remicle, which is only half as long; those on the cubitus
not very long, growing shorter towards the elbow. Overlap
conforming on the cubitus ; contrary on the proximal part,
and conforming on the distal part, of the manus. The two
wings differ a little in the extent of the portion of this series
having the contrary overlap, this portion comprising the
Ist to the 4th on one wing, and the Ist to the 5th or 6th on
the other.
Median under coverts complete on the cubitus, there
being one for each major covert ; no extra one at the carpal
joint, but one on the manus situated slightly to the distal
side of the first manual major covert. (Overlap doubtless
contrary, but not mentioned in notes.)
As this is the first case to be described of the exceptional
contrary overlap in the major under coverts on the proximal
part of the manus, it is proper to note: (1) that in this
large bird, with the feathers firmly placed, there could have
been no mistake; and (2) that it is impossible to regard
these contrarily overlapped feathers as being really median
coverts, because in this bird the median coverts form a very
distinct row situated at some distance from the major, and
extending on to the manus.
Nycticorax leuconotus. One specimen examined, No.
5608.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, those on the
cubitus smaller than those on the manus, the 11th on the
538 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
manus (at tip of wing) longer than the 10th. Overlap con-
forming, with the exception of ‘some of them on the middle
portion of the manus, which have the contrary overlap” :
thus the fact is stated in my note, and the additional remark
is made “but they may have been disarranged.” As this
bird’s wings were among the first examined, I still had the
preconceived notion that all the feathers of each row must
be overlapped alike.
Median under coverts complete on the cubitus and large,
exceeding the major coverts, and near the elbow equalling,
and in the case of the last two ones, the 17th and 18th,
exceeding, the corresponding remiges; two of this row
present on the manus. All are stated to have the contrary
overlap.
Hieraaétus lucani. One specimen examined, No. 5668.
Major under coverts, long feathers, forming a complete
row, with eleven on the manus ; overlap conforming.
Median under coverts forming a complete row on the
cubitus, and extending on to the manus to one feather,
besides one just at the joint. The feathers of this row are
whitish, and short, being a little exceeded by the black minor
coverts.
In all Accipitrine birds the under coverts have their bases
hidden in a fluffy mass of down, and the median under
coverts being small are often nearly hidden.
Urotriorchis macrurus. Two specimens examined, Nos.
5548 & 5802.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus (and the remicie lacking, at least in one of the
specimens). Of the first examined of these two specimens,
my note is, that the major under coverts have the conforming
overlap ; of the other, that two or three of these coverts on
the proximal part of the manus have the contrary overlap.
Median under coverts found on the cubitus, and two
(in one specimen) or one (in the other) on the manus.
These coverts are small and loose feathers, but have the
contrary overlap, so far as could be seen.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 539
Dryotriorchis batesii. One specimen examined, No. 5602.
Major under coverts a complete row, there being fourteen
on the cubitus and eleven on the manus; this llth covert
measured 24 mm. long, and the remicle only 20 mm. This
row has the conforming overlap.
Median under coverts an apparently complete row on the
cubitus, aud two besides on the manus; these are small
feathers and their overlap seemed to be conforming. Tf no
mistake was made in this observation, it is very exceptional.
Lophoaétus occipitalis. One specimen examined, not
saved.
Major under coverts a complete row, with eleven on the
manus, the 11th just equalling the remicle ; overlap con-
forming.
Median under coverts forming a probably complete row
on the cubitus and one only on the manus, besides one just
at the joint ; overlap contrary.
Astur melanoleucus. Six specimens examined, Nos. 5653,
_ 5671, 5844, 5885 & 5899, and one other not skinned.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, fourteen or
fifteen on the cubitus and eleven on the manus, the 11th
always exceeding its remex. Overlap conforming on the
cubitus and on the distal portion of the manus, but contrary
on the proximal portion of the manus, usually about half
the feathers of this row, from the carpal joint as far as the
middle of the manus, having the contrary overlap, but some-
times more, sometimes less, The extent of the portion of
the major under coverts on the manus having the contrary
overlap varies, not only in different individual birds, but
often in the two wings of the same bird; in specimen
No, 5899, on one wing, about half of these coverts, from
the carpal joint to the middle of the manus, have the
contrary overlap, while in the other wing the whole of the
manual major under coverts, to the tip of the wing, have
the contrary overlap; but this condition was exceptional.
Median under coverts rather small, present on the cubitus
with one feather, besides, just at the joint, or perhaps on
540 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
the manus ; no other found on the manus. From the fact
that, in the last and most carefully examined specimen,
some of the median under coverts seemed to be lacking also
on. the proximal part of the cubitus, it is possible that the
row may frequently be incomplete in that portion; these
small and loose feathers are hard to find amongst the
abundant down. These median under coverts have the
contrary overlap, where they are large enough to overlap
at all.
Astur castanilius. One specimen examined, No. 5542.
Major under coverts forming a complete row; overlap
conforming on the cubitus and on only a small portion
(two or three feathers) at the tip of the manus ; contrary
on the remainder (the greater portion) of the manus.
Median under coverts on the cubitus, and two on the
manus; overlap contrary, as well as could be made out.
Astur sp., probably. A. tousseneli. One specimen ex-
amined, No. 5785.
Major under coverts forming a complete row; overlap
conforming, excepting about six feathers on the proximal
portion of the manus, which, in both wings alike, have the
contrary overlap.
Median under coverts present on the cnbitus and one on
manus; overlap contrary.
Kaupifalco monogrammicus. One specimen examined,
No. 5628.
Major under coverts a complete row, with eleven on the
manus, and the 11th remex, or remicle, absent; overlap of
all conforming, so far as noted.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus and one just
at the carpal joint, but none (or no other) on the manus ;
overlap contrary.
Polyboroides typicus. One specimen examined, No. 59382.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus, the 11th and its remex being equal, 25 mm.
long ; overlap of all conforming (this may be considered
1918. Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 541
9 J
certain, as this bird was one of the last examined, and any
feathers with the contrary overlap would have been noted).
Median under coverts small and few. Only seven were
found, all on the cubitus (the cubital remiges number four-
teen) ; of these seven, the first four stand opposite, or a
little distal to, the first four major under coverts, and the
remaining three stand in like relation to the 6th, 7th, and
8th major coverts, leaving a gap opposite the 5th major
under covert, and so just opposite the gap in the remiges.
These small median under coverts do not have any overlap.
Buteo (?). One specimen examined, No. 5937.
Major under coverts complete, eleven on the manus, the
llth 30 mm. long, while its remex is 38 mm.; overlap
conforming, excepting four or five feathers on the proximal
portion of the manus, which have the contrary overlap.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, larger than
ia most of the Accipitres examined, the row ending distally
with one feather just opposite the first major under covert
on the manus.
As to the Accipitres in general, it may be said that most
of them diverge from the normal type in their reversed
under coverts by having a greater or less number of the
major under coverts on the proximal part of the manus,
from the carpal joint outwards, with the contrary overlap.
This was found to be the case in every one of the numerous
specimens belonging to the genus Astur ; of the specimens
in which it was not found to be the case, some were
examined about the beginning of this investigation, when I
did not look so carefully for exceptionally placed feathers as
I did later. The specimen of Polyboroides typicus certainly
had the entire series conforming in overlap.
Syrnium nuchale. One specimen examined, No. 5905..
Major under coverts complete, eleven on the manus, the:
11th equalling the remicle (24 mm. long) ; overlap of all
conforming. This is the more certain since this bird was.
one of the latest examined,
542 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
Median under coverts present on the cubitus and the
proximal half of the manus, the most distal one being
opposite the 5th manual remex. ‘These coverts are all
rather small, and one or two at the distal end of the row are
very small, with wholly downy vanes. The overlap of all is
the contrary one.
Glaucidium sjéstedti. One specimen examined, No. 5770.
Major under coverts forming complete row, with twelve
on the manus! there being also twelve remiges, eleven large
ones and the remicle!; overlap conforming on the cubitus
and distal half of the manus, contrary on the proximal half
of the manus.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus and on
a little more than half of the manus, numbering six or
seven manual ones besides one at the carpal joint ; overlap
contrary.
The two specimens of Owls examined, belonging to
different species and genera, differ in regard to the overlap
of the major under coverts, one having them all conforming,
the other having those on the proximal portion of the
manus contrary, in the manner seen so frequently among
the Accipitres. The two Owls agree, and differ from all the
Accipitres, in the large number of median under coverts on
the manus, in this respect departing less from the normal
type than do the Accipitres.
The abnormal number of manual remiges and corre-
sponding coverts in the specimen of Glaucidium is one
of several like instances found among birds of different
orders.
Psittacus erithacus. One specimen examined, not saved.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus. From the wording of the note on this point
‘an extra 11th one at the tip of the manus,” it is probably
intended that the remicle was wanting. Overlap of all of
this row conforming.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 543
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, but scarcely
extending on to the manus, the most distal one being just at
the carpal joint, a little proximal of the Ist manual major
under covert ; overlap of median coverts contrary.
Agapornis pullarius. Three specimens examined, two in
male plumage and a female, none -of them saved.
(Text-fig. 7.)
Major under coverts a complete row of twelve or thirteen
on the cubitus and eleven on the manus, the 11th 6 or 7 mm.
long, and without any corresponding remex, or remicle.
Text-figure 7.
Diagram of the feathering of the underside of the
wing of Agapornis pullarius. The remiges are only indicated.
1*-11". Manual major u.w.c.
1-12”. Cubital major u.w.c.
J*- 11°, Cubital median u.w.c.
a carpal and 6 manual median u.w.c.
In my notes I was sometimes inclined to call this 11th under
covert the remicle, but decided, I still think rightly, to
consider it a covert ; the feather in question has more the
appearance of the comparatively broad and soft coverts than
of the remicle, which is always narrow and stiff. Overlap of
all major nnder coverts conforming.
Median under coverts a complete row on the cubitus, and
one at the carpal joint and another on the manus; these
544 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed | [Ibis,
two are marked a and d. This number was found, however,
only in the bird from which the sketch was made; in the
others only a was present. Overlap contrary. The median
under coverts are small and narrow feathers, hidden by the
minor coverts. An interesting uote was made in the case
of the female bird, of the difference of colour between the
reversed and the minor under coverts, the latter being green
like the general plumage of the bird, while the reversed
coverts were pale blue.
Poicephalus aubryanus. Two specimens examined, Nos.
5945 & 5946.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus, and the remicle wanting ; overlap conforming.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one or
two on the manus or at the carpal joint, the two specimens
apparently differing in this respect. Median coverts with
contrary overlap. ;
It is noticeable that in none of the six specimens of
Parrots belonging to three species and as many genera, were
any major under coverts found with the contrary overlap,
nor any median coverts with the conforming one. Further,
very little variation was found in the extent of the median
row.
There was in every case an 11th under covert at the tip of
the manus, but no 11th remex, or “ remicle.”
Caprimulgus europeus [?]}. One specimen examined, No.
5650.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus, and the remicle wanting (unless this “11th
under covert” is the remicle instead, as seems unlikely) ;
overlap conforming on the cubitus and distal portion of the
manus, contrary on the proximal portion of the manus.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint, and one besides on the manus; overlap
contrary. .
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 545
Caprimulgus batesi. One specimen examined, not saved.
Major under coverts exactly as in the last bird, both as
regards the number and the overlap; here also the remicle
was wanting.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one
at the carpal joint, but no other on the manus; overlap
contrary.
Caprimulgus binotatus. One specimen examined, No. 5942.
Overlap of the major under coverts on the cubitus and on
the distal half of the manus conforming, on the proximal
half of the manus contrary. :
About the median under coverts no note was made except
that they were small.
Scotornis climacurus. One specimen examined, No, 5645.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus and the remicle wanting; overlap of those on
the cubitus, and of the most distal four on the manus,
conforming ; of the remainder on the manus contrary.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with the
‘most distal one just at the carpal joint; overlap contrary.
' Macrodipteryx macrodipterus. One specimen examined,
No. 5783.
Major under coverts forming a complete row, with eleven
on the manus, if the feather described in my note-book as
“a remicle resembling the major under coverts” is really
a covert, as I now think; overlap conforming, with the
exception of six feathers on the proximal portion of the
manus, on one wing only; on the other wing the overlap of
the entire row conforming.
Note the marked difference, as regards the overlap of the
manual major under coverts, between the two wings of
the same bird, such as was seen in one specimen of Astur
melanoleucus.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one on
the manus; overlap contrary.
SER. X.— VOL. VI. 2k
546 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ This,
Himantornis hematopus*. Two specimens examined,
Nos. 5559 & 5859.
Major under coverts presumably corresponding in number
to the remiges ; that is, ten on the manus and twelve on the
cubitus. Overlap contrary excepting two or three long
coverts on the cubitus near the elbow-joint, which have the
conforming overlap.
Median coverts not very small, present on the cubitus
with one also on the manus. As to the overlap of these,
the note on the first specimen is, “distal portion contrary
to the remiges, proximal portion conforming”; that on the
other specimen, ‘“ overlap contrary, as well as [ could tell.”
Wing in both specimens eutaxic.
Limnocorax niger. Three specimens examined, No. 5752,
and two others not saved. (Text-fig. 8.)
Major under coverts corresponding in number, on the
manus, to the remiges, there being ten of each ; but in one
specimen a very minute soft feather or semi-plume was
found in the position of the remicle, and also a tiny
11th under covert. Overlap in all cases contrary, on both
cubitus and manus.
Row of median under coverts very incomplete, but the
number present varying somewhat in the different specimens
and in the two wings of the same specimen. In one speci-
men, on one wing five median coverts were found, three on
the cubitus (the Ist, 2nd, and 7th), one at the carpal joint
and one very near it on the manus, and a still smaller
number on the other wing; in another specimen the num-
bers present were six on one wing and eight on the other,
the missing ones being those at the proximal end of the row,
and the one that should stand in front of and a little distal
from the 5th cubital major covert; in the note on the third
specimen no statement is made of the number of median
coverts present, but the absence of the 5th one on the
cubitus is noted, as in the other specimen, and the position
* No better place was found to put the Rails than here; but the
order of arrangement is not intended to be significant.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 5A7
of the remiges and under coverts on the middle portion of
the wing indicated by a diagram, here reproduced :—
Text-figure 8.
g
vy 1 1 ' u i] I
ene Wh Saag ¥ I a
Ie Ia fae Ic hs J,3 Ie l he °%
Vat I at Ia Ia Na he ie
es
Diagram of the feather-arrangement of the underside of the
wing of Limnocorax niger.
i-ili. Primary remiges; i’—iv’. Secondary remiges.
1*-3*, Manual major u.w.c.; 1°-7°. Cubital major u.w.c.
1-2", Manual median u.w.c. ; 1°-5°. Cubital median u.w.c.
a. Carpal median u.w.c.
NotE.—This diagram will serve also to illustrate the position of the
median under covert at the carpal joint and the one on the manus, so
often referred to in these notes. If it be taken as the rule that the
median covert on the distal side of the 1st major covert and directly in
front of the lst remex is the Ist median covert, then this one at the
carpal joint is the Ist on the cubitus, and there is only one on the
manus; but if the median covert on the proximal side of the lst major
covert be considered the Ist, then the one at the joint belongs to the
manus, and there are two on the manus.
Sarothrura sp. No. 5689.
Major under coverts a complete row with probably ten on
the manus (the number of manual remiges is noted as ten
only) ; overlap contrary.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one on
the manus, or at the joint ; overlap contrary. The median
coverts are inserted very close to the major, so that the two
rows are a little hard to separate ; but the median coverts
are much shorter than the others.
A remarkable fact about the two rows of reversed under
coverts of this bird is that, though the wing is diastataxic as
regards the upper coverts, with an extra one between the
4th and 5th cubital remiges, it is eutaxic as regards these
under coverts, since they correspond exactly to the remiges—
the major series as well as the median.
2R2
. 548 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Ibis,
Sarothrura bonapartei. One specimen, No. 5958.
Major under coverts a complete row with undoubtedly
only ten on the manus (only ten remiges were found) ;
overlap of most contrary, but some at either end of the row,
near the elbow and near the tip of the wing, apparently
conforming in overlap.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with a small
one at the joint or on the manus ; overlap contrary, unless
some of the coverts near the elbow have the conforming
overlap, like the major coverts.
The wings of this bird also are eutaxic as regards the
under coverts, though diastataxic as regards the upper
ones.
Podica jacoht. One specimen, No. 5685.
Major under coverts a complete row, with probably eleven
on the manus, and only ten remiges. (The note made at
the time was thus expressed, “A remicle with white bar
and white tip like the under coverts.’”’) Overlap of these
coverts on the manus contrary, on the cubitus apparently
also contrary, but so interrupted by feathers in the moult
that it could not be certainly made out.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus and one at
the joint, or on the manus; overlap not made out.
Podica camerunensis. One specimen, No. 5943.
Major under coverts a complete row, but number on the
mauus not observed, though the presence of a remicle 9 mm.
long is noted on each wing. Overlap contrary on the manus
and distal third of the cubitus, conforming on the proximal
two-thirds of the cubitus.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, and one at
the joint, or on the manus ; overlap of all on the left wing,
and of most on the right contrary, but that of some on the
cubitus of the right wing conforming. |
The wing in this bird was eutaxic.
The Rails (including Podica) are unique among the birds
investigated in that, in every case, the whole or the greater
part of the major under coverts have the contrary overlap.
1918. ] Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 549
The two rows of reversed coverts in the Rails are inserted
close together, and have the same overlap.
Guiiera plumifera. Six specimens examined, Nos. 5567,
5568, 5569, 5617, 5666 & 5667.
Major under coverts large, forming a complete row; the
number on the manus undoubtedly ten, as an 11th would
have been noted if found; overlap of the whole row, in all
cases, conforming.
Median under coverts very small, not equalling the minor
coverts which are themselves small; found only on the
cubitus, or, in one case, on the cubitus with one at the joint
and one on the manus besides. ‘These coverts are so narrow
and far apart as, in some cases, to have no overlap; but
where the overlap could be made out, it was also conforming,
like that of the major coverts.
Francolinus squamatus. Two specimens examined, not
saved.
Major under coverts a complete row, about ten on the
manus, and twelve on the cubitus ; overlap conforming.
Median under coverts small, but not so small as in
Guttera, present on the cubitus with one at the carpal
joint ; overlap contrary. An interesting fact noted about
these small median coverts, in one of these Francolins, is
that they have aftershafts.
Francolinus lathami. ‘Vhree specimens examined, No. 5794,
and two others which were not saved.
Major under coverts a complete row, ten on the manus.
The overlap of these, in the first, and also in the last
specimen examined, was found to be conforming through-
out; in the other specimen all these coverts had the
conforming overlap excepting three on the proximal end
of the manus, in both wings alike, which had the contrary
overlap.
Median under coverts in two specimens (they were
inadvertently overlooked in the other) small, but not
extremely simall ; present on the cubitus, with one at the
550 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
wrist joint, and another on the manus noted in one
specimen. The overlap of these coverts in No. 5794 was
found to be contrary, while in the last specimen examined
it is stated to be undoubtedly conforming.
Though the birds of this group chance to come next after
the Rails in this account, the characters of the reversed
under coverts are widely different in the two groups. While
in the Rails all or the most of these coverts, of both rows,
assume the contrary overlap, in the Game-Birds the major
coverts all, or in one case nearly all, have the conforming
overlap, and there is even a strong tendency to the con-
forming overlap in the median coverts, a thing found in
no other birds.
The great variability of the overlap of the median coverts
in two of the three species here named is to be accounted
for, perhaps, by the small size of these feathers, giving little
margin for overlapping and allowing them to conform some-
times to the larger major coverts behind them.
The strong tendency to reduction in size of the median
coverts in this group of birds is carried further in that which
follows, so that the juxtaposition in this case is natural.
Corytheola cristata. Five specimens examined, none
skinned.
Major under coverts a complete row, ten on the manus
and fourteen on the cubitus ; overlap of all conforming.
Median under coverts entirely wanting. The presence is
noted in three of the specimens of some small feathers or
semiplumes, which from their situation were at first thought
to be rudimentary median under coverts; but upon closer
examination they were found to have aftershafts on the side
next the remiges, and hence could not belong to the reversed
coverts.
Turacus persa. Four specimens examined, No, 5555, and
three others not skinned.
Major under coverts a complete row, undoubtedly ten on
the manus (the manual remiges number ten only) ; overlap
of all conforming.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. anil
Median under coverts wanting. The same kind of very
small feathers standing where a row of median coverts
would be looked for, was found in this species as in the
last, and here also they were proved to be minor coverts by
the position of the attershaft.
Turacus meriani. One specimen examined, No. 5560.
Major under coverts a complete row; overlap con-
forming.
Median under coverts none.
Centropus monachus. ‘Two specimens examined, No. 5545
and another not saved.
Major under coverts complete, numbering ten on the
manus and ten or eleven on the cubitus. The cubital portion
of the row in both specimens, and in one specimen two or
three coverts at the distal end of the manus, had the con-
forming overlap; the remaining coverts on the manus in
the one specimen, and all on the manus, so far as noted,
in the other, had the contrary overlap.
Median under coverts wanting.
Centropus anselli. ‘lwo specimens examined, Nos. 5577 &
5816.
Major under coverts a complete row, ten on the manus.
The overlap of these, in No. 5816, was found to be con-
forming on the cubitus and distal part (about half) of the
manus, and contrary on the proximal half of the manus ; in
the note on No. 5577 it is stated that the overlap was con-
forming only on the distal third of the manus, and contrary
on the proximal two-thirds of the manus and also on the
eubitus. That all the coverts of this row on the cubitus
should have the contrary overlap is so improbable that I
think it likely that only some of them on the distal end
of the cubitus, next the contrary ones on the manus, were
contrary in their overlap, as is the case in some Cuculide
mentioned below, and that seeing some of them so arranged,
I hastily concluded that all were so.
Median under coverts none.
552 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed (Ibis,
Ceuthmochares aéreus. Three specimens examined, none
of them saved.
Major under coverts, undoubtedly only ten on the manus
(manual remiges only ten) ; overlap conforming on the
cubitus and on the distal portion of the manus (sometimes
more, and sometimes less than half), contrary on the
proximal portion of the manus. In the last specimen
examined it was noted that a few of these coverts on the
distal end of the cubitus had the same contrary overlap as
those adjacent to them on the manus.
No median under coverts.
Cuculus gabonensis. Four specimens examined, Nos. 5525,
5525, 5775 & 5803.
Major under coverts complete, undoubtedly ten on the
manus; overlap conforming on the cubitus and distal end,
sometimes only a small portion, of the manus, contrary on
the remainder of the manus. In regard to the overlap in
this species also, the first specimen examined seems to have
been exceptional, in that it was found to have all the coverts
of this row on the manus contrary; it is possible that two
or three of the most distal ones may have been conforming,
and the fact overlooked.
No median under coverts.
Cuculus solitarius. 'Two specimens examined, not saved.
Major under coverts complete, probably ten on the
manus; conforming on the cubitus and on the distal third
of the manus, contrary on the proximal two-thirds of the
manus in the later specimen examined. In the first speci-
men of this species, which was one of the very first birds
examined, all these coverts were thought to have the con-
forming overlap ; probably some with the contrary overlap
were overlooked.
Median under coverts none.
Cuculus [?]. No. 5931.
Major under coverts complete, doubtless ten on the manus
(there were only ten manual remiges) ; overlap conforming
1918. ] Under Wing-coverts of Birds. 553
on the cubitus and distal two-thirds of the manus, contrary
on the proximal third of the manus.
Median under coverts none.
Cercococcyx mechowi. One specimen examined, No. 5676.
Major under coverts complete ; overlap conforming on the
cubitus and distal part, about half, of the manus, contrary
on the proximal half of the manus.
Median under coverts none.
Pachycoccyx validus. One specimen examined, No. 59389.
Major under coverts complete, doubtless only ten on
manus (there were only ten manual remiges) ; overlap con-
forming on the cubitus ani distal half of the manus,
contrary on the proximal half of the manus.
Median under coverts none.
Chrysococcyx cupreus. Vive specimens, Nos. 5588, 5625
& 5877, and two which were not skinned.
Major under coverts complete, undoubtedly ten on the
manus (manual remiges ten). As to the overlap of these,
it is conforming on the cubitus, or at least the greater part
of it, though sometimes some of these coverts on the distal
end of the cubitus were found to be contrary like the
adjoining ones on the manus ; it is generally conforming
on the tip or distal part of the manus, and contrary on the
proximal part, or sometimes the whole, of the manus.
Median under coverts none.
Chrysococcyx klaasi. Four specimens examined, Nos.
5883 & 5901, and two not skinned.
Major under coverts complete. ‘They have the conforming
overlap on the cubitus, excepting sometimes a few at the
distal end ; and the conforming overlap, generally, on the
“distal part of the manus, and the contrary overlap on
the proximal part, or in one specimen the whole, of the
manus, with sometimes a few adjacent coverts on the
cubitus.
Median under coverts none.
554 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
Chrysococcyx flavigularis. 'Yhree specimens examined, all
in immature plumage, Nos. 5660, 5683 & 5878.
Major under coverts complete, ten on the manus (manual
remiges also only ten), and nine on the cubitus ; overlap
conforming on the cubital and distal portion of the manus,
contrary on the other part of the manus.
Median under coverts none.
Chrysococcyx smaragdineus. Fight specimens examined,
Nos. 5611, 5642, 5670, 5882, 5889, 5911, 5913, and
one not saved.
Major under coverts a complete row, numbering ten on
the manus (remiges also only ten), and about ten on the
cubitus. They are conforming on the cubitus except
sometimes near the carpal joint; and on the distal part,
sometimes more, sometimes less than half, of the manus ;
and contrary in overlap in the part of the row between,
whether on the proximal part of the manus only, or on
this with some adjacent feathers on the cubitus.
Median under coverts none.
In the large number of specimens examined, belonging to
twelve species, of the Cuculide, there was never any trace of
a second or median row of reversed under coverts ; in this
they agree with the Musophagide. But while in the last-
named family the single row of reversed coverts always has
the conforming overlap in its whole length, in the Cuculide
there are generally two changes, and always at least one, in
the manner of overlapping, between the base and the tip
of the wing; the conforming overlap being found on the
proximal portion or the whole of the cubitus, and generally
also on the distal portion of the manus, while the feathers
forming a continuous section of the middle portion of the
row lying either wholly on the manus or on that and
the adjacent part of the cubitus have the contrary overlap.
Vinago calva. Four specimens examined, none of them
saved.
Major under coverts a complete row, ten (?) on the manus,
aud about twelve on the cubitus. Wing diastataxic. Those
1918. | Under Wing- Coverts of Birds. 555
on the cubitus are small feathers with downy edges, and are
hidden by the larger median coverts. As to the overlap
in this row, it is conforming on the cubitus, these small
coverts having their distal vanes, which are almost wholly
downy, covered not only by the edges of the adjoining
coverts, but also by those of the remiges as well, so that
they stand, each one sandwiched between the vanes of two
remiges ; on the manus the overlap is contrary excepting
three or four coverts at the tip of the wing, which are con-
forming.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one
also at the carpal joint ; overlap conforming. As these are
larger than the major coverts on the cubitus, and have the
same overlap as the major coverts on the manus, they appear
to form a continuous row with the manual major coverts.
Lurturena iriditorques. Two specimens examined, Nos.
5846 & 5862.
Major under coverts complete (wing diastataxic), those
on the cubitus small; overlap on the cubitus conforming, on
the proximal part of the manus (half or less) contrary ;
on the distal part of the manus (half or more) conforming.
Median under coverts large, present on the cubitus, with
one besides at the carpal joint, and still another (which was
wanting, however, in one wing) on the manus; overlap
contrary.
Calopelia puella. Two specimens examined, not saved.
Major under coverts complete, only ten on the manus
(in one specimen there were found only ten manual remiges,
in the other a very small 11th was found); on the cubitus
the same number, twelve or thirteen, as the remiges, the
wing being eutaxic. The coverts of this row on the cubitus
are smaller than the median coverts. Overlap of major
coverts conforming on the cubitus, contrary on the proximal
part (half or less), conforming on the distal part (half or
more) of the manus.
Median under coverts large, present on the cubitus, with
one besides at the carpal joint; overlap contrary.
556 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
Tympanistria tympanistria. Three specimens examined,
none saved. (Text-fig. 9.)
Major under coverts complete, ten on the manus, and on
the cubitus the same number as the remiges, for the wing
is eutaxic; these coverts on the cubitus small, with broad
downy fringes at the edges, especially the distal edges.
Overlap conforming on the cubitus ; wlile on the manus,
in the more carefully examined specimens, about half of
Text-figure 9.
Diagram of the under wing-coverts of 7ympanistria tympanistria
with the remiges only indicated.
1*-10*. Manual major u.w.c.
1°-10°, Cubital median u.w.c. which conceal the
cubital major u.w.c. :
a, Carpal median u.w.c.
these coverts on the proximal part of the manus were found
to have the contrary overlap, and the other (distal) half the
conforming one. |
Median under coverts large, becoming near the elbow
joint more than half as long as the remiges ; present on
the cubitus with one besides at the carpal joint; overlap
contrary.
Chalcopelia afra. One specimen examined, not saved.
Major under coverts complete, ten in number on the
manus, the llth remex ‘having no corresponding covert
(? or remiges ten, and major under coverts eleven), thirteen
on the cubitus, and wing eutaxic. Overlap conforming except
on the proximal half of the manus, where it is contrary.
These coverts are small on the cubitus, larger on the manus.
1918. Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. Soe
9 g
Median under coverts large, present on the cubitus, with
one besides at the carpal joint on the manus ; overlap
contrary.
In all the Doves examined the portion of the com-
plete or major row of reversed under coverts lying on the
proximal part of the manus was found to have the contrary
overlap, as in so many other groups of birds. These under
coverts differing in manner of overlapping from the others
on the hand, were noticed by Sundevall in Columba. But
he had laid down the rule that the feathers of “the second
series ” (median under coverts) “lie with the margins in
the opposite direction to the former ” (i. e. have the con-
trary overlap). This rule he considered so invariable that
“when either of the two series is deficient, we can recognize
by the position of the margins which it is that remains.”
Following this rule with Columéa, he says that in this bird
the first series (major coverts) is interrupted on the hand,
their place being taken by the second series (median
coverts). Against this view, that the feathers with con-
trary overlap are really median coverts filling a supposed
gap in the row of major coverts, it may be argued :—
(1) changes of overlap in the midst of either series of under
coverts are frequent, in many different birds,—the overlap
of each series is not uniform and invariable; (2) the feathers
in question, on the proximal part of the manus, cannot be
median coverts because there is one real median covert,—
the feather marked “a” in the figure of Tympanistria—
(two were found in Turturwna) in front of them, not
in the same row with them. (See remark under Ardea
goliath.)
The characteristic in which the reversed under coverts of
Doves differ from those of the birds preceding them in this
paper (but not from those following them) is the reduction
in size of the major under coverts on the cubitus and the
counterbalancing increase in size of the cubital median
coverts, so that the latter become the principal under coverts
of that part of the wing.
558 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
Apaloderma narina. Four specimens examined, No, 5663,
and three others not saved. (Text-fig. 10.)
Major under coverts ten on the manus, and about nine or
ten small ones on the cubitus, or else not so many, with one
or two near the elbow lacking; wing eutaxic. These coverts
on the cubitus are so small as to be hidden from view by
the median coverts measuring 12-15 mm. in length, and
Text-figure 10.
Diagram of the under wing-coverts of Apaloderma narina.
i-viii. Primaries; i’-ix’. Secondaries. ‘
2°-10, Manual major u.w.c.
1°-9°. Cubital median u.w.c.
a. Carpal median u.w.c.
The small cubital major and 1st manual major u.w.c. are
concealed by the other iarger feathers.
are soft and white; they have the conforming overlap,
or rather each is wholly covered by the proximal edge of
the next remex. ‘he first major covert on the manus is
also a small and hidden feather like those on the cubitus.
The other major under coverts on the manus are large, and
have the conforming overlap.on half or more of this section
of the wing, but the contrary overlap on the half or less,
next the carpal joint,
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 559
Median under coverts present on the cubitus with one at
the carpal joint; overlap contrary. These are not large,
and the absence of visible major coverts behind them leaves
the remiges bare for most of their length.
Eurystomus guluris. Four specimens examined, Nos. 5764,
5772, 5944 & 5950.
Major under coverts complete, if we include the rudi-
mentary ones on the cubitus, which are scarcely more than
down-feathers, though they have distinct shafts ; eleven on
the manus, the 11th being present even when, as in some
of the specimens, the remicle was not found, and larger
than the remicle when that was present. Wing diastataxic.
The manual major coverts conforming in overlap excepting
on the proximal portion (half or less) of the manus, where
the overlap is contrary.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint ; overlap contrary.
Ceryle maxima. Two specimens examined, Nos. 5626 &
5959.
Major under coverts present on the manus, number not
noted (remiges eleven), but on the cubitus reduced to
rudimentary feathers 20 mm. long, with slender shafts and
weak downy barbs. Wing diastataxic, there being two of
the rudimentary under coverts, as well as two of the large
upper ones, between the 4th and 5th cubital remiges.
Overlap of the manual major coverts conforming on half
or more of the hand, but contrary on the proximal part
(half or Jess). The major under coverts are coloured like
the remiges.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one
at the carpal joint; overlap contrary. ‘These are red like
the minor coverts, and are so small as to be almost or quite
hidden by them.
In this bird the reversed under coverts on the proximal
part of the manus, though they have the same overlap as
the median coverts next to them on the cubitus, do not
560 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed (This,
even appear to form a continuous series with them, being
quite different in colour and size. This was not the case in
the Trogon and the Broad-mouthed Roller described just
before, for there the major coverts on the proximal part of
the manus and the median ones next to them on the cubitus
might easily be thought, from their appearance, to form
one series.
Ispidina leucogaster. Two specimens examined, Nos. 5529
& 5583. (Text-fig. 11.)
Major under coverts present on the manus, ten in number ;
on the cubitus they are reduced to mere down-feathers, in
Text-figure 11.
Diagram of the under wing-coyerts of Ispidina leucogaster,
the remiges only indicated.
1*-10%. Manual major u.w.c.
1*-12”, Cubital median u.w.e.
a. Carpal median u.w.c.
The cubital major u.w.c. are rudimentary and concealed
J J
behind the other feathers.
one bird without even shafts, in the other with ‘slender
shafts. Wings eutaxic. Overlap on the manus contrary,
excepting, in the more carefully examined specimen, some
on the distal or tip end, numbering five on one wing and
only one on the other (the one shown in the figure), which
are conforming.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus with one at
the carpal joint ; overlap contrary. |
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. = Om
Ispidina picta. One specimen examined, not saved.
Major under coverts present on the manus, doubtless ten
in number (remiges ten only) ; none whatever on the cubitus,
not even rudiments. Overlap on the manus contrary, with
the exception of two or three conforming ones at the tip.
Wing eutaxic.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint ; overlap contrary.
Myioceyx lecontetz. One specimen examined, No. 5921.
Major under coverts present on the manus, doubtless only
ten ; on the cubitus represented by small down-feathers, so
situated in the intervals between the remiges that each is
closer to a remex on its proximal than on its distal side,
thus differing from the usual position of major under
coverts. Overlap on the manus contrary, with the excep-~
tion of three to five conforming feathers at the tip.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint; overlap contrary.
Halcyon malimbicus. One specimen (immature) examined,
not saved.
Major under coverts present on the manus; represented
on the cubitus by rudimentary feathers, which, however,
are not mere down-feathers, and have slender shafts.
Overlap on the manus contrary on the proximal portion,
conforming on the distal portion (about half).
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint ; overlap contrary.
Halcyon badius. Two specimens examined, No. 5906, and
another not saved.
Major under coverts present on the manus, but repre-
sented on the cubitus by rudimentary feathers with slender
shafts, or, in one of the specimens, by mere small down-
feathers. ‘Wing eutaxic. The manual major under coverts
have the conforming overlap on the distal half, or more
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 28
562 | Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
than half, of the hand, the contrary one on the proximal
half or less.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint ; overlap contrary.
In at least the smaller Kingfishers the reversed under
coverts have the appearance, at first sight, of forming one
continuous series on the two sections of the wing. That
they do not really do so, is proved in the first place, by the
extra one always found at the carpal joint, which is
the continuation of the cubital series a little way past
the end of the manual one, showing the former to be the
median coverts; and in the second place, by the rudi-
mentary major under coverts on the cubitus, sometimes
large enough to be evidently the real continuation of the
manual series, though sometimes they are mere small down-
feathers and sometimes even quite absent.
Melittophagus miilleri. Three specimens examined, Nos.
55238, 5533 & 5766.
Major under coverts present on the manus, ten in number ;
none on the cubitus, not even in a rudimentary condition.
Overlap on the proximal portion (half or less) of the hand
contrary, on the remainder half or more, conforming.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint noted in the last specimen, No. 5766—not
noted in the others ; overlap contrary.
Melittophagus australis. Two specimens examined, Nos.
5562 & 5828.
Major under coverts present on the manus, none on the
cubitus ; but in specimen No. 5823, on one wing only,
a single small downy rudimentary feather near the first
cubital remex seems to be a remnant of this series on the
cubitus. Overlap on the proximal portion of the manus
contrary, on the distal portion conforming.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with one at
the carpal joint noted in the last specimen—not noted in the
other ; overlap contrary.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 563
Scoptelus brunneiceps. One specimen examined, a male in
immature plumage, No. 5879.
Major under coverts entirely wanting.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus only; where
they form with the minor coverts a single row of about
sixteen feathers very close together, with one continuous
overlap (the contrary one). The reversed and the minor
coverts of the single row can be distinguished only by
noting that every alternate feather is turned face towards
the remiges, while the remainder are reversed,
Bycanistes albotibialis. One specimen examined, not
saved.
Apparently no reversed under coverts whatever. There is
a row of well-developed minor coverts extending the whole
length of the wing, and behind these and hidden by them,
on the cubitus, two rows of small downy feathers with stiff
and peculiarly flattened shafts, the two rows so close together
as to form a single numerous row with continuous contrary
overlap. These were found to have the more convex and
glossy side of the rhachis turned from the remiges, and were
thought therefore to be minor coverts. It is possible that a
closer examination might have shown the alternate ones to
be reversed, as was afterwards found in the specimen of
Scoptelus (see above).
Bycanistes sharpei. One specimen examined, No. 5623.
Probably no reversed under coverts. This specimen had
behind the fully-developed minor under coverts on the
cubitus some small feathers which were mostly in moult,
and those not in moult were too small for me to determine
whether they were reversed or not.
Lophoceros fasciatus. One specimen examined, not saved.
No reversed under coverts that were certainly known te
be such. Two small feathers standing close to the 11th and
12th cubital remiges, near the elbow, seemed to be reversed,
but I could not be sure. A row of minor under coverts
somewhat resembling the peculiar small ones noted in the
282
564 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
large Hornbills above was found in this bird also, but they
were not so markedly different from the other minor
coverts.
Lophoceros camurus. Two specimens examined, Nos.
5900 & 5908.
No reversed under coverts, or only rudimentary ones.
In one specimen five, in the other two, small downy feathers
were found on the proximal end of the cubitus, that seemed,
from their situation, to be reduced reversed coverts; but it
could not be determined which side was the front and which
the back of any of them. The mimor under coverts also
small and downy. :
Lophoceros hartlaubi. One specimen examined, No. 5807.
No reversed under coverts that could be known to be
such. All under coverts very small.
Ortholophus cassini. Two specimens examined, No. 5590,
and another not saved.
No reversed coverts that could be determined to be such.
Two rows of small coverts were found on the cubitus with
downy vanes and peculiar broad flattened shafts, each row
with the feathers closer together than the remiges, and the
two rows very close to each other. No certain difference
could be seen between the two sides of these little feathers,
the shafts being perfectly flat, without convexity or groove—
or perhaps the side away from the remiges was slightly
convex. This fact, if it was such, and also the crowded
situation of these little feathers, such that they did not
correspond to the remiges, seemed to show them to be
minor coverts.
In the Hornbills, reversed under coverts seem to be
either entirely wanting, or reduced to rudimentary feathers.
Further study with a microscope would doubtless make it
possible to determine the homology of the small and peculiar
under coverts that were found. The greatly reduced under
wing-coverts form but one feature of the general sparse or
reduced pterylosis of the Hornbills.
1918, | Under Wing-Coveris of Birds. 565
Lybius bidentatus. Four specimens examined, No. 5635,
and three others not saved. i
Reversed under coverts forming one continuous row on
both parts of the wing, without anything in their appear-
ance or situation to show that they belong to different
series, there being no extra one at the carpal joint; they
number about twelve on the cubitus, and I think ten on the
manus, as an under covert of the remicle would have been
noted if one had been present. Overlap of these coverts
contrary on the cubitus and the adjacent part of the manus,
conforming on the remainder, from half to three-quarters,
of the manus.
Tricholema flavipunctatum. One specimen examined,
No. 5902.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row with no extra
one at the carpus ; overlap contrary excepting on the distal
half of the manus, where it is conforming.
Gymnobucco peli. One specimen examined, not saved.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row with no extra
one at the carpus, numbering ten on the manus and about
twelve on the cubitus; overlap of those on the cubitus and
the next two on the manus contrary, of the remainder on
the manus conforming.
Buccanodon duchaillui. Three specimens examined,
No. 5549, and two others not saved.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row with no extra
one at the carpus, numbering doubtless ten on the manus,
and about twelve on the cubitus ; these latter and the next
ones on the manus contrary in overlap, the remainder,
varying in number from eight to five, of those on the
manus conforming.
Barbatula stellata. Three specimens examined, not saved.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row with no extra
one at the carpus (unless overlooked) ; overlap contrary
excepting the distal half of the manus, where it is con-
forming.
566 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Tbis,
Barbatula leucolaima (six specimens) and B. subsulphurea
(five specimens).
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, with no extra
one at the carpus noted—certainly none in some cases ;
number on the manus ten, on the cubitus about ten ; overlap
contrary, excepting on a varying fraction, usually haif or
more, of the manual part of the series at the distal end,
where it is conforming.
Barbatula erythronota. Seven specimens examined, Nos.
5644, 5824, 5841, 5909, 5929, 5930 & 5936.
Reversed coverts present on the cubitus and on the manus,
without anything, in most cases, to show that the two por-
tions of the single row belong morphologically to different
series; but in No. 5824 an extra reversed under covert at
the carpal joint was found on both wings, and again in No.
5929 such an extra one was found on one wing only. This
extra covert is in front of, and smaller than, the lst covert
on the mauus, like that marked a in the figure (p. 560) of
the Kingfisher (Ispidina leucogaster), aud it seems to be an
indication that the cubital reversed coverts in the Barbets,
as in the Kingfishers, are really the median coverts which,
though generally confined to the cubitus, occasionally extend
distally by one more feather, thus continuing the row a little
past the end of the major coverts on the manus. Overlap
of these cubital or median coverts contrary, as 1s also that
of the preximal end (half or generally less than half) of the
manual or major coverts; of the remaining major coverts,
on the distal half, or more, of the manus conforming.
Trachylemus purpuratus. ‘Two specimens examined, not
saved.
Reversed under coverts forming an apparently continuous
row, with ten on the manus and ten or eleven on the cubitus ;
no extra one noted. Overlap contrary, excepting those on
the distal portion, half or more, of the manus, which are
conforming.
Though in the Barbets there is found only a single
apparently continuous row of reversed coverts and the rudi-
1918, | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 567
mentary major under coverts found on the Kingfishers and
Bee-eaters have quite disappeared, and the extra carpal
reversed covert, or most distal median covert, has in most
cases disappeared also ; yet the occasional presence of this
feather, as well as the analogy of the Kingfishers, shows
that the cubital portion of the single row consists of median
coverts, and the manual portion of the major coverts.
Indicator exilis. One specimen examined, No. 5880.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row on cubitus
and manus, with no extra one at the carpus; number on the
manus undoubtedly nine only, as only nine manual remiges
were found. Overlap of these under coverts contrary, ex-
cepting a few on the distal end of the manus, which are
conforming.
With regard to the point of junction of the manual and
the cubital reversed uuder coverts, a more exact note was
made on this specimen than on most. The position of the
Ist cubital under covert is in front and rather to the distal
side of the base of the first cubital remex (and so also of all
the series on the cubitus), thus making two coverts in the
interval between the bases of the lst manual and the Ist
cubital remiges, although neither is in front of the other
as with the extra covert at the carpus frequently noted.
Though, unfortunately, notes on this point were not made
in other cases, it is probable that this position of each
cubital under covert rather to the distal side of its remex is
the universal one in this and allied birds, and if so this is an
additional indication that these are the median and not the
major coverts, ‘lhe position of each manual reversed covert
on the proximal siie of its remex is likewise an indication
that the manual ones are the major coverts.
[Note the positions, where both series of reversed coverts
are present, in diagram under Pteronetta hartlaubi, p. 535. ]
Prodotiscus insignis. One specimen examined, No. 5768.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, with contrary
overlap excepting the distal half of the manus, where the
overlap is conforming.
568 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Ibis,
Melignomon zenkeri. One specimen examined, No.
5566.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering
undoubtedly only nine on the manus, as there were only nine
functional manual remiges, the 10th being only 4 mm. long ;
overlap of these under coverts contrary, excepting the most
distal three on the manus, which were conforming.
Melichneustes robustus. One specimen examined, No.
5576.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering
nine only on the manus (and functional remiges also only
nine, the 10th being only 4 mm. long); overlap of reversed
under coverts contrary, excepting the most distal three on
the manus, which were conforming.
Iynz. No. 5624.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row; those on the
cubitus and the next two on the manus with the contrary
overlap, the remainder on the manus with the conforming
overlap.
Verreauxia africana. Five specimens examined, Nos.
5652, 5917, and three others not saved.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering ten
on the manus and nine or ten on the cubitus; nu extra one
present at the carpus (but in the first specimen no note was
made on this point); overlap contrary on the cubitus and on
half or more of the manus, conforming on the distal half,
or less, of the manus.
Dendromus caroli. Six specimens examined, No. 5920,
and five others not saved.
D. nivosus. One specimen examined, not saved.
D. permistus. One specimen examined, No. 5791.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering
ten on the manus and about the same number on the
cubitus ; no extra one noted at the carpus; overlap contrary
on the cubitus and adjacent portion—often only a small
portion—of the manus, conforming on the remainder.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 569
Mesopicus ellioti. Four specimens examined, Nos, 5541,
5640, 5884, 5907.
M., wxantholophus. Two specimens examined, Nos. 5887,
5903.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering
ten on the manus and about ten on the cubitus; no extra one
noted at the carpal joint; overlap contrary on the cubitus
and adjacent portion of the manus, conforming on the
remaining portion—half to one-third or three-quarters—
of the manus.
Dendropicus gabonensis. One specimen, No. 5627.
D. lafresnayi. Three specimens, Nos. 5586, 5881, and
another not saved.
In these four specimens the reversed under coverts may
be described in identical terms with the other Woodpeckers
above; in the one specimen of D. gabonensis the distal
portion of the series, having the conforming overlap, com-
prised nearly all of these coverts on the manus on one wing
and scarcely half on the other wing.
Though in the Woodpeckers the reversed under coverts
always form but a single series, apparently continuous on the
two parts of the wing, without even the extra median covert
at the carpal joint, yet analogy drawn from the preceding
groups leads us to consider the series as made up of the
remnant of two series, the coverts on the manus being the
major, while those ou the cubitus are the median coverts.
There seems to be a small but pretty constant difference
separating the Woodpeckers from the Barbets and Honey-
Guides, in regard to the place of the change of overlap on
the manus; in Woodpeckers at least half of the manual
reversed coverts are conforming (the only exception being
found in some specimens of Verreauaia), while in the other
groups named often only a small portion at the distal end
is conforming.
Colius nigricollis. Seven specimens examined, No. 5869,
and six others not saved.
Reversed under coverts one continuous row, numbering
570 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Ibis,
ten on the manus and eight or nine on the cubitus ; overlap
on the cubitus and the adjacent part of the manus contrary,
on the rest of the hand conforming. The proportion of these
coverts on the manus with the conforming overlap varies
greatly, being often about half but sometimes much less,
and on one wing of one bird none at all; while sometimes it
is more than half, and in one specimen apparently all these
coverts were conforming.
