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I; 2900: f/zgssonian Insity to ELEVENTH SERIES. @ 24q5577 ) He prayeth well, who loveth well W Both man and bird and beast. #fional Museu: 7 —CNal Musev™— PUBLISHED BY THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION AND SOLD BY WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. Loo, i PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF ‘THE IBIS’ FOR 1919. ELEVENTH SERIES. VOLUME I. Number 1. issued January 8th. April ord. July Ist October 25rd. 3) 99 29 bd H OF bo 9) [An LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION, LOT: asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested that Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected. | Date of Election. 1916. 1914. TOW: 1888. 1919. 1896. 1919. 1896. 1901. 1915. 1901. 1908. 1918. 1897. SER, Apams, Ernest Enwarp; Lloyd’s, Royal Exchange, E.C. 3. AtpwortH, Capt. THomas Preston, D.S.0., 3rd Battn., West Kent Regt., Mesopotamia. ALEXANDER, Horace Gunpry; 3 Mayfield Road, ‘lunbridge Wells, Kent. Artin, Ortver Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon. ARrcHER, GrorrreY Francrs, C.M.C.; Government House, Berbera, Somaliland. ArRcHIBALD, CHartes F.; 2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds, Yorks. Arnotp, Epwin Carterton ; The College, Eastbourne. ARRIGONI DEGLI Opp1, Count Errorn, Professor of Zoology, University, Padua; and Ca’oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy. ArunvEL, Major Watrer B., F.Z.8.; High Ackworth, Ponte- fract, Yorks. Asusy, Epwin ; Wittunga, Blackwood, Adelaide, 8. Australia. Asupy, Hersert; Broadway House, Brookvale Road, Southampton. AsnwortH, Joun Wattwork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R:GS., F.G.S.; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near Stockport, Cheshire. Astiey, Arraur; Freshfield, Ambleside. Asttey, Huserr Deravar, M.A., F.Z.S.; Brinsop Court, Hereford. XI,— VOL. I, a vi Date of Election. 15 1919. Backnousn, Toomas Porter; Trinity College, Cambridge. 1901. Barzrwarp, Col. Arraur Caurcuitt, F.Z.S. (R.F.A.) ; 64 Victoria Street, S.W. 1. 1892. Baxer, E. C. Stuarr, J.P., F.Z.S., F.L.S.; 6 Harcld Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19. (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.) 1901. Baxsr, Joun C., M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury, Bucks. 1906. Bannerman, Davin A., M.B.K., B.A., F.R.G.S.; 6 Palace Gardens l'errace, Kensington, W.8; and British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. ; 201890. Barciay, Francis Hunert, F.Z.8.; The Warren, Cromer, Norfolk. 1885. Barcnay, Hue Gurney, F.Z.8.; Colney Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. 1903, Barrens, Max.; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaat (Preanger), Java, Dutch East Indies. 1906. Bares, Goren L., C.M.Z.S.; Bitye, vid Yaunde, Cameroon, West Africa. 1913. Baynes, Grorer Kennetu; 120 Warwick Street, S.W. 1. 25 1912. Breese, Wittram, C.M.Z.S.; Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society, Katabo, Bartica District, British Guiana. 1910. Brnsron, Harry; Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. 1897. Benson, Jounn.’ 1897. Berry, Winer, B.A., LL.B.; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire. 1917. Brrrram-Jones, Jounn Witttam ; Kelvedon Hall, Brentwood, Essex. 3° 1914. Bernam, Brigadier-General Rosurr M.; c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Hornby Road, Bombay, India. 1907. Brernect, The Hon. Ricnarp, F.Z.S. (Scots Guards); 18 Lower Seymour Street, W. 1. 1907. Bickerton, Wittiam, ¥.Z.S.; Kingsmuir, 21 Oxley Road, Watford, Herts. 1880. Browert, Epwarp; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, E.C. 4. 1919. Breerr, Capt. Witttam Kenneru, M.C., R.A.M.C.; The Croft, Mitcham, Surrey. 35 1892. Brrp, The Rev. Mavrice C. H., M.A.; Brunstead Rectory, Stalham, 8.0., Norfolk. 189]. Braacw, Frans Ernst, C,M.Z.S.; Gooilust, ‘sGraveland, Hilversum, Noord-Holland. 40 215) Date of Election. 1913. LOTS: 1903, 1914. 1906. 1904, 1908. 1918. 1915. 1895. 1909. 1902, 1919. 1908. 1899, 1912. 1900. 1907. Brackwoop, Lt. Grorer GrENDINNING, M,C, (Seaforth High- landers); 4 Rosewood Terrace, Dundee, N.B. Brarne, Capt. Girperr, F.Z.S.- 5a The Albany, Piceadilly, MWirwlk Buaruwayr, ‘the Rev. Francis Lintry, M.A.; Melbury Rectory, Dorchester, Dorset. Buyru, Roserr Oswatp, M.A.; Balvonie, Skelmorlie, Ayrshire, . Bonar, The Rev. Horaivs Nintay, F.Z.8S.; 16 Cumin Place, Edinburgh. . Bons, Henry Perrrs. - Bonnorn, Jonn Lewis, MAS BUS. ELZ,.S: : Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt ; and Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. Boorman, Starnes; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey. Boorn, Harry B., F.Z.8. ; Rybill, Ben Rhydding, vid Leeds, Yorks, Borrer, Crtrrorp Dattson; 6 Durham Place, Chelsea, Ss Wis oe Boyp, Capt. ArNorp Wurrworrn, M.C: (Lancashire Fusiliers); The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire. Braprorp, Arraur Dansy, F.Z.S, : Upton Lodge, Watford, Herts. Braprorp, Sir Joun Rosp, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.D., D.Sce., F.R.S., F.Z.S ; 8 Manchester Square, W. 1. Briteas, Tomas Huyry, M.A., F.E.S.; Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon. Brtstowr, Brrrram Arruvur I)’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey. Brocktrnank, Lt.-Col. H.; 63 Witbury Road, Hove, Sussex. Broox, Epwarp Jonas, F.Z.S.; Hoddam Castle, Keclefechan, Dumfriesshire. Brooke, Joun Arrnvr, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield : and Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire. Brown, T'Homas Epwarp: c/o Messrs. G. Beyts & Co., 11 Port Tewfik, Suez, Egypt. Broce, Wittram Sperrs, LL.D., F. L.S.E.; Scottish Oceano- graphical Laboratory, Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh. Bucxiry, Cuartes Mars; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W. Us ; Ashford Farm, Stoke Gee, 60 65 79° 75 Date of Election. 1906. 1908. 1907. 1899. 1900, 1905. 1912. 1896. TOL. 1904. . Campsett, Davin Cattenper, J.P.; . Couss, Cuartes, F.Z.8.; British vill Bucxnitt, Sir Joan Atrxanper Srracury, K.C., M.A., F.Z.S.; Chief Justice, Straits Settlements; Nassim Hill, Singapore ; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1. Bunyarp, Percy Frepertcr, F.Z.8.: 57 Kidderminster Road, Croydon, Surrey. Burier, ArtHuR Garprner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 124 Beck- enham Road, Beckenham, Kent. Burrer, Arraur Lennox, F.Z.S.; St. Leonard’s Park, Horsham, Sussex. = Burrress, Bernarp A. E.; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton, Cambridge. Buxron, Anrnony; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Buxton, Parrick Atrrepo; Fairhill, Tonbridge, Kent. CAMERON, Major James 8. (2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Regt.); Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent. . Cameron, Jonn Duncan; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent. Templemore Park, Londonderry, Ireland. . Carrot, Crement Josupn; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary, Treland. . CarrurHEeRs, ALEXANDER Dovertsas; Barmer Hall, Kings Lynn, Norfolk. . Carrer, THomas; Wensleydale, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey. . Cave, Capt. Cuartes Jonn Puitip, M.A., F.Z.8.; Ditcham Park, Petersfield, Hants. . Cuancr, Encar P.; 3 Knightsbridge Mansions, 8.W. 3. . Coase, Ropert Wirtriam; Hernes Nest, Bewdley of &) Worcestershire. . Cueesman, Rosert E.; c/o F. V. Winch, Esq., North View, Willesley, Cranbrook, Kent. Museum (Natural History ), Cromwell Road, 8,W. 7. . Cuuss, Capt. Patrick Arruur (3rd K.O.Y.L.I. attached R.E.); York Lodge, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ; and c/o London Joint Stock Bank, Ltd., E.C. Crank, George Winertetp, M.A., F.Z.S.; 2 Devana Terrace, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge. YLARKE, Major Gotanp van Horr, D.8.0., F.Z.8. ; Chilworth Court, Romsey, Hants, So go 95 100 Date of Election. 1916. 1889. 1904. 1898. 1895. 1911. 1904. 1919. 1916. 1909. 1913. 1888. 1914. L915. 1894. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1899. 1896. 1883. 1X Crarke, Joun Painie Sreeupnson; Borde Hill, Cuckfield, Sussex. Crarkn, Col. SrreHenson Roper, C.B., F.Z.8.; Borde Hill, Cuckfield, Sussex. Crarke, Wiiir1amM Kaerr, LL.D., F.LS., F.R.S.E.; Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. (President.) CocHrane, Capt. Henry Laxn, R.N.; Naval Board, Mel- bourne, Australia. Cocks, Anrrep Henwace, M.A., F.Z.8.; Poynetts, Skirmeit, near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon. Cotes, Ricoarp Epwarp; Rosebank, New Milton, 8.O., Hants. Cotterr, ANtHoNy Kurtine ; 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn; WC: 2: Cottier, CHarces, F.Z.8.; Bridge House, Culmstock, Devon ; and Windham Club, St. James’ Square, S.W. 1. Cottincr, Dr. Watter Epwarp, D.Sc., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S.; The University, St. Andrews, Scotland. Corrart, Dr. Henry Nevinie ; Field House, Epsom, Surrey. Conereve, Capt. Wittram Marrnanp, M.C.; The Forest, Kerry, Montgomeryshire. Cook, James PrmBerron; Kiora, Kyambu, British East Africa. Corpraux, Major Wittiam Wrrrrip (late 21st Lancers); Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury, Kent. Courrots, The Rev. F. L., S.J.; Curator of the Sikawei Museum, near Shanghai, China. Cowan, Francis; Wester Lea, Murraytield, Midlothian. Crewe, Sir Vauncry Harpur, Bt.; Calke Abbey, Derby. CunnineHam, Jostas, R.N.V.R.; Fernhill. Belfast. Currie, Aterrnon Jamus; Southlands, Winchester Road, Worthing, Sussex ; and Assistant Audit Officer, 8.P.R., Kerman, vid Bunder Abbas, S. Persia. Curriz, Rosperr ALEXANDER (Chinese Customs); The Custom House, Yochow, by Hankow, China. Cortis, Frepertck, F.R.C.S.; Lyndens, Redhill, Surrey. Danrorp, Major Berrram W. Y., R.E.; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, 8.W. 1. Davinson, Jamus, F'.Z.5.; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin- burgh. Date of Election. 1905, 1909. 1902. 1916. Davis, K. J. Acton, M.C., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8.; 24 Upper Berkeley Street, W. 1. Decmié-Rapcurrre, Capt. Atrrep (105th Maratha Light Infantry); c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Bombay, India. Dent, Cuartes Henry; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd., Darlington, Durham. Drsporr, Grusrerr, Curator of the Natural History Museum, The University, Malta. tos 1893. De Winton, Wittram Epwarp, F.Z.S.: Southover Hall, Burwash, Sussex. ; 1896. Dossie, James Bets, F.R.S.E., F.Z.8.,; 12 South Inverleith Terrace, Edinburgh. 1889. Dosir, Wint1am Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street, Chester. 1904. Draxe-Brockman, Ratenw Evetyn, M.R.CS.. L.R.C.P., F.Z.8.; Studland House, Lansdowne Road, Worthing. 1913. Drummonp, Jamrs, F.LS., F.Z.S.; ‘Lyttelton ‘Times,’ Christchurch, New Zealand. 110 1890. Drummonp-Hay, Col, James A. G. R.- (Coldstream Guards): Seggieden, by Perth. 1904. Duckwortn, Grorce Hersert; Dalingridge Place, via East Grinstead, Sussex. 1878. Durnrorp, W. Artuur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Barnsley, Yorks. 1903. Earte, Epwarp Vavasour ; South Darenth, Kent. 1914. Epwarps, Lavrence Atserr Curris, M.A.; 61 Elphinstone Road, Hastings. 115 1895. Exxtior, Epwunp A. 8., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge, ; South Devon. 1884. Exnrorr, Ateprnon, C.1.E.; 41 Stanley Gardens, Hamp- stead, N.W. 3. 1902. Exurson, The Rey. Atian, M.A.; Althorpe Rectory, Doncaster, Yorks. 1866. Etwes, Henry Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.8.; Colesborne, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. ( Conrnmittee.) 1914. Erseriper, Roserr, Junr., C.M.Z.S.; Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 120 1879. Evans, Artur Humsir, M.A., F.Z.8.; 9 Harvey Road, Cambridge. . Evans, Wittiam, F.R.S.E.; 38 Morningside Park, Edin- burgh, 140 Date of Election, 1916. Ezra, Auerep, F.Z.S.; 110 Mount Street, W. 1. 1892. Farrprmer, Winttam Groree; 141 Long Market Street, Capetown, South Africa. 1916. Fatxiner, Capt. Joan McInrine, I.M.S., F.R.C.S.; 22 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin. 1909. Fansuawe, Capt. Ricnarn D. (late Scots Guards); Broxmore, Cavendish Road, Bournemouth. 1894. Farquuar, Rear-Admiral ArrHur Murray, C.V.O.; Granville Lodge, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. 1898. FarevHar, Rear-Admiral Sruarr Sr. J., R.N.; Naval & Military Club, Piccadilly, W. 1. 1873. Fernpen, Col. Henry Wemyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S.; Burwash, Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W. 1. 1908. Fincu-Davins, Craupe G. (1st. African Mounted Riflemen) ; toberts Heights, Pretoria, Transvial. 1901. Finttnson, Horace W., F.Z.8.; 5 Rosamond Road, Bedford. 1885. Firzuurserr-Brocknoies, Wii11AM Josepn ; Claughton Hall, Garstang, Lancashire. 1902. Frowpr, Major Sranney Suyrn, F.Z.S.; Kedah House, Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. 1912. Froyp, James Francis Murray, B.A.; The University, Glasgow. 1912. Fosrzr, Arruur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Sussex House, 88 Tilehouse Street, Hitchin, Herts. 1903. Foster, Nevin Harkness, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.; Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland. 1880. Fosrer, Witr1am ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater. W. 11. I881. Freke, Percy Evans; South Point. Limes Road, Folkestone. 1895. Frouawk, Freverick Witiiam, F.E.S.; Uplands, Thunders- ley, Essex. 1909, Frost, Wirntam Epwarp, J.P.; Ardvreck, Crieff, Perthshire. 1881. Gapow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Cleramendi, Great Shelford, near Cambridge. 1886. GarnsporoueH, Cuartes WaitritAm Francts, Earl of ; Exton Park, Oakham, Rutland. 1907. Ganpotrr, ALFonso Orno Ganpotri-Hornyoip, Duke, Ph.D. ; Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire. 1900. Garnerr, Cuarces, F.Z.S.; Greathouse. Chippenham, Wilts ; and New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. 1. 1892. Garrarp, Joun ; Silverdale, Worsley, near Manchester, Lancs. 145 150 155 160 xl Date of Election. 1902. Gispins, Wittiam Bevineron, F.Z.8.; Ettington, Stratford- on-Avon, Warwickshire. 1879. Gipson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.; c/o Senores Lock- wood y Cia, 654 Rivadavia, Buenos Ayres. 1902. Gitiman, ArtHUR Riney; Hatch End, Wilfred Road, Boscombe. 1919. Gitton, Mrs. 8. A.; 14 Carlton Terrace, Edinburgh. 1903. GuapstonE, Capt. Hue Srrvarr, M.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S.E., F.S.A.Scot.; Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire; and 40 Lennox Gardens, 8.W. 1. 1908. Gopman, Lt.-Col. E>warp Surriny (2nd Dorset Regiment) ; Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex. *1858.Gopman, Percy Sanpen, B.A., C.M.Z.S.; Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex. (Gold Medallist.) 1906. GoopvaLt, JrremtAn Marrnews ; The Nest, Bembridge, Isle of Wight. 1900. Gooprettow, Watrer, F.Z.8.; The Poplars, Kettering, Northants. 1906. Gorpon, Srron Pavr, F.Z.8.; Auchintoul, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. 1912. Gossz, Capt. Paitip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.; Savile Club, Piccadilly, W. 1. 1899. Goutp, Francis Herserr Carrururrs, F.Z.8.; Matham Manor House, East Molesey, Surrey. 1895. Grapuam, Oxtny, M.A.; The Museum, York. 1909. Grant, Major CravpeE Henry Baxter, F.Z.8. (6th Battn. Rifle Brigade) ; 2 Lebanon Gardens, West Hill, Wands- worth, 8.W.18; and Sports Club, St. James’ Square, as Le 1918. Grant, Francis; Edensor, Ascerton Road, Sidmouth, S. Devon. 1913. Greenine, Linn aus, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Fairlight, Grappenhall, near Warrington, Cheshire. 1909, Grey or Fatitopen, The Rt. Hon. Epwarp, The Viscount, K.G., P.C., F.Z.S.; Falloden, Christon Bank, &.8.0., Northumberland. 1906, Grirrirn, ArrHur Fosrer; 59 Montpellier Road, Brighton, Sussex. 1885. GuinttemarD, Francis Henry Hin, M.A., M.D., F.Z.8.; Old Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge. 170 175 180 Date of xii Election. 1908, 1870. 1896. 1891. 1913. 1900. 1900. 1893. 1900, 1898. 1905. 1905, 1918. 1902. 1913. LOVUU, Gurnry, Gerard Hupson, F.Z.8., F.E.S.; Keswick Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. Gurney, Joun Henry, F.Z.8.; Keswick Hall, Norwich; and Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1. Gurnuy, Rospert, F.Z.8.; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham, Norfolk. Haren, Grorce Hunry Caron, F.Z.8.; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. 37. Harnns, Joan Preypenn Witron; 17 King Street, Gloucester. §. Hare, The Rev. James Rasuteicn, M.A.; Boxley Vicarage, Maidstone, Kent. . HameErton, Lt.-Col. Atsert Epwarp, D.S.O., R.A.M.C., F.Z.S.; c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Place, Se Wesel Harvy, Capt. Ernesr Crirrorp, R.N.; Hydrographic Department, Admiralty, Whitehall, S.W. 1. Harrrr, Epmunp Witiiam, F.Z.8.; P.O. Box 86, Calcutta, India. Harris, Henry Epwarp. Harrert, Ernst J. O., Ph.D., F.Z.8. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. Hastuck, Purcy Prpiuey Harrorp; The Wilderness, South- gate, N. Hawker, Richarp Macponnett, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover Street, W. 1; and c/o Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 96 Bishops- gate, K.C. 2. HawxsHaw, Joun Crarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.G.S,; Holly- combe, Liphook, Hants; and 33 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. 1. Heavier, Frepertck Wess, M.A., F.Z.8.; Haileybury College, Hertford. Horsert, Capt. Eowarp Grevirz, R.A.F.; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., R.A.F. Branch, 111 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2; and Bangkok, Siam. Herr, Grorrrey Seccomsps, M.B., F.Z.8.; 8 Wimpole Street, W. 1. Hewirr, Joun, M.A.; Director of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa. Hints, Lt.-Col. Joan Watter; 98 Mount Street, W. 1. 190 195 Date of Election 1884. 19k2. 1905. 1916. 1888. 1895. 1881. L911. 1911. 1918. 1901. 1902. 1913. 1888. 1892. 1896. 1891. 1905. 1900. 1909. 189¢ o 1902. realy HortpswortH, Cuarves Jamus, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. Hony, Georee Baruursr: + Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol. Hopkinson, Emittus, M.B., D.S.O., F.Z.S.; 45 Sussex Square, Brighton, Sussex. Hopwoop, Crrit (Indian Forests); c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma. Horsrretp, Hurserr Kyicur; Crescent Hill, Filey, Yorks. Howarp, Henry Exrorz, F.Z.8.; Clarelands, near Stourpert, Worcestershire. (Committee. ) Howarp, Roserr James; Shearbank, Blackburn, Laneca- shire. Hupson, Evwarp; 15 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. 1. Hupson, Recrvatp; 16 Warwick Road, Stratford-on-Avon. Ivetis, Cuartes Matcotm; Baghownie Factory, Laheria, Serai P.O. Behar, India. Ingram, Capt. Cottryewoopn, F.Z.S. ; Forest House, Westgate- on-Sea, Kent. Ives Bey, Dr. Wanrer Francis; Curator of the Zoological Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. Irepate, Tom; 39 Northcote Avenue, Kaling, W. 5d. Jackson, Sir Freperick Joun, K.C.M.G.,C.B., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; The Red House, Aldeburgh, Sutfolk. James, Henry Asuwortn, F.Z.8.; Hurstmonceux Place, Hailsham, Sussex. Jesse, Witttam, B.A., F.Z.S8.; Meerut College, Meerut, India. Jonnston, Sir Harry Hamitron, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.8.; St. John’s Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex. Jounstone, Kpwin James, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge, Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1. Jonus, Major Henry, F.Z.S. (late 62nd Regt.): 41 Vineyard Hill Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. 19. - Jones, Surgeon-Commander Kennera Hurtsrone, M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.8., R.N.; Medical Transport Office, Royal Naval Barracks, Chatham. JourpAIN, The Rev. Francis Cuartes Rospert, M.A.; Apple- ton Rectory, Abingdon, Berks. Joy, Norman Humsert, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Theale, Berks. 205 i) _ Isat 225 Date of Election. 1880. 1894. 1897. 1904. J914. 1891. 1895. 1902. 1910 1892. 1913. Lilie les. 1881. 1892. L898. 1910. 1897. 1909. 1897. Kernan, Brigadier-Genera] Henry Roperr,-C.B. (late High- land Light Infantry); Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, Savile Kersatt, Lt.-Col. Harry Josypn, R.A.; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W. 1. Kersatt, The Rey. Joun Epwarp, M.A.; Milton Rectory, New Milton, Hants. Kutso, Joan Kpwarp Harry, M.D.; Braeside, Edgewood, Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia. Kunnepy, Capt. Joun Nosin, M.C., R.G.A.; The Manse, Port Patrick, Wigtownshire, Scotland. Kerr, Joun Granam, F.RS., F.Z.8., Regius Professor of Zoology ; 9 The University, Glasgow. Kincsrorp, Wittiam Kpwarp; Cairo, Egypt. Kixnrar, Norman Boyp, C.M.Z.8.; Bombay Natural History Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India. Kross, Crcit Boney, F.Z.S., F.R.A.I.; Assistant Director of Museums, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Laiptaw, THomas Gepprs; Bank of Scotland House, Duns, Berwickshire. Lambert, Goprrey Cuarzes ; Woodcote, Esher, Surrey. Lamparp-Vacneitt, Brysamin Garnur; The Cottage, Rudg- wick, Sussex.’ Laneroy, Hrrnenr; St. Moritz, 61 Dyke Road, Brighton Sussex. Lascettes, The Hon. Grratp Wirtian, F.Z.8.; Tillington House, Petworth, Sussex. La Toucur, Jouxy Davin Dievuns, C.M.Z.S.; The Lodge, Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Learoyp, A. Ernest; Kirkgate Buildings. Huddersfield. Lumon, Mrs. Marearerra Loutsa, F.Z.8.; Hillcrest, Redhill, Surrey. Ly Sovtr, Dupiey, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Litrorp, Jouyn, Lord, F.Z.8.; Lilford Hall, - Oundle, Northants. Lines, George Herrsert; Richmond Hill, Cheadle, Cheshire. Loner, Grorce Evwarp, F.Z.8.; 5 The Studios, Thurloe Square, S.W. 7. 5 240 Date of Election. 1908. NOW): 1904. 1914. 1904, 1917. 1916, 1906, 1906. 1917. 1917. 1907. 1904. 1904, 1894. 1894. 1898. 1907. 1915. 1915. 1883. Xvl Lone, Sypney Heresurr, M.D., F.Z.S.; 31 Surrey Street, Norwich, Norfolk. Lonasrarr, Capt. Tom Groren; Picket Hill, near Ringwood, Hants. Lows, Percy R., B.A., M.B., B.C.; British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. Lowr, Wittoveusy Prescorr: Gorsemoor, Throwleigh, Okehampton, Devon. Lynes, Captain Huserr, C.B., C.M.G., R.N.; 23 Onslow - Gardens, South Kensington, 5.W. 7. Mackenzin, Joun Mircarett Dovenas, B.A., C.M.Z.S., Indian Forest Service; c/o Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma, India; 6 The Circus, Bath. MackwortH-Prarp, Cyrit W. (Scots Guards); Dalton Hill, Albury, Surrey. Macmitian, Witti1am Epwarp Frank; 42 Onslow Square, EW Waecde Maeraru, Lt.-Col. Hunry Aveusrus Freperick (51st Sikhs, F.F.); c/o Messrs. H.S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W. 1. Matcomson, Herserr THomas; Glenorchy, Knock, Belfast. Mann, Capt. Epwarp Haminton, M.C., R.H.A.; Junior United Service Club, Charles Street, S.W. 1. Mann, Tuomas Hueu, F.Z.S.; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield, Sussex. Manson-Baur, Brevet-Major Puitie Henry, D.S.O., M.D., M.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.; 32 Weymouth Street, W. 1. Mapteron-Bree, Harvey Wittiam, B.A.; Gable End, Allesley, Coventry. Marsuatt, Arcuiparp McLean, F.Z.S8.; Great Chitcombe, Brede, Sussex. Marsnatt, James McLean, F.Z.S.; Bleaton Hallet, Blair- gowrie, Perthshire. Massey, Herserr; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester. Maruews, Gregory Macatisrer, F.LS., F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ; Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants. (Committee.) Maron, Eustace Berriz; Enford, Pewsey, Wilts. May, Wittiam Norman, M.D.; The White House, Sonning, Berks. MeapE-Watpo, Evmunp Gustavus Buioomrierp, F.ZS. ; Hever Warren, Hever, Kent. ~ 255 Date of Election. Oa: 1899. 1886. 1916. 1908. 1879. 1901. 1919. 1914. 1918. 1897. HOE 1910, 1907. 1895. xvil Mutxtrsonn, Lt.-Colonel Ronatp Forprs, D.S.O. (1st Bn. Royal Warwickshire Regt.) ; G.S.Q., G.H.Q. Syren, North Russian Expeditionary Force; 38 Queen’s Gate Gardens, 8.W. 1. MertnertzHAceN, Colonel Ricwarp, D.S.0., F.Z.S8. (Royal Fusiliers); 63 Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill, W. 8. Mittars, Jonn Guitie, F.Z.8.; Compton’s Brow, Horsham, Sussex. Mittarp, Waxrrer Samuet, F.Z.8.; Bombay Natural History Society, 6 Apollo Street, bombay, India. Mitts, Canon Henry Horroyn, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Rectory, St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall. Mircnett, FRreprrick Suaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream, B.C., Canada. Mitcuett, P. Cuarmers, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8. Monracu, The Right Hon. E.8.; 24 Queen Anne’s Gate, SW. 1, Mouton, Major Jonn Conny, M.A., B.Sc., F.LS., F.R.G.S., F.E.S.; Fort Canning, Singapore; The Hall, Bradford- on-Avon, Wilts. . Murrneap, Grorer, F.R.S.E.; Speybank, Fochabers, Morayshire. 3. Mutiens, Major Witt1am Herperr, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.S.: Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex. 2. Munn, Paiute Wincuesrer, F.Z.S.; Stourwood Cottage, Stourwood Avenue, Southbourne, Hants. Mont, Harry Raymonp; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensing- GONE HW ie die Mont, Henry, F.Z.8.; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensington, So WiTs Morray-Bucuanan, Capt. Epwarp Macxenzin ; Callandar. Murray, Capt. Herserr Wirtavume, F.Z.8.; The Old House, {psom, Surrey. Neave, Snerrietp Arrey, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S.; 24 De Vere Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. Nesuam, Rosert, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Utrecht House, Poynder’s Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 4. Leny, 205 to “I Un 280 Date of Election. 1904. 1917. 1902. 1900. 1839. 1907. 1906. LOWS: LUO: 1883. 1900. EOL2.- XVili Newman, T'somas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Nicwort, Arcarsitp M. C.; Royal Naval College, Osborne, Isle of Wight. Nicuots, Joan Broce, F.Z.S.; Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. 1. Nrcwors, Watrer Bucnanan; Stour Lodge, Bradfield, Manningtree, Essex. Nicnotson, Francis, F.Z.S.; Ravenscroft, Windermere, Westmoreland. Nicon1, Mricaann Jonn, F.Z.S.; Valhalla House, Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. Osis, Burrram Savite; Hill House, Steeple Aston, Oxon. OnpHam, Caarugs, F.Z.S.; The Bollin, Shrublands Road, ' Berkhamsted, Herts. Osmaston, Bertram Buresrorp (Imperial Forest Service) ; Pachmarhi, C.P., India. Owen, Joan Hueu ; Old School House, Felsted, Essex. Pagan, Westny THnopore, F.Z.S.; Langstone, Lingfield, Surrey. Parker, Henry, C.E.; 26 St. George’s Road, St. Annes-on- the-Sea, Lanes. Parkin, Txomas, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S.; Fairseat, High Wickham, Hastings, Sussex. Paroy, Epwarpo Ricumonp, F.Z.S.; Hareshawmuir, By Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. Parrerson, WittiAmM Harry; 25 Queen’s Gate Gardens, S.W. 7. Prarse, [Heep ; Courtenay, British Columbia. Pearson, Cuoartes Epwarp, F.L.S.; Hillerest, Lowdham, Notts. Pease, Sir Atrrep Epwarp, Bt., F.Z.S.; Pinchinthorpe House, Guisborough, Yorkshire; and Brooks’s Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. 1. Penrose, Francis Grorer, M.D., F.Z.S8.; Rathkeale, 51 Surrey Road, Bournemouth. Percrvat, ArtHur Brayney, F.Z.S.; Game Ranger, Nairobi, British Kast Africa ; Sports Club, St. James’ Square, 8. W. 1. Pursnouse, Major Srantuy; Cuil Park, Bridge of Dee, Castle Douglas, Scotland. 295 390 unr Date of Election. 1886. nS93e 1914. 1908. LOW 1917. 1905. 1896. 1898. 1901. 1903. 1903. TO lie 1917. 1903. 1908. 1907. X1xX Puituirs, Ernevserr Lorr, F.Z.8.; 79 Cadogan Square. S.W. 1. Picorr, Sir Tomas Diesy, C.B.; The Lodge, Lower Sheringham, Norfolk. Prrman, Capt. Cuartes Rosrrr Sennovusn (27th Punjabis) ; Drewton, Chelston, Torquay. Prayer, W. J. Percy ; Wernfadog, Clydach, R.S.0., Glamor- ganshire. Pocock, Rrernaip Innes, F.R.S., F.L.S..F.Z.8. ; Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8. PotraKov, Grucory T’. (Editor ‘ Messager Ornithologique’) ; Moskva-Nijninovgorod Railway, Station Obiralovka, Savvino, Russia. Pottarp, Lt.-Col. AnrHur Erskine Sr. Vincent (‘The Border Regiment) ; c/o Mrs. A. Pollard, Heatherlands, Lilliput, Dorset. Popuam, Huen Luysornn, M.A.; Houndstreet House, Pens- ford, Somerset. Pricn, ATHELSTAN Exper, F.Z.S8.; Salisbury Hall, St. Albans. Provup, Jonn I. : Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham. Ratrr, Pinchrr Grorer; The Parade, Castletown, Isle of Man. Ratorirr, FrepertcKk Rowrinson ; 29 Connaught Square, W.2. Rarrray, Col. Rutrion Hare (retired); 68 Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge. Raw, Wirriam, Warrant Officer R.N.R. ; ¢/o Marconi Coy., London ; Whittield House, Goathland 8.0., Yorkshire. . Rawson, Herserr Everyxn; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe, N. Devon. Reap, Richarn Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.: Church Street. Hanley, Staffordshire. . Reap, Roserr H.; 8a South Parade, Bedford Park, W. 4. tEEVE, Capt. Jonn Suprrarp (Grenadier Guards), F.Z.S.; Leadenham House, near Lincoln, Renavr, Wrirram K.; Royal Academy of Music, York Gate, Marylebone Road, N.W. 1. <1cHarpson, Norman Freperic, F.R.G.S. Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Ricnuonp, Herpexr Wiriiam, M.A., F.R.S.; King’s College, Cambridge. SoLynton,” 320 325 XX Date of Election. 1895. Ricxerr, Cuartes Bouenery, F.Z.S.; 27 Kendrick Road, Reading, Berks. 1896. Rippon, Lt.-Col. Groren, F.Z.S.; United Service Club, Pall Mall, S:W. 1: 1907. Ritcuir, AxcarBALD T'aomas AyREs. 1902. Riviere, Brernarp Beryt, F.R.CS.; St. Giles’s Plain, Norwich, Norfolk. 1898. Roptnson, Hersert C., C.M.Z.S.; Selangor State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 1912. Rozinson, Hersert Winttam, F.Z.S.Scot.; Patchetts, Caton, near Lancaster. 1917. Roprnson, Sypnyey Manpocx; c/o Col. J. H. Evans, Fraser Road, Rangoon, Burma. 1919. Rosryson, THroporr Ricwarp; Brunswick Lodge, Dunton Green, Kent. 1896. Roeers, Lt.-Col. Joun Mippreron, D.S.0., F.Z.S. (late Ist Dragoons); Riverhill, Sevenoaks, Kent. 1918. Roerrs, Reetnatp Nanxtvert; Carwinion, near Falmouth, Cornwall. 1893. Roruscnitp, Lionet Water, Lord, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. : Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. - 1894. Roruscuitp, The Hon. NarHantet Cuartes, M.A., F.Z.S.: Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8. 1918. Rowan, Witt1Am; Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants. 1907. Russent, Capt. Conran Groreze Epwarp, F.Z.8. (Beds. Yeomanry); 2 Audley Square, W. 1. 1910. Russett, Harotp, F.Z.S.; 16 Beaufort Gardens, Chelsea, Se Wiad. 1883. Se. Quintin, Witiram Herserr, F.Z.S8.; Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorkshire. 1903. Sanpeman, Lt.-Col. Ronert Preston (R. Gloucester Hussars) : Dan-y Pare, Crickhowell, 8. Wales. 1889. Sarsworrn, Arnotp Dur, F.Z.S.; 30 Sussex Place, Regent’s Park, NeW 4: 1902. Saregaunt, ArRrnuur Sr. Groree; Exbury, Padstow, Cornwall. 1914. Saver, Dr. Hans, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover Street, Wiredi: 1909. Savace, The Rev. Ernest Urmson; The Vicarage, Levens, Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, 300 340 345 Date of Election. L891. 1908. 1899. 1901, 1904. 1909. 1865. 19L7. 1918. 1908. TOES: 1914. 1918. 1906. 1903. 1906. 1910. 1913. SER, X Xxl SciatER, Witt1am Lurtry, M.A., F.Z.8.; 10 Sloane Court, Chelsea, S.W. 1. (Editor.) Srprrnes, Major Joun Witttam Hamirron, A.P.D.; The Castle, Cape Town, South Africa. Serte, The Rey. Witiram, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding- ston, Edinburgh. Seru-Smira, Davin, F.Z.S.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South Hampstead, N.W. 3. Seru-SmirH, Lestie Morrar, B.A., F.Z.8.; Tangley, Caterham Valley, Surrey ; and Kampala, Uganda. Seton, Marcotm Correr Cartsron ; 13 Clarendon Road, Holland Park, W. 11; and Union Club, Trafalgar Square, S.W. 1. SuepHerD, The Rev. Coartes WitiiaM, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trottis- cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent. Surpron, Wiirram, B.A., M.D.; 2 The Square, Buxton, Derbyshire. Srapen, Major Arexanprer Grorce Lamparr; Kingswood House, The Lee, Bucks; and Junior Carlton Club, Saw. Ic Smattey, Frepertc WitiiAM, F.Z.S.; Windermere, 4 Black- heath Park, 8S.E. 3. Sarep, Major Cecrz Wititam, R.F.A.; Tyes Cross, Sharp- thorne, East Grinstead, Sussex. Smiru, Major Joun Linpsay (Indian Army); Supply & Transport Corps, Commdt. Camel Corps, Multan, Punjab, India. Suira, T'nomas; Whiston Waves, Froghall, Stoke-on- Trent. SNOUCKAERT VAN Scuausuré, Baron René Cuartes; Doorn, Holland. Sparrow, Lt.-Col. Ricuarp, F.Z.S. (7th Dragoon Guards) ; Rookwoods, Sible Hedingham, Essex. Sranrorp, Staff-Surgeon Cuartes Epwarp Corrs, B.Se., MB RN: SranForD, Epwarp Fraser; 124 Maddox Street, Regent Street, W. 1. Sranrorp, Major Henry Morranr, M.C.,R.F.A., 115 Battery, B.H.F., France; c/o Messrs. Edward Stanford, Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, W.C, 2. I,—VOL, I, b Soc 355 355 Xxll Date of Election. 1913. Sranrorp, Capt. Jonn Kurrna, M.C.; c/o Messrs. Edward | Stanford, Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, W.C. 2. 1915. Srapres-Brownr, Capt. RicHarp Cuartes, B.A., F.Z.8. (New Zealand Med. Corps); Brashfield House, Bicester, Oxon. 1900. Srares, Joan Witrram Curster; Portchester, Hants. 1902. Srenuousr, Surgeon-Capt. Jonn Hurron, M.B., R.N.; Royal Naval Hospital, Gibraltar. 1910. Srnvens, Herserr; Gopaldhara, Mirik P.O., Kurseong, Darjiling Himalayan Rly., India. : 1906. Srewarp, Epwarp Srmons, F.R.C.S.; 30 Victoria Avenue, Harrogate, Yorks. 1914. Srewarr, Joun; Mainshill, Beith, Ayrshire. 1917. Sronrnam, Capt. Hues Freprric (Ist Battn. East Surrey Regt.) : ‘ Stoneleigh,” Reigate, Surrey; and Signal Service, R.E. 1881. Sruppy, Col. Roperr Wrieur (late Manchester Regiment) ; Westbury, Paignton, Devon. 1918. Srurer, ArtHor Lroyp; Shepherd’s Green, Chislehurst, Kent. 1887. Styan, FReprertck Wiuttiam, F.Z.S.; Sevenoaks, Kent. Z 1914. Surmertann, Lewrs Roserrson, M.B., C.M., Medical School, Dundee, N.B.; Wellgate House, West Newport, Fife- shire. 1907. Swann, Lt. Grorrrey, R.A.S.C.; 6 Moorgate Street, E.C. 2. 1905. Swann, Harorp, F.Z.8.; 9 Evelyn Gardens, 8.W. 7. 1887. Swrnsurne, Jonny. 1882. Swinuokr, Col. Caartes, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 4 Gunterstone Road, West Kensington, W. 14. 1884. Tarr, Wintram Cuastrer, F.Z.8.; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto, Portugal. Stone Street, near 1911. Tatsot-Ponsonpy, CHartes Grorce; 5 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. 4. 1911. Tarron, Rretnatp Artnur; Cuerden Hall, Bamber Bridge, Preston, Lanes. 1914. Tavrsrock, Hastines Witi1am Sackvintr, Marquis of, F.Z.S.; Warblington House, Havant. 1905. Taytor, Lionen Epwarp, F.Z.S.; Bankhead, British Columbia. 1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ; Comrton Grange, Compton, Guildford, Surrey. Kelowna, 37° 375 380 385 Date ot Election, 1916. 1904. 1911. 1900. 1902. 1914. 1893. 1913. 1911. 1864. 1918. 1918. 1910. 1912. 1908. 1906, 1913. Xx111 Tuomasser, Bernarp Crartus, F.Z.S.; The Manor House, Ashmansworth, near Newbury, Berks. Tuompsoy, Major Wittram R,, R.G.A.; Ravello, Carlton Road, Weymouth. Tuomson, A. Lanpsporoven, M.A.; Castleton House, Old Aberdeen, Scotland. Tnorsurn, Anxcurpatp, F.Z.S.; Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey. . Tuorrr, Dixon L.; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle, Cumberland. Trcenurst, Craup Bucwanan, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S.; Grove House, Lowestoft, Suffolk. Ticenurst, Norman Frepertc, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S8., F.Z.S.; 24 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. Townsenp, Reetnatp Guibuit, M.A.; Buckholt, West Tytherley, Salisbury, Wilts. Trearr, Cuapiin Court; Trevor-Barryz, Ausyn, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Ashford Chace, Petersfield,* Hants: and Royal Societies Club, St. James's Street, S.W. 1. Tuckwett, Epwarp Henry, F.Z.8.; Berthope, Compton, near Guildford, Surrey. Tyrwuitr-Drake, Huen Garrarp, F.Z.S.; Cobtree, Sandling, Maidstone, Kent. Urcuur, Henry Morris, F.Z.S.; Sheringham Hall, Cromer, Norfolk. Varzny, Grorce pe Horne; 53 The Pryors, Hampstead, N.W. 3. Vaizey, Ker Grorean Russetn; 26 Cornwall Gardens, De Wee ts Van Someren, Dr. Roperr ABrawAM Loean ; Jinja, Uganda, British East Africa. Van Somuren, Dr. Vicror Gurnur Logan; c/o Tring Museum, Tring, Herts. Vaveuan, Marrnnw; The Limes, Marlborough, Wilts. Vauenan, Commdr. Roserr K., R.N.; Whittington Lodge, Worcester. Vennine, Capt. Francis Esmonp Wryeate; ¢/o 0.C. Depot, 31st Punjabis, Rawalpindi, India. SES S95 400 405 Date of Election. 1881. 1902. 1886. 1916. 1918. 1914. 1395. 1899, 1918. 1891. 1909. 1903. 1912. 1914. XXIV Verner, Col. Wirtram Witnovensy Cor (late Rifle Brigade) ; Harttord Bridge, Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service Club, 8. W. 1. Wave, Epwarp Watrer; Melton Road, North Ferriby, East Yorks. Wave-Datron, Col. H. D.; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.S.0., Yorkshire. Warr, Warrer Ernust, Deputy Collector of Customs, Colombo, Ceylon. Watker, ALEXANDER Horr, M.D., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S.; The Common, Cranleigh, Surrey. Watt-Row, Joun ; 51 Courtfield Gardens, 8.W. 4. Waits, Henry Marriage; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch Road, Reading, Berks, Watton, Lt.-Col. Hersert James, M.D., F.R.C.S., C.M.ZS., I.M.S.; c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., P.O. Box No. 110, Bombay, India. 2. Warpiaw-Ramsay, Col. Ropert Grorer, F.Z.S.; Whitehill, Rosewell, Midlothian. . Warr, Huen Boyp, F.Z.S.; 12 Great James Street, Bedford Row, W.C. 1. 2. Wetts, Caartes Henry; Broomfield, 80 Brookhouse Hill, Fulwood, Sheffield. . Wemyss-Cuartreris, The Hon. Guy Lawrence; 26 Catherine Street, Buckingham Palace Road, S.W. 1. . Wenner, Max Vicror; Burnside, Prestbury, near Maccles- field, Cheshire. 3. Wuisrrer, Hueu, F.Z.8. (Indian Police); Caldbee House, Battle, Sussex; and c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay, India. Wuiraker, Capt. Joan ALperr Cuarrus (Coldstream Guards); Babworth Hall, Retford, Notts. Warraker, JosupH I. 8., F.Z.8.; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily. Wuire, Henry Luxe; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales, Australia. Wuire, Srepuen Joseru, F.Z.S. Wuymper, Samvugt Lerten; Oxford Mansions, Oxford Street, W.1.: and Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W. 1. Wickuam, Percy Freprert; c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma. 410 415 420 Date of Election. 1915, 1894, TO: 1916. 1897. 1908. 1899. OM: NOW. 1916. 1912. 1902. 1912. 1908. 1895. 1916. 1899. XXV Witp, Ortver Hitron ; Ariel Lodge, Cheltenham, Gloucester- shire, Wixkrnson, Jounson ; Vermont, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. Witkrinson, Witttam Arruur, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Dumerieff, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Witiiamson, Walter James FRranxiin, C.M.G., F.Z.S8. (Financial Adviser to the Government of Siam); Bangkok, Siam. . Witson, Arian Reap, B.A., M.B., B.Ch.; Eagle House, Blandford, Dorset. . Witson, Cuaries Josrpu, F.Z.S.; 14 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, 8. W. 1. Wiruersy, Harry Forsss, M.B.E., F.Z.8.; 3 Cannon Place, Hampstead, N.W. 1. WirHertneton, Gwynne; 19 Sumner Place, South Ken- sington, S.W. 7. Wottasron, ALEXANDER FRepERICK Ricamonp, B.A. Woop, Marry Srantey, M.D., R.A.M.C.; Cheadle Royal, Cheadle, Cheshire. Wooprorp, Capt. Caartes Eowarp Montreomerte (Ist Battn. Sherwood Foresters); 8 Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge, Kent. Wooprorp, Cuartes Morris, C.M.G.; The Grinstead, Cow- fold, Sussex. Woopuouss, Cecrt, M.D.; Coaxdon Hall, Axminster, South Devon. Workman, Witttam Huenes, F.Z.8.; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast, Ireland.: Wormatp, Huen; Heathfield, Dereham, Norfolk. Wynn, Ricnarp Owren; Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants. Yersury, Lt.-Col. Jown Witi1aM (late R.A.), F.Z.8.; 2 Ryder Street, St. James’s, S.W.1; and Army and Navy Club, SW. ds Zampra, Rag. Cav. Virrorio ; Corso Umberto, 1. 49, Rome, Italy. Extra-Ordinary Member. Gopwin-Avsten, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversuam, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey. XXV1 Date of Honorary Members. Election. 1907. AuLEN, Jorn Asapu, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S.; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. 1914. Brancur, Dr. Vanenrine; Imperial Zoological Museum, Petrograd, Russia. 1917. Cuarman, Franx Micuter; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. 1919. Meneeaux, Henrt Aveusr; Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1905. Osernorser, Harry CxHourcu; United ‘States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1915. Ricumonp, CHartrs Wattace; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1903. Ripveway, Roper, C.M.Z.S.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C., U.S.A. 1890. Satvaport, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.8.; Royal Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy. 1919. Sresnecer, Leonnarp, C.M.Z.8S.; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Honorary Lady Members. 1910. Barr, Miss Dorornna M. A.; Bassendean House, Gordon, Berwickshire. 1911. Baxrer, Miss Evetyn Vina; The Grove, Kirkton of Largo, Fifeshire. 1910. Beprorp, Mary, Ducuess or, F.Z.8S.; Woburn Abbey, Beds. 1916, Havitanp, Miss Maup D.; Lake Farm, Maidenhead Thicket, Berks. 1915. Jackson, Miss Annre C.; Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire. 1911. Revvour, Miss Luonora Jerrrey ; Lahill, Largo, Fifeshire. 1915. Syeruiace, Dr. Emirs; Goeldi Museum, Para, Brazil. 1910. Turner, Miss Euua Loutsa, F.Z.S. Cambridge. ; Langton Close, Girton, Oolonial Members. 1904. Campprit, Arcuipatp James; Bulgaroo, Broughton Road, Surrey Hills, Victoria, Australia. Date of Election. 1908. LOO), 1909. 1908. wal 1914. 1905. 1907. 1919. ro 1912. ISOS) 1919. 1880. 1906. 5 1906. 1919. 1902. ro 1918. Xxvll Farqunar, Joun Henry Joseru, B.Sc., N.D.A.; Assistant Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria, West Africa. Friemine, James H.,C.M.Z.S.; 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Canada. Haacner, Atwin Karr, F.Z.8.; Director of the Zoological Gardens, Box 754, Pretoria, South Africa, Hatt, Rosertr, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.; c/o Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania. Leacu, Jonn Axpert, M.A., D.Sc.; c/o Education Depart- ment, Melbourne, Australia. Macovun, Jonny, M.A., F.R.S.C.; Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Swynnvervon, Cuarres Francis Massy, F.L.S.; Gungunyana, Melsetter, South Rhodesia. AVERNER, Purcy A.; Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Waiter, Capt. Samunn ALBERT; Wetunga, Fulham, South Australha. AR Foreign Members, ALpHERAKY, Seraius N.; Academy of Science, Petrograd, Russia. Bayes, Ourram; Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cam- bridge, Mass., U.S.A. Burau, Dr. Louis; Ecole de Médecine, Nantes, France. Birrixorer, Dr. Jowannes, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological Garden, Rotterdam, Holland. Boururuin, Srraius A.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia. Daxssenr, Dr. Roserto; Museo Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina. GrinneLL, Dr. Josepa; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. GyYLpDENsTOLPE, Count Nurs ; Royal Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. Tmertne, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S.; Hansa de Joinville, State of Catarina, Brazil. Kuropa, Nagamacar; Fukuyoshi Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan, 15 Date of Election. 1914. 1894. 1914. 1902. 1917. 1896. XXVI1 Lonngere, Prof. Dr, A. J. Ernar, F.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. Muyzprer, Prof. Dr. Micnant, C.M.Z.S.; University for Women, Devitchje, Pola, Moscow, Russia. Stone, Dr. Wrrmer; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia, Pa., U.S.A. Susukin, Dr. Prerer, C.M.Z.S.; Zootomical Cabinet and Museum, The University, Kharkov, Russia. Van Oort, Dr. Envarp Danini; Museum of Natural History, Leyden, Holland. Winer, Heriur, C.M.Z.8.; University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. CONTENTS or VOL. L—ELEVENTH SERIES (1919.) Nomser 1, January. Page I. Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part I. Tinamide—-Rallide. By Cartes Cuuss, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. Clarence lext-neures) 2 9: Weis. Gea shen ac ol II. Birds in the North of France, 1917-18. By Capt. A. Werbowy Mi@ee MeO lU wus SS ta, 0) iy my EE eeltes cree tek) ap eo III. On one of the four original pictures from life of the Réunion or White Dodo. By Lord Roruscurtp, F.R.S., MIEN) Wit (ie labeel eo! ou) Ge ano se ee, te a aet oS IV. A note on Capt. Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants. By@He de karwne, BE): ME BOsU 3s eles 2! 3 80 V. On the Eclipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata Sel Byge Bras, MBO. wa a st on Ua =, OO VI. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part I. Corvide—Sylviide. By Davin A. Bannerman, MED AL yb 7AM b-OU., BYR:GESs 2h oe a Se 18H VII. Obituary: Taomas AtgeRnon Dorrien-Suita . . . 131 SER. XI.—VOL. I, c XXX CONTENTS. VIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Beebe’s Jungle Peace; Fénis on Bird-song; Ghigi on the origin of the Domestic Fowl; Gladstone’s Ornithologist’s Note-Book ; Lénnberg on African Birds; Lord on Tasmanian Birds; Mathews on Australian Birds; Robinson and Kloss on new Malavan Birds; Shufeldt on the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippine Is.; Taverner on Canadian Birds; Van Oort on the Birds of Holland; The Auk; Avicultural Magazine ; The Emu; and List of other Ornithological Publications Page received . 132 IX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Mr. Hugh Whistler and Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the Indian Peregrine Falcon; from the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on Mr. Harting and Modern Nomenclature ; Fourth Oological Diiner; The proposed ‘Systema Avium’; Notice to Members 149 Number 2, April. X. Some Notes on Meraaétus ayresi Gurney Sen, ( Lopho- triorchis lucani Sharpe et auctorum). By CO. G. Fryecu- Davies, Lt. 1st S.A.M.R., M.B.0.U. (Plate ITT.) alter XI. Note on certain recently described Subspecies of Wood- peckers. By H. C. Rosryson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. 179 XII. Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. By E. C. Srvarr Baker, M.B.O.U. 181 XIII. Notes on Birds observed in Palestine. By Major A. G. L. Stapen, M.C., R.E., M.B.O.U. (Plate IV.) 222 XIV. A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. By W. L. Scrarzr, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.) 251 XV. Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from Kcuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part IL. Podici- pediformes—Accipitriformes. By Cuartes Cuvuss, F.Z.S., OE AUP mea Be ne beet Se a . 256 CONTENTS. XXX Page XVI. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part IL. Turdide—Hirundinide. Ry Davin A. Bannerman, MORE Bese eMeBrOMUe mm RMS. 9.5 bal Bode! Go let les, oe Od XVII. Notes on the Height at which Birds migrate. By Capt. Contixgwoop Ingram, M.B.O.U. . . . = «. . « 821 XVIII. Obituary: F. D, Gopman (Plate VI.); THEopore Roosevett; ‘He Marcuesp Doria; L. Brastt . . . . . 326 XIX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Bangs on various Birds; Flower and Nicoll on Bird- protection in Egypt; Linnberg on a Linnean type; Mathews on the Birds of Australia; Riley’s recent papers; Shufeldt on the Hoatzin; Taverner on Canadian Hawks; Wetmore’s recent papers; Witherby’s new book on British Birds; Bird-Lore; Bird-Notes; The Condor; Fauna och Flora; Irish Naturalist; Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam; Revue Frangaise @ Ornithologie; Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia; Scottish Naturalist; and List of other Ornithological Publications DOCG CUNE Ma ary a sel Satin §. ee wher eG Ola neh Baal a clea OF Co XX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Mr, W. P. Lowe on the Control of New Species and Subspecies; Lieut.-Col, R. Meinertzhagen on Migration and Aviation; Dr. Lonnberg on the names of the Song-Thrush and the Redwing; Col. Rattray on the Indian Peregrine Falcon; Mr. J. H. Gurney on Gannet Settlements in New- foundland; Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union; Annual Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union ; The Ogilvie Collection of British Birds . . .... . . 864 NumBer 3, July. XXI. A preliminary Study of the Relation between Geo- graphical Distribution and Migration with special reference to the Palearctic Region. By Lieut.-Col. R. MermerrznaceEn, BO Uren SNES) oar ot Me oc Ge at ae . “oa XXXli CONTENTS. Page XXII. On the Birds of South Annam and Cochin China. Part I. Phasianidea — Campophagide. By Hurserr C. Rosinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Boppy Kross, M.B.O.U. (Plates Wei xl andWext-ficure’s:) 2.9. 20: (. ge 2.) = Soe XXIII. On the Plumage-development of Nettion torquatum, Anas undulata, and Peecilonetta erythrorhyncha. By F. E. BEAM WANE DOS, 9 SW ae ik ecru holy Suen Mee XXIV. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part III. Picide—Sulide. By Davipv A. Bannerman, M.B.E., CAT Ma OSU, BR GSS) on 25 5 e.g) aay ah re nee XXV. Further Ornithological Notes from the Neighbour- hood of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Ayres. Part IT. Trochilide—Plataleide. By Ernust Gipson, M.B.O.U., F.Z.8.. 495 XXVI. Obituary: J.C. McLean; Dr. J. Wictrswortu . 537 XXVII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— ~ Mrs. Bailey on the Birds of the Glacier National Park; Brasil on New Caledonian Birds; Chubb on the Dendro- colaptid ; Dixon on the Spoonbilled Sandpiper; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer on Californian Game Birds; Gurney on Norfulk Ornithology; R. Gurney on Nomenclature; Kuroda on a new Parus; Lonnbere on Hybrid Gulls; Menegaux on Bird-Protection ; Palmer on the A. O. U.; Porsild on ‘‘ Says- sats”; Robinson and Kloss on Sumatran Birds; Swarth on new forms of Fox-Sparrow ; Van Oort on the Birds of Holland ; White on Ornithological Trips in Australia ; Wiglesworth on Somerset Heronries; The Bombay Journal; Journal of the Museum of Comparative Oology; Tori; Trans. Norfolk Nat. Society ; Yearbook of the Dutch Bird Club ; and List of other Ornithological Publications received . . . . . . . 540 XXVIII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letter from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African Hawks; The Godman-Salvin Memorials; Protection for Canadian Bird-Sanctuaries; Oological Dinner; The Selous Collections; Ornithologists Abroad; Mr. Fleming’s Museum . 559 : CONTENTS. XXX1l1 NumBer 4, October. XXIX. On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China. Part LI. Pyenonotide-—Diceide. By Herserr C. Ropryson, M.B.0.U., and C. Boppn Ktuoss, M.B.O.U. (Plates XII.- ReVEL Te XXX. Note on the Jays of Holland. By Baron R. C. SNoucKAERT VAN ScHausure, M.B.O.U. . XXXI. A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, based on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. A. Chapman and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Major Cuthbert Christy, R.A.M.C.(T.F.). Part IL]. Picide—Sagittariide. By W. L. Scrater, M.B.O.U., and C. Mackworru-Prarp, M.B.O.U. (Plate XIX.) XXXII. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part LV. Anatidie Bannerman, M.B.K.. B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S. XXXII. Obituary: Sir Wintramw Maceregor; Francis RicHarD SALIsBuRY BAxeNnDALE XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :-— An A.B.C. of Common Birds; Bangs on a new bird from the Philippines; Bangs and Penard on the Lafresnaye types; Campbell on Australian Birds and Nomenclature; KE. C. Chubb on the Dodo; Gladstone on the war and bird-life ; Misses Haviland and Pitt on the habits of the Song-Thrush ; Mathews’ Birds of Australia; Riley on new birds from the Far East; Stone on the Birds of Panama; Kirke Swann on the Birds of Prey ; British Birds ; Canadian Field-Naturaiist ; The Emu; Le Gerfaut; South Australian Ornithologist ; and List of other Ornithological Publications received XXXY. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African Iawk-Eagles, and from the Rey. F. C. R. Jourdain on the Number of Eggs laid by the Blackbird in Spain; B.O. U. Godman-Salvin Medal Fund ; Godman Memorial Fund ; Inter- national Ornithological Congress ; The Editor of ‘The Ibis’ . Laride. By Davin A. Page 7 85 X¥XX1V CONTENTS. Index of Scientific Names Index of Contents . Titlepage; Dates of Issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1919; List of Members; Contents; List of Plates; and List of Text- figures. LIST OF PLATES. LISMORE ATES IN: VOLT. ELEVENTH SERIES, I, Chamepetes fagani . Il. Reproduction of the picture a Hts White Dodo ie Pieter Witthoos IL. Hieraaétus ayresi ce he IV. Sketch-map of Southern Palestine : V. Buteo jakal archer . VI. F. D. Godman : oA: VII e Near Tour Cham, Phanrang, South Rider ane } Forest at Daban, 650 ft., Phanrang, South Annam VIII. { Langbian Peaks and Plateau, South Annam. . | I Part of the Langbian Plateau, South Annam IX. Camp at Dalat, 5000 ft., Langbian Plateau. . } { Camp at the Langbian Peaks at 6000 ft.. X. Arboricola rufogularis annamensis . XI. Arboricola brunneipectus albigula XI. Garrulax milleti : XI. | ' Fig. 1. Stactocichla merulina annamensis . . } | Fig. 2. T'rochalopteron yersini XIV. { Fig. : Pseudominia atriceps . . . . . . |) Fig. 2. Rimator danjowi . . RU PA Ss sole if XV. Cutia oe legallent 3 & 9 : Fig. z Cryptolopha maleolmsmithi . . .. XVI. {Be 2 Fig. 2. Mesia argentauris cunhact . | Fig. 3. Certhia discolor meridionalis XVII. Cissa margarite . Ba ewe pha BEAM Ae XVI. f Pig. 1. Mthopyga Aan pectua onan oe ees | i Figs. 2&3. thopyga gouldie annamensis 6&9 | XIX. Sketch-map of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , XxXXV XXXVl LIST OF THXT-FIGURES. List oF Trxt-FIQuRES. Page 1. The ceeea of Calopezus elegans formosus from a sketch on Mr. Kemp’s label 14 2. Heads of—A. Odontophorus guianensis guianensis. B. Odontophorus guianensis pachyrhynchus . 27 3. Sketch-map of part of southern Annam to show the localities visited by Mr. Kloss . 393 Bae fet he JANUARY, 1919. Price 8s. net. oe THE IBIS. A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITILOLOGY. EDITED BY PUBLISHED BY THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION | AND SOLD BY WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 2. 7 AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS,] a! P [RED LION COURT. FLEET STRERT. Ng? WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON, E,. F. WESLEY, PROPRIETOR, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 2, offer for sale AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE (Tue), being the Journal of the Avicultural Society for the Study of Foreign and British Birds.. Edited by C. Stupson, K. Finmer, O. Cressweut, A. Burier, F. Finn, J. BoNHOTE, and H. Asruny. Coloured and plain plates. Series I., 8 vols.; Series IL., 6 vols.; Series III., Vols. 1-9 (No. 4, Feb. 1918), 23 vols. 8vo. Publishers’ cloth. 1895-1918. £15, EDWARDS (G.). A NATURAL HISTORY OF UNCOMMON BIRDS and of some other rare and undescribed animals, quadrupeds, reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., exhibited in 362 copper plates from designs copied imme- diately from nature and curiously coloured after life. With a full and accurate description of each figure..., In seven parts. Birds, 4 parts; Gleanings in Natural History, 3 parts. 362 coloured plates. 4 vols. 4to. Full calf. 1743-64. £9 10s. Includes: Memoirs of the life and works of George Edwards, 1776, with Addenda; Catalogue of the birds, beasts, fishes, insects, plants, &c., contained in Edwards’s Natural History, 1776. Many birds from the Hudson’s Bay region being included renders this work of special interest to students of the American fauna. A well preserved copy. SCLATER (P.). A MONOGRAPH OF THE BIRDS FORMING THE TANAGRINE GENUS CALLISTA. 45 coloured plates. 8vo, Half- morocco, 1857, £5, LEWIN (W.). THE BIRDS OF GREAT BRITAIN, with their Eggs. 323 coloured plates. 7 vols. in 3 yols, Full russia; large 4to. 1789-94, £21, FRANCIS EDWARDS, BOOKSELLER, 8384 HIGH STREET, MARYLEBONE, LONDON, W.1. BIRDS OF SOUTH AFRICA. By Srark and Scrarer. 1903-1906. Over 400 illustrations. Vols. 2, 3, 4. The 3 vols, £1 16s, NOVITATES ZOOLOGICA, Vols. 1-24 and SuppLement in parts, 1894-1918. £22. WILSON AND EVANS. BIRDS OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. 64 coloured plates. 1890-99. In parts. £3 15s, SETH-SMITH (D.). 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THE SECRETARY. Tat Lorp Rotuscuixp, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.8. (Elected 1916.) H. E. Howarp, Esq., F.Z.S. (Elected 1917.) G. M. Maruews, Esa., F.Z.S. (Hlected 1918.) The British Ornrrnoxoetsts’ Union was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tue Isis,’ a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which nine series, of six volumes each, have been completed, and the tenth series is now being issued. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), Honorary Lady Members (limited to ten), Extra- ordinary Members, Colonial Members (limited to ten), and Foreign Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1 5s. on election; and £1 5s. on the Ist of January of each subsequent year, Ordinary, Extraordinary, and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘Tux [sis’ gratis. 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Tinamip#@—Ratitip&z&. By Cuaries Cuouss, F.ZS., M-B:0.U. [Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. } (Plate I. and 2 Text-figures. ) Tue following notes are based, chiefly, on a collection made by the late Perry O. Simons in the Andean regions of Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina from the latter part of 1898 to November 1901, at varying altitudes up to 5000 metres. The collection, which consists of about three thousand specimens, contains many new forms and records of species that were not previously known to occur in the localities visited, thus adding new facts to the distribution of the species. The expedition was a private undertaking initiated and financed by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., of the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), whose en- thusiasm is so well known among mammalogists aud who has done so much to advance that branch of Zoological Science. His object was to obtain a collection, as complete SER. XI.—VOL, I. B 2 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, as possible, of the mammals of the northern portion of the South American Andes, but, with his usual generosity, he allowed Simons to collect birds also during his journey. The specimens thus collected by Simons were acquired by the British Museum and form a particularly welcome addition to the Bird-Room, which had previously been poor in specimens from the Andean regions, Ornithologists who make a special study of the avifauna of South America will, therefore, be grateful to Mr. Oldfield Thomas for his patriotic action in thus enriching the National Collection. There are, however, two other collections included in these notes,—one from the Andes of Ecuador, made by Mr. Walter Goodfellow and presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook ; and the other from Trujillo in north- west Peru, which was formed and presented by the late Lord Brabourne. Such notes as were made by the collectors are placed in inverted commas “ ””, and their names in brackets (_). The references to literature, in addition to those to the original description, are restricted, as much as possible, to works and papers dealing with the Andean region, others being referred to only when there has been a change in the nomenclature. A list of the localities where specimens were collected by Simons is given below, arranged in chronological order from his diaries. The names of the Provinces have been added where possible in order to assist in locating the exact situation of the places where the collections were made, which are often not to be found in the most recent maps. ECUADOR. 1 Nov. 1898. Puna Island. Prov. Guayas. 4-11 ,, 98. Zenda. ; Ss 18-22 ,, 98. Chougou. es 5 25 “3 98. Guayaquil. se x 9 oA 98. Colta Lake. * - 12-25 Dec. 798. Sinche, Guaranda. % +3 30 98. Riobamba. Proy. Chimborazo. 9 16 Jan. 1899. Guallabamba. 5 #3 1919. | Feb. 1899. 1 Mar. ’99. 10 % 99, 27 -P 99, 5-18 Apr. 99. 23 5 99, 13) May 99: 16 “ 99, 16 e 99, 1 June 799. 12 As 99. 12 = 99. 20 ow oe 8 July 99. 9 Ki 99, 10 # 99, 11 ” 99, 12 os 99. 18 July 1899. 20 ” 21 ys 26 ” 4 Aug 22 ” cee. 4 Sept. 29 Oct. 5 Nov 13-18 ,, Baye Dan Gn 28 9 i Dec 2 ”? ” 4 ” 7 ” 9-14 ,, 16 » Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Mirador, Rio Tapo. Talahua, 4000 metres. Povenir. Riobamba, Cafiar. Cuenca, 2200 metres. Curube, 2500 metres. Proy. Azuay. PP) ” Proy. Bolivar. Proy. Chimborazo. Proy. Caiiayr. Prov. Azuay. ” ” Mararuria, Paramo, 3000 metres. Ona, Guishapa, 2000 metres. Loja, ]800 metres. Proy. Azuay. ” ” Hacienda de Curtincapa, Zaruma, 1000 metres. Curtincapa. Guallavo, 1000 metres. Cangunana, 1500 metres. Casango. Guachanama, 2000 metres. Dormugillo. Sapatillo. PERU. Sulana, Famarindo. Omotape, 50 Piura, 50 Catacaos, 50 Chuloconuo, 80 Marropon, 142 Eten. Talon, 80 San Pablo, 1800 Cajamarca, 2800 San Martos, 200 La Grama, 2000 Huamachucea, 3500 Hungas Marcos Paramo, 3500 Tulpo, 3000 Mollapata Paramo, 2500 Corenges Paramo, 3300 Uramarea nr. Pal- lasca, Rio Ushpe, 1200 Caraz, 2200 Yogay, 2400 60 metres. Prov. El Oro. ” ” Proy. Lambeyeque. Prov. Cajamarca. ” ” ” Proy. Libertad. Proy. Ancachs. >) +) ] B2 4 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, = lly Dec. 1899. Carohas, 2600 metres. Prov. Ancachs. 19 5 99. Recuay, 3400, " 3 20 3 99. Tecapampa, 8600 =i, a 2 20 , 799. Puno Paramo, 16° 8. 70° W., 4000 i A * 22 . 99. Marca, 3000 *. 5 7 24 ie 99. Shigriay Tambo, 1600 is - » 30 ‘5 99. Chancey near the sea. Proy. Lima. 10 Jan. 1900. Callao, 8 metres. be + 16 A 00. San Lorenzo Island, off Callao. 3 * 45 iy. OO. t Chosica, 850 metres. a3 55 i ass 700. Surco, 2050 _—C=«, 5 i; 17-21 ,, 00. San Mateo, 3200 ~-,, i bs 24-26 ,, 00. Galera, 4800 , Prov. Junin. ‘lL. Mar. ’00. Oroya, 4200 ,, Fs F 2 & 00. Tarma, 3500 sg, <5 3 ss 00. Ancobamba, 3500 sé» * 4 "4 700. Hatol Huacapista. - 5 6 ij 700. San Ramon, HOOO.| "Ss, - 5 il a 700. La Merced, 1000 _ C=, ‘5 + 9-30 ,, 00.) “The Camp,” 5-14 Apr. 700. Rio Perene, 800 i « 3 i) _ 00. Puntoyacu, 1200 5) 5 oa 23 Fr 00. Huacapistana, 2000 * 55 3 17-21 May 00. Rio Tambo, 20 A x AA 28-31 ,, ‘00. Arequipa, 24294 Pe Proy. Arequipa. 4-9 Juie ’00. Sumbay, HoT es i % 11 » 700. Diuia, Sumbay, Colca, 4500 ss, i 53 14 a 00. Caylloma, 4300 yy : 5 25 ‘5 00. + Tirapata, Titicaca Basin, 3600 Proy. Puno. 30 5 00. Crucero on the pass between Puno and the Upper Inambari, 4500 metres. es 3 July 00. Limbane, 3800 a ap 95 46 ,, 00. Rio Limbane, 2000 5 ‘is 3 8 _ 00. Segravio, 1600 oe a - 9 i 00. Huroya, 1000 ‘. 7 =F 9 = 00. Rio Inambari, 1000_—=i,, a 7 10-24 ,, 00. Oroya, THO0 lay, i *n 26 = 00. Limbane, 3400 e as " 28 - 00. Aricoma Lake, 5000 e a9 > 30 - 00. Segravio, 4500 “ es 9b 1919. | BOLIVIA. 13 Aug. 1900. La Paz, 4000 metres. 16-17 5 00. Sorato, 3000-4000 __,, 19 4 00. Oyane, OVO. (tes 23,24 ,, ‘00. Mapiri, 1600 __s=é» 25 4 00. Bella Vista. 26 F 700. San Carlos, 100) 9 oes 27 . 00. Sarampioni, S008 ~.; I a Sen t ao. San Ernesto. 15 * 00. Chimate, FOO 5 17. = Oct. +=’00. San Ernesto, 1OO0s >; 20-23 _,, 00. Sorato, 3500-8800 ,, 9 Noy. ’00. _Palca, 18 miles E. of La Paz. 10 Y 700. Yanacachi, 67°5° W. 16253; 3500 metres. mG 01 aa 00. Rio Tamampaya, 1500. _,, 20-24 ,, 700. Astillera, 2008 ae He 1901. f Chulumani, 2000 _ ,, 10-29 ,, 701. Chocachaca, Rio Tamampaya, 1200 _,, 45 Febs, 701; Tacama; 2000)... ,; 14-20 _,, 01. Astillera, MOO 5; 24 3 701. Achecachi, Titicaca. 9 Mar. ’01. Cosmini, ASOO! ~ °;5 15 "3 01. Caracollo, 4000 __i,, 22 re 01. Tapacari, 3000 __,, 1-6 Apr. 701. Paratani, O00. 18-24 ,, 701. Cochabamba, 2500, Be May. “OL. Choro, ap00= +; ns x Ol. Langunillas, 8500, 18-27 _,, 01. Charuplaya, SOO =; = July ee Rio Blanco. 8 i: 01. Langunillas, 8800 __,, 13 5s 01. Choquecamate, 4000 __,, 15 cp 01. San Carlos, GOORSe.. 22-25 ,, 701. Choro, - 29 701. Choquecamate, 4000 ,, 5-24 Aug. 701. Oruro, 3694 __—s, 28 os ’O1. Livichuco, 66°5° W. 19°8.,4500 3-12 Sept. "O01: Sucre, 65° W. 19° §., 2844 _s, 18-21 ,, 01, El Cabrada, Posta, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 65°5° W.19°5° S., 3500 Prov 9 Prov Prov Proy ” Prov Prov . La Paz. » . Cochabamba, . Lia Paz. . Cochabamba. oY . Oruro. . Potosi. Proy. Chiquisaca. 6 Mr. C. Chub) on Birds from [ Ibis, 27 = Sept. 1901. Potosi, 4300 metres. Proy. Potosi. 10 Oct. 701. Challapata. Prov. Oruro. 17 % 01. Pampa Aullagas, Gi-aW L9:3°'S., 700 i x i “Noy.: “O01, Uyuni,67? W. 20°5°S., SOOM me. Proy. Potosi. ARGENTINA. 15. =Novy. 1901. Punta de Vacas, 2500 metres. Prov. Mendoza. 18 “ 701. Palmira, 900 ~=C«, i op 27 - O01. Cruz del Eje, 600.7. Proy. Cordoba. Systematic List. Family Trnamipa. Tinamus tao weddelli. Tinamus weddelli Bonap. Tabl. Parall. ordre Gallin. (ex- trait pp. 12, 15, 1856): Tipuani Valley, Bolivia. No. 2432. ¢. San Ernesto, Upper Beni River, Bolivia, 1000 metres, 29 Sept. 1900. Native name “ Caloma.’_ Culmen 37 mm., wing 280, tail 101, tarsus 84. “ Found in woods, feeding on nuts and fruit.” No, 2434. 92imm. San Ernesto, 1000 metres, 29 Sept. 1900. Culmen 40 mm., wing 260, tail 104, tarsus 90. These individuals differ from specimens in the British Museum from Venezuela in the coarse markings on the upper parts and the more slaty-grey hue. The female, which is immature, is spotted with white on the wing- coverts and scapulars. They also differ in the colour of the flanks and thighs— the male being uniformly barred on these parts, while the female is mottled. These two specimens were collected at San Ernesto, near Mapiri on the upper Beni River, which cannot be far from the locality in which the type of 7. weddelli was obtained, as Bonaparte gives the locality: the virgin forest in the Tipuani Valley in the Province of La Paz, Bolivia. I have not, hitherto, seen any specimens of this group from Bolivia; and although the present examples are very close to 7. tao 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. a kleeit, I am inclined to use Bonaparte’s name, which was founded on a Bolivian bird, rather than extend the range o T. t. kleet with insufficient material to verify it. Nothocercus julius salvadorii. Nothocercus salvadoriti Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Clut, xxxill. 20 Jan. 1914, p. 95: Ecuador. Tinamus julius Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 76: Rio Naps, not Rio Negro as given by Salvadori & Festa. Nothocercus julius Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, No. 357, p. 51: Puno, Ecuador. An adult male from the west side of Pichincha, western Ecuador, 11,000 feet, Feb. 1915. “ Iris brownish red; feet dull burnt-sienna; bill dark brown, lower mandible paler” (W. Goodfellow). This specimen, which was collected by W. Goodfellow and presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook, is much more olive than N. 7. salvadorii on the upper parts, but still retains the wide dark bars asin the type. It differs, however, in having the mantle finely freckled as in N. julius, in consequence of which I am compelled to reduce its status to that of a subspecies. On the under surface it differs from N. julius in the more extensive white throat, darker freckled olive throat-band, and the paler rufous on the breast. Total length 305 mm., culmen 35, wing 192, tail 64, tarsus 61. Crypturus obsoletus punensis. Crypturus obsoletus punensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvinl. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 30. Crypturus obsoletus (nec Temm.) Sclater & Salvin, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 642: Tilotilo. Adult male. This form differs from C. o. obsoletus in its smaller size and the deeper and richer coloration of the entire plumage. “Iris salmon-red; bill and feet dark” (P. O. Simons). Total length 240 mm., culmen 25, wing 151, tail 40, tarsus 46, 8 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ This, No, 2186. ¢. Oroya, Puno, Peru, 1000 metres, 15 July, 1900. Native name “ Perdiz.”’ “In woods.” No. 2551. ¢. Chulumani, Bolivia, 1700 metres, 26 Dec. 1900. Native name ‘‘Coloma.” “In bush by creek.” No. 2646. ?@. Chulumani, 2200 metres, 16 Jan. 1901. Native name ‘“ Paloma Coloma.” “In bush on _ the ground.” I have not seen an example of C. 0. obsoletus from Para- guay, which is the type locality, but have compared Simons’ birds with specimens in the British Museum from the Rio Parana, SAio Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, all of which agree in being larger in size and paler in coloration. In addition to the type from Oroya, Department of Puno, southern Peru, and the male and female from Chulumani in Bolivia, collected by P.O. Simons, there is an adult bird in the Museum collected by the late Clarence Buckley at Tilotilo in the Province Yungas, Bolivia, which is identi- eally the same as those in the Simons collection. Crypturus garleppi affinis, subsp. nov. Crypturus garleppi Berlepsch, Ber. Allg. Deutschl. Orn. Ges., Dec. 1892, p. 13: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. No. 2678. 2. Rio Blanca, Bolivia, 1000 metres, 26 June, 1901. Type of the subspecies. According to Count Salvadori’s description and remarks on C. garleppi in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, vol. xxvil. 1895, p. 53, it would appear that the species was closely allied to C. atricapillus, but I do not consider that the specimen in the Simons collection is at all nearly allied to that species. I am, therefore, giving a description of it. Adult female. Middle of the crown of the head chestnut- brown with blackish bars and edgings to the feathers, becoming paler on the lores, sides of face, and hind-neck, where the dark markings are much more minute; lower hind-neck and mantle dusky rufous-brown barred and mottled with blackish and washed with hoary-grey ; upper back and scapulars ochreous brown narrowly barred with 1gI9. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 9 black which becomes much broader on the remainder of the back and wings, where the buff, or fulvous bars and edgings are very narrow compared with the black interspaces ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primary quills greyish brown, darker on the outer webs, and buff mottlings at the tips of the last which cross the entire feather on the inner- most secondaries; tail blackish banded with rufous-buff, the bands rather broader than those on the back; chin and throat pale rufous, becoming darker on the lower throat where the feathers are minutely barred with blackish ; fore- neck slate-grey with rufous-chestnut edges to some of the feathers, this colour increasing in extent on the breast where it occupies nearly the whole of the feather; paler again on the abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts, where the feathers are buff, or fulvous barred or mottled with blackish; under wing-coverts silvery grey or white, the marginal ones dark brown or sooty-black; under sur- face of quills pale brown, broadly margined with grey on the inner edges. : Total length 330 mm., culmen 32, wing 177, tail 52, tarsus 59. Crypturus transfasciatus. Crypturus transfasciatus Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1878, p- 141, pl. xiii.: Santa Rosa, Ecuador; Salvadori & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, No. 357, p.51: Guayaquil. No. 173. g¢. Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1 Dec. 1898. ‘ Found in thick jungle.” There is a specimen of this species in the British Museum from the Balzar Mountains, Ecuador, collected by Llling- worth, which Count Salvadori regarded as identical with C. transfasciatus. It differs, however, from the one in the Simons collection in being almost uniform creamy-white on the under surface, while the barrings on the upper back and mantle are similar to those of the type. The following are the measurements of the three individual birds men- tioned above :— No. 173 Simons collection: Culmen 27 mm., wing 160, tail 47, tarsus 51. 10 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, C. transfasciaius (type): “ Rostri a rictu 15, ale 6:2, caudee 2°], tarsi 2°9.” The specimen from Balzar Mts. has the following measure- ments :—Culmen 29 mm., wing 142, tail 43, tarsus 47. Crypturellus parvirostris. Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Crypturus 18: Brazil. : Crypturellus parvirostris Brabourne & Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. Oct. 1914, p. 322. No. 2677. g imm. Rio Solocame, Bolivia, 1400 metres, 24 January, 1901. Native name ‘* Peso.” ‘* On open hill- side. Feeding on seeds.” This specimen, which is sexed as male by Simons, differs from the adult birds, both on the upper and under surface, in being darker and in having a patch of white feathers with black tips on each side of the forehead ; this is no doubt the remains of youth. Nothoprocta cinerascens. Nothura cinerascens Burmeister, J. f. O. 1860, p. 259: Tuecuman. Nothoprocta cinerascens Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. 1889, p. 210. Two males and three females in fully adult plumage, from El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina, collected by Mr. Robin Kemp, at an altitude of 1000 metres, during November and December, 1915. I have compared the specimens mentioned above with others in the National Collection, and find them to be not quite so white on the abdomen, but otherwise identical both in colour of plumage and measurement of the wings. Nothoprocta pentlandii. Rhynchotus pentlandii Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Galline, 1867, p. 103: Andes of Bolivia. Nothoprocta pentlandi Salvadori, Cat. B, Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 555, pl. xvi. 1919. | Leuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. ll No. 2647. g. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres, 16 Jan. 1901. Native names, “‘ Guayco, Perdiz-Pesa, or Incocal.” No. 2818. 2. Paratani, Bolivia, 2500 metres, 4 April, 1901. Nos. 3086 ? , 3087 3. El Cabrada, 3500 metres,18 Sept. 1901. “On hillsides in grass, feeding on grain and insects.” The male, No. 2647, and female, No. 2818, agree in colour of plumage very well with the type in the British Museum, but Nos. 3086 and 3087 differ, especially the male, in being perceptibly paler both on the upper and under surface. They are also slightly larger in wing- measurements [¢ 140 mm., ? 145, as against g 138, ? 142]. Ido not attach any importance to these measure- ments, however, as the wing-measurement of the type is 148 mm. and it is a much darker bird. The difference of altitude, moreover, may account for the pale coloration of the El Cabrada specimens, which approach N. coquimbica in the colour of the back and the pale under surface. Nothoprocta pentlandii simonsi. Nothoprocta pentlandi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 30. This subspecies is somewhat intermediate between N. cur- virostris peruana and N. pentlandii pentlandii. It approaches the head and back of the former and the grey fore-neck, with buffy-white central spots, and secondary quills of the latter. The type, No. 1414 ?, which is in the British Museum, was collected at San Pablo, Cajamarca, Peru, at an altitude of 1500 metres, on 5 November, 1899. Nothoprocta curvirostris. Nothoprocta curvirostris Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 1873, pp. 153, 163: Calacali, Ecuador; Tacz. Orn. Pér. il. 1886, p. 306 ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, No. 357, p. 52: Ecuador. The two adult females, and a young female which still has down attached to some of its feathers, collected at 12 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from - { Ibis, Gorazon, western Ecuador, at an altitude of 13,000 feet, differ from the type in having the dark pattern of the feathers on the upper surface everywhere deeper black, which stands out in bold relief on comparison. This differ- ence may be due, however, to the higher altitude, as I notice that the type was obtained by Fraser at Calacali at an altitude of 8000 feet, and the co-type, also collected by Fraser, came from Puellaro, at an altitude of 6500 feet. The rufous and black markings on the wings are also more ~ conspicuous in the birds from the higher altitude. Nestling with the feathers on the wings, upper back, and sides of the breast black, fringed laterally with white, and barred and tipped with ochreous brown on the back, scapulars, tail, and innermost secondaries ; upper wing- coverts edged with rufous ; flight-quills brown barred, or mottled with rufous, or buffy-white ; sides of the breast black with whitish margins to the feathers and slightly tinged with rufous ; the feathers on the sides of the body are pale rufous marked with dark brown near the tips ; head and underparts covered with down which is for the most part drab-white tinged with rufous and, on the head and hind-neck, profusely marked with black or dark brown ; the down on the hind-neck has long black hair-lhke tips. Iris brown ; feet flesh-colour; bill, upper mandible brown, lower mandible pale yellow at the base. This specimen, with two others, was collected at Pichincha, western Ecuador, at an _altitude of 13800 feet, in February 1915 by W. Goodfellow, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook. Nothoprocta ornata. Rhynchotus ornatus Gray, List of the Birds in the British Museum, Galline, 1867, p. 102: Bolivia. Nothoprocta ornata Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 557, pl. xvii. No. 3175. ¢. Lake Pampa Aullagas, Bolivia, 3900 metres, 17 Oct. 1901. Simons states that he found this bird “in sandy bushy places.” 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 13 This specimen is very similar to Gray’s type which is in the British Museum. The following measurements refer to the bird collected by} Simons :—Total length 350 mm., exposed portion of culmen 28, wing 194, tail 58, tarsus 43. I may remark that plate xvii. in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum is not a correct representation of the type of this species. Nothura maculosa. Tinamus maculosa Temm. Pig. et Gall. 11. 1815, pp. 557, 748: Paraguay. Nothura maculosa Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 1. 18895 ps Zit. Seven males and eleven females of this species were collected by Mr. Robin Kemp at Papin, Bonifacio, western Argentina, during the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September, 1916. In addition to the eighteen specimens that Mr. Kemp collected, there are twenty-two dated individuals in the National Museum, which together represent a series of forty specimens, collected during the months of December, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, aud September, and which include all the plumages from the nestling to that of the adult. On viewing this series I was at first inclined to think that there was more than one form as there are two distinct phases, one rufous and the other grey. On closer observation, however, I find the birds of the rufous or ochreous-buff phase to be immature, and those of the darker and more grey phase to be the fully adult. I have measured the wings of seven adult males and seven adult females, and find the average to be—males 131 mm. and females 138. Nothura darwini salvadorii. Nothura salvadortt Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1909, p. 266: Arenal, Prov. de Salta; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1. 1912; p. 7, no. 64. 14 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ihis, Nos. 4863 ¢, 4894 9. El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina, 1000 metres, December 1915. These two birds, which were collected by Mr. Robin Kemp, differ from the type of N. darwint in being rather darker on the upper parts, the submarginal longitudinal white lines more pronounced, the under wing-coverts deeper fawn-colour, and the somewhat larger wing-measurements— male 132 mm., female 1438. There is a specimen from Cosquin, Cordoba, in the British Museum which also belongs to this subspecies, collected by E. W. White on 28 June, 1882. Calopezus elegans formosus. Calopezus formosus Lillo, Revista da letras y ciencias sociales, No. 18,1905, p. 72: Santiago; Brabourne & Chubb, B. §. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 7, no. 71. No. 5003. 2. Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio de Cordoba, 10 June, 1916. ““Cxca—100 mm. and 140 mm. Large, conical, and, sacculated”’ (R. Kemp). The ceca of Calopezus elegans formosus from a sketch on Mr. Kemp’s label. The specimen sent by Mr. Kemp was collected in the neighbourhood whence Lillo described C. formosus, and agrees fairly well with the description and the figures given by Dabbene & Lillo in the An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, xxiv. Lam. xi. fig. 1 ¢. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 15 There is an adult female in the Rothschild Museum at Tring which was collected at Rioja in western Argentina (cf. Hartert & Venturi, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1916, p. 267), and which answers very well to the description of C. intermedius Dabbene & Lillo in the An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, xxiv. 1913, p. 194, Lam. xu. Tinamotis pentlandi. Tinamotis pentlandi Vigors, P.Z. 8. 1836, p. 79: Andes; Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p. 310: Junin. No. 1851. ¢. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres, 26 Feb. 1900. No. 2095. Sumbay, Peru, 4000 metres, 7 June, 1900. Native name “ Francolin.” Simon states that this bird was found on the ground in open rocky places. I have compared these two specimens with the series in the British Museum, and find them to be similar both in colour of plumage and wing-measurements. Family Cracipa. Mitu mitu. Crax mitu Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed.i. 1766, p. 270: Brazil. Mitu mitu Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 9, no. 84. No. 2642. @. San Ernesto, Bolivia, 1000 metres, 2 September, 1900. Native name ‘ Buiche.” “Iris brown; bill and feet red” (P. O. Simons). ‘‘ Found in woods.” I have compared this specimen with others in the British Museum, and find it to be very similar both in colour of plumage and in measurements. Wing 405 mm., tail 320. Penelope brooki. Penelope brooki Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii, 30 Oct. 1917, p. 5. Penelope montagnii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii, 1893, p. 492 (part, specimens /, g, h, 7). 16 Mr, C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, Adult male. Allied to P. montagnii Bonap. which was described from Colombia, but differing from that species in having the upper surface for the most part dark oil-green instead of bronze-brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown, with dark rufous edgings to the feathers - instead of uniform rufous-chestnut, chin and throat black instead of grey, the breast darker and the pale margins to the feathers more contrasting, and the abdomen dusky brown with dark rufous mottlings, instead of rufous brown with dark mottlings. ‘* Bill deep yellow-chrome; feet red; iris brown; face and throat red”’ (W. Goodfellow). Total letigth 512 mm., exposed culmen 33, wing 234, tail 192, tarsus 61. The type was collected at Baeza, eastern Ecuador, 6000 feet, by W. Goodfellow in April 1914, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook, in whose honour the species is named. There are four other specimens from Ecuador in the National Collection which support the characters given iw the above description. Penelope equatorialis. Penelope equatorialis Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. No. 868, 1900, p. 388: Foreste del Rio Peripa, W. Ecuador ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.:Amer. i. 1912, p. 10, no: Qe Penelope cristata (nec Linn) Berl. & Tacz. P. Z.S. 1888, p- 786: Chimbo; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1892, p. 498 (part) (spec. n, Balzar Mts.) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, p. 504: Paramba. The bird collected by Simons belongs to the form which occurs in western Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America, and for a long time has been known as P. cristata Linn. This name, however, cannot stand as it was founded by Linné on Maregrave’s Jacupema (Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 198, cum fig. 1648: District of Pernambuco). It must therefore 1919. | | Teuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 7 have been a Brazilian bird. Edwards, in his ‘ Natural History of Birds,’ i. 1743, p. 13, refers to it as the ‘“‘ Quan or Guan, so called in the West Indies.” He gives a de- scription and a coloured plate, but neither is applicable to any species known in Brazil at the present time. On the plate is inscribed “ the Brassilian Jacupema of Margegrave.” He also states—“‘I saw one of these birds at Captain Chandler’s at Stepney, who brought it with him from some one of the Sugar Islands in the West Indies, I have forgot which; but I suppose it may be found in most of them. The Brasilian Jacupema of Marcgrave, I believe, is the same with this bird, though his description differs something from mine.’ It may be mentioned, however, that none of this family is known to occur in any of the West India Islands. Ray refers to the species as “ Phasianus Brasiliensis Jacupema dictus Maregr.” (¢fr. Synopsis Methodica Avium & Piscium, 1713, p. 56). A description is also given by Ray which is similar to that of Marcgrave’s. The bird is also referred to by Brisson under the title of “Le Dindon du Bresil” (efr. Orn. 1. 1760, p. 162), which is also based on Marcgrave’s figure. He appears to have seen a specimen, as he gives a description. It was on the works of these four authors that Linné founded the title Meleagris cristata, but while it is uncertain as to which of the Brazilian species it was intended to apply, it is perfectly certain that it could not have been the Colombian or Ecuadorean bird. The synonym quoted by Mr, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx. p. 498—** Penelope purpurascens Lawr, Aun. Lye. N.Y. vii. p. 12 (U.S. Colombia)” was intended to have read Lawr. (nec Wagler)—P. purpurascens Wagl. being the Mexican form. The only available name, therefore, for this species is P. equatorialis Salvadori & Festa. I cannot, however, accept the species as those authors separated it, for after a comparison of specimens from Central America with others from Colombia and Ecuador, I have failed to observe any SER. XI.—VOL, I, c 18 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, differences, and the characters given for its distinction are certainly not borne out by birds from the localities cited. The habitat of the species therefore, as at present known, is Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America, from Panama to southern Nicaragua. I notice that Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. v. p. 504) men- tions that the wings of the two birds obtained at Paramba, Ecuador, measured 340-355 mm., and that the bird from Central America is larger, the head paler, and the pale mar- . gins to the feathers broader. I have measured the wings of four individuals from Central America and find the average to be 361 mm., and two from Colombia, one from Merida, Venezuela, and one from Ecuador, which average 355 mm., so that the difference is but shght. As regards the colour of the head, I should say that the southern bird is the darker of the two, but the difference is not great, and I fail to see that the pale margins to the feathers of the northern bird are any broader than in the southern species. I do not altogether disparage the suggestion that these may be subspecific forms, but the small amount of material to hand is not sufficient to prove it. Penelope jacquacu jacquagu Penelope jacquacu Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 52, pl. Ixvii.: “in sylvis fluminis Solimoens ” ; Brahourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer, i. 1912, p. 10, no. 98 (part). Penelope boliviana (nec Reichenb.) Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 268 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1898, p- 499 (part): Sarayacu, Ecuador, Yquitos, Yurimaguas, and Rio Solimoens, East Peru. No. 1966. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 24 March, 1900. Native name “ Pavo.” ‘Iris coffee-brown ; skin round the eye blue-black; throat-patch red and bill red : feet black” (P. O. Simons). The bird collected by Simons is very similar to others in the British Musenm from Ecuador and Peru, among which there is an example from the Rio Solimoens, whence the original type of this species was obtained by Spix. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 19 Penelope jacquagu boliviana. Penelope beliviana Reichenb. Syn. Ay., Novit. xlvi. 1851, pl. 271, figs. 2493-94: Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 499 (specimen g); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. 1890, p. 106: Lower Beni. Penelope jacqiacu Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. 1912, p. 10, no. 98 (part). When comparing the Simons bird, No. 1966 from Perene, with others from Bolivia, Peru, and E:uador in the British Museum, I noticed that the Bolivian bird was darker in colour both on the upper and under surface as well as larger in wing and tail measurements, particularly the latter. I found, too, that the darker coloration was depicted by Reichenbach in his original figures. Wing 322 mm., tail 340. I propose, therefore, that this form be recognized as a subspecies under the name Penelope jacqtagu boliviana. Habitat. Bolivia. Ortalis guttata. Penelope guttata Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 55, tab. lxiii. : “ad flumen Solimoens.” Ortalida guttata Tacz, Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 278. Ortalis guttata Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 12, no. 112. No. 1874. Adult. San Ramon, Junin, Peru, 1000 metres, 6 March, 1900. Native name “Gallina del monte.”’ “ Found in brush.” No. 1932. Adult. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 17 March, 1900. ‘ Found in thick wood.” With a series of fourteen specimens, including the two in the Simons collection, from localities in the following states —Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, I notice a consider- able amount of variation, particularly in regard to the colour on the rump. In several, the feathers are short and fluffy and of a deep rust-brown or chestnut in colour, while there are others which do not show either of these characters but have normal feathers and are olive-brown like the back. C2 20 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, The colour of the back varies, too, from oil-green to rich brown. On the under surface, the abdomen varies from grey to pale brown and the under tail-coverts from ferruginous to deep chestnut. — I may mention, however, that the differences cited above do not show any partiality for locality or sex; it may be age of course, but I am unable to distinguish any signs by which to judge on this suggestion. There are only six individuals sexed—three males and ~ three females. The average wing-measurement of the males is 198 mm. and the females 194; while the average tail~ measurement in the male is 215 mm. and the female 207. The average measurement of the wing in the whole series is 197 mm. and the tail 213. Pipile cumanensis. Crax cumanensis Jacquin, Beytr. 1784, p. 25, tab. 10: Orinoco. Pipile cumanensis Yacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 276; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. 1890, p. 107: Falls of the Madeira. ’ ‘No. 1906. Adult. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 12 March, 1900. Native name “Payo.” “Found in woods.” No. 2921. Adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 5 June, 1901. Native name “Chui Pavo.” “Tris red; feet red ; bill black ; facial skin blue-white” (P. O. Simons). With a series of thirteen specimens from the following localities—British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay, it would appear by the different phases of plumage that there were more than one species. On close observation, however, aided by the few specimens that were sexed, it was noticed that the phases represented male and female—the steel-blue phase being the male, and the oil-green phase the female. The white fringes to the feathers on the upper and under surface appear to be a sign of immaturity. The female in the Simons collection, No. 2921, is almost 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 21 uniform oil-green above and below, while the male is steel- blue with a large amount of white edgings to the feathers on the breast, upper wing-coverts, and scapulars. The black shaft-lines to the feathers of the otherwise white crest are very conspicuous in the Bolivian bird 2921, an adult from Peru (Gray’s type of P. jacquiniz), and the bird from Paraguay. ‘The remainder of the series have an almost uniform cream-white crest. I have measured the wings and tails of the entire series, and find that the southern birds have a slightly larger average measurement in both male and female. Aburria aburri. Penelope aburri Less. Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 1829, p. 191: Bogota. Aburria carunculata Reichenb.; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1899, p. 39: Bassa Valle del Rio Zamora. Aburria aburri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 520: Chiguinda. No. 506. Mirador, Banas, Ecuador, 1500 metres. Native name ‘‘ Pavo.”’ ‘ Found in woods.” a. d. Baeza, Hastern Ecuador, 6000 feet, April 1914. “Bill brownish black, extreme tip yellowish, nostrils grey ; feet yellow; iris blood-red, eyelids dull yellow; wattle clear yellow” (W. Goodfellow). I have compared these examples with a series of nine other specimens in the National Collection from Colombia, Merida in western Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. In this series I notice that Colombian and Venezuelan birds show a good deal of oil-green colour in the plumage, while those from Ecuador and Peru have an inclination to steel-blue. This character may denote sexual difference however, as in the case of Pipile cumanensis, but the number of sexed specimens in this series are not sufficient to prove it. The measurements of the wings and tails of this series do not show any great variation. 22 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Chamepetes goudoti and allies. With a series of sixteen specimens at my disposal it is quite obvious that there are at least three, if not four, sub- species ; these divide into geographical races by difference of colour-plumage, and this is further supported in the series by the measurements. Thus in the neighbourhood of Bogota, which is the type-locality, the wing-measurement ranges from 236-250 mm., the tail 215-238, and the tarsus _ 57-61: in Antioquia, which is much farther north in Colombia, the measurements are—wing 254-273 mm., tail 237-247, and tarsus 64-71; while in eastern Ecuador they are— wing 245-262 mm., tail 237-254, and tarsus 65-84 ; and two individuals from Peru have the wing 242-243 mm., tail 234-2 44, tarsus 79-80. The last two are sexed females, so that the males would probably be even larger. These forms may therefore be classed as follows :— Chamepetes goudotii goudotiit. Hab. District of Bogota, Colombia. Chamepetes goudotii antioquiana. Hab. Antioquia, N. Colombia. Chamepetes goudotii tschudii. Hab. Central northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. Chamepetes goudotii goudotii. Ortalida goudotii Less. Man, d’Orn. ii. 1828, p. 217: Santa Fé de Bogota. Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 521 (part). Chamepetes goudotii Brabourae & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 18, no. 122 (part). There are four specimens in the British Museum from the type-locality, Bogota, which measure—wing 236-250 mm. and tail 215-238. It would appear therefore that this is the smallest form of the group. Chamepetes goudotii antioquiana, subsp. n. Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 521 (part, specimens /, g, 2). 1919. | Eeuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 23 Chamepetes goudotit Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 13, no. 122 (part). This form differs from the Bogota bird in being rather darker in colour and larger in size. The average measure- ments of the four specimens from the Province of Antioquia are as follows: wing 254-273 mm. and tail 237-247. Habitat. Antioquia Province, Colombia. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by A. E. Pratt at Valdivia, Antioquia. Chamepetes goudotii tschudii. Chamepetes tschudit 'Taczanowski, Orn. Pérou, i. 1886, p. 275 : Moyobamba. Chamepetes rufiventris (nec Tschudi) Tacz. tom. cit. p. 273. Chamepetes goudoti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 521 (part, specimens m & n). Chamepetes goudotii Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 18, no. 122 (part). a,b. 8 33 c. ?. Baeza, eastern Ecuador, 6000 ft., March and April, 1914. “Iris brown; face bright cobalt- blue; bill brown; feet red” (W. Goodfellow). These three individuals, which are in very good condition, have the throat slightly tinged with brown. This may be, however, the last remains of immaturity. The birds from Ecuador and northern Peru are rather paler on the under surface, and larger in wing- and tail- ‘measurements than typical specimens of C. gy. goudotii from Bogota. Wing 245-260 mm. and tail 234-251. Penelope rufiventris described and figured by Tschudi is a big bird, as is shown by the measurements given by him. In his description he states that the face is red, and he further emphasized that character by illustrating it in his Fauna Peruana,’ pl. xxxi. Taczanowski in his Orn. Pérou, iil. p. 278, described a blue-faced bird under the title of Chamepetes rufiventris, remarking that the red-faced bird described and figured by Tschudi was erroneous. Taczanowski, /. c. p. 275, described as a new species C. tschudii, also a blue-faced bird, and 24 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, observed that Tschudi had mixed these two forms up in addition to the wrong coloration of the face. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, xxii. p. 521, made all three synonymous with C. goudotii, describing them as variations due to age. After reading Taczanowski’s statements in reference to C. rujiventris (Tschudi), it appears doubtful as to whether it is a valid species or not, and must remain as such until there _ is sufficient material to reveal the facts. In the meantime — Taczanowski’s name, C. tschudii, must be used. There is a specimen in the National Collection that Taczanowski examined when making the observations re- ferred to above, which is almost identical with Tschudi’s description and figure, save that it is said to have had a blue face, not red. There is, however, a red-faced bird which was collected by Mr. W. Goodfellow at Mindo, western Ecuador, and which I have described as a new species by reason of its much smaller size and deeper coloration. Chamepetes fagani. (Plate I.) Chamepetes fagant Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXXVIll. 30 Oct. 1917, p. 4. Adult female. General colour above, including the head, back, wings, and tail,dark bottle-green with bronzy reflections; the lesser upper wing-coverts have the margins slightly paler, the inner webs of the flight-quills darker and inclining to blackish, some of the long upper tail-coverts inclining to brown, as are also the tips of some of the tail-feathers; the sides of the hinder face dusky brown; the throat which is sparsely feathered is also dusky brown, the feathers have black shafts which terminate in hair-like tips; the fore-neck dark bottle-green with slightly paler margins to the feathers; the breast and abdomen chestnut, darker on the flanks and thighs and inclining to chocolate-brown on the under tail- coverts; the under wing-coverts bronze-green; under surface of flight-quills dusky brown with glossy reflections; the lower Ibis. HONG, le | Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd CHAMAPETES FAGANI. 1g19. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 25 aspect of the tail bluish black tinged with rufous-brown on the apical portion where the shafts are dull coral-red. * Bill dark brown; iris brown; skin of face and throat shrimp-red ; feet red”? (W. Goodfellow). Total length 467 mm., exposed culmen 35, wing 220, tail 184, tarsus 61. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by W. Goodfellow at Mindo, western Ecuador, at an altitude of 6000 ft., in January 1914, and presented to the National Collection by Mr. E. J. Brook. This species is allied to C, goudotii, but is easily distin- guished by its darker coloration and much smaller size. An immature male of this species, that was collected at the same time as the type, is darker in the general coloration both above and below, as is usual with the male in this group. ‘Bill brown; face red; iris brown; feet red” (W. Goodfellow). | This bird is named in honour of Mr. C, E. Fagan, of the British Museum (Natural History). Family OpontorHoRIDS. Odontophorus guianensis rufinus. Perdiz rufina Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 60, tab. Ixxvi. bd: “in sylvis fl. Amazonum.” Odontophorus guianensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 432 (part, specimens a, 0, g, h); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 15, no. 130 (part). Although Hellmayr, in his revision of Spix’s types (Abh. math.-phys. Ak. Wiss. Munchen, xxii. 1906, p. 698), states that Perdix rujina Spix is Tetrao guianensis Gmelin, I am of opinion that it is a good subspecific form. There are four individuals in the British Museum which are almost identical with Spix’s figure. Of the specimens referred to, one, a male, was collected on the Capim River by A. R. Wallace ; another, which is a female, was obtained by Natterer at Barra do Rio Negro; and the other two have no exact locality stated, but I have no doubt that they came 26 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Lis, from the same neighbourhood as the four birds are so much alike and contrast so vividly with O. g. guianensis. IT pro- pose, therefore, that Spix’s name be resuscitated as a sub- species under the following title, Odontophorus guianensis rufinus, as mentioned above. Habitat, Lower Amazons. Odontophorus guianensis simonsi, subsp. n. Odontophorus guianensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxii, 1898, p. 433 (part, specimen s); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer, i, 1912, p. 18, no. 130 (part). Adult male, Differs from O. g. guianensis in having the lower back and rump isabelline with scarcely any dark spots, instead of tawny brown profusely spotted with black, the fore-neck rufous instead of grey, and the abdomen and thighs darker. Haditat. Bolivia. The type, which is inthe British Museum, was collected at San Ernesto, Mapiri, Bolivia, at an altitude of L000 metres on 6 October, 1900, by the late P. QO. Simons, in whose memory this subspecies is named, The native name according to Simons is * Guaylgkopo.” There is a specimen in the British Museum from Guyo, Bolivia, collected by the late Clarence Buckley ; though slightly immature it bears out the characters described above. Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus. Oriye (Odontophorus) marmoratus Gould, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 107: Santa Fé de Bogota. Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 483 (part, specimens /-g). This species is known chiefly by its darker under surface | its brown or whitish throat, and in having the sides of the face dull chestnut. Wing 158 mm., depth of bill 11. Odontophorus guianensis panamensis, subsp. n. Odoutophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxii. 1893, p. 433 (part, specimens a—-g). Adult male. Distinguished from O. 9. marmoratus in being 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 27 smaller and in having the sides of the face bright rufous, instead of dull chestnut. Total length 230 mm., exposed culmen 22, wing 149, tail 60, tarsus 44. Adult female, Similar to the adult male. Wing 147 mm. Habitat. Panama, The male and female described were collected at Lion Hill, Panama, by J. McLeannan and are now in the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection. Odontophorus guianensis pachyrhynchus. Odontophorus pachyrhynchus Vschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1846, p. 262: Mast side of the Andes in Peru ; Taez. Orn. Pér. il. 1886, p. 287: Monterico. Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 433 (part, specimen r). This bird, which I propose to resuscitate as a subspecific form, is allied to O. gy. marmoratus in the general colour of its plumage, but is easily recognized by the increased depth of its bill, which is 14 mm. Habitat. Peru. Text-figure 2. Heads of :— A. Odontophorus guianensis guianensis. B, O. yg. pachyrhynchus. Odontophorus guianensis buckleyi, subsp. n. Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii, 1893, p. 433 (part, specimens p, y); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. 1912, p. 18, no. 131 (part). 28 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Adult presumed male. Allied to O. g. pachyrhynchus, but differing in having the rufous at the base of the bill, lores, cheeks, and chin much paler in colour, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts darker, the under surface also darker ochreous brown, more narrowly barred and tinged with pale slate-grey, and rather smaller in size. Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 21, depth of bill 14, wing 143, tail (imperfect) 53, tarsus 45. Adult presumed female. Similar to the presumed adult male, differing only in the almost entire absence of the rufous at the base of the bill, lores, cheeks, and chin. Wing 144 mm. Habitat. Kastern Ecuador. The male and female described were collected at Sarayacu in eastern Ecuador by the late Clarence Buckley, in whose memory this subspecies is named, and are now in the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection. Key to the Subspecies. A. Under surtace for the greater part rufous or ochreous, not dusky brown pro- fusely barred; chin and throat usually chestnut. a. Lower back and rump dark rufous- brown spotted with black........ O. guianensis guianensis. b. Lower back and rump paler and in- clining to grey, also spotted with pica Racers otc ean, ahs O. guianensis rufinus, p. 25. ec. Lower back and ramp almost uniform isabelline, the black spots small and yery fewan numiber. 2.0% ....:4. O. guianensis simonsi, p. 26. Bb. Under surface for the most part dusky brown profusely barred throughout ; chin and throat usually brown or whitish. d. Depth of bill less than 13 mm. d'. Larger: ‘wing more thanl55 mm. ; lip. 26; sides of face dull chestnut ....., O. guianensis marmoratus, e’. Smaller: wing less than 155 mm.; sides of face bright rufous-chest- [p. 26 NUE Sone esskbissscveh osveees ed Ov, Quaanensts panamensia, 19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 29 e. Depth of bill more than 15 mm. J’. Under surface paler and more broadly barred; rump and upper tail-coverts also paler; wing more than 145 mm.; tail more than [p. 27. GDonUEnsprere eattaretc ere st afcte\srers om O. guianensis pachyrhynchus, g'. Under surface darker and more narrowly barred ; rump and upper tail-coverts darker; smaller, wing less than 145'mm., tail less than Goa pgs ie ate ats tenes iano . O. guianensis buckleyt, p. 27. Odontophorus parambe. Odontophorus parambe Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vil. 1897, p.6: Paramba, N. Ecuador ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, p. 505, pl. ii. fig. 1. Guelea, W. Ecuador, July 1914. “ Iris chocolate, eyelids dull red; bill black; feet slate-grey” (W. Goodfellow). Total length 224 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 130, tail 47, tarsus 41. The bird collected by W. Goodfellow is smaller in measurement and paler in coloration, both above and below, than the specimen in the British Museum; there is also a slight suffusion of grey on the upper back and scapu- Jars, and the specklings on the feathers are more minute and not so coarse as in the one in the British Museum, which was collected by Miketta at Paramba on the 12th of April, 1898. It may be observed, too, that Goodfellow gives the eyelids as dull red, whereas Dr. Hartert states that the skin round the eye is greenish grey in the type. Family CoLumMBID&. Columba albipennis. Columba albipennis Sclater, P. Z. S. 1876, p.18: Pitu- marea, Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 232; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 18938, p. 272, pl. vili.: Bolivia. Nos. 28038, 2; 2804, 2822, ¢. Paratani, Bolivia, 2800 metres, April 1901. Native name “orcas.” “Iris grey; bill black; feet purple”? (P. O. Simons). 30 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Simons states that he found this bird nesting in trees and that the stomach contained berries. No. 3102 9. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3600 metres, 19 Sept. 1901. ‘Iris cream-colour; feet purple; bill bluish black ” (P. O. Simons). I have compared these four examples with the type of the species, which is in the National Collection, and find them to be almost identical. No. 2804 is slightly darker on the under tail-coverts and not so vinous on the neck. Columba speciosa. Columba speciosa Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1789, p. 783: Cayenne ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 281. . No. 1993. 9 imm. Metrara, La Merced, Peru, 700 metres, 6 April, 1900. ‘‘ Found in woods and feeds on palm-fruit ” (P. O. Simons). Although this species is fairly common over the greater part of South America, the National Collection did not, previously, possess a specimen from Peru. I notice that it is recorded from two localities, viz. Chayavetas, Chamicuros (Bartlett) and Amable Maria (Jelski) by Taczanowski. The present example, which is an immature female, is similar to others in the British Museum from various localities. Columba albilinea. Columba albilinea Bonap. Consp. Av. il. 1855, p. 51: New Grenada ; Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 72: Chillanes, Rio Chimbo Valley; Scl. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 639: -Ramosani, Bolivia; Berl. & Tacz. P. Z.S. 1884, p. 811: Bugnac; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 294: Sical, Ecuador ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Tor. xv. No. 357, 1899, p. 34: Pun, La Concepcion, Nanegal, Ecuador. Chlorenas albilinea Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 556: Matos, Eeuador. Nos. 415, 427. ¢ adult. Guallabamba, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3500 metres, 17, 18 Jan, 1899, Native name “ Torcasa,” 1919. | Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 31 Nos. 2602, 2674. 4 adult. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2200 metres, 5, 21 Jan. 1901. Native name ‘“ Palamo Senisa.”’ ‘Tris pink; bill and feet yellow” (P. O. Simons). No. 2857. ¢ adult. Choro, Cocapata, Bolivia, 3500 metres, 6 May, 1901. Native name “ Torcas.” I have compared these five specimens with a series of eighteen other individuals, including the type, in the British Museum from British Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Pera, and Bolivia, and find the colour and the wing-measure- ments very similar throughout. Columba plumbea plumbea. Columba plumbea Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818, p. 358: Brazil (Delalande) = Rio Janeiro ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 323 (part, specimens a-e). Columba infuscata Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 66: Bahia. Columba locutriv Wied, Reise nach Bras. 11. 1821, pp. 118, 213: Bahia. The typical form is distinguished by having the head, hind-neck, and mantle dark purple tinged with hoary-grey ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail purplish brown; chin and throat fawn-colour, with the remainder of the under surface plumbeous. Total length 340 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 185, tail 143, tarsus 22, middle toe and claw 39. Columba plumbea baeri. Columba plumbea baeri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. 1909, p- 91: Goyaz. According to Hellmayr this form is allied to C. pluméea, but differs in being smaller in size, paler brown on the upper parts, and pale grey on the underparts, with scarcely any perceptible rosy tinge. Wing 181-183 mm., tail 145-143, culmen 15. Columba plumbea wallacei. Columba plumbea wailacei Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, KAAWilicco Dees 1LOL7, p. o2, 32 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 3823 (part, specimens v, w); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499: Rio Capim. Columba plumbea bogotensis Heilmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. 1906, p. 383: Prata, Para. There are two specimens in the British Museum from the Rio Capim in Para, collected by the late A. R. Wallace in June 1849. These differ from C. p. plumbea in being much smaller and in having the lower back, upper tail-coverts, and. tail more bronze and less purple than in the Rio Janeiro bird. The purple on the head and hind-neck is brighter, and the under surface dull vinaceous instead of plumbeous. Total length 300 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 175, tail 120, tarsus 19, middle toe and claw 82. This form differs from C. p. bogotensis from Bogota in having the back, wings, and tail less green, the head and hind-neck darker vinous, aud in its smaller wing and tail measurements. Columba plumbea purpureotincta. Columba purpureotincta Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. 1887, p. 594, note: Demerara; Chubb, B. British Guiana, 1. 1916; p. AO. Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 18938, p- 323 (part, specimens 2-/’). This form is of smaller size and rather more vinous in coloration than the previous forms. Of four males and four females I find that the wing varies in measurement from 156-171 and tail 103-122 mm. Columba plumbea bogotensis. Columba plumbea bogutensis Berlepsch & Leverkuhn, Ornis, vi. 1890, p. 832: Santa Fé de Bogota. Columba plumbea Taez. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 284; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxi. 1893, p. 823 (part, specimens n-u). a. @. Baeza, eastern Ecuador, 6000 ft., March 1914. “Tris dark madder-red, eyelids dark claret-red ; bill black, nostrils dull red; feet red”? (W. Goodfellow), 19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 33 b. 2. -Mindo, western Ecuador, 6000 ft., January 1914. “Tris dark dull red; bill black, nostrils red; feet red” (W. Goodfellow). ; No. 2185. g. Oroya, Puno, Peru, 1000 metres, 15 July, 1900. Native name “Torcasa” (P. O. Simons). The bird from western Venezuela and Colombia is again a rather larger form, and in a general sense darker and inclining to bronze-green on the back. This form, which is known under the name of C. p. bogotensis, is distributed in western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The measurements are :—Culmen 15-16 mm., wing 167-200, tail 114-149. Columba plumbea andicola, Columba plumbea andicola Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvul. 29 Dee. 1917, p. 32. Columba plumbea Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 639; Mapiri, Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 323 (part, specimens f, 9). I find that the three examples in the British Museum (one from Chanchamayo, central Peru, and two from Bolivia) differ from C. p. bogotensis in being rather paler on the back, wings, and tail; the head, hind-neck, and entire under sur- face lilac instead of vinous, and the chin and throat uniform with the breast and abdomen, instead of isabelline ; the wings and tail are shorter. Total length 295 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 181, tail 134, middle toe and claw 36. Habitat. Central Peru to Bolivia. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by the late Clarence Buckley at Mapiri in Bolivia. The specimen from Chanchamayo was presented to the British Museum by Count Branicki in 1892 with the name “(, andicola Berl. & Stolam.” written -on the label. I have searched for the description in Berlepsch and StoJzmann’s papers on Kalinowski’s collection, but failed to find it. I am using the name, however, with the hope that the description will come to light. SER, XI.—VOL. I. D 34 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, Columba ogilvie-granti. Columba vinacea (nec Temm.) Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 598: Cosnipata; iid. op. cit, 1873, p. 306: Santa Cruz, Rio Huallaga. Columba subvinacea (nec Lawrence) Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p. 236. Columba plumbea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 323 (part, specimens &, /, m). Columba ogilvie-granti Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxaVi. 30) Oct, 1917, po. Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, wings, and tail glossy purplish brown ; flight-quills brown, rather paler on the inner webs towards the base; hinder crown, nape, hind- neck, and mantle vinous purple; forehead and sides of face paler and inclining to cinnamon-rufous ; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts vina- ceous ; flight-quills below russet-brown, becoming greyish brown at the tips ; lower aspect of tail purplish brown. The type, which is in the National Collection, was collected by Mr. O. T. Baron at Guayabamba, northern Peru, at an altitude of 4500 feet in September 1894. There are three other examples of this species in the British Museum which are identical with the type. Two of these were collected by the late Henry Whitely at Cosnipata, in south-east Pern, during October 1868 and May 1871, and the third by E. Bartlett on the Huallaga River in July 1868. This species is named in honour of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant. Zenaida auriculata auriculata. Peristera auriculata Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. i. 1847, p. 381, pl. 6: Chile. Zenaida auriculata Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 384 (part, specimens w-e’’). Zenaida maculata Scl. & Salvy. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 639: Bolivia; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 237; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 11. 1890, p. 105: Bolivia. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 35 Zenaida virgata Bertoni, Aves Nuey. Paraguay, 1901, p. 24. No. 243. ¢. Sinche Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000 metres, Dec. 1898. Native name “ Paloma.” No. 352. ¢. Riobamba, Ecuador, 2800 metres, Jan. 1899. Nos. 419, ? ; 420, ¢. Guallabamba, Ecuador, 3500 metres, Jan. 1899. Nos. 598, 3; 599, §. Cafiar, Ecuador, 2600 metres, April 1899. No. 764. ¢. Ona, Guishapa, Ecuador, 2000 metres, May 1899. No. 826. ¢. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres, June 1899. No. 1091. ¢. Catacaos, Peru, 40 metres, Aug. 1899. Nar Lies: 3. “Piura, » 5O metres, Aug. 1899. No. 1448. g. Caraz, 5, 2200 metres, Dec. 1899. No. 1663. 2. Chosica, ,, 850 metres, Jan. 1900. No. 2750. 3. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres, March 1901. No. 3062. g. Sucre, - 3000 metres, Sept. 1901. No. 33. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, March 1912. Collected and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord Brabourne. The present series of this species has been compared with that in the British Museum, which contains fifty-five speci- mens. There is great variation of plumage throughout tlie entire series, but none that favours any particular locality. I notice, however, that there is a difference of wing- measurement. The birds from Mexiana, Para, Ceara, Noronha Islands, and Matto Grosso have the wing 132- 140 mm., Ecuador and Peru 145-150, Patagonia 150-154, western Argentina 145-152, Tarapaca 141-160, central Chile 146-157, and southern Chile 147-154. It will be noticed, therefore, that the eastern Brazil and Noronha Islands birds are the smallest form, and may very well be separated subspecifically as follows :— D2 36 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Zenaida auriculata noronha, subsp. nov. Zenaida noronha G. R. Gray MSS. List Birds Brit. Mus., Columb, 1856, p. 47: Fernando Noronha and Para. Zenaida maculata (nec Gmel.) Ridley, Nat. Hist. Fer- nando de Noronha, 1890, p. 479. Zenaida auriculata Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 384 (part, specimens b-v). Adult male. Forehead, sides of the crown, sides of the face, throat, breast, and abdomen pale vinous, becoming paler on the thighs and almost white on the under tail- coverts ; sides of the body, axillaries, and inner under wing-coverts pale grey ; outer edge of wing below slate- grey ; flight-quills below pale brown; lower aspect of tail dark brown with greenish-white tips to the feathers ; crown of head and nape slate-grey; hind-neck and sides of the neck coppery red; back, wings, and tail pale earth-brown ; some of the major upper wing-coverts and innermost secon- _ daries marked with black; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills dark brown, narrowly edged with white on the outer webs of the primaries ; lateral tail-feathers grey at the base, with a subterminal black band and white, or greyish- white tips, the outermost pair entirely white on the outer webs. Total length 232 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 182, tail 82, tarsus 24. Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 131 mm. The male and female described were collected at Fer- nando Noronha Island by Mr. H.N. Ridley in August 1887. Melopelia meloda, : Columba meloda Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1. 1845, p. 885: Western Andes, Peru. Melopelia meloda Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p- 395. a. 9imm. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 25 March, 1912. “Tris whitish; feet red; bill black; cere ultramarine- blue” (Brabourne). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 37 This specimen, which was collected by the late Lord Brabourne, is slightly immature, but is much welcomed as the sex was not previously represented in the British Museum. Since Count Salvadori catalogued the Colum- bide a second male bird has been added to the National Collection. This was collected by Mr. O. T. Baron at Chepen, Peru, 400 feet, in June 1894, and is in the fully adult plumage. Gymnopelia ceciliz ceciliz. Columba (Chamepelia) cecilie Lesson, Echo du Monde savant, 12 Jan. 1845, p.8: Peru; Reprint 1918, p. 229. Columba (Chamepelia) anais Lesson, Descr. Mamm. et Ois. 1347, p20: Peru. Gymnopelia erythrothorax Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 249 ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 468 (part, specimens a—d). Gymnopelia anais Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1. LOLS pedi7, nos 170: Gymnopelia cecilie cecilie Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxxvill. 4 Dec. 1917, p. 18. 3g. Cajabamba, Peru, 9000 feet, March 1894. ?. Huamachuco, Peru, 10,400 feet, March 1894. These two specimens were collected by O. ‘I’. Baron. No. 1410. 9. San Pablo, Cajamarca, Peru, 1500 metres, Noy. 1899. No. 1591. g. Marca, Peru, 3000 metres, Dec. 1899. No. 1829. ¢. San Mateo, Lima, Peru, 3200 metres, Feb. 1900. No. 2105. g. Caylloma, Peru, 4300 metres, June 1900. a. 2. Chosica, Lima, May 1914. This female specimen from Chosica was collected by the late Lord Brabourne. It is interesting to note that Lesson named this bird twice, in each case after a different lady—as in the ‘ Echo du Monde,’ under the name Columba (Chamepelia) cecilie; at the end of the article he writes :—‘‘ Cet oiseau vit 38 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, au Pérou. Il est consacré 4 madame Gautrau, née Cécile Lesson”; and in his Descr. Mamm. et Ois., under the name of Columba (Chamepelia) anais Lesson, he writes :—“ Cette gracieuse espece vit au Pérou. Elle est dédiée a mademoi- selle A. Rand. Nous l’avons décrite pour la premicre fois dans cho du monde savant de 1845, p. 8.” Gymnopelia cecilie gymnops. Chamepelia gymnops G. Rh. Gray, List of the Birds in ~ the British Museum, Columbe, 1856, p. 53 [nom. nud. | : Bolivia. Gymnopelia erythrothorax Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. i. 1890, p. 105: Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 468 (part, specimens e—h). Gymnopelia cecilie gymnops (Gray MS.) Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 4 Dec. 1917, p. 18. No. 2749. 9 adult. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres, March 1901. Native name “ Tartorhita.” - No. 3085. ¢ adult. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3500 metres, September 1901. Nos. 3162, 3163. g 2 adult. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750- 3800 metres, October 1901. Native name “ Palomita.” With aseries of twenty-one birds in the British Museum, including the birds collected by Simons, I notice that the northern Peruvian birds are paler than those from Bolivia and south-east Peru. The southern birds, in most individuals, have the hind- neck tinged with vinous, and the back, wings, and tail darker and more earth-brown, instead of grey. The breast is also more vinous and the abdomen and under tail-coverts buff, instead of pale isabelline-buff. Total length 183 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 101, talegd tarsus, 17. The type, No. 3163, is in the British Museum, and was collected by P. O. Simons at Challapata, Bolivia, at an altitude of 3750 metres on 14 October, 1901. The female, No. 3162, also collected by Simons at the same place, is similar to the male described, but paler in coloration. Wing 95 mm. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 39 Columbula picui. Columba picui Temm. Pig. et Gall. 1. 1818, pp. 435, 498 : Paraguay. Columbula picui Sel. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 640: Sorata, Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 470; Lénnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459: Bolivian Chaco. No. 2558. @ adult. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres, 27 Dec. 1900. Native name “ Ulinchi.”’ No. 2765. ¢ adult. Tapacari, Bolivia, 3000 metres, 23 March, 1901. Nos. 3108, 8104. ¢ adult. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3600 metres, 19 Sept. 1901. I have compared these four specimens with twenty-seven others in the British Museum from Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, and find them to be very ~ similar both in coloration and measurements. No. 2765 is unusually white on the forehead, while one from Sorata, Bolivia, collected by C. Buckley, is pale vinous on the fore part of the head and deeper vinous on the breast than any other in the series. Chemepelia griseola quitensis. Chemepelia passerina quitensis Todd, Ann. Carn. Mus. vili. 1913, p. 547 : Zambiza, Keuador. Chamepelia passerina (nec Linn.) Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi, 1893, p. 473 (part, specimens g°-w’) ; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 35 : Ecuador. Chamepelia griseola Vacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p, 244. No. 821. ¢ adult. Riobamba, Ecuador, 3000 metres, 31 Dec. 1898. Native name “ Tartalita.” Nos. 340, 367. 92 3 adult. Riobamba, 3000 metres, Jan. 1899. The three birds enumerated above are similar to others in the British Museum from Ecuador and Peru. This bird is allied to C. griseola Spix, but the male is easily distinguished by its darker vinous coloration and larger size. The female differs from the female C. griseola in being earth-brown on the abdomen and flanks. 40 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from (Ibis, Chemepelia minuta minuta. Columba minuta Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 285: Cayenne. Chamepelia minuta Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 481 (part). Columbina grisea Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. 1. O12; ps ES, m0, 176. Chemepelia minuta minuta Todd, Ann. Carn. Mus. viil- 1913, p. 573. a, 6. Adult. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 1 Sept. 1912. These two birds were collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him to the British Museum. No. 1664. Imm. Chosica, Peru, 850 metres, 80 Jan. 1900. Native name “ Tortalita.” This young bird is similar to the adult female, but differs in being everywhere paler, with narrow white edgings to the feathers on the upper surface, and the fore-neck drab-grey instead of being pale vinous. In following Clyde Todd’s distribution of this species, with the material at my disposal, I find that there is more or less variation in the wing-measurement: from Trinidad we have two individuals with the wing-measurement 73 mm., from Colombia four specimens 75 mm., from British Guiana four individuals measure 73-77 mm., while from eastern Brazil nine examples measure 71-8] mm., and from Peru seven specimens measure 73-78 mm. It will be observed, therefore, that the smallest are from ‘Trinidad and the largest from eastern Brazil. Eupelia cruziana. Columba cruziana Knip & Prey. Pigeons, u. 1838-43, p. 89, pl. 48: Bolivia. Chamepelia cruziana Tacz. Orn. Per. 10. 1886, p. 248; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, no. 368, p. 35: Ecuador. Columbina cruziana Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912, p.. 18, no, 177. Eupelia cruziana Todd, Ann, Carn. Mus. viii. 1913, p. 512. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolwia, and Argentina. 41 No. 42. g adult. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 metres, 4. Nov. 1898. Nos. 712, 9; 7382, @. Cuenca, Ecuador, 2200 metres, May 1899. Nos. 901, 3; 911, 9. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres, June 1899. No. 1081. 2? imm. Catacaos, Peru, 40 metres, August 1899. Nos; 0G8 65 Li a; lize. o.. ~Piura,, Peru; 50 metres, August 1899. Nos. 1281, ¢; 1282, 9; 1283,.9; 1351, gf. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, September, October, 1899. * Nose 5574.9 1548) 95 15395 9s 1540) S35) 1o40, og: Caraz, Peru, 2200 metres, December 1899. 20 2,58 dimm. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, September 1912. Collected and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord Brabourne. I have compared this series with sixteen other examples in the British Museum from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile, and find them to be very similar in coloration of plumage, but the birds from the south are rather larger in wing-measurement. The amount of material to hand, however, is not sufficient to enable me to come to any satisfactory conclusion on this point. Claravis pretiosa. Peristera pretiosa Ferari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 175: Mexico. . Peristera cinerea (nec Scop.) Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 491; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 35: Ecuador. Claravis pretiosa Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 18, no. 183. a. Adult. Zaruma, Ecuador, 1000 metres, 17 June, 1899, This specimen, which was collected by P. O. Simons, is in good condition, and is similar to others in the British Museum from various localities in South America, 42 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Lbis, Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera. Columba melanoptera Molina, Hist. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 308: Chile. Metriopelia melanoptera Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 239 ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 497 (part, speci- mens f—7). No. 2067. g. Arequipa, S.E. Peru, 2300 metres, May 1900. Nos. 2812, 2813. ¢. Paratani, Bolivia, 2500 metres, April 1901. No. 8016. ¢. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, August 1901. | No. 3100. g. El Cabrada, Bolivia, 3500 metres, Sep- tember 1901. Nos. 3180, ? ; 8181, g. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres, October 1901. Native name “ Polomita.” These examples agree fairly well with others in the British Museum from Chile, Patagonia, western Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. With a series of thirty-two specimens of this species from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, western Argentina, and Chile, I notice, as has already been remarked by Berlepsch & Tac- zanowski and also by Count Salvadori, that the seven birds from Ecuador are darker on the head and back and the lower flanks, and the vinous on the underparts is paler and not so pronounced as in examples from Peru and the rest of the localities mentioned above. I have therefore separated the Ecuador bird subspecifically under the following name:— Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior. Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 32. Metriopelia melanoptera (nec Molina) Berl. & 'Tacz. P. Z.S8. 1884, p. 311: Western Ecuador; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 497 (part, specimens a—e); id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 36; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 19, no. 187 (part). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 43 Adult male. Differs from M. m. melanoptera in being darker on the head, back, and lower flanks, and the vinous on the underparts not so pronounced as in examples from Peru and the more southern localities. Total length 200 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 131, tail 78, tarsus 21. Habitat. Keuador. The type, a male, No. 642, in the British Museum, was collected at Cafiar, western Ecuador, at an altitude of 3000 metres, by P.O. Simons on 10 April, 1899. There is also a female collected by Simons on 9 January, 1899, at Riobamba, 3100 metres. Leptophaps aymara aymara. Columba aymara Knip & Prév. Pigeons, 11. 1838-43, p. 62, pl. 32: Bolivia. Metriopelia aymara Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 639 : Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 240; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1893, p. 499 (part, specimens a—n). Leptophaps aymara Reichenow, J. f. O. 1913, p. 401. Nos. 2083, 2085, 2099, 3; 2084, 2. Sumbay, Peru, 4000 metres, June 1900. Native name “ Palomita.” Nos. 3000-3007. ¢ ¢. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, August 1901. Native names “ Tortalita,” ‘‘ Ulincho.” Nos. 2787, 2738. gg. Catamarca, Bolivia, 4400 metres, March 1901. Native name “ Curicata.” No. 3026. 2. Livichuco, Bolivia, 4500 metres, August 1901. Native name “ Culyocota.” No. 3115. 2. Potosi, Bolivia, 4300 metres, Sept. 1901. Native name “ Koulco.”’ Nos. 3148, 2; 3149, 3179, g. Challapata, Bolivia, 3800 metres, Oct. 1901. Nos. 3190, 3191. g¢. Uyuni,, Bolivia, 3660 metres, Nov. 1901. I have compared the Simons birds with others in the British Museum from Peru and Tarapaca, all of which agree fairly well. There are, however, four specimens from Pampas Ad Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from {Ibis, Argentinas and one from Santa Catalina that are smaller than the others. These represent Columbina aurisquamata Leybold, which can be separated, by their smaller size, paler coloration above, and purple-grey below, under the fol- lowing name :— Leptophaps aymara aurisquamata. Columbina aurisquamata Leybold, Leopoldina, Heft. viii. 1873, No. 7, p. 53: Pampas Argentinas. Metriopelia aymara Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 499 (part, specimens o-7). The four specimens in the British Museum from Pampas Argentinas are smaller and paler in coloration than others from Bolivia, and as Leybold has already named the bird from there, it may be well to regard it as a subspecies of L. aymara aymara. Leptoptila verreauxi verreauxi. Leptoptila verreauat Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. 1854, p. 73: New Granada. The series in the British Museum of this bird, which has hitherto been placed under ZL. verreawxi Bonap., appears to me to contain several subspecific forms and can be easily divided into geographical subspecies. The material at my disposal shows that the Colombian and westeri Venezuelan birds are the same. I cannot, however, vouch for the eastern Venezuelan ones, as there are none in the National Collection, Leptoptila verreauxi riottei. Leptoptila riottei Lawr. Aun. Lyc. New York, ix. 1869, p. 188: Navarro, Costa Rica. The birds from Costa Rica and Panama in the British Museum are, as a rule, larger in size, and as Lawrence has already introduced a name, it may as well be used for individuals from these localities. It is quite possible, of course, that with a larger series other characters may be discovered. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 45 Leptoptila verreauxi insularis. Leptoptila insularis Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. 1896, p. 659: Margarita Island. There are three birds in the British Museum from Mar- garita Island collected by Dr. P. R. Lowe, one of which is a fully adult male and is quite different from the Colombian bird, being much paler on the under surface, while a greyish hue pervades the head, hind-neck, and sides of the neck. On these grounds, therefore, I consider it worthy of subspecific rank. Leptoptila verreauxi brevipennis, subsp. nov. Leptoptila brevipennis (nomen nudum) Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, p. 54: Trinidad. Gray’s type from Trinidad is darker on the back, wings, and tail, being bronze with a slight tinge of green, instead of clay-brown ; head and hind-neck inclining to grey ; sides of face, throat, fore-neck, and breast darker vinous than in the Colombian bird, ZL. v. verreauxi. Total length 260 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 137, tail 97, tarsus 27, It may be mentioned that there are two others in the ‘British Museum from Trinidad which bear out the characters given above. Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli. Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxxviu. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 32. There are seven birds from British Guiana in the National Collection, all of which differ conspicuously from the typical L. v. verreauxi and the other forms by the fiery-red patch on the sides of the nape and behind the eye. I have therefore described it as a separate subspecies under the above title. Aduli male. Ditters from L, v. verreauxi in having the back, wings, and tail bronze-green instead of clay-brown ; mantle deep amethystine; above and behind the eye and sides of the occiput fiery-red ; fore-neck and breast darker vinous than in the typical form. Total length 245 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 134, tail 108, tarsus 30. 46 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, Leptoptila verreauxi decolor. Leptoptila decolor Salvin, Nov. Zool. 11. 1896, p. 21: Cajabamba. Leptoptila verreauxi Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 548 (part, specimens », w). No. 388. g. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 metres, 4 Nov. 1898. Native name ‘“ Paloma.” No. 903. ¢. Loja, Ecuador, 2000 metres, 6 June, 1899. Native name “ Paloma grande.” : No. 1099. ¢. Piura, N.W. Peru, 30 metres, 8 Aug. 1899, The three birds collected by Simons are identical with L. v. decolor in the colour of the upper parts, but rather darker vinous and approaching ZL. v. verreauxi on the under surface. Leptoptila megalura. Leptoptila megalura Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 640: Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxl. 1893, p. 556, pl. xiii. No. 2675. g. Chulumani, Bolivia, 2200 metres, 21 Jan. 1901. Native name “ Paloma Tucuru.” I have compared this specimen with the type in the British Museum and find it to be almost identical in plumage, except that it is shghtly darker on the sides of the face and inclining to ochreous on the flanks, but the wing and tail measurements are rather larger, being: wing 158 mm., tail 116, whereas in the type the wing is 145 and the tail 111, and in the co-type, wing 147 and the tail 105. It may be remarked, however, that neither of the typical specimens is sexed. Geotrygon bourcieri bourcieri. Geotrygon bourciert Bonap. Consp. Ay. 11. 1854, p. 171: Ecuador; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1898, p. 576. a. Mindo, W. Keuador, GO00O feet, Jan. 1914. “Bill black; feet red; iris reddish brown; eyelids dull red” (IV. Goodfellow). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 47 Nos. 978, 978 a. Cangunana, W. Ecuador, 1500 metres, 8 July, 1899. I have compared the three birds enumerated above with three others in the British Museum, and find them to be very similar in colour of plumage and in wing and tail measurements, There is one individual, however, from Baeza in eastern Heuador, which appears to differ from the other six, and which I propose to deal with separately. Geotrygon bourcieri baeza. Geotrygon bourciert baeza Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvill. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 33. This bird is similar to G. bourcieri bourcieri, but differs in being paler and more grey on the under surface, darker on the upper parts, and larger in size. ‘Tris brown; eyelids red ; bill black; nostrils reddish; feet red” (W. Goodfellow). Total length 800 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 164, tail 106, tarsus 43. The average wing-measurement of the six birds belonging to G. b. bourciert from western Ecuador is 150 mm. and the tail 88 mm. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by W. Goodfellow in February 1914, and presented to the National Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook. Habitat. Baeza, eastern Heuador, altitude 6000 feet. Family Rauuip#. Rallus equatorialis. Rallus equatorials Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. 1894, p. 18: San Lucas, Ecuador. No. 665. Cajiar, Ecuador, 2600 metres, 20 April, 1899. Native name “ Patita.” ‘Iris dull red; bill and feet red ” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is very similar to the type which is in the British Museum, but differs in having the lower abdomen and vent isabelline-buff. a. Imm. Antisara, E. Ecuador, 1200 ft., October 1914. “Tris dark red; bill scarlet towards the tip of the upper mandible ; feet dingy yellow” (W. Goodfellow). 48 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from (Ibis, b,c. Nestlings in down. Antisara, 1200 ft., October 1914. “In black down which is for the most part tipped with white ; round the base of the bill orange-red” (IW. Goodfellow). “Tris dark brown, eyelids scarlet; feet light yellow; bill orange at base, tip vivid scarlet” (W. Goodfellow). Pardirallus maculatus. Rallus maculatus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 48: Cayenne. a. gd; b.?. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, September & December, 1912. “Iris crimson; bill dark green, base of lower mandible dull red ; feet purplish red” (Brabourne). Nos. 1817, 1852. Adult.. Eten, Peru, October 1899. Native name “Gallonita.” “Found in tule swamp.” Simons states that this bird is good-eating. After the examination of a series of fourteen specimens in the British Museum from the following localities —Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires, I see no appreciable difference in the birds from any of the localities cited. This appears to be the first record of this bird in Peru. The nestling of this species is entirely black. Pardirallus rityrhynchus rityrhynchus. Ypacaha pardo Azara, Apunt. 1. 1802, p. 220. Rallus rityrhynchos Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxvii. 1819, p. 459: Paraguay; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. 1889, p. 149. Limnopardalus rityrhynchus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxill. 1894, p. 29, Nos. 4864, 4866, ¢ ?, 4892. El Carrizal, Sierra de Cor- doba, Argentina, 1000 metres, Nov. and Dec. 1915. Nos. 5216, 5218, @¢. Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, Argentina, Jan. 1917. These specimens were collected and presented to the 3ritish Museum by Mr. Robin Kemp. The series of this bird in the National Collection exhibits much variation in colour, especially on the under surface, 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. — 49 some being much paler than others. I notice, too, that Nos. 5216 and 5218 are somewhat darker than those from Cordoba. The immature female of P. 7. rityrhynchus is earth- brown in its first plumage, with a dull white throat. This specimen was collected by C. H. B. Grant at Cape San Antonio, Prov. Buenos Aires, on 21 December,1908: another young bird, which is a male, was collected on the 28th of the same month and has sti!l got the dull white throat, but is darker on the breast, abdomen, and flanks; while a third young bird collected at Ajo on 27 January, 1909, though larger in size, differs but very little from the young female mentioned above. A young female obtained on 4 February at Los Ynglases has lost the white on the throat, which is replaced by grey, and the breast and abdomen are becoming slate-blue; yet another young male collected at the same place on 10 February is still in the earth-brown plumage, although it is larger in size. The young of P.7. sanguinolentus appears, from a specimen collected at the Rio Cauta on 8 March, 1891, to pass through a much darker phase of plumage, being coffee-brown in this particular bird. After examining the series of Pardirallus rityrhynchus and P. sanguinolentus in the British Museum, I have come to the conclusion that the difference between the two can only be regarded as subspecific. P. rityrhynchus was described by Vieillot from Paraguay, and ranges from there to southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, and is not, so far as I can gather, found on the western side of the Andes; while P. sanguinolentus, which was described by Swainson from Chile, does not occur on the eastern side of the Andes. The character given for the separation of these two species—namely, the greater amount of black on the upper parts in P. rityrhynchus—is a variable one, and in consequence of this the eastern bird has been said to occur in western Peru, from the fact that the individuals from north-western Peru show an increased amount of black on the upper surface, compared with those of P. sanguinolentus from SER, XI.—VOL. I. E 50 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Chile. I am of opinion, however, that the bird in north- western Peru is a different race, and I have separated it under the following name :— Pardirallus rityrhynchus simonsi. Pardirallus rityrhynchus simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvili. 29 Dec. 1917, p. 33. Adult male. Closely allied to P. 7. sanguinolentus, but differs in being olive-brown on the upper surface, instead of coffee-brown, and not so uniform ; the underparts paler— the breast and abdomen slate-grey instead of bluish slate- colour ; and the wing-measurement smaller. Total length 330 mm., exposed culmen 53, wing 134, tail 63, tarsus 52, middle toe and claw 58. Habitat. Nerth-western Peru. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at Kten in north-western Peru by P. O. Simons on 9 October, 1899: No. 1845. There is also an example in the British Museum said to have been collected at Junin by Jelski, which Taczanowski examined when writing his Orn. Pérou and on the label of which he wrote “= cesius Tschudi.” It is certainly different from the ten other specimens in the National Collection from Peru, and must be regarded therefore as a separate form. Pardirallus rityrhynchus tschudii, subsp. nov. Rallus cesius (nec Spix) Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1846, p. 300: rivers of the coast and forest-regions of Peru; Tacz. P.Z.S. 1880, p. 218: Cutervo, Lima, Junin; id. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 316. Rallus rityrhynchus (nec Vieill.) Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 559. Limnopardalus rityrhynchus (nec Vieill.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894, p. 29 (part, specimen J). Adult female. General colour of the upper surface, in- cluding the nape, hind-neck, entire back, wings, and tail, chocolate-brown, darker and inclining to blackish on the apical portion of the innermost secondaries and tail-feathers ; 1910. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 51 fore part of face and forehead blackish with glossy-black shaft-lines to the feathers on the latter ; hinder face, throat, sides of neck, breast, and abdomen deep bluish slate-colour ; vent, .lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dusky black ; under wing-coverts blackish brown. ‘This bird differs also by its shorter and much more slender bill. “« Bill olive-green, bluish at the base of the upper mandible, a large blotch of red on the sides; iris red; feet yellowish red” (Taczanowskt). Total length 301 mm., exposed culmen 48, wing 131, tail 59, tarsus 43, middle toe and claw 50. Habitat. Central Peru. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at Junin, central Peru. Pardirallus rityrhynchus sanguinolentus. Rallus sanguinolentus Swains. Anim. in Menag. 1837, p. 385: “ Inhabits Brazil and Chile.” I designate Chile as the type-locality. Pardirallus sanguinolentus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. 1, 1912, p. 22, no. 222. Nos. 234, 324. Maquehue, Tamuco, southern Chile, March 1908-09. No. 54. Maquehue, Tamuco, southern Chile, Sept. 1905. Nos. 46, 47. Petal, Tamuco, Nov. 1909. Indian name, ““\Piden:?? The specimens mentioned above are in fully adult plumage and are typical P. sanguinolentus of Swainson, They were collected by Messrs. D. 8. Bullock and A. C. Saldafa and are now in the British Museum. Aramides wolfi. Aramides wolfi Berl. & Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1883, p.576: Chimbo, W. Ecuador ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894, p.55: Balzar Mts.; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. No. 368, 1900, p. 40: forest of the Rio Peripa, W. Ecuador. a. §. Mundo, W. Ecuador, 31 Dec. 1913. “Iris reddish gold; eyelids bright red ; feet bright rose-pink ; bill light emerald, base golden green” (W. Goodfellow). E2 52 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, This specimen, which is in full plumage and well preserved, is a very welcome addition to the National Collection. Although there were two previously in the collection, yet neither of them had any information in regard to sex or colour of soft parts. b,c. Nestlings covered entirely with soot-black down. Mindo, 6000 ft., Jan. 1914. “Iris brown; eyelids and skin generally showing bright red through the down; feet brown ; bill reddish brown, extreme tip yellow” (W. Goodfellow). Aramides cajanea cajanea. Poule-d’eau de Cayenne, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. ix. pl. 352. Fulica cajanea P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 119; Cayenne. Fulica major Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl, 17838, p. 21. Cayenne Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, 1785, p. 253 : Cayenne. Fulica cayennensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1789, p. 700; Cayenne. Rallus maximus Vieillot, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. 1819, p. 555: Cayenne. Aramides cayanea Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894, p. 57 (part, specimens c, d, e): Maroni river, Surinam, and Bartica Grove, British Guiana. This species was originally described by Miiller from Cayenne under the title quoted from his work, and by various other authors since, under different names, also from the same place. It is chiefly characterized by having the back rufous-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts deep black, neck all ronnd dark slate-grey, the abdomen chestnut, and the thighs dusky grey. The distribution appears to be, from material examined in the British Museum and McConnell collections, French, Dutch, and British Guianas, and Venezuela. I am of opinion, however, that this species, which has hitherto been supposed to occur throughout South America to Panama, is easily separable into three subspecific forms. There is an example from Para which has been associated with the Guiana bird, but it is much deeper in colour both above and below, and I am inclined to think that with more 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 53 material it might prove to be a distinct form, in which case it may bear the name of Aramides cajanea grahami, subsp. nov. Total length 330 mm., exposed culmen 53, wing 275, tail 60, tarsus 73, middle toe and claw 65. Habitat. Para. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by the late Ronald Graham at Para, Brazil. Aramides cajanea salmoni. Aramides cajanea salmont Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvill. 4 March, 1918, p. 48: Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia. Aramides cayanea Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894, p. 57 (part, specimen J) : Remedios, Antioguia, Colombia. Aramides chiricote (nec Vieill.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894, p. 58 (part, specimens /, m, n, o: interior of Colombia, Panama and Veragua). This form has been separated from 4d. ¢. cajanea on account of having the back and upper wing-coverts bronze olive-green instead of rufous-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts smoke-black instead of deep black, the neck all round ash-grey instead of dark slate-grey, the abdomen rufous instead of chestnut, and the thighs pale ash-grey instead of dark dusky grey. Habitat. Western Venezuela (Merida) and Colombia to Panama. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia, by T. K. Salmon, Salvin-Godman collection. Aramides cajanea chiricote. Rallus chiricote Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. 1819, p- 551: Paraguay. Gallinula ruficeps Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p.74, tab. xevi. : * Provincio Rio de Janeiro.” Aramides cayanea (nec Miill.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxill. 1894, p. 57 (part, specimen /): Rio de Boraxudo. Aramides chiricote Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. 1894, 5A Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, p. 58 (part, specimens e, /, h, i, k): Balia, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Rio Solimoens, KE. Peru. No. 2891. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1300 metres, 18 May, 1901. Native name ‘“ Pucachaca.” ‘ Feet and iris red ; bill greenish yellow” (P. O. Simons). This southern form is distinguished from A. e. cajanea by its greyer upper surface, the paler underparts, and the rufous-brown patch on the hinder crown and nape. — Its- distribution, based on material in the British Museum, is Bahia (JVucherer), Itaparica Island, Bahia (Nicholl), Kio de Janeiro (Joyner), Paraguay (Foster &§ Brabourne), Pan do Azuear (C. H. B. Grant), Rio do Boraxudo, Brazil (Natterer), Chapada, Matto Grosso (Smith § Robert), Salta, Argentina (Moreno), Bolivia (Simons), Rio Solimoens (/Vallace), and Yquitos, eastern Peru (Whitely). Neocrex erythrops. \ Porzana erythrops Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 348, pl. xxi.: Lima; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 325. Neocrex erythrops Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 457. No. 1251. Adult. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 21 Sept. 1899. Native name “ Patito.”’ This example agrees with the type which was collected in the neighbourhood of Lima, and is now in the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection. Gallinula galeata. Crew galeata Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 80: Sao Paulo. Gallinula galeata Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 8327: Lima, Junin, Callao; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. 1894, pati Nos. 1249, 9; 1250, 1251, g. Adult et imm. Eten, N.W. Peru, Sept. 1899. Native name “ Gallonita.” Nos. 1880, 1831, 2. Reque, Lambayeque, Peru, 35 metres, 6 Oct. 1899. Nos. 147, 148, 2. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 24 Nov. 1912 “Iris brown; feet apple-green, vermilion at base; _ bill 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 55 vermilion, tip apple-green ” (Brabourne), These specimens were collected and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord Brabourne. Having examined a large series of this species in the British Museum from various localities in South America, I find that the individuals mentioned above are rather smaller in wing-measurement than those from the south and east. I may mention, however, that they are chiefly immature birds, which may account forit. I notice, too, that the birds from southern Peru, Lake Titicaca, and northern Chile have a larger average wing-measurement than those from other parts of the continent. These no doubt represent the form described by Allen under the name C. garmani (cfr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod]. Cambridge, Mass., iii. 1876, p. 357). It is unfortunate that in this fairly large series there are no specimens from Sao Paulo, the type-locality, with which comparisons could be made. Fulica ardesiaca. Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1831, p. 389: Peru, on the banks of the rivers and in the Andean lakes ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 40: Laguna di Kingora. No. 388. Adult. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres, 9 Jan. 1899. Native name “ Pata Prieta.” This example is similar to others in the British Museum from Peru and Ecuador. Fulica gigantea. Fulica gigantea Kyd. & Soul. Voy. ‘ Bonite,’ 1841, p. 102, pl. 8: Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 329: Petit lac Ascaccocha, dans les alos d’Huaihuai (Tschudi) ; environs du lac Junin (Jelskz). Nos. 3135, 3136. Adult. Potosi, Bolivia, 4500 metres, 30 Sept. 1901. Native name “ Yaa-Pata.” Simons states that this species was found in all Andean lakes. Feeding among the weeds and sand. 56 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis, I1.—Birds in the North of France, 1917-18. By Capt. A. W. Boyp, M.C., M.B.O.U. Duxine the thirteen months from March 1917 to March 1918 I kept fairly careful notes of the birds I saw in France. Practically the whole of this time was spent in the Departments Pas de Calais, Somme, and Nord. Naturally it is difficult for an infantry officer to stay in one spot for any considerable length of time, and notes taken in this way are somewhat disjointed and necessarily quite incom- plete. Between March and September 1917 we went up the river Somme to Péronne, east of that town to Roisel and Epéhy, north to Villers Piuich and Havrincourt Wood, and finaliy were in a reserve area at Achiet le Grand near Bapaume. I was then fortunate enough (from an ornitho- logical point of view) to spend just over four weeks of October and November at the base at Etaples, where the river Canche forms a short muddy estuary and a fair variety of birds occurs, and where I had previously spent a day in May ; from November to March 1918 I was in the line in the La Bassée sector, east of Béthune, and in reserve in that area; and finally returned to the neighbourhood of Bapaume during the German offensive at the end of March. I also include notes on the birds seen during a very short stay in France at the end of July and early in August, 1918. Going up the river Somme in March, just before the first German evacuation of Péronne, we found the country between Eclusier and Péronne (the scene of part of the early stages of the first Somme offensive) remarkably desolate; buntings were by far the commonest birds— yellow-lLammers in great numbers and common buntings —-with many larks of two species and flocks of linnets, but there was little else except hooded crows and odd sparrow- hawks: a very few of the familiar garden birds still clung to the flattened villages—odd wrens, etc., but the house- sparrow seemed to be the only bird that felt really at home. Following the retreating Germans from Péronne to the 1919. | Birds in the North of France. Bye east, we found the villages (with rare exceptions) entirely destroyed, and here again a few of the village birds still about the ruined houses; in the fields of this area the ordinary birds of the season were plentiful and unconcerned. When the summer migrants arrived they returned to their old haunts in the half-felled orchards and the ruined houses, and nested quite happily ; swallows were going in and out of the derelict houses within four days of their first appear- ance, and nested in large numbers under almost any shelter ; nightingales and other warblers were not uncommon in woods aud copses actually in the firing-line ; corn-crakes and quail were plentiful in the long hay-grass growing round the front-line trenches of this part of Somme. In the following winter (1917-18) in old-established trenches in the La Bassée sector, which was at that time a quiet part of the line, quite a number of species were to be seen daily actually in and about the trenches in Givenchy and the Brickstacks and in No Mans Land: partridges were common and many finches and pipits, while small flocks of tree-sparrows were frequently seen on the wire in front of the craters, which divided the German line from ours. After the great spring and autumn migrations of Gallipoli and Egypt, the movements in France were bound to seem comparatively uninteresting, and the ouly really noticeably great one was that of the hooded crows on the coast in October, though a number of quite interesting birds of passage were seen, and an evident migration of such birds as soug-thrushes, robins, etc..—some presumably from England—reached the coast towards the end of October. In the spring the river Somme south of Péronne, where it runs north and south, seemed to be the route by which many migrants entered Flanders, and large gatherings of swallows were to be seen there. In the autumn, while near Bapaume, | noticed, on the other hand, that all the swallows and martins were moving from east to west, possibly turning south into a river-valley later on ; here a few birds of passage not seen during the summer, such as wheatears, blue-headed wagtails, aud pied flycatchers, lingered for a short time. 58 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis, An early passage of a good number of species was noticed on 28 February, 1917, on our way from Egypt to France, a few hours after we had passed to the north-east through the straits of Messina; many small birds came on board the boat: stonechats, redbreasts, song-thrushes, chaffinches, skylarks, pipits, white wagtails, etc. ; but in the north of France the weather was cold until mid-April and nothing of interest happened till then, when the summer migrants began to arrive. The very severe winter of 1916-17 no doubt reduced the numbers of many species in France as it did in England; I did not see a single fieldfare in France, and redwings were not at all abundant, and probably the absence or com- parative scarcity of a number of species of resident birds is to be accounted for in the same way. I have seen nothing of numbers of species which other observers have found so common in other parts of the line or in the same parts in different seasons: owls, for example, which others have seen so commonly, I failed to find; the same holds good of a number of water-birds, as I only occasionally visited the river Somme and its floods, where duck gather in large numbers in the winter; similarly I never saw the large flights of geese reported from some parts in late autumn. The period covered is from March 1917 to March 1918, so that except for the month of March the year of an obser- vation is not given. I have added also a few observations made in July and August, 1918. The nomenclature used is that of the B.O.U. list, 1915. Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow. Fairly common in Somme. In October and November they were frequently to be seen in the Canche estuary and on the sand-dunes at Etaples with the hooded crows and rooks. Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow. Throughout March 1917 very common in the area of the Somme battle and in some numbers round Péronne during 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 59 April; the last I saw were two at Brie on 26 April, which attacked a marsh-harrier. In the autumn I first saw one in the Canche estuary on 14 October ; day by day its numbers increased, and there were soon many hundreds all over the sand-banks and the sand-dunes near by. A common bird in the La Bassée sector in winter and often about the firmg-line. During February, fully 300 came to roost at night in some poplars at Le Préol, near Béthune. Corvus monedula. Jackdaw. Fairly common in many places, though I have no note of its occurrence in Somme east of Péronne. In October occasionally seen in the Canche estuary with the flocks of hooded crows and rooks; possibly these were birds of passage. Corvus frugilegus. Rook. Common throughout. I saw a very large flock in March 1917 in the devastated Somme area; in October, numbers (probably immigrants) with hooded and carrion crows on the Canche estuary marshes. Pica pica. Magpie. In remarkable numbers everywhere. In parts of Somme, where most of the large trees had been felled, they nested in quite small trees. I saw them about the firing-line at Givenchy. Garrulus glandarius. Jay. Fairly common in all woods d visited. On 14 October at Etaples there was a number in a small wood where I did not see them before or afterwards—possibly a bunch of immigrants. Sturnus vulgaris. Starling. Common. Nested in the ruined houses at Bertincourt. Many big flocks in winter. They had a “roost” at Le Préol, near Béthune. 60 Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis, Oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole. Fairly common in June in Havrincourt Wood and other woods in that area, where its beautiful whistle could be frequently heard near the firing-line. I found a nest in an alder near the Somme at Flixecourt, near Amiens. Chloris chloris. Greenfinch. Common everywhere. In flocks at the end of August with house-sparrows at Achiet le Grand; in October with linnets in the Canche estuary; and with chaffinches and bramblings in December in the firing-line at Givenchy. Carduelis carduelis. Continental Goldfinch. Not uncommon in Somme, where I saw a “charm” of a dozen near Péronne early in April, and others about Péronne chateau or citadel, in a Roisel orchard ; common near Amiens. : Passer domesticus. House-Sparrow. Very abundant in most places and common in the demolished Somme villages, and often about the trenches. In big finch-flocks at Achiet le Grand in August, and in the Canche estuary in October. In June they were always common about the trenches in front of Havrincourt Wood, among the felled timber where the wood had previously extended—possibly they were getting some insect food; there was no house within a mile. Passer montanus. Tree-Sparrow. A common bird almost everywhere—far commoner than in England. On 19 October and for the fortnight following, there was a big flock of some hundreds on some rough ground at Etaples, with several other species of finches. It was one of the birds actually in the trenches at Givenchy, and a small flock was often to be seen on our wire in front of the craters both north and south of the La Bassée Canal. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 61 Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch. Very common, though in one or two villages such as Epéhy and Achiet le Grand they were scarce. In some villages there were few suitable nesting-sites left, and at Bertincourt a nest was built in a dead laurel. During the last fortnight of October and early in November, many hundreds were in a finch-flock on some rough ground at Etaples and also among the marsh weeds in the Canche estuary. In December in the firing-line at Givenchy. Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling. First seen on 19 October in a finch-flock at Etaples, and commonly for the next three or four weeks there and among the marsh weeds of the Canche estuary at low tide ; on 27 December a few were feeding on the weeds growing through the snow with a number of chaffinches and green- finches—just behind the firing-line trench at Givenchy. Last seen in March 1918 in Somme. Acanthis caanabina. Linnet. Common everywhere. Great flocks in the wasted area west of Péronne in March 1917; in April a small flock of a few score was always on or about a derelict clump of telegraph-wires at Epéhy where shells fell not infrequently. In May I found a nest in a box-bush at Roisel. By 4 September it was flocking in bunches of 50 or so at Achiet le Petit, and from 15 October for a month was in many hundreds on rough ground at Etaples with other finches ; it was specially fond of the marsh weeds in the Canche estuary at low tide. A few in the Givenchy firing-line at the end of the year. Emberiza calandra. Corn-Bunting. Fairly common in Somme, especially in the wasted area west of Péronne in March 1917. In May it was commonly seen and heard on the wire in front of our trenches at Villers Pluich and Beaucamp, and was evidently nesting hard by. Very common at Hébuterne in early August 1918 in the waste ground round the trenches, 62 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis, Emberiza citrinella. Yellow-hammer. An abundant bird everywhere, especially in the devastated parts ; often in the firing-line at Villers Pluich and Havrin- court. Emberiza cirlus. Cirl Bunting. A fairly common species throughout Somme, and often seen about the ruined villages such as Villers Faucon, Trescault (just behind the firing-line). Also seen occa- sionally near Béthune. Emberiza scheniclus. Reed-Bunting. Strangely few seen: 25 March, 1917, four at Eclusier ; April, a few at Brie; July, a few at Flixecourt near Amiens; all these places are on the river Somme. Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark. Very common everywhere. In October and November common among the marsh weeds in the Canche estuary. at low tide. | Lullula arborea. Wood-Lark. On 21 October I saw two on some rough ground at Etaples. Galerida cristata. Crested Lark. Common everywhere, from the coast to the firing-line, but its distribution was a trifle more “ patchy ” than that of the sky-lark. The French birds seemed rather more slaty in colour than those seen on the sand in Egypt, and even than those in Gallipoli. Otocorys alpestris. Shore-Lark. On 5 November seven birds were feeding along the high- water mark at the mouth of the river Canche near Paris Plage. Motacilla alba. White Wagtail. Fairly common wherever I went from April to October. Towards the end of April they were in company with the 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 63 newly arrived yellow and blue-headed wagtails, and in mid-October in small flocks in the Canche estuary with occasional pied wagtails. Several round the Canche estuary at the end of July 1918. Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail. First seen on 15 October in the Canche estuary ; a few, and occasionally a small flock there for the next four weeks. A cock bird at Fouquiéres near Béthune on 19 February. Motacilla boarula. Grey Wagtail. A few in winter: in March 1917, near Pont Rémy on the Somme; in November on the cliffs at Wimereux near Boulogne ; not uncommon near Béthune, where I saw it at Moat Farm (one of the keeps at Givenchy), at ‘“‘ Windy Corner,” Le Plantin, and in other places. Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail. Passing at Brie on the Somme in fair numbers with blue- headed Wagtails from 20 to 27 April; on the last date M. flava outnumbered them by ten to one. On 380 July, 1918, I saw a hen by the Canche estuary which I think was certainly of this species ; it had a yellowish eye-stripe. Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Wagtail. From 20 to 27 April passing at Brie in large numbers ; between thirty and thirty-five on 4 September at Achiet le Petit. I did not see one bird during the summer. Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit. First seen, half-a-dozen in number, on 17 April at Péronne citadel; common in Havrincourt Wood in June; a few near Amiens in July. Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit. A few seen near Péronne in April, but none east of that. Common at Rouen and Etaples in October, and at Le Touquet in May. In December not uncommon about the Givenchy firing-line and in the district round Béthune during the winter. 64. Capt. A. W. Boyd on ; [ Ibis, Anthus petrosus (? sub-spec.). Rock-Pipit. A number about the Canche estuary in October and November. Certhia familiaris. Tree-Creeper. Only seen rarely in the Touquet woods near Paris Plage, in October and November. Regulus regulus. (old-crest. Possibly this was one of the species that had suffered by- the 1916-17 winter. Not often seen: three in the Bois de Tailloux, Hamel, on the Somme, 2] March, 1917 ; a few in Rouen, 30 September; common in the Forét d’Hardelot, near Boulogne, on 4 November. Parus major. Continental Great Titmouse. Usually very common—the commonest of the tits. It was one of the birds seen in the trenches among the ruins of Givenchy village in December. Parus palustris. Continental Marsh-Titmouse. Fairly common in the Bois de Bailleul, near Pont-Rémy, March 1917 ; not uncommon in the Le Touquet woods, the Forét d’Hardelot, at Etaples, etc., in November, and in Adinfer Wood, south of Arras, in March 1918. I did not see anything that appeared to be P. borealis. Parus ceruleus. Continental Blue Titmouse. Fairly common everywhere. Agithalus caudatus roseus. British Long-tailed Tit- mouse. On 14 October, two in the Le Touquet woods near Paris Plage with other species of tits. Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike. On 21 February near Béthune and 25 February at Annequin, not far from the first locality ; almost certainly two birds seen at Catelet near Cartigny on 20 April, 1917, were of this species, but I cannot say so definitely. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 65 Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike. Three birds, one of which was an adult cock and another a young bird with a downy head, at Etaples on 31 July, 1918. ‘To my surprise, I never saw this species elsewhere. Lanius senator. Woodchat. On 2 and 8 June at Ytres near Bertincourt (not far from Bapaume), in the “ Little Wood” and a meadow outside the village. An adult with two young birds on 3 August, 1918, at Halloy near Doullens. Sylvia communis. Whitethroat. Common in the east of Somme in all places I visited in summer, and also near Amiens. Last seen at Achiet le Petit on 4 September. Sylvia simplex. Garden-Warbler. Common in summer in Roisel, Epéhy, Havrincourt Wood, and other places in the east of Somme. Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap. Several in an orchard at Roisel on 18 May. Acrocephalus streperus. Reed-Warbler. A few by the Somme at Flixecourt near Amiens in July, but not nearly so plentiful as the great reed-warbler. Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Great Reed-Warbler. Common by the Somme at Flixecourt in July. Acrocephalus schenobenus. Sedge-Warbler. Several at Péronne in May; at Flixecourt in mid-July. Probably not uncommon in some parts, but I was not in very suitable country during the summer. Hypolais icterina. Icterine Warbler. Common in the battered villages in the east of Somme, such as Eequancourt, Villers Pluich, Trescault, Bertin- court, in May and June. On 25 May I watened a pair building in a lilac bush in Villers Pluich, but the place got a bad pounding on the same evening and the nest was SER, XI.—VOL, I. F 66 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [Ibis, probably destroyed, as it was only a very short distance behind the firing-line. Not uncommon at Flixecourt near Amiens, where I found a nest on 1 July, on the branch of a tiny poplar; the young were hatching on 15 July. Still singing in early August 1918 round Doullens. Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler. First heard at Brie on 22 April; its numbers increased greatly in two days, but it did not seem at all common during the summer, during which I only heard occasional birds singing in Havrincourt Wood and Trescault. Last seen in Achiet le Grand, 8 September. Phylloscopus collybita. Chiffchaff. First heard at Brie as late as 22 April; common in Havrincourt Wood and that district generally, and near Amiens in the summer. Singing on 18 September at Achiet le Grand and in Rouen on 26 and 27 September. —! A single bird on 21 October in the scrub by the Canche estuary with migrant thrushes. Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush. Fairly common in all parts. At the end of August and early in September there was a flock numbering several score in and about Logeast Wood near Achiet le Grand. Turdus musicus. Continental Song-Thrush, [and ? Turdus musicus clarkei—British Song-Thrush ]. Distinctly uncommon. Except for immigrant birds seen or heard only in four places: in Havrincourt Wood in June ; at Flixecourt, near Amiens, in July; at Fouquereuil near Béthune, and in Adinfer Wood south of Arras, in March 1918, and possibly those in the last two places were on passage. On 21 October there were many very wild birds in the scrub and a little copse on the sand-dunes on the north side of the Canche estuary, but during the week following only odd birds remained; on 9 November there were a number in the Le Touquet Woods on the other side of the estuary. On 12 January one bird in a flock of redwings and blackbirds at Gorre, ncar Béthune. 1910. | Birds in the North of France. 67 Turdus iliacus. Redwing. First heard on 4 November at Etaples, passing by night. A few seen on several occasions near Béthune in January and February. Turdus merula. Blackbird. Common in all parts. Some in the winter were evidently immigrants and were seen with song-thrushes in the scrub on the sand-dunes by the Canche estuary, at Gorre with redwings, etc. Turdus torquatus. Ring-Ouzel. One in the Le Touquet wood at the edge of the Canche estuary on 5 November with other migrant Turdide. Phenicurus phenicurus. Redstart. A single bird on 10 September at Achiet le Grand was the only bird seen. Phenicurus titys. Black Redstart. Two birds first seen on the Péronne citadel on 7 April. Common in most of the Somme villages such as Herbécourt, Flaucourt, Villers Faucon, Achiet le Grand, Flixecourt, and about Happlincourt chateau on the Somme, opposite to Brie. They returned freely to these destroyed villages, and at Bertincourt, in May, a pair reared a brood in a very public place in the Town Major’s yard. Last seen at Boisguillaume near Rouen on 30 September. Erithacus rubecula. Continental Redbreast. Fairly common throughout, including such ruined villages as Epéhy ; also seen about the trenches at Givenchy. Some among the scrub in the dunes by the Canche estuary with immigrant birds on 21 October. Erithacus rubecula melophilus. British Redbreast. A number of very red-breasted birds presumably of this subspecies among the scrub by the Canche on 21 October with others of the Continental form. rQ2 ~ 68 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [Tbis, Luscinia megarhyncha. Common Nightingale. Very common in all the woods in the east of Somme such as Dessart Wood and Havrincourt Wood. In May a nightingale in Ossus Wood, our most advanced position near the St. Quentin Canal, sang particularly well when the machine-guns fired, as if in answer to them; these birds were common in the small copses of this area. Common in Le Touquet Woods. Saxicola rubicola. Stonechat. Not often seen: a few at Brie on the Somme in April ; at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 15 July; one among the trenches in Givenchy village on 27 December. Saxicola rubetra. Whinchat. Apparently very local: one at Ytres near Bertincourt on 28 May; common at Flixecourt, near Amiens, in July; a fair number passing at Achiet le Grand on 30 August. Quite abundant in early August 1918 in the rough ground round Hébuterne. Cnanthe enanthe. Wheatear. Rarely seen: once seen in summer at Bertincourt on 27 May; several passing at Achiet le Grand on 380 August, and one near Logeast Wood on 12 September; two passing at Rouen on 1] October. At the end of July 1918 not un- common on the sandhills near Etaples, where it presumably breeds. Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow. Common; still found in all the ruined villages in east of Somme; seen at Moat Farm, one of the keeps in the Givenchy trenchies. Troglodytes troglodytes. Wren. Common in all parts; still in the flattened villages of the Somme offensive in March 1917 and in the destroyed villages in the east of Somme. Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flyeatcher. Not common: seen at Roisel in May, at Flixecourt near 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 69 Amiens. Last seen at Achiet le Grand on |] September. Several in Halloy, near Doullens, in early August 1918. Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher. In autumn at Achiet le Grand: one on 31 August and three or four on 10 September. Hirundo rustica. Swallow. First seen at Péronne in scores on 16 April; on the 21st I saw them going in and out of ruins at Barleux and Flaucourt, The line of the river Somme seemed to be the route by which many came in spring, and at Brie on 22 April many passed up stream (which here runs north and south) all day against a north wind, and many hun- dreds roosted there iu fluctuating numbers during the next three days. A most abundant breeding bird in ruins, wooden huts, etc., and astonishingly tame; a pair in a room used as an officers’ mess at Bertincourt nested and hatched out on a nail in a beam in the low roof and paid no heed to all the noise, tobacco smoke and candle-light at night. During September they passed Achiet le Grand going west. Last seen in the Canche estuary on 16 October. Delichon urbica. Martin. First seen at Péronne on 17 April. In fair numbers nesting in the ruined villages in the east of Somme, but not nearly so numerous as the swallows. Numbers passed west with swallows at Achiet le Grand in September. Riparia riparia. Sand-Martin. I saw strangely few: a colony at Bourdon, near Amiens, in July ; otherwise only seen on 16 & 17 April at Péronne in fair numbers with swallows, and one with them on 2 September at Achiet le Grand going west. On 31 July, 1918, two flew west down the Canche at Etaples. Picus viridis. Green Woodpecker. Not uncommon in most woods except in the east of Somme; round Béthune in several places, including the 70 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis, village of Gorre—not far from the line ; common in Adinfer Wood, south of Arras. Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. Very common in Havrincourt Wood and that district generally. Last heard calling on 1 July near Amiens; last seen on 1 September at Achiet le Petit (a young bird). Micropus apus. Swift. A few about the ruined villages such as Bertincourt and Trescault, but not really common. Fairly common near Etaples. Last seen near Achiet le Grand in the first week of August. [Strix aluco. Tawny Owl. A brown owl flying at dusk over the firing-line in front of Havrincourt was presumably of this species and was the only one seen ; [ never heard its hoot. ] : Circus eruginosus. Marsh-Harrier. At Brie on the river Somme, on 26 April, I was watching a fine cream-headed bird beating down stream over the big reed-beds, when it was attacked by two hoodies which drove it away up stream again; after a hurried start it flapped and glided into the distance. Circus cyaneus. Hen-Harrier. One flying over some rough country at Catelet, near Cartigny, on 20 April. Circus pygargus. Montagu’s Harrier. A pair at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 5 July were the only birds I saw. Buteo? sp. Buzzard. On 3 January one high over the Givenchy ridge which my companion at first took for an aeroplane ; on 16 March one high over Hesdigneul, near Béthune, well above some aeroplanes which were then some 1500 feet up. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 71 Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk. Not infrequently seen about the devasted area of the Somme battle; in various parts of Somme and round Bethune. Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. In October and November at Etaples and about the Canche estuary; on 9 November one flew from the big sandbank at the river’s mouth carrying a black-headed gull in its talons—I picked up the gull’s corpse later. Falco tinnunculus. Kestrel. Common everywhere: often seen over the firing-line near Havrincourt and Givenchy ; particularly numerous in Adinfer Wood on 23 March, 1918. Sula bassana. Gannet. In December just off Boulogne. Tadorna tadorna. Common Sheld-Duck. — A small number—from one to seven—in the Canche estuary in October and November. Two in the Canclie estuary on 31 July, 1918. Anas boschas. Mallard. A few on the river Somme in spring and summer near Amiens, aud at Eclusier and Brie. They were seen commonly by others in the wet country between Béthune and the line in winter. Mareca penelope. Wigeon. Four in the Canche estuary for several days in early November. Spatula clypeata. Shoveler. On 28 April five birds at St. Christ, and others at Brie on the river Somme. Nyroca ferina. Pochard. : On 25 March, 1917, 200 birds at Cappy, and others at Eclusier on the river Somme. 72 Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis, Nyroca fuligula. Tufted Duck. At the end of March, at Sailly Laurette, Cappy, and Péronne on the river Somme—not more than twenty together. Cdewia nigra. Common Scoter. On 17 April three birds were on a flood by the river Somme on the south side of Péronne; four seen from the leave-boat on 11 May just outside Boulogne, and on. 11 November many passing out at sea beyond Boulogne harbour. (demia fusca. Velvet-Scoter. One on 11 November close in at Boulogne. Mergus serrator. Red-breasted Merganser. On 10 November two flew up the channel of the Canche estuary at low tide. 4 Ardea cinerea. Heron. Odd birds seen from time to time at various places on the river Somme, in the Canche estuary, near Bapaume and near Béthune. On 31 July, 1918, I saw seventeen on the Canche mudflats at low tide. Platalea leucorodia. Spoonbill. On 3 November a single bird at the mouth of the Canche, near Paris Plage ; it flew to the sandbank in midstream and was driven off by the gulls there ; later I saw it flying wildly across the sky chased by two gulls. Gallinago gallinago. Snipe. At Le Touquet by the Canche estuary in November. Not seen in many places apparently suitable. Tringa canutus. Knot. A flock of fourteen with four grey plovers in the Canche estuary on 16 October. I was surprised to see a chestnut- breasted bird among otler waders in the Canche estuary on 28 July, 1918. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 73 Tringa minuta. Little Stint. One in the Canche estuary with other waders on 27 October. Tringa alpina. Dunlin. Common in small numbers in the Canche estuary in October and November ; an increase in November to about 80 birds; on 380 July, 1918, three birds in breeding- plumage. Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. One bird on 17 November with dunlins and ringed plovers in the Canche estuary, Machetes pugnax. Ruff. On 28 July, 1918, I got a close view of a bird among a number of redshanks in the Canche estuary at Htaples. Totanus totanus. Redshank. Remarkably few: two at Le Mesnil Bruntel, near the river Somme on 18 April, and four at Brie on 25 April; on 12 May, between 30 and 40 in the Canche estuary, but none there in the autumn ; many there at the end of July 1918— about 40 together. Totanus hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper. First seen at Brie on the river Somme on 27 April; in the Canche estuary on 12 May. Many in the Canche estuary at the end of July 1918—as many as 20 together. Totanus ochropus. Green Sandpiper. Two on 22 and 23 April by a pool at Brie, not far from the river. Limosa limosa. Black-tailed Godwit. On 12 May a fine red bird in full plumage was feeding by a pool just at the wood’s edge in the Canche estuary ; it allowed us to approach within ten yards before it flew. 74 - Capt. A. W. Boyd on { Ibis, Numenius arquata. Curlew. Common in the Canche estuary in October and November, and at the end of July 1918; there was a considerable increase at the end of October, and several hundreds were daily about in the salt weeds at low tide—probably not many more than 400. Numenius phzopus. Whimbrel. A fair number in the Canche estuary on 12 May ; in good - numbers there as early as 28 and 31 July, 1918. Charadrius apricarius. Golden Plover. Heard at uight on 13 April at St. Emilie, near Epéhy ; and on the night of 30 July, 1918, passing over Htaples, flying south-west. Squatarola squatarola. Grey Plover. Four in the Canche estuary with some knots on 16 October. Zigialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover. Small flocks in the Canche estuary in October and November—never more than a few score ; on 31 July, 1918, three birds about some rough sandy ground a few hundred yards north of the Canche estuary and near the railway. Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing. - An uncommon bird, only seen at migration time: a flock in March 1917 at Pontrémy near Abbéville; one bird at Le Mesnil Bruntel near Péronne on 18 April; in the late autumn 40 or 50 in the Canche estuary on 16 and 17 November ; in March 1918, flocks at Adinfer on the 28rd, and at Sarpignies, near Bapaume, flying over during the battle on the 25th. Captain Dunkerley of No. 2 Squadron, R.F.C., tells me that about 9 March, 1918, he ran into a flock of what were evidently lapwings flying north at a height of 6500 feet over the line at Hulluch near Lens. All pilots and men in observation balloons that I have questioned agree that they rarely see birds at a height of more than 38000 feet. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 75 Hematopus ostralegus. Oyster-Catcher. Flocks in number between ten and twenty frequently seen in the Canche estuary in October and November. Arenaria interpres. ‘T'urnstone. The Canche estuary is not suitable for this species ; single birds seen there on 12 May and 3 November. Larus canus. Common Gull. Odd birds in the Canche estuary on 17 October, and a great increase on the following day; common there and at Boulogne in October and November. Larus argentatus. Herring-Gull. Common in the Canche estuary in October and November. Larus marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull. A few in the Canche estuary on 17 October, and many on the following day ; in large numbers subsequently in October aud November, especially on the big sandbank at the river mouth ; some in the estuary at the end of July 1918. Larus fuscus. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Many in October and November in the Canche estuary and at Boulogne ; some at any rate were L. fuscus affinis. Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull. Only occasionally seen inland: two at Péronne on 17 April; one at Flixecourt, near Amiens, on 4 July; three at’ Gorre on the La Bassée Canal on 7 January ; twenty over Adinfer Wood, south of Arras, on 23 March, 1918. Common in the Canche estuary in October and November, and July 1918. Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern. On 31 July, 1918, I saw one resting at the edge of the channel in the Canche estuary at low tide; after a time it began to feed, flying slowly down stream against a light breeze, dipping down to and sometimes touching the water, and then flying quickly back up stream to its starting-place ; 76 Capt. A. W. Boyd on [ Ibis, I could not tell what it was feeding on, as I could see no flies, It was in almost full breeding-plumage. Alle alle. Little Auk. One in the harbour at Boulogne on 5 December, swim- ming just below the bridge; it rose from the water, flew up to the bridge and then out towards thie sea, Colymbus arcticus. Black-throated Diver. On 25 October, after a strong south-west gale, there was- a bird swimming in the channel of the Canche estuary. As it was low tide I was able to get within a few yards of it; the throat and face were still black. Podiceps ? sp. On 9 November there was a small grebe in unusual plumage in the channel of the Canche estuary which I could not identify satisfactorily. Podiceps fluviatilis. Little Grebe. Not uncommon on the river Somme in various places ; many on the water by Péronne citadel and round the city in April. On 21 October there was one on a small pool among the sand-dunes on the north of the Canche estuary ; also in the Forét d’Hardelot near Boulogne. Crex crex. Corn-Crake. Fairly common in the east of Somme round Beaucamp, Trescault, and Havrincourt Wood (where it was in the felled part of the wood where the old trees lay) in the long grass round the firing-line. Gallinula chloropus. Moor-Hen. Fairly common on the river Somme. On 21 October, on a small pool in the sand-dunes north of the Canche estuary. Fulica atra. Coot. Most abundant in all parts of the river Somme; ona pool in the Forét d’ Hardelot. 1919. | Birds in the North of France. 77 Columba enas. Stock-Dove. Only seen at Brie on the river Somme on 26 April. Columba palumbus. Wood-Pigeon. Common throughout, though never in large numbers ; often about the firing-line in front of Havrincourt Wood. Streptopelia turtur. Turtle-Dove. Common in Somme in many places. On 18 May in an orchard at Roisel I found a pair at an early nest in a felled apple-tree; the trunk of the tree had not been completely cut through and the branches were in leaf. Last heard in Logeast Wood, near Achiet le Grand, on 9 September. Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant. Very uncommon: I saw it only near Abbéville. I was told of several round Festubert and other places near Béthune, but did not see them myself. Perdix perdix. Partridge. Fairly common throughout Somme and also in the La Bassée sector, where it was often seen about the line and gave good practice for success!ul rifle and Lewis-gun fire nto No Man’s Land. Very common round Hébuterne in August 1918; on 6 August I saw at least forty ina pack. Coturnix coturnix. Quail. Common in Somme from May to August ; especially numerous in the long grass round the firing-line at Beau- camp, Trescault, and in the felled part of Havrincourt Wood, and in the area behind the line. Numbers at Hébuterne early in August 1918; this area was part of the old devastated area of the first Somme offensive, and the trenches were re-occupied again by us; the hundreds of acres of rough weed-covered ground must have proved a suitable sanctuary for quail and partridges in particular. The quail could be heard calling during “stand to” just before dawn. 78 Lord Rothschild on the [Lbis, III.—On one of the four. original pictures from life of the Réunion or White Dodo. By Lorp Roruscuicp, F.R.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate IT.) Tue first mention of the White or Réunion Dodo (Didus borbonicus) was made by Tatton, the chief officer of Captain Castleton (Voy. Castleton, Purchas his Pilgrimes (ed. 1625) i. p- 331, Bourbon or Réunion) and his account is as follows :— “There is a store of land fowle both small and great, plenty of Doves, great Parrats, and such like ; and a great fowle of the bignesse of a Turkie, very fat and so short- winged, that they cannot fly, being white and in a manner tame: and so be all other fowles, as having not been troubled nor feared with shot. Our men did beat them down with sticks and stones. Ten men can take fowle enough to serve fortie men a day.” After this the White Dodo was mentioned by Bontekoe in five different treatises from 1646 to 1650, and by Carré in 1699, and a more detailed description is given by Sieur D. B. (Dubois) in 1674, In this description, how- ever, the extremities of the tail and wings are given as black, whereas in the picture of Pieter Witthoos they appear as yellow. The truth is that the males and females were very different. The full history of the two Dodos has lately been fully worked out by Professor Oudemans, and I give here his description of the two sexes of the White Dodo :— Male, The horny sheath of the upper mandible was hooked and sharp; its distal end black, its proximal half was yellow with transverse black stripes; the rest of the bill was white. The head and neck were reddish brown abruptly passing into a cream-coloured breast and gradually becoming yel- lowish further back; a few downy feathers were scattered over the head, and a ball-shaped tail of Ostrich-like feathers gradually passed into the subcaudal coverts and circumanal feathers. 3NHOS8W3S B ALLIA SOOT da.Laild a O©GO@ atin arti tO sa Olold “ah sO" NOMeOgGdoudas dole “Sig | 1919. | Réunion or White Dodo. 79 Female, The horny sheath of the upper mandible was not hooked, but obtuse, sometimes ending in a blunt point, sometimes rounded ; it was greyish or light fawn-coloured, the rest of the bill being greyish or greenish; the whole body cloth-white, the wings golden yellow. The tail con- sisted of at least six white rectrices which resemble in shape those of a Silver Pheasant. The picture here reproduced (PI. II.) and a second by the same artist, now in Holland, were drawn from a living bird brought to Amsterdam about 1670. The first mention of this picture was made by the late Professor Alfred Newton in the Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. vi. 1867, pp. 373- 376, pl. 62, where a portion of the picture is reproduced. The painter, Pieter Witthoos, was a well-known Dutch artist of birds and landscapes. The other birds in the picture are a Red-breasted Goose, a female Red-breasted Merganser, a Black Guillemot, a Tufted Duck, a Golden-eye, a female Widgeon, and a Spoonbill. There is a companion picture by the same artist depicting a Sheldrake, a Shoveler, a female Tufted Duck, a Smew, a young Great Northern Diver, a Widgeon, and two ill-defined Ducks. These pictures were formerly in the possession of Mr. C, Dare of Clattenford, Isle of Wight, and for many years were erroueously supposed to have been deposited in Carisbrooke Castle; they were purchased by me from Mr. Dare’s son in the summer of 1918, The two other pictures are by Pieter Holsteyn and were drawn from the same bird, and are in Holland. All four paintings were made between 1670 and 1693. The White Dodo became extinct between the years 1735 and 1801, for between 1735 and 1746 a living one reached France, sent by M. de la Bourdonnaye, the Governor of the Mascarene Islands at that time; while when Monsieur Bory de St. Vincent made his scientific survey of the islands in 1801 the bird no longer existed. 80 Mr. H. J. Elwes on Beebe’s [Ibis, IV.—A note on Capt. Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants. By H. J. Exwess, F.R.S., M.B.O.U. A work of this importance deserves a more extended notice than that given in the last number of ‘The Ibis’ (1918, p. 726), and as I have always been specially attracted by these splendid birds and have personal knowledge of many of them in their native haunts, I hope the following remarks may be found of interest. It is, perhaps, a question which future authors and pub- lishers would do well to consider, whether monographs so beautifully and artistically illustrated as this book, and which can only be published at an expense which most private ornithologists cannot afford, are desirable in the interests of science. Many of those who are wealthy enough to purchase such works are not ornithologists, and buy them for their illustrations only ; many to whom the letterpress would be of permanent interest and value cannot afford to acquire the work. A second edition without the plates, or with the plates in a much cheaper form, cannot be pro- duced with justice to the subscribers and purchasers of the original edition until that is completely sold out, which may not be for many years to come; but if the publishers had printed the letterpress in an octavo or quarto form and sold the illustrations as a separate volume, my own experience makes me think that they would, from a business point of view, have been equally well repaid ; whilst a much larger edition of the letterpress might have been produced and sold with great advantage to the ornithological world. I must congratulate Captain Beebe on the way in which, when he had determined on his monograph, he started on a long journey to some of the most remote parts of Asia with the object of seeing for himself in nature as many as possible of the birds, which the monographer of the past was content to study in museums only; and though this personal know- ledge has, perhaps, led him to attach importance in some cases to more minute and possibly variable characters than he would otherwise have done, yet, as these questions of 1919. | Monograph of the Pheasants. 81 local variation must always remain a matter of personal Opinion, it does not much matter how we regard these poimts. I should like, however, to call attention to the perhaps unnecessary subdivision of the genus Jthagenes, and will begin by asking why he calls them “ Blood Partridges ” and not, as Indian ornithologists and sportsmen have hitherto done, ‘‘ Blood Pheasants”? Perdix is a name which in various Latin tongues (Perdrix in French, Perdice in Italian, Perdiz in Spanish, and Partridge in English) is thoroughly understood in all countries where true -Par- tridges are found; and though in Africa it has been applied in ignorance by colonists to various Francolins, and in North America to some Grouse, it has no proper application to any member of the Phasianine ; and it might easily lead American naturalists to suppose that Ithagenes had some resemblance in habits, plumage, or structure to the true Par- tridges, which so far as I know it has not. Captain Beebe’s reasons for this classification, as given in the Introduction, seem to me too slight. On p. xxv he says :—‘‘ The first two groups of birds which I have included in the present work, the Blood Partridges and Tragopans, judged by the tail-moult and other characters as well, are on the Quail and Partridge side of the line, but I have included them as representing the genera most nearly allied to the Pheasants.” Now it may be objected that such a trifling secondary character as the moult of the tail-feathers is not a sufficient basis on which to define the subfamily Phasianine. I should be the last to criticise such a course, because in revising the butterflies of the genus Parnassius (P. Z.S. 1886) I founded, on a secondary sexual character which is only developed in the act of reproduction, a new subfamily to include them; and if no better characters can be found, I sce no reason to reject the classification. But with regard to the separation of the Sikkim Jthagenes from the one inhabiting central Nepal, which Captain Beebe has done on what I think very insufficient evidence, I entirely agree with the remarks of Mr. Stuart Baker (Lbis, 1915, p. 124); and with an intimate personal knowledge of the Blood Pheasant in Sikkim, IJ am able to SUR. XI,—VOU, TI. G 82 On Beebe’s Monograph of the Pheasants. [ Ibis, confirm his opinion, which Captain Beebe quotes without any argument to show why he dissents from it. With regard to I. tibetanus, it seems to me very doubtful whether Mr. Stuart Baker, who described it on a single specimen brought by Captain Molesworth, was justified in considering it as a good species, having regard to the amount of variation which exists in J. cruentus; and I should be disposed to reserve an opinion on these races, until a much larger series of specimens are obtained from the mountains east and north- east of Sikkim, which until Bailey and Morshead’s journey (ef. Geographical Magazine, xliii. p. 184) were almost terra incognita, and which are likely to remain unexplored for many years, unless the policy of the Indian government in these regions is changed. Captain Beebe may retort by asking why I in 1881 founded the description of a- new species of EHared Pheasant, Crossoptilon harmani, on a single imperfect skin; and [ will confess that I would not do such a thing now. But as he has at the end of his volume treated of this variety, or local race, or species-—for T care not which you call it—under the heading of “ wild hybrids,” I should like to show that hybridity in this case seems impossible, and would be possible only if two species of Crossoptilon existed in regions near enough to each other for the two species to meet. I will not now go into details of all the points which Captain Beebe has brought forward on pp. 1938-198 to support his view that C. harmani, C. leucurum, and C. drougniu are hybrids, but the map of Geographical Distribution of the genus opposite p. 158— though it cannot be taken as more than a suggestion based on very small knowledge of the region and even less of the birds in it—shows that C. harmani is the most westerly representative of the genus; and although the map, as coloured, leads one to suppose that its range is not far distant on the east from that of C. tibetanum or on the north from that of C. auritum, yet, so long as we have no evidence that these two species ever do come in contact, the question of hybridity can hardly arise. Hybrids in nature among birds are so rare, whilst intermediate forms are so common, 1919.] Lelipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata. 83 that the necessity for proof is increased. I should rather suggest that the variation in the plumage and number of tail-feathers in the genus, which Captain Beebe shows to exist, are analogous to the variation of colour in Stercorarius crepidatus, and in the male of Machetes pugnax ; and until some proof is given that the species of this genus do meet and interbreed, I agree with Mr. Stuart Baker (cf. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiv. 1916, p. 633). No doubt we shall have, when Captain Beebe comes to deal with the various races of the genus Phasianus, some case which will throw light on this difficult question; but except in the solitary case of the Chumba variety of the Impeyan Pheasant, which was described and accepted by such good naturalists as Marshall, Oates, and Sharpe as a distinct species, but which is now relegated to its proper place by ornithologists gener- ally, I can think of no similar instance amongst the Phasianide. Knowing as I do the great difficulties, both climatic and geographical, which are met with in observing the habits of the forest-haunting Pheasants in the dense rocky and inac- cessible thickets which they love, I especially admire the skill and patience which Captain Beebe shows as a field- naturalist and observer; and the care which he has taken to select and quote from the existing accounts of the habits and life-history of the Pheasants makes his book an almost unique model for future monographers. His numerous photographs of their native haunts show great skill as a bird-watcher and add immensely to the interest and value of the work. V.—On the Eclipse Plumage of Spermophila pileata. By F. E. Buaauw, M.B.O.U. I souvent a living specimen of this rare little finch in a vegetable shop in Santos in Brazil in May 1911. It had no black cap and no rosy gloss on the lower back and sides, so that I thought that it was either a young bird or a female. I was assured that it was an adult male. I bought the bird, G2 84, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, and took it to the ship as I was going homeward. Not many days afterwards the little bird began to sing, and shortly after I arrived in Holland it began to moult and acquired the black cap and rosy tinge on the feathers of the lower back and sides, and also the whitish cheeks. The bill also changed from yellowish horn-colour into jet-black. After having worn this dress a few months the bird moulted again, and I was surprised to find that it again acquired the sober, nearly uniformly buff dress that it had worn when I bought it in Santos. The bill also lost its black colour. Since that time the little bird has moulted regularly from one dress into the other, generally twice a year, the black cap and bill and other ornamental colours forming the breeding- dress. The bird is in full song then. The song is very pleasant and has some remarkable notes. ! Although such a small mite, it is very aggressive, and will not suffer other birds in its cage or even in a large aviary. VI.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part 1. Corvinz—Syivups. By Davin A. BannermMaN, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S. INTRODUCTION. For several years before the war I was engaged upon a work embodying all that is known of the Birds of the Canary Islands. For this purpose [ have had translated almost every foreign work bearing on the subject, in addition to which I have consulted the many English papers written by British ornithologists who have visited the islands and studied the Ornis of the Group. Every year from 1908 to 1913 I visited the Archipelago myself and made various expeditions, both privately and on behalf of the Natural History Museum, to gain a thorough 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 85 knowledge of the birds of all the islands, preparatory to publishing a book. In the course of these years Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuer- teventura, Lanzarote, Graciosa, Montafia Clara, the Roque del Oueste, and Allegranza were visited and explored at different times, and many smaller expeditions were under- taken in search of birds ; eight in Gran Canaria alone. I had still three islands to visit—VPalma, Gomera, and Hierro ; but the war successfully put a stop to all ornitho- logical work and has claimed my attention elsewhere. Having been recently transferred for duty in England after twenty-eight months’ active service with the British Red Cross Society in France, [ have been able to give a certain amount of time to ornithological work, and have decided to bring out, in ‘The Ibis,’ the part of my work which is complete and which deals principally with the migratory birds, with special reference to those occasional and rare visitors that have wandered to the archipelago from time to time. My objects in doing so are twofold: 1. The impossibibty of completing my original plans for some cousiderable time to come and the loss of time which would inevitably ensue before publication in a larger form could take place. 