FOR THE PEOPLE

FOK EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

THE IBIS,

A

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDO.V,
AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

1 ^cv^:/ "T^

VOL. L 190L
EIGHTH SERIES.

Quatu niiignificata sunt opera tua, Domine.

LONDON:

GURNEY AND JACKSON, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

(Successors to J. VAN VOORST.)

1901,

PRINTED BY TATLOK AND FRANCIS,
RED IiION COURT, FLEET STUEET.

PREFACE.

The Editors cannot allow the first volume of the
Eighth Series of ' The Ibis ' to be brought to a close
without takuig the opportunity of thanking their
many contributors for the constant support given to
them. It will be observed that the present volume
is of ample dimensions, and yet it has been necessary
to defer the publication of more than one important
paper owing to want of space, while several others
are already promised for the immediate future.

In truth, the very increase in the articles, grati-
fying though it undoubtedly is, forms a matter for
serious consideration. The welfare of such a
Journal as this naturally depends upon the commu-
nications that it receives, and the Editors would not
wish them to be less by a single paper ; at the same
time they feel a certain anxiety, which they beUeve
is shared by many other Ornithologists, at the gradual
augmentation in bulk of the annual volume. It
would be to the mutual advantage of all authors if

they would compress their information as far as is

a2

IV

compatible with a proper treatment of their subjects.
Thus their facts would stand forth more clearly, and
their valuable notes be better appreciated, than when
they are imbedded in a certain amount of matter of
less immediate importance, which is perhaps hardly
necessary. The mere number of pages that a worker
has now to turn over is fast becoming a laborious task.
With regard to the subjects which we venture to
commend to Ornitlndogists as worthy of special at-
tention, we may remark that in the Pterylography
and Anatomy of Birds much yet remains to be done,
especially as by their means fresh light may be thrown
upon the arrangement of the Passerine Birds, which,
it must be recollected, constitute nearly one-half of
the Class Aves. A renewed study of the wing-
structure of the Passeres might lead to valuable
results, and enable us to introduce some order into
the present chaotic state of that most important
group.

P. L. S. ■)
A. H. E.i

3 Hanover Square,
September 24th, 1901.

BRITISH OIINITIIOLOGISTS' UNION.
1901.

[An asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested
that Members will give notice to the Secretary of the Union, 3 Hanover Square,
Loudon, W., of any error in their addresses or descriptions in this List, in order
tliat it uiay be corrected.]

Date of
Election.

1896. Alexander, Capt. Boyd, F.Z.S. (7th Bn. Rifle Brigade) ;

Wilsley, Cranbrook, Kent.
1901. Allchin, James H. ; 24 Bower Mount Road, Maidstone.
1888. Aplin, Oliver Vernon ; Bloxham, Banbury, Oxou.

1896. Archibald, Charles ¥.; 9 Cardigan Road, Headingley,

Leeds.
5 1896. Arrigoni degli Oddi, Count Ettore, Professor of Zoology,

University, Padua ; and Ca' oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy.
1901. Arundel, Major Walter B. ; High Ackworth, Pontefract.
1901. AsHBY, Herbert ; Pinehurst, Basset, near Southampton.

1897. AsTLKY, The Rev. Hubert Delaval, F.Z.S. ; Beuham Park,

Newbury, Berks.
1885. Backhouse, James, F.Z.S. ; Daleside, Harrogate.
lo 1901. Bailwaed, Lt.-Col. A. C. (R.F.A.) ; 1 Princes Mansions,
Victoria Street, S.W.
1892. Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.Z.S. ; District Superintendent of
Police, Dibrughur, Assam, India; care of Messrs. H. S.
King & Co., 65 Cornhill, E.C.
11)01, Baker, John C, M.B., B.A. ; The Mount, Witley, Surrey.
1899. Balfour, Frederick: Robert Stephen ; Dawyck, Stubo, N.B. ;

and Bachelors' Club, Piccadilly, W.
1889. Balston, Richard James, F.Z.S. ; Springfield, Maidstone.
15 1890. Barclay, Francis Hubert, F.Z.S.; The Warren, Cromer,
Norfolk.
1872. Barclay, Colonel Hanbury, F.Z.S.; Tingrith Manor,

Woburn, Bedfordshire.
1885. Barclay, Col, Hugh G., F.Z.S. ; Colney Hall, Norv^rich.
1889. Barrett-Hamilton, Capt. Gerald E. H., F.Z.S. (5th Royal

Irish Rifles) ; Kilmanock, Arthurstown, Ireland.
1881. Barrington, Richard Manlifee, LL.B. ; Fassaroe, Bray,
Co. Wicklow.

VI

Date of
Election.

20 1884. Beddard, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Vice-Secretary and
Prosector to the Zoological Society of London ; Zoological
Society's Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W.
1897. Benson, John ; Tlie Post Office, Vancouver, B.C.

1897. Beret, William, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fife-

shire.
1880. BiDWELL, Edward ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, E.G.

1884. Bingham, Lt.-Col. Charles T. (Indian Staff Corps), F.Z.S, :

care of Messrs. H. S. King &. Co., 65 Cornhill, E.G.
25 1892. Bird, The Rev. Maurice C. H., M.A. ; Brunstead Rectory,
Stalham, S.O., Norfolk.
1891. Blaauw, F. E., C.M.Z.S. ; Gooilust, 'sGraveland, Noord-
HoUand.

1898. Bland, Ivers ; Newbold Firs, Leamington.

1873. Blanford, William T., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; 72 Bedford
Gardens, Kensington, W.

1893. BoLAM, George, F.Z.S. ; Berwick-on-Tweed.

30 1897. BoNAR, The Rev. Horatius Ninian ; Free Church Manso,
Salton, Pencaitland, East Lothian, N.B.

1894. BoNHOTE, John Lewis, F.Z.S.; Ditton Hall, Fen Ditton,

Cambridgeshire.

1898. Booth, George Albert ; Phoenix Iron Works, Derby Street,

Preston ; and Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Lanes.

1895. Bradford, Dr. J. Rose, F.Il.S. ; 8 Manchester Square, W.

1885. Brockholes, William Fitzherbeet ; Claughton-on-Brock,

Garstang, Lancashire.
35 1890. Brooke, HaertBrinsley; 33 Egcrton Gardens, Kensiugton,W.

1899. Brooke, John Arthur, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Hudderstield ; and

Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire.

1900. Bruce, William Spiers ; Zoological Laboratory, Surgeons'

Hall, Edinburgh.
1868. Buckley, Thomas Edward, B.A., F.Z.S.; Rossal, Inverness,

N.B.
1895. Bulgaria, H.R.H. Ferdinand, Prince of; Sophia, Bulgaria.
40 1872. BuLLER, Sir Walter Lawry,K.C.M.G.,Sc.D.,F.R.S.,C.M.Z.S.;

122 Tinakori Road, AVellington, New Zealand.
1899. Butler, Arthur Lennox, F.Z.S. ; Superintendent, Wild

Animals Department, Khartoum, Sudan.
1884. Butler, Lieut.-Col. E. A.; Plumton House, Bury St. Edmunds,

Suftblk.

Date of
Election.

1896. BtjTTERFiELD, W. C. J. llusKiN ; 4 Stanhope Place,

St. Leoiiards-on-Sea.
1900. Buttress, Bernard A. E. ; The Cross House, Fawkham, Kent.
45 1884. Buxton, Geoffrey Fowell, F.Z.S. ; Dunston Hall, Norwich.

1895. Buxton, S. Gurney, F.Z.S. ; Catton Hall, Norwich.

1896. Cade, Francis J. ; Teighmore, Cheltenham.

1889. Cameron, Ewen Somerled, F.Z.S. ; Tighnamara, Dornoch,

Sutherlandshire.
1896. Cameron, Lieut. James S. ; 1st Bn. Royal Sussex Uegt., South
Africa ; and Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent.
5° 1888. Cameron, John Duncan; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,
Kent.
1892. Campbell, Charles William, C.M.Z.S., H.B.M. Chinese
Consular Service; British Legation, Peking, China.

1888. Carter, James; Burton House, Masham, E.S.O., Yorkshire.

1899. Cartwright, Thomas Leslie Melville ; Newbottle Manor,

Banbui-y.

1890. Cave, Charles John Phflip, F.Z.S. ; Ditcham Park, Petersfield.
55 1888. Chamberlain, Walter,F.Z.S.; Bromesherrow Place, Ledbury.

1894. Chance, A. Macomb, Jun., B.A. ; Lawnside, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

1884. Chapman, Abel, F.Z.S. ; 9 South Bailey, Durham.

1882. Chase, Robert William ; Southville, Priory Road; Edgbas-
ton, Birmingham,

1900. Chatterton, Frederick J. S. ; 78 Clissold Road, Stoke

Newington, N.
6o 1897. Cholmley, Alfred John, F.Z.S.; Place Newton, Rillington,
Yorkshire.

1889. Clarke, Stephenson Robert, F.Z.S.; Borde Hill, Cuckheld,

Sussex.
1880. Clarke, William Eagle, F.L.S. ; Museum of Science and Art,

Edinburgh.
1898. Cocks, Alfred Heneage, F.Z.S.; Poynetts, Skirmett, near

Henley-on-Thames.
1898. Coke, Hon. Richard ; 1st Bn. Scots Guards, South Africa.
65 1895. Coles, Richard Edward ; Ashley, Arnewood.

1880. Cooper, Rt. Hon. Lieut.-CoL E. H,, P.C, F.Z.S.; 42 Portman

Square, W.
1888. CoRDEAUx, Captain William Wilfrid (21st Lancers) ;

Westgato Court, Canterbury.

Date of
Election.

1882. CuRY, Charles B., F.Z.S. ; Third National Bank, State Street,

Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1899. CowiE, Archibald ; St. John's School, Leatherhead.
70 1890. CowiE, Major Alexander Hugh, K.E,, F.Z.S. ; care of H.

Ward, Esq., Yeatton, Lymington, Hants; and St. Lucia,

West Indies.
1896. Crawford, Francis C. ; 19 Ro3'al Terrace, Edinburgh.

1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Haepur, Bt. ; Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
1896. Crockett, Samuel Rutherford; Bank House, Penicuik,

Midlothian.

1895. Crossley, Sir Savile B., Bt., F.Z.S. ; Somerleyton, Lowestoft ;

and 12 Carlton-House Terrace, S.W.
75 1898. Crossman, Alan F. ; St. Cuthbert's, Berkhamsted, Herts.

1898. Crowley, Reginald Alwyn ; Highfield, Alton, Hants; and

22 High Street, Croydon.

1899. Curtis, Frederick ; The College, Guy's Hospital, S.E.
1877. Dalgleish, John J. ; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station,

Stirling, N.B.

1898. Dalrymple, Hon. John James; 1st Bn. Scots Guards, South

Africa.
80 1896. Danford, Bertram W. Y., R.E. ; Bermuda.

1897. Darnley, Ivo Francis Walton, Earl; Cobham Hall,

Gravesend ; and Clifton Lodge, Athboy, Co. Meath.
1883. Davidson, James, F.Z.S. ; Karwar, Kanara, Bombay ; and
32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

1899. Da VIES, Lt. Sutton A. (2nd East Lanes. Regt.); JuUundur,

Punjab, India.
1891. De Vis, Charles AV. ; Queensland Museum, Brisbane; and

care of B. Quaritch, 15 Piccadilly, W.
85 1893. De Winton, W. E., F.Z.S. : Graftonbury, Hereford ; and

59 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W.
1896. Dobbie, James B., F.Z.S. ; 2 Hailes Street, Edinburgh.
1889. Dobie, William Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street,

Chester.
1895. Donovan, Capt. Charles, I.M.S., ; Madras, India.
1865. Dresser, Henry Eeles, F.L.S., F.Z.S, ; 110 Cannon Street,

E.C.
90 1890. Drewitt, Dr. Frederic George Dawtrey, M.A., M.D.,

F.R.C.P., F.Z.S.; 14 Palace Gardens Terrace, Ken-
sington, W.

Date of

Election.

1890. Dkummond-Hat, Major James A. G. ; 1st Bn. Coldstream
Guards, South Africa ; and Seggieden, Perth, N.B.

1878. DuRNFORD, W. Aethtje, J.P. ; Elsecar, Barnsley.

1 896. DuTHiE, Lt.-Col. W. H. M, ; The Presbytery, North Berwick.
1870. Elliot, Daniel Giraud, P.R.S.E., F.Z.S, ; Field Columbian

Museum, Chicago, U.S. 4..
95 1895. Elliot, Edmund A. S., M.E.C.S. ; \yoodville, Kingsbridge,

South Devon.
1884. Elliott, Algernon, Civil and Sessions Judge, Amraoti Camp,

Berar, H.A.D., India.
1866. Elwes, Henry John, F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Cheltenham.
1895. Erlanger, Freiherr Carlo von; Nieder Ingelheim, Rhein

Hessen, Germany.

1879. Evans, Arthur Humble, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 9 Harvey Road, Cam-

bridge. (Editor.)
loo 1888. EvANS,WiLLiAM, F.R.S.E.; 38 Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
1892. Fairbridge, William George; 133 Long Market Street,

Capetown, South Africa.
1895. Falconer, John J. M. ; St. Ann's, Lasswade, N.B.
1894. Farquhae, Capt. Arthur M., R.N. ; Granville Lodge, Aboyne,

N.B. ; and H.M.S. ' Diana," Mediterranean Squadron.
1898. Farquhar, Commr. Stuart St. J., R.N. ; H.M.S. 'Pembroke,'

Chatham ; and Drumnagesk, Aboyne, N.B.
105 1873. Feilden, Col. Henry Wemyss, CM. Z.S.; West House, Wells,

Norfolk; and Junior United Service Club, S.W.

1897. Fenwick, Edward Nicholas Fhnwick ; Oxford and Cambridge

Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1886. Ferguson, Lieut. Harold Stuart, F.Z.S.; Nair Brigade,

Trevaiidrum, Travancore, India,
1901. FiNLiNSON, Horace W. ; Goldiugtou Avenue, Bedford.
1892. Finn, Frank, B.A., F.Z.S. ; Indian Museum, Calcutta,
no 1890. Fisher, Lionel ; Kandy, Ceylon.

1884. Forbes, Henry Ogg, LL.D., F.Z.S. ; Free Public Museums,

Liverpool.

1898. Foster, George E. ; Brooklands, Cambridge.

1880. Foster, William ; Braeside, The Heath, Weybridge.

1887. Fowler, William Warde, M.A. ; Lincoln College, Oxford.
115 1865. Fox, The Rev. Henry Elliott, M.A. ; The Croft, Lytton

Grove, Putney Hill, S.W.

1881. Freke, Percy Evans; 7 Limes Road, Folkestone.

Date of

Election.

1895. Feohawk, Frederick William ; 42 Waddoii Road, Croydon,
1881. Gadow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; University Zoological

Museum, Cambridge.
1886. Gainsborough, Charles William Francis, Earl of; Exton

Park, Oakham.
I20 1900. Garnett, Charles; 9 Porchester Gardens, W. ; and New

University Club, St. James's Street, S.W.

1900. Gainer, Francis; Beech Holm, Sunderland ; Kings' College,

Cambridge ; and 20 Queen Square, W.C.
1892. Gerrard, John, Government Inspector of Mines; Worsley,

near Manchester.
1879. Gibson, Ernest ; 1 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh.
* 1858. GoDMAN, Frederick DuCane,D.C.L.,F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; lOChan-
dos Street, Cavendish Square, W. President.
125* 1858. GoDMAN, Percy Sanden, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham,
Horsham.

1901. GooDCHiLD, Herbert ; 119 Gloucester Road, Regent's

Park, N.W.

1900. GooDFELLOw, Walter ; Rosedale, Broadstone, Dorset.
1899. Gould, Frank Herbert Carruthers ; Amherst, Grove Road,

East Molesey, Surrey.

1895. Grabham, Oxley, M.A. ; Thornton Dale, Pickering,

Yorks.
130 1890. Grant, William R. Ogilvje- ; 29 Elvaston Place, S.W.

1885, Guillemard, F. H. H., M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ; Old Mill House,

Trumpington, Cambridge.
1876. GiJNTHER, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.;

2 Lichfield Road, Kew Gardens, S.W.
1898. GuRNEY, Lieut. Anthony Francis, R.N. ; North Runcton Hall,

King's Lynn ; and H.M.S. ' Pembroke,' Chatham.
1870. GuRNEY, John Henry, F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, Norwich ; and

Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
135 1897. Gurney, J. Nigel ; Sprowston Hall, Norwich.

1896. Gurney, Robert ; Sprowston Hall, Norwich.

1890. GwATKiN, Joshua Reynolds Gascoign ; The Manor House,

Potterne, Devizes.

1901. Haagner, Alwin C. ; South African Constabulary, Modder-

fontein. South Africa.

1891. Haigh, George Henry Caton ; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby,

Lincolnshire.

Date of
K lection.

140 lb98. Haines, Charles Reginald, M.A. ; Meadhurst, Uppingham,
Rutland.
1887. Haines, John Pleydell Wilton ; 17 King Street, Gloucester.
1898. Hale, The Rev. James Rashleigh, B.A. ; The Vicarage,
Horton Kirby, Dartford, Kent,

1886. Hamilton, Edward, M.D.,F.L.S.,F.Z.S.; 16 Cromwell Place,

S.W.
1900. Harpek, Edmund William, F.Z.S. ; 1a Camac Street,

Calcutta.
145 1900. Harris, Henry Edward ; Overton, Torquay.
1893. Hartert, Ernst ; The Museum, Tring, Herts.
1868. Harting, James Edmund, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Linnean Society,

Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
1896. Hartland, John Cole; c/o Messrs. Hunt & Co., P.O. Box 11,

Yokohama, Japan.
1893. Hartmann, William; Tangley Mere, Chilworth, Surrey.
150 1899. Harvey, Capt. Robert Napier, R.E. ; Stanhope Lines,

Aldershot.
1873. Harvie-Brown, John A., F.Z.S. ; Dunipace House, Larhert,

N.B.
1900. Hasluck, Percy Pedley Hareord; The Wilderness, South-
gate, N.
1898. Hawker, Richard M., F.Z.S. ; Bath Club, Dover Street, W. ;

and c/o A. Scott, Esq., 83 St. Clement's House, Clement's

Lane, E.C.

1887. Herbert, Charles T., F.Z.S. ; The Rhodrons, Hook, Kingston-

on-Thames.
155 1899. Heywood, Richard ; St. Margaret's Place, King's Lynn,
Is^orfolk.

1900. Hills, John Waller; 14 Victoria Grove, Kensington, W. ;
and Corby Castle.

1895. HiNXMAN, Lionel W., B.A. ; Geological Survey of Scotland,
Edinburgh.

1884. HoLDswoRTH, Charles James ; Sunnyside, Wilmslow,
Cheshire.

1877. HoLDswoRTH, Edmund W. H., F.Z.S. ; South Town, Dart-
mouth, Devon.
160 1891. Holland, Arthur H. ; Estancia Sta. Elena, Halsey, F.C.O.,
Argentine Reiniblic ; and Holmhurst, Copse Hill, Wim-
bledon, S.W.

Date of
Election.

1888. HoESFiELD, Herbert Knight ; Ivy Lodge, Chapel Allerton,

Leeds.
1893. Hose, Chaeles, D.Sc., F.Z.S. ; Baram, Sarawak, Borneo.

1895. Howard, Henry Eliot ; Clarelands, near Stourport.

1881. Howard, Robert James ; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lanca-
shire.
i65*1858. HtTDLESTON, Wilfrid Hcdleston, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.;

8 Stanhope Gardens, S.W.
1893. Hudson, "William Henry, F.Z.S. ; Tower House, St. Luke's

Road, Westbourne Park, W.
1869. Hume, Allan Octavian, C.B., C.S.I., F.Z.S.; The Chalet,

Kingswood Road, Upper Norwood, S.E.
1890. Hunter, Heney Chaeles Vicars ; Mawley Hall, Cleobury

Mortimer, Salop.
1901. Ingeam, Collingwood ; The Bungalow, Westgate-on-Sea ;

and c/o Lady Ingrain, 65 Cromwell Road, S.W.
170 1870. Irby, Lieut.-Col. Leonaed Hoavaed, F.Z.S.; 14 Cornwall

Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.

1888. Jackson, Fredeeicz J., C.B., F.L.S. ; The Red House,

Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
1892. James, Heney Ashwoeth; Hurstmonceux Place, Hailsham,
Sussex.

1896. Jesse, William ; La Martiniere College, Luckuow, Oudh,

India.

1889. Johnson, Feedeeick Ponsonby, B.A., J.P., D.L. ; Castlesteads,

Brampton, Cumberland.
175 1891. Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton, K.C.B., F.Z.S.; Queen

Anne's Mansions, S.W.
1900. Jones, Major Heney (late 62nd Regt.) ; East Wickham

House, Welling, Kent.
1899. JouEDAiN, The Rev. Feancis Chaeles Robert, M.A. ; Clifton

Vicarage, near Ashbourne, Derbyshire.
1880. Kelham, Col. Heney Robert (1st Bn. Highland Light

Infantry) ; 52 Lisbury Road, Hove, Brighton.
1894. Kelsall, Capt. Haeey Joseph (R.G.A.); c/o J. W.Jameson,

Esq., Roxborough, Bowdon, Cheshire.
180 1897. Kelsall, The Rev. John Edwaed, M.A. ; Milton Rectorj',

Lymington, Hants.
1882. Kermode, Philip M.C; Hillside, Ramsay, Isle of Man.
1891. Keee, J. Geaham, F.Z.S. ; Christ's College, Cambridge.

Date of
Election.

1895, KiNGSFOED, William Edwaed ; Horsell, Woking, Surrey.
1900. KoNiG, Dr. Alexander Ferdinand ; Professor at Bonn

University, Coblenzer-Strasse 164, Bonn, Germany.
185 1882. Knubley, The Rev. Edw. Ponsonby, M.A.; Steeple Ashton

Vicarage, Trowbridge.
1892. Laidlaw, Thomas Geddes ; Bank of Scotland, Morningside

Branch, 8 Morningside Road, Edinburgh.
1884. Langxon, Herbert; 11 Marlborough Place, Brighton.
1881. Lascelles, The Hon. Gerald ; The King's House,

Lyndhiirst.

1892. La Touche, John David Digues, C.M.Z.S, ; Lt.-Governor,

N.W.P., Government House, Allahabad, India.
190 1892. Laws, Arthur Moore ; Ayrshire Mine, Lamagundi, Mashona-
land, South Africa.
1898. Learoyd, a. Ernest ; Rawthorpe Hall, Huddersfield.

1876. Legge, Col. William Vincent (late R. A.), E.Z.S. ; Cullenswood

House, St. Mary's, Tasmania.
1898. Le Souef, Dudley; Zoological and Acclimatisation Society,

Zoological Gardens, Melbourne.
1868. Le Strange, Hamon, E.Z.S. ; Hunstanton Hall, King's Lynn,

Norfolk.
195 1875. L'EsTRANGE, Col. Paget Walter, R.A. ; Llwynbedw, Bon-

cath, R.S.O., South Wales.

1893. Lewis, Frederick ; Assistant Conservator of Forests, The

Kachchiu, Colombo, Ceylon.
1889. Leyland, Christopher John ; Haggerston Castle, Beal,

Northumberland .
1897. LiLFORD, John, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Lilford Hall, Oundle,

Northants.
1874. Lloyd, Col. John Hayes, F.Z.S. ; 95 Adelaide Road, N.W.
aoo 1898. Loat, William Leonard S., F.Z.S. ; Newland, Coleford,

Gloucestershire ; and The School of Medicine, Cairo,

Egypt. •
1897. Lodge, George Edavard, F.Z.S. ; 5 Verulam Buildings, Gray's

Ian, W.C.
1889. LoYD, Major Arthur Purvis, F.Z.S. (late 21st Hussars);

Harnham Cliff, Salisbury.

1896. Lubbock, Percy ; 26 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. ; and King's

College, Cambridge.

1877. Lumsden, James, F.Z.S. ; Arden House, Alexandria, N.B.

Date of
Election.

205 1896. LuTTMAN-JoHNsoN, James Arthur, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 101 Mount

Street, W.
11)00. AIcCoNNELT., Frederick Vavasour : 37 Cranley Gardens,

South Kensington, S.W.
1897. McLean, John Chambers ; Waikohu Station, Te Karaka,

Gisborne, New Zealand.
1899. Macmillan, George Augustin ; 19 Earl's Terrace, Ken-
sington, W.
1894. Macphekson, Arthur Holte ; 51 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde

Park, AV.
210 1886. Macpherson, The Rev. Hugh Alexander, M.A.; The

Rectory, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
1875. Malcolm of Poltalloch, John Wingfield, Lord, C.B.,

F.Z.S. ; Poltalloch, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire ; and

23 Great Cumberland Place, W.
1899. Marais, Johann van Oosterzee; c/o J. Hammond Toone, Esq.,

Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, Cape Colony.
1894. Marshall, Archibald McLean; 29 Queen's Gate Gardens,

S.W.
1894. Marshall, James McLean ; Estates Office, Dunskey, Port-

patrick, N.B.
215 1899. Martin, Basil William ; Elm House, Elm Row, Hampstead,

N.W. ; and Barley Abbey, Derby.
1901. Martin, William K., R.A. ; Dartington, Totnes, South

Devon.

1897. Mason, Col. Edward Snow ; 20 Minster Yard, Lincoln.

1898. Masset, Herbert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.

1899. Mathews, Arnold ; Ballynahinch Castle, Toombeola, Co.

Galway.
220 1898. Maxwell, Capt. Aymer Edward, D.S.O., V.C. ; 3rd Bn.

Grenadier Guards, South Africa.
1896. Maxavell, Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bt., P.C., M.P., F.R.S. ;

49 Lennox Gardens, S.W.
1883. Meade-Waldo, Edmund Gustavus Bloomfield, F.Z.S. ;

Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.

1899. Meinertzhagen, Richard ; Mottisibnt Abbey, Romsey ;

25 Rutland Gate, S.W. ; and Royal Fusiliers.

1900. Metcalfe, Geoffrey Bryan Theophilus ; 8th (King's Royal

Irish) Hussars ; and Roche Court, Salisbury.
225 1886. Millais, John Guille, F.Z.S.; Comptons Brow, Horsham.

Date of

Election.

1879. Mitchell, Frederick Shaw ; Clyderhowe, Edmonton, Alberta,

N.W.T., Canada.
1901. MrrcnELL, P. Chalmers, M.A., D.Sc, F.Z.S. ; 32 Devonshire

Place, W.

1897. Mitchell, William ; 5 Bury Street, St. James's, S.W.

1898. Monro, Horace Cecil ; Queen Anne's Mansions, Queen Anne's

Gate, S.W.
230 1900. Montagu, Edwin S. ; Trinity College, Cambridge ; and

12 Kensington Palace Gardens, W.
1900. Mugford, Frederick Ernest ; 16 Buckingham Street, Strand,

W.C.
1886. MuiRHEAD, George; Speybank, Fochabers, Co. Moray, N.B.
1893. Mullens, William H., M.A., F.Z.S.; 9 St. James's Place,

S.W.
1892. MuNN, Philip Winchester ; Laverstoke, Whitchurch, Hants.
235 1897. Munt, Henry ; 83 Kensington Gardens Square, W.

1900. Musters, John Patricius Chawokth, D.L., J. P. ; Annesley

Park, Nottingham.

1885. Neale, Edward; 43 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W.
1882. Nelson, Thomas Hudson ; The Clifie, Eedcar, Yorkshire.
1895. Nesham, Robert, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Utrecht House, Queen's

Road, Clapham Park, S.W.
240 1897. Neumann, Oscar ; 10 Potsdamer Strasse, Berlin, W.

1872. Newcome, Francis D'Arcy William Clough ; Thurston
Lodge, Bury St. Edmunds, Suifolk.

1899. Newman, John Leonard ; Park Field, Mill Hill, Middlesex.
* 1858. Neavton, Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology

in the University of Cambridge ; Magdalene College, Cam-
bridge.

1886. Nicholls, Howard Hill John, M.B.C.S. ; Braraber Lodge,

Downview Road, West Worthing.
245 1900. Nichols, Walter Buchanan ; Stour Lodge, Bradfield,

Manningtree, Essex.
1876. Nicholson, Francis, F.Z.S.; 84 Major Street, Manchester ;

and Heathside, Knutsford, Cheshire.
1895. Noble, Heatley ; Temple Combe, Henley-on-Thames.

1887. Norman, George Cameron, F.Z.S. ; 68 Lombard Street, E.C. ;

and Mount Melville, St. Andrews, N.B.
1882. Oates,EugeneWilliam, F.Z.S. ; 1 Carlton Gardens, Ealing, W. ;
and Savage Club, Adelphi Terrace, W.C.

Date of

Election.

250 1892. Ogilvie, Fergus Menteith, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Shrubbery,

72 Woodstock Eoad, Oxford.
1889. Ogle, Bertram Savile ; Hill House, Steeple Aston,

Oxford.
1883, Parker, Henry, C.E., F.Z.S., Irrigation Officer, P.W.D.,

Kurunegala, Ceylon.
1880. Parkin, Thomas, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Fairseat, High Wickham,

Hastings.
1891. Patterson, Robert, F.Z.S. ; Malone Park, Belfast.
255 1884. Patterson, R. Lloyd, D.L., F.L.S. ; Croft House, Holywood,

Co. Down.
1894. Pearson, Charles Edward ; Hillcrest,Lowdham, Nottingham.
1891. Pearson, Henry J. ; Bramcote, Notts.
1898. Penn, Eric Frank ; Taverham Hall, Norwich.
1891. Penrose, Frank, M.D., F.Z.S. ; 84 Wimpole Street, W.
260 1900. Percival, Arthur Blayney, F.Z.S. ; Somerset Court, Brent

Knoll, Somerset; and The Treasury, Mombasa, East Africa

Protectorate.
1886. Phillips, E. Lort, F.Z.S. ; 79 Cadogan Square, S.W.
1888. Phillips, George Thorne ; Wokingham, Berkshire.
1893. PiGOTT, Thomas Digby, C.B. ; 5 Ovington Gardens, S.W.
1893. Pike, Thomas Mayer, M.A. ; care of Mr. Porter, 7 Prince's

Street, Cavendish Square, W.
265 1899. Pope, Walter Henry ; Windermere, Salisbury.

1896. Popham, Hugh Leyborne, M.A. ; 5 Ryder Street,

St. James's, S.W. ; and Oxford & Cambridge Club, Pall

Mall, S.W.
1898. Price, Athelstan E. ; Broxbourne, Herts.
1901. Proud, John T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland.

1893. Pycrapt, William Plane, F.Z.S. ; British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
270 1888. Radclyffe, Charles Robert Eustace; Hyde, Wareham,
Dorset.
1879. Rawson, Herbert Eyelyn, F.Z.S.; Fallbarrow, Winder-
mere.

1894. Read, Richard Henry, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. ; Church Street,

Hanley.
1888. Read, Robert H. ; 7 South Parade, Bedford Park, W.
1877. REiD,Capt. Savile G. (late R.E.), F.Z.S.; The Elms, Yalding,

Maidstone.

xvn

Date of
Election.

275 1893. Kendall, Percy, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Ewell, Surrey; and
Devonshire Club, St. James's Street, S.W.

1895. RicKEXT, Charles BouGnET ; Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank,

Foochow ; and care of Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 65 Corn-
hill, E.C.

1896. RiPPON, Lt.-Col. George, F.Z.S. ; 7th Burma Batn., Bhamo,

Upper Burma.

1898. EoBiNsoN, Herbert C. ; Holmwood, Aigburth, Liverpool.
1896. Rogers, Capt. J. Middleton, F.Z.S. ; 1st (Royal) Dragoons ;

and Riverhill, Sevenoaks, Kent.
280 1893. Rothschild, The Hon. L. Walter, M.P., D.Sc., F.Z.S. ; The

Museum, Tring, Herts.
1894. Rothschild, The Hon-. N. Charles, F.Z.S. ; Tring Park,

Tring, Herts.
1883. St. Quintin, William Herbert, F.Z.S. ; Scampston Hall,

Rillington, Yorkshire.

1899. Sapsworth, Arnold Duer, F.Z.S. ; The Dower House, Ember

Court, East Molesey, Surrey.

1870. Saunders, Howard, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 7 Radnor Place, Hyde

Park, W. (^Secretary.)
285 1898. Scherren, Henrx, F.Z.S. ; 9 Cavendish Road, Harringay, N.
* 1858. ScLATER, Philip Lutley, D.Sc, F.R.S., Secretary to the
Zoological Society of London, 3 Hanover Square, W. ;
and Odiham Priory, Winchfield, Hants. {Editor.)
1891. Sclater, William Littley, M.A., F.Z.S. ; South African
Museum, Capetown, South Africa.

1899. Selous, Frederick Coueteney, F.Z.S. ; Heatherside, Worples-

don, Surrey.
1889. Senhotise, Humphrey Patricius, B.A. ; The Fitz, Cocker-
mouth, Cumberland.
290 1899. Seele, The Rev. William, M.A., B.D. ; Davidson's Mains,
Midlothian, N.B.

1900. Service, Robeet ; Maxwelltown, Dumfriesshire.

1899. Shaemak, Feedeeic ; Yate Lodge, Bedford.

1871. Sharpe, Richard Bowdlee, LL.D.,F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Assistant

Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural
History), South Kensington, S.W.

1900. Shelford, Robert; Curator of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching,

Sarawak, British North Borneo ; and Hill House, Harvey
Road, Guildford.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. b

Date of
Election.

205 1870. Shelley, Capt. G. Eenest, F.Z.S. (late Grenadier Guards) :
39 Egerton Gardens, South Kensington, S.W.

1865, Shepherd, The Eev. Chaeles William, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Trottis-
clitfe Rectory, Maidstone Kent.

1900. SiMEY, Athelstane Iliff ; The College, Durham, and King's
College, Cambridge.

1882. Slater, The Rev. Henry H., M.A., F.Z.S. ; Thornhaugh
Rectory, Wansford, Northants.

1901. Smith, David Seth, F.Z.S. : Alleyne, Caterham, Surrey.
300 1896. Sondes, Earl ; Lees Court, Faversham.

1881. Southwell, Thomas, F.Z.S. ; 10 The Crescent, Chapel Field,
Norwich.

1893. Stanley, Samuel S. ; 3 Regent Grove, Leamington, Warwick-
shire.

1900. Stares, John William Chester ; Portchester, Hants.

1898. Stirling, William, J. P., D.L. Co. Ross ; Monar, Ross ; and
Kinellan Lodge, StrathpefFer, N.B.
305 1889. Stoate, William ; Ashleigh, Burnham, Somerset.

1893. SroNHAM, Charles, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S, ; 4 Harley Street,
Cavendish Square, W.

1897. Streatfeild, Capt. Eric ; 2nd Gordon Highlanders.

1881. Studdt, Col. Robert Wright (late Manchester Regiment);

Waddeton Court, Brixham, Devon.
1887. Styan, Frederick William, F.Z.S. ; Ben Craig, Bayham Road,
Sevenoaks ; and Shanghai, China.
310 1887. Swinburne, John ; Carlton Lodge, Catel, Guernsey.

1882. Swinhoe, Col. Charles (Indian Staff Corps), M.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z.S. ; Avenue House, Cowley Road, Oxford.
1884. Tait, William Chaster, C.M.Z.S,; EntreQuintas 155, Oporto,

Portugal.
* 1858. Taylor, Edward Cavendish, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 74 Jermyn Street,

S.W.
1873. Tegetmeier, William Bernhabd, F.Z.S. ; 16 Alexandra

Grove, North Finchley, N.
^15 1889. Tennant, Edward Priaulx; 40 Grosvenor Square, W. ; and

The Glen, Innerleithen, N.B.
1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ;

The Lodge, Upper Halliford, Shepperton.
1900. Thorburn, Archibald ; High Leybourne, Hascombe, near

Godalming, Surrey.

Date of
Election.

1893. Thoiipe, Dixon L. ; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle.

1894. TicEHFRST, NoEMAN Feedekic ; Guy's Hospital, S.E.

320 1893. Teevoe-Battye, AubynB.E., F.Z.S.; 2 Whitehall Gardens,
S.W.
* 1858. Teisteam, The Rev. Heney Baker, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
C.M.Z.S., Canon of Durham ; The College, Durham.
1864. Upchee, Heney Moeris, F.Z.S. ; East Hall, Feltwell, Brandon,

Norfolk.
1896. Uewick, William F. ; 27 Bramham Gardens, S.W.

1894. UssHEE, Richard John ; Cappagh House, Cappagh, R.S.O.,

Mallow, Co. Waterford, Ireland.
325 1890. Venotie, Stephen; Fern Bank, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1884. Veeey, Alfeed Sainsbtjey ; Heronsgate, near Rickmans-

worth.
1881. Verner, Lt.-Col. William Willoughby Cole ; Junior United
Service Club, S.W.

1886. Wade-Dalton, Col. H. D. ; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.S.O.,

Yorkshire.

1895. Wallis, Henry Marriage ; Ashton Lodge, Reading.

330 1881. Walsingham, Thomas, Lord, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Merton Hall,
Thetford, Norfolk.

1899. Walton, Herbeet James, M.B., F.R.C.S. ; Indian Medica

Service, Eden Hospital, Calcutta ; and c/o Messrs. King,
King, & Co., Bombay.
1872. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Lt.-Col. R. G., F.Z.S. ; Whitehill, RoseweU,
Midlothian, N.B.

1896. Watkins, Watkin ; Highfield, Harrow ; and Wellington

Club, S.W.

1900. Westell, William Percival ; 5 Glenferrie Road, St. Albans,

Herts.
335 1891. Whitaker, Benjamin Ingham ; Hesley Hall, Tickhill, Rother-
ham.
1891. Whitaker, Joseph I. S., F.Z.S,; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily.

1887. Whitehead, Jeefery, F.Z.S. ; Newstead, Wimbledon,

Surrey.

1897. Whymper, Charles; 7 James Street, Haymarket, S.W.

1898. WiQLESWOETH, -TosBPH, M.D. ; County Asylum, Rainhill, Lanes.
340 1894. Wilkinson, Johnson ; Vermont, Huddersfield, Yorkshire.

1896. Williams, Capt. Lionel Arthur ; Llangarran, Salisbury ;
91 Victoria Street, S.W.; and Isthmian Club, Piccadilly,W.

b2

Date of

Election.

1897. AYiLsoN, Allan Eeid ; Easthill, East Bank Eoad, Sheffield.

1888. Wilson, Charles Joseph ; 34 York Terrace, Eegent's Park,

N.W.
1900. Wilson, Edward Adrian ; Westal, Cheltenham.
345 1 887. Wilson, Scott Barchard, F.Z.S. ; Heatherbank, Weybridge

Heath, Surrey.
1897. WiTHERBT, Harrt Forbes, F.Z.S. ; 10 St. Germans' Place,

Blackheath, S.E.
1899. Wollaston, Alexander Frederick lliCHMOND,B.A.; Wotton-

under-Edge, Gloucestershire.
1875. Wright, Charles A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Kayhough, Kew-

Gardens Road, Kew, S.W.
1871. Wright, E. Perceval, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Botauy

in the University of Dublin.
350 1891. Wright, Thomas, M.D. ; Castle Place, Nottingham.

1895. Yerbury, Lt.-Col. John William (late R.A.), F.Z.S. ; 8 Duke

Street, St. James's, S.W. ; and Army and Navy Club, S.W.

1889. Young, Capt. James B., E.N. ; Eidgway House, Ottery

St. Mary, Devon.
1897. Young, John Joseph Baldwin, M.A. ; Eichmond Park, near
SheBield.

Exh'a- Ordinary Members.

1899. Godwin-Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversham, F.E.S., F.Z.S. ;

Shalford Park, Guildford.
1860. Wallace, Alfred Eussel, F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; Corfe View,
Parkstone, Dorset.

Honorary Members.

1886. Atres, Thomas ; Potchefstroom, Transvaal Colony, South
Africa.

1890. Berlepsch, Graf Hans von, C.M.Z.S. ; Schloss Berlepsch,

Post Gertenbach, Witzeuhausen, Germany.
1860. Cabanis, Dr. Jean, C.M.Z.S. ; Friedrichshagen, bei Berlin.

1900. Collett, Prof. Eobert, F.M.Z.S. ; University Museum,

Christiania.
5 1870. FiNSCH, Dr. Otto, C.M.Z.S. ; Zool. Eijks Museum, Leiden.
1894. GiGLioLi, Dr. Henry Hillyer, F.M.Z.S. ; Eeale Istituto di
Studi Superior!, Florence.

Bate of

Election.

1898. GoELDi, Dr, Emil A,, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the (ioeldi
Musei;m, Para, Brazil.

1893. Reichenow, Dr. Anton, C.M.Z.S. ; Museum fiir Naturkunde,

Invalidenstrasse, Berlin.
1890. Salvadori, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S. ; Eoyal Zoological
Museum, Turin.

Foreign Members.

1890. Allen, Joel Asaph, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S. ; American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park, New York City, U.S.A.

1900. BiANCHi, Dr. Valentine ; Imperial Zoological Museum, St.
Petersburg.

1872. Bocagb, Prof. J. V. Barboza du, F.M.Z.S. ; Eoyal Museum,
Lisbon.

1880. Bureau, Louis, M.D. ; Eeole de Medecine, Nantes.

5 1875. DoRiA, Marchese Giacomo, F.M.Z.S. ; Strada Nuova, 6, Genoa,

Italy.
1872. Fatio, Dr. Victor, C.M.Z.S., Geneva.
1886. Madarasz, Dr. Julius von ; National Museum, Buda-

Pesth.

1894. Menzbier, Prof. Dr. Michael, C.M.Z.S. ; Imperial Society of

Natui'alists, Moscow.

1881. Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, C.M.Z.S., Director of the Royal

Museum, Dresden.
10 1890. OusTALBT, Dr. Emile, C.M.Z.S.; Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
1894. Pleske, H.E. Dr. Theodor, F.M.Z.S.; Office of the Company

" Nadeshda," St. Petersburg.
1872. Radde, Prof. Gustav, F.M.Z.S. ; Tiflis.
1900. Reiser, Dr. OrHiviAR ; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia,

Austro-Hungary.
1880. RiDGWAY, Robert, C.M.Z.S, ; Smithsonian Institution^

Washington, D.C.
15 1894. ScHALow, Herman ; 15 Schleswiger Ufer, Berlin, N.W.

1900. Stejneger, Leonhard, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, U.S.A.
1896. WiNGE, Herluf; University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.— EIGHTH SERIES.

(1901.)

Nttmber I., January,

Page

I. On a Specimen of the Extinct Dromceus ater discovered
in the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence. By Henry H.
GiGLioLi, H.M.B.O.U,, F.M.Z.S,, Director of the Museum . . 1

II. On a new Species of Blue Wren from King Island, Bass
Strait. By A. J. Campbell (Melbourne) 10

III. Ornithological Notes from South Brazil. By H, von
Ihering 12

IV. Birds'-nesting Notes from the Transvaal. By Alwin C.
Haagner 15

V. Notes on the Nesting and other Habits of some South-
African Birds. By R. H. Ivy 18

VI. On the Specific Validity of PJoceus megarhynclius Hume.
By F. Finn, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.
(Plate I.) 29

VII. List of Birds obtained in British East Africa. By F. J.
Jackson, C.B., F.Z.S.— Part II. With Notes by R. Bowdler
Sharpe, LL.D. &c. (Plates II. & III.) 33

Xxiv CONTENTS.

VIII. On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers, with Special
Reference to the Conditions in the Wing known as Eutaxy
and Diastataxy. By P. Chalmers Mitchell, F.Z.S., F.L.S.
(Plates IV. & V.) , . . 97

IX. lleport on the Anniversary Meeting of the Deutsche
ornithologische Gesellschaft. By E. Habtbrt (Delegate of the
B.O.U.) 123

X. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

1. ' Annals of Scottish Natural History ' 126

2. ' The Auk ' 127

3. Bangs on a new Geotrygon 128

4. Bucknill's ' Birds of Surrey ' 128

5. Butler on the Birds of the Andamaus and the Nicobars 129

6. Biittikofer on the Birds of Central Borneo . . . .130

7. Cook on the Antarctic Oruis 131

8. Carrie on a new Bird of Paradise 132

9. Euler on the Nests and Eggs of Brazilian Birds . . 132

10. Finn's ' Fancy Waterfowl ' 133

11. Ihering on the Birds of Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo 133

12. Ihering on the Birds of Rio Grande do Sul .... 134

13. Ihering on the Nesting of Brazilian Birds .... 134

14. ' Irish Naturalist ' 134

15. Kastschenko on the Birds of the Altai 135

16. Le Souef on the Mud-nest-building Birds of Australia 135

17. Loomis on Californian Water-birds 135

18. Merriam on the Birds of Mount Shasta 136

19. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society's Transac-

tions 136

20. North on a new Australian Bird 138

21. Palmer on Economic Ornithology in the U.S. . . . 138

22. Palmer on the Bird-Laws of the United States. . . 140

23. Pike on Bird-land 341

24. Pycraft on the Pterylosis of the Megapodes .... 141

25. Reichenow's Birds of Africa 142

26. Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes ' . . . . 143

27. Selous on Sport and Travel 144

28. Sharpe's ' Hand-list of the Genera and Species of

Birds,' Vol. ii 144

CONTENTS. XXV

29. SheUey's ' Birds of Africa,' Vol. ii. pt. 2 146

30. Stirling and Zietz ou Genyornis neivtoni 147

31. Ussher and Warren's ' Birds of Ireland ' 147

32. ' Victorian Naturalist ' 149

33. Vorderman and Finsch ou the Birds of Java . . .150

34. Westell's ' Year with Nature ' 150

35. Winge on the Birds of the Danish Lighthouses, 1899. 150

XI. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c. : —

Letters from Messrs. D. Le 8ouef, E. Shelford, and W. L.
Sclater ; The Birds of Antarctica ; Ridgway's Birds of North
and Middle America; Attempted Re-introduction of the Great
Bustard into England ; Mr. Wiglesworth's Expedition to the
Pacific ; Balceniceps in East Africa ; Ornithology at the Ex-
position Universelle ; The Usage of the Generic Term Qavia ;
New British Birds ; Prof. Newton's Royal Medal : The Birds
of Yorkshire 151

XII. Obituary. — Dr. John Anderson, Dr. Gustav Hartlaub . 159

Number II., April.

XIII. On some Collections of Birds from the Protectorate
of British Central Africa, received in 1899 and 1900. By
Captain G. E. Shelley, F.Z.S. With an Introduction by

P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph.D., E.R.S 161

XIV. On Moult and Alleged Colour-change in Birds. By
WiTMER Stone 177

XV. Description of a new Species of Bush-Shrike from the
Knysna District of Cape Colony. By W. L. Sclater, M.A.,
F.Z.S., Director of the South-African Museum. (Plate VI.) . 183

XVI. A Visit to a Nesting-Colony of the Straw-necked Ibis.

By D. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S. (Melbourne) 185

XXVI CONTENTS.

Page

XVII. Ornithological Notes from the Transvaal. By
Alwin C. Haagnee 190

XVIII. Notes on the Cassowaries of the Dresden Museum,

By Dr. A. B. Meter 194

XIX. On the Habits and Haunts of the Noio or Hawaiian
Noddy Tern. By H. W. Henshaw 196

XX. On the Anatomy of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo ( Car^jo-
coccyx racUatus). By Fkank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S. . . 200

XXI. On the Birds observed during a Second Zoological
Expedition to the Gran Chaco. By J. Graham Kerr . . . 215

XXII. An Ornithological Expedition to the White Nile.

By Harry F. Witherby, F.Z.S 237

XXIII. On the Birds collected by Mr. J. J. Harrison between
Zeila and Lakes Rudolf and Baringo, Eastern Africa. By "W.
R. Ogilvie-Grant. With an Introduction by J. J. Harrison.
(Plate VII.) 278

XXIV. Results of an Ornithological Journey through
Colombia and Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S.
(Plate VIII.) 300

XXV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

36. Allen on the Birds of Santa Marta 319

37. Aplin on the Birds of Carnarvonshire 321

38. Astley on Birds in Freedom and in Confinement . . 321

39. Bangs on a new Rice-Grackle 322

40. Bangs on Birds from Panama 322

41. Beal on the Food of the North-American Ictendce . 323

42. Bingham and Thompson on Birds from Uijper Burma 323

43. Bishop on the Birds of the Yukon Region .... 324

44. Cardiff Naturalists on the Birds of Glamorgan . . 324

45. Clarke on the Migration of Birds 325

46. Cooke on the Birds of Colorado 326

47. Druitt's (Mrs.) Memoir of Lord Lilford . . . .326

48. Dubois' ' Synopsis Avium ' 326

CONTENTS. XXvii

49. Finn on the Tracheal Bulb of Ducks 327

50. Finn on the Cormorant of the Crozettes .... 327

51. Finn on the Birds of the Indian Museum .... 328

52. Finn and Turner on two rare Indian Pheasants . . 329

53. Finsch on Birds from New Guinea 329

54. Finsch on a new Dicceum 329

55. Finsch on the Cuculi of the Leyden Museum . . , 329

56. Forbes on Birds in the Derby Museum, Liverpool . 330

57. Fricker's ' Antarctic Regions ' 330

58. Godman and Salvin's ' Biologia Centrali-Americana' 330

59. Grant and Percival on the Birds of Southern Arabia 331

60. Hall on the Birds of Victoria 332

61. Hall upon Changes of Plumage 332

62. Hall on Birds from Kalgoorlie, W.A 333

63. Hartert on the Birds of Burn 333

64. Hartert on some Palsearctic Birds 333

65. Hartert on the Genus Scceorhynchus 334

66. Harterl on the Birds of the Lingga Islands . . . 334

67. Hartert on the Birds of the Banda Islands . . . 334

68. Hartert on Turacus chalcolojjhxis 335

69. Hellmayr on the Genus Polioptila 335

70. Hudson's ' Nature in Downland ' 335

71. Jacobi on the Eating of Gravel by Birds .... 336

72. Jacobi on the Avifauna of Japan 336

73. Madarasz on Birds from German New Guinea . . 337

74. Martens on Antarctic Birds 337

75. Meade-Waldo on the Birds of Hampshire .... 338

76. Neumann on the Avifauna of Eastern and Central

Africa 338

77. North on a new Australian Parrot 339

78. Eegalia on Birds' Wing-claws 339

79. Rothschild on the Avifauna of Laysan 340

80. Rothschild and Pycraft on Cassowaries .... 341

81. Salvadori on Birds from Matto Grosso and Paraguay 345

82. Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes ' . . . . 346

83. Shufeldt on the Crania of the Owls 346

84. Sharpe on a new Bird from Mount Roraima . . . 347

XXVI. Obituary.— Mr. C. AV. Wyatt, Dr. G. Hartlaub, The
Baron E. de Selys-Longchamps, and Mr. P. Crowley . . . 347

XXViii CONTENTS.

Page
XX.VII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c. : —

Letters from Heer F. E. Blaauw, Dr. C. W. Andrews,
Messrs. Abel Chapman, Osley Grabham, J. Backhouse, D, Le
Souef, and Capt. G. E. Shelley ; The Great Belted Kingfisher
in Holland ; Birds of the outlying Islands of New Zealand ;
Capt. Boyd Alexander at Kumasi ; Eecent Change of Habits
in Buplicuja ; Decoys in Chitral, India ; Falcon-catching in
Chitral 353

Number III., July.

XXVIII. On the Ornithology of the Var and the adjacent
Districts. By J. H. Gurney, E.Z.S 361

XXIX. Field-notes on some Birds observed in Western
China. By Capt. H. R. Davies 408

XXX. On Indian Birds' Eggs and their Variations. By E.

C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S 411

XXXI. The Cage-Birds of Calcutta. By F. Finn, Deputy
Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta 423

XXXII. On some rare or unfigured Palaearctic Birds' Eggs.

By H. E. Dresser. (Plate IX.) 445

XXXIII. Supplementary Notes on the Birds of the Yenisei
River. By H. Leyborne Popham. (Plate X.) 449

XXXIV. Results of an Ornithological Journey through
Colombia and Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S. . . 458

XXXV. On the Ornithology of the Gambia River. By
John S. Btjdgett, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge .... 481

XXXVI. Proceedings at the Anniversary Meeting of the
British Ornithologists' Union, I9U1 497

CONTENTS. XXIX

Page
XXXYII. Notices of receut Ornithological Publications : —

85. Borchgrevink's ' First on the Antarctic Continent ' . 499

86. Chapman on the Genus Sturnella 499

87. Chun on the German Deep-sea Expedition . . . 500

88. Dwight on the Plumages of Passerine Birds . . . 500

89. Fisher's Eeminiscences of a Falconer 501

90. Godman's ' Biologia Centrali- American a ' . . . .501

91. Goeldi's ' Birds of Brazil,' Vol. II 501

92. Grant on Additions to the List of Arabian Birds. . 502

93. Grinnell on the Birds of Kotzebue Sound .... 502

94. Hall on the Distribution of Australian Birds , . . 503

95. Hartert on the Birds of the Key Islands and Ceram-

Laut 503

96. Hartert on the Brehm Collection 504

97. Hartert on Javan Birds 504

98. Loomis on Calif ornian Water-birds 505

99. Macoun on Canadian Birds 505

100. Martorelli on Dichroism in the Herons 506

101. Paddock on the Birds of Shropshire 506

102. Palmer and Olds on the Game-Laws of the U.S.A. . 506

103. Rothschild and Hartert's Notes on Papuan Birds . 506

104. Salvadori on Birds from Patagonia 507

105. Salvadori on Birds from Portuguese Guinea . . . 508

106. Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes ' . . . . 508

107. Seebohm's ' Birds of Siberia ' 509

108. Sharpe's Edition of White's ' Selborne ' .... 510

109. Shelford on the Museum of Sarawak 511

110. Shufeldt on tlie Osteology of the Woodpeckers . . 512

111. Shufeldt on the Osteology of the Striges .... 512

112. Shufeldt on the Sand-Grouse 513

113. Stejneger on the Wheatears of North America . . 513

114. Stuart Baker on Indian Ducks 514

115. Zoological Address-Book 514

XXXYIII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c. : —

Letters from Mr. W. Percival Westell, Count T. Salvadori,
Herr Herluf AVinge, Mr. 0. V. Aplin, Mr. W. L. Sclater, and
Mr. W. E. Ogilvie-Grant ; The Library of the late Mr. Philip
Crowley ; The Intestinal Tract of Birds ; New Expedition to

XXX CONTENTS.

Page

the Malay Peninsula ; The ^githognathous Palate ; Birds of
the outlying Islands of New Zealand ; Mr. Pease's Birds from
Abyssinia ; News of Mr. A. B. Percival, M.B.O.U 515

Nttmber IV., October.

XXXIX. On the Birds of the Southern Shan States, Burma.
By Lieut.-Colonel G. Rippon, 7th Burma Battalion. (Plate
XI.) 525

XL. An Introduction to the Study of the Drepanididce,
a Family of Birds peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. By
RoBEET C. L. Perkins, B.A., F.E.S 562

XLI. On a Collection of Birds from Nyasaland. By Captain
G. E. Shelley, F.Z.S 586

XLII. On two recently discovered Additions to the Genus
Calliste. By P. L. Sclatee, D.Sc, F.R.S. (Plate XII.) . . 595

XLIII. On a few Additions to the Birds of Lucknow. By
William Jesse 597

XLIV. On the Birds collected during an Expedition through
Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia to Lake Zwai. By W. R.
Ogilvie-Geant and R. J. Reid. With Field-notes by the Col-
lector, Mr. Alfked E. Pease. (Plate XIII.) 607

XLV. Results of an Ornithological Journey through Colom-
bia and Ecuador. — Part III. By Waliee Goodfellow, F.Z.S.
(Plate XIY.) 699

XLVI. Description des trois Espc-ces nouvelles d'Oiseaux
du Perou du Museum Branicki. Par le Comte Hans von
Berlepsch et Jean Stolzmann. (Plate XV.) 716

CONTENTS. XXXI

Page
XLVII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

116. 'Annals of Scottish Natural History' 719

117. 'The Auk' 720

118. Berg's Critical Eemarks on Chilian Birds .... 722

119. Berg's Ornithological Notes 722

120. Blanford on the Distribution of Indian Animals . . 723

121. Campbell's 'Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds' . 723

122. Chapman on the Great Blue Heron of America . . 724

123. De Vis on a new Parrot 725

124. Finsch's Lists of the_ Birds of the Leydcn Museum . 725

125. Finsch on a new Eruit-Pigeon 726

126. Forbes on rare Birds in the Derby Museum . . .726

127. Hartert on the Birds of the Key Islands and of

Ceram-Laut 726

128. Hartert on the Birds of Timor- Laut 726

129. Heathcote on the Birds of St. Kilda 727

130. Hellmayr on the Parkhe, Siftulce, and Certliiidce . . 727

131. Helms on the Food of Danish Owls 728

132. Jacobi on Biogeographieal Distribution 728

133. Le Souef on the Birds of the Riverina District of

New South Wales 729

134. Lorenz-Liburnau's History of Ornithology in Austria 729

135. Nelson on the Birds of Yorkshire 730

136. Nisbett and Finn on the Kaleege Pheasants . . . 730

137. North on the Destru.ction of Birds in Australia . . 731

138. Oates's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs 731

139. Reichenow's 'Birds of Africa' 732

140. Rothschild and Hartert on Papuan Birds .... 733

141. Shufeldt on the Osteology of the Penguins . . . 733

142. Shufeldt on Scopus and Balmiiceps 734

143. Shufeldt on the Herodiones 734

144. Slater on the Birds of Iceland 735

XLVIIL Letters, Extracts, Notices, tfec. : —

Letters from Messrs. F. Finn, Francis C. R. Jourdain,
W. Ruskin Butterfield, and Abel Chapman ; Sale of Alphonse
Milne-Edwards's Library ; Honorary Degree for an Ornitholo-
gist; The Collection of Birds in the British Museum; Spring
Birds at Mashad, N.E. Persia ; The Honey-guide in Abyssinia ;

XXXll CONTENTS.

Nesting-habits of Hornbills ; The Australasian Ornithologists'
Union ; The Para Museum ; New Ornithological Periodical ;
Birds in the Zoological Garden, Cairo ; Additions to the U.S.
National Museum 737

XLIX. Obituary. — The Abbe Arm and David, Mr. Lionel
Wiglesworth, and Mr. William Doherty 748

Index of Scientific Names 753

Index of Contents 775

Titlepage, Preface, List of Members, and Contents.

PLATES IN VOL. I.

EIGHTH SERIES.

Page

I. Ploceus megarhynohus 32

II. 1. Dryoscopus nandensis 41

2. Calomonastes simplex «>-J

III. 1, Crypt olopha mackeiiziana 91

2. Euprinodes einereus 65

IV.
V.

VI. Laniarius maraisi 183

VII. Pyrrhiilauda harrisoni 286

VIII. Myiadestes coracinus 311

IX. Eggs of Siberian Thrushes 449

X. 1. Emheriza citrinella molessoni ; 2. E. c, brehnii . 453

XL 1. Trochalopterum ripponi 529

2. ^githaliscus pulchellus 528

XII. 1. Calliste einilia^ ; 2. C. johannge 595

XIII. Prodotiscus peasii 667

XIV. Head of Gymnoderus foetidus, ad 714:

XV. Chlorochrysa hedwigse, c? 2 716

Alar Muscles of Kingfishers 122

SER. VIII.

^n

THE IBIS

EIGHTH SERIES

No. I. JANUARY 1901.

I. — On a Specimen of the Extinct Dromseus ater discovered
in the Rorjal Zoological Museum, Florence. By Henry
H. GiGLioLi, H.M.B.O.U., F.M.Z.S., Director of the
Museum.

About the 9th or the 10th of April, 1802, a French
exploring expedition, consisting ol the sliips ' Geographe/
' Naturaliste/ and ' Casuariua/ under the orders of Baudin,
to which also were attached the well-known naturalist
F. Peron and tlie able draughtsman Lesueur, sailed along the
south coast of New Holland and discovered a large island,
which they named '' Isle Decres/^ It lies across the two
deep indentations of the mainland now known as Encounter
and St. Vincent Gulfs, opposite the mouth of the Murray
River, and facing that fertile portion of the flourishing
Colony of South Australia where the city of Adelaide now
stands ; then :

" Stei-ilis profiiiidi vastitas squalet soli,
Et fceda tellus torpet feterno situ." — Seneca.

This island is now well known under the name of
Kangaroo Island, an appellation bestowed on it by Captain
Flinders, who discovered it a few months before the arrival
of Bandings expedition. On their first visit to the island
the French explorers suffered from bad weather, hunger,
and scurvy, and were unable to complete their exploration
being compelled to leave to get fresh provisions.

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. B

2 Dr. H. H. Giglioli on a Specimen

They returned at the end of 1802, and during the month
of January 1803 the island was thoroughly explored. It
was found to be arid, nearly devoid of water, and covered
with scanty " bush.'' Not a single human being Avas met
Avith, but the Frenchmen were struck with the large number
of Kangaroos and Emeus living on that desolate spot : " On
voyoit accourir du fond des bois de grandes troupes de
Kanguroos et de Casoars, qui alloient demander k I'Ocean
une boisson que la Terre leur refusoit sans doute." And
further on Peron writes : ^' Mais de tous les oiseaux que
rile Decres regut en partage de la Nature, les plus utiles
k I'homme sont les Casoars : ces gros animaux paroissent
exister sur Tile en troupes nombreuses ; mais comme ils
sont tres agiles h. la course, et que nous mimes peu de soin
k les ehasser, nous ne pumes nous en procurer que trois
individus vivans."

P^ron, in the narrative of the expedition, besides the
above quotations, describes the Emeu found on Kangaroo
Island ; and in the accompanying Atlas gives a fair plate
representing the male, female, and young *. The three
living specimens captured on L'lle Decres were evidently
hardy birds ; they reached Paris safely on the return of
Baudin's expedition in 1804, and were presented to the
Emperor Napoleon. One was placed in the Menagerie at
the Jardin des Plantes ; the other two were sent to " La Mal-
maison," where the Empress Josephine then held her court.

Two of these birds certainly lived until 1822, when one
of them was mounted entire and placed in the Ornitho-
logical Gallery of the Parisian "Museum"; the other was
prepared as a skeleton, which was placed in the Comparative
Anatomy department of the same Museum. I have examined
both of them. The third specimen disappeared, or, at least,
no mention is made of its ultimate fate; but of that anon.

Peron was evidently under the impression that his bird
was identical with the " Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande,"

* P(5ron et Freycinet, ' Voyage de d(?couvevtes aux Terres Australes,
1800-1804,' tome i. p. 326, tome ii. pp. 71-78; Atlas, pis. xxxvi., xli,
(Paris, 1807-1816).

of the Extinct Droraaeus ater. 3

as Droniceus novce-hoUandice was then called ; and it does not
seem qnite certain who first discovered that there was a
" Great " and a " Lesser " Emeu. From a letter to ' Nature '
by Prof. Alfred Newton, to which I shall refer later, it
would appear that such a distinction was made in Bullock's
Museum as early as 1812. Vieillot proposed the name which
the small Emeu now bears in 1817 (Nouv. Diet. x. p. 212), but
he did not then properly define the species, being evidently,
as is shown by what he wrote on the subject, under the
impression that the smaller and darker specimens were birds
which had not attained their full growth. It was, so far as
I am aware, first thoroughly defined by Bonaparte as late
as 1856 (Comptes Rend, xliii. p. 841. n. 5), when he gave
full zoological and anatomical differential characters distin-
guishing D. ater from D. novcs-hollandue . Fuller details of the
distinctive characters of T). ater, and an excellent coloured
plate of the mounted specimen in the Paris Museum, were
published thirty-seven years later by A. Milne-Edwards and
E. Oustalet * ; a few further notes on the same bird, with
sketches of the head from life by Lesucur, Avere published by
the same authors in the ' Bulletin du Museum d^Histoire
Naturelle,' 1899, n. 5, p. 206. The most important point
contained in these notes, based on MSS. of Lesueur now in the
Museum at Havre, is that, previous to their visit to Kangaroo
Island, viz. in December 1802, the French naturalists of
Baudin's expedition landed and camped for some days on
King Island, off the western entrance to Bass Straits. Thev
found there six sealers headed by one Cowper, who showed
them considerable attentions; from him they learnt that a
small dark ''Ilemeo,''' as the English name is spelled, or
^'Casoar," was so common on the island that Cowper asserted
that he had himself killed 300. This easily explains how,
through the agency of sealers and their dogs, the Emeu on
King Island soon became extinct; it is quite possible that it
was the Lesser one, 1). ater, but that has not been proved.

* A. Milne-Edwards et E. Oustalet, '* Notice sur quelques Espece.s
d'Oiseaux actuellemeut ^teintes," etc., etc., in 'Volume commt^raoratif
du Centeiiaire de la Fondation du Museum,' p. 251, pi. v. (Paris, 1893).

b2

4 Dr. TT. H. Giglioli on a Specimen

This episode of Bavidin's expedition shows how the exter-
mination of D. ater on Kangaroo Island took place. I have
been told that in the early days of South Australia a settler
squatted on the island and that he deliberately made an
end of the Lesser Emeu ; but no date has been given, and we
do not even know when the painful fact of the total extinction
of this most interesting species was made patent to ornitho-
logists ; it was, however, not very long ago ! The worst is
that, so far as positive information goes, no specimens
except those at Paris have been preserved ; and this is
in part a consequence of the general ignorance, until
quite recently, of its specific distinction from the Emeu of
the Australian main ; even Gould, in his monumental work
on 'The Birds of Australia,'' gives D. ater as a synonym
of D. nuvce-JwUandi(B. Thus I agree with the last oflScial
statement regarding D. ater, that of my friend Salvadori in
his masterly work, volume xxvii. of the ' Catalogue of Birds
in the British Museum,^ p. 589 : ''Hub. Decres or Kangaroo
Island, but now extinct, and only known from a single
stuffed specimen and the skeleton in the Paris Museum."

Many years ago my attention was called to a mounted
skeleton of a Ratite in the old didactic collection of our
Museum. It was not in first-rate condition, having some
portions replaced by imitations in wood of the missing bones,
and was remarkable for its small size. It is a three-toed form,
certainly not a Rhea, and is labelled "Casoario" ; but the
skull is quite smooth above, there being not the slightest trace
of the bony support of the horny helmet, and the bill is de-
pressed, not compressed as in the Cassowaries. The specimen
was kept apart in a store-room and used by students; every
time I saw it I felt that it was a problem to be solved, and
yet other and incessant occupations kept me from the attempt.
And it was only last spring, during a visit of Mr. Walter
Rothschild, on his telling me that he was working out the
Cassowaries, that I remembered the enigmatical skeleton.
A closer inspection showed us that it was without the least
doubt a specimen of the extinct Dromaus ater.

Mr. Rothschild asked me to lend him the specimen,

of the Extinct Dromseus aler^ S

and I willingly made an exception to our rules in his
favour, as he is engaged on a nearly allied group, while I
was also glad to give an opportunity of inspecting so rare a
relic to my colleagues of the 13.0.U., it being more accessible
to them at Tring than in Florence. I sent a note to ' Nature '
on the important discovery * and also made a communication
on the same subject to the International Ornithological
Congress at Paris in June last. My communication to
' Nature ' called forth a short, but highly interesting, note
from my learned friend Professor Alfred Newton t ; from
wliich we learn that so long ago as 1812 a ^'Lesser" and a
" Great Emea " were recognized as distinct in Bullock's
Museum, and that a specimen of each was preserved in that
remarkable collection. Further that when Bullock's Museum
was dispersed under the auctioneer's hammer in May 1819
the two birds were bought by the Linnean Society of London
for £7 \0s. and £\Q \0s. respectively. I quite agree
with Professor Newton that the " Lesser' Emea " was most
probably a specimen of the unfortunate D. ater, and I am
surprised that both specimens should have so entirely
disappeared that Prof. Newton has in vain endeavoured to
trace the smaller. If found and identified according to our
suppositions, it would stand as the fourth known specimen of
D. ater. Professor Newton concludes by saying that it may
still exist unrecognised ; and this lack of recognition of a
most distinct species for nearly a century is the corner-stone
and basis of the sad history of the Lesser Emeu. I may
here remark that even Professor Newton, in whom I hail
the most erudite of living ornithologists and the highest
authority on lately extinct birds, had up to a recent date not
recognised this species. In his excellent ' Dictionary of
Birds ^ (part i. p. 214: London, 1893) he gives us sad
news regarding the imminent extermination of the larger
Emeu, and tells us how it was totally destroyed in Tasmania
and is said to have once existed on the islands of Bass
Straits; but he makes no mention of D. ater, and gives

* 'Nature,' vol. Ixii. p. 102 (London, May 31, 1900).
t Tom. cit. p. 151 (London, June 14, 1900).

6 Dr. H. II. Giglioli on a Specimen

a note criticiziiiji; Latham's distinction of a '' Van. Diemen's
Cassowary,'" which, from what little wc know about it, may
possibly have been specifically identical with the l)ird Pcron
found so abundant ou Kangaroo Island.

But returning to the Florence specimen of Druuueus aler,
my first care was to try to ascertain how it had come to this
Museum. Unfortunately our old catalogues were very badly
kept, and although each addition was duly numbered and
entered, rarely indeed was any note made of its origin.
I easily found out that the skeleton of D. aler was first
catalogued in 1833 as " Scheletro del Casoario mas. della
Niiova Olanda," as no. 3623 in the ' Appeudice ai Cataloghi
di Anatomia Zoologia e Botanica/ vol. ii. p. 37; then as
" Schelelro di Casoario," no. 467, it was entered in the first
'Catalogo dei Mammiferi^ in 1839; and lastly as no. 1673
it got into the ' Catalogo degli Uccelli,' 13th March, 1843.
This was not much, and I was pondering over the matter and
contemplating the skeleton, which had indeed a centenarian
aspect, when I noticed for the first time something written on
one of the leg-bones. Cleaning the spot with a brush, I found
neatly written, in that clear round hand so common in the
earlier years of the 19th century, " Casoar mdle'^ ; a further
application of the brush brought to light a similar inscription
on almost every bone, and made it clear that the skeleton came
from France. I finally found out that, besides the well-
known fact that the Florence Museum was for a while,
shortly after Peron's return, a de[)endency of the French
Imperial Household, an exchange of specimens had taken
place during the latter days of Cuvier, between 1825-30,
between the Paris and Florence Museums, though no list of
those specimens has been found. On due consideration,
however, I have very little hesitation in identifying the
Florence skeleton as the tliird specimen of D. aler brought
home by Peron in 1804, which has hitherto been unac-
counted for.