Tachornis parvus. Seven specimens examined, No. 5763,
and six others not saved.
Reversed under coverts large, in one continuous row, of ten
on the manus and about eight on the cubitus. Wing eutaxic.
In my notes I have recorded the presence of a remicle or
11th manual remex, having no corresponding under covert,
and it is possible to consider this little terminal feather as
really an 11th under covcrt, as was certainly the case in
some birds having no remicle. Ovrlap of all reversed
under coverts conforming.
Chetura sharpei. ‘Two specimens examined, Nos. 5786
& 5845.
Reversed under coverts forming one continuous row, num-
bering ten on the manus and about seven on the cubitus,
with a small one besides at the carpal joint, in front of
the row of the others. Wing eutaxic. Here again the
presence of a remicle was noted, with the additional words,
in one case, “resembling the major under coverts,” and
possibly this is to be considered as an 11th reversed under
covert on the manus. Overlap of all reversed coverts
conforming.
‘This group (the Swifts) seems to be out of its place, with
regard to the morphology of the reversed under coverts,
when put here next to the Coraciiform birds, For if we con-
sider the single series uf these coverts to be made up of the
major coverts on the hand and the median ones on the
fore-arm, as in the preceding groups, then we have median
coverts with the conforming overlap and cubital major coverts
absent, which is improbable. Besides, the smaller extra
1918. ] Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 571
reversed feather at the wrist-joint, found in the two examples
of Chetura, is not placed in line with either portion of the
main series, and does not appear to be a continuation of the
coverts on the cubitus, like the similar small feather noted
in some Kingfishers, etc. ; but it appears to be rather the
‘single remaining feather of an obsolete row of median
coverts. So we must consider the whole series of reversed
coverts in the Swifts to be the major coverts, as in the
Cuckoos.
The Passeriformes.—Now all the birds examined with
regard to their reversed under coveris have been reviewed,
excepting the Passeriformes. The large number of these
examined (over four hundred examples belonging to 134
species) makes it necessary here to use a more concise
method of treatment than with the other orders, and give
first the general characters and afterwards particular modi-
fications. This is, moreover, easy to do with the Passeri-
formes, on account of the great uniformity in their reversed
under coverts, and the slight nature of such modifications
as occur.
First, then, is given a general description that applies to
ali the Passeriform birds examined, without exception, and
will not be repeated :—
Major under coverts present on the manus, ten in number,
or often less, but never more; not present ‘on the cubitus as
full-sized or functional coverts, but often found as small
or rudimentary feathers, as in some of the Kingfishers.
These rudimentary major under coverts in Passeriform birds
are often larger at the distal end of the cubitus, next to the
manus, and the first manual major under covert is often
reduced in size ; so that there is a gradual transition from
the full-sized ones on the manus to the rudimentary ones
on the cubitus. ‘lhe major under coverts are more closely
joined to the remiges in this order than in any other birds.
The overlap is always conforming throughout the series.
Median under coverts present on the cubitus, with an
extra one at the carpal joigt, making the number of the full
series ten ; but one or two may be wanting at the proximal
572 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
end of the row—never at the distal end. They always have
the contrary overlap.
The modifications now to be described, in the reversed
under coverts of Passeriform birds, have to do exclusively
with the greater or less reduction of the different parts of the
major series.
Smithornis. Twelve examples, belonging to three species,
examined. (Text-fig. 12.)
Major under coverts on the manus ten in number, but the
first, next the carpal joint, generally reduced in size, some-
times so much reduced as to be a mere rudiment. Rudi-
mentary major under coverts present in every case, on the
Text-fig. 12.
Diagram of the under wing-coverts of Smithornis
with the median series removed.
i-x. Primaries; i’—vii', etc. Secondaries.
1*-10*. Manual major u.w.c.
1°-8", Rudimentary cubital major u.w.c.
cubitus, usually very small and downy, but sometimes those
on the distal part large enough to have distinctly visible
shafts.
Hirundo and Psalidoprocne. Thirteen examples, belonging
to four species, examined.
Major coverts on the manus nine, the 10th, at the wing-
tip, wanting (10th remex very small) ; the lst, by the carpal
joiut, generally reduced in size. Rudimentary major under
coverts present in every case on the cubitus.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 573
Parisoma, Muscicapa, Alseonaz, Artomyias, Pedilorhynchus,
Hyliota, Bias, Platysteira, Diaphorophyia, Erythrocercus,
Elminia, Trochocercus, Tchitrea, Chloropeta, Stizorhina,
Seventy specimens, of 22 species, examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the Ist sometimes
reduced in size. Rudimentary major under coverts present
on the cubitus, in most cases; but wanting, or only a
few present, in the three specimens of Elminia longicauda;
wanting in the two specimens of Hrythrocercus macalli ;
wanting, or only a few present, in the six specimens of
Trochocercus nitens (but the whole series present in all the
five specimens of Trochocercus nigromitratus).
Campephaga quiscalina. Six specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the 1st sometimes
reduced in size; rudimentary major under coverts always
present on the cubitus.
Sigmodus rufiventris. Six specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the Ist small, as
noted in one case, and probably so in others ; rudimentary
major under coverts present on the cubitus in every case,
sometimes large and partly pennaceous, those next the carpal
joint forming a transition to the full-sized coverts on the
manus.
Nicator chloris and N. vireo. Seven specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, all of the full size
—at least generally; major under coverts on the cubitus
entirely wauting in every Case.
Pomatorhynchus, Laniarius, Chlorophoneus, Dryoscopus,
Chaunonotus, Malaconotus. Twenty-eight specimens,
of nine species, examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, usually all of the
full size, but sometimes the first reduced ; rudimentary
major under coverts present on the cubitus in the greater
number of cases, but wanting in Pomatorhynchus and Mala-
conotus (only one specimen of each examined) and wanting,
574 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
or only a few present, in some specimens of Laniarius and
Dryoscopus.
Lanius mackinnoni. Two specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten; rudimentary
major under coverts present on the cubitus.
Dicrurus. Two specimens, belonging to two species,
examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten; rudimentary
major under coverts present on the cubitus.
Oriolus letior. Two specimens examined.
Exactly as above, under Lanius and Dicrurus.
Lamprocolius, Onychoynathus, Peoptera Eight specimens,
belonging to four species, examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten; rudimentary
major under coverts present on the cubitus in every case,
sometimes comparatively large; in one specimen of Lam-
procolius splendidus there were perfect feathers 13 mm. long,
resembling the major under coverts on the manus except in
size, and in having a little more downy margin or fringe on
the vanes.
Parus funereus. Three specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten; the Ist reduced
in one specimen. Rudimentary major under coverts present
on the cubitus, in one of the specimens large, and not
differing greatly from the coverts of the same series on the
manus, being only narrower and a little shorter, with some-
what looser vanes.
Malimbus, Ploceus, Amblyospiza, Pyromelana. Forty-nine
specimens, of fifteen species, examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the Ist very
often reduced in size; rudimentary major under coverts on
the cubitus always present, though in some cases not all of
them present.
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 57a
Vidua serena. Four specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus nine, the 10th wanting ;
the 1st more or less reduced in size but present in all cases.
Rudimentary major under coverts on the cubitus wanting,
or only the first or most distal one present.
Spermospiza, Pyrenestes, Spermestes, Nigrita, Estrilda.
Sixteen specimens, belonging to nine species, examined.
Major under coverts nine or eight, the Ist, next the carpal
joint, being always absent, and the 10th, or most distal one,
absent also in all of the smaller birds of this group—present
only in Spermospiza guttata and Pyrenestes ostrinus, which
are larger birds than the others. Rudimentary major under
coverts on the cubitus always wanting. Thus it is seen that
in the smaller Weaver-birds the major under coverts have
undergone a further reduction than in any birds hitherto
noticed.
Parmoptila woodhousei. Five specimens examined.
Major under coverts nine or eight, the Ist, or the 1st and
10th, bemg absent. Rudimentary major under coverts on
the cubitus wanting.
Serinus punctigula. Seven specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus nine, the 10th wanting,
the Ist reduced in size. Rudimentary major under coverts
on the cubitus all present in one specimen, several of them
present in another, only the first or most distal one present
in a third, quite absent in the remaining four specimens.
Budytes flava. Three specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus nine, the 10th wanting ;
rudimentary major under coverts on the cubitus present in
all the specimens.
Criniger, Bleda, Phyllostrephus, Andropadus, Pycnonotus,
Izonotus. Forty-six specimens, of fifteen species, ex-
amined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, except in one
specimen of Andropadus virens, which had only nine, the 1st
576 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
being absent ; in some of the others the Ist was reduced in
size. The presence or absence of the rudimentary major
under coverts on the cubitus was found to vary among the
members of this group, and even among individuals of some
of the species: in Criniger they were always present; in
Bleda tricolor, always absent; in Phyllostrephus and Andro-
padus there were generally none, or only one or two, found ;
in Ivonotus guttatus none, or only a few; in Pycnonotus
gabonensis these rudimentary coverts were in some cases all
present, in some a few only, and in some none. Where
only a few were found, they were situated near one or the
other of the extremities of the cubitus, those most frequently —
present in the partial series being the Ist, the 7th, and
the 8th.
Turdinus. Eight specimens, belonging to three species,
examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, except in one
specimen, where the Ist was wanting; rudimentary under
coverts either only a few present, or entirely wanting ;
where only a few were found, these were oftenest near the
proximal end of the cubitus, or, sometimes, the most distal
one of these rudimentary coverts (the Ist).
Callene, Alethe. Seven specimens, of three species, ex-
amined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the Ist some-
times reduced ; rudimentary major under coverts on the
cubitus present in every case.
Phylluscopus trochilus, P. sibilatriz, and Sylvia. Seven
specimens examined.
Major under coverts on the manus ten, the 1st sometimes
reduced in size; rudimentary major under coverts on the
cubitus present in every case.
Cisticola, Bathmedonia, Burnesia, Prinia, Calamocichla,
Bradypterus. Twenty-eight specimens, of nine species,
examined,
Major under coyerts on the manus ten, in Calamocichla and
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 577
Bradypterus (which contain the largest birds among the
genera of this group), and in a few specimens belonging
to the other genera; in most specimens of the other genera
(comprising small birds), nine only, the first wanting. The
first major under covert on the manus, when present, usually
smaller than those following it. Rudimentary major under
coverts on the cubitus wanting, except in one specimen of
Calamocichla rufescens, where they were not only present
but rather large.
Apalis, Euprinodes, Eremomela, Camaroptera, Macro-
sphenus, Sylvietta. ‘Thirty-eight specimens, of nine
species, examined,
Major under coverts usually nine, the 1st wanting, though
in a few cases the first was present, and small or rudimentary,
or even present and full-sized ; most of the examples in
which the first major under covert was found to be present
belouged to Sylvietta virens. Rudimentary major under
coverts on the cubitus wanting in every case.
Zosterops stenocricota. Four specimens examined.
Major under coverts nine, the Ist being present, but the
10th, at the tip of the wing, absent (and the 10th remex
only 4 or 5mm. long) ; the lst major under covert, in one
case, very small. Rudimentary major under coverts on the
cubitus wanting.
Hylia prasina. Two specimens examined.
Major under coverts nine, the Ist wanting, or rudimentary.
No rudimentary major under coverts on the cubitus.
Pholidorms rushie. Four specimens examined.
Major under coverts nine, the lst wanting. No rudimen-
tary major under coverts on the cubitus.
Anthreptes and Cinnyris, Thirty-seven specimens, of
thirteen species, examined.
Major under coverts either all ten present but the 1st small
or rudimentary, or only nine present, the first one absent.
In several cases the first covert was entirely absent on one
wing of the bird, but present and rudimentary on the other.
SER. X.—VQU, VI. 27
578 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [Ibis,
Rudimentary major under coverts usually absent on the
cubitus, and when present, only a few were found, and those
always at the proximal end next the elbow-joint.
Conclusions.
The account of the detailed examination of reversed under
wing-coverts having now been finished, it remains to con-
sider how far the several modifications discovered can be
seen to be derived from each other and from a primitive
type—in other words, to consider their bearing on a phylo-
genetic classification of birds. This is too difficult a matter
to be gone into very extensively here ; but enough may be
said to show its importance and induce future study.
The most primitive type of reversed under coverts found
in the birds examined is undoubtedly the one described
first, as the normal type found in some birds that cannot
all be considered as closely related to each other—the Ducks,
Scissor-bills, Plovers, and Sandpipers,—in which there is
a complete series of major, and a long series of median
coverts, the former all with conforming, the latter all with
contrary overlap. This most primitive type found, however,
may fairly be supposed to be derived from one still more
primitive, existing in the remote ancestry of birds, before
the large flight-feathers became much differentiated from
the ordinary covering feathers, in which both the series that
have now become the reversed under coverts had the same
uniform (conforming) overlap as the other rows that became
the remiges and the large upper coverts, and both extended
completely to the tip of the wing. The great development
of the large flight-feathers would cause a reduction and
partial disappearance of the less important of the two rows
in question, the median under coverts, at the narrowest part
of the wing, the tip. In no bird examined were the median
under coverts found to extend much beyond half-way on
the manus.
The assumption of the contrary overlap by the median
coverts was the next step, and may be accounted for by a
consideration of the way in which they best fulfil their office
ad
1918. ] Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 579
of coverts. The function of coverts to the remiges is to
close the insterstices between the quills and prevent the air
from passing through, so causing leakage and loss of force
in the wing-stroke in flying. This is accomplished more
perfectly by two continuous rows of feathers overlapped in
the opposite ways, than by two overlapped in the same way,
since any accidental opening or separation, allowing air to
pass, between two feathers in the one row, would tend
to be continued in the same direction in the other row,
were it overlapped in the same way ; but would tend to be
stopped in the other row, were it overlapped in the contrary
way. Thus it is essential to the best performance of their
office that the feathers of these two rows be overlapped in
opposite ways ; accordingly such a condition is found in all
birds that make constant use of their wings in flight. In the
Rails, both rows have the contrary overlap and are almost
mixed together in one row; in the Fowls, the small and
almost fuuctionless median under coverts were often found
to have the conforming overlap: but birds of these groups
fly comparatively little.
The next step or modification, leading further away from
the primitive type, is the assumption of the contrary overlap
by some of the major under coverts—generally those on the
proximal part of the hand. This is very common among
birds of many, or most, orders, and in some orders it is
universal. It takes place, it will be noticed, on the central
part of the wing where the resistance of the air in the wing-
stroke is great, and at or near the place where the median
coverts cease. Thus it is evidently to be accounted for
in much the same way as is the contrary overlap of the
median coverts, by the greater efficiency as coverts of
feathers with the overlap in the opposite way to the remiges,
That the contrary overlap in the major under coverts is not
carried on out to the tip of the wing may be accounted for
by the fact that on the narrow part of the wing near the tip
the feathers are crowded so that the under coverts become
sandwiched in between the remiges, and must necessarily
have the conforming overlap. Thus the overlap of the
272
580 Mr. G. L. Bates on the Reversed [ Ibis,
manual major under coverts is controlled by two opposite
tendencies, that towards efficiency, and that towards con-
formity with the remiges resulting from crowding, the latter
tendency acting most strongly near the tip of the wing.
Hence the place of the change of overlap on the manus is
indefinite, and great variation appears even among indi-
viduals of the same species, and sometimes between the two
wings of one bird.
Conformity with the remiges as the result of crowded
situation is evidently the explanation of the universally con-
forming overlap in the manual major under coverts of
Passeriform birds ; for here the crowding is carried to the
greatest extreme, the major under coverts being set close
against the quills of the remiges, and no room is left for
them to take the contrary overlap. In regard to the less
degree of efficiency of these under coverts in Passeriform
birds, which we should hardly expect to find in view of the
high power of flight among them, it may be noted that in
this order of birds the coverts in general are of less size
and importance as compared with the remiges than in other
orders, and efficiency has been secured through the broad
and well-knit vanes of the remiges, the covexrts being, as it
were, neglected.
As intimated above, it seems significant that the major
under coverts so often begin to assume the contrary overlap
near the place where the median coverts cease—about the
carpal joint,—as if it were essential that there should be
everywhere one row overlapped in the way contrary to the
remiges. According to this, we should expect that in birds
having only the major series, the overlap would tend to
become contrary. The Plantain-eaters have only the major
under coverts, and they are always conforming; but
Plantain-eaters are not birds that make great and con-
staut use of their wings in flight. Cuckoos, that fly- more,
have likewise only the major under coverts, and these have
the contrary overlap, in many cases, not only on the manus
but on the cubitus also. It is significant that among
Accipitrine birds, all the numerous specimens examined of
1918. | Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. 581
the genus Astur had some of the major under coverts with
the contrary overlap, while Polyboroides had all of these
coverts conforming; for the more primitive Polyboroides
has, for a Bird-of-Prey, a slow and laboured flight, while the
small African Goshawks are the last thought in swift and
skilful movement on the wing.
Further steps in the modification of the reversed under
coverts from the primitive type are found in the reduction
or disappearance of one or other of the two rows, in part or
in whole; for the tendency of the evolution seems to be
toward the neglect and loss of these feathers, in the process
of perfecting the remiges. That the median series 1s incom-
plete on the manus in all the birds examined, and in the
majority is reduced to one or two feathers, or none, on this
part of the wing, has already been noticed. The median
coverts have become very small in some groups, even on the
cubitus, and in some entirely disappear.
Bearing in mind these two tendencies in the evolution of
the wing, in respect to the reversed under coverts—that
to reduction and that to the assumption of the contrary
overlap,—we may arrange groups of birds in sees showing
the different stages. Thus, the Game-birds have the median
coverts very small and of little use; in the Plantain-
eaters they have quite disappeared ; in the Cuckoos, not only
have the median coverts disappeared, but the major coverts
show a strong tendency to take their place functionally by
assuming their contrary overlap. In this series it is the
median coverts that are reduced, and disappear ; another
may be arranged in which that process is exemplified in the
cubital major under coverts. The Doves have small cubital
major under coverts, quite hidden by the median row ; the
same condition was found in the one species of ‘Trogon
examined; the Kingfishers show a still further reduction
of these cubital major under coverts, and in some species
(birds of small size) a total disappearance of them; the
Bee-eaters retain only occasional vestiges of them; in the
Barbets and Woodpeckers not even such vestiges were found.
The Passeriform birds show all stages of reduction and
582 On Reversed Under Wing-Coverts of Birds. [Ibis,
disappearance of the cubital major under coverts, but so
irregularly that no series of families or genera can be formed,
since great variation is found within genera and even species,
some individuals having the rudimentary major under coverts
quite large, while others of the same species have them very
small or even absent. Yet in the Swallows these rudi-
mentary coverts were always present, and also in some small
groups of which but few representatives were seen ; and in
the small African ‘“ Warblers” related to Cisticola, and
in the Sunbirds, they were nearly always wanting.
How far phylogenetic relationship may be inferred from
such series of groups of birds as those given above is a diffi-
cult question. Of course it is quite impossible to suppose
such relationship between some of the groups placed together
in the above series, as between Doves and Coraciiform birds.
But this fact does not destroy the force of the evidence of
the reversed under coverts in favour of relationship in other
cases. That the characters derived from these coverts can-
not be used in all cases with logical precision is merely what
must be admitted of all characters used in classification
whatever. Furthermore, where so much uniformity of type
is found in the reversed under coverts in undoubted large
groups of birds, a departure from this uniformity is a real
ground for doubt about the inclusion of some groups in the
larger groups in which they have been sometimes placed.
The Owls and the Nightjars, for instance, have the reversed
under coverts little modified from the primitive or “normal”
type, and not showing the slightest tendency towards the
very peculiar and characteristic type seen in the Picarian
birds (Kingfisher-Woodpecker group). So also the Parrots,
with the two rows of these coverts well developed, show no
tendency towards the type found in Plantain-eaters and
Cuckoos, in which the median coverts have disappeared,
though the Fowls, with their much reduced median coverts,
do show such atendency. It may be added that the reversed
under coverts of the Swifts, in the few examples seen, do
not appear derivable from the type found in the Kingfisher—
Woodpecker group—or from any other special type observed.
1918. | On Siamese and Malayan Birds. 583
But the study of the reversed under coverts will have to
be carried much further before conclusions bearing on the
classification of birds can be safely derived therefrom.
In conclusion, the author of this paper is glad to acknow-
ledge the encouragement, advice, and help received from
Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant in the putting together of the
records of his observations in a form for publication. The
observations themselves were made quite independently and
alone, the idea of making them having been derived from
reading Mr. Pycraft’s paper referred to in the introduction,
and afterwards that of Sundevall.
XXIX.—-Notes on recently described Races of Siamese and
Malayan Birds, with a Description of one new Race.
By Hersert C. Roxsinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Bonen
Kuioss, M.B.O.U.
Wirutin the last few months a considerable number of
races of Malayan and Siamese birds have been described in
various periodicals, English and Foreign, by E. C. Stuart
Baker, Count Nyls Gyldenstolpe, Dr. E. Hartert, H. Ober-
holser, and Lord Rothschild.
As the collections of birds from these regions that are
either embodied in the collection of the Federated Malay
States Museums, and collected by us, or have passed through
our hands, are very large indeed, while in some instances
the races are actually founded on duplicates from our col-
lections, some remarks on certain of these species may
possibly be of interest.
In the first place, it may not be amiss to observe that in
some cases a certain laxity is apparent in the quotation
of precise type-localities, though this, of course, is not
entirely to be laid to the door of the describer. Localities
which are quite familiar to the original collector, who in
many cases may have collected entirely for his own edifica-
tion, aud which may even be readily traceable by local
residents, are very frequently not to be found in any map at
584 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on recently [ Ibis,
the disposal of a home zoologist, who is therefore forced
to cite, sometimes erroneously, the names of mere hamlets
uot tound on any other than a large-scale topographical map
and probably applying to several. different places. In some
instances, through this cause, the ascribed locality is totally
erroneous.
In the case of races from the kingdom of Siam this
procedure is peculiarly undesirable and misleading, as Siam
is not a distinct zoological province, the fauna of the penin-
sular portion of it being purely Malayan, while that of the
north is almost identical with that of the Shan States and
that of the central area with Tenasserim.
Another practice that is becoming increasingly common
is the omission of precise differential characters. A race is
often described as larger or smaller than that with which
it is compared, and dimensions are, of course, usually given.
But the dimensions of the compared form are almost
invariably omitted.
It is rare, moreover, for the describer to state of what
number of specimens his series consists and with how many
specimens. of the allied form he has compared it. These
details, in the present days of minute differentiation, are
important as enabling other workers, to whom the type-
series is not available, to judge of the degree of distinctness
of the proposed new form.
We are all strong on “standardization ” nowadays, and
it would be well if ornithologists would imitate the methods
of some of their co-workers in mammals and minutely
specify all the details to which we have alluded.
oe Eupetes macrocercus griseiventris.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p.8. *
This race, founded on three specimens from “Tang, Song
Paa, Siam,” dege Tung Song Paa, peninsular Siam, cannot
possibly be maintained. “ Paa” is merely Siamese for
jungle, and the place in question is a railway junction in
the state of Nakon Sritamarat, about Lat. 8° N.
1918. | described Siamese and Malayan Birds. 585
We have four specimens from Kao Nong, a mountain on
the borders of the provinces of Bandon and Nakon Sri-
tamarat, about 40 miles N.N.E. of Tung Song, collected
between 1200'-1500', between 18 and 24 June, 1913.
Of these one is a nestling having the under surface
uniform dull slatish ; two are very immature with earthy-
brown heads and the chestnut ochraceous feathers of the
breast only just appearing, and the fourth is an adult
female.
This is absolutely identical with two of the same sex from
Cheras, near Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, collected in October
1908, and from Kuala Teku, Tahan River, Pahang, August
1905 ; so Mr. Stuart Baker’s type must have been slightly
immature.
All these specimens and many others from Selangor are
identical with a male from Sandarong Agong, Korinchi,
western Sumatra, 2450 feet, collected on 2 July, 1914, and
this can be regarded as a topotype of the species which was
described from Padang. Wings of eight adults from the
Malay Peninsula range from 93 to 98 mm., males being
apparently slightly ee The Sumatra male measures
99 mm.
+ Corythocichla brevicaudata herberti.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvii. 1917, p. 10.
Corythocichla leucosticta Sharpe; Robinson, Journ. Fed.
Malay States, 1914, p. 104.
This subspecies, also from the same locality as the pre-
ceding, has no existence in fact.
The actual type passed through our hands, and we have
before us six birds, collected within a radius of 40 miles of
Tung Song, which we have compared with thirty-six others
from various parts of the Federated Malay States, including
four exact topotypes.
While it is true that extreme specimens from each of
these series present considerable differences inter se, any
one from either series can be matched by one from the
other.
586 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on recently [ Ibis,
Some specimens have the entire flanks dingy greyish,
while others are strongly ochraceous fulvous. All have the
wing in the neighbourhood of 60 mm., and there is much
variation in the white tips to the secondaries and their
coverts.
It is unfortunate that Mr. Stuart Baker has apparently
compared his form with races from the north with which he
is more familiar rather than with C. 5. leucosticta Sharpe,
which is the nearest geographical race. Had he done so
on sufficient series, we are convinced that he would have
refrained from describing it,
Personally, we consider that, excluding Corythocichla
crassa (Lanioturdinus) from Borneo, which is fairly distinct,
all the described races of this genus are no more than
geographical forms of the oldest named form, viz., C. brevi-
caudata (Blyth). Corythocichla can, in our opinion, be con-
veniently retained as a distinct genus and not united with
Turdinulus, as has been done by Hartert and Harington.
i Stachyridopsis rufifrons obscura.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p. 10.
This race is of even more doubtful value than the pre-
ceding. We have examined the types (vide Herbert, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, ii. 1916, p.58) and compared them
with specimens of the true S. 7. poliogaster, with which
they agreed, being exactly matched by a male collected at
Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2300’, on 10 May, 1909 (F. M.S.
Mus., No. 1304/09). The form is wide spread, though every-
where extremely rare, and uo separation should be attempted
except on very much larger series than are at present avail-
able, in view of the known liability to change of tint in all
Timeliine birds from age of skin after death.
The original type of S. r, poliogaster was from Gunong
Pulai, Johore. We possess specimens from Selangor and
Perak in the Malay Peninsula, and from Korinchi in western
Sumatra; while it has also been recorded from central
Borneo.
1918: | described Siamese and Malayan Birds. 587
+ Stachyris leucotis goodsoni.
Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvi..1915, p- 7.
A female from Paku, Saribas, Sarawak, dated November,
and a male, dated March, differ from a large series from the
Malay Peninsula in the points stated by Hartert, viz., a
darker slaty crown and in the darker tips to the wing-
coverts, the first character having been already noted by
Dr. Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vii. 1883, p. 587). In
addition, our specimens have the lores more tinged with
buffy than any of the Malay Peninsula series.
-+ Stachyris poliocephala diluta, subsp. nov.
Differs from the typical S. p. poliocephala from Sumatra
(two specimens from Deli tua, north-eastern Sumatra, com-
pared) in being lighter below, the ferruginous of the breast
and belly less saturate; the chin and throat less blackish
grey ; the cheeks and ear-coverts slightly paler grey.
Wing 65 mm., against 68 in the Sumatran birds; mean
of ten Malayan birds 66:2, of four Bornean birds 67°0 mm.
Type.—Adult female, collected at ‘Taiping, Perak, Feder-
ated Malay States, on 4 November, 1914.
Specimens examined.—Tweuty-four from the Malay Penin-
sula, from Perlis to Selangor and Pahang; and four from
Sarawak, Borneo, which for the present we associate with
this form.
Remarks.—In addition to the diagnostic characters above
stated, the Borneo-Malayan form shows a tendency to be
somewhat paler in the mantle and back, but this feature
is not constant.
+ Stachyris maculatus pectoralis.
Timalia pectoralis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi.
1842, p. 793: Malacca.
Comparison of eleven specimens from Sarawak with
fifteen from the Malay Peninsula (Upper Perak to Malacca)
shows that the latter differ in being generally darker
beneath, the flanks strongly washed with fulvous grey, the
white edges to the feathers of the belly less pure.
588 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on recently [ Ibis,
The type-locality of Timalia maculatus, Temm. Pl. Col.
593, fig. 1, 1836, is quoted as Borneo and Sumatra, and we
here restrict it to Borneo.
~ Erythrocichla bicolor whiteheadi.
Hartert, Bull. B..Q. C: xxxvi. 19155 p. 36:
Two females from Anyut Paku, Saribas, south-western
Sumatra, and a series of twenty from all parts of the Malay
Peninsula, from Trang to Pahang, confirms Dr. Hartert’s
diagnosis as to the duller forehead of the Bornean bird.
One specimen, however, a male from Gurun, near Kedah
Peak, central Malay Peninsula, approaches the Bornean
birds very closely indeed in this respect.
+ Macronus ptilosus reclusus.
Hartert, Bull. B. O. C; xxxvi. 1915, p. 36.
Six specimens from various parts of Sarawak maintain
the distinctness of this race in having no slaty-grey patch in
the middle of the abdomen, and in having the crown of the
head of a brighter rufous than in the Malayan and Suma-
tran bird. In addition, the Bornean birds have a marked
light fulvescent patch on the fore-neck, which is only pre-
sent to a very minor extent in our Malayan series of over
twenty specimens.
+ Xanthiscus flavescens vivida.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviil. 1917, p. 16.
We have never met with this form in any part of the
Malay Peninsula (where it is stated to be found by its
describer) south of the Isthmus of Kra, nor are we aware of
any record of its occurrence within this area.
+. Iole virescens cinnamomeoventris.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviu. 1917, p. 16.
Four specimens, two males and two females, from Chong,
Trang, peninsular Siam, collected in December 1909 by
ourselves, agree well with the diagnosis of this race, and
have the wings—82, 83, 81, 79 mm.
1918. | described Siamese and Malayan Birds. 589
Stuart Baker records the range of this form as extending
-to the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula, but in this he
is not correct; birds from the south of the latitude of Trang
are all to be referred to the typical Jole olivacea Blyth,
Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xiii. 1842, p. 386, which differs
in being much browner, less greenish olive, with the throat
greyish white, and the belly tinged with sulphur-yellow ;
axillaries with no tinge of buff; under tail-coverts dull
brown with paler edges; bill larger and wing 86-90 mm. in
birds from the Malay Peninsula, 85 mm. in a female from
eastern Sumatra.
All these forms stand in subspecific relationship to each
other, the meeting-place of Jole olivacea olivacea and Tole
olivacea virescens being about in the State of Trang, whence
we have also a female of the former race, wing 87 mm.
A female from Meetan, Mt. Mooleyit, north Tenasserim,
measures 81°5 in wing, and appears to agree with the north
Siamese bird described as Criniger lonnbergi Gyldenstolpe,
Kongl. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1. No. 8, p. 24, pl. i. fig. 1.
The forms therefore are :—
1. J. olivacea olivacea Blyth: Sumatra, Borneo, Java,
British portion of Malay Peninsula.
2. I. olivacea cinnamomeoventris: Peninsular Siam to
‘Tenasserim.
3. J. olivacea lonnbergi: Central Tenasserim and north
Siam.
4. I. olivacea virescens: Aracan, central and southern
Burma.
+ Pomatorhinus olivaceus siamensis.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p. 9.
This race from Maprit, south-western Siam, should cer-
tainly have been compared with that described as Pomato-
rhinus schisticeps fastidiosus, Hartert, Bull. B.O. C, xxxvi.
1916, p. 81, from Trang and Bandon, peninsular Siam, less
than 200 miles distant.
We have seven specimens from Kao Nong, Bandon, and
three from various places in Trang, peninsular Siam, which
we have compared with two specimens from Me Wang,
590 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on recently [ Ibis,
northern Siam, and Doi Nga Chang, Lampang, northern
Siam, 4500', which we owe to the kindness of Mr. William-—
son, and which we regard as representative of P. 0. ripponi
Harington (Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1910, p. 9) of the Shan
States.
These differ from P. 0. fastidiosus in being generally
lighter above without a markedly greyish-black cap, the
patches in the sides of the neck more ochraceous orange,
less chestnut, and more diffused into the nape. Tail decidedly
less dark, especially at the base.
These are the characters which are stated to characterize
P. o. siamensis, which must therefore be suppressed.
7 Cyanoderma erythropterum sordida.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p. 10.
We possess a large series of this subspecies from all parts
of the peninsula from Bandon in peninsular Siam to Gunong
Angsi in Negri Sembilan.
Those from Bandon and Trang, within 150 miles of
Maprit, the type-locality of C. e. sordida, are certainly quite
inseparable from the most southern specimens. It is un-
doubtedly the case that the black of the throat, and indeed
the whole plumage, fades with considerable rapidity in the
skin, as is the case with a very large number of Timeliine
birds. Mr. Stuart Baker has evidently been misled by
freshly collected skins, and his subspecies cannot be main-
tained. Freshly collected birds from Pulau Tioman present
the same differences.
}Tchitrea paradisi borneensis.
Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvi. 1916, p. 75.
We have in our collection four adult males of this race
with the tail fully developed. The tails of all greatly exceed
those of any specimen of 7. p. affinis in our collection, but
do not attain the length of 459 mm. given for the type, the
largest being 375 mm. The bills are certainly markedly
larger than those of the vast majority of 7. p. affinis, though
one specimen from Trang, peninsular Siam, is as large as
any of the Bornean birds in this respect.
1918. | described Siamese and Malayan Birds. 591
The colour of the shaft-stripe of the central tail-feathers
is not constant; two of the Bornean birds agree with those
from the Malay Peninsula in having the terminal part white
tipped with black at the extreme tip, while a few Malayan
specimens have the shaft-stripe black throughout.
We are unable to appreciate any alleged differences in the
colour of the feathers of the head.
While dealing with these species we have worked through
the very large series of the genus in our collection, and find
that three forms are represented, viz.: (1) Tchitrea princeps
(Temm.), a rare winter visitor, of which we possess an adult
male from the vicinity of Taiping, dated 31 October, and a
female from Ginting Bidei, near Kuala Lumpur, shot in
April. (2) Tchitrea paradisi affinis (Blyth), apparently
resident throughout the year; and (3) Tchitrea paradisi
inci Gould, only found from October to April.
The last two forms are amongst the most difficult of birds
satisfactorily to discriminate, but adults in white plumage
appear to differ by the much stronger median black shaft-
stripes in back, mantle, and tail in 7. p. incii. Young birds
and females of 7. incii appear to acquire very early a black
throat, sharply defined from the breast, which is not present
in our fifty specimens of 7. p. affinis.
+ Gerygone griseus.
Gyldenstolpe, Ornith. Monatsb. 1916, p. 27; id. Kong].
Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, Dey plain
fig. 2.
Count Gyldenstolpe has established this species on a
single specimen from Koh Lak in peninsular Siam, and
states that it differs from G. modiglianii Salvad., from
Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, in lacking the dusky
horseshoe mark on the sides of the fore neck,
We have before us seven specimens from various parts of
the Malay Peninsula and one from western Sumatra.
One of the former is from Pulau Panjang Anak, a small
island near Junk Zeylon on the west side of the Peninsula,
not far distant from Koh Lak.
592 On Siamese and Malayan Birds. [Ibis,
This has the lateral horseshoe mark quite perceptible.
The character is one that is easily obscured in the make-up
of the skin, and I do not think it is possible to admit the
existence of two forms of this bird in the Malay Peninsula.
The Pulau Panjang bird has darker lores than those from
Taiping and Bagan Datch in Perak, but is otherwise
identical. Gyldenstolpe’s figure is not satisfactory, the
yellow of the under surface being too pale, while the black
subterminal band to the tail is unduly emphasized.
+ Anthreptes hypogrammica intensior.
Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvni. 1917, p. 27.
We have compared a pair from Saribas, Sarawak, with
over forty specimens from all parts of the Malay Peninsula,
and can just perceive the differences stated by Dr. Hartert,
viz., a darker upper surface and yellow richer edges to the
feathers of the throat, breast, and belly, especially the latter,
in the Bornean birds. The differences are, however, very
slight, and we doubt if it would be possible to discriminate
with certainty unlabelled birds from the two localities.
The bird seems rare in Sumatra; we did not obtain it
there in 1914, nor is it represented in large collections since
received from Padang and Bancoolen on the west coast,
and from Deli district in north-eastern Sumatra. It was
not obtained by Kloss in Padang, or by Buxton and Forbes
in the Lampongs and Bencoolen, though there is, I think,
little doubt that it actually occurs in the island.
-+-Melanoperdix nigra borneensis.
Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvi. 1917, p. 3.
We cannot detect the very slightest difference between a
male from Betong Seribas, Sarawak, collected in August
1916, and four males from the low country of Selangor
and Negri Sembilan. Our Bornean bird presents not the
slightest greenish tinge as stated in Lord Rothschild’s
description of the type. We have no female Bornean birds
for comparison and have not seen Sumatran birds,
1918.] A reply to Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, 593
XXX.—A reply to Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, with some
further critical remarks by EK. C. Stuart Baker, M.B.O.U.
Unper the title “Notes on recently described Races of
Siamese and Malayan Birds ” Messrs. Robinson and Kloss
have written some criticisms to which I feel a reply is
necessary, in so far as they concern certain races which
have been described as new by myself and by the authors
of the criticisms. As regards the remarks made anent the
laxity of certain authors in reference to localities, the making
of types, and full information on various points no one can
take objection, but we may all hope that Messrs. Robinson
and Kloss having realized the importance of these features
will, in future, practise with the same wisdom as that with
which they preach.
‘>Eupetes macrocercus griseiventris.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii. 1917, p. 8.
It is said that this race cannot be maintained because it
is founded on three specimens only from Siam, and this
assertion is made on the examination of one adult specimen
only from the same country. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss
admit that this is the case, so perhaps it is unnecessary for
me to say more; but it may be as well to record the fact
that the three Siamese specimens in Mr. Herbert’s collection
examined by me are all fully adult fine skins, and they show
well the differences as given by me in comparison with a
very large number, over forty specimens, from elsewhere.
+ Corythocichla brevicaudata herberti.
Stuart Baker, loc. cit. p. 10.
Messrs. Robinson and Kloss are perfectly right, and my
name becomes only a synonym of C. 6. leucosticta—a very
regrettable oversight on my part.
“Stachyridopsis rufifrons obscura.
Stuart Baker, loc. cit. p. 10.
I cannot agree with Messrs. Robinson and Kloss’s con-
clusions in regard to this subspecies. The birds described
SER. X.—VOL, VI. 2uU
594 _ Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker: 4 reply [ Ibis,
by me are quite different from true S. 7. poliogaster, and
their bright, but pale, fulvous breasts alone suffice to distin-
guish them at a glance from that bird. S. r. poliogaster,
of which there is a very big series of skins in the British
Museum, even when very old and faded, is still much
darker and more rufous above than is my new subspecies.
> Pomatorhinus olivaceus siamensis.
Stuart Baker, loc. cit. p. 10.
I have compared Mr. Herbert’s specimens of this sub-
species with the types of Herbert’s fastidiosus, and they
certainly do not seem to be the same. P. 0. siamensis is a
much redder bird than P. 0. fastidiosus, with more and richer
red on the sides of the neck and flanks. With more material
the two forms may be found to run into one another, and,
if so, my name must be suppressed and become a synonym
of fastidiosus. For the present they must both be retained.
7 Cyanoderma erythropterum sordida.
Stuart Baker, loc. cit. p. 10.
I find that [ must also maintain this subspecies, and I
cannot agree that all birds, both from the Peninsula and
islands, are the same. It appears to me that northern birds
are distinctly darker than southern, though specimens from
Java’and Sumatra seem to be one and the same. ‘The skins
in the British Museum do not appear to have faded, and
doubtless they are not affected so much by age as they are
in a tropical climate. Some of the oldest skins in the huge
series in the British Museum are the darkest of all.
The type-locality for C. erythropterum erythropterum is
Singapore.
*Setaria rufifrons.
Setaria lepidocephala (Gray); Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 208.
Cabanis’s description of rufifrons is as follows :—‘ Upper
side olive-brown, tail rusty red, underside whitish, the
scale-like feathers of the forehead and anterior crown
light ferruginous and with paler shaft-stripes and blackish
tips. Length 62”; bill #’’; wing 3"; tail 24”.”
1918. | to Messrs. Robinson and Kloss. 595
The wing, it will be noticed, is only 76:2 mm. and not
80 mm. as given by Finsch. Description and size therefore
agree well with the bird hitherto accepted as Setaria rufi-
frons, and this name must stand. Mr. Kloss was, of course,
misled by Finsch’s description.
Mixornis rubricapilla sulphurea.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 204.
Rippon’s type of Stachyridopsis sulphurea is Mixornis
rubricapilla pure and simple. Under any circumstances
the specific name will be swmatrana, that being the oldest
now that gularis cannot stand, and this is indeed pointed
out very correctly by Kloss.
I cannot myself distinguish Siamese birds from rudri-
capilla, but if they are to be separated, Gyldenstolpe’s name,
minor (Kongl. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. 1916, No. 2, p. 60),
must stand.
¢-Chloropsis aurifrons inornatus.
Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 198.
Mr. Herbert’s specimens confirm Mr. Kloss’s diagnosis of
his new form.
a Pycnonotus blanfordi robinsoni.
Graut, Fase. Mal. Zool. iii. 1905, p. 85.
I cannot distinguish between P. b. blanfordi and P. 5,
robinsont as | find it possible to get a good series of the
typical blanfordi from the extreme south, and, vice versd,
an equally good series of the so-called P. b. robinsoni from
northern Burma,
¢Prinia inornata blanfordi.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 211.
Mr. Kloss has made the same mistake as I did when
naming some birds collected by Mr. Williamson. His
specimens, like Mr. Williamson’s, are, of course, my new
subspecies P. i. herberti.
2u2
596 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker: A reply [Ibis,
, / - Chalcoparia singalensis koratensis.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 218.
I cannot confidently confirm Mr. Kloss’s diagnosis of this
new subspecies. Mr. Herbert’s fine series of sixteen speci-
mens agreed so well with Mr. Kloss’s description that when
T first examined them I, without hesitation, put them down
under his name. Later on I again examined those and the
Museum specimens, and I find that the apparent differences
are mostly the result of make-up of the skins. Tenasserim
birds, again, do not appear to be different from others.
Kloss points out Oates’s mistake in his description of the
young bird. As the former shows, the young bird differs
in having no rufous on the throat as well as in other minor
particulars.
Buchanga atra longus.
, Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 227.
Buchanga leucophea.
Id., ibid.
Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus.
Dissemurus paradiseus malayensis (Jerdon); Kloss, Ibis,
1918, pp. 228-229.
I have dealt with these Dicruridz at length in a recent
article in ‘ Novitates Zoologice” and need not comment
further here. /
+-Graucalus macei macei.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 192.
This should be my G.m.siamensis. The Siamese bird differs
from the Indian in that the female has a unicoloured throat
and upper breast instead of being barred on these parts.
i Volvocivora koratensis.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 193.
This is nothing but Hume’s intermedia. A specimen
obtained by Mr. Herbert at Pakjong is very pale with
pure white under tail-coverts and a wing of 121 mm.
It agrees exactly with some specimens in the British
1918. | to Messrs. Robinson and Kloss. 597
Museum uamed intermedia by Hume, some of which have
pure white under tail-coverts, whilst some have them white
with greyish bases.
-“ Volvocivora polioptera.
Kioss, Ibis, 1918, p. 194.
Kloss has revived the name polioptera Sharpe, on the
grounds that three birds obtained by him at Koh Lak
show that Sharpe’s original diagnosis was correct and that
polioptera is a different bird to typical neglecta. Sharpe
himself, however, later on agreed with Oates that the two
supposed species are one and the same and impossible to
divide, and there is no doubt that the three actual speci-
mens named polioptera by Ogilvie-Grant are nothing but
young neglecta. This is confirmed by the specimens ob-
tained by Herbert at Tung Song and Klong Wanghip,
which are all, without doubt, referable to the latter species.
+ Otocompsa flaviventris minor.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 200.
Mr. Kloss names this subspecies on a single small female
from south-west Siam, rightly pointing out its small size
compared with typical O. f. flaviventris from Bengal.
Gyldenstolpe’s Bulbul, O. f. johnsoni, is, however, common
in south-west Siam, as is shown by the splendid series ob-
tained by Mr. Herbert and now in the British Museum,
and Kloss’s minor is probably nothing but a young bird
of this subspecies, an opinion in which I have no doubt
Mr. Kloss would have concurred had he had Mr. Herbert?’s
birds before him for examination.
I propose to comment later on on some of Mr. Kloss’s
new subspecies of Woodpecker which do not appear to stand
the test of an examination of material probably much in
excess of that at the command of Mr. Kloss. It is to be
regretted, perhaps, that with birds so very variable indi-
vidually Mr. Kloss has attempted to found subspecies on
single specimens, a practice which he and Mr. Robinson
so wisely hold in abhorrence as a geueral rule.
598 Mr. B. B. Riviere on Huropean [ Ibis,
XXXI.—Notes upon European Birds met with during a short
visit to South Africa. By B. B. Rivizre, M.B.O.U.
Turse notes were made between September 1915 and
February 1916, and, with a few exceptions, refer to birds
met with on a farm on the high veld in the eastern
Transvaal, fifteen miles from Lake Chrissie and about
forty miles from the Swaziland border.
Lanius collurio. Rep-sackep Surike. This bird was
very common during November, December, and January
near Lake Chrissie. A male which I shot on 17 November
was in adult plumage and showed no sign of moult.
Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Surixe. On 16 January
I had a very close view of two of these birds on a barbed-
wire fence just outside Kimberley Station.
Phylloscopus trochilus. Wuittow-Warsirer. Willow-
Warblers appeared from time to time in the garden (Lake
Chrissie) during November and December, mostly single
birds, though on 8 December I saw three together. One
I shot on 30 November was in first winter-plumage and
not moulting.
Muscicapa grisola. Sporrep FriycarcHer. Seen fre-
quently in- the garden during November, December, and
January (Lake Chrissie). A specimen shot on 24 November
was in first winter-plumage, one or two juvenile feathers
still being present.
Hirunaov rustica. Swa.titow. During the voyage out,
on 19 September, when off Cape Blanco, a Swallow came
on board and roosted all night in the smoking-room.
Another passed the ship flying south on 20 September,
whilst two more came on board on the 22nd, when off the
coast of Sierra Leone and between fifty and sixty miles
from land.
On 5 October I saw several in Cape Town, but they did
918.] Birds met with in South Africa. 599
not appear to reach Lake Chrissie until 17 October, when I
saw one. On 19 October I saw six, and from 1 November
onwards they rapidly increased in numbers until, when I
left this district in the middle of January, they were there
in thousands. These birds struck me as being very pale on
the chin and forehead. A specimen I shot on 15 December
was moulting the feathers of the back, breast, and tail, the
two outer rectrices being still in the quill. There were
plenty of birds-at Cape Town when I left on 12 February.
Riparia riparia. Sanp-Martin. On 29 November I shot
two Sand-Martins out of a small flock of about a dozen
(Lake Chrissie). These were both young birds, and both
moulting their secondaries, rectrices, and the feathers on
the back of the neck.
Micropus apus. Swirr. On Christmas-day a flock of
Black Swifts, indistinguishable on the wing from this
species, were hawking over the garden, but as I was unable
to shoot one I cannot be certain of their identity.
Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. I shot a specimen of this
bird on 14 December (Lake Chrissie), It was a male, and
was undergoing a complete moult from juvenile to first
winter-plumage, including the feathers of the head, body,
wing-coverts and primaries, secondaries and rectrices.
Falco naumanni. Lasser Kestrext. From time to time
flocks of Lesser Kestrels would come in at sundown to
roost in the gum-trees round the farm (Lake Chrissie).
On 4 December a flock of between forty and fifty arrived,
three of which I shot. These proved to be an adult male
and female, neither showing sign of moult, and a young
male in plumage very similar to that of the female, but
moulting into the adult male plumage on the body. The
crops of all three were filled with the remains of scorpions
and large spiders. On 12 January many hundreds of these
birds were sitting on the telegraph-wires beside the railway
line between Breyton and Johannesburg.