2. The hope that before the data which I have got together can be published in book form, ornithologists in- terested in Canarian Ornithology will correct any mistakes which they may find, add any records which I may have missed or which have not been published, and throw further light on problems which I have failed to elucidate. The present paper professes to include all that is known of the regular Birds of Passage and: of the exceptional visitors to the Canary Islands, and is a compilation of every- thing that has been written worthy of notice from the time of Ledru (1810) until the end of 1914. In order that this paper may be as complete as possible, I have included in the Systematic List the Resident Birds. 86 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ [bis, These Resident species are not dealt with at any length in this paper: their life-history and habits are not given here. I include only the original reference, the type locality, their habitat in the Archipelago, and their range beyond the Canary Islands when not restricted to this group. Good maps of the Canaries are to be found in most Atlases, and the following maps have appeared from time to time in the pages of ‘ The Ibis,’ viz. :— Ibis, 1893, p. 187. Woodcut of all the Canary Islands. Ibis, 1912, Pl. ix. facing p. 558. Double-page plate of Gran Canaria divided into faunal zones and showing all my journeys in this island. Ibis, 1914, Pl. ii. (bound between pp.38, 39). Double-page plate of the Eastern Group, showing route which I followed during my 1913 expedition. Ibis, 1914, Pl. xvii. facing p.440. Map of the Canaries showing their relation to African mainland aud other . Atlantic archipelagos. So far as I am aware, all that has been published up to date (Octeber 1918) has been included, but owing to the difficulty of consulting foreigu publications I have thought it safer to give the last date upon which ornithological works were consulted and embodied as the 3lst of December, 1914. In order that no misconception may arise as to which ornithological works on the Canary Islands have been con- sulted and which have not, I append a short bibliography clearly setting this forth. List of Publications which have been consulted personally aud where necessary translated * into English. Ledru. ‘“‘ Voyage aux iles de Ténériffe, la Trinité, Saint Thomas, ete.” (1810). Contains a list of birds observed in Tenerife. [Quoted simply as Ledru. } * The works in French and Spanish have been translated by my wife ; those in German by Miss E. Saunders and Miss Buckheim. Where any doubt arose in the latter Dr. Hartert has kindly given his verdict on technical points. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 87 Webb, Berthelot, et Moquin-Tandon. “ Ornithologie Canarienne” (1841). Part of the larger work ‘ Histoire Naturelle des iles Canaries,’ Paris, 1836-1850. [Quoted as Orn. Canarienne. | Bolle. ‘‘Bemerkungen iiber die Vogel der canarischen Inseln.” Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1854, pp. 447-462; 1855, pp. 171-181, continuation of same paper. [Quoted as J.f.0. 1854; J.f.O. 1855. “Mein zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelkunde der eanarischen Inseln.” Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1857, pp. 258-292, 305-351. [Quoted as J. f. O. 1857. ] Godman. ‘Notes on the Resident and Migratory Birds of Madeira and the Canaries.” Ibis, 1872, pp. 158-177, 209-224. [Quoted as Ibis, 1872.] Savile Reid. ‘‘ Notes on the Birds of Teneriffe.” Ibis, 1887, pp. 424-435 ; 1888, pp. 73-83. [Quoted as Ibis, 1887 ; Ibis, 1888. | Meade-Waido. ‘‘ Notes on some Birds of the Canary Islands.” Ibis, 1889, pp. 1-13. [Deals with the birds of Tenerife, Gomera, and Fuerteventura. ] “Further Notes on the Birds of the Canary Islands.” Ibis, 1889, pp. 503-520. [Deals with the birds of Fuerte- ventura, Palma, and Tenerife. | “ Further Notes on the Birds of the Canary Islands.” Ibis, 1890, pp. 429-438. [Deals with the birds of Tenerife, Hierro, Lanzarote, Graciosa. | ** List of Birds observed in the Canary Islands.” Ibis, 1893, pp. 185-207. [Meade-Waldo’s papers are quoted as ‘ Ibis’ with year of publication. | Private Note-books kept from 1887 to 1890. Tristram. ‘ Ornithological Notes on the island of Gran Canaria.” Ibis, 1889, pp. 13-32. [Quoted as Tristram, Ibis, 1889. ] “Notes on the island of Palma.” Ibis, 1890, pp. 67-76. (Quoted as Tristram, Ibis, 1890.] Cabrera (Don Anatael Cabrera y Diaz), ‘Catalogo de las Aves del Archipiélago Canario.” Published in Anales Soe. Ksp. de Hist. Nat. (Madrid), vol. xxii., 1893. [Quoted as Catalogo. | 88 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Harris. Essays and Photographs. Some Birds of the Canary Islands and South Africa, 1901. Hartert. ‘Die Fauna der Canarischen Inseln.” Nov. Zool. 1901, pp. 804-335. [Quoted as Nov. Zool. 1901.] Polatzek. ‘‘ Die Vogel der Canaren.” Ornithologische Jahrbuch, 1908, Heft 3, 4, pp. 81-97 (Introduction); pp. 97-119 (Resident and Breeding Birds); 1908, Heft 5, 6, pp. 162-197 (Resident and Breeding Birds, continued); 1909, Heft 1, 2, pp. 1-24 (Resident and Breeding Birds, continued); 1909, Heft 3, 4, pp. 117-184 (Birds of Passage and Exceptional Migrants); 1909, Heft 5, 6, pp. 1-8 (Supplement and concluding observations on Resident, Breeding, and also Migratory forms). [Quoted as Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. etc. | von Thanner*. ‘Observations (‘ Beobachtungen’) on the Pine Woods of Tenerife.” Ornithologische Jahrbuch, 1903, Heft 5, 6, pp. 211-217. v ‘‘ Observations on Tenerife.” Novitates Zoologice, xi. 1904, pp. 480-434. “A collecting trip (‘Sammelausflug’) to Fuerteventura.” Orn. Jahrb. 1905, Heft 1, 2, pp. 50-66. “Notes on Tenerife.” Orn. Jahrb. 1905, Heft 5, 6, pp. 211- 214. “Some Notes on the Bird-life of Tenerife” (‘‘ Kiniges iiber das Vogelleben Tenerifes”—a pamphlet dedicated to the guests of ‘Oceana’—probably a sanatorium in Tenerife), pp. 1-4 (1906). “A collecting trip to La Palma, Hierro, and Fuerteventura.” Orn. Jahrb. 1908, Heft 5, 6, pp. 198-215. “ Falco barbarus in Tenerife.” Orn. Jahrb. 1909, Heft 3, 4, pp. 148-150. ‘“‘ Contributions to the Ornis of Gran Canaria.” Orn. Jahrb 1910, Heft 3, pp. 81-101. “On Fringilla teydea polatzeki.” Orn. Jahrb. 1910, Heft 6, p. 93. * Ornithological Notes from Fuerteventura.” Orn. Jahrb, 1910, Heft 6, pp. 226-229. * The headings of all yon Thanner’s papers have been here translated into English ; the original text is, of course, in German. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 89 “ From the Canaries.” Orn. Jahrb, 1912, Heft 5, 6, pp. 221- 228. “In search of the Oyster-catcher (Hematopus niger Meade- Waldo)”: errore, should read Haematopus niger meadewaldor Bannerman. Orn. Jahrb. 1913, Heft 5, 6, pp. 189-193. ‘*Game Birds and Sport in the Canary Islands.” Deutsch. Jiiger-Zeitung, No. 36, Band 61, pp. 1-15. Bannerman. “The Birds of Gran Canaria.” Ibis, 1912, pp. 557— 627. “An Ornithological Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands.” Part i. Narrative, Ibis, 1914, pp. 38-90; Part i1. Systematic List, pp. 228-293. “The Distribution and Nidification of the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands.” Ibis, 1914, pp. 488-494. Private Note-books from 1908 to 1914 (inclusive). Koenig published a long paper on Canarian and Madeiran Ornithology in the J. f. O. 1890, pp. 257-488, which has been consulted and his notes incorporated, but which I have not yet had translated in full into English. The following are works on Canarian Ornithology which are mentioned occasionally in the following pages, but to which [ have not had access. The title-reference is taken in each case from Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1901, pp. 833-335), where my attention was first drawn to them. Viera y Clavijo. ‘ Diccionario de Historia Natural de las islas Canarias.” 1866 [printed from a MS. of 1799-1800]. Busto y Blanco. ‘“'Topografia medica de las islas Canarias.” Sevilla, 1864. (Contains a list of 77 birds.) Manrique Saavedra. ‘“ Klementos de Geografia é Historia Natural de las Islas Canarias.” Las Palmas, 1873. Mompo. ‘Catalogo de las Aves de Tenerife,’ published in Anales de la Soc, Espafiola de Hist. Nat. v. 1876, pp 242-258. Serra y Moratin. ‘‘Ornithologia Canaria,” published in Revista de Canarias, vols. i., ii.,iv. 1879-1882. All of the above five authors are cited by Cabrera in his Catalogo, which I have quoted continually. 90 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Itinerary of Ornithologists who have done field-work in the Canary Islands. The dates when ornithologists actually worked in the islands do not necessarily agree with the dates or even the years when they published their observations, and this is often all we have to guide us as to the time when they were actually at work in the field. These dates are important when studying the results of their work, particularly when Bird migration is under discussion. The following is a brief record of the actuai time spent in the Canaries by ornithologists who have supplied the chief records :— Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tandon.—Philip Barker Webb (1793-1854), a botanist and traveller, left Lisbon in May 1828 for Madeira. He proceeded in September 1828 to Tenerife, where he met M. Sabin Berthelot, a young Frenchman who had been nearly eight years on the island. Webb was two years in the Canaries visiting Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, and Palmas [? La Palma]. He and Berthelot collected until April 1830. In 1833 they settled in Paris and published their great work—Mogquin-Tandon working out and preparing the part on Birds, ‘Ornithologie Canarienne,’ which part was probably published in 1841. The Webb and Berthelot collections are either in the Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle in Paris or in Florence, as some of their collections appear to have been bequeathed to the Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany. Bolle was working in the group in 1852 and 1856, “the two visits compassing nearly two years” (cf. J. f. O. 1857, p. 267). Godman was in Tenerife from March 1871 for about a month, making a short trip to Palma and Gran Canaria (Ibis, 1872, p. 159). Savile Reid was in Tenerife from the end of January 1887 until the middle of April 1887 (ef. Ibis, 1887, p. 424). Meade-Waldo was in the Canary Archipelago with two Birds of the Canary Islands. 91 1919. | short breaks for three years and eight months from 1887 to 1890 (cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 185, and MS. note-books). His observations are so important that I append an itinerary of his travels, which has never been published in detail previously. His collections, including several types, are in the British Museum (Natural History). Tabulated Itinerary * of Meade-Waldo’s visits to the islands, 1887-1891. Island. —-_ ‘Year. Month and date. Fuerteventura.. 1888. 20 March to 8 April. 1889. 25 Feb. to 15 March. 1890. 11 April -to 18 April. Lanzarote 1890. 25 March to 6 April. 4 9 April to 11 April. Graciosa, =: 5. 1890. 6 April to 8 April. IEDR) Goooeboe 1889. 19 Nov. to 26 Nov. Palmalieyt ee a5 1889. ll April to 23 April. Gomeray "55.545 1888. 6 Feb. to 18 Feb. i 6 May to 15 May. Tenerife ...... 1887. (arrived 413 Oct. to 381 Dec. from England) 1888. 1 Jan. to 5 Feb. = 19 Feb. to 19 March. - 9 April to 5 May. ” 16 May to 12 June (left for England). 5, (returned 18 Oct. to 31 Dec. from England) 1889. 1 Jian. to 24 Feb. 3 16 March to 10 April. i 24 April to 18 Nov. 3 27 Nov. to 31 Dec. 1890. 1 Jan. to 24 March. *. 14 April to 5 June te for d). * (returned 6 Noy. to 81 Dec. nelend) from England) 1891, 1 Jan. to 12 Junet (left for England). * Mr. Meade-Waldo has kindly revised these dates himself; hitherto they have only been partially referred to in the text of his various papers published in ‘The Ibis,’ where they are very difficult to follow. } Virst arrived in the Archipelago. t Left the islands for the last time. 92 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Hartert visited Tenerife in 1901; he only spent a short time in the island, but during that time he had an oppor- tunity of examining Cabrera’s large collection of birds, and identified several species about which there had been a doubt. Von Thanner lives at Vilaflor in Tenerife, and has been in residence in the Canaries since 1902 to the present time. His records of passing migrants are therefore extremely valuable and his notes are reliable. Von 'Thanner has travelled extensively in the Archipelago in search of birds, aud visited all the islands including the outer islets, A tabulated itinerary of his travels tn the group would be valuable, but I have found this impossible to compile accurately from his published papers. A short résumé is appended however, which may be better than nothing. Unfortunately his records of migrants are not very easy to follow, as they are scattered about in various papers, chiefly published in the ‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ and chance references to migrating birds are mixed up indiscriminately with notes on the resident birds. The habit which certain Austrian writers on ornithology have of recording birds under the vernacular name only is greatly to be deprecated. Itinerary of von Thanner’s journeys. Tenerife. Resident here from 1902 to date. During this time the following visits * were paid to the other islands of the group in search of birds, Island. Year. Month, and date when known. Fuerteventura .. 1904. End of Feb. to end of March (? 23rd) 1905. Mid-March (? 12th) to mid-April. 1910. Early Jan. to end of Feb. (? 28th). 1912. March to April. iBalmiaty. o.iencet. 1905. Early Jan. to 8 Feb. EALONTO roped. Scots aan 1905. 8 Feb, to mid-March (? 12th). Gran Canaria.... 1909. Karly Jan. to end of April. 1912, Beginning of May to end of May. Lanzarote ...... 1913. 7 May to 14 May. (EACIOSD ate) asase.2 19138, 14 May to 17 May. Allegranza...... 1915. 17 May to 24 May. * [Azores.—A special trip was made to these islands, where two months were spent in the spring of 1908 (? April and May).] 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 93 Polatzek spent over two and a half years in the islands, chiefly in the eastern group and Gran Canaria. The fol- lowing itinerary has been compiled from Polatzek’s narrative of his journeys :— Tabulated Itinerary * of Polatzek’s visits to the islands, 1902-1904: Month and date. Island. Year. Menerife Uwe see crates 1902, ” 1908. ” 1904. Manzarote dye s5ie «Reinet 1902, Fuerteventura ........ 1902. “ Kastern islands ”’ 1903. (=Fuerteventura and | Lanzarote, including \ 1904. Graciosa and out- lying islets). Gran) Canaria so... 4 wo, 1902; 1903. 1904. FAW GLT OR eee era Seen 8 ae, acae 1903. (COMeTA acs sche se reaele 1903 ali aee Sims Pac siceetese sxe 19083. — Feb.t to 3 Dec. to 1 Jan. to 9 June to 1 Sept. to 27 Feb. to 23 May to 21 Oct. to Jani to 8 July to 1l Sept. to 8 Feb. to Means to 24 Feb. to 23 April to 26 Feb. 31 Dee. 20 Jan. 11 Sept. 11 Sept. f 23 May. 7 July. 31 Dec. 8 Feb. 3 Dec. 21 Oct. 1 Sept. 24 Feb. 23 April. 9 June. My own journeys to the Cauary Islands have covered a period of six years, as I visited the Archipelago every year from 1908 to 19138. The dates when I arrived in the islands are given in the following short itinerary. of the date when I left. 1904. West Indies. 1908. I am not, however, always certain Called at Tenerife 19 January and visited Laguna, on way to Called at Gran Canaria on 2 July and again on 19 August, when I spent the day in the Monte. Arrived at Gran Canaria 12 December and remained about a month, returning to England in January 1909. * Hitherto published only in text of narrative (cf. Orn. Jahrb. 1908, pp. 81-97), where difficult to follow. + First arrived in the Archipelago (actual date missing), } Finally left the islands for Vienna, 94, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, 1909, Arrived at Tenerife 25 March. Arrived at Gran Canaria 27 March and remained until 16 April. 1910. In Gran Canaria January and most of February; spent about twelve days in Tenerife in February on way to Brazil. 1911. In Gran Canaria January and February. 1912. In Gran Canaria February and March, and again at the end of May. 1913. In Gran Canaria from 22 April to 3 May. Fuerteventura - 5 May to 18 May. Ay » l7 June to 18 June. Lanzarote » 19 May to 27 May. Bo » 14June to 16 June. Graciosa » 2’May to 7 June. Montana Clara \ and Allegranza me 7June to 14 June. (with Bishop). j Gran Canaria again » l8June to 23 June. My collections are chiefly in the British Museum, a few in Lord Rothschild’s Museum at ‘Tring, and a very few in the Edinburgh Museum. Plan of the Paper. As this paper is a very large one and will run through several numbers of ‘The Ibis,’ I propose to give a short résumé of the arrangement which I intend to follow. Following the plan adopted by the Committee of the new B. O. U. List of British Birds (1915), I have divided the Birds of the Archipelago into various groups—* Residents ” or ‘“ Partial Residents,’ ‘Summer Visitors,” ‘ Winter Visitors,” ‘‘ Rare Visitors,” etc. etc., and the exact meaning which I intend these terms to convey will be found on page 98, immediately preceding the first species of the Systematic List. Then follows the Systematic List, which comprises all Resident Birds and all species and subspecies that can be considered as Authentic Migrants or Accidental Visitors. Appendix A, which will include all birds that have been recorded on evidence which requires further proof before the species can be admitted to the list of authentic occurrences. Appendix B, which will include all species and subspecies that have been recorded from unreliable sources and can 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 95 be dismissed as absolutely valueless, though often quoted by more recent writers without additional proof. Again following the plan of the new B.O. U. List, I have included a ‘tabulated list of species which fall under the various headings under which the “ Residents,” “Migrants,” and ‘* Visitors”? are arranged. It will show at a glance which species are considered Occasional Visitors, Rare Visitors, Birds of Passage, ete. ete., without having to look up each individual species in the systematic list. I have taken special care to note which species I have identified and handled personally, and failing this to men- tion the authority responsible for the bird’s inclusion in the authentic list. Lastly, I have determined not to enter into any discussion of the various points which may arise bearing on the distribution of the resident forms or on migratory problems of the Canary Islands until each species has been fully dealt with in the pages of ‘The Ibis.’ It is, I know, usual to begin an ornithological paper by summing up the conclusions reached by the writer, but in this case the material upon which my deductions are based would not have appeared in print and would therefore not be available for reference. Distribution, etc. The distribution of each species beyond the Canary Islands is given very briefly in each case, as in a paper which deals largely with migration it is an all important point to know the approximate range of the bird under discussion. In this connection I have particularly made use of the B. O. U. List of British Birds (1915), the ‘Hand List of British Birds’ by Messrs. Hartert, Witherby, Ticehurst, and Jourdain, and, as a final reference, Hartert’s ‘ Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna.’ lam very much indebted to Dr. Hartert for allowing me access to some of his still unpublished manuscript. I have not attempted to give the life-history of the Partial Residents or of the Summer Visitors who breed in the Archipelago, but have only dealt with them from the point of view of their migrations. 96 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihis, I have already noted the brief way I intend to deal with the Resident Birds. Their habitat in the Archipelago will be divided under three headings :— Western Grovr, which comprises the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, and Hierro. Eastern Group, which includes the islands of Fuerte- ventura and Lanzarote ; and also the OutLyINe IsLETs, which comprise Lobos, Graciosa, Mon- tafia Clara, Allegranza, Roque del Oueste, and the Roque del Este. Thirteen islands in all, seven large and six small, including the two rocks. Nomenclature and References. In the vexed question of Nomenclature I have followed, where the species occurs in both the British and Canarian List, as nearly as possible * the names used by the Com- mittee which drew up the last B. O. U. ist, but I have broken away from their ruling on two important points. 1. I have used trinomials throughout the paper and have reduplicated the specific name in every case where I know I am dealing with the typical form, except where the typical species is the only race known. 2. I have not accepted any of the “‘nomina conservanda” proposed by the Committee ; for this I have no doubt I shall be severely criticised, but I am none the less certain that when the next B.O. U. List appears these “nomina conservanda” will have to go. Instead of the “N.C.” retained by the Committee I have used the alternative “names under the code ” which they give in the second column of Appendix II. on p. 355 of the List, and which conform to the rules of nomenclature as drawn up by the International Congress of Zoology. If no doubt remains as to which species or subspecies * In one or two cases I have maintained subspecies which the Com- mittee have not accepted, 7. e. Corvus monedula spermologus. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 97 occurs in the Archipelago, the original reference and the type locality of the bird are given in every instance. In a case where any doubt exists as to which race occurs in the Canaries, I have used binomial nomenclature, and then no original reference is given. On the other hand, if the evidence points strongly to a particular subspecies occurring in the Archipelago, but still a doubt exists, I have included the bird under the binomial name, but added the trinomial designation of the probable subspecies to which it belongs in square brackets immediately beneath the binomial name, and have then given the original reference and type locality of this race (e. gy. in this part under Emberiza calandra, Motacilla flava and M. cinerea). Throughout the entire Systematic List and Appendix A I have taken considerable pains to state in every instance from whom or from what writings I have obtained my infor- mation. Every record and every quotation has an original reference attached, so that no difficulty should be experienced by those who wish to check my work in the future. Acknowledgments. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert I owe a sincere debt of gratitude for their kindness to me while working through the fine Canarian material at the Tring Museum. Likewise am I indebted to Mr. Chubb and Mr. Wells for their great help at the British Museum (Natural History) ; to Mr. Iredale for considerable assistance in the literature of the subject ; and last, but not least, to Mr. W. L. Sclater for his unfailing kindness and advice. It must be remembered that this paper is but largely a compilation from every available source of knowledge, and that without the field and systematic work of many ornitho- logists who have given months and sometimes years to their subject, such a list as this could never have been attempted. If this list does what I have set out to accomplish and brings our knowledge of the Birds of the Canary Islands right up to date, the credit lies entirely with those ornitho- logists who have laboured so untiringly in the past on the SER. XI.—VOL. I. H 98 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis, Ornis of this group, the results of whose work I have here attempted to collaborate. It is at any rate the first complete List of the Birds of the Canary Islands which has ever appeared in the English language, though Meade-Waldo’s list published in 1893,. comprising only birds which came under his own notice, came very near to accomplishing this end. Terms to be used. Residents. Birds generally found in the Canary Islands throughout the year are included in this category ; it includes those which regularly breed in the Archi- pelago and which are not migratory in any way except perhaps between the islands. Partial Residents. Birds which are usualiy resident and breed in the islands, but which have their numbers augmented by fresh arrivals at certain seasons. Summer Visitors. Birds which are found nesting regularly in the Canary Islands, but do not remain throughout the winter in the Archipelago. Winter Visitors. Birds found in the Canary Islands during the winter only, and which have only exceptionally been known to breed in the Archipelago. Birds of Passage. Birds which pass regularly through the islands during the spring and autumn migration periods. Annual Visitors. Birds which visit the Archipelago annually but at no fixed season of the year and which have not been known to breed in any of the islands. Occasional Visitors. Birds which do not occur regularly in the Archipelago every year but which have been recorded from time to time, almost invariably during the migration period. None have been known to breed in the islands. Rare Visitors. Birds which have occurred in the islands on two or three cccasions only, sometimes singly after violent storms, but usually in company with other species during migration. 19109. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 99 Systematic List of Species. Family Corvin. Corvus corax. Raven. A Resident species. Habitat in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets: Allegranza, Montana Clara. Obs. I have not yet decided whether the Canarian Raven is distinct from the form found on the mainland. The Canarian bird has been named Corvus corax canariensis Hartert & Kleinschm. (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 45—Type locality: Palma). The African species to which I have hitherto united it is Corvus corax tingitanus Irby (Ibis, 1874, p. 264—Type locality : Tangier, Morocco). Range beyond the Archipelago. C. c. canariensis does not occur. C. c. tingitanus: Tunis to Morocco south west to Mogador and Casablanca. Corvus monedula spermologus. West European Jackdaw. Corvus spermologus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. viii, 1817, p. 40—Type locality: south of France. A very Rare Visitor to these islands, which are far beyond the usual range of this species. The form which is here dealt with is doubtless Corvus monedula spermologus if recognized as distinct from C. m. monedula. The Jackdaw has only been recorded once, by Webb & Berthelot who wrote (Orn. Canarienne, p. 10) that a single specimen of Corvus monedula was killed at Laguna (Tenerife) after a very strong south-east gale in February 1830, the only one (as they mention) seen in ten years. Bolle also mentions this bird in his first list (J. f.O. 1854, p. 451). H2 100 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, This is probably a perfectly authentic record. The bird is said to have also occurred in Algeria and Morocco. Range. The Jackdaw is a typically European species of which two or three forms have been recognized. C.m. spermo- logus is the form found commonly in west, central, and parts of south Europe. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. Red-billed Chough. : Upupa pyrrhocorax Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 118—Type locality : coasts of England. A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Palma. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Northern Asia, northern Africa, Mediterranean coun- tries, western France, Great Britain. Family Srurnip&. Sturnus unicolor. Sardinian Starling. Sturnus unicolor Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1820, p. 133—Type locality : Sardinia. A very Rare Visitor to the islands. Cabrera killed (recogido) an example of this Starling in Laguna, and this is the only record (vide Catalogo, 1893, p- 49) of this species having occurred in the Canaries. Range. The Sardinian Starling inhabits the Mediterranean countries, Spain, Morocco, and Tangier. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Syst, Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 167— Type locality : Sweden. From the reports of former naturalists the Starling appears to be a Bird of Passage to the Canaries, and in certain islands of the group a Winter Visitor in small numbers. I have never seen the bird alive myself, though I have spent many months in the island of Gran Canaria and paid visits to most of the other islands. 191g. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 101 Von Thanner does not record the Starling from Tenerife or elsewhere, although he has been writing on the birds of these islands since 1903. This is very curious. I give herewith the opinions of the authorities mentioned above :— Ledru (1810). Noted it in his List of the Birds of Tenerife. Webb & Berthelot (1841, p. 11). “ Arrives sometimes in winter with the Thrushes, but never in great flocks. It is usually in the pilne-region that one meets with some.” Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. 452). “Seen every winter in the pine forests of Tenerife; also now and again in Fuerteventura, where it is rare.” Koenig (J. f. O. 1890, p. 354). “The Common Starling was not met with by myself in Tenerife, but I believe from examples in the possession of Don Ramon {Gomez—the Orotava chemist] that it is a fairly regular visitor to Tenerife. Possibly it does not appear every year.” Meade- Waldo (Ibis, 1898, p. 194). “A regular winter visitor, but in no great numbers, to all islands.” He notes that Common Starlings frequented the cactus fields in Fuerteventura in February 1889 (Ibis, 1889, p. 507). [He saw a flock at Tuineje, Fuerteventura, on 2 March, 1889 (extract from private diary), and shot a specimen which I have examined in the British Museum.—D. A. B.] Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p. 48). “ Met with on passage every year in the autumn.” [There are specimens in the Cabrera collection preserved at Laguna.— D. A. B.} Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 305) quotes Meade-Waldo (supra), and adds :—“ If it really comes across from the African continent as Koenig (from the reports of others) affirms, it is, in spite of that, a European migratory bird, for only Stwrnus wnicolor breeds in Morocco.” Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 122). ‘Annually in autumn; appears also in the eastern islands, where I have observed it.” Bannerman (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Saw one in the Gonzalez collection at Arrecife, Lanzarote, which had been shot recently near that town. Range. The Starling breeds in Europe generally and migrates in winter to north Africa, the Canary Islands being the most southerly point from which it has been recorded, 102 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis, Family Orioxipa&. Oriclus oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole. Coracias oriolus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 107— Type locality: Finland. The Golden Oriole is an Occasional Visitor to the Canary Islands, especially during the spring migration. It cannot be considered a very regular visitor, however, even in the spring, and although it must occasionally pass through the islands.in autumn none have been recorded as yet. In the sprivg of certain years the Golden Oriole is fairly numerous, especially in Tenerife, but in other years it is rarely noticed. The following are dates upon which it has been re- corded :— 25 April, 1890. Several seen in Tenerife in small parties. (Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429.) Spring. Several shot round Laguna, Tenerife. (Cabrero, Cata- logo, p. 46.) April 1902. One seen in Lanzarote. (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 122.) 2May,1911. One bird* [9] at Vilaflor, Tenerife. (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb, 1912, p. 227.) 24 April, 1918, A bird + on migration, Vilaflor. (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1918, p. 193.) 26 April, 1913. A female seen in Gran Canaria. (Bannerman, MS. note-boolis.) All observers record having found the bird an irregular, but occasionally numerous, spring visitor. Range. The Golden Oriole has an extensive distribution, breeding throughout Europe and western Asia and locally in northern Africa, It winters in tropical and southern Africa. * Here recorded under the vernacular name only— Pirol ” + Recorded as “ Goldamsel.” BOTG.| Birds of the Canary Islands. ) 103 Family FRiNGILLIDA. Chloris chloris aurantiiventris. Golden-bellied Greenfinch. Ligurinus aurantiiventris Cabanis, Mus. Hein, i. 1850, p. 158—Type locality : south France. This is a Rare Visitor to the islands. The Greenfinch is mentioned by both Ledru in 1810 and Serra in 1882, but little reliance can be placed on their lists. Bolle’s evidence is likewise impossible to accept, for although he includes Chlorospiza chioris Bonap. in his last paper (J. f. O. 1857, p. 3817) he has obviously never seen the bird in the Canary Islands, and quotes contradictory statements made to him by natives. Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p. 50) supplies the first genuine record, as he had a specimen which was shot at Tegueste (Tenerife). Von Thanner heard and saw a Greenfinch in Tenerife on 21 November, 1907 (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214), recorded it as Ligurinus chloris, aud later shot one at Moya in Gran Canaria on 12 April, 1909, which he recorded in the ‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ 1910, p. 86 as Chloris aurantii- ventris. Range. The Golden-bellied Greenfinch breeds in southern France, Spain, Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis. [Lt has occurred accidentally in the Azores. Hartert found it breeding in Algeria in May 1914 at Laghouat (Nov. Zool. xxn. 1915, p. 65). Carduelis carduelis parva. Least Goldfinch. Carduelis carduelis parva Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. 1x. 1901, p. 181—Type locality: Madeira. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira and the Azores. 104 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Serinus canarius. Canary. Fringilla canaria Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 181— Type locality: Canary Islands. A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira and the Azores. Erythrospiza githaginea amantum. Canarian Trumpeter Bullfinch. Erythrospiza githaginea amantum Hartert, Vig, pal. Faun. i. 1903, p. 89—Type locality : Fuerteventura. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group : Gran Canaria, Tenerife. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets : Graciosa, Allegranza. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur, Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis. Spanish Sparrow. Fringilla hispaniolensis Temminck, Man. d’Orn. 1820, pt. 1. p. 8583—Type locality : Gibraltar. A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife. Eastern Group : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Range beyond the Archipelago. Northern Africa, south to Morocco, east to Egypt and Sinai. Balkan States. Spain, Cape Verde Islands. Obs. Tschusi has separated and described the Canarian Spanish Sparrow, which he calls P. 2. canariensis (Orn. Jahrb. xxiv. 1914, p. 54). 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 105 Petronia petronia madeirensis. Madeiran Rock-Sparrow. Petronia petronia madeirensis Erlanger, Journ. fiir Orn. 1899, p. 482, pl. xiii. fig. 4—Type locality : Madeira. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira. Montifringilla nivalis nivalis. ‘I'he Snow-Finch. Fringilla nivalis Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 321— Type locality : America, errore ; Switzerland accepted. A Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. There is only one apparently genuine record of the Snow- Finch from the Archipelago. Moquin-T'andon, Webb, and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, 1841, p. 22) note that a specimen was shot at Orotava in Tenerife by Mr. A. Diston, and although the skin seems to have disappeared, we have no valid reason to doubt the accuracy of this record. It is, however, a very remarkable occurrence. Webb and Berthelot undoubtedly mean the Snow-Finch and not the Snow- Bunting, as they give the original reference “Fringilla nivalis Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 321,’’ and also quote “ Le Pinson de neige ou Niverolle, Buff. Ois. iv. pag. 136.” They also give a short description of both the bird, nest and egg. Of its occurrence in the Canary Archipelago they remark, ‘“ De passage accidentel, tué une seule fois, a VOrotava par M. A. Diston.” Webb and Berthelot’s record is quoted by both Cabrera and by Polatzek, Cabrera erroneously stating (Catalogo, p. 50) that he had obtained an example himself from Punta del Hidalgo, whereas in reality this bird was the Snow- Bunting, as pointed out by von Thanner (Noy. Zool. 1904, p. 431) and Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 127). Range. The Snow-Finch inhabits the high Alps, the Pyrenees, Apennines, and the Sierra Nevada iv southern Spain, 106 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis, Fringilla celebs canariensis. Canarian Chaffinch. Fringilla canariensis Vieillot, Nouv, Dict. @’ Hist. Nat. xu. 1817, p. 232—Type locality : Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, and Gomera. Range beyond the Archipelago. i Does not occur. Fringilla celebs palme. Palman Chaffinch. Fringilla palme ‘Tristram, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) i. 1889, p. 489—Type locality : Palma. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group : Palma. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Fringilla celebs ombriosa. Hierran Chaflinch. Fringilla cvlebs ombriosa Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xxxin. 1913, p. 783—Type locality : Hierro. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Hierro. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Fringilla teydea teydea. Teydean Blue Chaffinch. Fringilla teydea Moquin-Tandon in Webb and Berthelot, Orn. Canarienne, 1841, pl. 1, p. 20—Type locality: Tenerife. A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife. Obs. Coutined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. igtg. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 107 Fringilla teydea polatzeki. Polatzek’s Blue Chaffinch. Fringilla teydea polatzeki Hartert, Orn. Monatsh. 1905, p- 164—Type locality : Gran Canaria. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria Obs. Confined to this island, Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Acanthis cannabina meadewaldoi. Meade-Waldo’s Brown Linnet. Acanthis cannabina meadewaldoi Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 823—Type locality : Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Acanthis cannabina harterti. Hartert’s Brown Linnet. Acanthis cannabina harterti Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C. xxxili. 1913, p. 389—Type locality : Lanzarote. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets: Graciosa, Allegranza. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Emberiza calandra. Corn-Bunting. [or Emberiza calandra thanneri. | [Himberiza calandra thanneri Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p- 162—Type locality : Tenerife. | A Resident bird in certain islands of the Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. A Summer Visitor in the HKastern Group: Fuerte- ventura and Lanzarote. 108 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, This species is named binominally as I am not yet quite sure to which form it should be assigned. As Tschusi has actually named the Canarian Corn-Bunting EF. c. thanneri, it may simplify matters to accept this name for what is undoubtedly a resident breeding-bird in all the western islands of the Archipelago. Whether the Corn-Buntings in the eastern islands are best considered Partial Residents or Summer Visitors it is most difficult to say. The small, light-breasted birds which I collected on the coasts of Gran Canaria add to the difficulties. I believe it to have been a migrant, and if that was so, and these visitors breed with the island form, it may account for the varia- bility of the Canarian Corn-Buntings and my difficulty in separating them from typical examples. Certainly the evidence at present available points to the Corn-Bunting heing resident in the western islands, many visiting the eastern islands in summer. I gave the matter a great deal of attention in 1913-14, and my remarks will be found in ‘The Ibis,’ 1914, pp. 240-243, which had better also be consulted, I quite realize that the question was left in an unsettled state, and that it is not even now cleared up satisfactorily. Briefly my conclusions were as follows, except that I now believe it will simplify matters to accept KH. c. thanneri as valid :— 1. That there is a resident race of Corn-Bunting confined to the high ground in the western islands of the gioup, named by T'schusi E. c. thannert (cf. Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 162—Type locality : Tenerife), dark- breasted and large in size (wings 92-102 mm.), which it is difficult to distinguish from typical /. c. calandra, and which when I wrote on this bird in 1914 I did not separate. 2. That there is a Corn-Bunting to be found in the island of Gran Canaria, confined to the coastal region, light- breasted and small in size (wings 85-90 mm.), which appears to arrive in the island in February. This bird does not agree with E. ¢. thannert. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 109 3. That in the eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lan- zarote) the Corn-Bunting, according to Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 196), who lived there for some time, is a summer visitor * only, apparently arriving about February, breeding in March and April, and leaving both islands after the harvest, to return again in the spring. Whether these summer visitors to the eastern islands come from the western islands of the group or whether from Europe or Africa, is still wrapt in mystery. Range. Emberiza calandra calandra (the typical form) breeds throughout Europe and in north Africa. It does not appear to range farther south in winter than Nubia and Arabia. The resident form in the Canaries which has been named #. c. thanneri is not recognized from anywhere outside the Canary group. Emberiza striolata sahari. Saharan Bunting. Emberiza sahari Levaillant, jun., Expl. scient. de Algérie, Atlas, Ois. 1850, pl. ix. fig. 2—Type locality: Algiers. A Rare Visitor. Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p.51) notes that he possesses an example killed at Punta del Hidalgo in Tenerife. Range. The Saharan Bunting inhabits Tunisia, Morocco, and Algiers. Plectrophenax nivalis. Snow-Bunting. Emberiza nivalis Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 176— Type locality : Lapland. A Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. There is only one record of the Snow-Bunting having occurred in the Archipelago. * During my 1913 expedition, when I was in the eastern Canary eroup from 5 May to 17 June, I only met with this bird once—a speci- men of the large dark-breasted race (Ibis, 1914, p. 241). This may have been due to the exceptionally cold and stormy weather experienced at the time. 110 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, It is first recorded by Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 50), who says he had a specimen which was shot at Punta del Hidaigo. Unfortunately he records it under the erroneous name Montifringilla nivalis Briss., which is the Snow-Finch and not the Snow-Bunting. Von Thanner (Nov. Zool. 1904, p. 431), under the heading Passerina nivalis, notes that there is a specimen of this bird in the Instituto at Laguna*. (P. nivalis is, of course, the Snow-Bunting.) Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 127) adds that Cabrera’s * bird was examined by him in the Museum at Laguna and is a male of Calcarius nivalis, i.e. Plectrophenax nivalis, the Snow-Bunting. Range. The Suow-Bunting breeds in the Arctic regions and winters as far south as the Mediterranean. It occa- sionally ranges to North Africa, and has also been recorded from the Azores. Family ALaupiIpa&. Alauda arvensis arvensis. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 165— Type locality : Sweden. : The Sky-Lark is a Winter Visitor to Tenerife in small numbers, and a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn to certain of the other islands, remaining sometimes for two or three weeks; chiefly noted on passage in the eastern group, but also recorded from Gran Canaria. In Tenerife it occurs, according to Cabrera (Catdlogo, p. 52), in the months of October, November, and December on the Laguna plains, where Meade-Waldo saw one which he failed to procure on the 3rd of December, and shot one on the 5th of December, 1888 (see his MS. diaries) ; this last I have examined in the British Museum. _ Meade- Waldo found it to be not rare in winter on the Laguna plains (Ibis, 1889, p. 515; 1893, p. 194). * After his death, Cabrera’s collection was housed in the Instituto of Laguna, 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 111 In the eastern group Polatzek records two big flights which came to Haria in Lanzarote on the 15th of November, and which remained in the neighbourhood for a fortnight, when all disappeared save twenty birds (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126). These birds, Polatzek says, were very dark-coloured. [ have not seen any examples which he may have obtained, but there is little doubt that the birds belonged to the typical form, the north-west African subspecies A. a. har- terti Whitaker (Terra typica: Tunisia) being browner in coloration and having a longer bill. In the spring several specimens have been recorded by von Thanner: two from Gran Canaria on 25 February, 1909, and six from the same island on 1 March, 1909 (Orn. Jahrb, 1910, p. 86) ; also several seen in Fuerteventura on 26 February, 1910 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229). A. arvensis is mentioned by Ledru (1810), Webb and Berthelot (1841), and other Spanish writers, but little reliance can be placed on these early records. Prior to Meade-Waldo’s sojourn in the Archipelago all naturalists appear to have confused the Short-toed Larks (Calandrella) of the islands with the typical European Sky-Lark (Alauda). Range. Alauda a. arvensis breeds over a great part of Europe and winters mainly in North Africa. In West Africa it probably extends in winter farther south than is generally supposed ; otherwise I am at a loss to account for its regular occurrence in the Canary Archipelago. Although there are examples from Tangier, Algeria, and Tunisia in the British Museum, there are none from West Africa. There is, however, a single specimen from Madeira, which was obtained on 9 November, 1893. In the Tring Museum, however, I have examined skins from Mogador (Nov.), Mazagan (Jan. & Feb.). Calandrella minor rufescens. ‘Tenerife Short-toed Lark. Alauda rufescens Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. et Méth. i. 1820, p. 322—Type locality : Tenerife. 112 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis, A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group : Tenerife. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Calandrella minor polatzeki. Polatzek’s Short-toed Lark. Calandrella minor polatzeki Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. 1.- 1904, p. 217—Type locality : Lanzarote. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group : Gran Canaria. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Obs. The Short-toed Lark of Gran Canaria has been separated and named by Sassi C. m. distincta (Orn. Jahrb, 1908, p. 30). Melanocorypha calandra calandra. Calandra Lark. Alauda calandra Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p.288— Type locality: Pyrenees. A Rare Visitor. There is only one record of this species having been taken in the Canary Islands. This specimen was shot at Laguna and examined by Meade-Waldo, who included it in his list (Ibis, 1893, p.194). The Calandra Lark is a favourite cage- bird in Spain ; it is therefore possible that the specimen here recorded may have been an “ escape.” Range. The Calandra Lark is an inhabitant of southern Europe and northern Africa, where it breeds in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, in the last-named province occurring as far south as Biskra and Laghouat (Nov. Zool. 1911, p. 485). In the Trmg Museum I have examined six speci- meus from Mazagan, the most southern place from which it has been recorded. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 113 Family Moracitiip2. Motacilla cinerea (= A/. boaruia auct.): Grey Wagtail. [or Motacilla cinerea canariensis. | [Motacilla boarula canariensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 522—Type locality : Tenerife. ] A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Another subspecies, M. c. schmitzi, is found in Madeira and the Azores. Obs. Hartert no longer keeps up this subspecies, and _ provisionally unites it with typical M. c. cinerea, the Kuropean bird (see Vog. pal. Faun. i. p. 299). I am not satisfied with this decision and prefer to keep it separate, and have therefore treated it in the same way, as I have done the Corn-Bunting—heading it binomially, and giving beneath the heading the subspecific name which I think it will eventually have to bear. Motacilla alba alba. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 185— Type locality : Sweden. The White Wagtail is an irregular Winter Visitor in small numbers, but a regular Bird of Passage in early spring to the Canaries. This Wagtail has been noted in the Canary Islands by Webb and Berthelot, Bolle, Meade-W aldo, Cabrera, Polatzek, von Thanner, and myself. I do not believe that the White Wagtail remains for long in any of the islands during migration. A summary of the records where dates have been supplied shows that it appears first in January and passes through in very small numbers until March, after which morth it is not usually seen until SER. XI.—VOL, I. I 114 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, the following year. It may in certain years arrive earlier in the islands and remain during the winter, but dates are wanting to prove this. The following are a few records with dates :— 1280-315 —— Exceedingly numerous in the winter. (Meade- _ Waldo, Ibis, 1895, p. 190.) 1910. January. One seen early in the month, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. (Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 607.) 1910. 18 January. Two seen. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. (Bann.,- Ibis, 1912, p. 607.) 1910. February. Solitary pairs appeared during the whole month, Fuerteventura. (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb 1910, p. 229.) 1911. 28 February. One bird seen, Gran Canaria. (Bann., Ibis, 1912, p. 607.) 1912. February. One bird seen in the middle of the month, Gran Canaria. (Bann., Ibis, 1912, p. 607.) 1912. February. A pair seen later in the month. Gran Canaria. (Bann., Ibis, 1912, p. 607.) 1889. 1 March. One bird shot. Tuineje, Muerteyentura. (Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 509.) 1904. Fromendof Seen frequently. Fuerteventura, (von Thanner, Feb. until 11 Mar. = Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65.) Von Thanner considered it a regular Bird of Passage as early as 1904 (Noy. Zool. xi. p.431). According to Polatzek it visits all the islands in winter, but by “ winter” he may mean January aud February (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126). It is noteworthy that in the winters of 1890 and 1891, which years were quite phenomenal as regards migration, the White Wagtail was ‘‘ exceedingly numerous” (Ibis, 18938, p. 190). It certainly can never be called numerous at the present day, and it is seldom that more than a pair are seen together. This does not point to a regular stream of migrants passing through the islands regularly, and it would certainly appear that the birds do not usually touch the Archipelago in their autumn journey to their winter quarters. Range. Motacilla a. alba is distributed in summer through- out the greater part of Europe and winters in Africa, extending as far south as the Equator on the east coast and, 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. alts according to Hartert, to the Niger on the west. It is doubtless some of these Hausaland birds that touch at the Canaries in early spring on their way to their breeding quarters in Hurope. Specimens in the British Museum from West Africa were obtained on the Gambia river (December), Dakar (October), and in the north from Morocco (January). There are numerous examples collected in every month from November to March from northern and eastern Africa as far south as British Hast Africa. Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Wagtail. [? Motacilla flava flava. | [ Motacilla flava Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 185— Type locality : Sweden. | A Rare Visitor. This species is intentionally named binomially. Until specimens are collected it is impossible to be certain to which form these migrants belong. Probably they will prove to be the typical form. Tschusi (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176) records a bird as Budytes flavus as having been shot on 1 May [in Tenerife], reported to him by von ‘Thanner in a letter dated 30 June [ 1903 ]. Polatzek (Orn, Jahrb. 1909, p. 126) remarks that he saw a few solitary examples of “ Budytes flavus”? (Linn.) in Fuerteventura * and Lanzarote *, Messrs. Webb & Berthelot in their book (Orn. Canarienne) and Bolle in his first paper (J. f. O. 1854, p. 455) mistook the Canarian Grey Wagtail (2%. cinerea canariensis) for this species. Bolle subsequently corrected his mistake (J. f. O. 1857, p. 286). Polatzek has not fallen into this error, however, and knew the Canarian Wagtail intimately. We have no reason, therefore, to doubt his record (supra). * The resident Canarian Wagtail is not found on either of these islands during any part of the year, 12 116 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Range. The typical Blue-headed Wagtail breeds in Europe and winters in tropical and South Africa. Various forms have been recognized from the Mediterranean countries, Anthus bertheloti bertheloti. Berthelot’s Pipit. Anthus berthelotti Bolle, Journ. fiir Orn. 1862, p. 357— Type locality : Canary Islands. A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Eastern Group : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets : Graciosa, Montafia Clara, Allegranza. Obs. The Pipit inhabiting the Eastern Group has been named A.b. lanzarotee by Tschusi and Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 191). Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Another subspecies is found in Madeira and Porto Santo. Anthus trivialis trivialis. Tree-Pipit. Alauda trivialis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 166— Type locality : Sweden. The Tree-Pipit must be considered a regular spring and autumn Bird of Passage to the Canary Archipelago, never remaining for very long in any of the islands. The earliest date upon which spring migran!s have been reported is 16 February (von Thanner), and birds continue to pass during March and April, the latest record being on the llth of May. The return migration in autumn begins in September, the first recorded date being the 29th (von Thanner), and birds have been recorded as passing until the 20th of October (von Thanner). : Bolle seems to have been the first to notice this species in the islands, and wrote in the J. f. O. 1857, p. 289: “ Anthus arboreus Bechst. is to be found sitting on the tops of young 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. EEZ trees at Chasna* in April.” Bolle’s notes in J. f. O. 1854, p.455, under Anthus trivialis, he later (J. f.O. 1857, p. 289) states refer to Anthus campestris, but he appears to have confused the bird with Anthus bertheloti! Curiously enough Meade- Waldo only saw two examples during the three years (1887-90) which he spent in the Canaries (Ibis, 1893, p. 191), One of these was probably the bird that found its way into the Cabrera collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515) and this is the species which that ornithologist records in 1893 as a frequent migrant in September (Catalogo, p. 44). Polatzek found it to be a regular bird of passage in autumn in most of the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126). He gives an account of a migratory movement in Lanzarote, when on 14 October, 1904, many Tree-Pipits appeared after a strong north-west wind succeeded by a strong south wind. The birds remained until 17 October in the neighbourhood of Haria, when the north wind dropped, and they all disappeared. The Tree-Pipits were in company with hundreds of Pied Flycatchers (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 122). Von Thanner has kept and published, mostly in the ‘Ornithologische Jahrbuch, a record of the birds of this species | which he has himself noted and which I here include tabulated under the calendar months in which the bird was recorded. References are given in every case, so that the original record may be easily found. All - records are von Thanner’s unless otherwise noted. Tabulated records of Anthus trivialis trivialis. Year 1908 (no dates given). Tenerife; a few specimens obtained (Orn, Jahrb. 1903, p. 216). Years 1903 & 1904 (no dates given). Tenerife; noted as a regular bird of passage (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 481). 16 Feb. 1905, and following days. Fuerteventura; migrants passing (Orn, Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). * Chasna= Vilaflor in Tenerife. + The bird is often quoted simply as “ Baumpieper ” (vde Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227), which is the local German name for the Tree-Pipit (Anthus t. trivialis). 118 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, 13 March, 1905. Fuerteventura; a single bird seen (Orn, Jahrb. 1908, p- 218). 14 March, 1905. Fuerteventura; several observed (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 218). 16 March, 1905, and following days. I*uerteventura; birds frequently seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). — March, 1911 (no special dates given), Tenerife; during the whole month many Tree-Pipits seen and heard (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227). 14 April, 1904. Tenerife; two birds seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 212). _ — April, — “ Chasna,” Tenerife ; noted in April by Bolle, J. f. O. 1857, p. 289. 11 May, 1912. Tenerife; a single bird on passage (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227). 29 Sept. 1910. Tenerife ; several seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229.) Sept. Tenerife ; a frequent migrant in this month (Cabrera, Catalogo, 1893, p. 44). 4 Oct. 1905. Tenerife; one bird seen (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). 14 Oct. 1904 to 17 Oct. Lanzarote; many appeared on the 14th, remaining until 17th (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb, 1909. p. 122—“ Baumpieper ”: see under M, atricapilla et Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 126). . 6 Oct. 1904 to 20 Oct. Vilaflor, Tenerife; a bird seen every day (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). Range. Anthus t. trivialis breeds extensively in Europe, and in winter is found from the Mediterranean countries to tropical Africa. It extends its range right through Africa ov the east coast from Egypt to Matabeleland, the records including every month from September to April. There are only a few specimens in the National Collection from north-west Africa, 7.e. Morocco (no date), Tangier (Oct.), Dakar (no date), Sierra Leone (Feb.). Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit. Alauda pratensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 166— Type locality : Sweden. A. Rare Visitor to the islands. First recorded by von Thanner (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65) as having been seen by him on 23 March, 1904. Polatzek writes (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 126): “ Recently authenticated by von Thanner and myself for the Canaries. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 119 I observed them in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura as birds of passage and winter visitors, and in 1904 I shot some in the water-courses aud suitable places in the barrancos. Von Thanner saw them in 1904, and published the fact. New arrivals came in Fuerteventura to the Barranco Rio Cabras, which birds stayed there until the end of February ; later, I saw only a few on two occasions.” Range. The Meadow-Pipit breeds in Europe and winters partly in northern Africa. Family ReeuLipe. Regulus regulus teneriffe. Tenerife Goldcrest. Regulus teneriffe Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, 1. 1883, p. 459—Type locality : Canary Islands. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the, Archipelago. Does not occur. Family Parip«. Parus ceruleus teneriffe. ‘lenerife Blue Titmouse. Parus teneriffe Lesson, Traité d’Orn. 1831, p. 456--Ty pe locality : Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Gomera. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Parus ceruleus ombriosus. Hierran Titmouse. Parus ombriosus Meade-Waldo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v. 1890, p. 103——Type locality : Hierro. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Hierro. 120 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the (Ibis, Ods. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Parus cxruleus palmensis. Palman Titmouse. Parus palmensis Meade- Waldo, Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. 1889, p. 490—Type locality : Palma. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Palma. Obs. Contined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not oceur. Parus ceruleus degener. Pale Titmouse. Parus ceruleus degener Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii, 1901, p. 8309—Type locality : Fuerteventura. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Family Lanip2. Lanius excubitor koenigi. Canarian Grey Shrike. Lanius algeriensis koenigt Hartert, Nov. Zool. vir. 1901, p. 809—Ty pe locality : Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets: Graciosa. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not oceur. Lanius collurio collurio. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 94— Type locality : Sweden. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 121 This Shrike is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. Von Thanner killed an adult female on 16 October, 1907, at Vilaflor, Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 2114). Polatzek includes it in his list (Orn. Jalirb. 1909, p. 122) as a rare bird of passage, and refers to Thanner’s specimen. Range. The Red-backed Shrike breeds throughout Europe and winters in tropical and southern Africa. Lanius senator senator. Woodchat. Lanius senator Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 94— Type locality: India, errore ; Rhineland (Hartert). The Woodchat is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago. The following are the only records I am aware of :— (About 1889), Example{s] shot on the Punta del Hidalgo, Tenerife, by Cabrera and recorded by him (Catélogo, p. 47) as Lanius rufus Briss. Meade-Waldo identified this bird in the Cabrera Collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515) and mentions it again in his list (Ibis, 1893, p. 192). Care must be taken not to include these as three separate records, for all clearly refer to the Punta del Hidalgo bird. (1903). Two birds obtained in Tenerife by von ‘Thanner (Orn, Jahrb. 1903, p. 216). No dates are given, but one of these birds (the 9) isin the Tring Museum. It bears on the label the date 25/2/05, and is the specimen referred to by von Thanner (Orn, Jahrb. 1910, p. 100) as Z. rutilans. Dy. Hartert has kindly examined the bird again for me, and tel!s me it is L, senator senator, There is no such bird as LZ. rutilans; the name was given to a bird in winter quarters in Senegambia ! These two birds are evidently the two specimens (¢ & Q) mentioned by ‘I'schusi (Orn. Jahrb. 19038, p. 176), where they are recorded as having been shot by yon Thanner on 25 Feb- ruary {1903 |, the day and the month coinciding with the date on the label of the Tring specimen. Still another reference, presumably again to these birds, is given by von Thanner in Noy. Zool. xi, 1904, p. 431, under the heading of Lanius rufus. - (1914). A bird seen in the Gonzalez Collection in Lanzarote, which had recently been shot in that island (Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Range. The Woodchat breeds in Europe and in north- west Africa, and in winter extends on the west coast to Senegambia and Nigeria. 122 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Family Syiviip#. Sylvia communis communis. Common Whitethroat. Sylvia communis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 287—Type locality : England. This is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands, and one over which a great deal of confusion has taxen place. The one record which unquestionably refers to the Common Whitethroat is given in the Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227, by - von Thanner who shot, on 1 April, 1912, in Fuerteventura, a female example of S. communis communis which was in company with Huropean Chiffehaffs; Willow-Wrens, and Blackcaps (‘ Monchsgrasmiicken ’). Another record which I consider applicable to this species is as follows:—A bird shot by Polatzek at San Matéo, Gran Canaria, on 23 August in a fruit garden where many stayed a long time. Polatzek recorded the bird (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124) as Sylvia sylvia (Linn.), and this I take to be the Common Whitethroat now known as S. com- munis communis. Other authors refer to this species as Sylvia cinerea Bechst., which is another synonym of S. ¢. communis. The fact that the Common Whitethroat is quoted as breeding in the Canary Islands is due to Webb & Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 15), and later Bolle (J. f.O. 1854, p. 454), who affirmed that Sylvia cinerea Bechst. was to be found ‘fin almost all the islands” and “in all the Archi- pelago where thorny bushes abound.” It is quite obvious, from a close study of their work, that these authors mistook the hen * of the Spectacled Warbler (Sylvia conspicillata bella) for the Common Whitethroat, which they refer to in their work as Sylvia cinerea Lath. Dr. Hartert (Vog. pal. Faun. p. 588) places ? Motacilla sylvia Linn. as a synonym of Sylvia curruca curruca, * [The male Spectacled Warbler was referred to by Webb & Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 15), and Bolle (J. f. O, 1854, p. 454) as Sylvia passerina, a name which, as quoted from the Canary Islands, is abso- lutely indeterminable, vide Appendix B.] 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 123 z.e. the Lesser Whitethroat, so that until Polatzek’s bird can be examined there must remain a doubt as to whether he (Polatzek) considered Motacilla sylvia Linn. to be the Common or the Lesser Whitethroat. I have little doubt that the former will be the case. Up to the present we have no record of the Lesser Whitethroat having visited the Canary Archipelago. Range. S. ¢. communis breeds throughout Europe and in northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It winters in Africa, extending south to Damaraland. Sylvia simplex. Garden-Warbler. Sylvia simplex Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. 1787, p. 287 —Type locality: England. The Garden Warbler is an Occasional Visitor during the spring migration. Cabrera (Catalogo, 1823, p. 40) mentions having killed one in the spring of 1890 at Laguna (Tenerife), the skin of which was in his collection. Von Thanner records (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227) the beginning of a migration of a very large number of Garden- Warblers (‘ Gartengrasmucke’) on 11 May, 1912. It would appear therefore that this species on rare occa- sions passes through the Canary Islands during migration. Doubtless they often escape detection. Range. The Garden-Warbler breeds throughout Europe and winters in tropical and southern Africa. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla. Huropean Blackcap. Motacilla atricapilla Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p-. 187—Type locality ; Sweden. The European Blackcap is said to be a Bird of Passage in considerable numbers to the Canary Islands in spring and autumn, his must not be confused with the resident Blackcap of the Canaries, which, on account of its shghtly darker upper parts, has by some authors been called S. a. obscura ‘I'schusi, 124. Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, a name which is united with S. a. heineken (the Madeiran form) by Hartert in his Vég. pal. Faun. i. p. 585. Migratory specimens of 8. a. atricapilla are said invariably to possess a thick layer of fat over the body (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 91), and, as already mentioned, may further be distinguished from the resident race by the character given above. I have never, however, been able to distinguish the migratory Blackcaps myself when in the islands. A series of breeding Canarian birds must be examined before the question of the Canarian race can be finally settled. Meade-Waldo was the first to point out (Ibis, 1893, p. 189) that large numbers of migratory Blackcaps arrived in the islands in autumn. Von Thanner has also noted the fact and records :— 15 March, 1904, “Killed a 2 S. atricapilla atricapilla, and later saw again some males passing through Fuerteventura on migration ” (Orn, Jahrb. 1905, p. 65). And the fol- lowing year: 14 March, 1905. ‘‘ Numerous Blackcaps passing in Fuerteventura ” (Orn, Jahrb. 1908, p. 218). 1 April, 1912. Recorded by von Thanner, again from Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227—‘ Monchgrasmucken’), And in the spring of 1909 he saw many migrants of the European race in Gran Canaria (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, paol):. Range. S. a. atricapilla breeds throughout the countries of Europe and winters in Africa. From the north-west and west Airican coasts there are specimens in the British Museum from Tangier, the Azores, and the river Gambia; and from Abyssinia, Somaliland, British East Africa, and Ruwenzori on the east. There are no west African specimens in the Tring Museum. Sylvia atricapilla obscura. Dusky Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla obscura Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. ix. 1901, p. 129—Type locality : Madeira. A Resident subspecies. we 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 12 Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira. Obs. I prefer Tschusi’s name for the Madeiran and Canarian form of the Blackeap. Hartert uses 8S. a. heineken of Jardine, which certainly has priority ; but this name was given to an aberration, and I prefer to retain Jardine’s name for the aberrant form, which still exists in the Canaries aud Madeira in restricted Jocalities. [Sylvia atricapilla heineken. Heincken’s Blackcap. An aberrant form of the Dusky Blackeap. Curruca Heineken Jardine, Edinburgh Journ. of Nat. & Geogr. Sci. 1. 1830, p. 243-—Type locality : Madeira. A Resident aberrant form. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Palma. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira. | Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra. Canarian Black-hcaded or Sardinian Warbler. Motacilla leucogastra Ledru, Voy. Teneriffe, i. 1810, p. 182—T ype locality: Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Sylvia conspicillata bella. Madeiran Spectacled Warbler. Sylvia conspicillata bella 'Tschusi, Orn. Monatsb. ix, 1901, p. 130—Type locality; Madeira, 126 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets : Graciosa, Allegranza. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus. Great Reed-— Warbler. Turdus arundinaceus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 170—Type locality : Dantzie. A very Rare Visitor. Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 305) records that a specimen of this Warbler, obtained in the Canaries, was examined by him in Dr. Cabrera’s collection in Tenerife. (See also Hartert’s “ Aus den Wanderjahren eines Natur- forschers,” p. 86.) Hypolais pallida eleica. Tree-Warbler. Salicaria eleica Lindermayer, Isis, 1843, pp. 342, 343— Type locality: Greece. A very Rare Visitor, which has been obtained on one occasion only. Von Thanner shot a specimen of this Warbler in September 1902 at Vilaflor, Tenerife. The skin is in the Tring Museum, where I have examined it along with Dr. Hartert; we are both of opinion that it undoubtedly belongs to the perfectly distinct form H. p. eleica. Ritter von Tschusi, who had not examined the skin, believed that this specimen might prove to be an example of H. p. opaca (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176). This, however, is not the case. The two species could not possibly be confused when compared. Range. This form of the Tree-Warbler inhabits south- eastern Kurope, 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 127 Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus *. Willow-Warbler. Motacilla trochilus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 188—Type locality : England. The Willow-Warbler is a Bird of Passage at somewhat irregular seasons. It is first recorded by Cabrera (Catdlogo, p. 4:2), who notes that he has killed specimens in spring and in summer. Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123) says that it is a regular bird of passage to the Canaries, particularly in the eastern islands where it stays longer in winter. In the winter of 1904 he shot specimens m both Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. : Von Thanner has the followig records of this species which he has published in the ‘Ornithologische Jahr- buch * :— 25 February, 1910. A bird shot in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jabrb. 1910, p. 229). 14 March, 1905. Numerous “ trochilus” seen in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). A great many Phylloscopus t. trochilus passing 26 Hees & 5 | through Fuerteventura between these dates (Orn, Gian NE Jahrb. 1912, p. 226). 27 August, 1906. He officio. Tue Secrerary. H. EK. Howaxrp, Esq., F.Z.S. (Elected 1917.) G. M. Maruews, Esq., F'.Z.8S. (Elected 1918.) J. H. Exwes, lsq., F.R.S. (Elected 1919.) 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In writing these notes on this handsome little Hawk-Hagle, I do so with the idea, firstly, of doing something towards reducing to order the confusion that has occurred in the past between this species and Hieraaétus spilogaster Du Bus. Secondly, in the hope that ornithologists at home, who have better opportunities and more material to work on than myself, may be able to add still further to our knowledge, and clear up any obscure points. Thirdly, to place on record the occurrence of this species in South Africa. All my life I have been particularly interested in the ‘“‘ Birds of Prey,” and during the last ten years have devoted especial attention to the South African species and have filled numerous sketch-books with paintings of them in various stages of plumage, and as a result of this and the examination of a large number of specimens, I have got to know the various species fairly well, In February 1909, while stationed in eastern Pondoland, I received from a friend, who unfortunately was not very good at skinning, a somewhat mangled skin of a small SER. XI.—VOL. I. ) 168 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis, Hawk-Eagle, which I identified at the time as a small male of Hieraaétus spilogaster, although with a considerable amount of doubt, as it did not agree very well with NSclater’s description of that species (Fauna of South Africa, Birds, 111. p- 299), and was, moreover, much smaller in every way than the dimensions given, and in fact much smaller than an adult female H. pennatus which I had shot a few days previously. I was, however, more satisfied when, a year or so after, I saw in the South African Museum at Cape Town, a very similar but rather larger specimen labelled H. spilogaster. In the meantime I had become fairly well acquainted with the true H. spilogaster, and as I never again met with a specimen agreeing either in size or colouring with the Pondoland or Cape Museum specimen, I began to think that either H. spilogaster was very variable in plumage or else there must be another species occurring in South Africa which had been confused with it. So when in Cape Town in 1915 I tcok the opportunity of re-examining the specimen in the Museum, and preparing a painting of it; I sent the painting and a description to Mr. Austin Roberts of the Pretoria Museum, and asked him if he could put me right. Mr. Roberts very kindly went into the subject for me, and pointed out that there was no doubt that the Cape Town specimen, and probably my Pondoland specimen also (which unfortunately I had not kept) belonged to Lophotriorchis lucani Sharpe, and also drew my attention to the fact that L, lucani and H. spilogaster had been confused by Erlanger, who, in the J.f.0. 1904, had figured the former as H. spilogaster and the latter as H. fasciatus minor. On examining these plates I saw at once that the Cape Town bird agreed fairly well with the lower figure in Erlanger’s plate of H. spilogaster. I now realized that here was the solution of my difficulties, and, on thinking the matter over, decided to send descriptions of L. lucani to the various museums in South Africa with a view to finding out whether there are other specimens. The result was most gratifying, as I found that every one of the following museums, viz. South African Museum in 1919. | _ _Hieraaétus ayresi. | 169 Cape Town, Port Elizabeth Museum, Albany Museum in Grahamstown, Natal Museum in Pietermaritzburg, and Durban Museum, had specimens of ZL. lweani, and the Directors of these museums were most courteous in sending the details, and in several cases specimens for examination. I give details of these specimens below :— South African Museum, Cape Town.—One specimen, adult, and presumably a female. Wing 16 inches. Collected at Feira on the Zambezi by Dr. Stoehr, 26. ii. 1904. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.—One specimen, adult female. Wing 16 inches. Collected by Mr. C. H. Taylor at Indhlovodwalile in Swaziland, 25. vii:06. I have examined this specimen, which appears to be abnormal in more ways than one. In colouring it appears to be melanistic, the whole plumage being dark, especially on the underparts, where the black markings predominate to such an extent that the colour appears almost entirely black, varied with white spots. So dark is the bird that it was originally labelled Lophoaétus occipitalis. The dark bars on the tail are somewhat distorted. The centre claw of each foot is deformed, on one foot a mere vestige, on the other turned up the wrong way; it does not look as if this had been caused by a trap. Albany Museum, Grahamstown.—One specimen, female juv. Wing 16} inches. Collected in the Grahamstown district. I have examined this specimen. Port Elizabeth Museum.—One specimen, female juv. Wing 16 inches; plumage somewhat worn. Shot in Port Klizabeth district. I have examined this specimen. The Director in writing of this specimen notes; “in size it agrees with H. pennatus, but the toes are nearly twice as large.” Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg. — From descriptions sent me by the Director, there would appear to be about six specimens in the Museum collected in various parts of Natal. Wing-measurements varying from 164 to 15 inches. 02 170 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis, Of two of these I have had photographs sent me; both are undoubtedly referable to this species. One is a young bird, the other moulting into adult plumage. Durban Museum, Durban.—One specimen, apparently an adult female. I have not seen this specimen, but the Director, Mr. E. C. Chubb, writes to me as follows: “ We possess a mounted specimen of a Hieraaétus which has long puzzled me, the wing-measurement is 17? inches. The: colour above is brownish black, most of the feathers tipped with white, including the nape, scapulars, coverts, secondaries, and upper tail-coverts. Most of the feathers have indistinct greyish bands about the middle of their length, and are white near the base. Head very dark brown, some of the feathers very slightly tipped with white, a crest about 14 inches long. Tail 84 inches. Feathers of tail dark brown with about four pearl-grey bands and tipped with white. Cheeks black ; throat, under surface of body, under tail- and wing- coverts white, densely spotted with black.” The wing-measurement given above seems very large ; perhaps there is some error, but the colouring, especially of the cheeks and under surface, and the crest leave no doubt in my mind as to the species. I will now discuss the question as to what name this species must bear in the future. I will first take the generic name. The genus Lophotriorchis was proposed by the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in the first volume of the Catalogue of Birds for the reception of two species of Crested Hawk- Eagle (L. isidori and L. kieneri), and when later he described the present species, he referred it to the same genus. Ihave no knowledge of the two above-mentioned exotic species, but after a careful examination of several examples of the present species, it seems to me that it is congeneric with the species usually referred to the genus Hieraaétus, such as pennatus, fasciatus, spilogaster, ete. Certainly it has a short crest, but so also have H. morphnoides of Australia and H. wahlbergi of Africa (if the latter can be referred to this 1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 171 genus, which is doubtful). So that in my opinion this species should be placed in the genus Hieraaétus. Now as to the specific name. As is well known to most ornithologists who have studied African birds, the Hawk- Eagle described by the late J. H. Gurney (Lbis, 1862, p. 149, pl. iv.) as Spizaétus ayresii, has usually been referred to as the young of H. spilogaster. Now this description and plate have always puzzled me, until lately, as since I had got to know spilogaster in all stages of plumage, I had never seen a specimen quite agreeing with either description or plate, especially as I had never met with a specimen with a crest. As soon as Mr. Roberts put me right regarding L. lucani, as above mentioned, it struck me at once that here, very likely, was the solution of my doubts about Gurney’s S. ayresi, and I became almost sure that S. ayresi Gurney would prove to be the young of L. ducant Sharpe. I was all the more inclined to this belief when I noticed in the late Mr. Gurney’s “ List of the Diurnal Birds of Prey, etc.” p- 52, a footnote referring to H. spilogaster, in which the following occurs: “The immature specimen figured under the incorrect appellation of Spizaétus ayresi in the ‘Ibis’ for 1862 is one of those in the Norwich Museum. The type- specimen of Lophotriorchis lucant of Sharpe and Bouvier, which is preserved in the British Museum, also seems to me to be a young N. spilogaster” (the italics are mine), from which it appeared to me that Mr. Gurney had noticed that his S. ayrest and Sharpe’s lucani were identical. However, my doubts were quite set at rest when I received a young specimen of Z. lucani from Grahamstown, now in the Albany Museum, which agreed perfectly with both Gurney’s description and plate. And therefore, as Gurney’s name has considerable priority over that of Sharpe and Bouvier, I have great pleasure in restoring it to this hand- some little Eagle, especially as the late Mr. J. H. Gurney, as well as being one of the original members of our Union, was our best authority on the birds of prey, and Mr. Tom Ayres, after whom this Eagle was named, was one of our 172 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [This, oldest and best South African field ornithologists. There- fore this Hawk-Eagle must in future be known as Hieraaétus ayresi Gurney. Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle. ed gl OE) Description. Adult female. Feira, Zambezi, 26. ii. 1904. Head, including erest 12 inches long, and cheeks black, the bases of all the feathers white, a few white streaks on the cheeks next the throat, the black of the head gradually fading into dark sepia-brown on the mantle. The earliest scapulars white, forming a shoulder-patch, as in H. pennatus. The rest of the scapulars dark brown, with more or less concealed brownish-grey spots or bars towards the base, the extreme bases white. Primaries black at tips, hoary grey on outer web towards base, inner webs white barred with brownish black. Secondaries greyish brown, barred with brownish black, and with whitish tips; wing-coverts dark brown tipped with whitish, the greater series showing greyish bars. Under surface of wings white, spotted with black. Throat and whole under surface of body white heavily marked with brownish black, more in the form of streaks on the throat and in the shape of spade-shaped markings and bars on the sides of the breast and flanks. The thighs the same but the markings browner. Thetarsistreaked. Under tail-coverts white with subterminal bar of dark brown, and a second bar of the same colour about halfway towards base. Upper tail-coverts dark brown, with whitish bars at tips. Tail grey, tipped with white, and with a broad subterminal bar and four narrower bars of brownish black. Bill blue-grey tipped with black; cere and feet yellow; irides yellow. Length 22 inches, wing 16, tail 9, culmen 1, tarsus 2?. Gurney’s original description of S. ayrest describes a young bird perfectly. I will now try to point out the characters by which this species can be distinguished from H. spilogaster, but before doing so [ would like to mention that, although I have only been able so far to examine five specimens of H. ayresi, Moises OM areas loll EWE RAACE T Wise A YR Sl VITTY & SEABORNE fy ek | AAC , ae vii 19109. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 173 three adults and two young, I have seen numerous specimens of H. spilogaster in all stages of plumage, living, dead, and skins. f In the first place, H. ayresi has a distinct crest 1} to 1? inches in length, but in mounted specimens and skins this is not always apparent unless looked for. H. spilogaster never has a crest, although, like many birds of prey, when angry or excited, it sometimes raises the feathers of the nape, giving a slightly crested appearance. ‘Therefore, I venture to say, that all Hawk-Kagles that have so far been identified as H. spilogaster, if they have a erest will be found to be referable to H. ayresi. Secondly, the question of size: H. ayresi is a smaller bird than H. spilogaster, but | am not quite sure whether it is a question of wing-measurement alone, as it has seemed to me that H. ayrest has a longer wing, in proportion to its size, but I have been handicapped in this matter by the fact that some of the specimens | have exainined have apparently been wrongly sexed, as all have had approximately the same wing- measurement, z.e. 16 inches. I think we may safely say that the male of HZ. spilogaster and the female of H. ayresi are about the same size. It seems to me, however, that H. ayresi is a rather differently proportioned bird to H. spilogaster, having a longer tail and shorter legs than the latter, and more like H. pennatus in general appearance. Other dif- ferences that have struck me I give in the following parallei columns :— Adults. H, ayresi, | HH. spilogaster. General colour above dark sepia- | General colour above black or brown; head black, feathers of brownish black. The head the scapulars and greater wing-coverts | same colour as rest of upper sur- face, conspicuously varied on sca- pulars and wing-coverts, with extreme bases white. Many of | white bars and mottling towards these feathers tipped with whitish | bases of feathers. These feathers in fresh plumage. never tipped with whitish. Ear-coverts and cheeks black, Kar-coverts and cheeks white, very slightly streaked with white | streaked with black. with more or less concealed spots or bars of brownish grey, only next throat. 174 HT, ayresi. General colour of under surface white, heavily marked with black in the form of spade-shaped spots and bars, including thighs; the tarsi streaked. Lieut C. G. Finch+Davies on [Ibis, H. spilogaster. General colour of the under surface white, streaked on the throat, breast, and flanks with black, the streaks broadest on breast and flanks; abdomen and thighs with only narrow streaks, sometimes immaculate; tarsi im- maculate. Under wing-coverts white, but - with a large black patch formed by the broad subterminal bands on the larger coverts. No white patch on the scapulars. Under wing-coverts white, spot- ted with black. Smallest scapulars white, form- ing a shoulder-patch as in H. pen- natus, not always xpparent in skins unless looked for. The differences between the young birds, although very distinct when the two species are compared, are not so easily described, as they are more a question of shade of colouring and shape of markings. ‘The fact that H. ayresi at all ages possesses a crest, and also the white shoulder-patch, should be sufficient to distinguish it, though as I have said before, neither of these points are always apparent in skins. I will, however, try to give the differences in colouring as well as Ican. H. ayresi is generally paler in colour above, though this depends somewhat on whetler the feathers of either species are fresh or worn; it has, however, a conspicuous whitish-buff forehead and eyebrow, both of. which are absent in H. spilogaster. In H. ayresi the secondaries are uniform dark brown without bars on the outer web. In H. spilogaster these are grey barred with dark brown, the grey fading to pale brown when the feathers become bleached. In H. ayresi the general colour of the under surface is pale buff, darker on the sides of the breast, almost white on the abdomen and thighs, with almost spade-shaped marks of brown on the sides of the breast and narrow shaft-streaks on the centre of the breast and upper abdomen. The flanks with broader streaks and almost bare of dark brown. In A. spilogaster the general colour of the under surface is rufous- 1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 175 buff, almost brownish rufous on the upper breast and fading into buff on the thighs and abdomen, broadly streaked with dark brown on the breast, and more narrowly on the flanks and upper abdomen; all these streaks are spear-shaped, and on the sides of the upper breast only the edges of the feathers are rufous. How H. ayresi originally became confused with H. spilo- gaster I am not sure, but I think perhaps the late Dr. P. L. Sclater may have been responsible, as [ have found the follow- ing in the volume of ‘ The Ibis’ for 1864, where Dr. Sclater, in describing a collection of birds made by Dickinson on the Zambezi, makes the following remarks under the head of S. spilogaster (p. 304):—‘‘ This very interesting series shows that Mr. Gurney’s S. ayresit is the immature form of S. spilogaster. Wolf’s plate in the ‘Ibis’ represents the immature plumage in nearly every respect, except that Dr. Dickinson’s specimens show still less signs of a crest than are depicted in the plate of S. ayresi, and the still younger bird has the under surface uniform brown, with scarcely a single indication of spots. In the youngest speci- mens .... the under surface becomes white densely spotted with black spots, the tail being also strongly barred across. In the perfectly adult the spots wear off, and the bird becomes white beneath, with spots only on the breast and flanks. In this plumage the tail has a broad subterminal black bar.” From the above it seems clear to me that Dr. Sclater had before him both adult and young specimens of H. ayresi and spilogaster. Again, Gurney in his excellent Notes on Sharpe’s ‘Catalogue of Accipitres in the British Museum,’ writes as follows (Ibis, 1877, p. 421):—‘‘ There is, however, a variation in the markings of the under surface in specimens of N. spilogaster, to which I am desirous of briefly alluding. Two distinct phases of such markings occur in adult speci- mens, or at least in specimens which are so far adult as to have passed beyond the stage of plumage which characterizes this Eagle in its first year...... Thus in some individuals the white of the underparts is merely interspersed with sparse and narrow dark shaft-marks..... whilst in other specimens 176 Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on [ Ibis, the dark markings on the under surface are much more numerous and also very much broader.” As late as 1904, Erlanger again confused the two species, as I have already mentioned. This was pointed out by Neumann in the Bull. B.O.C. xvi. 1906, p. 112. I will now give some of the references which I consider applicable to this species, but as my scientific library is somewhat limited, I must be forgiven if my list is far from complete :— Spizaétus ayresti J. H. Gurney Sen., Ibis, 1862, p. 149, pl. iv. Plate and description of young or immature specimen. Collected by T. Ayres in Natal. Spizaétus spilogaster P. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1864, p. 303 (part). Lophotriorchis lucani Sharpe & Bouvier, ‘ Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de la France,’ 1877, p. 471. Description of young or immature from Landana, Portu- guese Congo. Nisaétus spilogaster Gurney, ‘ List of Diurnal Birds of Prey,’ 1884, p. 52, and footnote (part). Aquila wahlbergi Sharpe, Ibis, 1898, p. 573. Under this name Sharpe describes a specimen of a Hawk- Eagle, collected by Sowerby in Mashonaland, as follows :— “ This is a very curiously coloured individual and is evidently, in my opinion, an immature bird, but it differs from all our specimens in the British Museum in being white underneath with a few arrow-shaped black streaks and bars. ‘The upper surface is also mottled with white tips; the crown is white streaked with dark brown, with a very evident crest of pointed brown feathers.” I think this specimen is probably referable to H. ayresi; it is certainly not H. wahlbergi. Lophotriorchis lucani Shelley, Ibis, 1901, p. 594. Describing a collection of birds from Nyasaland, Shelley writes as follows :—‘‘ This small Eagle somewhat resembles Aquila wahlbergi in size and in having a short crest on the hinder part of the crown, but may readily be distinguished 1919. | Hieraaétus ayresi. 7 from that bird and from N. pennatus by having seven distinct dark bars across the tail and some blackish bars on the inner lining of the wings. Lophoaétus occipitalis, the commonest little Eagle in the Nyasa district, has an extremely long crest, much darker plumage, and the tail crossed by only four dark bands. JZ. ducani in the pattern of the tail and under surface of the wings resembles the immature stage of N. spilogaster, but is a very much smaller bird, with the wing not more than 15°5 inches, which is the measurement of the wing of a specimen from Delagoa Bay, while in the type from Landana it is 14°6 inches, and in the present specimen only 13:7 inches.” From the above it would appear that Capt. Shelley had only seen immature specimens, and probably males judging from the wing-measurements, especially of the last. Lophotriorchis lucani Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 102. Here Sharpe describes a specimen collected by Bates in the Cameroons as follows :—“‘ ¢ ad. Efulen, April 10, 1902, native name ‘ Ze-ydp.’ The adult plumage of this interesting Hawk-Eagle has now been ascertained for the first time, and a brief description of it has been given, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1902, p. 79. The general colour is black, with broad brown or greyish-brown bands on the scapulars, quills, and tail-feathers; sides of face black; under surface pure white, with a black patch on each side of the breast and black axillaries; thigh-feathers and under tail-coverts with large terminal black spots; under wing-coverts mostly black ; quills white below with black tips and more or less remains of narrow black bars. Total length about 20 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 138°2, tail 8°5, tarsus 2°75.” Professor Neumann, in the Bull. B. O.C. xvi. 1906, p. 112, has stated his opinion that this specimen is in reality a small male of N. spilogaster. I rather doubt this, and the specimen should be re-examined. Hieraaétus spilogaster Erlanger, J. f. O. 1904, p. 184, pliax. As mentioned before, Erlanger has figured this species under the above name from a pair collected in Somaliland. 178 On Hieraaétus ayresi. [ Ibis, Eutolmaétus spilogaster P. L. Sclater, Bull. B.O.C. xv. 1905, p. 67. Dr. Sclater exhibited and made some remarks on a Hawk- Hagle collected by Dr. Stoehr on the Zambezi, sent to him for identification by the South African Museum, Cape Town. He identified this specimen as E. spilogaster. This specimen is now mounted in the South African Museum, and is the original of my figure. Lophotriorchis lucani Neumann, Bull. B.O.C. xvi. 1906, p. 112. Professor Neumann exhibited a specimen from the late Freiherr C. von Erlanger’s collection and stated that this was the first adult of this species he had seen, as he considered that the so-called adult specimen described by Sharpe was nothing but a male of N. spilogaster. After pointing out Erlanger’s mistake mentioned above, he went on to describe the following characters by which the two species might be separated. The colour of the under wing-coverts showed a large black patch in spilogaster, while those of lucani were white with numerous black spots. There was also an obsolete white shoulder-patch in lucani just as in H. pennatus, and it had been suggested by Klein- schmidt that /uwcani might be the African representative of H. pennatus. LL. lucant was now known from Landana, Togoland, Mozambique, and South Somaliland. Mieraaétus lucani Zedlitz, J. f.O. 1910, p. 374. Here Zedlitz quotes Neumann’s remarks above, and gives details of some specimens of this species which he had examined, Lophotriorchis lucanit Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 245. Grant describes a specimen collected by Capt. Cozens in Uganda as follows:— Length in flesh 21} inches, wing 395 mm. In clean, apparently first dress, having light tips to the feathers of the head, back, wings, aud rump. Irides yellowish brown, cere greenish, bill blue, tip black, feet pale yellow.” 1919. | On certain Subspecies of Woodpeckers. 179 I have been unable to find anything of any interest recorded with regard to habits. Bates mentions that his Cameroon specimen had remains of some sort of squirrel in its stomach. My friend who sent me the specimen from eastern Pondoland, stated that this was one of a pair which had been chasing his tame pigeons. Judging by its pro- portions and likeness to H. spilogaster, I should think that, like that species, it was probably a highly predaceous species, preying on such birds and mammals as partridges, pigeons, hares, ete. The distribution of this Eagle would appear to extend from Somaliland on the east and Togoland on the west, southwards probably as far as the Cunene River, on the west, then along the Zambezi, and through the eastern districts of South Africa as far as Port Elizabeth. In concluding these notes I must ask to be forgiven if there is a lack of concise ideas, as I am no writer. I trust, however, that my words, and the accompanying plate, will lead to a better knowledge of this Eagle. XI.—Note on certain recently described Subspecies of Woodpeckers. By H.C. Rosinson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. In a recent number of this Journal (1918, pp. 107-109) Mr. C. Boden Kloss has described four additional subspecies of the Bay Woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurus) for which, however, in three cases no types have been designated, which is contrary to all modern practice. As I have recently had access to the entire material on which these races are based and many additional skins, as well as to the important papers of Hesse * which were not available in the Malay Peninsula at the time Mr. Kloss wrote his paper, the following remarks may tend to elucidate matters. * Berlin Mitt. Zoo]. Mus, vi. 1912, pp. 131-261. 180 On certain Subspecies of Woodpeckers. [ Ibis, +- Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni Kloss. This race was founded on a single male which I have examined, and appears fairly distinct when compared with M. b. brachyurus. It must, however, if distinct, have an extremely limited range, as specimens from Mergui are almost typical M. 6. phaioceps, while others from Bangkok are very much nearer to M. 6. burmanicus Godwin-Austen. In any event very much larger series are required before, in so variable and difficult a group as these Woodpeckers, the race can be regarded as in any way established, and its description is a courageous act which it is devoutly hoped will not be largely imitated. Micropternus brachyurus lanka Kloss. The type and only specimen examined is a much dete- riorated specimen so damaged in the region of the head that the sex cannot be stated with certainty. It was col- lected in Ceylon, probably in the southern -districts, by ii. L. Layard about 1845, and is No. 278 D. A.S.B. in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India (late Indian Museum, Calcutta). From the material it is impossible to express any opinion on the validity or otherwise of the race. ++ Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus Blyth. The actual types of this form are a male and female collected by E. Blyth in 1844 in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. Wing 115-121 mm. Micropternus rufinotus Bp. described as from central Asia, but more probably from north-west India, is a synonym not of M. 6. phaioceps but of M. b. blythii, being a large-winged form. Micropternus brachyurus humei Kloss. This race, founded merely on Hume’s remarks without the inspection of any specimens with presumably a type- locality of Rohilkund, which is coterminous with south-west Nepal, is almost certainly a pure synonym of the large- winged M. b. blythii (vide Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb. xix. 19115 p. 18a): 1919. | On Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 181 Micropternus brachyurus mesos Kloss. The type of this form, which I tentatively suggest may be a natural hybrid between M. 6. phatoceps and M. b. gularis, is a female from Kuttak, No. 277 F. A.S.B., in the col- lection of the Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum, Calcutta). The tail bands are broad and distinct, the shafts of the inner primaries dark, and the centres of the throat- feathers dark. Wing 110 mm. = Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus K loss. This form, on account of its extremely small size and isolated habitat, cau be regarded as quite a good subspecies, but of Ch. guttacristatus, not of Ch. strictus from Java. Birds in which the females have the head spotted black and white in the one case, and in the other golden-yellow as in Ch. strictus, can hardly be maintained as races of the same species. Though Singapore Island is mentioned first in the descrip- tion, in view of the subspecific title, it is I think permissible to designate the other specimen examined as the type; this is a male from 81 Karang, southern Johore, collected on the Ist of August, 1908, by H.C. Robison and EK. Seimund. Wing 148 mm. measured flat. Federated Malay States Museum No, 1940/08. XII.—Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. By E. C. Stuart Baker, M.B.O.U. Wuitst working out the Woodpeckers and Barbets in the collection of bird-skins collected by Mr. E. G. Herbert in Siam, I have taken the opportunity of going into the quéstion of subspecies of the forms represented therein, and the following notes are the result of my investigations. PICUS OCCIPITALIS, I have been able to examine in the British Museum a series of seventy males and nearly as many females, which show that though there are certain differences between the birds 182 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, of different geographical areas, undue weight has sometimes been attached to alleged points of variation which are purely individual, and in some cases, perhaps, do not even exist. As regards size, the following table gives the wing-measure- ments of the Indian and Burmese birds examined :— N.W. India .... 155to 165mm. Average 1588. INo pale '7s aionveterst 146 to 149 mm. “ 147°5 (3 birds only). Silckimy. yao 130 to 149 mm. = 142-0. Assam 4 "siiecuince 136 to 148 mm. .. 142:0. North Burma.... 144 to 151 mm. 43 148°6. Central Burma .. 148 to 157 mm. a 150°2. South Burma.... 