This precious skeleton is mounted (see fig. 1, p. 7), and, as
I have already remarked, has been badly kept, exposed to dust,
and has a soiled and ancient aspect. The following portions

of the Extinct DromseUs ater.

Fia-. 1.

Skeleton of Dromcem attr hi Hit; lioyal Zoological xUuseum, Florence.
About I nat. size.

8 Dr. H. H. Giglioli on a Specimen

are missing and have been replaced by very faithful imitations
in wood, evidently copied from those of the perfect mounted
skeleton iu the Paris Museum; these are the pectoral arches,
both icings, the patella, two distal phalanges in the right foot
and one in the left, in the hind limbs ; besidesj in the skull, the
maxillo-jugal rod is restored iu wood, whilst the palatines,
jiterygoids, the vomer, and the maxillary processes of the
nasals are missing. The first pair of cervical ribs and two
lumbar ribs, the left one of the first pair and the right one
of the second, are also missing.

The right tarso-metatarsal had been fractured, and an
irregular anchylosis had been formed during life. The bones
are undoubtedly those of a fully adult, I would add of a very
old, bird. There are : 20 cervical vertebne, the last two
with movable ribs ; 5 dorsal vertebras, with ribs articulating
with the sternum through corresponding sternal ribs ; 1 9
lumbar-sacral vertebrae, the first two Avith rudimentary or
rather short ribs ; 8 caudal vertebrae, the last three anchy-
losed into one mass. The different bones correspond well
with the description furnished by A. Milne-Edwards and
Oustalet {op. cit. p. 65) . The height of the Florence skeleton,
as it stands, is 1*092 m. I shall now give the separate
measurements of the various bones, comparing them with
those of the Paris specimen recorded by Milne-Edwards and
Oustalet {op. cit. p. 66) : —

D. afei; c? ad. D. ater.

Floreuce. Paris.

m. m.

Leng-tli of vertebral column (followmg curves) . 1-040 1'190

„ the cranium (occiput to apex of biU). 0'121 0'170

„ „ (occiput to frontal suture) 0-0(55 O'OSO

Greatest width of the cranium 0'058 O'OGt)

Width of the iuterorbital space 0-020 0-029?

„ „ maxillary region O-Otio

„ „ premaxillary region, 1 centim.

from apex 0-010

Length of the lower jaw 0-111 0-1.34 ?

„ ,, sternum (mesial line) 0-093

., ,, sternum (Ibllowing curve) 0-120 0-138

Width of the sternum above (straight line) . . 0-087 0-120

of the Extinct Dromseus ater. 9

D. ater, S ad. D. ater.
Florence. Paris,

m. m.

Width of the sternum below (straight line) . . 0-054 0-08G

Length of the pelvis (mesial line, curve) .... 0-270 0-340

From the anterior margin of the acetabulum to

anterior iliacal crest 0-083

From the posterior margin of the acetabulum

to the extremity of the ilium 01 27

From the posterior margin of the acetabulum

to the extremity of the pubis 0'135

From the posterior margin of the acetabulum

to the extremity of the ischium 0130

Width of the pelvis across the posterior margins

of the acetabula 0-076 0092

Width of the pelvis above the acetabula .... O'OGS 0-075

Length of the femur 0-168 0-180

tibia 0-300 0-343

„ „ right fibula (point broken) .... 0-162

„ „ tarso-metatarsal 0 240 0-290

„ „ external digit (toe) 0-067 0080

„ „ median digit 0-106 0110

„ „ internal digit (right) , . . . . 0-070 0-070

Setting aside those measurements which are so apt to vary
according to the manner in which they are taken, and which
are therefore of little value,, Avhat strikes us at once, on
looking through the comparative series, is the fact that the
Florence specimen — Avliich is an adult, and I may add an
old bird and a male (if what is written on almost every bone
is correct, and there is no plausible reason for doubt) — is a
notably smaller bird. Let us for examples take a few
measurements in which only one method can be used. Thus
the Florence D. ater has the femur 0168, tibia 0"300, tarso-
metatarsal 0*240, the middle digit of the foot 0"106 in length ;
whilst in the Paris specimen the corresponding measurements
are: O'lSO, 0-343, 0290, O'llO. The only measurement
in which both specimens agree is the length of the internal
digit (toe) 0*070. In some instances the measurements, if
correct, differ enormously; thus the length of the pelvis along
the mesial curve, 0*270 in the Florence specimen, is given as
0*340 in the Paris one.

10 Mr. A. J. Campbell on a new Species of

And now I shall conclude this short contribution to the
history of a highly interesting bird, which has so utterly
disappeared through the ruthless agency of man, by ex-
pressing the hope that we may no longer be guilty of such
barbaric vandalism, and that the touching appeal written by
Gould to the Australians thirty-five years ago for the preser-
vation of the Larger Emeu may be attended to.

Royal Zuulogical Museum, Florence,
L'Otli August, 1900.

II. — Oti a new Species of Blue Wren from Kiny Island^
Bass Strait. By A. J. Campbell (Melbourne).

There are no more popular and pleasing little birds than
the beautiful Blue Wrens of Eastern Australia. The speci-
mens of this form procured on King Island, Bass Strait, by
the Expedition of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria
(in Nov. 1887), were thought by collectors (myself included)
to be Malurus gouldi. But I have since obtained a series of
skins of Blue Wrens from Tasmania and thence to the
Tropics, and find the King Island bird to be quite distinct.
Its characteristics are that it is the largest of all, and that
it has a decidedly darker shade of blue — brilliant ultramarine
being the nearest colour. The tail is very dark blue, while
there is also quite a wash of blue on the bufty-white
under surface beneath the band of velvety black, and on
the outer webs of the primaries. The female is similar
to that of M. cyaneus, but much larger and slightly darker
brown in colour, with a bluish tinge on the feathers of the
tail.

Out of compliment to my wife, who has greatly assisted
me by transcribing and correcting the draft of a work on the
' Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds,' now in the hands of a
British publishing firm, I propose the name M. elizabethcE for
this new variety ; but to be known in the vernacular list as the
Dark Blue Wren, in contradistinction to Dr. Sharpens Silvery
(Light) Blue Wren {M. cyanochlamijs), the most northern
form.

The greatest favourites about our camps on King Island

Blue Wren from Kwy Island, Bass Strait. 11

were the Dark Blue Wrens, because of their thrilling little
songs, and more especially on account of the beauty of the
males in their rich plumage of exquisite blue set in velvety
black. These l)irds did not seem at all shy, but boldly
displayed their lovely little bodies, with tail erect, on the
top of any convenient bush. A nest I took in tussock-grass
near our main camp on the Yellow Rock rivulet is similar
to those of the other species, Avhile the eggs are the largest
of all those of the Maluri.

Comparative dimensions in inches of Blue Wrens (males) :

Length. Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

M.ellzabeUM o-7o •;« 2-1 2 3-) TO

M. (jouldi (Sharpe) o'O -33 2'0o 2-3 -8

M. a/aneus (Ellis) .rO -28 2-0 2-2 -8

M. ci/anochlami/s (Sharpe) . . 4-7-5 '3 2-0 2-O.j 'To

Possibly some ornithologists will be inclined to regard
these four birds as referable to one species under different
environments. If so, then they will have to show cause A\hy
the following should not also be united, namely : — M. dorsalis
(Lewin) with M. nielaiiocephalas ( Vig, & Horsf.), M. melanotus
(Gld.) with M. caUahms (Gld.), and M. lamberti (Vig. &
Horsf.) with M. pulcherrimus (Gld,), becanse in these three
pairs of birds the individuals have apparently been separated
one from another on the base of colouring only, the shade
of colouring, however, being constant within their respective
geographical areas.

While touching on geographical distribution, I may
mention that the western bird, M. pulcherrimus, which has
not been recorded further east than Central Australia, I
have found more than once in theMallee district of Victoria,
where it has a black throat. This bird Gould has figured
and described as having the throat and breast " intense
indigo-blue," while Dr. Sharpe in the British Museum
Catalogue describes these parts as "deep black." Should
there really be a Malurus in South-west Australia with an
indigo throat, then there is also a black-throated variety
intermediate between it and M. laiuberti on the east coast, or
else, as I have endeavoured to explain, M. pulcherrimus and
M» lamberti are possibly synonymous.

12

Herr H. vou Ihering — Ornithological

III. — Ornithological Notes from South Brazil.
By H. VON Ihering.

In the fourth volume of the ' Revista ' of the ' Museu
Paulista ' lately published will be found some ornithological
papers, concerning which I propose to offer a few additional
notes.

The " Descripcao de Ninhos e Ovos das Aves do Brasil/' by
Carlos Euler, is a revised and corrected translation of his
various papers published in the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie '
from 1862 to 1868. Mr. Euler's observations are certainly
amongst the best that have ever been made in Brazil on the
life-habits of birds. As the original papers are without any
index, and as the nomenclature used is in some cases not
easy to understand, and in other cases inexact, this new and
revised edition will be useful not only to Brazilian naturalists,
but, I hope, to ornithologists elsewhere.

As an " Appendix " to this paper of Herr Euler I have
published in the same Journal a list of all the species of birds
hitherto observed in the mountainous interior of the State of
Rio de Janeiro, especially at Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo.
Since I published this list I have received the second
part of Dr. E. Goeldi's ' As Aves do BrasiP (Rio de Janeiro,
1900). I have therefore studied this book with the intention
of completing my list by adding to it the names of the
species observed by Dr. Goeldi in the Colonia Alpina,
Theresiopolis, and not included in my List. These are : —

Oi'tliogonys viridis {Spiir).
Sperinopbila gutturalis (Licht.).
Chi'TSomitris icterica {Licht.).
Cassidix oryzivora (Gmel.).
Cnipolegus comatus {Licht.).
Pseudotriccus diops (Temm.).
Phyllomj'ias burmeisteri {Cab.).
Ornithion obsoletum {Temm.).
Empidouomus varius ( Vieill.).

Furnarius rufus (Gm.).
Lathi'iii pliuubea {Licht.).
Caprimulgus ocellatus {Tsch.),
Nj'ctibius jamaicensis {Gm.).
Oolaptes campestris {Gm.).
Picumnus temmincki (Lafr.).
Ara nobilis {Linn.).
Rostrliauius sociabilis ( Vieill.).

I have not accepted Arremon silens, because the bird thus
termed by Goeldi seems to he A. semiturquatus (observed

Notes from South Brazil. 13

also by Euler), as is evident from the note on the yellowish
colour of its lower mandible.

The number of species of birds of the interior of Rio
de Janiero is raised by this addition to 385. It would be
useful if European ornithologists would co-operate with me
in completing these lists of the local faunas of Rio de
Janeiro, S.Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul, which I have thus
attempted to set in order.

My ' Catalogo critico-comparativo dos Ninhos e Ovos das
Aves do Brasil,^ published in the same volume of the ' Revista '
(pp. 191-300), is a synopsis of all that is yet known of the
nidification and eggs of Brazilian birds. This is, in truth, a
very difficult subject to deal with satisfactorily. All those
who have taken up collecting-work in this country have been
misled by the native assistants' practice of attributing eggs to
birds to which they have no relation whatever. Thus the
literature of this subject is full of wrong descriptions and
mistakes. For example, such an egg as that of Ammodromus
manimbe (Sbarpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 691) has been described
several times, but always wrongly. It is evident that much
further work and study, based upon special knowledge, is
required to separate the good observations from the doubtful.

The above-mentioned paper is, however, not altogether a
compilation, for many new observations are added to what
was previously known. Among these may be especially
noticed the very singular suspended nest of Thripophaga
sclateri with two chambers [op. cit. p. 246, figs. 20, 21).

Since I published the paper, I have obtained some new
eggs from S. Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul. These may
be described as follows : —

Ceophlceus erythrops (Val.).

The eggs are thin and transparent, of a uniform bluish-
white colour, polished, and lustrous. The measurements
are 30-31x24-25 mm.

Chrysotis vinacea (Vieill.).

This is an egg of 38 x 30 mm. in dimensions and of oval
form. The poles are subequal, the surface is smooth, little

14 Ornithological Notefs from South Brazil.

polislied, and with some scattered deep pores. The nest
from which it was taken was a hole situated very high in a
colossal Murta-tree. The level of the nest was at 2 m. below
the entrance, and to obtain the eggs it was necessary to
make a second opening with an axe.

PlONOPSITTACUS PILEATUS (ScOp.).

This nest was also in the hollow of a tree with the
aperture far above. The eggs are of rounded form, not
polished, measuring 26 x 22-22* 5 mm.

It may be remarked that in the case of many of the most
common and familiar Brazilian birds nothing whatever has
been recorded of the nests and eggs. Therefore it may be
useful to say a few words respecting the principal authorities
on this little-known snbject. It is quite natural that the
observations and collections that I had made myself should
have formed the principal basis of my work. Of other
authorities, who have themselves worked in Brazil and
published numerous and exact observations, there are two
in particular of the highest value — those of Euler, referring
to birds of Rio de Janeiro, and those of Herbert Smith on
the birds of Matto Grosso, as published by Allen. Of
other recent works the most important seems to me to be
the egg-catalogue of Nehrkorn. This author has, however,
received manyincorrect indications, and Avhen the descriptions
of material supplied to him are at variance with those of
Herbert Smith I always accept the latter's information, as
he himself collected the nest, eggs, and birds, and gives
their exact dates and localities. Thus Nehrkorn says that
the egg of Coereba cyanea is black, and Allen (quoting
Smith) says that it is white, with fine reddish spots. The
description of Allen is in harmony with my specimens of the
eggs of Dacnis cayana and with Euler's account of those of
Certhiola chlorojnjga. There can be little doubt that
Nehrkorn Avas deceived in this case, as in many others also.
Another series of valuable observations which I have
utilized are in the publicatioJis of Dalgleish and Aplin on
Argentine and Uruguayan birds, the greater number of
which occur in Brazil also.

Birds' -nesting Notes from the Transvaal. 15

To these contributions on Brazilian ornithology I may add,
lastly, a reference to one which I published in 1899 (" As
Aves do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul ") in the ' Annuario
do Estado do Rio do Sul ' para anno de 1900 (Porto Alegre,
1899). There are here admitted 363 species as occurring
in this State. In vol. iv. of the ' Revista do Museu
Paulista^ I have already been able to add six more species,
and amongst them some of special interest, such as Dacnis
cayana from Novo Hamburgo. It seems really quite
doubtful whether many species exist in the State of
St. Catharina which are not also represented in the northern
part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The other additions
are MacropsaJis creagra, Asia accipitrinus, Falco fusco-
ccerulescens from Novo Hamburgo, and Porphijr'whi mar-
tinica and Gisella iheringi from S. Lourenfo.

I have also lately received from Porto Alegre examples of
GaUinago gigantea.

S. Paulo, 4th June, 1900.

IV. — Birds' -nesthig Notes from the Transvaal.
By Alwin C. Haagner.

On the 3rd September, 1899, while strolling along the shore
of a dam in this district, I found the nest of a " Quicky "
[Motacilla capensis L.). It was constructed of coarse grass
and lined with feathers ; it contained one abnormally coloured
egg. This was of a salmon-grey colour, without spots or
markings. Proceeding from the dam to a clump of mimosa-
trees {Acacia horrida), I found an unusual number of nests
of the Pied Shrike {Lanius col/aris). They all contained
three eggs, and were, without exception, constructed of a
plant with white silvery flowers, which was just then in
bloom, and were lined with twine and feathers. I also found
several nests of the common Sparrow of this district {Passer
arcuati(s) . The eggs of these birds are subject to an enormous
amount of variation. I have taken eggs almost black in
colour, owing to the profusion and darkness of the blotches,

16 Mr. A. C. Haaguer — Birds' -nesting

and others from the same nest almost white, the blotches
being very light in colour and sparsely distributed. I also
found in one of their nests an unknown egg, presumably
that of a Cuckoo {Chrysococcyx cupreus), which is known
locally as the " Diederic." The egg was smaller than that
of the real owner of the nest, and of a dirty white^ blotched
in the form of a ring round the obtuse end with purplish
and greyish brown. These Cuckoos are known to generally
deposit their eggs in the nests of Passer arcuatus ; which
knowledge, and the fact of seeing and hearing the bird in
the vicinity, made me think that it was the parent. These
birds have a loud and very plaintive call, which may be
described on paper thus — " dee-dee-dee, deederic " ! oft
repeated. At the same time I found several nests of a
Weaver-bird [Hyphantornis velatus), one of which contained
three eggs : two of a green colour blotched with reddish and
purplish brown, and one of a pinkish cream, blotched with
the same colours as the green examples.

On the 15th of October I found a clutch of five eggs
of a Kestrel {Tinnunculns rupicoloides) in a large deserted
nest of the Secretary-bird (Serpentarius secretarius) , which
was used by tlie latter birds three years ago. The nest was
built in a mimosa-tree, and was constructed of stems and
twigs, some of the thickness of a man's finger. The diameter
of the nest across the top must have been 3 feet. In the
middle, in a hollow slightly lined with hair, wool, and rags,
the five pretty eggs of the Kestrel were deposited. It was a
sight to gladden the heart of any ornithologist ! The birds
being extremely destructive to chickens (when they get the
chance), I annexed the whole clutch. The eggs were rather
variable in coloration, two being of a cream-coloured ground,
thickly spotted and blotched with light and dark brown, and
three being of a pinkish hue, both ground-colour and blotches,
although the latter were, of course, of a much darker shade.
On blowing the eggs, I found that those that were pinkish
were fresh, whereas the others were addled; so I conclude
that the pink examples would have attained the same shades
as the brown had they been in the nest long enough. I

Notes from the Transvaal. 17

may mention tliat the parent bird flew off the nest when
I came up, and I had a good view of her, so that I am sure
of the identity.

On the 15th September I found two eggs of a Wader
(Totanus?)^ on the shore of our dam. They were about
15 yards from the water's edge, in an open spot, and were
deposited in a hollow in the dry mud, wliich was heaped up
a little all round, and contained a few bits of grass &c.
The eggs were nearly embedded in the grass and small mud-
clots, and were so admirably concealed by virtue of their
wonderful " protective resemblance/^ that I had to look
again for a few seconds every time I took my eyes off the
spot. They were of a dark cream-colour, thickly spotted,
blotched, and streaked with various shades (light and dark)
of brown and slaty brown. Axis 30 mm., diameter 23 mm.

I noticed that the parent bird approached the eggs from
the land side, and not from the water : it would have been
much more easily detected had it come from the latter
direction, whereas its approach from the former was covered
by the weeds. The parent birds also possess the advantage
of a wonderfully protective coloration.

On the 20th October, 1899, I shot a splendid male speci-
men oi Nectarinia famosa (Lay. & Sharpe, B. S. A. p. 306)
in the Transvaal, a rare bird here — at least this is the
opinion of writers on South-African birds. Dr. Holub, in
his ' Beitrage zur Ornithologie Siid-Afrikas,' says nothing

* [Mr. Haagner sends us the following description of the Totamis,
which we are not able to determine : —

" Head and hind-neck brownish grey ; mantle and upper and lower
back darker brown-grey, the feathers with a dark streak down the middle
and edged with a lighter shade ; coverts brownish grey, shot with light
green (this is, however, only visible in certain lights) ; secondary and
median coverts tipped with white, webs also bordered with white ; the
two (juter primary-coverts reddish brown ; throat, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white ; breast and fore-neck grey ; upper tail-coverts partly
white, and a few reddish with black markings. Length 10|^" ; wing
(measured in a straight line from base to tip and along the front edge,
when stretched out) S^" ; tail 2^" ; culmeu liV". Irides carmine ; bill
black ; legs dirty yellow." — Edd,]

SER. VIII. VOL. I. C

18 Mr. R. H. Ivy on the Nesting

of having met with it north of the Cape Colony. This is
the second example I have seen here dnritig a residence of
fonr years. The above-mentioned bird was in full and
splendid dress.

On the 22nd of October my brother shot a female speci-
men of the Greenshank {Tutanus canescens) still in winter
plumage. They are scarce in these parts. The Bronze
Cuckoo [Chnjsococcyx cnpreus) is common hereabouts
(Pretoria district). On the 22nd October I shot a specimen
in typical and glorious plumage. The bird was really
gorgeous in its brilliant and fiery golden (and in some lights
bronzy) green colour. Naked skin round eye light scarlet ;
irides light carmine ; culmen and tip of lower mandible
horn, remainder of lower mandible light bluish slate-colour ;
legs and toe-nails brownish black.

After rather a long absence the Hoopoes (Upupa africana)
have once more made their appearance in our district, and
in no small numbers. On October the 22nd I shot three
specimens. On the 5th August, 1899, 1 obtained a specimen
of the Bakbakkiri Busk-Shrike {Laniarius gutturalis) in
interesting plumage. The whole chin, throat, breast, and
underparts were of a blackish-yellow colour, without the
black and yellow markings on the three former regions.
Iris yellowish brown ; base of lower mandible light horn-
colour, rest of bill black.

Moddeifontein,

3rd April, 1900.

V. — Notes on the Nesting and other Habits of some South-
African Birds. By R. H. Ivy *.

1. Lamprocolius melaxogaster (S\v.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xiii. p. 182.

This bird is not common here, and though I have seen
several clutches of eggs, I myself have only once found the

* [Mr. Ivy, a resident at Grahamstown, in the Eastern Province of
Cape Colony, has sent me the following notes on the habits of some of

of some South- African Birds. 19

nest, which was placed in a hole in a tree situated in a deep
kloof; the eggs, two in number, were of a light sky-blue,
peculiarly roughened and quite unspotted.

2. Petkonia petronella (Licht.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. xii.
p. 297.

I have found many nests of this species in the decayed
centres of the br^jjuches of the euphorbia-trees. The bird
makes a small opening in the bark, and on a deposit of a
few feathers and down in the hollow of the branch lays from
three to four dull brown unspotted eggs. It breeds in
companies, and the eggs are difficult to obtain, as the
branches of the euphorbias are high up above the ground,
and though heavy are brittle and rotten, so that the only
way of securing the eggs is to cut ofiP the branch at the base.
The eggs are very unlike those of the Common Sparrow
[Passer arciiatus).

3. Emberiza flaviventris Bonn. etVieill. ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. xii. p. 499.

I have never found the nest of this bird in a low bush or
on the ground, though I have seen many hundreds of them.
Those I have seen have usually been placed on the outer
branches of an acacia-tree, from 6 to 10 feet above the
ground. The nest is cup- shaped, about 2^ inches across, and
is composed of fine twigs and roots, and lined with finer
material of the same description. The eggs, four or five in
number, are never merely spotted, but are scrolled round the
obtuse end with purplish brown on a white ground.

4. CiNNYRis vERREAUxi Smith; Gad. Cat. B. ix. p. 75.
This bird, like C. chalybeus, was very rare here until about

the year 1895, when both became plentiful, and still remain
so. In this district it always builds in a place such as no
other Sun-bird would select, either in dense shade under

the birds observed by him in the neighbourhood of that town. His
observations on the Cuckoos and Honey-guides seem to me particularly
interesting, and to be well worth recording, as so little is known of these
birds in South Africa. — W. L. Sclateb.]

c 2

t-

20 Mr. R. H. Ivy on the Nesting

heavy bush or sometimes on the side of a krantz or precipice,
suspending the nest from a runner or creeper. The fabric is
unmistakable at first sight, being more like that of a spider
on a large scale than anything else. The inside and central
portion, with the sheltering porch, are neat and compact,
while it is lined with down-feathers and other fine materials ;
but around the whole, and often hanging down in a dangling
manner for some inches below, is a loose mass of dead leaves
and twigs, all interwoven with cobweb. In fact, though the
nest be quite new, it often looks like some weather-worn
cobweb-structure. The eggs are stated by Stark to be two
in number, and mottled and spotted ; but according to my
experience they are from three to five in number, and of a
rich coffee-brown, without markings of any sort. There
must be an error somewhere.

5. Upupa africana Bechst. ; Salv. Cat. B. xvi. p. 14.
This Hoopoe nests in hollow trees, also in ant-heaps. The

eggs, four or five in number, are of a creamy fawn-colour.
The nesting-season is from October to January.

6. Irrisor viridis (Licht.) ; Salv. Cat. B. xvi. p. 17.

I have found this bird nesting in the deserted hole of a
Woodpecker in a " yellow-wood '^ tree [Podocmyus), also in
euphorbias, in November and December. The eggs are
three in number and blue in colour. The bill of the young
is much shorter than that of the adult.

On another occasion, at Fish-River Randt, in December
1894, I found this bird making use of a deserted nest of
Parus afer in a hole in the trunk of a sanga (Cusconia) . On
felling the tree we found three eggs, but only one not
broken.

7. Indicator sparrmanni Steph.
Indicator indicator Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 5.

On the 4th of November, 1894, I saw one of these
birds leave a nest of Hirundo albigularis. An examination
showed that the nest contained two small white eggs of the
Swallow and one large oval egg of the Honey-guide.

of some South-African Birds. 21

8. Indicator major Steph. ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 6.
In November 1891^ at Blue Krantz, in the Uitenhage

division, I noticed one of these Honey-guides being chased
by two Drongos, the nest of which we saw on the top of a
high euphorbia. We could distinctly make out the trans-
parent egg of the Honey-guide along with the more opaque-
M'hite eggs of the Drongo, of Avhich there were three.

9. Indicator variegatus Less. ; Shelley, Cat, B. xix. p. 7.
In February 1895 I was encamped on the Zwart-kop

river^ near Springfield, in the Uitenhage district. Here
every day one of these birds came up close to our camp, and on
six occasions led us to the nests of wild bees among the trees
and neighbouring rocks. The Honey-guide would perch ou
some tree and commence calling " cha-cha-cha," to attract
our attention. We followed its lead, talking to the bird all
the while, as I was assured by my companions that unless
we " kept up the conversation " the bird Avould leave us : so
we answered in such terms as " Pretty Jennie,'^ " Good
bird,^^ or '' Here we are.'" When we got to the vicinity of
the nest, the bird would not go close, but kept a little
distance off, leaving us to search for the exact spot, which
was easily found by watching the passing bees *.

10. Indicator minor Steph. ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 9.

I have often watched this bird killing bees at a hive, but
have never known it lead any one to a nest of wild bees. At
Blue Krautz, in October 1898, I was nesting up a gorge,
and heard some strange noises in the dense bush overhead.
I therefore lay in the shade to watch, thinking it was some
small mammal fighting. After some time I saw a Honey-
guide fly to a hole in the trunk of a tree and endeaA^our to
enter. It was, however, opposed by a male Barbet [Melano-
lucco torquatus) , which was shortly afterwards joined by the
female, and the Honey-guide was very soon hustled out, and
flew off across the gully, closely followed by the female
Barbet, chattering and fighting all the while.

In about five minutes the Honey-guide reappeared, and

* [On this subject see the letter in ' The Ibis/ 1900, p. 691.— Edd.]

22 Mr. R. H. Ivy on the Nesting

the same scene took place^ and this continued for about an
hour. We theu shot all three birds with one charge. The
Honey-guide fell at our feet, and had an egg protruding
from the vent, being covered with skin, probably an evagi-
nated portion of the lower part o£ the oviduct. Fortunately
the egg was unbroken ; it was very transparent and the yolk
showed through. In the nest itself were two of the usual
white eggs of the Barbet, quite fresh.

11. Melanobucco torquatus (Dumont) ; Shelley, Cat. B.
xix. p. 24.

In November 1893 I saw a pair of these birds boring
away at a decayed Avillow-tree overhanging a stream.
Beneath the tree, lying on some damp sand, were four eggs
of the same bird, quite fresh and obviously just deposited.

12. Tkichol.ema leucomelas (Bodd.) ; Shelley, Cat. B.
xix. p. 31.

1 found a breeding-place of this bird at Walmer, near Port
Elizabeth, in November 1892. It was in an old tree-trunk,
and was somewhat like that of Melanobucco torquatus, being
merely a hole about 1^ inch in diameter, running about
2 inches inwards, and then downwards about 6 inches. At
the bottom were four white eggs, resting merely on some
fragments of rotten wood.

13. CoccYSTES glandarius (Linn.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 212 ^.

Mr. B. Campbell, of Rocklands, Fish River, brought me,
in December 1892, two eggs of this bird. They were of a
pale dull blue, with small blackish spots ; they had been
found in a nest of the Black Crow [Corvus capensis), along

* [This Cuckoo breeds also in Southern Spain and Northern and North-
eastern Africa, where it usually selects a Magpie or Crow's nest to deposit
its eggs. The breeding-season in this case is in April or May. It is very
remarkable, therefore, to find the same bird in South Africa breeding in
December. Do our southern birds migrate as far as the northern breeding-
area, and again lay eggs in the spring of the northern hemisphere ? or do
they only go as far as Central Africa in April, spending our winter-season
there and returning south to breed in our southern spring? — W. L. S.]

of some South- African Birds. 23

Avith three of the typical pink-cream speckled eggs of that
bird.

In the same month of the same year I found a nest of
the Red-winged Starling {Amydrus morio) placed on a ledge
on the face of a krandah, 12 feet from the ground. The
nest, which was cup-shaped, and made of fibres and roots,
supported on a mud base, contained a young Great Spotted
Cuckoo. I kept this bird in a large well-lighted room,
feeding it on larvae and chopped meat. It developed its
feathers and began to fly about two weeks after I found it.
It resembled the adult bird, except that the grey of the back
was much darker and the buff of the chest more intense.
The bird became very tame, flying to my shoulder on my
calling to it, and often taking journeys outside my room.
In April it became very restless, dashing against the walls
and windows, and finally died about the middle of the
month.

I have seen a pair of old birds of this species with five
young all flying together late in February. 1 believe that
the old birds collect their broods previously to migrating.

14. CoccYSTEs jACOBiNUs (Bodd.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 217.

This bird was seen by Mr. F. Pym to leave the nest of a
Bulbul [Pycnonoius tricolor) in the Belmont valley, near
Grahamstown. On examination the nest was found to con-
tain one Cuckoo's egg (white) and two of the BulbuFs
(spotted with pinky red). In November 1894 I found a
nest of Andropadus importunus, containing two of the usual
eggs (white with brown and purple marbling) in addition to
five large Cuckoo's eggs. These all together more than filled
the small cup-shaped nest, the rightful occupants of which
were flitting about in an excited state. Close by three
Cuckoos [Coccystes jacobinus, Coccystes serratus, and Cuculus
clamosus) were observed, and from the diflPerent sizes and
shapes of the eggs I believe that all these thiee Cuckoos had
utilized the one tiny nest.

On another occasion I found an egg of this bird in the

24 Mr. R. H. Ivy on the Nesting

nest of Campophaga liartlaubi, together with a young bird
belonging to the host. The egg turned out to be addled ; but
that it did belong to this Cuckoo was evidenced by the fact
that a Coccystes jacobinus had been seen to visit the nest.

15. Coccystes serratus (Sparrm.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 223.

In December 1897 1 saw one of these birds leave the nest
of a Coly {Colius erythromelon). The nest contained three
eggs of the host (white with a few pinky scratches), together
Avith one egg of the Cuckoo (pure white) .

16. CucuLus soLiTARius Stcpli. ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 258.

In November 1896 I found an egg of this Cuckoo in the
nest of a "Cape Robin" [Cossi/pha caffra), together with
two eggs of the latter bird.

In the same month I found a young Cuckoo of this species
in the nest of a Rock-Thrush [Monticola mpestris) (see
fig. 2, p. 25). The nest, which was placed on a ledge of
a krantz or cliff, had been extended on either side with a
packing of loose moss, so as to prevent the young Cuckoo
from upsetting it. One broken egg of the Rock-Thrush lay
on the ground below the nest. We waited an hour for the
foster-parents, who had flown off on our first approach, to
return, but they did not do so, although an adult Cuckoo
(C. solitarius) flew past.

In December 1897 I saw a pair of Caj^e Robins [Cossypha
caffra) flying in attendance on a young Cuculus sulitarius ;
they were much more demonstrative than is their usual
habit with their own young. Tiie two flew before us for over
a mile along a water-cut, M'hile the old Cuckoo kept calling
out.

On November the 9th, 1897, I found a nest of Cossyp/ia
caffra in a neighbouring garden, containing two of the usual
pmky-cream eggs, one of which had been deposited only that
morning. This nest Avas only about six inches distant from
another, where presumably the same parents had hatched a
brood in September. On revisiting the nest next day I

of some Sunth- African Birds.

25

H

aq

o

^

3

3?'

26 j\rr. R. 11. Tvy on the Xest'nu/

found, in addition to the Robin's eggs, which were quite
fresh, an egg of Cuculus solitarius, partly incubated.

In December 1898 I found another nest of Monticola
riipestris containing two eggs of the Rock-Thrush and one
of Cuculus solitarius.

In November 1899 I found a single egg of Cuculus soli-
tarius in a nest of the So"'th-African Stone-Chat [Pratincola
torquuta), situated in tlie wall of an ohl kraal close to
Grahamstown ; there were three eggs of the Stone-Chat in
the nest.

17. Cuculus clamosus Lath. ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 260.
In December 1891 I watched one of these birds for several

hours, and finally saw her fly into a thorn-bush close to a
picnic party. On going to the bush I found a nest of
Dendropadus importunus containing two eggs with the usual
markings of grey and brown, together with a single large
white Cuckoo^'s egg, sliglitly incubated, while the others were
fresh. I have noticed that both this and the former species
{Cuculus solitarius) seem to return to the same neighbourhood
every year.

18. Chrysococcyx smaragdineus (Sw.) ; Shelley, Cat. B.
xix. p. 280.

This bird is not common in the eastern portion of the
Cape Colony ; during twenty years' observation I have only
seen two, a male near Grahamstown and a female in the
Uitenhage division.

19. Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 285.

The Didric Cuckoo is plentiful in the Fish-River district
to the north of Grahamstown, and I have obtained speci-
mens there all through the winter. In December 1890 also,
while encamped on the Modder River near Bloemfontein, I
found this bird very plentiful and easily to be recognized
by its plaintive cry. After a long search I observed that
one Cuckoo frequented a small acacia-bush, from which it
repeatedly called " di-di-dideric,'' and on passing the bush
just before leaving the district I noticed a Red -vented Fly-

of some Souih-African Birds.
Fiff. 3.

27

Nest and eggs of Centropus 7iatalensis,
(From a pliotogTaph.)

28 On tlie Neslimj of some SoiitJi- African Birds.

catclier {Parisuma subcceruleum) cliattering iu au excited
state, which suggested that au Owl or a snake was close by.
An examination at once revealed the presence not only ot* a
puff-adder (which was quickly dispatched), but also of a
nest, about 3 feet from the ground, containing three eggs —
two white, with faint grey blotches, of the usual type of
Parisoma ; the third larger and white, and showing the yolk
through the transparent shell. This, I have little doubt, is
the egg of the Didric Cuckoo, and although the identi-
fication is not absolute, it is nearly as good as one can expect
for a Cuckoo's egg.

20. Chrysococcyx klaasi (Steph.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 283.

This is one of the commonest Cuckoos in the Albany
division. On November the 9th, 1892, 1 noticed one of these
birds flitting about some low bush in the Belmont valley
near Grahamstown, and, contrary to its usually shy nature,
perching Avithin a few feet of our heads. We searched the
vicinity thoroughly, and found several nests, but could not
discover the egg of the Cuckoo, although we were certain it
was close by. Later in the evening Mr. Pym, my companion,
found a nest of the Malachite Kingfisher [Corythornis cyano-
stigma) in the bank of a stream, just below where the Cuckoo
was calling; it contained six small round eggs of the usual
Kingfisher-type, and one longer egg, beautifully transparent,
showing the yolk through the shell. On blowing this egg
Ave found that the yolk was of a much deeper shade of orange
than that of the Kingfisher.

21. Centropus natalensis Shelley; Shelley, Cat. B. xix.
p. 362.

This bird is not parasitic, but builds a nest in a thick
hush. One I found near Belmont, in NoA^ember 1894, was
placed on a platform of dried stems of Aveeds and over-
shadoAved by a wild vine; it contained five white eggs (see
fig. 3, p. 27).

On the Specific Validity of Ploceus megarliynchus. 29

VI. — On the Specific Validity 0/ Ploceus megarhynchus Hume.

By F. Finn, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum,

Calcutta.

(Plate I.)
The large Indian Weaver- bird described by A. O. Hume as
Ploceus megarhynchus has been united by Dr. R. B. Sharpe
in the ' Catalogue of Birds/ and by Mr. E. W. Gates in
the 'Fauna of British India/ with the eastern form of the
Baya Weaver-bird, although this appellation was bestowed by
Mr. Hume on what he considered to be a distinct species.
Mr. Hume^s types, obtained from Kaladoongi, below Naini
Tal, are in the British Museum, and a recent examination
of these specimens has fully confirmed me in the view that
I previously held o£ the specific distinctness of Ploceus
megarhynchus and P, baya.

In July 1899 I exhibited to the Asiatic Society two living
specimens of a large Weaver which I had recently obtained
for the Indian Museum from our well-known Calcutta dealer
in animals, Mr. W. Rutledge, of Entally. To these birds,
considering them to represent an undescribed form of Ploceus,
I gave the name of Ploceus rutledgii, and briefly diagnosed
the species as similar to the male of P. baya in breeding-
plumage, but easily distinguishable by the larger size and
the entirely yellow under surface {' Proceedings of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal,' July 1899, p. 77). As one of the birds
was more stoutly built than the other, and was constantly
singing and weaving grass into the wire of the cage, I thought
that the two specimens were possibly a pair, the more so as
some of the Weavers show very little sexual difl'erence in
plumage. As time went on, however, the birds (which,
according to Mr. Rutledge's stipulation, I had kept alive)
began to change into undress plumage, and in this dress much
resembled the corresponding phase of our common Weaver
of this district, which, in the British Museum Catalogue, is
called P. atrigula. Their colour was, however, darker and
more uniform, and closely corresponded with that of
Mr. Hume's bird. I had noticed that their great size
was a point of resemblance to P. megarhyyichus, and the

30 "Mv. r. Finn on the Specific

assumption of a similar plumage left in my mind no doubt
as to their identity. To that little-known form I accordingly
referred them in a paper entitled " Notes on Plocelda,"
published in the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society ' (vol. Ixviii.
pt. ii. 1899). Therein I gave a fuller description of the
summer plumage, which the birds had then assumed, taken
from them when in full colour, which I quote below : —

" General colour bright yellow (brightest on head and dull
and impure on rump), with the following exceptions : — lores,
round the eye below, and ear-coverts dark brown ; a dull-
black patch on each side of the breast before the shoulder ;
nape and hind neck dull blackish brown ; upper back, wings,
and tail blackish brown, each feather edged, entirely or
externally, with light brown, on the uppermost part of the
back with yellow ; under wing-coverts dirty white.

" Iris bright light brown ; bill black, fleshy white at base ;
feet dark brownish fleshy, claws blackish horny. ^'

1 had a coloured drawing (Plate I. fig. A) of the finer
bird made by one of the museum artists, A. C. Chowdhary,
and took its measurements as well as I could. The length
was about 6^ inches, bill from gape about 08, wing about 3^
tail about 2\, and tarsus about 0'95.

The same bird, when out of summer plumage, had its
portrait again taken (Plate I. fig. B). Both specimens
survived the winter, and in due course reassumed their
yellow garb, without the slightest alteration from that which
they had worn when I first saw them ; so that we may, I
think, fairly conclude that captivity had not affected them
in any way, and that the plumage is normal and definitely
characteristic of the breeding male of the species. I am
now quite convinced that both birds are males, as the second
specimen has been singing and otherwise comporting itself
in a more masculine manner than it did at first.

On visiting the British Museum, when in London last
August, I was, by the kindness of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant,
enabled to inspect the series of Ploeeus atrigula, and found
that I could easily pick out therefrom the types of Mr. Hume's
P. megarhynchus, so closely did their plumage correspond

Validity of Ploceus megarhynclnis. 31

with that which I had seen assumed by the living birds above
mentioned when in undress. Mr. Rutledge had obtained
these from Naini Tal, though no doubt they had not been
captured there, but, lilce the types of P. merjarhynchus, at a
much lower elevation. The deadly nature of the climate of
the Terai at the season when these birds are in full feather
will, no doul)t, account for the fact that the breeding-plumage
has been hitherto unknown, since the species of Ploceus, at
any rate when breeding, are very conspicuous wherever they
occur.

Jt is possible, however, that this particular form is really
rare, for the native from whom Mr. Rutledge procured the
birds last year did not succeed in getting any to bring down
to Calcutta this season. Mr. Rutledge had, moreover, never
seen the bird before he received the two specimens which he
sold the Museum, and his experience as a dealer in animals
extends over forty years. This fact seems to dispose of the
suggestion, which has been made to me by an eminent
ornithologist, that the bird might possibly have been im-
ported. Moreover, the present bird does not at all agree with
the description of any African species, while in its winter
plumage, as has been already said, it corresponds very closely
with Hume's types of Ploceus megarhynchus, which it also
resembles in size, as may be judged from the measurements
above given.

It seems to me, therefore, obvious that JMr. Hume's
P. megarhynchus is a good and valid species, easily dis-
tinguishable from all other Indian forms of Ploceus by the
large preponderance of yellow in its coloration when in
summer plumage, and to a less extent by its more uniformly
stinted winter dress. Its large size is a less important cha-
racter, as in this respect it is almost, if not quite, equalled
by some specimens of the buff-breasted form which in the
British Museum Catalogue is called P. atrigula. The appli-
cation of the name P. megarhynchus to the latter bird by
Mr. E. W. Gates in the 'Fauna of British India' is thus
shown to be a mistake, and the question that now remains
to be solved is the exact range of the large yellow species,

32 On the Specific VaUdily of Ploccus megarhynclius.

P. megarhynckm, for it can hardly be supposed to be con-
fined to the Terai region below Naini Tal.

I append the synonymy and diagnosis of the species : —

Ploceus megarhynchus. (Plate I.)

Ploceus megarhynchus Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 357; 1871,
pp. 36, 37 : id. Stray Feathers, iii. 1875, pp. 153, 406, 407;
vi. 1878, p. 400; viii. 1879, p. 106.

Ploceus atrigida Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vol. xiii.
(1890) p. 491 (part.).

Ploceus megarhynchus Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds,
vol. ii. (1890) p. 177 (part.).

Ploceus rutledgii Finn, Proc. A. S. B., July 1899, p. 77.
Ploceus megarhynchus Finn, J. A. S. B. Ixviii. pt. ii.
pp. 250-252 (1899).

Mas in vestitu (estiva. Maxima ex parte corporis flavus; sed
alis cautlaque fuscis fulvo marginatis; necnon nucha
atque macula pectorali utriuque sordide nigris ; capitis
lateribus fusco lavatis maculam forraantibus : i^ostro
nigro, ad basin carneo-albo ; iridibus castaneis ; pedibus
obscure carneis.
Mas in vestitu hieniali. Brunneus, supra sparsim fusco-
striatus ; alis caudaque fusois fulvo marginatis ; gula
pallidiore, abdomine cum crisso albo : rostro carneo-
albo, culmine cum apice nigro.
Long. circ. 6*5 poll.; rostrum a rictu 0"8 ; ala a carpo 3;
Cauda circ. 2 ; tarsus circ. 0 9.
Obs. Similis P. bnyce atque P. atrigulce, sed in vestitu sestivo
colore flavo in totum corpus infra extenso, et plerumque
statura majore facillime distinguendus; in vestitu hiemali
magnis P. utriguloi exemplis persimilis, sed colore obscuriore,
atque minus striato dignoscendus.

Habitat in saltibus subhiraalayanis infra oppidum " Naini
Tal '' dictum.

EXPLAXATIO^' OF PLATE I.

Ploceus megarhynchus.

Fig. A. Male in summer plumage.

B. The same bird in undre«s phmiage.
Both figures are taken from sketches made at Calcutta, from the li^■ing
bird, by A. C. Chowdhary.

ILis,1901.Pl.l

Min-temBros irap.

J.Snut del etlitK,

PLOCEUS MEGARHYNCHUS.
I'uj.A.Malp, u^ sammer plumafie. Fig. B. The same hifd irv u/idress plvma/jQ.

On Birds obtained in British East Africa. 33

VII. — List of Birds obtained in British East Africa. By
F. J. Jackson, C.B., F.Z.S.— Part 11.^ With Notes by
R. BowDLER Sharpe, LL.D. &c.

(Plates II. & III.)

[In this paper Mr. Jackson continues the account of his
collection down to the end of the Passeres. The number of
purely West-African species which occur in the interior
of British East Africa is a very interesting fact, though
Mr. Oscar Neumanu''s expedition had already made us
acquainted with the presence of many of them. — R. B. S.]

Fam. LaniidtE.

128. Lanius minor.

Lanius minor Gm. ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 157
(189^) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 52 (1896).

No. 106. c? • Ndeva, Teita, April 4, 1898.

This Shrike was very plentiful in pairs, along with L. col-
lurio and L. caudatus.

No. 68. S ad. Kedong Valley, April 17, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black. Not noticed here in January,
but now evidently migrating north along with L. cullurio.
Large numbers seen all along the road from Kikuyu to the
Ravine.

No. 82. ? ad. Swamps east of the Ravine, April 26,
1896.

No. 968. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 12, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill black ; feet slaty black. Migrating north.
Only a few seen about.

129. Lanius excubitorius,

Lanius excubitorius (Prev. et Des Murs) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
1891, p. 597 (Turquel) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 39
(Mengo ; Bukorae) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. i. p. 156
(1894); O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 263.

Fiscus excubitorius Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 52 (1896).

a. ? ad. Ntebi, June 7, 1895. Iris crimson-brown ;
bill black ; feet slate-colour, scaly.

* See ' Ibis,' 1899, pp. 687-640.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. D

31 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

Nos. 255, 256. ^ ? . Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 14, 1896.
Iris brown; bill and feet black. Plentiful at Njeraps.

[The sexes seem to be exactly alike in colour and markings.
— R. B. S.]

130. Lanius humeralis.

Lanius humeralis Stanl. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 597 ;
Reiclien. J. f. O. 1892, p. 39 (Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 157 (1891); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 476
(Tuago) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 149 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1900, p. 606.

Fiscus cvllaris Shelley, B, Africa, i. p. 51, partim (1896).

Lanius collaris huniei'alis O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 264.

No. 49. ? ad. Ravine, Mau, March 23, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill black ; feet dull slate. Very plentiful at the
Ravine in the shambas, where they can command a good
view of their surroundings from some bare branch.

Nos. 106, 115. S ad. Ravine, June 20, 23, 1896.

No. 187. S juv. Ravine, July 21, 1896. Iris brown ;
bill black, with gape yellow ; feet slaty black.

No. 232. S juv. Mount Elgon, 5000 feet, Aug. 10, 1899.
Iris brown ; bill dull brownish black, with lower mandible
bluish flesh-colour; feet pale horn-blue.

No. 436. ? juv. Ravine, Dec. 11, 1896. Bill brownish
black ; feet black.

No. 575. ? ad. Ravine, March 29, 1897. Very plentiful,
building in a small tree nine feet from the ground. Three
eggs. Shot on leaving nest.

Nos. 669, c? ad. ; 670, ? juv. Ravine, July 18, 1897.

No. 919. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, March 25, 1898.

No. 1149. S juv. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 25, 1898.
Iris brown; bill brownish black, lower mandible horn-blue;
feet horn-blue.

131. Lanius mackinnoni.

Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, pp. 444, 596, pi. xiii.
(Bugemaia) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 40 (Bukoba) ; id.
Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 157 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 52 (1896).

ohlaiaed in British East Africa. 35

No. 155. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July Q>, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

No. 164. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 7, 1896. This
bird has a patch of russet-brown under the wings, not
observable when they are closed.

No. 994. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 15, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill and feet brown.

No. 1238. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 26, 1898. Iris
brown; bill and feet black.

[By some mistake the typical specimen described by me
in 'The Ibis ' for 1891 (p. 596) was recorded as an adult/em«/e.
This was a misprint for " male,^^ and it will be seen that the
only bird then known was a male.

Mr. Jackson now sends the female, whicii is like the male,
but differs in one noteworthy respect, in that it has a chestnut
patch on the flanks, as in the species of Fiscus. Wing 3'5
inches. This character and its white-tipped tail-feathers
suggest that it may more reasonably be placed in the latter
sub-genus than in Lanius, and in this case its name would
be Fiscus mackinnoni. — R. B. S.]

132. Lanius collurio.

Lanius collurio Linn.; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 595; Reichen.
Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 457 (1894) ; Hinde, Ibis, 1898,
p. 580 (Machako's) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 265.

Enneoctonus collurio Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 53 (1896).

Nos. 104, 105. c? ? . Ndeva, Teita, April 7, 1892. Bill
black at tip, horn-blue at base ; feet dark slate-colour ; iris
brown.

This bird was very plentiful in Teita in April 1892, when
it was doubtless on its way north to its breeding-grounds.
It was also very abundant at Machako's, some 200 miles
further north, in April 1889. As I noticed a great number of
pairs, I was inclined to think that certain individuals were
remaining to breed, especially as the country was interspersed
with thick thorn-bushes and well adapted for the purpose.

[I think that it is unlikely that L. collurio would breed in
East Africa. The birds were probably only on their north-

o2

36 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

ward migration. The specimens are in lovely plumage. —
R.B.S.]

No. 422. Juv. Ravine, Mau, Nov. 20, 1896. Iris brown ;
bill fleshy- white horn-colour, with dusky tip; feet dusky
horn-blue. The first seen since the beginning of May. These
birds are evidently on their way south.

133. Lanius caudatus.

Lanius caudatus Cab. ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 156 (1894); O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 264.

Fiscus caudatus Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 52 (1896).

No. 107. S' Ndeva, Teita, April 7, 1893.

This Shrike is very common along the coast, west to Kili-
manjaro, and north to Machako^s. Although I have many
times found its nest with young, I have never seen the
egg. It appears to breed any time from April to September.
The nest is not unlike that of the Common Blackbird, and is
generally found in a thick thorn-bush from 5 to 10 feet from
the ground.

134. Dryoscopus funebris.

Dryoscopus funebris (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 598
(Nroni) ; Reichenow, J. £. O. 1892, p. 38 ; id. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 162 (1894); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 3895, p. 478
(Sillul) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 54 (1896); Ogilvie Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 147.

Laniarius funebris O. Neum. J. f. O. 1899, p. 409; id. op.
cit. 1900, p. 271.

a. Ad. Kinani.

No. 71. S ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 31, 1892.

This is another bird which is confined to the very dense
bush, and, though rarely seen, is decidedly plentiful. It has
a peculiar soft musical call, which, though difficult to describe,
when once heard cannot be mistaken.

135. Dryoscopus suahelicus.

Dryoscopus cubla (Shaw) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 164 (1894).

Dryoscopus cubla suahelicus O. Neum. J. £. 0. 1899, p. 414;
id. op. cit. 1900, p. 271.

obtained in British East Africa. 37

No. 63. cJ ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 18, 1892. Iris
crimson ; feet horn-blue ; bill black.

136. Dryoscopus major.

Laniarius major Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 51, pi. 5 ;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 54 (1896).

Dryoscopus albifasciatus Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 598 (Mt.
Elgon).

Dryoscopus major (Hartl.) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 38
(Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 163(1894: Usegua
N'guru) .

Laniarius cethiopicus major O. Neum, J. f. O. 1899, p. 406 ;
op. cit. 1900, p. 270.

No. 44. S ad. Ntebi, Oct. 2, 1895.

Nos. 92, 93. S ? ad. Ravine, June 17, 1896. Iris dull
crimson ; bill black ; feet horn-blue.

Nos. 161, 162. (^ $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 8, 1896.
For the most part in pairs in thick bush.

No. 216. (^ ad. Nandi, 8700 feet, Aug. 3, 1896. Bill
black, base horn-blue.

Nos. 319, 320. c? ad. Kamassia, 6000 feet, Aug. 23, 1896.

No. 402. ? ad. Ravine, Oct. 8, 1896.

No. 555. c? ad. Ravine, March 25, 1897. Plentiful and
always in pairs. In thick bush.

No. 656. ? ad. Ravine, July 16, 1897.

No. 880. (? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 17, 1898.

No. 944. cJ ad. Kakamega, Ichuku river, April 7, 1898.

No. 1080. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 7, 1898.

This fine Shrike is almost invariably found, in pairs, and
either in or on the outskirts of thick bush. Its cry may be
heard throughout the day in the localities it frequents, but can
scarcely be considered a call-note in the true sense of the
word, as the two birds are nearly always quite close together
when they give utterance to it. It has a beautiful bell-like
note. The cock bird repeats it three times, the hen only
once. I have several times watched them in the act of
calling.

No. 1081. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 7, 1898.

38 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

No. 1215. S ad. Naudi, 6500 feet, June \7 , 1898.

No. 126-1. S ad. „ „ July 3, 1898. Iris

brown; bill dull slaty black; feet briolit liorn-blue. Evidently
a bird of the year, batched probably in March or April.

137. Dhyoscopus pringlii.

Dryoscopus pringlei Jackson, Bull. B. O. C. iii. p. iii (1893) ;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 55 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1899,
p. 416.

No. 5. c^ juv. Mauungu Wilderness, Dec. 29, 1891.

No. 91. (J ad. Between River Tsavo and Kufuraika,
April 5, 1892. Iris crimson ; bill black, base of lower
mandible horn-blue; feet horn-blue.

Both these birds were shot in the thick thorny wilderness
so common in East Africa. D. salinns and D. cubla are
more confined to the thick evergreen forests and are very
partial to mango and other big trees. D. pringlii is such
a small species that it cannot w^ell be confounded with either
D. gamhensis or D. cubla.

[Although the character given by Mr. Jackson as to this
species being very like 1). gambensis but much smaller
does not suggest that the two birds are very distinct, yet, on
comparison, they will be found to be so, and the female bird
is quite different from the hen of D. gambensis. It is
uniform light ashy brown above, with whitish edgings to the
"wing-coverts and quills ; the lores are whitish, the ear-
coverts ashy brown ; cheeks and throat white, as also the
abdomen ; the fore-neck, breast, and sides of the body
washed with light ochreous ; thighs ashy brown; under
tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white. Total length
5'6 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2*6, tail 23, tarsus 0-8.

The specimen here described was obtained by Mr. F. Gillett
on the Webi Shebeli Biver on the 5th of September, 1894',
and is, I believe, the only female known. I should not be
surprised to find that 1). pringlii is the same as Hartlaub^s
J), hamatus from Somali-laud (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106),
which has never been rediscovered since Speke procured the
first specimen at Kazeh. — R. B. S.]

No.

201. c? ad,

No.

666. S ad

No.

667. 2 ad

obtained in British East Africa. 39

138. DllYOSCOPUS NYANZ.^.

Dryoscopus, sp. incogii., Sliarpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 598.

Dryoscopus malzacii nyansa O. Neumann, J. f. O. 1899,
p. 412; op. cit. 1900, p. 272.

Dryoscopus gambensis (nee Licht.) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892,
p. 37.

a. ($ ad. Ntebi, May 4, 1895.

No. 40. ? ad. Ntebi, Oct. 1, 1895.

b. ^ ad. Busoga, Nov. 15, 1894.. Iris orange; bill
black; feet horn-blue.

No. 192. ? juv. Ravine, July 23, 1896.
Ravine, July 25, 1896.
Ravine, July 18, 1897.
Ravine, July 18, 1897. Bill black ;
lower mandible horn-blue; feet slate-colour; iris crimson-
orange.

No. 695. c? ad. Ravine, July 25, 1897. Feet greenish
slate.

No. 699. ? ad. Ravine, July 27, 1897.

No. 1240. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 26, 1898. Iris
bright orange, fading into yellow round the pupil. Scarce.

No. 1262. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 3, 1898.
Stomach contained beetles, for which the bird hunts in the
thick foliage of trees.

[As Mr. Oscar Neumann points out, while the males of
D. gambensis can scarcely be distinguished in the various
parts of Africa in which they occur, there are very decided
differences in the female birds. Thus the forms must be
determined on the females alone, and in this connection we
find that they can be separated into two sections distinguished
by the colour of the head — D. gambensis and D. congicus
having a grey head and a grey or light brown back, while
D. malzacii, D. nyanza, and D. eryfhrea all have brown backs
and blackish-brown heads very slightly darker than the
mantle; the three last-named species also have decidedly
smaller bills. The bird which I call D. congicus is from
Ste. Antoine and Conde on the Lower Congo (specimen m of
Gadow^s Cat. B. viii. p. 147). The Conde specimen is in

40 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

the Shelley Collection, and Mr. Neumann thinks that both
will turn out to be females of D. angolensis. This cannot,
however, be the case, for they have black legs. The heads
are dull slaty grey, contrasting with the brownish colour of
the back, from which the lower back and rump scarcely
differ. The chief distinction, however, lies in the deep
cinnamon-colour of the under surface, the wing-coverts and
quills being also edged with cinnamon. The black mantle
of the male generally shows some traces of brownish edges
to the feathers. D. gambensis is also a large-billed form,
the female being light ashy brown above, \vith the head
scarcely greyer; the edges to the wing-coverts and the tint
of the under surface are both very pale cinnamon, quite
different from the rich colour of D. congicus. The male of
D. gambensis seems always to have the mantle glossy blue-
black like the head.

D. malzacii is very like D. gambensis, but certainly has a
smaller bill, and the female is brown above with a darker
brown or blackish head.

D. erythrecE of Neumann belongs also to the small-billed
group, but has a decidedly darker female with a blacker head
and the under surface of a deeper ochreous tint. To this
race I believe all Lord Lovat's specimens belong [cf. Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 147), but Esler^s collections from Bogos-land
apparently comprise examples of both D. erythrece and D.
malzacii. I notice also that Lord Lovat's birds were collected
in February, whereas the others (D. malzacii) were obtained
in July. They are decidedly paler underneath, and appear
to me to be in worn plumage, which may account for the
lighter brown of the upper surface, and I doubt very much
if these two races can be separated.

In D. nyanzce, which is the third small-billed form, the
female is of a rich colour below, deep ochreous like the hen
of D. gambensis, but not so cinnamon as D. congicus. The
back of the male generally shows a wash of brown on the
mantle. Two males from Ntebi and Busoga have rather
larger bills than some of the others and show an approach
to D. congicus. — R. B, S.]

Ibis 1901,P1.II.

<7c-xyc

GE. Lodge deletlitK.

l.DRYO SCOPUS NANDENSIS.
2.CALAM0NASTES SIMPLEX.

MiTitemBr OS iriLp

obtained in British East Africa. 41

139. Dryoscopus nandensis. (Plate II. fig\ 1.)

Dryoscopus nandensis Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 28
(Nov. 1900).

Similis D. angolensi et pedibus rubentibus ; pileo nigro,
schistaceo induto, et rostro conspicue minore distin-
guendus. Long. tot. 6*5 poll.j culm. 0*8, alse 3"3,
caudae 2*75^ tarsi 0'9.

No. 1253. <$ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 29, 1892. Iris
bright claret-colour, with fine inner ring of bright crimson ;
bill brownish black, with rather paler tip and edges horn-
white; feet flesh-colour, with a bluish shade. The first
example seen. It was creeping about in the thick foliage
of a tall tree.

[This species is very closely allied to D. angolensis, of
which we have the type in the British Museum. It differs,
however, in its much smaller bill, which is horny white at
the tip, and it is of a somewhat clearer pearl-grey below,
with a white throat and abdomen. Mr. Oscar Neumann, in
his revision of the Laniarians (J. f. O. 1899, p. 410), has
placed D, angolensis in close proximity to D. gamhensis and
its allies. It seems to me, however, that it belongs to a
different section of the genus distinguished by the reddish
legs. The female, which I have not seen, is described by
Dr. Reichenow (J. f. O. 1896, p. 26) as having the " Fiisse
hellrotlich.'^— R. B. S.]

140. Dryoscopus luehderi.

Laniarius luehderi Reichenow, J. f. O. 1874, p. 101 ;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 53 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1899,
p. 400.

Dryoscopus coronatus Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 205,
pi. xxiii. fig. 2.

Laniarius castaneiceps Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, pp. 445, 598 ;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 53 (1896).

Nos. 986, 987. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 13,
1898. Iris dull brown; bill black; feet horn-blue. First
seen. In thick bush in forest-belts.

No. 990. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 15, 1898.

No. 1009. ? ad. „ „ April 19, 1898.

42 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

No. 1102. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 12, 1898. Iris
dark crimson-brown.

No. 1142. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 24, 1898.

[On comparing Mr. Jackson's series -with the type
specimen of D. coronatus from Gaboon, I am unable to
find any differences between them, and my L. castaneiceps,
founded on two young birds, must be suppressed.

The female is similar in colour to the male, and a pair
measure as follows : —

? . Total length 7-4, ciilmen 085, wing 3-1-, tail 2-9,
tarsus 1*2.

c?. Total length 7-4, culmen 0-9, wing 3-45, tail 30,
tarsus 1-2.— R. B. S.]

141. Laniarius erythrogaster.

Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretzschm.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891,
p. 599 (Turquel) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 38 (Bussisi ;
Itale) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 159 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 54 (1898); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 148;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1899, p. 407; id. op. cit. 1900, p. 270.

a. S ad. N'tebi, May 31, 1895.

Nos. 254, 263. J ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 14, 15,
1896. Iris straw-colour ; bill and feet black. Plentiful in
the Molo valley.

142. Laniarius chrysogaster.

Laniarius chrysogaster (Sw.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 600.

Laniarius sulphureipectus (Less.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 159, fig. 72 (1891).

Malaconotus sulphureipectus Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 56
(1896).

Cijsmophoneus sulphureopectus suahelicus 0. Neum. J. f. O.
1899, p. 395 ; id. op. cit. 1900, p. 269.

No. 27. 6- Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 4, 1892. This
bird is confined to the dense bush, and though fairly
plentiful on Manda and Lamu islands, in Witn and other
suitable places, it is rarely seen.

a. Ad. Ukambani, Oct. 1891.

obtained in British East Africa. 43

No. 287. 6 ad. Njeraps, 3700 feet, Aug. 18, 1896.
Bill black ; feet horn-blue ; iris brown.

No. 288. 3 ad. Njemps, 3700 feet, Aug. 18, 1896.

[Mr. Oscar Neumann (J. f. O. 1899, p. 395) lias divided
this well-known species into four races. The typical Cos-
mophoneus sulphur eipectus , according to him, is from West
Africa, has a yellow forehead, a well-developed yellow super-
ciliary streak, and black ear-coverts. This last is the only
character of any value in Mr. Neumann's diagnosis.

The South-African form (C. similis) is supposed to differ in
its orange-coloured frontal baud and in having the ear-coverts
black or greyish black. The latter character again holds
good only to a certain extent. The larger and more developed
breast-spot, on which Mr. Neumann relies, is not a character
of importance, a Fantee bird not being distinguishable in this
respect from a Swazi-land example. The orange-colour on
the edges and tips of the tail-feathers is also a character found
in West- and South-African specimens. These last features
are not of specific value, and seem to me to depend upon
age; the older birds having more orange on the frontal
band and breast and more of an orange tint on the tail.

The East-African form (L, suahelicus) has, according to
Mr. Neumann, a yellow frontal band, while the yellow super-
ciliary streak extends only a little above the eye, and the
ear-coverts are grey. After comparing Mr. Jackson's series
with a number of specimens from difierent parts of South
Africa, I must confess that I have failed to discover the
slightest cause for separating the two forms. A Landana
bird also seems to be L. similis and not true L. sulphure/pectus,
nor do I believe L. modestus, Bocage, to be different [cf.
Neumann, /. c. p. 396).— R. B. S.]

143. Laniarius approximans.

Laniarius approximans (Cab.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 159, fig. 71 (1894) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 137 (Witu).

Malaconotus approxitnans Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 57
(1896) ; O. Nenm. J. f. O. 1899, p. 392; id. op. cit. 1900,
p. 269.

44 Mr. F. J. Jackson un Birds

No. 338. ? ad. Kamassia, 6500 feet, Aug. 24, 1896.
Bill black ; feet horn-blue ; iris bright yellow.

144'. NlLAUS MINOR.

Nilaus minor Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 479 ; Shelley, B.
Africa, i. p. 53 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 273.

No. 40. ? . Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 9, 1892.

No. 56. S. „ „ March 15, 1892. Bill

black, base of loM'er mandible horn-blue ; feet horn-blue ;
iris brown.

These were the first and only two specimens I saw in 1892.
On March 6th I found them building their nest, so gave them
six days to allow them to finish building and lay eggs. On
the 9th I shot the female as it left the nest, but did not
succeed in getting the male till the 15th, although it never
left the locality, and constantly kept up its call, which was
easily recognizable. The nest, which is about 3 inches in
diameter, is neatly made of lichens, and lined with fibre, and
was placed on the branch of an acacia tree at a height of 25
feet. It is not unlike a Chaffinch's. The eggs, two in number,
are of a grey stone-colour, rather sparingly spotted with
black, with larger spots of very dark brown shading into the
ground-colour on their edges.

Nos. 367, 368. S ad. Njemps, Sept. 19, 1896.
[This species diff"ers from N. capensis in having the median
dorsal streak tinged with fawn-colour and not so white. The
lower back is white in the centre, slightly varied with black-
edged feathers and having the sides mostly black. In
N. capensis the lower back is entirely ocellated with black-
edged white feathers, and these are characteristic of the female
also. In N. minor the wing is scarcely more than 3 inches
long, though one of Mr. Jackson's specimens from Njemps
has the wing 3'2. The British Museum also contains a
specimen of this small Bush-Shrike from Teita, presented by
Sir Robert Harvey.— R. B. S.]

145. NlCATOR CHLORIS.

Nicator chloris (Less.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 56 (1896) ;
Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, vi. p. xlviii (1897 : Ntebi).

obtained in British East Africa. 45

a. ^ ad. Ntebi, Aug. 3, 1895.

b. c? ad. „ Aug. 9, 1895.

c. S ad. „ Aug. 15, 1895. Iris brown ; bill dusky
black ; feet pale horn-blue.

d. S ad. Busoga, Nov. 16, 1894. In thick bush.

146. Telephonus senegalus.

Telephonus senegalus (L.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 601 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 158 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 55 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 267.

No. 33. (? . Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 7, 1892. Irides
blue ; bill black ; feet pale horn-blue.

This bird is very plentiful, and is one of the few species
in East Africa that has a song. It sings on the wing, and
much resembles the Tree-Pipit in this respect. It may often
be seen taking a short flight 200 feet or so in the air, and
descending with an undulating jerky motion.

Nos. 696, 697. S ad. Ravine, Mau, July 26, 1897.
Bill black ; feet pale horn-blue ; iris dark slaty blue.

147. Telephonus emini.

Telephonus minor (nee Reichen.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891,
p. 600.

Telephonus emini Reichen. ; Vog. deutsch, Ost-Afr. p. 159
(1894: Bukoba) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 55 (1896).

Telephonus australis emini O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 2QQ.

a. Ad. N'tebi, June 6, 1895. Bill black; feet horn-
blue ; iris brown.

Nos. 91, 99. ? ad. Ravine, Mau, June 17, 19, 1896.
Iris brown, with inner ring of stone-grey.

No. 273. ? ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 16, 1896.
Very plentiful. Sings on the wing like a Tree-Pipit.

No. 281. S ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 17, 1896.
Nest of roots, not unlike that of a Bullfinch, two feet from
the ground, in dead bush, surrounded by long grass. Eggs
two.

No. 326. S ad. Kamassia, Aug. 26, 1896. Iris brown,
the lower half only with inner ring of blue- grey ; bill black ;
feet horn-blue.

No. 316.

6 a(

stone-grey.

No. 390.

S ad.

No. 720.

S ad.

No. 803.

S ad.

No. 858.

? ad.

46 Mr. F. J. Jacksou o)i Birds

Ravine, Man, Aug. 30, 1896. Iris

Kamassia, Sept. 29, 1896.
Lake Naivaslia, Aug. 5, 1897.

Aug. 23, 1897.
Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 13, 1898. Iris
broAvn, with an inner ring of dull grey.

No. 972. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 13, 1898. Iris
dark brown, with an inner ring of pale brown.

No. 973. S ad. Nandi, April 12, 1898.

No. 984. S ad. „ April 13, 1898.

No. 1084. ? ad. „ May 9, 1898. Iris brown ; bill
black, the lower mandible slaty blue.

No. 1203. S ad. Nandi, June 11, 1898.

No. 1208. ? ad. „ June 13, 1898.

No. 1210. ? ad. „ June 14, 1898. Iris brown,

with inner ring of dark lilac.

\T. emini is a very dark form of T. trivirgatus (Smith) of
South Africa, and is distinguished by its dark greyish flanks
(slightly tinged with buff). I consider Colonel Manning's
specimens from Karonga in Nyasa-land to be also T. emini.

T. minor is a pale little bird, Mhich the British Museum
has from Tete on the Zambesi and from the Usambara Hills,
obtained in both places by Sir John Kirk. It has light flanks
and under tail-coverts very pale fawn or creamy buff, and has
scarcely any grey on the chest, so that the throat and centre
of the body appear purer white than in any of the allied
races. T. minor, according to Dr. Reichenow (Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 158) has a wide range in East Africa, but
Mr. Jackson has never met with it. — R. B. S.]

148. Telephonus jamesi.

Telephonus jamesi Shelley ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 601 ; id.
P. Z. S. 1895, p. 479 i Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 56 (1896);
Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 138 (Witu).

No. 89. S • Ngavumga Ngomeni-Tsavo, April 4, 1892.

This is the first specimen that I have procured so far south,
and I am inclined to think that the Rivers Tisavo and Sabaki

obtained in British East Africa. 4-7

are probably its soutlieru limit. At Lamu it is very coinmoiij
and it is also very plentiful iu the bushy country of Karakan,
a district of the Silk country which is in the same latitude as
Somali-landj where it was first obtained. At Lamu I once
found a nest with two young in it. It was placed in a
small bush, quite exposed to view, and was built of small
twigs, fibres, &c., being not unlike that of our Bullfinch.