600 Mr. B. B. Riviere on European [Ibis,
Falco vespertinus. Rep-roorep Fancon. On 30 De-
cember I saw a flock of about a dozen Red-footed Falcons
on a barbed-wire fence beside the road (Lake Chrissie).
These birds appeared to be dark under the wing, and
therefore I think belonged to the western, and not the
eastern race (/’. v. amurensis).
Circus macrurus. Paxtuip Harrier. This beautiful
Harrier was common on the veld around Lake Chrissie.
The female is the poultry-rearer’s worst enemy, one my host
shot on 14 November having a very long score chalked up
against her in the matter of young chickens, before she
was bagged.
Buteo desertorum. Stepper Buzzarp. Fairly common on
the veld in the Lake Chrissie district, and often to be
seen perched on the telegraph-posts and barbed-wire fences
beside the road.
Ciconia ciconia. Wuuire Stork. Storks did not arrive
at Lake Chrissie until 1 December, after which date they
were always to be met with wandering about over the veld,
or at the “ water-pans.” Owing to the protection afforded
them as “locust birds,” they are extremely tame.
Ardea purpurea. Purrite Huron. One or two usually
to be seen at every water-pan (Lake Chrissie). A female
which I shot on 12 December was moulting the feathers of
the head, neck, and body.
Ardeola ralloides. Squacco Heron. Seen several times
at the water-pan on the farm (Lake Chrissie).
Streptopelia turtur. Turrie Dove. On the outward
voyage a Turtle Dove came on board on 21 September when
off the coast of Portuguese Guinea, and another on the 22nd
when off Sierra Leone.
Glareola nordmanni. Biack-wincup Pratincote. I picked
up a dead specimen on 18 October, an adult moulting into
1918. | Birds met with in South Africa. 601
winter-plumage, and did not see any more until 27 December,
when thousands arrived in the Lake Chrissie district and
remained until the 3lst. This bird, like the White Stork, is
never shot, owing to its invaluable services as a locust
destroyer, and it is, [ suppose in consequence, quite absurdly
tame.
Tringa minuta. Lirrte Srint. A flock of Little Stints
frequented a “pan” on the farm for about a week in
October. I shot one out of this flock on 13 October—
a young bird acquiring its first winter-plumage.
Machetes pugnax. Rurr. A large flock of these birds
frequented the same pan during October, November, and
December, but were very wild. I shot three on 12 December
which were all adult Reeves having just completed their
autumn moult.
Totanus nebularius. GREENSHANK. ‘T'wo seen on 4 Nov-
ember (Lake Chrissie).
e
Totanus totanus. Repsuank. During the voyage out
on 22 September, between Lat. 7° & 8° N., a Redshank
appeared over the ship flying in company with three
Whimbrel. All four birds circled round once calling,
and then disappeared due south, flying very fast and
strougly.
Totanus glareola. Woop-Sanppirer. This bird was very
common during October, November, and December, and
usually to be met with beside any river or water-pan.
Two I shot on 8 November and 5 December were both
adults and both undergoing full moult.
Numenius pheopus. Wuimsret. During the outward
voyage, on 16 September, when off the coast of Portugal and
far out to sea, having passed 150 miles west of Finisterre,
a very weary-looking Whimbrel appeared and flew round
the ship, calling for about half an hour, occasionally trying
to alight on the boat-deck. On the 17th at 9 a.m. (twelve
602 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ This,
hours’ run from Madeira) another passed the ship flying
strongly and heading due south, and a third at 6 p.m. when
in sight of Porto Santo. On the 22nd (off Sierra Leone)
three more passed, flying south.
Sterna sandvicensis. Sanpwicu Tern. I noticed a Sand-
wich Tern fishing in Table Bay on several days during the
end of January.
[Sturnus vulgaris. Starting. This bird, introduced at
Rhondebosch near Cape Town by Mr. Cecil Rhodes in
the year 1898, I found to be fairly common in Cape Town.
All the birds I saw in January appeared to be in winter-
plumage. |
I am indebted to Mr. H. F. Witherby for his help in
determining the condition of plumage in the few birds
which I shot.
XXXII—A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
based on the Coullections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A.
Chapman and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert
Chrisiy, RIAM.C. (7.8). Part 11) ALaupipa
Hixunpinipz#. By W. L. Scrater, M.B.O.U., and
C. Mackxwortu-Prarp, M.B.O.U.
(Plate X.+)
INTRODUCTION.
The second portion of the List of the Birds of the Sudan
completes the Passeres.
It contains descriptions of the following new subspecific
forms :—
Cinnyris osea butleri, Rhodophoneus cruentus kordo-
fanicus, Tschagra senegala sudanensis, Cisticola erythrops
roseires, C. e. zwaiensis, Parisoma blanfordi somaliensis,
* For Part I. and map, see pp. 416-476.
+ For full Explanation of the Plate, see p. 721,
1918.] the Birds of the Anylo-Egyptian Sudan. 603 —
Sylvietta rufescens transvaalensis, Eremomela flaviventris
alexanderi, Elminia longicauda loande, and Hirundo puella
unitatis.
We have to thank Mr. Butler for much information and
for allowing us to consult a valuable manuscript list of
Sudanese birds compiled by himself which has proved most
useful. Mr. Butler’s notes have “A. L. B.” appended to
them.
Family ALaupipa.,
Alzmon alaudipes alaudipes.
Certhilauda alaudipes (Desf.) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 19.
Alemon alaudipes (Desf.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 307,
1908, p. 214.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch., 2 Bir Nurayet Nov. Ber. ;
6 Omdurman Apl.—Nov., 3 Khartoum Dec. Kh.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 Omdurman Mch. Kh.
Alzemon alaudipes desertorum.
Alauda desertorum Stanley, in Salt’s Exped. Abyss. 1814,
App. p. 60: Abyssinia.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Port Sudan Apl., 1 ur. Sinkat Apl.
B.S.
This bird takes the place of the last along the shores and
on tlie islands of the Red Sea.
Melanocorypha bimaculata.
Alauda bimaculata Ménétriés, Cat. Rais. Cauc. 1832, p. 37:
mountains near Talysch, Persia.
Melanocorypha bimaculata (Mén.); Shelley, B. A. iii.
p. 121.
[ B. coll.] 1 Bir Nigeim Nov. Ber. ; 1 Port Sudan Mch.
R.S.; 15 Khartoum Jan. Mch. Oct., 1 Omdurman
Feb., Kh.
Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla.
Alauda brachydactyla Leisler, Wetterau. Gesellsch. Ann. ~ .
ili, 1814, p. 857: S. France.
604 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on ___[Ibis,
Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisl.); Shelley, B. A. i.
p. 129; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 308, 1908, p. 214.
[B. coll.] 8 Jebel Tumblahit, 1 Wadi Mogileb Nov.
Ber.; 14 Khartoum Jan. Feb. Oct. Nov. Dec.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 1 near Sennar Jan.
Sen.; 2 Omdurman Mch. Kh.; 3 White Nile,
Lat. 14° & 15° N. Jan., 1 Taufikia Jan., 1 Renk
Mch. U.N.
The more eastern form, C. 0. longipennis, has occurred in
Egypt on migration (Nicoll, Ibis, 1912, p. 426), and very
possibly occurs in the Sudan as well, though not yet
recorded.
Calandrella minor minor.
Calandritis minor Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1. 1851, p. 128:
N.E. Africa.
Calandrella minor minor (Cab.) ; Hartert, V. p. F. p. 218.
Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 697) gives Nubia in spring
and autumn on migration, for this species, but there is no
later record.
There are no Sudanese examples in the Museum.
Mirafra fischeri.
Mirafra fischeri (Reichw.); Shelley, B. A. im. p. 43 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 215.
[B. coll.] 1 Makwak Jan. BG.; 2 nr. Rejaf Apl.,
1 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
It is difficult to arrive at any satisfactory conclusions
in regard to this species. ‘here are probably several races,
though the Lado birds agree very well with an example in
the Museum from Mombasa, close to the type-locality
Rabai. We are strongly of opinion that there are two
seasonal phases of this form—a reddish phase and a darker
blackish phase. ‘he birds here catalogued, collected Jan.—
Apl., belong to the blackish phase, whereas an example
obtained by Emin Pasha at Wadelai in August is in the
rufous dress.
Mirafra zombe of Srant is founded on a Nyasaland bird
in the blackish phase, and will probably be found to have a
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 605
reddish dress at other times of the year, similar to that of
M. fischeri if not identical with it.
Mirafra sobatensis.
Mirafra sobatensis Lynes, Bull. B.O. C. xxxiti. 1914, p. 129.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 White Nile, Lat. 10° N. Jan. (type of
the species) ; 2 Malakal Jan., 1 Jebel Zeraf Feb.,
2 mouth of Sobat R. Feb. U.N.
This very distinct species was discovered by the Chapman-
Lynes Expedition on the plains near the junction of the
Sobat River with the White Nile.
Mirafra cheniana chadensis.
Mirafra chadensis Boyd Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xxi.
1908, p. 89: L. Chad.
Mirafra cantillans apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 308.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Apl. Kh. ; 3 Gedaref May, Kas.
These birds are undoubtedly identical with a series of
Larks collected by Alexander in northern Nigeria and near
Lake Chad.
The subspecies is very close to the Indian M. c. cantillans,
but is rather paler. Following Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1916, p. 59),
we believe that both these, as well as several of the African
races, must be placed as subspecies of the South African
M. cheniana, the oldest name in the group.
Mirafra albicauda.
Mirafra albicauda Reichw. J. f. O. 1891, p. 223: Gonda
(=Igonda) near Tabora, German East Africa; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 309.
[B. coll.] 2 Gedaref Apl. May, Kas.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Sobat R. Jan. U.N.
In the J. f. O. 1916, p. 59, Count Zedlitz gives a list of
the races of M. chenianu and includes M. albicauda among
them. This, however, we cannot accept, as we have speci-
mens of M. albicauda in the Museum from throughout the
range of M/. c. chadensis. Butler mentions that he found
them often in company with M. c. chadensis, and that they
were in breeding condition. Is it possible that M. albicauda
606 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
is a dimorphism of the northern races of M. cheniana,
although it is often slightly larger than the lighter-coloured
form? On the material before us, however, we cannot do
otherwise than regard M. albicauda as a distinct species.
Mirafra cordofanica.
Mirafra cordofanica Strickland, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 218,
pl. 23: Kordofan ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 308.
[B. coll.] 2 Um Bosha May, Kor.
A rare species, as noticed by Shelley.
Pinarocorys erythropygia.
Pinarocorys erythropygia (Strickl.) ; Shelley, B. A. i.
p. 74; Butler, Ibis, 1907, p. 467, 1908, p. 215, 1909, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 1 Malakal May, U.N.; 5 Pongo river Feb.,
1 Wau Apl. B.G.; 2 nr. Rejaf Apl. L.E.
The type was from Kordofan. ‘The birds from Bahr el
Ghazal are distinctly darker than those in the Museum
from the Gold Coast hinterland and northern Nigeria, as
well as from a single old specimen said to be from Kordofan,
If they turn out to be sufficiently distinct, they can be
called P. e. infuscata (Heuglin, J. f. O. 1864, p. 273).
Heliocorys modesta modesta.
Heliocorys modesta (Heugl.) ; Shelley, B. A. in. p. 118;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 214, 1909, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 2 Wau Jan. Apl., 2 Katta Jan., 1 Kuanga
Feb., 1 Chak Chak Feb., 2 west of Ton} Jan. B.G. ;
3 Bor, Mon.; 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. Apl. LE.
(Chr. coll.] 4 Wau July—Aug. B.G.
&
Galerida cristata eritrez.
Galerida cristata eritree Zedlitz, O. M. xvii. 1910, p. 59:
Ghedem, Red Sea Coast.
Galerida cristata (Linn.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 393.
[B. coll.] 5 Port Sudan Apl. May, B.S.
[C. & L.coll.] 5 Port Sudan Dec., 1 Erkowit Apl. B.S.
These birds have been kindly identified for us by
Dr. Hartert.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 607
We should suggest, however, that the race indicated
by Hartert (Vig. pal. Fauna, i. p. 234) as Galerida
cristata subsp.? from the Abyssinian coast-lands, and
subsequently named G. c. nubica by Bianchi (Bull. Acad.
Sci. Petersburg, xxv. 1905, p- 69), is identical with this
subspecies.
Galerida cristata isabellina.
Galerita cristata isabellina Bp. Consp. Av. i. 1850, p. 245:
Nubia.
Galerita cristata (Linn.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 309.
[B. coll] 11 Khartoum Feb. Apl. July Oct. Dec.,
2 Omdurman Apl, Kh.
There are two Crested Larks in the Chapman and Lynes
collection from the Sinkat-Erkowit plain which are quite
different from the others from the Red Sea Province. One
especially is exceedingly pale, but both are paler isabelline
than even G. ¢. isabellina from Khartoum, and very much
paler than G. c¢. eritree.
There is also one bird in the same collection from the
White Nile in Lat. 15° N. This, which one would expect
to be the pale form, G. ec. isabellina, is not, but is darker,
resembling on the back G. ¢. eritree, but with the throat
more finely streaked. We have no other specimens from
-south of Kbartoum.
Galerida cristata altirostris.
Galerita altirostris Brehm, Vogelfang, 1855, p. 124:
Upper Egypt.
Dr. Hartert states (Nov. Zool. xxiv. 1917, p. 440) that
G. c. altirostris Brehm also occurs in the northern part
of the Sudan, along the Dongola bend of the Nile. The
type was obtained near Ambukol, and others in the Tring
Museum were collected at Merowe, also in Dongola.
Calendula dunni.
Calendula dunni Shelley, Bull. B.O. C. xiv. 1904, p. 82:
Kordofan.
_ This species was discovered at the Ogageh Wells in
608 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
western Kordofan in November 1902 by Major W. H.
Dunn. It bears a remarkable superficial resemblance to
Mirafra cordofanica, which occurs at the same place. It is
not represented in the present collections.
Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor.
Ammomanes arenicolor (Sund.) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 1038 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 310.
[B.coll.] 2 25 miles west of Omdurman Jan., 1 Omdur-
man Mch. Kh.
[C. & L.coll.] 1 Battlefield of Omdurman Mch. Kh.;
2 Sinkat Mch., 2 Port Sudan Apl. B.S.
The birds from Omdurman are less leaden and more
reddish in tone above and below, and we thought at one
time they might be worthy of subspecific distinction ; but
similar birds are to be found in the large series of the
Larks at Tring from certain spots in the Algerian Sahara,
and there seems to be hardly sufficient grounds for
separation.
As the light-coloured group of these Larks is very distinct
from the Indian A. phenicura, we prefer to place them as
subspecies of A. cinctura, the form from the Cape Verde
Islands.
We recognize the following :—
Ammomanes cinctura cinctura (Gould) : Cape Verde Is.
A. c. arenicolor (Sund.) : Algerian Sahara and Tunis to
Palestine and the Nile valley.
A. c. pallens Le Roi, apparently confined to the Bayuda
desert, north of Khartoum.
A. c. zarudnyi (Hartert) : Persia and Baluchistan.
Ammomanes cinctura pallens.
Ammomanes phenicura pallens Le Roi, O. M. xx. 1912,
pc:
There is a single example of this form in the Tring
Museum, obtained by Dr. Koenig in the Bayuda desert
north of Khartoum.
It is smaller and paler than A, c. arenicolor.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 609
Ammomanes deserti samharensis.
Ammomanes samharensis Shelley, B. A. iii. 1902, p. 99:
Amba.
Ammomanes deserti (Licht.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 393.
[B. coll.] 3 Bir Nurayet Nov., 2 Bir Shigrib Nov.,
1 Bir Terfawi Nov., 1 Nigeim Nov. Ber.; 3 Erba
Mch., 2 Khor Arbat May, 1 Jebel Bawati May,
1 Jebel Karbush Mch. RS.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 Sinkat Mch., 1 Erkowit Apl., 1 Kamob-
sana Dec. B.S.
A careful comparison of these Desert-Larks with those
in the British Museum convinces us that they are identical
with the form described by Shelley as A. samharensis from
Amba in the highlands of what is now Eritrea, the type of
which is in the Museum.
Hartert considers this race identical with A. assabensis
Salv. from Asseb on the southern Abyssinian coast near the
straits of Beb el Mandeb, but we believe them to be quite
distinct, as we have examples in the Museum from Hensa
and Somadu in northern Somaliland, which were compared
with specimens of A. assabensis sent by Salvadori, and were
pronounced identical. These are very much darker than
the northern Abyssinian and Port Sudan birds. From
southern Somaliland comes dA. d. akeleyi Elliot, quite a
distinct paler race.
Ammomanes deserti erythrochroa.
Ammomanes lusitana erythrochroa Reichw. J. f. O. 1904,
p. 807: Ambukol.
Ammomanes deserti (Licht.); Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 310.
[B. coll.] 1 25 miles west of Omdurman Jan, Kh.
Pyrrhulduda leucotis leucotis.
Pyrrhulauda leucotis (Stanley) ; Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 86;
Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 2 Wau Mch. Apl. B.@.; 1 Mongalla.
[C. & L.coll.] 7 White Nile lat. 93° N. Feb., 3 near
Tonga Feb. Mch., 3 mouth of Sobat river Jan. Feb.,
2 near Lake No, Feb. U.N.
SER. X.—VOL, VI. 2x
610 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis.
Pyrrhulauda leucotis melanocephala.
Pyrrhulauda melanocephala (Licht.) ; Shelley, B. A. in.
p. 90; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 311, 1908, p. 216.
Pyrrhulauda lacteidorsalis Shelley; Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 313.
[B. coll.] 2 Gedaref May Kas.; 18 Khartoum Feb. Apl.
May July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 near Sennar Dec. Sen. ; 6 White Nile
lat. 14° & 15° N. Jan., 1 Kaka Jan., 2 Renk Mch.
U.N.
P. 1. melanocephala is the prevailing form at Khartoum ;
some birds, however, are intermediate, showing an approach
to P. 1. leucotis in the blackening of the lesser wing-coverts.
The examples from Gedaref and three of those from Khar-
toum in the Butler series show this feature. The range of
this race extends westwards to Senegambia, whence came
the type. There are good typical examples in the Museum
from Northern Nigeria.
In Abyssinia and on the upper Nile from Fashoda south-
wards this race is replaced by P./. /ewcotis. The bird listed
from Mongalla is undoubted P. /. leucotis ; the two from
Wau are probably so, but are too young to be identified
with certainty.
P. lacteidorsalis is certainly nothing but a pale variation
(see Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 314). We have examined the
type in the Tring Museum.
Pyrrhulauda frontalis frontalis.
Pyrrhulauda frontalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. 1850
p. 512: Nubia; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 310.
Pyrrhulauda butlert Shelley, Bull. B. O. C. xin. 1908,
p. 73: ur. Omdurman.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.;-1 Fatasha Feb.,
3 Omaurman Mch. Nov. Kh.; 2 Hashaba May,
Kor.
[C.& L. coll.] 4 White Nile lat. 15° N. Jan. U.N.
We have examined the type of P. but/eri and are satisfied
that it is identical with P. f. frontalis.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 611
Pyrrhulauda frontalis melanauchen.
Pyrrhulauda frontalis (nec Bp.); Shelley, B. A. iii. p. 79.
Pyrrhulauda melanauchen (Cab.); Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p. 216, 1909, p. 393.
[B. coll.] 4 Port Sudan Apl. May, 1 Jebel Okwat Mch.
R.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 5 Port Sudan Dec. B.S.
One example from Port Sudan in the Butler collection is
entirely without the white frontal spot.
Family Moracituip#,
Motacilla alba alba.
Motacilla alba Linn. ; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 272; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 304, 1908, p. 213, 1909, p. 391.
[B. coll.) | 11 Khartoum Feb. Oct. Nov. Dec.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 mouth of Sobat
river Jan. U.N.
A winter visitor, abundant and widely distributed.
Motacilla vidua.
Motacilla vidua Sundeyv.; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 268;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 804, 1908, p. 213, 1909, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 1 Sctit river May, Kas.; 3 Roseires Apl. &
Aug., 2 Fazogli May, Sen.; 1 Khartoum Oct. Kh. ;
2 Raffali Feb. B.G.
Motacilla cinerea cinerea.
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, Orn. Brit. 1771, p. 2; British
Isles.
Motacilla boarula auctorum,
Motacilla melanope Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 305, 1908, p. 213.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Oct.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. B.S.
On migration, comparatively scarce (A. L. B.).
Motacilla flava flava.
Motacilla flava flava Linn.; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 287.
2x2
612 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[This,
[B.coll.] 2 Khor Arbat May 6 & 12,R.8S.; 23 Khartoum
Oct. 14 to Apl. 17.
A common winter migrant widely distributed (A. Z. B.).
A: fine series of Yellow Wagtails showing a certain
amount of variation. Among them are two (B.M. reg.
no. 1915/12/24/1455-6) with the white superciliaries very
nearly completely absent which we were inclined to identify
with M. f. borealis, and another pair (B.M. reg. no. 1915/
12/24/1486, 1429) with a strongly marked yellow eyebrow.
These were submitted to Dr. Hartert, who has kindly ex-
amined them and pronounced them to be merely aberrant
examples of M. f. flava.
Motacilla flava dombrowskii.
Motacilla flava dombrowskii (Tschusi) ; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 289.
[B. coll.] 6 Khartoum Mch. 31 to Apl. 17, Kh;
1 Gamiza Apl. 8, B.G.
Some of the Yellow Wagtails wintering in the Sudan
appear to be of this race, which breeds in Roumania and is
distinguished by its very black ear-coverts. Dr. Hartert
agrees with us in this identification.
Motacilla flava melanocephala.
Motacilla melanocephala Licht. Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus.
1823, p. 36: Nubia; Butler, [bis, 1909, p. 393.
Motacilla flava melanocephala Licht. ; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 296. .
[B. coll:] 7 Khartoum Jan. Apl. Dec. Kh.; 1 Khor
Arbat May, RS.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Lake No Feb. U.N.
A common winter migrant (A. L. B.).
Motacilla flava melanogrisea.
Motacilla flava melanogrisea EK. vy. Homeyer ; Hartert,
Vog. pal. Faun. p. 296.
Motacilla melanocephala (nec Licht.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 305.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 613
[B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Mch. Dec.
The December bird has a pronounced white eye-stripe.
This form has been previously recorded by Hartert from the
Sudan.
Motacilla flava, subsp. ?
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May 13, B.S.; 6 Khartoum
Oct. 31 to Apl. 5.
(C.& L. coll.] 2 Singa Dec. Sen.; 1 Hassania I. Jan. 11,
1 Lat. 15° Jan. 9, W.N.; 1 Meshra Zeraf Jan. 28,
U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.@.
These are all young birds and cannot be identified with
any certainty.
The other races of Yellow Wagtails which in all pro-
bability pass through the Sudan, though they are not
represented in these collections nor in the British Museum
collection from this locality, are :—
I. M.r.camprsrris. This certainly occurs; it is reported
by Butler (Ibis, 1905, p. 806) as common, also by Heuglin
(Orn. Nordost-Afr. p. 322). Some of the young birds in
the collection no doubt belong to this race.
2. M. ¥F. BoreaLis. This bird also almost certainly
occurs, although we have not been able to find an adult
specimen which we could absolutely definitely assign to
this race.
3. M. F. CINEREOCAPILLA. MHartert (V6g. pal. Faun.
p- 293) reports an example from Lado. There is no reason
why it should not occur on migration throughout the
Nile valley.
It is possible that the resident Egyptian race, M. f.
pygmea, occurs sometimes in the Sudan, but we have as
yet no evidence of it. We do not think the bird men-
tioned by Butler (Ibis, 1909, p. 392) belongs to this
form, we believe it is a scarcely adult and rather small
example of M. f. flava.
614 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ibis,
Anthus trivialis trivialis.
Anthus trivialis (Linn.) ; Shelley, B. A. ii. p.299; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 306, 1908, p. 214, 1909, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 4 Khartoum Oct.; 1 Raffali Feb., 1 Kojali
Mch. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Erkowit Mch. Apl. B.S.
(Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. L.E.; 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G.
Anthus leucophrys gouldi.
Anthus gouldi Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 27: Cape Palmas,
W. Africa; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 307; Butler, Ibis, 1909,
p. 76.
[B. coll.] 1 Kojali Feb. B.G.; 6 Mongalla May, July—
Sept. Mon.
We have carefully examined the very large series of this
species in the British Museum, and we have come to the
conclusion that the list of races given by Zedlitz (J. f. O.
1911, p. 48) is correct, though we have not had the oppor-
tunity of examining examples from Cameroon. We think,
however, that A. vaalensis is best treated as a separate
species, as we have examples from Cape Colony and Natal,
in the range of A. J. leucophrys. The Sudan birds are
apparently indistinguishable from West African examples.
They are certainly much nearer them than they are to
A, l. omoensis or A. 1. bohndorffi.
We are satisfied that the name Anthus pyrrhonotus of
Vieillot, founded on a plate of Levaillant’s, cannot stand
for this species. The plate represents more likely a species
of Mirafra, and Levaillant’s assertion that it was the
“enkelde leeuwerk ” of the colonists is without doubt an
error.
Anthus sordidus, near hararensis.
Anthus nicholsoni hararensis Neum. J. f. O. 1906, p. 233:
Abu Behr near Harar,.
Anthus sordidus apud Butler, Lbis, 1908, p. 214.
[ B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. B.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 5 Erkowit Mch. Apl. B.S.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 615
We agree with Professor Neumann’s conclusions as to
the subspecies of this bird, though, as Hartert points out
(Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 457), it must bear the name sordidus
and not nicholsont. The specimens before us, however, do
not exactly agree with any race, though nearest to A. s.
hararensis. 'They are somewhat less plainly striped on the
back than the Harar form, and the young bird in the
Butler collection is paler than usual. They would appear
to be the least plainly striped form of A. sordidus, and may
very likely have to bear another name.
Anthus rufulus cinnamomeus.
Anthus cinnamomeus Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1835, p. 103:
Siemen, Abyssinia ; Reichw. V. A. iil. p. 318.
This form of the Rufous Pipit, though not contaimed in
the Butler, Chapman & Lynes, and Christy collections,
occurs in the Sudan. There are examples in the Museum
from Khartoum collected by Captain Dunn in March, and
from Rejaf in the Lado Enclave collected by Emin Pasha
in January.
Anthus campestris.
Anthus campestris (Linn.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 317;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 306, 1908, p. 214.
[B. coll.} 2 HErkowit Mch., 1 Jebel Kerbosh Mch. BS. ;
. 5 Khartoum Mch. Apl. Oct., 1 Omdurman Feb. Kh.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch., 1 Erkowit Apl. RS.;
1 Kamisa Dec., 1 near Sennar Dec. Sen.; 5 White
Nile lat. 14° & 15° N. Jan., 1 Renk Mch. U.N.
A winter visitor, widely distributed.
Anthus cervinus.
Anthus cervinus (Pall.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p.325; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 306, 1908, p. 214.
[B. coll.] 9 Khartoum, Jan. Mch, Apl. Oct. Nov. Dec.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Dec. R.S.; 1 White Nile
lat. 14° N. Jan. U.N.
Also a winter visitor.
616 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
Anthus richardi richardi.
Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- 265.
Two examples of Richard’s Pipit were obtained by
R. McD. Hawker at Goz Abu Gumar, W.N., on 18 May,
1901 (cf. O.-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 412). This is the only
Sudan record.
Macronyx croceus.
Macronyx croceus (Vieill.); Shelley, B. A. in. p. 4;
Butler, Ibis, 1899, p. 76.
[B. coll.] 2 Meshra el Rek May, B.G.; 5 Mongalla,
1 Shambé Jan. Mon. ; 2 Rejaf Feb. L.E.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 near Lake No Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 6 Yei Dec. L.E.; 1 Meridi Jan. B.G.
Family Necrariniipé.
Hedydipna platura platura.
Hedydipna platura (Vieill.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 16;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 210.
[B. coll.] 1 Moyen Jan. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Meridi Feb. B.G.
Hedydipna metallica.
Hedydipna metallica (Licht.) ; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 15.
Nectarinia metallica Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 302, 1909,
p. 391.
[B. coll.} 6 Khor Arbat May, 1 Erba Mch. RS. ;
1 Khartoum Dec.; 1 Roseires July, Sen.; 1 Bara
Apl. Kor.
[C.& L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch., 1 Port Sudan Dec. BS. ;
8 Kamisa, Dec. Sen.
Nectarinia pulchella.
Nectarinia pulchella Bouvier ; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 23;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 303, 1908, p. 210, 1909, pp. 75, 391.
[B.coll.] 2 Setit river May, Kas.; 5 Roseires May July
Aug., 1 Abu Haraz May, Sen.; 5 Khartoum June July
Oct. Dec.; 1 Pongo river Feb., 1 Chak Chak Feb.,
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 617
2 Raffali Feb., 2 Wau Mch. Apl. B.G.; 4 Mongalla
July Sept.
[C.& L. coll.] 6 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 Jebel Ahmed
Aga Jan., 1 nr. Lake No Feb., 1 White Nile
lat. 94° N. Feb. U.N.
From this excellent series of dated skins it would appear
that these Sunbirds retain their tails practically throughout
the year until they become very worn in December when
they are shed, and the new tail commences to sprout in
January. The metallic breeding-dress commences soon
after and is complete in from May to July. The winter
birds resemble the females, but always retain traces of the
metallic green on the shoulders and the long tail-feathers,
which appear to be only lost for the annual moult.
Nectarinia erythroceria.
Cinnyris erythrocerius (Heugl.); Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 49.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 White Nile lat. 93° N. Feb. W.N.
This species is not represented in the Butler collection,
but there are in the Museum, a pair from Magungo, where
the Nile leaves Albert Nyanza, and a male from Wadelai,
farther north, collected by Emin. The Chapman and Lynes
example is a female and was obtained still farther north, near
Taufikia, and is almost certainly referable to this species,
though identification of female Sunbirds with certainty is
always a difficult matter.
Not uncommon in the “sudd” region of the Nile and
farther south (4.-L. B.).
Cinnyris cupreus.
Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw) ; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 36 ; Butler,
Ibis, 1909, p. 75.
[B. coll.] 6 Roseires July, Aug. Sen. ; 1 Kojali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.; Tembura Apl.,
Meridi Feb. B.G.
Cinnyris splendidus.
Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw) ; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 45.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Yambio Mch. B.G.
618 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
This bird has not previously been recorded from the
Sudan, but was obtained about 150 miles west of Yambio
by Bohndorff, at Zemio, in the Niam-Niam country. It
is a West African form ranging from Senegambia to
Gaboon.
Cinnyris habessinicus habessinicus.
Cinnyris habessinicus (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Shelley, B. A. 11.
p- 46; Butler, 1909, p. 391.
[B. coll.] 6 Erkowit Mch., 7 Khor Arbat May, 1 Jebel
Okokreb Mch. R.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Sinkat Mch., 1 Kamobsana Dec. B.S.
Cinnyris chloropygius orphogaster.
Cinnyris chloropygia orphogaster Reichenow, O. M. vi.
1899, p. 169: Bukoba, Victoria Nyanza.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
We are able to identify the following races of C. chloro-
pygius from the material in the Museum :—
1. C. c. coLoropyeius (Jard.): Type-locality, Niger river.
Wing under 50 mm., and belly a dark olive.
Range. From the Niger to Angola. Gold Coast birds are
intermediate between this and the following.
2. C. c. KEMPI O.-Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1910,
p. 329: Sierra Leone. About the same size, but with
much brighter olive underparts.
Range. Sierra Leone and Senegal.
3. C. c. oRPHOGASTER, vide supra. Resembling C. c.
chloropygius, but considerably larger. Wing well over 50,
average 53 mm.
Range. Lake region to the Welle and the Bahr el
Ghazal.
4. C. c. BINESCHENSIS Neumann (O. M. 1903, p. 1838:
Upper Sobat valley, Abyssinia). We have seen the type of
this subspecies now in the Tring Museum and it agrees with
Neumann’s diagnosis, but it is apparently only known from
1918.| the Birds of the Anylo-Egyptian Sudan. 619
one example, and it would be desirable to examine more
before deciding on its validity.
5. C. c. pauwetst Dubois, Rev. Franc. d’Orn. i. No. 22,
1911, p. 17: Baraka, north of Tanganyika. Stated by
Reichenow to be near C. c. orphogaster, but with a shorter
beak, and to have a marked violet band separating the
colours of the breast.
Range. Tanganyika district. There is a bird collected by
R. Grauer in the Tring Museum, from the forest west
of Tanganyika, which appears to be identical with this
race.
We cannot appreciate the distinctness of C. c. wellensis
Reichw. J. f. O. 1912, p. 321, from the Welle.
Cinnyris osea butleri, subsp. un.
Closely resembling C. 0. osea, but very much smaller
(wing ¢ averaging 49 against 3 osea 54 mm.), and with the
lower breast and belly below the violet-metallic patch quite
black without sheen, whereas in C. 0. osea there is a distinct
metallic sheen on that part.
Type, ¢ ?, Kajo Kaji, Lado Enclave, Mch. 1915, B.M.
reg. no. 1915/12/24/2345-6.
Measurements: Wing, ¢ 49-50, 2 48; bill, ¢ 145,
9? 13:5; tail, ¢ 35, 9 30mm.
Of a corresponding series of C. 0. osea—wing, ¢ 53-56,
? 51-53; bill, g 17-19, 2? 16; tail, 40 mm.
[B. coll.] 4 Kajo Kaji Nov. Mch, L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 4 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.; 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
This is a very interesting discovery, as no form of C. osea,
which ranges from Palestine to Aden, has hitherto been
found in Africa. .
A single specimen was sent to Mr. Butler by Capt. C.
Graham ; subsequently Mr. Butler himself found it in the
same district. In a letter to Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, Butler
writes as follows: “The Cinnyris i sent you I met with
a few times on the Kajo Kaji plateau, but it was scarce and
620 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
very shy and restless. I succeeded in shooting three—
fd full plumage, ¢ changing to full plumage, and one ?.
It is a very lovely little thing, and I believe it is new. It
certainly seems to be rather near C. osea, but the distance
between the Palestine locality and Kajo Kaji (about 4° N.)
is too great for it likely to be the same, and it seems much
smaller.”
We have not described this bird as a full species, as the
distinction between it and C. 0. osea is so slight: but, on the
other hand, there appear to be no birds of this type between
the Bahr el Ghazal and Arahia—a considerable gap.
Cinnyris venustus fazoglensis.
Nectarinia fazoglensis Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. 11. 1873,
Appen. p. Ixx: Fazogli.
Cinnyris affinis Rupp. (nec Shaw) ; Shelley, B. A. il. p. 64.
Cinnyris venustus fazoglensis (Heugl.); Reichenow, V. A.
ill. p. 473.
The type of this Sunbird was obtained by the Duke of
Wiirttemburg at Fazogli. It is abundant in the Abyssinian
plateau, whence the Museum has a good series. There is
one example from Kordofan obtained from Verreaux, and
it is also stated by Riippell to occur there.
Chalcomitra senegalensis cruentata.
Chalcomitra cruentata (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. A. 11. p. 100.
[B. coll.] 8 Roseires Aug. Sen.
This subspecies is quite distinct from C. s. acik. The
throat is not metallic throughout, but is black with a very
small metallic spot sometimes present between the black
throat and red chiest.
On the presence or absence of this spot depends the
distinction between C. s. cruentata and C. s. scioana Salvad.
from Shoa, but the character does not seem to be constant.
In the four Roseires males, three have the spot quite dis-
tinct, in a fourth it is absent, and this seems to be the case
with Abyssinian birds as well.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Eqyptian Sudan. 621
Chalcomitra senegalensis acik.
Nectarinia acik Hartmann, J. f. O. 1866, p. 205: Djur,
Bahr el Ghazal.
Chalcomitra acik (Antin.); Shelley, B. A. i. p. 90;
Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 211, 1909, p. 75.
[B. coll.] 2 Makwak Jan. Apl., 2 Wau Jan. Mch.,
1 Kuanga’s Feb., 2 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Raffali Feb.,
‘1 Kojali Feb. B.@.; 5 Sheik Tombé, 2 Mongalla,
2 Kenisa Jan. Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 White Nile lat 94° N. Feb. U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 10 Yei Nov. L.E.; 3 Tembura Apl. B.G.
This subspecies was named by Hartmann on Antinori’s
description, and should be attributed to the first-named
author.
Cyanomitra obscura, subsp. ?
[Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi, Mch. B.G.
This Sunbird has given us some trouble. It apparently
belongs to the group without metallic colouring of which
C. obscura and C. olivacea are the best-known forms.
Neumann and Zedlitz recognize several races, and this
single bird does not seem to fit into any of them. It agrees
most nearly with the description of Neumann’s C. o. neg-
fecia (J. f. O2 1900, p. 297), from Kibwesi, in British
E. Africa; this is paler than the West African C. 0. obscura
and the Abyssinian C. 0. ragazzii, but we hesitate to identify
it with this form, as we have found no examples of it in
the Museum and the locality does not fit in with the
identification.
Cyanomitra verticalis viridisplendens.
Cinnyris viridisplendens Reichenow, J. f. O. 1892, pp. 54,
132: Bukoba, Victoria Nyanza.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Meridi Jan. Feb., 3 Yambio Mch., 1 Wau
July—Aug. B.G.
This Sunbird has not been previously met with within the
boundaries of the Sudan.
622 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
An examination of the material in the Museum leads us
to the conclusion that there are four distinguishable races of
this Sunbird :—
1. C. v. verticatis (Lath.), the type-locality of which
should doubtless be fixed at Senegal. Back more golden
olive-green. Metallic colour of head rather more blue than
green.
Distr. From Senegal to Gold Coast Colony.
2. C. v. cYANOCEPHALA (Certhia cyanocephala Shaw, Gen.
Zool. viii. 1811, p. 203: Loango). Back rather darker and
less golden ; metallic colouring the same.
Distr. Cameroon to Gaboon, Angola, and North-western
Rhodesia.
3. C. v. VIRIDISPLENDENS (Reichw.), v. supra. Back a
duller olive-green; metallic colouring rather more green
than blue.
Distr. From the southern Bahr el Ghazal through the
Lake districts and the eastern part of the Belgian Congo.
4, C. v. auina# Jackson, Bull. B. O. C. xiv..1904, p. 94:
Ruwenzori.
Back much brighter than either of the others with
almost a rufous tinge; metallic colour deeper blue, and
underparts considerably darker and pectoral tufts deeper
yellow. This is a mountain-race confined to the slopes of
Ruwenzori above 5500 ft. C. v. viridisplendens is found
on the slopes below 6000 ft., so the subspecies must meet
in this region. ‘he two forms are so distinct that it is
probable that they do not interbreed, in which case they
should be regarded as distinct species.
We have found no bird exactly answering to the descrip-
tion of C. v. tanganjice Reichw. (J. f. O. 1915, p. 128).
Anthreptes longmari haussarum.
Anthreptes longmart haussarum Neumaun, J. f. O. 1906,
p. 245: Agome Tongbe in Togoland.
Anthothreptes longuemarii apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 211,
11909; ps7 a:
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 623
[ B. coll.] 1 Katta Jan., 1 Pongo river Feb., 1 Chak
Chak, 2 Kojali Feb., 1 Wau Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Wau July Aug. B.G.
Anthreptes longmari orientalis.
Anthreptes orientalis Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1880, p. 213:
Lado.
[B. coll.] 1 Gigging May, 4 Sheik Tombé, 2 Mongalla
Feb. July Sept. Mon. ; 2 Lado Feb. Mch. L.E.
This race is easily distinguished from A. 1. haussarum by
its markedly smaller size; wing in males, under 70 against
75-81 mm., and by the considerably greater patch of metallic
green on the wing-shoulders. It also has a green wash on
the rump and lower back instead of the plain purple of
A.l. haussarum. It is to be expected, however, that birds
from the southern and eastern Bahr el Ghazal will show
intermediate characteristics.
We follow the original spelling and call this species
Anthreptes longmari, not Anthothreptes longuemarii.
The subspecific forms are listed by Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1916,
p. 73), and we agree with his conclusions, so far as an
examination of the birds in the British Museum helps us.
The following are the forms recognized by him :—
], A. L, Lonemari Lesson : type-locality, Senegal.
2. A. L. HAUSSARUM Neumann, v. supra.
Distr. Liberia to Togo and eastwards to the Bahr el
Ghazal.
3. A. L. ANGOLENSIS Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 246:
Duque de Braganza, Angola.
Distr. Angola east through Belgian Congo to Unjamwesi,
east of Lake Tanganyika.
With this form we believe Anthothreptes carruthersi
(O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907, p. 106: West shore of
Tanganyika) is synonymous.
4, A. u. Nyass# Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 247: near
Zomba.
Distr, Nyasaland and Mashonaland.
624 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[Tbis,
5. A. L. oRIENTALIS, Hartlaub, v. supra.
Distr. Lado and Mongalla Provinces of the Sudan,
Abyssinia, British East Africa, and German East Africa.
6. A. u. NEUMANNI Zedlitz, J. f. O. 1916, p. 75.
Distr. Somaliland and south-east Abyssinia.
All these races seem fairly clear and well defined. We
have not, however, had the opportunity of examining Senegal
specimens, and, if they eventually prove to be indistinguish-
able from A. /. haussarum, the latter name must become a
synonym.
Anthreptes aurantia appears to be the representative |
species in Cameroon and Gaboon.
Anthreptes collaris hypodilus.
Nectarinia hypodilus Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 153:
Fernando Po.
Anthreptes collaris hypodilus (Jard.) ; Reichw. Vog. Afr.
li. p. 443.
Shelley (P. Z. S. 1888, p. 39) records an example of this
Sunbird collected at Lado by Emin, 23 October 1885, but
it does not appear to be in the Museum collections, where
the subspecies is not represented by Sudanese examples.
Family ZostEROPIDs.
Zosterops abyssinica abyssinica.
Zosterops abyssinica Guér, Ferr. et Gal. ; Shelley, B. A. ii.
p. 192 (part.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 212.
[B. coll] 8 Erkowit Mch. B.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Erkowit Mch. Apl. B.S.
Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1911, p. 57) recognizes four races of this
species.
1. Z. a. abyssinica: Eritrea and North Abyssinia.
2. Z. A. omMOENSIS: South Shoa and the Omo valley.
3. Z. a. sovotrana: Sokotra.
4. Z. a. ARABS: South Arabia.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 625
Zosterops senegalensis senegalensis.
Zosterops senegalensis Bp.; Shelley, B. A. i. p. 178
(part) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 212, 1909, p. 76.
Zosterops senegalensis senegalensis Bp.; Neumann, O. M.
1904, p. 110.
[B. coll.] 1 Pongo river Mch.,.2 Moyen May, B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio Mch. B.G.
Zosterops senegalensis tenella.
Zosterops tenella Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1865, p. 11: Keren,
Eritrea.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires July, Aug. Sen.
These Roseires White-eyes agree very well with the one
from Lake Tsana in the Museum mentioned by Neumann
in his review of the genus Zosterops (O. M. 1904, p. 109).
They are slightly larger (wing, 2, 57-59 mm.), and paler
than Z. s. senegalensis (wing, ?, 56-57 mm.). Z. ictero-
virens Wiirttemb. from the Atbara is a synonym. The type
is in the Berlin Museum.
Family Certaiip2.
Salpornis salvadorii.
Salpornis salvadorii (Boc.) ; Shelley, B. A. 11. p. 260.
Emin obtained this bird at Langomeri, Tobbo, and Wadelai,
all just about the southern boundary of the Sudan, near
Nimule ; also in the Makraka country, which is marked in
the map in Reichenow’s ‘ Végel Afrikas’ to the east of Rejaf,
and well within our limits. It was described as distinct
from the southern bird by Hartlaub (P. Z. S. 1884, p. 415)
under the name S. emini.
One of the birds of Emin’s collecting, marked ‘‘ ¢ Tobbo
22 v. 83,” is in the Museum collection.
Family Paripa.
Parus niger leucomelas.
Parus leucomelas Riipp.; Shelley, B. A. 11. p. 228; Butler,
Ibis, 1905, p. 304, 1908, p. 212, 1909, p. 76.
SER. X.— VOL, VI. 2Y
626 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Tbis,
[B. coll.] 7 Roseires April-Aug. Sen.; 3 Raffali Feb.,
1 Menyah Jan. B.G.; 1 Rejaf Feb., 2 Kajo Kaji Mch.
Apl. L.£.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi, 4 Yambio Mch. B.G.; 2 Yei
Nov. L.E.
This subspecies appears to range westward to the Gold
Coast hinterland, but is replaced in the Gold Coast proper
and in Senegambia by a smaller race (P. n. guineensis
Shelley); eastward it ranges to Eritrea and northern
Abyssinia and southward to Uganda. A list of the sub-
species will be found in Wytsman’s ‘Genera Avium,’ prepared |
by Hellmayr (p. 28).
Anthoscopus musculus.
Aigithalus musculus Hartl.; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 254.
[B. coll.] 1 Sheik Tombé, summer, U.N.
Previously obtained by Emin at Lado within our limits.
Anthoscopus punctifrons.
LEgithalus punctifrons Sund. ; Shelley, B. A. 11. p. 249.
[B. coll.] 1 Roseires July, 1 Abu Haraz May, Sen.
[C.-& L. coll.] 3 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 White Nile
lat. 14° N. Jan., 1 Lake No Feb. U.N.
This Tit was obtained by Mr. Charles Rothschild, and
also by Messrs. Witherby and Hawker and Dunn on the
White and Blue Niles, and extends westward to Lake Chad ;
but there is no evidence that it occurs in Abyssinia, though
called the Abyssinian Penduline Tit by Shelley.
Anthoscopus parvulus.
LEgithalus parvulus Heugl.; Shelley, B. A. ii. p. 250.
[B. coll.] 1 Rejaf Apl. L.E.
A rare bird previously obtained by Emin at Rejaf and at
Kiri; also by Alexander on the Bamingui river, a tributary
of the Shari river, near Lake Chad. Heuglin’s types came
from the Bahr el Ghazal.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 627
Family Laniupa.
Corvinella corvina affinis.
Corvinella afinis Heugl. Orn. Nordost-Afr. 1871, p. 48:
Upper Nile.
Corvinella corvina apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 225, 1909,
p. 80.
[B. coll.] 1 Katta, 1 Ukanda Jan., 2 Chak Chak Feb.
Mch., 2 Wau, 1 Khor Gitti Mch. B.G.; 1 Mongalla,
summer.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 2 Wau July—Aug.
B.G.; 2 Yei Nov. L.E.
The races of this bird appear to be :—
C.c. corvina Shaw : Senegal.
C. c. togoensis Neum.: rest of N.W. Africa.
C. c. afinis Heugl.: Upper Nile, Uganda, and Bahr el
Ghazal.
Lanius minor.
Lanius minor Gm.; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 276.
[B. coll.] 4 Khartoum Aug.—Oct.
August seems a very early date for these birds to be on
migration. This species seems to be uncommon in the
Sudan. In fact, we can find no notice of its occurrence
since Heuglin’s record, though the Museum possesses one
other example from Sennar.
Butler states, however, that it is widely distributed in
winter from Khartoum to the Lado Enclave.
Lanius excubitor leucopygos.
Lanius l-ucopygos Hemp. & Ehr.; Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A.-v. p. 272.
Lanius leuconotus Brehm ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 327.
[B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Feb.; 1 Bara Dec. Kor.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 White Nile lat. 14° N. Jan. W.N.
This is the resident form of Grey Shrike in the Nile
valley and regions west to Lake Chad.
2x2
628 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Lanius excubitor elegans.
Lanius elegans Swains.; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p» 271.
Lanius leuconotus (non Brehm) ; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 225,
1909, p. 394.
-[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Bawati May, R.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 9 Sinkat Mch. Apl. B.S.
Also a resident species of Grey Shrike, replacing L. e. Jeuco-
pygos to the north and extending through Egypt to Tunis.
Both Butler and Chapman and Lynes found it breeding
in the Red Sea province near Port Sudan.
Lanius excubitor pallidirostris.
Lanius pallidirostris Cassin; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p. 270.