140 to 150 mm. re 1445. Judging from measurements, therefore, it would seem that we have a large form from extreme north-western India, a smaller form from north-eastern India, and a bird inter- mediate in size from Nepal. From north and central Burma we have another intermediate-sized form, whilst from south Burma and northern peninsular Siam and Burma the form is again somewhat smaller. In coloration there appear to be three quite distinct races in the above areas, which agree well with the three main divisions in size above referred to. The north-west Indian and Nepal birds are green above with the rump tinged with yellow, sometimes fairly strongly so, and this is most noticeable in the Nepal birds, although these are so much smaller. The average wing-measurements of 20 birds is 158 mm. Birds from Sikkim, Buxa Dooars, Assam, north and south of the Brahmapootra river, as far east as Sadiya and as far south as Tippera, are distinguished by being much suffused with golden brouze on the upper parts, most conspicuously so on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; the rump and upper tail-coverts are much more yellow in some cases, being practically wholly of this colour, and below also the plumage is conspicuously tinged with bronze-yellow. The average wing-measurement of 46 males is 142 mm. The third geographical race, as shown by coloration, seems to extend over the whole of Burma, Siam, and northern 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 183 Malay Peninsula. In appearance this bird is very similar to those from north-west India, but it is duller, both above and below, and has no yellow-bronze tint like the Assam group, and very seldom any yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts. As regards names for this group, we have the fol- lowing :— (1) Gecinus occipitalis Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 8: Mus- soorie. (2) Gecinus hessei Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb. xxiv. 1916, p. 28: Siam. Admittedly, all of these are nothing but geographical races of Picus canus canus, and will therefore bear that specific name, Picus occipitalis was described together with Picus squa- micollis in the P. Z. 8. for 1830 as new species “from the Himalaya Mountains,” but from what part of the Himalaya they came there is nothing to show, though the presumption is that occipitalis came with squamicollis from somewhere in the north-west. We may therefore consider Mussoorie the type locality for it. We have, then, the following races in India and Burma :— (1) Picus canus occipitalis. Picus occipitalis Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8. Type locality. Mussoorie. The largest of all the Indian forms, with a wing averaging 158 and varying between 146 and 165 mm. Above, the plumage is green with only a trace, sometimes rather pro- nounced, of yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts. No bronze-yellow suffusion on the wings and upper plumage. The Nepal birds are small, as I have already shown, but there are only three very old, very worn skins, and for the present I prefer to keep them with this subspecies. They are not in the least like the next bird in colour. Habitat. Western Himalaya, from Nainital, Mussoorie and Garhwal to east Nepal, north into south Kashmir, Simla States, and Kumaon. SER, XI.—VOL. I. z 184 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, (2) Picus canus gyldenstolpei. Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C, vol. xxxix. 1918, p. 19. Type locality. Sadiya, Assam. Type No. 87.8.10.1023. g ex Hume Coll. British Museum. A medium-sized bird, with a wing of an average of 142 mm. and varying between 130 and 149 mm. Distinguishable at a glance from every other subspecies by the strong bronze-yellow sheen on the upper plumage, especially on the wings. A bird from the area inhabited by this form can be picked out without hesitation from any number of allied skins. Habitat. Sikkim, Bhutan, the whole of Assam, north and south of the Brahmapootra to the extreme east, and running south through Cachar, Sylhet, Manipur, Looshai Hills, Tippera, and Chittagong, being replaced in Arrakan by the next subspecies. I can find no name applicable to this bird, and name it in honour of Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, who has done so much good ornithological work in the east with the Swedish Mission. + (3) Picus canus hessei. Gecinus canus hessei Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsh, xxiv. NOG pee: Type locality. Pak Koh and Denchai, northern Siam. A rather larger bird, the wings of the specimens examined by me (60 birds) varying between 140 and 157 mm., and averaging 148 mm. Gyldenstolpe’s, Herbert’s, and Kloss’s birds vary between 140 and 155 mm., and average the same as the Museum birds, 148 mm. . Differs from P. c. gyldenstolpe: in being greener and in having no bronze-yellow reflections on the upper plumage and wings. It differs from G. ¢. occipitalis in being rather smaller, more green and duller both above and _ below. There is also decidedly more yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. Bass Count Gyldenstolpe named his birds from northern Siam specimens, of which I have now seen a fair series, and I cannot see any difference between these and normal Burmese specimens. Average measurements of this Woodpecker do not seem to decrease as one works south until practically the latitude of Rangoon is reached, but from this point there is a decided diminution which steadily becomes more pronounced down peninsular Burma and Siam. It does not appear desirable at present to make any further division between peninsular and southern Burmese birds, and I retain them all under Count Gyldenstolpe’s name. Habitat. Chin and Kachin Hills, and the whole of north and central Burma, north and central Siam, and peninsular Burma and Siam, as far south as Moulmein. Northern Shan birds approach the Yunnan form, whilst southern Shan specimens cannot be distinguished from those of Siam. The Chinese form of canus also appears to be divisible into several subspecies, partly by measurement and partly by coloration, The measurements of the fine Museum series of over 100 specimens are as follows :— 1. Foochow .... Wing 139-151 mm. Average, 142°5. 19 specs. 2, Fokien ...... 135-150 mm. PS 148-54. see 3. Chinkiang.... » 1388-149 mm. . 142-05" 95; AS Ning porn c=. » 140-151 mm. Fe 145°:0. 13 ,, UE ae do mms |. 14d, a8 Hupeh, ete. | 6G. Setchuan .... » 141-152 mm. or TAG: Oe at, Hee N MOAN, (5) e,)- » 151-167 mm. 5 T5702. = 95 55 8; Hormos’ -:... .. 1386-139 mm. Loge Aes, 9 Hainan 2 ..... » 129-135 mm. as Oe OP ear less Colour differences are as follows :— Birds from Foochow and Fokien, and presumably the rest of south China, are much darker than those from the north of the Yangtse river, thus forming a well-marked division between (1 & 2) and (8 to 5); birds from Setchuan Pz 186 Mr. FE. C. Stuart Baker on [ This, are darker than either of the first two groups, and somewhat browner in general tint. Those from Yunnan are much darker and duller than either of the other three groups, and the green is of a very sombre brownish tint, though the skins available are so bad that they may possibly look duller and browner than they should, Formosan and Hainan birds are both darker green above than the adjacent Chinese birds, and are much browner and duller below, but I can find little difference in this respect between the birds of these two islands. The following are the names available for the Chinese forms :— (1) Gecinus guerini Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 539: China. (2) a tancolo Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 283: Formosa. @C) $5 hainanus O.-Grant, Ibis, 1899, p.584: Hainan. (4) a sordidior Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1908, p. 32: Yunnan. (5) Picus canus setschuanensis Hesse, Orn. Monatsber. 1911, p. 193: Setchuan. Taking into consideration colour and size combined, we seem to have the following well-marked eastern races in addition to those already enumerated for India and Burma :— (4) Picus canus sordidior. Gecinus sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O. C. xix. 1906, p. 32. Type locality. Yunnan. A large bird with a wing averaging about 157 mm., and with very dull dead-green plumage, this beimg especially so on the lower parts. It cannot be confused with any other subspecies, but the specimens at present available for exami- nation are very poor. Birds from north and north-east Shan States should be placed under this subspecies, though their colouring is not so definitely dull and dark as that of Yunnan birds. Habitat. Yunnan and northern Shan States. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 187 (5) Picus canus guerini. Picus guerini Malh. Kev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 539. Type locality. China (apud Malherbe’s Monograph). This is a pale form, intermediate between typical P. canus canus inhabiting the extreme north of China ete., and the darker form inhabiting China south of the Yangtse Kiang river. In size the two appear to be much the same, 37 specimens of this subspecies averaging 143 mm. as against just under 144mm, for 53 specimens of the southern bird. Bill about 28 mm. and ranging from 26 to 80 mm. Habitat. The provinces of Ningpo, Chinkiang, Hupch, Ichang, and Shensi, north of the Yangtse river. (6) Picus canus setschuanensis. Hesse, Orn. Monatsber, 1911, p. 194. Type locality. Setchuan. A darker, duller bird than that found north or south of the Yangtse, nearly as dark, but not so dull as sordidior, from which it also differs in being decidedly smaller. Wing average 145°5 mm.; bill about 29 mm., and varying between 26 and 32 mm. Habitat. Setchuan only, so far as is known at present. _» (7) Picus canus ricketti, subsp. nov. Types. § 1914.4.8.261. F. W. Styan Coll. Brit. Mus. 2 1914. 4.8.262. eS a LA Type locality. Fokien, China. Considerably darker than guwerini, but, as shown above, not differing from it in size. Wing about 144 mm., and varying between 135 and 151 mm. Bill about 28 mm. Habitat. There are large series from Foochow and Fokien in the British Museum collection, and about half a dozen birds from localities farther west and south, I can find no name for this bird, which has generally been considered to be the same as fancolo from Formosa, and I have therefore the pleasure of naming it after Mr. C. B. 188 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [Ibis, Rickett, well known for his work in China on ornithological subjects. (8) Picus canus tancolo. Gecinus tancolo Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 283. Type locality. Formosa, Differs from south Chinese birds in being smaller ; wing average 13771, and bill about 26 mm., varying from 24°5 to 28, and in one case 30 mm. It is also a darker bird, and the under plumage is very distinctly duller and also browner. (9) Picus canus hainanus. Gecinus hainanus O.-Grant, [bis, 1899, p. 584. Type locality. Five-finger Mts., Hainan. There are only two specimens of Hainan birds in the British Museum, but these are smaller than Formosan birds, with smaller bills, and are possibly also rather darker above and less brown below. It is with some doubt that I keep them separate, but Dr. Hartert, who formerly considered the two subspecies identical (Novitates Zool. xvii. p. 222), informs me that a series of 12 birds in the Tring Museum bears out the above characters differentiating the two races, and that he con- siders they should be kept distinct. Wing about 132 mm.; bill about 25 mm. Habitat, Hainan. PICUS VITTATUS. Gyldenstolpe has recently described a new form of P. vittatus from northern Siam as P. v. eisenhoferi. The differences enumerated by him are as follows :—Size, larger than in vittatus, colour of upper parts bright grass-green instead of olive-yellow, rump-feathers tipped yellow, black cap on head larger. He also refers to the colour of the wings and the spotting of the quills. The wing he gives as 142 mm. All these variations in plumage are purely individual, and even the difference in size between northern and southern igro. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 189 birds is much less marked than is generally the case, as may be seen from the following measurements :— Davart os eae 53d. Wings 129-137mm. Average 132 mm. Shes Wickets GAGE i DsO-. » 123=13'mm. 4 126°5 mm, Malay States.. 4¢¢ » 127-1382 mm. ea emis iihory ” 5 5 td) OO » 127-180 mm. eel Semana Cochin China.. 2¢¢. » 128-130 mm. i cL 2o" mbm. 5 Hs 329? » 133-136 mm. , 1384 mm. SNM 6 6s sto ot 3dd » 136-143 mm. » 1389:°5mm., Pye be niehcte. meer 97989 » 128-149 mm. i) Loom trmmnm: The largest bird in this series is a female with a wing of 149 mm. from as far south as Pakjan in peninsular Siam, whereas there is another female from as far north as Bangkok with a wing of 128 mm., smaller than any of the Javan males. I can only distinguish two races of this Woodpecker :— f (1) Picus vittatus vittatus. Picus vittatus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818, p- 91: no locality. Picus vittatus eisenhoferi Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb. xxiv. 1916, p. 28: Pa Hing, N. Siam. Type locality. Malacca. Habitat. Java, Malay States, western and eastern penin- sular Siam and Burma, and thence into south-eastern Siam as far as Bangkok, and thence again, if Gyldenstolpe is correct as referring his birds as nearest vittatus, and not viridanus, well up into north central Siam, also Cochin China. The exact range of vittatus and viridanus evidently wants more careful working out unless eisenhoferi is viri- danus. (2) Picus vittatus viridanus. Picus viridanus Blyth, J. A. S, B. xii. 1848, p. 1000. Gecinus webert Miiller, Journ. f. Orn, 1882, p. 421: Salanga. Type locality. Arrakan. Differs from P. vittatus vittatus in having the whole of the underparts streaked from vent to upper breast. 190 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, Specimens of this Woodpecker vary to a very great degree inter se from all parts of the range. Thus three birds from Tounghoo are so different from one another that they might well be taken for three geographical races, if not for distinct species. One bird has the back bright grass-green, a second has it dull dark green, whilst the third has the whole of these parts covered with a bright bronze-yellow sheen. In size they do not vary greatly, though, as usual, northern — birds average a trifle larger than southern. But even in tins respect the individual variation is so great throughout the range, that it does not seem advisable to attempt any division into geographical races on the ground of variation in measurements. The birds obtained by Mr. Herbert appear to be the first actual record of its appearance in Siam, as all the birds from this country labelled viridanus in the British Museum are true vitlatus. Habitat. Burma, Chin Hills, Kachin Hills, southern Shan States, north and central Siam, and possibly the extreme west of peninsular Siam and Burma. P. v. vittatus appears to work up the eastern side of the peninsula into Siam and Cochin China. The form found in the island of Salanga (S. weber) is also nothing but wvaidanus. 4. PICUS ERYTHROPYGIUS. As at present accepted, there are two races of this Woodpecker, P. e. erythropygius from Cochin China, and P. e. nigrigenis from Burma, ete. The only two birds of the former race which I have been able to examine are the type, a female in the British Museum collection, and a male in Lord Rothschild’s Trmg Museum. Mr. Kloss has, however, recently ascribed to this subspecies certain specimens obtained in Siam, and three specimens obtained by Mr. Ek. G. Herbert from the same conntry on the whole support his view. Mr. Kloss is not, however, quite accurate in referring to nigriyenis as “a very distinct subspecies and a far handsomer bird,” for the difference i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 191 between the two forms is very slight, and, indeed, I can trace no difference beyond the fact that erythropygius has a white or whitish bill, and nigrigenis has a dark horny- coloured bill. The alleged differences are (1) position and extent of red cap, (2) depth of yellow colourimg below, (8) whitish or dark colour of bill. The red of the head in the type of erythropygius is exactly matched by many specimens of nigrigenis from Burma, and this feature varies very greatly: thus in two birds from the same area we have two adult males ; in one the red crown commences about 6 mm. from the bill, and extends back for about 25 mm.; in the second it commences a full 10 mm. back, and only extends for about 15 mm. In comparative size the red cap of the first is treble that of the second, As regards the briglitness of the yellow underparts, this character is equally variable and valueless, whilst some nigrigenis are much brighter, many are duller than the type of erythrupygus. The third and best distinction, the colour of the bill, is as follows :—In the type, which is a dismounted bird, the bill has been painted pure ivory-white, but under the paint it is a pale dull yellow, slaty on the gonys and also on the base of the lower mandible and on the upper mandible just beyond the nostril. The bill of the male in the Tring Museum is ivory- white. Mr. Herbert’s birds and one collected by Hume at Meklong, Siam, are nearer erythropygius than nigrigenis, if the two forms are divisible. The male has the bill slaty horny, the lower mandible nearly all yellowish white, and the upper mandible splashed with the same. ‘The females have the bill very pale; in one it is all a dirty horny white with dark base and a dark streak running through the nostril exactly as it does in the type. The bills of nigrigenis are generally horny black, or dark horny, but in many cases they are more or less marked with yellowish white, and this occurs in specimens from areas as far apart as Pakjan, Kolidoo, and Thoungyeen. 192 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, As regards size, the two races seem much the same. The wing of the type of erythropygius is 160 mm., of the Siamese birds from 152 to 165 mm., whilst Mr. Kloss’s birds run from 140 to 161 mm. measured on the curve. Of the 48 skins of nigrigenis in the British Museum the extremes in length of wing are 147 and 165 mm. JTYNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS. I have not yet had time to work out all the subspecies of the genus Iyagipicus, but there appear to be two species admitted in the British Museum Catalogue which cannot be maintained, viz., pumilus and auranteiventris. Blanford has already pointed out (Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds, il. p. 46) that pumilus cannot possibly be separated from canicapillus, Of the series of so-called pumilus in the British Museum the wings vary from 70 to 81 mm., and those of canicapillus from 74 to 87 mm., but both so-called sub- species occur in the same area, and it would really seem as if Hargitt had picked out the smallest birds with wholly black rectrices and given them the same name, and then picked out some larger ones with spotted rectrices and called them canicapillus (according to Blyth). The remaining birds seem to have been almost indiscriminately assigned to either. Amongst the so-called pwmilus many have more or less white on the tail, and again among Hargitt’s canicapillus there is a bird with a wing of 86 mm. with the central rectrices quite black. Exactly parallel to the above two forms are those of aurewentris and Hargitt’s picatus. In the Museum there is a specimen of each shot on the same date at the same place, and it is probable that the latter is nothing but an extra worn specimen of the former. CHRYSOPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA LYLEI. Chrysophlegma flavinucha lylei, Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 110. This race, which Kloss describes from a single specimen, appears to me to beonly C. f. pierrei. His bird was obtained igto. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 193 from Koh Lak, south-west Siam, and two specimens, a male and a female, have now been sent home by Mr. Herbert from Chan Tuek and Pakchan, from the same part of Siam. These two latter are undoubtedly nothing but yrerrez. The male has a wing of 152 mm.,and the female 148 mm., whilst the type of pierrei, a female, has a wing of 156 mm. Mr. Herbert’s birds also have the pale upper and under plumage of pierrei, contrasting well with wrayi in this respect. The other differences noted by Dr. Kloss, 7. e., the paler bill, nearly black centres to the forehead and dark sides of head and neck, are not present in Mr. Herbert’s specimens, which agree perfectly with pierrez in these details. The wings of C. f. wrayi in the British Museum collection vary between, ¢ ¢ 140-141 mm., ? 2? 140-148 mm., and it is possible that with more material wrayi and pierret may prove to be one and the same. C./f. flavinucha varies con- siderably in the depth of colouring on the lower plumage, some individuals being much darker than others, and though wrayi from the south would also appear to be much smaller on an average than pierret from the north, yet one female, wray?, from Salanga, is the same size as Mr. Herbert’s bird from Chan 'Tuek, a very long way farther north. _ CALLOLOPHUS MINIATUS PERLATUS. Callolophus miniatus perlatus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 110. Mr. Kloss, who creates this new subspecies on a single unsexed specimen from Koh Lak, south-west Siam, diag- noses it as bigger than C. m. malaccensis, having a wing of 137 mm., and says that it differs in having the breast and abdomen paler, the ground-colour being less tinged with brown, and the dark bands narrower and farther apart ; the nuchal crest is without spots and bars. There are other specimens from Siam in the British Museum collection, and these do not bear out Mr. Kloss’s diagnosis, but show, as do the other birds in this big series, that all these so-called subspecific variations are merely individual, occurring in some specimens throughout the 194 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, whole area. Nor is Mr. Kloss’s bird any larger than many typical malaccensis from the extreme south, This subspecies cannot be maintained. -+CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTACRISTATUS. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus has sometimes been held to be a mere subspecies of Chrysocolaptes strictus of Java. This seems to me to be quite unnecessary, for we have the_ broad dividing line between the two in the fact that the females possess, the one a black crown, the other a yellow one. Nor is-this difference anywhere bridged over by intermediate forms, and though both birds probably came from the same stock comparatively recently, nature has now eliminated the useless intermediate forms and created a definite species. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus must, however, be divided into certain geographical races, a matter of even greater difficulty, however, than is usual with such divisions. I have had some 300 specimens for the purpose ot exami- nation, and throughout the whole of its vast range, from southern India to the south Malay Peninsula, I can find no variation in plumage which in any way helps me to define the subspecies. I am therefore thrown back upon the size of the bird and comparative size of bill as the sole features of distinction. . Eliminating young and moulting birds, the measurements have been taken of 193 specimens, divided as follows, females and males being considered together, as there appears to be no sexual difference in size :— North-west India .... 9 birds. Wings 177-190 mm. Average 184. Bills 50— 63°5 mm. TG UDI -pracnaeeertd, ors osc 10 ,, . Wings 172-182 mm. ee LER Sh Bills 50- 63°56 mm. Sikkim and Dooars .. 24 ,, Wings 164-177 mm. as 170°8. Bills 48- 50 mm. Assam, N.andS. .... 18 , Wings 164-177. mm. a 171°5. Bills 48-50 mm, Chin to Shan States... 6 ,, Wings 163-178 mm. i: og SEDO: Bills 50- 57) mm. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 195 South Siam. Wee. 2... 6 birds. Wings 157-171 mm. Average 166:0. Bills 40-45 mm. Burma, 8.to Rangoon. 23. ,, Wings 160-177. mm. - 166°2. Bills 55-60 mm, S. Burma anj Malay . 59 = ,, Wings 150-172 mm. f 159 9, Bills 388-45 mm. South & CentralIndia. 85 ,, Wings 145-159 mm. ‘5 152:0. Bills 388- 45 mm. It appears, therefore, that there is a very large race with an enormous bill found in the northern Himalayas, Mus- soorie, and Nepal. A second, rather smaller bird in Sikkim and Assam, with a relatively smaller bill. A third, which is about the same size, but with a larger bill, in the Chin and Shan States. A fourth, in Burma, very similar to that in the Chin and Shan States. A fifth, exactly the same as the southern Indian bird, in peninsular Burma and Siam and the Malay States. A sixth, small form with very small bill in southern and south-central India. Of these there do not appear to be sufficient grounds for dividing the second, third, and fourth from one another. The first stands out on account of its great size and very large bill, but few birds having this latter under 60 mm. The fifth and sixth are indivisible in colour or size of bill. The following are the names available :— Picus guttacristatus Tickell, J. A. 8. B. ii. 1833, p. 578: Borabhum, 7. e. Manbhum, south-west Bengal. Picus strenuus Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165: Assam. Picus sultaneus Wodgson, J. AS. B. vic 1837, p.- 105: Nepal. Indopicus delesserti Malherbe, Mém. Acad. Metz, 1848, p. 343: Malabar. Chrysocolaptes g. indomalayicus Hesse, Orn. Mouatsb. xix. 1911, p. 182: Salanga. Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p- 113: Southern Johore, vide antea, p. 181. 196 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, ? Chrysocolaptes bacha Reichenb. Scans. Picine, 1854, p. 399: Central Asia. The type of P. gutéacristatus was obtained in Borabhum in Manbhum, Bengal, and is a bird with a wing of 166 mm. and asmall bill. It is certainly not the same as the big Nepal bird, which Hodgson later on called sudtaneus, but is much the same as many Assam and Burmese birds, and all these latter seem referable to the same name. I admit the following three forms :— (1) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus. Picus guttacristatus Tickell, J. A.S. B. ii. 1833, p. 578: Borabhum. Picus strenuus Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1839, p. 165: Assam. A medium-sized bird with wing varying between 157 and 178, average 168°4 mm., and with bill between 43 and 60 mm. ; in Bengal and Assam birds the bill is never over 50 mm , but in Burmese birds always 50 or over. Habitat. Bengal, from Chota Nagpore and Behar east to Assam, north and south of Brahmapootra river, Cachar, Tippera, Manipur, Looshai, Chin and Kachin Hills, Shan States, northern and central Siam, and the whole of Burma, north of Rangoon and the latitude of that place. If it be considered desirable to divide the Burmese from the Assam and typical birds on account of their rather smaller size and larger bill, they would have to be given a new name, as there is none at present applicable. (2) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus sultaneus. Picus sultaneus Hodgson, J.A.S.B. vi. 1837, p. 105: Nepal. ? Chrysocolaptes bacha Reichenb. Scans. Picine, 1854, p. 399: Central Asia. This is a very large form with wing between 172 and 190 mm., average 180°5 mm., and a bill between 50 and 63°5 mm., very rarely under 60 mm. Habitat. N.W. India, Mussoorie to Nepal. Nepal birds average rather smaller than the N.W. Indian ones, but they all have the same enormous bill. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 197 (3) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus delesserti. Indopicus delesserti Malh, Mém., Acad. Metz, 1848, p. 348 : Malabar. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indomalayicus Hesse, Orn. Monatsb. xix. 1911, p. 182: Salanga I. Chrysocolaptes strictus chersonesus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p.- 113: S. Johore. Habitat. Southern India, south of Bombay in the west and Orissa in the east, peninsular Burma, Siam, and the Malay peninsula. A small bird with wing between 145 and 172 mm. and average 157 mm., and bill between 38 and 45 mm. It seems to me to be inadvisable to separate the south Indian from the south Burmese birds, the same results in each case having presumably been arrived at by parallel evolution. Those who refuse to accept under the same name the same bird from two widely different areas would have to use the name indomalayicus for the Burmese- Malayan form, but the only difference between the two is the slightly larger average size of the latter. Robinson (vide page 181) gives the length of wing of Kloss’s chersonesus as 148 mm.; this is a trifle under the size of any specimen from the British Museum series, but. is not sufficient reason alone for naming it as a separate sub- species. There are specimens from Johore in this collection with wings exceeding 170 mm, AMICROPTERNUS BRACHYURUS. Mr. Boden Kloss has recently (Ibis, 1918, pp. 107 et seq.) created many new subspecies of this Woodpecker, in some cases it would seem with hardly sufficient material, although the net results are very accurate. Six races are comparatively well defined by colour-differences, these being M. b. brachyurus, M. b. gularis, M. b. phaioceps, M. 6. fok- iensis, M. b. badiosus, and M. 6. holroydi. The Indian and Burmese birds Mr. Kloss splits up into further subspecies— lanka from Ceylon, dblythit from the eastern Himalayas, mesos from ? Cuttack, Calcutta and Bengal, durmanicus from 198 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, Burma, humei from the north-west Himalayas, and william- soni from Siam. Mr. Kloss divides all forms of Micropternus from India, Burma, Malay, and Siam into two groups: (1) drachyurus group, with the shafts of the wing-quills more or less blackened ; and (2) phaioceps group, in which the shafts are perfectly unsullied red. I have examined roughly some 400 specimens of this Woodpecker, and my examination shows that this division — into two groups is not very good, as it breaks down when a _large number of skins are considered. On the whole, how- ever, we do find that the brachyurus group has more black on the wing-shafts than has the phaioceps. The following figures show this :— Dark Red brachyurus from : shatian chatiss lan Gye eee ta wahts, Rater 12 0 iTlen ASSEDVIn amen te tee eee 42 18 (Malac@n ae tee 5 ota abate 26 6 S. Malay, various places .. 18 2 SUIMalbiaesseas ahs eee 8 1 SISA POR prev dnc. t,."a ee ee 2 0 103 and 27 respectively. phaioceps from : INV pLiidiaiiee sacs ot ean 0 8 Nepal and Sikkim ...... 12 23 Bengal and Behar..... UNE ed, O Black, varying in extent. Assam and Cachar ...... 9 22 N. and Central Burma.... 9 9 SB ULNA) Meee cre ieee 19 10 Sh wovliean SiN ssc 6 doco be 2 1 58 and 78 respectively. This suffices to show that we cannot rely on this feature to distinguish between the two groups, neither is it necessary to do so, as the character usually accepted, that of the marking on the chin, is a good one, differentiating plainly between brachyurus, phaioceps, and gularis. In the first, brachyurus, and the second, phaioceps, the feathers of the chin and upper throat have dark longitudinal centres with pale edges, the general appearance being streaky ; gularis, on the other hand, has these feathers dark with narrow 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 199 terminal pale markings almost white, which make this part of the bird look squamated. Between typical specimens of brachyurus and phaioceps it is also easy to distinguish, as the former has the feathers of the throat with the centres of a darker colour than the breast, whilst the latter has them concolorous with it. In the portion of the two birds’ habitat where they overlap, both dark- and light-coloured throats are met with, and this obtains over practically the whole of southern Burma, south-western Siam, and the north of peninsular Siam and Burma. A very careful examination of the long series which I have had the advantage of consulting, shows that there is no other stable difference of colour in any of the various proposed races which would suffice to distinguish them from any other. At first I was inclined to think that Kloss was right in separating the Ceylon bird (/anka) on the ground ~ of its being a brighter bay in colour than those from continental India. Of the sixteen birds from Ceylon in the British Museum collection, three are a very bright bay, but a hunt amongst skins from elsewhere has produced similar brightly-coloured individuals of gularis from Travancore, Ootacamund, and Madras, and of phaioceps from Nepal and Assam. This characteristic seems, therefore, to be valueless. As regards the barring on the under parts, beyond the fact that as a whole brachyurus is far more heavily marked than phatoceps, nothing more can be said. There are specimens from Sikkim of the latter form far more heavily marked than are many individuals of brachyurus from Malacca, and throughout the range of Micropternus this _ character is one which varies to an extraordinary degree. Micropternus b. williamsoni is said to differ from other races in having more narrow shaft-streaks on the chin and throat- feathers, no pale shaft-stripes on those feathers, darker breast, dark bars on the tail narrower, and narrower bars on the back and wings. Now all these characters are purely in- dividual and obtain in odd specimens in birds from Sikkim, Assam, Chin Hills, north, south, and central Burma, and Siam itself. But there is one feature of the Siam birds which, SER. XI.— VOL. I. Q 200 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, if constant, would entitle it to subspecific rank, and that is the immaculate upper back and scapulars. Of the five Siamese specimens I have examined, four have these parts quite immaculate, and the fifth almost so. Mr. Kloss does not mention this feature, so presumably his specimen—a single one again—was barred on the upper back. Of course, specimens with the back and scapulars immaculate are found everywhere, and there are such specimens in the British Museum collection from Kumaon, Nepal, Behar, and Tenasserim. Such are, however, quite exceptional, and it is curious that the only five examples of the Siam bird which L have been able to examine should be all alike in this respect. As regards colour-variation, nothing further need be said except that I cannot find the slightest difference between the races named mesos, blythii, burmanicus, and humei, so that eventually we are thrown back upon variation in size alone if we wish to divide phaioceps, brachyurus, or gularis into further local races. Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus group. The following table gives the measurements of adult non-moulting birds in the Museum collection. The places cited are those marked on the labels, but some birds with non-authentic data have been omitted :— Sumatra ...... Wing101-114mm. Average 106°5. 8 specimens. South Malay, : various places.. ,, 106-115 mm. nt NO2 ls ra Malacea <2. 2... 3 99-115 mm. 7-3 LOS. 26 5 Singapore .... ,» 113-117 mm. F ipeiey, 3 . *Tenasserim .... ,,. 107-182 mm. * 121°5. 56 se Wilanes vec. , 109-116 mm. Ae 1100. 12 3 Measurements would thus seem to show that we have two races of brachyurus, one from Sumatra and the southern Malay Peninsula, with a wing averaging under 110 mm., and never exceeding 117 mm., and a second race from the northern Malay, Siamese and Burmese peninsular areas, with a wing averaging over 121 and seldom under 115 mm. * This includes birds as far north as the north of peninsular Siam and Burma, but the largest bird, a female. with wing of 132 mm., comes from Amherst. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 201 I can see nothing in coloration to support this decision, and over much of the northern area both phaioceps and brachyurus, together with many intermediate individuals, occur in great numbers. Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps group. This subspecies varies little more in size than does M. b. brachyurus, as the following shows :— INGW. India. au... Wing 126-142 mm. Average 132. 8 birds. Nepal and Sikkim .... » 117-130 mm. i 123. OD | 55 Bengal and Behar .... » 112-123 mm. - 116. Te 5 Assam to Tippera .... » 111-129 mm. ANS: (oe er oy N.and Central Burma. ,, 120-183 mm. s 126:9;- 18.77. hassel, somnioapacot » 117-131 mm re 125, 29°35 » 123-129 mm. F 1L25'D.) 4 3 The above table therefore shows that we have a very large form in north-western India, an isolated small form in Bengal and Assam (practically all these latter are from south of the Brahmapootra), and a third stretching from Nepal and Sikkim right away to the extreme south of Burma, where it meets true brachyurus. Micropternus brachyurus gularis group. Oeil Sebo2 bas ca Wing 112-119 mm. Average 115°5. 16 birds. PeaAVaNCOLC = scicislale ses », 110-120 mm. % LGAs = 9) 3; Neilgherries and Souih Madrasa) ; », 117-126 mm. < 122-0 Sh as, N. of Neilgherries .... » 113-129 mm. on 1:22:07 16s; Of gularis, therefore, we have two possible races, one from Ceylon and Travancore, with a wing of about 116 mm., and a second from the rest of southern India, with a wiyg of about 122°0 mm., a difference of 6 mm. only, not supported by any colour-differences. ‘'o summarize results by measurements, we have the following :— Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus group. (1) Southern Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. «2.5.2.6 Wing about 108°8 mm, 64 specimens. (2) Northern Peninsula, Burma piel Sigil sob oocaeduoe 5 Pelee mn. 56 7 Q2 202 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps group. INDO LmeLa MEMS miseitone Wing about 182:0mm.. 8 specimens. (2) Bengal, Behar and Assam, S. ofthe Brahmapootra. —,, » 118lmm. 34 * (3) Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, N. of the Brahmapootra, BurmaandShan States. —,, » 1244mm, 85 re Micropternus brachyurus gularis group. (1) Ceylon and Travancore .. Wing about 1158mm. 25 specimens. (2) Remaining South India to OUISSAN Ree rs eee * 5 122:;0mm. 29 ss The names and range for these subspecies will be as follows :— (1) Micropternus brachyurus brachyurus. Picus brachyurus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. 1818, p. 103: Java. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java. Chin and throat streaked with brown, darker than the colour of the breast. Smaller; wing about 109 mm, (2) Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni. Microplernus brachyurus williamsont Kloss, bis, 1918, p. 107: Koh Lak, S.W. Siam. Habitat. Peninsular Siam and Burma. Larger ; wing about 12] mm. . Even if Kloss’s description of bis new subspecies does not hold good, this is the only name applicable to birds from this region, and will therefore stand; if, however, the Siamese bird proves different in the colour of the back to other north peninsular forms, the latter will then require a new name. (3) Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps. Micropternus phatoceps Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xiv. 1845, p. 195: Arrakan. Habitat. The type of phaioceps comes from Arrakan ; this name will therefore apply to the birds found throughout i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 2035 the eastern Himalayas from Nepal, Assam, north of thie Brahmapootra, and the whole of Burma north of the Peninsula, Shan States and north and west Siam. Streaks on throat of the same colour as the breast. Size medium ; wing about 124 mm. ‘The name rufinotus is a synonym of gularis. ‘The speci- meu said to be the type is marked as having been taken by M‘Clelland in Assam ; in the B.M. Catalogue it is said to come from Bengal, but the bird itself is a typical .gu/aris from southern India. (4) Micropternus brachyurus humei. Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 109: Kohilkund (vide supra, p. 180). Habitat. North-western Himalayas. ‘There are specimens from Kumaon, Dehra Doon, Nainital, and Buxa in the Natural History Museum. A very large bird, with a wing averaging 132-0 mm. (5) Micropternus brachyurus mesos. Kloss, Lbis, 1918, p. 109: Kuttak, Orissa (vide supra, p- 181). Habitat. Bengal, Behar and Assam, south of the Brahma- pootra river to Tippera, but not to Arrakan. A small bird, with a wing of 118 mm. Here again Kloss’s name must stand, though his diagnosis cannot be fully confirmed. Also it is unfortunate that he should first give a new name toa bird from Bengal and then state on the same page that the type locality for typical phaioceps is also Bengal. I have already shown, however, how this very pardonable mistake arose. (6) Micropternus brachyurus gularis. es Picus (micropternus) guiaris Jevdon, Madr. Journ. xiil. 1844, p. 189: Southern India. Habitat. South India, from Orissa on the east and Bombay on the west, but excluding southern Travancore. Chin- and throat-feathers squamated, not streaked. Larger ; wing about 122 mm. 204 Mr. FE. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, (7) Micropternus brachyurus lanka. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 108: Ceylon. Habitat. South Travancore and Ceylon. Smaller ; wing about 115°3 mm. (8) Micropternus brachyurus fokiensis. Brachypternus fokiensis Swinh. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 87: Fokhien. Habitat. Southern China from Fokhien to N.E. Cochin ~ China. Head paler than back, and more buff than rufous ; chin and throat pale buff with broad black centres ; underparts deep smoky brown, with no traces of bars except on flanks. Larger. Wing 124-135 mm.; average 11 specimens, 129°4 mm. (9) Micropternus brachyurus holroydi. Micropternus holroydi Swiuh. Ibis, 1870, p. 95: Central Hainan. Habitat. Hainan (? 8.E. Cochin China and east Siam). Similar to fokiensis, but with darker head, and the feathers of the throat and chin with larger dark centres and more narrow pale margins. Smaller. Wing 111-122 mm.; average 8 specimens, 115°9 mm. (10) Micropternus brachyurus badiosus. Meiglyptes badiosus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 113: Borneo. Habitat. Bornco. A very rich, deep red bird, back and scapulars generally immaculate, centre of throat-feathers unicolorous with the breast, and only narrowly margined with white; red under eye, often extending to above it also; terminal half of tail unbarred black. In one specimen from Labuan the feathers of the nape and sinciput are tipped with crimson. Wing 107-118 mm.; average 12 specimens, 113°5 mm. 1910. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 205 ~ TIGA JAVANENSIS anv TIGA SHOREL. Although recently 7. shoret has generally been held to be only a subspecies of 7. javanensis, this does not appear to me to be correct, for over a considerable portion of its range it is found occupying the same country as forms of that bird. This is especially the case over north and north-east Burma and down the hill-ranges as far as Tenasserim. Tiga shorei is separable from all the races of J. gavanensis, in having the chin and throat with two central streaks of black mstead of one. Ina few individuals the streak is single on the chin, but in every instance it bifurcates and becomes two distinct streaks on the throat. Again, 7. shorei has the feathers of the crest with pale, almost white bases instead of dark, almost blackish ones. ‘his gives the crest a brighter, more scarlet tinge, in addition to which the crest itself is longer, and there is practically no visible black patch on the nape posterior to the scarlet. We have therefore two distinct species :— (1) Tiga shorei. Picus shorit Vigors, P. Z.S. 18381, p. 175: Himalaya Mts. Throat, and generally chin, with a double median stripe , feathers of crest with pale bases, more scarlet and longer than in javanensis. A large bird. Wing from 146 to 162 mm. ; average of 31 birds, 153°3 mm. Habitat. Himalayas, from Nepal through Sikkim, northern Assam, Chin and Kachin Hills, northern Arrakan Hills and down the Burmese hill-ranges as far south as Thyetmyo. (2) Tiga javanensis. A smaller bird with shorter crest, the feathers of which have dark bases, and a single streak of black dots down the centre of the chin and throat. In very rare cases this line becomes double on the throat, but in such the intermediate space is white, not dull buff as in shorez. This species seems to be divisible into certain geographical races. In coloration there is a decided difference between southern 206 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, Indian and southern Burmese birds. The latter have, as a general rule, the black nuchal patch decidedly larger and extending well on to the interscapulars. In general tint also they are darker and duller, the backs a deeper olive with a more pronounced tint of bronze, and the crests and rumps a distinctly deeper, more crimson red. ; As regards measurement, the following are the dimensions of birds in the British Museum, together with a few others which I have been able to examine :— DPravancore as cnige she Wing 131-142 mm. Average 1366. 18 specs. Burma above lat. 20°.. ,, 141-165 mm. vs 1o4-0.- 8 55 # spn ey LOS el? 5p Poo =Loillenim, a 145:0,, 26.5. bs en) apr ehO ete gy, 1422157 mim is 14772. Ne A pt we Lhe. = Ge lao -kep. mm: s 1445, 12: 7 po ee MOT 4 hs SSO Lol mm, a T4308) Aare. - et aoe). 9 oi—150 mm, = 1435. 29'> 5, os ‘5 » 12°.. 4, 182-144 mm. ¥ 140:5- 16" ,; 5 en 2, SOO. ~ tle? mim: x 1440, 12 ,, Malay, south of lat.10° ,,_- 122-186 mm. a 1290. 3 5, DUMALTA Bye. shes <6 » 118-139 mm. - 123s. 1S" 1 PUES ie ane crcere aac » 124-188 mm. 5s 1303.23 .,, ISOTNCO Mee rns ets cee, > » 118-180 mm. 3 1 SYo). a} m5 On the above material it is not very easy to define what subspecies should be made. The bird from Borneo is very different from all others in colour, and needs no consideration. Birds from Java, Sumatra, and below lat. 10° in the Malay Peninsula show a big drop in size when compared with those from farther north, and Kloss seems to be well advised in fixing latitude 10° as a division between two of the races, but the difficulty lies in separating the northern and central Burmese forms, and it seems to me that it is therefore perhaps not desirable to attempt any such division. In coloration there is no difference between them, and though there is a fairly steady average decrease in size as one works south from lat. 20° to lat. 12°, yet we find the birds between lat. 10° and 12° averaging more than those between 17° and 18°, and we obtain individuals from Malwoon, lat. 10°38, with a wing of 152 mm., against some individuals from northern Arrakan, of 143 mm. 19109. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 207 The three birds from the upper Chindwin are huge, having wings of 157, 159, and 165 mm., and if these three were eliminated, we should not have any very great difference in size between the most northern birds and any other areas north of 10°. I therefore leave them for the present all under one name. If eventually the extreme northern birds have to be separated from the central and southern Burmese and Siam birds, the latter will have to be given a new name, as the northern form will bear the name intermedia, which was originally bestowed upon a northern Arrakan bird. I retain the following species and subspecies :— (1) Tiga shorei. Vide above. (2) Tiga javanensis javanensis. Picus javanensis Ljungh, K. Vet.-Ac. Nya Handl. xvii. 1797, p. 137: Batavia, Java. Chrysonotus tridactylus Swains. Class. Birds, i. 1837, p- 809: Java. Picus tiga Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 1822, p. 177: Java. A very small bird, with wing averaging rather under 130 mm., and varying between 118 and 139 mm. Habitat. Java, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula, south of Lats 10°: (3) Tiga javanensis borneensis. Tiya javanensis borneensis Dubois, Ornis, xiv. 1907, pp. 871, 522: Borneo. This is a tiny bird, the wing averaging under 124 mm., and only varying between 118 and 130 mm. It also differs, however, very distinctly in coloration, having the back and wings much lighter with practically no red or bronze tint. Thus, if two series of birds are laid out on a table, the one from Borneo and the other, say, from Malacca, the former appears to be yellow-green above, and the latter red-gold. Habitat. Borneo only. 208 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, (4) Tiga javanensis exsul. Tiga javanensis evsul Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 50: Bah. Hartert divides this bird from other races on two cha- racters : (1) the excessive cross-barring below, and (2) the red patch on the nape of the female. ‘The only female in the British Museum has no red nape, and the male does not seem to be distinguishable from other Javan birds. On the other hand, the specimens in the Tring Museum certainly — seem distinct, and all three females in this collection have the red patch quite apparent. Habitat. Bali, ? Java. (5) Tiga javanensis intermedia, Picus intermedius Blyth, J. A.S. B. 1845, p. 193: Arrakan. Like typical 7. 7. gavanensis, but larger. The average wing-measurement of 159 birds from the whole area is 1444 mm., and from the table given above it will be seen that this is practically the same as that for birds between 10° and 12° in the extreme south of the range. Habitat. Cachar and hills south of the Brahmapootra, Manipur, and the whole of Burma north of 10°, Siam, Shan States, and Yunnan. Blyth’s type was from north Arrakan. (6) Tiga javanensis rubropygialis. Picus rubropygialis Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845 ,p- 400: Bengal. Chrysonotus erythropygius Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. pt. u. 1863, p. 173: South India. Malherbe describes his type as coming from Bengal, and Jerdon misquotes him as describing it from Bangalore. This Woodpecker is, however, very rare in Bengal proper, and the specimen in question may possibly have come from southern Orissa, often mistermed Bengal in olden days, when indeed it formed part of that Presidency. The southern portion of Bengal as represented by Orissa has an entirely southern Indiau avifauna, and this form of Woodpecker is found there more frequently than in the north. i919. | Oriental Woodpeckers und Barbets. 209 T. 7. rubropygialis has a wing varying between 127 and 142 mm., and averaging for 13 specimens 137°5 mm. The so-called type-specimen is a tiny bird with a wing of only 127 mm. Habitat. South India northwards to southern Orissa and Bombay. (7) Tiga everetti. Tiga everett: Tweedd. P.Z.S, 1878, p. 612, pl. xxxvii., 6 et 9: Puerto Princessa, Palawan I. This form seems to constitute a quite separate species. The males have no black collar below the nape; the fore- neck and upper breast are dull olive-brown; the chin and throat are speckled with black, but have no definite medial line or lines; there is also a red moustachial patch, and the lower plumage, as in 7. 7. ewsul, is barred, not edged with black. The female has the posterior crest crimson. Habitat. Palawan. GAUROPICOIDES RAFFLESI. I can find no colour distinctions between the various geo- graphical races of this Woodpecker which are in any way constant. The type locality is Sumatra, and Hesse has made three subspecies—i. e., one from Sumatra, a second smaller one from Borneo, and a third alleged larger one from the Malay Peninsula. Hesse also claims that the Malayan bird differs from the Sumatran in that the male in the former has the upper tail- coverts tinged with red, whilst the Sumatran one has none of this tint. Of the 21 fully adult males from the Malay Peninsula in the British Museum collection, [ find 10 have this red tinge and 1] have not ; on the other hand, of the five Sumatran males, one has it slightly and four are without it. This, therefore, would seem to be rather an individual variation than a racial one. As regards size, this is so variable that it does not seem a very safe characteristic to trust to; but of the Museum 210 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ This, series of Sumatran birds several have data which are not reliable, being merely on dealers’ tickets with additional information furnished by the purchaser on now unknown grounds. If we accept average size as sufficing to distinguish races, we have the following :— (1) Gauropicoides rafflesi rafflesi. Picus raffles Vigors, Memoir Lite Raffles, 1831, App. p. 669 : Sumatra. Habitat. Sumatra. Average wing-measurement of 9 birds, 138 mm. (126 to 153 mm.) Of this small series the largest bears a dealer’s ticket and one in Lord Tweeddale’s handwriting, but it appears to be an obvious Malaccan trade-skin, and the second largest (with a wing of 148 mm.) is also a very doubtful one. Excluding these two, the other seven have wings of an average of only 1384 mm. : (2) Gauropicoides rafflesi peninsularis. Hesse, Orn. Muunatsb. xix. 1911, p. 192: Malacca. Habitat. Malacea, south of Malay Peninsula to Tenasserim and S.E. Siam. Average wing-measurement of 39 birds, 143°5 mm. (138-153 mm.) (3) Gauropicoides rafflesi borneonensis. Hesse, loc. cit.: Borneo. Habitat. Borneo. A small bird with an average wing-measurement (16 birds) of 127°5 mm (121-134 mm.) SASIA. There are two quite good species of this little Piculet :— i (1) Sasia ochracea. With white eyebrow, and ochre or rufous back. +~(2) Sasia abnormis. With no white eyebrow, and olive-green back. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 211 And these seem to be again divisible into the following geographical races :— (1) Sasia ochracea ochracea. Sasia ochracea Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 1836, Pah te Nepal. White eyebrow; back strongly suffused with rusty-red or ferruginous ; underparts deep ferruginous ; cap olive- green. Wing 52-59 mm. Average of 50 birds, 543 mm. Habitat. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Manipur, and the extreme-northern Chin and Kachin Hills. (2) Sasia ochracea reichenowi. Sasia ochracea reishenowi Hesse, Orn. Monatsb. xix. 19}. p. 18): Burma: White eyebrow; back much paler, ochraceous rather than ferruginous ; below rusty ochraceous instead of deep ferruginous ; cap olive, contrasting more strongly with the back than it does in true ochracea. : Wing 50-56 mm. Average of 14 birds, 52°71 mm. Habitat. The whole of western and central Burma, from Arrakan and Tenasserim and down the Peninsula as far as Mergui on the west. The birds in the British Museum collection from the Khasia Hills are, strange to say, all typically of this form, though surrounded on every side by ochracea. At present I have only three specimens to examine as skins, but I knew the bird well in life in this district and never noticed any difference between it and the adjoining Cachar bird, so under these circumstances merely note the fact for further enquiry. Sasia abnormis abnormis. Picumnus abnormis Yemm. Pl. Col. iv. 1825, pl. 371. fig. 3: Java. Sasia everetti Hargitt, Cat. Birds B.M. xvii. 1890, p. 559 : Borneo. No white eyebrow. Back dusky olive-green, concolorous 212 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, with head ; below deep ferruginous, but with a golden sheen on some of the feathers of the lower breast and abdomen, never found in ochracea. Wing 50-56 mm. Average 22 specimens, 53 mm. I can trace no difference in colour or size between specimens from Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Siam and those from Java; but there are very few specimens from the latter locality, and it may be, as Hartert says, that a series will show them to be smaller | and with a smaller bill than those from elsewhere. Habitat. Borneo, Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula, as far north as Kossum and thence east up the Peninsula into south-west Siam, as far north and east at all events as Maprit, whence birds were obtained by Mr. E. G. Herbert. Hargitt’s everett is merely the young bird of abnormis with the underparts olive-green. There are, however, here and there young feathers of the adult rufous colour, showing distinctly what the bird really is. Sasia abnormis magnirostris. Sasia abnornis magnirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p- 51: Nias. Differs from S. a. abnormis in having a bigger bill, with a depth at base of 6 mm. as against 4-5 in that bird. There are no specimens of this subspecies in the British Museum. \ THEREICERYX LINEATUS. I cannot discriminate between more than two additional geographical races of this Barbet—i.e., a larger northern and a smalier southern form. There appear to be no constant differences in colour which can be considered sub- specific ; depth and shade of green, comparative darkness of head, and extent of striation appear to be purely individual, 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 213 The measurements of a very large series, working down from north to south, are as follows :— N.W. India to Nepal .. Wing 133-142 mm. Average 137°6. 7 birds, Nepalis ..c). means eeeetnie ,, 124-136 mm. K 1SO:8es Sikkim and Bhutan .. ,, 117-137 mm. m 1:29:95 20 INSSRIN et reer ae ;, 122-137 mm. ~ 130:55) 730) INS Brings eee : » 124-187 mm. %, exes yy S. Shan States....... ‘ » 128-185 mm. a NGOP5 iG) Fy FeXOVOE) 00M pic tatags cha eeee » 122-124 mm. 12305 2 is Siam, N. of Peninsula.. ,, 124-131 mm. y lege abl o. Central Burma, S. of Chin and Kachin Hills. = ,, 107-182 mm. WPA, sy Peninsular Siam ...... 22S 7mm mF 4 Sa eons Tenasserim and Penin- Stlarslsubinaee rs: ee ell 34 sminig 4 Pe}, Uy. A AVENE Gh on ehchone acho crore » 112-124 mm. io ME NN} It is’ manifest that the north-western Indian bird is not the same as the Javan, and indeed the former bird appears to run much larger than any other form. There are, how- ever, only seven specimens upon which to base an opinion, though of these no fewer than four have wings of 139 mm. aud upwards. Should a larger series confirm these mea- surements, this race would certainly require a new name, as there is none now applicable. Leaving the north-western form, we have a second with “a wing roughly averaging about 130 mm., extending from Nepal through Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam north and south of the Brahmapootra, the Chin, Kachin, and Shan Hills, down into Siam north of the Peninsula. North Arrakan and south Chin Hill birds, with wings averaging 133 mm. (a larger series might decrease this average), also appear to belong to this form. The birds from south Arrakan and the whole of west and central Burma belong to a smaller form with a wing averaging 124 mm., and to this race belong those from peninsular Siam and Burma with wings averaging about 1 mm. longer. In Java itself we have a very small bird with a wing only 117 mm. in average length, although we have a fair series (13 skins) for examination, At the same time, it is very 214 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, noticeable that the smallest bird in the whole series of skins of this species is a fully adult male in perfect plumage from Kaukaryit with a wing of only 109 mm. The following subspecies seem to be maintainable :— (1) Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus. Capito lineatus Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. iv. 1816, p. 500: Java. ; Very small; wing average 117-3 mm. (J3 birds). Habitat. Java and Bali. (2) Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni. Megalema hodgsoni Bonap. Consp. Av. i. 1850, p. 144: Nepal. Megalema maclellandi Moore & Horsf. Cat. ii. p. 637. The type of M. maclellandi is said to have come from north-east Bengal, and the ticket on the type itself is marked as from Assam; as Assam at one time formed the north-east corner of Bengal both are correct, but the name is merely a synonym for 7. /. hodgsoni. A very large bird : wing about 130°6 mm. (103 birds). Habitat. Nepal, through the Himalaya and eastern Bur- mese Hills to Siam north of the Peninsula. (3) Thereiceryx lineatus intermedius. Stuart-Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix, 1918, p.9: Pahpoon, Burma. Type. No. 88.11.30.449, 9, ex Hume Coll., Brit. Mus. Intermediate in size between 7. 1. hodgsoni and T. 1. lineatus, with a wing of about 124 mm. (71 birds). Habitat. Central and south Burma and peninsular Burma ~ and Siam. ? (4) Thereiceryx, ? subsp. nov. From N.W. India. A very large bird, with an average length of wing over 137 mm. If a sufficient series of specimens from the north-west of India west of Nepal shows that the great size is consistent, this will suffice to constitute a fourth geographical race, 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 215 +P THEREICERYX FAIOSTRICTA. There seems to be great confusion in respect to the proper name which this Barbet should bear. Temminck originally described it as Bucco faiostricta (Pl. Col. iii. 1831, pl. 527) and gave its habitat as Cochin China. In the B.M. Catalogue Temminck is misquoted as Bucco flavostrictus (Cat. B.M. xix. 1891, p. 76), and Gray (Genera B, 11. 1846, p. 429) calls it Megalema faiostrictus but is again misquoted in the Catalogue as M. flavostriata. Then Neumann (Bull. B.O.C. xxiii. 1909, p. 31) mis- quotes Shelley as Cyanops pheostricta instead of Cyanops pheostriata, and here refers to its having been found in south China, and on the strength of this makes a bird from Saigon, Cochin China, a new subspecies under the name saigonensis, the grounds for its separation being its small size, 7. e. a wing of only 102 mm. as agaiust his south Chinese birds with wings from 112 to 118 mm. As Kloss correctly shows, however, the original type came from Cochin China, so saigonensis is only a synonym of faiostricta. Kloss then names the south Chinese birds pretermissus, on account of their comparatively large size rendering it necessary to divide them from the Cochin -China bird. This distinction does not, however, seem to hold good, though Kloss’s name must probably be retained on other grounds. We have now a fair amount of material available for com- parison. In the British Museum there are eight specimens of this Barbet—3 from Ok-Yam, Franco-Siamese boundary, wings 108-112 mm.; 2 from Nhatrang, Annam, with wings of 109 mm.; and one, Neumann’s type, from Saigon, with awingofl02mm. In Mr. Herbert’s collection are two from Hoop Boon, Sriracha, with wings of 112 and 114 mm. respectively. Count Gyldenstolpe has a fine series of 13 birds with wings varying between 110 and 115 mm. ; and, finally, Kloss records one from Lat Bua Kao with a wing of 108 mm. Robinson’s four birds from Ok-Yam are said to have wings over 112 mm. SER, XI.— VOL. I. R 216 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [This, Neumann’s six birds, which are now in the Tring Museum, have wings, as Kloss states, between 112 and 118 mm. From this it is evident that we cannot separate preter- missa on accouut of size alone, especially when it appears that saigonensis is named from an abnormally small-sized bird. There is, all the same, one quite good difference between the south Chinese birds and those from Cochin China, Annam, etc., and that is, so far as we know now, all true faiostricta have a red patch or spot on either side of the lower throat, whilst those from south China have none. The two forms will therefore stand as follows :— (1) Thereiceryx faiostricta faiostricta. Bucco faiostricta Temm. Pl. Col. ii. 1831, pl. 527: Cochin China. Cyanops pheostricta saigonensis Neumann, Bull. B.O.C. xxii. VIOOKp. 3. Neumann’s type is No. 88.11.25.278, Tweeddale Collec- tion, British Museum ; no sex, locality Cochin China (vide Bull. B.O.C. xxii. p. 31). The wing is 102 mm. Rather smaller: wing 108-115 mm. (one 102 mm.); a red spot well developed on either side of the lower throat. Habitat. Cochin China, Annam, and Siam. (2) Thereiceryx faiostricta pretermissa. Thereiceryax flavostrictus pretermissus Kloss, Lbis, 1918, p. 101: Nanchan Island, Kwangtung, South China. Now in Tring Museum. A larger bird; wing 112-118 mm. ; no red spot on either side of the throat. Habitat. As above, so far as is now known. It may eventually prove that the south-eastern Cochin China form is always very small, in which case we should have three subspecies aud Neumann’s name would stand. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 217 aa CYANOPS DUVAUCELI. There are at present the following races of this Barbet described :— (1) Cyanops duvauceli duvauceli. Bucco duvauceli Less. Traité, 1831, p. 164: Sumatra. (2) Cyanops d. borneensis. Parrot, Miinchen. Abh. Ak. Wiss., Math.-Phys. K]. xxiv. 1907, pp. 149, 288: Borneo. (3) Cyanops d. cyanotis. Bucco cyanotis Blyth, J. A.S. B. xvi. 1847, p. 485: Bengal. (4) Cyanops d. orientalis. Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738: Ok-Yam, Tranco- Siamese boundary. Cyanops duvauceli is easily divisible into two races— duvauceli duvauceli, a small bird with black ear-coverts and a large black patch on upper breast ; and a larger form with blue ear-coverts and no black patch on upper breast, duvauceli cyanotis. The difficulty is in dealing with the intermediate forms, which, in coloration, grade into one another very gradually ~ without having any area in which a stable form has been evolved. In size we have, on the other hand, a somewhat more definite dividing line than usual; but the series available for examination is not large, and it is possible that with a larger one, the sudden dividing line may become less distinct. Rilekamal ts Moise Matters Wing 80-87 mm. Average 83°2. 5 birds. PNSRAT ered elas shows sat 5 @8-88 mm, 55 82:0; 7 Lar ,; NGG a eet acs se » 77-88 mm. 5 819, eae LAI oyesecsraiwe eke eile oc = », 82-87 mm, a 83'5. Si 5 Peninsular Burma and Siam vtec ste: Arne » (2-79 mm, - (Oy) 15y o3, Malacca and South Malay Peninsula.... ,» 68-79 mm. 3 (pra. 240 Suet (5G: edMes biriin oor enees » 69-77 mm. ns 295) OR BOPAGO os =yes ins bas » 7@3-80 mm, 3 Woe IS 218 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [Ibis, From the above table we see that this species falls into two well-divided races—one with a wing averaging well over 80 mm., the other well under 80 mm. As regards the larger race, I can find no colour variation by which it can be split up. At first sight Robinson’s skins do seem to be separable, because of their bright clean greeu appearance, and the amount of yellow in the spot under the eye. A careful examination, however, seems to show that this is due only to the beautiful way in which the skins are made. I find that skins made by one of my men in Cachar are facsimiles in colour and size of Robinson’s C. d. orientalis, and this race cannot be maintained. The amount of yellow in the spot under the eye varies to the same degree in birds from Sikkim to south Burma and peninsular Siam. In the smaller race a further division seems desirable. Birds from Borneo and Sumatra are not separable from one another, unless one considers a difference of 2°5 mm. on an average wing-measurement sufficient for this purpose. In coloration both birds are identical, with black ear-coverts, and a big black breast-patch. Parrot divides his borneensis from typical duvauceli as being a brighter, paler green, but the alleged difference is certainly not visible in the two series in the British Museum. When, however, we come to the Malay Peninsula bird, we find that the ear-coverts are neither pure blue nor all black, but are dull biuish with the basal half black, the pro- portion of the two colours varying considerably. The black spot on the breast seems to be nearly always present, but is much smaller than in the Sumatran and Bornean birds. Accordingly there are, I consider, the following three forms of this Barbet, with a possible fourth from Batu Island :— (1) Cyanops duvauceli duvauceli. Bucco duvauceli Less. Traité, 1831, p. 164: Sumatra. Cyanops duvauceli borneensis Parrot, Miinchen. Abh. Ak. Wiss., Math.-Phys. KI. xxiv. 1907, pp. 149, 286 : Borneo. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 219 Black ear-coverts ; black patch on breast well developed, Wing average 75:2 mm. (23 birds). Habitat. Borneo and Sumatra. (2) Cyanops duvauceli robinsoni. Stuart-Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix. 1918, p. 20: Klang, Malay Peninsula. Type. No. 88.11.30.338, ¢, ex Hume Coll. British Museum. Ear-coverts mixed blue and black ; black spot on breast small. Wing average 75°6 mm. (39 birds). Habitat. Malay Peninsula and peninsular Siam and Burma. (3) Cyanops duvauceli cyanotis. Bucco cyanotis Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1847, p. 487: Bengal. Cyanops duvaucelt orientalis Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738 : Ok-Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary. Kar-coverts blue ; no black spot on breast. Wing average 82°3 mm. (35 birds). Habitat. Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Chin and Kachin Hills, Shan States, and Siam, north of the Peninsula. (4) Cyanops duvauceli gigantorhinus. Mesobucco duvauceli gigantorhinus Oberholser, Smiths. Inst. Mise. Coll. Ix. no. 7, 1912, p.6: Batu Is. This is merely described by Oberholser as “ Like M. d. duvauceli but with a much larger bill : Lafau, Nias 11.” No measurements are given, and I have no birds for examination, Habitat. Apparently Batu and Nias Islands. T+ XANTHOLAZMA HAEMACEPHALA. This little Barbet, which according to the British Museum Catalogue rejoices in no fewer than fourteen names, is, as a matter of fact, very consistent in size throughout its great range, and its colour varies no more than its dimensions 220 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on [ Ibis, The latter are as follows :— Average, Extremes. ae ae & Khorasan, Persia ........ Wing 80:0 mm. — 1 MNT SOD avea eles Giclee se /arereh> : Somes 80-89 mm. 9 North-west India........ 7 USHOr 5, 77-82 _,, 12 Nepal and Bhutan ...... 3 SIGSier 80-84 ,, 6 INGGAOig aeeeey tay ate heise kes 95 840 ,, 81-87 ,, ol. AVA PUbANA Ge ate. le yo sts 5 ¥ So .;, 78-83 ,, 4 Central Provinces ...... f Siks 7; 79-84 ,, if Bene alee eeesteieieeiaeritts P S06 78-84 ,, 4 ‘Bowibsyens-. ose see ees - 80°3 ,, 74-89 ,, 27 Milaidliralsweae-y teas sch teeces eur rete on S0ioN Fs 77-87 ,, 10 Travancore and Mysore .. x ES 73-83 ,, 13 @eylon se sine ons on an WSO. 4, 75-81 ,, 4 BUTIMNA Ee eee Gees ee eete a 82°5,, 77-87 ,, 51 Malay Peninsula ........ Ss euler, 78-83 ,, 5 Samson cis ie cates 5 a 80-87 ,, 12 ATTAIN ee ices onedetey steric *F 80:0%,; Sumatran. sae ser te a sos) |; 79-83 ,, 5 Dilip ple siaee crs sets ote 27 3 82:0 ,, 80-88 _,, 22 We thus have these differences at the greatest extremes of its range: a bird in the Punjab with a wing of 83°2 and another in Ceylon with one of 78-0, 7. e. a difference of only 5°2 mm., but from -the north-west 12 birds average only 79°6 mm., which is exactly the same as those from Travan- core. Under these circumstances it is impossible to make any geographical races on the ground of size. There is, however, one race which is easily distinguishable on account of the much bigger bill, which, measured from nostril to tip, averages over 17 mm. as against well under 14 mm. for the rest. We have, therefore :— (1) Xantholema hemacephala hemacephala. ? Bucco philippensis Brisson, Orn. iv. 1760, p. 99, pl. vii. fig. 2: Philippines. Bucco hemacephalus Miiller, Syst. Nat. Anhang, 1776, p. 88: Philippines. Bucco flaviguia Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1788, p. 20: Philippines. 1919. | Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. 221 Bucco philippinensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 407: Philippines. Canto jflavicollis Boun, et Vieill. Ene, Meéth, 1828, p. 1424: Philippines. Xantholema hematocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds B.M. xix. 1891, p. 89 (part). Birds from the Philippmes are the darkest of all these little Barbets, and are very heavily striated below. The edges to the wing-quills are dark and very blue, less green, especially when compared with Assam or still more western specimens. The difference in the size of the bill is very noticeable: birds from the Philippines have the bill from 16 to 18 mm., measured as described, whilst those from Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Burma, and India have it between 12 and 15 mm., whilst the average for the two forms is under 14 mm. and over 17 mm. respectively. Brisson’s Bucco philippensis would appear to be this bird, but his names are not accepted as binomial ; the plate is very poor and the description meagre, and under these circum- stances it is safer to retain Muller’s name. Habitat. Philippines. (2) Xantholema hemacephala indica. Bucco indicus Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 1790, p. 205: India. Bucco rubricollis Cuv. Régne Anim. 1. 1829, p. 428: “The greater part of India.” Bucco luteus Less. Traité, 1831, p. 163: Pondicherry. Megalama rubrifrons Gray, List Capit. Brit. Mus, 1868, p. 11: India. Xantholema hematocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds B.M. xix. 1891, p. 89 (part). | The differences between XY. h. indica and X. h. hema- cephala are those already pointed out above. Habitat. Practically the whole of India, from the foot- hills of the Himalayas to Ceylon, the plains of Burma, Yunnan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. There are three names which have hitherto been given as 222 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Ibis, synonyms of X. hemacephala:—(1) Bucco parvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 407, of which the type locality is said to be Senegal; but the description shows that it is probably a small Barbatula, and anyway it has nothing to do with this Barbet. (2) Bucco lathami Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 408. This is founded on the plate in Lath. Syn. i. and p. 504, which is not in the least like Nantholema hemacephala. The plate is of a bird called “ the Buff-faced Barbet,” and no locality is given. (3) Bucco nanus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Eni. p. 47: Cayenne, This is founded upon Latham’s Black- spotted Barbet (i. p. 496), which probably represents Capito niger. Shelley misquotes Marshall as giving this bird the name (amended) of hematocephala in his Monogr. Capit. p. 101, pl. 42 (1871), but as a matter of fact Marshall calls it hemacephala. It should be noted that the bird from Khorasan has a very small bill (12 mm.), and is very yellowish-green with an intense sheen on the upper plumage equalled by - very few specimens elsewhere. This may well be an individual character, but it will be interesting to examine ‘further specimens. XII1.— Notes on Birds observed in Palestine. By Major A. G. L. Stapen, M.C., R.E., M.B.O.U. (Plate IV.) From July to the end of October-1917, I found myself in that curious semi-desert of southern Palestine which was then occupied by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force to the south and south-east of Gaza. The country here, though extremely fertile after the rains of winter and producing heavy crops of grain in the spring, becomes during summer and autumn a vast tract of dry and sandy land, swept by dust-storms and scorched by the sun. There are few trees 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 223 except along the coastal strip which includes Deir el Belah, Khan Yunus, and Rafa. Most of my observations were made in the neighbourhood of Shellal, a point some twelve miles from the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzze. This wadi, like most large wadis in Palestine and Sinai, was at this time of the year a huge dry river-bed with here and there a few shallow pools which, excepting a large brackish freshwater lake at Deir el Belah, provided the only surface-water in that part of the country. At Shellal there were several of these pools, and their presence no doubt was responsible for many of the migrants which came under notice. After the advance of the British force in November and December 1917 the type of country became very different as we went northward, and some species which had appeared only on migration at Shellal were found to be resident farther north. On the other hand, I never found Tristram’s Desert-Lark (Ammomanes deserti fraterculus) in any other place than at oue particular spot on the Wadi Ghuzze. Before the northward migration commenced there were very few birds to be seen in the area around Shellal, aud one could almost count the common species on one’s fingers, but once migration began there was a constant stream of new- comers. Doubtless a very much larger number of migrants passed south along the seashore and through the coastal strip of vegetation and did not penetrate even a few miles inland. The Quail, for instance, was a scarce occurrence at Shellal whilst thousands were passing along the coast. I had no opportunities for careful observation during November and most of December 1917, but after that I increased my list very considerably, as might have been expected with the entire change in the nature of the country. The orange groves of Jaffa, the cultivation of the plain of Sharon, the marshy ground near Ramleh and Yebua, and the hills of Judea from Latron to the Jordan, provided such a variety of country that for some time I was daily recording fresh species. Tam very much indebted to Lieut.-Col. Meinertzhagen and 224 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, to Mr. M. J. Nicoll for their assistance in the identification of specimens. In reading the following notes it should be borne in mind that the period from July to October, inclu- sive, was spent in the Deir el Belah—-Shellal area, and all subsequent dates, with the exception of a few days in May 1918, refer to the country on the Jaffa—Jerusalem line. It has been a matter for regret that no opportunity has occurred for continued observation in the Jordan Valley and country to the eastward, as | imagine much of it must be regarded as of particular interest to the ornithologist. A number of species breed along the Jordan Valley, which in some places, owing to its peculiar climatic conditions, is almost tropical in its aspect. All the skins enumerated have been presented to the British Museum. I have prepared a map (PI. IV.) on which are marked all the localities mentioned in my notes. Corvus umbrinus. Brown-necked Raven. Very common, in fact about the only species of Corvide seen near Shellal and Tel el Fara during August—October 1917. Round about Ramleh and Jaffa I only saw one during the following winter, but I observed several in the Judean Hills during this period. Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow. T secured one out of a flock of about twenty that I saw in Yebna marshes on 24 February, 1918. I had not previously found this species in Palestine. Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow. I only saw two near Shellal and Gaza between August and October 1917. They became more common as we went farther north later. A few are to be seen about Jaffa and Ramleh at all seasons of the year. Corvus frugilegus. Rook. I first noticed a large flock near Ramleh, 4 December, 1917, and now and again a few small flocks during the bis. 1919: Pl. TV. 34°15" 30’ VITTY & SEABORNE, LONDON. VITTY & SEABORNE, LONDON, Wadi Hes; @ VERUSALEM ® Hebron [bis. / 1919. Pity, 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 225 winter, but they were never common and appeared to be only passing. Garrulus? species. Jay. On 23 June I saw one of these birds at Kuryet el Enab, near Jerusalem (about 2000 ft. above sea-level). It appeared slightly larger than the British Jay. Its note was identical with the latter. Up to the time of writing I have been unable to secure a specimen. Sturnus vulgaris. Starling. None seen near Shellal during August to October 1917, with the exception of one which I saw at a pool near the Wadi Mirtaba, south of Beersheba, about 10 October. Large flocks were seen near Jaffa during the winter of 1917-18, and these roosted in the reed-beds of Yebna marsh, All these birds disappeared in March. Pastor roseus. Rose-coloured Pastor. One was secured near Rafa at the beginning of October joie Oriolus oriolus. Golden Oriole. io. near Gaza, 1x. 17; Several seen on migration near Gaza, September 1917. Seen again on northward migration 7 and 8 May, 1918. Chloris chloris chlorotica. Palestine Greenfinch. Pion valiaeUnxie lO, Ig aiaita, 27 ice O. Common in olive groves and orange plantations during winter months, and breeds commonly in suitable places. I found a nest containing five eggs on 14 March, 1918. The eggs of this bird are much smaller than those of the Knglish form. The bird taken 27 January, 1918, is very much lighter in colour, and others which appeared to be similar were noticed during the winter months near Jaffa and Ramleh up to the middle of February. I strongly suspect this to be a distinct form, but there appears to be no other record. 226 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, Carduelis carduelis carduelis. Continental Goldfinch. to ~Jatta, 26. 1. LS. Flocks were common in and about Ramleh and Jaffa during the winter. A considerable number remained during the spring and summer and nested commonly in the orange groves. On 16 April I found uests with young birds several days old. This species was found nesting as far sonth as Khan Yunus and Deir el Belah. Passer domesticus biblicus. Palestine Sparrow. 1S, Jatta, 7.11. 18; ed), Jatla, 20-11. 18: Common wherever there is human habitation. This species nested also in caves and holes in rocky cliffs far from houses and villages. Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus. Spanish Sparrow. Ll aoatta, 2) sido a ee atta. 7+ eS, I did not notice any of this species during the winter 1917-18 until 7 March, when I saw two males in company with P. d. biblicus near Jaffa. Later, however, they equalled the latter in numbers and nested commonly all over the country. To me the note of this bird was quite distinguish- able from that of other sparrows, and its ‘chirrup” had a distinct trill which is peculiar to the species. Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch. ] ¢, Jatia, 4 oan. 18: Very common near Ramleh and Jaffa during the winter montis, but not seen after March. Acanthis cannabina fringillirostris. Linnet. lo, Kuryet el Enab, 238. vi. 18. I obtained at Kuryet el Enab, near Jerusalem, on 23 June, an immature bird. There were a number of young birds of the year and a few adults. Some of the young birds were not very strong on the wing and appeared as if they had been bred locally. I had suspected A. cannabina in March when I thought I saw some at Jaffa. It certainly did not breed or remain during the spring in the plains. i919. ] Birds observed in Palestine. 227 This specimen has been compared with skins at the British Museum and agrees with birds taken at Nazareth and Tyre. ? Erythrospiza githaginea Desert Bullfinch. I secured a bird which I took to be of this species at Belah on 8 May, 1918. Mr. M. J. Nicoll suggested that it was perhaps the Persian Bullfinch (Rhodospiza obsoleta), but unfortunately a rat took this skin from my dugout before J could submit it to Mr. Nicoll for examination. Emberiza calandra calandra. Corn-Bunting. Po, data, 10.01.18. Very common in Yebua Marsh during winter, also in suitable country to the north of Jaffa. ‘They remained to breed, but their breeding-quarters were confined to marshy ground, probably on account of there being no suitable scrubby growth elsewhere. Emberiza cesia. Cretzschmar’s Bunting. RopuGaza. 401%, 17, 2 ¢, Gaza; 4eax, 17. 1 So /Gaza; 20 evil 7. This species is very common during migration, which lasted throughout August and September at Shellal. They were scell again on spring migration, the earliest appearance being 21 March near Jaffa. Tristram says that he found them nesting commonly in the hills north of Jerusalem, but I found no trace of them breeding in the flat country around Jaffa. Emberiza cia. Meadow-Bunting. These were quite common near Jaffa during April 1918, and at Shellal I secured a female with incubation spots on 2 May. As far as I could see a few birds appeared to remain throughout the spring and summer. Emberiza melanocephala. Black-headed Bunting. Bede Jatia, 22. iv, 1S-- I o, Jaftalasviels. 1.2: Jatia; 18. vi. 18. This species was first observed near Jaffa about 20 April. The males appeared to precede the females by two or three days. Later on they nested commonly in the orange groves. 228 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis, Emberiza hortulana. Ortolan Bunting. 1 g, Jaffa, 20. ii. 18. A few seen on the northward migration, the first being near Jaffa, 20 March, 1918. Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark. I saw none until we got north of Beersheba in November 1917. There 1 found large flocks and picked up many injured birds under telegraph-wires. This would be - 10 November. ‘They were common throughout the winter months near Jaffa and Ramleh. Possibly this is the eastern form A. arvensis cinerascens. Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla. Short-toed Lark. Common near the Wadi Ghuzze, July to October 1917. They also bred in the hilly country near Jaffa in the follow- ing spring, though only in comparatively small numbers. Galerida cristata cinnamomea. Crested Lark. 1g, Wadi Ghuzze, 7.x.17. 14, Wadi Ghuzze, 1.ix. 17; 26 2, Jattaol in. 18: One of the commonest birds in all parts of Palestine which I visited and breeding freely everywhere. Melanocorypha calandra calandra. Calandra Jark. 2 ©, Wadi Ghuzze,7.1x.17. 1 @y Jattays. in. 1S) Large flocks used to come tu drink in the Wadi Ghuzze both morning and evening during August, September, and October, 1917. They always came in from the north, and during other times of the day none were to be found, I never saw one in the country south of the Wadi. During our advance north through Beersheba I came across them plentifully throughout the country up to Jaffa. During the following spring I found them breeding. The apparently definite line of demarcation formed by the Wadi Ghuzze was very curious in view of the fact that Crested and Short-toed Larks were very common and breeding in the area south and south-east of the Wadi. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. al S) Oo Lullula arborea. Wood-Lark, These birds were common in small flocks near Ramleh in December 1917, but they appeared to be somewhat local, and I saw none after January 1918. Ammomanes deserti fraterculus. Desert-Lark. 1¢, Wadi Ghuzze,7.x.17. 14, Wadi Ghuzze, 18. viii. 17. I found this species in pue spot only on the Wadi Ghuzze at Shellal during August, September, and October, 1917. They were fairly common within an area of about half a mile, but I saw them nowhere else, although doubtless they are not uncommon in similar localities. Motacilla alba. White Wagtail. L ¢,, Wadi Ghuzze; 20. x: 17. These birds began to appear about 6 October, near Belah, and were all over the country south of Gaza by the 20th. They were very common and, in fact, the only Wagtail which I noticed during the winter 1917-18 around Jaffa, Ramleh, and Jerusalem. Motacilla feldeggi. Black-headed Wagtail. 1.2; data, 171. 18. A specimen taken 17 March, near Jaffa, was identified as belonging to this species. There is not a doubt that both this and WM. flava flava pass ou migration in considerable numbers. Motacilla flava flava. Blue-headed Wagtail. eg Jaa, 20swel8s lol dattan 7 ime dS: As far as I was able to identify them a large number _ appeared near Gaza on migration 1 September to 15 October. Others were seen on spring migration near Jaffa during the first week in March. Motacilla flava beema. Sykes’s Wagtail. Iegy obelialy Javax 17. 1 dy Satta 20) 1s. 18.9. ko, Jaffa, 7. iv. 18. The first skin sent to the British Museum of a specimen 230 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis, which I took at Shellal 13.ix.17. was referred to by Mr. Ogilvie-Graut as follows :—“ This is an immature Grey-headed Wagtail which should, I think, be referred to Motacilla flava beema. I lave sent it to a friend to ask him if he agrees in this identification.” These skins have been compared with those in the British Museum collection from India, with which they agree. I first noticed them on 1 September at Shellal. By 25 September there were hundreds of similar birds all over the country, but they had all disappeared by October 1917, when M. alba began to be common, having put in their first appearance a few days later. Cinnyris osea. Palestine Sunbird. This was one of the most interesting species which I have come across. It is now apparently a regular winter visitor to the orange groves of Jaffa, though only in small numbers. I saw no trace of it after February. From inquiries I have come to the conclusion that it has only visited Jaffa during the last twenty-five years, that 1s to say since the orange groves have developed sufficiently to give it shelter in the winter, although it has been known to exist in the Jordan Valley. ‘The blossom of the orange and lemon groves during January and February is doubtless the attraction. The skin of a male taken at Jaffa in February 1918 was submitted to Mr. M. J. Nicoll, and is now in the collection of the Giza Museum. Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit. lo, Jaffa, 3. 11. 18. Birds were noticed September 1917 near Rafa, and again near Ramleh and Jaffa 25 February and subsequently until April. Anthus cervinus. Red-throated Pipit. 2 $, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. x.17. lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. x. 17. Common on migration about Shellal, October 1917; also in spring, farther north, I noticed a few birds on 14 and 21 April. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 231 Anthus campestris. Tawny Pipit. Eg, Jatta29. m8. les Shellale G:ax:.17, Occurred commonly on migration near Gaza in the autumn, and was first observed there 13 September, 1917. Observed again 17 April, 1918, near Ramleh. Anthoscopus pendulinus pendulinus. Penduline Titmouse. Lo, Jafta; 31.1. 18; The above is the only one which I saw. It was secured in Yebna Marsh 31 January, and appears to be the first record of this species in Palestine. This individual varies in its wing measurement from that given by Hartert “55-58 mm.,” being only 51mm. In plumage and general character it agrees with males in winter in the British Museum collection. Parus major blanfordi. Blanford’s Great Titmouse. lo, Ramleh, 27.1. 18. A comparatively common and resident species. Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike. 2 3 2, Wadi Ghuzze, 26. vii. 17. Common on southward migration in August and Sep- tember about Deir el Belah and Shellal, but I did not notice it during spring migration in the Jaffa-Ramleh district. Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Shrike. 1 g, Shellal, 28. viii. 18. 10, Shellal, 24. viii. 17. Common on southward migration in August, September, and October, near Shellal; not noticed during spring migration in the Jaffa-Ramleh district. Lanius elegans. Pallid Shrike. 1 o, Shellal, 8. viii. 17. There were many about Deir el Belah and Shellal during August, September, and October, and the species is probably resident in extreme southern Palestine and Sinai, but I have not found it anywhere north of Gaza subsequent to these dates. SER. XI.—VOL. I. s 282 Major A. G. L. Sladen on (Ibis, Lanius nubicus. Masked Shrike. AsgirShellal, (25. -vii.)07.p.0l0,,Jatia, 16. iy. Se lg. Jafia, 15.v1.. 18: A few passed south in August and September at Shellal, and it was the commonest of the Shrikes going north throughout the Jaffa-Ramleh area in the spring; a few birds remain throughout spring and summer. I did not find them nesting, but it is possible that some of these birds bred there. ; Lanius senator. Woodchat. 1 @, Jafta, 20. 11.18. Noticed on both migrations at Gaza and Jaffa. Sylvia communis. Whitethroat. lo, Shellal, 26. vii. 17. Plentiful on migration at Shellal during August, Sep- tember, and October; also seen again in the spring of 1918 near Jaffa, where it nested commonly during April and May. Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat. A summer visitor about Jaffa and Ramleh, breeding com- monly in the.orange groves. The earliest arrivals made their appearance about 1 March. Motacilla atricapilla. Blackcap. b > Shellal, 7.x 7-~ Seen at Shellal on migration during the first week in October. Sylvia melanocephala. Sardinian Warbler. t 2, Jatta.2si. 1S: I first noticed spring arrivals about 1 March, and soon after they became very common and nested in the orange groves about Jaffa. Sylvia ruppeli. Riippell’s Warbler. A summer vis'‘tor to the orange groves about Jaffa, where it nested. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 233 Sylvia orphea. Orphean Warbler. _ I obtained a specimen at Shellal, 29 August, 1917. A specimen taken near Jaffa, 21 July, 1918, was of the thick- billed eastern type, S. 0. crassirostris. It has only been noticed on migration. This bird was identified by Mr. M. J. Nicoll and presented to the Giza Museum. Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler. 1 ¢, Shellal, 24. viii. 17. 10, Shellal, 15. ix. 17. This bird appears to winter to a large extent in Palestine, and was common at Shellal from about 23 August, 1917. During the following winter I noticed it everywhere, but it entirely disappeared in the spring. Agrobates galactodes. Rufous Warbler. Lo Jailay bavi. 18. 1 6 Jatta, 16. wv. 18. A summer visitor breeding commonly in the orange groves and along the banks of wadis. This bird invariably includes in tle lining of its nest portions of the cast skins of lizards and snakes. Acrocephalus schenobenus. Sedge-Warbler. lo; Shellal, 5.1. 17. Occurred commonly at Shellal during the autumn, and was again noticed in the spring near Jaffa. Cisticola cisticola. Fantail Warbler. 1 @, Ramleh, 12.v.18. lo, Jaffa, 25. 11. 18. Very common and resident in the cultivated and marshy districts. I found it breeding plentifully in Yebna Marsh, where I took unincubated eggs on 20 June. Prinia gracilis. Graceful Wren-Warbler. Common and resident round about Jaffa and Ramleh. ‘There appears to be some slight difference between this and tle species which inhabits the Nile Delta. Hippolais pallida. Olivaceous Warbler. lo. Shellal 26, vor 17. 1-95 Jaita, 262. 18. A common summer visitor nesting in the orange groves of Jaffa and Ramleh. Sie 234 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Ibis, Turdus musicus. Continental Song-Thrush. lo, 14.1. 18. Although common in Yebna Marsh during winter it mostly disappeared in the spring. I saw one bird, however, on 13 May, 1918. Turdus merula. Blackbird. Fairly common around Jaffa and Ramleh, also in Yebna Marsh, December to February, but none appeared to remain ~ during spring and summer. Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare. Small flocks were seen in Yebna Marsh during January and February, 1918. Monticola cyanus. Blue Rock-Thrush. One was secured near Rafa about 20 September, 1917. Phenicurus phenicurus. Redstart. LS aehellaly27 1x; 47. First seen at Shellal about 25 September, 1917; always in small numbers until about 25 October. It reappeared at Jaffa towards the end of January, and birds were last seen as late as 28 April. Phenicurus titys. Black Redstart. Two examples seen at Shellal, 3 August and 23 October. Luscinia luscinia. Eastern Nightingale or Sprosser. 1 ¢,Shellal, 4. ix. 17. Common on autumn migration at Shellal, though not noticed during the following spring. Cyanosylvia suecica suecica. Red-spotted Bluethroat. 1-6, Jaffa, 28.1.18. lo, Jaffa, 28.11.18. Very common in Yebna Marsh during winter months, but none seen after the middle of April. Cyanosylvia suecica cyanecula. White-spotted Bluethroat. A much less common species than the last, and I only saw two examples, the first being on 12 April, 1918, and the other a few days later. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 235 Saxicola rubicola. Stonéchat. TS; Jato; 1Olxme 7a leo aki oeit. 1S. The first I saw was in the Wadi Ghuzze near Shellal, 28 October. Later on, after the advance, I found this bird was very common all over the country. The birds had all gone by 1 April. Saxicola rubetra. Whinchat. lo, Shellal, 27.ix.17. 1 ¢, Dier el Belah, 2. v. 18. A fairly common bird on migration. First noticed on 27 September near Shellal. I took a specimen at Shellal on 2 May, 1918. This bird was a female and had incubation spots. I saw none during spring and summer near Jaffa or Ramleh. Cnanthe enanthe. Common Wheatear. lo, Shellal, 21.ix.17. lo, Jaffa, 28. iii. 18. Comparatively common on both migrations along the coastal area. Cnanthe isabellina, Isabelline Wheatear. ied; shellal, Vax 172) Lo, Jaffa, 8.1. 18: Quite the commonest of the Wheatears seen in the flat country near Gaza, where it appears to be resident. I noticed it on spring migration at Jaffa. (nanthe deserti. Desert Wheatear. Loe suellal, V9. x. 1:7. A few were noticed near Shellal October 1917, and a con- siderable number on and after 29 March near Jaffa. Cnanthe leucomela. Pied Wheatear. 1 go, Wadi Ghuzze, 28. ix. 17. I only saw one of these at Shellal, namely, on 28 Sep- tember. A few were noticed on spring migration at Jaffa. (nanthe hispanica xanthomelena, Hastern Black-throated and Black-eared Wheatear. 1] ¢, Jaffa, 25.11.18. 1 g, Jaffa, 28.ii1.18. 1 3, Jaffa 22.1v.18. 1 9, Jaffa, 4. vi. 18. 236 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, A resident species in all rocky and hilly country. I found both Black-throated and Black-eared birds generally dis- tributed. Both forms nested in the cliffs of a small wadi near my tent in close proximity to each other, and I watched four pairs very carefully in order to identify the eggs positively. The specimens listed do not represent the number examined, but they were all that I had time to skin. The females of both forms were indistinguishable from one another, as were also the eggs. Nests were placed in small niches or holes in the wadi cliff and in rocky country under a stone or boulder. Of the eggs which I found in the wadi referred to fully two-thirds were addled, and one clutch of six were all addled. 1 never found nests with more than three young, and two was the usual number. This condition of the eggs may have been due to the intense heat. All my observations went to show that black-eared and black-throated birds were only forms of the same species, and there seems no sufficient reason for separating them. Pycnonotus xanthopygius. Palestine Bulbul. Wo pneaiia, ale xt.) ve Extremely common all over the country where there is any tree-growth, except in the hills. Resident and breeds in the orange groves. ‘Tristram remarks upon the beautiful song of this bird, comparing it to that of the Nightingale ; but, although I lived in localities with these birds all around me from December to August, I never heard them utter anything but the shortest of songs seldom repeated. ‘he note was very rich and full, but so uniform and unvaried —consisting of about five notes—that it almost became monotonous. I took scveral nests of three and four eggs each. Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher. lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 25. viii. 17. Common on migration at Shellal in autumn of 1917; it also appeared about 1 May north of Jaffa. I found it breeding in the orange groves at Jaffa, 23 May. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 237 Hirundo rustica transitiva. Palestine Swallow. lo, Jaffa, 22.1.18. A common resident whose numbers are considerably supplemented in the summer. Hirundo rufula. Red-rumped Swallow. In the coastal area this bird was only noticed on one occasion in March, but it was common in and about Jerusalem and Jericho, where it nested. Delichon urbica. House-Martin. A few noticed on migration in August and September at Shellal and Gaza. Riparia riparia. Sand-Martin. lo, Ramleh, 22. v.18. A few noticed in August and September on migration near Gaza, also in spring near Jaffa. Large flocks noticed on 22 May. Dryobates syriacus. Syrian Pied Woodpecker. 1 6, Beit Nabala, 9. v. 18. I secured one at Beit Nabala, north of Ramleh, 9 May, 1918. Though not common, this species from all accounts of natives is resident and fairly plentiful in suitable localities. I found it nesting in the Judean Hills, near Jerusalem, at 2000 ft., on 27 May. Iynx torquilla. Wryneck. US 27 Ime 2 A Several seen at the end of September near Shellal and Gaza on migration. I saw them again on northward migra- tion 24 March and onwards. I never heard tlis bird utter its very familiar ery. Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. I took a specimen 5 April, 1918, which appeared to be on migration, and saw others. On only one occasion did I hear the familiar call-note, 238 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, Clamator glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo. or J alta oO. 111.15; First seen near Jaffa 25 March, 1917. None later. Micropus apus. Swift. eo atas Geta. 1S: First seen at Jaffa 25 February, 1918, later on in in- creasing numbers ; they remained throughout the summer. They could be seen every evening before dusk flying - towards Jaffa to roost. They undoubtedly nested there, though I had no opportunity of actually finding eggs. Micropus melba. Alpine Swift. 1 g, Ramleh, 2. vi. 18. A few of these birds appeared on the Wadi Ghuzze on 25 September, 1917, and I secured two. I never saw them again that autumn, but I saw several flying northward over Yebna Marsh 12 May, 1918. On 2 June, 1918, I visited Yebna Marsh and found literally hundreds flying about i the neighbourhood. Of specimens which I secured, two were immature birds of the year. ‘These birds appeared to have no particular direction of flight beyond that they were flying with or against the wind, which was north-east at the time. Up to this date I have never seen any along the coast north of Jaffa, though I have seen isolated birds in the Judean Hills a little west of Jerusalem during May. Caprimulgus egyptius. Kgyptian Nightjar. lo, Jafta, 20. iv. 18. A specimen was secured, the only one seen, 20 April, near Jaffa. This bird has the most wonderful protective colouring, and it took another officer and myself several minutes before we could see it at a distance of ten yards in open ground. Merops apiaster. Bee-eater. 19S Jattas Ovi. 1S: I saw a large number passing south when at Shellal between the Ist and 12th of September. I am told that they used to breed in holes in the wadi cliffs earlier in the 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 239 year. At Jaffa I first saw birds on northward migration on 2 April. By 20 April there were hundreds, but nearly all passed on, and at the beginning of June they were quite common, but only a remnant of the earlier numbers. Upupa epops. Hoopoe. The earliest appearance was at Jaffa 21 February. At no time did I see them at all commonly. None remained during summer. I noticed migrants again on 28 July. Alcedo ispida pallida. Kingfisher. lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 15. viii. 17. I found this species on the Wadi Ghuzze in September near Shellal. At the mouth of the wadi, south of Gaza, hundreds were seen during migration. I also found them during the winter at Jaffa, where they would sit on the rocks in the sea and fish in the pools around. Cerylerudis. Pied or Black-and-White Kingfisher. A few were to be seen at Jaffa and in Yebna Marsh during the winter of 1917-18, and one pair nested at Nahr Auja. Halcyon smyrnensis. Smyrna Kingfisher. Lg , Jattay V3. v.18: Two males were secured close to Jaffa on the river Auja, 13 and 14 May, 1918. Several pairs bred later. Coracias garrulus. Moller. 1 g, Ramleh, 9.v. 18. A large number passed through the country near Gaza from 7 September to about 14th. They reappeared on 1 May near Gaza, and almost simultaneously near Jaffa. Common in Yebna Marsh 12 May. Flammea flammea, Barn-Owl. Up to the time of writing I have only heard of one speci- men being taken. This was near Khan Yunus, Gaza, September 1917. I saw the skin. I also saw a bird at night in moonlight about the same date and _ locality. It appears to be an uncommon species in southern Palestine, and perhaps only occurs on migration. 240 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, Athene noctua glaux. Little Owl. lo, Wadi Ghuzze, 16. viii. 17. Common everywhere. Breeds. Asio accipitrinus. Short-eared Owl. 1 9, Yebna Marsh, 10.1. 18. Secured one specimen in Yebna Marsh 10 January, 1918. This is rather lighter generally than others in the British Museum collection. Neophron percnopterus. [gyptian Vulture. Fairly common August, September, October, near Gaza. I saw none after October, though some were reported in the Judean Hills at Christmas. They began to reappear in March. Gyps fulvus. Griffon Vulture. This Vulture was not uncommon near Gaza in July and onward. All I saw were flying very high, with the exception of twenty which [ noticed on 14 November, 1917, feeding on a dead camel at Imara, north-west of Beersheba. After our advance towards Jerusalem, which began on 31 October, the whole country was strewn with dead animals which it was impossible to bury, but there were very few vultures anywhere and the carcasses were largely eaten by jackals and foxes. Circus eruginosus. Marsh-Harrier. 1-9, Yebna Marsh, 25.11. 18. Very common in Yebna Marsh, and breeds there. Circus cyaneus. Hen Harrier. lo, Yebna Marsh, 17.11.18. 20, Yebna Marsh, Pec pre, O1 Beal be Common at intervals during December, January, February, and March in Yebua Marsh. Buteo ferox. Long-legged Buzzard. lo, Yebna Marsh, 2. 11.18. Fairly common at Shellal September and October 1917. Also during winter around Jaffa and Ramleh. | 19109. | Birds observed in Palestine. 241 Buteo rufiventer (:= B. desertorum auct.)*. Steppe Buzzard. lo, Yebna Marsh, 14.1. 18. Common during winter in the plains, but rare in summer. Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk. Jo Ramieh;. 