149. Telephonus minutus.

Tdephonus minutus Hartl.; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 39
(Mengo) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 159 (1894) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 146.

Bocagia miiiuta Shelley, B, Africa, i. p. 55 (1896).

No. 140. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 2, 1896. First
seen. Bill black ; feet slate-colour ; iris pink.

No. 640. ? ad. Nandi, May 6, 1897. Feet dark horn-
blue. Hare. Nest and two eggs. Nest woven on to three
dead stalks like Reed- Warbler's and made entirely of rootlets
and cobwebs.

No. 969. [ ? ad.] Nandi, 6500 feet, April 12, 1898.

No. 1024. ? ad. „ „ April 22, 1898. Feet

dusky horn- blue. Is very partial to marshes and is rarely
seen far from them.

No. 1054. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 2, 1898.

No. 1113. ? ad. Kakamega, May 15, i898.

No. 1205. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 12, 1898.
Breeding. Nest, containing two eggs, placed in a small
bush in a swamp. Very much exposed.

Fam. Prionopid^.

150. PrIONOPS PULIOLOPHUS.

Prionops poliolophus Fischer & Reichen. J. f. O. 1884,
p. 180 (Lake Naivasha) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 162 (1894) (Lake Naivasha); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 49
(1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 275.

No. 65. ? ad. Kedong Valley, April 17, 1896. Iris
bright yellow ; eyelids dark slate-colour ; bill black ; feet
orange. Obtained out of small flock.

48 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

No. 66. S juv. Kedong Valley, April 17, 1896. Feet
pale orange.

[A very distinct species. It has a long crest like P. plu-
matus, but composed of slaty-grey plumes. The fore part of
the crown and sides of face are pearly grey^ recalling
P. talacoma, and the white greater coverts and white-edged
secondaries are also like those of P. talacoma, and differ from
the entirely black wings of P. cristatus.

One of Mr. Jackson^s specimens is a young bird. It is
much more dingily coloured than the adult, the general colour
of the upper surface disclosing a tinge of brown; the white
on the wing-coverts and secondaries is not quite so much
extended; the head is of a dingy grey ; and the crest-feathers
are shorter and of a dull slate-colour. — R. B. S.]

151. SiGMODUS GRACULINUS.

Sigmodus retzii graculinus (Cab.) ; O. Neum. J. f. O.
1900, p. 274.

a. Ad. Samia_, Kavirondo, Nov. 1894.
[Mr. Oscar Neumann (Orn. MB., June 1899, pp. 89-91)
has given a review of the genus Sigmodus, and recognises
the following races of the S. 7'etzii group : —
Sigmodus retzii nigricans.
„ (typical).
„ „ intermedins.

„ „ tricolor.

,, ,, graculinus.

Of the first four forms with a white band on the primaries
below, the British Museum seems to have the true S. retzii
from Damara-land (c/. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 324). From
the Congo {Sharpe Coll.) and from Humbe {Shelley Coll.)
are two specimens obtained by Anchieta, apparently
Sigmodus nigricans of Neumann, which therefore is not
confined to Northern Angola, as its describer believed.
As regards the blue or green gloss on the black head and
underparts, it is difficult to see any diff'erence in the
Museum specimens ; but in true S. retzii the brown back is
certainly more sharply defined from the head than in

obtained in British East Africa. 49

S. nigricans, iu whicli, as Mr. Neumann justly remarks, the
black of the head fades oflp gradually into the black of the
back.

Sigmodus intermedins I cannot judge of, as the Museum
possesses no specimens from Tanganyika or the Victoria
Nyanza. It is described by Mr, Neumann as a little lighter
in colour than typical S. retzii.

S. tricolor, of whicli we have the types in the Museum, is
an inhabitant of the Zambesi and Nyasa regions, whence we
have a considerable series. It varies a good deal in the tint
of the back, and quite as much as Mr. Neumann^s western
races of S. retzii ; but I believe the variation as regards
S. tricolor to be due to the wear and tear of the plumage, tlie
darker ones being those in fresher feathering. The Museum
has examples of S. tricolor from Oliphant's Hiver in the
Transvaal {T. Ayres), and from Mozambique (//. S. H.
Cavendish: cf. Sharpe, Ibis, 1900, p. 112). To the north-
ward in East Africa, we have specimens from Dar-es-
Salaam, Mamboio, and Ugogo, obtained by Sir John Kirk
(Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 581), as well as from the Usambara
Hills. Here and at Mamboio also occurs true S. gracu-
linus Cab., a species represented in the Museum from
Dar-es-Salaam, Mombasa, and Lamu ; but from the Usam-
bara Hills are two specimens showing only a faint trace of
the white spots on the primaries, and suggestive of the
interbreeding of S. tricolor and S. yraculinus.

It must also be noticed that the more northern specimens
of S. tricolor, from Ugogo and other places in East Africa,
are of a decidedly lighter drab colour on the back than is the
case with the Nyasa series as a whole ; but in the latter are
many light-backed individuals, and an absolute intergrada-
tion between dark and light forms can be traced.— R. B. S.]

152. Bradyornis murinus.

Bradyornis murinus Finsch & Hartl. ; Reichen. Vog.
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 152 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 93
(1896) ; Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 580 (N'Goleni, Machako^s) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 258.

SEB. VIII. — VOL. I. E

50 Mr. r. J. Jackson on Birds

Bradyornis oatesi Sharpe, Ibis, 1897, p. 510 (Zulu-
land).

No. 72. ^ ad. Gil Gil River, April 21, 1896. Bill
black, base of lower mandible born-blue ; feet black ; iris
brown. Saw tbree or four of tliem together flying along in
front of me after the manner of Honey-guides.

No. 341. c? ^^- Kamassia, 6500 feet, Aug. 24, 1896.

No. 475. c? ad. Eavine, Man, Feb. 21, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

No. 592. (? ad. Ravine, March 31, 1897.

153. Bradyornis subalaris.

Brady amis subalaris Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713,
pi. clviii. fig. 1.

No. 310. S ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 20, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black. Fairly plentiful.

[The wing in this specimen measures 3*2 inches, and I
cannot see any difference between Mr. Jackson^s bird and
the typical example of B. snbalaris. — R. B. S.]

154. Bradyornis pallidus.

Bradyornis pallidus (v. Miill.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 151 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 93 (1896) ;
Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 139 (Witu) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis,
1900, p. 150; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 259.

No. 593. $ ad. Ravine, Mau, March 3, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

[This seems to be the large form of brown Bradyornis,
which is the true B. pallidus of Miiller. Wing 3*75 inches.
(C/. Ogilvie Grant, /. s. e.)— R. B. S.]

155. Bradyornis ater.

Melcenornis ater (Sundev.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 151 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 93 (1896).
Melanornis ater tropicalis 0. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 256.
No. 55. J ad. Kibwesi, 3000 feet, March 15, 1892,
No. 58. c? ad. „ „ „ 16, 1892.

No. 62. ? ad. „ „ „ 17, 1892.

No. 70. <S ad. „ „ ,, 23, 1892.

obtained in British East Africa, 51

156. Mel^nornis edoloides.

Melanornis edoloides Swains.; Sharpe^ Ibis^ 1891, p. 602;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 93 (1896).

No. 1237. c? ad- Nandi, 6500 feet, June 26, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

This bird and another had been noticed in the kitchen-
garden very early (before sunrise) on three mornings; they
sat on a tree-stump and darted at insects like a Drongo.
One also settled on the ground for a moment.

Fam. SvLviiDiE.

157. AiioON PSAMMOCHROA.

Aedon psammochroa Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 139.

Sylvia psammochroa Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 231 (1894).

«. ? . Ngomeni, April 3, 1892.

[This species appears to be distinct from A. galactodes and
A. familiaris. It is a browner bird than either of them,
and has the whole of the throat, breast, and flanks vinaceous
isabelline. — R. B. S.]

158. Sylvia atricapilla.

Sylvia atricajnlla L. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 23 (1881) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 231 (1894)
(Victoria Nyanza) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 81 (1896); O.
Neumann, J. f. O. 1900, p. 310 (Kibwezi, Kilimanjaro);
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 151.

No. 590. (?• Ravine, Man, March 31, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill brownish black, the lower mandible horn-blue ;
feet pale horn-blue.

No. 606. ? . Ravine, April 4, 1897. Iris brown ; bill
dusky black, the lower edge of upper mandible and lower
mandible horn- blue; feet pale horn-blue.

[The first record of our Black-cap wintering in the Mau
district. Lord Delamere, however, has sent several speci-
mens from the Athi River, and Mr. Oscar Neumann records
it at Kibwezi in South Ukamba in December, and again
at Moschi on Kilimanjaro in the same month. — R. B. S.]

e2

52 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

159. Sylvia simplex.

Sylvia hortensis Reichen. \o^. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 231
(1894) (Kageyi); O. Neiim. J. f. O. 1900, p. 310 (Kavi-
rondo) .

Sylvia simplex Lath.; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 81 (1896).
No. 564. S afl- Ravine, Man, March 27, 1897. Iris
brown; bill olive-brown, lower mandible yellowish-wliite
horn, with dusky tip ; feet pale horn-blue.— May 28th. Very
plentiful and in full song like a Garden-Warbler. Very shy
and creeps off out of sight directly it catches a glimpse of
the intruder. Very difficult to see in the thick foliage
amongst which it sits whilst singing.

No. 598. S ad. Ravine, Man, April 2, 1897. Bill dark
horn-blue, lower mandible horn-blue.

Nos. 607, 608. c? ? ad. Ravine, Mau, April 4, 5, 1897.
[In addition to the synonym of Bradyornis woodwardi,
which I had to merge in that of Sylvia simplex, I have also
to state that my Muscicapa ussheri (P. Z. S. 1882, p. 591) is
nothing but a Garden-Warbler, as my friend Capt, Shelley
has pointed out to me. The typical specimen is in full
moult, and therefore there was no chance of recognising the
proportions of the primaries, while the plumage looks very
pale and peculiar. — R. B. S.]

160. Phylloscopus trochilus.

Pliylloscopus trochilus (L.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
V. p. 56 (1881) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 153 (Machako's) ;
Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 59 (Uganda) ; id. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 232 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 80 (1896);
Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 354 (1899) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis,
1890, p. 152; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 310; Hinde, Ibis,
1900, p. 497.

No. 43. S ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 10, 1892.

No. 52. ? ad. „ „ „ 12, 1892.

Iris brown ; bill dusky brown, lower mandible paler, with
yellowish tint ; feet olive-brown, claws paler. The Willow-
Wren was very plentiful at Kibwezi in the second week in
March, where it was evidently on its way north. On

obtained in British East Africa. 53

March 20th, 1889, I also obtained one at Machako's, about
100 miles north of Kibwezi.

a. S ad. Ntebi, March 2, 1895.

b. S ad. „ Oct. 3, 1895.

No. 33. S ad. Ravine, Man, March 15, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill dark brown, lower mandible pale brown, fading
into dull yellow at the base ; feet dark brown. Moulting.

No. 509. ? ad. Ravine, Mau, March 4, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill brown, base of lower mandible yellowish ; feet
dark brown, toes brownisli flesh-colour. Several seen.
Going north.

Nos. 546, 547. c? ad. Ravine, March 20, 1897. Iris
hazel; bill dusky olive-brown, lower mandible dusky yellow;
feet brown.

No. 947. ? ad. Kakamega, Kavirondo, April 7, 1898.
Plentiful. On the way northwards.

[It is very interesting to see that some of Mr. Jackson's
specimens are in full moult in March, and that some of
them retain a considerable amount of yellow on the under
surface, while others are decidedly greyer below. Some of
the latter look like ChifEchaffs as regards their plumage ;
but I believe the whole series to belong to P. trochiJus,
though the moulting quills in some of them make it difficult
to identify them with absolute certainty. — R. B. S.]

161. Hypolais pallida.

Hypolais pallida (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. V. p. 82 (1881); Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 232 (1894: Igonda) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 80 (1896).

No. 77. S ad. Mts. of Ndai-Kinani, April 2, 1892.

No. 102. S ad. Ndeva, Teita, April 7, 1892. Iris brown;
bill dusky, lower mandible yellowish white; feet pale brown.

As in the case of the Willow-Wrens, I was first attracted
to these birds by their song.

162. ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS.

Acrocejihalus pJiraymitis (Bechst.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892,
p. 153 (Ukambani) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 151.
a. S • Ntebi, March 7, 1895.

54 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

163. ACROCEPHALUS TUllDOIDES.

Acrocephalus turdoides (Meyer) ; Seebohm^ Cat. B. v.
p. 95 (1881).

No. 825. c? . Berkeley Bay, Victoria Nyanza, Feb. 2,
1895. Iris brown; bill dark brown, the lower mandible
whitish horn with dusky tip ; roof of mouth bright orange-
red; feet pale slaty grey.

Several heard in the long reeds and papyrus. The note is
loud and grating. This was the only specimen seen, though
I got within a few yards of several as they sang concealed
in the tall reeds.

164. Calamonastes simplex. (Plate II. fig. 2.)
Calamonastes simplex (Cab.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 154;

Keichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 225 (1894); Sharpe,
P.Z. S. 1895, p. 482; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 72 (1896) ;
Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 353 (1899) ; O. Neum. J. f. O.
1900, p. 308.

Nos. 6, 7. cJ ? • Mauungu Wilderness, Dec. 30, 1891.
Irides hazel ; bill black ; feet dark '^ shrimp '^-brown, rather
paler in the female.

This species is very plentiful in suitable places, but it is
essentially a bird of the wilderness. It is particularly
abundant between Tara and Mt. Mauungu, also in the
wilderness between the River Voi and Kibwesi. In 1890 I
also obtained a specimen in Turquel in the Siik country.
This bird is more often heard than seen, as it is in the habit
of perching on the top of some acacia or other tree, and
keeps up a curious metallic call.

Inside the female I found a fully-formed egg, rather smaller
than a Hedge -Sparrow^s, light blue, with pale brown
speckles.

165. Calamocichla leptorhyncha.

Calamonastes leptorhynchus (Fischer & Reichen.) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1892, p. 154.

Calamocichla leptorhyncha Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 58
(Bukoba); id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 219 (1894) (Karema,

obtained in British East Africa. 55

Kageyi); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 79 (1896) ; O. Neum.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 302.

a. ^ ad. ^

b, c. ? ad. t Ntebi, March 7, 1893.
d. ? juv. J

[The young of this species is much more rufous above
than the adult, and the underparts are of an isabelline
colour.— R. B. S.]

166. SCHCENICOLA APICALIS.

Schoenicola apicalis (Cab.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p. 110 (1883); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 77 (1896).

Bradypterus apicalis Hartert, Nov. Zoo), vi. p. 48 (1900).

No. 1019. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 30, 1898. Iris
greyish hazel ; bill brown, lower mandible white; feet bluish
flesh-colour.

No. 1114. S afh Kakamega, 4600 feet, May 15, 1898.
Iris hazel-brown ; bill black, lower mandible horn-blue ; feet
brown, with slaty tint.

In Nandi this bird is plentiful in the marshy hollows where
the grass, reeds, and rushes grow rank and tall, and where
there is excellent cover. When it is flushed, which is
a somewhat difficult task, it will fly only a short distance,
twenty yards or so, before dropping into some rank thicket,
from which it is almost useless to try and move it. Occasion-
ally the birds will settle on a tall reed or grass-stem suffi-
ciently long to enable them to survey the cause of their
alarm. This is the most favourable opportiinit}' for a shot,
since, if it be successful, this bird can easily be marked down.
If killed in flight they are most difficult to retrieve, owing to
the lack of any landmark, and many are lost in consequence.
In Kakamega they frequent the open country away from the
marshy hollows, but here the grass is tall and exceedingly
rank and rush-like.

No. 1115. ^ ad. Kakamega, 4600 feet. May 15, 1898.

167. Melocichla mentalis.

Melocichla mentalis (Fraser) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 7Q
(1896) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vi. p. xlviii (1897 : Ntebi).

56 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

Cisticola mentalis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 241

(1883).

No. 55. 2 ad. N'tebi, Oct. 4, 1895.

[This appears to me to be the true M. mentalis of West
A.frica, aud not the eastern racc^ M. orientalis. — R. B. S.]

168. Cisticola terresthis.

Cisticola terrestris (Smith) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. vii.
p. 266 (1883) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 74 (1896); Ogilvie
Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 159; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 303;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 607.

No. 173. S juv. Man, 8500 feet, July 11, 1896. Bill
brownish black, lower mandible pale horn-blue; feet flesh-
colour ; iris hazel.

Nos. 174, 175. S ? ad. Mau, 8500 feet, July 12, 1896.
Iris hazel ; bill brownish black, lower mandible yellowish ;
feet pale yellowish flesh.

169. Cisticola hindii.

Cisticola hindei Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vi. p. vii (1896) ;
Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 580, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; Hartert, Nov. Zool.
vi. p. 49 (1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 303 ; Hinde,
Ibis, 1900, p. 498.

Nos. 740, c? ; 741, 742, ? ad. Lake Naivasha, May 8,
1898,

170. Cisticola tinniens (Licht.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 74 (1896).

a. S ad. Mau plateau, Dec. 20, 1895.

No. 171. S ad. Mau, 8500 feet, July 11, 1896. Iris
hazel ; bill black, lower mandible pale horn-blue ; feet
brownish flesh-colour.

No. 1016. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 20, 1898. Bill
brownish black, lower mandible dusky white ; feet flesh-
colour. Never seen, excepting in close vicinity to a marsh
or swampy hollow.

No. 1059. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 4, 1898. Bill
black, lower mandible very pale horn-blue; feet yellowish
flesh-colour. First seen in a marshy hollow.

Nos. 1066,1067. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 4, 1898.

obtained in British East Africa. 57

This Warbler is rarely found away from marshes and the
edges of swamps. It is not difficult to recognise it among
other Cisticoke on account of its well-marked tail and wings.
In Nandi it is plentiful in the marshy hollows, but is not
found on the higher ground.

[I have carefully compared Mr. Jackson's series of this
Warbler witli South-African specimens, and I cannot discover
any specific differences between them, though this fact appears
to be remarkable enough. — R. B. S.]

171. CiSTICOLA STRANGII.

Cisticola strangei (Fraser) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 221 (1894); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 74 (1896);
Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 353 (1899); id. Nov. Zool. vi.
p. 49 (1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 303.

a, b. (J $ ad. Kampala, April 6, 1895. Iris hazel ; bill
dark brown, lower mandible horn-blue; feet fleshy brown.

172. Cisticola subruficapilla.

Cisticola subruficapilla (Smith) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 74
(1896) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 138 (Witu) ; Hartert, Afr.
Sun, App. p. 352 (1899) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 162;
Hinde, t. c. p. 498.

No. 48. $ ad. Ravine, Mau, March 28, 1896. Iris
hazel ; bill black, lower mandible dusky white ; feet flesh-
colour.

No. 561. ? ad. Ravine, March 26, 1897. Bill pale
brown, lower mandible fleshy white. Found in scattered
bush and long grass.

No. 580. S ad. Ravine, March 29, 1897. Bill dark
brown, lower mandible whitish horn-colour.

[This is a smaller bird than C. cheniana, and I cannot
separate it from the true C. subruficaplUa of South Africa.
The measurements of INIr. Jackson's three specimens are as
follows : —

S . Wing 2-15-2-25 inches, tail 1-6-1-85.
$ . Wing 2-0 inches, tail r75.— R. B. S.]

58 Mr. P. J. Jackson on Birds

173. ClSTIUOL\ CHENIANA.

Gisticola cheaiam (Snith) ; R3ich3n. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 222 (1894) (Lake Naivasha); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis
1900, p. 161 ; O. Nenm. J. f. O. 1900, p. 303.

No. 22. S ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 1, 1892.
No. 245. J ad. Elgeyu, 3703 fest, A.ug. 13, 1S93. Iris
hazel; bill black, with lower raaniible horn-blu3; feet flesh-
colour. Very plentiful.

No. 326. ? ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 15, 1896. Bill
dasky black, with lower mmdibb whitish horn. Nest in
tuft of grass near a stream, very loosely CDnstructed, entirely
of coarse grass lined with finer. Eggs three, pale blue with
dusky spots like those of a Linnet.

No. 380. ? ad. Njeraps, Sept. 20, 1896.
Nos. 757, 769. ^ ad. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 11, 13, 1897.
No. 812. c? ad. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 28, 1897.
[One specimen from Elgeyu seems to me to be inseparable
from the true C. chemana of South Africa. Another from
the Athi River (C. subruficapilJa Hinde, Ibis, 1900, p. 498)
also apparently belongs to this paler race. The majority of
the specimens, however, are darker birds, with dull rufous
heads, the crown obscurely, but the back broadly, striped with
blackish brown, and at first sight they appear to represent a
dark broadly-striped race. I find, however, that many speci-
mens from other parts of Africa approach them in colour,
and for the present, at least, I think it better to keep all
these East-African birds under the heading of C. cheniatia. —
R. B. S.]

174. CiSTICOLA PROCEIIA.

Gisticola procera Peters; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 158;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 75 (1896); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1900,
p. 607.

No. 181. S ad. Man, 8500 feet, July 12, 1896. Iris
hazel; bill black, lower mandible horn-blue.

Nos. 359, 360. ^ ad. et imm. Molo River, Sept. 17, 1896.
Iris stone-grey ; bill brown, lower mandible yellow ; feet
bluish flesh-colour. In buildinff the nest this bird weaves
leaves together to form the roof.

obtained in British East Africa. 59

175. CiSTlCOLA NUCHALIS.

Cisticola erythrogenys (nee Riipp.) ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1893,
p. 156 (Sotik, Mount Elgon) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 49
(1900).

Cisticola nuchalis Reicheu. Oru. MB. 1893^ p. 61.

Nos. 146, 147. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 4, 1896.
Iris hazel ; bill dusky, lower mandible horn-blue; feet flesh-
colour.

Nos. 558, 559. S ad. Ravine, March 26, 1897. Bill
very dark brown ; lower mandible whitish horn, darker
towards the tip ; feet flesh-colour, and rather thick and
coarse for the size of the bird.

Nos. 642, 6i3. S ad. Nandi, May 10, 1897. Bill black;
base of lower mandible horn-blue. Very plentiful. Build-
ing nest in tuft of low grass. Blades of grass woven on top
of nest. Very difficult to see. Nest of dry grasses, lined
with seed-heads of flue grass and bracken. Entrance at side.
Three eggs, like those of the Great Tit.

No. 844. c? ad. Kakaraega, Kavirondo, Feb. 8, 1898.
mandible with patch of horn-white at

Nandi, Feb. 15, 1898.
Nandi, 6500 feet, March 21, 1898.
May 4, 1898.
May 4, 1898.

This Grass-Warbler is very plentiful in Nandi on the open
grassy downs, which it frequents in preference to either bush
or marshy hollows. It breeds in April and May. The nest
is placed in a tuft of grass, beautifully hidden by blades of
the grass bent over the top. It is a loose and somewhat
flimsy structure of long grass, with little or no liuiug of
finer materials. The eggs are mostly three in number, pale
greenish blue, profusely mottled at the obtuse end with
reddish brown. It is a noisy bird.

No. 1076. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 6, 1898.
No. 1083. ? ad. „ „ May 7, 1898.

Nos. 1185, 1186. ^ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 2, 1898.
No. 1198. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 8, 1898.

Bill black.

lower

base.

No. 873.

? ad.

No. 920.

S ad.

No. 1058.

. ? ad,

No. 1068.

, ? ad

60 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Bh'ds

Breeding. Nest a slight structure of dry grass in a tuft,
the long blades woven over the top forming a dome.

No. 1201. $ ad. Naudi, G500 feet, June 11, 1898.

[When Professor Reichenow was in England he showed
me the type of a Grass-Warbler which he proposed to call
C. nachalis. It was a small form of C. erythroyenys, and
measured : total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-2,
tail 1*5, tarsus 0'95.

I identify with this C. nuchalis a female bird from Nandi
(No. 147), which has the wing 2*3 and the tail 1'6 inches. I
find, moreover, that it is the same species which in 1892 I
identified as C. erythrogenys from Sotik and Mount Elgon
(Ibis, 1892, p. 157), and the series collected by Mr. Jackson
shows that it is the common species of the country.

It is very much smaller than the true C. erythrogenys,
which I now believe to be confined to Abyssinia. The latter
is a large bird, conspicuously rufous on the wing-coverts
and external aspect of the quills ; the thighs, vent, and
under tail-coverts are deep fawn-colour, almost cinnamon.
It has no blackish streaks or lines on the flanks.

The bird which I identify as C. nuchalis has more or less
distinct lines of black or dusky brown on the sides of the
body.

The following are the dimensions of Mr. Jackson's series
of specimens, which vary somewhat, as they have been col-
lected at different times of the year, and of course those
in summer plumage are always smaller : —
S. Wing 2-6-2-8 inches, tail 1-75-2-0.
$. „ 2-25-2-4 inches, „ l-6-r8.

Then there is a third race, C. ambigua Sharpe, which has
also been identified with C. erythrogenys. It is the bird from
Machako's and N'gong obtained by Dr. Hinde (Ibis, 1900,
p. 498). It is smaller than C. erythrogenys, and of about
the same size as C. nuchalis. It may perhaps be identical
with the latter, but at present I think that it may be dis-
tinguished by the absence of streaks on the flanks. The
measurements are as follows : —

obtained in British East Africa. 61

S (Masai-land, &c.). Wing 2-5-3-7, tail 1-9-20.

$ (do.). ,, 2-35, ,, 1-75.

S (Man, Ravine, &c.). Wing 2-7-2-9, tail 1-9-2-05.

?. „ 2-5, ,, 1-8.-R.B.S.]

176. CiSTICOLA AMBIGUA.

Cisticola erythrogtnys (nee Riipp.) ; Hinde, Ibis, 1900,
p. 498 (N'gong ; Macliako's).

Cisticola ambiyua Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 28 (Nov.
1900).

a. ^ ad. Man, 8000 feet, Oet. 30, 1895. Bill dusky
brown, lower mandible fleshy white; feet flesh-colour; iris
hazel.

No. 90. 6 ad. Ravine, Mau, June 15, 1896. Plentiful.

No. 560. $ ad. „ March 26, 1897. Bill

black, lower mandible horn-blue. Plentiful at the Ravine
in the scattered low bush and long grass. A very noisy
little bird.

Nos. 568, 569. S ad. Ravine, March 28, 1897.

Nos. 576, 577. 6 ad. „ March 29, 1897. Bill

black, base of lower mandible bluish horn-white.

177. Cisticola fischeri.

Cisticola fischeri Reichen. J. f. O. 1891, p. 162; id. Vog.
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 221 (1891) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 75
(1896).

No. 432. c5' juv. Ravine, Dec. 5, 1896. Bill brown, the
lower mandible flesh-colour ; feet brownish flesh-colour, with
duller joints.

No. 1217. $ juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 17, 1898.

[Both these specimens are young birds, but they are
very tawny in colour, and must apparently be C. fischeri. —
R. B. S.]

178. Cisticola emini.

Cisticola emini Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 56 (Bussissi) ;
id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 220 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa,
i. p. 75 (1896).

a. d ad. Ntebi, April 29, 1895.

Nos. 317, 318. 6 $ ad. Kamassia, 4000 feet, Aug. 22, 1896.

62 Mr. r. J. Jackson on Birds

Iris liazel ; bill black, base of lower mandible horn-white ;
feet brownish flesh-colour. Plentiful.

179. CiSTICOLA CHUBBI.

Cisticola chubbi Sharpe, Ibis, 1892^ p. 157 (Mount Elgon) ;
Reichen. J, f. O. 1892, p. 56 (Bukoba) ; id. Vog, deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 220 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 75 (1896) ;
Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 48 (1900).

No. 144. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 3, 1896. Bill
black ; feet flesh-colour ; iris brown.

Nos. 921, 922, 6; 929, 930, ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet,
March 21-23, 1898. Iris bright crimson-brown ; bill black,
with base of lower mandible horn-blue. In bush ; several
seen together.

No. 1015. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 20, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill brownish black, base of lower mandible white.

Nos. 1031, 1032, 1033. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April
24, 1898. Iris crimson-brown.

Very plentiful in the bush and thick vegetation at the edge
of the forest belts. Extremely noisy : three or four will sit
together and setm to vie with each other as to which will
call loudest.

No. 1038. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 26, 1898.

No, 1064. 6 ad. „ „ May 5, 1898.

Very plentiful in Nandi, where it is found in small parties
of three or four together in the bush. It is a noisy bird at
all times, but particularly when three or four of them meet
in the bush. Here they sit together, spread out their tails,
and sway their bodies in all kinds of positions up and dow^n,
sideways, &c.j the whole time chattering in a loud and
comical chorus.

No. 1065. ? ad. Nandi, May 4, 1898. Bill brownish,
lower mandible horn-blue, except the tip.

No. 1082. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 7, 1898. Feet
flesh-colour with pinky tint.

180. Cisticola erythrops.

Cisticola erythrops (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vii. p. 250 (1883) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 221

obtained in British East Africa. 63

(1894); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 75 (1896); O. Neuiu.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 303.

No. 143. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 3, 1896. Bill
black, lower mandible dusky horn-blue; feet flesh-colour:
iris hazel.

181. ClSTlCOLA RUFA.

Cisticola rvfa (Fraser) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 221 (1894: Karagwe; Bukoba) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 75 (1896).

a. Juv. Sannia, Nov. 14, 1894.

b. ? ad. Kampala, April 3, 1895.

182. Prinia mystacea.

Prinia mystacea Biipp. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 155 (Mt.
Eigon) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 57 (Uganda); id. Vog.
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 225 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 73
(1896) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 138 (Witu) ; Hinde, t. c.
p. 580 (Machako's) ; Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 352 (1899) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 308.

No. 50. ? ad. N'tebi, Oct. 3, 1895.

Nos. 148, 149. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 4, 1896. Iris
hazel ; bill black ; feet flesh-colour.

Nos. 198, ? ; 199, c? ad. Ravine, Man, July 24, 1896.
Bill black, with base of lower mandible horn-blue; feet
brownish flesh-colour.

No. 424. c? juv. Ravine, Nov. 20, 1896. Bill brown,
lower mandible horn-blue.

No. 512. c? ad. Ravine, March 5, 1897. Eyelids light
brown. Plentiful. Generally three or four together in the
long grass and. coarse herbage that grows in spots formerly
cultivated. Very restless and keej)s up a perpetual twitter
as it darts about in the herbage.

No. 516. c? ad. Ravine, March 6, 1897.

No. 571. c? ad. „ March 28, 1897. Bill very dark

brown, the base horn-blue with dusky tip.

Nos. 581, 582, 583. (? ad. Ravine, March 29, 1897.

No. 809. $ ad. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 27, 1898.

64 Mr. r. J. Jackson on Birds

Nos. 926, 928, (J ; 927,$ ad. Naiidi, 6500 feet, March 23,
1898. Iris ochraceous hazel.

183. BURNESIA MELANOPS.

Burnesia melanops Eeichen. & Ncum. Orn, MB. 1895,
p. 75 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 73 (1896) ; Neum. J. f. 0.
1900, p. 308.

No. 960. $ ad. Nandi forest, 6000 feet. April 10, 1898.
Iris ochrcous hazel ; bill black ; feet slate. In thick under-
growth ; only one seen.

[Originally discovered by Mr. Oscar Neumann on the Man
hills.-R. B. S.]

184. Burnesia reichenowi.

Burnesia reichenoivi Hartl. J. f. O. 1890, p. 151 ; Reichen.
J. f. O. 1892, p. 57 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 73 (1896) ;
Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 308.

Bvrnesia leucopogon (nee Cab.) Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vi.
p. xlviii (1897 : N'tebi).

Burnesia Uganda Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. p. vi (1897) ;
id. Ibis, 1898, p. 146.

Prinia reichenoivi Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 225
(1894) (Bukoba).

No. 19. S ad. N'tebi, Sept. 19, 1895. Type of 5. w^fm^/«.

Nos. 949, 750. S ? ^^- Kakamega, Ichuku river, Kavi-
rondo, 5000 feet, April 7, 1898. Iris bright crimson brown ;
bill black ; feet brownish pink. First seen. Found in open
bush.

Nos. 1017, 1018. d ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 20, 1898.
Very plentiful in thick brush and among the small trees in
forest-belts.

No. 1048. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 29, 1898.

[There can be no doubt that Mr. Oscar Neumann is
right in stating that my Burnesia ugandce is the same as
B. reiclenowi of Hartlaub, the description of which I
had overlooked.

There is no difference in the colour of the sexes, and the
male (wing 2-2-2'3) is scarcely larger than the female (wing
2"2). A young male from N'tebi resembles the adults in

Ibis 1901, pi.m.

G.E.Lodrfe del etlitli MirLteT-TuBros imp

].CRYPTOLOPHA MACKENZIANA-
2 -EUPRINOTDES CINEREUS.

obtained in British East Africa. 65

colour, but is a little duller, does not shovr such distinct
pale edgings to the feathers of the crown, and has browner
margins to the quills. — R. B. S.J

185. DllYODROMAS RUFIDORSALIS.

Dryodromas rvfidorsalis Sharpe, Bull, B. O. C. vi. p. xlviii
(1897); Hartert, Ansorge's African Sun, p. 352 (1899)
(Kinani).

a. S ad. Tsavo River, Sept, 20, 1894. Bill horn-blue;
feet pale shrimp-brown; iris light hazel.

[This species is very similar to D. smithi (Sharpe, P. Z. S,
1895, p. 482), but has a rufous back, only a little lighter than
the rufous crown. The under surface of the body is also bright
ochreous buif, but this colour is occasionally seen in specimens
of D. smithi and may be seasonal. — R. B. S.]

186. EUPRINODES CINEREUS. (Plate III. fig. 2.)
Euprinodes cinereus Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 155 (Mount

Elgon) .

Apalis cinerea Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 71 (1896).

Euprinodes schistaceus (nee Cass.) ; Hartert, Ansorge's
Afr. Sun, p. 353 (1899).

No. 172. S ad. Mau, 8500 feet, July 11, 1896. Bill
black ; feet flesh-colour ; iris hazel, eyelids pale brown. In
thick bush.

No. 853. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 12, 189S. Bill
black, lower mandible yellow.

No. 861. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. Feb. 13, 1898.

Nos. 1019, 1020. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 20,
1898. Iris bright hazel, eyelids pinkish brown ; bill black,
base of lower mandible horn-blue.

No. 1196. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 7, 1898. Iris
cinnamon-brown, fading into yellow round the pupil ; eyelids
brown ; bill slaty black ; feet shrimp-brown.

No. 1197. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 7, 1898. Iris
bright hazel, fading into yellow round the pupil, eyelids light
brown.

No. 1251. J ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 28, 1898.
Iris bright brown, fading into ochraceous hazel round the

SER. VIII. VOL. I. F

66 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

pupil. Found in thick foliage of tall trees in the early
mornings and late evenings darting and flitting about in
search of insects.

[The series from Nandi presents scarcely any variation in
colour. Sometimes the brown of the head is a little deeper
in tint, while the under surface is rather more ochraceous in
some specimens than in otliers. — R. B. S.]

187. EUPRINODES FLAVOCINCTA.

Euprinodes jlavocincta Sliarpe ; Eeichen. J. f. O. 1892,
p. 57; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 49 (1900).

Chlorodyta jlavocincta Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 72 (1890).
Apalis flavocincta (Sharpe) ; Reichen. Vog. deutseh. Ost-
Afr. p. 225 (1894) (Bukoha) ; O. Neum. J. f. 0. 1900, p. 306.
No. 469. 6 ad. Ravine, Mau, Feb. 19, 1897. Iris hazel ;
bill black ; feet very dark brown, toes light brownish flesh-
colour, claws dark brown. The first seen. Flitting about in
a tree like a Camaroptera.

No. 508. S ad. Ravine, March 4, 1897. Eyelids pale
brown.

No. 579. ? ad. Ravine, March 29, 1897.
No. 621. $ ad. Ravine, April 10, 1897. Iris hazel, with
yellowish round ring ; feet dark brown, toes flesh-colour.
[The two females show only a very small black chest- spot.
As it was extremely difficult to identify this species without
comparing the types, I sent one over to Prof. Reichenow, who
declared it to be the true E. flavocincta. Mr. Oscar Neumann
(/. c.) says that E. flavocincta has the crown olive-green like
the back, and E. golzi is the grey-headed form figured by
Reichenow as E. flavocincta in the ' Vogel deutseh. Ost-
Afrika^s ' (p. 224). Then there is a third species mentioned
by Mr. Oscar Neumann {op. cit. p. 307) and described by
him as E. (equatorialis. This, he says, is similar to E. golzi,
while it has the upper surface lighter and more greenish
yellow, has a broader yellow band on the crop, and is larger.
As Mr. Neumann says nothing about any green on the head,
I take it that the crown is grey as in E. golzi. He mentions
that it has a white throat, which separates it from "Apalis
flavida, Striekl."

obtained in British East Africa. 67

E. flavocincta has a white throit and greenish head, and
is very closely allied to E. w^^fcc/a of Alexander (Ibis, 1900,
p. 113) ; but the latter has the fore-neck very bright yellow,
not greenish on the sides, and the yellow extends to the lower
throat, leaving only the chin and upper throat white. It is
not E. viridiceps (Hawker), which is duller green above, has
white tips and edges to the outer tail-feathers, and the
crojD-patch pale greenish yellow.

Dr. Reichenow has described Euprinodes florisuga from a
MS. name [Sylvia florisuga) of Lichtenstein in the Berlin
Museum. This is undoubtedly Alexander's E. neglecta,
which thus becomes a synonym of E. florisuga (Reichen.
J. f. O. 1898, p. 314, ex Licht.).— R. B. S.]

188. Apalis pulchra.

Apalis pulchra Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 119; id. op. cit. 1892,
p. 155, pi. iv. fig. 1 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 71 (1896).

No. 977. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 12, 1898. Iris
bright ochreous hazel; bill black; feet dusky brown, toes
slightly paler.

No. 983. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 13, 1898.

No. 992. S ad. „ „ April 15, 1898.

No. 1041. $ ad. „ „ April 26, 1898.

I'airly plentiful in thick vegetation and bushes in belts of
forest.

189. Apalis porphyroltema.

Apalis porphyrolama Reichen. & Neum. Orn. MB. iii.
p. 75 (1895); Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 71 (1896) ; O.Neum.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 307.

Nos. 124, 125. c? ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 29,
1896. Iris crimson, with inner ring of ochreous yellow;
bill black ; feet brownish flesh-colour. First seen in Nandi,
but since observed at the Ravine on the 12th of September,
1896.

No. 587. 2 ad. Ravine, Mau, March 30, 1897. Spreads
out its tail, twitching it from side to side with drooping
wings as it flits about amongst the tree-tops in search of
insects.

f2

68 Mr. F. J. Jacksou on Birds

No. 591. S ad. Ravine, March .31, 18L>7. Iris hazel,
eyelids light brown.

Nos. 673, ? ; 674, 675, S ad. Ravine, July 20, 1897.

No. 1097. ? ad. Nandi,6500 feet. May 10, 1898. Iris
hazel, with ring of yellow round the pupil, which gives the
eye an appearance of being ochreous yellow ; eyelids brown ;
bill black ; feet yellowish flesh-colour.

[The sexes are alike in colour, but the male is the larger
bird (c?, wing 2*15, tail 2-25-2-5 j ?, wing 2*05, tail
l*9-2*0). The specimens killed in July are decidedly
greyer than those procured from March to June, which have
a somewhat browner shade above. — R. B. S.]

190. Eminia lepida.

Eminia lepida Hartl.; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 57
(Bukoba); id.Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 225 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 71 (1896); Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 308.

No. 39. 2 juv. Ntebi, Sept. 30, 1895.

No. 58. c? ad. Ntebi, Oct. 5, 1895.

No. 955. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 9, 1898. Iris
bright crimson-brown ; bill black ; feet pale flesh-colour.
Sings very sweetly, with some notes not unlike those of a
Nightingale.

No. 1027. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 24, 1898.
Plentiful in the brush, but difficult to see. Creeps about in
the thick matted vegetation. Stomach contained beetles.

Nos. 1035, 1040. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 25,
26, 1898. Note very loud.

No. 1074. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 5, 1898.

[The immature female is decidedly a paler bird than
the male, with a lighter grey head, and somewhat less
chestnut on the throat. A young female from Ntebi
has the chestnut on the throat paler, the head light
grey, with a wash of yellowish green on the occiput;
there is likewise very little tinge of chestnut on the under
tail-coverts.

The female is smaller than the male and has a shorter bill.
The wing is 2-65-2-75 inches in the female and 2 85-3-0

obtained in Britit^h East Africa. 69

in the male. The tail in the male is 2'6-2"9 inches in length
and 2-25-2-35 iu the female.— R. B. S.]

191. CaMAROPTERA BRBVICAUDATA.

Camaroptera brevicaudata (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 69 (1896) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 138 (Witu) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 157.

No. 36. ? ad. Ravine, Man, March 17, 1896. Iris
hazel, eyelids yellowish brown; bill black, lower mandible
horn-blue j feet dusky.

No. 565. S ad. Ravine, March 27, 1896.

No. 619. S ad. Ravine, April 10, 1897. A bird fond of
creeping about amongst dead brushwood and scrub.

No. 626. ? ad. Ravine, April 13, 1897.

No. 758. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 11, 1897.

Nos. 1079, S; 1089, ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 6, 9,
1898. Iris bright hazel, eyelids ochreous ; bill dark brown,
lower mandible horn-blue ; feet bluish flesh-colour.

192. Syi-viella baraka.

Sylviella virens Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 56 (nee Cass.) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 306.

Sylviella baraka Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. p. vi (1897).

a. $ ad. Ntebi, Feb. 14, 1895. Iris hazel; bill dusky,
lower mandible yellowish ; feet brownish flesh-colour.

b. S ad. Ntebi, April 21, 1895.

[Mr. Ogilvie Grant, Il)is, 1900, p. 156, states that this
species *' appears to be founded on immature examples of
S. virens (Cass.)." I still see no reason for doubting that
the two species are quite distinct. — R. B. S.]

193. Sylviella jacksoni.

Sylviella jacksoni Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. vii. p. vii (1897) ;
O. Neum. J. f. 0. 1900, p. 305.

No. 32. S ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 7, 1892.

Nos. 59, 60. S ? ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 16,
1892.

[Mr. Ogilvie Grant (Ibis, 1900, p. 154) has given areview
of the genus Sylviella, and in the main points of his revision I

70 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

agree, especially in the distinctions drawn between S. micrura
(Rlipp.) and S. brachyura (Lafr.). Dr. Reichenow has also
given a key to the species of Sylviella {" Ueber Sylviella-
Arten ") in the ' Ornithologische Monatsberichte ' for 1900
(pp. 21, 22).

Mr. Grant thinks that there can be no doubt that my
S. jacksoni is the same as S. ivhytii of Shelley, but, with
some more specimens of the former before me, the two
seem to me to be easily recognizable.

Of S. pallida I am unable to judge without seeing the
type. One specimen presented to the Museum by
Capt. Boyd Alexander appears to have a dark eye- streak,
and to be Sylviella flecki of Reichenow (Orn. MB. ]900,
p. 22). Another specimen from Tete is determined by
Mr. Grant as S. pallida, but seems to me to be *S^. whytii. —
R. B. S.]

194. Sylviella leucophrys.

Sylviella leucophrys Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 120; id. op. cit.
1892, p. 159; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 70 (1896).

No. 1063. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 4, 1898. Iris
bright crimson-brown ; eyelids brown ; bill pale brown,
lower mandible paler still ; feet light brown with pinkish
tint. Types procured on Mount Elgon. First seen since
its discovery in February 1890, This little bird creeps about
in thick bru:<li like Camaroptera brevicaudata.

Fam. T u R D I D iE.

195. COSSYPHA lOL/EMA.

Cossypha caffra (nee L.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 160 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 226 (1894) (Kilima-
njaro) ; Shelley, B. Afr. i. p. 84 (18 J6, partim).

Cossypha caffra mauensis O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 309.

No. 122. S juv. Mau, 8000 feet, June 2Q, 1896. Iris
brown; bill, upper mandible dull brown, lower mandible
yellowish white ; feet bluish flesh-colour.

No. 200. S ad. Ravine, Mau, July 25, 1896, Ins
brown ; bill and feet black. Plentiful in thick bush, though
not often seen.

obtained in British East Africa. 7\

No. 229. ^ juv. Elgeyu, 5000 feet, Aug. 10, 1896.

No. 230. (^ ad. Elgeyu, 5000 feet, Aug. 10, 1896.
Bill black ; feet dark slate-colour.

No. 477, c? juv. Ravine, Feb. 21, 1897. Iris brown;
bill black, gape yellow ; feet brownish black.

No. 495. cJ ad. Ravine, March 2, 1897. Scarce.
Found in thick brush. Sings very sweetly, generally in the
evening, perched on a dead bush. Very shy, and disappears
at once on the approach of danger into the bush, where
it can be heard giving vent to a curious low grating noise.

No. 543. ? ad. Ravine, March 19, 1897. Very shy.
Hides itself in clumps of dead sticks overgrown with
creepers, &c., in which it hops about, taking a peep at the
intruder now and again. This is about the only time it
gives anyone a chance of an observation, and no time must
be lost in taking advantage of it.

No. 755. 6 ad. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 10, 1897.

No. 768. ? ad. „ Aug. 13, 1898.

[I think that Prof. Reichenow is right in separating Cos-
sypha iolcema, from Nyasa-land and Kilimanjaro^ from the
typical C. caffra of South Africa ; but I cannot separate the
Man bird, which Mr. Oscar Neumann has called C. mauensis,
from C. iolama. They appear to me to be absolutely
identical, and I have compared a good series of both forms.

C. iolcema is a greyer bird than C. caffra, and has a darker
and more slate-coloured head, but examples in freshly-
moulted plumage, which are browner, are very difficult to
distinguish. — R. B. S.]

196. CoSSYPHA MELANONOTA.

Cossypha melanonota (Cab.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 227 (1894) (Bukoba; Siriralsl.) ; Shelley, B. Africa,
i. p. 84 (1896).

a. ? ad. Ntebi, May 31, 1895. Iris brown ; bill black ;
feet dull slate-colour.

b. ? ad. Ntebi, August 1, 1895.

No. 152. S juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 5, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill brownish black ; feet pale horn-blue.

72 Mr. F. J. Jack!^oll on Birds

No. 1026. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 24, 1898.
In very thick bush, and so seldom seen that it is difficult to
say whether it is a rare bird or not.

197. CoSSYPHA HEUGLINI.

Cossypha heuglini Hartl. ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 226, fig. 101 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 84
(1896) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 52 (1900).

No. 474. S ad. Ravine, Mau, Feb. 21, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill black ; feet very dark brown. Fairly plentiful
in thick bush, but not often seen.

No. 689. ? juv. Ravine, July 23, 1897.

Nos. 1046, 1047. S ? ad. Naudi, 6500 feet, April 29,
1898.

No. 1075. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 6, 1898. Feet,
dark slate-colour.

No. 1178. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 31, 1898. Iris
dark grey; bill black, tip dull yellow, gape white; feet slaty
black ; lower eye-scales white.

198. ClCHLADUSA GUTTATA.

Cichludusa guttata Heugl. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 160;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 228 (1894) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1895, p. 484; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 84 (1896;;
O. Neura. J. f. O. 1900, p. 310.

a. Ad. Ukambani, Oct. 1894.

No. 246. S ad. Elgeyu, 3700 ftet, Aug. 13, 1896.
Iris brown ; bill black ; feet horn-blue. Plentiful in the
bush.

No. 289. ? ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet, Aug. 18, 1896.
Nest of red earth, cup-shaped, on horizontal bough in bush.
Two eggs ; blue.

199. Erythropygia leucoptera.

Erythropygia leucoptera (Rupp.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. vii. p. 79 (1883) ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 483 ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 82 (1896) ; Hartert, Ansorge's Afr. Sun,
p. 353 (1899) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 170.

No. 14. $ ad. River Tsavo, Jan. 11, 1892.

obtained in British East Africa. 73

No. 88. $ ad. Ngomeue, River Tsavo, April 4, 1892.

No. 90. S ad. River Tsavo, Kufumika, April 5, 1892.

No. 92. ^ ad. Kufumika, Teita. April 5, 1892. Iris
brown ; bill dusky brown, base of lower mandible dull
yellow ; feet pale horn-blue.

This bird is very plentiful in bush-country, and is far
more often heard than seen. Its song is very noticeable,
and much resembles that of the Nightingale.

200. Erythropygia ukambanensis.

Erythj'opygia ukambensis Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 28
(1900).

a. Ad. Ukambani, Oct. 1894..

[This species is larger than E. leucoptera, and easily
distinguished by the black stripes on the fore-neck and
sides of the upper breast. The bill is conspicuously longer
and the crown is dusky brown. — R. B. S.]

201. GeOCICHLA PIAGGIiE.

Geucichla jnaggia (Bouv.) ; Sharpe, in Seebohm's Mon.
Turdid. i. p. 41, pi. xiii. (1898)

Turdus piaggii Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 88 (1896).

No. 898. ? ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, Feb. 5, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill black ; feet dusky flesh-colour, toes darker.
In thick forest.

Nos. 902, 903. ? ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, March 6, 1898.

No. 915. $ ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, March 10, 1898.

202. TuRDUS PELIOS.

Turdus pelios 1 p.; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 88 (1896) j
Sharpe, in Seebohm^s Mon. Turdidse, i. p. 328, pi. Ixxvi.
fig. 2 (1899) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163.

Turdus bocagei (nee Cab.) ; Reichen. J. f . 0. 1892, p. 60 ;
id. Vcig. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 232 (1894).

a. (5^ ad. Busoga, Nov. 17, 1894. Bill yellow; feet dull
pale yellow ; iris bright brown.

b. (^ ad. Ntebi, March 1, 1895.

c. d. ^ ad. Ntebi, Aug. 2, 8, 1895. Eyelids olive
greenish yellow ; feet yellowish ochre.

74> Mr, F. J. Jackson on Birds

203. TURDUS ELGONENSIS.

Merula elgonensis Sharpe, Ibis^ 1891^ p. 445.

Turdus elgonensis Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 88 (1896); Sharpe,
in Seebohm's Mon. Turdiclse, i. p. oil, pi. Ixxii. (1899);
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 309.

Turdus deckeni (iiec Cab.) ; Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 354
(1899).

No. 37. S ad. Ravine, Man, March 17, 1896. Iris
brown; eyelids yellow; bill bright orange; feet dusky
yellow. Much worn plumage, just beginning to moult. In
habits the biid resembles the Blackbird (T. merula).

No. 472. ? ad. Ravine, Feb. 20, 1897. Generally
singly or in pairs.

No. 539. ? juv. Ravine, March 18, 1897. Iris brown ;
eyelids greenish yellow ; bill dull brown, lower mandible
dusky orange; feet pale olive-brown.

No. 604. (^ ad. Ravine, April 4, 1897. Stomach con-
tained berries.

No. 661. S juv. Ravine, July 17, 1897. Bill dusky
brown with yellow edges ; feet dusky yellow.

No. 662. S ad. Ravine. July 17, 1897.

No. 865. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 14, 1898. Eye-
lids yellow; bill orange-red ; feet dull yellow.

Nos. 1227, 1228. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 21,
1898.

No. 1263. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 3, 1898. Bill
orange-yellow. Plentiful. Habits identical with those of
the Blackbird. If disturbed its call is like that of a young
Blackbird when scared on being hunted out of gooseberry-
bushes at home. Stomach contained beetles, picked up
from the ground.

204. MONTICOLA SAXATILIS.

Monticola saxatilis (L.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 161 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 235 (1894); Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1895, p. 485; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 89 (1896);
Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 581 (Machako's) ; Hartert, Afr. Sun,
App. p. 354 (1899); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 162;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 312.

obtained in British East Africa. 75

No. 34. S ad. Ravine, Mau, March 16, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill brownish black ; feet dark brown. All birds
appear to be moulting, and a great number of them are
now going about in pairs, March 16, 1896.

No. 833. S ad. Samia Hills, Kavirondo. Feb. 3, 1898.
Bill dusky black, greenish horn at base ; feet black.

No. 845. S ad. Nandi, 5500 feet, Feb. 2, 1898. Fairly
plentiful both singly and in pairs. Several seen up to end
of March, when they all disappeared.

No. 846. S ad. Nandi, Feb. 9, 1898.

No. 859. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 13, 1898.

205. MONTICOLA RUnCINEREA.

Monticola rvfocinerea (Riipp.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892,
p. 161 ; Reichen. Yog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 235 (1894)
(Lake Naivasha) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 89 (1896) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163.

No. 322. S ad. Kamassia, 6000 feet, Aug. 23, 1896.
Iris brown; bill and feet black. Plentiful on the Man
plateau in open bush.

206. Pratincola rubetra.

Pratincola rubetra (L.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 234 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 85 (1896) ; Hartert,
Nov. Zool. vii. p. 52 (1900); Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 167; 0. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 312.

a,b. c? ? ad. Kampala, March 23, 1895.

No. 1006. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 17, 1898.
June 1. With the exception of the Stonechat there are no
Chats about at this place.

207. Pratincola axillaris.

Pratincola axillaris Shelley; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 161 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 234 (1894) ; Shelley, B.
Africa, i. p. 86 (1896) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 52 (1900);
O. Neum. J. f. 0. 1900, p. 312 ; Hinde, Ibis, 1900, p. 499.

No. 31. S ad. Ravine, Mau, March 9, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

Nos. 150, S ad.; 151, ? imm. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 4,
1896.

76 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

Nos. 159, IGO. S ? juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 6,
1896.

No. 207. (? ad. Ravine, July 30, 1896.

No. 483. c? ad. Ravine, Feb. 25, 1897.

Plentiful and resident tlironghout the year. Generally
seen in pairs or singly, perched on a dead tree or stump, from
which it keeps a sharp look-out for its prey : this it takes for
the most part on the ground, though it often captures insects
on the wing, after the manner of a Flycatcher. It is a
confiding little bird, and appears to be partial to the vicinity
of dwellings, frequenting the shambas both deserted and
cultivated, where it doubtless finds its food more abundant.

No. 550. c? ad. Ravine, March 21, 1897.

No. 1138. Juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 23, 1898.

No. 1144. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 24, 1898.

No. 1273. c? imra. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 30, 1898.

208. Saxicola (enanthe.

Saxicola oenantlie (L.) ; Shaipc, Ibis, 1892, p. 162;
Reichen. Yog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 236 (1894) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1895, p. 486; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 90 (1896) ;
Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 581 (Machako's, Dec. to March) ;
Hartert, Ansorge's Afr. Sun, p. 351. (1899) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 165 ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 313.

No. 32. S ad. Ravine, Mau, March 15, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

Nos. 53, 54. S ? ad. Ravine, March 24, 1896.

No. 385. ? ad. Njemps, Sept. 26, 1896. Plentiful.

No. 889. S ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, Feb. 25, 1898.

Nos. 892, 897. S ? ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, March 4,
1898.

209. Saxicola isabellina.

Saxicola isabellina Cretzschm.; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 162;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 236 (1894) (Kipini) ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 485 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 90
(1896) ; Hartert, Ansorge's Afr. Sun, p. 354 (1899) ; id.
Nov. Zool. vii. p. 52 (1900) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 166; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 313.

obtained in British East Africa. 77

No. 4G7. Tmm. Ravine, Mau, Feb. 19, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black.

No. 694. S juv. Ravine, Aug. 25, 1897.

No. 890. S ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, Feb. 25, 1898.

Nos. 891, 895, 896. S ad- f^avine, 7500 feet, March 4,
1898.

210. Saxicola schalow^i.

Saxicola schalowi Fisch. & Reichen. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892,
p. 163; Reicben. Vog. deutscb. Ost-Afr. p. 237 (1894:
Lake Naivasha) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 91 (1896) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 313.

No. 16. S ad. Lake Naivasha, Jan. 4, 1896. Iris
brown; bill and legs black. This Chat was plentiful along
the eastern shore of Lake Naivasha, particularly in the hills
to the east.

No. 61. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, April 4, 1896.

No. 756. $ ad. „ Aug. 10, 1897.

211. Saxicola pleshanka.

Saxicola morio H. & E. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 162;
Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 581.

Saxicola pleshanka (Lepech.) ; Reiclien. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 237 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 91 (1896);
Hartert, Ansorge's Afr. Sun, p. 354 (1899) ; id. Nov. Zool.
vii. p. 52 (1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 313.

No. 531. S ad. Ravine, Mau, March 15, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black. Sings very sweetly, and has
two notes emitted at the same time, so different in sound,
that they appear as if there were two birds calling instead
of one.

Nos. 893, 914. c? ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, March 4, 9,
1898.

212. Saxicola pileata.

Saxicola livingstonei Tristr. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 163 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 236 (1894).

Saxicola pileata Gm. ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p 90 (1896).
Saxicola pileata albinotataO. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 313.
Campicola livingstonei Tristr. ; Hinde, Ibis, 1900, p. 499,

78 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

Nos. 732, 733. 6 ad. Lake Naivasha, kwg. 7, 1897.

No. 814. S afl. Lake Naivasha, Aug. 29, 1897.

No. 1011. ? ud. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 19, 1898. One
of a pair breeding near tlie fort. Failed to find its nest,
which is made in a rat- or other hole in the ground.

[1 am afraid that the white tips to the tail-feathers, on
which Mr. Oscar Neumann relies for his Saxicola albinotata,
are not a stable character. Not all of Mr. Jackson^s specimens
show them, while, on the contrary, they are present in many
South-African examples, and are, I believe, only a sign of
fresh plumage, disappearing with age. — R. B. S.]

213. Myrmecocichla nigra.

Myrmecocichla nigra (V.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 235 (1894) (Bukoba) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 91
(1896); Ilartert, Ansorge's Afr. Sun, p. 354 (1899); id.
Nov. Zool. vii. p. 52 (1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 312.

a. S ad. Ntebi, April 24, 1895.

b. S ad. „ Aug. 27, 1895.

214. Myrmecocichla cryptolkuca.

Myrmecocichla cryptoleuca Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 163 ;
Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 234 (1894) (Lake
Naivasha) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 91 (1896) ; Hartert,
Ansorge's Afr. Sun, p. 354 (1899) ; id. Nov. Zool. vii.
p. 52 (1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 312; Hinde, Ibis,
1900, p. 498.

a. $ ad. Lake Naivasha, Nov. 4, 1894. Iris brown ;
bill black ; feet olive-black.

No. 527. $ juv. Ravine, March 12, 1897.

No. 633. ? ad. „ April 15, 1897. Plentiful.

No. 672. ? ad. „ July 19, 1897.

No. 1090. $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 9, 1898.

Nos. 1271, 1272. $ ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 7,
1898. Fairly plentiful in Nandi. Confined to open ground,
where it may be seen sitting on some bush, dead twig, or
ant-heap. Except during the breeding-season, these birds go
about in small companies, perhaps family-parties, of three or

obtained in British East Africa. 79

four together. Their flight is weak, and they rarely go far
at a time. When flying they move their wings very rapidly.
They breed in large holes in the ground.

Fara. Tim e l i i d^.

215. Crateropus buxtoni.

Crateropus buxtoni Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 164 ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 58 (1896).

No. 332. 2 ad. Kamassia, 6500 feet, Aug. 24, 1896.
Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; feet dark horn-blue. Plenti-
ful in family-parties.

[Agrees with the typical specimens in the Museum and in
Mr. Jackson^s first collection. C. buxtoni is a lighter and
greyer bird than C. plebeius and inclines to white on the
lower abdomen, while the chin is pure white, in strong-
contrast to the throat. — R. B. S.]

216. Ckatehopus sharpii.

Crateropus sharpei Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 56 ; id.
Vdg. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 218 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 58 (1896) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 49 (1900) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 302.

a. S ad. Ntebi, May 11, 1895. Iris white; bill black:
feet dusky black.

Nos. 966, 967. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 10, 1898.
Iris silvery white ; bill black ; feet dark brown. Breeding.
Nest very roughly made of dry grass-stems, in a bush
covered with dead creepers.

Nos. 1156, $ ad.; 1157, 1158, S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet.
May 26, 1898. Feet slaty black. Goes about in small
parties of four or six, and is found only in open bush country.
It is a noisy bird, is very shy, and has a most annoying
way of sneaking out of shelter, one bird after the other
with a short interval between each, leaving the opposite side
of a bush as anyone approaches. I have known this action
to be repeated several times from bush to bush without the
chance of a shot being offered.

No. 1177. S juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, May 30, 1898.

80 Mr. F. J. Jackson un Birds

217. Crateropus plebeius.

Crateropus plebeius (Riipp.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 58
(1896).

No, 202. 2 ad. Ravine, July 28, 1896. Iris yellow;
bill black ; feet slaty black. In small family-parties.
Plentiful.

Nos. 692, $ ad.; 693, S juv. Ravine, July 25, 1897.

[These birds agree with a specimen of the true C. plebeius
from Lado. — R. B. S.]

218. Argya rufula.

Argya rufula Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv., App. p. cccxii
(1874); Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 219 (1894);
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 488 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 58
(1896) ; Hartert, Afr. Sun, App. p. 352 (1899) ; O. Neum.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 302.

No. 325. S ad. Kamassia, GOOO feet, Aug. 23, 1896.
Iris dull ochreons yellow ; bill dusky brown, lower mandible
paler; feet pale horn-blue.

219. TURDINUS JACKSONI.

Turdifius jacksoni Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 29 (Nov.
1900).

No. 1001. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 17, 1898. Iris
hazel ; bill brown, lower mandible horn-blue ; feet horn-
blue. First seen. In thick bush, three together.

No. 1037. 2 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 24, 1898.

[This species seems to be very distinct, and I cannot find
any description which agrees with it. The dusky head and
grey face with the lighter grey throat and breast, in contrast
with the rufescent-brown flanks, appear to me to constitute
remarkable characters. I have named the species after
Mr. Jackson.— R. B. S.]

220. AlCIPPE ABYSSINICA.

Alcippe kilimensis Shelley ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 227 (1894) (Kilimanjaro) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 66 (1896) ; id. op. eit. ii. pt. 2, p. 210, pi. xi. fig. 1
(1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 309.

obtained in British East Africa. 81

Lioptihis abyssinicus (Riipp.) ; Ogilvie Grant^ Ibis^ 1900,
p. 173.

No. 407. 2 ad. Ravine, Oct. 21, 1896. Iris crimson-
brown ; bill black, lower mandible horn-blue ; feet horn-
blue. Plentiful.

No. 625. Ad. Ravine, April 13, 1897. Iris brown;
bill dusky black, lower mandible horn- white; feet horn-
blue. First seen. Shot in tall trees as it came in to roost.

Nos. 660, 665, 705. S ad. Ravine, July 17, 27, 1897.

Nos. 10]4, 1034, 6 ad.; 1039, $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet,
April 20, 25, 26, 1898. Iris dull crimson ; bill dull black,
tip and lower mandible horn-blue. Creeps about in thick
bush.

No. 1087. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 9, 1898. Iris
dark crimson-brown ; bill dusky black with slaty tint ;
lower mandible pale horn-blue ; feet pale horn-blue.

Nos. 1146, 1147. 6 ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 24,
]898.

Fam. PvCNONOTIDiE.

221. Xenocichla pallidigula.

Xenocichla pallidigula Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. p. vii
(1897).

Xenocichla flavicollis pallidiyula O. Neum. J. f. 0. 1900,
p. 292.

a. d. Ntebi, March 8, 1895.

222. Xenocichla KAKAMEOiE.

Xenocichla kakamegce Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 29

(Nov. 1900).

X. similis X. tephrolamati Gray, sed minor, rostro multo
breviore et latiore, notseo olivaceo-viridi, pileo et facie
laterali schistaceis, gutture pallide cinereo ; prsepectore
viridesceute ; corporis lateribus olivascenti-viridibus,
pectore medio et abdomine pallidioribus et Isetiore
flavido lavatis; subalaribus olivaceo-viridibus, majoribus
et remigibus intiis pallide cineraceis, vix flavo tiactis.
Long. tot. 6-7 poll., culm. 0*55, alse 3*3, caudse 2*95,
tarsi 075.

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. a

82 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

No. 843. c?. Kakamega Forest, Feb. 8, 1898. Iris
brown; bill black, the lower mandible slate-colour; feet
horn-blue,

[This seems to be a small species of Xenocichla, allied to
X tephrolcema of the Cameroons. The bill is very much
smaller than in the latter, the throat is a lighter grey,
followed by olive-green on the fore-neck, with the breast and
abdomen greyish olive, and with a slight wash of yellow
instead of the clear yellow of X. tephrolcema, which has also
the under wing-coverts and quill-lining bright yellow. In
X kukameycs the quill-lining is ashy. — R. B. S.]

223. Xenocichla kikuyuensis.

Xenocichla kikuyuensis Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 299; O. Neum.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 293 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 608.

Criniger kikuijuensis Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 63 (1896).

No. 105. S 3-^. Ravine, June 20, 1896. Iris brown ;
bill black ; feet horn-blue. Plentiful in small family-parties
in thick bush.

No. 180. c? ad. Ravine, 8500 feet, July 12, 1896. Feet
greenish horn-colour. In thick forest.

No. 655. S ad. Ravine, July 15, 1897. Feet greenish
slate-colour.

224. Phyllostrophus placidus.

Phijllostrophus placidus (Shelley) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 206 (1894) (Kilimanjaro).

Vriniger placidus Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 63 (1896) ; O.
Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 294.

Xenocichla placida Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 139 (Witu).

No. 42. ? ad. Ravine, Man, March 21, 1896. Iris stone-
grey ; bill black, base of lower mandible horn-blue ; feet
horn-blue.

No. 347. ? ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, Aug. 30, 1896. Iris
yellowish ; bill black, with lower mandible horn-blue.

No. 594. ($ ad. Ravine, March 31, 1897. Iris ochreous
brown; bill very dark brown, lower mandible horn-blue;
feet horn-blue with a greenish tint.

[These specimens agree fairly well with the type in the

obtained in British East Africa. 83

Museum^ but the latter has rather more rufous wings and
tail.— R. B. S.]

225. Chlorocichla gracilirostris.

Criniger gracilirostris (Strickl.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 63 (1896).

Andropadus gracilirostris O. Neum. J. f . O. 1900, p. 292.

No. 870. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 15, 1898. First
seen. Three of them in thick bush.

No. 1045. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 29, 1898. Iris
bright crimson-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish black.

No. 1122. ? ad. Nandi Forest, 6000 feet, May 19, 1898.
Evidently a plentiful bird in the thick forest, to judge by
the large number that were attracted by the small yellow
fruits growing in clusters on a tall tree in a clearing.
It is only on such occasions that opportunity offers of
getting a really good view of this bird and other members of
the family, as they rarely leave the thick bush at other times
and are exceedingly difficult to see. They are noisy birds
and go about in small parties of three or four together.

No. 1256. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 2, 1898. Iris
bright dark crimson ; bill and feet black. A bush-lover and,
although plentiful, not often seen until the various trees are
in fruit.

226. Andropadus LjEtissimus.

Andropadus Icetissimus Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. x. p. xxvii
(1899).

Xenocichla hypoxantha Sharpe, MSS. ; Hartert, Nov. Zool.
vi. p. 48 (1898).

No. 840. ? ad. Kakamega Forest, Feb. 8, 1898. Iris
crimson-brown ; feet horn-blue ; bill black.

No. 1129. c? ad. Nandi Forest, 6000 feet. May 19, 1898.
Type of species. Iris light brown ; bill brownish black ; feet
dusky horn-blue.

Saw three others. It is evidently a rare bird.

[I am sorry that I caused my excellent friend Mr. Hartert
to publish a nomen nudum. I at first determined the species

g2

84 Mr. ¥. J. Jackson on Birds

as a Xenocichla and affixed to it the name hypoxantha, as it was
so mucli yellower than all the African species. I afterwards
came to the conclusion that it was an Andropadus, and called
it A. Icetissinius. — R. B. S.]

227. Andropadus eugenius.

Andropadus euffenius ^eichen. J.f.O. I892,p. 53 (Bukoba);
id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 205 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa,
i. p. 61 (1896) ; Hartert, Ansorge's African Sun, p. 349
(1899) ; id. Nov. Zool. vii. p. 47 (1900).

Andropadus latirnstris eugenius O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900,
p. 292.

No. 112. (^ ad. Ravine, June 2, 1896. Iris brown ; bill
dark brown with yellowish-horn tip ; gape yellow ; feet dull
ochreous yellow.

No. 631. ? imm. Ravine, April 15, 1897. Bill dusky
black, base of lower mandible yellow ; feet yellowish flesh-
colour, toes dusky.

No. 839. cJ imm. Kakamega Forest, Kavirondo, Feb. 8,
1898.

No. 1195. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 7, 1898. Bill
very dark brown, with tip and edges bright reddish brown,
tip of upper mandible serrated ; gape yellow ; feet brownish
yellow.

228. Andropadus virens.

Andropadus virens Cass. ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 53
(Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 205 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 61 (1896) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 48
(1900) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 291.

a. S- Ntebi, April 21, 1895.

h. S • ,) June 5, 1896. Feet pale brown.

No. 951. S ad. Nandi Forest, 5000 feet, April 9, 1898.
Iris brown ; bill brownish black ; feet pale olive-green.

229. Pycnonotus layardi.

Pycnonotus layardi Gurney ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-
Afr. p. 207, fig. 94 (1891-) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 60 (1896) ;
O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 294; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1900,
p. 608.

obtained in British East Africa. 85

No. 401. c? ad. Ravine, Oct. 10, 1896. Iris brown; bill
and feet black.

No. 463. cJ ad. Ravine, Feb. 18, 1897. Nest in busb,
fifteen feet from the ground, made of small and fine twigs
and lined with very fine grass.

Nos. 464, 465. (^ ? juv. Ravine, Feb. 18, 1897. Iris
brown ; bill dusky black, gape pale yellowish white ; feet
dull black.

No. 557. c? ad. Ravine, March 26, 1897.

No. 856. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 12, 1898.

No. 1044. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 29, 1898.
Plentiful everywhere throughout Nandi. Now in pairs.

Nos. 1055, 1072, 1073. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet. May 2,
5, 1898.