[B. coll.] 1 Wadi Mogileb Nov. Ber.; 2 Jebel Kerbosh
Mch., 1 Kamobsana Mch., 1 Jebel Okokreb Mch.,
1 Gebeit Mch. B.S.
[C.& L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec., 1 20 m. above Sennar
Jan, Sen.
A wintering migrant from Transcaspia, where it breeds.
Distinguished by the rosy tinge on its breast and by its
pale bill.
Lanius excubitor aucheri.
Lanius aucheri Bonaparte ; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p- 268.
[B. coll.] 1 Bir Nurayet Nov., 1 Wadi Huriyeb Nov.
Ber.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Dec., 2 Sinkat Mch. B.S.
This species breeds in Persia and perhaps in Arabia; it also
winters in north-east Africa. It is darker on the back, has
a black bill, and the under parts washed with grey rather
than rosy, as compared with L. e. pallidirostris.
Phoneus senator niloticus.
Phoneus niloticus (Bonaparte); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A.
Vv. p. 287.
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 629
Lanius paradoxus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 328, 1908,
p- 226, 1909, p. 80 (part).
[B. coll.] 1 Jebel Kerbosh Mch. R.S.; 1 Kamlin
Mch. B.N.; 2 Disa Apl. Sen.; 1 Renk Jan. U.N. ;
1 Gadein Jan.; 1 Ayum, 3 Raffali Feb., 1 Moyen
Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 1 Kamisa, 1 Singa,
1 Eneikliba Dec. Sen.; 1 Renk Mch. U.N.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan. B.G.
Phoneus senator senator.
Phoneus senator (Linn.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p- 289.
Lanius paradozus Brehm ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 80 (part.).
[B. coll.] 1 Raffali Feb. B.G.
This seems to be the first record for the Sudan, although
it has been taken at Heluan in Egypt, and also in Tripoli
and Tunis. Its usual winter-quarters are in West Africa.
Fiscus nubicus.
Fiscus nubicus (Licht.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p. 244.
Lanius nubicus Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 828, 1908, p. 225,
1909, pp. 80, 394.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. B.S.; 1 Blue Nile; 3 Khar-
toum Jan. Oct.; 1 Jebelein Nov., 1 Hillet Abbas
Dec., 2 Kosti Jan. W.N.; 2 near Renk Dec. Jan.
U.N.
(C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. B.S. ; 1 Singa, 2 Senuar,
1 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ; 1 near Jebelein Jan. W.N.
Fiscus collaris smithi.
Fiscus smithi (Fraser) ; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 252.
[Chr. coll.] 5 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
Smith’s Fiscal Shrike is a West African form extending
eastwards to the Lado, where it was first obtained by Emin.
These birds are certainly nearer F. c. smithi than F. c.
humeralis, which is found in Abyssinia,
630 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[Ihbis,
-
Fiscus excubitorius princeps.
Fiscus eacubitorius princeps (Cab.); Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A. v. p. 265. ,;
Fiscus excubitorius Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 327, 1908,
p: 225, 1909, p. 80.
|B. coll.] 1 Taufikia Mch. U.N.; 1 Mongalla summer;
1 Atwot, 1 near Rumbek Jan., 1 Chak Chak: Feb.,
3 Doleiba May, B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 south of Jebelein Jan. W.N.; 1 White
Nile lat. 103° N. Jan. U.N.
The birds from Ruwenzori identified by Ogilvie-Grant
as F’. intercedens Neum. appear to be identical with this
race, whose range extends from the White Nile valley
to Uganda.
Enneoctonus collurio.
Enneoctonus collurio (Linn.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p. 281.
‘Lanius collurio Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 328.
[B. coll.] 6 Khartoum Aug.—Oct.
The earliest date is the 13th of August—a young bird,
but, of course, fully fledged; others from the 23rd onwards.
These dates seem early for winter visitors, but it must be
remembered that the Red-backed Shrike leaves its breeding-
places rather early.
Enneoctonus gubernator gubernator.
Enneoctonus gubernator (Hartl.); Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A. v. p. 285.
[Chr. coll.] 5 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
A Shrike obtained by Alexander near Lake Chad has a
much paler grey head and appears to be referable to H. g.
strimpelli Reichw. from the interior of Cameroon. But
the birds from the Gold Coast hinterland appear to be indis-
tinguishable from those of the upper Nile, although the
paler form intervenes as far as locality is concerned,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. 631
Otomela cristata isabellina.
Otomela isabellina (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Sclater in Shelley’s
EB. A.V, po 200.
Lanius isabellinus Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 394.
[B. coll.] 2 Erkowit Mch. Apl., 1 Port Sudan Apl.,
1 Khor Arbat May R.S.; 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.;
3 Mongalla summer; 1 Lado Feb.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Dec. R.S.; 3 White Nile
lat. 94°-12° N., 1 Kosti Jan. W.N.; 1 Tonga,
1 mouth of Bahr el Zeraf, 1 Lake No Feb. U.N.
Otomela cristata phenicuroides.
Otomela pheenicuroides (Severzow); Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A. v. p. 295.
Lanius isabellinus (nec H. & E.); Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p: 226 (part.).
[B. coll.] 2 Khartoum Feb. ; 1 Kenisa Feb. Mon.
These two forms of O. cristata are somewhat difficult to
distinguish, and some birds are doubtless intermediate.
The breeding-ranges of both are in western Asia and they
only occur in Africa in winter. The present subspecies has
not previously been definitely recorded from the Sudan,
and Mr. Butler did not distinguish it from the common
O. c. isabellina.
Malaconotus poliocephalus catharoxanthus.
Malaconotus poliocephalus catharoxanthus Neum.; Sclater
in Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 407.
Malaconotus poliocephalus apud Butler, Ibis, 1905,
p. 829.
Laniarius catharoxanthus Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 226,
1909, p. 81.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat May, Kas. ; 1 Wau, 1 near Rumbek
Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Kuanga’s, 1 Tembura
Mch. B.G.; 1 near Rejaf Apl. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Meridi Jan. Feb., 1. Mt. Baginzi, 7
Yambio Mch. B.G.
632 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
The birds from the Bahr el Ghazal show an approach to
the typical form from West Africa, and are not so pale
as those from Abyssinia and the Blue Nile districts. It is,
therefore, unfortunate that Neumann described this form
from the Bahr el Ghazal and not from the paler Abyssinian
bird.
A young fledgling from Yambio with the tail just sprout-
ing resembles the adult in colour, but is paler above and
below and the grey of the head not so clear.
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus.
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus (Lesson) ; Sclater in
Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 427.
Laniarius sulphureipectus Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 227,
1909, p. 81.
[B. coll.] 2 Roseires July Sept. Sen.; 1 Bringi’s,
1 Raffali, 1 Kojali Feb., 1 Tembura, 1 Wau Mch.
B.G.; 6 Mongalla Jan. ; 2 Lado Feb.
[Chr. coll.] 6 Meridi Jan. Feb., 6 Yambio Mch., 1 Wau
July—Aug. B.G.
It seems very doubtful if it is possible to distinguish
any racial forms of -the Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike.
C. s. similis was considered distinct in Shelley’s ‘ Birds of
Africa,’ but even in this case it was remarked that it was not
always distinguishable from the West African typical form,
and the examination of the very large series now in the
British Museum only confirms us in this belief.
Rhodophoneus cruentus cruentus.
Rhodophoneus cruentus (Hempr. & Ehr.); Sclater im
Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 392; Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 227, 1909,
p. 394.
[B. coll.]| 3 Erkowit Mch., 1 Port Sudan May, 3 Jebel
Okokreb Mch., 1 Jebel Karbush Mch., 2 Gebeit
Mch. B.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Sinkat Mch., 1 Port Sudan April,
R.S.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 633
Rhodophoneus cruentus kordofanicus, subsp. nov.
Three Rosy-patched Shrikes, two males and one female,
collected by Capt. W. H. Dunn, at Ogayeh Wells, in
western Kordofan, on 13 November 1902, are very much
paler than the typical race from the Red Sea littoral, and
certainly deserve recognition as a distinct race.
The colour of the upper side is very pale brownish grey as
opposed to the pale brown of the typical race; this is also
the case with the region of the face behind the eye, which,
except that the ear-coverts are slightly tinged with brownish,
is almost entirely white. ‘The measurements are apparently
identical. Measurements: ¢ wing, 95; ?, 90mm.
Types as above: g, B.M. reg. no. 1908/2/4/5; 2,
1903/2/4/8.
Laniarins xthiopicus «thiopicus.
Laniarius ethiopicus (Gmel.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A.
v. p. 312; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 329.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat May, Kas.
Laniarius ethiopicus major.
Laniarius major (Hartl.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p- 306.
Laniars ethiopicus (non Gmel.); Butler, Ibis, 1908,
p- 226, 1909, p. 80.
[B. coll.] 1 Wau Jan., 3 Raffali Feb. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 5 Meridi Jan. Feb., 2 Yambio Mch., 1 Wau
July—Aug. B.G. ; 2 Yei Dec. L.E.
The Boubou Shrike of the Bahr el Ghazal can at once be
distinguished from that of Kassala by the presence of a
white edging to the secondaries.
‘The Boubou Shrike forms a well-defined group of sub-
species with fairly clearly marked characteristics.
An examination of the specimens in the British Museum
leads us to the following conclusions as to the races :—
L. #. zTuroricus (Gmel.). White of the wing extending
over the primary aud secondary coverts ; no white on the
secondaries.
634 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[bis,
Range. Abyssinia north to Kassala and Eritrea, south to
Shoa and Somaliland.
li, 2 amBicuus (Mad.). White on the wing confined to
the primary coverts. Size generally smaller, wing about
90 mm.
Range. Kast Africa between the coast-belt and the Rift
valley.
L, &. suBLactgvus (Cass.). No white on the wing; smaller,
wing about 78 mm.
— Range. Coast-belt of East Africa from Lamu to Dar-es-
Salam.
L. #. MossamBicus (Reichw.). Wing with white on the
inner secondaries as well as the coverts. Wing about
90 mm.
Range. Mozambique, Nyasaland, and Rhodesia to about
the region of the Victoria Falls.
L. #. eurrarus (Hartl.). Like mossambicus, but pure
white on the underparts. .
Range. Angola east to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls
region.
L. @. Bicotor (Hartl.). Like guttatus, but no white on
the inner secondaries.
Range. Gaboon.
L. #. mason (Hartl.). With white on the coverts and
secondaries ; like mossambicus, but larger. _ Wing about
100 mm.
Range. West Africa south to Cameroon, east to Uganda,
East Africa, west of the Rift valley and the Bahr el
Ghazal.
L. a. TuRATII (Verr.). No white on the wing, and larger
than the east coast sublacteus—about 105 mm.
Range. Portuguese Guinea and probably Senegal.
We have no specimens from the type-locality of
L. @. somaliensis KReichw. from 8. Somaliland, and so cannot
state whether the smaller size is constant.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 635
Laniarius erythrogaster.
Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretzschm.); Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A. v. p. 325; Butler, Ibis, 1905; p..329, 1908, p. 227,
1909; p. Si. 3
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat May, Kas.; Renk Mch., Jebel
Ahmed Aga Feb., Taufikia Feb., Lake No June,
U.N.; Chak Chak Feb., Atwot Jan, Wau Mch. B.G. ;
2 Mongalla.
[C.& L.coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 1 nr. Lake No, Feb.
U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Wau July—Aug. B.G.
A common species.
Dryoscopus gambensis malzacii.
Dryoscopus malzacii (Heugl.) ; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A.
v. p. 346 (part); Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 226, 1909, p. 81.
[B. coll.] 1 Ukanda Jan., 3 Chak Chak Feb. Mch.,
1 Tembura, 1 Kojali Mch. B.G.; 1 Mongalla Feb. ;
3 Lado, 2 Rejaf Feb. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 5 Meridi Jan. Feb., 2 Yambio, 3 Mt.
Baginzi Mch., 4 Wau July Aug. B.G.
Dryoscopus gambensis erythree.
Dryoscopus malzaci erythree Neumann, J.f.O. 1899,
p. 412: Salamona, Eritrea.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires July Aug., 1 Jebel Fazogli May,
Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
We have examined the material in the British Museum of
the forms of D. gambensis. Our conclusions only differ from
those arrived at by the senior author in his revision of
the group in the fifth volume of Shelley in regarding the
Abyssinian and Blue Nile forms as distinct from that of the
White Nile valley and westwards. We regard Dryoscopus
angolensis and D. cubla each with several races as forming
quite distinct groups. The races of D. gambensis can only
636 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[Ibis,
be satisfactorily determined on the females, aud are as
follows :—
1. D. c. eryrHREzZ Neum. (see above).
Female with an almost black back and the under surface
almost white faintly washed with yellow.
Range. Abyssinia westwards to Sennar and the Sobat
river.
2. D. «. nyanz# Neumann: Kavirondo.
Female like D. g. erythrea, but back not black but
brownish, underparts tawny ochraceous.
Range. Uganda and British East Africa west of the Rift
valley.
3. D. «. mauzaci (Heugl.) : White Nile.
Female with the back dark ashy grey (lighter than
D. g. nyanze) and the underparts more tawny.
Range. Upper White Nile valley west through the Bahr el
Ghazal to the Shari river region and Lake Chad.
4, D. cg. campenstis (Licht.) : Senegambia.
Female with the back earthy-brown with a contrasting
ashy-grey head; below tawny orange.
Range. Senegal to North Nigeria.
5. D. e. coneicus Sharpe: Condé, Gaboon.
Female with the head dark slaty strongly contrasting with
the earthy-brown back; below strongly washed with rich
rufous tawny, especially on the chest.
Range. Portuguese Congo, probably ranging north into
Gaboon.
Tschagra senegala senegala.
Tschayra senegala (Linn.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p. 362.
Telephonus senegalus (Linn.) ; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 81.
[B. coll.] 1 nr. Pongo river Feb., 1 Tembura Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Tembura Apl., 4 Meridi Jan. Feb. B.G. ;
3 Yei Nov. L.E.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 637
We still maintain that it is impossible to recognize any
satisfactory races of this Shrike from south, west, or east
Africa. There is a certain amount of variation in the depth
of tone of the colour of the back; the darkest birds are found
in Angola, Belgian Congo and Uganda, and the tropical coast-
belt of British East Africa, while lighter-coloured birds are
found from Senegal to Northern Nigeria, Bahr el Ghazal,
and north and central East Africa. The birds from South
Africa are also of the paler type, but there is much variation
individually, and possibly races may be in the process of
formation, but we propose to leave them united for the
present.
Tschagra senegala sudanensis, subsp. n.
[B.coll.] 2 Roseires July, 1 Famaka May, Sen.; 1 Bahr
el Zeraf Jan., 1 Khor Filus June, U.N.; 1 Shambé
Dec., 3 Bor, 1 Abu Kika May, Mon.
[C.&L. coll.] 1 nr. Tonga Feb., 2 White Nile lat. 94° N.
Feb., 1 mouth of Zeraf river Feb., 1 Lake No Mch.
U.N.
The discrimination of the races of the Tschagra Shrikes
of north-eastern Africa have caused us a good deal of
trouble. There is a very good series in the British
Museum, and we have after considerable hesitation decided
that three races should probably be recognized, and that
Neumann’s name T. s. erlangeri cannot be used for the
Sudanese bird. We are therefore compelled to find a new
name for the form. The following is a brief synopsis of the
races from this part of Africa :—
TScCHAGRA SENEGALA HABESSINICA (Hempr. & Ehr.): Abys-
simian coast-lands.
We regard Laniarius blanfordi Sharpe asasynonym. A
smaller race, wing averaging 78 mm. Colour of the back
distinctly brown, often tinged with rufous; below grey,
sometimes a slight wash of olive, but never any rufous.
Range. The northern districts of Abyssinia and Eritrea,
638 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on —_ [Tbis,
T. s. erLANGERI (Neum.): Abaja Lake.
A slightly larger race with wing averaging 82 mm. Colour
of the back very close to 7. s. habessinica, but with a slightly
lighter region on the nape contrasting with the darker back ;
below with a distinct tinge of rusty brown, not pure
grey. .
Range. The southernmost part of Abyssinia from Lake
Abaja to Lake Rudolf east to the Kullo countries (see map,
Ibis, 1913, pl. xii.).
T. s. SUDANENSIS, Subsp. nov.
Differs from both 7’. s. habessinica and T. s. erlungeri in
having the back a greyer shade of brown and at once distin-
_ guishable if a series is examined. Below always a clear grey
without any olive or brownish. Size large, wing averaging
85 mm.
Type, a male, Mongalla, Sudan (coll. A. L. Butler),
July—Sept. 1908, B.M. reg. no. 1915/12/24/1357. Wing
91 mm.
Range. This race is found throughout the central districts
of Abyssinia from the region about Lake Tsana south to
Lake Zwai, and westwards to Sennar and the White Nile.
Birds from the Harrar district to the east of Adis Ababa
and Lake Zwai are intermediate and approach 7’. s. habes-
sinica. Those from Lake Zwai southwards are nearer to
T. s. erlangert.
Neumann doubtless intended to include this form in his
T. s. erlangeri, but when the large Abyssinian series of skins
in the British Museum are spread out it is at once evident
that the birds from the southern lake-districts, whence
came the Neumann type, can he distinguished from those of
the highlands of Shoa, and that the Sudanese birds agree
with these last.
Tschagra senegala remigialis.
T'schagra remigialis (Finsch & Hartl.); Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A.’v. p. 369.
Telephonus remigialis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 329.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 639
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. Ber.; 1 Wad Medani, Apl.
B.N.; 1 Khartoum Mch.; 3 Renk Jan. Feb. Mch.
U.N. .
[C. & L. coll.] 4 Kamisa, 1 Sennar, 1 Eneikliba Dec.
Sen.; 2 White Nile Jan. Mch.
We have treated this bird as a subspecies of Tschagra
senegala, but it is such a sharply defined form that it will in
all probability prove to be a distinct, though representative,
species.
Tschagra australis emini.
Tschagra australis emini (Reichw.) ; Sclater in Shelley’s
B. A. v. p. 874.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
No form of 7. australis has hitherto, so far as we
are aware, been noticed in the Sudan, though Alexander
obtained an example at Mobbai on the Ubangi river to the
west and Jackson at Entebbe to the south. The Meridi bird
has a somewhat lighter crown than examples from Uganda,
but as it is only a single specimen we would not propose to
give it a name.
Antichromns minutus minutus.
Antichromus minutus (Hartl.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A.
v. p. 387. ;
Telephonus minor apud Butler, [bis, 1908, p. 227.
[ B. coll.]| 1 Bahr el Jebel Mch., 1 Bor Feb. Mon.; 1
Rejaf, 1 Kaia R. Feb. L.E.
[C.& L. coll.] 1 Lake No, 2 White Nile lat. 94° N. Feb.
U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 8 Meridi Jan. Feb., 1 Yambio Mch., 1 Yei
Nov. L.E.
Nicator chloris chloris.
Lanius chloris Valenc. Dict. Sci. Nat. xl. 1826, py? 226:
Yalam, Seneyal.
Nicator chloris (Valenc.) Sclater in Shelley’s B, A. vy,
p. 436.
640 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ This,
[Chr. coll.] 3 Yambio Mch. B.G.
This species is new to the Bahr el Ghazal; it was pre-
viously known to range to Uganda and the Welle river.
Nilaus afer afer.
Nilaus afer (Lath.); Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v. p. 456 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 329, 1908, p. 226, 1909, p. 80.
[B. coll.] 3 Roseires Aug. Sept. Sen.; 2 nr. Fatasha
Jan. Kh.; 1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor.; 1 Khor Filus
June, U.N.; 4 Mongalla Jan. and summer, 6 Sheik
Tombé summer, Mon. ; 1 Moyen Jan., 1] Chak Chak
Feb., 2 Wau Apl. B.G. .
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Singa, 6 Kamisa Dec., 1 nr. Sennar
Jan. Sen.; 1 Kosti Jan. W.N.; 1 nr. Lake No Feb.
U.N.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb., 2 Yambio Mch., 1 Wan
July—Aug. B.G.
Family PrionoPip#.
Eurocephalus riippelli riippelli.
Eurocephalus rueppelli Bp.; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A. v.
p. 447.
[B. coll.] 9 Mongalla July—Sept.
In the J. f. O. 1915, pp. 46-50, Count Zedlitz gives an
interesting review of the races of this Shrike. We ourselves
are inclined, however, to consider EH. anguitimens as specific-
ally distinct.
As regards the northern forms, E. r. riippelli from the
upper White Nile is distinguished by its somewhat—at
certain times of year considerably—paler upper parts and at
all times by the small amount and paleness of the brown on
the underside.
E.r. erlangert from Abyssinia and northern Somaliland is
distinguished by its darker upper parts and the larger and
darker brown marks on the underside.
E. r. bohmi from western German East Africa and Lake
Nyasa is considerably paler on the back, more like £. r.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 64]
riippelli, but is duskier below and slightly larger. Wing
averages 131 against 127 mm.
We cannot, even with the large series before us, appreciate
the other two races, H.7. deckeni from southern Somali to Voi
and E.r. fischeri from the rest of Hast Africa, The coloration
seems to vary considerably with the time of year, and the
size is also not a reliable guide. For instance, in the series
collected by Butler in the summer, nearly all the examples
are paler than those collected by Emin in March, and the
wing-measurements, which Zedlitz gives as 119-126 mm, for
the race, are actually 122, 125, 127, 127, 127, 127, 128, 129,
130. We therefore consider that #. 7. riippelli ranges from
Mongalla through British Hast Africa, and from Victoria
Nyanza to the mouth of the Tana river to the eastern half
of German East Africa. On higher ground—as, for instance,
near Kilimanjaro and Kenia—the birds have a tendency to
be slightly larger and darker. We have not been able to
examine specimens from southern Somaliland itself, but
the Tana river birds seem indistinguishable from the Nile
race.
Count Zedlitz gives reasons for fixing the type-locality
of E. riippelli as “ White Nile,” rather than Shoa, which we
accept.
Prionops concinnata.
Prionops concinnata Sundev.; Sclater in Shelley’s B. A.
v. p. 483.
[B. coll.] 1 Gallabat Apl. Kas.; 5 Roseires Aug. Sept.,
1 Disa Aug. Sen.; 1 Katta Jan., 1 Khor Gitti Jan.,
1 Moyen Apl., 1 nr. Rumbek Jan. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
[Chr. coll.] 3 Yambio Mch., 4 Mt. Baginzi Mch. B.G. ;
5 Yei Nov. L.E.
On the whole, we consider it best to keep this as a distinct
species, and not as a subspecies of P. cristata as has been
suggested by Neumann. We can find no difterence between
the Roseires and Bahr el Ghazal examples.
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 2Z
642 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis,
Family Sytvirp&.
Agrobates galactotes galactotes.
Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.); Hartert, Vég.
pal. Faun. p. 603.
Aedon galactodes Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 836, 1908, p. 231.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch. R.S.; 1 Gedaref Apl. Kas. ;
5 Khartoum Apl. May.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
Agrobates galactotes minor.
Agrobates galactotes minor (Cab.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 606.
Aedon galactudes apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 397.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May, 2 Erkowit Mch., 1 Jebel
Okokreb Mch. R.S.; 1 Ein-el-Lueiga on the Rahad
river May, B.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 2 Kamisa Dec.,
1 Singa Dec. Sen.
There are undoubtedly two distinct races of the Rufous
Warbler in the Sudan, the larger typical A. g. galactotes,
which is a winter migrant only, and the smaller A. g. minor,
a resident form in northern Abyssinia and Somaliland, and
the Sudan westwards to Northern Nigeria and the Gold Coast
hinterland.
From the latter locality Alexander described his Sylvia
olivie, Bull. B.O. C. xxii. 1908, p. 15, which is a synonym.
The measurements of the wings of the two forms are as
follows :—
A. g. galactotes: 3 88,90; 2 85, 85, 85, 84, 84, 84, 84.
A.g. minor: & 88, 838, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 80, 80, 80, 78;
9 78, 78, 79.
The measurements, as will be seen, are remarkabiy
constant and afford an easy method of separation.
Mr. Butler did not distinguish between the two forms of
the Rufous Warbler, but he found the smaller one breeding
at Khor Arbat on 13 May.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 643
Locustella luscinioides luscinioides.
Locustella luscinioides luscinioides (Savi) ; Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 548.
[ B. coll.] 1 Khartoum Mch.
A single example of this species dated 15 March, 1908, is
the first definite record of the occurrence of this species in
the Sudan. Shelley states it is a resident in Egypt, whence
there are three examples in the British Museum, but the
present example is the most southerly record yet available.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (Linn.) ; Hartert,
Vog. pal. Faun. p. 556.
Acrocephalus turdoides Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 334.
[B. coll.] 4 Khartoum Oct.
Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus.
Zurdus scirpaceus Hermann, Observ. Zool. 1804, p. 202 :
Alsace.
Acrocephatus streperus (Vieill.) et auct.; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 334, 1909, p. 395.
[B. coll.] 1 Gedaref May, Kas. ; 13-Khartoum Mch. &
Apl.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Erkowit Apl. B.S.; 5 White Nile
lat. 183° N.-143° N. Jan.; 1 near Lake No Feb.
U.N.
Widely distributed in winter time (A. L. B.).
Acrocephalus schenobeznus.
Motacilla schenobenus Linn. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 184:
S. Sweden. -
Acrocephalus schanobenus (Linn.); Hartert, Vég. pal.
Faun. p. 566.
Acrocephalus phragmitis Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 334, 1908,
p. 231.
[ B. coll.] 8 Mongalla Oct.
644 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
Acrocephalus agricola agricola.
Acrocephalus agricola agricola Jerdon; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 564:
[C. & L.coll.] 1 White Nile lat. 94° N. long. 31° E.
Feb.
This little Warbler does not seem to have been noticed
previously in Africa or Arabia, but as it breeds in the Crimea,
south-east Russia and eastwards to the Himalaya, and winters
in India, it is not unnatural to find it occasionally visiting
the Nile valley in winter. It is very like A. beticatus from
south of the Zambesi, but is rather smaller and more rufous |
in coloration. In J. f. O. 1880, p. 212, Hartlaub described
a bird collected at Lado by Emin under the name Acro- :
cephalus albotorquatus. Subsequently he submitted the
specimen to Seebohm, who identified it as a partial albino
of the South African A. beticatus. There can be little
doubt in our minds that it is really A. agricola, especially as
the wing is given as 55 mm., which is a good deal less than
the usual measurement of A. beticatus.
Since writing the above we have found in the British
Museum three unidentified Warblers collected by Boyd
Alexander, a female at Lake Chad on 11 March and a pair
at Fort Archambault on the Shari river on 21 July. We
cannot distinguish these birds from 4.a. agricola. It there-
fore appears that a bird indistinguishable from A. a. agricola
breeds in western Africa, and we must leave the explanation
of the problem to the future.
Acrocephalus palustris.
Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 562.
Witherby (Ibis, 1901, p. 257) obtained a Marsh-Warbler
at Shebesha, a few miles north of El Duem, White Nile
Province, on 23 April, 1900, but there are no Sudanese
examples in the British Museum.
This bird winters in tropical Africa as far south as
Natal.
1918.|] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 645
Acrocephalus stentoreus stentoreus.
Curruca stentorea Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys.
Aves, 1833, fol. 6: Damietta, Egypt.
Acrocephalus stentorea stentorea (H. & E.); Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 559.
Dr. Hartert states that this bird was obtained by Brehm
on the Blue Nile, 24 December, 1850. There are Egyptian
but no Sudanese examples in the Museum collections.
Heliolais erythroptera erythroptera.
Drymoica erythroptera Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 15:
West Africa.
Heliolais erythroptera (Jard.); Reichw. Vog. Afr. ii.
p. 570.
‘Orthotomus erythropterus Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 82.
[B. coll.] 1 Wau Mch. B.G.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
I shot a male at Kajo Kaji L.E. 27 Mch. 1915; it is now
in the Gordon College Museum at Khartoum. A rare bird.
(2D. B)
Melocichla mentalis amauroura.
Argya amauroura Pelz. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxil.
1888, p. 503: Fadibek, Upper White Nile, E. of Nimule.
Melocichla mentalis Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 230, 1909, p. 82.
[B. coll.] 5 near Chak Chak, 1 Tembura Mch. BG. ;
1 Bor May, Mon.; 1 Kajo Kaji, 2 Rejaf, Apl. L.E.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura, 1 Meridi Mch. B.G.
The races of this bird appear to be—
1. M. m. mentalis (Fraser).
West Africa from the Gold Coast to N. Angola.
2. M. m. orientalis Sharpe.
Nyasaland and German East Africa north to
Ukamba.
3. M. m. amauroura Pelz.
Uganda, western British Hast Africa, White
Nile, Bahr el Ghazal, and S. Abyssinia. _
646 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [Ibis,
Of these M. m. amauroura seems to us a very poorly
defined race. In quite fresh specimens the colour of the
tail is undoubtedly darker than in West African examples,
but. when the plumage is at all worn or fade:! this distinction
disappears. Neumann remarks (J. f. O. 1906, p. 264) that
some of the birds from north of the Victoria Nyanza seem
to partake of the characters of all three races. This is
borne out also by the series before us with the exception
that we have none resembling M. m. orientalis.
Of the two birds collected by Dr. Christy, the Tembura
bird might be typical M. m. mentalis, and the Meridi bird
M. m. amauroura, while some of the more worn specimens
collected by Butler are considerably lighter than the average
M. m. mentalis.
Another race, M. m. adamaue, has been described by
Reichenow (O. M. xviii. 1910, p. 173) from the interior of
Cameroon. Of this we possess no examples and can give no
Opinion as to its validity. From Angola Bocage (Journ.
Sci. Lisbon, viii. 1880, p. 56) described his Drymoica grandis.
We have examined the series collected by Dr. Ansorge in
that country and can find no distinction between them and
M. m. mentalis.
Cisticola natalensis malzacii. (Pl. X. figs. 3, 4.)
Drymoica malzacii Heuglin, SB. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856,
p. 274: [White Nile between 7° & 9° N.K.] (nom. nud.) ;
id. Ibis, 1869, p. 100 [first descript. |.
Cisticola strangit apud Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 82.
[B. coll.] 1 Chak Chak Mch., 1 Doleiba May, B.G.;
1 Mongalla; 1 Lado Feb., 1 Kajo Kaji Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb., 2 Wau July Aug. B.G.
Cisticola natalensis inexpectata.
Cisticula natalensis inexpectata Neumann, J. f. O. 1906,
p. 268: Abassi (=Awasa) Lake, S. Abyssinia.
| B. coll.] 2 Disa Apl. Sen.
[C. & L.coll.] 19 White Nile between Renk and the
Bahr el Zeraf Jan. Feb.
” bis,» “ 1iSi8s = dei, x.
6 Cisticola erythrops roseires.
l-2 Cisticola fugubris marginata est. et hiems.
3-4. Cisticola natalensis malzacil est. et hiems. |
5 Cisticola erythrops erythrops.
7 Cisticola terrestris eximia.
T 8-11 Cisticola ruficeps scotoptera zest. et hjems
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 647
The birds from the Nile above the sudd and from Bahr el
Ghazal match exactly one in the Musenm from Gondokoro
collected by G. Blaine, and this has been compared by
Sclater with Heuglin’s type of D. malzacit now in the Vienna
Museum, which was courteously sent to him for examination
some years ago. It is somewhat intermediate between
C. n. inexpectata aud C. n. strangei of West Africa, but until
a general revision of the Grass-Warblers is carried out it
may be allowed to stand.
The birds from the White Nile below Lake No and those
from the Blue Nile are slightly paler and less reddish, and
can be easily distinguished from West African birds. ‘They
agree very well with a topotype of C. n. inexpectata of
Neumann collected near Lake Zwai by Zaphiro, except that
they are slightly inferior in size, the wings of males in
winter averaging 72 mm, against 75 mm. in the Abyssinian
bird.
Both these subspecies have a marked seasonal change of
dress (Pl. X. figs. 3, 4). The winter birds have backs strongly
striped dusky and fulvous, and longer tails averaging 65 mm. ;
the summer birds have the edges of the feathers grey not
fulvous, and the stripes are less defined ; tail 55 mm.
Cisticola lugubris marginata. (Pl. X. figs. 1, 2.)
Drymoica marginalis Weuglin, SB. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856,
p. 274 [nom. nud.]|: Bahr el Abiad between 6° and 9° N. lat.,
i.e. White Nile between Fashoda and Lado.
Drymoica marginata Heuglin, Ibis, 1869, p. 94, pl.i. fig. 1
[founded on above].
Cisticola marginalis Hartlaub, Orn. Centralb, 1881, p. 12;
id. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 1881, p. 89; Lado
(Emin) [apparently the same species as Heuglin’s redescribed
as a new species but under the same name]; Butler, Ibis,
1905, p. 333, 1908, p. 229, 1909, p. 82.
Cisticola blanfordi Uartlaub, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,
viii, Apr. 1883, p. 220 [nom. nov. pro C. marginalis Hartl.].
Cisticola hartlaubi Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii. July 1883,
p. 243 [nom. nov. pro C. marginals Hartl.].
648 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _[ Ibis,
[ B. coll.] 2 Fashoda Jan. Feb., 2 Malakal May, U.N. ;
5 Mongalla, 3 Gigging summer, 1] Kenisa Jan. Mon. ;
1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Wau Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 27 White Nile from Renk to Lake No,
Jan.—Mch. U.N.
This unfortunate bird has suffered severely at the hands
of ornithologists, as can be seen by the synonymy. Hartlaub
described it a second time believing it to be new, but
unfortunately gave it the same name as that already assigned
to it by Heuglin, and subsequently both he and Sharpe
finding out the mistake each again christened it afresh.
We feel that the complete elucidation of the Cisticolas
must be reserved until it is possible to compare all the types
in the European museums, and that the matter must be
dealt with as a whole. We are therefore merely attempting
here to give the correct name to the Sudanese birds.
Sclater was able before the war, through the courtesy of
the authorities of the Vienna Museum, to examine Heuglin’s
types of C. marginalis or ‘C. marginata as he afterwards
called it. He found them undoubtedly identical with
examples taken by Hawker at Kaka on the White Nile.
This bird has a very distinct seasonal change; those taken
at Malakal, Mongalla, and Gigging are in summer (rainy
season) dress (Pl. X. fig. 1). The crown is a dusky brown
without or with very faint indications of stripes, the back is
bluish-leaden colour heavily streaked with black, the tail is
shorter (averaging 48 mm. against 58 mm. of birds in
winter dress) and is dusky brown without any rufous. The
individual feathers are also distinctly wider. The winter
birds, on the other hand (PI. X. fig. 2), have a rufous-brown
crown streaked with black. ‘The ground-colour of the back
fulvous not leaden, and rich rufous on either side of the
black central area along the shafts of the tail-feathers. The
wings are similar in both dresses, except that the inner
secondaries are margined with rufous in summer instead of
dusky ; the tail is much longer, as can be seen in the Plate.
We have little doubt that Cisticola slatini recently
described by Wettstein (Anz. Akad. Wien, 1916, no. 18,
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 649
pp. 181-5), from Tonga in the Upper Nile Province, is
nothing but C. /. marginata in summer dress.
Cisticola cheniana simplex.
Drymeca simplex Heuglin, Ibis, 1869, p. 105: Bahr el
Djebel, i.e. Upper White Nile between Lado and Lake No.
Cisticola ladoensis Hartlaub, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,
vill, 1882, p. 189: Lado.
[B.coll.] 11 Mongalla May-Sept., | Bor May, 1 Kenisa
Jan. Mon. ; 1 Rejaf Feb. L.E. ;
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yei Nov. L.E.
These Grass-Warblers from the sudd district of the
upper White Nile are undoubtedly identical with a bird
collected by Emin at Lado, which we may regard as a
co-type of Hartlaub’s species. It belongs to the group
widely spread over eastern and southern Africa usually
placed under the specific name subruficapilla or cheniana,
but we believe that the true C. subruficapilla of western Cape
Colony is distinct specifically and prefer to use cheniana.
Neumann (J. f. O, 1906, p. 267), who has examined the
types of Heuglin’s D. simplex, believes that it is identical
with C. ladoensis Hartl., and that it was founded on a young
female, which accounts for the discrepancy in the wing-
measurement, which is given by Heuglin as 1 inch 11 lines,
which is approximately 50 mm., the measurement given
by Reichenow (Vog. Afr. ii. p. 547). Males in the Butler
collection average 65 mm., females 55 mm.
We suspect that Cisticola subruficapilia borea Mearus,
Smiths. Mise. Coll. Ivi. No. 25, 1911, p. 3: Rhino Camp,
Lado Enclave, is a synonym.
Cisticola aridula.
Cisticola aridula Witherby, Bull. B. O. C. xi. 1900, p. 18;
Gerazi, 60 miles 8. of Khartoum.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 from 133° to 15° N. lat. on White Nile
Jan. W.N.
Up to the present time the type of Witherby’s C. aridula
has remained unique, with the exception of an example col-
650 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Tbis,
lected at Shendi by Rothschild and Wollaston, so that several
writers have considered it to be an abnormal variation.
Messrs. Cliapman and Lynes have, however, collected a good
series of this truly desert form on the banks ot the White Nile
from about 50 to 100 miles south of Khartoum, and there
can be no doubt of the validity and distinctness of the form.
We believe that Cisticola deserticolor Wettstein (Anz.
Akad. Wien, 1916, no. 18, pp. 131-135), from 20 kilometres
N. of El Obeid, will prove to be identical.
As the distribution of this and C. ¢. wropygialis appears to
overlap along the White Nile valley and we have not come
across any intermediate form, we prefer at present to regard
C. aridula as a distinct species.
Cisticola ruficeps ruficeps.
Malurus rujiceps Cretaschmar in Riipp. Atlas, 1826, p. 54,
pl. 86 A: Kordofan.
[B. coll.] _ 1 Jebel Melbis Apl. Kor.
This bird is mentioned by Butler (Ibis, 1905, p. 333) as
being much paler than the forms from the Nile valley, and
obviously represents the true M. ruficeps of Cretaschmar.
There is one other example in the British Museum labelled
“Nubia? Dr. Kotschy ? ”
Cisticola ruficeps scotoptera. (Pl. X. figs 8-11.)
Drymeca scotoptera Sundevall, Gifv. Ak. Foérh. 1850,
p. 129: Sennar.
? Drymeca cinerascens Heuglin, J. f. O. 1867, p. 296:
Sennar.
Cisticola floweri Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1910, p. 12:
Sennar.
Cisticola ruficeps (part) Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 833, 1908,
p. 229, 1909, p. 82.
[B.coll.] 2 Roseires Ap]. Sen.; 1 Taufikia Apl., 1 Fashoda
Jan. U.N.; 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Moyen May, B.G.;
4: Mongalla summer.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Singa, 2 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ; 14 White
Nile from Jebelein to Bahr el Zerat Jan. Feb.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Eyyptian Sudan. 651
We find that birds from the upper Nile valley and Sennar
are quite distinct from those from Kordofan. They are
much darker and more richly coloured and much more
heayilv striped. for the Kordofan bird we retain the type
name ; the Sennar and upper Nile bird we refer to Sun-
devall’s D. scotoptera. We are of opinion that C. sudanica
Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. ix. 1911, p. 340: Dinder
river, is a synonym.
There is a very distinct seasonal plumage change in these
birds, aud our series shows this very clearly. ‘lhe winter
birds (Pl. X. fig. 10) have the back boldly striped with
black and yellowish and the head a darker rufous obscurely
streaked with dusky. The summer birds have the back
plain greyish brown (Pl. X. figs. 8,9), with very faint traces
of the darker central stripes to the feathers; the head
is much paler rufous, hardly contrasting with the back,
and is without streaks, the tail is much shorter (about 45
agaiust 40 mm.), and the feathers rather broader. The
April birds (Pl. X. fig. 11) show the intermediate stage
very clearly.
The wings of the males measure 53-60 mm., average
56 mm., those of the females 49-52 mm. We are inclined
to identify with the summer birds Drymeca cinerascens
Heuglin, but comparison with the type is desirable.
We have also examined the types of C. floweri (Pl. X.
fig. 9), now in the Tring Museum, and have satisfied our-
selves that this is C. r. scotoptera in late summer pluma:e,
The two examples were collected on 28 and 30 July, and the
new winter tails are in the case of one bird just sprouting,
in the case of the other two-thirds grown, ‘The white
outer web to the outer tail-feathers, noted by Hartert as
so characteristic a feature, can be easily matched in winter
birds, of which we have before us a large series.
Cisticola cisticola uropygialis.
Drymoica uropygialis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 17:
Accra, Gold Coast.
Cisticola cisticola apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 382.
652 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Feb. Ber.; 7 Khartoum Apl. July;
1 Kawa Nov. W.N.; 1 Renk May, U.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 12 White Nile between Renk and the
Bahr el Zeraf Jan. —Mch. U.N.
We find these birds identical with the West African form
of C. cisticola, which again is very close to the typical form
from southern Europe. There are other examples in the
Museum from Lado ( min) and from the Lake Chad region
(Alexander), as well as from other localities in West Africa
and possibly Uganda, but we find nothing similar from
Abyssinia. The seasonal plumage change is not very marked,
but the summer birds have the head a dull brown without
indication of the striping so characteristic of the winter
birds.
Cisticola terrestris eximia. (PI. X. fig. 7.)
Drymeca exima Heuglin, lbis, 1869, p. 106, pl. iii. fig. 1:
Upper Gazelle river (i. e. Bahr el Ghazal).
[C. & L.coll.] 1 Bahr el Zeraf river Feb. U.N.
This bird and another collected by Mr. W. P. Lowe
50 miles south of Gondokorv, 1 March 19138, when with
Capt. Cozens, we believe must be identified with the bird
described by Heuglin, which is now in the Berlin Museum
and inaccessible to us. It is a remarkable bird, not unlike
some strongly marked Natal specimens of C. ¢. terrestris,
but more richly coloured—the back blacker and the rump
redder. The nape, which is quite unstriped, is a dull reddish
brown, contrasting somewhat with the brighter red of the
rump. We have only found one bird in the Museum which
is at all like it. It is one collected at Riru in Northern
Nigeria by José Lopez, 4 January, 1912, and presented to
the Museum by Capt. Brocklebank. lt is slightly larger,
the nape and rump are the same bright rufous which is
so extended that the black striping of the back is much
reduced.
The wings of the Sudan specimens measure, ¢ 47 mm.,
9 44 mm., that of the Nigerian bird, sexed a male, 51 mm,
1918. the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 653
2)
Cisticola troglodytes troglodytes.
Drymoica troglodytes Antinori, Cat. descr. Uccelli, Mch.
1864, p. 838: Djur, Bahr el Ghazal.
Cisticola ferruginea apud, Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 230, 1909,
p. 82.
[B. coll.] 2 Chak Chak Feb. B.G.; 1 Mongalla Feb.,
2 Kenisa summer, Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 White Nile, 94°N. 31° E. (near Lake
No), Feb. U.N.
Cisticola troglodytes ferruginea.
Cisticola ferruginea Heuglin, SB. Akad. Wien, xix.
1856, p. 273: Rahad river, Blue Nile [nom. nud.] ; id.
J. f. O. 1864, p. 259; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 130.
[B. coll.] 4 Roseires Apl. July Aug., 1 Jebel Maba
Apl., 1 Fazogli May, Sen.
This rufous-coloured Grass-Warbler is very distinct specifi-
cally, but we find that the birds from the upper Blue Nile
are subspecifically distinct from those of the upper White
Nile and its tributaries. The birds from the first-named
district are very much paler on the lower surface, there is a
light wash of ferrugineous across the chest and along the
flanks leaving the throat and middle of the abdomen almost
pure white; they are also larger, wing averaging ¢ 52,
9 47 mm.
Birds from the upper White Nile, as well as examples
from the upper Welle river, collected by Boyd Alexander,
are much more richly suffused with ferruginous below the
throat and abdomen, never getting so white as the Blue
Nile bird. They are also distinctly smaller, wing of ¢
averaging 47, 2 43 mm.
As will be seen from the references, Antinori’s bird was
described from the Bahr el Ghazal and Heuglin’s from the
Blue Nile, but we are not quite satisfied as to which of the
descriptions is the earliest ; as the birds are distinct this is
a matter of no great moment,
654 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Tbis,
Cisticola butleri.
Cisticola 6butlert O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1907,
p- 17: Chak Chak ; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 229.
[B.coll.] 1 Chak Chak Feb. B.@. [Type of the species. ]
The type of this species seems unique, there is nothing
else quite like it in the Museum. It has a curious long
slender bill, and is probably related to C. sylvia or
C. erythrops.
Cisticola wellsi.
Cisticola wellsi O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1907, p. 17:
Bahr el Ghazal; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 229.
[B. coll.] 1 9 Pongo river Mch. B.G. [type of species] ;
1 2? Kajo Kaji, L.E.
Both the known examples of this form are females. The
males are probably a good deal bigger, but until a larger
series are available it is difficult to say more about it. It
resembles generally C. t. ¢roglodytes, but has a very much
larger aud stronger bill.
Cisticola sp.
[Chr. coll.] 1 ¢ Yambio Mch., 1 ¢ Mt. Baginzi Mch.
B.G.
We were inclined at first to regard these birds as the
males of C. wedlsi, but they are somewhat different. The
Yambio bird, wing 64mm., has the back a rich rufous-
brown of a more chestnut tinge than C. wellsi, and a very
much larger bill (13 mm. against 11); the Mt. Baginzi bird
is dusky rather than rufous-brown, but resembles the other
specimen in dimensions and form. It is very like a series of
birds collected by Alexander on the Welle river which seem
to come near C. emini aud C. rufopileata.
Cisticola petrophila.
Cisticola petrophila Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907,
p. 104: Pettu, N. Nigeria.
Cisticola cinerascens (Heugl.) ; Butler, Lbis, 1908, p. 230.
[B. coll.] 1 Doleiba Jan. B.@.; 1 Kajo Kaji, L.E.
1918.] = the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 655
We believe that the bird from Kajo Kaji and the one
from Doleiba, which appears to be a juvenile, are identical
with C. petrophila Alex., a form which should be regarded
in our view as a subspecies of the West African C. rufo-
ptleata. ‘here is a good series of this form in the British
Museum from Northern Nigeria and the Welle river,
collected by Alexander; a single bird from Tingasi in the
Niam-Niam country, collected by Emin, and another labelled
Kibusi, Lango, north of Victoria Nile, obtained by
G. Blaine.
Cisticola brachyptera.
Drymeaca brachyptera Sharpe, Lbis, 1870, p. 476, pl. xxiv.
fig. 1: Volta river, Gold Coast.
{B. coll.] ¢ Chak Chak Mch. B.G.
[C. & L.coll.] & White Nile lat. 93° N. Jong. 31° E.
(nr. Lake No), U.N.
We cannot distinguish these birds from C. brachyptera
described by Sharpe, but subsequently (Cat. Birds, vii. p. 225)
identified with C’. rufa (Fraser). The types of both species
are in the Museum, and we believe that they are quite
distinct. The two types of C. brachyptera are unsexed, but
the wings measure 48 and 42 mm. respectively, and they are
probably male and female. The Sudan birds measure, $50,
944mm, This species is distinguished by its small size,
the head and back brown without any rufous, a slight wash
of rufous on the wings, and by the dull ashy (not white)
tips to the tail-feathers. It extends to southern Abyssinia
and south to Gaboon and Portuguese East Africa, and there
are probably several races, but the Sudanese birds appear
to be indistinguishable from the West African typical race.
The winter birds show distinct but not very heavy stripes on
the back, the summer birds are quite plain.
The type of Cisticola hypoxantha Hartlaub (P. Z. 8. 1880,
p- 624: Magungo, Nile Province of Uganda Protectorate),
now at Tring, has been examined by us, and is obviously
identical with the form of C. brachyptera occurring in the
Sudan, It is a young bird with the characteristic bright
656 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
yellow wash on the underparts. There is another example,
an adult male from Fadjulli in the same district, collected
in May by Emin Pasha, also in the Tring Museum.
C. rufa is found in West Africa from the Welle river to
the Cameroon, and perhaps Angola, is a reddish bird as its
name implies, and appears to be always without striping
on the back.
Cisticola erythrops erythrops. (PI. X. fig. 5.)