240x116 07. I secured a female which was in pursuit of some small birds 23 December, near Ramleh. Fairly common during winter, but not seen after March until July. Milvus zgyptius. Yellow-billed Kite. I am inclined to think that all of the Kites I have seen belong to this species. They were common around Gaza and Shellal in August and September 1917, and on 20 October there were literally hundreds sitting all over the sandy, sun-dried country for twenty-four hours during migration. They were very tame, and I rode to within fifteen yards of several. I found them breeding in April in the Judean Hills in some tall pine-trees near Beit Mahsir. These trees grow on the top of a high hill which stands out prominently in the landscape as one travels from Ramleh to Latroon. This point is about 1800 ft. high, and is one of the very few places in this district where these trees grow. Falco peregrinus, subsp.? Peregrine Falcon. I shot one which came regularly to attack a pigeon-loft in February 1918. It is not uncommon on both migrations. Falco subbuteo. Hobby. A few were observed during migration in September at Shellal, and others were seen during winter near Ramleh. Falco barbarus. Barbary Falcon. Up to 1 March, 1918, I saw four examples which appeared to belong to this species since 9 December, all in the vicinity of Jaffa and Ramleh. Also north of Jaffa 12 April, but I did not secure a specimen. Falco cherrug. Saker Falcon. One was secured near Rafa August 1917. I saw two examples sitting on telegraph-poles near Shellal at the beginning of the same month, * See pp. 253-254, 249 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, Falco esalon. Merlin. 1 g, Yebna Marsh, 3.11. 18. A male secured 3 February, 1918, in Yebna Marsh, near Jaffa. Other examples were reported at Khan Yunus September 1917. Falco tinnunculus. Kestrel. iv eshellal, Wsiix 17. 1 9. Shellals Gr xc) (20 eee Shellal, 6. x. 17. Common and resident in Palestine. Amongst the hun- dreds which I saw:at Gaza in the autumn I only noticed one adult male. In the spring at Jaffa, Ramleh, Jerusalem, etc., they bred freely in suitable places, and I found nests in the walls of unused wells 20 ft. below ground-level. Tadorna tadorna. Common Sheld-Duck. Two of four seen, were secured in Yebna Marsh, 2 Feb- ruary, 1918. Tadorna casarca. Ruddy Sheld-Duck. Saw one in Yebna Marsh, 14 January, 1918. Anas boscas. Mallard. A few seen during winter in Yebna Marsh and others ro} flying high. They were never common. Querquedula crecca. Common Teal. One seen in Wadi Ghuzze 10 September, 1917, and many more in Yebna Marsh December, January, and February. Querquedula querquedula. Gargauey. 1 ¢, Yebna Marsh, 21. 11.18. One secured in Yebna Marsh out of a small flock 21 February, 1918. Mareca penelope. Widgeon. A few seen in Yebna Marsh from time to time during winter months, but most during December. Spatula clypeata. Shoveler. A few pairs frequented Yebna Marsh during the winter mouths. 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 243 Dafila acuta. Pintail. One of the commonest of the ducks during winter, but as there was little suitable inland water I saw mostly large flocks flying along the sea-coast on migration in February. Nyroca ferina. Pochard. IT saw a few odd birds in Yebna Marsh during the winter 1917-18. Nyroca nyroca. White-eyed Pochard. I killed one in Yebna Marsh in February. This is one of the commonest ducks in Egypt during winter, but it was not common in southern Palestine. Glaucion clangula. Golden-eye. 1 ?, Yebna Marsh, 20. i. 18. A single specimen was taken near Jaffa, 20 January, 1918. Ardea cinerea. Heron. One seen on the lake at Belah, near Gaza, 3 May, 1918; also one frequented Nahr Auja, near Jaffa, during spring. Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron. Saw two on 2 and 3 May, 1918, at Belah Lake, near Gaza. Ardeola ralloides. Squacco Heron. 1 g, Dier el Belah, 3. v.18. Saw two pairs on Belah Lake, near Gaza. Ardeola ibis. Buff-backed Heron. Saw one on Belah Lake, near Gaza, 3 May, 1918. Nycticorax nycticorax. Night-Heron. I secured a specimen of an adult male in Wadi Ghuzze, 19 September, 1917, I never saw another there, though I often heard them passing over at night during migration. A pair frequented the trees by Nahr Auja, north of Jaffa, in April and May. I saw them up to 8 May. 244. Major A. G. lL. Sladen on [ This, Botaurus stellaris. Bittern. 1 @, Yebna Marsh, 31. xi. 17. I do not think I ever visited Yebna Marsh without seeing one or more between December and February. I saw birds 19 May, 1918, and on several subsequent occasions up to July. Found an old nest with egg-shells 15 July. Ixobrychus minutus. Little Bittern. 1 2, Ramilehy lays. Common in suitable localities for about ten days from 7 May. Ciconia ciconia. White Stork. A pair seen at Bir el Esani, south of Beersheba, 4 Sep- tember 1917, and two on 13 November in open dry country near Sheria, north-west of Beersheba. I also noticed a flock of about ten in Yebna Marsh 4 February, and on 8 March I saw several flocks of some hundreds each, cir- cling and making their way northwards along the coast just inland. At Wadi Ghuzze, 3 May, 1918, 1 found many scores of birds lying by the pools, apparently dead from exhaustion. During April and May there were thousands scattered over the Judean Hills but few in the plains near Jaffa. On 2 June I saw two flights of several hundred birds each near Ramleh. It is a little surprising to me that I have seen no signs of them breeding anywhere in or south of the Jaffa— Jerusalem line, although there are many suitable sites. Ciconia nigra. Black Stork. Major Austin, R.A.M.C., reported having seen one amongst a flock of white storks in the vicinity of Jericho in June. Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy [bis. A few were seen near Ramleh during spring migration. Grus grus. Crane. I saw four of these birds in the open sandy country, nowhere near water or vegetation, north-west of Beersheba, near Sheria, 14 November, 1917, & 1919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 245 Chlamydotis macqueenii? Macqueen’s Bustard. A flock of eight Bustards was first noticed in the flat country near Ramleh about 5 July. I watched these myself through glasses for some hours, but was unable to obtain a specimen. An officer, however, shot a bird which when plucked and cleaned was said to weigh 41b. They all disappeared on 28 July. Some tail-feathers were sent to Mr, M. J. Nicoll, who gave it as his opinion that they belonged to either C. undulata macqueenii or C'. undulata undulata, very probably the former. (Edicnemus edicnemus. Stone-Curlew. 1 9, Jaffa, 19.iv. 18. A few in Yebna Marsh in December 1917, but none in January and February. They frequented the hilly ground in the vicinity. Several birds, about twenty pairs, fre- quented the stony hills north of Jaffa during April 1918, and I found one egg 18 April. Cursorius gallicus. Cream-coloured Courser. eo asiielln olin. L7, Very common round Shellal from August to November. Noticed near Ramleh the following June and July. A nest containing two eggs was found as late as 25 July, and unfledged young 30 July. Glareola pratincola. Collared Pratincole. Two pairs seen at Belah Lake 3 May, 1918, and many about Yebna Marsh 12 May. One or two pairs bred near the mouth of Nahr Rubin, and I saw young on 30 June. Glareola nordmanni. Black-winged Pratincole. 1 o, Wadi Ghuzze, 4.x. 17. I secured one of a few I noticed on the sandy desert near Wadi Ghuzze. Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock. I shot one on the sand dunes south of Jaffa, near Wadi Rubin, 8 January, 1918, and others were reported as having been seen in Yebna Marsh in December, 246 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [ Ibis, Gallinago gallinago. Common Snipe. I saw one or two on the wing in September at the Wadi Ghuzze, and later they were plentiful in Yebna Marsh during winter. Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe. Fairly common in Yebna Marsh during winter. Tringa minuta. Little Stint. Many seen September and October on pools in Wadi Ghuzze. Tringa alpina. Dunlin. 1 g, Wadi Ghuzze, 23. 1x. 17. Frequented pools in the Wadi Ghuzze in September. One secured on 25 September had almost completely changed to winter plumage. Common on the coast near Jaffa January and February. Tringa ferruginea. Curlew Sandpiper. I saw a small flock and secured one at Belah Lake 3 May, 1918. Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. 1 o, Jaffa, 4.1.18. Common on the sea-coast during winter. Machetes pugnax. Ruff. 2705 satiay om). These birds were common in flocks on flood-water near Jaffa during the winter, and when the two birds were secured some of the males were beginning to show white on the neck. On 3 May I shot a female at Dier el Belah, and noticed a small flock in Yebna Marsh as late as 2 June. Totanus totanus. Common Redshank. 1 ¢, Yebna Marsh, 12. v.18. A few seen on the freshwater lake at Belah 2 May, and I secured a specimen in Yebna Marsh 12 May, 1918. 19109. | Birds observed in Palestine. 247 Totanus nebularius. Greenshank. One secured at Shellal, 6 September, 1917. Some were seen in the spring of 1918 at the mouth of Wadi Ghuzze in breeding-plumage. I saw a pair in Yebna Marsh, near Jaffa, 5 February. Common at the mouth of Wadi Ghuzze on 3 May. Totanus hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper. A few noticed in Yebna Marsh during the two visits paid in March. The specimen from which identification was made was taken on the Wadi Ghuzze at Shellal on 3 May, 1918, and is now in the Giza Museum, Totanus glareola. Wood-Sandpiper. 1 o, Yebna Marsh, 28.1. 18. A few birds frequented Yebua Marsh in winter. Limosa limosa. Black-tailed Godwit. 1 g, Diel el Belah, 3. v.18. A few were frequenting the lake at Belah in May. The species had been noted in the autumn of 1917 at the mouth of Wadi Ghuzze. Numenius tenuirostris. Slender-billed Curlew. T 9, Shellal, 4: x. 17. I secured one of two which I noticed searching for food on the dry, saudy country near Tel el Fara, Shellal. Himantopus himantopus. Black-winged Stilt. Saw a few on Belah Lake, 3 May, 1918. Charadrius apricarius. Golden Plover. Small flocks were seen in Yebna Marsh during January and February, 1918. Zgialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover. 1 o, Shellal. Fairly common on the Wadi Ghuzze at the end of August and beginning of September. Also a few seen on the shore near Jaffa on 18 January anda number at Belah Lake 3 May. SER, XI.—VOL, I. v 248 Major A. G. L. Sladen on [Tbis, ZAgialitis alexandrina. Kentish Plover. loo Jatta, 25.vi..18) 1 e. JaftactaaiS: Common all along the coast during winter months and seeu in fair numbers on Belah Lake 3 May, where they probably breed. ‘They were common along the sea-shore near Jaffa, but I had no opportunity of ascertaining if they were breeding until 20 June, when I found several pairs with young, Hgialitis geoffroyi. Geoffroy’s Plover. 1 §, Jaffa, 21.v1.18. 1 4, Jaffa, 30. vi. 18. I noticed a flock of these birds (about thirty) on the sea-shore at the mouth of the river Auja, near Jaffa, in June. Of tlie three I secured on this occasion all were females, which on dissection showed no sign of breeding. ‘Took an adult male in summer plumage, 30 June. I could not find it breeding, but on the latter date I found it singly and in pairs at the mouth of Nahr Rubin. Hoplopterus spinosus. Spur-winged Plover. One secured in Wadi Ghuzze 13 September, 1917, and another seen 30 September. Common round Belah Lake 3 May. Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing. I came across flocks near the coast during our advance northward in November 1917, and they were common in suitable localities during the winter months but all dis- appeared in the spring. Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull. Very common in flocks during the winter. Larus cachinnans. Herring-Gull (probably Yellow-legged). Several seen on the coast during winter. Hydrochelidon nigra. Black ‘Tern. One immature bird on Wadi Ghuzze, 30 September, 1917. Hydrochelidon hybrida. Whiskered Tern. One on Wadi Ghuzze, 30 September, 1917. i919. | Birds observed in Palestine. 249 Puffinus puffinus yelkouan. lLevantine Shearwater. 1 o, Jaffa, 14.1. 18. One picked up dead on sea-shore near Jaffa. Porzana porzana. Spotted Crake. Iegs Jatia, O:1v. 18." lig vattas2oaive Ss: Several specimens were picked up about 29 September, 1917, near Shellal, Rafa, ete., having been killed on tele- graph-wires. I heard of some having been seen alive. They appeared to pass at night and not to rest in these parts. I picked up others under a telegraph-route a little north of Jaffa on the 9th and 23rd of April. Crex crex. Corn-Crake. 1p Os J athapl Ovid: Shot one near Wadi Ghuzze on 30 September, 1917. Others were reported in the same neighbourhood about the same time. Picked one up injured by telegraph-wires, 10 May, 1918. Natives report it as common during summer and nesting, but I did not notice it. Gallinula chloropus. Moorhen. [ saw one on the banks of the river Auja, near Jaffa, 13 April, and others later. Unlike those usually seen in England this bird was very shy. Fulica atra. Coot. One noticed in Yebna Marsh in December 1917, but though the locality seems very suitable I have seen no others. Columba enas. Stock-Dove. Small flocks of these were noticed on the Wadi Ghuzze, near Shellal, October 1917. As there were no villages or towns nearer than Gaza (twelve miles), it is probable that these were pure wild birds. ; Streptopelia turtur. ‘lurtle-Dove. I secured a specimen near Jaffa, 27 March, 1918. Other Turtle-Doves have not been actually identified. 250 On Birds observed in Palestine. [Ibis, Pterocles alchata. Pintailed Sand-Grouse. 2, 6 2, Wadi Ghuzze, 20. viii. 17. Seen at Shellal, near Gaza, August and September, 1917. Pterocles senegallus. Senegal Sand-Grouse. 2, 6 ¢, Wadi Ghuzze, 14. vin. 17. The most common of these species found on Wadi Ghuzze. Pterocles arenarius. Black-bellied Sand-Grouse. I found this species in company of other Sand-Grouse at Shellal, near Gaza, where it was the least common of the three I noticed. Like others of its kind it came to drink in the Wadi Ghuzze about 14 hours after sunrise and after feeding. At this point, probably owing to the number of troops who were camped in the wadi, Sand-Grouse only came to drink in the morning and never at night. The crops of the birds contained barley, wheat, and other small seeds during August and September, 1917. Unlike the two preceding species they seldom uttered any cry whilst flying, and were therefore often close by or past when first seen. Caccabis chukar. Chukar Partridge. 1 g, near Jerusalem, 9. vi. 18. A nest containing eleven eggs was found on 7 May. This bird is common in the hills, and I have met with it at an altitude of 2800 ft. Coturnix coturnix. Common Quail. 1 o, Yebna Marsh, 22. 11. 18. The southward migration near Gaza began about 28 August and lasted until 10 September. ‘They confined themselves almost entirely to the sea-coast, where large numbers were caught in wire-netting by the troops. The spring migration did not seem to cover so definite a period, and birds were common from the middle of January to the end of February. Sorse remained all the year in suitable localities. 1919.) On the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 251 XIV.—A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. By W. lL. Scuater, M.A. M-B.0.U. (Plate ¥>) Recentiy while cataloguing the Accipitres of the British Museum I came across a remarkable new form of Buzzard from Somaliland, which I described at-the meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Club in November last year. This has now been figured (PI. V.) by Mr. Groénvold, and I have thought it might be useful to workers to give a short synopsis of the African species of Buteo, especially as some points have arisen which do not appear to have been previously noticed. The following is a list of the species :— Buteo ferox ferox. Accipiter ferox 8. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xv. 1771, p. 442, pl. x.: Astrachan. [For the synonyms of this form, see Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. p. 1115.] Distr. S.E. Russia and the steppes of central Asia east to Irkutsk, south to the Himalaya, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Farther south in winter to the plains of northern India and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Buteo jakal jakal. Falco gakal Daudin, Traité, 11. 1800, p. 161: Cape of Good Hope. Distr. South Africa, including the Cape, Orange Free State, Natal, and Transvaal Provinces, but not north of the Limpopo so far as is known. Buteo jakal augur. Falco (Buteo) augur Riippell, N. Wirbelt. 1836, p. 38, pl. 16: Abyssinia. Falco (Buteo) hydrophilus Riippell, ibid. p. 39, pl. 17: Abyssinia. 252 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [ Ibis, Distr. The mountains of Abyssinia from Senafé south- wards through the high plateau of central Africa to southern Rhodesia, where the Museum has a young example collected by Swynnerton at Chirinda. That there are two distinct phases of this species admits now of no doubt ; the series in the Museum is a very fine one, and there are both young and adults of either phase. Riippell’s pl. 16, fig. 1 is an adult in the black phase, - fig. 2 a not quite adult in the white-bellied phase ; pl. 17, fig. 1 is a young bird in the white-bellied phase, fig. 2 a young bird in the black phase. Buteo jakal archeri (Pl. V.). Buteo jakal archeri W. L. Selater, Bull. B. O. C. xxxix. 1918, p. 17: Waghar, Somaliland. The original description is as follows :— “Resembling Buteo jakal augur, but the white on the scapulars and back replaced by reddish; below from the lower breast posteriorly to the under tail-coverts, including the thighs, rich rufous instead of white ; a few splashes of the same rufous on the under wing-coverts ; chin, throat, and upper breast white, with a few spots of black and a slight trace of rusty stain on some of the feathers. ‘Iris dark brown, bill dark slate, cere and legs orange, claws blue slate’ (Bury). ** Measurements. Wing 400 mm.; tail 195; tarsus 85; bill, without cere, measured with eallipers, 28. “ Type, a male from Waghar, Somaliland, collected by Mr. G.W. Bury, 6 Oct., 1905. B.M.reg. no. 1908/12/12a/5. “There is another example in the Museum marked ‘30 miles inland from Berbera,’ obtained by Mr. E. Lort Phillips and identified by Shelley (‘ Ibis,’ 1885, p. 391) as B. augur. ‘“‘Two other examples collected by Mr. G. F. Archer, C.M.G., H.M.’s Commissioner for the Somaliland Protecto- rate, at Bihendula and Lower Sheikh in Somaliland are in the collection of Col. Stephenson Clarke, through whose courtesy I have been able to exhibit them to you here to-night. VV & SEABORNE LONDON He P, Bey ta wie Y A a a aca th ie Y Sa Waa Ab . Ly ? Nigele 1919. | Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 253 “The bird is named after Mr. Archer, who has recently been making a very fine collection of Somaliland birds. “T regard the Jackal and Augur Buzzards, together with the new Somaliland form, as constituting a group of three subspecific forms under the specific name of Buteo jakal.” Buteo auguralis. Buteo auguralis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Milan. viii. 1865, p. 377: Abyssinia and Gebel Aidun in the Lybian Desert. Distr. North-eastern and western Africa from southern Abyssinia and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan westwards to the Gold Coast Colony and south to Gaboon and Angola. There are examples in the British Museum from Sennar, the Baro river, the Bahr el Ghazal, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, and Gaboon. ‘ This species can always be distinguished by the charac- teristic chestnut-reddish patch on the side of the neck and in the adult by its rich rufous tail, which has only one sub- terminal black band; below it is white, often with a patch of blackish brown on the chest and a few spots of the same colour on the rest of the underparts, the feathers of the shoulders and back have very dark chestnut-brown edgings ; wing averages 330 mm. Buteo buteo rufiventer. Buteo rufiventer Jerdon, Madras Journ, xii. 1844, p. 165: Nilgiri hills ; id. Tlustr. Ind. Orn. pl. 27. Buteo vulpinus Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. 1854, p. 8: Kaffirland [nom., nud.]}. Buteo anceps A. EK. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 6: Upper Blue Nile. Buteo minor Heuglin, 8.B. Akad. Wien, xix. 1856, p. 257 : Nubia, ete. Buteo delalandi des Murs, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1862, p. 52 (in part]: South Africa. Buteo desertorum auct. nec Daudin. Distr. Breeding in south-east Russia and perhaps Asia 254 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the [This, Minor and Persia, east to western Siberia and Turkestan, south in winter to Africa from the Sudan to the Cape Province, also to the hills of southern India and Ceylon. Once in England. This species has up till recently been known as Buteo desertorum, but as Hartert (V6g. pal! Faun. ii. p. 1126) has clearly shown, Daudin’s name is inapplicable, as neither the plate nor the figure given by Levaillant, on which Daudin’s name is based, can be identified with the Steppe Buzzard as it has been generally called. Hartert proposed to adopt Brehm’s Duteo anceps, a name founded on an example from the upper Blue Nile. Recently, however, when cataloguing the Steppe Buzzards in the British Museum I came across an old dismounted specimen which I unhesitatingly believe to be the original of Jerdon’s plate in the ‘ Illustrations of Indian Ornithology,’ and must be regarded as the type of Buteo rufiventer. It is undoubtedly an example of the bird which has been hitherto known as B. desertorum. Moreover, there are in the Museum several additional examples from the Nilgiri hills obtained subsequently by Iume’s collector, Davison (see ‘Stray Feathers,’ x. pp. 159, 338). Under these circumstances I see no reason why the Steppe Buzzard should not in future be known as Buteo buteo rufiventer. Buteo oreophilus. Buteo oreophilus Hartert & Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. xxil, 1914, p. 81: Koritscha, Djam Djam, 8. Abyssinia. Distr. Mountains of central and north-eastern Africa. There are examples in the British Museum from Ruwenzori, Kenia, and Kilimanjaro. This species, recently described by Hartert and Neumann, appears to be a quite distinct form characterized by the absence of rufous from the plumage, which is dusky brown slightly varied with white on the bases and edges of some of the feathers ; below white, spotted and streaked with brown. The tail is brown with six to eight narrow bands of paler. 1919. | Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region. 255 The wing of a male from Ruwenzori measures 330, of a female about 340 mm. The examples from Ruwenzori were identified as the immature stages of B. augurulis, but there seems to be little doubt that they are a distinct species confined to the mountains. With this form I am now inclined to identify some Buzzards from South Africa collected by Claude Grant. These I myself named Buteo desertorum (Ibis, 1912, p. 12), but I felt uncertain about the identification at the time, and I am now convinced that they are not Buteo buteo rufiventer (i. e. desertorum). They differ from the Ruwenzori birds in being slightly lighter above, while below they are not nearly so heavily spotted, and there is a tinge of rufous on the tail. It seems probable from Mr. C. Grant’s field-notes that they were breeding, and the date when the Transvaal birds were collected (May) shows that they were not birds win- tering in South Africa. The wings of the males measure 315-3830, and of the females 335-358 mm. I should be inclined to regard Buteo orevphilus as a resident race of B. b. rufiventer which has recently become established in the mountains of Africa. Buteo menetriesi. Buteo menetriesi Bogdanow, Ois. Caucasus, 1879, p. 5: Caucasus [in Russian]; vide J. f.O. 1880, p. 260, for translation, also Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 5. Distr. Caucasus region, apparently ranging into Africa. There are examples in the British Museum from Abyssinia, Nyasaland, and the Cape Province. This species, which Hartert (Vé6g. pal. Faun. p. 1126) regards as identical with B. b. anceps (= B. b. rujiventer), is represented in the Museum by two specimens from Lenkoran on the Caspian Sea from the Seebohm collection, These differ, however, from the true B. 6. rufiventer in having the plain-coloured unbanded red tail; they are also much more rufous above and below than the typical Steppe 256 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Buzzard, and in many respects are like a small edition of Be. ferox. In the collection of the British Museum I found some very similar specimens from Africa, viz.: 1 ¢, Mana- gasha Mt., 10,000 feet, nr. Addis Ababa, May (Zaphiro) ; 1, Zomba, July; 1 ¢, Mt. Malusa, 5500 feet, November, Nyasaland (Whyte) ; 1, East London, Cape Prov., Sep- tember (Rickard) ; and 1 from South Africa with no_ history. Here again we have a May and a July bird which should be breeding in Russia during the months in which they were taken in Africa. As it does not seem possible to identify these Buzzards with B. 6. rufiventer (desertorum auct.), I have provisionally assigned them to this Caucasian race in the hope that what I have done may draw the attention of others to the difficulties which surround the identification of African Buzzards and encourage further observation and collecting. XV.—Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part II. PopIcIPEDIFORMES — AcciPITRIFORMES. By CHARLES Cnuep, Z:S., M.B.0.U.* [Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. } Family PopicipEpID&. Podiceps brachyrhynchus. Podiceps brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xiii. 1899, p. 255: Matto Grosso. No.1252. 9? 1mm. «Hten, N.W.. Pern; 15. metres; 21 Sept. 1899. Podiceps americanus. Podiceps americanus Garnot, Voy.‘ Coquille,’ Zool. i. 1829 p:599= Chile. * Continued from p. 56. 19109. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 257 Podicipes americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898, p. 524. No.3178. gadult. Pampa Aullagas, Bolivia, 3680 metres, 19'Oct, 190K. “Patito.” Podiceps juninensis. Podiceps juninensis Berl. & Stolz. Ibis, 1894, p. 112: Lake Junin. Podicipes juninensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898, p. 5388: Lake Tungasuca. No. 31384. ¢ adult. Potosi, Bolivia, 4500 metres, 50 Sept. 1901.. “Patito? “Iris, red';~ bill, black sefeet bronze” (P. O. Simons). This appears to be the first record of this bird from Bolivia. Podiceps major. Colymbus major Bodd. Tab]. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 24: Cayenne. Aichmophorus major Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898, p. 519. No. 1886: ¢ imm. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 14 Oct. 1899. Podilymbus podiceps. Colymbus podiceps Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 186: “‘ Habitat in America septentrionali.” Podilymbus antarcticus Hartl. ; Taez. Orn. Pér, iii. 1886, p. 498. Podilymbus podiceps Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 28, no. 276. No 186, ¢.. ‘Trujillo, N.W2Peruy'S Jan: 1913: “Tris brown; feet dull green; bill bluish white, dark above ” (Brabourne). This specimen is an adult male in non-breeding plumage. Family Larip”. Sterna hirundo. Sterna hirundo Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 137 : Sweden. 258 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Sterna fluviatilis Naum. ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, p. 54. a. 9 imm. Lima, Peru, 22 June, 1913. ‘“ Ins brown; bill and feet dark red” (Brabourne). Sterna lorata. Sterna lorata Phil. & Landb. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1868, 1. p. 124: Chile; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, p. 126. Eleven males and one female, adult et imm. Eten, North- west Peru, 10-15 metres, Sept. 1899. ‘San Josicita.” I have compared these specimens with others from Chile and Peru in the British Museum and find them to be very similar. Rhynchops cinerascens. Rhynchops cinerascens Spix, Av. Bras. 11. 1825, p. 80, pl. 102: ‘in locis ripariis flum. Amazonum.” Rhynchops melanura Swains.; Tacz, Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 437. No, 4c ee. ] bruyllon NEW Pern) Ane e191 2a = tris brown ; feet vermilion; bill vermilion at base, remainder black ” (Brabourne). This example is in the fully adult summer plumage. Larus serranus. Larus serranus Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1844, i. p. 314: Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886, p. 492: Lake Junin ; Callao. No. 1478. 2. Bafios, Cajamarca, Peru, 2800 metres, 16 Nov. 1898. | No. 1816. 9. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres, 24 Feb. 1899. No. 2841. ¢. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 25CO metres, 20: April; 1901.“ Gaviata.” All three specimens mentioned above are in fully adult plumage with black heads, entire white tails, and conspicuous white semicircular eyelids. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 259 Larus franklini. Larus franklint Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. 1831, p. 424, pl. 71: Saskatchewan; Tacz. Orn. Pér. in. 1886, p- 451: Lima; Chorillos ; Payta. Nos. 1613, 1614. 92 imm. Callao, Peru, 10 metres, 10 Jan. 1900. “‘ Gaviata.”’ These two birds, which are in immature plumage, have the head and sides of the face black intermixed with white— the white much more extensive on the forehead, lores, and fore part of the cheeks ; the tails are grey with a brown subterminal band. Larus cirrhocephalus. Larus cirrhocephalus Vieill. N. Dict. d’? Hist. Nat. xxi. 1818, p. 502: Brésil; Tacz. Orn. Pér. im. 1886, p. 455: Payta ; Lima. NorI20357¢. iten, N:.W. Peru, 15 metres, 16 Sept: 1899. ‘* Gaviata.” Larus maculipennis. Larus maculipennis Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 83: Monte Video; Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 11. 1889, pelos. a. 3d imm. Papin, Bonifacio, Argentina, 18 April, 1916. This bird, which is slightly immature, was collected by Mr. Robin Kemp. Larus modestus. Larus modestus Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1843, 1. p. 889: coast of Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 449. No. 3: @. Trujillo, N.W: Peru; 23 Mareh; 1912, “Tris brown, bill and feet black ”’ (Brabourne). This specimen, which is in immature plumage, was collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by lim to the British Museum. 260 Mr. C. Chubb on Bards from [ Ibis, Larus dominicanus. Larus dominicanus Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 82: coast of Brazil; Sclater & Hudson, Argent. Orn. 11. 1889, pe 97. a. 2. Estancia La Maria Luisa, Argentina, 20 May, 1916. This bird was collected by Mr. Robin Kemp. Family THiNnocoryTHIDs. Attagis gayi latreillei. Attagis latreille: Less. Bull. Sci. Nat. (Férussac) 25, 1831, p. 243: Ecuador; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S, Amer. 1. 1912, p. 86, no. 357. Attagis chimborazensis Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 73, 82: Mount Chimborazo, 14,000 ft. No. 588. 2 imm. Chimborazo, Ecuador, 5600 metres, 22 March, 1899. ‘Chimborazo Aeriel Perdice” (P. O. Simons) . This bird is very similar to the type-specimen of A. chimborazensis in the British Museum. a,b. 6 3. Antisana, E. Ecuador, 12,000 to 15,000 ft., Nov. 1914. 4. “Iris brown; feet light burnt sienna; bill black. 9. Ims reddish brown; feet dull yellow ; bill brown” (W. Goodfellow). These two specimens are in the fully adult plumage and were presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook. Attagis gayi simonsi. : Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Kxxvui. 1918; p. 4d. Nos. 2112 2, 2113 g adult. Crucero, Lake Titicaca Basin, 5000 metres, 30 June, 1900. “ Kuli Kuli.” No. 2118, which is an adult male, differs from Afétagis gayi latreillet in being minutely and profusely mottled with grey, instead of buff, the marginal and submarginal lines on the feathers of the fore-neck paler aud not so pronounced ; the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts vinaceous cinnamon, not pale chestnut, the under wing-coverts paler, and the wing and tail measurements rather larger. ‘“ Iris brown; bill dark ; feet bronze” (P. O. Simons). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 261 Total length 268 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 189, tail 80, tarsus 25. The adult female is similar to the adult male but rather larger. Wing 192mm. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by P. O. Simons at Crucero in Peru, on the western side of Lake Titicaca, at an elevation of 5000 metres, on the 30th of June, 1900. Family CHARADRIIDE. Arenaria interpres. Tringa interpres Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 148: «« America Septentrionali.” Strepsilas interpres Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. 1886, p. 349: Chorillos: Paraca Bay. Arenaria interpres Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 42: Ecuador. No. 72. Puna Island, Ecuador, 10 Nov. 1898. WNoess1610; 41611. Chancey, W.) Peru, 30° Dec. 1899: ‘‘Tris brown ; feet red ; bill black ” (P. O. Simons). These three specimens are in the adult winter plumage. Hematopus palliatus. Hematopus palliatus Temm. Man. d’Orn. 11. 1820, p. 532 : Venezuela ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 350. No. 16387. 9. San Lorenzo Isl., Peru, 16 Jan. 1900. “Glicglic.” “Iris yellow; feet flesh-colour; bill red” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in the fully adult plumage. Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis. A nestling in down of this species from the Chuput Valley, Patagonia, collected by J. Koslowsky, is cream- white dotted with black, smoke-brown, and silvery-white on the back, wings, and top of head, and much more sparsely on the hind-neck and sides of the face. Under surface uniform cream-colour. In addition to the four specimens collected by Simons in Bolivia, there is, in the British Museum, a male from Islay, south-western Peru, collected by H. Whitely in 262 Mr. ©. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, September 1867 and a bird from Tarapaca; these are paler on the mantle than those from farther south, the rufous chestnut on the throat is deeper in colour, and the abdomen, flanks,and under tail-coverts buff instead of white. I propose, therefore, that this form be separated as a subspecies under the following title :— Oreophilus ruficollis simonsi, subsp. nov. Adult male. Differs from O. ruficollis ruficollis (Wag).) _ from Patagonia, in being olive-grey on the mantle instead of olive, the rufous chestnut on throat deeper in colour, and the sides of the body, lower flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts buff instead of being for the most part white. “Tris brown; bill black; tarsi pink” (P. O. Simons). Total length 270 mm., exposed culmen 31, wing 179, tail 86, tarsus 50, middle toe and claw 25. Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller. Total length 265 mm., exposed culmen 28, wing 175, tail 71, tarsus 50, middle toe and claw 25. Habitat. Bolivia, 8.W. Peru, and Tarapaca. The description of the male is based on No. 3145, and that of the female on No. 3197, both of which are in the British Museum. . No. 3145. ¢. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres, 10 Oct. 1901. According to Simons this bird was— running about on the gravel pampa, eating ants.”’ Nos. 3189, 3192 $,3197 9. Uyuni, Bolivia, 3660 metres, Nov. 1901. ‘‘ Tio-tan-cara.” Ptiloscelys resplendens. Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. fur Naturg. 1843, i. p. 388: “ Antium incola,” z.e. Peru. Vanellus resplendens Tacz. Orn. Pér. 11. 1886, p. 336. Ptiloscelys resplendens Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. 1912, p. 38, no. 370. Nos. 1485 9, 14388 ¢, 1488 a4 ¢. Paramo, Cajamarca, Peru, 4600 metres, 9 Nov. 1899. These specimens are in fully adult plumage. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 263 Squatarola squatarola. ' Tringa squatarola Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 149: Sweden. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.); Taez. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 388: Chimbote, Tumbez. Squatarola squatarola Brabourne & Chubb, tom. cit. p. 38, no. 374. Nos. 1615, 1616. ¢@. Callao, Peru, 10 metres, 10 Jan. 1900. These examples are in the fully adult winter plumage. Charadrius vociferus. Charadrius vociferus Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1758, p. 150: ‘“ Habitat in America septentrionali.” Agialitis vocifera Tacz. Orn. Pér. iit, 1886, p. 342. Now Ha ge lrojlloS IN We ereru, 17 Nov. 19v2; “ Tris brown, ring round eye orange ; feet flesh-colour ; bill black ” (Brabourne). This specimen, which is in immature plumage, was col- lected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him to the Britis: Museum. Charadrius semipalmatus. Charatrius semipalmatus Bonap. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. v. 1825, p. 98: coast of New Jersey. Migialitis semipalmata Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 345: Chorillos; Paracas Bay. Nor 43.9 9. Trujillo, NW: Peru; 18 Sept. 19125, “aris brown, ring round the eye yellow ; feet yellow ; bill yellow, tip black” (brabourne). No. 180. ¢. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 29 Dec. 1912. “Tris brown, ring round the eye pale yellow; feet yellow ; bill black, base pale yellow ” (Brabourne). These specimens, which are moulting into winter plumage, were also collected by the late Lord Brabourne and_pre- sented by him to the British Museum. SER, XI,—VOL I. U 264 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Charadrius nivosus. : Aigialitis nivosa Cassin in Baird’s B. N. Amer. 1858, p- 696: Presidio (near San Francisco), California; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 346: Chorillos. No. 459. ¢. Lurin, N.W. Peru, 29 July, 1913. = “iris brown; feet blue-grey ; bill black” (Brabourne). This example, which is in full summer plumage, was col- lected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by lim to the British Museum. Charadrius occidentalis. Lhigialitis occidentalis Cabanis, J. f.O. 1872, p. 158: Tarapaca, N. Chile; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. 1896, p. 295: Tarapaca. Nos. 38156 ¢, 3157 9, 3182 ¢. Adult. Challapata, Bohwias3/00' metres; Oct. 190k, “ioe, Vier, Che two males are in full summer plumage, but the female appears to be immature. This appears to be the first record of this bird from Bolivia. Numenius hudsonicus. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 712: “ Habitat in sinu Hudsonis”; Tacz. Orn. Pér. ii. 1886, p. 380. No.5. @?. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 March, 1912. “Iris brown: feet blue-grey ; bill horn-colour” (Brabourne). Nor..26, 9. “Trujillo, 18 March; 1912. ** Bill fesh= colour at the base, tip black ” (Brabourne). These two individuals, which are in full adu!t plumage, were collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him to the British Museum. Micropalama himantopus. Tringa himantopus Bonap. Aun. Lye. N.Y. ii. 1826, p. 157 : Long Branch, New Jersey. Micropalama himantopus Vacz. Orn. Pér, ili. 1886, p. 363: Nauta; Chorillos. No: 21.9. Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 Ang, 1912) =" tims brown; bill and feet greenish” (Brabourne). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 265 Nos. 55 g, 56 9,57 $. Trujillo, 8 Sept. 1912. “Iris brown; feet greenish yellow; bill black ” ( Brabourne), These birds, which were collected and presented by the late Lord Brabourne to the British Museum, show remains of the breeding plumage. Totanus flavipes. Scolopax flavipes Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1789, p. 659: “* Habitat auctumno in Noveboraco.”’ Totanus flavipes Tacz. Orn. Pér, iii. 1886, p. 367: Chorillos; Junin; Chamicuros. No. 1247. 9. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, 21 Sept. 1899. “Til-til.” “Tris brown; feet vellow; bill black” (P.O. Simons). This example is an adult bird in autumn plumage. Nos. 28, 29. 9. ‘Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 18 March, 1912. “Tris brown; feet yellow; bill dark horn (Brabourne), No.51. ¢. Trujillo, 8 Sept. 1912. “ Bill dark greenish”? ( Brabourne). Nos. 28 and 29 are in summer or breeding plumage, and No. 51 is in autumn or non-breeding dress. ‘These specimens were collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him to the British Museum. Tringa solitaria. Tringa soltaria Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. 1813, p. 53, pl. 58. fig. 2: locality probably Pennsylvania. Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. 1896, p. 444. No, 2834. 9. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres, 19 April, 1901. “Tuil-til.’ “Iris brown; feet green; bill black” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in full breeding plumage. Actitis macularia. Tringa macularia Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 249. Actitis macularius Vacz. Orn, Pér, 1, 1886, p. 369. Tringoides macularia Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, p. 44: Ecuador. 266 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Tbis, Nos. 342, 348, 356. 9%. Riobamba, Ecuador, 3000 metres, 3 Jan. 1899. Nos. 1178, 1179. ¢@ @. Eten, Peru, 10 metres, 7 Lrojillo, N.W. Reru, lss>Sept- 1912) “Tris, yellow; feet yellow; bill black, base and cere yellow ” (Brabourne). Specimen No. 66 was collected by the late Lord Brabourne and presented by him to the British Museum. Tigrisoma salmoni. Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 38: Cauca River, Colombia; Tacz. Orn: Pér. iii. 1886, p- 402 : Huambo, Tambillo, Callacate; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. MVE OIG. p. Oy. No. 2903. ?. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 22 May, 19012 “Garza. > “Iris yellowish: green; feet black -- bill green” (P. O. Simons). No. 2930. ¢. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1850 metres, 20 June, 1901. ‘‘ Stomach contained fish” (P.O. Simons). This species does not appear to have been previously recorded from Bolivia. Dr. Allen noted (Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. p. 110) a specimen of 7. brasiliense from the Lower Beui River, and Dr. Lénnberg described a new species from the Bolivian Chaco, under the title of Heterocnus bolivianus (cfr. Lbis, 1903, p. 462), with the description of which I have 274 Mr. C. Chubb on Bards from [ Ibis, compared the two specimeus collected by Simons. They do not agree, however, either in colour or measurements, and, after having compared them with the type of T. salmoni and other specimeus of that species in the British Museum, I do not see any characters by which to separate them. I prefer, therefore, to regard them as the same species. I notice that Lonnberg places his species 1m the genus Heterocnus, though one of the characters he_ mentions shows that it does not belong to that genus. It may be mentioned that when Swainson introduced the genus Tigrisoma (Zool. Journ. i, 1828, p. 362), he se- lected as the type “ Ardea tigrina Lath.” 1790= A. lineata Bodd. 1788, and one of its characters is, that it has the throat and chin narrowly feathered. Sharpe introduced the genus Heterocnus for Tigrisoma cabanist Heine, which has the chin, throat, and some distance down the fore-neck quite bare of feathers; but Sharpe, unfortunately, in his diagnosis described these parts as feathered. These characters are also transposed in the key to the genera (Catalogue of Birds, xxvi. p. 59). Family PH@nicoprerip&. Phenicopterus chilensis. Phanicopterus chilensis Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chil. 1776, p. 242. Phenicopterus ignipalliatus D’Orb. & I. Geoftr.; Tacz. Orn. Pér, iii. 1886, p. 442: Junin; Tumbez. No. 2104. ¢. Caylloma, Peru, 14 June, 1900. “ Iris cream-colour; feet red; bill, pink at base, tip black” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Family ANATID&. Cairina moschata. Anas moschata Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 124 : Brazil. Cairina moschata Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 11. 1890, p. 110: Lower Beni River. No. 2927. @. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1400 metres, 15 June, 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 275 nGOls 2 Bata. ~-“ Tris’ browns billand’ feet black ” (P. O. Simons). This bird is in immature plumage. Chloéphaga melanoptera. Anser melanopterus Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, p. 93 : ‘obtained from the lake of Titicaca, Chile.” Bernicla melanoptera Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1886, p. 467 : Lake Junin. Chloéphaga melanoptera Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, pal2o: No. 1592. ¢@. North of Marca, Peru, 4100 metres, 21 Dec. 1899. ‘“Ganza.” ‘Eye black; feet red; bill pink ” (P. O. Simons). This individual is in fully adult plumage. Anas cristata. Anas cristata Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1789, p. 540: ‘ Habitat in Statenland”; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1886, p. 473: Lake Junin. No. 2242. 9. Aricoma Lake, Peru, 4550 metres, 29 July, 1900. ‘ Pata cancana.” ‘‘Iris salmon ; bill and feet black ”’ (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Nettium andium. Querquedula andium Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neot op. 1873, pp. 129, 162: between Riobamba and Mocha. Nettium andium Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 56, no. 518. Nos. 288 ¢, 292 9. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000 miettes..2o0 Dec. 899. “ Patay2 This specimen is tn fully adult plumage. Querquedula discors. Anas discors Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1. 1766, p. 205: * Habitat in America septentrionali.” Querquedula discors Salvad. & Festa, Bol. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p.50 : Laguna di Kingora, Sigsig, Ecuador. Nos. 377 9, 380 ¢. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres, 9 Jan. 1899. Both of these specimens are in fully adult plumage. 276 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, Nyroca nationi. Fuligula nationi Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 522: vicinity of Lima ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p, 484: Lima. Nyroca nationt Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p- 352. No. 1365. ¢. Eten, Peru, 14 metres, 11 Oct. 1899. ‘Pata,’ This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Nomonyx dominicus. Anas dominica Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 201; “¢ Habitat in America meridionali.”’ Nomonyx dominicus Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.: xxvii. 1895, p. 438; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xy. 1900, No, 368, p. 50: ‘ Foreste del Rio Peripa, Keuador.” No. 1354. 9. : Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 11 Oct. 1899. ‘Pata.’ “Iris brown; bill bronze; feet black ” (P. QO, Simons). This example, which is fully adult, is in full moult. Oxyura equatorialis. Erismatura equatorialis Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 450: Antisana and Sical, E. Ecuador ; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 50: Lago dei Paramos. Oxyura equatorialis Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i 1912, p: 58, no. 538. No. 387. ¢. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3640 metres, Oa e99 ao Pata. This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Merganetta turner. Merganetta turneri Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 600: Tinta, S. Peru ; iid. Exot. Orn. 1869, p. 199, pl. 100; Tacz. Oru. Pér, 11. 1886, p. 488: Tinta. Nos. 2090, 2092 9 , 2094 ¢. Sumbay, Rio Vitor, Peru, 4000 metres, 7 June, 1900. ‘“ Pato.” “Iris brown ; feet blackish red ; bill red”? (P. O. Simons). I have compared the male specimen No. 2094, which is fully adult, with the type in the British Museum, and find it 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. ih to be very similar but darker on the breast, being deep black, whereas the type is more or less smoke-brown on the breast, which probably means that the type is in somewhat immature plumage. Of the two females, No. 2090 is almost identical in colour of plumage with the female of M. turneri, but slightly smaller in wing-measurement ; while No. 2092 is darker and more chestnut on the under surface with a good deal of white intermixed. Both of these females have on the lower flanks a few concealed white feathers with pale brown cross-bars. Merganetta garleppi. Merganetta garleppi Berl. Orn. Monatsb. ii. 1894, p. 110: Cocotal, Bolivia ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 450. No. 2941. ¢. Rio Blanco, Bolivia, 1300 metres, 25 June, 1901. “In rapids.” “Iris white; bill and feet red ” (P. O. Simons). This specimen, which is in the fully adult plumage, is similar to the single specimen in the British Museum which was compared with the type by Count Salvadori when he wrote vol. xxvil. of the Catalogue of Birds. Simons’ bird is, however, darker on the under surface, the dark pattern of the feathers being more extended and deeper in colour. Merganetta colombiana. Merganetta colombiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 179 : Colombia. Merganetta columbiana Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 462; id. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 51: Ecuador. a,b. 6 & 9. Papallacta Lake, E, Ecuador 12,000 ft., May 1914. 3. ‘Iris brown ; feet dingy yellow; bill orange-chrome, black down the ridge of the upper bill” (V7. Goodfellow). ¢. “Iris brown ; feet black ; bill dingy orange-yellow, black down ridge of upper mandible ” (IV. Goodfellow). Both specimens are in fully adult plumage. These examples were presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. J. Brook. 278 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Family PHaLacrocoracip&. Phalacrocorax criniger. Phalacrocoraz criniger King, Zool. Journ, iv. 1828, p. 103: Straits of Magellan; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. 1912, p. 59, no. 548. Phalacrocorar gaimardi (Garnot); Tacz. Orn. Pér. iii. 1886, p. 431: San Lorenzo. . No. 1636. ¢. San Lorenzo Island, Peru, 16 Jan. 1900. “ Patilla.” ; This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Phalacrocorax vigua. Hydrocorax viygua Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. vin. 1817, p. 90: Paraguay. Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmel.) ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 111. 1886, p. 429: Lake Junin; Chorillos ; Cochiboya ; Ucayali ; Tungusaca ; Paracas Bay. Phalacrocorax vigua Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. 1898, p. 378. No. 1642, ¢@. San Lorenzo Island, Peru, 18 Jan. 1900. ‘° Patillo.” his example isin the fully adult plumage. i \ I S Family CarHartipa&. Vultur gryphus. Vultur gryphus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 86: Chili. Sarcorhamphus gryphus Salvad. & Festa,. Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 868, p. 25 : Canar, Ecuador. No 281. ¢@. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 400 metres, 2 Dees 189s“ Bintrer2) “Perched: ont tock, “Gea: Simons). This specimen is in the fully adult plumage. Cathartes aura. Vultur aura Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. 1758, p. 86: ‘* Habitat in America calidiore.”’ Cathartes aura Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 639: Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos, Bolivia. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 279 No. 2865. 2. Choro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, 6 May, 1901. *“*Swinto.” “Iris brown; feet flesh-colour ;_ bill white ” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in fully adult plumage. Family Farconip#. Ibycter americanus. alco americanus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1788, p. 25: Cayenne. Ibycter americanus Taez. Orn. Pér, i. 1884, p. 1038: Monterico, Upper Ucayali, Chayavetas. No. 1946. ¢. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 20 March, 1900. “Iris red; feet red; bill yellow.” “ Found in thick wood and high trees” (P. O. Simons). This bird is in fully adult plumage. Ibycter megalopterus. Aquila megalopterus Meyen, Nov. Act, Ces. xvi. Suppl. i. 1834, p. 64, pl. vil.: Chile. Milvago megalopterus Tacz. Orn. Pér, i. 1884, p. 101: Junin, Maraynioce, Cutervo. Ibycter megalopterus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. 19h. v; 63, no. 576: No. 1582. 4. Coreuges, Peru, 3500 metres, 5 Dee. 1899. ‘“Currekinge.” ‘Iris chocolate; feet yellow; bill blue at base, ivory at tip ” (P. O. Simons). This bird is fully adult. No. 1848. 92. Galera, Junin, Peru, 4800 metres, 26 Feb. 1900. ‘‘Guarnay.” “Iris black; feet grey; bill black” (P. O. Simons). Specimen no. 1848 has both the upper and under surface pale coffee-brown with dark shaft-lines to the feathers and an indication of blackish cross-bars on the abdomen. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail isabelline buff. Milvago chimango. Polyborus chimango Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. v. 1816, p. 260: Paraguay. Milvago chimango Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. 1889, p. 74. SER, XI.—VOL. I. rs 280 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [Ibis, No. 3256. ¢. Mendoza, Argentina, 850 metres, 17 Nov. ) oD +) 1901. “Chimango.” ‘Stomach contained larva of grubs” (P. O. Simons). This example, which is in fully adult plumage, is similar to others in the British Museum from Argentina. Circus cinereus. Circus cinereus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iv. 1816, p. 454: Paraguay; Scl. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 636: Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884 p. 171: Junin, Cutervo. No. 2102. Sumbay, Peru, 4000 metres, 9 June, 1900. “ Senica.” No. 2840. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres, 20 April, 1901. Both of these specimens are in immature plumage. Micrastur ruficollis. Sparverius ruficollis Vieill. N. Dict, d’ Hist. Nat. x. ted 7g, p. 822: Amérique méridionale= Rio, Brazil fide Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 290. No. 2934. ¢ juv. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1850 metres, 92 June, 1901. “Alcon.” ‘Found in coffee bushes. Stomach contained small birds” (P. O. Simons). This young bird has the upper surface dark brown with smoke-coloured markings on the back and wings. The under parts isabelline buff with a few dark cross-bands on the fore-neck. Throat paler and inclining to white. There are two white feathers with narrow dark bars on the middle of the abdcmen. Geranospizias cerulescens. Sparverius cerulescens Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x. 1817, p. 818: Guiana—yide Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer, 1s p. 64. Geranospiza cerulescens Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884, p. 168. Nos. 1150, 1151. @. Marropou, Peru, 140 metres, 24 Aug. 1899. “Gavalon.” “In algaroba wood.” “Iris red; feet salmon-colour; bill black above, blue below ”’ (P. O. Simons). 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, 281 Parabuteo unicinctus. Falco unicinctus Temm. Pl. Col. 1. 1824, pl. 13: P Bresil. .2. Trujillo; NeWeyRers) Ly Jan. 19ts. “Tris brown; feet yellow; bill plumbeons, cere yellow ” (Brabourne). No. 1879. @?. Eten, Peru, 15 metres, 13 Oct. 1899. ** Gavalon.” No. 2937. 9. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 22 June, 1901. * Aquilucho.” Nos. 1379 and 2937 are both in fully adult plumage. No. 185, which is in immature plumage, was collected and presented to the British Museum by the late Lord Brabourne. Buteo melanoleucus. Spizaélus melanoleucus Vieill. N. Dict. d’? Hist. Nat. xxxii. 1819, p. 57: Paraguay. Geranetus melanoleucus Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 30: Ecuador. No. 282. Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador, 4000 metres, 22 Dec. 1898. ‘“ Gavalon.” This example is in the fully adult plumage. Buteo erythronotus. Haliaétus erythronotus King, Zool. Journ. 111. 1828, p. 424: Straits of Magellan. Buteo erythronotus Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1884, p. 115: Junin, Pacasmayo, Guadalupa, Tumbez, Paucal, Cutervo, Paucartambo ; Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 637: Bolivia. Nos. 1254 2, 1255 @. Eten, N.W. Peru, 15 metres, 21 Sept. 1899. ‘“Gavalon.” ‘Tris hazel; feet yellow; bill blue-bronze * (P. O. Simons). This bird is fully adult with the upper back rufous; tail white narrowly barred with brown and with a broad blackish x2 282 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from | Ibis, subterminal band. The under surface almost entirely white. The male is also adult and has the upper back hoary grey with very slight remains of rufous; axillaries blackish barred with white. No. 1004. 2 imm,. Sullana, Pern, 70 metres, 19 July, 1899, “Iris hazel; feet vellow ; bill black “} (P.O. Simons). No. 2839. ¢ juv. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2600 metres, 19 April, 1901.“ Cui.” This specimen is dark brown on the upper surface, with ferruginous edgings, blotchings, bars, and mottlings to the feathers. It was in the act of moulting its tail-feathers from the brown to the grey phase. The under surface is almost entirely ferruginous intermixed with white, darker and in- clining to chestnut on the abdomen and sides of the body. There is a dark moustachial streak im this stage of the plumage which disappears in the adult. No. 2997. 2. Chaquecamte, Bolivie, 4000 metres, 30 July, 1901. ‘* Alcon.” This example, which is fully adult, is similar to No. 1254, but differs in having the axillaries and sides of the body partially rufous. No. 30038. @ adult. Oruro, Bolivia, 3700 metres, 19 Aug. 1901. ** Aleon.” This bird is also fully adult and differs only from No, 1254 in having the abdomen, sides of the body, and thighs barred with dark brown. No. 3165. 2 adult. Challapata, Bolivia, 3750 metres, 14 Oct. 1901. “Alcon.” This specimen is in the fully adult plumage and similar to No. 1254, but has the abdomen and thighs narrowly barred with brown. Rupornis pucherani. Astur magnirostris (nec Gmel.) @Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. 1835, p. 91: Andes of Bolivia and Peru. Asturina pucherani J, & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de 1919. | Keuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 283 Zool. July 1855, p. 350: Paraguay; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 636: Bolivia. Rupornis pucherani Allen, Bull Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1. March 1889, p. 104: Mapiri, Bolivia. No. 2182. ¢@. Oroya, Puna, 8S. Peru, 1000 metres, 14 July, 1900. ‘“‘Gavalon.” “Iris yellow; feet - yellow ; bill bluish” (P. O. Simons). No. 2202. ¢?. Rio Linimbare, 8.E. Peru; 1000 metres, 17 July, 1900. These two specimens are in the fully adult plumage. Leucopternis albicollis. Falco albicollis Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 1790, p. 86: Cayenne. Leucopternis albicollis Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p.473: Quito; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 31: Gualaquiza. No. 1909. ¢. Rio Perene, Junin, Peru, 800 metres, 14 March, 1900. ‘‘Gavalon.”’ ‘Iris brown; feet yellow ; bill bluish black. Found in dense forest” (P. OU. Simons). This species does not appear to have been previously recorded from Peru. It is not surprising, however, to have found it on the Rio Perene, which is on the eastern side of the Andes, as Gurney mentious (Ibis, 1876, p. 473) one ‘from Quito, and Dr. Festa obtained one from Gualaquiza, Jeuador (vide Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. No. 368, p. 31). There are, moreover, two specimens in the British Museum, collected by the late Clarence Buckley at Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador, and are also identical with other specimens in the National Collection from Cayenne, which is the type-locality, and British Guiana. I have compared this bird with L, occidentalis Salvin, from which it differs entirely. Lophotriorchis isidori. Falco isidori Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p.177: Santa Fe de Bogota. Aquila isidori Des Murs, Icon. Orn. 1845, pl. 1. 284 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, Spizaéteus isidort Bonap. Consp. Av. 1. 1850, p. 29: Bogota; Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1879, p. 450: Cauca Valley, Colombia. Lophotriorchis isidori Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 1. 1874, p. 206: Bogota. No. 2947. fg imm. Charuplaya, Bolivia, .1350 metres, 1 July, 1901. ‘“‘Aquilla.” ‘Came into the yard for chicken’ (P. O. Simons). a. $ adult. Baesa, Eastern LKcuador, 6000 ft., April 1914, ‘Iris brown; feet yellow; bill slate-colour”’ (W. Goodfellow). b. 3 juv. Baesa, May 1914, 6000 ft. ‘Iris brown; feet yellow; bill slate-colour ” (W. Goodfellow). The adult male from Baesa is in the fully adult black plumage, which includes the sides of the face, back, wings, aud tip of tail on the upper surface, and tie throat, axil- laries, fianks and thighs on the under parts; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts dark chestnut with black .shaft-lines: basal portion of tail mottled with dark grey both above and_ below, apical portion below blackish brown. The young male from Baesa has still got downy tips to the tail-feathers, although it shows a-.further advance than the others in regard to the greater development of the feathers and their darker colour on the sides of the body, thighs, axillaries, and under wing-coverts. Wing 515 mm., tail 295. Another young bird, unsexed, in very similar plumage, was collected at Yauaycu, Ecuador, by the late Clarence Buckley and presented to the British Museum by Messrs. Salvin & Godman, but differs in being darker on the top of the head, hind-neck, back, upper tail-coverts, sides of face, and sides of neck. The sides of the body and thighs are also darker, the axillaries and under wing-coverts more fulvous, and the shaft-lines more pronounced. The immature male, No. 2947 from Bolivia, has lost a great deal of the brown plumage on the upper surface, 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, 285 which is replaced by black. The feathers on the head and hind-neck are smoke-brown with black centres, narrowly fringed with white at the tips, and white at the base; a patch of buffy white on the sides of the crown; ear-coverts isabelline with dark shaft-lines to the feathers ; sides of neck fulvous brown with broad black centres to the feathers, some of which are fringed with white; chin and throat white, with a patch of black on each side of the latter: fore-neck and breast white, with dark fulvous centres and black shaft- lines to the feathers on the former, some of the feathers on the sides of the body entirely black; vent and under tail- coverts cinnamou-rufous, the feathers fringed with white at the tips; axillaries and under wing-coverts cream-white, with fulvons and black shaft-lines along the middle of the feathers; under surface of quills and tail similar to those already described. The specimen from Bogota, which is in the National Collection (fide Sharpe, Cat. B. 1. p. 256), is almost in the adult plumage, but shows the remains of inmaturity by the few whitish feathers on the throat, breast, abdomen, and axillaries. Another bird, a male, collected in the Cauca Valley, Colombia, by T. K. Salmon (cf. Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 450), is also in the fully adult plumage, but some of the feathers on the throat are fringed laterally with chestnut. Wing 460 mm., tail 265. There is also a young male from Venezuela evidently in its first plumage, as it still has the remains of down at the tips of many of the feathers both on the upper and under surface. The crown of the head, hind-neck, sides of face and sides of neck cream-white with dark shaft-lines to the feathers and pale buff mottlings on the top of the head and sides of the neck; crest-feathers black, or mottled with blackish smoke-brown with white bases and fringed with white at the tips; back pale brown with white fringes to the feathers becoming darker on the upper tail-coverts, where the feathers have a blotch of white on both webs; lesser 286 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ Ibis, upper wing-coverts black margined with white, becoming brown and more broadly margined with white on the median and greater series, scapulars and inner secondary quills; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black tipped with white ; flight-quills blackish tipped with white, hoary grey on the outer webs, and mottled with brown on the inner ones, which have irregular black bars; on the third outer primary the outer web is barred, and beyond there the quills are paler and more hoary-grey and the blackish bars more distinct; the eight outer secondary quills are again darker, but the pattern is much the same and the tips more broadly margined with white. The tail is grey, mottled with brown and white, marked with black at the base and two separate bauds on the apical portion, the subterminal one being much the wider, and the tips of the feathers broadly margined with white to which down is still adhering. ‘he chin, throat, breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs and under tail-coverts, axillaries and under wing-coverts pale fulvous with dark shaft-lnes to some of the feathers on the breast, axillaries under wing-coverts, sides of body, and outer aspect of the thighs; under surface of flight-quills white mottled and blotched with grey on the basal portion, towards the tips silvery grey barred with blackish brown and blackish on the apical portion, inner secondaries also silvery grey mottled and banded with dark brown; lower aspect of tail silvery grey, mottled with white, and banded with blackish brown. This bird was collected in the neighbourhood of Merida, Venezuela, by S. Briceno, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. L. V. Dalton. A second young bird from Merida is a female, and is rather more advanced than the two specimens already mentioned, which may be seen by the darker and more developed feathers on the sides of the body, thighs, axillaries, and under wing-coverts. Another male bird, also from Venezuela, collected 18 October, 1907, is in the fully adult plumage with the throat entirely deep black. Wing 485 mm., tail 292. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 287 Harpagus bidentatus. Faleo bidentatus Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 1780, p.38: * Cayana.” Harpagus bidentatus Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, p. 502 : Chimbo, Ecuador, 1000 ft. No. 492. ¢imm. Mirador, Banos, Ecuador, 1800 metres, 1 Feb. 1890. ‘‘ Gavalon.” There are twenty-eight skins of this species in the British Museum from various localities. Kight from British Guiana and Trinidad, five of which are immature, have the wing- measurements 195 to 210mm. Three from Venezuela and one from Bogota measure 204 to 229mm. The bird from Bogota is rather paler slate-grey above than any of the others in the series; the under surface deeper chestnut which extends up the throat ou each side of the central grey streak ; the lesser under wing-coverts and axillaries are also chestnut, but paler than the under surface. Four examples from eastern Heuador have a wing-measurement 210 to 217 mm.; two of these are immature and appear to go through a different phase of plumage on the under surface from any of the other young birds, beiug orange-buff instead of cream-white. From eastern Peru and the Amazon Valley there are six birds which are all in the fully adult plumage, and the wings measure 196 to 227 mm. Six from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, three bemg in immature plumage, have the wing-measurement 189 to 225 mm.; from the two last-named localities the birds are somewhat darker above than those from Ecuador. Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonil. I have compared the three specimens collected by Simons and one collected at Guayaquil by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood with seventeen others in the British Museum from Bahia, which is the type-locality of G. s. swatnsonii, Matto Grosso, eastern Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, British Guiana, and Obidos on the Lower Amazon. ‘They are very similar in the colour of the plumage, except that No. 1096 is pale fulvous on the breast, abdomen, and under tail- coverts, which is unlike any of the other specimeus in the 288 Mr. C. Chubb on Birds from [ This, series examined. ‘hese four birds have the range of wing- measurements from 173 to 177 mm. and the tail 102 to 105 mm., and the seventeen specimens from other localities have the range of wing-measurements from 145 to 164 mm. and the tail 84 to 96mm. I am of opinion, therefore, that the most western birds should be separated ‘subspecifically. The following synonymy is referable to Gampsony.: swainsonit Vigors :— i Gampsonyx swainsonit Vigors, Zool. Journ, 1. April 1825, p. 69: Interior of Bahia. Nertus rufifrons Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314: ex Wied. Fuico rufifrons Wied, Beitr. Orn. Bras. i. 1831, p. 123: River Mucuri, S8.E. Brazil. Klanus torquatus Less. Traité ?Orn. 1831, p. 72: Brazil. Gampsonyw swainsont Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 979: Pebas; He Peru; Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1. 1884, p: 140, part: Pebas. Gampsonyx swainsonii magnus. Gampsonyx swainsoni (nee Vig.) Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884, p. 140, part: Tumbez. Gaumpsonyx swainsonit magnus Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. 1918, p. 21. . Adult male. Similar to G. s. swainsonii, and differing only in the larger wing and tail measurements. “ Iris yellow; feet yellow; bill black” (P. O. Simons). Total length 245 mm., culmen from edge of cere 14, wing 177, tail 104, tarsus 32, middle toe and claw 382. Aduit female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 176 mm., tail 105. Habitat. Western Peru and western Ecuador. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by P. O. Simons at Amotape, Peru, on 22 July, 1899. No. 43. 2 adult. Puna Island, Ecuador, 5 Nov. 1898. No. 1027. ¢ adult. Amotape, Peru, 50 metres, 22 July, 1899. No. 1096. ¢ imm. Piura, Peru, 50 metres, 5 Aug. 1899. 1919. | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. 289 Ictinia plumbea. Falco plumbea Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1788, p. 283: Cayenne. Ictinia plumbea Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 638: Prov. Yungas, Chiquitos, and Moxos, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. 1889, p. 105: Lower Beni River and Mapiri, Bolivia. No. 1245. ¢. Bellavista, Bolivia, 1400 metres, 10 Oct. 1900. “Alcon.” ‘Tris red; feet orange; bill black” (P. O. Simons). This specimen is in the fully adult plumage and identical with others in the British Museum from various localities in South and Central America. It may be mentioned, how- ever, that some individuals are paler grey than others, but these are not restricted to any particular geographical area. Falco fusco-cerulescens. Falco fusco-cerulescens Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x1. 1817, p. 90: Paraguay. Hypotriorchis femoralis Sel. & Salv. P. ZS. 1879, p. 638: Bolivia ; Tacz. Orn. Pér. i. 1884, p. 151: Paucartambo and Tumbez. No. 379. g. Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador, 3100 metres, 1 Jan. 1899. “ Gavalon.” No. 1695. 92. Chosica, Peru, 850 metres, 3 Oct. 1900. “ Alcon.” No. 3174. ¢. Aullagas, Bolivia, 3700 metres, 17 Oct. 1901. “Alcon.” ‘In the act of eating a Sparrow on the ground ” (P.O. Simons). I have compared these three specimens, which are fully adult, with a large series of others in the British Museum, and find them to be identical. Falco rufigularis pax. Falco rufigularis paw Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxxix. Nov. 1918, p. 22. No. 2918. ¢ adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1300. metres, 1 June, 1901. ‘“ Alconcito.” “Iris brown; feet orange ; bill black ”’ (P. O. Simons). 290 Birds from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina. [Ibis b) 4) 3 9 3 Falco columbarius. Falco columbarius Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1. 1758, p. 90: Carolina; Gurney, Ibis, 1882, p. 160: Cuenca, Quito, Keuador ; Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 868, p.31: Cafiar, Ecuador. No. 155. 92”? Trujillo, N.W. Peru, 1 Dec. 1912. “Iris brown ; feet bright yellow; bill plumbeous, cere and culmen yellow ” (Brabourne). This appears to be the first record of this species in Peru. It was collected by the late Lord Brabourne, and presented by him to the British Museum. Cerchneis cinnamominus equatorialis. Falco sparverius equatorialis Mearns, Auk, ix. 1892, p. 269: Guayaquil. Tinnunculus cinnamominus (Swains.); Salvad. & Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. 1900, No. 368, p. 31. Cerchneis cinnamomina Tacz. Orn. Pér. 1, 1884, p. 154. Tinnunculus sparverius (nee Linn.); Selater & Salvin, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 688: Bolivia. Falco sparverius cinnamominus ANen, Bull. Amer, Mus. 11. 1889, p. 105: Yungas, Bolivia. Nos. 596, 597. 2 adult. Canar, Ecuador, 2600 metres, Spr wSoo) Lalita. No. 1108. ¢ adult. Province of Piura, Peru, 50 metres, 19 Aug. 1899. ‘‘ Alcon.” “Tris brown; feet yellow; bill black ” (P. O. Simons). No. 1577. 2? adult. Carohas, Peru, 2600 metres, 17 Dec. 1899. No, 2066. 2 adult. Arequipa, S.W. Peru, 2066 metres, 31 May, 1900. “Seniea.” No. 2831. 9? adult. Paratani, Bolivia, 2800 metres, QeAprily o0ts -Nelyin: No. 2904. ¢ adult. Charuplaya, Bolivia, 1350 metres, 22 May, 1901. ‘“ Agalucho.” ‘ Found on Chunta trunk. Crop contained orthopterous insects”? (P. O. Simons). I do not see any appreciable difference between the seven birds enumerated above, and others from similar localities in the British Museum. [To be continued. | 1919. | On the Birds of the Canary Islands. 291 XVI.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors. Part I. Turpipa—Htrvunpinipa. By Davin A. Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G:S. [Continued from p. 181. | Family Turpip#. Turdus philomelus philomelus. Continental Song-Thrush. (= Turdus musicus auctorum.) * Turdus philomelos Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 882—Type locality : Middle Germany. The Continental Song-Thrush is a regular Winter Visitor to the Canary Islands. There is but little doubt that all * It must be borne in mind that every single author up to the present who has written on the Canarian birds has referred to the Song- Thrush as Turdus musicus. ‘Those ornithologists who follow the example of the bh. O. U. Committee and conserve the name musicus for the Song-Thrush must then, however, call the bird which visits the Canary Islands in winter Turdus musicus musicus, 7. e. the Continental Song-Thrush. I entirely agree with the Committee who compiled the list that considerable confusion will doubtless arise by transferring the name 7. musicus to the Redwing and bestowing Brehm’s name, 7. philo- melus, on to the Song-Thrush (B. O. U. List, 1915, pp. 365, 366) ; but confusion will arise in any case—and, in fact, has arisen—as several of our leading systematic ornithologists have already accepted the changes. If we are to be consistent in nomenclature, I can see no help for it but to reject the nomena conservanda proposed (B. O. U. List, 1915, p. 855) and to accept the drastic changes which have become necessary under the Rules of Nomenclature as drawn up by the International Congress - of Zoology. The best way to attain uniformity is for the younger generation of ornithologists to accept ail these changes quickly, dis- agreeable as many of them undoubtedly are. Confusion need not arise if for several years to come systematic ornithologists will only state very carefully in their publications exactly which species they mean by Turdus musicus, Turdus philomelus, Turdus iliacus, etc. In this “transition-stage ” of nomenclature no other course is open to working ornithologists who wish to avoid the confusion which would inevitably ensue if they referred to Turdus tliacus without any further explanation. The original reference alone is now not sufficient. 292 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the =F Tbis, past records of ‘‘ Turdus musicus”’? must refer to the con- tinental form, which must now be known as Turdus philomelus philomelus. The exact time when the Song-Thrushes arrive in the islands is uncertain. I doubt whether they arrive very much before November (Meade-Waldo’s earliest records are 10 and 16 November ; 12 and 19 December, Tenerife). I have found them very plentiful in January in the high forests. ‘They stay in the Archipelago until March, a few remaining until April, but never nesting. The Song-Thrush (‘ Turdus musicus” of all early writers ) was mentioned by Ledru in 1810 from Tenerife, and since that date has been recorded by every observer who has written on the ornis of the group. It is mentioned by Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 11) as a bird ‘de passage,” and after careful investigation I have come to the conclusion with Lord Rothschild that the account given by Webb and Berthelot under the heading of 7. iliacus (Orn. Canarienne, p. 12) really belongs to the Song-Thrush (7. p. philomelus, which these authors call “ Turdus musicus’’), and should have appeared under that species. My reasons together with the original quotation of this paragraph are given in this paper under the next species dealt with. The following is a translation of the most interesting part of this paragraph under dispute :— “It is certain that Thrushes |les grives] arrive in the winter and remain a certain time in the woods. A great migration took place in 1828, above all in the island of Tenerife, where they were very numerous. This migratory wave was repeated in 1832. Thrushes were then so numerous that one killed them with sticks and_ stones. The migration commenced in November and continued at intervals during part of December. These birds arrived on the east coast and flooded the gardens, the greater number reached the interior of the island where they took refuge in the Pine region. .... They rested there three months in the country and then disappeared all at once.” Bolle records the arrival of the Song-Thrush, and writes ; 1919. | Birds of the Canary islands. 293 “In the winters 1828-30 innumerable flocks of these Thrushes (Turdus musicus Linn.) came to Tenerife; they appeared over the sea like swarms of locusts, flying in troops down the streets of Santa Cruz on their way to the gardens, from which later they flew off to the Pine woods of the mountains ” (J. f. O. 1854, p. 453). Meade-Waldo never records them below 1500 feet in Tenerife and found them abundant ‘“ wherever there was sufficient cover.” He noted that a few remained until April (Ibis, 18938, p. 187), and that they swarmed in the mountains in the winter of 1888 (Ibis, 1889, p. 515). Von Thanner considers it a regular Bird of Passage in Tenerife (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 431), and later mentions that many Song-Thrushes were seen at Vilaflor—a village on the southern slopes of the Peak—during the winter months 1906-7 (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). From the extreme western islands, Gomera, Palma, and Mierro, the Song-Thrush is not often recorded; this is probably due to the scarcity of observers rather than to the absence of the bird itself, for it is more than likely to be numerous in winter on these three islands. Meade-Waldo records it from Gomera on 12 February, 1888 (cf. private note-books). In Gran Canaria I have always found it in the Monte District (1580 feet) in small numbers in January (Ibis, 1912, p. 598), but it is much more plentiful in the high ridges clothed with pines (8000-4000 feet) in the south of the island. It was particularly numerous in February 1911, and is always remarkably wild, which point is also men- tioned by Meade-Waldo (Ibis, 1889, p. 1). In the eastern group, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, this Thrush is said by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb, 1909, p. 125), who spent eight months in these barren islands, to be “a regular and frequent migrant and winter visitor.” Meade-Waldo saw Thrushes in Fuerteventura on the 27th and 28th of March, 1888 (private note-books), and noted that it was not uncommon in the cactus-fields (Ibis, 1889, p. 509). 294 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Von Thanner apparently met with the Thrush on migra- tion in Fuerteventura in the same month (March) many years later (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65), and noted it as a winter visitor. In Lanzarote I identified a stuffed specimen in the Gonzalez private collection (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). It might strike one as curious that the Thrushes should resort to such islands as Fuerteventura when a wealth of verdure awaits them in the islands of the western group, but this is doubtless explained by the geographical position of the eastern islands, which he much nearer the regular line of flight of migratory birds. Needless to say, the Song-Thrusb which occurs in the Canary Islands has invariably been quoted as Vurdus musicus Linn., and it was uot until quite recently that an examination of specimens which I had shot in Gran Canaria, together with those in the Meade-Waldo collection in the British Museum, revealed the fact that the migratory Thrush of the Canary Islands is undoubtedly the conti- nental race (Turdus philomelus philomelus) | Turdus musicus musicus auctorum |. Range. The Continental Song-Thrush is apparently dis- tributed through Europe generally, wintering in south Kurope and north Africa, the Canary Archipelago probably being the southern limit of its winter range. Turdus musicus*. Redwing. (= Turdus ihacus auctorum.) Turdus musicus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 169— Type locality : Sweden. The Redwing is evidently an Occasional Visitor in winter to the islands. I have never met with it myself. Webb and Berthelot (Orn, Canarienne, p. 12) were the first to mention this species, but a certain amount of confusion seems to have taken place between this species (Turdus iliacus of all former writers) and the Song-Thrush, Turdus p. philomelus (Turdus musicus auctorum),. * See my footnote given under Turdus p. philomelus, 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 295 Webb and Berthelot mention both forms, and under the heading “Tourdre-Mauvis—Turdus iliacus Linn.’’, they have the following note which, for reasons hereafter explained, must surely refer primarily to the Song-Thrush (7. philo- melus philomeius), Turdus musicus of Webb and Berthelot: — “Obs. Le nom de Pajaro de Africa (Oiseau d’Afrique) que on donne a cette espéce, de méme qu’a la précédente, indique assez qu’elle n’est que de passage aux tiles Canaries. En effet les grives arrivent en hiver, et séjournent un certain temps dans les bois. Leur abondance fut remar- quable en 1828, surtout dans Vile de Ténérife, ot leur apparition s est reproduite d’une maniére bien plus extra- ordinaire encore en 1832. Les grives reparurent alors en telle quantité qu’on les tuait 4 coups de baton et a coups de pierre. Le passage commenca en novembre et continua par intervalles durant une partie du mois de décembre. Elles débarquerent sur la cote orientale, et traverserent par bandes les rues de Sainte-Croix. Beaucoup se répandirent dans les jardins, et le plus grand nombre gagna Vintérieur de J’ile, pour se refugier dans la région des Pins. ..... Ces oiseaux resterent trois mois dans le pays ; puis ils disparurent tout i coup.” Now, as Lord Rothschild has pointed out to me, the French invariably mean a Thrush when they speak of the “‘grive,’ which is the word used throughout the account just quoted ; and the Redwing, on the other hand, is known as matvis. Whether Webb and Berthelot really intended their obser- vation to refer to the Redwing or to the Thrush or to both species it is rather difficult to say, but I incline with Lord Rothschild to the belief that the account printed above should really have been included by Webb and Berthelot under the heading of their Turdus musicus, for the authors certainly distinguish between the vernacular names of the two forms. It must also be remembered that the greater part of ‘Ornithologie Canarienne’ was written by Moquin-Tandon from notes supplied by Berthelot, and this may account for the confusion. SER. XI.—VOL. I. Y 296 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. 453) records the great arrival of Song-Thrushes (‘‘ Turdus musicus”) in the winters of 1828-1830 to the Canary Islands ; but in the J. f. O. 1857, p. 277, under the heading “ Turdus ilacus” he quotes Webb and Berthelot’s account of the arrival of Redwings, and notes, moreover, that Berthelot told him (Bolle) “ that the Redwing was even more frequent than the Song- Thrush.” Against this we must remember that, although Bolle confirms the great swarms of Redwings in 1828 and 1832, yet he himself was not in the islands then ; and, further, he remarks: ‘In ordinary years the number [ of Redwings | cannot be very great, for during two winters in Santa Cruz I never saw a single specimen” (J. f. O. 1857, p. 277). The next author to mention the Redwing is Cabrera, who notes (Catalogo, p. 46) that “ 7. iliacus”’ is a regular bird of passage (‘‘ De paso periodico) fairly abundant in certain years, met with as much on the coasts as in the mountains of Tenerife. He had specimens in his own collection. According to Cabrera, this bird is also cited by Serra, whose work I have not consulted. Polatzek in his list (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) ineludes the Redwing as “a regular and frequent migrant,’ and places the species amongst the birds which have been verified without a doubt. It is more than probable that he had himself met with the species and had obtained examples, but I cannot agree with his statement that it is “a regular and frequent migrant.” Polatzek probably based his remarks on former writers who had _ blindly followed Webb and Berthelot, and the fact that he obtained specimens himself (which apparently he must have done) would lend colour to the older writings which he consulted. Neither Meade-Waldo, von Thanner, nor myself have ever come across it, which in the case of von Thanner is most strange as he has lived a considerable time in Tenerife. Range. The Redwing breeds in north Europe and winters in south Europe, and also in north-west Africa—where, however, it is rare. N 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 29 Turdus pilaris. he Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 168— Type locality : Sweden. The Fieldfare is an Occasional Visitor to the Archipelago. It sometimes arrives in autumn and occasionally also in spring, but is not by any means a regular migrant. The first authentic record is given by Meade-Waldo, who saw a bird in the flesh which had been shot on the 19th of March close to Orotava (Ibis, 1889, p 1), and he himself obtained a specimen, now in the British Museum, on the 15th of May, 1888, at the same place. Polatzek mentions a passage of these birds in 1903 and gives the following account (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) :— “On the 20th of October many [Fieldfares = ‘ Wacholder- drossel’] came to Lanzarote with a strong north wind. I found flocks of about fifteen birds under fig-trees at Haria, and a few were in the fields. After three weeks their numbers gradually decreased, and in the fifth week (2 e. about the 25th of November) they disappeared altogether. The brown tint on the breast was very vivid.” Von Thanner considers it to be a wandering visitor in Tenerife, and also recognized a specimen of this bird in the institute at Laguna (Nov. Zool. xi. 1904, p. 4:31). I have never myself met with it in any of the islands. From the only records which we have of this bird it would appear to occasionally touch the islands actually at the time when the migratory movement from Europe to Morocco is in course of progress. Range. The Fieldfare, which is so well known in north Europe and north Asia, winters in central and south Europe and in smaller numbers extends south to north-west Africa. The Canary Islands are surely the most southern limit reached. Turdus merula cabrere. Cabrera’s Blackbird. Turdus merula cabrere Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. 1901, p. 3183—Type locality: Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. 298 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group. Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira. Phenicurus phenicurus phenicurus. Common Redstart. Motacilla phenicurus Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 187—Type locality : Sweden. The Common Redstart is a fairly regular Bird of Passage in small numbers to the Canary Islands in spring and autumn. Meade-Waldo’s notes sum up the situation. He wrote (Ibis, 1893, p. 188): “A few Redstarts touch at the islands in spring and autumn”; and in an earlier paper (Ibis, 1889, p. 2) remarked: “I saw a male on two occasions close to my house at Orotava.” Polatzek, whose field-notes are generally reliable, quotes it (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124) as a regular bird of passage. The following are the only dated records :— é- March, 1889. Oliva, Fuerteventura. Authority: Meade-Waldo (skin in British Museum). Q. 27 March, 1905. Fuerteventura. Authority: Von Thanner (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). d. 27 March, 1909. Gran Canaria. Authority: Von Thanner (Orn, Jahrb. 1910, p. 86). dg. 4 April, 1913. Tenerife. Authority: Miss Annie Jackson (in litt.). October. Gomera. Authority: Bolle (J. f. 0. 1857, p. 288). Cabrera had an undated specimen in his Tenerife col- lection (Catalogo, p. 43), and Meade-Waldo also notes a specimen brought to Ramon Gomez from Fuerteventura (Ibis, 1889, p. 509). I have not handled all the specimens which have been obtained in the Canary Islands, but those which I have seen belong to the typical form. Range. The Common Redstart which breeds in Europe winters in west and north-east Africa and is replaced by an allied race in the Atlas Mountains. Hartert met with the 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 299 typical species at El-Golea in the south-western Sahara at the end of March, and as late as the 5th of June in the Oued Nea (Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p.57). It was common on migration in Algeria, being frequently met with from El] Kantara to Touggourt during the last week in March aud on the 6th and 10th of April at Laghouat. On the east coast of Africa the Redstart appears to migrate south as far as 10° N. A specimen in the British Museum from Foda (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) was obtained on 21 October, 1885. Phenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis *. Black Redstart. (= Ruticilla titys auctorum.) Motacilla gibraltariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 987—Type locality : Gibraltar. The Black Redstart appears to be a regular Bird of Passage in small numbers to the islands in spring and autumn. Iteis recorded from Tenerife and Fuerteventura. Meade-Waldo considered it to be rather more frequent in the Canaries than the Common Redstart (Ibis, 1893, p. 188). He remarks that he examined a stuffed specimen in Cabrera’s collection (Ibis, 1889, p. 515). Cabrera obtained it in Tenerife near Laguna, and believed it to be an accidental migrant in spring (Catalogo, p. 43). This specimen was examined in the Cabrera collection by Hartert, who tells me it is certainly P. 0. gibraltariensis. Polatzek believed it to be a regular bird of passage and observed it twice in the eastern islands (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124). Von Thanner also obtained it in the eastern islands of the group and records a male which he shot in Fuerteventura on the 5th of February, 1910 (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229), and * This is another of the very few cases of nomenclature where I do not follow the Committee of the ‘B.O. U. List of British Birds,’ 2nd ed. 1915, in retaining the name P. titys for the Black Redstart (vide B. O. U. List, p. 866, where the reasons given for con- serving the name tefys are to my mind most unsatisfactory). I prefer to follow Messrs. Hartert, Witherby, and Ticehurst in their decision (‘ Iland-list of British Birds,’ 1912, p. 85). 300 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [| Ibis, another in the same island on the 23rd of March, 1904 (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 65: ‘ Hausrotschwanzchen ”’). Range. This well-known European species winters chiefly in north-west and north-east Africa, but also in southern Europe. It breeds throughout Europe generally. There are specimens in the British Museum from Morocco (undated). In east Africa it is found as far south as Berber (Sudan), and there is a bird obtained in July from. Abyssinia. Erithacus rubecula superbus. Superb Redbreast. Erithacus superbus Koenig, Journ. fir Orn. 1889, p. 183 —Type locality: Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group. Gran Canaria, Tenerite. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Erithacus rubecula microrhynchus *. Madeiran Redbreast. Lrithacus rubecula microrhynchus Reichenow, Journ. far Orn. 1906, p. 153—Type locality: Madeira. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group. Palma, Gomera, Hierro. Range beyond the Archipelago. Madeira. Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast. (? Erithacus rubecula rubecula. | [ Motacilla rubecula Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 188—Type locality : Sweden. | A Rare Visitor. Redbreasts occasionally pass through the eastern islands * IT have accepted Reichenow’s name for the Redbreasts inhabiting Madeira and the islands of Palma, Gomera, and Hierro in the Canary sroup. ‘They are to my mind separable from the Continental race, with which they have been hitherto united by most writers, and from which [ distinguish them by their paler coloration. 1919. ] Birds of the Canary Islands. 301 of the Canary Group—in which islands, be it noted, there are no resident Redbreasts. I have not been able to examine a specimen, but am of opinion that these birds are genuine migrants, which on rare occasions visit the eastern islands. In this list it is intentionally named binomially, and therefore no original reference is given. Whether these visitors are examples of the Continental Redbreast (4. 7. rubecula), which seems to me most probable, or whether of the north-west African race (E. r. witherbyi) cannot yet be proved. I strongly suspect the former, and, if this is the case, it will explain how the resident Redbreasts (2. 7. microrhynchus) originally arrived at, and came to be isolated in, three of the western islands. There is no evidence to show that at the present day the resident Redbreasts of Palma, Gomera, and Hierro have their numbers augmented in spring——-the migrating Red- breasts having only been recorded from the eastern islands. It may be suggested that the birds which have been recorded from Fuerteventura are merely stragglers from the western islands. I do not believe this to be the solution. In the first place, the birds were observed in March--in which month EK. 7. microrhynchus is breeding,—aad it would then be very unlikely to leave the islands which they have made their home when uesting is in full swing. Secondly, we have no records from Gran Canaria or Tenerife, in which geographically intervening islands another subspecies (E. r. superbus) is the resident form and the only Redbreast known. So far as my knowledge goes, it shows that the various breeding birds living in the Canary Archipelago never migrate from one island to another. We have no reason, therefore, to suppose that the pale resident Redbreast is an exception to this. The records of Redbreasts from the eastern islands are as follows :—Polatzek saw it once in the Barranco Rio Palma in Fuerteventura, and notes that it is very rarely seen in this island (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 185). 302 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Von Thanner saw it on two occasions :— (a) On the 28rd of March, 1904, at Gran Tarajal, Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb, 1905, p. 65). (6) On the 14th of March, 1905, also in Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). I have no hesitation in accepting the statements of Polatzek and von Thanner that what they took to be the Continental Redbreast was seen by them in Fuerteventura. | Range. The Continental Redbreast (EH. 7. rubecula) breeds in Europe and winters in the Mediterranean countries and in northern Africa as far as the Oases in the Sahara. Type locality : Sweden. Witherby’s Redbreast (1. 7. witherbyi) is a resident form in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, and also breeds in “Tunisia and northern Algeria. Type locality: northern Algeria. \ Cyanosylvia suecica suecica*. Red-spotted Blue-throat. Motacilla svecica Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 187— Type locality : Sweden. A Rare Visitor. The first specimen of C. s. suecica is recorded by Cabrera (Catalogo, 1893, p. 43), who killed a bird of this species in October at Laguna (Tenerife). Polatzek gives it in his List (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124) as a rare bird of passage occurring in the eastern islands (i.e., Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Range. The Red-spotted Bluethroat breeds in northern * Europe and Asia. It winters partly in north-east Africa. Its occurrence in the Canary Islands cannot therefore be expected, save as a straggler. * Tam following the Committee who compiled the ‘ B.O. U. List of British Birds’ in not separating the typical Red-spotted Blue-throat and the Norwegian Bluethroat, C. s. gaetkei (Kleinschm.), Those who distinguish between the two supposed forms would doubtless find that it is C. s. gaetket which occurs as a Rare Visitor in the Canaries (cf. B.O. U. List of British Birds, 1915, p. 368). I have not examined a specimen from the Canary Islands. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 303 Cyanosylvia suecica cyanecula. White-spotted Bluethroat. Sylvia cyanecula Wolf, in Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. 1810, 240—'Type locality: Germany. ~ p. This is a Rare Visitor to the Archipelago. The records of the White-spotted Bluethroat occurring in the Canary Islands are not by any means plentiful. In fact, the only occurrences which seem genuine are :— a. 'I'wo birds seen by Meade-Waldo which had been shot near Laguna (ibis, 1889, p. 2). These are probably the male and female mentioned by Cabrera in his ‘List? as having been shot in November 1889 (Catalogo, p. 43). : 6. A single bird identified in 1913 by myself in the Gonzalez Collection in Arrecife. This bird had been shot in the island of Lanzarote (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Polatzek, who spent eight months in the eastern group and chronicles the arrival of many migrants, does not mention any specific occasion upon which he met with this species. He writes:—‘* Like the Red-spotted Bluethroat this species may also pass through the eastern islands” (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124). This species is there referred to as C. wolfi (Brehm). Range. The White-spotted Bluethroat is a European species, which in winter migrates through western Europe to north-west and north-east Africa. Saxicola dacotiz dacotie. luerteventuran Chat. Pratincola dacotie Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 504, pl. xv.—Type locality: Fuerteventura, A Resident species. Hab. in Archipelago. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura. Obs. Confined’to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. 304 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ihis, Saxicola dacotie muriele. Muriel’s Chat. Saxicola dacotie muriele Bannerman, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxili. 1913, p. 37 (figured [bis, 1914, pl. v.)—Type locality : Allegranza. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Outer islets. Montatia Clara, Allegranza. Range beyond the Archipelogo. Does not occur so far as is known. Obs. It must be remembered that the Avifauna of the opposite coast of Africa is practically unknown. The fact that all these Chats undoubtedly left Montana Clara whilst I was living on this island, suggests that they may have their headquarters on the mainland. They may, however, have only crossed to Allegranza. Saxicola rubicola rubicola. Stonechat. Motacilla rubicola Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 332 —Type locality: France. The Stonechat is said to be a Bird of Passage in the Canary Islands. The species is mentioned by several authors, but I have been unable to examine a specimen. ~ It is certain, however, to be the typical race which passes through the islands. The Stonechat is mentioned as far back as 1841 by Webb aud Berthelot, who note (Orn. Canarienne, p. 13) that it is “Rather rare in the Canaries, one meets with it in the Mercédes woods” (é. e. in Tenerife). Bolle wrote that it turns up occasionally in winter always separately (J. £. O. 1857, p. 279). Cabrera mentions that it has been met with im the vicinity of Mercédes, but he does not say whether this is from his own observation or whether he is simply quoting Webb and Berthelot (Catalogo, p. 40). The most definite record is given by Polatzek, who wrote : “T saw only males and met them in the eastern islands as regular winter visitors. The flight begins often early in 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 305 October. In March I saw them on the return journey (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124). Range. The typical race of the Stonechat breeds through- out Europe and north-west Africa and winters in the Sahara. It seems strange that Polatzek should have noted it as a regular transient through the Canaries, as I know of no records of this species from south of the islands. Where, then, do these birds go ? In west Africa it is common in Mazagan, and there is a large series from there in the Tring Museum obtained in April, May, October, and December, besides several from the Atlas Mountains obtained between the mouths of March and June. The most southern records are skins from Imintanout obtained in May. All these places are on the African coast north of the Canaries. Saxicola rubetra rubetra. Whiunchat. Motacilla rubetra Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 186 —Type locality: Sweden. The Whinchat is an irregular Bird of Passage. I have been unable to examine a skin, but it is certain to be the typical form which occurs there on migration. The first record is by Cabrera, who recognized two birds in the spring of 1890 in the barranco of Mercédes, Tenerife (Catalogo, p. 40). Polatzek includes the Whinchat as a regular bird of passage in the eastern islands in October; he notes that he saw small companies of them on their journey and that they did not remain in the island. He adds that he obtained specimens (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 124). I am doubtful whether 8. 