Fam. CAMPOPHAGIDiE.

230. Graucalus purus.

Graucalus purus Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p- 121 ; Shelley, B.
Africa, i. p. 50 (1896) ; 0. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 261 ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 608.

Graucalus ccesius (nee Licht.) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 171.

No. 43. ? ad. Ravine, March 21, 1896. Iris brown;
bill and feet black. Fairly plentiful in the thick forest and
clumps of tall trees.

Nos. 102, 109. c? ad. Ravine, June 20, 22, 1896.

No. 116. ? ad. Ravine, June 24, 1896.

No. 219. ^ ad. Man plateau, 8700 feet, August 3, 1896.
In thick forest, and plentiful throughout the forest-regions
in the vicinity of the Ravine.

No. 588. c? ad. Ravine, March 31, 1897.

No. 904. c? ad. „ 7500 feet, March 6, 1898.

No. 918. c? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, March 20, 1898.

No. 1120. ? ad. „ „ May 19, 1898. Iris

almost black. Found in thick forest, where it creeps about
in the foliage of the tallest trees looking for caterpillars,
beetles, and so forth. Occasionally it may be seen taking
insects on the wing like a Flycatcher.

86 Mr. F. J, Jackson on Birds

No. 1214. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 15, 1898.

No. 1269. ? juv. „ „ July 5, 1898. Feet

slaty black.

In its habit of sitting for some little time on a dead branch,
peering about with head cocked on one side, and then sud-
denly darting up and pulling off an insect from the underside
of a leaf, this bird resembles a Flycatcher. It also takes
insects on the wing. It is mostly found singly or in pairs.

231. Campophaga phcenicea.

Campophaga phcenicea (Lath.) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 50
(1896) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vi. p. xlviii (1897 : Ntebi);
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 172; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900,
p. 261.

a. S ad. Ntebi, May 4, 1895. Bill black, gape with
purple tint ; feet black ; iris brown.

232. Campophaga quiscalina.

Campophaga quiscalina Finsch; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 50
(1896).

No. 46. S ad. Ravine, March 21, 1896. Iris brown ;
bill and feet black ; gape bright orange.

No. 688. 2 ad. Ravine, July 23, 1897.

No. 1013. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 20, 1898.

No. 1056. c? ad. „ „ May 20, 1898.

No. 1101. S ad. „ „ May 12, 1898.

233. Campophaga hartlaubi.

Campophaga hartlaubi (Salvad.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 153 (1894) (Great Aruscha) ; Shelley, B. Africa,
i. p. 50 (1896).

No. 103. ? ad. Ravine, June 20, 1896. Iris brown;
bill and feet black. Scarce. Creeps about in tops of high
trees, darting out to catch insects on the wing.

No. 1260. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 3, 1898. Iris
very dark brown, nearly black ; bill black, gape orange ;
feet dull slaty black. Scarce. Confined to forest. Hunts
about amongst the foliage of tall trees. Stomach contained
several examples of the green Mantis.

a. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet.

obtained in British East Africa. 8^

234. Campophaga nigra.

Campophaga nigra (V.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 153 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 50 (1896); O. Neum.
J. f. O. 1900, p. 261.

No. 23. ? imm. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 2, 1892.

Nos. 53, $ juv. ; 54, ? ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 14,
1892.

No. 343. $ ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, Aug. 30, 1896. Iris
black ; bill black, soft part of gape dull orange ; feet black.

No. 605. ? ad. Ravine, Jnly 4, 1897. Iris very dark
brown ; bill black, gape yellow.

No. 621. ? ad. Ravine, July 21, 1897.

Nos. 901, ? ; 913, $ ad. Ravine, 7500 feet, March 5,
9, 1898. In thick forest.

No. 1036. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 26, 1898.

No. 1233. i ad. „ „ June 24, 1898.

Fam. MusciCAPiD^.

235. MUSCICAPA GRISOLA.

Muscicapa grisola L. ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 32; id.
Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 152 (1894) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1895, p. 490; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 94 (189G) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 173.

Muscicapa grisola sibirica, O. Neum. J. f. O, 1900,
p. 259.

Nos. 37, 65. ? ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 9, 17,
1892.

No. 98. S ad. Ndi, Teita, April 6, 1892.

No. 30. ? ad. Ntebi, Sept. 24, 1895.

No. 47. S ad. „ Oct. 2, 1895.

No. 38. S ad. Ravine, March 18, 1896. Iris brown ;
bill black, with base of lower mandible yellowish white ; feet
brownish black. The first specimen observed here.

236. Muscicapa infulata.

Muscicapa infulata Hartl. ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 33.
Alseonax infulata Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 94 (1896).
No. 61. c? imm. Ntebi, Oct. 7, 1895.

88 Mr. V. J. Jacksou on Birds

237. DiOPTRORNIS FISCHERI.

Dioptrornis Jischeri Reichen. ; Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr.
p. 151 (1894); Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 581 (Macbako's) ;
Hartert, Ansorge's African Sun, p. 338 (1899) (Eldoma
Ravine) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 257 ; Sbarpe, P. Z. S.
1900, p. 608.

Muscicapa Jischeri (Reicben.) ; Sbelley, B. Africa, i. p. 94
(1896).

Nos. 100, 110. S ad. Ravine, June 19, 22, 1896. Iris
brown; bill born-blue, with extreme tip black; feet olive-
black. Plentiful in the forest on the edges of open spaces.

Nos. 126, 127. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 29,
1896.

No. 136. S imm. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 2, 1896.

No. 473. S ad. Ravine, Feb. 20, 1897.

Very plentiful. Frequents both bush and tall trees.
Though this bird is very like a Flycatcher in habits, it
cannot be considered a true Flycatcher. For the most part
it takes its prey on the wing, but often from the ground.
Some of its habits resemble those of a Bradyornis. Found
singly or two or three together. Builds its nest high up in
a tree.

No. 518. ? juv. Ravine, March 7, 1897. Iris brown ;
bill pale horn-blue with dusky tip, gape yellow, base of lower
mandible pale horn-blue with yellowish tint ; feet pale horn-
blue, toes slate-colour.

No. 541. ? ad. Ravine, March 19, 1897. Breeding.
Nest with two eggs in cleft of dead tree thirty feet from the
ground. Found the nest of this bird by seeing the male
(which I also shot, but lost in a large mass of weeds &c.)
sitting on a branch above the nest and peeping down at the
female as she sat upon it, evidently to sati*>fy himself that
all was well.

No. 611. S ad. Ravine, April 6, 1897.
No. 879. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 17, 1898.
I believe some doubt has been expressed as to this bird
being a Flycatcher. If habits have anything to do with classi-

obtained in British East Africa. 89

fication it certainly is so beyond any doubt. When feeding
it resembles both the Spotted Flycatcher and the Robin, as
it takes its prey both on the wing and on the ground. It
reminds me very much of the Robin when sitting on the
lower branches of a tree^ generally a dead one, with head
cocked on one side, on the look-out for some insect on the
ground, pouncing on and devouring it, and then returning
to the same or to another perch. In its nesting-habits it is
a Flycatcher, making a nest of dry leaves, moss, fibre, and
hair on a branch or in the fork of a tree. Eggs two — much
spotted with brown — very like, but darker than, those of the
Spotted Flycatcher.

238. Alseonax murina.

Muscicapa murina (Fischer & Reichen.) ; Reichen. Vog.
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 15;^ (1894) (Bukoba) ; Shelley, B.
Africa, i. p. 94 (1896).

Alseonax murina Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 511 (Machako's) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 173; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900,
p. 260.

No. 35. cT ad. Ravine, March 17, 1896. Iris brown;
bill and feet black. Fairly plentiful at the Ravine. Exactly
like our own Flycatcher in habits, returning again and again
to the same perch ; but this custom appears to be nearly
universal with all the Flycatchers and Bee-eaters.

No. 41. S ad. Ravine, March 21, 1896. Bill black,
base of lower mandible pale dusky yellow; feet black. Seen
in pairs, evidently about to breed.

No. 481. S ad. Ravine, Feb. 24, 1897. In habits this
small Flycatcher is exactly like our common bird at home.
It is often seen sitting on dead twigs at the top of the tallest
trees, darting out every now and again at some fly or other
insect and returning to the same twig.

No. 601. ? ad. Ravine, April 3, 1897.

No. 862. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 13, 1898.

No. 878. ? ad. „ „ Feb. 17, 1898.

No. 1246. c? ad. „ „ June 27, 1898.

90 Mr. F. J. Jacksou on Birds

239. Pachyprora puella.

PachyiJrora molitor (Hahn & Kuster) ; Shelley, B. Africa,
i. p. 98 (1896, partim).

Batis molitor Hinde, Ibis, 1898, p. 581 (Machako's).

Pachyprora molitor puella Reichen. ; O. Neum. J. f. O.
1900, p. 256.

Nos. 38, 39. $ ? ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 9, 1892.

Nos. 94, 95. $ ? ad. Ravine, June 17, 1896. Iris
bright green ; bill and feet black. Plentiful in the thick
bush and forest.

No. 316. c? ad. Kamassia, 4000feet,Aug. 22, 1896. Iris
green, with inner circle of yellow.

No. 437. $ ad. Ravine, Dec. 10, 1896.

Nos. 616, 617. ? ad. Ravine, April 10, 1897. Plentiful
either in pairs or three or four together. Makes a curious
whirring noise with its wings as it flies from tree to tree.
Catches flies on the wing. Very restless and always on the
search. Very fond of sitting on the lower dead twigs under
the shady green tops of acacia and other trees, which attract
various insects. It darts out and seizes flies, &c., on the wing,
or hovers like a Sun-bird so as to enable it to pick ofl:' a
beetle from the underside of a leaf.

Nos. 980, 98] . $ ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 13, 1898.

No. 1229. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 22, 1898.

240. Platystira albifrons.

Platystira albifrons Sharpe ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 35
(Bukoba) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 97 (1896).

a. S ad. Ntebi, Aug. 9, 1895. Bill black; shield above
eye vermilion ; feet black ; iris blue-grey, with very thin
white line separating it from the pupil.

Nos. 41, ? ad. ; 49, 52, S ad. Ntebi, Oct. 2, 3, 1895.

241. Platystira jacksoni.

Platystira jachsoni Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 445; id. op. cit.
1892, p. 301, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 97 (1896).

No. 236. 6 ad. Elgeyu, 5000 feet, Aug. 11,1896. Iris
grey-brown ; shield above the eye dark coral-red ; bill black j

obtained in British East Africa. 91

feet very dark horn-blue. Rare. Lost another specimen
in dense undergrowth.

Nos. 863, 864. ? S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 14, 1898.
? . Iris dark brown, with fine silver inner ring next to pupil,
lower eyelid dull dark brown ; shield coral-red. ($ . Lower
eyelid brown with yellow wrinkles, shield bright coral-red.
These birds are generally found in pairs or small family-
parties of from three to five in number.

Nos. 974, 975. S ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 12, 1898.

No. 976. c? juv. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 12, 1898. Iris
dark crimson brownish, eye-shield coral-red, lower half
brown; bill dull black ; feet slate-colour.

[The male of this species differs from the male of P. peltata
in being altogether blacker above, and not greyish on the
back as is the latter. The female of P. jacksoni is blue-
black on the head and throat, whereas that of P. peltata has
a bottle-green shade. — R. B. S.]

242. Cryptolopha mackenziana. (Plate III. fig. 1.)
Cryptolopha mackenziana Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 153

(Kikuyu, Mount Elgon) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 70 (1896) ;
Neumann, J. f. O. 1900, p. 300.

Camaroptera dorcadichroa Reichen. & Neum. Orn. MB.
1895, p. 73.

a. S ad. Mau, 8700 feet, Oct. 30, 1895. Bill dusky,
lower mandible pale flesh-colour ; feet horn-blue; iris brown.

[This synonymy is derived from Mr. Oscar Neumann^s
paper, but the Kilimanjaro bird seems to me to have more
yellow in the centre of the breast, and I think that it is
quite possible that Cryptolopha dorcadichroa is distinct from
C. mackenziana. — R. B. S.]

243. Chloropeta massaica.

Chloropeta massaica Fischer & Reichen. ; Reichen. Vog,
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 149 (1894) (Kilimanjaro) ; Shelley, B.
Africa, i. p. 96 (1896) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 139 (Witu) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 174 (Konduro).

No. 1025. S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, April 22, 1898.
Iris brown ; bill brown, lower mandible pinky horn ; feet

92 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

slate-colour. First seen in a marsh, where it was catching
flies like an ordinary Flycatcher, June 1, 1898. Evidently
a rare bird, as only two others have been observed; one
near the fort, the other near the marsh, where the first was
obtained.

244. Bias musicus.

Bias musicus (V.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 149
(1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 96 (1896) ; Sharpe, Bull.
B. O. C. vi. p. xlviii (1897 : Ntebi).

«, 6. c? ? ad. Ntebi, May 29, 1895. Iris yellow ; bill
black ; feet greenish yellow.

245. Terpsiphone cristata.

Terpsiphone cristata (Gm.) ; Reichen. J. £. O. 1892, p. 33
(Bukoba, Sesse Isl., Meugo) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 490; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 99 (1896) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 174 ; 0. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 227; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1900, p. 609.

No. 978. S ad. Naudi, 6000 feet, April 12, 1898. Iris
brown ; eyelids pale violet-blue ; bill dark horn-blue with
black tip ; feet horn-blue.

No. 1257. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, July 2, 1898. Iris
very dark brown ; eyelids leaden blue ; bill leaden blue with
black tip ; feet horn-blue. Scarce in Nandi. Very restless
and constantly on the move, flitting about tall trees, twisting
and bending about in pursuit of flies and insects on the
wing.

246. Trochocercus albinotatus.

Trochocercus albonotatus Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 121 ; id. op.
cit. 1892, p. 303, pi. vii. fig. 1 ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 99
(1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 229.

a. S ad. Mau Forest, 8000 feet, Dec. 20, 1895.

Nos. 195, 211. S ? juv. Ravine, July 23, 31, 1896.
Iris brown ; bill and feet black. In thick forest. Spreads
out its tail like a fan and constantly turns it from side to
side as it darts about in thick foliage in search of insects.

No. 406. S ad. Ravine, Oct. 21, 1896.

No. 1116. S ad. Nandi, 6000 feet. May 19, 1898.

obtained in British East Africa. 93

This little bird is a lover of the thick forest with an under-
growth of tall bush and small trees. Here it flits and darts
about in search of insect-food, much of which it takes on
the wing, after the manner of the true Flycatchers. Like
the small blue Elminia longicauda and the species of AjKilis,
it has a curious habit of spreading out its tail and holding it
perpendicularly above its back, swaying it from side to side
as it hops about. It is very active and nearly always on the
move.

247. Elminia longicauda.

Elminia teresita Autin. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 304.

Elminia longicauda (Sw.) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 33
(Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 149 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 98 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 229.

Nos. 36, 37, c? ad., ? juv. Ntebi, Sept. 30, 1895.

No. 43. ? ad. Ntebi, Oct. 2, 1895.

No. 939. ? ad. Kakelelwa Forest, Kavirondo, 4500 feet,
April 3, 1898.

No. 1202. <S ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 11, 1898. Iris
brown ; eyelids black ; bill and feet black. A rare bird in
Nandi. First one seen June 28th. Several seen since.
When it spreads out its tail, it drops its wings. Very rest-
less and always ou the move. Takes insects on the wing as
well as from the underside of leaves and other places.

248. Parisoma jacksoni.

Parisoma lugens (nee Riipp.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 302.

Parisoma jacksoni Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. x. p. xxviii
(1899) ; Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 154.

No. 470. ? ad. Raviue, Feb. 19, 1897. Iris brown;
bill black; feet horn-blue.

No. 492. Ad. Ravine, Feb. 28, 1897.

Appears to be fairly plentiful in the table-topped and
other acacia trees, where it diligently searches for food. In
general habits it resembles Camaroptera brevicaudata.
Stomachs contained seeds and small berries.

No. 493. (J ad. Ravine, Feb. 28, 1897. Iris crimson-
brown.

94 Mr. F. J. Jackson on Birds

No. 545. 6 ad. Ravine, March 20, 1897.

No. 620. $ ad. „ April 10, 1897.

No. 1212. ? ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, June 14, 1898. Iris
dark crimson; bill black; feet greenish horn-blue. First
seen, in tall tree in thick bush.

[Mr. Grant first pointed out to me that P. lugens of
Abyssinia was different from the bird I have now called
P.jacksoni. — E,. B. S.]

249. Parisoma orientale.

Parisoma orientale Reichen. & Neum. ; O. Neum. J. f. O.
1900, p. 301.

Parisoma plumheum, subsp. a, P. orientalis Shelley, B.
Africa, ii. p. 218 (1900).

Nos. 24, 30. d ad. Kibwezi, 3000 feet, March 3, 5, 1892.

Nos. 48, $; 49, 6 ad. „ „ March 11, 1892.

[P. orientale seems to me to be distinct from P. plumheum,
being so much whiter below. — R. B. S.]

250. Tarsiger orientalis.

Tarsiger orientalis Fischer & Reichen. ; Reichen. Vog.
deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 226 (1894) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 86
(1896) ; 0. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 309 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1900, p. 608.

No. 121. 6 ad. Mau, 8000 feet, June 26, 1896. Iris
brown ; bill black ; feet horn-blue.

Nos. 176, 177. ? S ad. Mau, 8500 feet, July 12, 1896.

No. 190. ? ad. Ravine, July 22, 1896.

No. 630. c? juv. „ April 15, 1897. Iris brown;
bill dark slate-colour, lower mandible yellow; feet pale
greenish horn.

No. 664. 6 juv. Ravine, July 17, 1897.

251. Cassinia kavirondensis.

Bradijornis semipartitus (RUpp.) ; Reichen. Vog. deutsch.
Ost-Afr. p. 151 (1894).

Bradyornis kavirondensis O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 257.

Nos. 290, 291. c? ? ad. Elgeyu, 3700 feet. May 18, 1896.
Iris brown ; bill and feet black. Plentiful.

obtained in British East Africa. 95

Fam. HiRUNDiNiD^.

252. PsALIDOPROCNE ORIENTALIS.

Psalidoprocne orientalis Reichenow, Vog. deutsch. Ost-
A£r. p. 147 (1894 : Ussambara) ; Shelley, B. Africa, i.
p. 103 (1896).

Nos. 178, 179. S ? ad. Mau, 8500 feet, July 12, 1896.
Iris brown ; bill black ; feet brown.

Nos. 536, 538. 6 ? ad. Ravine, March 17, 18, 1897.

At present there are a few of these little Swallows about,
together with examples of Hirundo senegalensis.

No. 867. 6 ad. Nandi, 6500 feet, Feb. 14, 1898. Sua-
hili name "Kigumba mshari."

253. Clivicola minor.

Clivicola minor (Cab.) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1892, p. 32
(Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 145 (1894) ; Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 100 (1896).

Nos. 881, 882. ? 6 ad. Mau Downs, 8000 feet, Feb. 21,
1898. Iris brown ; bill black ; feet brown. Found several
skimming backwards and forwards on the lee-side of clumps
of forest.

254. Clivicola cincta.

Clivicola cincta (Bodd.); Reichen. J. £. O. 1892, p. 31 ;
id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 144 (1892).

Cotile cincta Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 100 (1896).
a. S ad. Ntebi, May 26, 1895.

255. BiBLIS RUFIGULA.

Clivicola rvfigula (Fischer & Reichen.) ; Reichen. J. f. O.
1892, p. 31 ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 145 (1894).

Biblis rufigula Sharpe & "Wyatt, Monogr. Hirund. i. p. 97
(1894).

Ptyonoprogne rufigula Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 101 (1896).

Cotyle rufigula Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 175.

No. 342. s imra. Kamassia, 6500 feet, Aug. 24, 1896.
Iris brown ; bill black ; feet brown. Fairly plentiful ; also
met with in Elgeyu.

96 On Birds obtained in British East Africa.

256. HlRUNDO ARCTICINCTA.

Ilirundo arcticincta Sliarpe ; Shelley^ B. Africa, i. p. 103
(1896).

Hinindn angolensis (nee Bocage) Reichen. J. f. O. 1892,
p. 31 ; id. Vog. deutscli. Ost-Afr. p. 146 (1894) (Bussissi,
Bukoba).

a, h. 6 ad. Ntebi, Feb. 20, 1895.

257. HiRUNDO PUELLA.

Hirundo puella T. & S. ; Reichen. J. £. 0. 1892, p. 31
(Bukoba) ; id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 146, fig. 67 (1894) ;
Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 102 (1896); Hartert, Ansorge's
African Sun, p. 337 (1899) (Mombasa) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 177 ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 226.

a. S ad. Ntebi, May 11, 1895.

No. 940. c^ ad. Kakelelwa Forest, April 3, 1898. Iris
brown ; bill and feet black. In large flocks. Sings very
sweetly.

258. Hirundo emini.

Hirundo emini Reichen. J. f. 0. 1892, p. 30 (Bussissi,
Bukoba); id. Vog. deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 146 (1894); Shelley,
B. Africa, i. p. 103 (1896) ; O. Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 225.

No. 395. S ad. E. Kamassia, Sept. 29, 1896. Iris brown;
bill black; feet olive-black.

259. Hirundo senegalensis.

Hirundo senegalensis L. ; Shelley, B. Africa, i. p. 103
(1896) ; Jackson, Ibis, 1898, p. 139 (Witu) ; Hartert, An-
sorge's African Sun, p. 337 (1899) (Masindi, Unyoro) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 177.

No. 394. d ad. E. Kamassia, Sept. 29, 1896. Iris brown;
bill black; feet olive-black.

Nos. 534, 535. ? 6 ad. Ravine, March 16, 17, 1897.

No. 610. 6 ad. Ravine, April 6, 1897.

No. 1057. ? ad. Naudi, 6500 feet, May 4, 1898.

No. 1071. c? ad. „ „ May 5, 1898.

This Swallow did not make its appearance until about a
fortnight ago, and shortly after H. rustica, which was then
plentiful, left the country. It was then the only Swallow seen.

On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 97

It is not such an energetic bird as otliers of the family, and
does not remain on the wing for so long a time, preferring to
rest for coiisiileralile periods on dead trees, of wlrch it nearly
always selects the largest. These Swallows sit in small
parties of five to eight on a tree singing away gaily, whilst
others preen themselves. Every now and again they all
leave together, take a short flight, and again return one by
one.

VIII. — On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers, with Special
Reference to the Conditions in the Winy known as Eutaxy
and Diastatud-y. By P. CuALMiius Mitchell, F.Z.S.,
F.L.S.

(Plates IV. & V.)

Since the classical observations of Wray (1) were published,
it has been known that in many birds a gap occurs in the
series of cubital quills after the fourth large quill, while in
other birds no such gap is found. The term aguintocubital
was applied to the former condition, and quinto cubital to
the latter, as it seemed that in the one the fifth cubital
quill, counting upwards from the wrist, was missing, while
in the other it was present. In 1899 Mr. Pyeraft and I
made simultaneous communications (7 and 8) to the Linnean
Society, in which we brought forward reasons against the
supposition that the aquintocubital condition was due to
the loss of a quill, and we adopted my name diastataxy to
indicate the condition in which there was a diastema or gap
in the series, eutaxy for the condition devoid of a gap. In
the communication referred to, I showed that among the
Columbidse both eutaxy and diastataxy occurred, and gave a
series of anatomical facts which seemed to bear the interpre-
tation that those birds presenting the eutaxic condition were
more modified than those with the gap in the quill series.
It has been known for some time that the two conditions
were both present among the Kingfishers. I have had the
opportunity in the Prosectorium of the Zoological Society of

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. H

&d

Mr. P. C. Mitcliell on the

examining a number of Kingfisliers ; my thanks for materials
are due to the Society, to the Prosector, Mr. Beddard, and to
Mr.C. Hose of Borneo. I hope to show tliatin the Alced nidge,
as in the Cohimbidae, those forms which have the eutaxic
arranji^ement of the wing are in otlier respects more modified.
The species which I have had an opportunity of examining
are : —

Dacelo gigantea. Halcyon pileata.

Sauropatis chloris. rufa (coromanda Sharpe)

sancta. (Callalcvon rufa).

sordida. Cenle aniericana.

vagans. inda.

Ceryle maxima. Cittura cyauotis.

alcyou. .saughiveusia.

Alced'o asiatica.

bengalensis.

ispida.

Ceyx rulidorsa.

The identification of some of these was simple ; in other
(iases I am indebted to the kind assistance of Dr. Bnwdler
Sharpe; the species of Cittura were identified at the Zoological
Gardens by Mr. Forbes, Mr. Beddard's well-known prede-
cessor. There is difference of opinion as to the allocation
of the generic names Sauropatis and Halcyon ; I agree wdth
Beddard (4) that, so far as we have examined the species,
there are anatomical reasons for separating the genera, and I
follow him in using the name Halcyon for the red -billed
species. This, how^ever, affects the nomenclature and not
the conclusions, as the species Avere readily distinguishable.

EuTAXY and Diastataxy.

It is easy to make out that in most Kingfishers the wing-
feathers are arranged in rows more or less diagonally placed ;
the large quill is at the base of the row and there follow
above it the major covert and the coverts of the third and
fourth series. Owing to the great size of the quills and
relative size of the major coverts the rows are dislocated at
the end towards the ulna ; they are shorter at the wrist, and
increase in length as the surface of the wing widens out

Anatomy of the Kingfishers.

99

towards the elbow. In Dacelo gigantea (fig. 4) there is a
small carpal reraex and covert, represented to the right, and
attached by a small fold oi membrane to the first large cubital
qnill in the fashion which I de-cribed in the Pigeons (/). Then
follow four ordinary quills ; then the diastema, and thereafter

Fisr. 4.

Dacelo gigantea, diagram of cubital feathering, the wrist being to the
right, the elbow to the left. The quills are large, and dotted in the
figure ; the major coverts cross them ; the feathers of the diagonal
rows are represented as small circles. To the right is the small
carpal remex and carpal covert, x diastataxic gap.

quills in even series. Each quill is at the base of a diagonal
roWj the major covert forming the feather in the row nearest
the quill. In the diastataxic group there is a similar row,
rather shorter, however, than the other rows. The four
species of Sauropatis (fig. 5) present a condition essentially

Fig. 5.

Savropatis, diagram of cubital feathering. Explanation as in figure 4.

similar. The diagonal row in the diastataxic gap is relatively
rather longer. In Ceryle maxima (fig. 6, p. 109) and Ceryle
ulcyo7i there is a carpal covert and carpal remex as before.
There is a gap in the usual diastataxic position, and this,
although relatively smaller than in Dacelo and Sauropatis, is

H 2

100

Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

Oncnpied by a dingonal row. The seven spe:?ies of Kingfishers
mentimed in the first column of the list given above are
diastataxic; in five of them the gap is almost as wide as
the space for a complete row with a quill ; in two, the gap

Fi-. 6.

Ceri/ie maxima, diagram of culjital feathering. Explanation as in figure 4.
Tbe diastataxic gap ( X ) is small, but is occupied bj a diagonal row,
complete save for a quill.

is narrower, but in all it is occupied by a fairly complete row
of feathers.

Halcyon pileata (fig. 7) must certainly be described as
eutaxic. The carpal covert and carpal rcmex are normal,
the latter bound down by the usual plica. Then follow the

FifT. 7.

Halcyon pileata, di igram of cubital feathering. Explanation as in figure 4.
Euta.xic arrangement, but po.^tion of diastataxic gap(x) marked
by vestige of a diagonal row, consisting of three leathers.

secondary quills in even series, each at the base of a diagonal
row. But in the position of the diastataxic gap, although
there is no gap, and no trace of tbe so-called major covert
that occupies the base of the row in diastataxic birds, there

Anatomy of the Kingfishers.

101

is a trace of the diastataxic row in the form of three feathers
occupying the upper pai't of what probably has been a row,
I may mention here that in one of the eutaxic Cuckoos
[Carpococcijx radlatus) 1 havefonnd a siniih-ir vestige of what
I regard as the old diastataxic condition. Halcyon rufa
(fig. 8) is also eutaxic, but in it there is no vestige of the

Fiff. 8.

Salcyon rttfa, diagram of cub'tal feathering. Complete eutaxio arringe-
iiieut, there being- no gap nor remnant of a row in the diastataxic
position.

other condition. The carpal remex is extremely small,
smaller relatively than it is represented in the diagram, and
it is not bound to the adjacent cubital by the usual plica.
The covert is normal, and then follow the cubitals with their
diagonal rows in even seiits. Althougii Ceryle maxima and
C. alcyon are diastataxic, C. americaaa and C. inda (fig. 9)

Fio-.a

Ceryle inda and C. americana, diagram of cubital feathering. Explanation

as in figure 8. Eutaxic arrangement.

are eutaxic. In these, which are practically identical in this
respect, the carpal remex is tied to the fii'st quill by the
usual plica j the covert is small. The quills fallow iu evea

1(J^

Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

series each with its diagonal row. Cittura cyanotis (fig. 10)
and C. sanghirensis are also eutaxic in the strictest sense.
In these^ there is a small carpal remex not bound do-.vn by
a plica^ and a very small carpal covert. Then follow thirteen
quills in even series, each supporting a diagonal row.

Fig. 10.

Cittura cyanotis, diagram of cubital feathering. Explanation as in
figure 8. Eutaxic arrangement.

Alcedo asiatica (fig. 11), A. bengalensis, and A. ispida are all
strictly eutaxic ; the carpal covert and carpal remex are absent
in A. ispida and present in the others. In all of them the
quills are in even series, and are at the base of diagonal rows.
The wing of Ceyx rvfidursa is similar to that of A. asiatica.

Fio-.ll.

Alcedo asiatica, diagram of cubital feathering. Explanation as in
figure 8. Eutaxic arrangement.

The seventeen Kingfisters which I have examined thus
sliow plainly that here, as in the Columbidse, the conditions
known as eutaxy and diastataxy cannot be regarded as
fundamental characters in any of the greater schemes of
classification. Eoth conditions occur, scattered as it were
indiscriminately within tiie confines of the gioup, and some-
times even within the confines of a genus. Kor are the two
gcnditions atsplutcly maiked oft" one from another, but lend

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 103

themselves to an arrangement in a graded series^ which
suggests the production of one condition as a simple modifi-
cation of the other. At one end of such a series stand Dacelo
and Sauropatis, diastataxic in the strictest sense, there being a
wide gap in the quill series, and this gap, with the exception
of the quill, being occupied by a complete diagonal row.
Next come Ceryle maaima and C. aIcyon,&U\\ diastataxic but
with the width of the gap much reduced. Then comes
Halcyon pi/eata, eutaxic, without a gap, but with a possible
remnant of the other condition in the form of a reduced
diagonal row of three small feathers. Then come the other
eutaxic forms with no gap and no trace of the diastataxic
diagonal row. In my paper on the wings of the Columbidse
I advanced an hypothesis that the diastataxic condition was
primitive, and suggested a mode in which it might have
arisen. Without for the present recurring to that suggested
origin, I am content to point out that were the wings of all
birds originally diastataxic it is not difficult to see that by
closing of the gap, and consequent gradual obliteration of
the row that occupied the gap, the eutaxic condition might
have been produced. Moi cover, if the production of eutaxy
be part of a general process of the formation of a simpler
but more specialized organ of flight from an older and more
diffusely arranged organ, there is no theoretical difficulty iu
supposing it to have been produced separately and inde-
pendently in many different kinds of birds. On the other
hand, if so remarkable an arrangement as the absence of a
single quill, in a definite and identical position, has been
pioduced from a primitive eutaxy, we have either to make
the supposition that all the diastataxic forms are more closely
related to each other than to the eutaxic forms — a suggestion
that strikes rudely across all natural classifications — or to
face the almost impossible idea of its polyphyletic origin.
I will now proceed to review the anatomical fi;cts "men serve
to show that the eutaxic Kingfishers are in other respeccs the
more specialized birds.

There is not much information to be derived from tne
geographical distribution and external characters of the

104 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

seventeen forms under notice. Austro-Malaya is the metro-
polis of the Kingfishers, and contains both eutaxic and
diastataxic forms. Such presumably far-travelled forms as
the American H. rufu and C. americana are eutaxic, as is
al^o the European Alcedo. The presence of a tuft on the
oil-gland is almost certainly the more primitive condition
among Kingfishers. The Ctttura, in which the gland is naked,
are eutaxic. Forbes mentions that the gland is also naked
in Tany sifter a ; it would be intert sting to find if that genus
also is eutaxic. The characteristic arrangement of the ventral
pterylse in the Kingfishers is that the ventral tract, as in
.4/cef/o, divides at the base of the neck into two lateral tracts,
each of which almost immediately divides again. This
arrangement is well marked in all the eutaxic forms, in
Daceln, and in Ctryle ma.vimn. In one of the eutaxic forms,
Ctryle americana, the median divisions of the lateral tracts
coalesce soon after their separation from the lateral divisions,
and then separate again. A similar condition is seen in the
diastataxic C. alcyon. But in the species of Sauropatis,
although least so in S. sanctn, there is a broad, difi'use,
pectoral tract, hardly distinguishable into lateral tracts. I
do not quite agree with Beddard, who called attention to
this, that it can be regarded as a generic character of Sauro-
patis, as it is not so apparent in Sauropatis sancta ; but it is
interesting to notice that the forms in which this absence of
differentiation occurs are dia-tataxic. The wings of the
eutaxic Ibrms have on the whole a smaller number of
secondary quills, and these individually are larger; the
carpal covert and carpal remex tend to be smaller, and are
absent in one of the Aicedines. The eutaxic Ceyx has the
second toe absent, certainly not a primitive character.

Muscular Anatomy.

Biventer Link. — The only noteworthy peculiarity that I
have found in the muscles of the head and neck relates to
a tendinous link first noted by Dr. 11. O. Cunnin-hani (3)
as u.iiting the btventres ceroids musc'es in Ceryle stelluta,
but absent in Alcedo. Bcddurd (4) examined a number of

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 105

Kingfishers with reference to tliis point, and I paid minnte
attention to it as a character known to differ amf)ng King-
fishers. It is probahle that its presence is a Kingfisher
character; so far as I know, it is not fonnd in other birds,
and it seems too definite to have been acquired independently
in a number of cases. Its absence seems best explained as
a secondary loss. Beddard noticed that it was present in
one of two specimens of Sauropatis vagans; I found it
absent in one S. vagans and in S. chloris, but an apparently
degenerate slip represented it in -Sf. sancta and S. sordida.
It is absent in Alcedo ispida, but a diagonal slip represents
it in Alcedo asiatica and A. bengalensis. Assuming;, then,
that the loss is secondary, it appears that the eutaxic forms
Ceijx, Halcyon rufa, and H. pileata have lost it ; one of the
Alcedines has lest it, and in the others it is degenerate. In
Sauropatis it is present, absent, or degenerate ; in Ducelo it
is absent, in the other forms, entaxic or diastataxic, it is
present. Here, as in many other characters, there is not a
definite coincidence between entaxy and progressive change,
but the more general fact holds good that, where there is a
tendency within the group ior independent movement in any
direction, the eutaxic forms show a high relative average of
instances of such change.

Latisshnus darsi, anterior et posterior. — The phylogeny
of these muscles outside the Avian group is an extremely
difficult problem, but I am on clear ground in stating that
the most common and generalized condition among birds is
the existence of an anterior and p(jsterior division, the two
being fairly equal in width and strength, well separated at
their origins, and in contact at their insertions. Such a
condition is well marked in all the diastataxic forms,
although there is a tendency, displayed in Dacelo and in
Sauropatis, for the anterior division to be weaker than the
posterior. I follow Fiirbriuger in rej,arding any well-marked
divergence from the condition described as secondary. Among
the Col'.uubidae I found the divt'rgent tendency to be in the
direction of reduction of the posterior division, and this was
well-marked among the euta.\ic forms. In the Kingfishers

106' Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

it is the anterior division that tends to be reduced ; and this
reduction, incipient in some of the diastataxic forms, becomes
striking in eutaxic forms. Thus in the eutaxic Ceryle
americana and C inda, as compared with the diastataxic
C. maxima and C. alcyon, the anterior division is veiy thin
and weak; the posterior is enormous, broad, and strong, and
with a considerable forward extension of its oriiiin. In
Halcyon a simihir condition exists, less marked in H. rufa,
plain in H. pileata. In Ciltura it is plain ; in Alcedo ispida
the anterior division appears only as a {q^ fibres; in A. ben-
galensis, A. asiatica, and in Ceyx the anterior division ia
absent, while the posterior has become very strong.

Latisshnus dorsi metapataijialis. — This slip was equally
developed in all.

Rhomboideus superficialis and R. profundus. — In the King-
fishers the superficial muscle extends further forwards, the
deep muscle fuither postaxially, the two partially overlapping
in the middle. These characteristics are accentuated in all
the eutaxic forms. The deep muscle tends to be thicker at
its anterior and posterior margins. This progress towards
secondary cleavage is well advanced in Sauropalis vat/ans,
alone in this respect among the diastataxic forms, while in
the eutaxic FI. 7'ufa, the Ciltura, Ceryle americana, Ceyx,
and the Alcedines it is obvious.

Supracoracoideus. — Markedly bipinnate in all and without
notable variations.

Coraco-brachialis externus is in all a small fleshy muscle.

Coraco-brachialis internus is in all a small muscle arisin<r
from the postero-lateral part of the coracoid, with a slight
overlap on to the sternum, and is inserted to the dorsal
surface of the median tubercle of the humerus.

Biceps presents no marked differences, and the bleeps
patagialis is absent in all, as in the Passerines and other
birds called anomaloyonatous by Garrod.

Alar Muscles. — The wing is the most distinctive part of
the Avian body, and the modifications in it deserve special
attention when the relative specialization of diff'erent birds is
being considered. The group of alar muscles and tendons

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 107

present an interesting series of modifications in Kingfishers,
and in these the scale of specialization dips markedly towards
the eutaxic forms.

Deltuides major. — There can be no donbt but that among
birds generally this muscle tends to increase in length, its
insprtion extending gradually down the humerus. In Dacelo
it has reached halfway down the humerus, and in the other
diastataxic forms it has a nearly similar extension, sometimes
falling short and sometimes just surpassing that length. In
all the eutaxic forms it reaches down beyond the first half,
although this downward extension always falls short of that
attained in most Pigeons.

Deltoides 7ninor. — This is in two portions, separated by
the tendon of the supracoracoideus, and does not show any
striking divergences in the different forms.

Deltoides proputagialis. — Many writers have made con-
tributions to our knowledge of this distinctively Avian
muscle, and Fiirbringer in particular has classified the series
of modifications which it presents. At one end of the series
is the condition in which the muscle lias a single belly,
giving off at the distal end the longus and brevis tendons.
This condition, obviously more primitive, occurs in most
Avian families, and in all but a few exceptional cases among
swimming and wading birds. In the next stage the distal
extremity gives rise to two muscular peaks, one for the
brevis and another, usually smaller, for the longus teudon.
This condition occurs in a small number of genera scattered
irregularly through the families. In further stages the
peaks deepen, the division extending towards the oiigin of
the muscle, such stages being of rarer occurrence. The
culmination of the series has been attained in Passeres and
in a few genera of other birds, in which the original muscle
has been divided into a specialized and separate muscle for
each tendon. In all the diastataxic Kingfishers the peaked
stage has been reached. In Dacelo (Plate IV. fig. 1), in
Ceryle maxima (I'late IV. fig. 2) and C. alcyon (Plite IV.
fig. 3), and in all tiie species of Sauroputis (Plate IV. fig. 4)
the longus peak is smaller than that for the brevis. Among

108 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

the eutaxic forms C. amer'icana (Plate IV. fig. 5) alone has
remained heliindliand in the specialization of this muscle. In
C. inda (Plate V. fig. 6), H. pileata (Plate V. fig. 8), H. rvfa
(Plate V. fig. 9), Alcedo asiatica (Plate V. fig. 10), A. ispida,
A. bengalensis, and Ceyx rvfidorsa. the division is practically
complete, so that the Passerine condition of two muscles has
been reached. In Cittiira cyanotis ( Plate V. fig. 7) the same
stage lias been reached with the further specialization of the
brevis division of the muscle into two minor peaks.

Pectoralis propctugiuiis. — Tie most common and wide-
spread condition of the pcctoial contribution to the alar
muscles is the occurrence of a slip, muscular and tendinous,
from the pectoral muscle to the lonyus and brevis tendons.
This condition occurs in all the diastataxic forms (Plates
IV. & v., various figures, p.l. and p.b.) : in some of the
eutaxic forms the longus division becomes more specialized;
the brevis tends to disappear, in Alcedo, Ceryle inda, and
Ceyx ryfidorsa it has completely disappeared.

Alar Tendons. — The deltoides propatagialis and pectornles
propatagicilis are attached to a set of tendons of which the
structure and modifications in birds generally have been
attended to by Garrod, Gadow (9), Beddard, Fiirbringer,
and a host of other anatomists, Fiirbringer in particular
having made a gicat stride towards classification and
coordination of the materials. In the longus tendon among
Kinjifishers 1 have not found differences of moment, but the
brevis tendon offers conditions of great interest. I will
begin by setting out the anatomical data. In Ceryle maxima
(Plate IV. fig. 2) there is a broad diffuse band of fasciae
stretching from the deltoides to the extensor muscles^ and
receiving the pectoralis tendon. The edges of this are
thickened, and a stronger slip, the "a^'^of Fiirbringer, is
attached to the extensor metacarjji radialis, distad of the
main fasciae. In Ceryle alcyon (Plate IV. fig. 3 ; and Beddard
(4), fig. 2) there is a similar broad band of fasciae, but in it
three thicker strands exist. The first is in continuity with
the peak of the palagial muscle mo>t near the humerus, and
at its distal end bends towards the elbow ; it is the " 7 " of

Anatormj of the Kingfishers. 109

Fiirhringer. The second is on the distal edge, arising chiefly
from the deltoides, bjit partly from ihe pectnralis ; it is the
"a," of Fiirbringer, and, as in C. maxima, is inserted to the
extensor metacarpi, distad of the main tendinous mass. The
third, the " ^" of Fiirbringer, is m.edian, and arises chiefly
in the line of the pectoral/s contributor to the system. In
Snuropatis chloris (Plate IV. fig. 4) and the other species I
dissected {S. albicilla as shown by Beddard (4), fig. 3, very
closely resembles the others) the fasciae are much reduced,
while the thickenings assume independent identity as tendons.
The tendon on the humeral side obviously is homologous
■with the corresponding thickening in C^rijle alcijon, and is
the ''7" of Fiirbringer. The pe(^toralis contribiition and
the distal thickening unite, and then diverge distally into
two branches — one, the "/5" of Fiirbringer, bending towards
the humeral edge, joining with the tendon of insertion of
"7," and forming a fan-shaped extension over towards the
ulnar edge of the forearm ; the other turning wristwards is
the "a" of Fiirbringer. In Bacelo (Plate IV. fig. 1) there
is a still smaller extent of undifferentiated fasciae, and the
appearance is that of two parallel tendons joined by a sloping
band : the figure makes the homologies of these obvious ;
the parallel tendons are a and 7, with ^ running down from
a to 7. In Cittura both species are alike in this matter
(Plate V. fig. 7) ; the tendons are distinct and are not united
by fasciae, their condition obviously being a simple modi-
fication of that found in Satiropafis — «, yS, y being distinct
distally, but /3 and a. joining more proximally after origin
from the pectoralis and distal peak of the deltoides patagialis.
In Halcyon rufa (Plate V. fig. 9) «, (3, and y are distin-
guishable distally; in Beddard's figure [l, fig. 1) a is more
separated from the common mass distally, and is therefore
more like the condition in H. pileata (Plate V. fig. 8);
but higher up all three blend into a single round tendon.
In Ceryle americana (Plate IV. fig. 5) and in Alcedo
(Plate V. fig. 10) «, /3, and 7 are distinct at their insertions,
but, proximally, arise from a single well-rounded tendon.
In Ceryle inda (Plate V. fig. 6) — and Ceyx rufidorsa closely

1-10 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

resembles this — the concentration is carried slightly further,
/3 and 7 alone being distinct at their insertions, while above
there is a single round tendon.

The forms showing these conditions may obviously be placed
in a series — the diastataxic forms led by Ceryle maxima being
at one end, the eutaxic forms culminating in Cei/x and Ceryle
inda being at the other. Beddard (4) has rightly remarked
that the Alcedo type was anatomically the simplest of those
with which he dealt, and obviously the C. inda type is still
simpler. But it is no necessary conclusion that in an ana-
tomical series the simpler structure is the more primitive. In
the case of the alar tendons, Fiirbringer has shown that the
brevis tendons are to be regarded not as extensions of their
muscles, but as differentiations of the originally diffuse alar
fasciae into which these muscles were inserted, the muscles
themselves being originally cutaneous slips. From this point
of view it is plain that the diffuse undifierentiated condition
of C. maxima is the most primitive of the series; C. alcyon
shows a differentiation of this diffuse structure by the
appearance of thickenings, presumably along the lines of
strain ; Sauropatis, Halcyon, and Cittura show, so to speak,
a cutting away of the unnecessary diffuse fasciae betv^een
the thickenings, with the result that the latter appear as
independent tendons. In the other eutaxic forms these
tendons become simplified by concrescence until the Passerine
single-tendon condition is reached ; but the distal ends may
still retain traces of the differentiation into a, j3, and 7.
Thus it would appear that in this case, as in the case of the
splitting of the deUoides patagial'is, the eutaxic forms display
the higher stages of progressive specialization. Curiously
enough, in this case, as in that of some structures among
Pigeons, the degree of differentiation reached by eutaxic
forms shows interesting resemblances to well-known features
of the Passerine structure.

Scapalo-humerales anterior et posterior. — The condition of
these muscles in the Kingfishers is that found in most groups
of birds. As in Dacelo (fig. 12), both muscles are present ;
they meet at their origin from the scapula, but remain quite

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. Ill

distinct to their insertions. The posterior muscle is very
much larger than the anterior. As exceptions, I found in
the eutaxic Alcedtnes and in Cittura sanghirensis that the
anterior muscle was relatively smaller.

Fio-. 12.

Humeral muscles of Dacelo gigantea.
H., humerus ; anc, anconaeiis scapularis, cut short ; sea., scMpuli-humeriilis
anterior; scp., scapuli-humeralis posterior; Int., latissimus dorsi,
anterior et posterior.

Subcoraco-scapularis. — In all the Kingfishers the subsca-
pularis portion of this compound muscle is in two divisions,
separated by the insertion of the serratus slip. In Dacelo
the externus is much larger than the interims, and its
insertion reaches nearly opposite the point where the scapula
bends downwards. The origin of the internus just reaches
the clavicle. In Ceryle maxima the clavicular origin is more
marked, and the same condition is present in the other
forms. The coracoid division of the muscle is large and
normal in all the Cerylcs, in the species of Sawopatis, in the
Alcedines, in Ceyx, and in Halcyon rufa, extending down to
the sterno-coracoid ; but in Halcyon pileata and in Dacelo it
is reduced to a slender ligament. These may be individual
variations, but they are interesting as suggesting a tendency
to change in this generally constant muscle.

Anconceus and Expansor secundariorum. — The scapular
and humeral portions of the muscle are well developed, and
practically identical in all the Kingfishers, but that specialized
portion of the muscle called the expansor secundariorum by

112 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

GarrofI offers important difTcrcncps. It is present but feeble
in I) actio, Ceryle maxima and C. alci;on, and in tlie species
of Sauropalis — that is to say, in all the diastataxic forms.
It is also present in Hafci/un rvfa, a eutaxic form, but is
absent in H. pileata, Ceryle inda and C. nmer'icana, the two
species of Cittura, the Alcedines, and Ceyx rufidnrsa — that
is to say, in all but one of the eutaxic forms^ an obviously
secondary condition.

Musculature of Forearm v^nd Hand. — In this series of
muscles the only case of striking difierence occurs in the
€a.ttns(jr indicis Icn/jus. In Dacelo this arises from the
middle half of the radius on its ulnar face, and is inserted
to the phalanges of the second digit. The short head from
the distal end of the radius, present in some birds, is absent.
In all the diastataxic forms tlie mu?cle is like that in Dacelo ;
in all the eutaxic forms its origin has a longer extension,
occupying about the middle two-thirds of the radius, and
otherwise is relatively stronger.

Musculature of the Thigh and Leg. — Kingfishers are
birds in which flight is the most important mode of progres-
sion, and in which the hind limbs play a relatively smaller
part in the activities of life. rrol)ably, in relation to this, the
wings and shoulder-girdle tend to increase in relative size
and strength, while the pelvis and legs tend to diminish in
size. This double tendency is plain in all, but reaches a
maximum in eutaxic forms, such as the species of Alcedo and
Ceyx. The changes are plain both in the skeleton and in the
soft parts.

Ilio-tibialis externus sen sartorius. — In Dacelo the origin
is tendinous from the supra-iliac crest, with a forward
extension to the second last dorsal vertebra. From this the
muscle runs with a narrow belly to the tendinous insertion
in the knee-capsule. The relations are similar in Ceryle
maxima-, in C. alcyon the belly is rather broader^ while in
the eutaxic Cerylce the increase in breadth is enormous.
Tlie species of Sauropalis resemble Dacelo and the diastataxic
Ccryles. In the Halcyones, Citturce, and Ceyx the belly is
also narrow, but in the Alcedines it is very broad. There is

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 113

therefore evidence that in the Kingfishers this muscle tends
to cliange from the more usual condition in birds, increasing
in breadth and strength at the expense of the glutseus
maxiinus. The contrast is most apparent when taken between
the diastataxic and eutaxic Ceryles, but it also occurs between
eutaxic Alcedines and the diastataxic forms.

Ilio-tibialis sen glutceus maximus. — The researches of
Garrod would seem to imply that the generalized Avian
condition of this muscle is broad and strong, its origin from
the ilium or dorsal middle line extending behind and in front
of the acetabulum. In Dacelo alone I have found a trace,
in the form of fasciae, of the postacetabular portion. In
Dacelo, Ceryle maxima, C. alcyon, and the species of Sauro-
patis — that is to say, in all the diastataxic forms — the pre-
acetabular portion of this muscle is well developed. Among
the eutaxic forms Cittura sanghirensis alone has retained
this condition ; in Cittura cyanotis, Halcyon 7'ufa, and Ceyx
riifidorsa the muscular belly is very narrow and weak ; in
Halcyon pileata, Ceryle americana and C. inda, and in the
Alcedines the reduction is carried so far that the muscle is
represented by a band of fasciae with only a few muscular
fibres near the proximal end.

Ilio-trochanterici sen glutai. — In Dacelo all three are
distinct and separate : the posterior (secundus) is very large,
and arises from all the preacetabular ilium ; its insertion,
partly fleshy, partly tendinous, is to the femur, proximad of
the insertions of the others. The anterior {tertius) is the
next in size and the most distal. The medius (quartus) is
the smallest, and lies under the posterior and between it and
the anterior. In all the other Kingfishers the condition of
these muscles was similar except that in Halcyon pileata the
medius was reduced to the merest vestige.

Ilio-femoralis externus {glulaeus anterior) was absent in all.

Femori-tihiales {crurceus \)\w.% vastus and vastus internus). —
The internus in all has the normal arrangement ; the vastus
and cruraus are also normal, but in the species of Ceryle
there is also an insertion to the lower part of the femur, an
arrangement not uncommon in birds.

8ER. VIII. VOL. I. I

114

Ur. P. C. Mitchell on the

Caud-iUo-fenvjralis. — The pars iliaca [accessory femoro-
caudal) is absent in all. T)xe pars caudalis is present in all^

Fiff. 13.

Femoral muscles of Ceryle mcLviina,
F., femur ; Bi., biceps cut short ; f.c, femoro-caudal ; s.)!., semi-tendinosus.
cut short ; s.m., semi-membranosus, cut short ; oh., obturator ex-
ternus ; add. 1, adductor externus ; add. 2, adductor iiiternus ; mid.,
middle head of the gastrocnemius.

and is comparatively narrow in Dacelo, in Ceryle maxima
(fig. 13, f.c.) and C. alcyon, Sauropatis vagans, and Ceyx
rufidorsa; while in Ceryle inda (fig. 14, f.c), C. americana,

Fiff. 14.

Femoral muscles of Ceryle inda. Lettering as in figure 1-"1.

the Cittura, Alcedines, and in Sauropatis sordida, c/iloris,
and sancta there is no well-marked relation between the

Auatomij of the Kingfishers. 115

conditions of the muscle and the eutaxy or diastataxy, but,
so far as it goes, the width is more often greater in the
eutawic forms. The instances in the figures do not show the
contrast in its most marked state.

Caud-illo-flexorius. — The accessor!/ semi-tendinosus is
possibly represented by a few fibres in Dacelo ; it is absent
in the others. The semi-tendinosus in all is inserted to the
tendon of the semi-membranosus ; it is rather wider in those
forms in which the femoro-caudal is wide (figs. 13, 14, s.t.).

Ischio-flexorius {semi-membranosus) in all is larger than
the semi-tendinosus, and is inserted to the tibia by a flat
tendon (figs. 13, 14, s.m. ; fig. 15, semi-m.). It also varies
in width with the width of the femoro-caudal, the increased
width being specially marked, in the eutaxic Ceryles.

Biceps in all is a strong muscle with a very wide origin
and the usual sling.

Ischio-femoralis {obturator exHernus) differs slightly but
irregularly in the extent of its origin from the pelvis, being
rather shorter in some of the eutaxic forms (figs. 13 and 14,
ob.). But in these cases another feature, the shortening of
the pelvis, must be kept in view, and it is by no means
certain that there is a definite relation between the chanaes
of size of the bone and the muscle. There is some evidence
that the pelvis is becoming shorter in the more specialized
Kingfishers, and unless the muscle is shortened at precisely
the same rate, a shortened pelvis would conceal a simultaneous
shortening of the mnscle. This raises the very large and
important question of the independence of the "growth
forces,^' which in some cases seem to be displayed by
different parts of an organism, while in other cases alteration
in parts seems to be accompanied by a recovery of the
original symmetry. I do not think that there is at present
enough material for the discussion of this subject.

Pub-ischio-feinorales {adductors) . — Ceryle maxima (fig. 13,
add. 1, add. 2) and C. inda (fig. 14, add.) show two condi-
tions. In C maxima the superior adductor is much smaller
and distinct, having no connection with the gastrocnemius,
while the internus is fused along a diagonal seam with the

I '>

1 <v

116 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

middle head of the gastrocnemius. This condition is typical
in Kingfishers and is common in birds. It occurs in Dacelo,
Ceryle maxima, four species of Sauropatis, the Halcyunes,
Cittura, Ceyx, Alcedo asiatlca, and A. bevyalensis. On the
other haud^ in Ceryle alcyon, a diastataxic form, in C. ameri-
cana, C. inda (fig. 14, add.), and Alcedo ispida, while the
internus is similar, the externvs is either so small as to be
practically indistinguishable (Alcedo) or has lost separate
identity.

Popliteus consists in all of a few fibres nearly transversely
arranged between the heads of the tibia and fibula.

Tibialis anticus in all has the usual fleshy head, from the
tibial crest and tendinous head from tlie external condyle of
the femur. It parses under a fibrous transverse bridge, and
is inserted by a single tendon.

Extensor diyitorum communis in Dacelo arises in the
normal fashion under the tibialis anticus; it is inserted to
the three digits by three distinct slips. In all the King-
fishers it is similar, except that in Ceyx the slip to the index
is absent.

Peroneus superficialis. — Thismuscle is plainly degenerating,
possibly in association Avith the degeneration of the fibula,
and it is notable that it is quite absent in many of the Pico-
Passerine group [Beddard). In Dacelo it arises from the
external corner of the tibial crest as a narrow tendon,
instead of the more normal broad origin by muscle or
fasciae. It is joined by a few fibres from the tibia along the
region of the fibula, and is inserted to the kiiee-caj)sule
without the usual slip to the flexor of the middle digit. The
same conditions exist in all the diastataxic forms and in
some of the eutaxic forms. But in other eutaxic forms,
notably Ceryle americana and C. inda, in the Halcyones, and
Ceyx, it is still more reduced, being simply a long round
tendon with the merest vestige of muscular fibres in it.

Peroneus profundus. — This muscle is relatively better
developed, arising from the area of the tibia usually covered
by the lower end of the fibula. This is the general con-
dition, and suggests an increased strength in compensation

AnatoMij oj the Kingfishers. 117

for the degeneration of the superficial muscle. The increase
is notable in some of the eutaxic forms, e. g. Ceryle
americana and C. inda.

Gastrocnemius. — In Dacelo (fig. 15, tib., mid., ext.) this
muscle has the usual three heads, the middle head being the
smallest and connected with the internal adductor. It is
similar in the other Kingfishers, except that in Halcyon rvfa
all three divisions are reduced to tendon, perhaps an
individual abnormality. I figure the muscle, as its arrange-
ment in different Avian groups has considerable interest.

Fisr. 15.

..adoL.

Leo:-mnscles of Dacelo gigantea.

fern., fetnur ; add., adductor ; semi-m., semi-membranosiis ; e.rt., mid.,

tib., external, middle, and tibial heads of the gastrocnemius.

Plantaris. — This is small and normal in all.

Flexores perf or antes et perforati of the second and third
digits are similar in all, except that in Ceyx the muscle of
the index is absent.

Flexores perforati of digits ii., iii., iv. — In Dacelo (fig. 16,
p. 118) this muscle-complex arises by two heads, vchidi join
and give rise to the tendons for the digits. One head is fleshy
and from between the condyles of the femur; the otlier also
is fleshy and arises, rather unusually, from the fibula and

118 Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

tibia near the insertion of the biceps. The ambiens muscle
is completely absent, and there is no trace of an ambiens
contributory to this muscle-complex. But there is present,
in a reduced coudition, a tendinous slip (fig. 16, c) from the
head of the fibula, a slip which in many birds unites with
the ambiens ligament before that passes into the muscle-
complex. I describe and figure this muscle because, although
it is similar in all the Kingfishers (except in Ceyx, where the

Fijr. 10.

3" "•
Leg-muscles of Dacelo giyantea.
F., femur; T., tibia; Fib., fibula; Bic, cut edge of biceps ; a, inter-
condylar head ; b, tibial head of flexor perforatus ; 2, 3, 4, tendons
to dibits II., III., IV. ; c, ligament from head of fibula.

tendon to the index is absent), its varying conditions in
different Avian groups still require examination. At present
it seems to me probable that the head from the fibular region
demands consideration in connection with certain rudiments
which I described as ambiens rudiments (10), and that this,
as well as the presence of the tendinous slip from the head
of the fibula, tends to break down Garrod's sharp distinction
between homalogonatous and anoraalogonatous birds.

Flexor longus hallucis and flexor profundus, — The origin of
these and their relation in the knee-capsule conform to the
normal Avian type. The plantar tendons, however, show

Anatoiiuj of the Kinyfishers. 119

specific peculiarities which I have figured^ as much stress
has been laid on these structures. In fig. 17 the tendons are
all represented as arranged in the same position; ihejiexor
hallucis is to the right and is dotted^ the deep flexor is to
the left and is not dotted^ but that portion of it which
represents the vinculum is marked with longitudinal lines.
The hallux is to the left. Sundevall made one of the earliest
contributions to knowledge of the interesting divergences in
these tendons which occur among birds ; but his attention
was devoted specially to the Passerine foot^ while Garrod (2)
laid the foundation of a more general knowledge. According
to his account, and subsequent research has strengthened
his position, the normal Avian condition is that the Jlexor
haliucis tendon crosses the communis tendon to be inserted
to the hallux, but on its way sends a strong vinculum to the
communis. In certain birds, however, he showed that the
hallucis and communis tendons fused, and that from their
conjoined mass slips were given ofl:' to the digits, the hallux
slip arising markedly on the side of the communis tendon,
not on the side of the hallucis tendon. He supposed the
condition in Momotus, Merops, and Dacelo, where the com-
munis obviously supplied the hallux, and where the hallucis
tendon instead of supplying the hallux supplied other digits,
to be a simple derivative of the foregoing stage. In a King-
fisher chick, the species of which was undetermined, I found
the condition which Garrod thought intermediate between
the most common arrangement and that in Merops and
Dacelo. The hallucis and communis tendons fused, and
from the common mass the tendons to the four digits arose,
that of the hallux arising on the communis side. I think
that there is much more to be said as to the primitive
and derived conditions in birds generally, but for i!ie present
I may point out that, as the figures show, the typical King-
fisher condition, that most strikingly diff'erent from those
more common in other birds, is for the so-called hallucis
to supply digits 3 and 4, and for the so-called communis
to supply the hallux and digit 2. This is extremely
well seen in the eutaxic forms ffig. 17, p. 120, IV. to X.) ;

120

Mr. P. C. Mitchell on the

only a narrow vinculum connects the two tendons. In
Dacelo (fig. 17, I.) and Sauropatis, and especially in the
diastataxic as contrasted with the eutaxic Ceryles (fig. 17,
II. and III.), the communis retains a more strong hold on the
third and fourth digits by means of a branching vinculum,

3 4

Deep plantar tendons of Kingfishers.
I. Dacelo yigantea. VI. Cittura.

II. Ceryle vuixima. VII. Halcyon pileata.

III. alcyon. VIII. riifa.

IV. americana. IX. Ceyx rujidorsa.

V. inda. X. Alcedo.

In all the communis tendon (plain) is to the left, and the hallucis tendon
(dotted) is to the right. The vinculum is striped. In all the tendon
for the hallux is to the left (1), and the tendons for digits 2, 3, and
4 follow towards the right. (2) is missing in Ceyx.

so that in these Kingfishers the peculiarity is not so acutely
marked.

Garrod made the interesting observation that when a
vinculum is present it runs down from the hallucis to the
communis, with the result that the hallux cannot be flexed
without at the same time flexing the other digits by the pull

Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 121

on the vinculum, whereas digits 2, 3, and 4 could be flexed
independently of the hallux by contraction of the communis
muscle. In the Kingfishers, where the hallux is supplied by
the communis, a similar functional result is brought about
in another way. The hallux cannot be flexed independently
of the other digits by the action of the communis, as the
vinculum from that runs down to the hallucis tendon ; but
digits 3 and 4 may be flexed, independently of the action of
the hallux, by the hallucis muscle.

In this communication I do not propose to enter into the
osteological modifications displayed in these Kingfishers, but
I may mention that they also provide valuable evidence as
to the relative specializations of eutaxic and diastataxic
forms. I may now sum up in a few words. When the
anatomy of Kingfishers is examined, it is found that the
differences present may, in a number of cases, be regarded as
showing a greater or less degree of specialization. The
group is to be regarded as marching in a definite direction,
many of the organs tending towards definite changes which
may be summed up as specialization. There is no rigid
correlation between the degrees of specialization of different
organs in the same species ; in some species certain changes
shoot out beyond others, but there is a general correlation,
so that if any species be far advanced in one organ it is
more likely to be far advanced in other organs, or to have a
higher average of advance among all its organs, it being
remembered that advance in such anatomical arguments
means change from common, ancestral, or generalized type,
whether such change be evolution or involution. The
change from diastataxy to eutaxy is one of these advances or
specializations, and in the Kingfishers, as in the Columbidai,
it is associated with a high average of advances in other
organs. I am not here concerned with what may be called
the motive force of specialization. It is plain that the
mode of its occurrence offers a specious argument to
those who would see in evolution evidence of a directive
impulse, resident in organisms, and the active agent in their

12.2 On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers.

phylogenetic modification. But it will be more in accord-
ance with scientific reserve if we interpret the kind of facts
set out in this paper as evidence that the direction of
variation is one of the characters that define organic groups.
It is obvious that this character is not likely to be exempt
from the phylogenetic strengthening, of which we have
evidence in the case of other characters.

List of papers referred to.

(1) Wray. — "On some Points in the Moipholog}- of the Wing of

Birds." P. Z. S. 1887, p. 343.

(2) Gaeeod. — " On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in

different Birds." P. Z. S. 1875, p. 339.

(3) Cunningham, R. O. — ''Notes on some Points in the Anatomy of

three Kingfishers." P. Z. S. 1870, p. 280.

(4) Beddaed. — " On some Points in the Anatomy of the Kingfishers."

P. Z. S. 1896, p. 603.
(o) FtiRBBiNGEE.— Uiitersuchnugen zur Morphologic nnd Systematik
der Vogel. 1888.

(6) Beddaed. — The Structure and Classification of Birds. 1898.

(7) Chalmees Mitchell. — " Quintocubitalism in the Wing of Birds."

J. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxvii. p. 210.

(8) PycEAPT. — " Aquintocubitalism in the Wing of Birds." J. Linn.

Soc, Zool. A'ol. xxvii. p. 237.

(9) Gadow, — " Aves " in Bronn's Thier-Peich.

(10) Chalmers Mitchell. — " On the Perforated Flexor Muscles in
some Birds." P. Z. S. 1894, p. 49*5.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV. & V.

Fig. 1. Alar muscles and tendons of Dacelu (jigantea.

■)

Ceryle maxima.

3. „ „ C. alci/on.

4. „ „ Sauropatis chhris.

5. „ „ Ceryle americana,

6. „ „ C. inda.

7. „ „ Cittura cyanutis.

8. „ „ Halcyon 2»leata.

9. „ „ H. rxrfa.

10. „ „ Alcedo asiatica.

All the figures represent the alar muscles and tendons. The outline of

the humerus is to the left. Tendons and fasciae are coloured blue j
muscles red.

Itis.lSOl.PLIV.

/ ^

EC.M. adTiatdel J Simt litK. Mint err.Br o s Ckrom.o.

ALAR MUSCLES OF KINGFISHERS.

Ilois 1901.P1.V.

^l y

ct

^^S^

I w

PCM aduat del J.Smit litK - MmternBi-os Ckroxno .

ALAR MUSCLES OF -KINGFISHERS.

Meetiny of the Deutsche orn. GeseUschaft. 123

Ih, pectoralis major.
p.l., „ loDgus slip.
p.b., „ brevis slip.
d.p., deltoides patagialis.
e., extensor metacarpi radialis.

Subdivisions of the hrevis tendon, named by Fiirbringer : y is
always most near the humerus, i. e. to the left in the figures;
a most near the wrist, i. e. to the right in the figures ; j3 is
"^ { median, and usually forms a fan-shaped expansion.

IX.— Report on the Anniversary Meeting of the Deutsche
ornithologische GeseUschaft. By E. Hartert (Delegate
of theB.O.U.).

Those members of our Union who have ever fallen into the
hands of the German Ornithological Society during one of
their annual gatherings will easily believe me if I say that I
was excellently received and with all the honour due to
the delegate of the B.O.U., when I arrived in Leipzig on
October 5th, 1900, to represent the sister Union at the
fiftieth anniversary of the German Society. In fact, it M-as
looked upon as a special compliment from our Union that I
was selected as the representative, connected, as I am, so
closely with the German Society, and so intimate as I have
long been with many of its members.

With the exception of Dr. Otto Herman, of Budapesth, I
was the only foreign delegate, but many German Scientific
Societies had sent representatives to Leipzig.

Professor Rudolf Elasius, as President of the Society,
opened tlie Meeting officially on October 6tli.

Herr Hermann Schalow gave au interesting resume of the
history of the Society, which consists, in fact, of two former
societies, amalgamated since 1875. The older of these had
existed since 1815, but at first only as a section of the
annual " Naturforscher-Versammlungen." In 1850, how-
ever, it was separated as an independent society. Only one
of the original founders is still alive, Herr Kunz of Leipzig,
who was present on this occasion, and was as active as a man
in his best vears.

124 Mr. E. Hartert — Anniversary Meeting

Herr Schalow recognised two periods of the Society : the
first from 1850 to 1875^ which was principally devoted to
European ornithology; the second after 1875^ in which
a wider view was taken^ resulting in much good work
done in exotic ornithology. A glance at the contents of
Professor Cabanis's 'Journal fiir Ornithologie' bears out
the statements of Herr Schalow, and I believe that a new
"sub-period/^ at least of the 'Journal/ might be rec( gnised
since the time that the publication became the property of
the Society (in 1893) and began to appear more regularly
and to grow in size.

After Herr Schalow's lecture the representatives of other
societies were cerernoniouslj' received and made their speeches.
Of these the better-known bodies, at least in England, were
the Deutsche zoologische Gesellschaft (represented by Pro-
fessor Chun), the Senckenbergische naturfoi'schende Gesell-
schaft (by Herr de Neufville), the Verein zura Schutze der
Vogelwelt (by Dr. Carl Hennicke), the Zoological and
Ornithological Societies of Leipzig, Braunschweig, Neisse,
Stuttgart, and the Ornithologische Centrale of Budapesth.

I did my best to express the goodwill and good wishes of
the Members of the B.O.U., and gave a brief account of the
origin and work of our Union, exhibiting the first and the
latest volumes of 'The Ibis,^ which, of course, compared
most favourably wdth the ' Journal fiir Ornitliologie.'

Drs. P. L. Sclater and R. B. Sharpe were elected Honorary
[Members of the " Gesellschaft.'"

The rest of the first day was occupied by a visit to the
Zoological Gardens of Leipzig, the festival dinner (with very
numerous speeches), and other entertainments. German
ornithologists are not in the least averse to gaiety after their
scientific meetings.

The second day, October 7th, was entirely devoted to
science. A large number of lectures were delivered, some
with exhibits of various kinds, and almost every one was
followed by more or less lengthy discussions. The following
subjects which came before us are specially noteworthy : —
Count von Berlepsch spoke about Bolivian birds, exhibiting

of the Deutsche ornithologische Gesellschaft. 125

and describing a number of new forms. Professor Wilhelm
Blasius described the fossil bird-deposits in the Riibeland caves
on the Harz, and spoke of some Malayan birds. Professor
Koenig discoursed on some rare Mediterranean birds. Dr.
Helm criticized Gatke's supposed proofs of the rapidity of
the flight of migrants. Professor Rudolf Blasius gave
animated impressions of his visits to some parts of Western
Franc(3, especially Normandy, Brittany, and Touraine, much
regretting- the want of adequate labelling with regard to
locality and date of capture in the museums at most of these
places. Herr Matschie dilated upon the affinities of the
Polynesian fauna ; Herr Schalow made proposals about a
German ornithological bibliography ; Herr R. Schlegel
showed some varieties of Rapaces and Tetraonidce ; and Herr
J. Thienemann made proposals for a permanent ornitho-
logical observatory-station, to be placed on the north-eastern
point of Germany.