Drymeca erythrops Hartlaub, Orn. W.-Afr. 1857, p. 58:
Calabar, W. Africa.
[B. coll.] 158. of Rejaf, L.E.
(Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Jan. B.G.
Cisticola erythrops roseires, subsp. nov. (Pl. X. fig. 6.)
[B. coll.] 8 Roseires Apl. Ang., 1 Disa Apl. Sen.
We have examined the series of Cisticola erythrops in the
Museum. It is a remarkably distinct form and can hardly
be confused with any other. No races appear to have
been recognized, and we believe we can distinguish the
following :-—
C. n. ERYTHROPS (Hartl.).
A richly coloured race (PI. X. fig. 5) with the back of
slaty shade becoming more rufous on the head; below very
rufous with the white on the throat and abdomen much
reduced ; no apparent seasonal change. Wing, ¢ 58-62,
average 60 mm.; $ 53-57, average 55 mm.
Distribution. West Africa: Cameroon to the Gold Coast,
and eastwards to Ruwenzori and to the Lado district.
C. E. ZWAIENSIS, subsp. n.
Resembling C. e. erythrops, but rather larger and paler ;
the underside is very rufescent with only a small trace of
white on the throat; a distinct seasonal change: birds dated
December and February have a distinctly rufous head and
nape ; birds dated June have only the forehead rufous, the
crown and nape washed with olive. Wing, ¢ 62-65,
9 55-57 mm,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 657
Type: a male collected by Sir A. E. Pease at Lake Zwai
5/11./01. B.M. reg. no. 1902/1/20/106.
Distribution. Southern Abyssinia. There are two other
examples in winter plumage from Lake Zwai, collected
by Sir A. Pease and Zaphiro ; and three others from
Konta and Kullo, also in southern Abyssinia, collected
by Zaphiro.
C. E. ROSEIRES, subsp. n.
Resembling C. e. zwaiensis, but very much smaller and a
good deal paler (Pl. X. fig.6). This form also has a similar
seasonal change. The three April birds have rufous heads
aud napes, the August bird has only the forehead rufous
shading over the crown into the dull brown of the back;
below much paler than the other two forms, almost white.
Wing-measurements: ¢ (as sexed) 51 and 53; of 2
(as sexed) 51, 53 mm.
Type: g collected by A. L. Butler at Roseires, 19/iv./11.
B.M. reg. no, 1915/12/24/1058.
Distribution. Ouly known from the four Sennar birds.
C. E. PYRRHOPS.
Melocichla pyrrhops Cabanis, J. f. O. 1875, p. 286:
Tschintschoscho, Gaboon.
Birds from the Gaboon, Nyasaland, and the Zambesi
valley have a pronounced olive wash on the back, and appear _
to be separable. There are four females only in the Museum ;
their wings measure 55-58 mm.
Spiloptila clamans.
Malurus clamans Temminck, Pl. Col. livr. 78, 1828,
pl. 466. fig. 2: Nubia.
Spiloptila clamans Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 332.
[B. coll.] 1 Wadi Ben Naga Apl., 1 Musid Apl. BN. ;
3 Khartoum Feb. Apl. Nov., 2 Omdurman Mch.
Apl. Kh.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Omdurman Jan. Mch. Kh.; 4 White
Nile lat. 15° N. Jan. W.N.
SER, X.—VOL. VI. 3A
658 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Scheenicola apicalis.
Catriscus apicalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 43,
note: Kaffirland (7.e., Natal).
Schenicola apicalis (Cab.) ; Reichw. V. A. i. p. 577.
Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 273) obtained a single
example of this Reed-Warbler on the Gazelle river. He
states that it differs from the typical South African bird
in being smaller and in having the rectrices broader and
darker coloured. Should these differences be well founded
it may be called 8. apicalis alexine Heugl. (J. f. O. 1863,
p- 323).
It was also obtained by Emin near Wadelai and at various ©
places in Uganda.
There are no Sudanese examples in the British Museum.
Bradypterus abyssinicus.
Lusciniola abyssinica Blundell & Lovat, Bull. B. O. C.
x. 1899, p. xix: Chercher, Abyssinia.
Bradypterus abyssinicus Reichw. V. A. i. p. 578.
[C.& L. coll.] 648 9 Lake No and 93° N., 30° 40' E.,
Feb. 24—Mch. 1, U.N.
These birds are not distinguishable from the example
collected by Blundell and Lovat, which, up to now, has
remained unique. I[t is only subspecifically distinct in our
opinion from B. bradypterus of South Africa, which is
larger and somewhat lighter in colour; while there are a
few examples of the same group from Hast Africa which
appear to be intermediate.
The soft parts are marked as follows: Iris very dark
brown ; bill, upper mandible very dark brown, lower pale
yellowish white, greyish at tip; feet flesh-colour.
The wings of the males measure 52-54, those of the
females 50-52 mm. Two East African males measure
57 mm., and South African birds, sexing doubtful, measure
58-63 mm.
This is an addition to the Sudanese fauna, and does not
appear to have been previously recorded from the Nile
valley.
1918.] the Pirds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudaa. 659
Calamocichla ansorgei nilotica.
Calamocichla ansorget nilotica Neumann, Nov, Zool. xv.
1908, p. 246: Wadelai.
[B. coll.] ¢ juv. Mongalla Oct. Mon.
[Cs & Lveoll.] ~-12: 4; Lote 2 onto juy., near’ Lake
No Feb. 9—Mch. 1, U.N. |
We have followed Neumann in his recent monograph of
this group and have retained the name nilotica, though the
type species C. a. ansorgei is from Angola and only known
from one example.
The fine series collected by Lynes and Lowe exactly match
the specimen collected by Emin at Wadelai.
The young birds, one from Mongalla and one from
Lake No, are ochraceous rather than ashy, especially below.
The colour of the soft parts is as follows: Iris sienna ;
upper mandible smoky brown, lower yellowish brown ;
legs sepia, sometimes with a greenish tinge ; mouth-lining
pale yellow.
Measurements of the wings of five males, 72-78 mm. ;
of four females, 74-76 mm.
Calamocichla leptorhyncha nuerensis.
Calamécichla leptorhyncha nuerensis Lynes, Bull. B. O. C.
xxxil. 1914, p. 130: Nuer country, Upper White Nile.
[B. coll.] 1 2 juv. Shamba Feb. Mon.
[@. coll) Grd, 2/2), 70, 1 9 juv., near lake No
Feb.—Mch. 4, U.N.
Capt. Lynes has given an ample description of this
interesting form, to which we have nothing to add.
Hippolais pallida pallida.
HMippolats pallida pallida (Hempr. & Ehr.); Hartert,
Vog. pal. Faun. p. 574. .
Hypolais pallida Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 3834, 1909,
pp. 82, 395.
[B. coll.] 1 Talgwareb Apl. 29, R.S.; 1 Kamlin Mch.
B.N.; 10 Khartoum Oct. 17, Nov. Feb. Mch.
Apl. 21, Kh. ; 1 Jebel Ahmed Aga Jan. U.N.
; 3A
660 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on _ [Tbis,
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa, 1 Singa Dec. Sen.; 1 Melut
Jan., 1 nr. Lake No Mch., 1 92° N., 30° 40 E.,
Feb. W.N.
A common winter bird in north-east Africa, breeding in
south-eastern Europe and western Asia.
Hippolais languida.
Hippolais languida (Hempr. & Ehr.); Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 573.
[B. coll.] 1 $ Khartoum, 24 Aug.
This species has been obtained in Eritrea and the Aden
Protectorate, also in August, and possibly breeds in north.
east Africa as well as in western and central Asia. It
does not appear to have been previously recorded from the
Sudan.
Sylvia nisoria nisoria.
Sylvia nisoria nisoria (Bechst.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- 578; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 396.
[B. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Apl. 5, Khor Arbat May 5,
R.S.
[C. & L. coll.] 3 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 2 White Nile
lat. 12% N. Mch. W.N.
Scarce on the Nile, but extremely plentiful on spring
migration along the Red Sea coast (A. L. B.).
Sylvia communis communis.
Sylvia communis communis Latham; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 586.
Sylvia cinerea Bechst.; Butler, Ibis, 1909, p. 397.
[B. coll.] 1 Port Sudan, Apl. 30, B.S.; 1 Disa Apl. 15,
Sen.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. 24, 1 Erkowit Mch. 31,
R.S. ; 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.
These Whitethroats seem to be all referable to the
European typical race, though there is no reason why the
eastern race S. c. icterops should not occur. Most of
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 661
the Arabian and Somaliland examples in the British Museum
appear to belong to the latter form.
Scarce in winter at Khartoum as compared with the
Lesser Whitethroat (A. L. B.).
Sylvia simplex.
Sylvia simplex Latham; B. O. U. List Bt. Bds. p. 66.
Sylvia borin borin (Bodd.); Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 582.
Sylvia hortensis Bechst.; Butler, lbis, 1905, p. 335, 1908,
p. 231, 1909, p. 396.
(B. coll.] 2 Khor Arbat May 4, R.S.: 3 Roseires
Sept. 13-15, Sen. ; 1 Khartoum Oct. 15.
The Garden-Warbler is common on migration, especially
in spring ; it winters farther south.
Sylvia riippelli.
Sylvia riuppelli Temm, ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 592 ;
Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 335.
[B. coll.] 2 Shendi Mch. 2, Ber.; 3 Fatasha, W. of
Omdurman, Nov., 1 thirty miles west of Omdurman:
Jan. Kh.
Three of the birds are sexed females, and are without the
characteristic black cap, but show slight traces of black
feathers coming in on the crown. ‘They are probably
young birds.
Sylvia hortensis hortensis.
Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gmel.); Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 580.
Sylvia orphea auct.
[B. coll.] 1 Shendi Mch. 1, Ber.
Sylvia hortensis crassirostris.
Sylvia hortensis crassirostris Cretzschm. ; Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 581.
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Apl. 3, 1 Gebeit Mch, 21, RS.
[C. & L.coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch, 19, R.S.; 3 Kamisa Dec.
Sen.
662 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [Ibis,
The eastern race of the Orphean Warbler is undoubtedly
the pfevailing one in the Sudan. As this is the form
breeding in south-western Kurope and western Asia it is
not surprising, but the bird from Shendi has the short bill
of the western race and is rather dusky below, and we are
inclined to identify it with the western typical form.
Sylvia curruca curruca.
Sylvia curruca curruca (Linn.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p. 588; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 336, 1908, p. 231, 1909,
p. 397.
[B. coll.] 2 Erkowit Mch., 1 Port Sudan May 2, Khor
Arbat May 2, B.S.; 3 Khartoum Feb. Apl., 2 Fatasha
Nov. 3, Kh.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 1 Singa Dec.,
3 Kamisa Dec. Sen. ; 1 Hassania island Jan. W.N.
Widely distributed in winter. Perhaps the most abun-
dant of the migratory Warblers (A. ZL. B.).
Sylvia nana nana.
Sylvia nana nana (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 590.
[C. & L. coll.] 2(¢& ¢) Port Sudan Dec. 5, RS.
The label gives: “ Iris brilliant chrome-yellow, legs bright
straw-yellow. ‘Two together in a tiny mimosa bush in the
desert.”
This little Warbler does not appear to have been pre-
viously met with in the Sudan, but it is known to winter
in Arabia and on the Somali coast, and it is not surprising
to find it near Port Sudan.
Sylvia mystacea.
Sylvia mystacea Ménétr. ; Hartert, Vig. pal. Faun. p. 595.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch., 3 Port Sudan Dec. B.S.
Two of the Port Sudan birds have the forehead yellowish,
contrasting strongly with the dull brown crown and back ;
in the third example this colour has almost disappeared and
it resembles a bird from Shendi in the Museum identified
1918.| the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 663
by Messrs. N. C. Rothschild and Wollaston as S. momus.
The crown is rather more ashy than the back, but is not
black as in the two examples from Sinkat collected in
March. All the others have the characteristic vinous flush
on the underside.
Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla.
Sylvia a. atricapilla (Linn.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun.
p- 583; Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 335, 1909, p. 396.
[B. coll.] 1 Khor Arbat May 2, R.S.; 4 Khartoum
@ct- Dec:
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Dec., 2 Erkowit Apl. 4, 6,
ES:
Very common on the Red Sea coast during the spring
migration, widely distributed in winter from Khartoum to
Lado. It is not rare in winter on the scrubby desert west
of Omdurman and aloug the Nile north of Khartoum
(AL. -B.). :
Sylvia melanocephala momus.
Sylvia melanocephala momus (H. & EH.) ; Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. p. 594.
Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 803) states that he met
with this bird on migration in the Bayuda desert, Dongola
Province. He named it Sylvia melanocephala minor, which
is identified by Hartert with S. m. momus. It was also
procured by Messrs. N. C. Rothschild and Wollaston at
Shendi (Ibis, 1902, p. 17).
There are no Sudanese examples in the British Museum.
Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni.
Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni (Bonap.) ; Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 509.
Phylloscopus trochilus apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 231.
[B. ‘coll.}] 12 Khartoum Mch. Apl. Oct.; 1 Roseires
Apl. Sen.
We are inclined to regard all the Willow-Wrens collected
by Butler as belonging to the slightly greyer eastern race.
664 Messrs, Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[ Ibis,
Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus. '
Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus ( Chinn) 5 Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. i. p. 507.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Yambio, Mch. B.G.
A single example of the Willow-Wren collected by
Dr. Christy in the Bahr el Ghazal appears to me to the
typical western race.
Phylloscopus bonelli orientalis.
Phylloscopus bonelli orientalis (Brehm); Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 514.
[C. & L. coll.] 5 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 1 Sennar Jan.;
1 Korti Mch. W.N. ; 1 Tonga Feb. U.N.
The Bonelli Warblers collected by Messrs. Chapman
and Lynes undoubtedly belong to the eastern race. ‘here
appear to be no Sudanese examples in the Museum col-
lections though there are a good number from Egypt. It is
not represented in the Butler collection, though he informs
us he obtained it at Khartoum.
Phylloscopus collybita abietina.
Phylloscopus collybita abietina (Nilsson) ; Hartert, Vog.
pal. Faun. p. 508.
Phylloscopus rufus apud Butler, Lbis, 1905, p. 335, 1908,
p- 231.
[B. coll.} 6 Khartoum Apl. & Nov.; 1 Kawa Nov.
W.N.
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Kamisa Dec. Sen.; 2 White Nile
15° N. lat. Jan., 1 9° N. lat. Feb.
All these Chiffchaffs appear to belong to the larger and
paler Scandinavian race.
Widely distributed in winter (4. L. B.).
Apalis rufifrons rufifrons.
Prinia rufifrons Riippell, N. Wirbelth. 1835, p. 110,
pl. 41 : Abyssinian coastlands.
Apalis rufifrons (Riipp.); Reichw. V. A. i. p. 600.
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 665
[B. coll.] 1 Erkowit Mch., 1 Erba Mch. B.S. ; 2 Fatasha
Feb. Kh. : .
[C. & L. coll.] 1 Port Sudan Dec., 5 Sinkat Mch.,
2 Erkowit Apl. B.S.
There is also an example from Habissa Wells, Kordofan,
collected by Capt. Dunn, in the Museum. A. r. smithi
[Dryodromas smithi Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iv. 1895, p. 29:
Somaliland], though not recognized by Reichenow, seems
to form a distinct subspecies distinguished by its rufous
head, while in the present form that colour is confined to the
forehead.
Drymocichla incana.
Drymocichla incana Hartlaub, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 626,
_pl. 60: Magungo, Albert Nyanza; Reichw. V. A. iii.
p- 618.
[B. coll.] 1 Kajo Kaji, Mch. L.E.
[Chr. coll.] 2 Meridi Jan. Feb. B.G.
Rare; only met with at one spot at Kajo Kaji
GTB):
Phyllolais pulchella.
Malurus pulchellus Cretzschmar, Atlas, 1826, p. 53, pl. 35:
Kordofan.
Apalis pulchella Reichw. V. A, iii. p. 610.
Phyllolais pulchella Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 382.
[B. coll.] 3 Roseires July, Aug. Sen. ; 1 Taufikia Mch.,
1 Bahr el Zerat June, U.N.; 3 Mongalla, 1 Sheik
Tombé Jan. Mon.
[C. & L. coll.] 6 Kamisa Dec., 1 nr. Senga Dec. Sen. ;
2 Jebel Ahmed Aga Jan., 1 ur. Renk Jan., 1 longa
Feb., 2 nr. Lake No Feb, U.N.
Sylvietta brachyura dilutior.
Syviella carnapi dilutior Reichw., vide infra.
[B. coll.] 3 Mongalla.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Meridi Feb. B.G.
666 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [This,
Sylvietta brachyura nilotica.
Sylvietta brachyura nilotica Neumann, vide infra.
Sylviella brachyura apud Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 331, 1908,
p. 228, 1909, p. 82.
[B. coll.]| 1 Erkowit Mch. R.S.; 1 Doka May, Kas. ;
6 Roseires Apl. July, Aug. Sen.; 1 Taufikia Feb.
U.N.; 1 Wau Apl., 1 Gamaiza Apl. B.G.
[C. & L. coll.] 2 Sinkat Mch., 1 Erkowit Apl. BS. ;
6 Kamisa Dec. Sen.: 1 Jebel Almed Aga Jan.,
1 Tonga Mch., 2 nr. Lake No leb. U.N.
In naming these birds we found it necessary to examine
all the species of Sylvietta with rufous undersides. We
came in the main to the same conclusion as Zedlitz in
his valuable paper on the genus, J. f. O. 1916, pp. 93-100,
that there are three distinct groups.
The first of these, the “rufescens”’ group, is of large size,
with a large bill, a dark streak through the eye, and a
whitish eyebrow. Underside all one colour. Confined to
South Africa.
The second group is the “ whytii-jacksoni” group, of
smaller size, with no dark eye-streak, and the eyebrow and
cheeks strongly rufous. Underside all one colour, some-
times slightly paler in the centre of the abdomen. East and
Central Africa.
The third group is the “brachyura” group, of size
similar to the last, and in some cases very close to it, but
always with a dark or grey eye-streak, and with a noticeable
white patch in the centre of the belly ; in some cases on the
throat as well. N.W., Central, W., and N.E. Africa.
I. “ Rufescens” group.
1. SYLVIETTA RUFESCENS RUFESCENS.
Diceum rufescens Vieill. Nouv. Dict. ix. 1817, p. 407:
Oliphant river, Cape Colony (ex Levaillant).
Vieillot founded his Diceum rufescens on Levaillant’s
plate (Ois. d’Afr. i. pl. 135).
Levaillant figured this bird from specimens obtained at
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 667
the “Elephant’s River,” 7. e.,° Oliphant River, western
Cape Colony, and therefore this name must refer to the
western and paler race. Sylviella flecki Reichw. O. M.
1900, p. 22, from south of Lake Ngami, is therefore a
synonym. ‘This race is characterized by its strong beak,
plainly marked dark streak through the eye, and whitish
superciliary stripe ; the underside is pale rufous. Wing
58-62 mm. It extends from western Cape Colony through
S.W. Africa, Namaqualand and Bechuanaland, probably to
the western ‘Transvaal.
For the other and richer coloured race we propose the
name—
2. SYLVIETTA RUFESCENS TRANSVAALENSIS, Subsp. nov.
A race very similar to S. 7. ruj/escens but more richly
coloured, with a more rufous underside. Slightly larger,
wing 60-65 mm. ‘ype, a specimen collected at Rusten-
berg, 6 June 1878, by W. Lucas ; no sex given. B.M. reg.
no. 95/5/1/1053.
Range. 'Vrausvaal, except the western portion, and South
Rhodesia. There are also in the Museum collections four
specimens from N. Rhodesia and Nyasaiand which appear
to be indistinguishable in size and coloration from this race.
Further material, however, may prove this to be distinct.
It apparently occurs side by side with S. whytii jacksoni.
3. SYLVIETTA RUFESCENS PALLIDA.
Sylviella palida Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. viii. 1898,
p- 48: Zambesi River, 30 miles above ete.
A much paler race, apparently confined to the Zambesi
valley. Similar to S. 7. rufescens but paler, especially on
the throat, and with a smaller bill. Smaller; wing
55-58 mm.
Range. Confined to the Zambesi valley in the neighbour-
hood of Tete.
It is curious to find a pale race in a locality like this,
especially as a darker race is found to north and south
of it.
668 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __[Ibis,
SYLVIETTA ISABELLINA.
Sylviella isabellina Klliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ.,
Orn. Ser. vol. i. 1897, p. 44: Le Gud, Somaliland.
Sylviella yaikwari Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. 1901, p. 47:
Ania, Somaliland.
Sylvietta erlanyeri Reichw. O. M. 1905, p. 25: Ennia
Galla, Somaliland.
This species, of which S. gaikwari and S. erlangeri Reichw.
appear to be synonyms, is nearly allied to the “ rufescens ”
group. As, however, there would be a very great and
unusual gap in the distribution if it were placed in that
group, we prefer to regard it as a separate species.
II. “ Whytii-jacksoni”’ group.
1. SyLvierra WHYTIL WHYTII.
Syviella whytii Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 13 : Zomba,
Nyasaland.
Sylviella fischeri Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1900, p. 22:
Malindi, British E. Africa.
Distinguished from the “ rufescens” group by the lack of
a dark stripe through the eye and the more rufous cheeks.
The bill also is smaller. Underside pale rufous. Wing
52-57 mm.
According to Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1916, p. 25) S. fischeri is a
synonym.
Range. Nyasaland, 8S. Rhodesia, and Portuguese E. Africa,
north along the coast to Mombasa and the Teita country.
2. SyLVIETTA WHYTII MINIMA Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 156:
Manda Island, British E. Africa.
Very similar to S. w. whytii, but with the upperside a
considerably paler grey. Wing 51-55 mm.
Range. Manda Island, British E. Africa.
3. SYLVIETTA WHYTII JACKSONI.
Sylviella jacksoni Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. 1897, p. 7:
Kamassia, British E. Africa.
Considerably richer in colour than either of the last two
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Eyyptian Sudan. 669
races, the underside being a very warm rufous. Wing
58-63 mm.
Range. Western British Kast Africa, north to Lake Zwai
in south Abyssinia, south to the Usangu district of German
Kast Africa.
Iu the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, ]vi. 1911,
No. 20, p. 11, Mearns describes a race from Fort Hall as
S. w. loringi. We have no specimens from Fort Hall itself,
but two specimens from the Athi river in the close vicinity
are indeed somewhat paler than typical specimens of
S. w. jacksoni. This is only to be expected as Fort Hall
is a place where the desert fauna would naturally meet
with the highland fauna and an intermediate form be thus
produced.
Another race, S. w. abayensis, was also described by
Mearns (Smithson. Misc. Coll. Ixi. 1913, No. 20, p. 4) from
Lake Abaya. We have a series collected by Zaphiro from
near that locality and can in no way distinguish them from
typical S. w. gacksoni.
III. ‘‘ Brachyura” group.
1. SyLvinTTa BRACHYURA BRACHYURA.
Sylvietta brachyura Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258:
Senegambia.
A very good description of this bird is given by Lafres-
naye. A grey stripe through the eye, eyebrow and chin
pale rufous, in some cases almost white ; underside rufous
with, as a rule, a well-marked white patch in the middle of
the abdomen. Size small; wing 52-56 mm.
Range. Senegambia to N. Nigeria (Lake Chad).
2. SYLVIETTA BRACHYURA CARNAPI.
Sylviella carnapi Reichw. O. M. 1900, p. 22: Eastern
Cameroon.
? Sylviella olivie Alex. Bull. B.O, C, xxiii. 1909, p. 16:
Bamingui river.
670 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [ Ibis,
Very similar to S. b. brachyura, but richer in colour
underneath and with a richer rufous eyebrow and chin.
We have no specimens of this race, but one bird from the
river Bamingui, the type of S. olivie, Alexander, may
possibly belong to it.
Range. Eastern Cameroon, possibly to Bamingui river.
3. SYLVIETTA BRACHYURA DILUTIOR.
Sylviella carnapt dilutior Reichw. O. M. 1916, p. 154:
Ruwenzori. .
Like S. 5. carnapi, but the underside a slightly paler
rufous. In some examples there is a considerable amount
of white on the belly. Wing 53-60 mm.
Range. Uganda, the upper White Nile, and the Bali el
Ghazal.
4, SYLV!ETTA BRACHYURA MICRURA,
Troglodytes micrurus Riippell, Neue Wirbelth. 1835,
p- 109: Kordofan.
We have no specimens from Kordofan, but Neumann
(J. f. O. 1906, p. 279), who has examined Riippell’s types,
states that they belong to a desert form and are distinct
from birds of the Nile valley. This appears to conclusively
fix the name micrura for this form, although Riippell’s figure
is more like the Abyssinian race.
5. SYLVIETTA BRACHYURA NILOTICA.
Sylvietta brachyuru niloticu Neum, J. f.O. 1906, p. 279:
Shabeisha, White Nile Province.
This race is distinguished by Neumann from S., 6. micrura
on account of its richer coloration and shorter bill. It is
distinguishable from S, 6. carnapi, to which it is very closely
allied, by the slightly paler rufous of the breast. It is in
fact intermediate between S. 6. carnapi and 8S. b. micrura.
Chin slightly paler but not white, eyebrow rufous.. Wing
52-58 mm.
Range. White Nile valley, east to Kritrea, and the western
half of Abyssinia,
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-E-gyptian Sudan. 671
6. SYLVIETTA BRACHYURA LLEUCOPSIS.
Syiviella leucopsis Reichw. Orn. Centralb. 1879, p. 114:
Tana river, B.E.A.
Sylvietia brachyura tavetensis Mearns, Smithson. Misc.
Coll Ixy 1913, No-20, :p.-5 y Taveta,
Sylvietta brachyura hilgerti Zedlitz, J. f. O. 1916, p. 99:
Dire Daua.
This race is at once distinguishable from all others by its
white eyebrow and white chin. Zedlitz distinguishes the
Abyssinian and northern Somali birds by their larger size
(J.f. O. 1916, p. 99). We find, however, there is such
great variation in tlis respect that we prefer to keep them
all together.
Range. From eastern Eritrea through Somaliland and
eastern Abyssinia to Baringo and Kilimanjaro.
Mearns (Smithson. Mise. Coll. lxi. 1918, No. 20, p. 5)
describes a race from Taveta as S. 6. tavetensis. We have
specimens from this locality, and cannot distinguish them
from S. Somaliland examples.
As the type-locality of S. 6. lewcopsis is the Tana river,
it would certainly be unlikely to find a different race
of a desert species there, with only the Taru desert in
between. —
Sylvietta ansoryei Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907,
p- 97: Huxe, Benguella, of which S. lowei (O.-Grant,
Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1911, p. 105: S. Paul de Loanda) is
undoubtedly a synonym, is a very distinct form with an
almost entirely white underside, and may well remain as a
distinct species.
Other described species or subspecies, the types of which
we have not seen, are :—
Sylviella distinguenda Madarasz, Arch. Zool. i. 1910,
p- 177: Ngare-Dowash, west of Victoria Nyanza, pro-
bably = S. w. jacksoni.
Sylvietta epipolia Reichw. O. M. 1910, p.7: N, Adamaua,
is near S. carnapi but smaller,
672 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
Sylvietta rufescens ochrocara Oberholser, Smiths. Misc.
Coll. xlvii. 1905, p. 373: Damaraland, is probably
identical with S. r. rufescens.
Sylvietta whytei pallidior Grote, O. M. 1911, p. 18:
Mikandini, Germ... Afr., is, according to Zedlitz,
an abnormally coloured S. whytit.
Sylviella chubbi O.-Grant, S. batesi Sharpe, S. denti
O.-Grant, S. hardyi Bannerman, S. neumanni Roths.,
all belong to an entirely different section of the genus.
Eremomela elegans elegans.
Ficedula elegans Heuglin, 8.B. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856,
p. 275: “ Kollaland,” @.e. Sennar on the Abyssinian border
(nom. nud.].
Eremomela elegans Heuglin, J. f. O. 1864, p. 259;
Reichw. V. A. ili. p. 638.
[B. coll.] 3 Roseires July Sept. Sen.
Fremomela elegans canescens.
Eremomela canescens Antinori, Cat. Coll. Uec. 1864,
p. 88: Dyjur river, B.G.
Eremomela elegans apud Butler, Ibis, 1908, p. 228, 1909,
p. 81.
[B. coll.] 1 Dug Dug Jan., 1 Chak Chak Feb., 1 Wau
Mch. B.G. ; 2 Mongalla; 2 Kajo Kaji Mch. LE.
(Chr. coll.] 3 Meridi Jan., 2 Mt. Baginzi Mch., 1 Tem-
bura Apl. B.G. ; 3 Yei Nov. Dec. L.E.
The birds from Sennar are much paler than those from
the south both as regards the yellow of the back and under-
parts and the grey of the head, and as they are practically
topotypes of Heuglin’s species, we identify them with the
typical race.
The birds from Mongalla and the Bahr el Ghazal are very
close to the southern Abyssinian bird named E. e. abyssinica
by Bannerman, though in the original description a com-
parison was made with birds from the upper Nile as there
were no examples of the typical race in the Museum at
the time. The three forms are therefore :—
1918.] the Birds of the Anglo-Fgyptian Sudan. 673
E. e. elegans (Heugl.), with pale grey head and a paler
back and underside. Sennar.
E. e. abyssinica Bannerman, with the head more dusky
and the back darker washed with greenish ; under-
parts as in FE. e, elegans. S. Abyssinia.
E. e. canescens Ant. ; head of a grey intermediate between
that of the other two, a bright yellow back without
greenish, and a very bright yellow underside. Upper
White Nile westwards to Shari river.
Eremomela caniceps.
Eremomela caniceps Cassin, Proc, Philad. Acad. 1859,
p. 38: Camma river, Gaboon; Reichw. V. A. iii. p-. 638.
[Chr. coll.] 1 Tembura Apl. B.G.
This hird is new to the Sudan and the Bahr el Ghazal,
but it was obtained at Magungo on Lake Albert by Emin,
and by Alexander on the Bamingui river, a tributary of the
Shari, in French Congo,
Eremomela flaviventris griseoflava.
Eremomela griseoflava Heuglin, J. f. O. 1862, p. 40:
Bogosland.
[C. & L. coll.] 38 Sinkat Mch. R.S.; 2 Kamisa Dec.,
2 Singa Dec., 1 Sennar Jan. Sen.
Eremomela flaviventris alexanderi, subsp. n.
[B.coll.] 2 Bara Apl., 1 Um Bosha May, Kor.
[C. & L. coll.]. 1 Hassania Island Jan., 1 Jebelein Jan.
U.N.
These birds, together with some others collected by
Boyd Alexander near Lake Chad, are much paler than
the birds from Sennar, Bogosland, and Abyssinia, and
must be considered a distinct race. The back is a much
paler shade of brown, and the lower part of the back faintly
but distinctly washed with yellowish, which becomes in
some cases quite a marked feature on the rump itself; this
SER. X.—VOL. VI. 3B
674. Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on __ [ Ibis,
is not due to the make up of the skins and the appearance
of the yellow from below. There seems to be no difference
in dimensions: the wings measure 50-55 mm.
Type, a ? from Bara, Kordofan, 27/iv./04. A. L. Butler
coll., B.M. reg. no. 1916/9/20/985.
Other examples in the British Museum are :—4 near
Lake Chad (Alexander), 1 Bara, Kordofan (Capt. W. H.
Dunn), 1 Jebel Auli, White Nile (Hawker).
We recognize, following Ogilvie-Grant (Bull. B. O. C.
xxv. 1910, p. 120), the following forms of E. flaviventris :—
E. f. flaviventris (Burchell): Asbestos Mts., Griqualand
West. Distr. Damaraland and Angola eastward to
Lake Ngami, Bechuanaland, and the Western Trans-
vaal.
E. f. saturatior O.-Grant: Deelfontein. Distr. Central
Cape Colony, Deelfontein, and Kingwilliamstown.
E. f. poliowantha Sharpe: Swaziland. Distr. Swaziland,
eastern Transvaal, Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.
E. f. abdominalis Reichw.: Tanganyika to Kikuyu. We
have seen no examples of this form.
E. f. crawfurdi Stephenson-Clarke, Bull. B. O. C. xxix.
1911, p. 43: Sotik, Br. KE. Africa; only known from
the type.
E. f. flavicrissalis Sharpe: Webbe Shebeli, 8. Somali.
Distr. S. Somali and Jubaland, B. E. Afr. ; with this
we unite EH. erlangcri Reichw. It is easily distinguished
by its small size ; wing under 50 mm.
E. f. griseoflava Heuglin: Bogosland. Distr. Sennar and
Red Sea Province of the Sudan Soh to Shoa and
northern Somaliland.
E. f. alexanderi, vide supra. Upper White Nile to Kor-
dofan and L. Chad.
Camaroptera griseoviridis griseoviridis.
Orthotomus griseoviridis v. Miller, Naumannia, i. pt. 4,
1851, p. 27: Kordofan.
. +
” ae =—erythrops, 721:
= i pyerhops, G57.
—— --—-roseires, 602,
656, 657, 721.
= = “walensis; 602,
656.
—— ferruginea, 653.
—— floweri, 650, 651.
—— hartlaubi, 647.
—— hypoxantha, 655.
—— ladoensis, 649.
—— lugubris marginata,
647, 648, 649, 721.
—— marginalis, 647,
648.
—— natalensis, 128, 130.
—— ——- malzacii, 646,
p20
eee Le SDeOuat as
646,
—— petrophila, 654,
—-— rufa, 655, 656.
—— ruficeps ruficeps,
650.
a = Scouoptera,
650, 651, 721.
—— rufopileata,
655.
— — slatini, 648.
strangii, 646.
—— subruficapilla, 649,
—— —W— borea, 649.
—— sudanica, 421, 650.
—— sylvia, 654,
—-— terrestris eximia,
652, 721.
—— troglodytes ferru-
ginea, 653.
—— —— troglodytes,
655, 654
—— wellsi, 654.
654,
Clangula clangula ameri- |
cana, 480, 511.
—— hyemalis, 279.
Olarkona viridis, 161.
SER. X.— VOL. VI.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Climacocereus
thorax, 347.
Climacteris waitei, 171,
olz
Clytospiza monteiri, 455.
Coccothraustes cocco-
thraustes, 181, 184,
351.
ZOnO-
Coccycolius iris, 332.
Coceystes hypopinarus,
134.
Colaptes auratus luteus,
488.
Colius nigricollis, 569.
striatus minor, 128,
130.
Coliuspasser dubiosus,
457, 458.
-——- macrourus, 459.
Coleus monedula mone-
dula, 173.
spermologus,
173.
Colubri iolatus brevipen-
nis, 500.
Columba cinerea, 84.
livia livia, 287.
— cenas, 287.
—— pallida, 324.
—— palumbus, 362.
palumbus, 287.
| Colymbus immer, 286.
| —— stellatus, 286.
Compsocoma_notabilis,
169,
Copsychus saularis musi-
cus, 209.
saularis, 210,
Coracias affinis, 91.
—— theresiz, 91.
—— garrulus, 291, 295.
oriolus, 426.
Coracina pectoralis, 700.
Corvinella corvina aftinis,
627.
—— —— corvina, 627.
togoensis, 627,
Corvultur crassirostris,
426.
Corvus affinis, 425,
albus, 425,
brachyrbynchus
hesperis, 489.
capensis, 180, 424,
cornix, 288, 349,
cornix, 258,
corone, 349,
corone, 258,
coronoides, 230.
frugilegus, 288, 349.
Wee eee frugilegus, 259,
753
Corvus insolens, 230.
macrorhynchus,
230.
-—— minor, 424.
—— monedula, 288, 349.
monedula,
258.
—— scapulatus, 425.
- splendens, 72.
umbrinus, 425,
Corythzola cristata, 530,
550.
Corythocichla brevicau-
data herberti, 585, 593.
leucosticta,593.
—— crassa, 586.
——— leucosticta, 586,
586.
Cosmerops, 734.
| Cossypha caffra, 152.
heuglini heuglini,
682.
682.
verticalis melano-
nota, 682.
—— verticalis, 682.
Cotile minor, 714,
riparia, 713.
— rufigula, 716.
—— shelleyi, 714.
—-— sudanensis,
715.
Coturnix communis, 174.
——- coturnix, 291, 362.
Cotyle littoralis, 713.
—— minor, 714, 715.
-—— obsoleta, 716.
subrufescens,
714,
| Crateropus cinereus, 694,
cordofanicus, 694.
guttatus, 682,
~—— leucocephalus leu=
cocephalus, 694.
leucopygius, 695.
—— plebeius, 694.
cinereus, 694,
—-- —— plebeius, 694,
—— rubiginosus, 692,
—— rufescens, 692.
—— rufula, 693.
tenebrosus, 695,
_ Creatophora carunculata,
433.
Crex crex, 287.
Criniger, 575.
lonnbergi, 589.
Crithagra barbata, 466.
—— hartlaubi, 466.
Crypsirhina varians, 233,
Cryptorhina afra, 425.
Crypturus soui, 310,
36
754
Cuculus sp., 552.
bakeri, 135.
—— canorus, 146, 182,
183, 186, 360, 599.
—— —— canorus, 276.
——— = minor, Lol.
—— clamosus, 152.
—— gabonensis, 552.
——— intermedius, 74.
—— paradiseus, 228.
—— solitarius, 152, 552.
Curruca pallida, 237.
—— stentorea, 645.
Cyanaleyon macleayi,
734.
—-— pyrrhopygia, 733.
Cyanecula suecica, 680.
Cyanocitta cristata cris-
tata, 489.
Cyanoderma erythro-
pterumerythropterum,
594.
—— sordida,
594.
Cyanomitra obscura sub-
sp., 621.
—— neglectus,
621.
—— —— ragazzii, 621.
—— yerticalis alin, 622.
—— —— cyanocephala,
622.
—— —— tanganjice,
gpogak sy
—— —-~— yerticalis, 622,
—— —— viridisplen-
dens, 621, 622.
Cyanonympha, 191.
Cyanonyx lepida, 507.
Cyanopicus cyanus, 514.
——_— —— interposita,
“2315,
Cyanosylvia suecica cya-
necula, 681.
—— —— magna, 680.
—-— —-—- guecica, 274;
680.
Cyanotis azare, 403,
409.
Cygnus sp., 300.
Cymborhynehus imacro-
rhynehus lemniscatus,
114,
—— —— malaccensis,
114.
Cymochorea, 167.
Cyornis pallidipes ~* hai-
nana, 190.
—-— sumatrensis, 189.
Cyrtostomus flammaxil-
laris, 217.
590,
INDEX OF
Dacelaleyon confusus,
73.
- cyanocephalus,
734.
Dafila aeuta, 479.
Delichon urbica, 290,
359.
urbica, 276,
alias
ro
Dendrocitta rufa, 72.
Dendroica estiva sestiva,
498.
coronata, 493.
—— dominiea, 238.
petechia albicollis,
162.
Dendromus caroli, 568.
— — nivosus, 568.
permistus, 568.
Dendropicus gabonensis,
569.
lafresnayi, 569.
Diaphorillas carteri,
325.
Diaphorophvia, 573.
Diatryma steini, 187.
Diazula nigrocyanea,
mo
734.
Diazulena — winghelli,
734.
Diceum cruentatum
coceinea, 217.
—— ignitum, 217.
siamensis,
216.
—— rufescens, 666.
Dicrurus, 574.
adsimilis
catus, 426.
—— afer, 426.
—— annectens affinis,
226.
civari-
annectens,
226.
——- --———_ slamensis,
226.
longus, 227.
Dinemellia dinemelli,
462.
Diomedea chionoptera,
316, 530, 505.
- exwans, 503.
—— repia, 503.
(Rhothonia) san-
fordi, 316.
Dissemurus malabaricus
otiosus, 518.
—— paradiseus malay-
ensis. 239, 518, 596.
—— paradiseus,
228, 596.
|
Dissemurus paradiseus
platurus, 229,
Drymocichla incana,
665,
Drymeeca brachyptera,
655.
-+— c¢inerascens, 650,
651.
erythrops
throps, 656.
—— eximia, 652.
—— scotoptera, 650.
simplex, 649.
Drymoica affinis, 677.
—— erythroptera, 645.
—— grandis, 646.
malzacii, 646, 647.
—— marginalis, 647.
--— marginata, 647.
-—— melanorhynchus,
677.
murina, 677.
—-— superciliosa, 677.
—— tenella, 677.
—— troglodytes, 653.
uropygialis, 651.
Dryobates major, 360.
—--- major, 276.
pubescens nelsoni,
488.
— yillosus villosus,
488.
Dryodromas smithi, 665.
Dryoscopus, 573, 574.
—— angolensis, 635.
—— cubla, 635.
gambensis congicus,
636,
—— —— erythree, 636.
—— —— gambensis,
636.
-—— malzacii, 635,
636.
——. -—— nyanze, 636.
~——- malzacii, 635.
—— —— erytbrex, 635.
Dryotriorchis batesii,
539.
Dumetilla carolinensis,
495,
ery-
Edolius affinis, 518.
—— cristatellus, 228,
malayensis, 229,
518.
—— rangoonensis, 228.
Edquista caroline, 734.
Egretta alba, 297.
-—- garzetta, 297.
Elainea albiceps, 403.
Elminia — longicauda,
O78.
—— loands, 603,
(A
— —— longicauda,
712.
— schwabischi,
712.
—_— —— teresita, 712,
713.
Emberiza affinis, 463.
aureola, 223.
—— cabanisi, 463.
—— cesia, 464.
—— calandra, 179, 184,
289, 351.
—— —— calandra, 262.
—— cia, 293.
—— cinerea cinerea,
464.
--- =. gemenowl,
464.
—— cioides ciopsis, 181.
cirlus, 292, 352.
—— citrinella, 179, 182,
184, 292, 352.
—— citrinella,
262
—— flaviventris flavi-
gastra, 463,
— — —~— flaviventris,
463.
-——— hortulana, 262, 293,
464.
—— inelanocephala,
292.
—=— mniliaria, 293.
—— platensis, 1, 3.
pusilla, 182, 262.
— scheniclus, 352.
scheeniclus,
263.
—— septemstriata, 462.
—-— (Hypocentor) seme-
nowi, 464.
Emberizoides _ polio-
cephalus, 1, 4.
Embernagra dumetorum,
6.
ee
—— gossei, 2, 9.
—— longicauda, 7.
—— olivascens, 2, 7, 8.
—— platensis, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 387.
—-~ —— naraguayensis,
5.
—_— —— platensis, 3.
—— —— poliocephala,
4.
——— valency, 158).
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Empidonax minimus,
489,
Empidornis semipartitus
kavirondensis, 703.
——- -—— semipartitus,
703.
Enneoctonus collurio,
630,
—— gubernator guber-
nator, 650,
strumpelli,
650,
Entomothera, 738.
Kos fuseata, 497.
Evemomela caniceps,
673.
—— elegans abyssinica,
672, 673.
—— —— canescens, 672,
673.
—— —— elegans, 672,
673.
-—— flaviventris abdo-
minalis, 674.
—— —— alexanderi,
6735.
—— crawfurdi,
675.
—— flavicrissalis,
674.
—— —— flaviventris,
674.
—— —— griseoflava,
673, 674.
——- —— polioxantha,
674.
saturatior,
674.
—-- griseoflava, 673.
Erismatura jamaicensis,
480,
Erithacus rubecula, 358.
—— melophilus,
273.
— rubecula, 273.
Erythrocercus macalli,
573.
Erythrocichla bicolor
whiteheadi, 588.
Erythropygia leucoptera
leucoptera, 685.
ruficauda,
683.
—— ruficanda, 688.
Erythrospiza githaginea,
476.
Estrilda, 575.
—— astrild adesma,
445.
—— —— angolensis,
445,
755
Estrilda astrild astrild,
442, 443.
cavendishi,
443, 444,
== damarensis,
442.
— erlangeri, 444.
—— gaboonensis,
423, 448, 444.
—— —— jagoensis, 444.
aaa maemillani,
441, 444,
—— —— massaica, 443.
—-- --— minor, 4438,
444,
— miinzneri,
443.
-— niediecki, 444.
— nyanze, 443,
445,
—— — nyasse, 448,
444,
- occidentalis,
442, 444.
—— —— peasei, 442,
444.
—— —— sanctex-helene,
444,
—— --— souse, 444,
—— cinerea, 445.
—- larvata larvata, 446.
togoensis, 446.
—— macmillani, 441.
—-— nigricollis, 445,
446.
—— nonnula, 445.
—— paludicola, 445.
—— peasei, 442.
—— pheenicotis, 441.
—— rhodopsis, 448.
—— rhodopyga, 445.
—— rubriventris, 428,
445.
—— rufopicta, 447.
—— gsubflava, 448.
Euexgotheles, 506.
Eudromias morinellus,
282.
Eudynamis chinensis,
se)
99.
orientalis harterti,
malayana, 99.
Eunetta falcata x Chaule-
lasmus streperus, 734.
Eupetes macrocercus
griseiventris, 584, 593.
Euphagus carolinus, 490,
Huplectes capensis xan-
thomelas, 458.
Euprinodes, 577.
362
756
Eupsittula pertinax mar-
garitensis, 500.
Eurocephalus anguiti-
mens, 640.
rippelli bohmi,
640..
—— -—— deckeni, 640.
es erlangeri, 640.
- fischeri, 640,
641.
—— —— riippelli, 640,
641.
Eurystomus bravi, 506.
gularis, 559.
—— orientalis, 506.
—— pacificus, 506.
Falco
278.
—— brachypterus, 343,
344,
vesalon salon,
haliaétus, 325.
hamatus, 725.
leucauchen, 345.
leucomelas, 344.
—— naumanni, 599.
—-— percontater, 344.
peregrinus brookei,
— — pelegrinoides,
173.
173, 277.
—— rusticolus
colus, 486.
sparverius spar-
verius, 486.
tinnunculus, 291,
361.
—-- tinnunculus,
278.
—— vespertinus, 291,
600.
—— amurensis,
600.
xanthothorax, 345.
Ficedula elegans, 672.
Fiscus collaris smithi,
629.
—— excubitorius, 630.
princeps, 630.
—— intercedens, 6380.
— nubicus, 629.
—— gmithi, 629.
Flammea flammea, 360.
Foudia hzematocephala,
456.
Francolinus chinensis,
81.
—— hartlaubi, 163, 736.
peregrinus,
rusti-
INDEX OF
Francolinuslathami, 449.
squamatus, 549.
Franklinia rufescens
beavani, 211.
Fratercula arctica, 241,
285.
—— —— grabe, 241.
Fringilla ccelebs, 351.
coelebs, 260.
grisea, 471.
——— ictera, 242.
—— montifringilla, 260.
—— mozambica, 242.
—— sanguinirostris,455.
simplex, 475.
—— spaclicea, 472.
—— ultramarina, 448.
— (Dryospiza) auri-
frons, 465.
Fringillaria reichenowi,
463.
septemstriata, 462.
—— —- goslingi, 463.
—— -——-. septemstriata,
462.
striolata, 462,
Fulica americana, 511.
atra, 287, 562.
Fulmarus glacialis gla-
cialis, 286.
Furnarius rufus,
412, 516.
407,
Galerida altirostris, 607.
cristata, 289, 294,
352, 606, 607.
—— subsp , 607.
altirostris,
“ol4, 607, 741, 742.
caroli, 742.
eritrex, 606,
607.
—— —— isabellina,
314, 607, 742.
— —— maculata, 314,
TAl.
meoeritica, 741,
742.
nigricans, 314,
741.
sta nubica, 607,
741
Gallinago ceelestis, 174.
280, 361.
Gallinula chloropus, 362.
—— —- chloropus,
287.
-— madagascariensis,
243,
gallinago, 179, 181;
Gallus bankiva bankiya,
—— —— ferrugineus;
81.
—— domesticus, 180.
gallus, 81.
Garrulax leucogaster,
238.
leucolophus diardi,
233
—— moniliger mouhoti,
232.
mouhoti, 232.
Garrulus glandarius,
300.
—— rufitergum,
184.
Gavia immer, 477.
Gecinulus grantia, 109.
—— viridis, 105.
Gecinus canus
101.
—— erythropygius, 102.
—— —— nigrigenis,
102.
robinsoni, 105.