7. rubetra can be considered a regular bird of passage, as Polatzek is the only ornithologist to have observed the bird regularly, and he only lived in the Archipelago for two anda half years. Neither Meade-Waldo nor von Thanner has met with it. Range. The Whinchat breeds in Europe and winters in tropical Africa. Its occurrence in the Canary Islands is 306 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, therefore to be expected. I have examined skins from the Gold Coast obtained in October and November, from Senegal in March, September, October, and December, from Sierra Leone in March and April, from Morocco (Mazagan and Rahamna) in September, October, and May, and a bird obtained in Mogador on 5th November, all by Riggenbach (skins in Tring Museum), while Geyr von Schweppenburg met with it as far south as Ain Taiba in January, almost on the same parallel as Mogador. Cnanthe cnanthe enanthe. The Wheatear. Motacilla enanthe Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 186 —Type locality: Sweden. From the actual records which we possess it is doubtful whether the typical Wheatear can yet be considered more than a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. I believe, however, it will eventually prove to be at any rate an occasional visitor. Unfortunately all the older writers have failed to distin- guish between tlis and the Greenland Wheatear, and it is therefore impossible to be certain to which form their records and remarks belong. I have carefully examined a great many skins in the British and Tring Museums of this and the larger race, and have but little doubt that the majority of records of * Saxicola enanthe*®’ from the Canary Islands should right- fully belong to Gvnanthe wnanthe leucorrhoa. I have there- fore included them under binomial nomenclature (see next species) and indicated at the same time that I believe (i. we. leucorrhoa is the race to which they should refer. There is, however, one very definite record of the typical form :— Von Thanner wrote in the Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 226 that he had shot a male example of “‘ Gnanthe wnanthe enanthe”’ in Fuerteventura on the 25th of March, 1912. It is possible that an immature male killed in Tenerife on the 28th of September, 1908, and recorded by von Thanuer 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 307 (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149) as “ Savicola wnanthe” may have belonged to the typical form, as it is doubtful if von Thanner then distinguished between the two forms, and in any case it was an immature bird. Range. The Wheatear inhabits the whole of Kurope and part of Asia and winters in tropical Africa. There is nothing to prevent it occurring fairly regularly in the Canary Islands on migration. Cnanthe enanthe. Wheatear. |? @nanthe cenanthe leucorrhoa. | [Motacilla leucorrhoa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. pt. 2, 1789, p. 966—Type locality : Senegal. | This Wheatear seems to be a somewhat irregular Bird of Passage in spring and autumn through the Canary Islands. The majority of specimens appear to have been noticed in September. I have not myself examined any skins from the Canaries, but am strongly of opinion that they will prove to belong to the large race, 7. e. the Greenland Wheatear ( inanthe @nanthe leucorrhoa). All records (with one exception) have been published as Sazicola wnanthe, but with the exception of Hartert and von Thanner (once) all former writers have failed to distinguish between the Greenland Wheatear and the typical form. Webb and Berthelot, from 1828 to 1830, considered the Wheatear to be found accidentally in the Canaries after squalls from the south-west (Orn. Canarienne, p. 13). Bolle in 1852 and 1856 noted it as a bird of passage in winter, and says that Berthelot told him he had shot many of them (J. f. O. 1857, p. 279). Busto-y-Blanco is said to mention it in 1864. Meade-\Valdo from 1887-91 found it to be “a scarce and irregular visitor to the Laguna Plains in winter” (Ibis, 1893, p. 188). Cabrera says it is a bird of passage in September and 308 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, that he had a specimen in his collection (Catalogo, 1893, p. 40). Between 1893 and 1907 no birds were recorded, but we then find two records which may either refer to this or to the typical form. Apparently the collector (von Thanner) was not certain to which form his birds should be referred, as in the Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149, he records“an immature male example of ‘ Savicola enanthe” as having been killed in Tenerife by himself on the 28th of September, 1908. With regard to the next specimen, which von Thanner shot on the 25th of March, 1912, in Fuerteventura, he had evidently no doubt as to which form it belonged to, as he records it as “‘ Hnanthe enanthe enanthe,’ the Common Wheatear (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 226), and this bird I have already recorded under that heading in this paper (see preceding species). Again, in the same paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227), von Thanner mentions a bird at Vilaflor (Tenerife) on the 27th of September, 1912, which he records simply as * Savicola w@nanthe” ™. Polatzek presumably never met with it, as he omits it from his list entirely. I have carefully examined the material in the British and Tring Museums with a view to fixing definitely the race of the Wheatear which passes through the islands. It may therefore be of mterest to enumerate the specimens of the large race which I have examined from west Africa or the Atlantic islands. In the first place, it must be remembered that Gmelin described this Wheatear from west Africa, the type locality being Senegal. * From the above three records, [ conclude that von Thanner differentiates between the two forms: the first he might be unable to name for certain as it is a young bird, the second he has no doubts about and names trinomially, but is not certain of the identification of the third and so rightly names it binomially. Possibly the last-named specimen was not actually procured. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands, 309 There are only four birds in the British Museum from the west coast of Africa, all of which I believe to belong to this large race of Wheatear, Unanthe wnanthe leucor- rhoa :— a, Gambia River, Senegal. No date. Wing 103 mm. b. Dakar, Senegal. No date. re elOA ay. c. Bo, Sierra Leone. Feb. 1904. 96 (Robin Kemp Coll ). d. Golf Course, Sierra Leone. 6th Feb. 1911. a Moon sf (Willoughby Lowe Coll.). There are as well two specimens from the Azores also referable to the Greenland Wheatear :— e. ex Ponta, Delgada Museum, No date. Wing 102 mm. San Miguel. f. Flores. May 1865, SADA E, 5. In the Tring Museum I have examined the following specimens of @. @. leucorrhoa :— g-n. g ad. Mazagan (Morocco), 3-22nd October, 1901. o. gd ad. Biskra (Algeria), 22nd March, 1908. por. dad. Near Thiés (Senegal), 11th and 28rd Feb. 1908, and 23rd Noy. 1907. The following records relating to this species in north-west Africa are also worthy of notice here :— Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. x. 1903, p. 295) records three adult birds from the Rio de Oro obtained in July 1902, and four juvenile specimens shot in the same month, which had doubtless been bred there [Riggenbach Coll.]. In a later Expedition Hartert found it in the western Sahara [near Oued Mya] on the 10th of April, 1912 (Nov. Zool. xx. 1918, p. 54). Range. The Greenland Wheatear breeds in Greenland and north-east America. {[t migrates through western Europe to the Azores and through north-west Africa to Senegambia and Sierra Leone. It is almost certain to be this form which visits the Canaries on migration in spring and autumn, 310 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, (Enanthe stapazina stapazina*. Western Black-eared Wheatear. Motacilla stapazina Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 331 —Type locality : Spain. A Rare Visitor to the Canaries. I only know of one example having been obtained in the Archipelago. Von Thanner shot a male Western Black-eared Wheatear in Tenerife on the 2ist of February, 1903, and this specimen I have examined in the Trmg Museum. It is a beautiful skin and the bird is in very perfect plumage. This occurrence of the Western Black-eared Wheatear in the Canaries was first recorded by Tschusi in the Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176, where he alluded to the above-mentioned specimen, naming it Savicola aurita, which is a synonym of (Enanthe stapazina stapazina +. The same example is mentioned by Polatzek in his paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125) also under the name S. aurita Temm, Range. ‘Yhe Western Black-eared Wheatear breeds in south-west Europe, in Portugal, Spain, and in north-west Africa. It is apparently a bird of passage in the western Sahara south to Senegal. * If we consider the Western Black-eared Wheatear (Qinanthe stapazina) and the Western Black-throated Wheatear (G’nanthe occiden- talis) to be dimorphisms of the same species, we can then use the name (Enanthe hispanica (Linn.), as is done by Hartert, for both forms. But if we consider these two varieties to be distinct and separate species (which is the view taken by the B. O. U. Committee who drew up the List of British Birds, 1915) and not dimorphisms of the same species, we cannot use the name Aispanica, for the reasons clearly set forth in the _B. O. U. List, p. 369. I have not yet formed my own conclusions on this much debated question, and, in the meantime, while preserving an open mind on the subject, I temporarily follow the Committee in their ruling and call the bird which von Thanner obtained in the Canary Islands Ginanthe stapazina stapazxina, as it is an example of the Western Black-eared Wheatear. + Hartert considers both aurita and stapazina synonyms of hispanica, as he believes the Black-eared and Black-throated varieties to be dimorphic. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 311 According to Hartert (Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 73), the majority perhaps winter in the Saharan oases. (Enanthe deserti homochroa. ‘Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear. Saxicola homochroa Yristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 50—Type locality : Tunisian Sahara. The western form of the Desert-Wheatear is a Rare Visitor to the Canary Islands. Only four examples are known to have been obtained, and three of these I have examined in the Tring Museum. All were collected within three days by Herr von Thanner. a. d. Tenerife, 24.11.03 (not quite adult). b. g. Tenerife, 25.11.03 (adult). e. 6. Tenerife, 25.11.05 (adult). The fourth example, a female, does not appear to be in the Tring Museum. The above specimens were first referred to by Ritter von T’schusi, who wrote (Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176): ‘von Thanner informed me that he had killed on the 21 Feb. 1903 a S. aurita g. On the 24th of the same month (February) 3 2 of S. stapazina and on the 25th three males.” Next they were mentioned in the Noy. Zool. 1904, p. 431, where von Thanuer wrote ‘‘in the preceding year I was able to collect in one morning .... Sawicola deserti. ...,’? men- tioning three other rare visitors as well. (Enanthe stapazina is, according to Hartert, synonymous with CG. hispanica hispanica (the Spanish Wheatear), but there is no doubt at all that the three male birds in the Tring Museum enumerated above are examples of C. desertt homochroa (Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear), and have nothing to do with GY’. stapazina or G2. hispanica, Tschusi certainly mentions both Q!. stapazina aud (CE. aurita in his paper, but both these names are synonymous ! The original labels of von Thanner show that the three birds which we now know to be C2. deserti homochroa were first erroneously named stapazina by the collector, who SER. XI.—VOL. I. Z 312 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, wrote this to Tschusi, and hence Tschusi’s error in Orn. Jahrb. 1903, p. 176, in referring these birds to @. stapazina, when, as pointed out by Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 125), they really belong to a race of Gnanthe deserti. In his paper, here referred to, Polatzek explains that yon Thanner wrote to him that the Wheatears described [by Tschusi] in Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 176, were not (E. stapazina but G2. deserti. Range. Tristram’s Desert-Wheatear extends from Tunisia to Cape Blanco. I have handled a skin in the Tring Museum from the latter locality, obtained on the 10th of May. Family Muscicapip#. Muscicapa grisola grisola*. The Spotted Ilycatcher. Muscicapa grisola Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 328— Type locality : France. The Spotted Flycatcher is probably a fairly regular Bird of Passage in varying numbers during the spring and autumn migration. It must be remembered that in the whole group of islands there are probably not more than two ornithologists who know the bird by sight, and that for vears together a bird so sombrely coloured as the Spotted Flycatcher might entirely escape detection. Opinions vary as to the migrations of this Flycatcher to the Canary Islands, as the following quotations show :— “An occasional straggler ; I saw one Spotted Flycatcher that had been shot in the winter near Laguna” (Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 2; 1893, p. 192). “A regular bird of passage in the Eastern islands” (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123). “ An accidental migrant arriving in these islands in May, when I have shot various specimens at Laguna” (Cabrera, Catalogo, p. 48). * If Vroeg’s Catalogue (1764) is recognized, the Spotted Flycatcher must be known as M. striata striata. I follow the Committee of the B. O. U. List (1915, p. 871) in rejecting Vroeg’s names. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 313 Von Thanner records specimens from Tenerife on the 30th of September, 1910, “ which appeared for many days” (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229). Range. The Spotted Flycatcher breeds throughout Europe and in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. It winters in central and southern Africa. Muscicapa atricapilla atricapilla*. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, _ p. 826—Type locality : Sweden. The Pied Flycatcher is a regular Bird of Passage to the Canary Islands during the spring and autumn migration. Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 11) and Bolle (J. f. Orn. 1857, p. 286) both record it before 1858, Bolle noting that it is seen occasionally in Tenerife during winter. Cabrera (Catalogo, p. 47) shot various examples near Laguna in May. Meade-Waldo saw one at Laguna on 25 April, 1890 (Ibis, 1890, p. 429), and remarks that it is occasionally met with (Ibis, 1893, p. 192), while nearly twenty years later Polatzeko awrote, (Orn* Jahrb.) 1909, ip. 122) Ut sas a regular migrant. I have often seen some in October in Lanzarote. On the 14th of October, 1904, a south wind succeeded a strong north-west wind, and I saw _ several hundreds of them ; some on the walls, some on the trees surrounding Haria in Lanzarote. When the north [? south] wind went on the 17th of October they all flew away.” Vou Thanner shot a bird on the 10th of October, 1904, in the pine-woods of Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214), and again records some from Tenerife on the 30th September, 1910, which birds remained in the vicinity for several days (Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229), and two years later noted two or three birds at Granadilla (Tenerife) on the 3rd of September, 1912 (Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227). * If Vroeg’s Catalogue is accepted, the name of the Pied Flycatcher must be M. hypoleuca hypoleuca. I reject Vroeg’s names (see footnote under previous species). z2 ~ 314 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, Range. The Pied Flycatcher breeds in Europe and winters in Africa. A geographical race has been recognized from north-west Africa, and one from Asia Minor. Muscicapa parva parva. Red-breasted Flycatcher. Muscicapa parva Bechstein, Latham’s Allg. Uebers. a. Vogel, ii. 1794, p. 356—Type locality: Thuringia. A very Rare Visitor, which has been recorded on one occasion only. Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 123) writes: “M. parva was taken in the Canary Islands by myself. I shot a juvenile specimen in Lanzarote on the 24th of November, 1904. There were several more there, only I could not properly recognize them in their very different immature plumage. The specimen I killed is in the collection of von T'schusi at Hallein.” In an earlier part of the same paper (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p- 82) Polatzek notes that ’schusi confirmed the identi- fication of this specimen. This occurrence of the Red-breasted Flycatcher in the Canary Islands is very interesting. Owing to the war I have naturally been unable to examine the skin of Polatzek’s bird, which should be done at the first opportunity. It will surely prove to be askin of the typical species. It may be remarked that it is quite impossible for any ornithologist to confuse a skin of the immature Red- breasted Flycatcher with that of any other species; and Ritter von Tschusi is a most careful naturalist, whose identification of such a bird can be accepted without question. Range. The Red-breasted Flycatcher breeds in Europe and winters in western India; it has, however, been procured near Cairo. The possibility of its wintering in tropical Africa was suggested by the editors of the ‘ Hand-List of British Birds,’ 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 315 Family Hirunpin1p&. Hirundo rustica rustica. Swallow. Airundo rustica Linn. Syst. Nat. Oth ed. 1758, p. 191— Type locality : Sweden. The Swallow is a regular Bird of Passage in spring and autumn, but is especially numerous in spring. The earliest record of its arrival is 5 February, a very early date, but the majority appear during the latter part of April, and are more or less plentiful until the end of June. I do not know whether the birds remain long in the islands or whether one batch of migrauts succeeds another, which take their place while the first batch proceed on their journey north, and in this way give the impression that the same birds which arrived in April are still present at the end of June. I think, however, that Meade-Waldo was right when he concluded that Swallows never remained for long in the islands (Ibis, 1893, p. 192). I have never been in the islands in July and have no records of any in August, though stragglers may sometimes pass through after the main body have long departed. In this connection it is worth noting that when on board ship on 15 August, 1908, in lat. 18° 2’ N., 17° 32’ W., and about 40 miles from the African coast, three Swallows came aboard. ‘These birds*, had they continued their course and survived, would very possibly have found their way to the Canary Islands, Swallows do not breed in the islands, and I cannot find a single instance of their having done so of late years. The only authority for their ever having done so is I*. Du Cane Godman, who remarks (Ibis, 1872, p. 171) that in the spring of 1871 he ‘found the Swallow breeding abundantly in [the] .... Canaries.” Floericke mentions the same fact, but his statements are proverbially untrustworthy (A. d. Heimat d. Kanarienvog. 1905). Good ornithologist as he was, I cannot help thinking that Godman was mistaken in believing the Swallow nested * The skins are in the British Museum, 316 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, in the islands. ‘The evidence of every writer prior to 1871, including Ledru (1810), Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin- Tandon (1841), and Bolle (1857), is most emphatic in noting that the Swallow is a bird of passage only, not nesting in the Canaries. The same applies to every other observer up to the present day. If it did so in 1871, it has certainly ceased to do so since, The following records as to the spring arrival of the Swallow in the Archipelago have been published from time to time, the authority for the statement is placed in brackets in each case :— Spring Migration. 5 Feb, 1909. (ivan Canaria. After a great storm a large number seen (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 55). 26 Feb. 1887. Tenerife. First appeared on this date at Buena Vista (Savile Reid, Lbis, 1887, p. 483). 31 March, 1913. Orotava, Tenerife. A number passing over (Miss A. Jackson, tm Uitt.). 22 April, 1913. Gran Canaria. Fairly plentiful (Bannerman, MS. note-books). 25 April, 1890. Tenerife. Thousands of Swallows after two or three days of dull stormy heat (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429). | May, 1915. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. Shot several with testes small (Bannerman, MS. note-books). 6 May, 1857. Guanarteme, Gran Canaria. Flock of 20 seen (Bolle, J. £. O. 1857, p. 322). 12-14 May, 1913. Fuerteventura. Several flocks seen (von Thanner, Orn, Jahrb, 1915, p. 189). 17 May, 1015. Allegranza. Some Swallows seen (yon Thanner, Orn, Jahrb, 1918, p. 191). May 1915, Gran Canaria. Swallows in small numbers through- out the month (Bannerman, MS. note-books). June 1915, Numbers seen throughout the month (Bannerman, MS. note-books). The return migration in autumn of the Swallow is less marked, and takes place in October. lor my part I have not been much in the islands at this time of the year, and therefore have to rely on the information supplied by other observers. Webb and Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 23) and Bolle (J. f.O. 1854, p. 460) considered the 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 317 Swallow to be a bird of passage in winter. The following are the only records :— Autumn Migration Records. 23-25 Oct. 1887. Orotava, Tenerife. Swallows seen (Meade- Waldo, MS. diary), 29 Oct. to | Noy. 1904. Tenerife. Numerous Swallows on passage (von Thanner, Orn, Jahrb, 1908, p. 214). Range. The Swallow breeds throughout Kurope and in north-west Africa, and in winter is found throughout tropical and southern Africa. Delichon urbica urbica lHouse-Martin. Hirundo urbica Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192— ‘T'vpe locality: Sweden. The House-Martin is a Bird of Passage in spring and autumn to the Canary Islands, but has never been known to breed. It cannot be considered a very regular migrant, as it turns up in varying numbers, sometimes being very numerous and in other years very scarce. The earliest record is on 5 February, but this is an un- usually early date, and the bird cannot be expected before the beginning of April, in which month the majority of birds passing north have been recorded. The latest date upon which House-Martins have been seen is 20 June, but it is worthy of note that between the LOth and 20th of June Herr von Thanner has noticed three or four of these birds pass through Vilaflor (a village on the slopes of the peak of Tenerife) every year for ten years, i.e. from 1902-1912! Observers are naturally very scarce in the Arcluipelago, and this must always be taken into consideration, but it may safely be surmised that for every bird which is seen in the day 100 others pass in the night. ‘he House-Martin has been recorded by almost every naturalist of repute who has been in the islands at the time of migration ; and Cabrera, who published a list of the birds 318 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the " [Dbis, ot the Archipelago, notes (Catalogo, p. 87) that this species is cited by the Spanish naturalists Viera, Mompo, Busto, and Serra. About the return autumn migration we have very few records, but from these it would appear that the vanguard arrives in September, but the majority pass through on their journey south at the end of October. The following are the only reliable records :— Spring Migration Records of D. u. urbica. 5 Feb. 1909, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria. After a great storm a great number of House-Martins; all disappeared next day (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 85). 25 Feb. 1912. Charco, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria. Two birds flying over (Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 597). 29 March, 1887. “I saw qnite a number of Martins (C. urbica) flying over the honses at Orotava.... but did not meet with the species again” * (Savile Reid, Ibis, 1887, p- 483), April 1852. Oliva, Fuerteventura. Large swarms flying over (Bolle, J. f. O. 1854, p. 460). 1-15 April, 1905. Jandia, Fuerteventura. Numerous birds all flying westwards (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). 23 April, 1913. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. A single bird seen (Bannerman, MS. note-books). 25 April, 1918. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. A single bird seen (Bannerman, MS. note-books). 25 April, 1890, and following days. Tenerife. Thousands noted, pre- ceded by two or three days of dull steamy heat (Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429). 1 May, 1890. Orotava, Tenerife. ‘Two shot (Meade- Waldo). 11 May, 1912. Vilaflor, Tenerife. The beginning of a migratory movement of many House-Martius t, which stayed in Vilaflor for a time only, as the previous lot did (Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p. 227). 19 May, 1915. Tinosa, Lanzarote. ‘Two seen, one shot { (Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 251). 20 May, 1904. Adeje, Tenerife. One seen (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 212). * Reid remained in Tenerife until middle of April. + Recorded under the vernacular name only—“ Stadtschwalben.” { Skin in the British Museum. 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 319 29 May to 1] June, 1905. Vilaflor, Tenerife. Single birds seen every day (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb, 1908, p. 214). 1 June, 1904, Vilaflor, Tenerife. Two seen (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 212). 19 June, 1912. Four House-Martins seen. “This late appearance very striking” (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1912, p- 227). 10-20 June (1902-1912). Every year between the dates mentioned, for the last ten years, three to four House-Martins pass through Vilaflor, stay one or two days, and then disappear (von Thanner, Orn, Jahrb. 1912, p. 227). Autumn Migration Records. 29 Oct. to 1 Nov. 1905. Tenerife. House-Martins numerous on migra- tion (von Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 214). 12 Nov. 1910. Tenerife. A single bird seen (yon Thanner, Orn. Jahrb. 1910, p. 229). Range. The House-Martin breeds throughout Europe, and in winter migrates south to south-east Africa and on the west coast to Angola. Some of these latter are doubtless the birds which pass through the Canary Islands. Riparia riparia riparia. Sand-Martin. Hlirundo riparia Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192— Type locality : Sweden. For the present we must consider the Sand-Martin an Occasional Visitor to the Canary Islands during the migration period. The actual records are so rare that I have quoted in full the only ones available, which were obtained in spring or early summer. In certain years Sand-Martins evidently pass through in fairly plentiful numbers. It is probable that a few birds of this species accompany the Swallows and House-Martins every year, and that further research will prove it to be a regular Bird of Passage. Meade-Waldo only saw a few in 1890-91 (Ibis, 1893, p. 192). On the 25th of April, 1890, and following days they were numerous. ‘The migration was preceded by two or three days of dull steamy heat (Lbis, 1890, p. 429). \ Y 320 On the Birds of the Canary Islands. [ Ibis, ‘ Cabrera, who lived many years at Laguna, noted that it arrived with others of the same family, and he had specimens in his collection (Catalogo, p. 37). Polatzek, who spent over two and a half years in the Archipelago, wrote (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120) :—*‘In Puerto Cabras, Fuerteventura, on my arrival on the 4th of July I found a large number of these birds and the preceding species [ Cotile rupestris = Riparia rupestris (Scop.) |, where, late in the evening, they were flying round the houses. They arrived some days before the 4th of July, and were still there when I left on the 8th. No disturbing winds prevailed either before my arrival or after my departure. At Oliva (a village in the north of the same island) I noted them until the middle of June, not daily however; they were on migration.” The last record of the Sand-Martin having been seen in the Archipelago was sent to me by Miss Annie Jackson, who noticed a single bird at Orotava on the 4th of April, 1913 (in litt.). I believe that I have seen the bird myself in Gran Canaria, but as it was flying at a great height the record would be unsatisfactory. Range. The Sand-Martin breeds thronghout Kurope and in Africa, in Algeria and Tunisia. It is said to winter in eastern and southern Africa. Riparia rupestris. Rock-Martin. Hirundo rupestris Scopoli, Annus I, Historicc-Nat. 1769, p. 167—Type locality : Tirol. The Rock-Martin is an: Occasional Visitor on migration, sometimes in large numbers, but is very irregular in its appearance. Cabrera found it to be fairly frequent in its visits (Catélogo, p. 37), and had several specimens in his collection, which Hartert examined. Polatzek includes the Rock-Martin as a bird of passage (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120), and on one occasion saw a large number of these birds in company with Sand-Martins on the 4th of July in Fuerteventura [see notes under R. r. riparia]. a) é 19109. | On the Height at which Birds migrate. 821 Polatzek also remarks that he noted some ‘as late as June.” Apparently this must have been in another year. Range. The Rock-Martin breeds in the Atlas Mountains and in the Mediterranean countries, and winters in north- east Africa. The extent of its winter range on the west coast of Africa seems to be little known. (To be continued. | XVII.—WNotes on the Height at which Birds migrate. By Capt. Cottinewoop Inerxam, M.B.O.U. Tue height at which birds migrate is one of the branches of ornithology upon which we are still profoundly ignorant. With the exception of one or two chance observations made through astronomical telescopes, until the advent of aero- planes, our knowledge of the subject was limited to the range of human vision above the earth’s surface. We acs DS Scott,,of Limnceton, U.S.A. (6f. ‘Story ofea Bird Lover, New York, 1903), and F. M. Chapman (cf. Auk, 1888) were the first to publish authentic records of birds travelling at considerable elevations. These naturalists detected birds flying across the moon’s face while making telescopic observations of that luminary. Mr. Chapman’s remarks are interesting: ‘* During the first half-hour of observation (which lasted. from 8 p.m. to 10.50 p.m., Sept. 38, 1887) a number of birds were seen flying upwards ... these evidently being birds which had arisen in our immediate neighbourhood and were seeking the proper elevation at which to continue their flight ; but after that time the line of flight was parallel to the earth’s surface, the general direction being south.” He was able to recognize Carolina Rails, Grackle, Snipe, and Duck. hese he estimated crossed in front of the lens at elevations varying trom 6000 ft. to 14,000 ft. The height at which birds migrate is undoubtedly governed very largely by the meteorological conditions prevailing at the time, and when the air is inclined to be thick or heavily charged with moisture (if birds are migrating at all in such 322 Capt. C. Ingram on the [ Ibis, weather) they will show a tendency to travel low—so low, in fact, that sometimes they almost skim the surface of the sea, as the writer has himself observed off the China coast. In clear weather, on the other hand, the majority of birds will fly so high that even the largest of the day migrants passes unseen on its way to and from its summer quarters, Some species, however, appear to fly low habitually. Writing of the diurnal migration as noticed at the Tuskar Rock, Ireland, Prof. C. J. Patten estimates the average height for Meadow-Pipits to be 70 ft., for Wagtails 120 ft., and for Swallows 40 ft. During the two years I was with the R.F.C. and Royal Air Force in France (1916-1918) I made every effort to collect information that would throw some light on the subject under discussion, and with this object in view I interrogated a very large number of pilots and observers—possibly as many as seven to eight hundred. The majority of these had seen no birds above a few hundred feet, but a small percentage had done so and were able to impart very interesting information, most of which I have endeavoured to incorporate in the present paper. Vague statements, or those open to question, have been omitted. I have heard it said that the average man is too unobservant to make a mental note of birds encountered during the course of a flight. Under ordinary conditions there might be some ground for this argument, but it cannot apply in the present case. While on a patrol over the enemy’s lines, vigilance was always of such vital importance that a pilot was extremely unlikely to overlook the passing of a flight of birds, and, moreover, an encounter of this kind was always regarded as an interesting event and one sufficiently unusual to warrant comment on return to the squadron, and generally an entry in the observer’s diary. For these reasons | think the data obtained can be regarded as tolerably reliable with regard to heights, dates, ete. ; but unfortunately, as the majority of the observations were communicated by men making no pretentions to ornitho- logical knowledge, the identification of the species, and sometimes the family, was not always certain. a j ‘hae 1919. | Height at which Birds migrate. 323 The birds most frequently observed appear to have been Green Plover or Lapwings (Vanellus vanellus), and I have fourteen records of this species between 2000 ft. and 8500 ft., the majority being about 5000 ft. or 6000 ft. They were met with in flocks during the spring and autumn passage, the earliest dates being 1 February, 1918, and 15 July, 1917. On zo jRebruary, 1917; Cole C1 Bs Portals D.S.0;,; M.C.;-ref No. 16 Squadron, encountered a flock of Green Plover at 6000 ft. over Candas. ‘‘ These were flying at an air-speed of about 50 m.p.h. As they were heading more or less north, from which direction a very strong wind was blowing, their progress was almost negligible. At lower elevations the wind was more favourable, and had they chosen to fly close to the ground it would have been very nearly behind them. One -wonders why they chose such an unfavourable current!” * Geese and Duck have also been encountered on a number of occasions, and I have records of seven instances. Col. Portal met with birds of this family at a very considerable height, and has published the following note :—‘ While flying on duty between Béthune and La Bassée at a height of 8500 ft. this afternoon (26 November, 1915), I was astonished to see a flock of 500 Ducks or Geese passing over Béthune at least 3000 ft. above the level of our machine.’ The wind was rbout 45-50 m.p.h. N.N.K., and the birds were travelling due south.” The late Major MacCudden, V.C., informed me that he * Normally the velocity of the wind increases rapidly as one rises above the earth’s surface, and it is fairly safe to assume that its strength will be at least doubled within the first 1500 ft. At greater elevations the rate of increase is usually not so rapid. An east wind generally attains its maximum strength at 3000 ft., but winds from other directions may increase up to 30,000 ft. The direction of the wind also changes very considerably as one ascends. It almost invariably veers, that is to say, alters in a clockwise direction, as one rises. It is quite usual for the wind to veer 40° or 50° in the first few thousand feet, and with an east wind (which is often comparatively shallow) there is frequently a complete reversal of direction, the flow of upper air being from the west instead of the east. These important facts are generally overlooked by writers discussing the effect of wind upon bird migration, 324, Capt. C. Ingram on the [This, had seen a flock of Geese flying over Abeele, Flanders, at 9000 ft., and I have two other notes of occurrences at 8C00 ft. and over, and one as low as 3000 ft. The greatest height of which I have a record is 15,000 ft. Lieut. J. S. Rissen, of 57 Squadron, met with “two large — birds”’ at this elevation when flying a D.H.4, in August 1917, over the country lying between St. Omer and the coast. Rissen informed me that he was certain of the height, and, from his description, I should say the birds were most probably Cranes. Col. Portal also met with a large bird which may possibly have been a Crane, but I will quote from his letter so that the reader may judge on this point for himself :— “ One day—April 21st, to be exact—my observer and I saw an enormous bird at 8000 ft. flying north over Lens. We were at 6500 ft., and there was a thin layer of mist just above us. My observer hit me on the back, and I looked up to seea very big bird, about 7 ft. or 8 ft. span, flying straight above in the opposite direction. My observer thought it was a Heron, but I think it was an Eagle. . . . The wing-flap looked like that of an Eagle, and I am sure it was a bird with a very short tail, large rounded wings, and greyish brown in colour. It might have been any size from 6 ft. to 16 ft. across, but I put it down as about 8 ft.” A propes of the above, I might mention that a pilot who had flown many hours on the Salonika front told me he had several times met with Eagles in that district at about 6000 ft., and it was in this region that the French aviator Louis Noél shot two Eagles in the air from his machine with a shot-gun. Passerine birds do not, as a rule, appear to fly very high, but Major B. J. Silly, of 55 Squadron, and his observer Lt. A. P. Taylor saw some “ Linnet-like birds, with dipping flight,” at 10,000 ft. over Béthune on 22 August, 1917. “ About fifty Rooks, Jackdaws, or Crows”’ were noted over Lens at 6000 ft. in March 1917, and “ six birds about the size of Rooks” flying S.W. over Arras at 3000 ft. on 10 July, 1918 (Major F. C. Russell). I have a record of Starlings at 3500 ft. and another of Fieldfares or Red- 1910. | Height at which Birds migrate. 325 wings at a similar height seen March 1917 (Lt. O. B. Wills, 34 Squadron). My second highest record is of some ‘Sandpipers ” observed by Capt. E. Pope, 57 Squadron, over Arras towards the end of March 1917. These birds, ‘“ about the size of a Snipe,” were flying eastwards at an elevation of 12,600 ft. Other birds, somewhat doubtfully identified but which were very probably Limicoline species, were seen by Major Russell of 32 Squadron at 10,000 ft., and by Lieut. King of 43 Squadron at 9500 ft., the latter on 18 December flying in a southerly direction. Early in March 1918 Col. Portal saw a party of what I imagine to have been Whimbrel, since he describes them as being “‘ exactly like Curlews, only about two-thirds their size.” These were at 4000 ft., travelling very fast over Lens in a north-easterly direction. Herons have been met with by Lieut. O. B. Wills at 3000 ft., and by Capt. S. Stammers between 2500 ft. and 3000 ft. The latter, a single bird flying in a north-westerly direction, was over the Crouch, Essex, in September 1916. In fine, still weather birds will often ascend to con- siderable heights for apparently no other reason than mere joie de vivre. During the mid-summer months, towards the heat of the day, Swifts, and possibly to a lesser extent some of the Swallows, make a practice of rising to the cooler strata of air, and [ have often met with Apus apus in the mountains at several thousand feet, while in Trinidad I have noticed that the local forms of Swifts regularly dis- appeared from the lower levels as the sun gained force. The four records I have of Swifts or Swallows (my informants were not able to differentiate between these species) at heights varying from 2500 ft. to 3000 ft. were probably attributable to this habit rather than to migratory movements. The same may also be said of the Gulls met with by Major Leather (88 Squadron} at 38500 ft. in Scotland during the spring of 1917, and of. the large numbers of Wood-Pigeons seen by Col, Portal “circling round ” at 1500 ft. 326 Obituary. [ Ibis, X VITL.— Obituary. FreperRick DuCane GopMan. (Plate VI.) Iv is with the deepest regret that we have to record the death of our late President, Mr. Godman, on the 19th of February last, after a short illness, at his house in Pont Street. Though for some years past he has not been in robust health, his magnificent constitution has brought him through several very severe attacks, and his death will be a great shock to his many friends. Fred Godman, except for his younger brother Percy Godman, was the last survivor of the original twenty Members who formed our Union in 1858; a list of these names, drawn up in the handwriting of Prof. Newton, will be found reproduced opposite p. 21 of the Jubilee Supple- ment of ‘The Ibis,’ published in 1908. In addition to this Fred Godman served as Honorary Secretary and ‘Treasurer of the Union from 1870 to 1882, and again from 1889 to 1897. Inthe latter year he was elected President to succeed Lord Lilford, and continued to hold office until 1913, when he resigned owing to ill-health. Godman was born on the 15th of January, 1834, and was therefore in his 86th year when he died. His father was Joseph Godman of Park Hatch, near Godalming. He was educated at Eton, where he went at the age of ten, but on account of his delicate health, was removed three years later and continued his studies under private tutors. Before going to Cambridge he went for a tour in the Medi- terranean and Black Sea, at which time he emulated Byron and Leander by swimming across the Hellespont from Sestos to Abydos. In 1853 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he first met Osbert Salvin, at that time a scholar of Trinity Hall, and the brothers Alfred and Edward Newton, both of Magdalene College. His friend- ship with Salvin turned his thoughts more directly to Natural History, and thus was formed a unique scientific (SS eas = y vp if ‘ ue hi 1919. | Obituary. 327 partnership which lasted until the death of Salvin in 1898. Godman and his brother Perey attended the meetings of the ornithologists in Alfred Newton’s rooms in 1857 and 1858, when Edward Newton, Sclater, Simpson (who after- wards took the name of Hudleston and was a distinguished geologist), Wolley, Salvin, Edward Taylor, and Tristram were also present, and when it was finally resolved to found the British Ornithologists’? Union. After leaving the University Godman began his more serious bird-collecting travels. His first expedition was to Bodo, in the north of Norway, in company with his brother Perey, in 1857, when he visited John Wolley m Lapland and travelled through Sweden and parts of Russia. An account of this journey appeared in ‘The Ibis’ for 1861. In his second journey he accompanied Salvin to Guatemala, where the latter had already been in 1857 and 1859. This expe- dition was planned in order to investigate the fauna and flora of Central America with a view of throwing some light on the problems of geographical distribution and its bearing on evolution, in which subject the recent publication of Darwin’s ‘ Origin of Species’ had aroused great interest. After spending three weeks in Jamaica the two travellers landed at Belize in British Honduras, and thence, taking passage in a coasting schooner, reached Yzahal on the Golfo Dolce. Here they remained a few days, making prepara- tions for the journey and engaging Indians and mules to transport themselves and their luggage to the interior. Crossing the Mico range, a few days were spent at Quirigua, where the great Howling Monkey (J/ycetes) which frequents the deuse forest in troops, making night hideous with its howls, was first met with. Some time was also speut in photographing the Indian ruins and exploring the forest in the vicinity. In those days there were no dry plates, and everyone had to carry with him the materials for preparing and developing his own plates, and the whole apparatus was exceedingly cumbrous and difficult to manage. From Quirigua the mule-track was followed through the SER, XI.—VOL. I. nag) 328 Obituary. (Ibis, valley of the Motagua river to Zacapa and thence to Guatemala City. After a few days at the capital they proceeded to Duenas, staying at the house of Mr. William Wyld, a friend of Salvin’s. The time there was spent in collecting, chiefly in the high forests of the Volean de Fuego, and in an excursion to Escuintla on the Pacific coast. They then retraced their steps to the capital, and crossing the Chuacus Rage into the plain of Salama, stayed for a time at the Hacienda of San Gerénimo. Later on, at Cubilguitz, in the low damp forest of the Alta Vera Paz, Godman con- tracted a fever and was unable to accompany Salvin in his arduous journey on foot to Peten. Soon after this, visiting on his way the Alotepeque silver mines and the Copan ruins in Honduras, Godman reached the Atlantic coast again at Yzabal, meeting Salvin, who went back into the interior, while Godman himself came home. Three years later Godman went to the Azores for the purpose of investigating the fauna and flora of those islands. Already the careful researches of Wollaston and others had brought to hght many interesting forms from Madeira, the Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands, but the Azores had been but little explored zoologically. Accompanied by his brother, Capt. Temple Godman, and subsequently joined by Mr. Brewer, a well-known entomologist, he visited all the islands of the group except Santa Maria ; he returned with a good representative collection of birds as well as of the other groups of animals. Among the birds was the new Bullfinch of St. Michael’s, described and figured in ‘The Ibis’ tor 1866 under the name of Pyrrhula murina. In 1870 he published the resuJts of this expedition in book- form under the title of ‘The Azores, and also set forth his reasons for believing that the Azores had never formed a continent or part of a continent and had derived their fauna and flora from neighbouring lands, chiefly western Europe. The visit to the Azores was followed by one to the Canaries aud Madeira in 1871, some account of which appeared in ‘The Ibis’? for the following year. Owing to quarantine regulations his movements were somewhat curtailed, and his investigations were limited to Tenerife and Madeira. 19109. | Obituary. 329 In the autumn of 1887, having been ordered abroad for the sake of his health, Godman visited Mexico to add to his collections from that country. In order, however, to gain full advantage from the expedition, he procured the services of Messrs. W. B. Richardson and Lloyd, who devoted their attention particularly to birds, and while Lloyd was working in the northern States, Richardson accompanied Godman himself to the southern tropical districts of Orizaba and Vera Cruz. Other assistants were Mr. & Mrs. H. H. Smith, who had previously been in Brazil, and a half-bred Indian, Mateo Trujillo, who proved to be a first-rate collector. A further excursion to Yucatan brought him in contact with Mr. F. Gaumer, a well-known collector, and enabled him to visit some of the celebrated ruins of that curious land. Many other journeys were made by Godman, including one to India in 1886 in company with Mr. Elwes, and others to Egypt and South Africa with Mrs. Godman. But we must now turn to the * Biologia Centrali-Ameri- cana,’ without doubt the greatest work of the kind ever planned and carried out by private individuals and which must always be a monument “aere perennius” to the energy and munificence of Salvin and Godman. The collections amassed by the two friends, together with a large library of books, were first of all stored in Salvin’s house in Kensington. On Salvin’s appointment to the Curatorship of the Strickland Collection of Birds at Cambridge, it was necessary to find another home for the Museum and Library. For this purpose a house in Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, was taken. Subsequently in 1878 the collections were moved to Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, where they remained until after Salvin’s death, when they were gradually handed over to the British Museum. It was in 1876 that the *‘ Biologia’ was first thought of, and three years later (September 1879) the first part appeared. The method of publication was to bring out six quarto parts a year, each to contain twelve sheets made up of various subjects with six coloured plates, the plates and letterpress so numbered and paged that the parts might ultimately be broken up and bound together in their respective volumes 9 io Aes 330 Obituary. (Ibis, when completed. It was originally proposed to issue the work in sixty parts, but owing to the ever increasing amount of material received from the coliectors, the zovlogical parts alone numbered 215, and it was not until June 1915 that the last one was issued. The work, as completed, consists of 63 volumes, of which one forms the Introduction, 51 are occupied with Zoology, 5 with Botany, and 6 with Archeology. The whole of it was edited by Salvin and Godman, and after Salvin’s death in 1898 by Godman alone. The three volumes on the Birds and three others on the Diurnal Lepidoptera were prepared by Salvin and Godman themselves, while the others were written by various specialists. The volumes contain alto- gether 1677 plates, of which more than 900 are coloured, aud the total number of species described is 50,2638, of which 19,268 are described for the first time. In 1885 Godman and Salvin resolved to present their wonderful Neotropical collections to the British Museum, and it was arranged that as soon as the portions of the ‘Biologia’ containing the descriptions of the particular group were published, the specimens should be trausferred to the National Collection. Of bird-skins alone over 520,000 were contained in thus magnificent donation, It mcluded not only the collections made by Salvin and Godman themselves chiefly in Guatemaia, but many others from various parts of South America, the Mexican collections obtained by Godman himself and his collectors when in that country im 1887, and the great Henshaw collection of the Birds of the United States, containing over 13,000 specimens, which was secured by Godman in order to have a thoroughly authentic series of North American birds for comparisou with those of Mexico and Central America. In 1907 Godman determined to complete a plan which Salvin had contemplated of preparing a work on the Petrels aud Albatrosses. Salvin, who had written the portion of the ‘Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum?’ dealing with this group, had intended to supplement it by an illustrated 1919. | Obituary. 83] monograph, and with this end in view some forty coloured plates by Mr. Keulemans had been executed. Securing the help of the late Dr. Sharpe, Godman issued in parts between 1907 and 1910 this work, which added much to our knowledge and gave a great stimulus to the study of this little-known group. Botany and horticulture were always favourite subjects with Godman, and at his country house near Horsham he had formed one of the most beautiful gardens in Sussex, and had one of the best collections in England of rhododendrons, alpine plants, and orchids. He also formed what is one of the finest collections of Persian and Oriental glazed pottery. From his early days Godman exhibited an intense love of sport, which showed itself in the varied pursuits of hunting, fishing, shooting, and stalking. As a boy he kept a pack of beagles, and later on a pack of harriers, with which he hunted in the counties of Surrey and Sussex. He was also a con- stant follower of Lord Leconfield’s hounds, and of those of his brother Col. C. B. Godman, fer some years Master of the Crawley and Horsham pack. For many years he rented deer-forests in Scotland, and held Glenavon from the Duke of Richmond for eighteen years. He was also devoted to salmon-fishing, and rented rivers both in Ireland and Scotland, Many honours fell to Godman. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1882. He was for many years Vice- President and Member of Council of the Zoological Society, President of the Kntomological Society, Gold Medallist of the Linnean Society in 1918, and Trustee of the British Museum ; and the University of Oxford conferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L. He was also a Fellow of the Linnean, Geological, and Royal Geographical Societies. Godman was a fine example of an English scientific country gentleman. He was devoted to open-air life, sport and travel, and he resolved to use his natural inclination and his large private means to the permanent advance of knowledge. His cheerful and kindly disposition made him universally beloved, 382 Obituary. [Ibis, His first wife, a daughter of the late Mr. J. H. Elwes of Colesborne, Gloucestershire, died in 1875. His second wife, now Dame Alice Godman, D.B.E., is a daughter of the late Major Percy Chaplin, and survives him with two daughters. We are indebted to Mr. H. J. Elwes, his brother-in-law, for the following personal appreciation of Mr. F. Godman ;— I first met Godman in 1866, when I joined the B. O. U., and ever since have looked on him as my best and dearest friend. I think that it was largely owing to hisand Salvin’s example that | was able to become something more than an egeg-collector, and it was with Godman that [ went in June 1866 to take a nest of the Honey-Buzzard, two or three pairs of which then bred annually in the New Forest. The story of the ingenious fraud which was unsuccessfully played on us by a notorious egg-collector, who was afterwards burnt to death at Stoney Cross, within a mile of the place where he showed us the nest, was known to many old Ibises now departed, and was a standing joke against us for years. Godman at that time was as keen a collector as John Wolley himself, and in company with his brother walked across Lapland from the Arctic coast to the Gulf of Haparanda after the summer which he spent at Bodo. A few years later he and [ spent a month in company with Osbert Salvin and W. A. Forbes collecting butterflies in the Alps, and I can say that he had as much interest in that pursuit as he had in ornithology, and did much to encourage me in what I still look on as a most attractive branch of natural history. The collections which Salvin and he commenced in Guatemala gradually grew, till they became by far the most important that have ever been made from Central America. Godman was always very fond of deerstalking, and in the sixties used to stalk annually in the * Park” of the Island of Lewis, which he rented in company with tle late Mr. A, Bonham-Carter, and he became a most accomplished stalker and very deadly rifle-shot. Later on he rented the stalking of a large sheep-farm in West Ross-shire in company with 1919. | Obituary. 338 his brother Joseph, where they had grand sport with an old- fashioned Highland shepherd, who was a great character, and very fond of Godman. When asked by one of Lord Lovat’s stalkers, who was jealous of their success, what sport they were having at Kilelan, he replied, “There is no a good stag coming on our ground, but he will go off on a pony.’ And later on, when Godman rented the Duke of Richmond’s forest of Glenavon, he killed in his 70th year eight stags in one day with eight successive shots. He was also very fond of hunting, and though not what one would eall a thrusting rider, was bad to beat in the Crawley and florsham country, where he lived, and where his brother, Col. C. B. Godman, was for many years M.F.H. In 1880 we made a short trip to India together, and after . visiting the late Mr. Allan Hume at Simla, went to Sikkim and got as far into the interior as the snow would then allow. Even at this time Godman, though a very good walker, had a stight weakness in the heart, which was affected at very high elevations, and on one occasion, when we had to camp on a cold frosty night in a hut half full of snow at 12,500 feet, he was so much overcome by the exertion of climbing in the snow at this altitude, that for a time I was very anxious about his recovery. When we were at Darjecling, the only known specimens of that wonderful butterfly Bhutanites lidderdalii had been taken near Buxa Dooar, and Godman undertook a long and dangerous journey through the fever-stricken Dooars in order to try to find out exactly where it occurred. In this he failed, and it was only years afterwards that a better knowledge of this beautiful insect was obtained by the late Mr. Doherty in the Naga Hills (cf. P.Z.S. 1891, p. 249). Inspired by the voyage of the ‘ Marchesa, Godman and I formed a plan about this time to make a journey to the Malay Islands, but this for various reasons was never carried out ; and perhaps it was as well that his interest was never diverted from Central America, or his great life-work, the ‘ Biologia,’ might never have been completed. Later on he had a clot of blood in the veins of his leg, B34. Obituary. [Tbis, which obliged him to winter in a warmer climate, and he went to Mexico in the autumn of 1887, where he asked Mrs. Elwes and myself to join him in the winter. He had the help of a very able American collector of birds and insects, and we had a good Mexican bird-skinner with us. We ascended the voleano of Popacatapetl to the limit of vegetation, and put up 60 good bird-skins as tiie result of one long day’s collecting between 6000 and 12,500 feet. Godman began about this time to be much interested in plants also, and collected orchids and other rare and inter- esting plants which he grew very skilfully at South Lodge, where he formed a most beautiful garden and built a rockery, which is second to none in the south of England. South Lodge was originally quite a small house, on the south wall of which grew a very fine Camellia, which now covers almost the only part of the house which was left when it was rebuilt. He bought by degrees a good deal of land in the neighbourhood, much of which he farmed himself. I do not think any man ever had a happier life at home, or was more beloved by his numerous relatives, employés, and friends; and even when in later years his health began to fail, he was so carefully watched over by his devoted wife and daughters, and had such a genial and cheerful disposi- tion, that he never lost his interest in his private or publie pursuits and preserved his unvarying good temper and sweet- ness of disposition, through long periods of confinement to the house. The number of persons of all ranks in life who followed him to the grave is the best testimony to the respect and esteem in which he was held by all who knew him. List of the writings of My. F. D. Godman on ornithological subjects. Notes on the Birds observed at Bodé during the spring and summer of 1857 (with Perey Godman), Ibis, 1861, pp. 77-92. Notes on the Birds of the Azores. Ibis, 1866, pp. 88-109. Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands, Pp. 1-258, 2 maps, London, 1870, 8yo. 19109. | Obituary. 335 Notes on the Resident and Migratory Birds of Madeira and the Canaries. Ibis, 1872, pp. 158-177, 209-224. Description of two apparently new Species of Peruvian Birds. Buil. BL Os@xx. 1899, p. xxvii. A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). Pp. i-lvi & 1-382, 105 pls. London (Witherby), 1907-1919, 4to. With Mr. O. Salvin. On a Collection of Birds from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Ibis, 1879, pp. 196-206. On the Birds of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. This, 1889, pp. 114-125, 169-178, pls. iii., v. On an apparently new Species of Pigeon of the Genus Ofidiphaps from Southern New Guinea. Ibis, 1380, pp. 564-366, pl. xi. On some new and little-known Species of Trochilide. Ibis, 1881, pp. 595-599, pl. xvi. Notes on Birds from British Guiana. Ibis, 1882, pp. 76-84, pl. i.; 1883, pp. 203-212, pl. ix.; 1884, pp. 448-452, pls. xii., xiv. Description of a recently discovered Species of Paradisea. Ibis, 1883, pp. 199-202, pl. viii. Notes on Mexican Birds. Ibis, 1889, pp. 252-245. On anew Finch of the Genus Pheucticus from Guatemala. Ibis, 1891, p22. Descriptions of Five new Species of Birds discovered in Central America by W. b. Richardson. Ibis, 1891, pp. 608-612. On a Collection of Birds from Central Nicaragua. Ibis, 1892, pp. 324—- 328, Bioloyia Centrali-Americana. Aves. Vol. I. pp. i-xliv& 1-512; Vol. II. pp. 1-598; Vol. III. pp. 1-510; Vol. IV., 79 pls. London (Porter), 1879-1904. THEeopoRE RoosEvELr. The death of the Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt, which took place at his home, Sagamore Hill, Long Island, U.S.A., on 6 January last, when in his 61st year, cannot be passed over in the pages of ‘The Ibis, although he was never directly connected with the B.O.U. His services to ornithology were, however, very considerable, and we are very grateful to Lieut.-Commdr. J. G. Millais, R.N.V.R., for the following eulogy of his life and work. Nearly all ages and nations produce men of exceptional physical and mental capacity that tower above their fellows. 336 Obituary. (This, From youth upwards they exhibit a strong disposition to lead others and allow none of those obstacles that deter lesser creatures to obstruct the path of ambition and success. Theodore Roosevelt was one of these “ super- men,” and though born with advantages superior to the common lot, there was always the irresistible verve about him that carries others on and arrests attention, Hven when reading his first writings in the ‘ Century 7 Magazine, where he describes how he captured two desperadoes in the | heart of the Rockies and took them unaided in the depth of winter over hundreds of miles of desolate prairies to the nearest settlement where they could be tried and convicted, he exhibited the fact that he was not only a man of excep- tional courage and resource but also one out to do his duty to his country. His rural life on the Little Missouri taught him many things, and above all made him a lover of the great out-of-doors with its birds, beasts, and virile men. Yet in all his life he always placed his sports and private tastes in a category subservient to the one aim and object of his life, which was to lead the people to better and higher things, to form the National policy of his country and to clean Government and private concerns of those undesirable elements which clog the wheels of all progress. ‘That was why he attacked the meat-packers of Chicago and the rotten police system of New York; and if his detractors accused him of only stirring up the mud without cleansing the stables of Augeus, they forgot the honesty of purpose and the difficulty of achieving successful results in a land, at any rate at that time, seething with dirt and venal corruption. Readers of ‘ The Ibis,’ however, are more concerned with Roosevelt the Naturalist than Roosevelt the President or Social Reformer. From his childhood he told me he always loved birds and animals. By the time he was sixteen he knew all the birds of his early home and had studied the principal works of American Ornithology. When he was eighteen he went to Egypt and made a small collection of Nile Valley birds, which I think he afterwards presented to some museum. After this he does not seem to have 1919. | Obituary. 337 indulged in further collecting beyond superintending the work of his naturalists in the course of his big expedition to Africa. As a matter of fact, his knowledge of American and African birds was very considerable, for he was so thorough in all he did that when undertaking any new project his method was to thoroughly study the literature of the subject, and this, combined with his marvellous memory, enabled him to begin his work better equipped than most men. We have heard much of Roosevelt the talker and Roosevelt the Politician teaching all and sundry their business with equal confidence, but I think his greatest asset was hard work and a superb memory. He took trouble to make himself agreeable and well-informed, and seemed to know as much about other people’s tastes and family history as they did themselves. I remember the first time I met him at a luncheon party at Lord Lonsdale’s in 1908. He spoke in turn to nearly every man there and was cognisant of all their past history and activities, because I feel sure he had read it all beforehand. I suppose I was the only man he had not addressed, and just as all were leaving he came up to me and said, “ I seem to know your face, who are you”? “ Millais is my name,” I replied. ** What! Breath from the Veldt Millais,” he said enthusi- astically, ‘“‘ you’ve just got to sit down right here and have a chat. I don’t know when I have been so pleased to meet anyone.” That was just the nice way he had of being agreeable, and if we did not have a chat, I listened at any rate for some twenty minutes with absorbed interest to his views of Nature and the Zoology of South Africa, of which he displayed, contrary to my expectations, a very considerable knowledge. He described Bustards, Plovers, Raptorials, Cranes, Francolins, ete. in a way that quite astonished me, although I knew he could not have seen them, and when I made some comment, he said he had read every work ou the Birds and Mammals of Africa he could obtain at the 338 _ Obituary. [ Ibis, library at Washington before starting on his journey. It is one thing to read books, especially on birds, and quite another thing to remember all their contents, but I must confess that on this and subsequent ceeasions on whieh I had the pleasure of talking ‘birds’? to Roosevelt the power of his memory filled me with admiration. His views on modern nomenclature were somewhat sur- prising and not always consistent. At first he seemed to be inclined to favour the inclusion as subspecies of all local ~ forms. This is borne out by his acceptance and even approval of the naming of the collections of the Roosevelt expedition, which meluded many new birds and mammals as subspecies which even the most enthusiastic advocates of local forms could scarcely accept. On the other hand, after due consideration and some time had elapsed he became a very orthodox “lumper,” and laughed at the claims of the “splitters.” The case in point which caused his conversion to the former group was, he told me, an occasion when he submitted the skulls of three bull Bos caffer which his party had shot out of one herd at one place in East Africa to Professor Matschie of Berlin. The learned zoologist in question pronounced them as the skulls of three different subspecies, giving each and all separate names. More recently Roosevelt himself expressed his views on scientific nomenclature :—“'The time has passed when we can afford to accept as satisfactory a science of animal life whose professors are cither mere roaming field collectors or mere closet catalogue writers who examine and record minute differences in ‘specimens’ precisely as philatelists examine and record minute differences in postage stamps, —and with about the same breadth of view and power of insight into the essential. Little is to be gained by that kind of ‘intensive’ collecting and cataloguing which bears fruit only in innumerable little pamphlets describing with meticulous care unimportant new subspecies, or new species hardly to be distinguished from those already long known. Such pamphlets have almost no real interest except for the infrequent rival specialists who read them 1919. | Obituary. 589 with quarrelsome interest.”—Introduction to * Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,’ by William Beebe (1917). Although it must be acknowledged that Roosevelt’s favourites amongst wild creatures were the larger mam- mals, and especially the dangerous ones, which afforded opportunities in the excitement of the chase of thrilling moments, his delight in the birds of Africa and America always displayed the feelings of the true naturalist, whose chief instinct is not to slay but to sit down and study the ways of wild creatures in their natural homes. In spite of his abundant energy the President had also a reflective side to his character and a very real appreciation of all that is best in Art and Nature. He loathed what was false and untrue to life as sincerely as a man like Selous. As an instance of this, his excellent papers on the falsity of protective coloration are a good example, and did much to controvert the crystallized opinions of theoretical men of science, who for the most part had no knowledge of the action of Nature on the spot. On occasion Roeseveit was inclined to be dogmatic and, as I have remarked, somewhat inconsistent. I remember once, after he returned from his African trip and his excellent book (¢ African Game-trails ’) had been published, giving me a lecture of about twenty minutes (with scarcely a pause to take breath) on the superiority of pictures done on the spot by a zoological artist over all forms of instantaneous photography. At last, when I managed to get a word in, it was impossible to refrain from saying, ‘If these are your opinions, why did you not take an artist with you imstead of a photographer’’? ‘‘ Well, vou have got me there,” he admitted, laughing, “I could not have found the right man, and if I had it is doubtful if he would have come.” * What was the matter with Carl Rungins? Did you ask him?” I suggested. There was no answer to this, for had Roosevelt taken Rungins to Africa with him we should have had a magnificent pictorial record of the larger mammals of Africa, which would have made his book one of permanent interest, and then we should have been spared that dreadful BAO Obituary. . [Ihis, series of bad portraits of the author standing in fatuous attitudes over mangled corpses of deceased hartebeests, lions, and zebras. Roosevelt probably kuew this himself, but his book was written for the man in the street, and so he perhaps felt that those horrible portraits were expected of him, but it only reminds us of Corney Grain’s “ Choir-boy whose voice o’er-topped the rest, Though very in-artistic, the public like it best.” Theodore Roosevelt was certainly one of the most remarkable men of this or any other time. In person he was the embodiment of physical fitness, bemg an expert rider and shot and skilled in most games.. Mentally he was a giant whose broad vision ranged over a vast variety of subjects. At one sitting I have heard him discuss Big Game hunting, Bimetallism, Zoology, Geography, National Policy, European History, Botany, Paleontology, Archao- logy, and ancient forms of religion, bringing to each and all a thoroughness, accuracy, wealth of detail, and breadth of criticism that was astonishing did we not know the extent of his reading and the power of his memory. His active brain was a complete bibliography of.a thousand subjects, and at a moment’s notice he could give you chapter and verse to which to refer in regard to any point at issue. No man living could have produced two such diverse volumes as ‘ Presidential Addresses and State Papers’ the Brazilian Wilderness,’ aud if we add to this his experience as a soldier and exposition of his New Bible, and * Through we can obtain some slight grasp of his mental and physical activities. Amongst the successes of his life may be mentioned the impetus he gave to the research for the elimination of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and what to naturalists was a work of great importance was his continuous advo- cacy of the preservation of the Fauna and Flora of the North American continent. In this he certainly achieved 19109. | Obituary. B41 a great measure of success, although in many instances we fear his efforts came too late. Personally he was a man of charming disposition, full of thought for others, ever alive to better the lot of the unfor- tunate, and possessed of that kindly svmpathy which we always associate with really great men. His attitude to us during the Great War was that of intense sympathy and understanding, and in him England has lost her best advocate for future policy as well as her best friend amongst the statesmen of the world. Tue Maxrcuesy Giacomo Doria. We much regret that it is only quite recently that the news of the death of tiie Marchese Doria, which took place so far back as 19 September, 1915, has reached us. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Union so long ago as 1875, aud was by many years the doyen of his class. Born in 1840 at Spezia, of the historically celebrated race of the Dorias of Genoa, Giacomo Doria was educated under private tutors and at the University of Genoa. From his earliest youth he was a collector and observer in zoology and botany as well as a traveller. In 1862 he accompanied an Italian Mission to Persia with Lessona and Dr. F. de Filippi ; the scientific results of this journey were published by the latter in his well-known ‘ Viaggio in Persia.? Later, in 1865, he undertook with Beccari an expedition to Borneo, and with the collections thus amassed, together with others previously obtained, he founded the Civic Museum of Genoa. Not only did Doria provide the funds for the maintenance of this Museum, but through his munificence it was enriched with the collections from New Guinea made by Beceari, D’Albertis, and Loria, those from Burma made by Fea, and others from many other parts of the world, so that the Genoa Museum soon became the leading Zoological Museum of Ltaly. To publish the results of his zoological explorations Doria founded the ‘Annali del Museo Civico’ in 1870, forty-six 342 Obituary. | Ibis, volumes of which have been published, again almost entirely at the sole cost of the founder, The most modest of men, Doria himself wrote but little, and that chiefly on Mammals and Reptiles, but his munifi- cence to natural science can never be forgotten, In addition to his zoological activities Doria was a man of affairs, and in 1890 was chosen a Senator of Italy. He was also President of the Royal Geographical Society of Italy from 1891 to 1901. Louis Brasit. We learn with deep regret of the death of Prof. Brasil, of Caen in France, on 15 October, 1918, at the comparatively early age of fifty-three. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Union in 1917. Though born in Paris in 1865, Prof. Brasil lived most of his time at Caen, where he was brought up, where he obtained his education, and where his scientific career was carried through. He was Lecturer and afterwards Professor of Zoology in the University, and was for a period President of the Linnean Society of Normandy. Prof. Brasil’s writings were by no means confined to ornithological subjects. He published several papers on geological problems, while the thesis which gained for him the degree of ‘ Docteur és sciences” at the Sorbonne dealt with the digestive apparatus of Polychete worms. Later on the rich collections of the Museum of Natural History at Caen furnished him with material for work on the higher groups of the animal kingdom. He contributed several papers and short notes to the ‘ Revue Francaise VOrnithologie,” and im 1914 published a little work on the ‘ Shore- and Water-Birds of France, Belgium, and the British Islands,’ which was favourably noticed in our columns (Ibis, 1914, p. 326). He also wrote on the King Island Emu supposed to have been obtained by Péron, and other papers on the birds of New Caledonia, in which he was specially interested ; while to our own pages he sent a little essay, written in very good English, on the 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 343, subject of Turdus minutus Forster (Ibis, 1917, p. 422). For Wytsman’s ‘Genera Avium’ he prepared several fascicules dealing with the Cranes, Apteryges, Cassowaries, and Emus. All Brasil’s work was characterized by the qualities of order and precision, and he was a most careful and accurate writer. His death, which took place at the Marine Laboratory of the University of Caen, at Luc-sur-mer, after a prolonged and painful illness, is a great loss to the somewhat sparse ranks of French ornithologists. We have also to record the recent deaths of Mr. N. Chaplin, Mr. Frederick Sharman, and Mr. J. C. McLean, ull Members of the Union. We hope to give further details in the next number of ‘ The Ibis.’ XIX.—WNolices of recent Ornithological Publications. Bangs on various birds. (Notes on the species and subspecies of Pecilonitta Eyton. By Outram Bangs. Proc, New England Zool. Club, vi. 1918, pp. 87-89. | [A new genus of Caprimulgidee. Id., ibid. pp. 91-92. } [A new race of the Black-throated Green Wood-Warbler. Id., ibid. pp. 93-94. | [List of birds collected on the Harvard Peruvian Expedition of 1916. By Outram Bangs and G. K. Noble. Auk, xxxv. 1918, pp. 442-462. ] in the first note Mr. Bangs recognizes two forms of the Bahama duck: Pecilonitta bahamensis bahamensis (Linn.), from the Bahamas, Antilles, Guiana, and northern Brazil, and P. b. rubrirostris (Vieill.) from southern South America (type locality, Buenos Aires), With the same genus he associates P. galapagensis Ridgw., P. spinicauda (Vieill.) from southern South America, usually associated with the genus Dafilu, and P. erythrorhyncha (Gmel.) of Africa. In the second note a new generic name Veles is proposed for a rare West African Nightjar, Caprimulgus binotatus Bp. SER. XI,——VOL. I. 2B 344. Recently published Ornithological Works. [ This, Mr. Bangs’ third note proposes to recognize as a distinct new subspecies, Dendroica virens waynei, a form apparently resident and breeding in the primeval swamps of South Carolina, while the typical race D. v. virens is still in its winter quarters in Mexico or Central America. The breeding range of the typical form is in Canada and the northern part of the United States. The last paper on the list is a more important one; it contains descriptions of a number of new forms, and taxo- nomic notes on others, based on a large collection of birds formed in the north-western corner of Peru by the junior author. It has already been noticed (anfea, p. 144) in the general review of the ‘ Auk? for 1918. Flower and Nicoll on Bird-protection in Egypt. [The principal species of Birds protected by law in Egypt. By Capt. S. S. Flower and M. J. Nicoll. Pp. iv+4,8 pls. Cairo (Govt. Press), 1918.5 Price P.T.5.] In order to promote the preservation of insectivorous birds so important in agriculture, the Egyptian Government passed a stringent law in 1912, containing a list of those birds whose destruction was prohibited. This has already had great effect on the numbers of tle Buff-backed Kgret, which has since that date increased to a very marked extent, but some of the smaller and less conspicuous birds are still trapped and killed in considerable numbers. In order to assist in the recognition of the protected species, the Ministry of Agriculture has issued this pam- phlet prepared by Capt. Flower and Mr. Nicoll, in which a list of the forty principal protected species is given with their English, French, Arabic, and scientific names, their local status, approximate size and concise notes on coloration for the purpose of easy identification. On the eight accompanying plates, 24 of these species are illus- trated by good and clear-coloured pictures reproduced by the Survey of Egypt. There will be no excuse, therefore, for the destruction of these valuable birds in the future. 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 345 Lénnberg on a Linnean type. [Loxia hordacea Linné 1758 is identical with Fuplectes flammiceps Swainson 1837. By Einar Lonnberg. Ark. Zool. Stockholm, xii. no. 3, 1918, pp. 1-5. | The type of Linneus’ description in the 10th edition of the ‘Systema’ is still preserved in the Royal Natural History Museum at Stockholm. It was originally in the private collection of King Adolf Frederik and was pre- served in spirit, whence it passed into the collections of the Academy of Sciences and to its present resting place. It was removed froin spirit and mounted before 1840, when it was listed by Sundevall in a MS. catalogue of the birds in the Museum, so that its history is quite clear and authentic. Though not in first-rate condition it is quite easy to identify it with the bird: now generally known as Pyromelana jlam- miceps (Swains.) found in tropical Africa, and Swainson’s name must undoubtedly give way to Linneus’ earlier one. The reason why tte identification has not been previously made is owing to an unfortunate misprint in the diagnosis, where “‘temporibus albis”’ should without doubt read > as pointed out by Dr. Lonnberg. That Linneeus also frequently used the words “ fulvus” “‘temporibus atris,’ and “griseus”? when he intended to describe red and brown respectively, is shown by Dr. Lonnberg from the description not only of Luxta hordacea where there occurs “ fulva sunt caput, collum, uropygium,” meaning that these parts are red, but also in the case of many other birds. Mathews on the Birds of Australia. [The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. vii. pt. iv. pp. 321-384, pls. 352-562. London (Witherby), Dec. 1918. 4to. | In continuing his account of the Cuckcos, Mr. Mathews brings out many interesting facts, though our knowledge of their life-histories generally leaves much to be desired, and in the case of Lamprococcyx lucidus the winter quarters are absolutely unknown. The Channel-bill, the last species fully treated, 1s especially noticeable for its extraordinary 2p2 ww wy 346 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, appearance and unusual habits, but “ Bronze Cuckoos” occupy the bulk of this part of the work. In regard to Cacomantis pyrrophanus we are told that the type-locality is still uncertain, and that insperatus of Gould, tymbonomus of Ramsay and brisbanensis of Diggles, are mere synonyms. On the other hand, dumetorum, variolosus and lineatus are allowed subspecific instead of specific rank, as representing north-western, south-western, and Queensland forms. To these is added a new subspecies vidgeni, from Cape York, while the New Guinea forms may have to be separated. Mr. Mathews’ new genus Vidgenia, based chiefly on peculiarities in the immature bird, contains only the rare Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo, with no certain subspecies and an obscure life-history ; the young bird is to be figured shortly. Another rare Cuckoo is Owenavis osculans (Misocalius auctt.), wrongly identified by Cabanis and Heine with palliolatus of Latham. Here a subspecies, rogersi, may possibly be allowed in the north-west. The author no longer presses for the adoption of Neo- chalcites for Chalcites in the case of the Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo, well known under the name dasalis, while he recognizes as subspecies mellori, wyndhami and modesta. Many good notes on its habits are cited. Four species are allotted to Lamprococcyx, viz., lucidus, plagosus, minutillus and russatus, though it is possible that the first two are only subspecifically different, especially if Mr. Mathews’ suggestion that they are really sedentary in New Zealand ard Australia respectively proves to hold true. The relation between the remaining pair is still more complicated: minutillus is synonymous with malayanus of Shelley, while russatus is now found not to belong to the, basalis group, as the author formerly believed, and barnardi is relegated to a subspecies. L. plagosus has the subspecies cartert and tasmanicus. Tails of all these species (and of garnardi) are figured for comparison. The well-known Koel (Hudynamis orientalis) presents no 1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 347 difficulties, for the Australian form (flindersi) is only sub- specifically separable, while cyanocephalus and subcyano- cephalus are admitted as subspecies from Queensland and northern Australia respectively. The Channel-bill (Scy- throps novehollandie) has a western form, neglectus: tie endemic Coucal is termed Polophilus Leach, in preference to Centropus. Riley’s recent papers. [A new Bullfinch from China. By J. H. Riley. Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, vol. 31, 1918, pp. 33-54. ] [Two new genera and eight new birds from Celebes. Id., ibid. pp. 155-160. | [Annotated Catalogue of a collection of birds made by Mr, Copley Amory Jr. in north-eastern Siberia. Id., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vol. 54 1918, pp. 607-626. | The new Bullfinch, named Pyrrhula erythaca wilderi after Mr. G. D. Wilder, who captured it in the mountains of the Chili Province, China, ditfers from the typical race in its smaller size and in some particulars of its coloration. The new birds from Celebes recently collected by Mr. H.C. Raven are:—Caprimulgus affinis propinquus and Collocalia vestita wnigma subspp. n.; Rhamphococeyx centralis, Lopho- zosterops striaticeps, Catuponera abditiwa, and Cryptolopha nesophila spp. u.3; Coracornis ravent and Celebesia abbotti genn. et spp. n. are believed to be sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of new generic names; Coracornis is apparently allied to Pachycephala, and Celebesia to Malindungia Mearus. While on a business mission to the Kolyma river region of north-eastern Siberia in 1914, Mr. Copley Amory made a good collection of 228 specimens of birds which he presented to the National Museum at Washington. A collection made by Mr. Koren in the same region has been reported on by Messrs. Thayer and Bangs, so that there are uo novelties among Mr. Amory’s birds, but Mr. Riley has been able to make interesting taxonomic remarks on some of the species, and the collector has added some useful field- notes. 348 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, Shufeldt on the Hoatzin. [Notes on the osteology of the young of the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus eristatus) and other points on its morphology. By R. W. Shufeldt. Journ. Morphology, vol. 31, 1918, pp. 599-605 ; 4 pls. | In a short paper Dr. Shufeldt presents us with the results of his examination of several subadult and one young specimen of this curious and interesting type. Two of these have been prepared as skeletons which are described at some length, while the other specimens have been studied as regards their pterylosis. ‘The most striking character of the skeleton of the young Opisthocomus is the enormous size of the feet as compared with the rest of the body, but beyond mentioning a general resemblance in some respects to the Game-birds, Dr. Shufeldt does not indicate any further clues to the relationships of this remarkable bird. Taverner on Canadian Hawks. |The Hawks of the Canadian Prairie Provinces in their relation to Agriculture. By P. A. Taverner. Ottawa Museum Bull. no. 28, 1918, pp. 1-14; 4 col. pls. ] In this useful little brochure Mr. Taverner reviews the commoner Hawks of the western Provinces of Canada from the economic point of view, and in order to assist in their identification a series of eight small coloured illustrations accompany the article. The destruction of birds of prey has generally been indiscriminate, and has often been stimulated by the payment of bounties by the Government. The only Hawks which are condemned by Mr. Taverner are those of the genera Accipiter and Astur, and of these the American Goshawk (Astur atricapillus) is undoubtedly a confirmed chicken and grouse thief. Mr. Taverner states that the normal range of this bird is along the northern limit of intense cultivation aud that its usual food is the Varying Hare. This animal increases annually until it becomes very numerous, and with it the Goshawk and other rabbit-eating animals increase too. Lventually a contagious disease spreads among the hares, and the Goshawks turn their 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 349 attention to game-birds ; moreover, they move to the southern prairie districts and do much damage to the game-birds and the poultry-runs. The other Hawks, including the Buzzards, usually known as Red-tails, live chiefly on Gophers, those little fossorial burrowing rat-like animals which do enormous damage to agriculture, and these birds should be most strictly preserved in the opimion of Mr. Taverner. Wetmore’s recent papers. {Duck sickness in Utah. By Alexander Wetmore. U.S. Dept. Agr. 3ull. no. 672, 1918, pp. 1-25; 4 pls. ] [Birds observed near Mico, Central Oklahoma. Id., Wilson Bull. Chicago, ao. 102, 1918, pp. 2-16. | (The birds of Desecheo Island, Porto Rico. IRd., Auk, xxxvy. 1918, pp. 833-840, | [Description of a new subspecies of the Little Yellow Bittern from the Philippine Islands, Id., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, 1918, pp. 85, 84.) (On the anatomy of Nyctibius, with notes on allied birds. Id., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 54, 1918, pp. 577-586 ; 7 text-figs. | | Boues of birds collected by Theodoor de Booy from Kitchen Midden deposits in the Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix. Id., ibid. — pp. 518-522. | For the last eight or nine years the wild-ducks and other shore-birds of Great Salt Lake in Utah, as weil as those of some of the other western lakes, have suffered very severely from a mysterious disease, and for three years Mr. Wetmore was detailed by the Biological Survey at Washington to investigate it. The birds suffered most during the summer season, at a time when the rivers running into the lake were at their lowest, aud the symptoms of the disease indicated in a large part, a paralysis of the nerve-centres controlling the muscular system. ‘The birds perished by the ten thousand, and lay dead in heaps along the marshes of the lower channels of the rivers. After considerable investigation Mr. Wetmore came to the conclusion that the trouble was due, not to any bacterial or protozoan disease as was for long supposed, but to the 350 Recently published Ornithological Works. [Tbis, toxic action of certain soluble salts found in alkali, chiefly chlorides of calcium and magnesium. During the summer months, when but little fresh water comes down the rivers, the pools on the mudflats where the ducks feed become so strongly impregnated with these salts that the birds’ intes- tines are no longer able to perform their proper functions. That this is the true cause is shown by the fact that when the sick and dying birds were collected and placed in pens and given fresh water to drink, they rapidly recovered. Mr. Wetmore states that the remedial measures which pro- mised success in deaiing with the trouble are: (1) Increasing the supply of fresh water in the streams, which, however, is not very feasible as all the water available is required for irrigation higher up the streams ; (2) Draining the affected areas; (3) Collecting the sick ducks for treatment. The whole subject is exceedingly interesting and is most clearly and successfully dealt with by the author. The second paper is chiefly of local interest, containing a list of 62 species of birds found in Oklahoma, a State of the “middle west,” the bird-life of which is not very well known as compared with other portions of the United States. Desecheo Island is only about one and a quarter by three quarters of a mile in size and les between’ Porto Rico and San Domingo. Mr. Wetmore spent three or four days there in June 1912. It is very dry and hot and there are no springs. Mr. Wetmore records the occurrence of eleven species, the most abundant of which is the Booby (Sula leucogastra), which nests on the island in very large numbers. The Noddy, Anous stolidus, and the Bridled Tern, Sterna anetheta, also breed there. The new Bittern from the Philippines is a form of Ixobrychus sinensis, and is called J. s. astrologus trom its habit, common to all Bitterns, of star-gazing. But little has been published on the anatomy of Nyctibius, a genus of aberrant Nightjars confined to the Antilles and South America. Mr. Wetmore has been able to examine the body preserved in alcohol of the type-specimen of N. griseus abbotti, lately described from Haiti, and adds a i91g9.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 351 number of additional facts in regard to its anatomy, pre- viously unknown, especially with respect to the single carotid artery, the small size of the left lobe of the liver, the number of cervical vertebree, and the tongue. After tabulating the anatomical characters he comes to the conclusion that Nyctibius should form a family group placed between Podargus and the Caprimulgidie, and rather more distantly related to Sfeatornis. The last paper on the list consists of the results of the examinatiou of a number of bird-bones from the kitchen- middens of St. Thomas aud St. Croix in the West Indies. Most of the bones belonged to sea-birds, but there were several of the domestic fowl, showing that some at any rate of the bones were of comparatively recent origin. On a tibia and tibio-tarsal bone Mr. Wetmore describes a new generic type of Rail, apparently allied to Aramides and Gallirallus, which he names Nesotrochis debooyi gen. et sp. n. Witherby’s new book on British Birds. [A practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. I. Witherby, F.Z.S8., M.B.O.U. Authors of the Various Sections: Ernst Hartert, Annie C. Jackson, Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, C. Oldham, Norman F. Ticehurst, and the Editor. Part I. Pp. i-xvit+1-64; 2 pls., many text-figs. London (Witherby), March 1919. 8vo. ‘To be published in 18 parts at 4s. net per Part. | Yet: another book on British Birds, will doubtless be the remark of many on seeing the announcement of Mr. Witherby’s new work. ‘There are certainly few subjects on which so many books have been written, and of late a year seldom passes without the publication of one or more additional ones. Mr. Witherby claims, however, for the present work several uew features not hitherto found in books on British Birds. These are originality of plan, practical utility and accuracy of detail. ‘The first feature not usual in British bird-books, though usual in those dealing with the avifauna of other lands, is the keys, which certainly are of very 352 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, great assistance, both to the tyro as well as to the specialist, in the identification of unknown birds, though, of course, such aids must be used with caution, as is clearly explained in the introductory note. The nomenclature and synonymy is that of the ‘ Handlist of British Birds,’ published by four out of the six authors of the present work in 1912, with such emendations as have come to light since. For this portion of the work and the keys Dr. Hartert is primarily responsible. The descriptions are very detailed, and the sequence and moult of plumage from nestling to adult are given at length. These are the province of Mr. Witherby and Miss Jackson, the last-named being specially concerned with the Ducks and Waders. Two unusual sections are those dealing with the characters of the allied subspecific forms inhabiting other portions of the Palearctic region and the field-characters, in which hints are given for distinguishing birds im their native haunts. The former subject is dealt with by Dr. Hartert, the latter by Mr. Oldham, who also writes on the flight, notes, and social habits. Nesting- and food-habits form separate sections and devolve on Mr. Jourdain, while. migration falls to Mr. Ticehurst. The scheme, therefore, is essentially a practical and utili- tarian one, and there is little room for literary grace or polish ; the sentences are clipped and shortened in every possible way. In the present part is one coloured plate illustrating the juvenile plumage of some of the Finch family, and anotlier in black and white, showing the gradual loss of the feathers on the “‘ face” of the Rook. There are aiso a large number of text-figures of heads, feet and wings to assist in identi- fication. ‘I'hese are all excellent and most useful. We would make one criticism in regard to the top figure on p. xiv, which illustrates the method of measuring the bill from its tip to the “base of the skull.” This latter phrase appears to us very misleading. ‘The base of the skull is 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 355 obviously the occipital region which surrounds the foramen magnum, and the phrase can by no manner of means be used for the point where the horny epidermal maxillary sheath merges in the soft epidermis. The present part, the first of eighteen, deals with the Corvide and a portion of the Fringillide. Our only fear is that the work, when completed, will be too bulky for con- venience. ‘Two volumes of 600 pages each cannot be comfortably carried about. To our mind a book of this very practical kind should be rigorously cut down to a size convenient for travelling, and though perhaps it is too much to expect to take it around in the pocket, it should be possible to transport it in a rucksack. We doubt if it would be easy to do so in the case of the present work when completed. We await with interest the issue of the rest of the parts, and we feel sure that the work, when completed, will prove of the greatest value to all working ornithologists. Bird-Lore. | Bird-Lore: a bi-monthly Magazine devoted to the study and pro- tection of birds. Vol, xx. Jan.—Dec. 1918; 6 nos. Harrisburg, Pa., U.S.A. ] ‘ Bird-Lore,’ so ably edited by our Honorary Member Mr. Frank Chapman, keeps up its reputation as the leading popular magazine dealing with birds. As it is the official organ of the Audubon Societies, which now exist in nearly every one of the States of the Union and which are devoted to the preservation and conservation of bird-life, a large portion of the matter contained in each volume deals with the propaganda necessary to carry on this work, which has done so much to preserve for future generations the pre- viously rapidly disappearing birds of North America. So elaborate are the devices now used by American bird- lovers to encourage and attract birds to frequent their gardens and grounds in the matter of feeding-trays, nesting-boxes, and the plantation of special shrubs and bushes for shelter, that Mr. Oldys finds it necessary to 354 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, write a special article protesting against the supposed danger of “ pauperizing bird-life.” The present voiume is illustrated with many beautiful photographs, and also with a series of coloured plates by Mr. L. A. Fuertes of different groups of American birds. Two of the numbers have a plate of 'Tanagers, the other four illustrate the Cedar-birds and Waxwings, the Shrikes, the Horned Larks, and the Magpies, and each plate is accom- panied by an article on the plumages of the birds by the ~ Editor, and one on the migrations by Mr. Oberholser. For the past five years Mr. R. H. Beck has been collecting and studying marine birds off the coasts of South America for Messrs. Brewster and Sanford, and some fine photo- graphs of bird-life in the Falkland Islands are reproduced in the present volume. Other articles illustrated by photo- graphs are by Mr. H. HE. Tuttle on the nesting of the Nashville Warbler, and by Mr. C. W. Leister on the Biack- billed Cuckoo which, it is hardly necessary to remind our readers, 18 not parasitic. One of the great features of ‘ Bird-Lore’ is its annual Christmas Census. By the help of numerous readers and- contributors a count is taken throughout the States and Canada of all the birds observed on Christmas day each year. The results of the eighteenth of these combined observations is contained in the Jan.—Febr. no. of ‘ Bird- Lore,’ and occupies twenty-five pages. As showing the genial climate of southern California, at Los Angeles no fewer than 106 species were observed within a radius of fifteen miles of the town. After the entrance of the United States into the war, Mr. Frank Chapman, the Editor of ‘ Bird-Lore,’ was ap- pointed by the War Council at Washington to the post of Red Cross Commissioner to South America, and on 3 October last he left the United States on an extended journey through the South American Republics in the interests of Ked Cross work. ‘The Nov.—Dec. no. contains the first of what will doubtless prove to be a most interesting series of ornithological letters on his expedition. 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 355 Bird Notes. [Bird Notes. The Journal of the Foreign Bird Club. Edited by Wesley T. Page. Ser. 3, vol. i. Jan.—Dec. 1918.1 Last year’s volume of ‘ Bird Notes,’ though perhaps not so stout as some of the preceding ones, contains a number of useful and instructive articles on avicultural subjects. One of the principal contributors is Mr. W. S. Baily, who writes on the Grey Plover, Quails, Parrots, and the Pata- gonian and Egyptian Geese. He has also a good description of the colour-changes, as he calls them, of the Whydahs, Coliostruthus laticauda and Drepanoplectes jacksoni. In captivity, at any rate, these changes can hardly be called seasonal, as they recur irregularly, nor indeed does the lack of the so-called nuptial plumes in any way interfere with the breeding of these Whydahs, but of course this may be due to the interference caused by change of habit. There are also a number of practical notes by the editor on the planning of aviaries and other snch subjects. The Marquis of Tavistock writes on the Australian Grass Parakeets and deplores their early extinction in their native land, The Splendid (Neophema splendida) appears to be already gone and the allied form, the Turquoisine, and others appear to be on the verge. Can nothing be done to save the native Australian avifauna ? Dr. Hopkinson concludes a series of articles on the Whydahs, which he commenced in the previous volume, and has now begun an elaborate list of all the birds which have been known to breed in captivity in the British Islands or abroad, with full references to the original account. Among shorter articles is one by Mr. H. Whistler con- taining his observations on the nesting and other habits of Lioptila capistrata near Murree, a Himalayan hill-station ; and Mr. E. W. Harper sends two very interesting photo- graphs of Vultures, which congregate in enormous numbers at a spot afew miles outside the limits of Calcutta, where the hodies of dead horses and cattle are partially made use of. Though there are no coloured plates in the present volume, there are some pleasing uncoloured plates reproduced from 356 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ This, drawings from life by Mrs. A. M. Cook, especially those of Diamond Finches (S/eganopleura guttata) and Spice-Finches (Munia punctulata). hese are a relief from the eternal photograph. The Condor. [The Condor. A Magazine of Western Ornithology. Vol. xx. nos. 1-6, 1918. Published bi-monthly by the Cooper Ornithological - Club, Hollywood, California. | The ‘Condor’ for last year contains a number of good papers, generally illustrated by photographs, though per- haps these are not so numerous as of old. Even in far western America the pinch of war has penetrated. Mr. J. A. Munro opeus the volume with an account of the nesting and other habits of Barrow’s Golden-eye in the dry, fruit-growing district of Okanagan in British Columbia. They generally make use of an abandoned Flicker’s (Co- laptes} hole in a dead pine-stump, near a lake, for their nest. For the winter they leave the cold interior of the country and resort to the warm waters of Puget avd other inlets along the mild coast of the Pacific. Mr. W. C. Bradbury contributes three articles on the nesting-habits and eggs of three well-known species of Colorado birds of whose nidification but little is known. These are the White- throated Swift Aéronanies melanoleucus, the Plover Poda- socys montanus, and the Rocky Mountain Jay Pevisoreus capitalis. The Swift nests in crevices of cliffs in the Rocky Mountains difficult of access, the Plover on the plains, and the Jay at altitudes of 8000 to 10,000 feet in the mountains, late in April, where it builds in the Lodge-pole Pine. Other articles dealing with local faunas are by Mr. H. 8. Swarth, by Messrs. R. W. Quillin and R. Holleman, and by P. A. Taverner on districts m Arizona, Texas, and British Columbia respectively. To the already very numerous races of the Fox-Sparrow, Mr. J. Mailliard adds another, the Yolla Bolly Fox-Sparrow Passerella iliaca brevicauda; while Mr. W. C. Oberholser 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 357 distinguishes two races of the Humming-bird known as Cyanolemus clemencie, the typical form being confined to south-west, central, and southern Mexico, while the new subspecies, C. c. bessophilus, breeds in south-western United States and north-western Mexico. He also proposes to separate the resident Shrike of Lower California under the name Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni, subsp. n. Lyman Belding, the oldest American ornithologist, who came to California in 1856, died in October 1917. A memoir by Mr. W. K. Fisher, with a portrait, tells us of his early adventurous life in whaling and other ships before he settled in California. His first paper, “ A partial list of the Birds of Central California,” was published in the Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum in 1879. The early history of Costa’s Humming-bird, Calypte costae, collected by Nebouse and named by Bourcier in 1839 in honour of Costa, has always been somewhat shrouded in mystery. Much of this is disentangled in a_ short article by Mr. T. S. Palmer, who also fixes its type-locality at Magdalena Bay in Lower California. Other important articles in this volume of the ‘Condor’ have already been dealt with as “ separates.” Fauna och Flora. Fauna och Flora. Popular Tidskrift for Biologi. Utgifven af Einar Lonnberg. 13 vols., for the years 1906-1918. Uppsala and Stockholm, } We should like to draw the attention of the readers of ‘The Ibis’? to this excellent popular Journal of Natural History, edited by our foreign member, Dr. Lénuberg, who has most generously sent to us a complete set from the commencement. In order that it may be more generally accessible, the volumes have been deposited in the General Library of the Natural History Museum, where they can be consulted by anyone making the necessary application. As its title implies, ‘ Fauna och Flora’ deals with both zoological and botanical subjects; it has a considerable proportion of articles of interest to ornithologists, dealing 358 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, not only with local Swedish observations, but also with others of more gencral interest, and is illustrated with ap- propriate photo-blocks. In the volume for 1918, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, the well-known Swedish explorer of Siam, writes at length on the fauna of that country, dividing it into faunal regions, and illustrates the characteristic scenery of each with photo- graphs. A gencral review of the mammals and birds, with lists of species, makes a valuable contribution to our know- ledge of the fauna of that comparatively little-known State. A well-known Finnish naturalist, Mr. E. Merikallio, writes on the distribution of Carpodacus erythrinus in Finland, and Mr. C. O. G. Wibom on abnormalities in the Capercaillie ; Mr. R. Séderberg on the birds occurring near Hornbor- gasjon in Gothland, and Dr. Lonnberg himself on Linnet x Siskin hybrid ; Mr. Granvik has recently found Acrocephalus arundinacus breeding in southern Sweden and publishes a photograph of the site and nest. Of more general interest, perhaps, is an article by Mr. A. Heintze on bipolarity in plants. He suggests that the exis- tence of certain northern Alpine plants at the southern extremity of South America may be due to the migrating birds by whom the seeds may have been transported from the north to the south. . It is suggested by Mr. A. Adlersparre that the well-known Australian Weaver-finches Poéphila gouldie and P. mirabilis may be merely fortuitous variations and not distinct species ; while, finally, on page 281, is an interesting note by the editor on the capture of a Ring-Dove in Portugal which had been ringed in southern Sweden. Trish Naturalist. ‘The Irish Naturalist. A monthly Journal on general Irish Natural History. Vol. xxvii. Jan.