Only a short interval was allowed for luncheon and a
visit to the Museum of the University of Leipzig, where a
fairly good representative collection of birds may be seen,
and where, at present, the very interesting collections of the
Deep-Sea Expedition are on view. The egg-cabinets of
Dr. Eugene Rey, famous for the enormous series of eggs of
Cuculus canoruii, were also inspected.

In the afternoon the scientific business was continued.
Among others, Freiherr von Berlepsch spoke about the work
of the section for the Protection of Birds in Paris in June;
but the most interesting lecture on this occasion was that of
Professor Reichenow, who compared the richness of the
African Avifauna with that of other countries, and laid
before the Meeting the first part of his great work on the
Birds of Africa, which had just left the press.

The last day was devoted to an excursion, via Eisleben,
to the " Siisse See," and to the scanty remains of a once
wide-spreading " Salzige See," both historical localities in
German ornithology, where the Naumanns made many of
their observations and did much collecting. Afterwards the
village of Volkmaritz, the new home of Pastor Kleinschmidt,

126 Recently published Oi'nitholoyical Works.

was visited, and his interesting collection of Palsearctic birds
was inspected.

Altogether the Meeting was very successful, and sufficed
to prove that ornithological activity in Germany is rather
increasing than diminishing.

It was decided that the next Annual Meeting of the
German Society should be held in Berlin during the session
of the Zoological Congress in August 1901, and a hope was
expressed that some of their foreign ornithological colleagues
would then be the guests of the Society.

X. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

1. Annals of Scottish Natural History.

[Tlie Annals of Scottish Natural History. No. 35, JiilylQOO, and
No. 80, October 1900.]

In an interesting article Prof essor Newton gives an account
of his observations on the Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis
(O'Reilly), in Scottish waters ; in the first instance near the
Butt of Lewis on the ,27th of June, 1894<, and, secondly, on
the 24th of June, 1895. The birds were in considerable
numbers, and most of them were sitting in couples on the
water. None were seen to dive, nor did any of them on those
occasions strike the water with great violence in pursuit of
food, as described by Captain J. W. Collins in the 'Annual
Report of the [American] Commissioners for Fish and
Fisheries for 1882,'' p. 315, and also by Mr. Robert Warren
in ' The Zoologist,' 1894, p. 22.

Mr. A. Nicol Simpson's " Contribution to the Ornithology
of Kincardineshire" is concluded in the October number,
and relates to a part of Scotland on the birds of which little
has been written. Lt.-Col. Duthie gives an account of the
semi-domesticated Greylags {Anser cinereus) of Blair Drum-
mond, the descendants of a pair introduced from North Uist
about twelve years ago. Among the usual short notices,
Mr. Eagle Clarke's record of the occurrence of Scojis giu
towards the end of April on the remote island of Foula, in

Recently published Ornithological Works. 127

the Slietlands, shows a remarkable extension of that bird's
range; North Ronaldshay, Orkney, in 1892, having been
hitherto the furthest north that it has reached. — H. S.

2. ' The Auk.'

[The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Oruithology. Vol. xvii. Nos. 3
and 4, July and October 1900.]

The first paper in the July number of ' The Auk ' is by
Mr, H. W. Henshaw, on the "Occurrence of Larus glaucescens
and other American Birds in Hawaii'^ ; but inasmuch as the
writer persistently speaks of certain Gulls by the trivial name
of " Glaucous Gull/' we are unable to recoguise the exact
species to which he refers, for Larus glaucescens and L. glaucus
are perfectly distinct. We expected to find a correction or
explanation of this error in the October number^ but see
none. The remaining birds identified in the Hawaiian grou[)
are Diomedea chinensis, Mergus serrator, Crymophilus fuli-
carius, Calidris arenaria, and Gallinago delicata, while other
migratory species are hinted at. Mr. W. Brewster describes
the breeding-habits of Clangula clangula americana, with two
plates ; Mr. W. Palmer treats of the "Ecology of the Mary-
land Yellowthroat and its relatives " {Geothlypis) ; Mr. J. O.
Snyder has a short paper on the Birds of Idaho and Wash-
ington ; Mr. Henshaw describes a new species of Shearwater,
Puffinus newelli, from Hawaii ; and Mr. A. W. Anthony
contributes an interesting account, with a plate, of the
nesting-habits of the Pacific-coast members of that genus.
The names of the thirty new species of birds described
by Mr. E. W. Nelson from Mexico may be left for the
Zoological Recorder, who will also note Mr. Heber's new sub-
species of the genus Hylocichla. Dr. T. H. Roberts gives a
very full account, with illustrations, of the nesting of Larus
frankliiii in Southern Minnesota, Avhich shows that it
breeds much further south than was supposed ; and Mr.
Outram Bangs sends notes on a collection of birds from the
Bahamas.

The frontispiece of the October number of our con-
temporary illustrates a paper by INlr. Frank Bond on the

128 Recently published Ornithological fVorks.

nuptial performance of Centrocercus urophasianus. Pro-
fessor J. A, Allen follows with an article on '' Aptoso-
chromatism," to which Mr. Bonhote may possibly be
inclined to reply ; and Mr. Carroll gives notes on the birds of
Refugio County, Texas. Mr. W. H. Kobbe's account of the
birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington State, deserves
mention. Students of American Ornithology will appreciate
Prof. Allen's remarks on North-American birds collected at
Santa Marta, Colombia. Mr. Jonathan Dwight, Jun., has a
long paper on the Moult of North American Limicolxs, which
should be compared with Prof. Allen's aforesaid article on
" Aptosochromatism.'' Among the minor notices, the record
of our European Linnet {Linota cannabina) in New York
State is interesting. — H. S.

3. Bangs on a neiv Geotrygon.

[A new TJove from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. By
Outram Bangs. Proc. New England Zool. Club, i. p. 107, May 1900.]

The form of Geotrygon found on the Sierra Nevada of
Santa Marta is separated from Geotrygon linearis (of Bogota)
as a new subspecies — G. I. infusca.

4. Buchnill's ' Birds of Surrey.'

[The Birds of Surrey. By John A. Buclmill. 8vo. London : Porter.
1900. Pp. hi, 374. 21«.]

Though the ornithology of Surrey has by no means been
neglected in the past, as may be seen from the articles in
' Loudon's Magazine,' ' The Zoologist,' and elsewhere, by
E. Newman (Rusticus), E. Blyth (Zuophilus), and others,
nor have writers of the present day failed to interest them-
selves to a considerable extent in its Avifauna, the county
has been singularly unfortunate in that it has never com-
manded the undivided attention of any author, with regard
to its Birds, until so near the end of the century.

In the volume before us, however, Mr. Bucknill has
undertaken to supply the deficiency, and has given us a
very full list of the occurrences of the various species, with
accounts in considerable detail of their distribution. The

Recently published Ornithological Works. 129

book cannot be considered wholly satisfactory, as somewhat
too much reliance is at times placed on the testimony
of little-known authors, while the works of F. O. Morris
and "A Sou of the Marshes" are apparently accounted
" standard " and are placed on a level with those of Yarrell
and so forth.

The Charterhouse School collection of birds, selected from
that formed by the late Mr. William Stafford of Godalming,
has nevertheless given the author a firm basis of facts on
which to ground liis structure ; and, as he is most careful
to inform us what his authority is in each instance, we can
judge for ourselves how far it may be trusted.

A bibliography is followed by an introduction of 31 pages,
in two nearly equal parts, which consists firstly of an account
of the natural features of Surrey g•i^eu in a most full and
pleasing manner, and secomily of a bibliographical portion
of considerable value. The illustrations consist of six
admirable photogravures of local scenery after L. Daniehson,
and thirteen reproductions of drawings by Mrs. ]Jell and
H. W. Murray, with a map of the County.

The book is evidently the work of one who is thoroughly
conversant with the district, though he is careful not to
state with undue precision the exact habitat of the rai'cr
breeding species.

,5. Butler on the Birds of the Andamans and the Nicobars.

[The Birds of the Audanian and Nicobar Islands. Bj A. L. Butler,
F.Z.S. Jnurn. Jionibay Nat. Jlist. Soc. xii. pp. o86, ooo, 684 ; xiii.
p. 144.]

Mr. A. L. Butler, F.Z.S., Curator of the SeJangor State
Museum, visited the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1897
and 1898, staying about nine months at Port Blair, and six
weeks on some of the Nicobar Islands. In the present
memoir he gives us an account of his own researches into
the bird-life of the two groups, and compares them with the
observations of jNIessrs. Hume and Davison in ISZS"^.

* See Mr. Hume's articles in ' Stray Feathers/ vol. ii, pp. 29-334 and
pp. 490 oOl ; al.so op. cit. vol. iv. pp. 279 294.

SER. VHI. VOL. I. K

130 Recently published Ornitholoyical Works.

Altogether Mr. Butler includes 209 species in the Avifauna
of these islands, and adds many excellent field-notes. A
coloured figure is given of Astur butleri Gurney (Bull.
B. O. C. vii. p. xxvii), which is ''not uncommon in the
forests of Car Nicobar/'

Mr. Butler should have added to his paper a list of the
species peculiar to the Andamans and Nicobars, and pointed
out their nearest allies on the continent. This would have
helped us to find out how these islands became stocked with
bird-life. Geographically they are an extension of the ridge
of Sumatra, and probably their zoological alliances are in the
same direction, although this does not seem to have been
Mr. Hume's opinion.

6. Biittikofer on the Birds of Central Borneo.

[Zoological Results of the Dutch Scientific Expedition to Central
Borneo. — Birds. By Dr. J. Biittikofer. Notes Leyden Mus. xxi. p. 145.]

Dr. Biittikofer has already given an interesting general
account of his expedition to Central Borneo in his preface to
Dr. Jentink's essay on the Mammals procured for the Leyden
Museum on that occasion. The report on the Birds of the
expedition, now before us, has been delayed by the circum-
stances of the author's appointment to the Directorship of the
Zoological Garden of Rotterdam.

In the present memoir Dr. Biittikofer adds to the list
of the birds obtained by himself and his companions during
the Central Bornean Expedition an account of a small
collection made at Pontianak near the west coast by
Mr. Moret, one of his assistants, after his return, and
of others made by Dr. A. W. Nieuwenhuis and by
Mr. Westenenk, some of which were from Eastern Borneo ;
and thus he reports altogether upon specimens referable to
269 species. A comparison of the Western and Eastern
collections shows that, so far as the lowlands are concerned,
the Avifauna of this part of the island is nearly homogeneous.
Contrary to Dr. Biittikofer's expectations, as he was
exploring a district ornithologically unknown, and as he
paid special attention to the more obscure and local forms,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 131

not one of tlie 2(39 species enumerated proved to be wg'v/ ,
and only two {Harpactes orrhophceus and Cyanoderma
poliogaster) are additions to the Boruean Ornis. But a
number of useful notes of all kinds will be found to
accompany the list, and various species of special interest
are emphasized. Glaucidium sylvaticum Bp. is held to be the
correct name of G. burneense Sharpe, Bornean specimens being
inseparable from those from Sumatra. Numerous specimens
of Calyptoniene hosii Sharpe were obtained b}^ this expedition
in the dense forests of the Liang Koeboeng range. In Tri-
chostoma rostratum the male has the tarsi abnormally short
(18 mm. instead of 25)— a very curious phenomenon, already
noticed by Dr. Bilttikofer (N. L. M. 1895-96, p. 87), but
now clearly proved. A mated pair of the rare Myiophuneus
borneensis were obtained during the expedition, and the nest
and eggs taken. They are now described. Four pairs of
the peculiar Bornean Pheasant, Lobiophasis buhveri, were
procured in the dense mountain-forests.

Appended to this paper are good coloured figures (by
Keulemans) of Glavcidium sylvaticum, Siphia everetti, and
(S. beccariana.

7. Cook on the Antarctic Ornis.

[Through tlie First Antarctic Niglit, 1898-1899. By Frederick
A. Cook, J\I.l). London: Heineinann, 1900. 1 vol. 8vo. 478 pp.
Price 20s.]

Dr. F. A.Cook, Surgeon, Anthropologist, and Photographer
to the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1898-99, gives us a
vivid account of the incidents of the vovage of the ' Belaica '
and of his yearns detention in the Antarctic ice. We need
not here enlarge on the geographical and other general results
attained, but may call attention to the frequent references to
birds throughout the volume. Penguins are of course one of
the leading features of animal life in Antarctica, and appear
to be found there in greater or less abundance throughout
the year. They supply fresh meat of a very healthful, if not of
a very savoury quality. " Several lives," we are told (p. 334),
" have certainly been saved by eating Penguins," Moreover,

K 2

132 Recently published Ornithological Works.

they were so kindly disposed as to come and be caught when
summoned. " At meal-time a cornet is used to call the men
together. The Penguins, when they hear it, make directly
for the ship. In this manner we have only to wait and seize
our visitors to obtain penguin-steaks, which are just at present
the prize of the menu."

It seems that Pygosceles adelite is the prevalent species
of the Antarctic islands, and breeds there in '' countless
millions." Frequent references are also made to the Emperor
Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri, specimens of wliich were
obtained.

In the appendix on the general results of the expedition,
the following short report on the bird-life will be found : —

" The birds constantly present upon the ice-pack are not
numerous : the veiy large Petrel {Ossifraga gigantea), the
Snow-Petrel {Pagodroma nivea), the Antarctic Petrel [Tha-
lassceca nntarctica), the Brown Sea-Gull {Megalestris ant-
arctica), Forster's Penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri), and the
Adelia-land Penguin [Pygosceles adelia) are the most
common species."

The collection of birds made by the ^Belgica^ has been
sent to Mr. How^ard Saunders, and a scientific account of it
will be published hereafter. A Roumanian, Eraile Racovitza,
was the Naturalist to the Expedition.

8. Carrie on a neiv Bird of Paradise.

[A new Bird of Paradise. By RoUa P. Currie. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu3.
xxii. p. 497.]

This supposed new species, which it is proposed to call Cicin-
nurus lyogyrus, is based on a single skin in the U.S. National
Museum oi'iginally obtained from Mr. A. Boucard. It shows
a pectoral shield " nearly four times as long as in C. regius,"
shorter frontal plumes, and other differences, which are
described and illustrated in an outlined plate. The specimen
is labelled " New Guinea."

9. Euler on the Nests and Eggs of Brazilian Birds.

[Descripcao dos Ninbos e Ovos das Aves do Brasil. Por Carlo Euler.
llevista do Museu Paulista, iv. p. 9, 1900.]

Recently published Ornithological Woi-ks. 133

This is a republication, witli additions and corrections and
with revised nomenclature, of the four well-known articles
on the nesting of Brazilian birds published by the author in
the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie ' for 1867 and 1868. In the
first section of the article (Parte Descriptiva) particulars of
all that has been recorded and is known of the nests and
eggs of 223 species are given in systematic order. In the
second part (Parta Comparativa) general conclusions are
stated as to the mode of nesting and style of eggs of the
various groups to which these 223 species belong. In the
third part (Parte Biologica) particulars are given as to
the number of eggs laid by each species, and as to the
season of the year in which nesting takes place.

10. Finn's ' Fancy Waterfowl.'

[Fancy Waterfowl. By Frank Finn, F.Z.S. 1 vol. 4to. 46 pp.
London, 1899.]

This is a reprint of a series of popular articles that have
appeared in ' The Feathered World,^ in which the most
esteemed Waterfowl usually to be seen in collections on
ornamental waters are described and depicted. It will be
useful to amateurs as it is, but would have been more so if
all the species hitherto kept in captivity had been treated of,
so as to provide a complete work on the subject.

11. Ihering on the Birds of Cantayallo and Nova Frihurgo.

[Aves observadas em Cantagallo e Nova Friburgo. Por N. von
Ihering. Revista do Museu Paulista, iv. p. 149, 1900.]

As an appendix to Herr Euler's memoir [supra, p. 132)
Prof. Ihering has composed a list of the 368 species of birds
that have been observed in the interior of the province
of Rio Janeiro, in the neighbourhood of Cantagallo and
of the adjoining settlement of New Fribourg, Our main
authority on this subject is Euler, who laboured long and
diligently in this district ; but Lund, Burmeister, and
others made some additions to the list. After the name
adopted for each species, the authority for its occurrence in
any locality is indicated bv the initials of the collector.

134 Receithj published Ornithological Works.

12. Iherhuj on the Birds of Rio Grande do Sul.

[As Avea do PJstado do Eio Grande do Siil. For H. von Ihering.
12ino. Alegre, ] 899. 42 pp.]

This is a reprint of an article contributed by Dr. von
Ihering to the ' Aiinuario ^ of the Brazihan State of Rio
Grande do Sul for 1900. After a preface, which contains
general remarks on the sources of our knowledge of the
Avifauna of this district and on its chief peculiarities, the
author gives a complete list of the 362 species known to him
as occurring within its limits, adding references to his list of
the birds of the State of S. Paulo lately published in the
third volume of tlie ' Revista do Museu Paulista ' * and short
descriptions of the few species of Rio Grande do Sul which
are not found in the State of S. Paulo.

13. Ihering on the Nesting of Brazilian Birds.

[Catalogo Critico-comparativo dos Ninlios e Ovos das Aves do Brasil.
Por H. von Iheiing. Eevista do Museu Paulista, iv. p. 191, 1900.]

In this memoir the energetic Director of the IVIuseu Paulista
has endeavoured to collect together all the information yet
recorded concerning the nests and eggs of the birds of Brazil.
The notes are arranged systematically according to the
British ]\Iuseum Catalogue of Birds, and references are
given to the principal authorities on each species, while in
some cases serious discrepancies in the different accounts of
the same nest are pointed out. Some twenty-five nests are
illustrated by figures in the text. This is a most useful
compilation, and forms an excellent base for future work on
a much neglected subject.

14. ' Irish Naturalist.'

[The Irish Naturalist. A Monthly Journal of General Irish Natural
History. Edited by G. H. Carpenter and R. Lloyd Praeger. Vol. ix.
Nos. 1-12.]

We are glad to see the ornithological reputation of this
Magazine fairly maintained, and it would take still higher
rank if certain Irishmen contributed to its support, instead of
sending their little papers about Ireland to be published in

* See 'Ibi.=^,' 3^00, p. 400.

Recenthj published Ornithological Works. 135

England ! Messrs. Ussiier, Warren, Williams, and a few
others do their best ; and Dr. C. J. Patten gives us an
important article, with a map of distribution, on the RufF
{Machetes pugnax). The details of a new breeding-place of
the Sandwich Tern {Sterna cantiaca) on Lough Erne, from
notes by Mr. Warren, is an interesting feature ; for until
recently there was only one colony of this species known in
Ireland. Another Snow-Goose, referred to Chen nivalis
(Forster), is recorded (p. 109). — II. S.

15. Kastschenko on the Birds vf the Altai.

[Results of the Zoological Altai-Expedition in the year 1898. Ver-
tebrata. By N. Th. Kastschenko. Bull. Imp. Univ. Tomsk, 1899.
Pp. 158, 3 pis. (Russian.)]

This work we know only from the notice of it in the
' Zoologische Centralblatt' (Jahrg. vii. p. 815). It gives an
account of the results obtained by a small expedition sent
out to the Altai under the leadership of Prof. Kastschenko
in 1898. The names of the birds observed are stated in the
notice. They include Gypaetus barhatus, Dryocopus martius,
Sitta uralensis, Lusciniola fuscata, Ruticilla erythronota,
Accentor altaicus, Pyrrhocorax alphins, Otocorys brandti,
Emberiza leucocephala, Charadrius geojfruyi, and others of
interest.

16. Le Souef on the Mud-nest-building Birds of Australia.

[The Mud-nest-building Birds of Australia. By D. Le Souef. Know-
ledge, xxiii. p. 92 (April 2nd, 1900).]

Besides the Swallows there are in Australia three species
of birds belonging to three different genera that principally
use mud in the composition of their nests. These are
Corcorax melanorhamphus , Struthidea cinerea, and Grallina
picata. Their nests and eggs are described and well figured
in this article.

17. Loomis on Califondan Water-birds.

[California Water-birds. — No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Autumn.
By Leverett M. Loomis. Proc. California Ac. Sc. ser. 3, Zool. ii. No. 3.]

We have now received another of Mr. Loomis' essays

136 Recently jiuhlifihed Ornithological Works.

on the Water-birds of California (c/. Ibis, 1897, p. 125). It
refers to the species found in the vicinity of Montere}' in
autumn^ and contains much valuable information ou their
migration. It is held that bird-migration is a habit^ evolved
by education and inheritance^ which owes its origin and per-
petuation to winter and the consequent failure of food. This
is^ no doubt, one great cause ; but are there not others ?

18. Merriani on the Birds of Mount Shasta.

[Residts of a Biological Survey of Mount Sliasta, California. By
0. Hart Merriani. North Amer. Fauna, No. 16, 1809.]

In the summer of 1898 Dr. Merriam and his staff made a
Complete biological survey of Mount Shasta, " the pride of
California," an extinct volcano 14,450 feet in altitude, situated
near the sea north of San Francisco and completely cut off
from the neighbouring mountains. The report on the Fauna
and Flora of this district is very pleasant reading, and beauti-
fully illustrated by numerous figures in the text.

The birds obtained and observed are referred to 136 species,
the list of which is arranged according to the American
Check-list and contains many excellent field-notes. One
of the " most common, most characteristic, and most in-
teresting " birds of the higher slopes of Mount Shasta
is Clark's Crow or Nutcracker {Nucifraga colombiana), of
Avhich a pretty figure is given (p. 120), It usually feeds on
the seeds of the white-barked pine {Pinus albicaiilis) , as the
European Nutcracker does on those of the cones of P. cembra,
while it ranges up to the edge of the snow at 11,000 feet.
The llumming-birds of Shasta are Sclasphorus rufus and
Stellula calliope, the latter being the more common at high
altitudes.

Besides the special lists of animals, the chapters of this
report on the 'Life-zones of Shasta' deserve the careful
attention of the naturalist.

19. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society's Trans-
actions.

[Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society.
Vol. vi. Pts. 2-5, Vol. vii. Pt. 1. Norwich, 1896-1900.]

A natural desire to wait for the accumulation of papers on

Recently published Ornitholoyicul Works. 137

ornithology iu the pages of our much valued contemporary
has led to a longer delay than was contemplated, but we
now resume the continuity of our notices of its good work.
In Part 2, Mr. J. H. Gurney gives an account of the behaviour
in life and the appearance in death of Scebglaux albifacies,
an Owl which is said to be nearly extinct in New Zealand.
Professor Newton follows with an interesting record of the
breeding of the Spoonbill in Norfolk as long ago as the reign
of Edward I. ; the bird being mentioned in the Patent Rolls,
under the date of March 22nd, 1300, by its ancient name
(Latinized to suit the language of the document) of
''Popeler:" ''cognate with or corrupted from the Dutch
Lepelaar." In Part 3, Mr. Gurney has a suggestive paper on
the tendency in certain birds to resemble other species ; and
he afterwards relates the results of his ornithological experi-
ences in Switzerland, illustrated by a reproduction of Fatio
and Studer's map showing the distribution o£ Cyjjselus melba
during the breeding-season. Mr. J. E. Harting sends some
notes on Hawking in Norfolk, supplementary to his paper in
a former part of the 'Transactions^ (vol.iii.) and a communi-
cation of Mr. Southwell in vol. v. Mr. H, E. Dresser gives
a sketch of the affinities and distribution of some of the rarer
European Warblers, with special reference to the capture of
Pallas's Willow-Warbler {Phylloscopus pi'oregulus) at Cley in
Norfolk. A coloured plate of it, reproduced by permission
from the late Lord Lilford^s ' Birds of the British Islands,'
is added. The specimen is now in the valuable collection of
Mr. E. M. Connop, of Rollesby Hall. A list, by Mr. W. G.
Clarke, of the birds found in the neighbourhood of Thetford
occupies pp. 306-325. In Part 4, Mr. Southwell gives an
interesting account of Feltwell Decoy, and also of the
St. Helen's Swan-pit ; he further describes the acquisition
of one of the indigenous Norfolk Bustards, shot on Swaff-
hara Heath about sixty years ago. Mr. S. F. Harmer
describes some bones of a Pelican from the Cambridgeshire
Fens. In a valuable paper Mr. Gurney discusses at some
length the economy of the Cuckoo, and calls attention to
several important points which require further attention.
Amonir the minor notices are records of the occurrence of

138 Recently published Ornithological Works.

the Black-browed Albatross in Cambridgeshire [in 1897] ; of
Lariis cuchinnans near Yarmouth ; and of a Tawny Pipit, also
near Yarmoutli, this beings strange to say_, the first record of
the species for Norfolk, though one has been ascribed to
Lowestoft, in the next county. In Part 5, Mr. Gurney
sketches the distribution of the Bearded Tit in England ;
Mr. W. Warde Fowler has a short article on birds
observed in tlie Valley of the Somme ; Mr. G. H. Caton
Haigh gives details of the acquisition of Lusciniola schwartzl,
new to England, and even to Europe ; and Messrs. Gurney
and Southwell contribute a very useful supplement, with
many additions, to their former list of Norfolk birds.

In Part 1 of vol. vii. the ornithologist will find much to
interest him in Mr. W. A. Nicholson's article on Sir Thomas
Browne as a naturalist, and Mr. Southwell contributes one
of his semi-antiquarian papers on Wildfowl-driving in the
sixteenth century ; while Professor Newton sends a note on
the devouring of a Great Bustard, which was probably of
Norfolk origin, at a banquet chronicled in ' Memoirs of the
Vernon Family' in March 1675. In concluding this notice,
we must not omit to say that in each Part Mr. Southwell
records the additions to the Norwich Castle Museum, while
Mr. A. Patterson's successive Natural History notes from
Yarmouth deserve honourable mention. — H. S.

20. North on a new Australian Bird.

[Description of a new Bird from North-west Australia. By A. J
North, C.M.Z.S. Victorian Naturalist, xvii. p. 78, 1900.]

Eremiornis carteri is a new genus and species of Timeliine
birds, of which two specimens were obtained by Mr. Tom
Carter at North-west Cape, near Exmouth Gulf, N.W. Aus-
tralia, in July 1899. "The slender bill, short tarsi, small
feet, and abnormally long upper and under tail-coverts "
distinguish this form from other Australian genera.

21. Palmer on Economic Ornitholoyij in the U.S.

[A Review of Economic Ornithology in the United States. By
T. S. Palmer. Repr. from Yearhook of Dept. Agricult. for 1899.]

Tliis is a very interesting account of what is being done in

Recently published Ornithological Works. 139

''Economic Ornithology"^ in the United States. A some-
what similar system, if it could possibly be kept within due
limits, might be of advantage in England. '^ Economic
Ornithology " deals with birds in their relation to agriculture,
horticulture, trade, and sport ; it treats of species important
to the farmer, the fruit-grower, the game-dealer, the milliner,
and the sportsman — in sliort it is the practical application of
our knowledge of birds to the affairs of everyday life." In
the present treatise the history of Economic Ornithology in
the United States is considered under three heads: — (1) In-
vestigations as to the value of birds; (2) their commercial
uses; and (3) measures for their preservation and destruction,
and for the introduction of important species. Although
much had been done (wisely or unwisely) by previous workers
in all these departments before 1885, it was the selection of
Dr. C. Hart Merriam for appointment to what was shortly
afterwards named the " Division of Biological Survey " in
the "Department of Agriculture"" that first led to systematic
and continuous work on this subject.

We cannot undertake even to mention all the numerous
investigations pursued by the Department since its insti-
tution, but will call attention to some of its principal
pieces of work. Researches as regards birds supposed to be
injurious — such as Hawks, Owls, and Crows — have been
largely carried out, as we know by the reports on this subject
frequently noticed in our Journal. The Biological Survey
has a collection of some 32,000 birds' stomachs, which are
gradually being examined and reported upon. Some birds
hitherto considered more or less noxious have been pro-
nounced " not guilty,"' even the Crow being considered to
do " more good than harm,"' whilst the '^ English Sparrow ""
is the only species that has been unreservedly condemned.
" Game-birds "' generally are pronounced to be useful to the
farmer, and their consumption in North America as food
seems to be enormous, some species (such as the Prairie-fowl
and Passenger Pigeon) having now been seriously reduced in
numbers by undue slaughter.

Mr. Palmer also tells us much about the wholesale col-

140 Recently published Ornithological Works.

lection of eggs for food which has been practised at various
points on the American coasts, and of the destruction of
certain species of birds to supply the hateful millinery
traffic, and gives us many particulars on these well-known
subjects. Lastly, he writes of the guano-trade, which, like
"eggs" and ^'feathers," has been much overworked of late
years. A map illustrates the distribution of the 5i islands
in the Pacific which have been taken possession of by the
citizens of tlie United States for the purpose of removing
the guano ; but most of them are now nearly or quite
exhausted.

Finally the measures, some wise and some unwise, that
have been taken in various States for the destruction and
preservation of birds are epitomized; and an account is given
of the attempt to contaminate the Neotropical avifauna by
the introduction of foreign species. Except in the notorious
case of the " English Sparrow," and perhaps in that of the
Pheasant, the majority of these, we are pleased to say, are
pronounced to have been unsuccessful.

22. Palmer on the Bird-Laws of the United States.

[Legislation for the Protection of Birds, other than Game-Rirds. By
T. S. Palmer. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. No. 12, 1900.]

The chief object of this report is to afford information
respecting the regulations for the pi'otection of birds (other
than game-birds) that have been made in various parts
of the American Union. Abstracts of these laws, which
have been passed in nearly every State except Alaska, are
given under the heads of the names of these States arranged
alphabetically. But this is prefaced by a general discussion
on protective legislation for birds, which is fully considered
in its various aspects. It is certain that, in spite of what has
been done, "bird-destruction is going on rai)idly in the
United States," and that it would be very desirable to effect
a greater degree of uniformity in the laws on this subject in
the fifty different commonwealths than that which at present
exitsts.

Recently published OrmtholoyicaJ Works. 141

23. Pike on Bird-land.

[In Bird-Land with Field-glass and Camera. By Oliver G. Pike.
8vo. London : Unwin, 1900. Pp. xvi, 280. Price G,s.]

This little book consists of pleasing studies o£ bird-life from
the pen of an accurate observer of everyday occurrences^ who,
moreover^ shows a proper anxiety for the preservation of
the rarer species. The scope of his observations is chiefly
confined to the counties lying immediately to the north of
London, though three chapters are devoted to the Norfolk
Broads ; the woods, fields, hedgerows, and streams being
all laid under contribution. By various devices, and by the
aid of a silent shutter, he has been able to take 83 photo-
graphs of birds at very close quarters, even when they are
sitting upon or entering their nests. The pictures are of
very unequal merit, but those referring to the Bearded
Tit on pp. 224, 229, and 231 are quite true to nature.

24. Pycraft on the Plerylosis of the Meyapodes.

[A Contribution towards our Knowledge of the Pterylography of the
Megapodii. By W. P. Pycraft. Reprinted from A. Willey's 'Zoological
Results,' Part iv. pp. 483-492, pi. xlix.]

This paper contains one of those important pieces of work
in which to find no fault is the highest praise. Consequently
we may at once devote our attention to a study of the
contents.

The material in Mr. Pycraft's hands consisted of a series
of embryos of unknown parentage and one newly-hatched
nestling (probably of Meyapodiiis eremita) procured by
Dr. Willey, together with an embryo of the same species,
one of Megacephalon maleo, and the type of Megapodins
pritchardi (in spirit), used for comparison.

New and remarkable points noted by the author are as
follows: — (1) The pi^ecise details of the pterylography of
both adult and embryo; (2) the arrested development in the
nestling of the outermost primaries and of the 1st (2nd)
cubital remex ; (3) the different rate of growth of the fore-
arm from that of the manus in the embryo. AVith regai'd to

142 Recently published (Jraitholuyical Works.

(2) and (3), the young of Opisfhocomus and Gallus agree \vit!i
that of Megapodius.

We are further informed that the pterylosis is practically
the same in the adult and in the embryo, while in both of
these the wing is diastataxial (aquintocubital) ; the nestling,
moreover, lacks the twelve rectrices found in the full-grown
bird.

The nestling Megapodius has no jn'ceplumulai [or what
might be termed ante-down-feathers] , neither are its feathers
praepenncE [ante-contour-feathers], the latter being shed
early in embryonic life or only remaining in the form of
transitory rudiments, which may be seen on the tips of the
remiges of tlie ripe embryo. If these represent the prae-
pennse of other birds, they differ in that the rami are dis-
integrated within an unbroken sheath. Owls have similar
plumage during their first year, following upon the prsepennse,
but Megapodius possesses it at birth.

The structure of the nestling-plumage is probably unique ;
the feathers liave a long, simple, main shaft, with a well-
defined aftershaft, both having close-set, bdaterally arranged,
delicate rami, beginning near the base and reaching to the
tip, while the radii, which clothe the whole of the rami, are
often produced into _/i7a, the homologues of the booklets of
contour-feathers. The rami at the distal end of the main
shaft are basally compressed into blade-like lamincc, wherein
they resemble those of the prsepennre in the young Tinamou.

25. Reichenow's Birds of Africa.

[Die Vdgel Afrikas. Von Aut. Reichenow. Erster Band. Erste
Halfte. 4to. Neudannn : J. Neumann, 1900. Pp. 820. Price 50s.]

The great interest now taken in African ornithology is
indicated by the issue of two special works on it, of nearly
the same scope, at the same time. While Capt. Shelley is
writing his ^ Birds of Africa ' in London, Prof. Reichenow
is preparing his ' Vogel Afrikas ' in Berlin. The first " half-
volume " of the latter important work has lately been received
in this country. It commences with an essay on the history

Recently published Ornithulog'tcal Works. 143

of ornithological exploration iu Africa, which extends to
some 30 pages, and is followed by a very useful list of 1003
])ublications relating to the subject. After a general intro-
duction, in which two coloured maps show the author^s
proposed zoological divisions of Africa in comparison with
those used by Wallace in 1876, the systematic portion of
the work is commenced. This, we are sorry to see, com-
mences at the lowest instead of the highest forms (contrary
to what has been the practice until recently in nearly all
systematic works). It contains an account of 19 families,
from the Struthionidse to the Ibididse, containing altogether
273 species. Each of these is described : its chief synonyms
and exact range are given, while particulars as to habits,
nesting, and other })eculiarities are added, so far as they are
known. Part II., to complete the first volume, is promised
in April next.

26. Seehohm's 'Monograph of the Thrushes.'

[A Mouograpli of the Turdidse, or Family of Thrushes. By the late
Henry Seebohni. Edited and completed (after the Author's death) by
E,. Bowdler Sliarpe, LL.U., F.L.S., kc. Part IX. Imperial 4to.
Loudou : Henry Sotheran & Co., 1900. Price .3G*\]

We have now before us Part ix. of Seebohm^s 'Mono-
graph of the Thrushes,'' as edited from his unfinished MS. by
Dr. Sliarpe. It continues the history of the Blackbirds, of
which 14 species are treated in the present number.

The following species are figured : —

Merula simillima.

bourdilloni.

kinnisi.

ludovicise.

flavipes.

polionota.

melauopleura.

Merula pritzbueri.

poliocephala.

tempesti.

■ canescens.

— — papuonsis.
alpestris.

Merula venezuelensis is a new form of M. jlavipes from
Venezuela, and M. polionota another of the same group
from Roraima, based mainly on the difference of the female.
M. melanopleura of Trinidad is a third of the same group.

144 Recently published Ornitholoyicul JVorks.

27. Selous on Sport and Travel.

[Sport and Travel, East and West. By Frederick Courtney Seloua.
Illustrated. lvol.,8vo. 312pp. Longmans: London, 1900. Price 12s. 6c?.]

Mr. Seloiis's narrative of 'Sport and Travel' is mainly-
concerned with the larger creatures of the Mammalian Class,
which were the particular objects oP his excursions in Asia
Minor and North America. But there are many chance
allusions to birds in its pages, and one of the chapters of
his adventures in Asia Minor specially refers to ornithology ;
while, as we all know, the author is a devoted birds'-nester,
and never misses a proper opportunity of taking a " good
clutch '' of eggs with his own hands. The excellent full-
page illustration (p. 134) of " Mustapha robbing an Eaglets
Nest/' and the amusing description of the incident, will at
once evoke the sympathies of all true members of the B.O.U.
The announceraent that a large flock of Great Bustards
is habitually to be met with close to a railwaj'-station is
sufficient to induce some of our more ardent frieuds to
rush off to Smyrna at once. Moreover, Vultures, Lammer-
geiers, and other attractive Raptores are found breeding
in this district, besides the numerous Passeres, of which
Mr. Selous has already written in this Journal*. To see
"quite one hundred" Rough-legged Buzzards flying about
the mountain-side together is another attraction to Asia
Minor.

28. Sharpens 'Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds/

Vol. ii.

[A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. (Noiuenclator Avium
turn Fossilium turn Viventium.) By II. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., F.L.S.
Vol. II. London. 8vo. Pp. xv, .312. Printed by order of the Trustees
of the British Museum. 1900. Price 10s.]

The scope and object of the new ' Hand-list ' of the
Genera and Species of birds living and extinct have been
mentioned in our notice of the first volume of this important
work ('Ibis,' 1900, p. 213). The second continues the list
of Carinatte, and embraces what we should call the Psittaci
* See 'Ibis.' 1900, p. 40o.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 145

and Picariae, which, according to Dr. Sharpe's Classification,
ought to be arranged in the following six '^Orders." It
should be observed that ''Order XVIII. Palaraedeiformes/'
having been accidentally omitted in vol. i., the first Order
in vol. ii. is the twenty-eighth, not the twenty-seventh.

No. of No. of

Order. „ „

(jrenera. opecies.

XXVIII. Psittaciforraes 83 586

XXIX. Coraciiformes 218 1237

XXX. Trogones 10 56

XXXI. Coccyges 52 238

XXXII. Scansores 29 218

XXXIII. Picifornies 64 509

456 2844

While fully admitting the value and utility of the new
' Hand-list,' we must once more express our regret that
it should commence from the bottom of the Series of
Birds instead of from the top — ^just the reverse of the
course pursued in the ' Catalogue.' Some writers will
follow the system of the ' Catalogue ' and others that of the
' Hand-list,' which will cause much confusion. It should be
also observed that all the writers of the individual portions
of the ' Catalogue ' have followed the " top-to-bottom " plan,
which is likewise used as regards these individual portions
in the ' Hand-list.' So that the * Hand-list ' proceeds as it
were from the bottom upwards by a series of minor descents
(from the top to the bottom) in the individual portions.
When the ordinary plan of commencing with the higher
forms and descending to the lower is followed, we get a
uniform descending series, which is much better.

In his Introduction to vol. ii. the author "urges on all
ornithologists that full advantage should be taken of any
doubt which can prevent the displacement of a well-known
generic or specific name by one less-known." This is a
most worthy sentiment, to which the many zoologists who
are sick of the frequent changes proposed by the advocates of
" unlimited priority " will all agree. But we may ask, why
is this excellent inspiration not more closely followed by the

SER. Vm. VOL. I. L

146 Recently published Ornithological Worlds.

author who puts it forv ard ? Take^ for example, the generic
term " Chrysotis" in the Psittacid?e, which was accepted,
for good reasons, by Count Salvadori (our greatest living
authority on the subject) in the ^Catalogue/ Yet in the
'Hand-list^ preference is given to " Amazona" and it is
proposed to alter the name in some 50 species accordingly !
On the other hand, we cannot be too grateful to Dr. Sharpe
for retaining the name " Cypsehis " fc r the Swifts and re-
jecting " Apns,^' which the advocates of unmitigated priority
have attempted to force upon us (c/. Ibis, 1897, p. 290).

29. Shellerfs 'Birds of Africa,' Vol. ii. pt. 2.

[The Birds of Africa. By G. E. Slielley, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. Vol. II.
Pt. 2. London : Porter, 1900. 8vo. Pp. 348. Price 21.s.]

In the present part of his work Capt. Shelley continues
his account of the African Passeres in the manner described
in our last notice (see Ibis, 1900, p. 560), and treats of the
following families : — Promeropidse, Zosteropidse, Parisomidae,
Paridse, Certhiidte, and Motacillidse [part] — with which he
concludes the second volume. " Parisomidae " is a new family
formed to contain Parisoma, ^' Alcip)pe/' and their allies. But
Ave cannot quite agree in uniting the African Lioptili (which
are certainly closely allied to Parisoma) to the Asiatic form
" Alcippe." Altogether 196 species are contained in the
present volume, which stops with the genus Anthus in the
middle of the Motacillidse.

The following species are figured : —

Zosterops ficedulina.
Speirops leucophfea.
Zosterops comorensis
Malacirops e-newtoni.
Parus xanthostomus.

albiventris.

Alcippe abyssinica.

yEgithalus musculus.
Motacilla vidua.

nigricotis.

Antlius lineiventris.

creuatus.

calthorpte.

brachyiirus.

Four species appear to be described for the first time in
this part : — Zosterops comorensis (from the Comoro Islands),
Motacilla nigricotis (from S. Africa), Anthus melindce (from

Eecenthj pithlislied Ornithological Works. 147

British East Africa), and A. vaalensis (from Northern Natal
and the Transvaal).

30. Stirling and Zietz on Genyornis newtoni.

\_Genyornis newtoni. A new Genus and Species of Fossil Struthious
Bird. By E. C. Stirling and A. H. C. Zietz. Mem. R. Soc. South
Australia, vol. i. pt. 3. Adelaide : 1900.]

This is a useful reprint, with additions and corrections,
of the two articles in the ' Transactions ' of the Royal Society
of South Australia already noticed (see Ibis, 1897, p. 135 ;
1899, p. 328). The sternum, ribs, coraco-scapula, and wing-
bones of Genyornis are now described and figured ; but we
still require an account of the skull, which is promised
shortly.

There can now be no doubt that this bird was a gigantic
Emeu, rivalling Dinornis in its height, which is estimated to
have been over 6 feet. Conspicuous differences are the
enormous head, huge femur, aud the reduction of the number
of digits in the outer toe from the normal five to four. On
this point the authors remark : —

'^ This fact must oppose the view that Genyornis stands in
the direct ancestral line of the existing members of the
group. For the segment in question having been once
dropped, it seems impossible that it shouUl have been re-
acquired by the later forms. These facts, however, notwith-
standing, the Emeu, so far as we have proceeded, would
appear to be the nearest ally of the fossil Genyornis, though
there are undoubtedly resemblances, other than in respect
to mere bulk, to the Dinornithidse.'^

31. Ussher and Warren's 'Birds of Ireland.'

[The Birds of Ireland. By Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren.
London : (turuey & Jackson, 1900. Pp. xxxii, 419. Price 30.s.]

Since the year 1851, when the third volume of Thompson's
' Natural History of Ireland ' was issued, no detailed account
of the Avifauna of that country as a whole has been published,
and we are therefore leady, and more than ready, to welcome

l2

148 Recently published Ornithological Works.

the excellent work before us from the pens of those well-
known Irish ornithologists^ Messrs. Ussher and Warren.
But, while heartily congratulating them on the result of
their labours, and on the care and accuracy displayed in
their pages, we must not forget to couple with their names
that of Mr. R. M. Barrington, whose records of observa-
tions made at Irish Light-stations have been continually
utilized, and vhose name was only withdrawn from the title-
page of this book on account of the fact that he was simul-
taneously engaged in preparing a digest of the records
already mentioned.

After an interval of nearly fifty years, it is no light task to
check the records which have been accumulating, and to
bring the lists of occurrences up to date; so that the authors
are fully justified in devoting a large portion of their
available space to an account of the distribution of the 288
species which they admit. Migration and seasonal move-
ments are, however, duly considered, and that general
habits are by no means neglected may be readily seen from
the well-written and valuable articles on the Siskin, Cross-
bill, Chough, Peregrine Falcon, and Woodcock.

An Inti'oduction on the natural features of Ireland and
other matters of interest, tables of distribution of Birds in
the breeding-season, a list of their Irish names with the
meanings or derivations, an Appendix treating of doubtful
species, and two Maps, M'ith the unreclaimed areas distinctly
marked, give additional value to the work of the authors.

Schedules were, in the first place, issued to correspondents
in every county of Ireland, and a large amount of information
thereby amassed, in addition to that gathered by the writers
themselves both at home and on their expeditions, and thus it
has come to pass that from a supplement to Thompson's work
— such as was originally contemplated — the book has grown
to its present dimensions.

Ireland is especially fortunate in the number of wildfowl
from the north which seek its shores in winter, while the
mild climate has at times induced such birds as the Quail
and Corncrake to pass that season within its limits. On the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 149

other hand_, many species are conspicuous by their entire, or
almost entire, absence in summer, among which may be
mentioned the Lesser Whitethroat, the Marsh Titmouse, the
Hawfinch, the Carrion Crow, the Wryneck, the Green and
Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, the Short-eared Owl, and the
Eider Duck.

Of the Missel-Thrush, Redstart, Magpie, Starling, Jack-
daw, Swift, Stock-Dove, Ring-Dove, Shoveller, Tufted Duck,
and Woodcock an increase is reported, while it is pleasant
to hear that the Marsh- and Hen-Harriers and the Eagles
still hold their ground in favoured spots. Attention is called
to the fact that Giraldus Carabrensis, in the twelfth century,
stated that Cranes were then numerous, and the discovery of
bones of the Great Auk in the kitchen- middens of Antrim
and Waterford is chronicled.

The illustrations are reproductions of photographs by
Mr. Barrett-Hamilton and others, with a coloured frontis-
piece of the eggs of the Peregrine Falcon.

32. ' Victorian Naturalist,' No. 3.

[The Victorian Naturalist, the Jourual and Magazine of the Field-
Naturalists' Club of Victoria. Vol. xvii. No. 3. Melbourne : 1900.
Price 6fZ.]

The organ of the Field-Naturalists' Club of Victoria
usually contains information of interest to the ornithologist,
and the part now before us is no exception to the rule.
Mr. R. Hall continues his notes on Australian species, and
records for the first time a Pardalote (Pardalotus affinis) as
being the foster-parent of one of the parasitic Cuckoos
[Chalcococcyx plagosus). He also gives the results of obser-
vations on the time required by certain birds to attain
the adult state, in which there seems to be considerable
divergence. Mr. D. Le Souef reports an instance of the
Australian Eagle {Aquila audax) attacking a sheep-dog
when following its master.

150 Recently published Ornithological VP'orhs.

33. Vorderman and Finsch on the Birds of Java.

[Systematisch Overziclit der Vogels welke op Java iaheemsch zijn door
A. G. Vorderman, van Aanteekeningeu voorzien door Dr. 0. Finscli.
Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned.-Indie, Deel Ix. Afl. 1, 1900.]

This is a new and complete List of the Birds o£ Java,
prepared by Heer A. G. Vorderman, a well-known authority
on the subject, and revised by Dr. Finsch, of the Leyden
Museum. After a short historical sketch of our knowledge
of Javan ornithology, commeucing with Baron Frederic von
Wurmb in 1774, and a list of Heer Vorderman's numerous
papers, there follows a catalogue of the 410 Javan birds now
known to us, of which 75 are designated as restricted to the
island. References are added to the British Museum Cata-
logue and a few other authorities. A Penguin [Catarrhactes
chrt/socome) is placed in the list on the authority of a
specimen in the Dresden Museum. We should venture to
question the authenticity of this locality.

34. Westell's ' Year with Nature.'

[A Year with Nature. By W. P. Westell. London : Draue, 19J0.
Pp. xvi, 276. Price lOs. 6cl]

This book consists of a series of essays on ' Nature/ under
the headings of tlie different mouths, in the pages of which
birds have allotted to them a considerable share. ]Most of these
essays were originally published in magazines or newspapers.
However suitable they may have been, both in letterpress
and illustrations, to periodical literature, it is a little difficult
to understand what object is served by their reproduction
in the present form, especially as the author particularly
disclaims in his preface any attempt at the cultivation of
literary style or artistic merit.

35. Winge on the Birds of the Danish Lighthouses, 1899.

[Fiig-lene ved de Dauske Fyr 1 1899. 17de Aarsberetning oni Danske
Fugle. Ved Herluf Winge. Vid. Meddel. fra d. natuvh. Foren. i Kbhvn.
1900, p. 159.]

The 17th yearly report on the birds observed at the

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 151

Danish Lighthouses is drawn up on the same plan as former
Reports [of. Ibis, 1900, p. 216), and is accompanied by the
usual excellent map. In 1899, 868 specimens of birds were
sent from the stations to the Zoological Museum of Copen-
hagen, and referred to 56 species. It is curious that such
birds as Alauda arvensis, Turclus merula, and Erithacus
ruhecula, which we should be inclined to class as sedentarj
in England, are found wandering about in the Danish
archipelago.

XI. — Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

We have received the following letters, addressed to ' The
Editors ' by Mr. D. Le Souef, Mr. R. Shelford, and Mr. W.
L. Sclater : —

Sirs, — I notice that Mr. II. C. Robinson, in his "Con-
tributions to the Zoology of North Queensland/' in the
Bull. Liverp. Mus. ii. p. 115 (1900), treats the Dacelo giyas
found there as being doubtfully subspecific under the name
of " D. g. minor." These birds extend from the South-
eastern portion of Australia right through to the North-
eastern, Avithout any break, and as we go further towards the
north they gradually decrease in size, but very slightly.
Those found in the extreme north are, therefore, less in
their measurements than those from further south, but cannot
well be referred to a subspecies on that account, as inter-
mediate sizes are found. The same remark applies to several
other birds, such as Manorhina garrula and Trichoglossus
novac-hollandice, which also extend over the continent on the
eastern side. In Northern Australia some of the birds,
which are either weak in flight or local in their ranges, such
as Calyptorhynchus funereus and Psophodes crepitans, have
notes slightly different from those of the same kind found
in the more southern districts ; and as we go from one
extreme of the Continent to the other, the note often seems
to change gradually. Mr. Robinson mentions the range of
Prionodura newtoniana as now extending to Mount Peter

152 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^t.

Botte. But I recorded this bird as being found in that
locality in a paper published in the ' Victorian Naturalist'
for March and April 1897.

Yours &c.,

D. Le Souef.
Melbourne, August IGtli, 1900.

Sirs, — I have to record the capture o£ the rare Snipe-
billed Godwit, Macrorhamphus TaczanowsJcU, in August
last, near the mouth of the Trusan River, Sarawak.
The solitary specimen secured was an adult female, still
showing traces of the summer plumage in the rufous colora-
tion of the breast, a few of the feathers of the neck and
back being also tipped with the same colour. The late
Mr. A. H. Everett records the species in his List of the
Birds of Borneo (Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 209),
giving Pontianak as the locality and Diard as his authority.
The Sarawak Museum also possesses a specimen of an adult
male in the typical winter dress, shot at Buntal, Sarawak
Biver, in November 1892 ; but these seem to be the only
notices of the occurrence of the species so far to the
south-east.

Another visitant to our shores may be noted, to wit the
Tufted Duck [Fuliyula cristata), a male example of which
was shot in December last in Kuching. This record very
considerably extends the southern range of the species. It
is perhaps noteworthy that the Anatidse, though common
enough during the N.E. monsoon at the northern end of
Borneo, are extremely rare in the south-western end, which
seems to be rather out of their line of migration.

Yours &c.,

R. Shelford,

Curator, Sarawak Mus.
Sarawak Museum, Sai'awak,
Sept. 21st, 1900.

Sirs, — In revising the account of the Shrikes prepared by
the late Dr. Stark for the second volume of the 'Birds of
South Africa/ I found, to my surprise, that the Grey-headed

Letters, Extracts, Notices, 8^c. 153

Bush-Shrike {Laniarius poliocephalus, Sharpe's edition of
Layard) will require a new specific name. The names by
which the bird has hitherto been known are : — (1) blanchoti
(Malaconotus blanchoti Stephens, General Zool. xiii. p. IGl,
1825) ; (2) icterus {Laniarius icterus Gray, Genera of Birds,
i. p. 299, 1847) ; and (3) poliocephalus {Lanius poliocephalus
Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 45, 1823).

Of these three, the first two are founded on Le Vaillanl/'s
'Pie-grieche Blanchot' (Ois. d^Afr. vi. p. 122, pi. 285, 1808),
which is stated to have been obtained in West Africa ; while
Lichtenstein's L. poliocephalus was also founded on a Wtst-
African bird. Laniarius hypopyrrhiis Hartl. (Verz. Brem.
Summl. p. 61) again is West-African ; while Archolestes
appruximans Cab. (von der Decken's Reise, iii. p. 27) is East-
African.

I have not been able myself to compare the Grey-headed
Bush-Shrikes of South Africa with those from North-east
and West Africa; but Capt. Shelley has kindly done so for
me, and tells me that he can easily distinguish three species
as follows : —

A. Larger, wing 4'8 inches; no trace of chestnut on the crop.

(Senegal to the Quanza R.)

B. Smaller ; crop washed with chestnut.

a. Crop chestnut-yellow ; wing 4*5 inches. (Suuth-east Africa

northwards to the Pangani River.)
h. Crop rich chestnut. (East Africa north of the Pangani River.)

Of these the first will stand as Laniarius poliocephalus
(Licht.), the last as Laniarius approximans (Cab.) ; and for
the middle one, from South-east Africa, I propose the name
of Laniarius starki, in memory of my friend and collaborator
Dr. A. C. Stark, the author of the first volume of the ' Birds
of South Africa,' whose untimely death at Ladysmith is
deplored by all of us.

Yours &c.,

W. L. SCLATER.

South African INIuseum, Cape Town,
Oct. 1st, 1900.

154 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

The Birds of Antarctica. — Mr. Borchgrevink's paper in
the ' Geographical Journal ' for Octoher last, upon the Ex-
pedition of the ' Southern Cross/ contains several interesting
passages on the birds of ' Antarctica/ The first Emperor
Penguins {Aptenodytes forsteri) were met with on January
18th, 1899, in about lat. 65° S. and long. 164° E.

''The Common Penguin of Victoria Land is Eudyptes
adelice. As in 1894, the rookery of these birds at Cape Adare
covered the whole peninsula of Camp Hidley ; their nests,
placed above the guano deposits, being formed of small
pebbles, probably blown from the top of the cape by the
gales. In 1894 the colony was inhabited almost entirely by
white-throated Penguins, whereas those met with on our
outward voyage in 1899 had nearly all black throats. I was
able to prove that both are of the same species ; the young
birds, Avhich are left behind when the adults go to sea,
having more or less white throats^. It was curious to see
the Penguins as they invaded the peninsula in the spring,
one continuous stream passing over the ice from October 14
onwards. They at once started nest-making, taking pos-
session of their old places, and bringing fresh pebbles to the
nests. During the time of love-making they had many hard
fights. As a general rule two eggs are laid, while three are
very seldom found ; tlie period of incubation, during which
both parents take their turn on the nest, lasted in 1899
from the beginning of November to early in December.
During heavy gales the birds, which ordinarily sit upright
or lie facing various directions, all turned with their beaks
to the south-east, the direction from which we had the
heaviest gales. The Skua is the worst enemy of the Pen-
guin, constantly soaring over the nests and watching an
opportunity to steal an egg or young bird.

" We saw comparatively few of the Emperor Penguin
{Aptenodytes forsteri), nor were we able to find their nesting-
place. In the autumn of 1900, we for the first time saw
several together, and even then only in small numbers. They

* [The white-throated form is the Dusyrhamphus hercuUs Finsch, but
has been cori'ectly re-united to Pyyyscelis adelice in the B. M. Catalogue
(xxvi. p. 633).— Edd.]

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 155

came swimming like the small Penguins, with which, however,
they did not mix.

'' The Skuas (Lestris) arrived and laid their eggs somewhat
later than Penguins. They made their nests in the heights,
up to 1000 feet on Cape Adare.

'' Of Petrels, Oceanites oceanicus also hatched on Victoria
Land, the nests being found in cracks of the rocks and
under boulders. The elegant White Petrel [Pagodroma
nivea), with black eyes, beak, and feet, likewise builds in
cavities of tlie rocks. These birds are attractive both in
appearance and habits. The pairs sliow deep attachment,
and the courage of the male is indomitable when its mate is
in danger. The Brown-backed and Giant Petrels were seen,
but their nests were not discovered. I believe the former
breed on Geikie Land. The Giant Petrels seemed to arrive
before the approach of gules, and 1 attributed their visits to
strong winds at sea, which drove them towards the shore for
shelter. In tlieir flight they much resemble the Albatross.^^

We may add that the whole collection of l)irds made
during the expedition of the ' Southern Cross' is now at the
British Museum for determination.

Ridgway's Birds of North and Middle America. — We
regret to hear that the progress of Mr. Ridgway^s great work
on the Birds of North and Middle America was much re-
tarded by the author's ill-health last year, but are pleased
to learn that he has lately been able to resume his labours,
and that the first volume (containing his account of
the Fringiliidse, Tanagridte, and Icteridie) will be issued
shortly. The area embraced in the work is the whole of the
American continent down to the Isthmus of Panama, and
includes also the West Indies and the Galapagos. The entire
Avifauna will therefore contain about 3000 species, which
are referred to 750 genera and 300 families. The illustra-
tions of generic characters begun in Baird's ' Review,^ and
continued in the ' History of North American Birds,' will be
extended in the present work so as to mbrace all the genera
which occur within its limits.

156 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

Attempted Re-introduction of the Great Bustard into
England. — We are pleased to learn that serious attempts are
being made to reinstate the Great Bustard [Otis tarda) in
some of the districts of East Anglia where it was formerly
abundant^ and we see no reason why they should not be suc-
cessful. A circular has been sent out by the Norfolk and
Norwich Naturalists' Society to the principal landowners in
Norfolk^ inviting their co-operation in giving special protec-
tion to this bird^ which, it should be recollected, has always
remained one of the species included in the list of legal game.
It is announced that 16 Great Bustards have been liberated
^'on a run of 400 acres, which will be shortly increased to 800,"
but we trust that the "protected area" will be much more
extensive. It has also been arranged that additions shall be
made to the stock every year, which of course will materially
add to the chance of the re-establishment of the bird. This
is, indeed, a step in the right direction, very different from
some of the modern operations of the friends of " Acclima-
tization" !

Mr. Wiglesivorth's Expedition to the Pacific. — Mr. L. W.
Wiglesworth left London on November 20th, by the SS. ' Duke
of Devonshire,' for Brisbane direct, whence he will proceed
on a collecting expedition to the Fiji Islands, in continuation
of his studies of the Polynesian Ornis. Geographical variation
is a strongly pronounced feature among the birds of these
islands, and, although the ornithology has been made known
to us in a highly interesting manner by the writings of
Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub and of the late Mr. E. L. Layard,
Mr. Wiglesworth hopes there may still be something to be
found in the way of local races among the high mountains
of the larger islands. Levuka will be his headquarters
during the period of his visit.

Balseniceps in East Africa. — As already announced in some
of the newspapers, Sir Harry Johnston has sent to the British
Museum, in a collection recently received, a specimen of the
Shoe-bill, or Whale-headed Stork as it is sometimes called

Letters, Extracts, Notices, &;c. 157

{Balaniceps rex). It was obtained by Mr. W. S. Doggett,
Sir Harry's collector, at Entebbe (or Ntebe), on the north
shore of Lake Victoria, on April the 22nd last. It is marked
" Female : eye Naples-yellow." The specimen is now on
exhibition in the entrance-hall of the British Museum, among
the recent acquisitions.

The only previously known locality for this remarkable
bird was the White Nile, where it was discovered by Mans-
field Parkyns in 1849 (see P. Z. S. ) 850, p. 1, Aves, pi. xxxv.).
For a recent notice of its occurrence there see ' Ibis,* 1900,
p. 692.

Ornithology at the Exposition Universelle. — We cannot say
that the Exposition Universelle of 1900 contained much of
special interest to the ornithologist. But there were many
small series of birds exhibited in the sections. Amongst
these may be specially noticed those in several of the sections
of the division ' Colonies Frangaises,^ which was one of the
most complete and best arranged departments of the ' Expo-
sition.^ The series of birds from New Caledonia seemed to be
fairly complete, though the specimens were not scientifically
labelled. The collection of Natural History objects from
the Transvaal was also well arranged and labelled. It was
selected, we believe, from the Pretoria Museum by Dr.
Gunning, F.Z.S., who, we are pleased to learn, has been
confirmed by the new British authorities in his post as
Director of that Institution.

The Usage of the Generic Term Gavia. — American or-
nithologists have recently proposed to supersede the generic
name 'Urinator,' which has been hitherto used in the ' Check-
list* for the Divers {Colymhus), by 'Gavia' of Forster
(Enchir. Hist. Nat. p. 38, 1788). Dr. Reichenow shows
in a note on the subject (Orn. Mon. viii. p. 135) that this is
not correct, because Gavia was employed in 1770 by Gmelin
(Reise Russl. p. 152) as the generic name of Larus ichthy actus,
and must therefore be considered as a mere synonym of
Larus. It would seem by this, and by other similar cases,

158 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

that even tlie most active disciples of the doctrine of Priority
are not likely to succeed in their efforts to bring about perfect
uniformity in Zoological Nomenclature : " Quot homines, tot
sentent'i(2 " must, we fear, remain the rule.

Supposed New British Birds. — In the ' Times ^ of December
the 3rd there is the following note from Mr. Joseph P. Nunn,
of Eoyston, Herts : —

" At Westgate-on-Sea, early in October last, I saw two
specimens of the Ca/liope camtschathensis, or Ruby-throated
Warbler, in their wild state. I had a very fine opportunity
of seeing their beautiful plumage, and through the kind
assistance of Professor Newton 1 have since been able to
examine some skins. I have not the slightest doubt as to
their identity, and I believe it to be the first recorded
instance of this Warbler having visited the British Isles."

Another straggler which has recently occurred in England
is Eaird^s Sandpiper {Tringa bairdi) of North America.
See Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 27.

Prof. Neivton's Royal Medal. — At the Anniversary Meeting
of the Eoyal Society on November 30th last one of the
Royal Medals was awarded to Prof. Alfred Newton, F.R.S.
On delivering the medal the President, Lord Lister, spoke
as follows : —

" Prof. Newton has devoted himself for the last fifty years
to the study of Ornithology 5 and the ' Dictionary of Birds '
may well be called the resume of his labours. Prof. Newton's
work is eminently critical — a model of careful and cautious
criticism of everything pertaining to his favourite branch of
science. The ' Dictionary of Birds ' is the acknowledged
standard work on Ornithology, the proj^ress of which science
in this country is due maiidy to his critical, suggestive, and
stimulating influence. His personal labours refer chiefly to
historical, systematic, and faunistic questions. It is by his
untiring efforts that the vexed question of nomenclature and
synonymy has been practically settled and has been put on
its present footing. He is also one of the leading authorities

Obituary. 159

in the modern branch of zoo-geography, which owes some of
the most important modifications and generalizations to him.
Lastly, it is only fair to mention that he is one of the few
zoologists among his contemporaries who, from the first,
embraced the doctrine of evolution according to Darwinian
principles/^

The Birds of Yorkshire. — We are pleased to learn that
arrangements have been made for the speedy resumption of
the publication of Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's ' Birds of York-
shire,' which work has partly appeared in the ' Transactions '
of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, and '' the continuation
of which was interrupted by Mr. Clarke's leaving Yorkshire
to settle in Edinburgh. Mr. Clarke and the Y.N.U. have
now been able to secure the services of so able and com-
petent an ornithologist as Mr. Thos. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U.,
of Redcar, to continue and complete the task."

XII. — Obituary.

Dr. John Anderson. — The death of our much esteemed
friend. Dr. John Anderson, although he did little special work
in Ornithology, must not pass unnoticed in the columns of
* The Ibis.' He was born in Edinburgh in 1833, and took the
degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of that city in
1861, receiving a gold medal for his thesis entitled '^ Obser-
vations in Zoology." His first post was that of Professor of
Natural Science at the Free Church College in his native
capital; but in 1864 he resigned that office and proceeded to
India, having been off'ered the headship of a new Museum
planned by the Supreme Government in order to receive
the collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1865
Dr. Anderson was appointed Superintendent of the new
Museum at Calcutta; and two or three years later was also
selected for the Chair of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical
College of that city. Calcutta, therefore, became his head-
quarters for the whole of his professional career^ but he took

1 60 Obituary.

part in several well-known missions to outlying parts of
the Indian Empire. In 1868 he accompanied, as scientific
officer, an expedition through Burmah into Western China,
and again in 1874 he was sent in a similar capacity on a
second journey of the same character, with instructions to
proceed via Bhamo to Shanghai if possible. On this
occasion, however, the company was attacked by the
Chinese, and was obliged to retreat. The zoological results
of these two expeditious were described by Dr. Anderson in
a well-known quarto volume, published in London in 1878.
A third, in which Dr. Anderson took a prominent part,
w^as that sent by the Trustees of the Indian Museum
in 1881 to the coasts of Lower Burmah, to investigate the
zoology of the Mergui Archipelago. A list of the birds
collected on that occasion was published by Dr. Anderson in
the Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. vol. xxi. p. 136).

In 1887, after twenty-three years' service under the Indian
Government, Dr. Anderson returned home, and settled in
South Kensington, where he devoted himself entirely to
zoological work, and was a well-known attendant at the
Royal, Geographical, Linnean, and Zoological Societies.
Of the last-named he was for many years one of the
Vice-Presidents. Being in delicate health. Dr. Anderson
usually passed his winters in Egypt, and devoted his energies
mainly to the exploration of the Fauna of that country. In
1898 he published a splendid volume on its Herpetology,
and up to the time of his death was busily engaged
on a corresponding work on the Egyptian Mammals. Dr.
Anderson died at Buxton on the 15th of August last, at the
age of 66, after a short illness. Besides the works above
mentioned, he published in 1876 an excellent essay on the
osteology and pterylosis of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper
( Euripior'hynclms pygnKSUs),

The veteran Ornithologist Dr. Gustav Hartlaub of
Bremen (one of our Honorary Members since 1860) died at
his residence in that city on the 20th of November last,
at the mature age of 87. We propose to defer our remarks
on his life and work until the next number.

i ^ CENTRAL PARK, ^ |
\^ MEW YORK, ^vl

THE IBIS

EIGHTH SERIES.

No. II. APRIL 1901.

XIII. — On some Collections of Birds from the Protectorate
of British Central Africa, received in 1899 and 1900.
By Captain G. E. Shelley, F.Z.S. IVith an Introduction
by P. L. ScLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.

Part I. — Introductory Notes. By P. L. Sclater,

Captain Shelley, on the present, as on many former
occasions, has kindly undertaken the task of naming and
describing the specimens contained in several collections of
birds from British Central Africa which have been trans-
mitted to me in 1899 and 1900 by Mr. Alfred Sharpe, C.B.,
H.B.M. Commissioner, and by Lt.-Col. W. H. Manning,
H.B.M. Deputy Commissioner, to whose united zeal and
energy in continuing the good work projected and com-
menced by Sir Harry Johnston I have great pleasure in
bearing testimony.

Mr. Alfred Sharpe, writing from Zomba, B.C. A., on
January 18th, 1900, describes the series sent on that
occasion as follows. It contains : —

(a) My own collection of birds from Namaramba Lake,
which lies N.E. of Zomba, some 70 miles distant.
(Namaramba is at the source of the Lajenda River,
and is about 1700 feet above sea-level.)

SER. VIII. VOL. I. M

162 Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

{b) My own collection from the east side of Lake Mweru,

3000 feet above sea-level.
{c) Some Milanje specimens secured by our hunters.
{d) Some from Liwonde on the Upper Shire River,

about 1500 feet above the sea-level, from the same

source.

Mr. J. McClounie, Chief of the Scientific Staff at Zomba,
who visited England last year, has kindly supplied me with
the following notes on the principal localities in which the
specimens were obtained : —

Buwa or Bua Rwe7\ — Kotakota is near or at the mouth
of the Bua, which is a large river and drains a con-
siderable tract of country from the Anglo-Portuguese
western boundary. Mr. Sharpe, I think, went in at
Kotakota and travelled south-west and south to the
Angoniland country. I have only been to the upper
reaches of the Bua, at the 14th parallel of South latitude,
which point I fixed in 1896. Specimens from this district
are likely to be from latitudes 13° to 13° 30'.

Chikala Mountain. — Mount Cliikala lies about 24 miles to
the E.N.E. of Zomba, on the shores of Lake Shirwa. The
lake itself is 1700 feet above the sea-level, and the top of
Chikala (by aneroid) comes near 5548 feet. If I remember
rightly, numerous aquatic birds are to be found there, while
on the top and in the ravines many warblers may be heard.
Though not rising quite so high as Zomba, and not so
extensive, it is practically the last hill of note in our territory
of the chain of hills running north from Zomba.

Chiuta Lake. — Lake Chiuta is further east than Mount
Chikala, but also more to the north. This small lake is con-
sidered by most people to be a continuation of Lake Shirwa,
as it is separated from it by only a few miles of land, evi-
dently composed of silt. There are many birds to be had
there, as well as other game, amongst which the Gnu is
abundant. It is on the Anglo-Portuguese boundary,

Dedza or Deza is a mountain in Central Angoniland on
the Portuguese frontier, about 7000 feet in altitude.

from British Central Africa. 163

Ikawa. — Ikawa, on the Tanganyika plateau, near Fife, is
said to be rich in birds.

Kachinda is in Angoniland, near the S.W. corner of Lake
Nyasa.

The Karungivesi or Kalungwizi is a river running into the
eastern side of Lake Mweru.

Kikomba or Kuikomha is on the Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau, halfway between Nyasa and Tanganyika.

Katunga is on the Lower Shire River.

Liwoncle (lat. 15° 2' S., long. 35° 16' E.).— Liwonde is
a Government Station on the River Shire, north of Zomba,
and probably about 1000 ft. above the sea-level. It is in
the midst of the Shire plain, and is at all times damp and
moist, the excessive heat being sometimes over 110° Fahr. in
the shade in November, December, and January. Most of
the specimens were collected by our hunters, but some by
Mr. J. B. Yule. Birds and mammals of all kinds are to
be found there. Aquatic birds are most prominent, and are
chiefly seen from the steamer plying up and down this part
of the river, as, owing to the extremely tall grass, it is very
difficult to go through the bush.