—— striolatus, 104.
—— yiridanus, 104.
—-— viridis robinsoni,
518.
=== Vittatisy Oo:
—— —— eisenhoferi,
103.
weberi, 104.
Geositta cunicularia, 405.
Geothlypis beldingi gold-
mani, 327.
Gerygone griseus, 591.
—— modiglianii, 591.
Glareola nordmanni,
600.
—— pratineola, 174,
298.
Glaucidium cuculoides,
hessei,
—— sjostedti, 542.
Glaucion clangula, 240.
Glaucionetta clangula,
240.
—— islandiea, 304.
Gracula javana inter-
media, 223.
Graculipica leucocephala,
223,
nigricollis, 224.
Graucalus macei layardi,
192.
—— macei, 192,
596.
namensis,
Grauculus macei nipal-
ensis, 192.
—— pectoralis, 70U.
Grus mexicana, 481.
Guttera edouardi
symonsi, 164.
plumifera, 549.
Gymnobucco peli, 565,
Gymnorhis __ pyrgita
pallida, 475.
Gyps fulvus, 299.
Habropyga rara, 447.
Heematopus ostralegus,
179.
—— ostralegus,
282.
Halcyon armstrongi, 92.
—— badius, 561.
—— chloris, 92.
—— humei, 92.
_—— malimbicus, 561.
—— perpulchra, 92.
~~ smyrnensis fusca,
92.
Halcyonopa dryas, 734.
Haliaétus albicilla, 524.
—— leucocephalus alas-
canus, 485.
Hapalocercus
yentris, 401.
Hedydipna metallica,
616.
—— platura platura,
616.
Helicolestes, 725.
Heliocorys modesta
modesta, 606.
Heliolais erythroptera
erythroptera, 645.
Hemipus picatus, 213.
Herpetotheres cachin-
nans chapmani, 725.
Herpornis xantholeuca,
209.
—— —— tyrannula,
209.
Hesperiphona —yesper-
tina vespertina, 491,
515.
Heterocorax capensis
capensis, 424.
minor, 424
Hieraétus lucani, 538.
Hierococcyx varius,
153.
Himantopus himantopus
299.
Himantornis hemato-
pus, 546.
flavi-
’
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Hippolais languida, 660.
—— pallida pallida,
659.
Hirundo, 572.
—— ap., 204.
—— abyssinica, 718.
—— exthiopica, 717.
—— albigularis, 718.
cincta, 716.
—— daurica, 719:
rufula, 720.
—— domiceella, 719.
—— erythrogaster, 731.
—— erythrogastris, 731.
—— gordoni, 719.
—— griseopyga griseo-
pyga, 720.
—— korthalsi, 718.
—— leucorrhoa, 883.
—— melanocrissa, 719.
—— paludicola, 714.
puella abyssinica,
—— —— puella, 719.
—— —— unitatis, 603,
718, 719.
—— rustica, 290, 359,
598.
= ——— MIshiCa ahs
Teas
—— savignii, 502.
—— semirufa gordoni,
719.
—— senegalensis sene-
galensis, 719.
—— smithi, 718.
—— urbica urbica, 713.
Hydrochelidon — leuco-
pareia, 291.
Hylia prasina, 577.
Hyliota, 573.
—— flavigastra flavi-
gastra, 700.
Hylocichla guttata polio- |
nota, 731.
——- ustulata swainsonl, |
495.
Hyphantica cardinalis,
456.
Hyphantornis axillaris,
436, 437.
—— badius, 436.
—— crocata, 433.
—— dimidiatus, 488.
—— erythrophthalma,
439.
—— feminina, 434, 435.
—— heuglini, 438.
—— intermedius, 438.
——— jamesoni, 182.
—— nigriceps, 131.
|
|
757
Hyphantornis tanio-
pterus, 438,
—— vitellinus, 457.
Hyphanturgus ocularius,
433, 454.
Hypochera chalybeata
amauropteryx, 449,
chalybeata,
449,
449.
—— codringtoni, 450.
funcrea funerea,
449, 450.
—— —— nigerrima,
449.
—— —— wilsoni, 449.
—— nigeriz, 450.
—— ultramarina, 448.
purpurascens,
neumanni,
450.
—— —— ultramarina,
450.
— wilsoni, 448.
Hypocnemis melano-
pogon, 725.
Hypocnemoides, 725.
Hypocolius ampelinus,
433.
Hypolais icterina, 357,
747
pallida, 237.
—— polyglotta, 269.
Hypoleucus varius hypo-
leucus, 165.
Hyposyma cinnamomina,
734,
Hypothymis azurea caru-
leocephala, 191.
prophata, 191.
—— —— styani, 190.
Icterus galbula, 490.
Ictinaétus malayensis,
ply
Indicator exilis, 567.
Tole olivacea cinnamo-
meoyentris, 589.
lonnbergi, 589.
—— —— olivacea, 589.
——. ——- virescens,
589.
virescens cinnamo-
meoventris, 588.
lridoprogne bicolor, 494.
| Ispidella leucogaster,
507.
Ispidina leucogaster,
560, 566.
— picta, 561.
é
758
Ithagenes _cruentus
affinis, 727.
cruentus, 728.
yt guttatus, 576.
Ixos plebejus, 694.
Tynx sp., 568.
torquilla, 3860, 747.
—— —— torquilla, 276.
Junco, 728.
hyemalis hyemalis,
AOD.
Kaupifaleo monogram-
micus, 540. ||
Kittacinela macrura
macrura, 210.
Lagonosticta brunnei-
ceps, 447.
—— butleri, 445, 446.
— larvata, 446.
—— melanogastra, 447.
—— nigricollis, 446.
rhod >psis, 448.
rufopicta, 447.
—— senegala brunnei-
ceps, 447.
erythrez, 447.
Lagostomus trichodac-
tylus, 405,
Lamprocolius abyssini-
cus, 430.
chaleurus, 431.
—- chalybaus, 429, 430,
431.
430.
~-—— chloropterus schra-
deri, 429,
eyaniventris, 450.
—-— cyanogenys, 420.
—— purpureus, 429.
—— — amethystinus,
429.
chloropterus,
—— splendidus, 574.
sycobius, 429.
Lamprotornis amethysti- |
nus, 429, |
caudatus, 452.
porphyropterus,
431, 452
~——— purpuropterus eneo-
cephalus, 431.
purpuropterus, |
431, 482. |
-—— splendidus splen-
didus, 481,
INDEX OF
Laniarius, 573, 574.
—-— ethiopicus xthio-
picus, 633.
— ambiguus, 634.
— bicolor, 634.
—— guttatus, 634.
= major, 633,
634.
seens mossambicus,
634.
—— somaliensis,
634.
—— sublacteus,
654,
— turatii, 634.
——- blanfordi, 637.
— catharoxanthus,631.
erythrogaster, 635.
sulphureipectus,
632.
Lanioturdinus, 5&6.
Lanioturdus torquatus,
756.
Lanius aucheri, 628.
borealis, 493.
chloris, 639.
collaris humeralis,
129.
——collurio, 180, 289,
30), 598, 630.
collurio collurio,
266.
collurioides,
215, 216.
cristatus, 213.
—— elegans, 628.
excubitor aucheri,
628.
214,
‘ans, 628.
excubitor,
leucopygos,
627, 628.
-—— pallidirostris,
628.
hypoleueus, 214,
216.
—-— -—— siamensis, 214,
isabellinus, 631.
leuconotus, 627,
628.
leucopygos, 627.
mackinnoni, 574.
minor, 289, 598,
627.
——- nigriceps longicau-
datus, 213.
nubicus, 629.
pallidirostris, 628.
—— paradoxus, 629.
senator, 294.
—— —-— badius, 181,
266.
|
Lanius senator senator,
181, 266.
Larus argentatus, 179,
478.
—— ——~ argentatus,
180, 182, 186, 283.
——-- californicus, 328.
——— canus canus, 283.
franklini, 478.
— fuscus, 182.
affinis, 283.
aucus,
283.
leucopterus, 180.
—— marinus, 179, 182,
283.
minutus, 283.
-—— melanocephalus,
291.
ridibundus, 283,
vero, 322
Larvivora cyanea, 209.
Lazulena macleayi, 734.
Leistes superciliaris,
393.
Lepidopyga goudouti
zulix, 500.
Leptasthenura egitha-
loides, 410.
Leucaleyon saurophaga,
734.
Leucopternis occidentalis,
501.
Lichenops perspicillatus,
399.
Limnaetus unipalensis,
739.
Limnocorax niger, 546,
547.
Limnocryptes gallinula,
280.
Limnospiza longicauda,7.
——- olivascens, 8.
platensis, 3.
Limonodromus indicus,
220.
Linosa sp., 562,
—— lapponica lap-
ponica, 281.
—- limosa limosa, 281.
Linaria gularis, 468.
Lipaugus simplex fre-
derici, 725.
Locustella certhiola,
160.
——— fluviatilis, 181.
luseiniodes luseini-
odes, 643.
——— neevia nevia, 268.-
Lophoaétus occipitalis,
589.
Lophoceros camurus,
564, :
faseiatus, 563.
—— hartlaubi, 564.
nasutus maraisi,
Lophura diardi, 80.
Loxia abyssinica, 435.
curvirostra, 184.
Lullula arborea, 293.
arborea, 264.
Luscinia luscinia, 681.
megarhyncha, 185,
5
t
suecica cyanecula,
—— —— magna, 680.
suecica, 680.
megarhyncha me-
garhyncha, 273.
megarhynchos me-
garhynchos, 681.
Lusciniola abyssinica,
658.
—— melanopogon, 237,
—
Lusciola golzi, 681.
Lybius bidentatus, 565,
Machetes pugnax, 281,
601.
Machetornis rixosa, 400.
Macrodipteryx macro-
dipterus, 545.
Macronus ptilosus re-
clusus, 588.
Macronyx croceus, 616.
Macrorhamphus griseus,
482.
Macrosphenus, 577.
Malacocinela abbotti
abbotti, 202.
— olivacea,
202.
Malaconotus, 573.
- poliocephalus,
631.
catharoxan-
thus, 631. ~
Malimbus, 574.
Malurus clamans, 657.
lamberti dawsoni-
anus, 171.
pulchellus, 665.
ruficeps, 650.
Mareca penelope, 279,
361, 479.
Marila valisineria, 479.
Megapodargus papuensis,
505,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Melenornis ater, 702.
edolioides, 701,
702.
—— painmelaina, 701.
schistacea, 701.
Melanocorypha bimacu-
lata, 603.
calandra,
293.
Melanoperdix nigra bor-
neensis, 592.
Melichneustes
068.
Melignomon zenkeri,
568.
Melithreptus atricapillus,
324,
Melittophagus australis,
562
235,
robustus,
—— leschenaulti swin-
hoei, 93.
mulleri, 562.
Melocichla mentalis
adamaus, 646.
amauroura,
645.
—_—- mentalis, 645..
—— orientalis,
645.
—— pyrrhops, 657.
Melospiza melodia me-
lodia, 492.
Mergus serrator, 280.
Merops, 734.
apiaster, 290, 295.
— lamark burmanus,
93.
--— orientalis burmanus,
—— philippinus, 94.
-—— sumatranus, 93.
——-. yiridis, 93.
Mesites, 330.
Mescenas, 330.
Mesopicus ellioti, 569.
xantholophus, 569.
Micraleyone pusilla,
yorki, 507.
Micrastur amaurus, 344,
guerilla, 346.
—— interstes, 346.
melanoleucus, 5408,
344.
—— microrhynchus,
—— mirandollei, 345.
—— pelzelni, 346.
—— ruficoliis gilvicollis,
346.
—— — guerilla, 346.
799
Miecrastur ruficollis
jugularis, 345.
—— ruficollis, 340.
zonothorax,
047.
Mierohierax cxrulescens,
62, 66,
——- fringillarius, 67.
melanoleucus, 61.
Micronisus poliopsis,
37.
Micropodargus
ratus, 506.
—-— neglectus, 506.
—— ocellatus, 505, 506.
—— pluniferus, 508,
506.
Micropternus brachy-
urus huimei, 109.
lanka, 108.
mesos, 108.
—— —— phaioceps,
107.
—— —— williamsoni,
107.
Micropterus cinereus,
724.
Micropus apus, 290, 294,
360, 599.
apus, 276.
Microtarsus melano-
cephalus, 199.
Miivago chimachima
cordata,; 725.
Milvulus tyrannus, 408.
Mimus modulator, 375.
triurus, 377.
Mirafra africanoides
harei, 164.
albicauda, 605.
assamica marione,
222.
cantillans, 605.
— chadensis, 605.
— cheniana chadensis,
605.
— cordofanica, 606,
608.
cantillans william-
soni, 222.
fischeri, 604.
sobatensis, 605.
zombe, 604.
Mixornis gularis, 595.
minor, 208.
——- —— rubricapilla,
205.
— minor, 595.
—— rubricapilla, 595.
—— —— connectens,
207.
mariio=
760
Mixornis rubricapilla
pileata, 207.
—— —— rubricapilla,
206.
—— —— sulphurea,
204, 206, 595.
sumatrana,
207.
sumatrana, 205,
59D:
Molothrus
489.
badius, 144, 390.
bonariensis, 142,
390
ater ater,
—— rufoaxillaris, 144,
390.
Monias benschi, 726.
Monticola angolensis,
132.
eyanus, 243, 679.
saxatilis, 679.
—— solitarius, 245.
philippin-
ensis, 209.
—— —— solitarius,
679.
Motacilla alba, 289, 294,
SOL:
nase alba, 264, 611.
—— leucopsis,
219.
264.
—— boarula, 264, 611.
melanope, 219,
-—— cinerea, 235.
cinerea, 264,
lugubris, 188,
611.
—— flava, 289, 353.
—— —— subsp., 613.
—- borealis, 612,
613.
——— campestris,
618.
—— —-— cinereocapilla,
613.
-—-- dombrowskii,
612.
—— — — flava, 265, 611,
6168.
—— melano-
cephala, 612.
—— —— melanogrisea,
612.
—— —— pygmea, 613.
——- thunbergi,
185, 265.
—— gularis, 204.
—— lugubris, 353.
—— melanope, 611.
INDEX OF
Motacilla melanocephala,
294, 614.
—— raii, 264, 353.
—— rubricapilla, 205.
—— scheenobeenus, 643.
—— superciliosa, 238.
—— vidua, 611.
Munia acuticauda, 2238.
Muscicapa, 573.
albicollis, 238,
—— aquatica, 701.
-—— atricapilla, 704.
~—— —— atricapilla,
276.
——- —— semitorquata,
704.
—— collaris, 238, 704.
—— divaricata, 426.
—-— grisola, 186, 290,
359, 598, 704.
—— — — grisola, 275.
—— infulata, 701.
— melanoleuca, 689.
—— pallida, 702.
—— parva, 705.
—— —— parva, 276.
—— semipartita, 703.
—— semitorquata, 704.
—— somaliensis, 701. °
—— striata neumanni,
704.
—— —— striata, 704.
Muscitrea grisola, 191.
Myioceyx lecontei, 561.
Myiophoneus crassiros-
tris, 208.
—— dicrorhynchus,
208.
—— cexruleus, 208.
eugenii, 207.
horsfieldi, 208.
—— insularis, 208.
| —— robinsoni, 208.
| —— temmincki, 208.
Myiotheretes rufiventris,
397.
Myospiza humeralis
tueumanensis, 725.
Myrmecocichla leipura,
685.
—— nigra, 684.
Myzomela rubatra saf-
fordi, 511.
Nectarinia acik, 621.
—— erythroceria, 617.
—— hypodilus, 624.
—— metallica, 616.
—— pheenicotis, 278.
—— pulchella, 616.
| Neonanodes aurantia,
162.»
| taes chrysogaster, 162.
—— chrysostomus, 162.
—— venustus, 162.
| Neonectris tenuirostris
brevicaudus, 165.
Neophema venusta, 521.
Neophron percnopterus,
295.
| Neopsephotus pallida,
162.
Nephecetes niger guade-
loupensis, 500.
Nesocharis ansorgei,
bE
—— capistrata, 446.
Nesomalurus leuco-
pterus, 325.
| Netta rufina, 296.
Nettion carolinense,
ilule
Nicator chloris, 573.
-—— —— chloris, 639.
| —— vireo, 573.
Nigrita, 575,
Nilaus afer afer, 640.
Ninox burmanica, 88.
—— scutulata bur-
manica, 88.
-—— —— japonica, 89.
Nisus concentricus,
346.
Northiella haematogaster,
161.
Northipsitta, 176.
Numenius arquata
arquata, 28].
-—— arquatus, 300,
— hudsonicus, 483.
phzopus, 299,
601.
| —— —— pheopus,
281.
Numida_papillosa
damarensis, 164.
Nutchera badia, 734.
Nycticorax griseus,
297.
| —— leuconotus, 537.
Nyctiornis athertoni,
94
Nyroca ferina, 276, 297,
361.
fuligula, 279, 291,
297.
Oceanodroma_furcata,
504.
leucorrhoa, 286.
(idemia fusca fusca,
279.
nigra nigra, 279.
CEdicnemus sp., 174.
—— cedicnemus, 298.
(ina capensis aliena,
726.
(Hnanthe botte, 687.
deserti atrogularis,
690.
—— familiaris, 691,
—— heuglini, 687.
—— hispanica melano-
leuca, 689.
—-— isabellina, 687.
—— leucomela, 331.
leucomela,
690,
—— leuecopyga, 691.
leucura syenitica,
9
a
lugens halophila,
vu.
lugens, 689.
persica, 689.
—— lugentoides, 691.
monacha, 690.
—— nigra, 684.
— enanthe, 290, 294,
359.
—— —— leucomela,
274.
— leucorrhoa,
274,
—— —— enanthe, 274,
686.
sennaarensis, 691.
stapazina xantho-
melena, 294.
xanthoprymna cuin-
mingi, 688.
xantho-
prymna, 687.
Ginopopelia tranque-
barica humilis, 84.
tranquebarica,
84.
Oidemia deglandi, 480.
Onychognathus, 574.
morio rippelli, 428.
Opisthocomus, 310.
Oriolus sp., 427.
auratus, 427.
chryseus, 427.
——- cucullatus, 435.
galbula, 427.
indicus, 225.
—— larvatus, 427.
—— letior, 574.
melanocephalus hi-
malayensis, 225.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Oriolus oriolus, 288, 292,
390, 426.
oriolus, 259.
—— rolleti, 427.
Ortholophus eassini, 564
Orthotomus atrigularis,
2
ae
—~ nitidus, 210.
erythropterus, 645.
-—— griseoviridis, 674.
Ortygospiza atricollis
atricollis, 455.
— mulleri, 455.
—— polyzona, 455.
Osmotreron bicincta
domvilli, 82.
Ostinops viridis flaves-
cens, 725,
Othyphantes emini, 433.
Otis tarda, 297.
-— tetrax, 169, 298.
orientalis,
180.
Otocompsa flaviventris,
200.
———= flaviventris,
200, 597.
—— johnsoni, 200,
597.
= —— minor, 200,
597.
—— -— montis, 202.
Otocorys alpestris alpes-
tris, 264.
Otomela cristata, 631.
— isabellina,
631.
631.
—— isabellina, 631.
pheenicuroides, 631.
Otus asio bendirei, 501.
bakkameena lem piji,
pheenicuroides,
88
Oxyechus vociferus, 483.
| Pachycephala littayei,
|
|
|
740.
Pachycoceyx validus,
353
Pachyprora bella, 708.
Palsochendides mioce-
anus, 510.
Paleornis eupatria siam-
ensis, 90.
— fasciata, 90,
rosa, 90.
Pandion haliaetus, 325.
— carolinensis,
507, 487.
761]
Parisoma, 573.
blanfordi blanfordi,
706.
distineta, 707.
—— —-— somaliensis,
602, 707.
—— plumbeum, 705.
orientale, 705.
Parmoptila woodhousei,
575.
Paroaria cucullata, 384.
Parula pitiayumi, 379.
Parus ater britannicus,
266.
cxruleus, 289, 355.
obscurus, 266.
cristatus mitratus,
236.
funereus, 574.
—— kleinschmidti, 510.
—- leucomelas, 625.
-—— major, 289, 354.
major, 266.
aa Ue lpantensiss
732.
—— niger guineensis,
26.
oe leucomelas,
625.
palustris, 355.
| Passer albiventris, 421,
473.
arboreus, 470.
arcuatus, 137.
cordofanicus, 470.
- diffusus, 471.
thierryi, 471.
ugande, 472.
domesticus, 289,
292, 351, 386, 470.
arboreus, 470.
—— -—— domesticus,
260.
| ——— gongonensis, 472,
—— griseus, 472, 474,
abyssinicus,
474,
— diffusus, 472.
—— ——eritrer, 471,
472, 474.
—— georgicus,
472.
—_—— griseus, 471,
474.
—— neumanni,
473.
—— —— suahelicus,
472, 474.
ugands, 472,
474.
hispaniolensis, 292,
762
Passer jagoeusis cordo-
fanicus, 470.
-—— luteus, 470.
moutanus, 289, 292,
351,
—— montanus,
260.
nikersoni,
473.
occidentalis,
475.
rufidorsalis, 470.
——— simplex simplex,
475.
—— gwainsoni
ensis, 474.
swainsonl,
421,
ayq(ll
gongon-
471.
(Auripasser) luteus,
470,
(Sorella) emini-bey,
470.
Passerculus sandwichen-
sis alaudinus, 492.
Passerella iliaca mega-
rhynchus, 314.
monoensis,
dl4.
314.
Pastor roseus, 202.
Pedilorbynehus, 573.
Pedicecetes phasianellus
campestris, 483.
Pelecanus sp., 299.
—— crispus, 309.
roseus, 706.
Pellorneum ignotum, 72,
73.
schistacea,
cinnamo-
meumn, 73.
subochraceum, 202.
Penthestes gambeli,
7dl.
Tol.
—— —— baileye, 731.
—— —— ingoensis, 731.
hudsonicus nigri-
cans, 167.
Pentholxa clericalis,
684.
Perdix perdix, 362,
Pericrocotus cinereus,
197.
Pernis apivorus, 747.
Petrochelidon lunifrons
lunifrons,. 494.
pyrrhonota, 381.
abbreviatus,
Petronia brachydactyla, -
475.
INDEX OF
Petronia dentata dentata,
476.
—— pyrgita pallida,
475.
pyrgita, 475.
Pezophaps solitarius,
ous
Phacellodowus | striati-
collis, 414.
Phalacrocorax africanus
pictilis, 726,
——— auritus, 478.
— carho, 295.
—— carbo, 278.
—— gaimardi, 517.
—— graculusdesmaresti,
1738.
— graculus, 178,
278.
. r4de
vigua, 517.
Phasianus colchicus,
»
314.
—— -— colehicus, 315.
satcheuensis,
315.
versicolor, 315.
Pheenicurus ochruros,
680.
—— — ochruros, 680.
pheenicu-
roides, 680.
—— phenicurus,
308,
680.
290,
mesoleucus,
pheenicurus,
272, 679.
= titys, 273, 747.
Philetairus arnaudi, +455.
Phleocryptes melanops,
408.
Pholidornis rusbiz, 577.
| Phoneus niloticus, 628.
—— senator niloticus,
628.
—— senator, 629.
Phyllastrephus capensis
suahelicus, 698.
flavicollis flavicol-
lis, 699.
flavigula, 699,
—— —— pallidigula,
699.
shelleyi, 699.
— flavistriatus, 131.
milanjensis, 13).
—— rufescens, 698.
scandens orientalis,
699.
-~—— —— scandens, 699,
700.
| Phyllastrephus strepi-
tans pauper, 698.
rufescens,
698.
sharpii, 698.
—— terrestris rhodesiz,
164.
Phyllolais — pulchella,
665.
Phylioscopus bonelli
orientalis, 664.
—- collybita, 357.
abietinus,
269, 664,
-—— collybita, 269,
tristis, 270.
fuscatus, 212.
humei premium,
238, 270.
rufus, 664.
—— sibilatrix, 182, 269,
576, TAT.
—— superciliosus, 238.
superciliosus,
211.
tristis, 331.
trochilus, 289, 357.
576, 598.
eversmaniil,
269, 665.
trochilus, 269,
663, 664.
Phyllostrephus, 575.
Pica pica, 288, 350.
pica, 181.
—— — hudsonia, 489.
—— —— mauritanica,
181.
Picus canus hessei, LOL.
Sat occipitalis,
101.
--—— striolatus, 104.
viridis, 360.
——- vittatus eisenlioferi,
103.
Pilorhinus albirostris,
428.
Pinarocorys erythro-
pygia, 606.
--— infuseata, 606.
Pinicola enucleator leu-
cura, 491.
Piranga ludoviciana,
495.
Pisobia minutella, 482.
Pitangus bolivianus, 404,
413.
—— lictor panamensis,
725.
Placostomus coronatus
gumia, 725.
Planesticus migratorius
propinguus, 406,
Platycercus adelaide,
NCA
—- adscitus, 117.
barnardi, 117.
— caledonicus, 117.
— elegans, 117, 177.
fleurieuensis,
177.
—— eximius, 117, 521.
flaveolus, 117,
Witie
—— hematogaster, 161.
-——— icterotis, 117, 520.
—— spurius, 117.
subadelaidx, 177.
yenustus, 117.
zonarius, 117.
Platysteira, 573.
albifrons, 709.
cyanea, 239.
zthiopica, 70),
710.
nyanse, 709.
Plectrophenax nivalis
nivalis, 263, 492.
Plesialeyon cyatiiventris,
Tod.
—— gularis, 734.
smyrnensis, 734.
Ploceipasser maliali ine-
lanorhynchus, 456.
melanorhynchus,
456.
superciliosus, 456.
Ploceus, 574.
auricapillus, ]48
— bohndorffi, 435.
— collaris, 454.
cucullatus abyssini-
cus, 435,
—— — hbobndorfh,
cucullatus,
feminina,
485.
— mordoreus, 437.
nigriceps, 434.
—- ocularis crocatus,
454.
rufocitrinus, 457.
vitellinus uluensis;
437.
720.
—— (Hyphantornis) cu-
cullatus feminina, +54,
(Hyphanturgus)
ocularis crocatus, 433.
vitellinus,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Ploceus (Othyphantes)
emini, 433.
——- (Sitagra) badius
axillaris, 436.
( ) —— badius,
436°
(——) heuglini
heuglini, 488.
—— (—— ) intermedius,
438.
- (——.) luteolus,
om
—— (-——) melanoce-
phalus dimidiatus, 438.
———="( ) teniopterus,
438.
—— ( — ) vitellinus
vitellinus, 437.
(Xanthophilus) gal-
bula, 4388.
lotus rufus, 536.
Podargus capensis, 506.
—— centralia, 506.
— cuvieri, 506.
—— gracilis, 506.
—— humeralis, 506.
—— megacephalus, 506.
--— rossi, 506.
stanleyanus, £06.
strigoides, 505,
506.
Podica caimerunensis,
548,
—— jacobi, 548.
Podiceps auritus, 286.
fluviatilis, 362.
-—— —— fluviatilis, 286.
Pceocetes gramineus con-
finis, 492.
Peoptera, 574.
Poicephalus aubryanus,
544.
Polioptila dumicola,
377.
Poliospiza canicapilla,
467, 469.
——— elgonensis, 467.
—— erlangeri, 469.
—— flegeli, 469.
gularis canicapilla,
469.
—— elgonensis,
467. 469.
erlangeri, 469,
-—— —— gularis, 467,
468.
reichardi, 468.
—_— —— striaticeps,
468.
—~- transvaalensis,
468.
763
Polinspiza leuespygia
leucopygia, 467
— riggenbachi,
467.
——- mennelli, 469.
—— striaticeps, 468.
—— striatipectus, 468.
—— tristriata, 467.
Polyboroides typicus,
540, 541, 581.
Polyborus tharus, 375.
Pomatorhinus olivaceus
fastidiosus, 594.
—— olivascens ripponi,
590,
—— siamensis, 589,
D90, 594.
-—— schisticeps fastidio-
sus, 589, 590.
Powatorhynehus, 573.
Poospiza nigrorufa,
38).
Porphyrio porphyrio,
183, 243.
madagascariensis,
243.
Porzana carolina, 481.
immaculata, 171.
porzana, 800.
Pratineola rubetra
betra, 685.
— rubicola, 685.
—— torquata, 129.
—— ——- maura, 685.
stejnegeri,210.
Prinia, 576.
—— flavicans, 164.
—— gracilis gracilis,
676.
inornata blanfordi,
(2,—b0; 211), 595.
burmanica,
ru-
P.
(2.
extensicauda,
—— —— herberti, 595.
inornata, 72,
ee :
jerdoni, 72.
—— socialis, 72, 75.
mistacea affinis,
677.
—— mistacea, 676,
677.
-—— —— melanorhyn-
cha, 677.
—— ~——- tenella, 677.
— imurina, 676.
—— mystacea, 676.
-—— rufifrons, 664.
— socialis, 72.
764
Prionops concinnata,
641
cristata, 641.
Procellaria parkinsoni,
504
Prodotiscus insignis,
567.
Progne chalybea, 380.
furcata, 380.
subis subis, 494.
tapera, 381.
Psalidoprocne, 572. }
albiceps, 720.
Psephotellus blaauwi,
161.
—— chrysopterygius,
161.
—— —— dissimilis,
161.
—— cucullatus, 161.
—— pulcherrimus, 161.
——— IDLO
Psephotus hematonotus,
161.
-—— —-— virescens, 161.
varius, 161.
—— —— dulciei, 161.
—— ethele, 161.
—— multicolor,
161.
-—— —— orientalis,161.
———— posine, 61.
——— ——-— yarius, 161.
Pseudoleistes virescens,
393, 396. ~
Pseudonigrita arnaudi,
455.
Pseudotadorna cristata,
732.
Psilorhinus magniras-
tris, 230.
Psittacus erithacus, 542.
Pterodroma pheopygia,
504. :
-—— sandwichensis, 504.
Pteroglossus aracari,
dll.
Pteronetta hartlaubi,
534, 535.
Ptilonorhynchus albiros-
tris, 428.
Ptilotis albilineata, 171,
172.
Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
obsoleta, 716.
Ptyrticus turdinus, 695,
Puffinus auricularis,
504.
borealis, 242.
—— griseus, 286.
kuhli borealis, 242.
| Puftinus kubli
INDEX OF
fortuna-
tus, 242,
Vherminieri boydi,
242.
obscurus, 504.
——— opisthomelas, 504.
puffinus puffinus,
286.
Pulsatrix perspicillata
trinitatis, 720.
Purpureicephalus car-
teri, 161.
—— pileatus, 161.
rufifrons, 161.
spurius, 161, 520.
Pycnonotus analis, 199.
arsinoe, 696.
barbatus arsinoe,
696, 697.
—— —— barbatus, 697.
| -—— —— gabonensis,
697.
—— —— inornatus,697.
—— —— schoanus, 697.
— —— somaliensis,
697
— blanfordi blanfordi,
200, 595.
—— robinsoni,200,
595.
capensis, 696, 698.
dodsoni, 698.
~—— finlaysoni, 199.
—— gabonensis, 576.
—— layardi, 128, 129,
132.
nigricans, 696.
——- —— harterti, 698.
—— -—— yar. minor,
695.
-—— —— nigricans, 698.
spurius, 698.
—— tricolor fayi, 697.
——layardi, 696-
698
—— micrus, 697.
—— minor, 695-
697.
—— ngamii, 697.
—— —-— pallidus, 697.
—— —— peasei, 698.
- —— pheocepha-
lus, 695.
—— tangangicer,
697.
—— —— tricolor, 697.
xanthopygos rei-
chenowi, 698.
—— xanthopygos,
698.
Pygoscelis papua, 171.
Pyrenestes ostrinus,
575.
_ Pyrgita crassirostris,474.
diffusa, 472.
gularis, 471.
Pyrocephalus rubineus,
404.
| Pyromelana, 574.
ansorgei, 457, 458.
flammiceps cras-
pedopterus, 456.
—— —— petiti, 456.
—— franciscana, 457.
—— taha ladoensis, 457.
—— xanthomelas, 458.
Pyrotrogon oreskius, 97.
—— —-- uniforniis,322.
Pyrrhula sp., 747.
pyrrhula pileata,
pyrrbula, 261.
| Pyrrhulauda butleri,610.
-—— lacteidorsalis, 610.
—- frontalis frontalis,
610.
——— —— melanauchen,
611.
leucotis leucotis,
609.
-—— melanoce-
phala, 609.
-—— melanauchen, 611.
melanocephala, 610.
Pytelia afra, 453.
— capistrata, 446.
—— citerior, 450, 451.
hy pogrammica,
— kirk, 451.
— lineata, 454.
—— li pezi, 453.
— melba afifinis, 452.
—— —— belli, 451.
—— —— citerior, 450,
453.
—— —— jessei, 452.
—— —— kirki, 451)
—— —— melbar4oir
—— ——-— soudanensis,
450, 452.
—— —— tanganjice,
452.
phenicoptera
emini, 453.
-—— —— lineata, 454.
—— soudanensis, 451,
452.
Quelea zxthiopica, 455.
cardinalis, 456.
Quelea erythrops, 456.
quelea eethiopica,
455,
Querquedula crecea
erecea, 279.
floridana, 322.
—— querquedula, 296.
creeca X Anas
boschas, 735.
Quiscalus purpureus,
165.
—— quiscalus eneus,
490,
Rallus aquaticus aquati-
cus, 286.
Raphus cucullatus, 519.
Recurvirostra americana,
481.
avocetta, 299.
Regulus regulus, 354.
regulus, 265.
Rhamphastos monilis,
310,
Rhamphocorys clot-bey,
180.
Rhea americana. 724.
darwini, 724.
Rhinocorax affinis, 425.
Rhipidura javanica, 192.
Rhodophoneus cruentus
cruentus, 632.
kordofanicus,
602, 633.
Rhopodytes tristis haina-
nus, 100.
Rhothonia sanfordi,
316.
Rhynchops _ flavirostris,
536.
Riparia cincta cincta,
716.
-~— erlangeri, 716.
—— ducis, 715.
— fuligula anderssoni,
Cite
—— -—— fuligula, 717.
pusilla, 717.
— —— rufigula, 716,
717.
nigricans, 7195.
— obsoleta, 716.
obsoleta, 716.
-—— paludicoladohertyi,
715.
— —— ducis, 715.
minor, 714,
715.
—— —- paludicola,
714, 715.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Riparia —_ paludicola
sudanensis, 714, 715.
pembertoni, 714.
— pusilla, 716.
Rubigula
| Rupornis
riparia, 290, 359,
494, 599.
riparia, 713.
-—— littoralis, 718,
714.
riparia, 276.
— rufigula, 716,
rupestris, 717.
Rissa tridactyla tridae-
tyla, 288.
johnsoni,
200.
Ruperia godmane,
324.
magnirostris
insidatrix, 725.
| Ruticilla frontalis, 72.
—— fuscicaudata, 686.
pheenicurus, 679.
Salicaria turdina orienta-
lis, 237.
| Salpornis emini, 625.
salyadorii, 625,
Saltator olivascens brew-
steri, 725.
Sarciophorus malabari-
cus, 73.
Sarcogrammus indicus,
iva
74.
| —— —— atrinuchalis,
85.
Sarothrura sp., 547.
bonapartei, 548.
Sasia ochracea reiche-
nowl, 113.
Sauropates sancta, 733.
sordida, 7338.
Saxicola albiscapulata,
683.
atrogularis, 690.
aurita, 689.
cummingi, 688.
— .) meres wee
XXXII. Obituary: William Vincent Legge ; as Oliver Cun-
ningham ; L. Beresford Moiritz 2s . Cee
XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :—
Bangs’s recent papers; Beebe on the Pheasants; Dwight
on the Junco; Ewart and Miss Mackenzie on the King
Penguin ; Gladstone’s Microphotographs of Feathers ; Grin-
nell’s vecent papers; Kuroda on new Birds from the far
East; ‘Mathews on the Birds of Australia;~ Robinson on ~
hybrid Ducks; Wiglesworth on the Little Owl; South
African’ Journal of Natural History; and List of other
Ornithological Publications received... . Spee
XXXY. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :—
Letters from Hugh Whistier, Outram Bangs, Michael
J. Nicoll, E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Col. Feiiden, Major
Congreve; Mr. Ogilvie-Grant ; Notice to Members . . . 787
Index of Scientific Names: 0... 2 3 es ee
Index of Contents': “2A 3°) 823i. he
Titlepage, Preface, Dates of Issue of ‘Ibis’ for 1918, List of
Members, Contents, List of Plates, and List of Text-figures.
Communications intended for publication in ‘The Ibis’ should be addressed
to the Editor, IO°Sloane Court, Chelsea, S.W. 1. Eemerer es
Members are requested to inform the Secretary, Chief Police Office,
West India Docks, London, E. 14, of any change of Address, so that the
numbers of ‘ The Ibis’ may reach them without delay.
GENERAL INDEX TO THE
IBIS.
TENTH SERIES.
1913-1918.
Aberdeen University Bird Migration
Report, 1909-12, noticed 1914, 338.
Abyssinia, Ogilvie-Grant on a collection
of Birds from Southern, Part I. Pas-
seres, 1913, 550.
Acclimatisation, Giinther on the Black
Swan, 1917, 241.
Adames, J. E., and Clarke, J. E.,,
Phenological Observations in the
British Isles, noticed 1917, 438.
Additions and Corrections to B.O.U.
List of British Birds, 1918, 284.
Africa: Chapman on a new Ibis from
British East, noticed 1913, 141;
Horsbrugh’s ‘Game-Birds and Water-
fowl of South,’ noticed 1913, 318;
Sassi on Birds from Central, noticed
1913, 469; Shelley’s ‘ Birds of,’ no-
ticed 1913, 313; Mearns on new
Birds from, noticed 1914, 149;
Mearns on ten new Birds from, no-
ticed 1914, 333; Ogilvie-Grant on a
new Lark from the Cape Province,
noticed 1914, 334; Bannerman on
the Birds collected by Mr. Boyd-
Alexander on his last expedition to, -
1915, 89, 227, 473, 643; Grant on
Birds from Ugandaand British Hast,
1915, 1, 235, 400; Haagner’s descrip-
tive list of Birds of South, noticed
1915, 623; Blaauw’s Travels in South,
noticed 1916, 163; Van Someren on
Birds collected in Uganda and British
East, 1916, 193, 373.
Africa, South: Journal of Natural His-
tory of, noticed 1918, 735; Roberts’
Ornithological Notes, noticed 1918,
163,
African birds, Mearns, new species of,
noticed 1917, L103.
SER x.— VOL. ale
Aiken, C. E. H., and Warren, E. R.,
The Birds of El Paso County, Colo-
rado, noticed 1914, 634.
Alaska: Brooks on Birds from Arctic,
noticed 1916, 502; Hersey on the
Birds of, noticed 1916, 648.
Alberta, Canada: Horsbrugh on Birds
of the Alixand Buffalo Lake Districts
of, 1915, 670; Horsbrugh, Birds
observed at, 1918,.477.
Alexander, Boyd : Bannerman on Birds
from Prince’s Island, collected by
the late, 1914, 596; Bannerman on
Birds collected by, on his last expedi-
tion to Africa, 1915, 89, 227, 473,
643 ; Journal of the Last Journey of
noticed 1913, 313.
Alexander, O. J., Letter on Birds at the
front, 1917, 119; Obituarial notice
of, 1918, 301.
Alexander, H. G., on Birds observed
at Dungeness, noticed 1917, 452.
Alexandra Parrakeet, Note on the, 1913,
339.
Algeria: Jourdain on the Bird Life of
Eastern, 1915, 1383; Rothschild and
Hartert’s Ornithological Explorations
in, noticed 1913, 467.
Allen, J. A., Autobiography and Biblio-
graphy of, noticed 1917, 618.
Alston, C. H., ‘Wild Life in the West
Highlands,’ noticed 1913, 313.
Amazonia, Hellmayr on the Birds of
Lower, noticed 1913, 459.
Amazons, Snethlage on Birds of the,
noticed 1914, 646.
America: Chapman on the Birds of
Eastern North, noticed 1913, 141;
Morse on the Birds of Eastern Massa-
chusetts, noticed 1913, 148; Blaauw
aI
774.
on a journey across South, noticed
1913, 314; Brabourne and Chubb on
the Birds of South, noticed 1913, 315;
Trotter on the Faunal Regions of
Eastern North, noticed 1913, 472;
Note on Bird Protection in, 1913,
483; Note of a work on the Life-
History of Birds of North, 1913, 483 ;
Todd on new Birds from Tropical,
noticed 1914, 334; Ridgway’s Birds of
North and Middle, noticed 1914, 644 ;
1916, 651; Pycraft on the Geogra-
phical Distribution of the Avifauna of
Central, 1915, 761 ; Chapman on new
Birds from Central and South, no-
ticed 1915, 787 ; Cory on new Birds
from South, noticed 1915, 788; 1916,
166; Cooke on the Shore-Birds of,
noticed 1916, 165; Cherrie on new
Birds from South, noticed 1916, 647 ;
Cory, Oatalogue of Birds of, noticed
1918, 500.
Ancre Valley, Kennedy on Birds in the,
during the winter of 1916-17, 1917,
526.
Andrews, C. W.: on a new Fossil Bird,
noticed 1917, 94; Fossil Birds from
Glastonbury, noticed 1918, 308.
Annobon Island, Bannerman on the
Birds of, 1915, 227.
Ansorge, W. J., Obituarial notice of,
1914, 138.
Antolian Plateau, Ramsay on the Bird-
Life of the, 1914, 365.
‘ Aquila,’ noticed 1913, 478; 1914, 522.
Archeopteryx, Petronievics and Wood-
ward on, noticed 1917, 448.
‘Ardea,’ noticed 1913, 325.
Argentina: Dabbene and Lillo on two
new Birds from, noticed 1914, 140;
Blaauw on some Waterfowl of,
1916, 478; Dabbene on new Birds
from, noticed 1915, 789; Dabbene
on the Coots and Grebes of, noticed
1917, 95; on Birds of the, 1917,
622.
Arizona: Swarth’s List of the Birds of,
noticed, 1915, 175; Swarth on the
Birds of Central, noticed 1918, 509.
Arrigoni degli Oddi, E., and Damiani,
G., on the Birds of the Tuscan Is-
lands, noticed 1913, 457.
Ashby, E., Letter from, on Australian
subspecies, 1916, 664.
Asia, Loudon on Birds from Central,
noticed 1914, 513.
Assam, Stevens on the Birds of Upper,
noticed 1915, 793.
Astley, H. D., The Denudation of the
ae in the Motmot’s Tail, 1916,
337.
GENERAL
INDEX,
Atlantic Islands, Bannerman on the
Distribution and Nidification of the
Tubinares in the North, 1914, 488.
‘Auk,’ noticed 1913, 705; 1914, 157;
1915, 176; 10916; 1765, 1917, LO:
1918, 165; Palmer’s Biographical
Index to the, noticed 1917, 447.
Auk, Great, Letter from E. Bidwell on
an Egg of the, 1914, 358.
‘Austral Avian Record,’ noticed 1913,
325, 474; 1915, 796; 1918, 323.
Australia : Mathews’ Birds of, noticed
1913, 147, 460, 692; 1914, 145,
514; 1915, 171, 624, 789; 1916, 171,
510, 648; 1917, 101, 253, 445, 626;
1918, 161, 505, 732; North’s Nests
and Eggs of, noticed 1913, 463;
1915, 373; A new Check-List of
the Birds of, noticed 1913, 699;
Mathews on the Birds of Melville
Island, 1914, 91; Mathews’ List of
the Birds of, noticed 1914, 147;
Mathews on a recent Ornithological
Discovery in, 1915, 76; Dove on
the Crested Penguin in, 1915, 86;
White on Birds from Central, no-
ticed 1915, 632; Letter from EH.
Ashby on Nomenclature in Birds of,
1916, 664; With the British Associa-
tion in, Evans, 1917, 48.
Australia, Central: White on the Ex-
ploration of, noticed 1917, 109;
aoe on the Birds of, noticed 1918,
51
Australia, North and North-West :
Mathews on Birds of, noticed 1917,
454.
Australia, South ; White on Bird-Life of
the coasts of, noticed 1918, 165,
Australia, West : Carter on the Birds of,
1917, 564,
Australian Parrots: Lord Tavistock,
letter on, 1917, 637; Letter from G.
M. Mathews on, 1918, 175.
Australian subspecies: Letter from
Ashby on, 1916, 664; Mathews,
Letter on, 1917, 120.
‘Australian Zoologist,’ noticed 1915,
179.
Austro-Hungary, Tschusi
Literature of, noticed
1914, 339.
‘ Avicultural Magazine,’ noticed 1915,
180; 1916, 179; 1917, 118; 1918,
168.
Ayres, Thomas, Obituarial notice of,
1913, 686.
on Avian
1913, 473;
Babel Island, Cole on a yisit to, 1913,
509.
GENERAL INDEX.
Bahamas, Bangs on the Mocking-Bird
of the, noticed 1916, 645.
Baker, E. C. Stuart, The Evolution of
Adaptation in Parasitic Cuckoos’
Eggs, 1913, 384; Indian Pigeons
and Doves, noticed 1914, 325; Note
on the Genus Jthagenes, 1915, 122;
A Revision of the Genus Genneus,
noticed 1915, 794; on the Nidifica-
tion of Indian Faleonidx, 1917, 224,
350; 1918, 51; on Indian Game-
Birds, noticed 1917, 252; Erythrism
in Birds’ Eggs, 1918, 68; Further
critical remarks on Messrs. Robin-
son and Kloss’s Siamese and Malayan
Birds, 1918, 598.
Balducci, E., on the Sardinian Crow,
noticed 1913, 138.
Balfour, H., Bird Cult in Easter Island,
noticed 1918, 499.
Balston, R. J., Obituarial Notice of,
1917, 249,
Bangs, O., on Siberian Birds, noticed
1914, 189; The Geographical Races
of the Scaled Quail, noticed 1914,
636 ; anew Magpie-Jay from West-
ern Costa Rica, noticed 1914, 636;
Various papers on American Birds,
noticed 1916, 500; The Smaller
Mocking-Bird of the Northern Ba-
hamas, noticed 1916, 645; Recent
papers, noticed 1918, 725; Letter
from, on the Types of Pachycephala
littayet Layard, 1918, 740.
Bangs, O.: see Thayer, J. H., 1916.
Bangs, O., and Phillips, J. O., on Yun-
nan Birds, noticed 1914, 635.
Bangs, O., and Thayer, J. E., on
Siberian Birds, noticed 1914, 520.
Bannerman, D, A., Letter from, correct-
ing illustration of Fringilla teydea
polatzeki, 1913, 155; Letter from, re
Expedition to the Canary Islands,
1913, 478; An Ornithological Expe-
dition to the Eastern Canary Islands,
1914, 88, 228; Correction, 1914, 533;
The Distribution and Nidification of
the Tubinares in the North Atlantic
Islands, 1914, 438; Report on the
Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his
last Expedition to Africa. Part I.
The Birds of Princes Island, 1914,
594; Report on the Birds collected
by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander
(Rifle Brigade) during his last. Expe-
dition to Africa, 1915, 89, 227, 473,
643; Letter from, containing some
corrections to the B. O. U. List of
British Birds, 1915, 384; A Re-
775
vision of the Genus Haplopelia
1916, 1.
Barcelona Science Olub, Year-book,
noticed 1917, 266.
Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., Obituarial
notice of, 1914, 319.
Barrington, R. M., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 155.
Bates, G. L., Letter from, on his recent
field and anatomical work, 1914, 169;
Some facts bearing on the Affinities
of Smithornis, 1914, 495; The Re-
versed Under Wing-Coverts of Birds
and their Modifications, 1918, 529.
Battye, A. Trevor-: see Trevor-Battye.
Baxendale, F. R. S., Letter from, on
Nests of Grebes, etc., at Famagusta,
Cyprus, 1913, 706; Notes on the
Ornithology of Cyprus, 1915, 217.