—Dec. 1918. ] As regards papers on birds the ‘Irish Naturalist’ for last year is distinctly disappointing. Apart from the short notes of no great importance there are only two 1919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 359 contributions on ornithology. One of these by Mr. W. H. Workman deals with the migration of Woodcock, and is based on Captain Douglas’ paper on the same subject published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1917. The investigations were conducted on the estates of Colonel W. W. Ashley, M.P., in co. Shgo, and large uumbers of breeding birds were ringed. A considerable proportion of these were recovered on the estate in the immediate neighbourhood ot the place of ringing, and there can be no doubt that the greater number of the birds bred on the estate are non-migratory and resident ; in addition there are a good many which arrive from the north for the winter months, and a third category is formed by those - which are bred on the estate and migrate southward. The other bird-paper is by Mr. J. P. Burkitt, and deals with some interesting observations he has made on the subject of the return of the same individual pair of birds to the same nesting-spot each year. He also writes at con- siderable length on the subject of ‘‘frame-nests,” in some cases kuown as “ cocks’ nests.” These nests never, have any lining, and Mr. Burkitt believes that they are con- structed by unmated cock birds. In some cases later on a mate is obtained and the nest is at once completed, and the eggs laid and incubated. Mr. Burkitt’s observations were made chiefly on the Whitethroat and the Wren. Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. [The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. Vol. ii, nos, 1-5, June 1916-May 1918, edited by Malcolm Smith and W. J. F. Williamson. | The editors of this Journal and the Anglo-Siamese com- munity of Bangkok deserve all congratulations on the completion of their second volume, which contains many papers on various suojects of zoology and botany relating to Siam. The most important contribution relating to ornithology is the junior editor’s list of the birds of Bangkok, of which two instalments appeared in the pre- vious volume, and two are now added, bringing the list, SER. X{.—VOL. L. Ae 360 Recently published Ornithological Works. (This, which is arranged in the order of Oates and Blanford’s Fauna, to the end of the Hoopoes. A short description, with a uote on the habits and distribution in Siam together with the Siamese name in the English and vernacular script, is given in the case of each species. Mr. Williamson also coutributes several shorter notes, one of which contains ap account of the rare Ibis, Thaumatibis gigantea, only four examples of which are known. The last one of these was obtained by Mr. K. G. Gairdner at Ban Tup Takoh in Siam in March 1913 and is now mounted and exhibited im the British Museum (Natural History). A photograph of this mounted example accompanies the note. In another short paper Mr. C. B. Kloss describes two new forms of the large red-shouldered Indian Parakeet, viz. Pale- ornis cupatria avensis from Cachar and Burma, and P. e. siamensis from eastern and central Siam. Revue Francaise @ Ornithologie. | Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie, Scientifique et Pratique. 10° Annee, Nos. 105-116. Jan.-Dec. 1918. | It is a matter for considerable congratulation to M. Mene- gaux that he has been able to keep his monthly journal of ornithology going through the late period of stress and strain, and we trust that now it may continue to flourish aud increase. ‘The articles contained in last year’s volume are numerous and interesting, dealing with all phases of our science, and we can only mention a few of them in this short notice. M. Menegaux himself has a paper on a small collection of birds from the Senegal and Niger rivers, among which are three species, new for the French Sudan, and several scarce ones; among them is Cerchneis alopex and Thamnolea sub- rufipennis. Another paper by the same author, with field- notes by the collector M. van Saceghem, deals with some birds from the estuarine portion of the Congo basin, and this collection is destined for the Congo Museum at Tervueren ; while a third, also by the Editor, gives a list of a collection from the Misiones Province of Argentina made i919.| Recently published Ornithological Works. 361 by M. E. Wagner in 1910. Another faunal list is that of Dr. Millet-Horsin, of birds met with by him near Frejus on the Riviera coast. There are two short papers by M. P. Bédé, in one of which he shows that Rhamphocorys clot-bey, chiefly met with in the Sahara, ranges as far north as Mezzouna not far from Sfax in Tunisia; m the other he discusses the Black-eared and Black-throated Wheatears, which he believes must be con- sidered distinct species. We would draw his attention ir regard to this pomt to Major Sladen’s remarks (supra, p. 239). M. Bon brings forward evidence of Clamator glandarius occasionally breeding in the south of France, where it has been said to occur only as a rare visitor; and M. A. Bouvier records the capture, more than a hundred years ago, of Trichodroma muraria in a Parisian garden, some considerable distance to the north of its usual range. M. A. Blanchet adds Terekia cinerea and Prunella collaris to the fauna of Tunisia for the first time. Among general articles Dr. F. Cattelin contests the usual view that Swallows and other migrants always return to the same nesting-place each spring, and Prof, R. Dubois discusses the subject of colour-blindness and colour-vision among birds, Finally, we notice an article by Capt. J. N. Kennedy on the birds of the valley of the Ancre on some- what similar lines to that which he recently contributed to ‘The Ibis.’ . Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia. [Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia, Anno iv.—1918.] We rejoice to find that our Italian friends have found it possible to recommence the publication of their ornitho- logical journal, which has been suspended since early in the war-time, It is now edited by Count Arrigoni degli Oddi with the assistance of F. Cavassa, Prince F. Chigi, A. Ghigi, and Count Salvadori, The present number commences with a memoir and biblio- graphy, accompanied by a photograph, of Prof. Martorelli, OG 362 Recently published Ornithological Works. [ Ibis, a Foreign Member of the Union, whose sad death has already been noticed in our pages. A review of some of the South American Rails of the genus Creciscus from the pen of Count Salvadori follows. He recognizes three species :—C. cayanensis (Bodd.), C. facialis (Usch.), and C. pileatus (Wied). Signor G. A. Carlotto records the capture of au example of the north African Cursorius gallicus near Verona, and Signor A. Trischitta of Mratercula arctica near Messina. Some bird- notes from the Province of Friuli are contributed by Sig. Vallon ; and Sig. Ghidini, who we regret to see has recently died, describes and figures the skull of a hybrid Tetrao tetrixv x T. urogallus, killed in the Val di Blenio 11 the Ticivo district. Finally, a number of shorter notices and reviews com- pletes a part which we hope will now be regularly followed by others of equal interest. Scottish Naturalist. (The Scottish Naturalist. Hdited by William Eagle Clarke, LL.D., William Evans, and Percy H.Grimshaw. Vol. for 1918, Nos. 73-84. | ‘The completed volume of the ‘Scottish Naturalist’ has a number of articles dealing with Scottish Ornithology, among which we will mention some of the more important. ‘The ‘Rev. J.-M. M*William sends some stray notes on the birds of Bute, and comments on the fact that he hardly ever observed land-birds crossing the very narrow seas from that island to the mainland, except, of course, during the regular migration season. ‘The one exception noticed was the regular daily passage of Rooks and Jackdaws from the Craigmore shore to Toward in Argyllshire, a distance of about two miles. They leave Bute from 9 to 10 a.m. and return between 3 and 4 p.m. according to season. The Capercaillie appears to be establishing itself on the island, and the Raven is noted as a breeding bird. A sad story is told by Mr. O. H. Mackenzie of the ranishing bird-life of the west coast of Ross-shire. The Black Grouse appears to be well-nigh extinct, and the Red 1919.] Recently published Ornithological Works. 363 Grouse and Ptarmigan are rapidly disappearing. Other birds which were formerly so abundant as to be a nuisance, such as the Grey Lag Goose and the Lesser Black-backed Gull, are becoming increasingly rare, as well as many others. Mr. Mackenzie makes no suggestion of the cause of this melancholy state of affairs. Mr. I’. S. Beveridge has two articles on the birds of North Uist, the first dealing with the Grey Lag Goose, its habits, coloration, and breeding; it does a good deal of damage to the crofters’ oats, and is consequently hunted down by them; perhaps this accounts for its increasing rarity. The second article contains a list of all the birds, 147.in number, known to have occurred in the island, 55 of which only are resident. Another contribution on the birds of the same island is a reprint of the diary of the late Mr. Alfred Chapman of a visit paid in 1883. The Isle of May in the Firth of Forth is the subject of a historical article from the pen of Mr. W. Evans, who has collected together all the earlier notices of its avifauna prior to the bird-migration enquiries of 1879. His earliest reference is to a visit paid to the island by James IV. of Scotland in 1508 “to schut at fowles with the culveryn.” In the matter of economic ornithology Mr. W. E. Collinge makes a strong appeal for the use of the ‘“ volumetric” method of estimating the amount of the material in a bird’s stomach rather than the numerical method. In the latter ease the number of individual seeds, insects, ete. are enumerated, but in the former case the volume or bulk of the various kinds of food material is given, and a far more accurate conclusion as to the economic value of the bird can be deduced. Another article on bird economy is that of Mr. H.S. Gladstone in which he discusses the results arrived at by Mr. Gunther in his Report on Agricultural Damage by Vermin ana Birds in the Counties of Norfolk and Oxford- shire in 1916. It is chiefly a defence of the Pheasant as the farmers’ best aid in the destruction of wire-worms. 364 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. (Ibis, List of other Ornithological Publications received. Griynett, Bryant, and Srorrr. The Game Birds of California. Berkeley, Cal., 1918. Kvuropa, N. Description of a new Tit (Parus). (Tokio Zool, Mag. xxx. 1918, p. 322. Wuirr, Capt. 8. A. Ooldea on the East-West Railway, Adelaide, 1918. WiaetrswortH, J. The Heronries of Somerset. (Proc. Somerset Arch, Nat. Hist. Soe. Ixiv. 1918, p. 68.) Archivum Melitense. (Vol. iii, no. 6, 1918.) Auk, (Vol. xxxvi. no. 1, 1919.) Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. x. nos, 8-5, 1919.) Bird-Lore. (Vol. xxi. no. 1, 1919.) Bird Notes. (Third Series, Vol. ii. nos. 1-2, 1919.) British Birds. (Vol. xii. nos. 8-10, 1919.) Club van Nederlandsche Voegelkundigen. Jaarbericht, no. 8, 1918. Condor. (Vol. xxi. no, 1, 1919.) Trish Naturalist. (Vol. xxviii. nos. 1-2, 1919.) Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. (Vol. ili. no. 1, 1918.) Rev. Francaise d’Orn. (Nos. 117-118, 1919.) Scottish Naturalist. (Nos, 85-86, 1919.) South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. ii. nos, 7-8, 1918.) Tori. Journal of the Japanese Ornithological Society. (Nos. 1--7, 1917- 1918.) XX .—Letiers, Extracts, and Notes. Control of New Species and Subspecies. Dear Srr,—In these days when controllers hold their sway in so many affairs of life, it seems to me that it is high time that ornithologists of the world should agree to select a small international committee of, say, three compe- tent individuals, who should sit for a term of years in London, or the country which contains the largest number of types. They should be paid by international subserip- tion. All proposed new species and subspecies should be submitted to them and passed by them. Surely it is time, for the sake of ornithology and the bird student, that some steps should be taken to prevent reckless descriptions of what are often phantom forms. So long as young Mr. . 1919. ] Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 365 who, if shown an American and an European Widgeon, could not say off-hand which was which, is allowed to describe and re-describe at his own sweet will, so long will our troubles and worries multiply. Or, again, take the case of a man who tries to please a certain Mr. Smith who has contributed to an expedition and makes a ‘* smithi,’” knowing perfectly well that it is all a farce. How true ring the following words, taken from that great and worthy American ornithologist, Dr. Elliot Coues, at the end of his preface to the third edition of his ‘ Key to North American Birds ’:—* The ‘ trinomial tool’ is too sharp to be made a toy; and even if we do not cut our own fingers with it, we are likely to cut the throat of the whole system of naming we have reared with such care. Better throw the instrument away than use it to slice species so thin that it takes a microscope to perceive them. It may be assumed, as a safe rule of procedure, that it 1s useless to divide and subdivide beyond the fair average ability of ornithologists to recognize and verify the result. Named varieties of birds that require to be ‘compared with the types” by holding them up slantwise in a good strong light—just as ladies match crewels in the milliner’s shop—such often exist in the cabinets or in the books of their deseribers, but seldom in the woods and fields.” Would that these words, printed in large type, were placed in every Museum, It is not with the intention of discouraging the description of new forms, either specific or subspecific, that [ write this ; but it is obvious that the study of birds in the field will in the future be an impossibility if unlimited and often imaginary variations are allowed to go unchecked. Mr. Claude Grant in ‘The Ibis, 1915, and Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed in working out the Sudan birds are trying to sort things out and getting rid of useless synonyms ; but the task is a great one to do thoroughly, and it is not pleasant to condemn our friends’ work. Any bird not recog- nizable in the field by the eve or field-glasses is better left unnamed, If not, it means that every bird must be shot 366 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [This, and compared with types before any authentic note can be made on migration or any other subject! The well-trained eye of a field naturalist will detect the slightest difference in birds, no matter how much alike they may look. Take, for instance, our Common Swift and the Chinese Swift, which are found associating in enormous flocks in British East Africa in November. In the cabinet they look much alike, but when alive in the clear atmosphere of East Africa they could not possibly be mistaken, It is when we come to distinguish birds by saying (often from a small series) that they average one or two millimetres longer in the wing that difficulties begin, and the study of birds in the field will be made impossible. What we really want is a “ Controller’s Office.” Will not the B.O. U. take the matter up and see if something cannot be done to stop the confusion which is bound to occur if things are left as they are ? Yours faithfully, Gorsemoor, Witioucusy P. Lowe. Throwleigh, Devon. 30 January, 1919. Migration and Aviation. Dear Sir,—May I make use of ‘The Ibis” in order to try to collect whatever data ave available regarding obser- vations on the migration of birds made in the air by the Royal Air Force? Perhaps any members of the B.O.U. who are able to tap such a source would be so kind as to place me in communication with those officers who have made any notes on the subject. In response to a recent advertisement in the ‘Times,’ I have had a number of replies, of which a cursory examina- tion in the light of existing knowledge on the height at which birds travel and the rate at which they fly when travelling, confirms what I suspected, that birds seldom travel by day at elevations much exceeding 2000 feet, and that their velocity of flight, with a few exceptions, rarely exceeds 50 miles per hour. But on the very scanty evideuce available, it is dangerous to theorise ; but it is in the hopes 19109. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 367 of gleaning further information that I ask for notes on the following, where any observations have been made :— 1. Date and place of observation. 2. Species or type of bird. 3. Direction of flight. 4. Altitude of flight. 5. Ground velocity of flight. 6. Direction of wind and weather conditions. 7. Whether single birds, a small or large flock, or numerous small flocks were observed. Many officers of the R.A.IF*. possess such material, and we want to get it while it is still fresh in their memory, though I quite realize that many officers who have done a large amount of flyimg may never have seen birds much above the level of the earth. In my own experience of some hundred hours in the air in East Africa, Palestine, and France I have only on three occasions seen birds, though I secretly regarded their observation of more importance than the real object of my flight. It is in the hope of persuading officers of the R.A.F. to contribute their notes to science, and that in future they may record any observations in these columns, that I write this letter. Yours very truly, British Delegation, R. MeINnERTZHAGEN. Paris. 26 February, 1919. The Names of the Song-Thrush and the Redwing. Dear Sir,—Among all changes of names which have been made in accordance with a stricter application of the law of priority, there cau lardly be any which has provoked more displeasure and dissension than the alteration of the names of the birds mentioned above, and probably this differeuce in opinion may still last a very long time. The cause of this is, of course, that Linneus had thoroughly mixed up the two species. In Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, 368 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ This, ‘ Turdus iliacus’ is provided with two characteristics, the first of which, “ alis subtus flavescentibus,” belongs to the Song-Thrush, the second, “rectricibus tribus lateralibus apice utrinque albis,” applies to the Missel-Thrush. ‘Turdus imusicus, again, receives a diagnosis which evidently is taken from a Redwing, viz., “alis subtus ferrugineis, linea superciliorum albieante.”” If, however, we follow Linneus’ quotation of himself in the ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ no. 189, we find there a diagnosis and a description of the Redwing, but at the same time some additional notes which quite as clearly point to the Song-Thrush, viz., “ Ova 6 ceruleo-viridia maculis nigris variis.” The quoted vernacular names, ‘¢ Smolandis Klera, Ostrogothis Kladra,” belong also to the Song-Thrush. It is not much better in the second edition of ‘ Fauna Suecica,’? 1761. The short diagnosis of ‘ Turdus musicusy ” contains, of course, ““yemigibus basi interiore ferrugineis, only a characteristic of the Redwing. The diagnosis and description of * Turdus ilacus’ are similar to that of the first edition. In the same way the notes about eggs and vernacular names referring to the Song-Thrush are the same as in the first edition: there is only one more ver- nacular name added, viz., ‘‘ Westmannis 'Talltrast,” and this belongs just as much to the Song-Thrush. In Syst. Nat. ed. 12, the diagnosis of * Turdus iliacus” is clearly that of the Redwing, aud that of * Turdus musicus ’ applies also to the Redwing with the words “remigibus basi interiore ferrugineis.” To sum up, it appears most probable that, although Linneeus knew the biology of the Song-Thrush, admired its singing power, and had seen its nest and eggs, he never had examined, at least not accurately, such a bird. A Redwing, on the contrary, he had evidently had in his hands, and correctly perceived its characteristics, but he took it to be the bird which he had heard singing, and the eggs of which he had seen. He had from the literature understood that there were two species, but he mixed them up, and partly also the Missel-Thrush. The result of this is that, although the specific names 1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 369 by common consent and custom have been fixed so that ornithologists for generations have used the specific name musicus for the Song-Thrush and t/iacus for the Redwing, it cannot be disputed, when a strict regulation of the nomenclature according to the law of priority is observed, that the current usage is incorrect. The best course would, no doubt, be that both these names by international consent should be deciared as “nomina conservanda,” but at the present time there is not much hope for such an agreement. The present state of affairs is rather a deplorable confusion. For the Song-Thrush alternatively are used the following . names :— Turdus musicus Linn. Turdus iliacus Linn, Turdus philomelus Brehm. For the Redwing :— Turdus iliacus Linn. Turdus musicus Linn. This is the more confusing, as for both species both names are used with the name of Linnzeus as author. If it is found impossible to fix the names formerly used for these species as nomina conservanda,” I think the only way out of the confusion would be to discard both names (musicus as well as t/iacus), and call the Song-Thrush Turdus philomelus Brehm, and the Redwing 7Zurdus mauvis P. L.S. Miiller. If the Gordian knot cannot be solved, it is better to have it cut than to have it as a cause of permanent discord. Yours truly, Riksmuseet, Einar LONNBERG, Stockholm. 18 February, 1919. The Indian Peregrine Falcon. Dear Sir.— With reference to the letters of Messrs. H. Whistler and KE. C. Stuart Baker on the Indian Peregrine Faleon, the following notes of mine may help to solve the question. I have a great personal knowledge of the North-West 5370 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [This, Frontier Province from Peshawar to Baluchistan and the whole of the Punjab, having spent some thirty years in almost every Station there as far south as Quetta. During the whole time I watched carefully for nests of both Falco peregrinus peregrinator and F. p, babylonicus. Along the foot of the hills from Jhelum to Peshawar on through Kohat to the borders of Afghanistan at Parachinar, both birds are to be found during the breeding-season. I visited two eyries near Kohat, and found both birds were undoubtedly 4. p. peregrinator. he Pathans, who are keen falconers, recognize the difference and speak of F. p. baby- lonicus as the Red-headed Shahin. They do not take the young of F. p. babylonicus, as they say they are not so good for hawking purposes as F. p. peregrinator. [ obtained the eggs from one eyrie near Kohat through Mr. Donald. Now Mr. Donald, as quoted by Mr. Whistler, was a keen falconer, but, I may add, knew well the difference between these two birds, and he stated that they were eggs of F. p. peregrinator and not F. p. babylonicus. My obser- vations were confirmed by Captain Phillott of 3rd Punjab Cavalry, also a keen faleconer. I saw their birds, so am sure of their ideutification. Another faleoner, Major Biddulph of 19th Cavalry, who was also a good naturalist, spoke to me about these birds; he had with him at Jhelum an old bird of /. p. peregrinator that he had obtained from an eyrie at Mian Quale, near Kohat. This is one of the eyries visited by me and from which eggs were obtained for me_ by Mr. Donald. These birds had bred at Mian Quale for many years, and the eyrie was carefully guarded by the headman of the tribe near, and it was from here he obtained his young birds. This is the evidence I have referring to F. p. peregrinator, but more south, in the Gumal Pass, near Dera Ismail Khan, the only breeding birds were F. p. babylonicus. One nest is mentioned by Captain Phillott in Blanford’s ‘ Birds,’ vol. iii. I also saw a nest of F. babylonicus with young near the same place. This nest was shown to me by a Pathan, who spoke of it as the *‘ Red-headed Shahin.” 1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 371 I took eggs from an eyrie at Fort Munro in Baluchistan, with certainty identifying the birds and their light heads, as they passed within twenty yards of and below me, while the eggs were being taken. I again saw a nest with young near Jhelum that was certainly Falco p. babylonicus. These birds were at Fort Sandeman, Baluchistan, during the breeding-scason, though I did not find the eyrie. From this I can safely say that I have found Falco p. peregrinator the common breeding-bird in the northern part of the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, and Falco p. babylonicus south of Kohat and in Baluchistan. Yours truly, ‘Tonbridge, Kent. R. H. Rarrray (Colonel), 12 January, 1919. Nia Ose Gannet Settlements in Newfoundland. Dear Srx,—It is good news to hear from Mr. P. A. Taverner of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, that he has received information of another Gannetry, uot heretofore recorded. It lies off Cape St. Mary, southern Newfound- land, where the Gannets are said to have chosen an isolated rock, of some three or four acres extent. This, however, may not, after all, be the first Gannetry for Newfoundland, as long ago there appears to have been one on Funk Island. Yours truly, Keswick, Norfolk. J. H. Gurney. 1] January, 1919. Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union. The 36th Annual Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union was held in New York City, 11 November, 1918. Owing to the epidemic of influenza the public meetings for the presentation of papers were omitted and the sessions were limited to business meetings of the Council and Fellows and Members. ‘The election of officers resulted in the choice of the following officers for the ensuing 372 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, year :—President, Johu H. Sage, Portland, Conn.; Vice- Presidents, Dr. Witmer Stone, Philadelphia, and Dr. George Bird Grinnell, New York; Secretary, Dr. T. S. Palmer, 1939 Biltmore Street, Washington, D.C.; and Treasurer, Dr. Jonathan Dwight, New York. Five additions were made to the list of Honorary Fellows, and 14 foreigu ornithologists were enrolled as Corresponding Fellows, in- eluding E. C. Stuart Baker, W. E. Collinge, Tom Iredale, F.C. R. Jourdain, and N. F. Ticehurst. The Honorary Fellows were Dr. Roberto Dabbene of Buenos Aires ; Dr. Alwyn K. Haagner of Pretoria, Transvaal ; Dr. Einar Lonnberg of Stockholm, Sweden ; M. Auguste Menegaux of Paris; and Dr. Peter Suschkin of Kharkov, Russia. Five new Members, Dr. Harold C. Bryant, George K. Cherrie, Lieut. Ludlow Griscom, Lieut. J. L. Peters, and R. W. Williams, and 147 Associates were added to the rolls. Although the Union has had seventy-five of its younger and more active members in military and naval services, it has survived the war without suffering any decrease in its membership, its imcome, or in the size of its journal. It has not found it necessary to increase its dues, and the past year has proved one of the most prosperous in its history. The next meeting in 1919 will be held in New York City. Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union. The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornitholo- gists’ Union fur 1919 was held on Wednesday, 12 March, at the Offices of the Zoological Society of London. Dr. W. Eagle Clarke, President, was in the Chair, There were forty-six Members present. The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and confirmed. The Committee recommended that Mr. W. L. Sclater, M.A., be re-elected Editor of *'The Ibis” for the succeeding series, and that Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., be elected a 1919, | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 379 member of the Committee in the place of Lord Rothschild, F'.R.S., who retires by seniority. These recommendations were confirmed by the meeting. The Annual Report of the Committee was read as follows :— “The Committee have pleasure in being able to report that the financial situation on the Ist of January, 1919, was very Satisfactory. “Our credit balance was, on that date, £140 as against £236 on the Ist of January, 1917, but in that year we had an outstanding account of a little over £45, whereas this vear we have an outstanding asset of just under £50. Really, therefore, our balance is roughly £185 as against LOO m9 7< “There is, however, another item which calls for remark in this year’s account, and that is the payment of £115 on account of paper, as agaist under £50 in 1917. ‘This is because we were obliged to buy at a very high figure sufficrent paper to supply the issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1918 aud to leave a certain reserve in hand for 1919. Before the exhaustion of this supply, we anticipate a large drop ip the cost of paper and a corresponding decrease in our payments on account of the production of ‘The Ibis.’ “The accounts have been audited by Mr. Munt, and are shown in the circular issued to all members. “The total receipts in 1918 have been £716 as against £850 in the previous twelve months. The reasons for the decrease are principally the reduction in the sales of ‘The Ibis, roughly €70, and the Jubilee Supplement, £59. The cost of ‘The Ibis’ has been £688 17s. 10d. as against £523 6s. 6d. in 1917. The reason for the greatly increased cost is primarily, as already shown, due to the high price of paper, but also on account of the increased cost of every item connected with printing and publication, “The present volume is the sixtieth and completes the final volume of the tenth series. It contains 748 pages and is illustrated with five coloured plates, five uncoloured plates, and twelve text-figures. 374 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, “he sale of ‘The Ibis’ bas been well maintained, although this year we have had no large demand for the older back numbers. ‘There continues to be a certain demand for the B.O. U. List of British Birds, and a few copies have also been sold of the General Index, and Jubilee Supplement. “The Committee regret to report the deaths of the fol- lowing members since the last Annnal General Meeting :-— Professor Dr. L. Brasil, Mr. N. Chaplin, the Marchese G. Doria, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, Colonel W. V. Legge, Mr. J. GC. MeLean, Dr. G. Martorelli, Messrs. L. E. Mouritz, T. A. Dorrien-Smith, and F. Sharman. “Owing to the War and the loss of communications, no information was received until recently of the death of the Marchese G. Doria, which occurred in 1913. ‘We would especially wish to place on record at this Annual General Meeting our profound regret at the great loss sustained by the British Ornithologists’ Union together with the whole scientific world, in the death of Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, so many years Secretary and President of the Union, of which he was one of the founders. “The following gentlemen have resigned :— Messrs. J. Backhouse, A. Chapman, W. W. Fowler, Rev. H. E. Fox, J..E. Harting, W. Hartman, P. J. C. McGregor, G. A. MacMillan, A. H. Macpherson, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, W. P. Pyeraft, and W. C. Wright. “The names of Messrs. G. A. Booth, R. Patterson, and J. Sargent have been removed from the List of Members under Rule 6. “The membership of the Union is given below in com- parison with the previous five years :— 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. Ordinary Members... 415 425 416 420 441 438 Extraordinary . ... 1 1 1 l il Honorary s, ib 8 9 9 9 i Hon. Lady <3 8 8 9 8 6 6 Colonial 9 9 10 10 10 _— (Js) Ly —S — ite) = = iS ~~ S js Foreign 1919. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 375 “There are 13 candidates for Ordinary Membership, 2 for Honorary Membership, 4 for Foreign Membership, and 1 for Colonial Membership.” Avising from the Report, Mr. A. Trevor-Battye moved that it was desirable that there should be a memorial in the Natural History Museum to the memory of the late Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, and that the Committee of the Union, together with Lord Rothschild and Mr. J. G. Millais, should meet to consider how best this matter could be carried out. This was seconded by Mr. H. J. Elwes, who suggested that the name of Mr. Salvin, for so many years the scientific partner of Mr. Godman, should be associated with that of Mr. Godman. The motion was carried. Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker then moved that the Union should found a medal to be given from time to time for distinguished Ornithological work, in memory of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, and that the medal be called the ‘“* Godman-Salvin ” medal. This was seconded by Mr. E. Bidwell, aud supported by Lord Rothschild. After some discussion it was agreed that this second motion referred to the Union alone, but in the case of the Memorial in the Museum, the other Scientific Societies and bodies with which Mr. Godman was connected would probably wish to join with the Union in carrying out the Memorial. The motion was carried unanimously. Messrs. G. H. Lings and H. Massey were appointed Scrutineers to superintend the Ballot. The following 13 candidates tor Ordinary Membership were then balloted for and elected :— Geoffrey Frances Archer, C.M.G. Edward Carleton Arnold. Thomas Porter Backhouse. SER. XI.—VOL, I. 2D 376 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ This, Captain Wilham Kenneth Bigger, R.A.M.C. Captain H. Brocklebank. Edgar P. Chance. Walter Edward Collinge, D.Se., M.Sc., F.LS., F.E.S. Nina Johnstone Douglas. Captain Tom George Longstaff. The Rt. Hon. E. 8. Montagu, M.P. Wesley Theodore Page, F.Z.S. Theodore Richard Robinson. The Hon. Guy Lawrence Wemyss-Charteris. Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, C.M.Z.S., a Foreign Member, was elected Honorary Member. M. A. Menegaux was elected an Honorary Member. Mr. Outram Bangs, Dr. Roberto Dabbene, Dr. Joseph Grinnell, and Count Nils Gyldenstolpe were elected Foreign Members. Mr. Percy A. Taverner was elected a Colonial Member. Mr. W. L. Sclater announced that the Committee of the British Ornithologists’ Union had appointed a Special Com- mittee to prepare and publish a new List of the Birds of the World in conjunction with the American Ornithologists’ Union. . The Special Committee proposed are :-— Messrs. E. C. Stuart Baker, C. Chubb, W. Eagle Clarke, E. Hartert, T, Iredale, G. M. Mathews, Lord Rothschild, and W. L. Sclater. The Committee has already met on several occasions and has been in communication with the Secretary of the American Ornithologists’ Union, who has replied that his Union will gladly co-operate with the B. O. U. in preparing the work. It is proposed to publish a series of six volumes under the title of ‘Systema Avium,’ containing a list of the birds of the six zoo-geographical regions, 7. e. Palearctic, Indian, Ethiopian, Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical. A fuller notice of the proposed ‘Systema Avium’ will 191g. | Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 377 be found in the January number of this year’s ‘ Ibis’ on page 164. The scheme met with the cordial approval of the members present. Mr. H. M. Wallis made some remarks in regard to the constitution of the Union, and stated that he believed that it was the wish of a considerable body of the members that the Committee of the Union should be enlarged and at least three additional members appointed. The statement was supported by the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and others. The Chairman announced that this matter would receive the careful consideration of the Committee, and that the matter would be discussed at the next Annual Meeting. Dr. Coltart proposed a vote of thanks to the Zoological Society for the use of their Meeting Rooms. This was seconded by Mr. E. Bidwell and_ carried unanimously. A vote of thanks to the Auditor, Mr. Munt, was proposed by Mr. H. Matthews and carried unanimously. Mr. Meade Waldo proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman, which was also carried unanimously. The usual dinner was held later in the evening at Pagani’s Restaurant in conjunction with the British Orni- thologists’ Club, and was largely attended. The Ogilvie collection of British Birds. The fine mounted collection of British Birds made by the late Mr. Fergus Monteith Ogilvie, who died last year at Oxford, has been presented by his widow to the Ipswich Museum. ‘The birds are all set up in separate cases on much the same plan as those in the Booth Museum now at Brighton. These cases are 238 in number, and the birds contained in about 150 of them were obtained in Suffolk, 378 Letters, Extracts, and Notes. [ Ibis, 1919. They are beautifully mounted by Mr. Gunn of Norwich with the natural backgrounds and surroundings. Minute details of the circumstances of the capture of each specimen were recorded by Mr. Ogilvie in a MS. catalogue, and it is proposed to prepare a printed catalogue from this for publication. The collection is a most valuable addition to the Ipswich Museum and will greatly add to its attractiveness. At the same time Mr. Ogilvie had made a very extensive collection ef British Birds in skin, chiefly among the Shore- and Water-birds. This collection, consisting of over 1200 specimens, has been presented to the British Museum by Mrs. Ogilvie, and is a most valuable addition to the bird-room. ‘The collection of British Birds in skin in the British Museum has never been worthy of that institution, and the Ogilvie collection will certaimly do much to remedy this detect. AN INDISPENSABLE WORK. NOW. READY. | Practical Handbook British Birds EDITED BY H. F. WITHERBY, F.Z5., M.B.O.U. EDITOR OF ERITISH BIRDS (MAG)). Authors of the Various Sections : PENoD HARPER T,. PHD." M.BIO.U- ANNIE C. JACKSON, H.M.B.O.U. Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, M.A., M.B.O.U. C. OLDHAM, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. NORMAN F. TICEHURST, M.A., F.R.C.S., M.B.O.U. AND THE EDITOR. Illustrated with My, Gf Practical Coloured Plates Ay * fe ss Original Half-tones — ie = Ww Up-to-date. and Numerous a 2 Ss Price 4s. net Text Figures. eae alae per part. FULL PROSPECTUS AND COLOURED PLATE POST FREE. WITHERBY @& CO., 326, High Holborn, London. IN EIGHTEEN PARTS Part 1 (p.i-xvi, 1-69. March 3rd, 1919 XVI. XX. . A note on the Buzzards of the Ethiopian Region, ace CONTENTS. . Some Notes on Hieraaétus ayresi Gurney Sen. (Lophotri- orchis lucani Sharpe et auctorum). By C. G. Fryen- Davies, Lt. Ist S.A.M.R., M.B.0.U. (Plate IIT.) . Note on certain recently described Subspecies of Wood- peckers. By H. C. Rosryson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. . Some Notes on Oriental Woodpeckers and Barbets. By E. C. Srvarr Barer, M.B.O.U. . Notes on Birds observed in Palestine. By nie AysG - Stanen, M.C., R.E., M.B.0.U.. (Plate IV.) W. L. Scrarer, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.) . Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Part II. Podicipedifor wrath if CHARLES wicks F.Z.8., M.B.0.U. List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Turdide—Hirundinide. By Davip A. Bannerman, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.0O.U.,-F.R.GS. . Notes on the Height at which Birds migrate. By Capt. Cottinewoop Incram, M.B.O.U. : Obituary: F. D. Godman (Plate VI.); Theodore Roose- - velt ; The Marchese Doria; L. Brasil . Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Bangs on various birds; Flower and Nicoll on Bird- protection in Egypt ; Lonnberg ona Linnean type; Mathews onthe Birds of Australia ; Riley’ s recent papers; Shufeldt on the Hoatzin ; Taverner on Canadian Hawks; Wetmore’s recent papers; Witherby’s new book on British Birds; Bird- Lore; Bird Notes; Phe Condor; Fauna och Flora; Irish Naturalist ; Journal Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam; Revue Francaise Ornithologie ; Rivista Ital. di Ornitologia ; Scottish Naturalist; and List of other Ornithological Publications received Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Mr. W. P. t.owe on the Control of New Species and Subspecies; Col. R. Meinertzhagen on Migration and Aviation; Dr. Lénnberg on the Names of the Song- Thrush: and the Redwing; Col. Rattray on the Indian Peregrine Faleon; Mr, J. HH. Gurney on Gannet Settlements in Newfoundland: Annual Meeting of the American Ornitho- logists’ Union; Annual Gancoak Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union; The Ogilvie coliection of British Birds Page . 256 @ nse Communications intended for publication in ‘ The Tbis’ should be addressed to the Editor, 10 Sloane Court, Chelsea, S.W. 1. Members are requested to inform the Secretary, Chief Police Office, West India Docks, London, FE. 14, of any change of Address, so that the numbers of ‘ The Ibis’ may reach them without delay. : . 5 LEVENTH SERIES. a Nee JULY, 1919. Price 8s. net. ge eit tel Sy fe H (QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITITOLOGY. ; ‘ EDITED BY eensentan Instit | ‘ WILLIAM LU'TLEY SCLAYER, M.A. 4 a JUL 2 419]9° , 919 ; ‘ “onal mused] : PUBLISHED BY THE f BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION : AND SOLD BY | WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, : LONDON, W.. 2. ee . 7 > TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS, ]} ; [RED LION COURT, FLEET an SS Bs WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON, iy E. BR Ww ESLEY, PROPRIETOR, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2 2, offer for sale ARNOLD (F.) DIE VOEGEL EUROPAS, 48 coloured plates and 76 engravings, 4to, cloth (1897). Si Ta. BLAAUW (F.) A MONOGRAPH OF THE CRANES, 22 coloured plates, folio, cloth, Leiden, 1897 (170 copies printed). £15. BREHMS TIERLEBEN, ALLGEMEINE KUNDE DES TIER- REICHS, 4 aufiage, herausgegeben von OTTO ZUR STRASSEN. Voegel (complete) 126 coloured and 21 plates, 400 engravings, 4 vols., impl., 8vo, cloth, 1911-13. ; £6 6s. BREHMS TIERBILDER, mit Text von V. Franz. Vol. 1, Die Kaltblueter; Vol. 2, Die Voegel; Vol. 3, Saeugetiere; 120 coloured plates, 3 albums, folio, cloth, 1913-1916. £3 10s. GOULD (J.) THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA, Part 4, 12 coloured plates, folio, boards, 1841. £1 15s. An interesting part, containing the two double plates of the Satin Bower-bird and Spotted Bower-bird, showing their “ artificial bower or playing ground” LEMAIRE (C.) HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES OJS” 80 coloured plates, 8vo, cloth, Paris, 1836. NAUMANN, NATURGESCHICHTE DER V EUROPAS, herausgegeben von C. HENNICKE in Ger. Vol. 4. Staerlinge, Stare, Pirole, Rabenvoegel, ete 6. Taubenvoegel, Huehnervoegel, Reiher, Fl: ~toerche, 31 col. plates. ., 7. Ibisse, Flughuehner, Trappen, Kranichen, Rah , <0 coloured plates. ., 10. Enten (ducks), 29 col. plates. ,, 12. Sturmvoegel, Steissfuesse, Seetaucher, Fluegeltaucher, 27 col. & 3 plain plates. Sold separately, 5 volumes, folio, cloth, each £110s. NAUMANN’S NATURGESCHICHTE DER VOEGEL. Sonder- abdruck. Unsere Schneppen in Wort und Bild, bearbeitet von J. RoHwEDER (Husum), 5 chromolithographic plates and 4 engravings, folio, cloth. 10s. NAUMANN, NATURGESCHICHTE DER VOEGEL MITTEL- EUROPAS, herausgegeben von C. HENNICKE in Gera, a selection of 400 coloured plates, in a cloth-bound album, folio. £6 10s. Includes Eier, Starvoegel, Pelikane, Lerchen, Finkenyoegel, Flughuehner, Trappen, Enten- yoegel, Raubvoegel, Drosselvoegel, ete. In this new edition of Naumann the plates are produced by a fine chromolithographic process similar to some in Lilford’s Birds. TEUTSCHE ORNITHOLOGIE. 126 fine coloured plates from specimens in the Darmstadt Museum and mostly life-size, by T. C. Susrm1Hu. Text by M. BorcHHAvsen, J. LicHTHAMMER, C. BEKKER, and G. LEMBCKE folio (no title or index), half-calf (1800-12). £10. — the same complete, half-morocco: fo bed The above are a few out of many important Ornithological Works in the possession of and for sale by WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON, E. F. WESLEY, PROPRIETOR, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 2. BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. W. Eacte Crarke, Esq., LU.D., F.L.S. EDITOR. W. L. Scriater, Esa., M.A., F.Z.S. SECRETARY. E. C. Sruart Baker, Ese., I.Z COMMITTEE. THe PRESIDENT. Tue Epiror or ‘THe Isis.? > [x officio. Tue SEcRETARY. ‘‘Onal Muse’ H. E. Howarp, Esq., F.Z.S. (Elected 1917.) - G. M. Maruews, Esq., F.Z.S. (Elected 1918.) J. H. Erwes, Esq., F.R.S. (Elected 1919.) The British OrnirHotogists’ Union was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tne Isis,’ a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which ten series, of six volumes each, have been completed, and the eleventh series is now being issued. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), Honorary Lady Members (limited to ten), Extra- ordinary Members, Colonial Members (limited to ten), and Foreigu Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1] 5s. on election; and £1 5s. on the Ist of January of each subsequent year. Ordinary, Extraordinary, and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘ Tur Its’ gratis. Colonial and Foreign Members if they wish may subscribe to ‘Tue Ipts’ by payment of £1 5s. each year on the Ist of January. Authors are entitled to 25 separate copies of their papers published in ‘ THe [sts,’ on applying for them to the Secretary. The Election of Members takes place at the General Meeting heldin March. Ladies or gentlemen wishing to become Members are requested to apply to the Secretary for information. N.B.—AII Papers. Notes, and Letters intended for publication in ‘Tae Isis,’ as well as books and papers for review, should be addressed to the Editor, 10 Sloane Court, S.W.1, and all communications regarding Subscriptions, changes of Address, non-receipt of the Journal or delay in receiving it, applications for Authors’ copies of Papers, and otner matters of a like nature, should be addressed to the Secretary, Chief Police Office, West India Dock, E. 14. All communications regarding the purchase of the publications of the Union should be addressed to Messrs. Wm. Wesley and Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2. E. C. STUART BAKER, Hon. Secretary. av BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. THE IBIS, A MAGAZINE OF GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. First Sertes. 6 volumes, 1859-1864. Out of print. THE IBIS, A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. New Serres. 6 volumes, 1865-1870. Out of print. Turrp Serres. 6 volumes, 1871-1876. Out of print, except:— 1873, Suppl. number i ee aca eee ane ae Price 2/- 1875, April i AM ty a ents Piles. re eee iol 39 6/- FourtH Serres. 6 volumes, 1877-1882. Out offprint, except :— 1877, October number oo Ag ate te the nia PS Price 6/- 1882, Supplement only oT ie De Price. aX =e = Fiera Serres. 6 volumes. ome ieee 1883-1887. ... ... each D4, G/- 1888. (Aprilonly) _... es 6/- Stxru Serres. 6 volumes. 1889. (July only) aie — 6/- 1890. Out of print. fe A LSOMEUSO4e: 2. c.each 94.) - 6/- SEVENTH SERIES. 6 volumes. 1895. | 1896. ! 1897. | ele 1898. | = Pe 1899. 1900. | Ereutru Serres. 6 volumes. 1901. 1902. ; 24,/- 6/- 1903. 1904. 1905. \ 32/- S/ 1906. 3 NINTH SERIES. 6 volumes and Jubilee Supplement No. 1.* MOS Pe eyes | Bug ~ Ce HW oS. 1908. SOO a kee ae Volumes. Numbers. 1909. 32 a: Stic 1910. TOA. AY yest) sel | Gers LOL2. Op eee oc i) TentH Serres. 6 volumes and Jubilee Supplement No. 2 ¥. TOU: ee tee ee 32/- 8/- 1914. 32/- 8/- LON. 32/- 8/- 1916. Wee Wee teh a's 32/- 8/- IIS res aie Or ae eee 32/- 8/- POMS EE desk Maal ai inna tat 32/- 8/- ELeventu Series. In course of publication. 1919: “Parts 12; 3: _- each 8/- SupsEct-InpDEX vo ‘THE Ips’, 1859-94 (the Six Series ) SMS Be Oia Price 10/- GENERAL InpDEXx to ‘THE Isrts,’ 1859-76 (First, Second, and Third Series) ra RE «9 - 10/- GENERAL InDEx to ‘THE I[sts,’ 1877-94 (Fourth, Mukthsvands Sixth Series); ss. 2:0 “0. sea Gee tes a 10/- General Index to ‘The Ibis, 1895-1912 (An Index of the Genera, Species, and Subspecies, and to the Plates, in the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Series). ONG py: ae i bien ee i eee » 32/6 GENERAL InpEXx To ‘THE [zts,’ 1913-1918 5 2 * JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT No. 1 (Short History of the B: o U., Biographical Notices of Original Members, ete.). 1909 , Agr Rates Supplement No. 2. angen on the Birds of Dutch New Guinea). 1915 eae ees - 16/- B. 0. U. ‘List of British Birds,’ New and Revised Edition, 1915 Bree oi 5 7/6 — the same, Supplement. 1918. - 1/- Members of the Union can obtain any of these publications at 25 9/5 less than the advertised prices. BINDING CASES. Cases for binding the volumes of TueE Isis, the Brrp List, and the new GENERAL INDEX can now be obtained from Messrs. Wesley & Son, price Two Shillings and Sixpence each, or volumes ean be bound in the eases for the sum of Seven Shillings, postage 9d. extra. All communications regarding purchase of any of the above publications should be addressed to the Agents of the B. 0. U., Messrs. WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2. BULLETIN OF SnRE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS CEUB Vols. Prices I; (Session 1692-95) WSO ee ee iy tea oman aie 10/- II. On Some of the Main Features in the Evolution of — ~ the Bird’s Wing. By-Epwarp Drezn. 1894 ... 2/6 II1.-VIIL, X.-XVI. Sessions 1894-1906 ..... .. cach 10/- IX. 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Sessions 1911-1914, each 10/- XXVIII., XXX., XXXII., XXXIV. Reports on the Immi- grations of Summer Residents, ete. 1911-1914, each 6/- XXXV., XXXVI, XXXAVIT., XXXVIII. Sessions 1914-1918 each 10/- LONDON: WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. 1. TE) Hee Bae hs. ELEVENTH SERIES. Vor I. No. 3. JULY 1919: XXI.—A preliminary Study of the Relation between Geo- graphical Distribution and Migration with special reference to the Palearctic Region. By Lieut.-Col. R. Mernertz- HAGEN, M.B.O.U. In studying the migration of birds we cannot confine ourselves to a narrow view of dates of arrival, weather- influence on migration, routes of migration, etc., but are necessarily compelled to enquire into other ornithogical problems which directly influence migration, such as the questions of Moult, Sustenance on Migration, and others, among which the problem of Geographical Distribution is all-important. Until quite recently the study of migration was built on a sea of theories, sometimes based on no evidence and at other times based on insufficient data. Many authors had generalized on purely local facts, and attempted to apply to all birds a principle which was only manifest in a single species at some isolated lighthouse or on some island-observatory. The interpretation of facts was often attempted before those facts were themselves accurately known, and opinion was in many cases based not on knowledge, but on conjecture. The result is that many distinguished authors did, and do still, hold opposite views on similar migration-problems. SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2E 380 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis, By applying existing theories to migration in general, it was found that they were usually only applicable to a particular species at one particular spot, and it became apparent that until a fairly comprehensive grasp could be got of the migration of each species throughout its range, we should not progress to any great degree. The rules governing the migration of a species in Great Britain need not necessarily apply to that same species when passing from its summer quarters in other parts of the world to, say, India or Egypt. Each species contains many communities, and even very small local colonies, whose summer and winter homes and routes of migration are governed by laws which are almost individualistic. Not only each species and subspecies, but every small colony or family of birds presents on occasions a separate problem, the solution of which may differ in accordance with the many varied laws governing the migratory habit. In this. connection it is interesting to quote Whitlock (‘ Migration of Birds,’ final paragraph) :— ‘“« Every species, nay, every little clan of birds has its own migratory history, resembling as a whole the story of the common flight, but on the other hand differing in many points in its minor details.” Before, then, the migration of any species can be studied as a whole, a detailed knowledge of its Geographical Distribution will be necessary, and in grappling with this question we are at once confronted with the question of Subspecies or Geographical Representatives. A Subspecies is an incipient species and is evolved ad initio from exactly the same causes asaspecies. The causes of variation in species or subspecies may be roughly sum- marized as follows :—We may attribute variation in size to the quantity or quality of food, variation in structure to some essential habit developed in the daily search for food (it 1s hoped to show at some future date that length of wing is not dependent on length of migration, but on daily habit), special decorative development to courtships uecessitating | 1919.] Geographical Distribution and Migration. 381 nuptial display, the thickness or extent of the feathered regions to climate, and variation in colour to climate or local surroundings or food. A high temperature, a dry atmosphere, and a bright light seem to produce that bleached effect usual in desert forms. A temperate climate, moist air, and a dull sky tend to dark plumage. Alpine and Arctic forms display more white than is noticeable in the same bird from farther south or from lower altitudes ; though we see in the case of Corvus cornix capellanus the brilliant glare of the Persian Gulf having the same effect on plumage as the glare from the Arctic snows has on many northern forms. It is curious that it is the influence of the breeding- quarters which causes differentiation, the winter-quarters and regions traversed on migration having little effect on coloration or structure. Wide-ranging and common species show the most variation, so long as their breeding-area is net restricted, as in some of the Polar breeding-species. It therefore seems likely that it is the nursery which tends to differentiation. This is most remarkable in such birds as Cuculus canorus and Micropus apus, whose uursery-life scarcely extends to a quarter of the whole year, and among which several well-marked geographical forms exist which in some cases share a common winter-quarters. But it seems by no means proved that the breeding- quarters of a species is necessarily its real home, though it is undeniable that the present breeding-quarters of a species produces the homing influence on spring migration. Seebohm (Geogr. Dist. of the Charadriide) has already pointed out that it is possible that the present winter- quarters of migratory birds breeding in northern latitudes coincide with the old breeding-quarters of the same bird’s ancestors in the Post-Plocene Glacial Period. It seems probable that a species with a confined breeding-area and an extensive range in winter had its original home in the con- fined breeding-area to which it is most attached, for this area is much more exact and local in influencing the bird’s life, and becomes the focus of its migrations. On the other hand, it may be that a species with a wide breeding-range and a REQ 382 Lieut.-Col. R. Meimertzhagen on [ Ibis, confined winter-quarters was originally evolved in its present winter-quarters, which retains the hereditary at- traction due to the love of a bird for its old home. In this and in other ways geographical distribution, when closely studied, will be found to be most suggestive of a bird’s past migratory history. In this connection it is interesting to note that, though a particular form of bird chooses for its winter-quarters an infinite variety of climate, in most cases the breeding- quarters in the breeding-season show no great variation of climate, though these may cover a vast latitudinal area. The much-debated question of trinomials is outside the scope of this paper. The value, however, of subspecies to the student of migration is immense, and the more a species can be split into geographical forms the easier becomes its migration problem and the determination of its correct geographical distribution. Throughout the southern part of the Palzarctic Region we frequently find more than one form of a single species wintering in the same area, and with the help of subspecific differences, however small or distasteful to the conservative binomial ornithologist, we can at once recognize the breeding-area of the bird in question and its probable migration-route, provided we have reliable information regarding its geographical distribution. Geographical distribution includes, in the case of migratory birds, the breeding-area, the winter-quarters, and the routes of migration connecting these areas in spring and autumn. Very few species in the Palearctic Region can be classified as true residents throughout all seasons, though many might appear to fulfil the conditions of a resident species until their movements are closely studied. A dis- regard of the importance of a species’ distribution at all seasons has largely discounted the value of many ornitholo- gical works and papers, for the mere meution of a species occurring at a certain locality, without date or further detail, does not really advance our knowledge of the geo- graphical distribution of that species, but rather confuses it and encourages misleading deductions. 1919.| Geographical Distribution and Migration. 383 In writings on the birds collected in a certain area we frequently see a great amount of detailed description of the birds collected, their wing-measurements, etc., and, except for the number of specimens obtained and their sexes, no further detail. A rough guess can be made at the date of collection from the time of year during which the collection was made, but this even is often impossible. There is rarely any indication as to whether the species was common or whether the specimens collected were the only ones observed, whether the bird was resident, on passage, or in winter- quarters. Again, how frequently the major value of a paper is lost by failure to grasp the importance of assigning sub- specific value to those specimens which represent geographical races. The occurrence of the Song-Thrush in Portugal is of little value without knowledge as to whether the bird is of the British or Continental race; or, again, the passage of the Redstart in Egypt or Palestine loses its importance without a determination of its subspecific rank, which alone helps us in studying the bird’s distribution and migration. It is perhaps ungenerous thus to criticise the great efforts made by Field and Museum Naturalists, but the writer himself being an offender in this respect, reference is made to this most important point in the hopes of stimulating further effort to gain the maximum results from the slaughter of such beautiful creatures as birds, to enable us to interpret correctly the many and varied facts with which Nature presents us, and to solve the complex problems of distribution and migration. No killing of birds can be justi- fied merely to compile a list of species obtained in a certain locality. Careful field-notes by the collector and an accurate determination of subspecific rank (where this exists) by the man who works out the collection can alone justify its formation. A mere list of birds likely to be found in almost any part of the world could be compiled by any studious ornithologist in the library of the Zoological Society in Regent’s Park, without a visit to the locality in question and without taking the life of a single bird. Neither are we dealing with a science which is stationary. ~e@- 384 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis, Geographical distribution and migration have been in the past, are now, and always will be fluctuating, sometimes imperceptibly, sometimes by leaps and bounds. The same applies to the geographical races of a species, As distribu- tion and migration alter, so do subspecies become evolved, usually very gradually, but sometimes within the lifetime of man. But the problems remain constant, and the laws which govern these problems change but little. The extent of the geographical distribution or range of a species, on which largely hinges the differentiation in both species and subspecies, is due to :— 1. Gradual expansion or contraction. 2. Periodic and regular migration. 3. Sporadic migration, invasion, or extensive wanderings. 4. Human agency, direct or indirect. A few cases will be taken to illustrate these problems which so closely link Distribution, Migration, and Differenti- ation among birds. 1. Gradual expansion or contraction. Birds have been known to gradually extend their range into every point of the compass, and it will probably be found that normal expansion radiates from the bird’s original home. It is interesting to note that the Charadriide are believed by Seebohm to have originated in the north, and the Swallows have been credited with an early home not far removed from the tropics. But it is more recent and current movement which now concerns us. An example of gradual expansion to the south is well illustrated by the range of the Crested Lark (Galerida cristata and its subspecies), whose original home was probably central and western Asia. ‘This species has now amplified its distribution from France to Corea, and south to Sierra Leone and Senegambia on the west coast of Africa and Abyssinia and Somaliland on the east coast, and to Ceylon. It would appear from an examination of this 1919.] Geographical Distribution and Migration. 385 distribution that expansion has followed coast-lines, which, as pointed out by Hartert (Novit. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 76), is a tendency not only among migratory but among such sedentary species as the White Ow], Chough, Cirl-Bunting, and others. But here, in the case of Galerida cristata, we see expansion and differentiation progressing concurrently ; and there can be little doubt that the Crested Lark, a hardy species capable of residence in the snows of central Europe and Asia or in the heat of the Red Sea littoral, will not check its expansion till the Cape Seas arrest its progress. Its advent on the west coast of Europe is probably of com- parative recent date, for it has never established itself in Great Britain, though there can be little doubt it would have done so during the last century if its efforts had not been checked by the greed for rare birds. The Shore-Lark (Hremophila alpestris flava), which in comparatively recent times has become a common breeding- species in Arctic Norway, affords a good illustration of gradual expansion to the west. At the same time as ex- pansion of breeding-range, these birds opened out a new line of migration about 1847 (Gaetke) and became a common bird of passage at Heligoland in spring andautumn. This fact is of particular interest, as other northern species (Phylloscopus borealis borealis, Anthus gustavi, and Emberiza pusilla) have, in spite of westward extension of their breeding-range, rigidly adhered to their ancient migration-route and winter-quarters in south-east Asia. Cooke (‘Migration of Birds,’ p. 6) further illustrates the phenomenon of westward extension in the Bobolink, which species rigidly adhered to its ancient migration-route though adding 1000 miles to its line of flight. Gradual expansion to the north can be found in the case of the Greater Spotted Woodpecker in Great Britain and in the case of Passer moabiticus moabiticus. This latter bird, formerly confined to the south end of the Dead Sea, 1s now commonly found in the Jordan Valley at the north end of the Dead Sea and will doubtless extend to Galilee. Eastward expansion, though the example must be taken 386 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis, from outside the Palearctic Region, is well illustrated by the Grey Parrot in Equatorial Africa. This bird, formerly unknown much east of Uganda, has rapidly extended its range across the Mau Plateau and Rift Valley, and will ere long find itself on Mount Kenya and thence to the east coast of Africa. Gradual contraction of range from natural causes may be due to meteorological or climatic conditions. Gaetke (‘ Birds of Heligoland’”) quotes the erosion of the Heligoland cliffs as partly destroying the breeding-haunts of the Guillemot and Razorbill. A cyclone in Mauritius almost exterminated the local species of Martin. The sudden rising of water on an artificial lake in Baluchistan completely destroyed many dozens of nests of a Grebe, together with many hundreds of their eggs, and the whole colony of breeding-birds moved that night and have not since returned to that lake as a breeding-species. Or contraction may be due to inability to establish a migratory habit, which we see after severe winters among some of our own resident forms; or to an insufficiently developed migratory habit, as with certain communities of Redwings, Fieldfares, and Starlings, who perish in the south of England and Ireland in very severe weather rather than continue their passage to south-western Europe, as do other communities of the same species who have developed an increased migratory line of flight. Or contraction may be due to expansion in range of some other species which becomes an evicting factor. The Jack- daw is believed to have been largely responsibie for driving the Chough from the cliffs of southern and western England. The House-Sparrow, in extending its range in Russian Tur- kestan, has supplanted the Tree-Sparrow, and has evicted the House- and Sand-Martin from many nesting-haunts in England. The Puffin has replaced the Manx Shearwater in some of the islands of the Inner Hebrides. Food-supply will also contract the range of a species, though this is usually only a temporary inconvenience, 1919.) Geographical Distribution and Migration. 387 Gradual contraction among non-migratory species will eventually produce interrupted distribution, extermination, or isolation. Of the first of these conditions Sitta canadensis occurring in Corsica, China, and America, Cyanopica cyanus in Spain and Eastern Asia, and Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax with its reported isolated colony in Abyssinia, afford good examples. Isolation will in its turn most assuredly produce differ- entiation. In these three above-quoted cases, there can be little doubt that the isolated colonies emanated from the same parental stock and that they primarily emigrated from the same area. As in Mesopotamia we find derelict remains of ancient civilization, such as the banks of some Babylonian canal, cropping up at sometimes great intervals and only giving us a general clue to a once-huge work, so we find among some species, derelict groups or forms cropping up in widely-separated parts of the world as landmarks of some bygone migration or continuous distribution. Such gradual movements as are outlined above, when undertaken by what are commonly believed to be resident species, represent in fact incipient migration or movements from which a strong migratory habit has since developed in other species. 2. Periodic and regular migration. We see periodic and regular migration effecting changes in breeding-area in certain species of Palearctic birds. We find the Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) taking advantage of South African conditions and establishing breeding-colonies there (Stark and Sclater, ‘Fauna of South Africa, Birds,’ 11. p. 59). That this species breeds regularly in Algeria and Egypt is beyond question, and it seems possible that it also breeds in the northern Sahara (Novit. Zool. xvii. 1911, p. 524, xx. 1913, p. 60). It is not then surprising to find them nesting in South Africa, where conditions are more favour- able than in North Africa. But it is not inferred that this bird breeds twice a year, once in its normal summer haunts and again in its winter haunts. It is more likely that the 388 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [ Ibis, colonies which breed in South Africa are resident com- munities who have dropped the migratory habit as redundant to their life. . Again, we find the Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus) nesting in tropical East Africa (Van Someren), and the writer observed the young of this species with their parents on the Kajiado River near Nairobi in 1915. The Pratincole is reported to have bred in a colony near Durban in November 1917 (Ibis, 1908, p..3885), Geoffroy’s Sand-Plover is sus- pected of breeding in Somaliland (Archer) and the Swallow (Hirundo r. rustica) in Uganda and on Kilimanjaro. It is held that these cases of expansion of the breeding- range are directly attributable to migration, as they all oceur among species in which the migratory instinct is strongly developed. Whether or no these instances are eases of incipient isolation remains to be seen. If this is the case, we shall get differentiation, as in the case of Corvus cornix, the Hooded Crow, which has two communities, in Egypt and on the Persian Gulf, both of which have lost the migratory habit, and one of which has assumed considerable differentiation. It has been stated (Eagle Clark, ‘ Migration of Birds,’ i. pp. 15-17) that southern tropical regions are not suited as a nursery for the hardy northern birds, and if breeding were attempted in such regions the species would become extinct. Facts do not entirely support this view, though doubtless it is true as a broad principle. We have already referred to the Hooded Crow, an essentially hardy northern species and one of the few birds remaining in Arctic Norway in winter, as breeding under one form (Corvus capellanus) on the shores of the Persian Gulf, one of the hottest parts of the world and eclipsing the heat of any part: of tropical Africa, while yet another undifferentiated form is resident in Egypt and northern Sinai. We find a Swallow (//irundo saviynii) breeding in Egypt, various forms of the White Owl and Kestrel throughout the tropics of Asia and Africa, and other birds such as Sazicola torquata, the Stonechat, with geographical races equally at home from the Arctic Regions to Cape Town. 1919.| Geographical Distribution and Migration. 389 All such distribution, as illustrated in this last paragraph, is due either to gradual emigration or to a regular migratory habit at some remote period, and has depended for its success on the initial capacity of a species to adapt itself to new surroundings, which was possibly a case of necessity in the earliest attempt. In this connection it would be interesting to ascertain whether the same species, when nesting in tropical countries, lays fewer eggs in the clutch and rears more broods in the season than the same bird in more northern climes. The Biackbird is said (Chapman, ‘ Wild Spain’) to lay but three eggs in Spain, to raise three broods in Tangier (Favier), whilst in the Canaries the local Blackbird (Turdus m. cabrere) lays very few eggs in the clutch (Ibis, 1912, p. 597). The Wren ( Troglodytes), a prolific breeder in northern climes, appears to lay but four eggs in the normal clutch in Sicily (Ibis, 1912, p. 171). Is such the case among other species which have tropical representatives? The point is submitted to the many distinguished zoologists whose vast collections might help to solve the problem. Is the normal clutch regulated by the capacity of the parents to feed the young (or water the young, in the case of Sand-Grouse), or by the limits of brooding-sur- face on the parent’s abdomen, or by the normal mortality in the species, or by what? Even such questions have influence on migration and distribution, for it is by no means certain whether birds go to the Arctic Regions for reproduction, on account of their ancient love for home, or to enable them to get sufficiently long days to collect a satisfactory supply of food for their offspring, or whether merely because the Arctic Regions offer a more prolific food-supply than more southern regions. If either of the two latter causes are correct, we should expect to find the Charadriide and Anatidz which breed in the tropics to lay fewer eggs in the clutch than those which breed in northern Europe. We know that a plethora of food reflects itself on reproduction (¢f. Snowy Owls and Rough-legged Buzzards in Lemming-years in Scandinavia, and the increase of Hyzenas after wholesale deaths among natives in East Africa). 390 Lieut.-Col. R. Meinertzhagen on [Ibis, 3. Sporadic migration, invasion, or extensive wanderings. The well-known invasions of Syrrhaptes need no comment. That they would lead to eventual permanent colonization is almost certain, but so far the species has never had a fair chance. There is no reason, however, why the wide dis- tributions of Pterocles arenarius or P. senegallus should not have been initiated by colonization after sudden invasion, for the Sand-Grouse as a group are essentially wanderers in search of suitable and rather specialized food, seeming to pride themselves on erratic movement and ignoring any seasonal lines of flight, which, generally speaking, constitutes migration ; though in some spots they are particularly regular on migration, as is the case with P. arenarius of northern India. The Rose-coloured Starling, aptly described as a veritable gipsy among birds, gives us a further illustration of coloni- zation (in Italy and elsewhere) after invasion; and the various subspecific colonies of the Crossbill (Lowia curvi- rostra) in the Mediterranean region might equally be due to colonization after irruption at some remote date, as opposed to either gradual expansion or regular migration, though the accuracy of such a theory to account for their present distribution is by no means certain. 4. Human agency, direct or indirect. The introduction of such species as the Pheasant, Goldfinch, and Starling to various parts of the world will suffice to illustrate expansion of range due to direct human agency. In the case of the Goldfinch, we find in the Bermudas that the bird has already established for itself a differen- tiation entitling it to subspecific rank. In the case of the introduction of the Starling to Cape Town, it is interesting to note that the species has abandoned the migratory habit and has become a pure resident, not even congregating into flocks in winter. Contraction of distribution under this heading is the sad story of extermination, being generally confined to species 1919.| Geoyraphical Distribution and Migration. 391 having a very local breeding-area, such as the Passenger- Pigeon, Esquimaux Curlew, and Labrador Duck, or to species which, having a large range, are unable to resist slaughter at all seasons. Systematic egg-stealing under the cloak of science, but which in reality is the travesty of science, is also responsible for such contraction of range, as in the case of so many birds which have within the last century ceased to be included among British breeding-species. Indirect human agency has increased the _ breeding- range of certain species, though only in a minor degree. The re-afforestation of land and artificial sheets of water have, no doubt, helped in this manner, though in most cases it has been a case of re-establishment. The carrying of migratory birds on ships comes under this heading. In like manner has interference with terrain, such as the draining of the Fens, contracted the breeding-range of birds. The introduction of a destructive element has had similar effect, as in the case of the arrival of the pig in Mauritius which completed the sad fate of the Dodo, or the great mortality among sea-birds from the torpedoing of a tank-steamer and the resultant film of oil spread over vast areas of sea. From these examples it will readily be seen how closely related are migration, distribution, and differentiation among birds. Without the framework of distribution the study of migration can only lead to theory. Hach separate species or subspecies must be studied, if possible throughout its range, and then we shall arrive at facts from which the whole narrative of migration can be read. No two species which have a similar geographical distribution are known to have similar migratory habits. We even get, among birds of the same species, vast differences in migratory habit, hence the great importance of detailed study. The task is gigantic, and though no one human life can hope to complete the work, a combined effort by all field- naturalists and collectors, with the very great assistance supplied by the various organizations in Britain, America, 392 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, and on the Continent for the study of local movement, not to mention that most valuable of all schemes—the “ ringing” of birds,—will go far to building up an editice grounded on solid facts, whose completion we must leave to future gene- rations of enthusiasts. Finally, it must be clear to any reader of this rather frag- mentary paper that no exhaustive or complete study of the subject has been attempted. Many points connected with the relation between distribution and migration have been merely suggested, in the hopes that such preliminary mention will stimulate ideas on this, the most attractive phase of an absorbing science. XXII.—On Birds from South Annam and Cochin China. Part I. Puastanip#—Camropnacip&. By Herserr C. Rozinson, M.B.O.U., and C. Bopen Kuoss, M.B.O.U. (Plates VII.-XI. & Text-figure 3.) Narrative of the Journey. By C. Bopren Kuoss. Ir is now several years ago since I determined some day to pay a visit to the Langbian region in French Indo-China, partly because it is evidently a most attractive country, little known to English travellers, and partly because there is to be found there that mountain-area, still zoologically unexplored, which is most remote from the fairly well- known upland regions of Burma and Yunnan. I hoped, as the few specimens secured by Mrs. Vassal seemed to indicate and as has proved to be the case, that a rich harvest of novelties would be obtained by the first serious zoological explorer. Early in 1918 my opportunity came with three months’ local leave. The Langbian Plateau (text-figure 3) is situated in southern Annam, and Dalat, the little settlement at its southern side, is about 45 miles distant from Phanrang, a coast town of some local importance in lat. 11° 35’ N., 51° W. 1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 393 Text-figure 3. ung R. C ade Wf Aitss\ UM, Langbian See Mens “ayy Peaks, Rp ad Oa) eee ere (Lt Soh a fy 1s = aaeeas & £7500 “Zany, eee Bian TN HINES We Bs Plateau ei pert Seeeeab [ZZ ee, 500 us HE Way To Dining ae 4 R W'S : ws ‘\ Rae reenter nese > “) D, = Have" WS = “TA oSquet, 5200° AG ANDY 224: as Ly, S Gp VSecu fo Zywsin AUS ai a RS ré Broye, 5400; Nig Lie Aye Seas A lie ; ais Muy N@e Se in TW) IN a ee xy) BN SUES gk Cy a IN Ke ek We ov ye WW CZ ZEN MAS = Wh IOS ‘iNSBs Ce’ IN 1 1 NVA ix Biw “e ) TRS "-Xomgom g? bes ~% CP 4 80 wv a SOUTH ¢ ANNAM & : ¥vour olen S Vhatrang > p Phanrang % NSS " “S, CHINA SEA Sketch-map of part of southern Annam to show the localities visited by Mr. Kloss. 394. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ ibis, After two or three days in Saigon, occupied with local arrangements, I Jeft with three Dyak collectors on 9 March, 1918,in company with my friend Dr. Malcolm Smith, who had come from Bangkok to obtain a change of air and to collect reptiles and batrachians. He brought two native assistants, so that with our boys we were a party of nine and had with us a great quantity of baggage of various kinds—camping- outfit, collecting-apparatus and materials, food, and some warm clothing for the mountains. Late at night we reached Tour Cham, a railway-station some 200 miles from Saigon and four or five inland from Phanrang. The farther north- east we got from Saigon the drier the country and the less luxuriant the vegetation became, until towards the end of the day’s journey it was strongly reminiscent of South African scenery. At Tour Cham we stopped a couple of nights to make arrangements for further progress and do a little collecting ; and on my way homewards I remained there from the 19th to the 24th of May for the latter purpose and also to visit Nhatrang farther north along the coast, where there is a famous Cham temple and the Pasteur Institute directed by Dr. Yersin. At Nhatrang had lived also Dr. and Mrs. Vassal, to whom we owe the first knowledge of the fauna of the Langbian Hills. It was the latter’s interesting book ‘On and off Duty in Annam’ which gave me the idea of visiting this region. In May the dry season was just ending at Tour Cham, and the time was very unfavourable for collecting; the heat (over 90° F. in the shade), after our rapid descent from the cool climate of the mountains, was very oppressive and the country was much burnt up. The cracked earth was covered with short dry grass, grey-brown in colour and slippery to walk on, and was dotted with small, thorny, almost leafless shrubs ; the hills in the neighbourhood were rocky and almost bare, and one might best compare the general aspect with some portions of Mashonaland. This is the appearance of the country for some distance south of Phanrang, with, in addition, sand-dunes along the coast. lois: LOTS eile Vas FORESTAT DABAN 650 ft. PHANRANG, SOUTH ANNAM: VITTY & SEABORNE LONDON : ine es liotss, 19195 WPI ny LANGBIAN PEAKS AND PLATEAU, SOUTH ANNAM. PART OF THE LANGBIAN PLATEAU, SOUTH ANNAM. VITTY & SEABORNE LONDON lbisn, 191o>s el be CAMP? Ar DALAT, 5,000 it, LANGBIAN PEATEAU. CAMP OND LHE LANGBIAN PEAKS -AP °6;000° at VITTY & SEABORNE LONDON 191 9. | from South Annam and Cochin China, 393 These are inhabited by enormous numbers of the beautiful lizard Liolepis beiliana, which the Annamites trap for food ; towards Nhatrang the country improves. Birds were not numerous in species, of which 29 were obtained, though some were numerous in individuals ; such were :— Turnix pugnax rostrata, Pycnonotus blanfordi, Mixornis rubricapilla connectens, Copsychus saularis musicus, Crypsi- rhina varians, Buchanga atra cacoetha, Sturnia malabarica nemoricola, Asthiopsar cristatellus brevipennis, Graculipica nigricollis, Passer flaveolus, and Mirafra assamica marione. The little Minivet, Pericrocotus peregrinus, had been quite common in March, but in May we only succeeded in obtaining two examples. From Tour Cham the route to Dalat lay in a general north-westerly diréction all the way. We left at daybreak on 12 March and travelled by a little branch railway running towards the mountains and terminating after twenty-five miles at Xomgom. I had been rather perturbed by the appearance of Tour Cham, but as we proceeded the vegeta-~ tion improved until at Xomgom we were in forest : though tropical, it was not equatorial, and it appeared quite open and penetrable after the dense Malayan jungle from which T had just come, as there was no crowded undergrowth. After some hours’ delay and a good deal of walking about under the midday sun, we obtained some bullock-wagons and hand-carts for the baggage and continued onwards for four miles to the Annamite village of Daban, situated within the foot of the mountain-range at a height of 650 ft. Here we pitched our camp on the bank of the Kronfa River, which rises on the plateau of Dran above and enters the sea at Phanrang, and remained there for a fortnight. The early morning temperature was about 65° F., and though in the afternoon it sometimes rose to 90° in the shade this was not unpleasant owing to the dryness of the air. Birds were fairly numerous, but some of them, like Wood- peckers, were hard to get, as the forest was so open and so carpeted with dead dry leaves, which cracked beneath the SHR VOn. E. oP 396 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, feet, that they would take to flight while beyond gunshot. Along the river there was some green undergrowth, but it was almost deserted; the prevailing colour of the foliage was yellow and pink, but when I came back in May every- thing was clothed with a beautiful tender green. " We got 102 species here, some of which came from heights up to 1500 ft. Jungle-fowl and the Pheasant, Diardigallus diardi, were numerous, as was the Collared Dove ; on the _ hill sides I shot two specimens of the beautiful Pygmy Hawk Microhierax eutolmus, and the little Owl Glauctdium cucu- loides sometimes perched in the branches above the camp. A common, but hitherto rarely collected bird was the Great Barbet, Megalema lagrandieri; 1 got here also Gecinulus grantia, which has only once been recorded from French Indo China, G. erythropygius, and Chrysophlegma flavinucha prerrei. Other interesting occurrences were Thereiceryx flavostrictus, Chloropsis aurifrons inornata, a new form of Xanthiscus jlavesceus, lole olivacea cinnamomeoventris, Garru- lax moniliger mouhoti, a new race of Herpornis xantholeuca, Ampeliceps coronatus, and Atthopyga siparaja tonkinensis, On 29 March I started to transfer my camp some five or six miles uphill, but, owing to an insufficient supply of carriers (Moi men and women from the mountains), two journeys had to be made. Above Daban the mountains rise steeply, and at 2700 ft. the first pine occurs ; at 3000 ft. is reached the edge of the first plateau or shelf in the mountains, and from a spot called Bellevue at the edge a glorious view is obtained down the slopes and across the plain to the coastal hills and the sea. The country at and above 3000 ft. is principally pine- forest (Pinus Khasya and Pinus Merkusii) and grass-land, but in the gulleys occur stretches of leafy non-coniferous jungle. With pine-clad hills rising to 4000 ft. close by to the north, from which a few specimens came, we settled down in an empty house in the Annamite village of Suoi-kat, about a mile and a half from Bellevue; but I have labelled all my collections as made at Dran, which is a Government 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 397 post about four miles farther west across the level country, because, while the surroundings are similar, it is a much better known place than Suoi-kat, a place-name which also occurs frequently in Annam. I collected in this pleasant locality and climate on the first occasion from March 29 to April 1, and then, in order to escape as much as possible of the coming wet season at high levels, left for Dalat ; but on the return journey we worked this station again from May 9 to 18, when it seemed much warmer and there was almost constant rain from midday to midnight. Ninety-seven species of birds were obtained altogether, more or less at the 3000 ft. level. A number of them were similar to those collected at Daban ; but amongst interesting forms secured at this altitude, many of which were also taken higher up before I came back to Dran and worked it the second time, were Sphenocercus sphenurus, Pitta nepalensis soror, Pitta cyanea, Volvocivora polioptera, Hemixus davisoni, Garrulax vassali, Pyctorhis sinensis, Drymocataphus ignotus cinnamomeus, Henicurus guttatus, Calliope calliope, Suya crinigera cookei, Parus monticolus, Sitta nagaensis, Chalco- paria singalensis koratensis, and new species or races of Arboricola brunneipectus, Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, Cyanops oortt, Niltava grandis, Garrulax, Stactocichla merulinus, Pomatorhinus olivaceus, Turdinulus epilepidotus, Alcippe nepalensis, Stachyris nigriceps, Siva sordida, Cutia nepalensis, Pterythius eralatus, Mesia argentaurus, Atgithaliscus, Loxia curvirostris, and Aithopyga sanguineipectus. Dran is situated on the Danhim River, one of several headwaters of the Donnai, all of which rise near the Langbian Peaks, while the Donnai enters the Saigon River just above that town. From Dran a road of 45 miles runs to Djiring, 3000 ft., which hes about W.S.W. 4° S. and for more than half the way follows the Danhim River, which it crosses at an altitude of about 2700 ft. While at Dalat, Smith and I made a flying trip to Djiring for the purpose of seeing the country. We dropped rapidiy down the mountain-side to Prenn at 3000 ft., and after a few miles along the valley of 2F2 398 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, the Datam River arrived at the Danhim near the junction of the Dran and Dalat roads. From Dran to Djiring the road runs through a broad continuous valley and plateau, undulating very slightly and passing through grass-land, scrub, and many kinds of forest. In the neighbourhood of Djiring, which is a large Moi* centre, there are considerable areas under rice and much scrub-land, apparently the result of former cultivation. Here I picked up three birds not _ met with elsewhere :—Caprimulgus macrurus albonotatus, Urocissa occipitalis magnirostris, and Pavo muticus. It is possible that the fauna of this district differs some- what from that of Dran, and I would recommend it to anyone who contemplates a visit to the Langbian region. Djiring is connected by a good road of fifty miles with the railway near Phantiet: to the north is the mountain of Tao Duong, a fine hill which is quite isolated and appears to be of larger area than the Langbian Peaks and possibly higher ; it rises from the plateau of Cagne, 3000 ft., north of the Donnai River, and its foot is within two days’ march. Two routes led from Dran to Dalat, the valley road along the Danhim and Datam Rivers mentioned above, and a second and shorter track ascending immediately from Dran and running in a north-westerly direction over the lulls for about twenty-one miles. Along the latter we marched through pines on 2 April, rismg in about four miles to 5400 ft: at Arbre Broyé. At this spot there was a stretch of green mixed forest, and, as ] was told later that a species of Pheasant occurred there which I had not obtained, one of my collectors worked the place while L was staying for the second time at Dran, but ‘he failed to secure the Pheasant or any birds we did not meet with elsewhere. From Arbre Broyé there is a gradual descent, with slight undulations to Le Bosquet, 5200 ft., where we spent the night in a wayside hut for travellers. Here, during the halt on the return journey, about a score of birds were obtained. * The name given by the Chinese Annamites to the Indonesian aborigines of the mountains. 1916. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 5399 On 3 April we walked the remaining eight miles into Dalat along a slightly undulating road, and from a hill within two or three miles of the settlement got a splendid view over the heart of the plateau region: in the foreground open pine forest stretching away to the Langbian Peaks to the north, on the left the open grass-covered plateau about eight by five miles in extent.with an average altitude of 5000 ft., undulating and nearly surrounded by low wooded hills. Dalat consists of the houses and offices of half a dozen Government officials, a post-office, a little hotel, two or three bungalows, and a small Annamite village. We camped for ten days in the pine-woods a few hundred yards from the settlement, and on my return from the Peaks I spent a further week (80 April to 6 May) near some mixed forest a short distance beyond the falls of the Camby River, another headwater of the Donnai. The temperature in the early mornings was about 55°, in the afternoon between 70° and 80°; the evenings were so cool that large camp-fires of pine logs were thoroughly enjoyable. Some of the more interesting birds, not obtained below Dalat, Le Bosquet, and Arbre Broye, were Genneus anna- mensis, Syrnium newdrense, Digenia submoniliger, Muscicapula melanoleuca, Pericrocoius griseigularis, Stachyridopsis rufi- ceps, Brachypteryx caroline, B. nipalensis, Malacias desgo- dinst, Tesia cyaniventris olivea, Geocichla citrina innotuta, Cichloselys stbiricus, Oreocincla aureus angustirostris, Zoothera marginata, Turdus obscurus, Oreicola ferrea, Lusciniola lutei- ventris, L. taczanowskia, Machlolophus spilonotus, while new species or subspecies were secured of dArboricola rufogularis, Cyanops franklini, Dendrobiastes hyperythra, Cryptolopha castaneiceps, C. tephrocephala, Hemixus tickelli, Xanthiscus jflavescens, Trochalopteron, Rimator, Pnoepyga pusilla, Certhia discolor, and Atthopyga gouldie. Altogether 89 species were obtained at heights between 4500 and 5500 ft. . From Dalat we moved across the open plateau on 14 April and made a camp among oak trees of the Langbian Peaks at 6000 ft., where the highest permanent 400 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, water was to be found. Pines were scarce in the neighbour- hood, and the south-western face of the Peaks, where collections were principally made, was covered with mixed forest with some undergrowth ; on the ridges and the Peaks themselves (7500 ft.) occurred pines, oaks, and dense small forest and shrub. We had a very unpleasant time setting up camp in a severe rain-storm when the hill side was flooded with running water, but for the next week the weather was fine ; it changed, however, when Smith left for Bangkok on the 21st, and the remaining week of my stay was made unpleasant by heavy rain regularly afier midday. The early morning temperature was about 52° and that of the afternoon 65°; cold winds prevailed at night. The Langbian massif is not large and there were no hills of equal heights in the neighbourhood, while the area of forest is too small perhaps to shelter many high-level species. The following were, in my experience, confined to heights above 6000 ft., and I do uot think that future ornithological visitors will add much to the lst :—Chalcophaps indica, Muscicapa strophiata, Cochoa viridis, Sylviparus modestus, Diceum iynipectus, aud new species of Cryptolopha, Pseudo- minla, and Cissa. Between 5500 ft. and the summit of the Peaks, 7500 ft., a total of fifty-seven species was obtained in a fortniahes sojourn. From the Peaks I returned to Saigon, stopping to collect again as narrated above, at Dalat, Dran, and Tour Cham. The Langbian region lies very near the southern extremity of the Annamite mountain-chain, which except for several narrow gaps, the most important of which he behind Quang- Binh, Quang-Tri, and Cape Varella, maintains a respectable height throughout its course from where it leaves the elevated regions of northern Laos and Yunnan. At several points it rises to over 8000 ft. Of collecting-grounds known to British ornithologists the plateau perhaps most closely resembles—in its pine and oak forests, bracken, and open grass stretches—the Shan States ; t9r9.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 4Q1 but I found a smaller Shan element in its avifauna than its conditions would lead one to expect. Its investigation has, nevertheless, greatly extended the known range of a con- siderable number of species, and besides obtaining many new forms it was a great pleasure to discover the farthest south of such typically holarctic birds as the Cross-bill and Tree-creeper. I did not, as I had hoped, meet with a Bullfinch nor with the wonderful Pheasant Rheinardius ocellatus, but I was shown a set of the tail-feathers of the latter, the centre pair seven feet long, which was stated to have come from the mountains behind Nhatrang. The rainy season at Dalat is from April to October, and this is also the period of most equable temperature. The dry season lasts from mid-November to mid-April, and though the nights are considerably colder than in summer the days are also hotter. In February three or four degrees of frost are sometimes experienced, and in that month and March the diurnal range of temperature may be between 30° and 90° F., whereas in August and September it is between about 50° and 80° F. The winter season is much the pleasanter time for a visit. ae It was not originally my intention to do any collecting in Cochin-China, but an opportunity arose after returning to Saigon, as, owing to changes in steamer movements, we were delayed there for a fortnight. When travelling to Annam I had noted an area of high green forest surrounding the station of Trang Bom, some thirty-two miles from Saigon by rail and twelve east of Bienhoa on the Donnai River, Collecting was carried on here from 80 May to 6 June. The forest seemed to cover at most a few square miles of flat land: it consisted of high trees—perhaps the highest met with on the trip—and fairly dense undergrowth, but work was made easy by the existence of many straight rides which had been cut through it. The avifauna was very different from that of Tour Cham : fifty-one species were obtained, the most interesting being 402 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ihis, Tropidoperdia chloropus, Hypotriorchis severus, Megalema lagrandieri, Thereiceryx fineatus, Dendrocopus anals, Chryso- phlegma jlavinucha pierrei, Graucalus macei siamensis, Atgi- thina lafresnayet xanthotis, Dryonastes chinensis germaint, Garrulax moniliger mouhoti, Cissa hypoleuca, and a new form of Pomatorhinus tickelli. Altogether in seventy collecting-days 1525 specimens were obtained, representing 235 species, 34 of which appear to be new. I fear that this excursion will prove to be my ornithological acme, but must consider myself fortunate to have found a district so little known and yet so easily accessible and pleasant to work. Introduction and List of Literature. The avifauna of French Indo-China in general, and to an even greater extent that of Aunam in particular, bas. been comparatively little studied by ornithologists, and but little has been written of it even in French journals. The most important contribution is that of Oustalet, “Les Oiseaux du Cambodge,’’ which includes a full synonymy up to the date at which it was written, but unfortunately only two parts were completed. The following is a list of the principal publications on the subject :— Ousrater, H.—Les Oiseaux du Cambodge, du Laos, de PAnnam et du Tonkin. Part i. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Baris, 4th ‘ser 7. 1899, pp. - 221-296, “pls. ax. Se Part u. bid. v. 1908, pp. 1-94, pls. i.—viii. , This work we have quoted for the sake of brevity as ‘ Oustalet.” . Ocitvin-Granr, W. R.—Description of Three new Birds from Annam, collected by Dr. J. J. Vassal. Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xix. 1906, pp. 12-18, Kuropva, N.—A Collection of Birds from Tonkin. Annot. Zool. Japon. ix. 1917, pp. 217-254. 71 (oe ean eS ibis: Oto s Pines ARBORICOLA RUFOGULARIS ANNAMENSIS. & SEABORNE 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 408 Trraut, G.—Les Oiseaux de la Basse Cochin-Chine. Bull. du Comité agricole et industriel de la Cochin-Chine, 1. no: Li3879. Oustatet, KH. et Menrcaux, A.—Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Basse Cochin-Chine. Bull. Soc. Nat. d?Acchm. France, 1905, pp. 169-184 ; 1907, pp. 48-51, 83-86, 148-154. The present collection shows that our knowledge of the birds of Indo-China has been, and is certainly still, far from complete, and we have therefore attempted no analysis of the avifauna of the region. The great majority of those species which are not typically Indo-Chinese (7. e. whose true home is east of the Brahma- putra) are distinctly Himalayan. The occurrence of such Malayan species as Cyanops oorti is rather a surprise, but in the lowlands certain Malayan birds appear to attain the known limit of their range. We might have expected some of the more typical Chinese forms to have occurred in the Langbian Highlands, but such does -not appear to be the case. List of Species obtained. 1. Arboricola rufogularis annamensis, subsp. nov. (PI. X.) Most nearly allied to A. r. rufogularis Blyth *, from Burma and Tenasserim (type from lower Sikkim), but with the crown almost uniform dark olive-brown, the feathers only very obscurely and narrowly edged with black. Rufous of the chin and upper throat succeeded by a pure white band with narrow black tips to the feathers ; this band again separated from the grey of the upper breast by a narrow black band formed by a broad median black bar to the feathers. ; superciliary stripe with black shaft-stripes to the feathers, broadening and becoming paler on the nape; a narrow white stripe from the nostril to the ear-coverts, the feathers beneath the eye with black tips; ear-coverts ashy brown bordered above with a blackish line, lower cheeks and a * Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xviii. 1849, p. 819. Forehead dark grey, lores almost blackish ; a narrow grey 4.04. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, stripe from the gape to the ear-coverts pure white ; chin whitish with black tips to the feathers ; lower chin and throat and a large patch, brightening on the sides of the neck, rufous chestnut, with clear black tips to the feathers, heavier on the sides of the neck ; lower throat pure white with black tips to the feathers ; beneath this a narrow black band separating the throat from the underparts. Crown and nape dark bistre slightly squamated with black ; mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts lighter, more olive, the rump and tail-coverts with triangular black spots; the mantle obscurely edged with blackish and with fine dark shaft-stripes. Lesser upper wing-coverts olive, outer ones black edged with chestnut on the outer webs and tipped with greyish olive ; secondary coverts and tertiaries edged with rich chestnut, a large greyish-olive spot on the outer web and a large black one on the inner web, many of the feathers with clear white shaft-stripes. Primaries brownish black with pale tips, secondaries the same, the outer webs with a chestnut-buff border, the extreme edge lighter, broadening into buffy on the tips. Quill-lining dark grey, outer coverts black, inner greyish white ; axillaries greyish white with sooty black bases. Upper breast dark grey, abdomen buffy white; under tail-coverts black, basally barred with ochraceous and with silky white tips; many of the feathers with an ochraceous patch on each web. Flanks ervey, the pectoral feathers edged with bistre, the abdominal ones with clear chestnut ; most of the feathers with a clear white shaft-stripe broadening towards the tips; thighs ereyish tipped with rufous. Tail-feathers above dull bistre vermiculated with black and with a triangular black sub- terminal patch ; beneath dark grey with a black subterminal band and a lighter grey tip. “ Iris dull brown, orbital skin and gape dull carmine, feet coral-red, bill black.” Total length 280; wing 142; tail 54; tarsus 38 approx. bill from gape 25 mm. The adult female does not appear to differ appreciably from the male, but has the upper throat rather white. Soft parts as in the male. yet). war a es vr A J ee hy AP NOOGNO1 OB8VAS BF ALLIA VYINDIGTY SNLOAdISNNNYE VIOOINORYY ela Ole = 4 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 405 Total length 270; ; wing 132; tail 50; tarsus 37-5; bill from gape 24 mm. 4 gad.,2 9 ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 15-16 April, 1918. 1 gf vixad.,1 9 ad. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 15 May, 1918. Sid .ad. wl ¢ vix.ad.; 1 go juve o ads Dalat, 5000%Et., S. Annam. 12 April—2 May, 1918. Types. ¢ @. lLangbian Peaks, 7200 ft. 16 April, 1918. Males. Total length 280, 290, 285, 280, 285, 290, 285, 282, 285 ; wing 142, 147, 146, 144, 143, 147, 146, 147, 147, 1387; tarsus 38, 41, 39, 41, 39, 4], 41°5, 41, 41, 39, 38°5 mm. Females. Total length 280, 270, 275, 260; wing 182, 182, 134; tarsus 37°5, 39, 37,:35 mm. Rirds that appear rather less adult have elongated white shaft-stripes on the feathers of the side of the breast: in a half-grown bird with the down still on the throat they are larger and more evenly distributed over the whole of the lower surface. Arboricola rufogularis, to which this bird is closely allied, has not been recorded from farther east than the hills of the Burmo-Chinese border aud in the south from the Muleyit range in Tenasserim. We have compared this series with a specimen from Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen), and one from Loi San Pa, South Shan States (Bingham), and find our birds to differ in the very much greater extent of white on the throat and fore-neck and in the lesser extent of the chestnut of the flanks, which is paler in tint. 2. Arboricola brunneipectus albigula, subsp. nov. (PI. XI.) Differs from A. 6. brunneipectus* Tick., of Burma and ‘j‘enasserim, in having the forehead and superciliary stripes mingled white and buff and the throat pure white ; and from A. b. henrici | Oust., of Tonkin and northern Annam, * Tickell, in Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv. 1855, p. 276. + Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, ii. 1896, p. 317; Nouv. Arch. Mus, Paris (4) i. 1899, pl. ix. 406 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, in the presence of superciliary stripes and the absence of a rufous chin and chestnut forehead. Aduit male. Forehead greyish white tinged with buff and narrowing into a purer white superciliary stripe terminating on the nape in pure white feathers with black tips ; lores, a stripe surrounding the eyes, and a patch on the sides of the neck superior to the ear-coverts, and the nape deep black ; crown and sinciput also black, the bases of the feathers of the crown olive-brown as the back ; back, mantle, ramp, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown regularly barred with black ; outer wing-coverts olive-grey mottled with black on the outer webs, and washed with chestnut and with large black spots on the inner webs ; secondary coverts and tertiaries light olive-grey on the outer webs, the inner webs broadly tipped with black subterminally and tipped and edged with rich chestnut; primaries brownish black, the tips mottled with rufous buff on the outer webs, the secondaries the same, broadly edged with pale chestnut externally; quill- lining grey, the inner coverts whitish, the outer blackish, the axillaries dark grey broadly edged with whitish grey. Chin, lower cheeks, and upper throat pure white, lower throat sparsely feathered, pure white with terminal guttate black tips to the feathers, ear-coverts whitish. tinged with brown posteriorly, chest olive-buff with a reddish tinge more marked on the sides of the breast ; middle of the abdomen whitish, flanks greyish olive, each feather with a large ovate white spot subterminally and a black tip; thighs olive- brown ; central under tail-coverts with dark fuscous bases and buffy-white tips, the outermost olive-brown on their outer webs barred with black; tail-feathers olive-brown irregularly barred and mottled with black. “ Iris brown, bare skin of head and neck red, bill black, feet dull pale coral-pink.”” Total length 290; wing 143; tail 50; tarsus 42; bill from gape 26 mm. 1.6. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918 (Type). 3 g ad.,1 2 vix ad. Dran, 3000ft.,S. Annam. 1 April— 12 May, 1918. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 407 1g. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., 8. Annam. 15 May, 1918. 1g. Le Bosquet, 5000 ft.,8. Annam. 8 May, 1918. Mages. Ts ti, 290) 285,927 552992908285; W. 143, 135, . 188, 143, 145, 188; Ts. 42, 39, 40, 44, 42, 40 mm. Female. T..L. 272; W. 138; Ts. 38 mm. The series is fairly uniform ; some birds, apparently rather younger, have the sides of the breast less olive, more tinged with rufous, and a greater proportion of olive-brown in the feathers of the crown. The female, which is a eood deal younger, has the forehead and supercilia brownish buff. In its pure white throat free from any tinge of buff it is evident that this form is disiinct, though not very markedly so from the typical A. 6. brunneipectus, which has not been recorded from farther east than north-western Siam. From A. 6b. henrici, if the published description and figure by Oustalet are to be relied on, it is much further removed. 3. Tropicoperdix chloropus Tick. Tropicoperdix chloropus 'Vick.; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxviii. 1859, p. 415; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 721 (S.E. Siam). 1 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1. June, 1918. Dole 2702 W143 2 Us. 34: Apparently quite typical. 4. Francolinus chinensis (Osbeck). Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 136; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 8&1. 4@,29ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S.Annam. 30 March- 14 May, 1918. 1 gad. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 14 May, 1918. 16,1 ¢ ad. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam. 17 April, 1918. Male. ‘‘ Iris hazel; bill black ; feet ochraceous.” Female. “tris hazel; maxilla black, sides of base fleshy grey ; mandible fleshy grey, tip black; feet deep ochra- ceous.” 408 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds { Ibis, Males. T. L. 830, 335, 320, —, 310, —; W. 147, 143, 141, 148, 140, 188 ; Ts. 38, 38, 38°5, 38, 37, 39 mm. Females. T. L. 808, 303, —; W. 1387, 138, 126; Ts. 37, 39, 37 mm. 5. Genneus annamensis Ogilvie-Graut. Genneus annamensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xix. 1906, "p. 13: Genneus nycthemerus annamensis Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Socoxxur 1915, p.636: 1 9 ad. Dalat, 5000-{t.,S. Annam. 8 April, 1918. 6 Gad, 6°92 ad., 1 9 imm., 1 pull. Lanebian? Peaks; 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 25-27 April, 1918. | Adult male. “Iris hazel to brown, facial skin ete. blood- red; maxilla blackish, sides at the base greenish horn; mandible dull pale green, blackish at the tip ; tarsi cerise, soles dull yellow, claws olive-brown.” Adult female. “Tris bright ochre, hazel, or brown, facial skin blood-red ; bill and feet as in male.” Immature female. ‘ Iris dull brown, facial skin dull pale red; maxilla blackish with pale edges ; mandible greenish fleshy with olive tip ; tarsi and toes pale cerise.” Pull. “Tris grey; bill dull brownish fleshy; feet dull pink.” Males. T. L. 650, 645, 730, 700, 745, 685 ; W. 225, 240, 235, 240, 225, 240; Ts. 82, 84, 85, 92, 91, 85 mm. Females. T. L. 560, 560, 620, —, 625, 585, 600; W. 205, 202, 2118; 210; 230; 225, 2005 Ls: 80) 775.79; 1 05 (O3ie 79 mm. Greatest length of tail, male 355 ; female 255 mm. The males of the above series are all fully adult, though one specimen has the facial wattle less developed than in the others. They are very uniform, the only variation being in the white lines on the inner secondaries, which in two specimens are somewhat wider apart, giving a darker appearance to the upper surface. One specimen has the thighs partially barred black and white, these being entirely black in the other birds. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 409 The adult females from the Langbian Peaks are also very uniform, the only difference being in the tail, which varies considerably in the amount of vermiculation ; this is almost absent in some specimens. In the bird from Dalat, however, the vermiculations are very much coarser and there are also oblique buffy black-edged bars. The inner primaries and secondaries are also somewhat coarsely vermiculated with narrow ochreous-buffy bars, black-edged towards their tips ; and the upper surface generally is extremely finely vermi- culated. Failing further evidence we are, however, unable to accept this bird as representing another form. A half-grown female from the Langbian Peaks resembles the adults, but has the remains of a younger plumage, of which the feathers of the back are more rufescent, clearly and boldly barred with black and with pale buff tips. Beneath, the centre of the belly is more greyish than in the adults. The throat is dull white and there are two distinct rounded dirty white malar patches. The chick in down is pale lemon-yellow beneath ; head rufous buff; mantle black with rufous tips ; thighs rufous externally, lemon-white internally. Three species of this genus have been described from Annam, viz., the present form, Genneus beli*, from the neighbourhood of Hue,. which, as Stuart Baker points ‘out, is very close indeed to the present form, and Genneus edwardsi +, from Kuang-Tri, slightly farther to the north. The figure of this species [Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, 4th series, Mémoires, vol. i. vl. 10], which seems to have escaped Stuart Baker’s notice, shows that it belongs toa totally distinct section of the genus, and that there can be no question of its identity with either of the other forms, 6. Diardigallus diardi (Bp.). Lophura diardi (Bp.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Muse -xxit. 1593,.p. 290; id: Bull. Brit.Orn,. -Clab,, xix 1906, p. 14; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 80. e * Oust. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1898, pp. 258, 261. + Oust. Bull, Mus. Paris, 1896, } p. 816-317. 410 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, 2¢ad.,1¢vix ad.,38 2 vixad. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-15 March, 1918. 1 ? ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 6 June, 1918. Adult male. “ Tris orange or vermilion, facial skin blood- red, throat-skin deep pink; bill pale horny ; tarsi cerise, spurs horny.” Subadult male. *‘ Iris hazel, facial skin blood-red, throat- skin deep pink; bill pale grey with a brown cere; tarsi cerise, spurs horny.” ; Subaduit female. ‘‘ Iris orange-brown to bright hazel, facial .skin blood-red, threat-skin deep pink; maxilla blackish, mandible paler below; tarsi cerise, spurs horny.” The not quite adult males differ from the adult in having the grey of the breast and back less clear and_ slightly vermiculated with blackish, the shining edges to the feathers of the belly less developed, and the gold of the back with grizzled grey patches similar to the mantle. The fully adult female has the chestnut of the upper and under surface deeper, the lower mantle not vermiculated, the tail darker, more finely vermiculated, while the barred effect which becomes progressively more marked in younger birds shows a tendency to disappear. Males. T. Li. 790, 765, 640; W. 240, 245, 225; Ts, 95, 90, 91 mm. Females. T. LL. 580, 560, 565, — ; W. 207, 209, 218, 215; is 0.07 8. 78. (Oo mm. Greatest length of tail, male 390; female 240 mm. 7. Polyplectrum bicalcaratum germaini Hlliot. Polyplectrum germaini Elliot ; O.-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1898, p. 857 ; id. Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xix, 1906, p. 14; Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiv. 1916, p. 221. 2 g ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 16-22 March, 1918. “Tris brown, orbital skin dull crimson; maxilla horny, mandible fleshy, sides of bill dull pink; feet leaden black.” T. L. 590, 595; W. 220, 195 (worn) ; T.. 325, 335 ; S370; 65. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 411 This form seems little more than a subspecies of P. bical- caratum from the eastern Himalayas, of which P. 6. chinquis is the Burmese representative. 8. Gallus gallus (Linn. ). Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 81. 1g, 29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June, 1918. 346,292. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 18-23 March, 1918. Male. “Iris orange to brown, ear-lappet blush white ; maxilla horny brown, mandible horny yellow or brownish grey ; feet leaden black.” Males. W. 215, 220, 211, 222 mm. Females. W. 192, 195, 190, 195 mm. 9. Pavo muticus Linn. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. De ova: I ¢ vix ad. Djiring, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 10 April, 1918. T. L. 1050; W. 425 mm. ““ Lower eyelid greenish, edge of eyelids dull black ; bill black, base of lower mandible bluish grey ; bare skin sur- rounding the eyes turquoise tinged with cobalt; lower and posterior bare areas gamboge-yellow finely vermiculated with green ; feet black.” Peacocks were seen on the river-banks between Xomgom and Daban. 10. Turnix pugnax rostrata Swinh. Turnix rostrata Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, pp. 542-544. Turnie pugnax atrogularis Baker (nec Kyton), Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1905, p. 405. 2Gad.,1Simm.,19vixad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Anna. 20-21 May, 1918. 1¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 15 May, 1918. Male. “Iris yellowish white; maxilla blackish, edges plumbeous ; mandible pale plumbeous ; feet fleshy grey.”’ Female. “Tris yellowish white; maxilla pale grey, base SER. XI.—VOL. I. 26 412 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, and tip darker; mandible pale grey; feet pale grey blotched yellowish and bluish.” Male. T. L. 150, 155 ; W. 80, 83; Ts. 21, 23 mm. Female. T. L. 150, 177; W. 78, 86; Ts. 23, 25 mm. We have followed Mr. Stuart Baker (oc. cit.) in his arrangement of the subspecies of 7. pugnaxz, but have not adopted his name of 7. p. atrogularis for this race. Hemipodius atrigularis Eyton was founded on a Malayan specimen, as a reference to the original description (P. ZS. 1839, p. 107) will show. Quail were met with in the open grass-land of the Lang- bian Plateau at 5000 ft., when travelling between Dalat and the Peaks, but none were obtained. 11. Sphenocercus sphenurus (Vig.). Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 8; Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 185; Stuart Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves, 19138, p. 80. lgad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 31 March, 1918. 1 gad.,i?imm. Langbian Peaks, 5-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 18-23 April, 1918. Male. “ Iris, inner ring sky-blue, outer pink ; bill greyish blue, tip of upper mandible shghtly greenish, cere at sides sky-blue; feet cerise, claws yellowish green.” Males. T. L. 3038, 300; W. 160, 167 ; T. 122, 128 mm. Female. T.L. 265 ; W.1538; T. 109mm. Though these specimens are rather small, we can detect no difference in coloration between them and the descriptions of Salvadori, Blanford, and Stuart Baker. The orange tinge on the forehead is not perceptible, and there is only the faintest trace of orange-pink on the sides of the breast. The maroon-colour of the scapulars does not extend to the mantle. It may here be noted that, contrary to the state- ments of most authorities, the third primary is distinctly sinuate on the inner web--at any rate, in males. The species has not previously been recorded from Cochin China. Oustalet (doc. cit.) has listed it from the collections of Prince Henri d’Orléans obtained in Yunnan. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 413 12. Treron curvirostra nipalensis (Hodgs.). Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) ; Salvad. t. ec. p. 34; Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 66, pl. 5. Treron curvirostra nipalensis Robinson, [bis, 1915, p. 721; id. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917, p. 185 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 82. 1 gad. Trang Bom, 8. Annam. 1 June, 1918. 1g,1¢ad. Tour Cham, 8S. Annam. 21 May, 1918. 1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 81 March, 1918. 26,2%. Daban, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 14-18 March, 1918. Male. ** Iris ochreous, orbital skin apple-green ; bill pale yellowish, base blood-red ; feet cerise.”’ Female. “Tris pinkish yellow, orbital skin pale emerald- green; bill greenish ivory-yellow; cere and feet cerise. Males. T. i. 270, 277, 275, 275,,—; W. 148, 141, 147, 148, — mm. Females. T. L. 260, 265, 255 ; W. 148, 148, 188 mm. These birds are paler and decidedly larger than the Sumatran form 17. c. curvirostra (Gm.), which, as Stuart Baker correctly points out, is found in Borneo, Sumatra, and the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. Birds from the Langkaw: and Terutau Islands and Trang, southern peninsular Siam, are intermediate, having the wing about 1387 mm. The fulvous tint on the breast is very marked on three out of the five males listed, but not more so than in specimens in the IF. M. S. Museums from Terutau I. and from Mapor I. in the Rhio Archipelago, south-east of Singapore. 13. Ducula insignis griseicapilla (Wald.). Carpophaga griseicapilla Salvad. t.c. p. 217; O.-Grant, P. Z. 8, 1900, p. 501 (Hainan). Carpophaga insignis griseicapilla Stuart Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 104, pl. 8. 1¢,12. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918. 36. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 12 April-4 May, 1918. “Tris white, or pale grey tinged with yellowish, eyelid ») ») w~Ge 414. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ihis, black ; bill and cere livid red, tip of upper mandible grey or brownish ; feet livid crimson or purplish crimson.” Males. T’. L. 465, 445, 475, 470; W. 243, 233, 242, 240; PT. 196, 192, 196, 205 mm. Female. T. Li. 450; W. 228; T.187 mm. The sexes are similar. These birds are perfectly typical D. i. griseicapilla, having the crown pure grey to behind the level of the ear-coverts, sharply defined from the vinaceous nape. Though recorded trom Hainan, where it~ seems to occur intermixed with the true D. 7. insignis Hodgs., it has not hitherto been noticed in French Indo-China, though Grant records Ducula badia from south-west Yunnan (Ibis, 1900, p. 605). 14. Qnopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.). Turtur humilis Salvad. t. c. p. 434. (Enopopelia tranquebarica humilis Stuart Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves, 1918, p. 234, pl. 23: Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 84. 1 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 22 May, 1918. 19,19imm. Daban, 650ft., 5. Annam. 22 March, 1918. 2» @ 19ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 29 March, 1918. Male. “ Iris dark, orbital skin grey, bill and feet black.” Female. “‘Tarsi purplish black or brownish leaden.” Immature female. ‘ Tarsi dark crimson-brown.” Males. T. L. 240, 245 ; W. 132, 148, 187 mm. Females. T. L. 230, 235; W. 182, 133 mm. The bird from Tour Cham is slightly paler, less vinaceous beneath than the other specimens. 15. Streptopelia suratensis tigrina (‘l'emm.). Turtur tigrinus Salvad. t. c. p. 440. Streptopelia suratensis tigrina Stuart Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves, 1913, p. 121, pl. 11; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 724; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 83. 1¢,39ad. Daban,650 ft ,S.Annam. 14-18 March,1918. 1 ¢ ad. Dran,’3000ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918. Male. “ Iris pinkish yellow, bill black, feet cerise.” Female. “Iris pinkish yellow, orbital skin grey, maxilla dull grey, mandible black, feet livid red.” 1919. ] from South Annam and Cochin China. 415 Male. 'T. L. —; W. 146 mm. Females. T. L. 300, 307, 314, —; W. 189, 142, 145, 140 mm. About the same size as birds from the northern Malay Peninsula, smaller than those from Siam. 16. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.). Chalcophaps indica Salvad. t.c. p. 514; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1915, p. 195 (Hainan). 4fimm.,1 9? imm. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S. An- nam, 24-25 April, 1918. “Tris dark brown, orbital skin dark grey ; bill, tip reddish brown, base purplish brown ; feet livid.” These birds are all immature with remains of the juvenile barred plumage on the under surface and with much rufous chestnut on the wing-coverts. Total length: males, 235, 240, 240, 245; female 230 mm. 17. Sarcogrammus indicus atrinuchalis (Jerd.). Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis (Jerd.); Sharpe, Cat. xxiv. 1896, p. 152; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 725 ; .Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 85. 1 9 ad. Tour Cham, Phanrang,S. Annam. 20 May, 1918. ‘Tris red, eyelid edge and cere red; bill, tip black, base red; feet greenish yellowish.” Female. T. L. 313 ; W.204; Ts. 72 mm. The Wattled Plover was also observed near Dalat at 5000 ft. 18. Gallinago stenura (bp.). Sharpe, t.e: p. 619. 1gad.j1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 7-12 April, 1918. T. L. 255, 260 ; W. 123, 129; Ts. 30, 34; bill from gape, 55, 64 mm. Snipe were also seen near Dran. 19. Ardeola grayi (Sykes). Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 86. 12. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. March 1918. Wing 205; tarsus 54; bill from gape 74 mm. 416 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis, 20. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.). 1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18 March, 1918. “Tris lemon, facial skin yellow and olive ; maxilla black, base and sides yellow and olive; mandible yellow and olive tipped with black ; feet yellowish olive.” 1, 520; Wiss Ts 57 ; bilitrom anew oom. 21. Dendrocygna javanica (Horsf.). Salvad. Cat. xxvii. 1895, p. 156. 1¢,1¢@ad. Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 23 May 1918. Male. T.L. 410; W. 183 mm. Female. T. L. 378; W. 184 mm. 22. Pseudogyps bengalensis (Gm.). Oustalet, p. 229. 1?. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 16 May, 1918. “Tris dark, neck grey; bill black, tip of maxilla yellowish grey ; feet blackish ieaden.” T, L. 820. Expanse 2000 mm. 23. Astur badius poliopsis (Hume). Oustalet, p. 238 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 87. Accipiter badius poliopsis Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvu. 1910, p: 207. 1lgad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918. 3¢dad.,22imm. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 2]-27 March, 1918. Male. “ Iris pale crimson, cere yellow-olive ; bill black, sides at base grey ; feet dull yellow.” : Males. T. L.. 310, 310, 315 ; W. 184, 195, 199 mm. Females. 'T. L. 340, 340, 350; W. 210, 205 (imm.), 202 (amm.) mim. Agreeing fairly well with specimens from peninsular Siam and the northern parts of the Malay Peninsula. 24. Spilornis cheela rutherfordi (Swinh.). Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 212; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, px729. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 417 1g,192ad. Trang Bom, CochinChina. 5-6 June,1918. Male. 'T. lL. 600; W.423 mm. Female. 'T. L. 625 ; W.418 (worn) mm. Without very much larger material than is available it is impossible to discuss the races of Serpent-Eagle inhabiting Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula; at least three and probably four forms appear to occur in the area. 25. Baza lophotes (Temm.). Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 88. 1g,12. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 13-15 March, 1918. “Tris dark ; bill lavender-grey, tip blackish; feet plum- beous or greenish plumbeous.” Male. T. Li. 320; W. 226; crest 47 mm. Female. T.L. 315; W. 256; crest 55 mm. The female is apparently not quite adult and has the black patch on the abdomen barred and edged with buffy and the brown bars on the flanks very distinct. 26. Microhierax eutolmus (Blyth). Microhierax cerulescens Oustalet, p. 235. 2gad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 18-23 March, 1918. “Tris brown; bill and cere black, base greenish grey ; fect blackish leaden.” eb 163.0153"; W. 102-97 mam, These specimens represent nearly the southern limit of the species ; it is not found in Hainan. 27. Hypotriorchis severus severus (Horsf.). Falco severus Horsf.; Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, 111. 1895, p. 423; McGregor, Man. Philipp. Birds, i. 1909, p. 243. , 1 gad., 1g vixad.,19vixad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-2 June, 1918. Male. T. L. 280 (ad.), 275 (vixad.); W.218, 217 mm. Femaie. T. L. 270; W. 216 mm. All three specimens are nearly adult, though those we have recorded as hardly so are streaked and spotted with black beneath ; the primaries are narrowly tipped and edged 418 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [This, with buffy white, and the tail-feathers barred with rufous buff on their inner webs and tipped with the same colour. The species seems very rare in Malaya and Indo-China. In fifteen years we have never seen a specimen from the Malay Peninsula, though Blyth records it from Malacca, but we have examined a bird obtained by Mr. Williamson near Bangkok. The species in a broad sense has a very wide range eastwards to New Britain. Meyer and Wiglesworth have separated the Indian Peninsula bird as H. s. indicus, and Meyer that from south-east New Guinea as H. s. papuanus. The typical form was described from Java, and the present birds almost certainly belong to it. 28. Syrnium newarensis (llodgs.). Syrnium newarensis subsp. (an caligatus?) Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 205. 1¢ad. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 2 May, 19]8. ‘Tris dark brown; maxilla dull greenish white, cere tinged with blue; mandible dull greenish white washed with bluish; feet pale bluish blotched with yellowish grey. 1 530: W. 375 mm. This specimen has the top of the head, mantle, and inner ee scapulars and facial ruff deep sooty brown, between ‘clove ” and “‘bone-brown” of Ridgway, with no tinge of ochra- ceous ; under parts with bars of brown and buffy white, the former rather narrower. Quite distinct in size and colour from S. n. maingayt Hume, of the Malay Peninsula, but apparently agreeing with birds described from Hainan (Hartert, loc. cit. supra), except that the lower parts are more broadly barred. 29. Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides. Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Ivi. no. 2, 1916, p. 122; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 89. Athene cuculoides Oustalet, p. 244. 28,29. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-5 June, 1918. Ag, 19. “Daban, 650) ft. 9S: Annam,, 17-165 March, 1918. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 419 Male, “Iris lemon; bill olive-yellow, cere olive; feet pale olive.” Female. * Iris lemon; bill bright yellowish olive ; feet dull brownish-yellow olive.” Males. 'l. Li. 204, 205, 220, 215, 220, 227 ; W. 148, 145, 141, 133, 189, 131 mm. Females. TY. L..215, 230, 280; W. 143, 1388, 146 mm. The series is fairly constant and shows no approach to the large G. c. whitleyt Swinh., of China, or to the rufous G. c. persimile Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 205) described from Hainan. We have no access to the descrip- tion of Athene cuculoides bruegeli Parrot, described from Siam. ‘The series from Daban and one female from Cochin China are less rufous on the flanks and greyer on the head, scapulars, and back than the others from Cochin China and two from peninsular and eastern Siam, as noted by Oustalet (/oc. cit.). The bars on the tail are five to six in number, excluding the basal one and the tip. 30. Loriculus vernalis (Sparrm.). Salvad. Cat. xx. 1891, p. 517; Oustalet, p. 227. 1 gad., Lgvix ad. Daban, 650 ft, S-Amnam. 17=24. March, 1918. ‘Tris whitish or pale lemon, maxilla deep orange, man- dible pale orange, feet ochreous.” T. L. 146, 142; W. 89, 85 mm. 31. Paleornis rosa ( Bodd.). Salvad. Cat. xx. p. 453; Oustalet, p. 224; Kloss, Ibis, ETS; 1. 90: . 1¢imm. TourCham, Phanrang,S.Annam. May 1918. 26 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22 March, 1918. Male. “Iris yellow; maxilla pale orange, cere black ; mandible black, or yellow with black edge; feet dark olive- brown.” Males. T. L. 277, 297 ; W. 135, 138 mm. Female. T. L. —; W. 131 mm. The males differ from those collected at Koh Lak, peninsular Siam (Kloss, /.c.s.), in being darker green, less 420 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, yellowish beneath, and in having the under wing-coverts and axillaries more tinged with verditer-green ; they are, however, in very worn plumage. The colour of the mandibles seems variable, as one of the above males and the female have it clear wax-yellow, while in one of the Koh Lak males it is also largely yellow. 32. Paleornis fasciata (P. L. S. Mill.). Salvad. Cat. xx. p. 465; Oustalet, p. 225; Robinson,_ Ibis; 1915p. 730 - Kloss; tbis, 1913.5. 90. 1 gad., 2 ¢vixad.,3¢imm., 1 Gad.,19imm. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 January—14 June, 1918. 3¢ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 14 March, 1918. I gimm., 1 Sadi Simm. Dalat, So0007 ft, 7-1h Aprile TOUS. Males. T. L. 330, 330, 360, 363; W. 147, 156, 159, 157 mm. Females. 'T. L. 280, 270; W. 148, 156 mm. ‘Tris white or pale lemon, cere dull olive; feet pale yellowish olive or dirty green.” The changes in the colour of the bill appear to be some- what complicated in this species. Quite young birds of both sexes have both mandibles orange-red ; this changes to black in both mandibles in the adult female and also in the semi-adult male, which finally assumes a_ blood-red upper mandible with a yellow tip when fully adult. 33. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linn.). Sharpe, Cat. xvi. 1892, p. 33 ; Oustalet, p. 295. 16,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 381 May, 1918. 16,19. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam, 27-28 March, 1918. 19. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 5 May, 1918. ‘Tris dark; bill deep orange, extreme tip of maxilla black ; feet brownish olive.” Males. T. L. 285, 295; W. 185, 181 mm. Females. T. L. 275, 297, 292; W. 192, 189, 190 mm. The differences between the reputed northern subspecies E. vo. calonyx, stated to breed in China, and the tropical 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 421 resident form £. 0. orientalis, are sufficiently obvious in these specimens. Before, however, one can feel fully confideut that the subspecies have any real existence, it should be demonstrated that no specimens answering to EH. 0. orien- talis are ever found north of the Yangtze. 34. Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe. Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, PONG ps 118: 1g. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918. fi 288. W. 187 mm. 30. Coracias affinis McClell. Oustalet, p. 296 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 91. Coracias affinis theresie Parrot, Verh. Orn. Gesellsch. Bayern, viii. 1911, p. 97. 1 ?. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S.Annam. 21 May, 1918. 2 7 Drano000Ht., S; Annam. 9 April? 1913: “Tris dark, bill black, feet brown.” T. L. 320, 820 ; W. 170, 180 mm. Parrot has separated the Siamese bird from the typical form on two specimens as being smaller with a wing of 176-178 mm. A male from Bangkok measures 188 and another from Lat Bua Kao 184, so it appears that no case has as yet been made out for separating this highly migratory bird into races. 36. Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf. ). Sharpe, Cat. xvi. 1892, p. 198; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 732. 2 ¢. Daban, 650 {t., 8S. Annam. 15-19 March, 1918. “Tris dark, edge of eyelid and bill blood-red, feet greenish ochre.” T. L. 233, 288 ; W. 86, 88 mm. These birds differ from a large series from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in having the sides of the breast and flanks a very much paler ochreous buff. They are by far the most easterly specimens recorded. = 422 ~ Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Lirds _[Tbis, 37. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.). Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p: 92. Halcyon smyrnensis Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 222 ; Oustalet, p. 288. 1 2? imm. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 20 May, LOS: 29 ad. Daban, 650ft.,8.Annam. 13-14 March, 1918. 1 gad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 18 May, 1918. Adult. & & 9. “Tris dark or brown, bill dark blood-red, feet bright blood-red.” Immature. “ Bill brown and yellow, feet yellowish washed with brown.” Male. T. L. 277; W. 116 mm. Females. T. Li. 275, 280; W. 113, 113 mm. 38. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura (Reichenb.}. Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenb. Handb. Alced. 1851, p. 24, Taf. 409. B, fig. 8488; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 216. Ceryle rudis varia Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 112; Oustalet, p- 284. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura, Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.- Akad. Handl. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 114. 2 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8. Annam. 23 May, 1918. T1270, 270 ; W. 130,128; 1.73, 67; bill from gape, (2.0953 mm, The bills of these specimens do not appear to be larger than those from Siam. They do not, therefore, belong to the form described as C. 7. insignis by Hartert (loc. cit. supra) from Hainan and presumably China. 39. Upupa epops longirostris Jerdon. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 921. 1 ¢@ ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 23 March, 1918. 1 gad. Dalat, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 10 April, 1918. “Tris dark ; bill black, base fleshy; feet deep brownish grey.” Male. T. L. 274; W. 140; bill from gape 65 mm. TgI9. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 423 Female. T. i. 285; W. 135; bill from gape 59 mm. In both specimens the first primary is immaculate and the crest without a subterminal white band. ° 40. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei (Hume). Melittophagus swinhoet Sharpe, Cat. xvii. p. 55 ; Oustalet, p. 292 ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 734. Melittophagus leschenaultti swinhoei, Kloss, Ibis, 1918, Peo. 1 9? juv. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 22 May, 1918. 1 g,1 2 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 17-27 March, 1918. 1 2? ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 11 May, 1918. “Tris crimson, bill black, feet leaden.” Male. T. Tu. 215 ; W. 108 mm. Females. T. Li. 215, 212 ; W. 104, 107 mm. ' These birds have rather shorter bills than the majority of specimens from Siam and the northern parts of the Malay Peninsula, but the difference is not very constant. 41. Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby). Sharpe, Cat. xvi. p. 88; Oustalet, p. 294; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 217 (Hainan); Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 94. 2 gad. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 14-18 March, 1918. “Tris yellow ; bill black, base grey ; feet pale olive.’’ iL. 350; 645; W. 188, 137; PT. 142, 143 mm. These specimens show no sign of the shortened tail noted by Hartert in Hainan birds. 42. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert. Caprimulqus macrurus, var albonotatus Oustalet, v. 3. Caprimulgus ambiguus Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 223; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 785; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, pp. 94-95. | gd vix ad. Djiring, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 9 April, 1918. Total length 315 ; W. 207; T. 169 mm. This specimen is considerably larger than any we have 4.24 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, seen from the Malay Peninsula or southern Siam, but is not pale enough to be considered to belong to the western race C. m. albonotatus. 43. Caprimulgus indicus innominatus Hume. Caprimulgus innominatus Hume, Stray Feathers, 11. 1875, p. 318, note. Caprimulgus jotaka O.-Grant, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 486. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. 1910,- p. 223; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917, p. 154-5. 1 ¢ imm. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918. 1¢?. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., 8S. Annam. 17 April, TOTS: ‘Tris dark, bill blackish, feet brown.” T.L.—; W. 190; T. 128 mm. In view of these specimens and Grant’s remarks on two birds obtained by Whitehead in Hainan, we think that Hume’s C. innominatus, originally described from Mergui, may fairly be revived for the Indo-Chinese form of this Goatsucker. It will be distinguished from C. indicus indicus from the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon by its somewhat larger size, and from C. indicus gotaka of Japan and China by darker colouring and smaller size. Not impossibly it is ca resident form, as 1s C. 7. indicus ; while C. i. jotaka, which is found in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra in the winter, is certainly migratory. 44. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus annamensis, subsp. nov. Adult male. Separable from the typical P. e. erythroce- phalus (seven specimens from the Malay Peninsula compared) by having the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more ochraceous brown, not rich rufous chestnut ; wing-coverts much coarser and bolder in their vermiculations, almost approaching regular barring. From P.e. yamakensis Rickett it is separated by the colour of the head and breast and the normal length of the white tips to the tail-feathers, and from P. e. flagrans of Sumatra by its larger size. Total length 325; W. 146; T. 175; bill from gape 28 mm. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 425 Adult female. Separabie from typical P. e. erythrocephalus (seven specimens from the Malay Peninsula compared): by the much more ochraceous, less chestnut-brown head and mantle, and by the bolder and more regular vermiculations of the wing-coverts, the black element present in much larger proportion, the pale element lighter, more ochraceous brown. Total length 320; W. 146; T. 178; billfrom gape 28 mm. 1g,1¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 29 March, 1918. Types of the subspecies. 3 9 ad. lLangbian Peaks, 55-7500 ft., S. Annam. 23-27 April, 1918. Male. * Iris scarlet, orbital skin violet ; bill—tip, culmen, and edges black, median portion cobalt, gape violet; feet deep fleshy-pink tinged with blue.”’ Female. “ Iris scarlet, hazel-red or pale hazel; bill as in the male ; feet pinkish fleshy or dull fleshy.” Male. T. i. 325; W. 146; T.175 mm. Females. T. Li. 820, 317, 326, 325; W. 146, 141, 148, 143; T. 178, 178, 176, 174 mm. The character of the wing-coverts, which are of some differential importance in the Trogous, sufficiently distin- guish this race from the western typical form. 45. Pyrotrogon oreskios uniformis Robinson. Pyrotrogon oreskios Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 97. Pyrotrogon oreskios uniformis Robinson, Journ, Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 149. 1 g ad. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 22 March, LOMS; “Tris dark, eyelid cobalt; bill dull cobalt, culmen, tip, and edges black ; feet dull pinkish blue.” De 300% Wei l24iimnm: This example agrees well with other mainland specimens and differs from typical Javan birds in having the rump entirely uniform, free from any wash of xanthine-orange. (Kloss’s paper, though written before Robinson’s, was issued later, owing to delay in publication.) 426 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [Ibis, 46. Surniculus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs.). Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. 1918, p. 340; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 157; Kloss, ilibis, 1918, p. 97. 1 gad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 March, 1918. ‘Tris dark, bill black, feet leaden.” T. L. 245 ; W.132; T. (middle) 132 mm. The races of this Drongo-Cuckoo have been dealt with at length in the papers quoted above. The species has not previously been recorded from Annam, though it is known from Hainan and Szechuan. 47. Hierococcyx sparveroides (Vig.). 1g. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 29 March, 1918. “Tris and eyelids yellow; maxilla black, post-nasal area erey ; mandible grey, tip black, gape yellowish ; feet yellow.” T. L. 400; W. 227 mm. 48. Cuculus micropterus Gould. Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 220 (Hainan). 2g¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 9-1] May, 1918. ‘Tris brown; eyelids pale olive, edges broadly vellow ; upper mandible black, edges at base yellow ; lower mandible yellow, tip greenish, edged with black ; feet yellow.” T. L. 380, 885; W. 204, 207 mm. 49. Chalcococcyx maculatus (Gm.). Ogilvie-Grant, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 484; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 41. 1g. Daban, 650 ft., 8. Annam. 26 March, 1918. “Tris dark, edge of eyelid red; bill ochreous, the tip black ; feet black.” Te 72: We 103 mam: 50. Centropus sinensis intermedius (Hume). Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 322; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 157 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 100. 1g, 12 ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May- 4 June, 1918. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 437 1 gad. Tour Cham, Phanrang, 8S. Annam. 22 May, 1918. 1 Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 24 March, 1918. 192ad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 16 May, 1918. “ Tris crimson ; bill and feet black.” Males. T. L. 495*, 465, 480; W. 204*, 185, 207; 'T. 257*, 243, 260 mm. Females. T. L. 450, 510; W. 208, 207 ; T. 265, 268 mm. 51. Rhopodytes tristis hainanus Hartert. Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 218; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 737 ; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 100. Rhopodytes tristis Oustalet, p. 274. 36,3 9 ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June, 1918. 26,29 ad. Daban, 650 ft.,.S.Annam. 14-20 March, 1918. Maie. “Iris crimson, orbital skin and nostrils dull crimson ; bill dull apple-green; feet leaden.” Female. ‘Iris dark.” Males. 'T. L. 570, 540, 580, 550, 580; W. 157, 149, 155, 148, 155 mm. iemmless Ashi o4O; -oo0% S20. 595,500); “Wee a7. lo4- ida, LOL, loz mm. Oustalet (/oc. cit.) states that one of the types of KR. ¢. dristis Lesson was collected in Cochin China by Diard in 1824, while the other was sent from Bengal by Duvaucel in 1825. Cochin China and Hainan birds are undoubtedly identical, so that if the first-mentioned specimen is taken as the type, it would be necessary to re-name the western bird. ‘To avoid this inconvenience, we here definitely select Bengal as type-locality of R. ¢. tristis. The above series, when compared with a similar number from Siam and the Malay Peninsula, show a progressive increase in the size of the bill as we proceed west and south, but the difference is not sufficient to constitute an inter- mediate subspecies. In the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, the bird is strictly confined to high altitudes. * Probably wrongly sexed. SER. XI1.— VOL. I. 2H 428 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, 52. Cyanops oorti annamensis, subsp. nov. Cyanops oorti Oustalet (nec Mill.), p. 248. Separable at a glance from typical Cyanops oorti from Sumatra (many specimens examined) by having crown aud the throat much paler, varying from ‘pale greenish vellow ” to * picric-yellow ” of Ridgway, against pale ‘ cad- mium-yellow.” The crown of the Sumatran bird is also deeper, less greenish yellow. The feathers in front of the eye and the periocular region are blue, like the cheeks, or at most slightly tinged with green anteriorly, not distinctly apple-green. Types. Ad g. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April, 1918. Ad ¢?. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4 May, 1918. Dimensions. . T. Lu. 218; W. 97; Ts. 25; bill from sapesoe mm. “9 .Pdi.. 2285 W. 975 2 Gas Ts..25eaill from gape 32 mm. 1g,4 9. Dran,3000ft.,S.Annam. 10-17 May, 1918. 36,29. Dalat, 5000 ft, S. Annam. 5-9 April, 4: May, 1918. ‘Tris brown, orbital skin brownish olive ; bill black, base grey ; feet olive.” Males. VT, G. 220, 233, 218, 215; W. 94,97; 97,94; T. 64, 68, 64, 65 mm. 2S Females. T. Li. 220, 230, 222, 224, 223, 228; W. 89, 90, 955-905-915.97 > 1. °63,462; 6567,/65, 65 mm. The Malay race also differs, but very slightly and only in average characters, from the typical Sumatran form. 53. Cyanops franklini auricularis, subsp. nov. Differs from typical C. franklini franklini from the eastern Himalaya in having beneath the yellowish grey of the lower throat an incomplete gorget of black blue-tipped feathers ; ear-coverts black tipped with violet-white posteriorly, bor- dered behind with a broken line of bluish violet. Types. 3 ¢. Langbian Peaks, 5500-6500 ft., S. Annam. 26 April, 1918. ¢. T.L. 230; W. 92; T.63; Ts. 25:5; bill from gape 32°0 mm. 1 919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 4.29 Peeled, 226; We 9d) te O4-e ts, 24: “bill trom gape 530 mm. “Tris dark, bill black with base grey, feet olive.” 1 9,1?imm. Dalat, 5000 ft.,.S. Annam. 5 May, 1918. 26,19. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft... 8. Annam. 12 May, 1918. 73,32, 14 imm. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S.Annam. 15-26 April, 1918. Males. 'T. L. 207, 224, 228, 217, 222, 225, 235, 233, 230 ; W. 91, 91, 98, 98, 92, 94, 92, 92 mm. Females. T. Lu. 236, 205, 228, 222, 226; W. 96; 92, 97, 93, 93 mm. This subspecies is extremely well marked and by many ornithologists would be given full specific rank. We have based our diagnosis on descriptions and the examination of a somewhat indifferent specimen from Darjiling. o4, Megalema lagrandieri (Verr.). Shelley, Cat: xix, 189), p.. 75. 1g,1 2. ‘Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918. oa,0 2. Daban, 650 dt., S. Annam: 13-2] March, ONS 36,2 ¢%. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 31 March-16 May, 1918. 6 2. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft.,S. Annam. 12 May, 1918. “ Tris dark, orbital skin brownish black ; maxilla, culmen and median parts black, remainder grey; mandible grey, extreme base bluish ; feet olive-green.” Males. 'T. L. 294, 310, 335, 330, 305, 318, 335 ;, W. 135, 128, 126, 131, 1384, 1380, 186 mm. Females. T. L. 300, 325, 325, 340, 328, 327, 328 ; W. 125 (worn), 126, 122, 185, 134, 140, 149 mm. This very distinct Barbet appears to be only represented by a few specimens in the French Museums and may, with advantage, be redescribed here. Adult male. General colour green with a slight bluish tinge on the wing-coverts and tertiaries ; mantle and scapulars olive-green ; underparts yellowish green, the middle of the abdomen washed with blue. Crown and nape dark brown, 2H2 430 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, the feathers with ill-defined paler edges, in worn plumage pale brownish buff, with dark shaft-stripes. Throat dull ashy-brown indistinctly margined, washed with greenish or bluish or sometimes very faintly with orange-red. Frontal plumes greenish at the base, tipped with red, succeeded by a narrow frontal band. Crown-feathers broadly tipped with sky-blue and a marked eyebrow of the same colour; lores and a stripe below the eye to the anterior ear-covexts pale ashy, tipped with blue; posterior ear-coverts pale ashy, sometimes washed with blue, on each side of the neck a series of narrow shining blue streaks ; feathers of the posterior nape and upper mantle tipped with bright maroon. Under tail-coverts scarlet; tail beneath bluish green; under wing-coverts and axillaries and interior edging of quills yellowish buff. Female. Similar. 55. Thereiceryx flavostrictus flavostrictus (‘l’emm.). Cyanops pheostriata Shelley, Cat. Birds, xix. 1891, p. 76 ; Oustalet, p. 248. Cyanops faiostricta saigonensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, xxi. 1908, p. 31. Thereiceryx pheostriata Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 737. Thereiceryx flavostrictus Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 100. 4 6,5 9. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 17-24 March, 1918. ‘Tris hazel or crimson ; maxilla black, sides of base grey ; mandible black at the tip, base grey ; feet olive.” Males. T. L. 255, 255, 268, —; W. 107, 109, 109, 104mm. Females. T. L. 246, 260, 247, —, —; W. 109, 107, 111, 102, 111 mm. 56. Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus (Vieill.). Cyanops lineata Shelley, Cat. xix. p. 80; Oustalet, p. 248. Thereiceryx lineatus Kloss, Lbis, 1918, p. 100. 2 6,1 2. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1 June, 1918. Mates. T. ..270, 270; W. 123, 117 mm. Female. T. L. 270; W. 118 mm. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 43] These specimens, and others from Siam, are precisely intermediate in size between the large form T. /. hodgsoni (Bp.) type from Nepal and the typical 7. 1. lineatus from Java. For these the name Meyalaima mcclellandi, Moore (Cat. Birds E. I. Co. Mus. ii. 1856-8, p. 637), from north- eastern Bengal, or more probably Assam, is available if desired. 57. Mesobucco duvauceli orientalis Robinson. Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 738. 1 gad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1 June, 1918. 1 gad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 24 March, 1918. * Tris dark, bill black, feet dull pale olive.” Ts 1OSts0 = We 33,65 mm: These specimens agree well with three specimens of the original typical series, with which we have compared them. Count Nils Gyldenstolpe obtaimed one young specimen of this species in northern Siam at Koon Tan (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 100) ; as it was so young as to be almost uniformly green, we are at a loss to understand how the author was able to identify it sub- specifically at all. Furthermore, he is in error in stating that the above subspecies was founded on a single specimen from Koh Mehsi, as a verification of the original reference would have shown. 58. Xantholema hematocephala (P. L.S. Mill.). Oustalet, p. 250; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 101. 1 92. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22 March, 1918. ‘Tris dark, orbital skin dull red; maxilla black, sides of base pale grey; mandible black, fleshy beneath; feet dull crimson.” T.L. 170; W. 80 mm. o9. Gecinus erythropygius erythropygius Elliot. Gecinus erythropygius Oustalet, p. 257; Kloss, Ibis, 1918 p. 102. 26,3 ¢@. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 13-27 Mareh, 1918. 4:32 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Dirds [ This, “ Tris lemon-yellow ; bill greenish yellow sometimes tinged with blackish on the culmen ; feet dull olive.” Males. T. L. 330, 330; W. 155, 154 mm. Females. T.L. 325, 320, 313 ; W. 155, 156, 154 mm. A male G. e. nigrigenis from Siam (W. 152 mm.) only differs in having a blackish bill, a rather larger red occipital patch, and a white postorbital stripe. 60. Gecinus vittatus vittatus (Vieill.). Gecinus vittatus Oustalet, pp. 252-2538 (partim). 1 ¢@ ad., 1 gimme, 2 9 ads Trane Bom, Cochin China. 2-6 June, 1918. Males. T. L. 306, 275 ; W. 131 (worn), 1380 (worn). Females. T. L. 308, 300; W. 135 (worn), 129 (worn). There is no doubt that these specimens should be placed with the typical race of the species from Java, with which agree specimens from Sumatra aud the southern third of the Malay Peninsula. Under G. v. eisenhofert (Gyldenstolpe) of northern Siam should be placed all those birds with a wing of more than 135 mm. Gl. Gecinus vittatus eisenhoferi (Gyldenstolpe). Ornith. Monatsb. 1916, p. 28; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 103 ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vii. 1917, p. 164. Gecinus vittatus Oustalet, pp. 252, 253 (part.) ; Robinson, This, 1915, p. 738. 1 g,1 92. Daban, 650 ft, S. Annam. 18-20 March, 1918. “Tris crimson, orbital skin leaden; maxilla black, mandible greenish yellow, tip and base black ; feet olive.” Male. EW. 325-0 W: Ware TL mm: Female. T. L. 380; W. 137; T. 118 mm. ‘These specimens agree with the Siamese and Cambodian birds in being of slightly larger average size than G. v. vit- fatus. In addition they are distinctly brighter in colour than the former, especially on the sides of the neck. The female has a few feathers at the base of the crest tinged with orange-red, but this is not impossibly abnormal. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 433 62. Gecinus canus occipitalis (Vig.). Gecinus occipitalis Oustalet, p. 254. Gecinus canus hessei (Gyldenstolpe) ; Kloss, [bis, 1918, p. 1O1. 26,12. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2-5 June, 1918. 16,22. Daban, 650ft.,S Annam. 18-27 March, 1918. 1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10 May, 1918. 1?. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 30 April, 1918. ‘‘Tris erimson, orbital skin dull blue or leaden; bill blackish, base of mandible sometimes grey or greenish; feet greyish plumbeous.’’ Males. T. L. 323, 335, 345; W. 142, 150, 148 mm. Females. T. Li. 324, 340, 320, 340, 338; W. 140, 145, 145, 144, 147 mm. There seems to be no material difference in size between specimens from the western Himalaya, ranging through Assam, the Shan States, and Siam to Cochin China and Annam. Siamese specimens on which Gyldenstolpe founded P.c. hessei are certainly, on the dimensions given by the author, not smaller than birds from the Himalaya, so that any distinction would have to be based on colour alone: for the present we are not inclined to regard this race as even subspecifically distinct. 63. Brachylophus chlorolophus (Vieill.). Gecinus chlorolophus Oustalet, p. 256. Brachylophus chlorolophoides Gyldenstolpe, Ornith. Mo- natsber, 1916, p. 29; id. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. lvi. No. 2, 1916, p. 90, pl. 2. fig. 3. Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides loss, Ibis, 1918, p. 109. 12ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918. 1¢ad. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 3 March, 1918. 2¢gad. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 18 May, 1918. 1gad.,2 dimm. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April, 1918. 1@ad.,1 9 imm.,1 ¢ imm. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam, 5 May, 1918. 434. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Pirds [ Ibis, “Tris crimson; maxilla black, sides of base yellow; mandible greenish yellow, tip black ; feet olive-brown,.” Males. T.L. 260, 268, 262, 265; W. 182, 131, Isl, 133 mm. Females. T. Li. 255, 260, 265 ; W. 132, 180, 181 mm. We can detect no difference between these birds and descriptions of B. chlorolophus. In size birds in the Indian Museum ranging from Nepal to the Soutbern Shan States have wings from 129-138 mm. The Annam birds are certainly not B. c. longipennis (Hartert) of Hainan, which has the crown red with large green patches. In view of the fact that B. c. chlorolophus has been recorded by Gyldenstolpe from the same locality as his . chlorolophoides (type unique), which is described as having the crown greenish grey broadly tipped with bloody red and the tail-feathers with broad yellowish-red margins, the validity of the latter remains to be established. If further specimens are forthcoming it requires comparison with B. longipennis, which has been unfortunately named owing to reference to the very small southern Indian form B.c. chlorigaster. The wing is not larger than in many specimens of typical B. c. chlorolophus. The female recorded as B. ¢. chlorolophoides by Kloss from eastern Siam is absolutely imdistinguishable from the present series. Quite young birds have the breast and fore-neck almost uniform grey and the flanks markedly barred with the same ; crown greyish instead of green, the feathers im the male tipped with crimson. 64. Gecinulus grantia McClell. Hargitt, Cat. xvi. 1890, p. 1384 ; Oustalet, p. 259. 1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 26 March, 1918. ‘Tris crimson ; bill greyish white, darkest at base; feet dirty olive.” Te bee756. W. 134imm, This specimen appears to be a perfectly typical example of G. grantia and cannot be referred to the allied G, viridanus Slater of Fokien, 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 435 65. Iyngipicus canicapillus (Blyth). Oustalet, p. 262. 4¢,3 2. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 14-23 March, 1918. 24,22. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 April—l1 May, 1918. 1 g,1 2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 6 April—-7 May, 1918. ‘Tris dark, bill brownish black, feet dull olive.” Males. Uli. 143, 147, 132) 138) 4a, 1427137 3 W. Sl, 84, 85, 80, 85, 82, 85 mm. Females. T. L. 180, 148, 146, 150, 147, 139, 145 ; W. 85, 85, 83, 90, 84, 382, 89 mm. Many of this series are not fully adult, but the adults agree with a series from all parts of the Malay Peninsula. 66. Dendrocopus analis Horsf. Dendrocopus analis longipennis Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb. me NON, p. Oe. Dryobates unalis Stresemann, Noy. Zool. xx. 1918, p. 349. 1¢. ‘Tour Cham, Phanrang,S.Annam. 22 May, 1918. live 7 Oc. WielO0:.. T2605 Ts.220);. exposed culmen 22°5 mm. We agree with Stresemann (/. ¢. s.) that only one form of this bird is recognizable, ranging from Burma and Anuam to Java and Bal, with wings varying from 92 tol02 mm. The supposed differences in the length of the wings relied on by Hesse are individal and not geographical. The Annam specimen has been compared with a large series from Java. 67. Hypopicus hyperythrus Vig. Oustalet, p. 259. 836,22. Daban, 650ft.,S.Aunam. 20-27 March, 1918. “Tris crimson (male), brown (female) ; maxilla black, or greenish yellow with the culmen narrowly black ; mandible greenish yellow, the tip yellow ; feet very dark olive or pale leaden.” 436 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, Males. TV. 1. 225, 231, 225 5 W. 125,125, 122 mm. Females. T. L. 223, 225 ; W. 119, 121 mm. One male, in which the upper mandible is almost entirely yellow, has a patch of crimson on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts, which 1s one of the characters assigned to H.h. marshalli (Hartert), Vog. palaarkt. Faun. 1. 1912, p. 926, from the western Himalaya, which, however, is a larger bird (wing 126-136 mm.). The character is probably developed in fully adult birds. We are not convinced that the birds from eastwards of the Shan, States are strictly conspecific with the typical form from Nepal and Sikkim, but the question can remain open for the present. They show but little affinity to the western and northern Chinese bird H. h. subrufinus (Cab. & Heinc) = H. h. poliopsis Swinh. 68. Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs.). Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 380. I S vix ad. ’ Dran, ‘3000° ft., S. Annam. 29 Mareh; 1918. 1? ad., | Qimm. Dalat, 5000 ft:, S.Annam: ) 9-)2 April, 1918. 1 gd ad.,3 g imm., 1 2 ad. Langbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft., S.Annam. 17-27 April, 1918. ; ‘Tris dull crimson, orbital skin olive-brown ; bill yellow, base tinged with green: feet olive-brown to brownish black.” : Males. T. L. 280, 283, 280, 280, 280; W. 141, 146, 14], 141, 146 mm. Z Females. T. L. 290, 268, 275; W. 140, 136, 146 mm. The adult males of this series appear to agree fairly well with adults from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, except that the latter have a strong claret flush on the mantle. Immature birds agree exactly with the description of P. sinensis (Rickett)* and suggest that that race is founded on young examples; 2. p. hainanus (Grant) + appears to be somewhat smaller. * Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi. 1897, p. 1; Ibis, 1897, p. 608, t Ibis, 1899, p. 586, 1910. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 437 69. Chrysophlegma flavinucha pierrei Oustalct. Chrysophlegma pierret Oustalet, p. 258. 1 gad.,2 dg imm.,1 2? imm. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 30 May-3 June, 1918. 4gad.,12ad. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 17-26 March, 1918. 2¢ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 30 March-3 May, 1918. 1dimm.,29vixad. Dalat,5000 ft.,S.Annam. 4 April— 4 May, 1918. . “Tris crimson, orbital skin olive ; maxilla black, sides of base grey ; mandible grey, tip and edges black; feet dull olive.” Males. T. L. 320, —, 328, 325, SOO We 1462414620155; 157, 15 147 mm. Females. T. Li. 290, 336, 320, 380; W. 141, 156, 144, 151 mm. 3153840) G87. S40 2.168; °155, 157,.153 This race is evidently only a subspecies of C. flavinucha, like all the other continental races. It is generally greyer below than the other forms, with the yellow of the throat of the male more restricted. The first four specimens listed are practically topotypes. Young birds of both sexes are alike and resemble the adult female, but have the chestnut malar stripe much less pronounced and the top of the head ereener. We have seen examples of this bird from eastern Siam. 70. Tiga javanensis intermedia (Blyth). Tiga javanensis Oustalet, p. 265. Tiga javanensis intermedia Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 109. 1 9? imm. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 18 May. 1918. T. L. 280; W. 14] mm. This immature bird evidently belongs to the northern race named by Blyth, and not to the typical Malayan form in which the wing does not exceed 136 mm, 438 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis. 71. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus (‘Tick.). Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus Oustalet, p. 266. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus Kloss, Ibis, TOUS p. 111. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indomalayicus Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb. 1911, p. 182; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Muss vit, LOI. pe V6le 1?ad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918. 1g,22ad. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 16-18 March, IOVS: lg@= Dran, 3000 ft., S) Annam.; 17 May, 1918: Vey esubad. Dalat; 5000, ti, Si) Anunam: 77 Apmis LOLS: “Tris pinkish yellow, orbital skin black; bill brownish black; feet dirty olive. Immature female, iris greyish yellow and the feet plumbeous olive.” Males. T. L. 300, 303, 315 ; W. 152, 151, 164 mm. Females. T. i. 290, 315, 305, 313; W. 158, lo5,.laae 159 mm. After examination of the large series in the Federated Malay States Museums and in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, with additional material from Siam we are forced to the conclusion that, excluding the races in southern India and the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula, which are quite distinct, no more than two Himalayan and Indian and Indo- Chinese races can be maintained, namely :—a large Himalayan race, C. g. sultaneus Hodgs., ranging from Nepal through Assam and the Dafla Hills to Bhamo (wing about 168-190 mm.) and the typical C.y. guttacristatus, originally described from Chota Nagpur, which extends from the Konkan in western India across central India and Burma to Cochin China and also south through Tenasserim to the Langkawi Is., but no farther (wing about 168-154 mm.). ©. g. indo- malayicus Hesse, of which we have examined a series of actual topotypes, is within the range of these dimensions and should therefore be suppressed. 1919.] from South Annam and Cochin China. 4.39 72. Hemicercus canente (less. ). Oustalet, p. 267. 3¢,3¢?. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 14-24 March, 1918. ** Tris dark, orbital skin black, bill and feet black or leaden- black.” Males. T.L. 170, —, 160; W. 96, 97, 99 mm. Females. T. L. 160, 165, 155 ; W. 95, 90, 98 mm. 73. Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti ( Hesse). Hemilophus pulverulentus Oustalet, p. 268. Mulleripicus pulverulentus harterti Hesse, Ornith. Monatsb. xix. 1912, p. 182; id. Mittheil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vi. 1912, pp. 281-232. Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vu. 1917, p. 163. 1g. Trang Bom, Cochin China, 3 June, 1918. 1g,192. Daban, 650ft.,S.Annam. 20,27 March, 1918. ig, 12 Dran; S000 ft. Ss. Annam. 21 May, 1918: “Tris dark ; bill grey tipped with black on culmen, base of lower mandible bluish or plumbeous; feet dull pluinbeous to blackish.” Males. T. L. 458, 470, 510; W. 220, 223, 232; T. 159, 169, 175 mm. Females. T. i. 450, 467 ; W. 221, 220; T. —, 166 mm. Hesse described his race, of which the type came from Pya, Upper Chindwin, as being lighter grey than the typical race with a rather longer tail. The typical locality is Java, from whence we have no specimens, but the above series is certainly greyer than birds from Pahang and Borneo with which we have compared them. ‘The specimen from Cochin China is, however, much darker than the others, but is in worn plumage. 74. Miglyptes jugularis Blyth. Oustalet, p. 391. . 13,19. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 80 May-6 June, 1918. 44.0 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, 1¢,22. Daban, 650 ft.,S.Annam. 17-24 March, 1918. ‘Iris dark, bill black, feet dull olive.’’ Males. T. Gi. 175, 182 W. LOL, LOL-mma- Females. T. L. 170, 190, 195; W. 103, 101, 104 mm. These specimens seem perfectly similar to those from Arakan and Tenasserim., 75. Thriponax feddeni (Blanf.). Oustalet, p. 268. 1g,12. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 3 June, 1918. 1gimm. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 138 March, 1918. Ig,19. Dalat, 5000 ft. S. Annam. “2 May, 19s: “ Tris pale yellow, bill black, feet dull plumbeous. Jim. Iris bluish, feet lavender-grey.” Males. T. L. 412, 430, 375 ; W. 201, 207, 197 mm. Females. 'T. L. 380, 395 ; W. 206, 201 mm. 76. Picumnus innominatus malayorum Hartert. Vog. palaarkt. Faun. 11. 1912, p. 937. 29. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918. 13. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 1 May, 1918. “Tris dark, orbital skin black ; bill plumbeous, tip black ; feet plumbeous.” Males. T. L. 101 ; W. 54 mm. Females. T. L. —, —; W. 55, 56 mm. These specimens agree well with a series from the moun- tains of the Malay Peninsula, separated by Hartert under the above name. 77. Sasia ochracea reichenowi Hesse. Ornith. Monatsb. xix. 1911, p. 181; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 113. 1g. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 16 March, 1918. “ Iris carmine, orbital skin dull crimson ; maxilla black, mandible grey ; feet orange.” T. L. 86; W. 51 mm. This specimen appears to agree with the diagnosis of this slightly differentiated subspecies described from Tavoy, ‘Tenasserim. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 441 78. Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson ). Oustalet, p. 62. F 48,49. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 13 March, 14 May, 1918. 1¢. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 7 April, 1918. “Tris, inner ring pink and outer blue ; orbital skin yellow, edges of the eyelids green; maxilla apple-green, tip pale blue and a blue patch behind the nostril; mandible deep yellow tipped with blue, edges green ; feet green.” Males. T. 1s. 260, 263, 262, 268; W.98, 98, 98, 99; eo liZon late WOsmmn: Females. T. Li. 265, 265, 270, 268, 245 ; W. 98, 99, 99, 99, 93: T. 130, 124, 128, 127, 105 mm. The difference between the mainland and insular forms of Psarisomus is very slight indeed, Sumatran birds having the tail slightly longer. No constant differences in colour can be detected when sufficiently large series are compared. 79. Eurylemus ochromelas harterti van Oort. Notes Leyden Mus. xxxi. 1909, p. 209. 1g,1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918. 8¢, 19. Daban, 650 ft. S. Annam. 14-15 March, 1918. “Tris cobalt; maxilla proximally blue, distally apple- green, edge black ; mandible blue, edge black ; feet fleshy blue.” Males VT. Ts, 222, 238, 220) 2265 W. 113; 108, 105; 106 mm. Females. T. L. 215, 218; W. 102, 103 mm. These specimens have been compared with topoty pes cf the subspecies from the Deli District, north-eastern Sumatra, with which they exactly agree. 80. Corydon sumatranus sumatranus (laffles). Oustalet, p. 63. 1g,1¢?. ‘Trang Bom, Cochin China. 5 June, 1918. 4g,1¢. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-23 March, 1918. 442 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This, “Tris dark, orbital skin livid red; bill livid red tipped with bluish grey ; feet black.” Males. T. Li. 255, 285, 270, 280, 270; W. 130, 134, lal, 135, 1387 mm. Females. T. Iu. 250, 270; Wi. 127, 1382 mm. The concealed back spot in all these specimens is orange- red or flame-colour, whereas in most Malayan and Sumatran specimens it 1s pale yellow, sometimes tinged with orange, but deep-coloured patches also occur. The difference is not associated either with sex or with locality. 81. Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus malaccensis Salvad. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 114. Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Oustalet, p. 63. 1gad. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 2 June, i918. ae 2155 VW. 97 mimi. Tail with the outer three pairs of feathers barred with white on the inner webs, the white reaching to the shaft on the outer pair. 82. Pitta nipalensis soror Ward!. Rams. Sclater, Cat. xiv. 1888, p. 415. limm. Dran, 8000 ft.,S. Annam. 2] March, 1918. 1g,19. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500 ft.,S. Annam, 15-18 April, 1918. “Tris dark; bill (male) deep fleshy streaked with dark brown, (female) maxilla dark brown, mandible pinkish fleshy mashed with brown; feet salmon washed with brown. Bill of young bird pale fleshy throughout.” Male. 'T. L. 240; W. 122 mm. Female. T. L. 230; W. 109 mm. The adult male eae differs from that sex in P. nipalensis dvuglust Grant, as described by Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 224), in having the whole of the occiput and nape rich rufous, not merely with cmnamon-rufous superciliaries. The feathers of the crown are dark and have very faint obscure black edgings ; black bases to the feathers of the fore-neck form an irregular gorget. Rump and upper tail- coverts dull peacock-green not blue. The female differs from 1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 443 the male in having no tinge of rufous on the head, the pink wash on the chest and fore parts of the head and throat almost absent, and the mantle and scapulars duller, more olivaceous-green, The young bird, sex doubtful, agrees with the type-description, having a distinct patch of ashy-blue on the nape. It is probably a male, as the pink wash on the chest and head is already strongly marked. 83. Pitta cyanea Blyth. Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 74:2. 2g. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 31 March, 1 April, 1918. “Tris dark, bill black, feet bluish-lilac.” T. L. 240, — ; W. 118, 114 mm. 84. Muscicapa strophiata (Hodgs.). Hartert, Voég. palaarkt. Faun. 1. p. 484. Siphia strophiata Stuart Baker, Lbis, 1906, p. 270. 63, 82. Langbian Peaks, 5500-7500 ft., S. Annam. 15 April, 27 April, 1918. “ Tris dark ; bill black; feet dull yellow or fleshy washed with brown.” Males. T. L. 140, 140, 1380, 144, 133, 142 ; W. 72, 73, 68, 72, 70, 74 mm. Females. T.L. 137, 144, 146, 133, 132, 135, —, —; W. 69, 69, 70, 69, 69, 67, 68, 69 mm. A nest and three eggs obtained entirely confirms Mr. Osmaston’s notes (cf. Stuart Baker, Joc. cit.), the only previous record for the nidification. They were taken at the height of about five feet in a shallow hole in a large tree. The nest is cup-shaped, built of moss, and lined with fine fern-tendrils. It contained three eggs, pure white elongated ovals. Dimensions 19 x 13°5 mm. 85. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles). Oustalet, p. 51; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 190. 16,22. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 10-18 May, 1918. “Tris dark ; maxilla black, mandible yellow with a black tip ; feet dark brown.” Male. T.L. 184; W.69 mm. Females. T. L. 129, 1384; W. 69, 71 mm. SUR. XI.—VOL. I. 2 44.4, Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, 86. Cyornis rubeculoides rubeculoides (Vig.). Siphia rubeculoides Sharpe, Cat. iv. p. 445. 2Gad.,1¢imm., 2 9 ad. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 10-18 May, 1918. “ Tris dark, bill black, feet violet-brown.” Males. 'T. L. 148, 141, 1388 (imm.); W. 72, 70, 72 mm. Females. T. Li. 147, 143; W. 69, 67 mm. These specimens are very pale below in the male, thereby differing from C. r. dialilema Salvad. The females differ from those of C. swmatrensis in being tinged with rufous above, lacking any bluish-grey. They are considerably lighter below with the flanks less infuscated than the females of C. r. dialilema. | . 87. Cyornis sumatrensis Sharpe. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 189. 22. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 22-26 March, 1918. “ Tris dark, bill black, feet dull fleshy-grey.”’ T. L. 136, 187; W. 65, 65 mm. Underparts tinged with greyish blue, belly pure white. 88. Digenea submoniliger Hume. Stray Feathers, v. 1877, p. 105; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 246. pee 26,19. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 5 April—7 May, TONS! . 16,19. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 15 May, 1918. “Tris dark, bill blackish brown, feet pale fleshy.” Males. 'T. L. 128, 126, 180; W. 63, 62, 64 mm. Females. T. L. 180, 120 ; W. 65, 63 mm. Four specimens have faint indications of the black line separating the white gorget from the breast, one has none. Eyebrow and lores pale ochraceous buff ; primaries edged externally with rufous. 89. Niltava grandis decorata, subsp. nov. 2%. Dran, 3000 ft.,S. Annam. 138-16 May, 1918. 48,29. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S. Annam. 4-8 April, 1918. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 44.5 6¢,5%2,12imm. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft. 15-23 April, 1918. “Tris dark, bill and feet black, sometimes dull brown washed with bluish.” Males. T.L. 210, 208, 207, 188, 200, —, 210, —, 208, 208, 205, 212 ; W. 102, 99, 98, 96, 94, 101, 101, 101, 99, 99, 103, 104 mm. females. T. L. 205, 210, 205, 208, —, —, 210, 170 (juv.) ; W. 97, 97, 99, 98, 95, 95, 98, 89 (juv.). Male. Similar to N. g. decipiens from Sumatra, but slightly larger. Females. Like that of N. g. decipiens, but the primaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail much.duller, less rufous ; crown and occiput shining cobalt-blue, very much brighter and clearer than in N. g. decipiens, where it is merely a diffused wash of duller blue. . Types, S and ¢ from the Langbian Peaks, 6500 ft., 23 April, 1918. : Male. T.L. 212; W. 104; T.98; Ts. 23; billfrom gape 21 mm. Female. Tol, ==, W. 953 Ti-9l; Ts.-23 2 bill from . gape 21 mm. | i The bright cap of the female distinguishes this well-marked subspecies at a glance. 90. Dendrobiastes hyperythra annamensis, subsp. nov. 4 6. Dalat, 5000 ft., S. Annam. 7 April-3 May, 1918. 346,29. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft.,S. Annam. 15-26 April, 1918. “Tris dark, bill black, feet lilac-brown or fleshy.”’ Males. T. L. 120, 120, 120, 117, 182, 118, 181; W. 62, 64, 63, 63, 64, 61, 68 mm. Females. T. L. 118, 108; W. 58, 58 mm. Types. Adult male and female, Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., South Annam, 20-22 April, 1918. Male. T.L. 122; W. 64; T. 48; Ts. 19°5; bill from gape 14mm. 212 446 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, Female. T.L.108; W.58; T. 48; Ts. 18°5; bill from gape 14°5 mm. Male slate-colour above (Ridgway), intermediate between deep and dark Payne’s grey. Female brownish olive above, slightly modified by the grey bases of the feathers. (The second female is ver y faintly tinged with slate on the lower back.) The male differs from D. h. vulcani Robinson, of Java, in having the abdomen washed with buff; it is much paler than’ D.h. malayana Grant, of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and has white under tail-coverts. The female is brighter below than D. h. vulcani, the throat and abdomen washed with buff (not whitish) and the breast and flanks not infuscated ; differs from D. h. malayana in being paler and brighter below, lacking infuscation on breast and flanks. The following key, based on eighty specimens, indicates the differences between the Annam and Malayan races ; all apparently differ from D. h. hyperythrus of Darjiling in being darker and greyer above. No example of the species appears to have been met with between Manipur in the north-west and Annam and the Malay States in the south-east :— Rite Males. a. Richer coloured throughout below, under tail-coverts dimiged: Widw wll 2 vs). sc wl nem mint ale sina = ©) +e eda ese less malayana. b. Paler throughout below, under tail-coverts ae ae biowen WVU LTSIINWN: ct ele PT deey ai totedoreterenade te ismer nates vulcant. b'. Abdomen suffused with fulvous...... Prenetavets too atare annamensis. Females. a. Breast darker and duller, flanks infuscated. a’. Darker below, throat and abdomen tinged with AUT VOUS Ps eietaad-pateieioletamesais wacker chelade tole ia leaders ete venbie re malayana. b'. Paler below, throat and abdomen whitish .......... vulcant. b. Breast paler but brighter, flanks scarcely infuscated, throat and abdomen tinged with fulvous .......... annamensts. 91. Muscicapula melanoleuca (Hodgs.). 3g,192. Dalat, 5000ft., S. Annam. 8 April-8 May, 1918. 1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 447 36,292. Arbre Broyé, 5400 ft., S. Annam. 138-14 May, 1918. 49,392. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam. 19-22 April, 1918. “Tris dark, bill and feet black.” Males. T. lL. 117, 114, 124, 114, 117, 108, 116, 118, 115 (worn); W. 56, 57, 57, 60, 59, 55, 62, 59, 59, 58 mm. Kemales. TU. 114, 110; —, TO; 112 3. W257, 55358; 57, 55, 57 mm. We have carefully compared this series with absolute topotypes of M. m. westermanni Sharpe, from which they differ in having the upper surfaces of the females paler, less ‘bluish, grey, and the rump slightly washed with olivaceous. Males are exactly similar. 92. Hypothymis azurea styani (Hartl.). Hypothymis azurea styani Stresemann, Noy. Zool. xx. 1913, p. 295; Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 190. Hypothymis azurea Oustalet, p. 52. 1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin Chma. 21 May, 1918. 26,13 imm.,2 9. Daban, 6500 ft., S. Annam, 14-23 March, 1918. 1¢. Dran, 3000 ft.,S.Annam. 11 May, 1918. “Tris dark; bill dull cobalt, tip and edges of maxilla black; feet dull cobalt to dark plumbeous.” Males. T. L. 164, —, 160; W. 70, 72, 70mm. Females. T. L. 168, 160, 162, 160; W. 63, 69, 67, 71 mm. 93. Cryptolopha castaneiceps annamensis, subsp. nov. Differs from C. c. castaneiceps in having the abdomen entirely bright yellow, not white, mesially; and from C. c. sinensis Rickett (Ibis, 1898, p. 832) in having white on the inner webs of the two outer pairs of tail-feathers instead of on one pair only. Types. & from Langbian Peaks, 27 April; ? from Dalat, 3 May. “Tris dark; maxilla blackish; edge and angle of bill yellow in the male; mandible ochreous; feet greenish and yellowish brown.” 448 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, 32. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 4 April-3 May. 1g. Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam, 27 April. Male. T.L. 101*; W. 53*; T. 43*; Ts. 17°5*; bill trom gape —*. Females. T. L. 97,104,107*; W. 50, 51, 49*; T. 40, 42, Al *> Ts. 16, 716,.16%;' bill from: gape, 10} (75110, 7 aos 7* mm. : 94. Cryptolopha malcolmsmithi, sp. nov. > 2¢,5 9. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam. 17-22 April, 1918. ? Nearest to C. poliogenys (Blyth), but with the whitish grey beneath much more extensive, reaching the breast ; remaining underparts pale yellow, rump also yellow; a black stripe from the lores passing through the eye and a white supercilium from the base of the bill to the nape, broadest over the eye; feathers below the eye white ; three outer pairs of tail-feathers mainly white. Sexes similar. Types. Adult male and female from the Langbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam, 21 & 19 April, 1918. “Tris dark ; bill black, base of lower mandible yellow ; feet yellow washed with brown or greenish.” Males. T. L. 92 +, 94; W. 464, 46; T. 32-7, 33; Ts. 17 +, LSet. es LOG: Munn: | Females. T. L. 95 ¢, 95, 90, 92,91; W. 47 +, 49, 46, 45, AA eT. 33 }5)00, 100,50, 005 18.017 4, 177516, 16°5, 41 veor Bite: 1OG 975515 9-5; WOimm, One bird, partially in moult, has the tips to the wing- coverts gamboge-yellow, much deeper than the other specimens. This little Flycatcher was entirely confined to the upper parts of the peak above 6000 feet. 95. Cryptolopha tephrocephala ocularis, subsp. nov. 16,22. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 5-8 April, 1918. 9¢,3 92. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500ft., S. Annam. 16-26 April, 1918. * Types of the subspecies. t Types of the species. 1919.] — from South Annam and Cochin China. 449 Differs from OQ. c. tephrocephala (Anderson) and C. ¢. inter- media La Touche, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vil. 1898, p. xxvii, in having a conspicuous particoloured ocular ring, yellow in front, white below and behind, interrupted above by the greyish black of the head. Types. Adult male and female from the Langbian Peaks, 5200-7200 ft., South Annam, 25 & 16 April, 1918. “Tris dark ; maxilla blackish brown, edges sometimes yellowish; mandible yellow, sometimes washed with brown.” Males. T. L. 112, 113 *, 116, —, —, 112, 118, 115, 118, 113; W. 56, 54%, 50, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 55; T. 46*; Tseise > Batok loco mame Femaless Us Ti W122 11S) 1s *, Voy Wis Wide, 04s Of 245s DO wl. 46) 2 tse le 5b, fo. 16 ram, 96. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.). Oustalet, p. 53. 8 @. Dalat, 5000ft.,S. Annam. 5-11 April, 1918. 24,29. lLangbian Peaks, 6—7500ft., S. Annam. 24-26 April, 1918. “ Tris dark, bill black, feet brown.” Males. T. L. 200, 192; W. 81, 78 mm. Hemates. T. tue E75, "1905 1975 VOOR S40 W 0795795 Ol, 75, 72mm. These birds appear clearer grey, less blackish, than a series of R. a. atrata Salvad., from the typical locality. One male from Langbian Peaks has the white superciliaries united by a marked frontal band. 97. Terpsiphone paradisi affinis (Blyth). Terpsiphone affinis Oustalet, p. 55. 1 2 imm. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 26 March, 1918. “Tris dark ; maxilla pale lilac, mandible pale grey, tips and edges black ; feet bluish plumbeous.” Tb. 190): We.S0amm: 98. Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis (Swains.). Culicicapa ceylonensis Oustalet, p. 55. 1¢,1 2. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 6-7 April, 1918. * Types of the subspecies. 450 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ This, 46,5 9. lLangbian Peaks, 6-7500 ft., S. Annam. 17-27 April, 1918. “Tris dark; maxilla black, mandible fleshy tipped with black ; feet yellowish brown.” Males. T. L. 182, 127, —, 182, 182; W. 66, 62, 64, 64, 62 mm. Females. T, L. 122, 126, —, 126, 124, 126: W. 59, 59, 62, 61, 60, 58 mm. Throughout the whole of its very extensive range, with the exception of Java and Bali, this Flycatcher shows but little local variation. 99. Abrornis superciliaris (Tickell). Oustalet, p. 57. 1 ¢. Daban, 650 ft.,S. Annam. 20 March, 1918. “Tris dark ; bill black, edges of lower mandible fleshy ; feet fleshy brown.” Pos 113 Wi-o2 mm. We have compared this specimen with one from the Abor Hills with which it agrees. 100. Stoparola melanops (Vig.). Stoparola melanops Oustalet, p. 57. 3o,2 2. Dalat, 5000ft.,S.Annam. 10 April-4 May, TOUS: 7 1¢. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S. Annam. 14 May, 1918. “Tris dark, bill and feet black.” Males. T. L. 160, 170, 174; W. 83, 84, 86mm. Females. T. L. 158, 165 ; W. 78, 78, 76 mm. Differs from the southern form, S. m. thalassinoides Cab., in being larger. Alleged differences in colour are not con- firmed by our large Malayan series. 101. Graucalus macei siamensis Stuart Baker. Graucalus macei Oustalet, p. 43. Graucalus macei macei Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 192. Graucalus macei siamensis Stuart Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvii. 1918, p. 69. 2 ¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 1-6 June, 1918. 1919.| from South Annam and Cochin China. 451 13,22. Daban, 650 ft., S. Annam. 13-21 March, 1918. 248,12. Dran, 3000ft.,S.Annam. 20 March, 17 May, 1918. 14,12. Dalat, 5000ft.,S.Annam. 2 May, 1918. Tris dark (dull crimson in one bird), bill and feet black.” . Males. T. L. 268, 265, 295, 288, 290, 282; W. 163, 158, 166, 159, 168, 165 mm. : Females. T. Li. 277, 272, 280, 283; W. 160, 160, 159, 158 mm. These specimens agree perfectly with one from Lat Bua Kao, eastern Siam. In his recent review of the species (/.c.s.) Mr. Stuart Baker describes G. m. siamensis from Krabin, central Siam, and states that the Hainan bird is identical. If this is so the Indo-Chinese bird will have to be known as Graucalus macei larvivorus Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 227), a name bestowed on Hainan examples in 1910. Baker may, how- ever, be in error in including Hainan in the range of his race, as from Hartert’s remarks and his comparison of G. m. larvivorus with G. m. rexpineti of Formosa, it might appear that the Hainan bird is darker on the throat-region and face, thus siamensis may possibly be good for the mainland form and we therefore use it for the present. (The wing-length of 192 mm. given by Mr. Baker for a Siamese bird is the largest out of 184 specimens examined ; either this is a misprint or the bird was a “ wanderer ” from the north-west.) 102. Lalage saturata (Swinh.). Campophaga saturata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv. 1879, p. 66. 56,12. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 13 March- 18 May, 1918. 29. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S.Annam. 7-14 May, 1918. 12. Dalat, 5000 ft.,S.Annam. 1 May, 1918. “Tris dark, bill and feet black.” 452 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds [ Ibis, Males. T. L. 218, 220, 216, 217, 220; W. 108, 111, 115, 111, 108 mm. Hemales. UT. i. 3218, (220; 218; 21532 Waals Mal eal ae 112 mm. These birds are darker throughout than the specimens from south-west Siam recorded as Volvocivora polioptera (Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 194). They have grey abdomens and less grey on the wings, while the under tail-coverts are either grey or greyish white with white tips. It is probable that they represent V. saturata Swinh., of Hainan, of which we have no examples with which to compare them. All the females are banded below, but two of them show signs of becoming grey all over. 108. Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus Swinh. Pericrocotus elegans Oustalet, p. 46. 1¢. Trang Bom, Cochin China. 31 May, 1918. 66,3 2,1 2 imm. Daban, 650ft., S. Annam. 13-26 March, 1918. 36,32. Dran,3000ft.,S.Annam. 30 March-18 May, LOTS. “Tris, bill, and feet black.” Males. T. L. 190, 194, 197, 200, 197, 205, 202, 205, 198, 200; W. 93, 93, 95, 92, 93, 95, 95, 93, 95, 94; T. 97, 94, 95, 91, 92, 98, 93, 95, 96, 94: mm. Females. T. L. 195, 200, 200, 190 (Ginm.), 210, 205, 205 ; W. 88, 95, 98, 91, 94, 92, 94; T. 87, 91, 95, 94, 96, 94, 98 mm. This series shows a tendency to intergrade with P. speciosus speciosus in which both webs of the central tail-feathers are black, and also with P. xwanthogaster flammifer in which the first three, not the first two primaries only, are spotted with scarlet on the outer web. 104. Pericrocotus brevirostris Hume. Pericrocotus brevirostris Oustalet, p. 48. 1g. Dran, 3000 ft., S. Annam. 9 May, 1918. 73,52,12 imm. Dalat,5000 ft.S.Annam. 6 April— 5 May, 1918. 1919. | from South Annam and Cochin China. 453 1g. Arbre Broyé, 5400ft.,S. Annam. 12 May, 1918. 1g. lLangbian Peaks, 6000ft., S. Annam. 22 April, 1918. “Tris, bill, and feet black.” Maies. 'T. Li. 182, 179, 195, 170; 182; 182,176, 173, 185, 178; W. 83, 81, 85, 83, 84, 82, 82, 84, 83, 83; T. 93, 96, 995 100; 100; 98, 97.995 94mm: Females. T. lis U78; 178; W823 FS8s5 185, 73 (imm.); W...78, 78,83, 80, 80:/33'5, 1.923 965,97, 945 975, 100 mm: The females of this series have the crown black, in two cases glossy ; the light colour of the underparts of the body orange-yellow suffused with red. Four have the tails pinky red and one yellowish; the latter has the wing-patches yellow and the rump orange, while in the others the rump and the wing-patches are as the under surfaces of the tail, but more brilliant. Young birds are clear yellow without any tinge of red. 105. Pericrocotus griseigularis Gould. Gyldenstolpe, Kung]. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. lvi. no 2, LUG) Pp: fo hg ad I Sead. } 9 imm, Dalat. 5000) ft-5.S: Annam:. 7 April-3 May, 1918. “Tris, bill, and feet black.” Male. he 1703, W483); 5.96 mm. Females. T. L. 180, 190 (imm.); W. 80, 85; T. 96, 95 mm. The young bird has the throat white, underparts lemon- yellow, wing-patch rather deeper yellow. 106. Pericrocotus peregrinus (Linn.). Oustalet, p. 47. 1¢,1 9. Tour Cham, Phanrang, S. Annam. 22 May, 1918. “ Tris dark, bill and feet black.” Male. T. L. —; W. 70 mm. Female. T. L. 150; W. 66; T. (worn) 79 mm. [To be continued. } 454 Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. __[ Ibis, XXIII.—On the Plumage-development of Nettion torquatum, Peecilonetta erythrorhyncha, and Anas undulata. By F. HE. Buaauw, M.B.O.U. Nerrion rorevarvm has been for many years a Duck which was hardly ever found in collections of live birds, and only during the last few years have I been able to procure it. The birds have proved to be easy to breed, and I am now able to give some details about their development. The number of eggs laid in one brood was generally about seven, and they were deposited in a box hanging over the water. The time of incubation lasts about 23 days. The chick in down is in so far remarkable that, contrary to what is the case with most of the other Ducks, there is no yellow in the coloration of the down. It is a mixture of pearly white and blackish grey distributed as follows :— The whole of the under side including the sides of the head and neck is pearly white or pure white. A blackish-grey band runs from the frontal base of the bill, over the occiput and the back of the neck and joins the blackish-grey upper side. A nearly pure black streak runs through the eyes from the base of the bill to the back of the head. The dark colour of the upper side includes the tail and the back part of the thighs. There is a whitish streak over each wing which runs into a spot of the same colour on each side of the back. On each side at the base of the tail there is a white spot, and one above each thigh. Bill pale lead-colour. Legs and feet greyish flesh-colour. In the first plumage the young females of Nettion tor- quatum are like the adult females, although the different markings are slightly less conspicuous. The young males in first plumage have a special plumage- dress, which may be described as follows :— The upper part of the head-to below the eyes is of a rufous grey-brown, the occiput being darkest. The back of the neck is of the same colour, but lighter than the occiput. The remaining parts of the upper side, including the scapulars, 1919.| Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. 455 is of a dark brownish grey. The scapulars, which will be red in the adult male, have a faint reddish sheen under some lights. The tail and tail-coverts, primaries and their coverts are deep black. The secondaries are metallic green or blue, according to the light. The white patch on the secondary coverts, which is formed by elongated and broadened black- tipped white feathers, is present as in the adult male. The chin and throat and fore-neck are of a pearly white, which darkens gradually upwards into the rufous grey-brown of the top of the head. The breast is pale buff finely freckled with brownish-black spots. The rest of the under side is pearly grey marked with darker grey transverse spots. Under tail-coverts dirty white, as are also the two spots at the base of the tail, which are pure white in the adult male. Legs and feet are greyish flesh-colour. Bill pale lead-colour. Shortly after the bird has attained its full size and is completely feathered the moult into the dress of the adult male begins. In the adult birds the legs are flesh-colour in both sexes. The bill of the adult male is bright blue with black nail. The bill of the adult female is of a slightly duller blue and has a blackish saddle-mark. The chick in down of the African Red-billed Teal (Pacilonetta erythrorhyncha) is marked almost exactly like the chick of Nettion torquatum, but the light parts instead of being pearly white are pale lemon-yellow, whilst the dark parts of the upper side are also slightly tinted with yellow. There also is a dark spot between the yellow of the breast and that of the throat, and the dark line that runs from the base of the bill through the eye does not quite reach the brown of the neck as is the case in Nettion torquatum. The legs, feet, and bill are blackish. In first plumage the African Red-billed Teal resembles the adults, but all the feather-markings, especially the light edgings of the wing-coverts, are not so well defined. The red of the bill is also duller than in the adult birds. In the ‘ Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum?’ the African Red-billed Teal is included in the genus Pecilonetta, 456 Mr. F. E. Blaauw on Plumage-development. _ [Tbis, which is a genus allied to the Pintails and differing so slightly from them that in my opinion they might very well be included in the genus Dafila. The Red-billed Teal shows no affinities with the Pintails. It has no lengthened tail- feathers and nothing in its habits reminds one of them. The affinities are certainly with the Teals, Ne¢tion or Querguedula. The male of this species is a remarkably silent bird. The only tone it emits is a subdued drawling note with very little sound in it, and which is accompanied by an elevation of the head. The eggs, usually seven in number, are generally deposited in a nest at some distance from the water under a bush or a sedge. The South African Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata) is also a rare Duck in European collections of live waterfowl. I brought my pair from Port Elizabeth in the spring of 1914, and the birds bred the following year. The chick in down may be described as follows :— The whole of the under side including throat and cheeks golden-yellow. A dark band begins at the base of the bill, widens over the occiput, and gets narrower over the back of the neck to join the brownish black of the upper side. The brown of the upper side runs into the yellow of the breast for about a centimetre on each side. A thin black line runs through the eyes, meeting the brown of the back of the neck. There is a blackish patch over each ear. There is a yellow spot on each side of the back at the base of the wings and a yellow streak over each wing, also a yellow spot on each side of the back at the base of the tail and one above each thigh. The legs, feet, and bill are black. In first plumage the South African Yellow-bill resembles the adults, but the markings of the feathers are less well defined. The bill has its full yellow and black colour as in the adult birds. 1919. | On the Birds of the Canary Islands. 457 XXIV.—List of the Birds of the Canary Islands, with detailed reference to the Migratory Species and the Accidental Visitors.- Part II. Prcoroa—Suntips. By Davin A. BannerRMAN, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S. [Continued from p. 321. ] Family Pictps. * Dryobates major canariensis. Tenerife Great Spotted Woodpecker. Picus canariensis Koenig, Journ. fiir Orn. 1889, p. 263— Type locality : Tenerife. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Dryobates major thanneri. Gran Canarian or Thanner’s Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocapus major thanneri le Roi, Orn. Monatsber. 1911, p. 81—Type locality: Gran Canaria. A Resident subspecies. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Gran Canaria. Obs. Confined to this island. Range beyond the Archipelago. Does not occur. Iynx torquilla torquilla. Wryneck. Tyne torquilla Linn, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 112— Type locality : Sweden. The Wryneck is a Rare Visitor. Cabrera had a specimen in his collection which had apparently been killed in Tenerife. Dr. Hartert éxamined * The entire absence of any Woodpecker from Hierro and Gomera, and especially from Palma, is yery remarkable. 458 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [ Ibis, this skin (Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 805), but the bird is not mentioned in Cabrera’s Catalogo. I saw another example which had been killed in Lanzarote and which was in the Gonzalez collection in Arrecife (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Range. The Wryneck breeds in Europe and winters partly in northern and tropical Africa. Family Cucu.ipa. Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. [or Cuculus canorus canorus. | [Cuculus canorus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 110— Type locality : Sweden.] It is probable that the European Cuckoo (C. canorus canorus) is an Occasional Visitor to the Archipelago during the spring and autumn migration. The Lesser Cuckoo (C. canorus minor) undoubtedly occurs in the islands, as I have examined a skin of a bird shot in Tenerife, and this bird is duly included in this list under that heading (see next species). There are, however, other records of the Cuckoo having been obtained in the Canaries; but as these birds are not available for comparison, I include the records under the binomial name only, as it is not certain whether they should. be referred to the typical or the smaller race. The records are as follows :— (1) Bolle (J. f. O. 1857, p. 824) mentions the Cuckoo as “having been heard in Fuerteventura,” but evidently did not meet with it himself. (2) Two specimens shot by Cabrera at Laguna (Tenerife) in May (Catalogo, p. 39). (8) One bird recorded from Tenerife (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 149) by von Thanner in October 1908: the specimen was not obtained. (4) A skin in the collection of Gonzalez y Gonzalez in Arrecife, Lanzarote. The bird had been shot in that island. I examined the bird myself in June 1913, but stupidly did not measure the wing; the bird did not strike me as being small at the time, and I recorded it (Ibis, 1914, p. 62) as the typical form. Dr. Hartert must have examined Cabrera’s birds when he looked through his collection in Tenerife, but he does not 1919. | Birds of the Canary Islands. 459 now remember whether they belonged to the small or typical race. In his Vég. pal. Faun. p. 945, he wrote under Cuculus canorus canorus : ‘ Auf den Canaren und Madeira sind die Kuckucke nur gelegentliche Durchziigler, sie tberwintern aber in fast ganz Afrika siidlich der Sahara.” Range. Typical C. c. canorus is found throughout Europe, It winters in Africa south of the Sahara. Cuculus canorus minor. ‘The Lesser Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus minor Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeitung, Neue Folge, ii. 1857, p. 444—Type locality : Spain. This small race of the European Cuckoo is an Occasional Visitor to the Canary Archipelago during the spring and autumn migration, . Meade-Waldo, during the four years he spent in the islands, found it to be an irregular spring visitor, and records many which came to the islands on the 25th of April, 1890, and remained for a few days (Ibis, 1890, p. 429). He notes that these birds were all “‘ very small and dark in colour” (Ibis, 1893, p. 195). A specimen which he shot at Orotava on the 4th of May, 1890, and which presumably belonged to this identical migration, is now in the British Museum. It is unquestionably C. c. minor, although it does not appear to be extraordinarily dark, yet it is certainly a very small specimen and has a wing measuring only 190 mm, It is an adult bird, but the sex has not been ascertained. C. c. minor has until recently been confused with C. ¢, canorus by most writers on Canarian ornithology. It may be generally distinguished by its much smaller size, wing 190-217 mm., as against 216-230 mm. in C. ec. canorus. A bird in the British Museum from Madeira has a wing of 206 mm., which appears to be the average size. Range. The Lesser Cuckoo occurs in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, on migration, rarely in Madeira, and more often in the Canaries. It appears to reach the Gold Coast on the west coast, and British East Africa on the east coast. SER. XI.—VOL. I. 2K 4.60 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the [Ibis, Clamator glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo. Cuculus glandarius Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p- 111—Type locality : Gibraltar. The Great Spotted Cuckoo is a Rare Visitor to the islands, It is recorded as an occasional migrant by Berthelot (Orn. Canarienne, p. 25), Bolle (J. f. O. 1854, p. ve aud Polatzek (Orn. Jahrb. 1909, p. 120). Cabrera had one in his collection shot at Los Rodeos in Tenerife, presumably in the summer (Catdlogo, p. 35). I have myself seen a specimen which had been shot in Lanzarote in the Gonzalez collection in Arrecife (Ibis, 1914, p. 62). Polatzek (/.c.) quotes Hartert’s remarks, which really refer to Cuculus canorus, under this species in error, as can easily be seen if the text is read carefully. Range. The Great Spotted Cuckoo breeds in Europe and is also found throughout Africa. It is not surprising, therefore, that it should occasionally be found in the Canaries. Family CypseLip2. Micropus murinus brehmorum. bBrehm’s Pale Swift. Apus apus brehmorum Hartert, Naumann Naturg. Vég. Mitteleuropas, iv. 1901, p. 233—Type locality : Madeira. Brehm’s Pale Swift is a Summer Visitor to the Canaries, although it may almost be called a resident, as it is only absent from the Archipelago for about three months in the year. Hab. in Archipelago. Western Group: Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Palma, Gomera*, Hierro. Eastern Group: Fuerteventura, Lanzarote. Outer islets: Montana Clara, Allegrauza. From the very considerable notes relating to this species which have been made by almost every ornithologist of * T cannot find any particular record from this island, but there is no doubt that this Swift occurs there. 1919.| ° Birds of the Canary Islands. 461 repute who has visited the islands, added to my own obser- vations, I have been able to form definite conclusions as to its arrival and departure. . M. m. brehmorum arrives in the Canaries at the earliest during the first week in January, but usually the main body arrives in February. The principal breeding-time is April and May, but second broods are probably reared, which accounts for young birds having been taken by Bolle as late as the 10th of July. The Swifts remain in the islands during August, but in September, or at the very latest in early October, they take their departure. Meade-Waldo records that ‘‘a very few Swifts pass the winter in Tenerife,” which is quite possible should the weather be particularly warm, From all accounts the winter climate of the Canaries seems to be cooler than in former years, which may account for my never once having seen the Pale Swift in the islands during October, November, or December of several years. Brehm’s Pale Swift is by far the commonest member of the genus in the Archipelago and, unhke the Black Swift, is found in all the islands, though it must be considered a rare breeding bird in Lanzarote. The following notes taken from the diaries of various ornithologists are arranged under the headings of the various islands :— Western Group. Tenerife. “T observed several the day I landed [in Tenerife) 4th February, 1887.” (Savile Reid, Ibis, 1887, p. 454.) “A very few Swifts pass the winter in Tenerife; large numbers arrived early in February.” (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4.) “Tt usually arrives early in the spring and is most common near the coast.” (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 195.) 29 January, 1888. ‘‘ Appears to be an arrival of Swifts, a change in the weather, heavy rain, snow on all the mountains down to 4000 feet, and temperature in moruing 54° rising to 60° in the day.” (Meade-Waldo, MS. note-bools.) 4 February, 1888. “Shot Swift [C. m. brehmorum] with testes fully developed at Orotava.” (Meade-Waldo, MS. note-books.) “ Not as frequent as the Black Swift—found in Tenerife near Santa Cruz and Laguna, I saw also a few east of Vilaflor in July; 2K2 462 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the ° [ Ibis, they might still have had nestlings then. In summer they mount up to the Pico de Teide and pursue the chase even in spite of the suffocating sulphurous fumes from the crater. On the 20th of February, and following days, I noticed swarms of these birds on their passage through, flying along the high mountain-sides between Santa Cruz and Laguna.” (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p- 164.) “Noticed only a few Swifts at Santa Cruz, March 25th, 1909.” (Bannerman, MS. diaries.) “The Swifts of the apus-species leave Tenerife in the autumn.” (Von Thanner, Nov. Zool. 1904, p. 451.) Gran Canaria. 19 March, 1888. “A few pallid Swifts seen.” (Tristram, Ibis, 1889, p. 15.) “A bird of passage....I can verify now beyond a doubt that it breeds in the tower of the Cathedral in Las Palmas, and I received on the 10th of July two young fledged birds from San José.” (Bolle, J. f. O. 1857, p. 322, erroneously recorded under Cypselus apus.) “In August and September, ‘and probably earlier in July, these Swifts fly along the Barranco Guiniguada to San Matéo before noon and return in the afternoon towards 5 o’clock.” (Polatzek, Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 163.) The following records are all my own :— Oct., Nov., Dec. No birds noted during these months (MS. diaries). 5 January, 1908. 2s) 2708 XXXII. Obituary: Sir William Macgregor; Francis Richard . Salisbury Baxenduale-*° 25°.) / 20 a,)). Reaches chee XXXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— An A. B.C. of Common Birds; Bangs on a new bird from the “Philippines; Bangs and Perard on the Lafresnaye types; Campbell on Australian Birds and Nomenclature ; kk. C. Chubb on the Dodo; Gladstene on the war and bird-life: Misses Haviland and Pitt on the habits of the Sone-Thrush ; Mathews’ Birds of Australia; Riley on new birds from the Far East; Stone on the Birds of Panama; Kirke Swann on the Birds of Prey; Bvitish Birds ; Canadian Field-Naturatist; The Emu; Le Gerfaut; South Australian Ornithologist ; and List of other Ornithological Publicabionsyveceryedy 05 so ake’ WO a) XXXYV. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— _ Letters from Lieut. C. G. Finch-Davies on South African © Hawi-Eagles, and from the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the Number of Exgs laid by the Blackbird in Spain; B. O. U. Godman-Salvin Medal Fund; Godman Memorial Fund; International Ornithological Congress; The Editor of ‘The Uist! he i.’ ns bok err Index of Scientific Names \s- 0. a. AS a Indexvok Contents Pues ool. oe ee ee Titlepage ; Dates of Issue of ‘ The Ibis’ for 1919; List of Members ; Contents ; List of Plates; and List of Text-figures. al Nom J i pees @ Communications intended for publication in ‘The Ibis’ should be addressed to the Editor, 10 Sloane Court, Chelsea, 8.W. 1 [during the next six months to the Acting-Editor (Mr. A. ay Evans), 9 Harvey Road, Cambridge]. Members are requested to inform the Secretary, Chief Police Office, West India Docks, London, EK. 14, of any change of Address, so that the numbers of ‘ The Ibis’ may reach them without delay. yy “i is Mei Nee 4 ie | 6144 0