Mambwe and Mbara are native villages on the plain between
Zomba and Milanji. They are situated along the banks of
the River Palombe, which runs into Lake Shirwa some
10 miles or so from Chikala. As along most other streams
of the plain, birds are numerous where the shade is dense
and they can get shelter from the sun, which in October and
the following two months is very hot.

Mlange or Milanji is a well-known mountain in about
lat. 15° 50' S., long. 35^ 45' E.— All of the specimens
from this locality are from the Tutchila plateau (altitude
between 4000 and 7000 ft.), and were mostly obtained in
the cedar-forests that abound on it. There are numerous
deep ravines which abound with animal life, principally
birds, although a few bush-bucks have recently taken up
their quarters in the cedar-forests. Black monkeys are
frequently seen in the woods, and sometimes the deep tones
of a leopard are heard.

M 2

164 Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

Mtonga is a country on the west side of Lake Nyasa, about
halfway up.

Mwero Lake. — Lake Mwero or Mweru is to the west of
Lake Tanganyika, and some distance from Abercorn, which
is the capital of the Nyika plateau.

Namaramba Lake. — This lake is N.E. of Lake Chiuta, in
Portuguese territory. It is marked Lake Amaramba in some
maps.

Namasi or Namadzi (from *' madzi " = water) is a district
lying between Zomba and Blantyre. It is mostly undulating
country, with numerous small streams. Although there is
one that bears the same name, yet there are many smaller
streams in the district, flowing towards Lake Shirwa, which
are sujDerior to it, as they do not dry up so soon as the
Namadzi. On the Shirwa plain the Namadzi is more
often found with a dry bed than with water in it. The
specimens labelled thus are probably from the lower reaches,
near to the Palombe.

Palombe River. — This river flows into Lake Shirwa
towards its southern end.

Zomba (lat. 15° 22' S., long. 35° 17' 45" E.).— The
specimens from this place are, for the most part, captured
along the southern slopes. Birds are very numerous ; bush-
bucks are common on the top of the mountain, as also are
wild dogs, whose frequent visits to the plateau are to be
deplored, as they play dreadful havoc with the bush-bucks.

The series submitted to Capt. Shelley on this occasion
contained about 285 specimens, which he refers to 140
species. Although none of these are new to science,
several (as will be seen by the notes) are new to the
Avifauna of Nyasaland.

Of the whole series, 222 specimens have been selected for
the British Museum, and the remainder will be sent to the
South-African Museum, Cape Town.

Capt. Shelley informs me that, including the present
additions, 471 species of birds are now known from the
Protectorate of British Central Africa.

from British Central Africa. 165

Part II. — List of the Species with Localities. By G. E. Shelley,
[Explanatory notes on species marked with an asterisk are given in Part III.]

Name.

No. in
Shelley's
B.ofAfr

Localities.

*1. Pants niger

117

124-6

150

165

170

208

285

309

312

321

324

328

338

350

404

418

444

470-O

504

520

529

538

543

570

572

581

590

600

616

630

646

666

672

675

681

693

709

723

742

750
751
769
778
793
795

Liwonde.

Katunga.

Chiuta.

Milanji and Namaramba.

Namaramba. [Karungwesi.

Kacbiuda (in Angoniland) and

Palombe.

Dedza in Angoniland.

Dedza.

Dedza.

Dedza.

Karungwesi.

Angoniland.

Mwero.

JNIwero and Karungwesi.

Karungwesi. [and Mwero.

Mtongaiu Angoniland, Karungwesi

Chiuta.

Milanji and Angoniland.

Kikomba and Liwonde.

Angoniland.

Palombe.

Dedza.

Ikawa, Kikomba, and Mambwe.

Mtonga. [Mbara.

Ikawa, Karungwesi, Kikomba, and

Dedza and Liwonde.

Chikala.

Milanji.

Liwonde.

Liwonde and Milanji,

Liwonde and Buwa.

Mtonga country.

Chiuta and Karungwesi.

Mtonga.

Dedza.

Chiuta, Karungwesi, and Mbara,

Chikala, Ikawa, Karungwesi, and

Kikomba.
Dedza, Karungwesi, and Milanji.
Karungwesi and Kikomba.
Karungwesi.
Chiuta and Karungwesi.
Karungwesi.
Mambwe.
Liwonde.

2. 2^rt>'iuVos/?-js

*3. Motacilla flava

4. Anthus rufulus

5. Macr(my.i cruceus

6. Passer diffusus

7. Seri/ius icterus

8. I£t/poc/iera funerea

9. Vidua principalis

10. Coliopasser albo7iotatus

1 1. macriaus

12. Urohrachya axillaris

13. Pyromelana Jiammiceps

14. Quelea quelea

15. Estrilda suhjlava

*16. poliogastra

17. Hypargus niveiguttatus

*18. Anaplectes erythrogenys

19. Siycobrotus stictifrons

20. Hyphantnrgus vcularius

21. Xanthophilus xanthopterus . .

22. xanihnps

*23. Ilyphatitornis shelleyi

24. Oriolus notatus

25. larvatus

26. Pholidaiiges verreauxi

27. Lamprotornis mcvesi

28. Lamprocolius sycobius

29. Amydrus inorio

30. Dilopkus carunculatus

31. JJicriiriis afer

32. Prionops talacoma

33. Sigmodus tricolor

34. Cammphaaa niuer

35. Graucalus pectoralis

36. Fiscus coUuris

37. Enneoctonus coUnrio

38. Laniarius mosambicus

39. Dryoscopus cubla

40. Bocagia anchietcR

41. Telephonus senegalus

42. Malaco7wtus sulphu?-eipectus . .

*43. siarki

*44. Crateropus taitganjicce

45. kirlci

166

Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

Name.

No. in
Shelley's
B.ofAfr.

Localities.

*46. Crater opus hart'aubi

47. Crinioer fiisciceus

806
880
886
896
901

1039

1052

1160

1164

1165

1171

1182-5

1192

1225

1255

1283

1308

1357

1413

1436

1448

1524

1537

1543

1559

1566

1579

1582

1599

1606

1616

1622

1636

1666

1681

1083

1692

1696

1702

1711

1714

1759-5

1783

1811

1854

1861

1871

Karungwesi and Kikomba.

Liwonde and Milanji.

Liwonde.

Karungwesi and Palombe.

Likangala in Angoniland.

Milanji.

Karungwesi. [Kikomba.

Kachinda in Angoniland and

Liwonde.

Milanji.

Chikala.

Dedza.

Kachinda and Karungwesi.

Mbara.

Liwonde.

Mambwe and Mweru.

Dedza.

Milanji.

Angoniland.

Mweru.

Zomba.

Karungwesi and Mambwe.

Mbara.

Liwonde, Ikawa.

Dedza and Likangala.

Chikala, Liwonde.

Lake Mweru.

Angoniland.

Karungwesi.

Angoniland and Liwonde.

Milanji and Namaraniba.

Liwonde, Mbara, and Lake Mweru.

Dedza and Milanji.

Chiuta.

Dedza.

Lake Mweru.

Milanji.

Angoniland.

Karungwesi and Mweru.

Karungwesi.

Lake Mweru.

Karungwesi.

Lake Mweru.

Dedza. [Mweru.

Ikawa, Karungwesi, and Lake

Kachinda.

Liwonde.

Milanji,

Milanji.

48. Chlorocichla occidentalis

49. Phyllostrephus strepitans . . . .

50. cerviniventris

51. Cisticola ruficcqulla

*52. erythrojps

63. Cichlailusa arcuafa

54. Cossypha natalensis

65. caffra

56. heuglini

67. Bessonoryiis niodesta

58. Pratincdla torquata

69. Turdus stormsi

60. Saxicola livingstonei

61. Thamnol<p.a arnotti

62. Muscicapa grisola

63. Platuntirn pelfata

64. Hiriindo rustica

65. monteiri

*66. Psalidoprocne orient alls

*67. cdbiceps

*68. Cyp)selus alfredi

69. Melittophaiius, meridlonalis . .

70. Merops persicus

71. natalensis

72. Rhinopomastes cyanomelas ....

73. Bycanistes buccinator

74. Lophoceros melanolenciis ....

75. ejnrkinus

76. Ceryh rndis

77. L'orythornis cyanostiyma ....

*78. Halcyon hyacinthinus

79. cyanoteuca

*80. Colius affinis

81. Gymnoschizorhis leopoldi ....

82. Ceuthmochares australis

83. Centropiis niyrorufus

84. Coccystes ylajidarius

85. cafer

*86. Ctictdas canorvs

87. C/trysococy.v Iclaasi

88. Indicator major

89. Smilorhis sotoerbyi

*90. Trachyphonus cafer

91. Campothera caillaudi

92. Vina go delulandi

93. Cnlumba arquatri.v

94. Haplopelia johnstoni

from British Central Africa.

167

Name.

No. in
Shelley's
B. of Afr.

Localities.

95. Pceocepknlus fuscicapilhcs ....

96, Olaucidium capense

*97. Scops capcnsis

1906
1950
1958
1967
2009
2014
2016
2020
2030
2039
2074
2084
2110
2126
2132
2145
2154
2167
2195
2205
2257
2260
2261
2266
2272
2273
2275
2284
2288
2295
2296
2312
2332
2379
2441
2443
2452
2453
2455
2458
2492
2494
2498
2503
2510
2530

Liwonde.

Lake Mweru.

Mambwe.

Karungwesi.

Liwonde.

Dedza and Kachinda.

Dedza and Liwonde.

Zomba.

Angoniland.

Liwonde.

Mtouga.

Dedza.

Namaramba.

Lake Mweru.

Lake Mweru.

Angoniland.

Lake Mweru.

Angoniland.

Angoniland.

Chikala.

Kachinda and Namaramba.

Angoniland.

Angoniland and Mweru.

Angoniland.

Mbara.

Namaramba and Mbara.

Liwonde.

Namaramba.

xMbara.

Mbara.

Namaramba.

Karungwesi and Mbara. [Mweru.

Angoniland, Karungwesi, and

Milanji.

KaruDgwe.^i.

Namaramba.

Karungwesi.

Angoniland, Chiuta, and Mweru.

Chikala.

Namaramba.

Milanji.

Karungwesi and Mbara.

Lake Mweru.

Mbara and Lake Mweru.

Lake Mweru.

Lake Mweru and Karungwesi.

98. Bilbo Incteus

99. liiUinus c(Bi'iileiis

100 HctUuetus vocifer

101. Hchtarsus ecaudaius

102. Nisaetus spilogaster

103. Lophoaefiis occipitalis

104. Circaetus cinerascens

105. Accijnter melayioleiicus

106. Polyhoroides typicus

107. Herodias ralloides

108. Butorides atricapilla

109 Ardettn podicipes

1 10. Taidalus ibis

111. Plotus rufus

112. Hydrorhelidon leucoptera ....

113. Bhijnchopsflavirostris

114. Larus cirrhocephalus

115. Nettapus auritiis

116. Dendrocycna fulva

117. Chenalopcx mjyiitiaca

118. Anas nndulata

*119. Querquedula cape7isis

120. punctata

121. Pcecilonctta erythrorhyncha . .

122. Thalassiornis leuconota

123. Podicipes capeyisis

*124. Fidica cristata

125. Porphyria porphyria

126. Litnnocorax niger

127. Coturnix delegorguei

128. Francolinus johtistoni

129. Phyllopezus africana

130. Microparra capensis

131. Hojiloptertis speciosus

132. Stephanibyx coronatiis

133. inornatus

134. Tanellus leucopterus

*135. Totajms ochropus

136. hypoleucus

137. Gallinago nigripennis

1 38. Simantopus himantopus ....

139. (Edicneimis vermiculalus . . . .
*140. Glareola nuchalis

1

368 Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

Part III. — Notes on some of the Species.
By G. E. Shelley.

1. Pakus NIGER VieilL

Parus niger Shelley, B. Afr. ii. p. 232 (1900).

The collection contains an adult pair of this species from
Liwonde, which is the most northern range known to me for
it. It is apparently replaced in German East Africa, north of
Nyasaland, by P. fuelleborni Reichen. (Orn. Monatsb. 1900,
p. 5). The Tits are well represented in Nyasaland, and the
following key may serve to identify the seven forms found
within the British Central- African Protectorate : —

a. Bill stout and rather blunt ; crown and most of

the head black Pums.

a\ Entire head black ; a large amount of white
on the wings,
«^. Breast black or deep grey.

a^. Dark parts glossy blue-black ; no white

on under tail-coverts itisiynis.

¥. Body never blue-black, unless there are
white margins to under tail-coverts.
a^. Crown glossed with blue; inside of

mouth black niger.

b"^. Crown glossed with green ; inside of

mouth bright yellow xanthostvmus.

P. Breast cinnamon masukuensis.

<?. Breast buff pallidirentris.

6' . Head with a patch of white parvirostris.

b. Bill wedge-shaped and very sharply pointed.

Very tiny bird : above mouse-colour ; throat

white ; abdomen tawny buff jEyithalus caroli.

I have nothing to add to what I have written regarding
these Tits (B. Afr. ii.) except that the P. afer of Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1900, p. 2, may be referred to the small-billed
subspecies P. parvirostris.

3. MoTACiLLA FLAVA Linn.

Motacilla chici'eicopUla SheWey, Ibis, 1899, p. 282, Zomba.

I here include the name M. flava for the first time in the

Avifauna of Nyasaland. The specimen in this collection

* The numbers refer to those of the species in Part II.

from British Central Africa. 169

is immature, like that previously recorded from Zomba as
M. cinereicapilla. They probably both belong to the same
subspecies, but in such a state of plumage it is not possible
to decide positively to which of the allied forms they should
be referred.

16. EsTRiLDA POLioGASTRA (Rcichen.).

Habropyga poliogastra Reichen. J. f. O. 1886, p. 121,
Inhambani.

Estrilda incana (nee Sundev.) Shelley, Ibis, 1899, p. 368,
Tanganyika plateau.

The specmien from the Tanganyika plateau was in such
bad condition that I referred it to E. incana, being unable to
see in what way it differed from Natal birds ; but with the
second example before me I consider Dr. Reichenow
justified in recognising this subspecies. It differs from
E. perreini and E. incana in the red of the rump and upper
tail-coverts being duller and darker, and is intermediate
between these two in the greyish-black colouring of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts.

The grey group of EstrildcB comprises about six nearly
allied forms, all apparently very local : E. carulescens from
Senegambia ; E. thomensis probably confined to the island
of St. Thomas; E. perreini from the Lower Congo; E.
cinereovinacea from Benguela ; E. incana from Natal ; while
the present species replaces its allies in South-eastern
Tropical Africa, from Inhambani to the Tanganyika
plateau.

18. Anaplectes erythrogenys.

Calypliantria erythrogenys Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1884,
p. 181.

Anaplectes rufigena Shelley, B. Afr. ii. p. 341 (1900).

This species is very closely allied to A. melanotis, from
which it differs in the cheeks being red instead of black.
I made the present specimen the type of a new species
[A. rufigena) , overlooking the fact that the name Calyphantria
erythrogenys had been applied to it. It is the only repre-
sentative of this form in the British Museum. In Nyasaland

1 70 Capt. G. E. Slielley on Birds

there is a third species of the genus, A. gurneyi, easily distin-
guished by having the edges of the quills yellow instead of red.

23. Hyphantornis shelleyi Sharpe.

Mr. Alfred Sharpe sends examples of this species from
Katunga and Dedza — its most northern-known range. It is
probably not uncommon in Southern Nyasaland^ for there
are six specimens in the British Museum from Tete on the
Zambesi.

43. Malaconotus starki (Scl.).

Malaconotus blanchoti (nee Steph.) Shelley, B. Afr. i.
no. 778.

Laniarius starki Scl. Ibis, 1901, p. 153.

The name M. blanchoti Steph. does not apply to this species,
for the type of the former, which is tbe same as that o( ''La
Pie-grieche Blanchot " of Levaillant, was obtained by Blanchot
in Senegal and belongs to M. polionotus (Licht.). Mr. W.
L. Sclater has proposed to call it M. starki, in memory of
the late Dr. A. C. Stark, author of the first volume of the
' Birds of South Africa."

44. Crateropus TANOANjiCiE Rcichcn. J. f. O. 1886,
p. 115, pi. 3. fig. 1.

Mambwe is the most southern range known for this rare and
apparently very local species. I believe that this is the first
specimen of it that has ever arrived in England. It is closely
allied to C. kirki, from which it differs chiefly in the great
amount of black on the head.

46. Crateropus hartlaubi Bocage.

The occurrence of this species at Karungwesi and Kikomba
greatly extends its known range. It is represented in the
British Museum by specimens from Benguela and the
Cunene River, and by one obtained by Dr. Bradshaw,
without any locality on the label of the specimen, which,
however, was probably procured in the country between
the Orange and Zambesi Rivers.

52. CisTicoLA ERYTHROPS (Hartl.).

This is the most southern range known to me for this

from British Central Afi'ica. 171

species. It lias been recorded in German East Africa from
the Avusha country, and ranges through West Africa from
the Congo to Senegambia.

On placing this skin between the series of C. cinerascens
and C. erythrops in the British Museum I observed that it
formed a good connecting link.

66. PsALIDOPROCNE ORIENTALIS.

Psalidoprocne petiti orientalis Reichen. J. f. O. 1889,
p. 277, Usambara.

Psalidoprocne percivali Grant, B. 0. C. viii. p. Iv. (1899),
Buo B.

I enter this species in the present list because there is a
specimen in the British Museum procured by Mr. Alexander
Whyte at Zomba in January 1893. 1 did not record it at
the time, as I hoped to see more specimens from Nyasaland.
P. antinorii from North-east Africa was the nearest ally
known to me, for I was unable to recognise it as P. petiti
orientalis Reichen. from the original description, and I
forgot all about it until Mr. Ogilvie Grant described the
species, from a brighter specimen, as P. percivali. On
referring to the key to the Swallows given by Dr. Beichenow,
Vog. O.-Afr. p. 144, there can be no doubt that the oldest
name for the species is P. orientalis.

Besides the two specimens above mentioned there is
another in the British Museum labelled " ^ , 20.9.98 Cherin-
gana district, Mosambique (H. S. H. Cavendish)," so that
the species ranges from 5° to 20° S. lat. To the north, in
British East Africa, there is found P. orientalis (nee Reichen.),
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 306, readily distinguished from the
true P. orientalis by having the axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale brown, and 1 imagined that this would prove to
be a new species with little gloss on the plumage like the
young bird from Taveta — P. petiti (nee Sharpe & Bouvier),
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 359; but I find Mr. Jackson's
birds, nine in number, from Mount Elgon, the Ravine, Nandi,
and Mau to be identical with examjiles of the species from
the Knysua and Natal, which is also represented in the British

172 Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

Museum by one from the Transvaal and one from Mamboio
(P. Z. S. 1882, p. 30G), therefore P. holomelcena should occur
in British East Africa; and the following key may be
useful : —

«. No pure white on the plumage.

a' . Tail square nitens.

b^. Tail strongly forked.

a^. General plumage black glossed with green ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky drab,
a'. Gloss more golden green. Wiug3*G5to3'8in. obscura.

h^. Gloss more bluish green. Witig 38 in chalybcea.

c'. Gloss more olive-green. Wing 4'3 to4-7 in.. . holomelcena.
6*. General plumage bronze-brown; under wing-
coverts scarcely paler. \\'ing 4'25 in fxdiyinom.

c^. General plumage sooty brown ; axillaries and

uuder wing-coverts brownish white fetiti.

b. Pure white confined to the entire axillaries and under

wing-coverts.
c^ General plumage browner and less strongly glossed.

d"^. Gloised with bronze-brown antinorii.

c^. Glossed with green orientalis,

d^. General plumage blacker, with a very strong gloss.

f^. Glossed with o;reen blanfordi.

g'^. Glossed with blue pristoptera.

c. White confined to head, which is mostly white in

adults alhiceps,

67. PSALIDOPROCNE ALBICEPS Scl.

This is the first time this species has been recorded from
so far south as Nyasaland. It ranges northward to Wadelai
on the Upper White Nile and the Ulu Mountains in
Ukambani.

68. Cypselus alfredi Shelley.

Cypselus alfredi Shelley, B. Afr. ii. p. 345 (1900).

Nearly allied to C. isquatoiialis, but slightly larger and
darker. General plumage blackish brown, with a slight
greenish gloss, fading into white on the chin and upper
throat ; feathers of the back with almost obsolete pale edges ;
crop and under surface of body Avith indistinct narrow white
edges to the feathers, inclining to spots on the abdomen and
sides of the body ; axillaries and some of the larj^er under
wing-coverts with narrow white terminal edges; outer under

from British Central Africa. 173

wing-coverts edged with buff, giving them a regular scaled
appearance. Total length 10"2 inches ; culmen 0"4; wing 7'9;
tail; outer feathers 3'5, centre feathers 2'4 ; tarsus 0*6.

78. Halcyon hyacinthinus Reichen.

Halcyon hyacinthinus Reichen. J. f. O. 1900, p. 216.

In 1896, when I published my list of African birds, I
recognised only two species belonging to this group, H. semi-
ceeruleus Forskal and H. pallidiveniris Cab. The latter
name cannot rightly supplant that of H. swainsoni Smith,
S. Afr. Quart. Journ. 1831', vol. ii. p. 143, which certainly
refers to the pale form that inhabits the Cape Colony
district, but is very indifferently described.

If we recognise C. erythrorhynchus Gould from the Cape
Verde Islands as a subspecies of H. semicaruleus , we should
be equally bound to regard H. hyacinthinus Reichen. as a
subspecies of H. swainsoni, extending over the north-eastern
range of that species northward from Mashonaland. The
sole characters I can find for these subspecies may be
summed up in the following key : —

a. Abdomen and under wing-coverts deep chest-

nut semicaritleus.

a}. Average size of bill slightly smaller ; head

and neck paler Subsp. erythrorhynchus.

i'. Average size of bill slightly larger; head

and neck darker Subsp. semiccBruleus.

b. Abdomen and under wing-coverts orange-buff . swainsoni.
c*. Above darker ; mantle nearly jet-black ; a

rather deeper shade on the glossy blue

parts Subsp. hyacinthinus.

d}. Above paler, especially the scapulars Subsp. sivainsoni.

In the British Museum there are — (^ , 19.12.84 Salisbury,
and a good series from the Zambesi and Nyasa district
belonging to H. swaitisoni hyacinthinus: while ?, 21.9.83
Potehefstruom ; ? ? Gurnah (Gates) ; ? , 22.12.65 Ondonga;
and one of Monteiro's specimens from Benguela, belong
to typical H. swainsoni. One of Jameson^s specimens,
labelled '' Umvuli R., $ , 2.10.80,'^ is intermediate between
these two subspecies.

174 Capt. G. E. Shelley on Birds

80. CoLius AFFiNis Sliclley.

Colius strlatus (nee Grin.) Shelley, Ibis, 1897, p. 545,
Nyika, Ukala Bay and Fort Hill; 1898, p. 555, Karouga,
Nkata.

Colius affinis Shelley, Ibis, 1899, p. 276, Ikawa and Fife.

The specimens from the above-mentioned localities belong
to C. affinis, as Avell as two in the present collection from
Dedza in Angoniland ; but one of the latter has not got the
characteristic pale mark on the upper mandible, which is
entirely black as in C. striatus. Possibly this may be a
hybrid, as Mr. Alexander Whyte procured at Zomba, some
50 miles south, a typical example of C. striatus.

Owing to Sigmodus tricolor and S. gracuUnus apparently
interbreeding at the Pangani River, I had considered these
two forms to belong to one species (see P. Z. S. 1881, p. 581) ;
Mr. Oscar Neumann, in his article on the genus Sigmodus
(Orn. Monatsb. 1899, p. 91), takes a different view of this
matter, and probably a more correct one than I did in 1881,
when subspecies were not so readily admitted.

86. CucuLUs CANORUs Linn.

This collection contains the first examples of the Common
Cuckoo we have received from Nyasaland. They are two
immature birds in the rufous plumage, but one of them is
mottled with apparently fresh grey feathers as if it was
about to discard the rufous for the ordinary plumage.

90. Trachyphonus cafer (Vieill.).

These specimens come from the most northern locality
known for typical examples of this species. It ranges south
into Zululand and Natal, the latter country being its most
western limit. In German East Africa it is replaced by a
nearly allied subspecies, T. suahelicus Reichen.

97. Scops cAPENsis Smith.

This Owl is distributed over the whole of South Africa,
but it is a rare bird in collections. This is the first time it
has been recorded from Nyasaland.

119. QUERQUEDULA CAPENSIS (Gm.).

Although this species has not been previously recorded

from British Central Africa. 175

from Nyasaland, it is distributed over the whole of South
Africa and Eastern Africa up to Abyssinia.

124. FULICA CRISTATA Gm.

The Crested Coot, here recorded from Nyasaland for the
first time, ranges over South, East, and North Africa into
Madagascar and Soutliern Europe.

135. ToTANus ocHROPus (Liuu.).

The Green Sandpiper, though here recorded for the first
time from Nyasaland, is generally distributed throughout
Africa.

140. Glareola nuchalis Gray.

Glareola nuchalis Reichen, Vog. Afr. i. p. 147 (1900).

This species is new to Nyasaland, but was previously
known to range from Camaroons eastward to Southern
Abyssinia, and southward to the Zambesi.

It is represented in the British Museum by the types of
G. nuchalis and G emini from the White Nile and by speci-
mens labelled: "Didesa R., Abyssinia, $, 21.3.99 (Lord
Lovat)," and "Between Zurubo and Lufue R., ^, 9.11.99
(Boyd Alexander).'^

Dr. Reichenow (/. c.) informs us that G. marchei Oust., 1877,
also belongs to this species and is not, as I had imagined,
the oldest name (provided with a description) for the nearly
allied form from the Niger and Liberia, the G. nuchalis
liberie Schl., 1881.

Appendix. By G, E. Shelley.

I may here add a few notes on a small collection of birds
from the Shire district, made for Lt.-Col. W. H. Manning,
H.B.M. Deputy Commissioner for British Central Africa,
by hunters belonging to the Scientific Department at Zomba,
attached to the Anglo-Portuguese Boundary Commission
who are now engaged in settling the eastern frontier of the
British Central African Protectorate.

The following 16 species are represented in this collec-
tion : —

176 On Birds from British Central Africa.

1. Oriolus larvatus (Shelley, Cat. p. 41).

Banda, 14° 45' S. lat., 34° 53' E. loQg. Native uarae :
" Hisimdamhawala."

2. Pholidauges verreauxi (Shelley, Cat, p. 42).
Limawasi, 14° 49' 30" S. lat., 3i° sV' E. long.

3. Lamprotornis me vest (Shelley, Cat. p. 42).
Shir^ R., 15° 3' 10" S. lat., 31° 8' E. long.

4. Lamprocolius sycobius (Shelley, Cat. p. 43).
Shire R. Native name : " Likwirine"

5. Fiscus collaris (Shelley, Cat. p. 51).

Fort Mlangeni, 14° 41' 10" S. lat., 3i° 37' 20" E. long.
Native name : "Miviyo.'^

6. Coracias caudatus (Shelley, Cat. p. 109).
Shire R., 15° 3' 10" S. lat. Bill black, legs yellow.

7. Merops natalensis (Shelley, Cat. p. 111).
Shire R. Bill black ; legs slaty blue.

8. Irrisor viRiDis (Shelley, Cat. p. 112).
Shire R. Bill and legs red.

9. CoLius AFFiNis (Shcllcy, Cat. p. 118).

Fort Mlangeni. Legs red. Native name : " Pasapanza"

10. ViNAGO DELALANDEi (Sliellcy, Cat. p. 134).

Banda. Bill white; legs red. Native name ; " Nyandi."

11. Tympanistria tympanistria (Shelley, Cat. p, 138),
Sunji, 14° 41' S. lat., 34° 50' E. long. Native name :

" Fatukotuho:*

12. PffiocEPHALUs FUSciCAPiLLus (Shelley, Cat. p. 139).
Limauwasi and Banda. Native name : "Nffivi."

13. Agapornis LiLTANiE Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 466, pi. xii.
(Shelley, Cat. p. 141).

Limawasi. Bill red; legs slaty. Native name: "Chepuli."

This pretty little Love-bird is apparently rare as well as

very local, for in the sixteen large collections o£ birds made

in British Central Africa, this is only the second time that

examples of the present species have been included. All

On Moult and Col()ur-chan(/e in Birds. 177

the known specimens have been met with in the Upper Shire
district, except those procured by Capt. Alexander on tlie
Zambesi (see Ibis, 1900, p. 431).

14. Glaucidium peklatum (Shelley, Cat. p. 142).

Shire R. ; c? ? , Banda. Native names: " Matuwese''
and '' Kaungululu."

15. Bubo lacteus (Shelley, Cat. p. 144).
Banda. Native name : " Linjichl."

16. AsTURiNULA MONOGRAMMicA (Sliclley, Cat. p. 151).
Shire R.

XIV. — On Moult and Alleged Colour-change in Birds.
By WiTMER Stone.

The article by Mr. Bonhote, which appeared in last year's
volume of this Journal'^, leads me to make some reply
to his criticisms of my paper on " Moult " (published
in the ' Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy,' 1896),
though it seems questionable whether any further discussion
will result in a better understanding of the phenomena of
plumag>^-change, since the advocates of both sides hold so
tenaciously to their own view's.

Rather than repeat in detail arguments that have already
been fully expanded, I desire to point out some facts in
connexion with the study, and to endeavour to show what
has h&en proven by recent investigations.

It will be understood at the outset that, with Dr. J. A.
Allen, Dr. J. Dwight, Jr., INIr. F. M. Chapman, and most
other American ornithologists, 1 maintain that all colour-
changes in bird-plumage are produced either by actual moult
or by abrasion of the tips, and that there is no change of
pigment in the feathers themselves.

To consider in the first place the attitude of those wlio
differ from us, we note that the advocates of direct change
of pigment have been forced to abandon their earlier stand-
point— that most changes of plumage in spring-time were

* See ' Ibis," 1!J00, p. 4G4.
SliR. VIII. — VOL. I. N

17cS Mr. W. Stone on Moult

C'ti'i'cted ill this way — for the nincli narrower claim that the
change occurs iu some i'eatliers of some individuals of certain
species.

On the other hand it has now been ih' in on si rated that at
least many (and apparently all) individuals of every species
of bird in Eastern North America wbicli undergoes a spring
change of plumage accomplish that change by a moult. If
the same thing is not true of European birds, wc liave
certainly a strange state of atfairs !

Now let us consider the manner in which in\estigatioiis
liave been carried out. It should be thoroughly understood,
in the first place, that the study of moult or plumage-cliange
is one of the most difiicult hranches of ornithology, and
requires much pains and constant care to prevent our
jumping to conclusions i!ot >varranted by the evidence.

Tlie papers so far published against the colour-change
theory by Mr. Cha})man, Dr. Dwight, and myself are based
npon a careful examination of thousands of specimens, many
of them ill various stages of moult; while the numbers and
data of the individual skins upon which our conclusions are
based are recorded, togetber with the actual condition of tbe
feathers.

Mr. Bonbote's paper is notably lacking in these respects,
and he gives us his conclusions without placing the evidence
before us. For example he states '' From the head oi Larus
ridihundus I have taken at the same time new brown feathers
and old feathers in tite process of change^' [italics mine].
What he really took were no doubt particoloured feathers
which he thovght were clianging, but which we on the other
hand think ivere alirays particoloxred from the time they
broke from the sheath, and would remain so until they were
shed.

From this example it will be seen that the main difference
between us is a difference of interpretation of what we see in
the specimens examined.

Now as to Avhat has l)een proven. I claim that any one
who carefully studies the articles by Messrs. Chapman,
Allen. Dviight, and myself must admit that we have proved

and Culonr-chanijc in Biri/.f. \79

that certain iiiflividuals (we claim by inference all indi-
vidnals) of the many species tliat we have examined accom-
plish the spring change of plumage by a moult, and that the
feathers of the nuptial dress which are alleged to have
undergone a change of pigment burst from the pin-feather
sheaths exactly the same, so far as colour is concerned, as
tliey are in the breeding-bird. Furthermore, did oppor-
tunity offer to demonstrate our views personally to our
critics with our series of specimens, I am sanguine enough
to think that they wonld agree with us. One of the
principal difficulties attaching to the study of moult is
the lack of satisfactory material, and this I think has in
many cases led Mr. Bonliote and others astray. Few col-
lectors liave preserved moulting birds, because they make
such ragged specimens ; and in niy own experience it has
often happened that while I have had scores of examples at
hand, not one of them showed traces of the moult that I
snspected must take place. Nevertheless, the existence of
the moult was always demonstrated when an effort was
made to secure specimens at the proper time of year. Have
such efforts been made to secure spring-moulting examples
of European birds in cases where it is contended that no
moult occurs, and, if so, has not the investigator been forced
to admit tlmt j^nrt of Ihe plumar/e at least was moulted ?

An examination of our pnpers mentioned above will, I
consider, also force the admission that every fact so far
recorded as observed in a prepared specimen or dead bird is
entirely in accordance with the theory of a spring moult,
and can be quoted more logically as an argument for moult
than for the theory of direct change of pigment.

Mr. Bonhote, while admitting a spring moult in many
birds, says : " It does not follow that, because a bird is
moulting, a colour-change in individual feathers, be they
old or new, is thereby excluded." Very true ; if we prove
that ninety-nine feathers break from the sheath just as they
are in the nuptial dress, we may not be able to prove that
the hundredth does not undergo a change, and it is mani-
festly out of the (jucslion to demonstrate how every individual

n:2

180 Mr. W. Stone on Moult

of a species cliangcs its pluinag:c, but liaving proved a
reasonable uunriber of cases, may we not count our inference
legitimate ? All scientific reasoning is by such methods.
Furthermore, with the change by means of moult proven in
so manj' birds, Avhy should we seek to demonstrate that such
a wonderful phenomenon as the alleged ''change of pig-
ment^' should also take place in the same species? especially
since many of the details of such a change as set forth by its
advocates are at A'ariance with what we know of the histology
of the feather.

On Mr. Bonhote^s line of argument we might as well
claim that although we know that a large number of crabs
increase in size only at dt^fiuite periods when the old shell
has been shed, nevertheless this does not jjvove that some
individual crabs do not go on growing continuously. I fear,
however, that earcinologists would regard this as an un-
necessary hypothesis and quite unworthy of serious con-
sideration. Furthermore, they would hardly consider the
existence of a series of crabs of graded size as proof oi this
method of growth. A series of particoloured feathers, how-
ever, is supposed to prove the alleged change of pigment !

Is it not really the reluctance to overthrow a theory
Avhich has been held so long that unconsciously prejudices
the adherents of the direct colour-change theory ?

I therefore once more earnestly refer those who may wish
to investigate this subject to our former papers, and for the
present merely intend to consider the spring moult of one
form. As Mr. Bonhote suggests that I should extend my
studies to the LimicuJae, we will take as our example the
Sanderling [Ca/idris arenarid), a peculiarly appropriate
species, since it is common to both sides of the Atlantic, and
is known on both by the same technical name !

The arguments of the colour-change advocates, so far as
this bird is concerned, are well set forth by Mr. J. G. Millais,
in 'The Ibis' for Oct. 1896, p. 451, and on plate x. he
illustrates his theory by feathers taken from birds shot in
March (a grey feather), April (one with a dusky centre).
May (a blackish feather with white tip), and June (a similar

and Colour-c/ianc/e in Birds. 181

one with fulvous tip). These, he claims, represent the
successive stages through which each feather passes as the
grey winter plumage changes to tiie rufous summer dress,

A series of these birds is now before me from various
parts of the Atlantic coast of America and Greenland.
Winter specimens (26171, Cape May, New Jersey, Nov. 28,
1878, for example) have the feathers of the back like
Mr. Millais' fig. 1 (March), while some individuals also
show feathers like his fig. 2. In my March, April, and
May birds, in which the change is taking place, I find
feathers like his figs. 3 and 4 occurring in numbers, both
styles in the same specimen, and of those which are just
breaking from the sheath quiie as many have brown tips as
white, while all these partly expanded, feathers are black-
centred. This certainly shows that these grey feathers are
not the early stages of the black, as Mr. Millais would have
us believe. Furthermore, in a breeding-bird from Greenland
(No. 30197, June 14, 1892) many of the feathers have
white tips, although all are more or less abraded. This is
additional proof that the white-tipped feathers are always
white-tipped (except where they are worn) and not early
stages of the rufous-tipped.

1 may further state that every Sanderling examined which
had been taken in the changing spring-plumage showed abun-
dant partly-expanded pin-feathers, and yet Mr. Millais states
that no moult occurs at this time ! Is it possible that he
did not take the trouble to raise the plumage to look for
these new feathers, or did he write this statement when he
had not his material before him ?

The above facts set forth by me (and more fully elaborated
by Messrs. Chapman and Dwight) show conclusively that the
dark nuptial feathers ivhich positively do come in by moult in
March, April, and May, remain ])recisely as they are from
the time they burst from the sheath until they fall out
in the post-nuptial moult.

To argue that the presence of a series of feathers on one
bird, or several which show a range of colour-variation, is a
proof that each individual feather goes successively through

IH'J On j\I(jult mid Coloiir-clioiujc in H'lnh.

all those variations, is no more logical than to claim that if
the pales at one end of a fence are painted red, and those at
the other end hlue, with the intervening^ ones graded in shades
of purple, we have proof that each one of the blue pales has
passed through all the intermediate shades of colour !

A fcAV words must he said in conclusion on the study of
birds in captivity. Mr. Bonhote suggests that I should
extend my investigations to this field. This I have done to
a certain extent for some years past, and in the case of
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Zamelodia ludovicicma, and other
species in which the change is less striking, I find in every
individual examined that a spring moult takes place, while
there is no indication of a colour-change in the individual
feathers.

The difficulties in the way of this method of study are
very great, and it is extremely hard, as Mr. Bonhote admits,
to study any individual feather. To my mind none of the
rare instances yet quoted of change of pigment in the
feathers of live birds are at all conclusive, since so many
ways suggest themselves in which observers may uninten-
tionally misinterpret what they see, and so many details
are lacking in their accounts. One argument which has
been quoted in support of the colour-change theory is the
effect of a diet of cayenne-pepper in brightening the plumage
of Canaries ; but the breeders with whom I have talked state
that no change is noticed until after the moult, and that it
is the new feathers which are affected. Are not the alleged
changed feathers in living birds merely new feathers suddenly
expanded from pin-feathers which had before escaped notice?
The presence of a few of these new feathers and a number
of permanently particoloured feathers would apparently
furnish all the proof required. Moreover, the fact which I
liave stated elsewhere that cage-birds moult very irregularly
and imperfectly, adds to the difficulty of drawing accurate
deductions from their study.

It is my earnest desire that many investigators may be led
to pursue this branch of ornithological research, and I cannot
but feel that if due weight be given to the points brought

,';. .i'. i>.

Oil 1/ Bii.s/i-S/irikc from (\/jjr ('i>liiinj. 1.S3

lorward in the preceding' liugcs, wc sliall iiavc but tew
additions to the ranks of the colour-change advocates. In
any case, I cannot too strongly urge caie in the examination
of specimens, and the study of large scries taken at all
periods of the year.

VenwcG pciiiiis non nmtantur !

XV. — Descripfion of a neir Species of Bush-Shrike from the
Kmjsna District of Cape Colony. By W. L. Sclater,
M.A., F. Z.S.J Director of the South-Arri(\in Museum.

(Plate VI.)

Lamarius MARAisr, sp. iiov. (Plate VI.)

Head and back bluish grey, slightly streaked with green ;
back and wings dull green, brightest on the rump and upper
tail-coverts; a few of the outer wing-coverts tipped with
dull white; wing-quills dusky, edged along the outer web
with green, the inner edges of all except the first two pale
yellow ; tail-quills dull green, the inner webs and tips of all
but the two central edged with pale yellow ; eye-coverts
greyish. Beneath dull whitish, the neck and breast with
narrow, rather irregular, fine bars of greyish black, and
slightly tinged with yellow ; thighs greenish ; abdomen and
under tail-coverts pure white ; edge of the wing, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow. Iris reddish
brown ; bill dark horn, base of lower mandible light horn ;
tarsi bluish slate. Length of skin about 7'5 inches, wing
3*25, tail 3'5, culmen 0 60, tarsus 0"92.

The female resembles the male, but there is not quite so
much yellow about the breast, and it is slightly smaller.
Wing 3- 10 inches, tail 3*20, tarsus 0-90.

Mr. Marais, after whom I have named this species, sent
me the first example of it two years ago, but I originally
thought that it must be a young specimen of L. rnbi-
(jinosHS. He, however, stated that his specimens were
adult birds, and he has since bhuL a good many more
examples.

184 On a Bush-Slir'ike from Cape Colony.

'I lie ft)llo".^ing is a complete list of tlieni^ with dates and
sexes : — •

S . Gonna, Knysna 10 5 98.

$ . Salt River, Knysna 14/5/98.

J adult. Craddocks liiis^li, Knysna 3/11/98.

6- . \, H/10 99.

d adult. Stoclibels Busb, „ 1 1/10/99.

2 adult. „ „ 11 10/99.

2 adult. Brick-kiln Bush, „ li' 10 09.

(^ adult. Stockbels Bush, „ 1310 99.

J adult. Craddocks Bush, „ KMOUO.

J adult. Brick-kiln Bash, „ 11 1/99.

J adult. Salt Biver, „ 20, 1 1/99.

Mr. Marais tells me that he has found the sexual orgai;s
enlarged and obviously in use in most of these birds, and I
have no hesitation in considering the species new.

From the adult L. rubiginosus the present bird differs
markedly in the absence of the white lores, of the black
stripe through the eye, and of the i)ale rufous breast.
Young examples of L. rubiginosus, although without the
black band through the eye, always have the throat and
breast slightly tinged with pale rufous, and the freckling of
the lower surface does not extend to the chin and throat ;
neither has L. rubiginosus, c\i\\vv in the young or adult stage,
the pale tips to the wing-coverts present in L. maraisi.

1 have not been able to compare L. maraisi with the young-
stages of L. o/u'flce«5 for want of specimens, but the latter
is very rare in the Knysna, and has, in fact, been only once
obtained by Mr. Marais in that district; this being, so far
as I am able to ascertain, the first definite record of its
occurrence within the borders of the Cape Colony.

[There are two skins in the Collection of the British
IMuseum which appear to be referable to this species, if
distinct, as Mr. W. L. Sclater believes. They have been
catalogued (B. M. C. viii. p. 161) as the young of L. rubi-
ginosus (specimens // and i). There is also a third recently
received from the Scebohm bequest. — Edd.]

NLsthig-Culomj of the Straiv-necked Ibis. 185

XVI. — A Visit to a Nesting Colony of the Straw-necked Ibis.
By D. Le Souep, C.M.Z.S. (Melbourne).

The Straw-necked Ibis {Carphibis spinicoUis) is found all
over Australia^ according to the season^ while it fiequeritly
congregates in vast numbers, for the purpose of nesting, in
some locality where there has been a sufticiently abundant
rainfall and where food is plentifid.

Tlie colony of this Ibis which I propose to describe is
situated on the plains in the Riverina district, New South
Wales^ where a large swamp of about 600 acres has this
year [1900] been filled with rain-water to the depth of
3 feet for the first time since 1894. In 1896 this swamp
was partly full, and large numbers of Ibises came to breed
upon it, but about a fortnight after the eggs M'cre laid — the
-water in the meantime having dried u}) very i-apidly — all
the birds suddenly deserted their nests and left the district,
while in two days' time every egg had been eaten by Ravens
[Corvus austrulis). Tiie birds evidently changed their
quarters on account of the disappearance of the water, and
also probably on account of the failure of their food-supply,
as the season was not very favourable. This year the swamp
is quite full, and, after careful computation, I should estimate
the number of Ibises on it at somewhere about 200,000,
more likely above than below that estimate. It is curious
how these birds affect certain localities, while others that
seem to be equally suitable are untenanted ; but they
evidently prefer breeding in company, and have apparently
winged their way from all over the colony to this favoured
spot, where j,robably most of them had been hatched and
reared. In dry seasons, moreover, not a single individual
seems to be found anywhere in the district, but directly there
is an abundant rainfall thousands arrive.

The swamp (see fig. 18, p. 186) is more or less covered
with dense lignum bushes, which the birds break and tread
down nntil they form a kind of platform from 6 to 18 inches
above the water. Then they build twig-nests about 2 inches
deep and 6 inches in diameter on the lignum. A few of the

JH() Mr. 1). Lc Soui't" ry// a Ncsliiiij-Cfjliiiiij

of I lie Strair-nt'ckc'il Ibis. 1S7

nests have a lining composed ot* a yellow-tlowercd annual
Avhich grows on tiie plains, though the bulk have none.
Thirty of tliese structures are frequently to be seen on one
bush, while others that are smaller hold only from three to a
dozen nests. Many of the birds began to breed on September
8th this year, having arrived in various-sized companies,
each of wiiich seemed to choose a bush of suitable dimen-
sions. After due preparation they built their nests and began
to lay al.tout the same day, consequently all those on one
bush, with few exceptions, contained the same nuniber of eggs.
Now as this species is gregarious, and always lives in parties
of variable size, it is proijable that the supposition that each
flock as it arrives bu'lds in company is correct, the birds
composing it being known, as it were, to each other; eou-
sequenlly the vast assembly is divided u[) into small detached
sections of from three to tiiii'ty pairs.

From the outskirts of the swamj) only a few birds can be
seen ; and those al)()ve the Ijushes in the centre ; but the noise
from such a vast concourse closely resembles that of heavy
surf beating on a shore, and would be most puzzling if its
cause was not apparent. The beaks of the birds are very
stiong, and it is surprising what tough green twigs they
manage to break off in order to build their nests. J3y far
the greater part of these contain three eggs, but many have
lour, and a few of them five.

One might naturally wonder how such a vast number of
bitds could find sufficient food on the surrounding plains,
especially when the young have to be provided for ; but in a
favourable season dark-coloured caterpillars, which do great
damage to the herbage, are generally to be found in immense
numbers among the grass and weeds during the months of
August and September. At this period the various com-
panies of Ibises hunt systematically over the flats, eating the
caterpillars, and turning over clods of earth, stones, or the
like, in the hope of finding some luckless centipede, beetle, or
other insect beneath them. Later, in October and November,
A\hen the young are hatched, millions of grasshoppers are
hatched also, Avhich afford abundant food for the growing

188 Mr. D. Le Souef t*;? a Nesting -Colony

^

of the Siraw-necki'd Ibis. 189

appetite of the nestlings ; and since there are probahly more
than 200,000 mouths to fill, some little idea ean be formed
of the immense utility of these birds in destroying that
settler's scourge, the grasshopper or locust.

Platching takes place in the order in which the eggs are laid,
that is every other day, so that in nests on the same bush
there may be noticed one young bird and two eggs, or two
young and one egg, as the ease may be (see fig. 19, p. 188) ;
the little things grow ver}^ rapidly, and the down with which
they are covered is black. For the first few days they seem
to have the curious habit of waving their heads from side to
side, as all those seen were doing so. The parents feed them
with partially digested food, and it is an interesting sight to
see the various companies of adults going to and returning
from some favourite feeding-ground, the male and female
birds relieving each other in the duty. Occasionally a flock
will soar to a great height before leaving, and ean just be
seen with the naked eye as the individuals circle aloft in the
clear azure sky. When the young are about a week old
they are able to move freely upo7i the platform on which
their nests are built, and ii: disturbed, all huddle up on the
far side, whence they readily take to the water and swim to a
neighbouring bush. It is most astonishing to see how they
climb and scramble through the tough lignum, freely using
their wings, beak, and claws for those purposes, while they
either put the beak over some higher branch to help them-
selves up, or catch hold of a bough with it for the same
object. How the parents can find their own young when
they are mixed up with hundreds of others, I cannot say.

The nestlings are easily reared in captivity if taken when
nearly fledged, and soon become very tame and tiaetable.
The amount of food the adults and young consume must be
immense, as the contents of an average stomach were found
to be 2410 young grasshoppers, several caterpillars, five
freshwater snails, and nine little pieces of gravel, as well as
a few small bones, weighing in all 4^ oz. Thus the stomachs
of 200,000 adult birds would contain about 482,000,000
young grasshoppers, besides a large number of caterpillars.

lUO Mr. A. C. ]hiiv^\\cv—(Jr/iil/t:)Io(/}r(/l

snails^ and so forth, tlie total weight being estimated at
25 tons. When, moreover, the contents of the bulky crops
of the young are also considered, the amount will be greatly
increased. Of course, as the grasshoppers or locusts grow
larger, a smaller number becomes necessary. Like the
caterpillars, these insects are a well-known scourge, and
devour huge quantities of green food ; the freshwater snails
also are frequently the hosts of the liver-fluke.

XVII. — Ornithological Notes from the Transvaal.
By Alwin C. Haagner.

I HAVE now the pleasure of offering to the readers of 'The
Ibis ' a few additional notes on the birds of this part of the
Colony of Transvaal. *

1. Pyromelana oryx. (Orange Bishop-bird.)

The nest of this species is woven of strips of the leaves
of reeds and grasses, and is lined with the flowering heads
of the latter. It is suspended between two reeds (sometimes
three) growing in the vicinity of water or in damp places.
When such fail the nest is placed among the rank Meeds so
abundant in many spots. On one occasion I found it on a
wild plum-tree. The shape of the nest is oval, with the
aperture at the side near the top. Eggs three or four in
number, and of a beautiful blue-green colour. When blown
they often shew a lovely pure light-blue tint. Axis j^' to |",
diam. V'.

In the year 1898 I did not find a single nest containing
more than thi-ee eggs. This may perhaps be accounted for by
the scarcity of food, but I think that it is the usual number.
Building commenced in September and October in 1897.
In 1898, probably owing to the length and severity of the
winter, the birds only began late in November. In 1899
they started in October, as also in this year (1900).

These birds congregate in large flocks among the reeds
and cultivated lands, doing much damage to the latter.

* [For prcviuus uotc.«, sec 'Ibis," 1 ',)(.) 1, p. l-l— ]'".1M).]

Notes from tJic Transvaal. I'Jl

Their principal food appears to be various seeds and grain of
any sort.

The first appearance in summer-dress is about three weeks
before the dates above given, and often much less. The cry
is a kind of grating cliirp, rather brisk and not unlike
" tchwirt, tcliwirt." In my ojjinion tliese birds rank amoiig
the most beautiful of avian species, the brilliant orange- red
and glossy black forming a grand contrast.

2. PvROMELANA TAHA. (Talia Bisliop-bird.)

The nesting-habits of this species are nearly the same as
those of its congener, P. oryx, only it seems to prefer the
rank weeds that border the vleys and dams to reeds. The
eggs are four or five in number, and of a pure white, speckled
with tiny dark-brown dots. They are a good deal smaller
than those of the preceding. Axis }«"-{//', diam. j'^" (17-
]8 mm. by 11-12 mm.). In 1897 I found a good many nests
among the rank weeds at the bottom of our garden, just
bordering a spruit. In flight tliese birds puff up the feathers,
giving themselves the appearance of balls of gold floating
in the air. In 1899 I noticed them in large numbers on
an arljoining farm, whereas in former seasons scarcely half
a dozen were to be seen. They are fairly common this year
at Moddcrfontein and in the neighbourhood.

3. Ceryle rudis. (Pied Kingfisher.)

This species is not common hereabouts, although I have
seen a few pairs every season. On the 18th Febrnary,
1899, while dissecting a specimen which I had just shot and
skinned, I found in the stomach a large number of bones,
which on examination proved to be the phalangeal bones of
a frog's pes and manus. These birds frequent the banks of
dams and spruits.

4. Caprimulgus rufigena. (Rufous-clieeked Nightjar.)
In the year 1898, while shooting on a farm near Kaalfon-

tein Station, I got an example of this species. In a paper
on " Protective Resemblance in Birds, as observed in South-
African Species," read b}' mc at a meeting of the Johannes-

19.2 Mr. A. C'. Haagncr — Oi'tdtlwhxjical

burg Field-Naturalists' Club, I discussed the wonderful
protective resemblance of this Nightjar. Oti one occasion
I could not clearly make out what seemed to be a hump on a
branch, and on climbing up to get a closer view, was astonished
to see a Nightjar fly off. It had been sitting lengthways on
tlie bough, flattened up against it, and the colours of the
animate and inanimate objects blended to perfection.

5. CoLioPAssER PROCNE. (Loug-tailcd Widow-bird.)
This species is very common in the Transvaal, so far as

can be judged from my experience in the Pretoria and
Heidelberg districts. It is seen flying about the velt
everywhere, which is not the case with any other species of
Weaver, so far as I am aware. The nesting-season com-
mences in October and November. The eggs are of a
dirty grey-white ground-colour, indiscriminately dotted and
blotched with light and purplish brown. Axis |" or
22-23 mm., diam. j^" or 14-15 mm. Tlieir number is
generally four, but varies, according to my experience, from
three to five. I have always found the nest in a tuft of long
herbage near the ground. It is constructed of fine grass and
lined with the flowery heads of the same.

6. Passer aucuatus. (Arched Sparrow.)

On the 17th February, 1900, I found a fully-fledged
young Cuclfoo [Chrysococcyx cupreus) in a nest of this bird.
I put it in a cage, which greatly excited its fuster parents.
They resented my treatment of their supposed youngster by
loud cries, and approached me in their agitation to within a
distance of four feet. They kept hovering round the cage
until I had let the fledgling go.

7. TiNNUNcuLUs RUPicoLoiDEs. (Larger South- African
Kestrel.)

In my first paper (supra, p. 16) I gave a description of the
eggs of this bird. On the 28th July, 1899, on dissecting a
specimen, I found its stomach full of ants with a whole lizard
in two pieces. In its gullet I found a large quantity of re-
mains of birds. The food appears to be insects, lizards, birds,
and mice. Soft parts : — Iridcs pinkidi hazel ; cere bright

Notes from the Transvaal. 193

yellow ; legs pale oclireous yellow ; bill black at tip, base
light bluish slate-colour.

8. TiNNUNCULUs RUPicoLA. (Lcsser South - African
Kestrel.)

On the 7th of October, 1900, 1 found a nest of this species
in a mimosa bush [Acacia horrida) . It was constructed of
twigs, lined with hair, wool, and feathers, and contained
three eggs, the description being as follows : cream-coloured
ground, thickly spotted and blotched with various shades of
brown; axis 1|^", diam. Ij^g". When these Kestrels are
eating a bird, I noticed that they do not grasp it with both
feet. Taking it in one foot, the individual I watched would
hop about until he fancied he had found a suitable spot for
his meal, when he tore off all the feathers, and then rent
the body asunder and swallowed the pieces.

9. Scopus umbretta. (Hammerkop.)

A pair of these highly interesting and peculiar birds have
been constructing a huge nest in a willow tree near this place
for the last month, at a height of about 12 feet from the
ground. Measurements as follows : about a yard and a half in
diameter across the top and little more than a yard in height.
The fabric is constructed of twigs, weeds, reeds, and grass,
cemented together into a compact mass with mud. On the
top of it the owners have placed stones, pieces of plank, tins,
bones, and even a dead bird. The object is evidently to hide
the real appearance of the nest from above. The entrance-
hole is on the only inaccessible side of the tree, a circumstance
displaying much forethought on the part of the parents. I
would much like to take the eggs, but cannot get hold of
them without breaking the nest, which I have no inclina-
tion to do ; it is so strongly built that, although I have stood
upon the top, no damage was caused to it by my weight.

10. Spreo bicolor. (Witgat Spreeuw.)

On the 20th of October of this year I found a nest of this
species in a hole in the stone wall of a local causeway or
bridge. It contained five eggs of a plain bright greenish

SER. VIII. VOL. I. o

194 Dr. A. B. IMeyer on the

blue. Axis 1 iuch 5 Hues, diam. 14 Hues. This bird is
very coiumou liereabouts.

II. PoLiospizA GULARis. (Streakj-beaded Seed-eater.)
Ou October 25tb, 1900, I found a nest of this species,
•which is fairly plentiful here, built in a plum-tree in our
garden, about 4 feet above the ground. It was cup-shaped,
and constructed of the stems of a very common plant,
and lined with the flaxen tops of flowering grasses. It
contained three eggs of a very light bluish white, sprinkled
with dark and purplish-brown dots, chiefly at the larger end.
Axis nearly 13| lines, diam. 9^ lines.

Modderfontein,

December 16th, 1900.

XVIII. — Notes on the Cassowaries of the Dresden Museum.
By Dr. A. B. Meyer.

Mr. Rothschild's valuable monograph of the genus Casuarius
(Tr. Z. S. XV. pp. 109-148, pis. xxii.-xli., 1900) has enabled
me to revise the determination of the specimens in the
Dresden Museum, and I beg leave to offer a few remarks
upon them.

(1) The Museum received, in the year 1899, a specimen
shot on the hills behind Bongu, at the back of Constantin-
hafen, in Astrolabe Bay, German New Guinea, that is, on the
northern slopes of the Finisterre Mountains. This specimen
proves to belong to C. pidicollis hecki Rothsch. (/. c. p. 144,
pi. xxxvii.), known till now only from an example living in
the Zoological Garden of Berlin, with the habitat ''German
New Guinea." The Dresden specimen gives the first exact
locality for this species within a larger range, which we shall
ascertain correctly later.

(2) In the year 1883 the Museum procured an example
from " Port Moresby,'^ British New Guinea, designated as
C. beccarii Scl. (or C sclateri Salv.). This now proves to
be C. casuarius intensus Rothsch. (/. c. p. 121, pi. xxvii.).

Cassowaries of (he Dresden Museum. 195

described fi'om living specimens at Tring, " Habitat un-
known." Even if " Port Moresby " itself should not be the
exact locality where this individual was shot, we may infer
that it was obtained not far off. The future will give us the
more exact information necessary.

(3) Three specimens of C. bennetti Gould (/. c. p. 145,
pi. xxxix.) from New Britain in our collection do not
agree as to the shape of the casque with Mr. Rothschild's
plate, nor with his description of the casque of C. bennetti
maculatus Rothsch. (/. c. p. 14-8, habitat unknown). These
three specimens are from the Valley of Warangoi, in the
Gazelle Peninsula — that is, to the south of Herbertshohe,
round Cape Wuatta, about where on the maps "Putput
Harbour" is indicated. They agree well among themselves.
I suppose that Mr. Rothschild's representation of the casque
of this species (pi. xxxix.) does not exhibit all the phases,
as it appears very improbable that the specimens before
me can belong to another subspecies, the more so as the
casque of a skeleton in the Museum, prepared from an example
received from a zoological garden, also agrees with the three
above-mentioned birds.

(4) There is in the Dresden Museum, recently procured,
a chick from Sattelberg, in the north of Huon Gulf, which
may belong to C. uniappendiculatas aurantiacus Rothsch.
(/. c. p. 136, pi. xxxii.), or to C. picticollis Jiecki Rothsch.
{I. c. p. 144, pi. xxxvii.), both known at present only from
specimens in the Berlin Zoological Garden, with the habitat
" German New Guinea." The chick has not yet been
described, but I abstain from doing this because these pulti
cannot be discriminated by mere description. It might
possibly belong to some other species.

(5) Together with a specimen of Casuariiis loria Rothsch.
(/. c. p. 142, pi. xxxviii.), from the same locality and the
same collector as Mr. Rothschild's example, the Dresden
Museum has quite recently received a chick and an &^^ of
that species. Though, as already remarked, it is of not much
use to describe a chick of any form of Casuarius , on account
of the great general resemblance, I may mention that ours

196 Mr. H. W, Henshaw on the

has five distinct broad black stripes on the upperside, and
that the tawny-coloured stripes between them are narrower
than the black.

(6) I described, in the year 1884 (Z. ges. Orn. i. p. 296,
sp. 8:2), an egg of a Casuarius from Aru, which Mr. Roth-
schild has designated, with a query, as that of either
C. casuarius beccarii Scl. (p. 117), from Vokan, or of
C. hicarunculatus Scl. (p. 130), from Wammer and Kabroor.
Since my description was published, I have been able to
enquire of the collector as to the exact locality whence the
specimen came, and have been told that it was from Ureiuning,
on the Wanumbay River. It must therefore belong to the
latter species.

(7) I cannot agree with Mr. Rothschild as to the locality
of Mansinam (p. 141). The village on the mainland is
called Mansehnan, not to be confounded with Mansinam on
the island of Manaswari, Manseiman being up the mountain
— cf. my ' Neu-Guinea Tagebuch,' pp. 11 & 15, and map
(1875). This, however, is of little consequence.

So far as I know, the splendid series of Cassowaries in the
Turati Collection, now in the Museum of Milan, has not
yet been sufficiently studied. These specimens, with their
localities, would perhaps add something to our knowledge of
the group, which is, even after Mr. Rothschild's admirable
endeavours, far from being complete.

Eoyal Zoological Museum, Dresden,
January 28th, 1901.

XIX. — On the Habits and Haunts of the Noio or Hawaiian
Noddy Tern. By H. W. Henshaw.

Upon much of the windward side of the Island of Hawaii
the coast is bold and rugged ; nor has it been entirely in vain
that the north-east trades have essayed their might against
the obdurate volcanic rock for centui'ies, as witness the many
little bays and recesses which have been formed.

Tliis rugged, lonely, surf-streaked coast is the haunt of
the Noio [Anous hawaiiensis) , which species, the Tropic-bird,

Habits and Haunts of the Noio. 197

and the Ulili {Totanus incarms) are its sole avian inhabi-
tants, save where the Myuah and the Domestic Dove have
established colonies in the faces of the cliffs.

The shallow caverns eaten here and there into the bases of
the blnffs witli the more protected ledges are the chosen homes
of the Noddies. Within these rocky shelters they roost
securely at night, and there in summer they build their
nests and lay their spotted eggs on the flat, stony shelves.
The Noio is a very child of the ocean, and asks nothing
more than to pass its whole existence within the sound of the
surf-beaten shores.

The habit of nesting in rock-shelters and upon ledges
of cliffs, long since noticed by Mr. Dole, is especially
remarkable, when it is remembered that Palmer, Mr. Roth-
schild's collector, found the bird breeding upon the ground
under bushes on Laysan and on other islands to the north-west
of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Evidently the Noio has been
able to conform its habits to its environment, and so lives and
thrives under conditions which have repelled all others of
the group.

Unlike the Terns proper, this Noddy never dives or plunges
deeply into the water after its finny prey; with slow and
measured wing-beats it flies just above the surface of the
ocean, following the curving billows with prying eyes, and
turning sharply to the right or left to seize its booty with a
quick downward swoop.

Its favourite food is a long, slim, silvery minnow, known
to the natives by the name of Noi Noi, in pursuit of which
it makes frequent excursions off land, companies of fifty
or more being often seen five or ten miles from the coast,
all actively engaged in fishing. In summer its presence
is eagerly watched for by the Hawaiian fishermen, since
where the Noio congregates, there also the Aku or " Skip-
jack " is sure to be found eagerly pursuing the same little
fishes.

The surface of the Pacific near the islands is usually calm,
save for a long, majestic swell, or for troubled currents
among the surf-beaten rocks, and there the bird may be seen

198 Mr. H. W. Heiishaw on the

hunting, rather than in the smooth shallow waters of the
sheltered bays. In short, it appears to shun the places
where Terns are generally most at home.

It fishes most actively in the early morning and late
afternoon, the interval being passed at rest upon some
favourite ledge.

The T^oio is gentle and sociable in disposition, as indeed
are most of its kind, and the members of a colony seem to
dwell together in the utmost harmony. It appears to have no
natural enemies except man, and, as its nesting-sites are rarely
accessible, or only so under certain unusual conditions of wind
and water, they are not often disturbed even by the natives.

In the olden time meat was very scarce in the Hawaiian
Islands, where the largest wild animal was a rat, and the
only domesticated species were the dog and the pig. I
understand that then the natives used to make raids upon
the Noio at night by the aid of torches, and plunder the
nests of both eggs and young. Bewildered by the light, the
old birds flew round and round and were easily knocked
down w^ith clubs. The flesh is tender and, notwithstanding
the fish diet, is said to be not unpalatable. When molested
by day, the members of a colony circle wildly about their
threatened homes, uttering' a harsh crik, crik ; but if no real
harm is apprehended, they soon recover their equanimity,
and in a few moments return to their nests or percliing-
places. The Noio possesses the confidence born of long
immunity from danger.

The writer's own experience is limited to the Island of
Hawaii, but there is abundant evidence to shew that the
bird is generally distributed throughout the group.

Mr. Palmer found Anous stolidus on French Frigate and
Laysan Islands, but that bird appears to be absent from the
coast of Hawaii, and may not occur, except perhaps casually,
anywhere in the Archipelago. Mr. Dole's references, as
indicated by Mr. Wilson, apply solely to the Noio.

I have spoken above of the nest, but in truth the little
collection of rubbish gathered from the sea hardly deserves
that name; it is always damp, sodden, and foul-smelling, but

Habits and Haunts of the Nolo. 199

even so serves to keep the eggs and newly-hatched young
from the bare rock and, what is perhaps of more importance,
prevents them from rolling off the sloping and insecure
ledges. However, not many days pass after the Noio is
hatched before it is able to look after itself. It scrambles
over the rocky shelf to meet the parent bird when it comes
with food, and upon detecting danger stows itself away in
some crack or deep recess till reassured by the well-known
summons.

Like the ordinary Noddy Tern, the Noio lays but one
Ggg, while its breeding-season appears to be prolonged, for I
have found fresh eggs as early as February 11, and have
seen newly-hatched young as late as July 1. The prolon-
gation may, in part, be due to the birds being disturbed, in
part to the lack of suitable nesting-sites. The volcanic
cliffs, owing to the nature of the cleavage, probably do not
offer a sufficiency of suitable ledges and shelves for all the
pairs, so that some have to wait their turn until later. Be
the explanation what it may, in one cave that I often
visited there were always fifteen or twenty pairs of birds,
while I have never found more than six eggs and young at
the same time.

Under these circumstances it would be interesting to
discover if such colonies are not to some extent communal.
It is possible that all the old birds contribute more or less
to the support of the young, as they are hatched from month
to month, whether they be their own offspring or those of
others. Such a habit is quite conceivable in the case of a
bird so gentle and affectionate as the Noio.

The eggs resemble those of other species of Noddy. The
ground-colour is a rather clear greyish white, but is apt to be
stained by contact with the nest to a dirty brown of varying
intensity. The amount of marking varies within wide limits.
Many specimens are spotted and blotched with clove-brown,
which is sometimes so thickly deposited as to appear almost
black. One that lies before me is heavily clouded with dark
lilac, and has smaller markings of clove-brown. When over-
laid with lime the markings appear purplish.

200 Mr. F. E. Beddard ow the Anatovnj

Five eggs measure : 1-87 x 1*37 ; 1*87 x 1-31 ; 1-81 x 1-25;
ISlx 1-37; 1-75x1 38 iucli.

In colour the young birds repeat the pattern of their
parents. The head and occiput are clear greyish white^ even
lighter than the ashy head of the adult. The lores and
postorbital spaces are black. The other parts are sooty
black. The legs and feet are dark brown, affording no hint
of the yellow or orange hue of ruaturity.

XX. — On the Anatomy of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo
(Carpococcyx I'adiatus). By Frank E. Beduard, M.A.,
F.R.S.

So far as I am aware, there is no published account of the
anatomy of Carpococcyx. Being particularly interested in
the group o£ Cuckoos, I am glad to have this opportunity of
contributing to ornithology some account of its structure,
which is based upon a specimen recently living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London"^.

a. External Characters.

As in Cuckoos generally, the oil-gland is nude.

I counted 10 rectrices and 18 remiges. The fifth cubital
remex is not missing.

The ventral feather-tracts in Carpococcyx separate from
each other about halfway down the neck. On the breast
the tract of each side is not more than two or three feathers
Avide. A small tract of feeble feathers runs thence to the
hypopteron. At about the middle of the sternum the tract
divides, and each half is very rapidly reduced to the width
of a single feather. There is no union of the divided tracts
whatever at the cloaca or anywhere else ; they are completely
separate throughout.

Dorsally there is a very marked break between the cervical

* Eeceived August 31st, 1882. See P. Z. S. 1882, p. 358. It lived
nearly 18 years in the Gardens, and died June 7th, 1900. It was fed
mostly on a ver>etable diet with a little scraped raw meat intermixed ;
occasionally insects were given, and a dead mou^e every other day.

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo. 201

portion of tlie dorsal tract and the rest. The spinal tract is
at first narrow, but is broader posteriorly from the level of
the articulation, of the femora ; it terminates at the base
of the oil-gland. It is connected at the sides by sparse
feathering with the femoral tracts. There is no median
apterion.

It is clear that the pterylosis of Carpococcyx conforms
generally to the plan of arrangement which characterizes
such Cuckoos as Centropus^ , for the ventral tract of each
side divides upon the breast to form two separate tracts,
which, as in Centropus celebensis, retain their individuality
to the end. There is also an agreement with many Cuckoos
in the fact that there is a marked break, absolutely without
feathers, between the cervical and dorsal portions of the
spinal tract. The principal difference which distinguishes
Carpococcyx from all Cuckoos the pterylosis of which has been
examined and recorded is the unbroken nature of the spinal
tract. There was no trace that I could discover of a median
apterion. So far this is diagnostic of the genus.

b. Abdominal Cavity.

The two liver-lobes extend down considerably beyond the
sternum, and the right is larger than the left. Each of
them, as in other Cuckoos f, and in some birds besides, is
entirely shut off in a compartment of its own. There is no
communication, that can be detected on dissection, between
these chambers and that which lodges the intestine. The
nature, however, of the right and left hepatic sacs is not
quite the same. When the abdominal wall in the neigh-
bourhood of the gizzard was removed, what appeared to be
the falciform ligament was seen to pass from the gizzard
between the two lobes of the liver to the sternum. A
further dissection, however, showed that this apparently
single membrane was double, a wide space between the two

* Beddard, ^On the Structural Characters and Classificatiou of the
Cuckoos," P. Z. S. 1885, p. 168.

t Beddard, " Ou the Anatomy of an Australian Cuckoo {Sci/throps
novce-holkmdice);' P. Z. S. 1898, p. 44.