Baxter, Miss, and Rintoul, Miss, Con-
tinental Racial Forms of British Birds,
noticed 1917, 265; Moulting of
Northern Breeding Birds, noticed
1917, 264; Report on Scottish Orni-
thology in 1915, noticed 1917, 265;
Birds of the Isle of May, 1918, 247.
Beal, F. E. L., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 251,
Beddard, F, E., Letter from, on Pero-
neal Muscles in Birds, 1914, 354.
Bedford, Duke of, and others, letter on
the Protection of Birds, 1918, 522.
Beebe, C. W., ‘ New Blood Pheasants,’
noticed 1913, 138; on the Yucatan
Jay, noticed, 1913, 189; Ontogeny of
the White Ibis, noticed 1914, 636;
on Tail-down in Ducks, noticed 1914,
636 ; Effect of Postponed Moult in
certain Passerine Birds, noticed 1914,
636; Preliminary Pheasant Studies,
noticed 1914, 6386; on Archeopteryx
and the Ancestry of Birds, noticed
1916, 527; ‘Tropical Bird-Life in
British Guiana,’ noticed 31918, 187;
on Guiana Birds, noticed 1918, 309 ;
Monograph of the Pheasants, noticed
1918, 528, 726.
Belcher, C. F., Notes on Birds observed
in the South Pacific Ocean during a
voyage from Sydney to Valparaiso,
1914, 588.
Bellchambers, T., on the Habits of the
Mallee Fowl, noticed 1917, 454.
Bent, A. C., on a new Orossbill from
Newfoundland, noticed 1913, 814;
to complete Bendire’s work on Life-
history of North American Birds,
1913, 483.
Berg, B., on the Birds of Takern Lake,
noticed 1916, 646.
3812
776
Bergtold, W. H., Study of the Incuba-
tion Periods of Birds, noticed 1917,
618.
Berkeley, California, Grinnell on the
Birds of, noticed 1914, 509.
Berlepsch, Hans Graf yon, Obituarial
notice of, 1915, 620.
Berlepsch Collection, 1917, 463.
Bermudas: Kennedy on Birds observed
in the, 1914, 185; Plath on Tropic-
birds in 1914, 552; Shufeldt on the
Bird-Caves of the, 1916, 623.
Berry, W., Extension of Range of the
Crested Tit, noticed 1917, 266.
Bessarabian Steppe, Haviland on Birds
of the, 1918, 288.
Beven, A. O., Notes and Observations on
the Painted Snipe in Oeylon, 1913,
527.
Bickerton, W., ‘Home-life of the Terns,’
noticed 1913, 139.
Bidwell, E., Letter from, on an Egg of
the Great Auk, 1914, 358,
Bird Colony, Kennedy on a little-known
one in the Gulf of Mexico, 1917,
Al.
‘Bird-Lore,’ noticed 1915, 377; 1918,
512.
‘Bird Notes, noticed 1913, 326; 1914,
343; 1916, 355; 1917, 257; 1918,
325.
Bird-parties, Swynnerton on mixed,
1915, 346.
Birds at the Front, Alexander, Letter
Ons To17) LLY:
Blaauw, F. E., on a journey across
South America, noticed 1913, 314;
Travels in South Africa, noticed 1916,
163 ; a Note on the Emperor Goose
(Philacte canagica) and on the Aus-
tralian Teal (Nettion castaneum),
1916, 252; Field-notes on some of
the Waterfowl of the Argentine
Republic, Chile, and Tierra del Fuego,
1916,478; Breeding of the 8. African
Black Duck, 1917, 69; Letter on the
Steamer Duck, 1917, 274.
Black Duck, 8. African, Blaauw on the
Breeding of the, 1917,69.
Black Sea Government, Koudashey,
Birds of the, noticed 1917, 262.
Blathwayt, F. L., The Birds of Lincoln-
shire, noticed 1915, 785.
Bonaparte, C. L., Salvadori on a for-
gotten paper by, noticed 1914, 645.
Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ Mathews on
the dates of publication of, noticed
1917, 446.
Bonet, S8., and Millet-Horsin, D., Birds
of the Ivory Coast or Dahomey,
noticed 1917, 263.
GENERAL INDEX.
Bonhote, J. Lewis, Letter from, on the
Moults of the Moorhen, 1914, 528;
Letter from, on the Black-throated
and Black-eared Wheatears, 1915,
639 ; ‘ Vigour and Heredity,’ noticed
1916, 347.
Borneo: Moulton’s additions to the
Birds of, 1915, 883; Moulton on the
Birds of, noticed 1915, 626.
Boyd, A. W., Birds of the Suez Canal
Zone and Sinai Peninsula, 1917, 539.
Brabourne, Lord, Obituarial notice of,
1915, 617.
——, and Chubb, Charles, ‘The Birds
of South America,’ noticed 1913,
315.
Brasil, L., on Shore and Sea Birds,
noticed 1914, 326; on the King Is-
land Emu, noticed 1914, 327; on
New Caledonian Birds, noticed 1916,
502; Notes on the Birds of New
Caledonia and Lifou, noticed 1917,
263; on the Turdus minutus Forster,
1917, 422.
Brewster, W., Letter from, re Eggs
from Grand Manan, 1913, 332; Letter
from, ve Eges of Passerculus princeps,
1914, Jd.
Brewster-Sanford Collection of Birds,
Chapman, remarks on, noticed 1917,
438.
Bridgeman, R. O. B., Obituarial notice
of, 1917, 247; Details of death of,
1918, 157.
Brighton, Collection of Bird-skins for
the Public Museum at, 1913, 341.
British Association, Evans with the, in
Australia, 1917, 43.
‘British Birds,’ noticed 1913, 475;
1914, 648; 1915, 796; 1916, 656;
1917, 451; 1918, 518.
British Birds, Miss Baxter and Miss
Rintoul on Continental races of,
noticed 1917, 265; Evans, their dis-
tribution and habits, noticed 1917,
96; Kleinsehmidt’s new Names for
two, 1916, 667; Thorburn’s new
work on, noticed 1916, 173, 654; 1917,
256; Walpole-Bond on some rare,
noticed 1914, 521; Note on B.O. U.
List of, 1914, 655.
‘ British Diving Ducks,’ Millais’, noticed
1913, 461; 1914, 150.
British Hast Africa, Mackworth-Praed
on a collection from, 1917, 362,
‘ British Game Birds and Wild Fowl,’
Ogilvie-Grant on, noticed 1914,
334,
British Museum (Natural History) :
Report for 1911 of the, noticed 1913,
156; Note on the Rearrangement of
GENERAL INDEX.
the Bird skins in the, 1913, 160;
Catalogue of Birds’ Eggs, noticed,
1913, 464; Jourdain’s corrections,
1913, 513; Recent Accessions to the,
1916, 525.
British Ornithologists’ Club: Migration
Report, noticed rgr5, 368.
British Ornithologists’ Union: Ogilvie-
Grant on the Birds collected by the
New Guinea Expedition, 1913, 76;
Notes on the second New Guinea
Collection, 1913, 162, 342, 480;
Annual General Meeting and Dinner
of the, 1913, 342, 453; Proposed new
General Index to ‘The Ibis,’ 1913,
712; Notice of Annual General
Meeting of the, 1914, 176; Proceed-
ings at the Annual General Meeting
for 1914, 359; Note on new List of
British Birds, 1914, 655; List of
British Birds, Second Edition com-
pleted, 1915, 184, 394; Hartert on
the new List, 1915, 358; some correc-
tions, 1915, 384, 388; Proceedings
at the Annual General Meeting, 1915,
390; Notices to Members, 1915, 642;
List of Members serving with H.M,.
Forces, 1915, 801; Honour for Mr.
T. H. Nelson, 1915, 805; List of
Members with H.M. Forces, 1916,
184, 371, 667; Notices to Members,
1916, 192, 526; Annual General
Meeting for 1916, 1916, 367; Special
General Meeting held April 12th,
1916, 1916, 524; Honour for a
Member, 1916, 527; New General
Index to ‘The Ibis,’ 1916, 668;
Annual General Meeting for 1917,
1917, 276; List of Members serving
with H.M. Forces, 1917, 463; New
Guinea Expedition, official records
of, noticed, 1917, 464; Proceedings
of the Annual General Meeting for
1918, 1918, 338; List of British
Birds, Additions and Corrections,
1918, 234.
British Ornithology, Swann and Mul-
lens’ Bibliography of, noticed 1917,
628. :
‘ British Warblers,’ Howard on the,
noticed 1913, 818; 1914, 512; 1915,
371,
Brooks, W.8., Birds from E. Siberia
and Arctic Alaska, noticed 1916,
502; on Falkland Island Birds, no-
ticed 1917, 620.
Brown, J. A, Harvie-: see Harvie-Brown,
nea
Browner, A. A., on the Migration of
the White Stork, noticed 1917,
623.
777
Bryant, H. C., on Birds and Grass-
hoppers in Oalifornia, noticed 1913,
317; on the Economic Status of Non-
Game Birds in California, noticed
1913, 688; on the Economic Status
of the Western Meadowlark, noticed
1914, 906; on the Road-runner,
habits and food, noticed 1917, 94,
——, and Swarth, H. §S., on Californian
Geese, noticed 1918, 323.
Bucknill, J. A. 8., a Third Contribution
to the Ornithology of Cyprus, 1913,
2; on Oyprus Birds, noticed 1913,
688
Buenos Ayres, Gibson, Ornithological
Notes, 1918, 363,
Bureau, L., L’Age des Perdrix II—La
Perdrix rouge, noticed 1913, 689.
Burleigh, ‘I’. D., on Bird-life about
Samar, Appalachians, noticed 1917,
452,
Burma, Harington on the Nidification
of some Birds in, 1914, 1.
Burns, F. L., on the Length of the
Incubation period in Birds, noticed
1915, 786.
Bury, G. W., Account of his Journey to
Yemen, South-western Arabia, 1917,
129.
Butler, A. G., The Assumption of the
Summer Plumage in Pyromelana
oryx, 1916, 476; Letter on Directive
Marks in Nestling Birds, 1916, 521;
Letter from, on the breeding-habits
of the Cuckoo, 1917, 458.
Butler, A. L., Letter on new species of
African Birds, 1915, 182.
Butler, EH. A., Obituarial notice of, 1916,
644,
Buturlin, 8. A., on Russian and Eastern
Palearctic Birds, noticed 1915, 786;
Letter correcting a notice of ‘ Messa-
ger Ornithologique,’ 1916, 367; a
short review of the Nuthatches,
noticed 1916, 646; Birds of Ussuri
and the Coast Province between the
Amur River and the Japanese Sea,
noticed 1917, 262; on the Nut-
hatches, noticed 1917, 621.
California: Bryant on Birds in relation
to a Grasshopper outbreak in, noticed
1913, JL7; Bryant on the Economic
Status of the non-Game-Birds in,
noticed 1913, 688; Grinnell’s Syste-
matic List of Birds of, noticed 1913,
691; Grinnell and Swarth on the Ayi-
fauna of the San Jacinto Mountains,
noticed 1914, 8329; Swarth on Geese
from, noticed 1914, 3387; Tyler on
®
778
Birds of the Fresno District, 1914,
339; ‘ Fish and Game,’ noticed 1916,
180; Grinnell’s distributional list of
Birds of, noticed 1916, 351; Kellogg
on Birds from, noticed 1916, 510;
Grinnell on the vertebrate Fauna of
northern, noticed 1916, 510; Howell,
A. B., Birds of South Californian
Islands, noticed 1917, 624.
Cameron, E. 8., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 157.
Cameroon: Bannerman on the Birds of
mountains of, 1915, 473; Banner-
man on the Birds of the Manenguba
Mountains, 1915, 643; Ogilvie-Grant,
Remarks on some recent collections
of Birds made by G. L. Bates, 1917,
72.
Canada: Taverner on the Faunas of,
noticed 1917, 449; Macoun on the
Birds of, noticed 1918, 505.
Canary Islands: Letter from D. A.
Bannerman re Expedition to the,
1913, 478; Bannerman on an Orni-
thological Expedition to the Eastern,
1914, 38, 228; correction, 1914, 533.
Cape Provinee, 8. Africa : Birds of, no-
ticed 1917, 453; summer migration
of Birds of, noticed 1917, 453.
Capercaillie, Ingram on the, 1915,
5)
Carroll, C. J., Letter on the food of the
Peregrine, 1916, 663.
Carter, J., Birds of Dirk Hartog Island
and Peron Peninsula, Shark Bay, W.
Australia, 1917, 564.
‘Cassinia,’ noticed 1913, 476; 1914, 524;
1915, 633; 1916, 576; 1917, 452;
1918, 515.
Cassowary, North on the Australian,
noticed 1913, 696.
Cayman, Savage-English on some Birds
of Grand, 1916, 17; Letter from T.
M. Savage-English on colour-varia-
tion in Birds from Grand, 1916, 364.
Ceram, Stresemann on the Birds of,
noticed 1914, 519.
Ceylon, Beven on the Painted Snipe
in, 1913, 527.
Chandler, A. C., on the Effect of Extent
of Distribution on Speciation, noticed
1914,507; on the Plumage of Circus
hudsonius, noticed 1914, 507; on the
Structure of Feathers, noticed 1916,
503.
Chapin, J. P., on new Birds from the
Belgian Congo, noticed 1916, 164,
505; the Pennant-winged Nightjar
of Africa and its migration, noticed
1916, 504; on the Classification of
the Weaver-birds, noticed 1917, 436.
GENERAL INDEX.
Chapman, A., On Brent Geese, noticed
1917, 621.
Chapman, F. M., Birds of Eastern
North America, noticed 1913, 141;
on a new Ibis from B. EK. Africa,
noticed 1913, 141; on new Neotro-
pical Birds, noticed 1914, 508; on
vew Birds from Ecuador, noticed
1914, 638; Diagnoses of new Colum-
bian Birds, noticed 1915, 869; on
new Birds from Central and South
America, noticed 1915, 787 ; on new
Columbian Birds, noticed 1916, 349 ;
on new Birds from Santo Domingo
and remarks on Birds in the Brew-
ster - Sanford collection, noticed
1917, 4388; on Colombian Birds,
noticed 1918, d11. bed!
Charadriiformes, Lowe’s Studies on the,
1916, 122, 313.
Charlton, J. M., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 143.
‘Check-List of the Birds of Australia,’
noticed 1913, 699.
Cherrie, G. K.,On new South American
Birds, noticed 1916, 647.
Chiffchaff, Lynes on Geographical Dis-
tribution of the, 1914, 3804; Letter
from Mr. W. C. Tait on the Distri-
bution of the, 1914, 534.
‘Childhood of Animals,’ Mitchell’s,
noticed 1913, 320.
Chile, Blaauw on some Waterfowl of,
1916, 478.
China: Courtois on a new species of
Pucras Pheasant from, 1913, 14; La
Vouche on the Birds of, 1913, 268;
Ingram on the Birds of Yunnan,
noticed 1913, 319; Vaughan and
Jones on the Birds of Hong Kong,
Macao, and the West River or Si
Kiang in South-east, 1913, 17, 163,
351.
Chinwangtao: La Touche on the Birds
of, noticed 1914, 145; La Touche
on the Spring Migration at, 1914,
560.
Chionides, Shufeldt on the Osteological
Characters of the, noticed 1917,
106.
Chubb, C., ‘ Birds of British. Guiana,’
noticed 1916, 505; Notes on Himber-
nagra platensis and its allies, with
description of a new species, 1918, 1.
, and Brabourne, Lord, ‘ ‘he Birds
of South America,’ noticed 1913, 315.
Chubb, HE. C., List of the Miller col-
lection of §. African birds’ eggs.
noticed 1914, 639.
Clarke, G. van H., Birds’-nesting in
Macedonia, 1917, 640.
GENERAL INDEX.
Clarke, J.C., and Adames, H. B., Pheno-
logical observations in the British
Isles, noticed 1917, 438.
Clarke, W. Eagle, ‘Studies in Bird
Migration,’ noticed 1913, 142; hono-
rary degree conferred on, 1916, 527 ;
British Tree-Creeper in the Island
of. Lewis, noticed 1917, 265; Conti-
nental Barn-Owl on Unst, Shetland,
noticed 1917, 265; Description of
plumage of young Pied Wheatear
taken in the Orkneys, 1917, 266.
Classification, Lowe, Coloration as a
Factor in Generic, 1914, 395.
Club van Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen
Jaarbericht, noticed 1913, 702; 1915,
636; 1916, 361; 1917, 267.
Clyne, R., on the Excursions of the
Gannet, noticed 1917, 266.
Coale, H. K., The present Status of
the Trumpeter Swan, noticed 1915,
788.
Cochrane, H. L., A Note on the Breed-
ing of the White-rumped Swift,
Micropus pacificus, 1914, 516.
Cole, C. F., A visit to Babel Island, the
nesting-place of Puffinus tenuirostris
brevicaudus, 1913, 509.
Collett; R., Obituarial notice of, 1913,
309.
Colombia, Chapman on new Birds from,
noticed 1914, 508; 1915, 369; 1916,
349; 1918, 311.
Colorado: Grinnell on the Birds of,
noticed 1914, 510; Aiken and Warren
on the Birds of, noticed 1914, 634;
Warren, Notes on Birds of, noticed
1917, 108.
Colorado Desert, Murphy on the Birds
of the, noticed 1918, 315.
Coloration, Swynnerton on the, of the
Mouths and Eggs of Birds, 1916,
269, 529; Corrections, 1916, 666;
Letters from Dr. A. G. Butler, Miss
M. D. Haviland, and Capt. C. In-
gram, 1916, 521-523; Letter from
T. M. Savage-English on Variation iu
Birds from Grand Cayman, 1916,
364; Lowe on, as a Factor in Generic
Differentiation, 1914, 3895; 1915,
320.
Colour-change of Platycercine Parrots
of Australia, Mathews, 1918, 115.
Colour-characters, Stone on, noticed
1913, 470.
‘Colour Standards and Colour Nomen-
clature,’ Ridgway’s, noticed 1914,
152.
‘Condor,’ noticed 1914, 344; 1915,
633; 1916, 856; 1917, 259; 1918,
326.
779
Congo: Chapin on new Birds from the
Belgian, noticed 1916, 164, 505;
Mouritz on Birds observed in Ka-
tanga, Belgian, 1914, 26; Salvadori
on Birds from the, noticed 1913,
322.
Congreve, W. M., Ornithological and
Oological Notes from the R. Somme,
1918, 348; Letter from, On the
Birds of the Somme Valley, 1918,
746.
Conigrave, C. P., on the Bird-life of
Houtman’s Abrolhos Islands, West-
ern Australia, 1916, 492,
Cooke, W. W., Our Shore-birds and
their future, noticed 1916, 165;
Obituarial notice of, 1916, 498,
Cormorant, Taverner on the Canadian,
and the Salmon, noticed 1g1s5,
(oa
Cormorants, Murphy on American Sub-
antarctic, noticed 1916, 511.
Corrections and additions to the
B.O.U. List of British Birds, 1918,
234,
Cory, C. B., on new Neotropical Birds,
noticed 1913, 690; on new Birds
from South America, noticed 1915,
788 ; 1916, 166; 1917, 95; Catalogue
of Birds of America, noticed 1918,
500.
Costa Rica, Bangs on a new Magpie-
Jay from, noticed 1914, 636.
Coulan, Mitchell on the anatomy of
the, noticed 1916, 164,
Coursimault, E., Birds found round
Vendome, noticed 1917, 264.
Courtois, F., Note on a new species of
Pucras Pheasant found in the Pro-
vince of Anhwei or Nyan-kwei,
Ohina, 1913, 14.
Coward, T. A., ‘ Migration of Birds,’
noticed 1913, 143.
Cow-birds, Meiklejohn on the Procreant
Instinct of the, 1917, 223.
Cozens, G. P., Grant on African Birds
presented to the British Museum by,
1915, 1, 235, 400.
Crab-Plover, Lowe on the, 1916, 317.
Crane, Nicoll on the Eggs of the Sudan
Orowned, 1914, 333.
Orete, Trevor-Battye’s ‘Camping in,
noticed 1914, 333.
Orossbill, C. B. Ticehurst on the
Parrot, 1915, 355; C. B. Ticehurst
on the Plumages of the male, 1915,
662.
Crowley, J. C., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 91,
Crows, Stresemann on the Eastern
Black, noticed 1916, 653.
780
Cuckoo, Meiklejohn on the breeding-
habits of the, 1917, 186; Miss M. J).
Haviland, Letter from, on the breed-
ing-habits of the, 1917, 456; from
Butler, A. G., 1917, 458; from
Foster, N. H., 1917, 460; from
Nicholl, A. M. C., 1917, 460; from
Jourdain, the Rev. F. C. R., 1917,
633.
Cuckoo Problems, Swynnerton, 1918,
127.
Ouckoos, Stuart Baker on the Evolution
of Adaptation in the Eggs of Para-
sitic, 1913, 384.
Culebra Island, Wetmore on the Birds
of, noticed 1917, 632.
Cunningham, Robert Olive, Obituarial ~
notice of, 1918, 723.
Cyprus: Bucknill on the Ornithology
of, 1913, 2; Bucknill on Natural
History in, noticed 1913, 688; Bax-
endale’s letter 7¢ nests of Grebes, etc.,
at Famagusta, 1913, 706; Nat. Hist.
Soe. ‘Annals,’ noticed 1914, 348;
Baxendale on the Ornithology of,
1915, 217.
Cyrenaica, Salvadori and Festa on
Birds from, noticed 1916, 653.
Dabbene, R., on the Birds of Para-
guay, noticed 1913, 457; on new
Argentine Birds, noticed 1915, 789 ;
letter on a notice of his paper on new
Argentine Birds, 1916, 366; on the
Coots and Grebes of the Argentine,
noticed 1917; 95; on new Argentine
Birds, noticed 1917, 622.
, and Lillo, M., on two new Ar-
gentine Birds, noticed 1914, 140.
Damiani, G., and Arrigoni degli Oddi,
E., on the Birds of the Tuscan
Islands, noticed 1913, 457.
Danford, C.G., An apology to, 1914,
539.
Danish Lighthouses, Hgrring on the
Birds observed at, noticed 1913, 146.
Dawson, C. R., in ‘ Timehri,’ on some
Colony Birds, noticed 1917, 258.
Dawson, George Hogarth, Obituarial
notice of, 1918, 308.
Delaware, Fowler on rare Birds ob-
served on the, noticed 1917, 452.
Denmark, Hgrring on Birds at Light-
houses in, noticed 1915, 370.
Despott, G., List of the Birds of Malta,
noticed 1916, 507: on Maltese Breed-
ing-birds, noticed 1917, 252; Notes
on the Ornithology of Malta, 1917,
281, 466; on Maltese Birds, noticed
1918, 158, 501.
GENERAL INDEX.
Dewar, D., On Indian Birds, noticed
1916, 350.
Dewar, G, A. B., ‘ Wild Birds through
the Year,’ noticed 1913, 690.
Dick Hartog Island and Peron Penin-
sula, W. Australia: Carter on the
Birds of, 1917, 564; Mathews, Re-
marks on the Birds of, 1917,
564. :
Didier, R., on the Tufted Puffin of the
North Pacific, noticed 1917, 264.
‘ Die Schwalbe,’ noticed 1914, 350.
Distribution, Lynes on Geographical,
of the Chiffchaff and Willow-War-
bler, 1914, 804; Bannerman on the,
ot Tubinares in the North Atlantic
~Islands, 1914, 488; Chandler on
effect of extent of, noticed 1914, 507;
Pyeraft on the Avifauna of Central
America, a Study in Geographical,
1915, 761.
Distributional areas, Grinnell on limi-
tations of, noticed 1917, 440,
Diver, Yellow-billed, Dixon on the
Migration of, noticed 1917, 4389.
Diving Petrels, Murphy and Harper on
new, noticed 1917, 103.
Dixon, H. E. O., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 435,
Dixon, J., Migration of the Yellow-
billed Loon, noticed 1917, 439;
Home-life of Baird’s Sandpiper, no-
ticed 1917, 622,
Dodo, Oudemans, Account of his inyes-
tigations on the, 1918, 315.
Dodsworth, P. T. L., Notes on the Vul-
tures found in the neighbourhood of
Simla and adjacent ranges of the
Himalayas, 1913, 534.
Dominaney, Taylor on, noticed 1913,
72.
Douglas, S. R., on the Migration of
Irish Woodcocks, noticed 1917,
623. :
Dove, H. 8., on a Peculiarity in the
Nest of the Tasmanian Tit (Acanthiza
diemenensis), 1914, 420; the Crested
Penguin in Australian Waters, 1915,
86.
Dresser, H. E., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 340,
Ducks, Beebe on the Specialization of
Tail-down in, noticed 1914, 686.
Dunlins, Lowe on some Osteological
Characters.of the, 1915, 609.
Dunlop, E. P., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 617.
Dunlop, G. B., on Polygamy among
Rooks, noticed 1917, 452.
Dutch Bird Club Year-book, noticed
1915, 636; 1917, 267.
GENERAL INDEX.
Dutch Indies: Van Oort on Birds from
the, noticed 1913, 150; Note on the
Second Freiburg Moluccan Expedi-
tion, 1913, 388.
Dutch Ornithological Club, A new,
1913, 7U2.
Dwight, J.,on the Junco, noticed 1918,
728.
Dyer, OC. M., Obituarial notice of, 1915,
618,
Easter Island or Rapanui, Balfour,
Bird Cult in, noticed 1918, 499.
Eaton, E. H., ‘Birds of New York,’
vol. ii., noticed 1915, 621.
Ecuador, Chapman on new Birds from,
noticed 1914, 638.
Eggs : Stuart Baker on the Evolution of
Adaptation in Parasitic Cuckoos’,
1913, 354; British Museum, cata-
logue of, noticed 1913, 464; Jour-
dain’s corrections to the B.M, Cata-
logue of, 1913, 513; Nicoll on the
eggs of the Sudan Crowned Crane,
noticed 1914, 333; Lechner on
Netherlands Birds’, noticed 1914,
340; Letter from W. Brewster on
Eggs of Passerculus princeps, 1914,
3853; Letter from E. Bidwell on an
Egg of the Great Auk, 1914, 358 ;
Chubb, E. C., on the Millar collection
of South African Birds’, noticed 1914,
639; North on Australian Birds’
nests and, noticed 1915, 373; Shu-
feldt on Humming-Birds’, noticed
1915, 174; Swynnerton on the colo-
ration of, 1916, 264, 529, 666;
Swynnerton on the colour of, and
the nests of birds, 1917, 268; Hry-
thrism in, Baker, 1918, 68.
Egypt: Flower on zoological service in,
noticed 1914, 6389; Nicoll on sub-
species of Orested Larks found in,
1914, 546; Kennedy, T. H, Letter
from, on Birds of, 1918, 174.
Eider-Duck, Robinson on the first
nesting in Ireland of the Common,
noticed 1913,467; Schigler on the
races of the, noticed 1915, 173.
Hijkman, M., on the electrical shutter
of a bird camera, noticed 1917, 267.
‘El Hornero,’ noticed 1918, 516.
Elliot, D. G., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 342.
Emu. Brasil on the King Island, no-
ticed 1914, 327.
‘Hmu, ‘The, European agents of,
1913, 484; noticed 1913, 702; 1914,
649; 1915, 798; 1916, 657; 1918,
170.
781
English, T. M. Savage-, see Savage-
English.
Erythrism in Birds’ eggs, Baker, 1918,
68.
Erzerum, McGregor, Notes on Birds
observed at, 1917, l.
Etheridge, R., junr., Letter from, with
reference to Messrs. Cockerell and
Thorpe, 1915, 637.
European Birds, Ménégaux on a col-
lection of, noticed 1913, 459.
Evans, A. H., With the British Asso-
ciation in Australia, 1917, 43; the
Birds of Britain, their distribution
and habits, noticed 1917, 96.
Eyans, W., on the Levantine Shear-
water in Scottish Waters, noticed
1917, 266; on the Bird-life of the Isle
of May, noticed 1918, 318.
Evening Grosbeak, Grinnell on the,
noticed 1917, 441.
Ewart, J. Cossar, and Mackenzie,
Dorothy, on the moult of the King
Penguin, noticed 918, 730.
Ewen, G. L., Obituarial notice of, 1916,
498.
Eyelids of Birds, Wood on the, noticed
1916, 174.
Falcon, Letter from P. W. Munn on
the occurrence near Lisbon of the
Greenland, 1914, 169; Green on the
distribution and nesting-habits of
Peale’s, 1916, 473.
Falconidx, Baker on ‘the Nidification
of Indian, 1917, 224, 350; 1918,
51.
Falkland Islands, Brooks on the Birds
of the, noticed 1917, 620.
Faunal Divisions, Trotter on the, of
eastern North America, noticed 1913,
472.
Faxon, W., On Brewster’s Warbler,
noticed 1914, 828; Relics of Peale’s
Museum, noticed 1916, 166.
Feather-structure, Chandler on, noticed
1916, 503; Gladstone, J. 8., 1918,
243; Gladstone, J. §., on, noticed
1918, 730,
Feilden, H. W., Letter from, on no-
menclature, 1918, 744.
Festa, E., Collecting expedition to §.
Italy, noticed 1915, 622: see Salva-
dori, T.
——-, and Salvadori, T., on the Sardi-
nian Jay, noticed 1913, 469; on the
Birds of the Island of Rhodes,
AKgean Sea, noticed 1914, 335; on
the Hawfinch of Sardinia, noticed
1914, 517.
782
Finch-Davies, ©. J., Letter on the
Damaraland Hornbill, 1917, 273.
Finsch, Friedrich Hermann Otto, Obitu-
arial notice of, 1918, 304.
Fleming, J. H., ‘ Birds of Toronto,
Ontario,’ noticed 1914, 329; Letter
on the name of the Greenland Red-
poll, 1916, 364.
Flower, S. S., reports on the Giza
Zoological Gardens, noticed 1914,
329, 639; report on a zoological
mission to India, noticed 1914,
509.
Fohkien, La Touche on the Birds of,
1917, 057.
Food of Rooks, Leigh, Theobald, and
McGowan on the, noticed 1918,
509.
Forbes, H. O., Note on a visit to Peru-
vian Guano Islands, 1913, 709;
Letters from, on a report in ‘The
Times’ and on Mathews’ ‘ List of
Birds of New Zealand,’ 1914, 167 ;
notes on Molina’s Pelican (Pelecanus
thagus), 1914, 403; Letter from, re
plate of Molina’s Pelican, 1914,
654,
Formosa, Uchida on the Birds of, no-
ticed 1913, 324; Kuroda, Notes on
Birds from, 1917, 94.
Fossil Birds, Shufeldt on, noticed 1914,
336; 1918, 322; Diatryma, photo-
graph of reconstructed skeleton and
restoration of Bird, 1918, 187; An-
drews on, from Glastonbury, noticed
1918, 308; Shufeldt on, from Colo-
rado, noticed 1918, 164.
Foster, A. H., ‘ Birds of North Hert-
fordshire,’ noticed 1914, 640.
Foster, N. H., Letter from, on the
breeding-habits of the Cuckoo, 1917,
460.
Fowl, Pearl on the secretory activity
of the Oviduct of the Domestic, no-
ticed 1914, 643; Surface on the His-
tology of the Oviduct of the Domestic,
noticed 1914, 647.
Fowler, H. W., Rare Birds observed
on the Delaware, noticed. 1917,
452.
France, Van Kempen on Birds of the
North of, noticed 1913, 320.
Freiburg Moluccan Expedition, 1913,
338.
Fritsch, A., Obituarial notice of, 1914,
139.
Fuertes, L. A., on the voices of tropi-
cal Birds, noticed 1917, 624.
Fulmar, Harvie-Brown on the, noticed
1913, 140.
GENERAL INDEX.
Galapagos Islands, Gifford on the Birds
of the, noticed 1914, 140.
Gambia, Hopkinson on the Birds of
the, noticed 1913, 145.
Gannet, announcement of Gurney’s
Monograph on the, 1913, 7138; no-
ticed 1914, 142.
Gannetry, Gurney on ‘The Stack,”
1914, 631.
Gannets on Ichabo Island, Letter from
J. H. Gurney ve, 1913, 155; Letter
from J. H. Gurney on the Herring-
fisheries and, 1914, 356.
Geese, Swarth on Californian, noticed
1914, 337.
Geikie, A., The Birds of Shakespeare,
noticed 1917, 97.
General Index, Proposed new ‘ Ibis,’
1913, 712; Note on New, 1916,
668.
Geneva, Ghidini on the Herring-Gull
at, noticed 1916, 167; Poncy, Bird-
life of, noticed 1917, 105.
‘Gerfaut,’ ‘Le,’ noticed 1914, 345.
Ghidini, A., on rare Alpine Birds,
noticed 1915, 170; on the Waxwing
in Italy, noticed 1915, 622; on the
Herring-Gull of the Lake of Geneva,
noticed 1916, 167.
Ghigi, A., on the Crested Guinea-Fowls
and on a new Pheasant, noticed
1916, 647.
Gibson, E., Ornithological Notes from
Buenos Ayres, 1918, 363.
Gifford, E. W., Birds of the Galapagos
Islands, noticed 1914, 140.
Giza Zoological Gardens, Flower’s Re-
ports on the, noticed 1914, 329,
639.
Gladstone, H.S., Handbook to Lilford’s
Coloured Figures of British Birds,
noticed 1918, 159.
Gladstone, John S., Note on the Struc-
ture of the Feather, 1918, 243 ; The
Photographic Analysis of a Feather,
noticed 1918, 730.
Godfrey, R., Report on the Summer
e Migration of Birds in Cape Province,
8. Africa, noticed 1917, 453.
Goeldi, E. A., Tierwelt der Schweiz,
noticed 1915, 170; Obituarial notice
of, 1917, 163.
Goose, Blaauw on the Emperor, 1916,
252.
Gordon, Seton, ‘Hill Birds of Seot-
land,’ noticed 1916, 167.
Gran Canaria, Letter from Herr yon
Thaner ve Birds, 1913, 330.
Grand Manan, Letter from W. Brew-
ster re Eggs from, 1913, 332.
GENERAL INDEX.
Granger, W., and Matthew, W. D., on
the Skeleton of Diatryma, noticed
1917, 627.
Grant, C. H. B., The Moults and
Plumages of the Common Moorhen,
1914, 298, 652; on a Collection of
Birds from B.E. Africa and Uganda,
presented to the British Museum by
Capt. C. P. Cozens, with Field-notes
by the collector Willoughby P. Lowe,
1915, 1, 235, 400.
Grant, W. R. Ogilvie-: see Ogilvie-
Grant, W. R.
Great Slave Lake, Wetmore’s Fauna of,
noticed 1918, 511.
Grebe, Huxley on the Courtship of the
Great Crested, noticed 1915, 372.
Green, C. de B., Note on the Distri-
bution and Nesting-habits of Falco
peregrinus pealei Ridgway, 1916,
473
Green Sandpiper, Letter from Robin-
son, H. W., 1918, 178.
Griffin, L. T., Letter from, on a
remarkable discovery of Bird Life
in New Zealand, 1915, 803.
Grinnell, J., on the Band - tailed
Pigeon, noticed 1913, 457; Syste-
matic List of Californian Birds,
noticed 1913, 691; on new races
of N. American Birds, noticed 1914,
141; on the Birds of the Berkeley
Campus, noticed 1914, 509; on the
Birds of lower Colorado Valley,
noticed 1914, 510; a new Red-wing
Blackbird, noticed 1915, 171; on a
new Screech-Owl from California,
noticed 1915, 623; on Conserving
collectors, noticed 1915, 641; Distri-
butional List of Californian Birds,
noticed 1916, 351; on Museuin
methods, noticed 1916, 507; on the
Vertebrate Fauna of Northern Cali-
fornia, noticed 1916, 510; on a new
Ruffled Grouse from the Yukon
Valley, noticed 1917, 98; on Limi-
tations of Distributional Areas, no-
ticed 1917, 440; on the Evening
Grosbeak, noticed 1917, 444; Reeent
papers, noticed 1918, 751.
, and Storer, ‘I’, I., on a new Fox-
Sparrow, noticed 1918, 314.
, and Swarth, H.38., on the Avi-
fauna of the San Jacinto Mountains,
noticed 1914, 329.
Grote, H., on ‘‘ Ringing” of Nestling-
Birds in South Finland, noticed
1917, 263.
Ground-Doves, Todd’s Revision of the,
noticed 1913, 697.
783
Guadeloupe, Noble, The resident birds
of, noticed 1917, 104.
Guan, Lowe on an Immature, 1913,
283.
Guiana, British: Beebe, Tropical Bird-
life in, noticed 1918, 8309; Chubb on
the Birds of British, noticed 1916, 505.
Guinea-Fowls, Ghigi on the Crested,
noticed 1916, 647.
Gulls, Robinson on ringing
headed, noticed 1915, 627.
Gunning, Dr, J. W. B., Obituarial
notice of, 1913, 687.
Ginther, Dr. A., Obituarial notice of,
1914, 323.
Gunther, R. T., Nove on the Acclimatisa-
tion of the Black Swan, 1917, 241.
Gurney, J. H., Letter from, re Gannets
on Ichabo Island, 1913, 155; An-
nouncement of a Monograph on the
Gannet by, 1913, 713; ‘The Gannet,’
noticed, 1914, 142; Ornithological
Reports for Norfolk, noticed 1914,
330, 640; Letter from, ve Gannets
and the Herring-fisheries, 1914, 356;
The Gannetry at ‘“ The Stack,” Ork-
ney Islands, 1914, 631; Ornitho-
logical Report for Norfolk for 1914,
noticed 1915, 623; Ornithological
Report for 1915, noticed 1917, 98;
Letter from, on a long-lived Eagle,
1917, 273; Report on Norfolk Orni-
thology, noticed 1917, 442; on the
Immigrations of the Rough-legged
Buzzard, noticed 1917, 443; on the
Irruption of Waxwings into Norfolk
during the winter of 1913-14, noticed
1918, 501; on Leucopterus occi-
dentalis, noticed 1918, 501; Articles
on Ornithology of Norfolk, noticed
1918, 501.
Gyldenstolpe, N., on Birds of the
Swedish Zoological Expedition to
Siam, noticed 1914, 144; on the
Birds of Siam, noticed, 1917, 99;
Letter from, on Swedish Ornitho-
logy, 1917, 121; on the Heel-pads
of Birds, noticed 1918, 160; on
Malay Birds, noticed 1918, 160.
Black-
Haagner, A., Descriptive list of
8. African birds, noticed 1915, 623.
Hagen, W., on the Birds of Lubeck,
noticed 1913, 691.
‘Hand-list of British Birds,” P. L.
Sclater’s Commentary on the, 1913,
113; Letter from Authors of the,
1913, 333; Letters from ‘I’, Salvadori
and G. M. Mathews on the, 1913,
336.
784
Harington, H. H., Notes on the Nidi-
fication of some Birds from Burma,
1914, 1; Obituarial notice of, 1916,
499.
Harms, M., and Sarudny, N., on Birds
from Persia, noticed 1913, 322.
Harper, F.,and Murphy, R.C., on new
Diving Petrels, noticed 1917, 103.
Harrison, L., Bird-Parasites and Bird
Phylogeny, 1916, 254.
Hartert, E., Letter from, re Hand-list
of British Birds, 1913, 383; on some
unfigured Birds, noticed 1913, 458 ;
‘Palearetic Birds,’ noticed, 1914,
511; The new B. O. U. List of British
Birds, 1915, 358; Various papers
noticed 1916, 508; on the alleged
Occurrence of Arenaria melanocephala
in India, noticed 1917, 100; on some
forms of Coracina from the Solomon
Islands, noticed 1917, 100; on the
European Forms of Phalacrocorax
carbo, noticed 1917, 100; on the
Forms of Rhodinocichla rosea, no-
ticed 1917, LUN; Correct Name of
Arabian Sea-Iern, noticed 1917,
100; Distribution of Columba gym-
nophthalma, noticed 1917, 443; on
the Name of the ‘ Auklets,’ noticed
1917, 44; Note on Calle@ops perio-
phthalmica, noticed 1917, 443; Notes
on the Little Bustard, noticed 1917,
443; the Name of the Central
European Cormorant, noticed 1917,
444; Orested Larks of the Nile
Valley, noticed 1918, 314; Notes on
Pheasants, noticed 1918, 314; on
the Subspecies of Cyanopica cyanus,
noticed 1918, 314.
, and Jackson, Annie C., Notes on
some Waders, 1915, 526.
, and Rothschild, Lord, on Birds
from New Guinea, noticed 1913, 326,
467 ; on Ornithological Explorations
in Algeria, noticed 1913, 467; on
Birds from Dutch New Guinea, no-
ticed 1914, 339.
Hartert, J. C., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 93.
Harting, J. E., Letter on the Modern
Methods in Nomenclature, 1918,
334; Letter on the B.O.U. and
Modern Nomenclature, 1918, 524.
Harvie-Brown, J. A., ‘The Fulmar,’
noticed 1913, 140; Letter on the
Distribution of the Crested Tit of
Scotland, 1916, 182; Obituarial
notice of, 1916, 637; Portrait and
Memoir, noticed 1917, 266.
Hatfeild, John Randall, Obituarial
notice of, 1918, 498.
GENERAL INDEX.
Haviland, Maud D., Notes on Bird-
migration at the mouth of the
Yenesei River, Siberia, as observed
in the autumn of 1914, 895; Note
on the nestling plumage of the
Asiatic Golden Plover (Charadrius
dominicanus fulvus), 1915, 716; ‘A
Summer on the Yenesei,’ noticed
1915, 369; Letter on Habits of
Nestling Birds, 1916, 522; on the
Breeding-habits of ‘'emminck’s Stint,
noticed 1917, 451; Letter from, on
the breeding-habits of the Cuckoo,
1917, 456; Birds of the Bessarabian.
Steppe, 1918, 288.
Hawtinches, Koudashew, Review of the
Russian, noticed 1917, 262.
Hawk, Wetmore on a new Porto-Rican,
noticed 1915, 632.
Hawker, W.H., Letter from A. Trevor-
ee correcting notices of, 1916,
520.
Heatherley, F'., Peregrine Falcon at
the Kyrie, noticed 1914, 144.
Heel-pads of Birds, Gyldenstolpe, no-
ticed 1918, 160.
Hellmayr, C. K., on Zonotrichia strigi-
ceps, noticed 1913, 144; on two new
Birds from the Timor Group, noticed
1913, 817; on the Birds of Lower
Amazonia, noticed 1913, 459.
, and Seilern, J. Graf von, on the
Ornithology of Venezuela, noticed
1913, 144.
Henderson Island, 8. Pacific, Ogilvie-
Grant on a small Collection of Birds
from, 1913, 343.
Hennicke, C. B., on Bird Protection,
noticed 1913, 145.
Herman, Otto, Obituarial notice of,
1916, 157. ;
Heron, Oberholser, on the Subspecies
of the Green, noticed 1913, 149;
Oberholser on the Great Blue, no-
ticed 1913, 463.
Hersey, F.S., on the Birds of Alaska
and N.E. Siberia, noticed 1916,
648.
Hertfordshire, Foster on the Birds of
North, noticed 1914, 640.
eee ge Schauburg on Birds in, 1917,
ie
Homing, Note on Experiments on,
1916, 191.
Honey-eater, Woodford on a remark-
able, from Kennell Island, 1916,
118.
Hony, G. B., Notes on the Birds of
Wiltshire, noticed 1916, 170.
Hopkinson, E., on the Birds of the
Gambia, noticed 1913, 145; Index-
GENERAL INDEX.
list of the Coloured Plates of Birds
in ‘The Ibis,’ 1859-1917, 1918, 10.
Hornbill, Wetmore on the Tail of the
Giant, noticed 1915, 376.
*‘ Hornero,’ ‘ El,’ noticed 1918, 516.
H¢rring, R., on the Birds observed at
Danish Lighthouses, noticed: 1913,
146; 1915, 370.
Horsbrugh, B. R., Game-birds and
Water-fowl of South Africa, noticed
1913, 318; Obituarial notice of,
1916, 640.
Horsbrugh, C. B., Ornithological Notes
from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Dis-
tricts, Province of Alberta, Canada,
1915, 670; on Birds observed in the
Province of Alberta, Canada, 1918,
477.
Houtman’s Abrolhos Islands, Conigrave
on the Bird-Life of, 1916, 492.
Howard, H. H., ‘British Warblers,’
noticed 1913, 318; 1914, 512; 1915,
371
Howell, A. B., on the Birds of S. Cali-
fornia Islands, noticed 1917, 624.
Hudson, W. H., ‘ Adventures among
Birds, noticed 1913, 691.
Hughes, M. A., Habits of Cisticola
cisticola in South France, noticed
1917, 264.
Hull, A. F. Bassett, ‘Birds of Lord
Howe and Norfolk Islands,’ noticed
1913, 146.
Humansdorp, Cape Province, 8. Africa,
Masterson, Birds of, noticed 1917,
453.
Humming-Birds, Murphy on the Plight
of, 1913, 708; Shufeldt on the Eggs
of, noticed 1915, 174; Miss Sherman
on Feeding, noticed 1915, 629.
Huxley, J. S., on the Courtship of the
Great Crested Grebe, noticed 1915,
372.
Hybrid Ducks, Robinson on, noticed
1918, 734.
‘Ibis,’ ‘The,’ A new General Index to be
prepared, 1914, 175; Changes in
publication and distribution of, 1914,
176.
Ibis, Beebe on the Ontogeny of the
White, noticed 1914, 636.
Ichabo Island, Letter from J. H. Gur-
ney re Gannets on, 1913, 155.
Immigration, Gurney on the, of the
Rough-legged Buzzard, noticed 1917,
443,
Incubation, Burns on the length of
the period of, in birds, noticed 1915,
786; Bergtold on the period of,
noticed 1917, 618.
785
Index to ‘The Ibis, Proposed new
General, 1913, 724; Note on new
General, 1916, 668.
‘Index Zoologicus, No. ii.,’
house’s, noticed 1913, 153.
Index-list of the Coloured Plates of
birds in ‘The Ibis,’ 1859-1917, Hop-
kinson, 1918, 10.
India, Dewar’s Bird-Calendar for nor-
thern, noticed 1916, 350.
Indian Faleonidx, Baker on the Nidi-
fication of, 1917, 224, 350; 1918, 51.
‘Indian Game-Birds,’ Baker on, noticed
1917, 252.
Indian Pigeons and Doves,
on, noticed 1914, 325.
Indo-Australian Region, Stresemann on
Birds of the, noticed 1913, 323.
Ingarinow, M., on the Birds of N.W.
Mongolia, noticed 1917, 262.
Ingram, ©., ‘ The Birds of Yunnan,’
noticed 1913, 319; on the Portu-
guese Long-tailed Tit, noticed 1913,
459; A few Remarks on the Euro-
pean Certhiide, 1913, 545; Letter
from, on Yunnan species of Prinia,
1913, 705; A few Notes on Tetrao
urogallus and its Allies, 1915, 128;
Letter on mouth ornamentation in
Nestling Birds, 1916, 522.
Iredale, Lom, Solander as an Orni-
thologist, 1913, 127; The Surface
Breeding Petrels of the Kermadec
Group, 1914, 423; on Sterna fuscata
Linné, 1914, 436; on Herodias eulo-
photes Swinhoe, 1914, 541; Letter
from, containing some corrections to
the B.O. U. List of British Birds,
1915, 388: see also Mathews, G. M.
,and Mathews, G.M., A Reference-
list of the Birds of New Zealand,
1913, 201, 402; Description of a
strange New Zealand Wood-Hen,
1914, 293.
Ireland, Robinson on the first Nesting
of the Common Hider in, noticed
1913, 467.
‘Trish Naturalist,’ noticed 1914, 346;
1915, 378; 1916, 358; 1917, 260;
1918, 328.
Irtysh Valley, Poliakoyv, Birds of, no-
ticed 1917, 262.
Ispolatoff, E. I'., Birds of the Govern-
ment Olonetz, noticed 1917, 262.
Italy, Festa on his collecting expe-
dition to South, noticed 1915, 622;
Ghidini on the Waxwing in, noticed
1915, 622.