302 Mr. F. E. Beddard on the Anatomy

being empty of viscera, save for a portion of the gizzard,
which projected into it. Of the two vertical membranes that
on the left seemed to me to be the real equivalent of the
falciform ligament of other birds ; for it was attached to
the sternum in the middle line and to the gizzard approxi-
mately so ; moreover, it carried blood-vessels. The right
hepatic recess has thus its own median wall, while that of
the left hepatic recess is formed by the falciform ligament.

1 have used the expression " median " as indicating the
position of that septum with regard to the two hepatic
chambers. As a matter of fact, the septum in question is
rather oblique in its direction, trending distinctly toAvards
the right side of the body. It has been, I imagine, pushed
backwards by the growth of the liver-lobe, and really corre-
sponds to the transverse partition which shuts off the same
liver-lobe in Scythrops* .

c. Alimentary Canal.
The intestines are, as in the Cuckoos generally, short. The
small intestines measure 24 inches ; the large intestines only

2 inches, or a trifle more ; the caeca 3 inches. It has already
been mentioned that the right lobe of the liver is the larger.
The gall-bladder is very large, and its duct, the hepatic duct,
and the pancreatic duct open into the small intestine at the
top of the U in the order mentioned, the first-named duct
being furthest away from the pylorus.

The proportion of the length of the cseca to the length of
the intestines does not differ widely from what is seen in
other genera, saving only Scythrops, which appears to have
abnormally long caeca f.

d. The Windpipe.

The syrinx of Carpococcyx (figs. 20, 21, p. 203) is the most

purely bronchial syrinx that exists among the Cuculidae ; it is

even more exaggerated than that of Crotophaya. To the

syrinx of the latter genus that of Carpococcyx bears the closest

* See Beddard, he. cit.

t See Beddard, 'The Structure and Classification of Birds ' (London
1899), the table on p. 279.

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo.

203

resemblance. It is not, however, in my opinion, necessary
on this account to place the two genera in especially close
proximity, a proceeding which geographical considerations
do not favour. I am inclined to believe that the peculiar
form of the bronchi of these two Cuckoos may have been
independently arrived at by a closing up of the rings in

Fio-. 20.

Fig. 21.

Syrinx of Carpococcyx radialus
(nat. size), anterior view.

The same, lateral view.

the upper region of the bronchi like those of the Old- World
Centropus or of the New-World Geococcyx. These two
genera, in fact, seem so far as their windpipes are con-
cerned, to present us with an intermediate stage between
the typical tracheo-bronchial syrinx of the Phoenicophainse
and the extraordinarily specialized bronchial syrinx of Croto-
phaga and of ('arpococcyx.

^04 j\Ir. F. E. Beddard on the Anatomy

The syrinx of the latter genus is represented iu figs. 20, 21,
which show anterior and lateral views of the organ. The
trachea divides into the two hronchi after the fashion, as
it has been remarked, of the trachea of a mammal. For the
space of about an inch each bronchus consists of perfectly
complete rings, of which there are 22 running right round the
tube. This region of the bronchus is therefore composed of
many more rings than in Crotophaga, which has rather less
than half the number. The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx
run down the bronchi and are inserted on to the third of
the bronchial semirings. This ring is bowed in form, the
concavity being downwards, and is, in fact, exactly like
the third bronchial semiring of typically tracheo-bronchial
syringes,

A wide membranous space separates this ring from the
next, which, like it and the following, is cartilaginous.
The closed rings of the bronchi are ossified.

With the first incomplete bronchial rings commences the
membrana tympaniformis interna, which continues to the
entrance of the bronchus into the lung. Herein the syrinx
of Carpococcyx agrees with that of Crotophaga. In Steat-
ornis, which represents for the Goatsuckers the most
extreme development of the bronchial syrinx, the membrana
tympaniformis interna is of more limited extent, being suc-
ceeded, as well as preceded, by complete closed rings.

e. Muscular Anatomy.
The materials for a comparison of the muscular anatomy
of the fore limb in the Cuculidse does not at present exist,
since so small a number of types have been hitherto dis-
sected. Furbringer studied only the three genera Phceni-
cophaes, Zanclostomus, and Cuculus, including two species of
the last-named genus, and no other author seems to have
treated of their muscles in any detail. I hope to have
an opportunity later of examining some other genera of
Cuculidae. In the meantime I attempt to supplement
Prof. Fiirbringer's account by the record of the following
observations. They have been compared with his accounts

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo. 205

of his dissections, which are fully stated and easy for use
in comparison.

Latissimus dorsi. — The /. d. anterior, whose area of origin
from the vertebral column is just a fraction less than one-half
of the diameter of the I. d. posterior at its origin, does not
appear to me to be so completely fused with the latter as
is asserted by Fiirbringer to be the case in the Cuckoos
dissected by him. The /. d. anterior slightly overlaps the
posterior, and is only actually confluent with, and appa-
rently indistinguishable from, the latter for the space of
something like 2 mm. at the origin. Fiirbringer speaks
of their first becoming separate near the insertion on to
the humerus.

Latissimus dorsi metapatagialis is a slender but obvious
muscle. It is inserted in the axilla in common with the
rhomboideus superficialis. The breadth of this muscle is
about I5 times that of the profundus. The attachment is
to about ^ of the scapula, beginning proximally, and to that
bone only.

Rhomboideus profundus of the present species, as in other
Cuckoos, arises only from the vertebral column, and is
inserted on to the distal half of the scapula.

Propatagialis. — The arrangement of the muscles and
tendons of this system appears to be precisely that of other
Cuckoos. A muscular pectoral slip ends in tendons which
reinforce the long and short propatagial tendons. There is
no biceps slip inserted on to the latter, and the tendon itself
is simple and undivided.

The expansor secundariorum is present, as in other Cuckoos.

The biceps has, as in other Cuckoos described by Fiir-
bringer, a single broad tendinous head, which arises from the
acromion, and is " anchored " to the head of the humerus
on its way down the arm.

The anconeus has a long slender tendon affixed to the
humerus, in common with the latissimus dorsi.

The muscles of the fore limb do not appear, so far at least
as our present knowledge goes, to afford any characters by
which the numerous genera of Cuckoos can be classified.

206 Mr. F. E. Beddard on the Anatomy

It is quite otherwise with the hind limb, which does, in its
muscular anatomy, exhibit characters of classificatory value.
Garrod* was the first to draw attention to the fact that the
Cuculidse can be divided into two series, in accordance with
the presence or the absence of the accessory femoro-caudal
muscle. In one series, which is represented by Ceniropus,
the muscle-formula of the hind limb is ABXY + , the " full "
muscle-formula; in the second series, of which the genus
Cuculus is an example, the muscle-formula is the reduced
one, AXY+. Thirteen years later t I extended this list to
a number of Cuckoos not examined by Garrod, all of which
proved to have either the muscle-formula ABXY + or the
reduced formula AXY + . :

So far as I know, there have been no further observations
upon this subject.

Naturally, therefore, one of the earliest points to which
I directed my attention in dissecting Carpococcyx was the
condition of the flexor muscles of the thigh. I found that
all the four muscles in question are present, well developed,
and conspicuous. So that Carpococcyx, like Scythrops,
Eudynamis, Phcenicophaes, Centropus, Geococcyx, Crotophaga,
and Guira, possesses the complete muscle-formula ABXY + .

I shall not give a full description of the attachments and
insertions of these several muscles of the thigh, since they do
not appear to me to present any noteworthy peculiarities.

As to other muscles, I may observe that the glutceus
maximus has a large postacetabular extension, which com-
pletely hides the biceps, except just where the latter ap-
proaches the biceps sling.

Both the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis are
present.

f. The Skeleton.

The skull of Carpococcyx (fig. 22, p. 208) is not widely

* " On Certain Muscles of the Thigh of Birds," &c., P. Z. S. 1873,

p. 626.

I " On the Structural Characters and Classification of the Cuckoos,"
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 168 ; and " On the Anatomy of an Australian Cuckoo
{Scythrops nov<e-hoUandice),'' ibid. 1898. p. 44.

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo. 207

different from that of Eudynaniis* , with which I shall first
of all compare it, afterwards indicating some points of
likeness and unlikeness to other genera of Cuckoos. The
anterior region of the skull is almost exactly the same
length as the cranial, and a marked hinge-line divides the
two ; in Eudynamis the beak is relatively (as well as,
of course_, absolutely) shorter, and there is no hinge-line.
On a dorsal view the skull of Carpococcyx is much less
excavated in the region of the orbits, and the lacrymals
do not project so much outwards ; the upper surface of the
skull has thus an almost regularly oval contour, more so
than in any Cuckoo which I have had the opportunity of
examining ; the nearest approach to it is shown by
Pyrrhocentor (fig. 24, p. 210), to which bird Carpococcyx is
evidently closely allied.

The ventral aspect of the skull of Carpococcyx differs in
several respects from that of Eudynamis. In the first place,
the foramen magnum is more decidedly ventral in position,
a difference which may be correlated with the ground-
frequenting habits of Carpococcyx and the corresponding and
different position of the head. I have already pointed out
that Eudynamis has traces of basipterygoid processes f. I
did not, however, mention that, apparently in correspondence
with these, the pterygoids are bowed inwards, and that each
possesses a slightly projecting ridge, which may be looked
upon, perhaps, as the rudiment of the pterygoid facet. In
Carpococcyx the pterygoids are straight, and there are no
traces of basipterygoid processes.

* I select Eudynamis as the type of comparison, since it is, I believe,
nearer to the root-stem of the Cuculidte than any other existing genus.
I mainly compare Carpococcyx with other genera of the Phoenicophainae
for the same reason. The skeleton of the Cuculidae does not, indeed,
appear to me to offer many facts of structure which can he used for
classiticatory purposes. The utmost that can be said is, I think, that the
osteology of the group does not stand in contradiction to the scheme of
classification whicli appears to me to be the right one. I cannot extract
any facts which oppose themselves to, or, on the other hand, support, a
division of the CuculidtB into the three subfamilies Cuculinae, Phcenico-
phainse, and Centropodinae.

t P. Z. S. 1898, p. 48, footnote.

208

Mr. F. E. Beddard 07i the Anatomy

The palatines are distinctly different in the two birds. In
Carpococcyx the postero- external angles* of the palatines are
regularly and smoothly rounded off, as is shown in the
accompanying figure (fig. 22). The ridges dividing the
external or descending from the internal or ascending lamina

k^ A..^

Skull of Carpococci/.v radiatus (nat. size) ; ventral aspect.

gradually approach each other, and practically come into
contact for an extent occupying about the last half of the
palatine symphysis. In Eudynamis, on the other hand^ the
postero-external angles (see fig. 23, p. 209) are sharply cut
away, and the ventral ridges of the palatines do not come into
contact anywhere^ since the internal lamina of the bone is not

* I use tlie nomenclature of Huxley (P. Z. S. 1867-, p. 42G).

of the Radiated Fi'uit-Cuckoo.

209

aborted posteriorly, as it is iu Carjjococcyx. This difference
between the two skulls is very pronounced.

The jugal arch in Carpococcyx passes perfectly straight to
the maxilla ; in Eudynamis it is bowed inwards at its
junction with the latter bone. In neither genus are the
maxillo-palatines fused for their whole extent, as they are in
Scythrops, but Eudynamis shows a tendency in the direction
of a more thorough desmognathism than is exhibited by
Caiyococcyx. The accompanying figure (fig. 23) shows a
splint of bone running forward from the antero-internal

Fig. 23.

Skull of Evdynamis (nat. size), ventral aspect.

A, OS uncinatum ; P, palatine.

(From P. Z. S. 1898, p. 48.)

angle of the body of the palatine, which seems to foreshadow,
or to be the remains of, a more massive palate, such as is
possessed by Scythrops.

Viewed laterally, the nares of Carpococcyx, like those of
Eudynamis and the majority of Cuckoos, are seen to be
imperforate and single'^.

The ectethmoids are swollen rounded bones, contrasting
in their appearance with the flattened ectethmoids of Eudy-
namis. The lacrymals are large, with a descending process

* They are divided into two iu Phoenicophaes,
SER. VIII. VOL. I. P

210 Mr. F. E. Beddard on the Anatomy

that nearly reaches the jugal. The '' os uncinatum " is well
developed and nearly reaches the palatine. The squamosal
has a much longer forwardly directed process than in Eudy-
namis, in this character approaching Scythrops, which does
not, however, as I interpret its structure, belong to the same
subfamily of Cuckoos.

Fig. 24.

Skull of Pyrrhocentor celebensis (nat. size), ventral aspect.

One of the most salient points of difference which dis-
tinguishes the various genera of Cuckoos concerns the form of
the palatines. Phomicophaes and Rhinococcyx (fig. 26, p. 212)
(which are really hardly separable generically) stand midway
structurally, if not phylogenetically, between Carpococcyx
and Eudynamis ; the palatine ridges come into contact for a
very short space posteriorly. It may be observed also that
the rudiments of basipterygoid processes are fairly marked,
but the pterygoids are not bowed inwards.

Scythrops, as the accompanying figure (fig. 25, p. 211)
shows, has been developed from some such ground-form as
Eudynamis in the opposite direction. In the last-named
genus the palatine ridges are bent away from each other,

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo.

211

approaching anteriorly and posteriorly. In Scythrops, con-
trary to what we find in Phoenicophaes, it is the anterior
regions of the ridges which come into contact. It may be

Fiff. 25.

Skull of Seythrops (nat. size), ventral aspect.

A, OS uncinatum ; P, palatines ; B, junction of palatines anteriorly.

(From P. Z. S. 1898, p. 47.)

further remarked that the postero-external angles of the
palatines in Seythrops are more cut away than in Eiuhjnamis,
while in Phcenicophaes and its ally the form of the angle is
intermediate between that in Eudynamis and Carpococcyx. It
is apparently easy, therefore, to trace the modifications of the
palate through the series of genera which constitute the sub-
families Phoenicophainae and Centropodinse in two directions.

p2

212 Mr. F. E. Bedclard on the Anatomy

Taking Eudtjnamis as representing most nearly the basal
form not only of the subfamily Phcenicophainse but also of
the family Cuculidse, the variations of the palate exhibited
by other genera can be understood.

Fiff. 26.

Skull of Hhinococci/.v curvirostris (nat. size), ventral aspect.

In Centropus and Pyrrhocentor, representatives of the
Old- World Centropodinse, the palatine ridges are widely
separated from each other^ as in Eudynamis, and only just
come in contact posteriorly, a fact most marked in Pyrrho-
centor. Carpococcyx may be regarded as showing a further
development of this. The same statement holds good for
the New-World Centropodinse ; in short, in no other Cuckoo
which I have had the opportunity of examining is there any
extensive abortion of the inner lamina of the palatine pos-
teriorly, such as exists in the Phcenicophainse. Moreover,
the considerable amount of variation in this part of the sknll
is distinctive of the Phoenicophainse. This is possibly an
additional argument in favonr of the primitive position among
the Cuckoos of that subfamily, a view which is accepted by
Fiirbringer.

Vertebral column. — There are 14 cervical vertebrae, of

of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo. 213

which only the last two bear ribs. The atlas is perforated
for the odontoid process, not notched, as in Scylhrops and
Eudynamis. There is no catapophysial canal formed, in which
respect the genus agrees with Scythrops and Eudynamis ;
also, as in both these genera, the single median hypapophysis
is first developed upon the 10th vertebra. Five ribs reach the
sternum, there being thus one more than in Eudynamis and
Scythrops. In addition, there is a tiny remnant of an eighth
rib attached to the middle of the seventh, of which still
more minute vestiges occur in Scythrops. The last dorsal
vertebra, as in the two genera with which I am comparing
Carpococcy.v, is fused with the sacral series. But in Carpo-
coccyx, contrary to what is found in Eudynamis and Scythrops,
the last median hypapophysis is on the second dorsal vertebra ;
in the two last-mentioned genera it is upon the first.

The vertebral column and ribs therefore of Carpococcyx
distinguish it from Scythrops and Eudynamis, Avhich are
naturally more nearly allied to each other.

Sternum. — The sternum is marked on either side by a
shallow notch, as in Scythrops, but the bone is not so much
wider posteriorly than anteriorly, as is the case with Scythrops.
The notches are a trifle deeper than in Scythrops, but not so
deep as in Eudynamis, where, however, there is, as in Carpo-
coccyx, no marked widening of the sternum posteriorly.

Hind limb. — The proportions of the several segments of
this limb naturally distinguish the ground-living Carpococcyx
from its arboreal allies. I append a few measurements
(in millim.), among which I also include those of the hind
limb of the '' lload-runner," Geococcyx.

Carpococcyx
Geococcyx ,
Scythrops .
Eudynamis .
Saurothern .
Di2)lopterus

Quira

Piaya

Length of

Leugtli of

Leugtli of

femur.

tibia.

metatarsus.

64

Ill

84

48

66

50

68

77

44

38

51

29

38

53

33

29

42

32

39

60

40

40

55

35

214 On the Anatomy of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo.

It will be noticed from these measurements that Carpo-
coccyx has the most modified hind limb of any of the
genera with which I deal. The tarso-metatarsus is relatively
longer in this than in the remaining genera.

It is clear from the foregoing account of the anatomy of
Carpococcyx that the genus is a member of that division of
the family which appears to me to form a perfectly natural
subfamily*, and may be thus characterized: —

Syrinx bronchial. Ventral feather-tracts bifurcate.
Muscle-formula ABXY + .
This family I term Centropodin^^ and it has repre-
sentatives both in the Old and in the New World.

The two remaining subfamilies of the Cuculidae may be
correspondingly defined thus : —

PnoENicopHAiNiE. — Syriux tracheo-bronchial. Ventral

feather-tracts bifurcate. Muscle-formula ABXY + .
CucuLiNvE. — Syrinx tracheo-bronchial. Ventral feather-
tracts not bifurcate. Muscle-formula AX Y + .
In conclusion, it may be useful to give a definition of the
genus Carpococcyx for comparison with other Cuckoos : —

Genus Carpococcyx. — Rectrices 10; remiges 18. Eu-
taxial. No dorsal apterion. Each half of ventral tract
ending in two separate uniserial tracts, which do not
reunite. Small intestine 24 iuches ; cseca 3 inches.
Large intestine 2 inches. Right lobe of liver > left.
Gall-bladder large. Syrinx bi'onchial, with anterior
bronchial rings complete. Muscle-formula of leg
ABXY + . Cervical vertebrae 14 ; atlas perforated for
odontoid process. Bibs 2r + 5B + ^'. No rudiments
of basipterygoid processes in skull ; pterygoids
straight ; ridges on palatines in contact posteriorly.
Nares impervious, not divided into two.

* P. Z. S. 1885, p. 187.

On the Birds observed in the Gran Chaco. 215

XXI. — On the Birds observed during a Second Zoological
Ewjjedition to the Gran Chaco. By J. Graham Kerr.

In 'The Ibis-* for 1893"^ I published au account of the
avifauna of the region of the Gran Chaco traversed by the
lower reaches of the River Pilcomayo. Spending, as I did
during the Pilcomayo Expedition, practically the whole of
my time in hunting and collectings for the most part in
company with small parties of Toba Indians, I was enabled
to compile a fairly complete list of the birds. I have
recently had occasion to visit the Gran Chaco again ; this
time, however, some 200 miles to the northward of the
Pilcomayo. The object of my second expedition having been
the accomplishment of a definite piece of zoological research
— an investigation into the breeding-habits and embryology
of the South-American Lung-fish, Lepidosiren paradoxa — I
thought it necessary to concentrate my energies upon the
solution of the special problem which I had set myself, and
I therefore made no attempt to amass general collections.
As, however, the particular part of the Gran Chaco in which
ray investigations were carried on has not hitherto, so far
as I am aware, been visited by any ornithologist, it may be
useful to other workers to give a short account of the
district, coupled with a list of the birds definitely identified,
which must necessarily be very incomplete — especially as
regards the smaller and less conspicuous Passeres.

Leaving Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay, on September
24th, 1896, 1 and my companion, Mr. J. S. Budgett of Trinity
College, Cambridge, took steamer to Villa Concepcion, which
town was selected as our base. Here we spent three weeks
completing our preparations and awaiting the arrival of a
missionary friend, who was to be our guide into the interior
of the Chaco. At Villa Concepcion the River Paraguay is
divided into two channels by a low-lying, brush-covered
island several miles in length. Beyond the western of
these two channels lies typical Chaco country — open palm-
dotted savannah, varied by patches of dense forest. On the

* " Ou the Avifauna of the Lower Pilcomayo," Ibis, 1892, p. 120.

216

Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

Paraguayan or eastern bank^ just above the town, is a
large laguna, covered in places with a floating growth of
beautiful blue-flowered Pontederia, amongst which was
always to be found a little flock of '^ Jayanas ^^ {Parr a
jacana). Flitting along near the margin, specimens of three
diff'erent species of Kingfishers were frequently observed
{Ceri/le torquata, C. amazona, and C. aiiiericana), and

Fiff. 27.

Part of the Gban Chaco,
showing the approximate position of Waiktlilatingmayalwa.

perched on some branch overhanging the water might be
seen here and there a Cormorant {Phalacrocorax vigua),
while on the ground sloping down to its edge one of the
commonest birds was the little black-and-white Fluvicola
albiventris, occurring singly or in pairs. The other most

observed in the Gran Chaco. 217

noticeable species about the laguna were the Chaja [Chauna
cristata) , Ducks [Dendrocycna fulva) in flocks, Ibises [The-
rlsticus melanopis) also in occasional flocks, Lapwings
{Belonopterus cayennensis), and Herons, of which Ardea
cocoi was the most common. Syriyma sibilatriv was ob-
served at times, and I must not forget to mention the Toco
Toucan {Rhaniphastos toco), of which small companies were
often noticed flying across from one piece of woodland to
another.

On the western side of the river the country was typical
Chaco savannah, while upon the very margin, just opposite
Concepcion, was a narrow strip of fine *' monte " or wood,
in which the most striking birds were the Blue Jays {Cyano-
corax chrysops and C. ccerideus). Hanging from the trees
were many nests of Amblycercus soliturius and Cassicus
albirostris, those of the former being larger and formed
of brown fibres, those of the latter smaller and of finer
black fibres. In passing I may mention one or two of the
characteristic mammalian inhabitants : Agoutis were fre-
quently seen, and two species of Opossum were fairly
plentiful (Didelpkys azarce and D. crassicaudatd). By the
river-margins the Carpincho [Hydrochcerus capybara) was
common, and occasionally we saw an Otter (probably either
Lutra brasi/iensis or L. paranensis). The water close to
the Chaco shore was shallow, and here the Indians speared
the dreaded Sting-ray [Taniara duinerili). On the low-
lying island in the middle of the river, birds were plentiful,
amongst which Ground- Warblers [Geothlypis velata), Sal-
tators, Finches {Speyinophila palustris, Paroaria capitata),
Oven-birds (Furnarius rufus), and Bush-Shrikes {Thamno-
philus radiatus) were perhaps the most common.

On the evening of October 20th we embarked upon a small
steamer, with our horses and stores in a lighter lashed along-
side, and started up stream for Caraya Vuelta. In the trees
overhanging the river were many Cormorants, and in similar
positions the Darter [Plotus anhinga) was abundant, sitting
for the most part on some dead tree with its wings half
expanded. We also saw a few Muscovy Ducks [Cairina
moschata), an occasional Trogon [Trogon surucurd), and,

218 Mr. J. G. Kerr 07i the Birds

standiug motionless on a sandbank, one or two Jabirus
{Mycieria americana).

Next morning, about ten o'clock, we arrived at Caraya
Vuelta, an Estancia on the western bank of the Paraguay,
a short distance north of the mouth of the Rio Aquidabau.
A day was spent there loading up the bidlock-carts and
making other preparations, and finally, on Oct. 23rd, we
started off on our journey into the interior of the Chaco.

The track towards Waikthlatingmayalwa, the mission
station whither we were bound, lay roughly in a S.W.
direction. At one time it would traverse an apparently
limitless palm-dotted savannah, again it would wind in and
out along the margin of a piece of dense monte, and anon
skirt by the edge of a swamp choked with rich green vege-
tation. The first rains were already past, and much of the
open plain was covered with a few inches of water, so that
travelling was very laborious. From this cause and from
the intense heat, which caused the animals to be utterly
exhausted after a three or four liours' journey, our progress
was so slow that I began to fear that I should arrive at the
haunts of Lepidosiren too late, and find that the fish had
already spawned. As the thought of this, meaning the loss of
a whole year, was quite intolerable, I decided to push ahead
of the carts by forced marches. Accordiugly Mr. Budgett
and I, taking spare horses and carrying nothing in the way
of impedimenta beyond our arms and what we could com-
fortably convey on our saddles, left the rest of the party on
the afternoon of the fifth day, accompanied by an Indian
guide; and after two and a half days' journey, uneventful
though somewhat tiring, and rendered particularly dis-
agreeable to me by a slight return of low fever, we had the
satisfaction of drawing rein at our destination. Here we
were most hospitably received by a second local missionary,
Mr. Andrew Pride, and at once settled down to work, chafing
somewhat at the absence of the carts w ith our baggage, which
did not arrive till eight days later.

Waikthlatingmayalwa (lit. ''the place where the people
about to encamp found a Tortoise"), where I established my
laboratory for the work upon Lepidosiren, and the locality

observed in the Gran Chaco. 219

near which most of the birds mentioned hereafter were
observed^ is a favourite fishing-station of the "Paisiapto"" or
" Black-food " division of the Lengua Indians. Situated on
an almost imperceptible elevation which rises some two or
three feet above the general level of the plain, the settlement
is surrounded by country typical of the interior of the Gran
Chaco. To the northward is a grassy flat, dotted with the
characteristic fan-palms {Copernicia cerifera) and varied by
islands of dense dicotyledonous forest or '^ monte.^' To the
south, east, and west stretches the great swamp. Looking
across to the south-westward it seems like a great meadow,
a line of palm-tops on the distant horizon marking its
farther edge. Here and there appears an isolated clump of
palm-trees indicating the position of an island. To the
north-west and south-east it stretches away for an unknown
distance, winding hither and thither over the Chaco plain
like a great stream. In the swamp there is but little open
water ; it is mostly choked up by the dense growth of a tall
PapyrusA\ke rush and by coarse swamp-grass bound to-
gether by Convolvulaceous and Asclepiadaceous creepers.
The deeper parts, through which a sluggish stream meanders,
are marked by the soft green colour of the big leaves of
the Thalia or " Peguaho " as it is called in Guarani.
Where there does happen to be a piece of water free from
the larger vegetation its surface is covered by an unbroken
mass of floating plants, especially Pistia and Azolla, upon
which we generally found a flock of Ja9anas, daintily picking
their way about, and pausing now and then to stretch
their beautiful lemon-coloured wings vertically upwards and
to hold them motionless in that position, in the charming way
so characteristic of this bird. Here and there, especially
during the rainy season, were to be seen a small flock of such
Ducks as Cairina moschata or Dendrocijcna viduata, with a
single individual or pair of the very shy Crested Duck (Sarci-
diornis caru7iculata) . The swamp furnishes the Indians with
their chief fishing-grounds. The Indian fisherman wades
through the coarse grass with a long and slender spear, watch-
ing for the tell-tale quiver of the vegetation which betrays the
presence of a Lepidosiren underneath ; or he makes his way

220 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

to a part of the swamp where the frequent splashes all round
tell him o£ the abundance of teleostean fishes ; there he
pulls the vegetation aside so as to make a clear pool one or
two yards in diameter^ throws into it some fragments of the
big Amjmllaria to serve as ground-bait^ and then proceeds
to angle with a rude fishing-rod^ baiting his hook with the
muscular foot of the gasteropod. By the latter method in
particular he catches two species of Characinidae — Macrodon
trahira and Erythrinus unitcsniaius. These species, as
also Callichtliys asper, C. littoralis, and Symbranchus mar-
moratus, form, together with LejAdosiren, the main fish-
diet of the Indians. Sometimes a party of fishermen are
fortunate enough to kill a large Boa, the flesh of which is
also very good eating. The Jacare, probably on account of
the denseness of the vegetation, seldom wanders into the
swamp, though it occurs in the sluggish streams into which
the waters drain. After the rains cease, when the whole of
the marsh dries up, the Jacare retires underground, leaving
only a tubular channel to communicate with the upper air,
and is thus able to survive till the next rainy season, in the
same way as do Lepidosiren, Synibranchus, and Ampullaria.
In the height of the wet season the swamp is bounded on all
sides by a fringe of more or less open water. Here, where
there are half-prostrate palms suitable for perches, is to be
heard the weird drumming sound of the Brazilian Cor-
morant, large numbers of these birds congregating to feed
upon the fish-fry. As the visitor passes beyond the water's
edge, if the ground is bare, he will probably disturb a flock
of five or sixNaeunda Goatsuckers {Podager nacunda), which
lie until he is quite close to them and then rise uttering a
soft cry, to flit away a little distance and then alight again,
vanishing from view as if by magic the moment they touch
the earth.

Beyond the margin of the swamp is the palmar, that type
of scenery so characteristic of the Chaco— a wide-spreading
savannah covered with dense coarse grass and dotted with
fan-palms {Copernicia cerifera). Here and there are dead
palm- stems which, when erect, form the nesting- places of
various Ducks, Parrots, and so forth and, when prostrate,

observed in the Gran Chaco. 221

give a home to small mammals such as rats and mice^ and
the particularly beautiful and conspicuous little mouse-like
opossum [Marmosa pusilla). In the latter part of summer
the females of this opossum are frequently found almost
entirely concealed by their young, which cling to the
mother up till the time that they are nearly full-grown.
In the open palmar bird-life is always abundant — Icterids,
Finches, Woodpeckers^ and Parrots being perhaps the most
conspicuous of the smaller species. Occasionally a troop of
Rheas may be seen, which are, however, here as elsewhere
in the Chaco, extremely shy and difficult to approach.
The cry of the Chuna [Cariama cristata) is often heard,
especially in the early morning, while the sweet plaintive
call of Rhynchotiis rufescens is as characteristic a sound
here as it is far south on the Pampa. A conspicuous
mammalian inhabitant of the palmar is the Venadillo
{Cariacus campestris) , its larger relative the Cierbo {Cariacus
paludosus) being also common, but frequenting the margins
of the swamps.

The islands of monte have naturally their own special
fauna. Of birds perhaps the most noticeable, by reason of
their harsh cries, are the Charata [Ortalis canicoUis) —
whose extraordinary voice, like the noise of an enormous
rattle, heard in the early morning, draws an answer from all
the other montes around — and Aramus scolopaceus. We
often detected the presence of the latter, as we stealthily
picked our way along the margin of the monte, by hearing
the continuous splashing sound just within it, the bird being
busily engaged in breaking the shells of the large gasteropod,
Ampullaria, which constitutes its favourite food in this
region.

Among such surroundings, then, is situated the little
collection of huts called Waikthlatingmayalwa, and here
Mr. Budgett and I arrived at the beginning of the rainy
season — in October. Until the end of the year I was kept
busily occupied with my embryological work, but from that
time onwards this was rendered impossible by the greatly
increased depth of the swamp waters. The whole surround-
ing country became submerged, and we remained isolated

223 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

until the middle of February. By this time the waters had
subsided cousiderably, and we were able to make a start for
the River Paraguay. All the horses had been carried off by
a mysterious epidemic, and although we had ox-carts for our
impedimenta, we found the journey most trying. During
the rainy season a dense mass of matted vegetation had
grown up everywhere over the submerged ground, through
which for twelve days^ journey we had to force our way.
On the twelfth day we crossed a tributary of the Riacho
Verde, making rafts of palm-trunks for our baggage ; and
thence onwards to the Paraguay the country was dry and
waterless, the soil parched and dry, affording the greatest
contrast possible to the flooded country we had been passing
through before. After spending some weeks in the interior
of Paraguay we returned to the Chaco and made a second
expedition to Waikthlatingmayalwa for the purpose of ob-
serving the dry-season habits of the Lepidosirens. Most of
the month of May was spent in this work, and thereafter
we left finally for the south.

In the appended list of birds I indicate the locality
Waikthlatingmayalwa by the initial W.

Fam. I. Tu RD I D ^.

1. TuRDUS LEUcoMELAS Vieill.
W., Nov. 4, 1896.

2. TuRDUS RUFIVENTRIS Vicill.

W., Oct. 31, 1896, May 5, 1897. Frequent.
Fam. II. MuscicAPiD^.

3. POLIOPTILA DTJMICOLA (Vicill.).

W. Abundant in open monte.

Fam. III. Troglodytid^.

4. DONACOBIUS ATRICAPILLUS (LiuU.).

Lengua, Heydmng.

W., Nov. 4, 12, 13, 1896. In brush by edge of swamp.
Iris golden-yellow ; bare patch of skin at side of neck
bright orange-yellow ; feet hazel; bill black.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 223

Fam. IV. Mniotiltid^.

5. Geothlypis velata (Vieill.).
Villa Concepciou Island, Oct. 5, 1896.

Fam. V. ViREONiDiE.

6. Cyclorhis sp. inc.

W. In monte, Feb. 9, 1897.

Fam. VI. HiRUNDiNiDiE.

7. Atticora fucata (Temm.).

W. Abundant, Dec. 1896, Jan. 1897.

Fam. VII. Tanagrid^.

8. EuPHONiA chlorotica (Linn.).
Lengua, Setslp.

W., Feb. 9, 1897.

9. Tanagra sayaca Linn.

Villa Concepcion ; W., Nov. 4, 1896.
Specimens all very cyanopterous.

10. Saltator c^rulescens Vieill.
Villa Concepcion ; W.

11. Saltator aurantiirostris Vieill.
W., Nov. 2, 1896.

Fam. VIII. FRINGILLIDiE.

12. Spermophila palustris Barrows.
Villa Concepcion.

13. Zonotrichia pileata (Bodd.) .
Lengua, Khniei.

Villa Concepcion; W., Nov. 1896.

14. PoospizA melanoleuca (D^Orb. et Lafr.).
W., Jan. 1897. Very common in monte.

15. Ammodramus manimbe (Licht.).
Coturniculus peruanus, Arg. Gruith. I. p. 60.
W. Common, Jan. 1897,

224 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

16. CORYPHOSPINGUS CRISTATUS (Gm.).

Villa Coucepcion, Oct. 13, 1896 ; W., Nov. 10, 1896.

17. Paroaria capita ta (D'Oi'b. et Lafr.).

Villa Concepcion, common, Oct, 1896; W., Jan. 15,
1897.

Fam, IX. IcTERiD^.

18. Cassicus albirostris Vieill.

Villa Concepcion. Common. Nests in monte on west
bank of river (Oct. 5, 1896).
W., Feb. 7, 1897. Frequent.

19. Amblycercus solitarius (Vieill.).

Villa Concepcion, nesting in monte on west bank of
Paraguay River, Oct. 5, 1896.

20. MOLOTHRUS BONARIENSIS (Gm.).

W. Very common.

21. MoLOTHRUs RADIUS (Vieill.).
W. Abundant.

22. Agel^us ruficapillus Vieill.

W., Nov. 5, 1896. Common about edges of swamp.

23. Leistes superciliaris (Bp.).
Lengua, Tuskaiye.

W., Dec. 25, 1896, Feb. 9, May 6, 1897. Occasional.

24. Amblybhamphus holosericeus (Scop.).
W., Nov. 1896, Feb. 1897.

Common in swamp amongst the Peguaho [Thalia sp.).
Has a beautiful and plaintive whistle of two notes, the
second prolonged and lower in pitch — Hi-hu.

25. Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieill.).
W., Jan. 16, 1897. Common.

Fam. X. C o R VI D.E.

26. Cyanocorax chrysops (Vieill.).

Villa Concepcion, in company with C. cceruleus in monte
on western bank of river.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 225

27. Cyanocorax ceruleus (Vieill.).

Villa Concepcion, iu monte on western bank of river,
along with and nearly as unmerous as C. chrysops.

W., Jan. 15, 21, 1897. Flocks of seven or eight in monte
round station.

Fam. XI. Tyrannid.e.

28. T^ENIOPTERA NENGETA (Lilin.).

Villa Concepcion, near Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 23 ; W.,
Nov. 2. Many observed sallying from the top twigs of trees
after the manner of T. irnpero.

29. T^NIOPTERA DOMINICANA (Vicill.).

W.

30. TiENIOPTERA IRUPERO (Vicill.).

In palmar on west bank of Paraguay River opposite Villa
Concepcion, Nov. 1896.

W., Oct. 31, Nov. 2, 1897. Many along with T. nengeta
sallying after insects from the top twigs of trees.

31. FlUVICOLA ALBIVENTRIS (Spix) .

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 27; a good many by the water's
edge, Sept. 28 : very common about Villa Concepcion,
occurring singly or in pairs by every laguna. W., Nov. 1890.

32. LlCHENOPS PERSPICILLATA (Cm.).

W., May 7.

33. Machetornis rixosa (Vieill.).
W., Nov. 12.

34. Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer (D'Orb. et Lafr.).
W., Nov. 1896, Jan. 1897. Common in monte round

house.

35. Hapalocercus flaviventris (D'Orb. et Lafr.).

W., Nov. 28. A specimen shot in the swamp by Mr
Budgett.

36. PiTANGUS BOLiviANUs (Lafr.).

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Very abundant. W., Nov.
J 896.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. Q

2.26 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

37. Pyrocephalus rubineus (Bodd,).

Villa Coiicepcion, Oct. 1896 ; W., Jan. 16, 1897.

38. MyIARCHUS TYRANNULUS (MuU.).

Lengua, Ptlko.
W., Feb. 9, 1897.

39. Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus (D'Orb. et
Lafr.) ?

Lengua, Kispobdba.

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 13, 1896.

W. This Tyrant, wliicli Mr. Sclater thinks is in all
probability the species here designated, has a concealed crest
of red and orange, and a much stronger bill than Myiarchus
tyrannulus.

40. MiLVULUs tyrannus (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Very common, and in
small flocks of up to 15 individuals.
W., Nov. 1896.

Fam. Xll. D E N D R o c o L a p T 1 n ^.

41. FURNARIUS RUFUS (Gm.).
Villa Concepcion. Very common.

W. Very abundant. Building, Nov. ,2, 1896.

4.2. Synallaxis frontalis, Pelz.
W., Jan. 20, 1897.

43. Synallaxis phryganophila (Vieill.).
"W. Common. Building, Nov. 1896.

44. Phacelodomus striaticollis (D'Orb. et Lafr.).

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. One of the most con-
spicuous species there, especially noticeable for the loud
characteristic duet of the male and female, which was one of
the most familiar bird-sounds, as well as for its huge twig-
built nest, which we constantly came across in the open scrub.

W., Nov. 1896. Building. Very common.

45. Xiphocolaptes major (Vieill.).
Lengua, Siand.

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. In monte on western bank

observed in the Gran Chaco. 227

of the River Pai'aguay. The notes of this bird are very
characteristic.
W., Nov. 1896.

46. PiCOLAPTES ANGUSTIROSTRIS (ViciU.).

Villa Concepcion, Oct, 1896. Very common in monte on
western bank of the river.

W., Nov. 1896. Very common.

47. XiPHOHHYNCHUS LAFRESN AYANUS (D'Orb.).

Lengua, Yatebithye.
VV., Nov. 2.

Fam. XIII. F o R. M I c A R 1 1 D .E.

48. Thamnophilus major, Vieill.
Lengua, Scilu.

W., Jan. 16, 1897. In monte; common.

The " song " is very characteristic — a series of sharp notes
in falling inflexion, becoming more and more rapidly
repeated till they pass into a trill, and ending up with a
cry somewhat like that of a cat.

49. Thamnophilus radiatus (Vieill.).

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Amongst brush on island
opposite the town.

50. Formicivora strigilata (Max.) ; Scl. B. M. C. B.
XV. p. 251.

Lengua, Keyuk.

W., Feb. 2, 1897, ? . Amongst low bushes in monte.

The Lenguas believe that the cry of this bird sets their
shelters and blankets on fire.

[This fine Ant-Tlirush has not been previously recorded
so far south. Mr. Kerr brought home a single female
specimen. — P. L. S.]

Fam. XIV. Caprimulgid^.

51. PODAGER NACUNDA (Vieill.).

W., Dec. 10, Dec. 25, Jan. 11. Frequent in small flocks
of five or six individuals. During the day they lie close on

q2

228 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

the bare ground by the margin of the swamp, rising on the
approach of an intruder with a soft cry.

52. Chordiles virginianus (Gm.).

W., Jan. 16. (Irides dark brown.) Frequent in monte ;
lies close on branches of trees.

Fam, XV. Pic id^.

53. CoLAPTES AGRicoLA (Malh.) .

Villa Concepciou. Palmar in Chaco opposite Waikthala-
tingmayalwa^ Dec. 10.

5'4. Leuconerpes candidus (Otto).
Melanerpes candidus Harg. 13. M. C. 13. xviii. p. 148.
W., Oct. 31j Nov. 6. Singly or in small parties of tliree
or four.

55. Melanerpes cactorum (D'Orb. et Lafr.).
Picas cactorum, Arg. Ornith. ii. p. 19.

W., Nov. 4.

56. Celeus kerri Harg.

W., Jan. 15. Obtained oti several occasions.

57. Campephilus boi^ei (Wagl.).

Campophilus leucopogon Harg. B. M. 0. B. xviii. p. 466.
W., Oct. 31, Nov. 11, May 5. Frequent.

Fam. XVI. Alcbdinid^.

58. Ceryle torquata (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 27, 28. Common.
W., Jan. 1897.

59. Ceryle amazona (Lath.).
Villa Concepcion, Sept. 28.

60. Ceryle Americana (Gm.).
Villa Concepcion, Sept. 28.

Not quite so common at Concepcion as the preceding two
species.

Fam. XVll. Trogonid^e.

61. Trogon surucura Vieill.
Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 22.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 229

Fam. XVITI. Cuculid^..

62. CoccYzus AMERiCANUs (Linn.).

W. Common in open monte, Nov., Jan.

63. DiPLOPTERUs N^vius (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion. Cry very often heard in the Chaco
opposite the town. Oct.

64. Crotophaga major Gm.
Villa Concepcion.

65. Crotophaga ani Linn.

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Very abundant.
W., Nov. 1896.

66. GuiRA piririgua (Vieill.).

Guira giara Shelley, B. M. C. B. xix. p. 433.
Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Common.
W., Nov. 1896.

Fam. XIX. Rhamphastid^.

67. Rhamphastos toco Miill.

Villa Concepcion, flock of five, Sept. 28 ; near Riacho
Verde, Oct. 25.

Fam. XX. Psittacid^.

68. Ara auricollis (Cass.).

Macaws apparently belongfing to this species were observed
on several occasions near the Riacho Verde, but I was unable
to get within shot.

69. CoNURUs acuticaudatus (Vieill.).
W., Nov. 4.

70. CoNURUs NENDAY (Vieill.).

Near Carayd Vuelta, Oct. 23 ; Oct. 26, common near
Riacho Verde.

W., Nov. 1896. Very common in large flocks.

71. Brotoqerys chirtri (Vieill.) (?).
Lengua, Ydtupkdsik.

W., Jan. 14.

I shot a single specimen of a small Parrot with a yellow

230 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

patch on the wing-coverts, apparently belonging to this
species, but it was unfortunately lost and I am unable now
to identify it with certainty.

72. BOLBOKHYNCHUS MONACHUS (Bodd.).

W., Oct. 31.

73. Chrysotis estiva (Linn.).

Numerous, S. Pedro, Sept. 25. Villa Concepcion. W. ;
common.

74. PlONUS MAXIMILIANI (Kuhl).

Near W., Feb. 23.

Fani. XXI. B u b o n i d ^e.

75. Speotyto cunicularia (MoL).

I obtained a specimen at Waikthlatingmayalwa, the only
one I have ever seen so far north on the Chaco side of the
River Paraguay, though this species is quite common on the
eastern or Paraguayan side.

76. Bubo virginianus (Gm.).

W., Nov. 13. Occasional. Favourite food grasshoppers.

Fam. XXII. FALcoNiDiE.

77. Geranoabtus melanoleucus (Vieili.).
W., Jan. 1897. Occasionally seen soaring.

78. Busarellus nigricollis (Lath.).

Villa Concepcion, on Riacho Negro, Oct. 9, 1896.

79. POLYBORUS tharus (Mol.).

Villa Concepcion ; Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 23. W. Very
common.

Fam. XXIII. Cathartid^e.

80. Cathartes aura (Linn.).
Villa Concepcion.

W. Less common than C. atratus and much more solitary
in habits. Large numbers seen on Feb. 28th.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 231

81. Cathartes atratus (Bartram).
Villa Concepcion; W. Very abundant.

Fam. XXIV. PHALACROCORACIDiE.

82. PhALACROCORAX BHASILIANUS (Gm.) .

Phalacroct,rax vigua Grant, B. M. C. B. xxvi. p. 378.

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 27. Very many on Riacho Verde,
Feb. 25.

W. Very common in the wet season about open water
at the edge of swamps ; the birds sit on palms or palm-
stumps on the watch for fishes. When disturbed they will
fly round and round at a small elevation, and it is a favourite
sport with the Lenguas to try to bring them down by
whirling a stout stick some two feet long amongst them
as they pass.

Fam. XXV. Plotid^.

83. Plotus anhinga Linn.
Villa Concepcion.

Very common on Rio Paraguay, Oct, 1896. Perches at
nightfall on tall trees. During the day seen swimming or
resting on dead trees by the water's edge. Often disappears
beneath the surface for some time. On trees it will sit with
the wings half spread out as if sunning itself.

Fam. XXVI. A r d e i d ^.

84. Ardea cocoi Linn.

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 28. Common. W.

85. Ardea egretta (Wils.).

Villa Concepcion : flock, Oct. 10. W., Dec. 16, several ;
flock, Dec. 30. Near W., Feb. 16.

On Feb. 25th, when passing a tributary of the Riacho
Verde, we found an enormous assemblage of Herons con-
taining several hundreds of individuals, and amongst them
this species was the most numerous.

86. Ardea candidissima (Gm.).

W., Dec. 1, Dec. 16. Riacho Verde, Feb. 25,

232 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

87. Cancroma cochleakia Linn.

The head of this bird was occasionally seen amongst the
objects carried by the Indians in their small network bags.

88. Syrigma sibilatrix (Temm.).

Villa Coucepcion, Sept. 27, 28 ; W., Jan. 18.

89. Pilerodius pileatus (Bodd.).

Filer 0 dins pile atus Sharpe, B. M. C. B. xxvi. p. 171.
A white Heron with dark cap, apparently belonging to
this species, was seen about the Riacho Verde,

90. TiGRISOMA MARMORATUM (Vicill.).

Riacho Verde, Feb. 25.

91. Ardetta eryturo.melas (Vicill.).
W., Dec. 30.

Fam. XXVII. C i c o n 1 1 d .«.

92. EUXENURA MAGUARI (Gui.).

W., Nov.

93. Mycteria AMERICANA Linn.

Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 22; W., Nov. 5, Dec. IG, flock.
Large flock at Riacho Verde, Feb. 25.

94". Tantalus loculator Linn.

On journey, Feb. 28, many; W., large flock, Feb. 8, 1897.

Fam. XXVIII. Plataleid^.

95. Theristicus melanopis (Gm.).
Theristicus caudatus, Arg. Ornith. ii. p. 110.
Theristicus melanopis Salvad. Ibis, 1900, p. 511.

Villa Concepcion^ Sept. 30, a flock ; Chaco, near Caraya
Vuelta, many, Oct. 23 ; many between Caraya Vuelta and
Riacho Verde, Oct. 25 ; near W., Oct. 29 ; flock of 20,
Nov. 3; many feeding in camp, Dec. 16.

W., common in small flocks,

96. Harpiprion c^rulescens (Vieill.).
W., Nov. 21, Dec. 1. Frequent.

97. Phimosus iNFUscATUs (Liclit.).
Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896,

W., single individuals occasionally seen.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 233

98. Plegadis guarauna (Linn.).
Near W., Oct. 29.

99. AjAJA ROSEA Reichenb.

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 9. Flock ; also singly.

Fara. XXIX. Palamedeid^.

100. Chauna cristata (Sw.).

Chauna chavaria, Arg. Ornith. ii. p. 119.
Villa Concepcion, a pair, Oct. 10.
W., Nov. 4. Occasional pairs seen.

Fam. XXX. A n a t i d ,e.

101. Cairina moschata (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion ; Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 21 ; Riacho Verde,
Oct. 27. Near W., Oct. 29. W., many in swamp, Oct. 30;
Dec. 1, many.

Villa Concepcion, Oct. Abundant, singly and in pairs.

W. Very common, the most abundant Duck except
Dendrocycna viduata.

102. Sarcidiornis carunculata (Illig.).
W., Oct. 31, Nov. 2, Dec. 10.

Frequently seen about the margins of the swamp, singly
and in pairs. Extremely shy and difficult to approach.

103. Dendrocycna viduata (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion. Oct. 27, Riacho Verde. Near W.,
Oct. 29.

W. Abundant, This species was the most common
Duck in the neighbourhood of Waikthlatingmayalwa. It
breeds in hollow palm-trees, the nest being of decayed wood,
lined with down.

104. Dendrocycna fulva (Gm.).

Villa Concepcion, large flock, Sept. 30 ; flock, Oct. 10.
W., Nov. 27. Frequent.

105. Querquedula brasiliensis (Gm.).

Villa Concepcion ; near W., Oct. 29, Nov. 2, Jan. 14.

234 Mr. J. G. Kerr on the Birds

106. QUERQUEDULA TOKQUATA (VieilL).

W., Nov. 21, Nov. 27, Dec. 16. Frequent.

107. Metopiana peposaca (VieilL).
W., Dec. 16, a pair.

A few during the latter part of January. Mr. Pride found
them much more abundant several days' journey to the
westward.

Fam, XXXI. C o l u m b i d ^e.

lOH. CoLUMBA PicAzuRo Tcmm.

W., Nov. 5, Dec. 30, Jan. 16. Very common.

109. Zenaida macula ta (VieilL).
Villa Concepcion, Oct. 13, 1896.
W., Nov. 2, Jan. 3. Common.

110. CoLUMBULA picui (Tcmm.).
W. Very abundant.

111. Cham^pelia TALPAcoTi (Temm.).
W., Nov. 11. Abundant.

Fam. XXXII. Cracid^.

112. Ortalis canicollis (Wagl.).

Villa Concepcion; near Caraya Vuelta, Oct. 23, Oct. 25.
W. Common in the monte.

Fam. XXXIII. R all id

M.

113. Aramides ypacaha (VieilL).

Villa Concepcion, Oct. 1896. Cries frequently heard on
both banks of the Paraguay.
W. Occasionally heard.

Fam. XXXIV. A r a m i d .e.

114. Aramus scolopaceus (Gm.).
Lengua, Kdlu.

W., Oct. 31, Nov. 1. Very many observed. Many, W.,
Dec. 30, Jan. 4, Feb. 2.

observed in the Gran Chaco. 235

W. Very frequent. In the morning the birds utter
loud cries, answering one another from neighbouring tree-
tops. The harshness of the sound gives rise to a curious
custom amongst the natives. A Lengua will not eat the
flesh of the Kolu within some time of his wife's confinement ;
his doing so would cause the young child to cry all night.
Nests amongst the coarse grass of the swamp. The young
bird is Rail-like in appearance, with uniform dark-brown
down.

Fam. XXXV. Cariamid^.

] 15. Cariama cristata (Linn.).

Lengua, Tumumhti.

M'., Dec. 13 ; near W., Feb. 16.

Cries frequently heard in the camp ; the bird itself
occasionally seen in bare open spaces, running hurriedly
away. At night roosts in trees. The favourite food consists
of frogs.

Fam. XXXVL Parrid^.

116. Parra jacana (Linn.).

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 28. Very common on the
lagimas.

W. Common in patches of open water in the swamp,
feeding on the floating carpet of Pistia and Azolla.

Fam. XXXVIL CnARADRiiDiE.

117. VaNELLUS CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).

Villa Concepcion, Sept. 28, Oct. 10. Very common.
W., Dec. 10. Common.

118. Charadrius dominicus Mtiller.
W., Nov. 21.

119. oEgialitis collaris (Vieill,).
W. Occasional.

120. HlMANTOPUS BRASILIENSIS ViciU.

W.. Jan.

236 On the Birds observed in the Grim Chaco.

Fam. XXXVIII. Scolopacid.e,

121. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gm.).

AY., Nov. 21.

122. ACTITURUS BARTRAMIUS (WilsOn).

W., Nov. 27.

123. RHYNCHiBA SEMICOLLARIS (Vieill.).

Lengua, Waikye askuk (= cow beast).
W., Jan. Frequent.

Fam. XXXIX. L a r i d ;e.

124. Rhynchops iNTERCEDENS Saundcrs.
Rhynchops melanura, Arg. Ornith. ii. p. 193.
Rhynchops intercedens Saund. B. M. C. B. xxv. p. 155.
W., Nov. 1896.

One specimen was shot at Waikthlatingmayalwa. I had
never before met with this species in the Chaco.

Fam. XL. Podicipedid^.

125. PoDiLYMBus PODICEPS Linn.

Shot by Mr. Pride several days' journey to the westward.

Fam. XLI. T i n a m i d ^.

126. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.).

Between Caraya Vuelta and Riacho Verde, Oct. 25 ; W.,
Dec. 25.

Common in the open pahiiar about Waikthlatingmayalwa.

Fam. XLII. R h e i d ^.

127. Rhea AMERICANA (Linn.).

A pair between Caraya Vuelta and Riacho Verde, Oct. 23.

Near 1^ ., Oct. 29.

Frequent in the Chaco about Waikthlatingmayalwa, but
very shy, as in other parts of the district, being much hunted
by the Indians. They use the skin of the body to make
large bags in which to store their wool for spinning.

An Ornithological Expeditio7i to the White Nile. 237

XXII. — An Ornithological Expedition to the White Nile.
By Harry F. Witherby, F.Z.S.

With the object of making a collection of birds in the district
of the White Nile near Khartum^ I set out from England
on the last day of February, 1900.

At Marseilles I joined my two taxidermists, Messrs. E. H.
Saunders and C. F. Camburn, both of whom liad already
done excellent work in Mr. H. J. Mackinder^s expedition to
Mount Kenia.

We reached Cairo on March 6th, and our time being very
limited, a stay of three days had to suffice for collecting
provisions, ammunition, and much necessary information.

The journey from Cairo to Khartum is already so well
known, even under the new conditions of the desert railway,
that but the briefest description of it is necessary. After
twenty-four hours^ easy railway travelling we arrived at
Assuan, and from Shellal, just above the Cataract, we
proceeded by a stern-wheeler to Wady Haifa.

Owing to its being rather late in the season, as well as to
the extraordinary low Nile of 1900, this part of the journey
was, although comfortable, rather tedious. However, after
four days' battling with sandbanks we arrived at Haifa.
(On our return we travelled from Haifa to Assuau in three
days, but we then had the stream in our favour.) From
Haifa we took the last tourist train of the season to Halfya
opposite Khartum. This is most comfortable, and is pro-
vided with sleeping- and dining-cars and a restaurateur,
who furnishes excellent fare. The heat and dust were at
first certainly annoying, but we soon got accustomed to
such discomforts, and indeed it is surprising how little dust
enters the carriages, since very nearly all the country between
Haifa and Abu Hamed might, so to speak, be put through an
hourglass.

After Abu Haraed, a few dom-palms and a thin mimosa-
scrub are all that grace the sand.

From Haifa to Halfya by rail is 576 miles. Going up by
tourist train this occupied, including stoppages for meals

238 Mr. H. F. \\iiherhj— Ornithological

34 hours. But coruing dowu in an ordinary train with
fewer and shorter stoppages the journey was accomplished in
29 hours — excellent time on a line of 3 feet 6 inches gauge.
At Halfya we found a steamer to convey us to Omdurman.
At the time of our visit all the government offices, excepting
the Sirdar's Palace, were at that place, but a move to
Khartum is, I believe, very shortly to be effected. Many
government buildings, besides private houses and an hotel,
were in process of building at Khartum. We were the
recipients of the greatest possible kindness and courtesy
from everyone whose aid we sought. The Sirdar, Sir F.
Reginald Wingate, granted us permission to travel up the
east bank of the White Nile, the west batik at that time
being considered unsafe, and, through the agency of Bim-
bashi F. C. Newall of the Intelligence Department at
Omdurman, had most kindly hired camels for us. With
the generous help and advice of other officers I was enabled
to complete my arrangements quickly, so that on March 21st
we started away fully eqjiipped up the White Nile.

I decided to w^ork a siuall portion of the country thoroughly,
and not to attempt merely to " cover ground."

Time and fatigue might have been saved if we had travelled
by a steamer up the river, and worked back by land from a
given point. However, we adopted the plan of going altogether
by land, the object being to get such an idea of the country
on our journey up as would enable us to fix upon likely places
for camps, and to roughly estimate how many days should
be spent in each place on our way back. This plan was so
far successful that while thoroughly working the country
from our southernmost point to Khartum, we were able to
get back to England on June 3rd, or within a day or two of
the prearranged time.

Our baggage was carried by camels, and as horses were
exceedingly difficult to obtain in Omdurman, we rode donkeys.
The Soudan donkey is a miserable beast compared with the
Egyptian animal, and the wooden native saddle did not
altogether make it a success as a mount.

Camels, though more expensive in every way, would

Expedition to the Wliite Nile. 239

perhaps have been a greater success ; but I am convinced
that it would have been perfectly practicable^ and of course
much more comfortable and less fatiguing, to have ridden
bicycles on the desert track as far as we went. However,
by means of camels and donkeys travelling at about 18 miles
a day, we reached a point a few miles south of El Kawa, or
about 150 miles direct fiom Khartum, in nine days. We
had intended to reach Abba Island a little further south, but
as I was unfortunately attacked with dysentery on the tenth
day from Khartum, we halted and made our first collecting-
camp.

During my illness, Saunders and Camburn worked zealously
at collecting both birds and small mammals at this camp and
a second north of El Kawa. At our third, a little north
of Ed Duem, I was able to join again in active work.
From this point to Khartum we made five collecting-camps.
From four to six days spent at each place was all that was
needed to work out the surrounding country. Although
certain species, as for instance Pigeons and Sand-Grouse, were
exceedingly numerous, birds on the whole were so scarce that
it was only by the hardest work that two of us who were
collecting could keep the third employed in skinning. Of
mammals there were scarcely any.

As we found it, in the months of April and May, the east
bank of the White Nile from Khartum to 150 miles south
of it is exceedingly barren. By the river there is either a
strip of short grass or a flat of caked mud deeply cracked in
every direction. The country beyond is sometimes abruptly
cut off from the river by a high bank of sand, but more often
the land gradually rises and supports a narrow belt of trees
at no great distance. The trees are small, and almost
all are of the acacia family. Beyond this belt, which
in no place is more than a mile wide, stretches a scrub of
mimosa and other bushes, gradually thinning out until the
bare desert is reached. Enormous stretches of it appear to
be capable of cultivation, and part of it was covered with
stubble of maize and durrha — the first crop that had been
grown fur many years, we were told. The natives had

240 Mr. H. F. ^Yitherhy—Or7^itholo(/ical

objected to growing corn for the benefit of their former lord
and master the Khalifa.

Owing to the very large amount of land that has gone out
of cultivation, and to the time of our visit — the height of the
driest of dry seasons — there was very little vegetation. The
trees were mostly leafless, the grass was brown and dead,
"while the crops consisted of little more than a patch of
beans here and there or a little cotton. In fact, this period
of the year, althougli the hottest, might be termed the winter
in the Soudan. Consequently very few birds were breeding,
and notwithstanding many enquiries from Europeans and
natives, I was unable to discover when the general breeding-
season began. If there is one at all, it is probably after
the heavy rains, which commence about the end of June.
The river then rises and eventually floods miles of land on
each bank. This, with the rains, must entirely alter the
character of the country, and provide abundant vegetation,
insect-life, and other food for birds.

We obtained our specimens, of course, chiefly by the river
and amongst the trees and thick bushes. The scrub beyond
the belt was rarely dense and seldom contained many birds,
while in the desert country still further from the river Sand-
Grouse were almost the only species to be found.

Except by their inveterate laziness and decided indepen-
dence, the natives of these parts gave us little trouble.
Neither did they give us any help. They appeared to be
singularly unobservant, and to take no notice of the birds
and other wild animals around them.

The greatest enemy to collecting was found in the tempera-
ture. At Omdurman during April and May the maximum
ranged from 100° to 115° Fahrenheit during the day, as
registered by thermometers in a sci'een in the doctors'
compound. Besides damaging ammunition, provisions,
photographic materials, and so forth, this great heat caused
birds to go rotten in three or four hours during the day, while
it was never safe to keep anything shot overnight to be
skinned in the morning.

Sandstorms were frequent; and collecting or skinning
while a sandstorm is raging is hardly possible.

Expedition to the White Nile.

Fig. 28.

2il

Map of the White Nile,
to show Mr. Witherby's route and camps.
SER. VIII. VOL. I. R

?42. Mr. H. F. Witherhy— Ornithological

As already observed, our time was limited, hence very few
large birds were collected, our energies being devoted to
diligently searching for smaller and, as we hoped, rarer
kinds. How far this hope was justified must be decided by
an examination of the following list.

In the preparation of it and in the working out of my
collection I am greatly indebted to Mr. p]rnst Hartert for
most valuable help and advice, for which my heartiest thanks
are rendered.

The places mentioned in the list of birds which follows are
situated as below : —

Wad Mariun, on the east bank of the White Nile, about

12 miles south of Khartum.
Jebel Auli, on the east bank of the White Nile, about 25

miles south of Khartum.
El Gerazi, on the east bank of the White Nile, about 60

miles south of Khartum .
Shebesha, on the east bank of the White Nile, about 113

miles south of Khartum.
Ed Duem, on the west bank of the White Nile, about 120

miles south of Khartum.
El Kawa, on the east bank of the White Nile, about 140

miles south of Khartum.
The sketch-map (p. 241) will give some idea of our route,
which was practically the same in going up and coming down
the river. The crosses indicate approximately the positions
of our collecting-camps.

Note. — No skins were preserved of those birds which are
marked with an asterisk in the following list.

1. Nectarinia metallica Licht.

These charming little Sim-birds were met with from Kawa
to Khartum, but were certainly more common in the northern
portion of our route. They were generally to be found in
small parties searching busily for insects in the sont-trees
{Acacia sp.). Exceedingly restless, they are continually
flirting their tails and agitating their wings to an accom-
paniment of soft, but singularly commanding, notes. They

Expedition to the IVhite Nile. 243

often hover in the air in preference to perching, when picking
some insect off a tree. All the males we obtained^ except
one, Avere in various stages of transition from the immature
to the mature plumage. A single specimen is greenish grey
on the upperside, like the female, but with one or two
metallic feathers showing. The centre of the throat is green,
but the sides are still yellow. One long tail-feather of this
specimen is nearly full-grown, and the white is already
abraded ; whereas in other examples with but few immature
feathers left the central tail-feathers are scarcely longer than
the others, and are tipped with white.

Adult and young. Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet
black.

2. Nectarinia pulchella (Linn.).

This beautiful Sun-bird was even more common than the
preceding species. In habits it is very similar.

Here, again, my specimens are in the transition plumage
well described by Dr. Gadow in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ix.
p. 8.

Young. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black.

3. ^GITHALUS PUNCTIFRONS.

/Egithalus punctifrons, Sundev. tEfvers. Vet.-Akad. 1850,
p. 129.

jEgithalas punctifrons has been treated by Dr. Gadow
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 70) as a synonym of /Egithalus
capensis. A comparison of the two birds shows them to be
perfectly distinct. ^. punctifrons differs from M. capensis
in being grey on the underparts instead of sulphur-yellow,
greenish on the crown instead of grey, and grey on the rump
and upper tail-coverts instead of yellowish.

Sennaar is given by Sundevall as the habitat of jE. punc-
tifrons. On the White Nile we observed very few of these
birds, and only at two camps — Gerazi and Shebesha, between
60 and 120 miles south of Khartum. They were generally
in pairs, and occasionally in company with parties of Sun-
birds. Their sprightly and enei'getic actions — hopping,
flitting, and climbing about the trees — in their search for

R 2

244 Mr. U.Y.Witherhy—OniitJwlof/icnl

insects were quite Tit-like ; but, unlike our Tits, they were
silent, we did not hear them utter a note.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill bluish at base, darkening to
brown at tip ; legs and feet bluish slate-colour.

4. ]\I0TAC1LLA FLAVA LiuU.

This was the only Wagtail we saw. It was common on all
the grassy flats by the river during our journey south. The
latest note I have is of one shot on April 11th at Kawa.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet black.

5. Anthus campestris (Linn.).

The Tawny Pipit was fairly common from Kawa to
Khartum during the whole of our journey. The last we
obtained was on May 12th near Khartum. They were to
be found as frequently on the sand amongst the scrub as in
company with Wagtails on the banks of the river.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill brown ; legs and feet pale brown.

6. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).

Only one Red-throated Pipit, which I shot near Khartum
on so late a date as May 12, was observed.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet brown.

7. Galerida flava Brehm.

Galeritaflava A. E. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 77.

My specimens agree perfectly with the typical specimens
of G. flava in the Tring Museum, collected by Brehm in
the Khartum district.

A specimen in immature plumage is lighter and much
more rufous on the upper parts than the mature bird, and
the feathers of the head and mantle are tipped with huffish
white, while the wing-coverts and the inner secondaries are
broadly margined with the same colour.

These Crested Larks were very common and tame in the
cultivated districts near Khartum. As we proceeded south,
the birds became scarcer and wilder. At Shebesha, about
100 miles south of Khartum, only a pair here and there
was to be met with, not on the cultivated land near the
river, but amongst low thorn-bushes where the scrub ended

Expedition to the White Nile. 245

and the desert began. They are very fond of squatting in
the shade of a bush, from which they run at the slightest
alarm and suddenly take to flight. Every mature bird we
obtained was in full moult.

Adult. Iris brown; bill horn-colour; legs and feet pale
straw-colour.

8. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen (Cab.).

Individuals of this species were plentiful. Along the river-
bank wherever there was a grassy flat they were generally
to be found in small companies. They Avere also common
amongst the bushes in the sand, where, like the Crested
Larks, they took advantage of the shade of some bush, under
which they crouched five or six together. They allowed of a
near approach, and then almost invariably took a short flight
to the shade of some other bush. In sandy country, even
when flying, the female is difficult to see, and is soon lost
sight of, but the male with his black breast and almost white
back is much more conspicuous.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill bluish white; legs and feet
greenish white.

9. Pyrrhulauda leucotis (Stanl.).

The young bird, of which we obtained two specimens, is
much like the female, but is greyer on the upper parts,
showing little rufous colour except on the wing-coverts.
The dark centres of the feathers of the back are more marked
and the tail-feathers are broadly margined with buff. Tue
under parts resemble those of the female. In habits this
species seemed to be identical with the last mentioned, with
which it associated. It did not, however, appear to be so
numerous. We saw several of them in immature plumage.
On May 11th we found a nest of this species in a small
scooped-out hollow in the caked mud amongst some very
short burnt-up grass near the river. The nest, which w^as
sheltered by a large lump of mud, was a small shallow " cup "
composed of dry grass and two or three bits of cotton.
Round the " cup " was a compact and neatly-arranged layer
of particles of mud, perhaps made by the bird during the

246 Mr. H. F. Witherhy—Ornitliological

formation of the hollow in the caked ground. The nest
contained one egg, from which the female flew on our
approach.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill bluish white ; legs and feet
dull flesli-coloiir.

10. EmBERIZA FLAVIGASTBA Rlipp.

An examination of the fine series of Emberiza flaviventris
in the British Museum makes it evident that the South-
African bird can easily be separated from its more northern
representative^ the Emberiza flavigustra of Ruppell. In the
South-African bird the rich orange-buft' of the upper breast
is more extensive and very much richer in tone than in the
northern birdj while the yellow on the lower part of the
breast of E. flaviventris extends down the sides, whereas in
E. flavigastra it is confined to a medial line on the belly, the
sides and flanks being white up to the middle of the breast.
In fact, the breast of Emberiza flavigastra is very much like
that of Emberiza poliopleura. AVe saw only one specimen
of this bird, which was obtained at Kawa.

Adult. Iris hazel; bill, upper mandible horn-colour, lower
mandible pale brownish ; legs and feet pale brown.

11. Passer rufidorsalis Brehm.

The House- Sparrows of Khartum and the White Nile
were considered by Brehm to be worthy of specific dis-
tinction. A search through the series of Passer domesticus
at the British Museum failed to discover any bird approaching
my specimens from the White Nile for smallness of size
and richness and brightness of colouring, while those from
Khartum (A. Brehm coll.) and from Lado (Emin Pasha
coll.) at Tring agree perfectly with my birds. The wing of
the male of Passer rufldorsalis measures only 2| inches.
W^hen first I saw these Sparrows at Omdurman I was at once
struck by their very fine colouring.

12. Passer diffusus (Smith).

"We found this Sparrow here and there from Kawa to
near Khartum, but it was nowhere plentiful and seemed to

Expedition to the White Nile. 247

prefer thick wood, of which there was but little. The only
note we heard it utter was a single piping sound.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill blackish brown, lower mandible
yellowish at base ; legs and feet dark olive-green.

13. Passer luteus (Licht.).

This species was common and well distributed. Generally
to be found in small flocks of twenty or so, it was very
wild and frequented the bushes and trees in the more open
country. When flying it has a twittering linnet-like note,
while in the trees it chirps like a House-Sparrow. We
saw an enormous flock of these birds in some tall bushes
on the river-bank near Kawa. They were exceedingly
restless, rising in clouds from tlie bushes as we approached
and settling again further on, only to rise when we neared
them.

Adult. Iris bright hazel ; bill horn-colour, becoming dark
at tip ; legs and feet pale brown.

14. Serinus leucopygius (Sundev.).

We only met with this species twice : at Shebesha, about
90 miles south of Khartum, and in some acacias near the
river at Wad Mariun, within 12 miles of Khartum.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet flesh-
colour.

15. Pyromelana franciscana (Isert).

This species was only observed within a few miles of
Khartum, where we found a considerable flock amongst
some beans and onions near the river.