Ivory Coast or Dahomey, Bonet and
Millet-Horsin on the Birds of, no-
ticed 1917, 263,
Water-
Baker
786
‘Jaarbericht Nederlandsche
kundegen,’ noticed 1914, 347.
Jackson, Annie C.: see Hartert.
Jaya, Stresemann on Codlocalia fuci-
phaga in, noticed 1914, 645.
Jay, Salvadori and Festa on the Sar-
‘dinian, noticed 1913, 469.
Jhelum, Whistler on the Birds of,
1916, 35.
Johansen, H., on Capture of young
Redwings ringed in nest, noticed
1917, 263.
Johnson, Sir Henry James, Obituarial
notice of, 1918, 307.
Jones, K. H., and Vaughan, R. E£., The
Birds of Hongkong, Macao, and the
West River or Si Kiang in South-
east China, with special reference
to their Nidification and Seasonal
Movements, 1917, 17, 163, 351.
Jourdain, Rev. F.C. R., Letter from,
re ‘Hand-list of British Birds,’ 1913,
333; Corrections to the ‘Catalogue
of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs in
the British Museum,’ 1913, 513;
Notes on the Bird-Life of Eastern
Algeria, with contributions by H. M.
Wallis and F. R. Ratcliff, 1915, 133;
Letter on the gregariousness of Gulls,
1917, 272; Letter on the Nidification
of the Cuckoo, 1917, 633; Letter on
Ornithology of Malta, 1918, 173;
Letter on Nomenclature, 1918, 526.
‘Journal fiir Ornithologie,’ noticed
1914, 161.
‘ Journal of the Natural History Society
of Siam,’ noticed 1917, 114.
‘Journal of the South African Orni-
thologists’ Union,’ noticed 1913, 477;
1914, 525; 1915, 635; 1917, 453.
Junta de Ciences Naturals de Barcelona,
noticed 1917, 115, 266.
Vogel-
Kagu, Schaub on the Pterylography
of the, noticed 1914, 646; Mitchell
on the Anatomy of the, noticed 1916,
164.
Kaminsky, A. M., on the Birds of the
Moscow Government, noticed 1917,
262.
Katanga, Mouritz on Birds observed
in, 1914, 26.
Kelham, H. R., Hider Duck on the
Ythan, 1916, 635.
Kellogg, Louise, on Birds from Oali-
fornia, noticed 1916, 510.
Kelsall, H. J., Notes on a Collection of
Birds from Sierra Leone, 1914, 192.
Kempen, C. van, on Birds of the North
of Franoe, noticed 1913, 320,
GENERAL INDEX.
Kennedy, J. N., Notes on Birds observed
in the North Sea and North Atlantic
Ocean during the autumn and winter
of 1914, 80; on a little-known Bird-
Colony in the Gulf of Mexico, 1917,
41; on Birds in the Ancre Valley
during the winter of 1916-17, 1917,
526; Letter on Birds of Egypt, 1918,
174.
Kennedy, J. R., Letter from, on the
occurrence of the Baikal Teal in
Malta, 1914, 166.
Kerguelen, Loranchet, Account of Birds
of, noticed 1917, 263.
Kermadec Islands, Oliver on Birds of
Lord Howe, Norfolk, and, noticed,
1913, 130.
Kief, Journal of the Ornithological
Society of, noticed 1913, 704.
Kingfishers, Miller’s Revision of the,
noticed 1913, 695.
Kloss, C. B., Letter from, on an expe-
dition to Sumatra, 1914, 5382; Field-
notes on Birds collected on the
Coasts and Islands of South-eastern
Siam, 1915, 718; on collections of
Malayan Birds, noticed 1915, 792;
on Birds recently collected in Siam,
1918, 76, 189; Letter on Siamese
Birds with corrections of former
paper, 1918, 518: see Robinson,
H.C
, and Robinson, H. C., Notes on
recently described races of Siamese
and Malayan Birds, with description
of a new subspecies, 1918, 583.
Knight, O. W., Obituarial notice of,
1914, 139.
Koudashev, Prince Alexander, on the
Birds of the Black Sea Government,
noticed 1917, 262; Review of the
Russian Hawfinches, noticed 1917,
262.
Kuroda, N.: on Birds from Micronesian
Groups of Islands in Western Pacific,
noticed 1917, 625; on Birds from
Tonkin, noticed 1917, 625; Notes on
Formosan Birds, noticed 1917, 625 ;
on new Birds from the far East,
noticed 1918, 752.
La Touche, J. D. D., Further Notes on
the Birds of China, 1913, 263; on
the Birds of Chinwangtao, noticed
1914, 145; The Spring Migration at
Chinwangtao in N.E. Chihli, 1914,
560; Birds of Fohkien, 1917, 557.
Lambert, G. C., Letter from, on Black
Terns seen at Mitcham, 1914,
533,
GENERAL INDEX.
Larks, Nicholl on Egyptian Subspecies
of Crested, 1914, 546
Lashley, K. S., Experiments on Homing,
noticed, 1916, 191.
Laurie, D. F., Poultry Foods and feed-
ing, received 1913, 154; Report on
Hgg-laying competitions in 8, Aus-
tralia, received 1913, 704.
‘ Le Gerfaut,’ noticed 1914, 345.
Le Roi, Otto, Obituarial notice of, 1917,
435
Lechner, A. A. Van Pelt, ‘Oologia
Neerlandica,’ noticed 1914, 340.
Legge, Hon. Gerald, Obituarial notice
of, 1916, 158.
Legge, William Vincent, Obituarial no-
tice of, 1918, 72].
Leigh, H. S., Theobald, F. V., and
McGowan, W., on the Food of the
Rook ete., noticed 1918, 509.
Letters, Extracts, and Notes: 1913, 155,
330, 478, 705; 1914, 166, 353, 528,
651; 1915, 181, 383, 637, 801; 1916,
182, 3864, 520, 668; 1917, 116, 268,
456, 633; 1918, 172, 334, 518,
737.
Levick, G. M., Natural History of the
Adelie Penguin, noticed 1916, 170.
L’Hermitte, J., on the Birds of Pro-
vence, noticed 1917, 263.
Lifou, Brasil, notes on the birds of,
noticed 1917, 263.
Lilford’s coloured figures of British
Birds, Gladstone’s handbook to, no-
ticed 1918, 159.
Lillo, M., and Dabbene, R., on two new
Argentine birds, noticed 1914, 140.
Lincolnshire, Blathwayt on the birds
of, noticed 1915, 785.
Linnean names, Lonnberg on, 1913,
801, 398.
Lonnberg, E., on Sterna hirundo Linn.
and on the Name of the Common
Tern, 1913, 801; on the Linnean
Names Strix funerea and Anser ery-
thropus and on the species which
should be referred to them, 1913,
398.
Loomis, L. M., on the Petrels ete., no-
ticed, 1918, 502.
Loon, Yellow-bellied, Dixon on the
migration of, noticed 1917, 439.
Loranchet, M. J., account of birds of
Kerguelen, noticed 1917, 263.
Lord Howe Island: Hull on the Birds
of Norfolk Island and, 1913, 146;
Oliver on the Birds of Norfolk and
Kermadec Islands, and, noticed
1913, 150.
Loudon, Baron H., on Birds from
Central Asia, noticed 1914, 513.
787
Lowe, P. B., some Notes and Observa-
tions on a Guan (Ortalis vetula) sug-
yested by an examination of an Im-
mature Specimen, 1913, 288; ‘Our
Common Sea-birds, noticed 1914,
331; Note on the Common Ringed
Plover of the British Isles (Chara-
drius hiaticola major Seebohm) and
on Coloration as a Factor in Generic
Differentiation, 1914, 395; Colora-
tion as a Factor in Family and Ge-
neric Differentiation, 1915, 320;
Studies on-the Charadriiformes.—1.
On the Systematie Position of the
Ruff ( Vachetes pugnax) and the Semi-
palmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pu-
sillus), together with a Review of
some Osteological Characters which
differentiate the Eroliinse (Dunlin
group) from the Tringinz (Redshank
group), 1915, 609; II. On the Osteo-
logy of the Chatham Island -Snipe
(Canocorypha pusilla Buller), 1915,
690; IIT. Notes in Relation to the
Systematic Position of the Sheath-
bills (Chionidide), 1916, 122; TV. An
Additional Note on the Sheath-bills ;
some Points in the Osteology of the
Skull of an Embryo of Chionarchus
“ minor” from Kerguelen, 1916, 313 ;
V. Some Notes on the Crab-Plover
(Dromas ardeola Paykull), 1916, 317.
Lowe, W.P., some Birds of Palawan,
Philippine Islands, 1916, 607: see
Grant, C. H. B.
Liibeck, Hagen on the Birds of, no-
ticed 1913, 691.
Lucas, The Lord, Obituarial notice of,
1917, 246.
Lydekker, Richard, Obituarial notice
of, 1915, 619.
Lynes, Hubert, Notes on the Habits
and J)istribution of Paradoxornis
heudet David, 1914,177 ; Remarks on
the Geographical Distribution of the
Chiffchaff and Willow-Warbler, 1914,
304.
Macedonia: Sladen on Birds observed
in, 1917, 429; Clarkeon Birds nesting
in, 1917, 640; Sladen, Further Notes
on the Birds of, 1918, 292.
McGowan, W., Theobald, F. V., and
Leigh, H. 8., on the Food of the
Rook ete., noticed 1918, 509.
McGregor, P. J. C., Notes on Birds ob-
served at Erzerum, 1917, 1.
Mackenzie, Dorothy, and Ewari, J.
Cossar, on the Moult of the King
Penguin, noticed 1918, 730,
788
Mackworth-Praed, C. W., on Birds
from British East Africa, 1917,
362.
Mackworth-Praed, C. W., and Sclater,
W.L., List of the Birds of the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, based on the collec-
tions of Messrs. A. L. Butler, A.
Chapman, Capt. H. Lynes, and Major
Cuthbert Christy, 1918, 416, 602.
Macoun, J. M., on the Birds of Canada,
noticed 1918, 505.
Magpie-Jay, Bangs on a new Costa-
Rican, noticed 1914, 636.
Malay Peninsula: Gyldenstolpe on
Birds of the, noticed 1917, 632; 1918,
160; Robinson on Birds of the, no-
tized 1913, 697; Robinson on Birds
from Pulau Langkawi, noticed 1918,
322; Robinson and Kloss on Birds
from the, noticed 1915, 792; Robin-
son and Kloss on the Natural History
of Kedah Peak, noticed 1tg16, 514;
Stresemann on Birds from, noticed
1914, 153; Robinson on Birds from,
noticed 1914, 517.
Malay and Siam, Robinson and Kloss
on recently described Birds of, 1918,
583.
Mallard, Seligmann and Shattock on
Spermatogenesis in the, noticed 1915,
174.
Mallee-Fowl. Bellchambers on the
Habits of, noticed 1917, 454.
Malta: Letter from J. R. Kennedy on
the occurrence of the Baikal Teal
in, 1914, 166; Despott on the Birds
of, noticed 1916, 507; Despott on
the Breeding-birds of, noticed 1917,
252; Despott on the Ornithology of,
1917, 281, 466; Birds of, noticed
1918, 158, 501; Ornithology of,
Letter from Jourdain, F. C. R.,
1918, 173.
Manenguba Mountains (Oameroon),
Bannerman on the Birds of the, 1915,
643.
Martorelli, Giacinto, Obituarial notice
of, 1918, 496.
Mason, Edward Snow, Obituarial notice
of, 1918, 307.
Massachusetts, Morse on the Birds of
Eastern, noticed 1913, 148.
Masterson, B. A., Birds of Humans-
dorp, Cape Province, noticed 1917,
453.
Mathews, G. M., ‘ Birds of Australia,’
noticed 1913, 147, 460, 692; Letter
from, re Handlist of British Birds,
1913, 336; List of the Birds of Mel-
yille Island, 1914, 91; The Birds of
GENERAL INDEX.
Australia, noticed 1914, 145, 514;
‘A List of the Birds of Australia,’
noticed 1914, 147; a recent ornitho-
logical discovery in Australia, 1915,
76; ‘Birds of Australia,’ noticed
1915, L71, 624, 789; Letter from,
with reference to Messrs. Cockerell
and Thorpe, 1915, 800; on some
New Guinea bird-names, 1916, 295;
‘The Birds of Australia,’ noticed,
1916, 171, 510, 648; ‘The Birds of
Australia,’ noticed, 1917, 101, 258,
445, 626; Letter on Australian Sub-
species, 1917, 120; Notes on dates of
publication of Bonaparte’s ‘Con-
spectus,’ noticed 1917, 446; Birds of
North and North-west Australia, no-
ticed 1917, 453; Remarks on the
Birds of Dirk Hartog Island and
Peron Peninsula, W. Australia, 1917,
564 ; on the Colour-change of Platy-
cercine Parrots of Australia, 1918,
115; Letter on Australian Parrots,
1918, 175; ‘ Birds of Australia,’ no-
ticed 1918, 161, 505, 732.
Mathews, G. M., and Iredale, T., a
Reference List of the Birds of New
Zealand, 1913, 201, 402 ; Description
of a Strange New Zealand Wood-Hen,
1914, 293; on some Petrels from the
North-east Pacifie Ocean, 1915, 572.
Matopo, Mouritz on the Ornithology of,
1915, 185, 534.
Matthew, W. D., and Granger, W., on
the Skeleton of Diatryma, noticed
1917, 627.
“Mauritius Hen,” Sclater on
Mundy’s, 1915, 316.
May, Isle of: Baxter, E. V., and Rintoul,
L. J., Migration Study of the Birds
of, 1918, 247; Evans, Bird Life, no-
ticed 1918, 313.
Meade-Waldo, E. G. B., Letter on the
Nesting of the Sparrow Hawk, 1917,
640; Letter from, on Mr. Jourdain
and Nomenclature, 1918, 744.
Meadow-Lark, Bryant on the Economie
Status of the Western, noticed 1914,
506; Bryant on the Economic Value
of the, in California, noticed 1913,
688.
Mearns, E. A., on new African Birds,
noticed 1914, 149, 333: 1917, 108;
Obituarial notice of, 1917, 250.
Meiklejohn, Lieut. K. F., Obituarial
notice of, 1915, 368.
Meiklejohn, R. F., on the Breeding-
habits of the Cuckoo, 1917, 186; on
the procreant instinct of the Cow-
birds (Molothrus), 1917, 223.
Peter
GENERAL INDEX.
Meinertzhagen, R., Notes from Meso-
potamia, 1914, 387.
Melville Island, Mathews on the Birds
of, 1914, 91.
Memorial to Capt. F. C. Selous, 1917,
280.
Ménégaux, A., on European Birds,
noticed 1913, 459; L’Hlevage de
l’Autruche, noticed 1913, 694.
Menzbier, M., ‘ Zoo-geographischer At-
las,’ noticed 1913, 320.
Mesopotamia: Sassi on Birds from,
noticed 1913, 469; Meinertzhagen on
Birds observed in, 1914, 387.
‘Messager Ornithologique,’ noticed
1913, 327; 1914, 348; 1916, 180,
660; acorrection, 1916, 367 ; noticed
1917, 262.
Mexico, Gulf of, Kennedy on a little-
known Bird-colony in, 1917, 41.
Micronesian Islands, Kuroda on a
collection from, noticed 1917, 625.
Migration: Hagle-Clark on Bird-, no-
ticed 1913, 142; Coward on Bird-,
noticed 1913, 143; Thieneman on
the Woodcock, noticed 1913, 328;
B.0.C. Report for 1912, noticed
1914, 156; Thomson on Bird-
marking in Scotland, noticed 1914,
338; La Touche on the Spring-
migration at Chinwangtao, N.H.
Chihli, 1914, 560; B.O.C. Report
on, noticed 1915, 368; Miss Havi-
land on Bird-, at the mouth of the
Yenesei River, Siberia, 1915, 395;
Robinson on results of “ringing”
Black-headed Gulls, noticed rors,
627; Browner, White Stork, no-
ticed 1917, 263; Clarke and Adames,
Observations on, in the British Isles,
noticed 1917, 488; Dixon on the
Yellow-billed Loon, noticed 1917,
439; Godfrey on the summer, of
Birds of Cape Province, 8. Africa,
noticed 1917, 453; Morgan on the,
of South Australian Swallows, no-
ticed 1917, 454; Douglas on the
Trish Woodcock, noticed 1917, 625;
Baxter and Rintoul, Birds of the
Isle of May, 1918, 247: sce Ringing.
Millais, J. G., ‘ British Diving Ducks,’
noticed 1913, 461; 1914, 150.
Miller, W. de W., Revision of the
Kingfishers, noticed 1913, 695; Notes
on Ptilosis and the Feathering of
the Birds’ Wing, noticed 1915, 625;
on new Generic Types, noticed 1916,
172.
Millet-Horsin, Dr., and Bonet, Dr.,
Birds of the Ivory Coast or Da-
homey, noticed 1917, 263.
SER. X.— VOL. VI.
789
Mitchell, P. Chalmers, ‘ Childhood of
Animals,’ noticed 1913, 320; Letter
from, on Peroneal Muscles in Birds.
1914, 3855; Anatomical Notes on
Gruiform Birds, noticed 1916, 164.
Mongolia, Ingarinow, Birds of, noticed
1917, 262.
Montague, P. D., on the Birds of the
Monte Bello Islands, noticed 1915,
372.
Moorhen: C. H. B. Grant on the
Moults and Plumages of the Common,
1914, 298; Letters from Messrs. J. L.
Bonhote and C. B. Ticehurst on the
Moults of the, 1914, 528, 529; Reply
from Mr. Grant, 1914, 652.
Morgan, A. M., Exploration of islands
in St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs, no-
ticed 1917, 454; Migrations of South
Australian Swallows, noticed 1917,
454.
Morse, A. P., ‘ Birds of Eastern Massa-
chusetts,’ noticed 1913, 148.
Moscow: Kaminsky, Birds of the
Government of, noticed 1917, 262.
Motmot, Astley, on the Denudation of
the Shaft in the Tail of the, 1916,
307.
Mottram, J. C., Sexual Dimorphism
among Birds, noticed 1916, 351.
Moult: Beebe on the effect of postponed,
in certain Passerine birds, noticed
1914, 636; Miss Bates and Miss Rin-
toul, of northern Birds, noticed 1917,
264; Witherby on the British Pas-
seres, noticed 1916, 655; 1917,
451; Ewart and Mackenzie on the,
of the King Penguin, noticed 1918,
730.
Moulton, J. C., Report of the Sarawak
Museum, noticed 1913, 149; Letter
from, on an addition to the Birds
of Borneo, 1915, 383.
Mouritz, L. B., Notes on Birds ob-
served in Katanga, Belgian Congo,
' 1914, 26; Notes on the Ornithology
of the Matopo District, Southern
Rhodesia, 1915, 185, 534; Obituarial
notice of, 1918, 724.
Mouths of Birds, Swynnerton on the
Coloration of, 1916, 264, 529; Cor-
rections, 1916, 666; Letters from
Dr. A. G. Butler, Miss M. D. Havi-
land, and Capt. C. Ingram, 1916,
521-528.
Mpumu, Uganda, Seth-Smith on Birds
around, 1913, 485.
Mullens, W. H., and Swann, H. K.,
‘ Bibliography of British’ Ornitho-
logy,’ announcement of, 1916, 528;
noticed 1916, 650; 1917, 628.
3K
790
Munn, P. W., Letter from, on the occur-
rence of the Greenland Falcon near
Lisbon, 1914, 169.
Murphy, R. C., Note on the Flight of
Humming-Birds, 1913,
. Penguins of South Georgia, noticed
1915, 791; on American Subantarctice
Oormorants, noticed 1916, 511; Ana-
tidse of South Georgia, noticed 1917,
103; A Flock of Tubinares, 1917,
317; Birds of the Colorado Desert,
on a new S. American Albatross,
noticed 1918, 315; on the Antarctic
species of Oceanites, noticed 1918,
507.
, and Harper, F., on new Diving
Petrels, noticed 1917, 103.
Mutton-Bird, Cole on a visit to Babel
Tsland, the nesting-place of the, 1913,
509.
Names, Swann’s Dictionary of British
Bird-, noticed 1913, 471.
Natal, a ‘‘ringed” Swallow taken in,
1913, 342.
Natural History Society of Siam
Journal, European Agents for, 1917,
463.
Nature Reserves, Note on the Society
for the Promotion of, 1913, 161.
Naumann Museum in Cothen, 1914,
536.
Nehrkorn, A., Obituarial
1917, 435.
Nelson, T. H., Honour for, 1915, 805;
Obituarial notice of, 1917, 249.
Neotropical Birds, Riley on new species
of, noticed 1917, 256.
Nest, Dove on a Peculiarity in the
Tasmanian Tit’s, 1914, 420.
Nest-down, Schaub on, noticed 1913,
ils.
Nestling’s mouths, Swynnerton, Letter
on Directive-marks in, 1917, 122.
Netherlands, Pelt Lechner on Eggs of
Birds of the, noticed 1914, 340.
Neumann, O., on African Owls and
~*' Flycatchers, noticed 1914, 642.
New Caledonia: Brasil on Birds from,
noticed 1916, 502; Brasil, Notes on
the Birds of, noticed 1917, 263.
Newfoundland, Bent on a Crossbill
from, noticed 1913, 314.
New Guinea: Ogilvie-Grant on the
Birds collected by the B.O.U. Expe-
dition to Dutch, 1913, 76; Notes on
the Second B.O.U. Expedition to
Dutch, 1913, 162, 342, 480; Roth-
schild and Hartert, on Birds from
British, noticed 1913, 321, 467;
notice of,
708; the ©
GENERAL INDEX.
Rothschild and Hartert on Birds
from Dutch, noticed, 1914, 335;
Mathews on the Names of some
Birds from, 1916, 295; Ogilvie-
Grant’s Notes in reply to Mr. Ma-
thews, 1916, 305; Letter from H.
Ashby on Australian subspecies, 1916,
664; Van Oort on a new Bird-of-
Paradise from, noticed 1916, 353.
New South Wales: North on the Birds
of, noticed, 1915, 172; North on the
Birds of Coolabah and Brewarrina,
noticed 1917, 447.
New York: Haton on the Birds of, no-
ticed 1915, 621; Zoological Society,
Bulletin, received 1913, 155; Annual
Report, received 1913, 478.
New Zealand: Mathews and Iredale’s
Reference-list of the Birds of, 1913,
201, 402; Mathews and Iredale on a
strange Wood-Hen from, 1914, 293;
a remarkable discovery of Bird-life
in, 1915, 803; Institute, ‘ Transac-
tions and Proceedings,’ noticed 1914,
164.
Nicholl, A. M. O., Letter from, on the
Breeding-habits of the Cuckoo, 1917,
460.
Nichols, J. T., Size in the Avian Order
Tubinares, 1914, 315.
Nicoll, M. J., on the Eggs of the Su-
dan Crowned Crane, noticed 1914,
333; some Remarks on the Subspecies
of Crested Larks (Galerida cristata)
found in Ngypt, 1914, 546; Letter
from, on the Crested Larks of the
Nile Valley, 1918, 741.
Nidification, Harington on the, of some
Birds from Burma, 1914, 1; Banner-
man on the, of Tubinares in the
North Atlantic Islands, 1914, 438;
Baker on Indian Faleonids, noticed
1917, 224, 350.
Nightjar, Ohapin on the
winged, noticed 1916, 504.
Nile Valley, Letter from Nicoll on the
Orested Larks of the, 1918, 741.
Noble, G. K., a newDove from St. Croix,
Danish West Indies, noticed 1916,
512; on the Resident Birds of
Guadeloupe, noticed 1917, 104.
Noble, Heatley, on the supposed breed-
ing of Branta leucopsis in Iceland,
noticed 1917, 451.
Nomenclature, Loénnberg on Linnean,
1913, 301, 398; Criticism of the Re-
port of the International Commission
of Zoological, 1914, 171; Disputed
Questions in, 1914, 537; O. B. Tice-
hurst’s letter on modern, 1915, 384;
Opinion rendered by the Intern, Com
Pennant-
GENERAL INDEX.
mission on, noticed 1916, 659; Feil-
den, Letter on, 918, 744; Harting,
Letter on the modern methods used
in, 1918, 334.
Norfolk, Gurney’s Ornithological Re-
ports for, noticed 1914, 330, 640;
1915,623; 1917, 98, 442.
and Norwich Naturalists’ Society,
‘Transactions,’ noticed 1915, 381.
Norfolk Island: Hull on the Birds of
Lord Howe Island and, noticed 1913,
146; Oliver on the Birds of Lord
Howe, Kermadec Islands, and, no-
ticed 1913, 150.
North, A. J., ‘ Nests and Eggs of Aus-
tralian Birds,’ noticed 1913, 463;
on the Australian Cassowary, no-
ticed 1913, 696; Birds of New South
Wales, noticed 1915, 172; on the
Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds,
noticed 1915, 372; Birds of Coolabah
and Brewarrina, N.S. Wales, noticed
1917, 447; Obituarial notice of,
1918, 154.
North Atlantic Ocean and North Sea,
Kennedy, Notes on Birds observed in,
during the autumn and winter of
1914, 1917, 30.
North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean,
Kennedy, Notes on Birds observed in,
during the autumn and winter of
1914, 1917, 30.
Notices ete. of Ornithological Publica-
tions, 1913, 138, 313, 457, 688;
1914, 189, 325, 506, 634; 1915, 170,
368, 621, 785; 1916, 163, 347, 500,
645; 1917, 94, 252, 436, 618; 1918,
158, 308, 499, 725.
’ Nuthatches, Buturlin, review of the, no-
ticed, 1916, 646.
Oberholser, H. C., Subspecies of the
Green Heron, noticed 1913, 149; on
the Great Blue Heron, noticed 1913,
463; on Birds from Sumatra, noticed
1913, 464.
Obituary: W. B. Tegetmeier, 1913,
136; E. A. Wilson, 1913, 303; R.
Collett, 1913, 309; H. J. Pearson,
1913, 310; Dr. P. L. Sclater, 1913,
642; Thomas Ayres, 1913, 686;
€7 Dr. J. W. B. Gunning, 1913, 687;
A. R. Wallace, 1914, 133; R. z
Ussher, 1914, 1387; W. J. Ansorge,
1914, 1388; O. W. Knight, 1914, 139 ;
Dr. A. Fritsch, 1914, 139; G. E. H.
Barrett- Hamilton, 1914, 319; Dr. A.
Giinther, 1914, 323; Capt. P. S. G.
Reid, 1915, 365); Lieut. K. P. Meikle-
791
john, 1915, 368; Lord Brabourne,
1915, 617; O. M. Dyer, 1915, 618;
R. Lydekker, 1915, 619; Hans Graf
von Berlepsch, 1915, 620 ; Ry eB:
Woosnam, 1915, 781; L. N. G.
Ramsay, 1915, 784; R. M. Barring-
ton, 1916, 155 ; Wi. S. Cameron, 1916,
157 ; Otto Herman, 1916, 157; Hon.
Gerald Legge, 1916, 158; Sir A. W.
Riicker, 1916, 160; C. H. T. White-
head, 1916, 161; H. E. Dresser,
1916, 340; D. G. Elliot, 1916, 342;
E. F. Penn, 1916, 345; Charles
Stonham, 1916, 346; W. W. Cooke,
1916, 498; G. L. Ewen, 1916, 498;
He He Harington, 1916, 499; J. A.
Harvie-Brown, 1916, 637 ; B. R. Hors-
brugh, 1916, 640 ; FE. W. Proctor,
1916, 642; J. M. Charlton, 1916,
643; Ronald Trimen, 1916, 643; EB.
A. Butler, 1916, 644; LO. Crowley,
1917, 91 ; Sir R. Payne- Gallwey,
1917, 92; S. G. Scott, 197, 92;
J. 0. Friar 1917, 93; F. C. Selous,
1917, 244; Lord Lucas, 1917, 246;
R. O. B. Bridgeman, 1917, 247; R.
J. Balston, 1917, 249; T. H. Nelson,
1917, 249; H. A. Mearns, 1917, 250;
F. E. L. Beal, 1917, 251; R. Warren,
1917, 261; Henry Peavot, 1917,434;
H. EH. O:; Dixon, 1917,- 485: A.
Nehrkorn, 1917, 435; H. P. Ramsay,
1917,615; Otto Le Roi, 1917, 435; H.
A. Goldie, 1917, 613; G. V. Webster,
1917, 614; E. B. Dunlop, 1917, 617;
A. J. North, 1918, 154; O. G. Raw-
ling, 1918, 156; R. 0. Bridgeman,
1918, 16s Ord: Alexander, 1918,
301.3) #: M. Ogilvie, 1918, 303;
FE. iis O. Finsch, 1918, 304; E. 8.
Mason, 1918, 307; Sir Henry J.
Johnson, 1918, 307; G. H. Dawson,
1918, 308; G. Martorelli, 1918,
496; J. R. Hatfeild, 1918, 498;
W. V. Legge, 1918, 721; R. O. Cun-
- ningham, 1918, 723; LL. B. Mouritz,
1918, 724.
Oblentz Government, Ispolatoff on the
birds of, noticed 1917, 262.
Ogilvie, Fergus Menteith, Obituaria
notice of, 1918, 3038.
Ogilvie-Grant, W. R., Notes on the
Birds collected by the B. O. U. Ex-
pedition to Dutch New Guinea,
1913, 76; on a small Collection of
Birds from Henderson Island, 8.
Pacific, 1913, 343; on a Oollection
of Birds from S. Abyssinia, presented
to the British Museum by Mr, W.
W. McMillan. — Part I. Passeres,
38K2
792
‘Catalogue of Birds’
Eggs,’ noticed 1913, 464; ‘ British
Game-birds and Wild-fowl,’ noticed
1914, 344; on a New Lark from the
Oape Province, noticed 1914, 334;
‘Notes on some New Guinea bird-
names, 1916, 305; Remarks on some
recent collections of Birds made by
G. L. Bates in Oameroon, 1917, 72;
Notice of his retirement from the
British Museum, 1918, 748.
Oliver, W. R. B., on Birds of Lord
Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Is-
lands, noticed 1913, 150.
Oologia Neerlandica,’ Van Pelt Lech-
ner’s, noticed 1914, 340.
Oological Dinner, Proceedings (1915),
1916, 186; Notice of, for 1916, 527 ;
Second, Proceedings of, 1917, 123;
Third, Proceedings of, 1918, 179.
Oort, E. D. van., on Birds from the
Dutch Indies, noticed 1913, 150.
Orkney, Gurney on the Gannetry at
“The Stack,” 1914, 631.
‘Ornithologisches Jahrbuch,’ received
1913, 478; noticed 1914, 349.
Osteology: Lowe on Osteological Cha-
racters which differentiate the Ero-
line from the Tringine, 1915, 609;
Lowe on the Osteology of the
Chatham Island Snipe, 1915, 690;
Shufeldt on Paleornis, with other
notes on the genus, noticed 1917,
106.
Ostrich, Ménégaux on the,
1913, 694.
Oudemans, A. C., on the Dodo, noticed
1918, 315.
‘Our Common Sea-birds,’
noticed 1914, 331.
Oviduet: Pearl on the Secretory Ac-
tivity of the, in the Domestic Fowl,
noticed 1914, 643; Surface on the
Histology of the, in the Domestic
Hen, noticed 1914, 647.
Owen, J. H., on the Nesting-habits of
the Sparrow-Hawk, noticed 1917,
451.
Owl, Grinnell on a new Oalifornian
Screech, noticed 1915, 6238.
1913, 550;
noticed
Lowe on,
Pacific: Ogilvie-Grant on a small
Collection of Birds from Henderson
Island, South, 1913, 343 ; Belcher on
Birds observed in the South, rg14q,
588 ; Mathews and Iredale on Petrels
from the North-East, 1915, 572.
Palearctic Birds, Tschusi on, noticed
1913, 324.
Palearctic Fauna, Hartert on the Birds
of the, noticed 1914, 511.
GENERAL INDEX.
Palawan, Lowe on some Birds of, 1916,
607.
Palmer, T. 8., Biographical Index to
‘The Auk,’ noticed 1917, 447.
Pamphlet Collections, Storer on the
care of, noticed 1917, 448.
Paradise, Stresemann on the History
of the Bird of, noticed 1914, 520.
Paraguay, Dabbene on the Birds of,
noticed 1913, 457.
Parasites, Harrison on Bird-,
254,
Parrakeet, Letter from Lord Tavistock
on the plumage of Pennant’s, 1914,
651; Letter from Lord Tavistock on
the breeding of Pennant’s, 1916,
182.
Parrots, Platycercine, of Australia,
Mathews, 1918, 115.
Partridge, Bureau on the Red-legged,
noticed 1913, 689.
Passenger-Pigeon, Shufeldt on the,
noticed 1913, 630; Extinction of the,
1915, 183.
Passeres, Witherby on the Moults of
the British, noticed 1916, 655.
Payne-Gallwey, Sir R., Obituarial
notice of, 1917, 92.
Peale’s Museum, Faxon on relics of,
noticed 1916, 166. 4
Pearl R., on the Egg-laying capabili-
ties of Poultry, noticed 1914, 643.
Pearson, H. J., Obituarial notice of,
1913, 310.
Peavot, Henry, Obituarial notice of,
1917, 434.
Pelican, Forbes on Molina’ s, 1914, 403,
654.
Penguin, Dove on the Crested, in Aus-
tralian Waters, 1915, 86; Levick on
the Adéle, noticed 1916, 170.
Penguins, Murphy on the, of South
Georgia, noticed 1914, 174; 1915,
Gols
Penn, E. F., Obituarial notice of, 1916,
345.
Pennant Collection, Note on the, 1913,
340.
‘Peregrine Falcon at the Eyrie,’ Hea-
therley on the, noticed 1914, 144.
Peregrine, Letters from C. Ingram and
©. J. Carroll on the food of the,
1916, 523, 663.
Peron Peninsula, W. Australia, Carter
on the Birds of, 1917, 564.
Peroneal Muscles, Letters from F. E.
Beddard and F. Chalmers Mitchell
on Avian, 1914, 354, 355.
Persia, Sarudny and Harms on Birds
from, noticed 1913, 322.
Peruvian Guano Islands, Dr. H. O.
Forbes’ visit to the, 1913, 709.
1916,
\ GENERAL INDEX.
Peters, J. L., on a new Swift, noticed
1917, 255; on a new Porto Rican
Bird, noticed 1917, 629; Birds of
San Domingo, noticed 1918, 162,
Petrels, Iredale on the Surface Breed-
ing, of the Kermadec Group, 1914,
423; Mathews and Iredale on N.-
East Pacific, 1915, 572; Loomis,
Review of the, noticed 1918, 502.
Petronievics, B., and Woodward, A.
8., on Archeopteryx, noticed 1917,
448. prery: 917
Pheasants, Beebe on new Blood-,
noticed 1913, 1388; Courtois on a
new species of Pucras, from China,
1913, 14; Beebe’s preliminary Studies
on, noticed 1914, 686; Stuart Baker
on Blood-, 1915, 122; Stuart Baker
on the Silver, noticed 1915, 794;
Beebe’s Monograph on, noticed 1918,
726.
Phenological Observations, Clarke and
Adames, in the British Isles, noticed
1917, 438.
Philippine Islands, Lowe on some
Birds of Palawan, 1916, 607.
Phillips, J. C., on Size Inheritance in
Ducks, noticed 1914, 516; on Birds
from the Sudan, noticed 1914, 516;
Letter on the Steamer Duck, 1917,
116.
—-, and Bangs, O., on Yunnan Birds,
noticed 1914, 6365.
Phylogeny, Harrison on Bird-, 1916,
254.
Physis (Revista de la Sociedad Argen-
tina de Ciencias Naturales), noticed
1917, 455.
Pigeon, Grinnell on the Band-tailed,
noticed 1913, 457.
Plath, K., With the Tropic-birds in
Bermuda, 1914, 552.
Ploceide, Chapin on the Classification
of, noticed 1917, 436.
Plover: Lowe on the British Common
Ringed, 1914, 395; Haviland on
the Nest Plumage of the Asiatic
Golden, 1915, 716; Lowe on the
Crab-, 1916, 317.
Plumage Bill, Second Reading in House
of Commons of the, 1914, 363.
Plumage: C. B, Ticehurst on the, of
the Male Crossbill, 1915, 662; Havi-
land on the Nestling, of the Asiatic
Golden Plover, 1915, 716.
Poliakoy, M., Birds of the Irtysh Val-
ley, noticed 1917, 262; Photograph
of nest of Black-throated Diver
near Moscow, noticed 1917, 263 ; on
Siberian Birds, noticed 1917, 629.
Polygamy, Dunlop on, among Rooks,
noticed 1917, 452,
793
Poncy, H. N. R., Bird-life of Geneva,
noticed 1917, 105.
Porto Rico : Peters on anew Bird from,
noticed 1917, 629; Wetmore on the
Birds of, noticed 1916, 515.
Portugal, Ingram on the Long-tailed
Tit of, noticed 1913, 459.
Potter, J. K., on an unusual Nesting-
site of the Least Bittern, noticed
1917, 452.
Poultry, Pearl on the Egg-laying capa-
bilities of, noticed 1914, 643.
Prince’s Island, Bannerman on Birds
collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander on, 1914, 596.
Proctor, F. W., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 642.
Protection: Hennick on Bird-, noticed
1913, 145; Note on Bird-, in the
United States, 1913, 483; Com-
mittee to consider the Wild Birds’
Protection Act, 1914, 174; Letter
from ‘The Duke of Bedford on, 1918,
522.
Provence, L’Hermitte, Birds of, no-
ticed 1917, 263.
Pterylography, Schaub on the, of the
Kagu, noticed 1914, 646.
Ptilosis, Miller’s notes on, noticed, 1915,
625,
Publications, Notices, etc. of Ornitho-
logical, 1913, 138, 313, 457, 688;
1914, 1389, 325, 506, 684; 1915, 170,
368, 621, 785; 1916, 163, 347, 500,
645; 1917, 94, 252, 436, 618; 1918,
158, 308, 499, 725.
Punjab: Whistler on the Birds of the,
noticed 1917, 257; Whistler on the
Birds of the Jhelum District of the,
1916, 3d.
Pycraft, W. P., on the Skeleton of
Paleocorax moriorum, noticed 1913,
466; the Avifauna of Central Ame-
rica, a Study in Geographical Dis-
tribution, 1915, 761.
Quail, Bangs on the Geographic Races
of the Sealed, noticed 1914, 636,
Ramsay, H, P., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 615.
Ramsay, L. A. G., Observations on the
Bird-Life of the Anatolian Plateau
during the Summer of 1907, 1914,
365; Obituarial notice of, 1915,
784.
Ratcliff, F, R.: see Jourdain, F. 0. R.
Rawling, Cecil Godfrey, Obituarial
notice of, 1918, 156.
Reboussin, M., on the Birds to the
North of Verdun, noticed 1917, 264,
794:
Redshanks, Lowe on some Osteological
Characters of the, 1915, 609.
Reid, Capt. P. 8. G., Obituarial notice
of, 1915, 365.
Reiser, O., on the Great
Cuckoo, noticed 1914, 152.
Rennell Island, Woodford on
markable Honey-eater from,
118.
Reyersed Under-wing coverts, Bates on
the, of West African Birds, 1918,
529.
Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de
Ciencias Naturales, noticed 1917,
455.
Revista Italiana di Ornitologia, noticed
1917, 11d.
‘Revue Frangaise d’Ornithologie,’ no-
ticed 1913, 327; 1916, 661; 1917,
263; 1918, 329.
Rhodes, Salvadori and Festa on the
Birds of the Island of, noticed 1914,
152.
Rhodesia, Mouritz on the Ornithology
of the Matopo District, 1915, 185, 534.
Richardson, E. W., ‘The Life of W.
B. Tegetmeier,’ noticed 1916, 512.
Richmond, O. W., Notes on generic
names, noticed 1916, 353.
Ridgway, R., ‘Colour Standards and
Colour Nomenclature,’ noticed 1914,
152; ‘Birds of North and Middle
America,’ noticed 1914, 644; 1916,
651.
Riley, J. H., on new Neotropical Birds,
noticed 1917, 256.
* Ringing,” Grote, of nestling Birds in
South Finland, noticed 1917, 263;
Witherby, in ‘ British Birds,’ noticed
1917, 268; Witherby on the, of par-
tial Migrants, noticed 1917, 449.
Rintoul, Miss, and Baxter, Miss, on
the Moulting of Northern breeding-
Birds, noticed 1917, 264; List of
continental racial forms of British
Birds, noticed 1917, 265; Report on
Scottish Ornithology in 1915, noticed
1917, 265; Birds of the Isle of May,
1918, 247.
Riviere, B. B., Notes on European
Birds wet with in South Africa, 1918,
598.
Road-runner, Bryant on the habits and
food of, noticed 1917, 94.
Roberts, A., on Birds in the Transvaal
Museum, noticed 1917, 173; a new
Siskin from South Africa, noticed
1916, 354; Ornithological Notes,
S. African, noticed 1918, 168.
Robinson, H. O.: Notes on Malayan
Birds, noticed 1913, 697 ; on Malayan
Spotted
a re-
1916,
GENERAL INDEX.
Birds, noticed 1914,517; on Birds
collected by Mr, C, Boden Kloss on
the Coast and Islands of South-
eastern Siam, 1915, 718; on collec-
tions, of Malayan Birds, noticed 1915,
792; on Malayan Birds, noticed
1918, 8322; on Hybrid Ducks, noticed
1918, 734.
Robinson, H. C., and Kloss, C. B., The
Natural History of Kedah Peak, no-
ticed 1916, 514; Notes on recently
described Races of Siamese and Ma-
layan Birds, with Description of a
new Subspecies, 1918, 583.
Robinson, H. W., on the first Nesting
of the Common Eider in Ireland,
noticed 1913, 467; on the results of
ringing Black-headed Gulls, noticed
1915, 627; Letter from, on the
Lanner Falcon, 1917, 462; on the
supposed breeding of the Green
Sandpiper in the British Isles, 1917,
611; Letter on the Green Sandpiper,
1918, 178.
Rook, Witherby on the Plumages of the,
noticed 1914, 155.
Rothschild, Lord, and Hartert, E., on
Birds from New Guinea, noticed
1913, 321, 467; on Ornithological
Explorations in Algeria, noticed
1913, 467; on Birds from Dutch New
Guinea, 1914, 335; on a new species
of Monarcha from Rossel Island,
noticed 1917, 100,
Ricker, Sir A. W., Obituarial notice of,
1916, 160.
Ruff, Lowe on the Systematic Position
of the, 1915, 609.
Ruffed Grouse, Grinnell on a new
species of, from the Yukon Valley,
noticed 1917, 98.
‘ Russian Ornithological Review,’ Elec-
tion of new Editor of, 1918, 187.
Saghalien Island, Thayer and Bangs on
the Birds of, noticed 1916, 514.
St. Petersburg, Annuaire du Musée
Zoologique de Imp. Acad. Sciences,
received 1913, 704.
St. Thomas’ Island, Bannerman on the
Birds of, 1915, 89.
St. Vincent Gulf, S. Australia ; Morgan,
Exploration of, noticed 1917, 454.
Salvadori, T., on a rare species of
Touracou ( Turacus ruspolit), 1913, 1;
on Birds from the Congo, noticed
1913, 322; Letter from, re ‘ Hand-list
of British Birds, 1913, 3388; on
Conurus eruginosus and allied species,
noticed 1913, 468; on an example of
GENERAL INDEX.
Ardetta eurythma from Europe, no-
ticed 1913, 469; Bibliography of,
noticed 1914, 336; Notes on some
Species of the Genus Thalassogeron,
1914, 003; On a forgotten paper by
Bonaparte, noticed 1914, 645; on
the History of the Turin Museum,
noticed 1915, 627; Recent papers,
noticed 1915, 628.
Salvadori, ‘I’., and Festa, H., on the
Sardinian Jay, noticed 1913, 469; on
the Birds of the Island of Rhodes,
/Agean Sea, noticed 1914, 335; on
the Hawfinch of Sardinia, noticed
1914, 917; on Birds from Cyrenaica,
noticed 1916, 653.
Samar, Appalachians, Burleigh on Bird-
life about, noticed 1917, 452.
San Domingo : Chapman on new Birds
from, noticed 1917, 438; Peters,
Birds of, noticed 1918, 162.
Sandpiper, Lowe on the Systematic
Position of the Semipalmated, 1915,
609.
Sarawak, Moulton on the Museum of,
noticed 1913, 149; Williams on the
Birds of, noticed 1915, 175.
Sardinia, Salvadori and Festa on the
Hawfinch of, noticed 1914, 517.
Sardinian Crow, Balducci on the, no-
ticed 1913, 138.
Sarudny, N., and Harms, M,, on Birds
from Persia, noticed 1913, 322.
Sassi, M., on Birds from Mesopotamia
and Central Africa, noticed 1913,
469.
Savage-English, ‘I, M., Notes on some
of the Birds of Grand Cayman, West
Indies, 1916, 17; Letter on colour
variation in Birds from Grand
Cayman, 1916, 364.
Schalow, H., on Calamoherpe brehmii
Miiller, noticed 1914, 517; on the
Nutcracker in Thuringia, noticed
1914, 518,
Schaub, S., on the Nest-down of Birds,
noticed 1913, 151; on the Pterylo-
graphy of the Kagu, noticed 1914,
646.
Schauberg, Snouckaert van, on im-
portant Ornithological events in
Holland, 1917, 267.
Schenk, J., ‘Das Experiment in der
Vogelzugsforschung,’ received 1913,
154,
Schigler, E. L., on the Races of the
Hider Duck, 1915, 173.
‘ Schwalbe,’ ‘ Die,’ noticed 1914, 350.
795
‘Science,’ New “York, noticed
448,
Sclater, P. L., ‘Commentary on the
new Hand-list of British Birds,’ 1913,
113 ; Obituarial notice of, 1913, 62;
Ornithological Bibliography of, 1913,
652.
Sclater, W. L., ‘Aves’ of Zoological
Record for 1911, noticed 1913, 151;
Shelley’s ‘ Birds of Africa,’ noticed
1913, 152; Note on the generic
name Oxynotus Swains., 1914, 173;
The ‘Mauritius Hen” of Peter
Mundy, 1915, 316; on the Birds of
Yemen, South-west Arabia, 1917,
129; on anew South American Jay,
1917, 465; on the Genus Micrastur,
1918, 343.
Sclater, W. L., and Mackworth-Praed,
C., List of the Birds of the Anglo-
Kgyptian Sudan, based on the col-
lections of Messrs. A. L. Butler, A.
Chapman, Capt. H. Lynes, and Major
Cuthbert Christy, 1918, 416, 602.
Scotland: Alston on Wild Life in the
Highlands of, noticed 1913, 313;
Gordon’s Hill-birds of, noticed 1916,
167; Letter from J. A. Harvie-
Brown on the distribution of the
Crested Tit in, 1916, 182.
Scott, S. G., Obituarial notice of, 1917,
92,
‘ Scottish Naturalist,’ noticed 1913, 328;
1914, 351; 1915, 379; 1916, 359;
1917, 264; 1918, 330.
Scottish Ornithology, Miss Baxter and
Miss Rintoul, Report on, noticed
1917, 265.
Seilern, J. Graf vou, and Hellmayr, OC.
E., on the Ornithology of Venezuela,
noticed 1913, 144.
Seligmann, C. G., and Shattock, 8S. G.,
on Spermatogenesis in the Mallard,
noticed 1915, 174.
Selous, F. O., Obituarial notice of,
1917, 244; Memorial, 1917, 280;
Memorial Committee, 1917, 463.
“Separates,” Sturer on the care of,
noticed 1917, 448.
Seth-Smith, L. M., Notes on Birds
around Mpumu, Uganda, 1913, 485.
Shakespeare’s Birds, Geikie, noticed
1917, 97.
Shattock, 8. G.: see Seligman, C. G.
Sheath-bill, Lowe on the Systematic
Position of the, 1916, 122.
Shelley, G. E., ‘Birds of Africa,’
noticed 1913, 152.
1917,
ACER
796
Sherman, Althea R., Experiments in
feeding Humming-birds, noticed
1915, 629.
Shtoehr, M., Field-notes and photo-
graphs of nests of