My specimens are in brown female plumage. We saw no
red-and-black males.

16. ^DEMOSYNE CANTANS (Gm.).

My birds are moulting from the immature to the mature
plumage, and show the following changes : —

Old Plumage. New Plumage.

Back mid secondaries faintly Back and secondaries more

barred with brown. strongly barred with brownish grey.

Croivn -feathers light - tipped Crotcn - feathers dark brown

brown, with dark centres. with darker centres.

2J.8 Mr. H. F. V^iihexhy—Ornitkological

Chin-feathers huffish white. Chin -feathers reddish brown,

with white tips, giving a spotted
appearance.

Upper breast and flanks hw^sh. Upper breast and flaiikshn^sh.

■white. white, strongly barred with buff.

These little birds were by no means plentiful. They were
found in small parties of five or six, generally sitting close
together on a twig of some bush or tree near the river. They
seemed most inactive, their sole occupation consisting, appa-
rently, of singing sotto voce.

Iris hazel; bill light slate-colour; legs and feet bluish
pink.

17. EsTRiLDA PHCENicoTis Swains.

We only saw this bird at our southernmost camp, where
it was common.

Iris dark red ; bill purple ; legs and feet whitish grey.

18. ZoNOGASTRis ciTERioR (Strickl.).

Wherever the sont-trees were thick enough to form a
wood these birds were generally to be found.

Adult. Iris light brown ; bill dull red ; legs and feet light
brown.

19. SiTAGRA LUTEOLA (Licht).

Only one specimen obtained.

20. Hyphantornis galbula (Riipp.).

These Weavers were very common and to be found in every
stretch of wooded or bushy country. They were generally in
small flocks, and often associated with Passer luteus. They
have a wheezing little song, sounding more like the creaking
and squeaking of two small boughs rubbing together than
the voice of a bird. All those that we obtained were in
immature plumage.

21. Oriolus galbula Linn.

We obtained a pair of these birds at Shebesha on
April 25th. Two or three were also observed at Gerazi
on April 30th and May 1st. They were very wild.

Expedition to the White Nile. 249

22. Lamprotornis porphyropterus Riipp.

Dr. Sharpe has differentiated the Central-African short-
tailed bird, under the name of L. brevicaudus, from the
longer-tailed Abyssinian form (Ibis, 1897, p. 450) . My speci-
mens evidently belong to the Abyssinian species, their tails
measuring: ^ 8", ? 6'''75, ? 6"-87.

These birds were plentiful as far as we went south of
Duera, but we did not observe them more than ten miles
north of that place. Their song is sweet, but they have a
perpetual and irritating call-note which is decidedly harsh.
We found them in small companies, generally frequenting
the tops of the trees ; they were very tame.

Adult. Iris pale yellow ; bill, legs, and feet black.

23. Spreo pulcher (P. L. S. MiilL).

We only observed these birds near Gerazi and Getaina,
between 50 and 60 miles south of Khartum. They were
in companies of from six to eight in thick bush. Although
very conspicuous, looking dark when perched, and showing
a whitish wing-patch when flying, they are nevertheless
difficult to shoot owing to their exceedingly shy and crafty
nature. When four or live are in a tree, one of them is
almost always perched upon the top of it or upon some outside
branch, where he can get a good view. Just as you arrive
within gunshot, the sentinel gives a warning whistle, so shrill
that it sounds almost like a squeak, at which all the flock
take a short straight flight to another tree. You creep up
again, but the sentinel seems to know the exact range of your
gun, as do so many birds. When feeding on the ground,
this species is more easily approached, and its gait and action
are similar to those of our Starling.

Adult. Iris white ; bill, legs, and feet black.

24. CoRVUs scAPULATUs Daud.

These Crows were at most points common and tame. They
were generally in fairly large flocks, but we saw many pairs
and a good many single birds. They make a very hoarse
'' quaa "" rather than a " kaa.'^

Adult. Iris hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.

250 Mr. H. F. Witherby — Ornithological

25. *CoRvus UMBRiNus (Sundev.).

Ravens were seen here and there either singly or in pairs.
On the desert railway from Wady Haifa to Abu Hamed
there was a Raven or two at every '^ station.^'' These,, and
very rarely a Kite, were the only biixls to be seen.

The river is a great distance from some of the stations,
and it is puzzling to discover where the Ravens drink unless
they take their chance at some bucket or tank.

26. BUCHANGA AFRA (Licht.).

This species was by no means common, but one or two
individuals were observed at most points. When the bird is
flying overhead or towards the observer, the light grey
underside of the primaries shows up conspicuously. It has
a peculiar low squeaking little song.

Adult. Iris bright red ; bill, legs, and feet black.

27. Lanius senator Linn.

Mr. Hartert has lately (Novitates Zoologicse, vol. vi.
December 1899, pp. 4J 6-418) separated this species into
four subspecies. My bird agrees with subspecies d {Lanius
senator paradoxus A. E. Brehm) in having the central
rectrices pure white at the base.

We only saw one of these birds. This was obtained near
Khartum, and it was very wild. When flying away, the
white rump at once distinguishes it from Lanius nubicus,
which it much resembles at a distance, the red head being
inconspicuous except at close quarters.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.

28. Lanius nubicus Licht.

This Shrike was everywhere common. It was plentiful
on May 16th at our last camp near Khartum, and we observed
a pair at Korosko on May 23rd. We obtained an immature
male on April 8th at Kawa. To me these birds had every
appearance of being residents and not migrants. They
haunted the same trees day after day, and always seemed
thoroughly at home. They showed no sign of nesting, but
were continually chasing one another as though mating.
The call on these occasions is a harsh, rapidly-uttered "keer,

Expedition to the White Nile. 251

keer, keer " — a complaining and almost squealing note.
They almost invariably perch on a low bough, from which
they every now and then dart to the ground, to seize and
devour some insect, and then return to their point of
observation. They also capture insects in the air and pick
them from the tree.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill dark horn-colour; legs and
feet black.

Young. Iris, bill, legs, and feet dark brown.

29. Lanius isabellinus Ehrenb.

A pair of these birds was obtained near Kawa on April 8th.
We observed them nowhere else.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill whitish at base, tip black ;
legs and feet black.

30. Lanius dealbatus de Filippi.

Lanius dealbatus de Filippi, Revue et Mag. Zool. 1853,
p. 289.

Lanius leuconotus Brehm, Journal fiir Orn. ISSl', p. 147.

My specimens agree perfectly with the type of Brehm's
L. leuconotus at Tring, as well as with the co-type of
L. dealbatus in the British Museum. This species was
nowhere common, but it was met with at most of our
camping-places. We once saw a pair, but the birds were
generally met with singly and were rathei- wild.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill dark slate-colour ; legs and
feet blackish brown.

31. NiLAUs AFER (Lath.).

We only observed this bird between Jebel Auli and
Gerazi, from 25 to 60 miles south of Khartum. In that
district it was not uncommon. This was one of the few
species found breeding. The sexual organs in the specimens
preserved were in an advanced condition, and I watched a
pair building a nest on May 1st. It was placed in the fork
of a horizontal bough about 30 feet up a sont-tree in a thick
wood. Both birds worked at building, bringing material at
intervals of a minute, and often less, during the considerable
time I watched them. They invariably sat in the nest and

252 Mr. TI. ¥. \\\t\\evhy— Ornithological

turned rapidly round in it as they built in tlie stuff which
they had brought. I saw one of the birds plastering cob-
webs on the outside. The male, and possibly the female also,
has a quiet piping note of one syllable.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill black, with base of lower
mandible pale slate-colour ; legs and feet bluish grey.

32. Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretzschm.).

We only saw four birds of this species, though it is not
likely to escape observation. Two were seen at Kawa and
two at Shebesha.

Adult. Iris pale straw-colour ; l)ill black ; legs and feet
dark slate-colour.

33. Telephonus remigialis Hartl. et Finsch.

This seemed to be a species of local distribution. We
only observed it between Shebesha and Gerazi, where it was
not uncommon. The actions of this bird are beautiful and
fascinating. It leaves a tree with a downward swoop, then
glides gently up with tail and wings outspread, singing
sweetly as it rises.

It is rather shy, hiding itself on the further side of the
bush or tree as soon as it catches sight of an intruder.

Adult. Iris mauve ; bill black ; legs and feet olive-green.

34. Argya acacia (Licht.).

A few of these birds were frequenting some thick bush
near Gerazi, south of which we did not observe them. They
"were more common nearer Khartum, where, some four or five
miles from the river, companies of six or seven inhabited
scattered thorn-bushes in the wastes. They shared the
desert with the Sand-Grouse, the only other bird to be seen
so far from the river as this, unless it was an occasional
Pigeon. This Babbler is as often seen on the ground as in
a bush, and its tracks, with those of Sand-Groiise, were
everywhere plainly impressed upon the hard soil. It is a
shy bird, and knows well how to keep its distance, running
rapidly along the sand and then taking a short flight, low
and straight. The alarm-note is a fairly loud and very
shrill '' whee," very rapidly uttered some four or five times.

Expedition to the White Nile. 253

It also has a shrill single cry, which I took to be the call-
note. When perched^ it continually flirts its tail np and down,
like a Wagtail, but with a sharper motion.

Sometimes the bird will hide in a thick bush and allow
you to approach it. But on these occasions it always keeps
well to the further part of the bush_, moving round as you
do the same, and then suddenly darting out at the opposite
side, so that it is generally well out of range before you know
it has left the cover. You may kick or beat the bush, but
nothing will move it until it decides to leave, which is almost
sure to happen when your attention is occupied by a thorn.

Adult. Iris light brown ; bill dull yellow ; legs and feet
pale green.

35. Crateropus leucocephalus (Cretzschm.).

These birds were common wherever the bush was thick.

They are always to be found in pairs or in small companies
of five or six, and, although most amusing to watch, are
exceedingly annoying. The slightest thing seems to frighten
them, whereupon their alarm takes a curious turn. They
do not fly sensibly away, but persistently follow the intruder
about and hurl at him a continual stream of the most
maddening, rattling alarm-notes. This noise is made up of
a long string of " churrs,^' lasting for half a minute or
so at a time, and so rapidly are the notes repeated that the
whole sounds much like a policeman^s rattle turned with
feverish anxiety. Moreover, the birds perform in company,
sitting on a bough side by side and touching one another.
Should the collector be so unlucky as to rouse five or six of
them to their highest pitch of wrathful terror, he may give
lap all hope of collecting in that neighbourhood for some
time. Luckily they are conspicuous birds, and so may be
easily seen and avoided.

Adult. Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet
greenish grey.

36. Pycnonotus arsinoe (Hempr. et Ehr.).

This Bulbul was everywhere exceedingly common, and we
were never without one or two of them in the trees over our

254 Mr. II. F. \\\t]\cvhy—OrnitIioIogicaI

camping-place. Tliey Avere most coufiding^ and the first
species to come down to the tin of water we always put out
for the birds near our tents. Their cheery flute-like notes,
almost exactly syllabled by the words " tit-willow/^ although
heard on all sides continually, never became wearisome.
Adult. Iris hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.

37. Eremomela oris lio- FLA va (Heugl.).

My specimens of this beautiful little bird agree with the
two examples in the British Museum collected respectively by
Heuglin and by Blanford in Abyssinia, I may point out that
in Heuglin's figure (Orn. N.-O. Afr. vol. i. tab. xi.) the rump
is wrongly coloured yellow. The artist has evidently been
led astray by the yellow feathers of the flanks having
curled over the rump, as they often do in a skin. In
Blauford's figure (Geol. & Zool. Abyss, p. 355, pi. iii. fig. 1)
the rump is correctly coloured brown.

We obtained only two examples of this species, both at
Shebesha, the only place where we saw it. With so slight
an acquaintance with these birds it is not possible to say
much of their habits. But I was particularly struck, in
"watching two of them for some time, by their elegant move-
ments and great activity in the heat of the day. They
■were hunting for insects in a small sont-tree, and took not
the slightest notice of me, although I was standing only
five yards aAvay. The foliage was searched so diligently
and minutely that I could scarcely believe that any living
thing could be left for the next-comer. Small as the tree
Avas, the birds seemed to be in great fear of losing each
other, and were continually uttering a soft call-note.

Adult. Iris yellowish brown ; bill greenish pink ; legs
and feet greenish.

38. Camaroptera brevicaudata (Cretzschm.).

My specimens seem to be in immature plumage, being
very light-coloured on the breast and throat, and showing
none of the ashy-grey colouring of the mature bird on the
under parts.

This species was rare. We only observed it at Shebesha,
where wc obtained two examples.

Expedition to the White Nile. 255

Iris brown; bill black above, horn-colour below; legs and
feet dull flesh-colour.

39. SyLVIELLA BR.A.CHYUK.A.

Sylvietta brachrjura Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258.

Sylviella micrura Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 154
(1883) (specimens a, b, c).

Sylviella brachijura Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 155.

My specimens agree perfectly with the western form as
separated by Mr. Ogilvie Grant (Ibis, 1900, p. 155) under
the name of S. hrachyura. The throat and eyebrows in this
form are rust-coloured, while in its more eastern repre-
sentative, /S'. micrara^ those parts are whitish.

We only found this species at three camps, viz. Dueai,
Shebesha, and Gerazi ; at none of these places was it at all
common. Both in habits and note it reminded me very
much of our Nuthatch. The call-note is, in fact, a very
weak reproduction of that of the bird mentioned. Although
I never saw it climb up the trunk of a tree, it was always to
be found running about the boughs and twigs, and often
hanging on the underside of a branch, in its diligent search
for insects. The general colour and the short tail no doubt
add somewhat to its superficial likeness to a Nuthatch,
although a miniature copy.

Iris hazel ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet light brown.

40. Spiloptila CLAMANs (Temm.).

Spiloptila damans, Sliarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 231.

These beautiful little birds were met with at three of our
camping-places, viz. Shebesha, Gerazi, and Jebel Auli. They
were in little parties of five or six, and first attracted my
attention by their low sweet call-notes, which immediately
arrest the listener by their purity and extreme delicacy. They
have also a pretty little warbling song, which requires a
near hearing and perfect silence to be fully appreciated.
Low thick thorn-bushes at the edge of the desert seemed to be
their favourite hunting-ground, but they also frequented the
acacias on the outskirts of the woods, and were sometimes to
be seen hopping about on the sand. They are seldom at
rest, and are continually jerking their tails from side to side.

256 Mr. H. P. Witherby — Ornithological

Adult. Iris dark yellow ; bill flesh-colour at base, tip
black ; legs and feet yellowish pink.

41. CiSTICOLA ARIDULA.

Cisticola aridula Witherby, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xi. p. 13
(1900).

This species differs from C. hindii, which seems to be its
nearest ally, chieflly in its small size and the colour of its
upper parts, which are light buff, the feathers being very
narrowly streaked with dark brown mesially. Besides having
no sub terminal bars to the tail-feathers, it differs from
C. cisticola in its smaller size, in the absence of any rufous
tinge on the rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and flanks,
and in the colour of the upper parts, already described. It
has been suggested to me that this bird might be an albinism,
though I do not know of what species it could be an albino.
As it inhabits a desert country, I see no more reason for
assuming that this sandy-coloured Cisticola should be an
albinism than that Crested Larks and other desert-coloured
birds from the same locality are so, although, unfortunately,
I procured only one specimen of my new bird.

Adult male. Iris greenish straw-colour; bill flesh-colour;
legs and feet yellowish flesh-colour. Total length about
3" 75 inches, culmen 0*44, wing 1-75, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*68.

I found two of these birds in some long brown grass near
Gerazi, about 60 miles south of Khartum, on the White
Nile. Unfortunately I was only able to obtain one. These
were the only Cisticola seen during the trip.

42. Cercotrichas podobe (P. L. S. Miill.).

Wherever there were trees some of these birds were almost
sure to be found frequenting them, so that, even if not very
numerous, they were at all events well distributed over the
whole district. Like the Rufous Warbler, they have a habit
of cocking their tails at right angles to the body and
spreading them out, seemingly to show off the white spots.
They have a short but mellow song made up of 6 or 7 piping
notes. I noticed three varieties of this song, all uttered at
intervals by the same bird. The alarm-note is an unmusical

Expedition to the White Nile. 257

tick-tick-tick. When the bird is flying the wings appear
conspicuously brown.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill black; legs and feet dark brown.

43. ACROCEPHALUS PALUSTRIS (Bcchst.).

We obtained only one Marsh- Warbler, at Shebesha on
April 23rd.

Adult. Iris light hazel ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet
yellowish brown.

44. AcROCEPHALUS STREPERUS (Vicill.).

The only Reed-Warbler recognised was obtained at Kawa
on April 11th.

Adult. Iris light hazel ; bill, upper mandible black, lower
yellowish; legs and feet dark brown.

45. Hypolais pallida (Hempr. et Ehr.).

This species was everywhere exceedingly common, from
our first to our last camp. Its sharp " chack-chack " call-
note and its short, rather rasping song resounded from every
tree.

This Warbler and the Lesser Whitethroats, which also
swarmed, were a great nuisance to the collector. A thick
bushy tree often contained 20 or 30 of these restless little
birds. They were too tame to be driven out of it, while
to make sure that none of them were of any other species
was a tedious and sometimes impossible task. We never
saw them in pairs, and there was no sign of their breeding or
intending to breed in the district.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill brown ; legs and feet pale brown.

46. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn,).

We saw and obtained the Willow-Warbler at Kawa on
April 11th and at Shebesha on April 22nd.
Adult. Iris hazel; bill, legs, and feet brown.

47. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechst.).

The only Chiffcliaflf' identified was one obtained on May 1st
at Gerazi.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill brown ; legs and feet dark brown.
SER. VIII. — vol. I. 8

258 Mr. H. F. Witherhy—Ornitholoffical

48. Sylvia NisoRiA (Beclist.).

A few Barred Warblers were seen, the latest being at
Gerazi on May 1st. while one was obtained at Shebesha on
April 23rd, and another at Kawa on April 12th.

Adult. Iris pale yellow ; bill brown ; legs and feet greenish
grey.

49. Sylvia curruca (Linn.).

The Lesser Whitethroat was even more numerous than
Hypola is palli da .

It was quite the exception to find a tree by the river with-
out some of these birds. In fact, they may be said to have
swarmed between Kawa and Khartum from the 30th of March
to the 16th of May, their numbers on the last date being, to
all appearance, just as great as on the first. They were ex-
ceedingly fearless. When I was lying ill in camp one became
so tame that it lived half the day in my tent. It came for
water. Although the river Avas very near, when I splashed
in the water in a bucket by my side the bird would hop on
to my arm or the bed, and then when I drew my hand out
it would without hesitation suck the drops off my finger-
tips. This became a regular pastime for me, and I suppose
a pleasure for the Whitethroat, all through the heat of the
day.

Adult. Iris pale brown ; bill, legs, and feet dark slate-
colour.

50. AiiDON galactodes (Temm.).

Rufous Warblers were seen at every camp, and in some
places they were quite common.

Adult. Iris pale brown; bill brown; legs and feet pale brown.

51. RUTICILLA PHCENICURA (Liun.).

This species was seldom observed. The last noted was a
male obtained at Gerazi on May 3rd.

Adult. Iris hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.

52. MoNTicoLA SAXATiLis (Linn.).

The only Rock-Thrush seen was obtained at Kawa on
April 9th.

Adult. Iris hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.

Expedition to the White Nile. 259

53. Saxicola aurita (Teram.).

My specimens are of the form S. amphileuca Hempr. et
Ehr. (Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. bb). This Wheatear was fairly
conamon and well distributed. It was generally met with
along the river-bank.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.

54. Saxicola melanoleuca (Giild.).
Black-throated Wheatears appeared to be very rare, being

seen at Shebesha only, where we obtained specimens on
April 26th.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.

55. Terpsiphone cristata (Gm.).

The only bird of this species seen was an immature male
obtained near Khartum on May 15.

Iris deep violet ; bill violet-black ; legs and feet violet,

56. Clivicola riparia (Linn.).

Sand-Martins were everywhere numerous up to our last
day's collecting on May 16th.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.

57. Clivicola rupestris (Scop.).

The only specimen obtained or seen was a solitary bird
which haunted the top of Jebel Auli.

Iris dark hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.

58. HiRUNDO RusTicA Linn.

Swallows were not nearly so numerous as Sand-Martins.
In Omrlurman the former were common, and we were assured
that they bred regularly in a hut in the doctors' compound.

59. Caprimulgus eximius Temm.

We obtained an adult male of this rare and beautiful
species at Wad Mariun on May 1.2th.

So far as I am aware, only four other specimens are known.
Three of these were brought home by Riippell, w^ho gives
Sennaar as their habitat in his ' Systematische Uebersicht.'
Herr Erckel, Riippell's collector during his second expedition,
informed Mr. Hartert (see Ibis, 1892, p. 279) that the
specimens were killed in 1823 or 1824 by Hey, Riippeirs

s 2

260 Mr. II. F. Witherby— Om«7/io%?Vf//

collector during liis first voyage, probably near the Bahr el
Abiad. Two of these specimens are in the Frankfort Museum
and one is at Leyden. A fourth, which is in Mr. Rothschild's
Museum at Triug, was obtained by Schimper or Baron Von
Miiller, and is labelled " Nubia " (see Hartert, ' Novitates
Zoologicfe/ vol. i. p. 3). I have compared my example
with that at Tring. It is considerably darker and richer
in -colour, but this is without doubt owing to its being a
fresher specimen. There are other small differences, how-
ever, which are perhaps worth noting. My bird has on the
upper back a conspicuous " saddle " of golden feathers almost
devoid of the grey and black bars and spots which are
characteristic of the other feathers of the upper parts. This
is no doubt due, in some measure, to abrasion. The white
tips to the two outer pairs of rectrices are larger, measuring
on the outermost pair 38 mm. and on the inner 33 mm. The
first four primaries of each wing have white patches extending
right across the feathers. In the specimen at Tring these
patches do not extend to the outer webs, while in the de-
scription of the typical specimen at Frankfort (Hartert, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 563, 1892) only the first three primaries
are mentioned as having the white patch.

Adult. Iris blackish ; bill horn-colour, black at tip ; legs
and feet brownish flesh-colour. Wing 7'25 inches, tail 4" 75,
tarsus 0"9, culmeu 0'5.

The testes were considerably enlarged, and the stomach
contained a small grasshopper. Although we were always
on the look-out for this species, it was not until nearly our
last day that we saw and obtained, by a mere chance, this
solitary specimen. My journal thus describes the capture,
which in its way was somewhat romantic : — I was shooting
bats just after sunset. The first that dropped I could not
find, so I marked the place where it seemed to fall with a
pyramid of mud. Then I went down nearly to the river's
edge. The sun's glow had quickly faded, but there was a
brilliant moon. I shot another bat, and was looking for it,
when a bird like a hawk with a straight flight appeared like
a ghost from over the river. There was only dust-shot in

Expedition to the White Nile. 261

the gun, but as it was night I thought the bird must be
fairly near, since I could see it. So, as it passed, I fired at it.
It did not drop, but flew on, and in ten yards or so was out
of sight. I thought no more about it, but went on looking
for the bat. Not finding it, I called to the camp, which was
near, for a lantern. After further search with the light I
gave the bat up. On my way back to the tents I turned off
to have another look for the first bat which I had marked by
a heap of mud. As I flashed the light on the place, there
lay this most beautiful of Goatsuckers. After due jubilation
and admiration of the prize, a proceeding which caused our
men considerable surprise, Saunders and Camburn said that
after I had fired a Goatsucker, probably this one's mate, had
hovered round the tents, but was gone before they could get a
cartridge into a gun. That night we heard a Goatsucker
churring, and we imagined that it did not sound quite like
Scoturnis climacurus, the common Nightjar of the country,
but the difterence, if any, was so slight as to be impossible
to describe.

The country for miles round this camp was singularly bare
of trees, while the sand was yellow and not of the earthy
colour usual in the district. From 2 to 6 miles inland from
the river clumps of long grass and thorn-bushes grew in the
dry soil. We tramped far and wide for two days, morning,
afternoon, and evening, but never saw or heard a sign of
another C. eximins.

60. SCOTORNTS CLIMACURUS (Vicill.).

Except at our last two camps near Khartum, this Goat-
sucker was seen or heard throughout the district. In crawling
through a thick wood I have several times met with it
asleep on the ground in the day-time. It constantly came into
the trees over our tents and " churred " at all times of the
night. Judging from memory, its notes are much more
highly pitched, and the vibrations more rapid, than those
of our Nightjar. In fact, the sound might well proceed from
an enormous locust. When flying, the bird is exceedingly
beautiful ; it looks like a great butterfly as it suddenly rises

262 Mr. H. F. Witherby — Ornithological

from the grouncl_, gives a few rapid flaps, and then floats
along on outstretched wings, displaying the striking striped
plumage of the upper parts.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill reddish brown, black at tip;
legs and feet pinkish brown.

61. CORACIAS ABYSSINICUS Bodd.

This Roller was fairly evenly distributed in small numbers
throughout the country. Solitary birds were generally seen,
and very rarely a pair. They were always wild, and were
very fond of perching on the tops of the acacia trees.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and feet yellowish
slate-colour.

62. Merops pusillus P. L. S. Miill.

My specimens are of the form with a blue spot behind the
eye, lately separated under the subspecific name of M. p.
ocularis by Prof. Ileichenow (see ' Ornithologische Monats-
berichte,' June 1900, No. 6, p. 86). We only noticed these
beautiful little Bee-eaters at two camps, viz. Kawa and
Shebesha, at both of which they were fairly common. Like
Merops apiaster, they are continually taking upward gliding
flights and then returning to perch on some bough. I once
saw an individual dart into the air and catch one of the large
black hornets which are so common. Returning to its perch,
the bird passed the insect to and fro through its beak,
and having thus crushed it thoroughlv, swallowed it whole.

Adult. Iris crimson ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish
grey.

63. Merops apiaster Linn.

We only saw one specimen, which was the last bird we
collected near Khartum on May 16th.

Adult. Iris crimson; bill black; legs and feet brownish
black.

64. Merops viridissimus Swains.

Mr. Hartert has pointed out to me that in Indian birds of
this species the throat is blue, whereas in African specimens
it is always green. My specimens vary considerably,

Expedition to the White Nile. 263

evidently owing to some change of plumage, probably from
the immature to the mature state. Two have the tail-feathers
fully developed and a distinct black pectoral band, while
two others have no long tail-feathers and an ill-defined
pectoral band, shewing scarcely any black. We found this
Bee-eater at one camp only, viz. Gerazi.

It utters a soft " chee/'' repeated a varying number of
times in succession.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill black ; legs and feet greyish
black.

65. Merops persicus Pall.

Only seen at Wad Mariun, near Khartum.

Adult, Iris crimson ; bill black ; legs and feet brown.

66. Upupa epops Linn.

A few were seen at intervals throughout our journey, the
latest noted being on May 13th.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill light brown at base, darkening to
almost black at tip ; legs and feet bluish grey.

67. LopHocERos NAsuTus (Liuu.).

A few of these Hornbills were observed between Gerazi
and Wad Mariun, sometimes singly and sometimes in small
parties of four or five. They were rather wild ; the flight,
in long sweeps up and down, is stronger and straighter
than that of the next species. We found them as frequently
where trees were thick as in the more open country, and
they were sometimes feeding on the ground.

The note, a long drawn-out whistle (" whee-ou'^), is loud
and clear, and can be heard at a considerable distance.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill and rudimentary casque
black, with a creamy- white patch on the basal half of the
upper mandible and three uneven whitish stripes on the
lower mandible; legs and feet brownish black.

68. LoPHOCEROS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS (Tcmm.).

To be seen in some places quite commonly, wherever the
trees were fairly thick. They will generally allow of a near
approach, although they watch the intruder carefully. The

264 Mr. H. F. W\i\xevhy— Ornithological

flight is decidedly ungainly. Starting out of a tree with a
rush, they rise quickly and appear to be going some distance.
The pace, however, soon slackens, and the bird dips as though
it were being dragged down by the weight of its bill, while
it soon alights in the nearest tree. The note is rather like
a shriek, with a faint suspicion of music in it.

Adult. Iris brown ; bill — npper mandible dark red, yellow
at base; lower mandible dark red at tip, black in middle,
yellow at base ; legs and feet black ; naked skin round eyes
purplish ; bare patches on each side of throat reddish.

69. Ceryle rudis (Linn.).

The only Kingfisher we saw, and by no means numerous.
At Omdurraan it seemed commoner than elsewdiere. A
large proportion of the repeated downward swoops of this
bird are unsuccessful, as far as any capture goes.

70. CoLius MACRURUs (Linn.).

Colics of this species were everywhere common. They
kept to the thickest trees and were always in company, four
or five being generally together. When alarmed, these birds
hide themselves in the densest part of a tree, through
which they climb and creep. Arrived at the far side
of it, they rush out, uttering a piping note, which denotes
but the faintest suggestion of alai'm. Much the same
note, but softer and more plaintive, and uttered in a less
hurried way, forms the call. The flight is fairly straight
and rather heavy. On April 23rd I saw one of these birds
collecting stuff in its bill, as though for building, but no nest
was to be found, and the birds seemed to have finished
breeding and to be in family parties.

Adult. Iris red ; bill — upper mandible pinkish red, with
black tip, lower mandible black ; legs and feet purple ;
orbits bare, lake-red.

71. CucuLus CANORUs Linn.

AVe saw a Cuckoo at Wad Mariun on May I3th, one of
our last days collecting. There were a good many at Gerazi
at the beginning of May, but we never heard them utter a
sound. A bird that we shot was in adult plumage.

Expedition to the White Nile. 265

72. Melanobucco vieilloti (Leach).
Only observed at Kawa.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.

73. Trachyphonus margaritatus (Riipp.) .

We only observed this species between Shebesha and Jebel
Auli. In this district it was met with occasionally, attracting-
attention by its habit of sitting on the top of a tree and
uttering a fine clear piping cry. It also gives vent to a
loud and somewhat harsh ''cheouw/' which must, I think,
be an alarm-note.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill dark pink ; legs and feet dai'k
slate-colour.

74. Campothera nubica (Gm.).

The bills of my specimens are longer and stouter than
in those from Abyssinia in the Tring collection. Although
we never saw a Woodpecker^s hole in any tree, the birds
were not uncommon, this species being the most numerous.
They have a very " bunched-up " appearance when on a
trunk. On April 20th I Avatched two females chasing each
other vigorously and calling harshly, the reason for which
conduct was not apparent.

Adult. Iris bright red ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet
dark olive-green.

75. Iyngipicus obsolettjs (Wagl.).

Only one specimen observed. This was obtained at Gerazi
on April 30th.

Adult. Iris light red ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet very
dark olive-green.

76. Mesopicus goertan (P. L. S. Miill.).

This species, which is much shyer than Campothera nubica,
was uncommon, two or three being observed at Shebesha and
Gerazi, and one near Jebel Auli, where there are very few
trees of any size.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill light slate-colour at base,
dark at tip ; legs and feet slate-colour.

266 Mr. H. F. Witherhy— Ornithological

77. TuRTUR COMMUNIS Sclby.

We did not observe the Common Turtle-Dove south of
Gerazi, but theuce northwards it was numerous. Large
numbers frequented some trees within two miles of Khartum
on our way up on March 21st, and there was a fairly large
flock at the same spot on our return on May 15th, when we
obtained specimens.

We did not observe Turtiir arenicola.

Adult. Iris hazel; bill black; legs and feet purplish red.

78. TuRTUR AMBIGUUS BoC.

By the kindness of Mr. Hartert, who obtained the loan of
the type of this species from Prof. Barboza du Bocage in
Lisbon, I have been able to compare my specimens and others
with it.

My four examples and those from Khartum in the
Brehm collection (now at Tring) have the wings a little
longer, and the white tips to the rectrices considerably wider,
than those of the type.

It is curious that all the specimens in the British Museum
(viz. two from Tette on the Zambesi, one from the Sobat, and
one from the Blue Nile) agree with the type from Benguela
so far as the white tips to the rectrices are concerned. Their
wings vary slightly in length, but this is entirely due, I
consider, to abrasion.

Exceedingly abundant, except within 20 miles of Khar-
tum, where it became rarer. This species and the next,
with which it consorts, formed one of our staple dishes. In
the south of our route they were so common and tame, and
clustered so thickly on certain trees, that on several occasions
we killed 14 and 16 at a "family*^ shot, while 5 or 6 was
no unusual return for a single cartridge. All the Pigeons
we observed were great drinkers, and flock after flock used
to rush down to the river regularly morning and evening.
Returning from it in the evening, they often rose to a great
height, and circling round, suddenly plunged down headlong,
like our Wood-Pigeons, into the trees used as roosting-
places. The ground under their perches is often white with
droppings.

Expedition to the White Nile. 267

Pigeons were a great nuisance to us while collecting, as
almost every tree contained them, and their sudden noisy
exit when we approached often disturbed rarer game. The
note of this species is generally prefaced by a harsh " cowoo,"
a vulgar drawn-out sound, followed by a soft and pleasing
"hoo/' repeated an indefinite number of times.

On April 24tli, near Shebesha, I found a bird of this
species sitting on two incubated eggs in a nest made of
some 20 sticks, placed low down in a cactus plant growing
upon a small acacia. It was the only nest of this species
seen.

Adult. Iris dark yellow; bill black; legs and feet purplish
red.

79. TuRTUR RosEOGRisEUS (Suudev.).

This species was perhaps not quite so abundant as the
preceding. Its light colour and smaller size make it very easy
to distinguish. In habits it is very similar to T. ambiguus.

Adult. Iris bright red ; bill black ; legs and feet purplish
red.

80. TuRTUR SENEGALENsis (Linn.).

Also very common, but not so numerous as the preceding
species. We did not observe it north of Jebel Auli.

Young birds only just able to fly were obtained on several
occasions, but no nests were found.

Adult. Iris hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet purplish.

81. Chalcopelia afra (Linn.).

A single bird shot at our most southern camp on March
30th was the only specimen observed.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.

82. Q^NA capensis (Linn,).

This species was, without doubt, the most evenly dis-
tributed of any. It was everywhere common from Kawa
to Khartum. It is more often found on the ground and
in low bushes than in trees. The shrubs near the river
were often full of these birds, sitting in rows doing nothing.

268 Mr. H. F. V^'iiheYhy— Ornithological

They have a straight quick flight. On April 22nd I found a
nest of this species at the edge of a tliick bush about 5 feet
from the ground. The fabric, slenderly made of a few sticks,
was round in shape and about 3^ inches in diameter. It con-
tained two eggs of a light-brown colour.

Another nest, placed on the stump of a small tree about
3 feet from the ground, contained eggs on May 2nd. These
hatched the next day, and on May 5th the young were
lightly covered with whitish down. I spent a long time
trying to photograph the old bird on this nest. Although
my camera was only some four yards away from it, the hen^
bird visited her young twice in about an hour. She was very
tame, and looked very pretty while settling on her progeny,
and I hoped that I had obtained good portraits of her;
but unfortunately these, and, indeed, all my negatives, are
failures, owing to an irremediable " fogging " caused by the
heat.

Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill — of S purple at base, bright
yellow at tip, of ? dark brown ; legs and feet purplish red.

83. Strix flammea Linn.

Strix flammea maculata Brelim, Naum. 1855, p. 270.

My specimen agrees with those at Tring collected by
Brehm and labelled " Khartum." They are rather dark on
the back and a good deal spotted on the breast.

The only specimen we observed lived in a small tunnel in
the face of a cliff on Jebel Auli. This had the appearance
of a nesting-place, but the hole contained only a large
number of pellets, and the bird we shot proved to be
solitary.

Adult. Iris dark hazel ; bill white ; claws blue-black.

84'. Scops LEUCOTis (Teram.).

This beautiful little Owl was first observed some ten miles
north of Jebel Auli.

We were camped at mid-day when on the march, and while
searching through a small patch of dense wood, an apparent
swelling on the trunk of a thick tree attracted my attention.
I looked carefully at it, and had just come to the conclusion

Expeditiun to the White Nile. '26^

that it was only a bough broken off short, when I thought I
saw two ears. Still I could not make out the form of a bird.
I went back for my companions, and we all examined the
" lump " with our glasses, but so thick was the tree, and so
exactly did the outline resemble a stump, that it was some time
before we decided that it was an Owl, We fired at it, and
down fell two Owls, while another flew out of the tree.
We obtained two others at Wad Mariun.

Adult. Iris bright orange; bill greenish white; claws
light brown.

85. Bubo lacteus (Temm.).

One bird obtained a little north of Duem was the only
specimen seen.

Adult. Iris dark brown; eyelids pale yellowish blue; bill
milky white, becoming bluish at the base.

86. Falco tanypterus Schl.

Fairly frequent from Duem southwards, but not often seen
north of that place. We witnessed an interesting chase
near Shebesha. When we were riding along by the river, a
small bird dashed over our heads at a terrific pace. Two
FalconSj presumably of this species, came rushing through
the air side by side about 20 yards behind it. They had not
gone 50 yards beyond us, when one of them gave a slight
downward swoop and then flew slowly on, while the other
checked his flight, turned round, and flew away in the
direction from which both had come. We thought that
they had given up the chase_, as, although the quarry had
disappeared, it seemed impossible from the pace at which
it was flying that the Falcons could have overtaken it in so
short a distance and with so little effort. However, the first
bird soon alighted on the ground, and then we saw that it
had indeed captured its prey. What species it was we could
not discover, as the Falcon kept a respectful distance and
could not be induced to surrender the quarry.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill yellowish white at base,
black at tip ; cere greenish yellow ; legs and feet lemon-
yellow.

270 Mr. H. F. Y^^'xthevhy— Ornithological

87. *MiLvus ^uYPTius (Gm.).

Fairly common and very bold. It would often swoop
down into the middle of the camp and carry off some tit-bit.
A good many frequent the town of Omdurman.

88. *Haliaetus vocifer (Daud.).

This fine Eagle w^as frequently met with, either perched in
some tree near the river, or sitting on a bed of " oysters "
(^thma). It struck me as a very inactive bird, and its
white " hood^^ always made it conspicuous.

The body of one which we shot was cooked and eaten
with considerable relish by our men two hours after the bird
had been killed.

Adult. Iris granulated brown ; bill pale yellow at base,
horn-colour at tip ; cere and orbits very pale yellow ; legs
and feet white.

89. "^Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.).

This striking bird was only occasionally seen. Although
much more shy than the preceding species, on one occasion
it allowed us to approach within 30 yards of the tree in
which it was sitting. The brilliant crimson bill and feet
make a striking contrast to the dark plumage. When flying
overhead, the light grey under the wings has a well-defined
outline, even at a considerable distance.

90. Melierax polyzonus (Riipp.).

Fairly common. I once saw it sitting sleepily in an
acacia within a few feet of a Little Bittern. It has a loud
squealing note.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill and cere pale vermilion-red,
with tips of both mandibles black; legs and feet vermilion-
red.

91. Circus macrurus (Gm.).
Not numerous.

Adult. Iris pale golden colour ; bill black ; legs and feet
bright yellow.

92. *Gyps rueppelli (Brehm).

"We did not shoot any Vultures, but we saw here and there

Expedition to the White Nile. 271

parties of three to six birds which looked exactly like Gijps
fulvus, but were probably young examples of this species.

93. ■'^Neophron percnopterus (Linn.).

Fairly common and well distributed^ but nowhere seen in
large numbers. There were a good many in Omdurman.

94. Ibis ^thiopica (Lath.).

Fairly common on the whole, the Sacred Ibis was dis-
tributed in pairs or small parties of five or six here and there
to within a few miles of Khartum. They were very tame,
allowing us to approach within 20 yards of them as they
strutted about on the short grass by the river. When flying
away, the bird looks very white, the wings being but narrowly
margined with black, while the black scapulars, drooping and
conspicuous when the bird is stationary, are scarcely noticed
in the former case. Seen from underneath or when flying
towards the observer, the lines of bare skin on the underside
of the wings are striking, and have the appearance of blood-
stains.

Adult. Iris dark marble-brown; bill, head, neck, legs, and
feet jet-black j bare skin under the wings bright vermilion.

95. *Plegadis palcinellus (Linn.).

Distributed along the river in small numbers, but some-
times in considerable flocks on the " oyster-beds.^'

96. ■^Hagedashia haoedash (Lath.).

Uncommon and generally solitary, but sometimes con-
sorting with the preceding species, from which it can only
be distinguished, at a distance, by its much larger size.

97. ^Platalea alba Scop.

Fairly common in small flocks wading about the edge of
the river. We saw no black-legged Spoonbills.

98. Herodias ralloides (Scop.).

The Squacco Heron was distributed in small numbers
along the river. Either the birds were single, or two or three
were together, but they were never in sufficient numbers to
form a flock.

272 Mr. H. F. \N'\i\ieYh\— Ornithological

99. Herodias bubulcus (Aud.).

This Heron was more uncommon than the preceding. We
observed a few single birds by the river's edge^ but never
near cattle.

Adult. Iris bright yellow ; bill pinkish yellow ; legs and
feet yellowish flesh-colonr.

100. "^Herodias alba (Linn.).

We observed examples of this species only on one occasion^
near Gerazi on April 28th.

101. *Herodias garzetta (Linn.).
A few seen here and there.

102. "^Ardea cinerea Linn.

103. ^Ardea purpurea Linn.

These Herons were seen from time to time in fair numbers.

104. Ardetta minuta (Linn.).

Little Bitterns were on many occasions seen feeding at
the edge of the river during the day-time. In two or three
places small flocks of these birds were observed perched high
up in the acacia trees. When we approached they flew up and
circled in the air^ calling loudly for some time before settling
again. We often came across single individuals in the trees,
but these generally stretched up their heads and extended
their bodies, and so remained immovable in fancied security.
Once I fired over 20 shots at Pigeons from one spot^ while
in an acacia 30 yards away a Little Bittern was perched in this
position and never moved in the slightest.

The note, which we only heard when the bird was on the
wing, is a low-toned short " quer/' jerkily uttered. This
note is sometimes prefaced by a higher-pitched but also
short '' quee.^^

105. *ClCONIA ALBA Bcchst.

White Storks were common on our way up the river. I
have no record of them on our return.

106. *ClCONlA NIGRA (Liuu.).

A few seen. The last of which I have a note was one
shot on May 11th near Jebel Auli.

Expedition to the White Nile. 273

107. ^Anastomus lamelligerus Terara.

These conspicuous birds were to be seen all along the river
to within a few miles of Khartum. They were generally-
single and wild, but wherever there was an '' oyster-bed "
a fair number of them might be seen gathered together.
The whitish colour of the basal portion of the bill is often
visible at a considerable distance.

108. ■^Leptoptilus ckumeniferus (Cuv.).

These revolting-looking birds were fairly conmiou in small
companies from Kawa to within a few miles of Khartum.
They were always to be found on the " oyster-beds/^ and
were very tame.

109. ■^PsEUDOTANTALUS IBIS (LiuU.).

Fairly common.

110. ^Phal.\crocorax africanus (Gm.).
Cormorants, presumed to be of this species, were often

seen either flying low over the river or sitting on some snag
or ''oyster-bed.^'

111. ■^Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn.

Pelicans were seen at many points from Khartum south-
wards, either sitting huddled up ou some sandbank or
skimming over the water. We saw several large flocks.
Two of these, each composed of some 1000 birds, I ap-
proached until I was within 70 yards. They were standing
in the shallow water at the river's edge. Some were engaged
in pruning their rosy-white plumage, some in washing their
yellow pouches, while others were sleeping.

I watched them a long time with my binoculars, and then
tried to creep up closer, but they gradually edged away until
the water floated them oft', and then, when I approached still
nearer, they all rose at once. For so large and heavy a
bird their flight struck me as peculiarly graceful. After a
few rapid powerful flaps the wings are outstretched, and
the bird skims swiftly along within a foot of the water for
some hundred yards in a straight line, then curving slightly
upwards, it flaps its wings again and takes another long
floating flight.

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. T

27'4 Mr. H. F. Witherhy—Oniitholoffical

112. Hydrochelidox leucoptera (Schinz).

This beautiful species was especially numerous near Khar-
tum in May. A great number were theu frequenting the
river. We often saw them flying over the land in company
with Glareola pratincola. While the Pratincoles caught
insects in the air^ the Terns were hovering over the beans
and grass, or darting down to pick some insect off the
ground.

Adult. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and feet dark
crimson.

113. "^Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pall.).

114. *Hydrochelii)on nigra (Linn.).

Both these Terns were frequently seen flying and hovering
about the river. Of the two the Whiskered Tern was the
commoner.

115. Sterna anglica Mont.

A Gull-billed Tern was one of the first birds observed as
we were crossing the river on our arrival at Omdurman.
We saw individuals fairly frequently afterwards and shot one
during our last day in camp.

116. *Larus fuscus Linn.

We saw small flocks of Black-backed Gulls^ which had
every appearance of being of this species^ Aji'^o down the
river northwards on March 7th and on April 28th.

117. *Phcenicopterus roseus Pall.

Only a few seen here and there on sandbanks in the river.

118. *Chenalopex jEgyptiaca (Briss.).

Everywhere common. Although generally in flocks of
varying numbers^ by the end of April some Avere mated and
the males were courting industriously. We several times
saw pairs that seemed to be breedings but we never found a
nest. Although these Geese are shy, probably because every-
one shoots at them, the natives have considerable difficulty
in driving them from their beans, of which the birds are
very fond. They seem to know the diff'erence between an
armed and an unarmed man.

Expedition to the White Nile. 275

119. '^Plectroptbrus rueppelli Sclat.

Spur-winged Geese were met with in fair numbers all
along the river. They were still more shy than the Egyptian
Geese, and were very difficult to shoot. We never saw a
large flock, and often two or three were in company with
a flock of Ghenalopex agyptiaca.

120. *Dafila acuta (Linn,).

A small flock seen near Duem on March 26th.

121. *Dendrocycna viDUATA (Liuu.).

We did not notice this Duck until towards the end of April.
From Shebesha, where we arrived on our way down the
river on April 23rd, to Khartum it was common in small
flocks at the edge of the river. It is very good for food.

122. Pteroclurus exustus (Temm.).

Mr. Hartert has separated (Nov. Zool. vol. vii. p. 28,
March 1900) the true North-eastern and Central African
P. exustus, which is always strongly marked with dark
olive-brown on the back, from the Somaliland bird, which,
besides being smaller, is of a pale sandy colour on the back.
This form Mr. Hartert calls Pterocles exustus somalicus,
and my bird from the White Nile exactly agrees with it.
Thus the Sand-Grouse of the portion of the White Nile
district extending from Khartum to 160 miles south, instead
of agreeing with the birds to the north and to the south
of it, is of the same form as is to be found far to the
eastward.

These Sand-Grouse were met with everywhere in astonish-
ing numbers. Their flights from the desert to the river each
morning at certain spots were exceedingly regular. So large
were the flocks in certain places, that the incessant stream of
small parties rushing down to the water lasted for over an
hour. On several broad grassy flats near the river a large
number of Sand-Grouse were to be found all day, and they
seemed to live and feed there in preference to the arid tracts.
But at these spots there were always other individuals, which
came down from the desert in the usual way to drink in the
morning, and flew back again at once, and others again which

t2

276 Mr. H. F. Witherby — Ornithological

came from the desert and after their drink settled down upon
the grassy flat. We saw no signs of Sand-Grouse nesting
during our stay, but on May 13th, about three miles from
the river, I saw a pair of this species accompanied by a
bird which, though I may have been mistaken, I took for a
young one. It was only about half the size of the others,
but flew not less strongly and seemed fully feathered. Un-
fortunately I was unable to get near enough to shoot it.

123. Pteroclurus senegallus (Linn.).

This species, easily distinguished, even at a considerable
distance, by its larger size, was rare in comparison with
P. exustus, but it was well distributed in small numbers from
Kawa to Khartum.

124. "^NUMIDA PTILORHYNCHA Licllt.

Guinea-fowl, presumably of this species, were common
about Kawa. Unfortunately I was ill at this camp, and my
collectors did not obtain a specimen.

125. EupoDOTis ARABS (Linu.).

Only one Bustard was observed, near Duem on March 21st.
This bird was squatting on its " haunches '* at the river's
edge to drink, and I shot it with a rifle at a distance of about
100 yards as it ran away. It made no attempt to fly,
although I missed it the first time. Its wings were in
perfect plumage.

126. Balearica pavonina (Linn.).

Crowned Cranes were by no means common, but a few
were seen here and there feeding on the land near the river.
They were very tame, and often allowed us to approach to
within 20 yards of them. At one of our camps, not far
from Khartum, a single bird used to come regularly every
evening at sunset to roost on the top of a small acacia,
which it would leave just as regularly as soon as it got light
in the morning.

Adult. Iris white ; bill, legs, and feet black ; bare patches
on the sides of the head very pale bluish white ; pouch reddish.

Expeditmi to the White Nile. 277

127. ^Grus cinerea Beclist.

A fair number of Cranes were seen, but they were always
too wild to shoot.

128. HoPLOPTERUs spiNOsus (Liuu.).

Fairly common and well distributed along the river-bank.
Adult. Iris crimson ; bill, legs, and feet black.

129. OCTHODROMUS ASIATICUS (Pall.).

Only observed at Kawa, where it was common.
Adult. Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark
grey.

130. "^tEgialitis hiaticula (Linn.).

Fairly common along the river. The last bird seen —
apparently of this species — was on May 14th.

131. *Tringa alpina Linn.

A few seen by the river, the latest date noted being
May 9th.

132. "^Tringa minuta Leisler.

A good many seen from March 24th to May 9th.

133. Machetes pugnax (Linn,).

A fair number observed. Latest date May 3rd.

134. "^LlMOSA BELGICA (Gni.).

Fairly common. Latest date May 9th.

135. "^ToTANUs cALiDRis (Linn.).

A few seen. Latest date May 14th.

136. "^Numenius arquata (Linn,).
Not common.

137. ^HiMANTOPUS CANDiDUs Bonn,
Fairly common,

138. CEdicnemus senegalensis Swains.

I saw a pair of these birds just outside Khartum, and we
observed a few here and there up the river. They were
always in pairs, never flew far, and evidently considered
themselves safe when lying flat on the ground.

Adult. Iris pale greenish yellow ; bill greenish yellow at
base, black at tip ; legs and feet greenish yellow.

278 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

139. Pluvianus ^.gyptius (Linn.).

These beautiful birds were common along the river-bank.
They were in pairs and were very noisy when disturbed.
Von Heuglin considered that this species bred in the Soudan
after the rainy season, but those which we shot were evidently
doing so, one female having a fully formed egg in the ovi-
duct. We never saw them near the crocodiles !

140. *CURS0RIUS GALLICUS Gm.

These birds were fairly common along the river-bank in
small parties of from four to eight.

141. ^Glareola pratincola (Linn.).

Between Khartum and 30 miles to the south of it several
flocks of Pratincoles were seen during the first fortnight in
May.

XXIII. — On the Birds collected by Mr. J. J. Harrison
between Zeila and Lakes Rudolf and Baringo, Eastern
Africa. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant. With an Introduction
by J. J. Harrison.

(Plate VII.)

[On November 5th, 1899, Mr. A. E. Butter, Mr. P. H.
Powell-Cotton, Mr. W. F. Whitehouse, and I landed at
Aden en route for Zeila on the Somali coast. Our hope
was to combine sport and survey-Avork, and if possible to
make our way south-westwards by Lake Rudolf to the White
Nile and thence to Khartum. We had with us Mr. Donald
Clarke, a first-rate practical surveyor, and Mr. Perks as
taxidermist. Though my friends were mainly occupied with
the pursuit of big game, my thanks are due to them for
bringing into camp various birds to add to the collection in
which I was interested. While at Zeila I procured, among
other birds, a Nightjar [Capriniulgus univini) — a pale Asiatic
form which had not been previously met with in Africa. On
leaving the coast, our caravan consisted of about 80 camels
and 63 Somalis picked from four different tribes^ all under a
splendid head-man, Mohamed Hassen.

Directly we started we found out what a terribly hard task
lay before us. Two years of unprecedented drought had

collected in Eastern Africa. 279

not only dried up every stream, but killed lialf tlie bush and
scrub ; so that our poor pack-animals had a bad time of it.
Pushing quickly along, we passed Dadab, Hensau, Lasman,
and Somadu, and arrived at Aruwini, where we found a little
water and collected a few birds. We met with hundreds
of Guinea-fow^l, and Dik-Diks were also plentiful; while at
Hensau hares were so numerous that we carried out a hare-
drive. The country was hard to travel over, being mostly
formed by volcanic ranges. At Somadu, at an elevation of
3500 feet, it was very cold. Bya Kaboba, our next halt, is
the first Abyssinian outpost ; and we received a grand salute
from the whole garrison, consisting of five men. The whole
district bere was full of gumbot-bush, a deadly poison to
camels, as we found to our cost.

On our way to Gildessa I secured a fully-adult Bateleur
Eagle and a very fine Vulture {Otogyps auricularis), mea-
suring 9 feet 2 inches between the tips of the wings and
standing 42 inches high.

On arriving at Gildessa itself we found much more bird-
life; and our camp was invaded by the lovely dark-blue
Starling Lamprocolius chalybeus, with a plumage that shone
like diamonds in the sunlight. Here we were able to
purchase some riding-mules, a merciful relief to our thin
and tired ponies.

Passing Garrara, where, on one of the lofty volcanic
ranges, I was lucky enough to bag a Larger Kudu and a Lesser
Kudu on the same day, we came across quantities of monkeys,
all the hills seeming to be full of them. We then moved
past Ortha andUlfulla, through a wretched country, reaching
the banks of the Herrer on December 5th. In the evening
the air was darkened by countless flocks of Sand-Grouse
coming to drink, the flight only lasting about fifteen minutes.
At this place we found the only uncivil native met with on
the trip — an independent but powerful chieftain called
Toombaccho. This worthy caused us much trouble, espe-
cially by looting some of the grain-camels in the rear of
our caravan. On Sunday, December 10th, we reached a
pretty little lake called Odah, swarming with all kinds of
wild-fowl ; and towards evening we tried a drive, sending our

280 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

boys along the water's edge to fire their rifles, while we lay
hidden in different corners. After a very large expenditure
of cartridges, our bag only resulted in a Goose, four Ducks,
a Crane, and an Eagle ! On the 15th we reached a wonderful
hot-water spring called Billen, and on the 19th struck the
Hawash River and had our first experience with elephants.
We shot ten, half of which had poor ivory ; but it was a case
of saving our own lives with some difficulty ! I do not ever
remember tackling a worse lot of elephants, and the dense
hiffh bush made matters all the worse. Our men suffered
badly in this neighbourhood from scoi^pion-stings.

The caravan arrived at Tadechamulka, altitude 3024 feet,
on December 27th ; and here we established a main camp,
leaving all our camels and men, while we paid a flying visit
to the Emperor Menelik. On our journey up to Addis
Abbeba we saw very little bird-life, the Aveather being
bitterly cold and wet, and as we were at an elevation of
over 9000 feet, we found it terribly trying at night. On
returning to our main camp I found that Perks had collected
about fifty specimens of birds, but many were duplicates of
those already obtained, and there was nothing rare among
them.

A week^s hard marching, chiefly along the Hawash
Valley, brought us to Gogo, or Buffa Lake, a sheet of water
covered with wild-fowl of all sorts, Egyptian Geese being
found there in hundreds. Thence we made a side-trip to
climb the sacred mountain of Zuquala, over 10,000 feet
high. We found Oribi very common there, and added a new
Antelope to our bag, viz. the Bohor. On reaching Lake
Suai our camels were again badly poisoned through our boys
allowing them to feed on the gumbot. Owing to this neglect,
we were not only delayed for a week, but lost many of our
best young animals — a heavy loss, and one that we could not
repair. Game was very plentiful ; enormous herds of Bohor,
Hartebeest, and Grant's Gazelle abounded. Working along
the chain of lakes we reached and climbed the lofty and fertile
hills of Walamo. How lovely the country looked after our
weeks of desert and rocky-mountain travel ! We saw many
gay-plumaged birds, but how often we longed to hear the

collected in Eastern Africa. 281

song of an English Thrush or Blackbird. The entire absence
of singing-birds is most remarkable. Our journey now took
us over some lofty ranges^ the highest point being attained
at Dincha (10,020 feet), an old stockaded Galla town, at
present administered by Abyssinian generals, who showed
us unbounded hospitality, loading us with presents of every
kind. On March 5th we descended to the shores of Lake
Margarita (4212 feet), and camped in a charming situation.

We now began to experience the full effects of the awful
drought, tlie whole country being desolate and devoid of
natives, while skeletons were strewn in all directions. On
the way to Lake Stefanie we obtained the handsome Northern
Giraffe, as well as some Ostriches, but our horror may be
imagined on finding that Lake Stefanie was perfectly dry.
Luckily we experienced some heavy thunderstorms, and were
thus enabled to push on to Lake Rudolf. March 29th was
a red-letter day, for we not oidy reached that lake, but
Butter killed a pure white Topi antelope, a most perfect
albino. It was wonderful luck to secure it out of the
thousands of animals congregated along the shores. Pushing
on to the Omo River, our hearts sank on finding the
mighty stream quite dry, and the bed covered with rich
green grass, which had sprung up during the recent heavy
showers. This settled the question of our attempting to
reach the Nile, as, of course, the Sobat would be equally
dry; so after hoisting a boundary-flag near Murle, we sadly
turned our faces southwards to begin the long trek of over
500 miles which we had to face before we could strike the
Uganda railway. We found birds very scarce, the country
all along the eastern shore of the lake being flat and parched;
and as the only vegetation consisted of a few stunted bushes,
we hardly ever got any shade under which to pitch our tents,
while the heat was most oppressive.

On April 21st, after leaving our first camp at the south
end of Lake Rudolf, I shot two small Finch-Larks, which
proved to be of a new species [Pyrrhulauda harrisoni) . The
ground where I shot them was a mass of rocks, at an elevation
of about 1800 feet. On May 11th we emerged on the old
trade I'oute to Uganda. It is hard to describe our feelings
at being once more on a good road with bridges over all the

282

Mr. Vi. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

bad places, and after 1500 miles of very rough ground, the
last day or two to the rail-head seemed as nothing. Our
camels were in splendid trim, in fact we travelled from Lake
Baringo to the rail-head, a distance of some 110 miles, in
four days, doing 37 miles one day. Breaking up our
caravan, we took the railway to Mombasa, where we arrived
on May 19th. Our total bag came to 381 head, made up of
the following : —

Blue and Colobus Monkeys, Lion, Striped and Spotted
H vsenas, Jackal, Silver-backed Jackal, Fox, Caracal, Elephant,
Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Burchell's and Grevy's Zebras,
Giraffe, Greater and Lesser Kudus, Oryx, Swayne's Harte-
beeste, Eland, Waterbuck, Topi, Waller's, Grant's, Soem-
merring's, Pelzeln's, Baira, and Thomson's Gazelles, Bohor,
Abyssinian Duiker, Oribi, Steinbuck, Pallah, Bushbuck,
Klipspringer, Dik-Dik, Galla Ox, Wait Hare, Porcupine,
Ant-bear, Ostrich, Crocodile, Iguana, various large Snakes.
A new Bat [Kerivoida harrisoni, cf. Thomas, P. Z. S. 1901)
was procured at Walamo at an elevation of 6700 feet.
My collection of birds includes examples of 150 species,
represented by nearly 300 skins. — J. J. H.]

Itinerary of the Expedition in 1899-1900.

Jan. 22ud. Alayu.

„ 27tli. Buffa Lake or Gogo.

„ 31st. Gafartha, 5600 ft.
Feb. 4th. Lake Suai.

„ 9th. Moya or Lake Horori.

„ 14th. Loko.

„ 20th. Walamo, 6700 ft.

Nov. 9th, Zeila.

„ 15th. Dadab.

„ 17th. Hensau.

„ 18th. Lasman.

„ 19th. Somada, 3500 ft.

„ 21st. Aruwini.

„ 24th. Bya Kaboba.

„ 25th. Gildessa.

,, 29th. Garrara.
Dec. 1st. Genoble.

„ 2nd. Ortha.

„ 6th. Herrer.

„ 7th. Corta.

„ 9th. TuUar.

„ 11th. Lake Odah.

„ 15th. Dimkao;ga, 3770 ft.

„ 16th. Billen, 3400 ft.

„ 20th. Ilawash Valley.

,, 28th. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft.

„ 25th. Bunga, 5300 ft.
Mar. 4th. Diiicha, 10,020 ft.
„ 6th. Lake Margarita, 4212 ft.
„ 10th. Gardula, 5300 ft.
„ 2oth. Lake Stefanie, 2350 ft.
„ 29th. Lake Rudolf till April
20th, 200 miles N. to S,
Apr. 21st. Between Lake Rudolf

and Lake Baringo.
May 12th. Elmolo (Uganda Cara-
van route to Mom-
basa).

collected in Eastetm Africa. 283

1. CORYULTUR CRASSIROSTRIS Rupp,

a. S ' Loko, 14th February, 1900. (No. 229.)
b,c. ? . Dincha, 10,020 ft., 4th March, 1900. (Nos. 240,
241.)

[Iris black.— J. J. H.]

2. Rhinocorax affinis (Riipp.).

a. ? . Lasman, 18th Nov., 1899. (No. 20.)

b. S- Tadechamiilka, 3024 ft., 31st Dec, 1899. (No.
141.)

3. CoRONE EDITHS (Phillips).

a,b. (^ ? . Lake Rudolf, 18th April, 1900. (Nos. 282,
283.)

[Iris black ; eyelids yellow. — J. J. H.]

The occurrence of this Crow at Lake Rudolf extends its
known range a long way to the west. It was first met with
by Mr. Lort Phillips on the coast of Somaliland in the
neighbourhood of Berbera and in the Goolis range. It Avas
subsequently obtained by Mr. Bennett Stanford in the same
neighbourhood.

4. CoRvus scAPULATus Daud.

a,b. c? ? . Walarao, 6700 ft., 20th-21st Feb., 1900.
(Nos. 233, 234.)

[Iris black.— J. J. H.]

5. DiLOPHUS CARUNCULATUS (Gmcl.).

a,b. ?. Alayu, 25th Jan., 1900. (Nos. 190, 191.)

c. ? . Lake Rudolf. 17th April, 1900. (No. 281.)
[Iris hazel.— J. J. H.]

6. Pholidauges leucogaster (Gmel.).

a. J. Bunga, 5300 ft., 25th Feb., 1900. (No. 238.)

b. S' Lake Margarita, 4212 ft., 8th March, 1900.
(No. 245.)

[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

7. Lamprotornis porphyropterus Rupp.

a. S • Ortha, 3rd Dec, 1899. (No. 69.)

b. ? . Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 71.)
[Iris light yellow. — J. J. H.]

284 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

8. Lamprocolius chalybeus Ehr.

a-c. S ? • Gildessa, 27th, 28th Nov., 1899. (Nos. 50,
52, 53.)

d. (J. Hawash Valley, 20th Dec, 1899. (No. 115.)
[Iris light orange. — J. J. H.]

9. Spreo superbus (Riipp.).

a,b. ? . Aruwini, 21st-22nd Nov., 1899. (Nos. 28, 36.)

c, d. S • Billen, 3400 ft., 16th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 108,
109.)

ej. S' Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 28th Dec, 1899.
(Nos. 131, 132.)

y,h. S' Tadechamulka, 5th-13th Jan., 1900. (Nos.
155, 174.)

10. CosMOPSARUs REGIUS Eciclienow.

a. ? . Aruwini, 21st Nov., 1899. (No. 35.)

11. BUPHAGA ERYTHRORHYNCHA (Staul.).

a. ? . Ortha, 2nd Dec, 1899. (No. 66.)

b. S' Billen, 3400 it., 19th Dec, 1899. (No. 112.)
c,d. ? . Hawash Valley, 20th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 118,

119.)

e,f. (^ ?. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 29th Dec, 1899.

(Nos. 136, 137.)

[Iris yellow; bill bright red; eye-wattles yellow. — J. J. H.J

12. BucHANGA ASsiMiLis (Bechst.).

a. S' Aruwini, 21st Nov., 1899. (No. 29.)

b. S- Ortha, 2nd Dec, 1899. (Nc 64.)
[Iris light red.— J. J. H.]

13. Oriolus galbula (Linn.).
a. $ . (Somaliland ?)

14. Oriolus rolleti Salvad.

a. S- I^ake Suai, 6th Feb., 1900. (No. 216.)
b,c. S- Lake Stefanie, 2350 ft., 27th March, 1900.
(No. 256.)

[Iris red.— J. J. H.]

15. PyROMELANA XANTHOMELiENA (Rupp.) .

a. S ' (Somaliland ?)

collected in Eastern Africa. 285

16. Penthetria eques (Hartl.).

a, 6. (? ? . Walarno, 6700 ft., 24tli Feb., 1900. (Nos.
236, 237.)

17. Ploceipasser melanorhynchus (Riipp.).

a-c. c? ? . Gildessa, 27th Nov., 1899. (Nos. 48,49, 51.)
d. S' Hawash Valley, 20th Dec, 1899. (No. 117.)
e,f. ?. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 6th Jan., 1900. (Nos.
156, 157.)

18. Lagonosticta brunneiceps Shai'pe.

a. ? . Hawash Valley, 26th Dec, 1899. (No. 124.)

19. EsTRiLDA ph(enicotis Swaius.

a. S- Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 30th Dec, 1899. (No.
138.)

20. ESTRILDA NIGRIMENTlJM Salvad.

a. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 9th Jan., 1900. (No. 162.)
[Iris briglit brown. — J. J. H.]

The black on the chin is scarcely noticeable, only a few
small feathers in the angle being of that colour.

21. Anaplectes melanotis (Lafr.).

a. S' Lake Margarita, 4212 ft., 6th March, 1900. (No.
242.)

[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

Apparently a very old male of this species in the most
brilliant plumage ; the feathers of the mantle brownish
black mixed with red, and the chest as well as the upper
breast pure scarlet.

22. Hyphantornis galbula (Rilpp.).

a. S' Hensau, 17th Nov., 1899. (No. 18.)

b. c?. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 9th Jan., 1900. (No.
161.)

23. Hyphantornis abyssinicus (Gmel.),

a. (J. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 9th Jan., 1900. (No.
163.)

24. Hyphantornis vitellinus (Licht.).
a. (^ ? , (Somaliland?)

286 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

25. Textor intermedius Cab.

a. S- Dimkagga, 3770 ft., 14th Dec, 1899. (No. 101.)

b. S. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 7th Jan., 1900. (No.
159.)

26. DiNEMELLIA DINEMELLI (Rupp.).

a. S ■ Gildessa, 25th Nov., 1899. (No. 43.)

b. S' Billen, 3400 ft., 19th Nov., 1899. (No. 113.)

27. Passer swainsoni (Riipp.).

a~d. S ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 3rd-4th Jan., 1900.
(Nos. 148-151.)

28. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen (Cab.).
a. S- Zeila, 13th Nov., 1899. (No. 10.)

29. Pyrrhulauda harrisoni. (Plate VII.)
Pyrrhulauda harrisoni, Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 30

(1900).

a, 6. (? ? . South end of Lake Rudolf, 1800 ft., 21st
x\pril, 1900. (Nos. 289, 290.) [Tijpes of the species.']

Adult male. Most nearly allied to P. verticalis (Smith),
but altogether paler ; the black of the crown, lores, fore
part of cheeks, throat, sides and front of the neck, as well
as the middle of the chest, being replaced by deep chestnut ;
the middle of the breast and belly, as well as a patch between
the back of the neck and upper mantle, black; the sides
of the chest, breast, and flanks white; general colour above
pale earthy brown ; the interscapular region, as well as the
lower back and rump, uniform. Total length 4*8 inches,
wing 3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Above, dark earthy brown, and apparently
very similar to the female of P. verticalis. A dusky patch
<30vers the greater part of the cheeks and ear- coverts, and
the middle of the breast and belly are mostly black ; the
throat, fore-neck, and chest are mottled brownish white
tinged with sandy ; the sides and flanks darker. Total
length 4*75 inches, wing 29, tail 1*8, tarsus 0'65.

Most interesting, perhaps, of all the species of which
examples were procured is this beautiful new form of
Finch-Lark from Lake Rudolf, figured in the accompanying

>

o

collected in Eastern Africa. 287

Plate. Mr. Harrison has very kindly presented the types
of this fine species and other desirable birds to the British
Museum.

30. Al^mon desertorum (Staul.).

a. $ . Zeila, 13th Nov., 1899. (No. 12.)

31. CiNNYRis OSIRIS (Finscli) .
a. c? . (Sonialiland.)

32. CiNNYRis HABESSiNiCA (Hcmpr. & Ehr.).

a-d. S ? . Tadcchamnlka, 3024 ft., 2nd-9th Jan., 1900.
(Nos. 144, 154, 160, 161.)

33. Dryoscopus ^thiopicus (Gmel.).

a. S' Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 29th Dec., 1899. (No.
135.)

34. Dryoscopus funebris Hartl.

a. c?. Gardula, 5300 ft., 12th March, 1900. (No. 251.)
[Iris black.— J. J. H.]

35. Laniarius cruentus (Hempr. & Ehr.).

a. ? . Lasman, 17th Nov., 1899. (No. 19.)

b. S- Aruwini, 22nd Nov., 1899. (No. 37.)

36. Laniarius sulphureipectus (Less.).

a. S' Lake Stefanie, 2350 ft., 27th March, 1900. (No.
257.)

[Iris hazel.— J. J. H.]

37. Lanius excubitorius Des Murs.

a, b. $ . Gardula, 5300 It., 10th March, 1900. (Nos.
248, 249.)

[Iris hazel.— J. J. H.]

38. Lanius minor Gmel.

a. c?. Lake Rudolf, 14th April, 1900. (No, 286.)
[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

39. Lanius antinori Salvad.

a. ? . Dadab, 15th Nov., 1899. (No. 14.)

40. Lanius collurio Linu.

a, ? imm. Lake Rudolf, 9th April, 1900. (No. 273.)

288 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

41. Lamus NUBicus Liclit.

a. ? . Dimkagga, 3770 ft., IStli Dec, 1899. (No. 104.)

42. Prionops poliocephalus (Stanley).

a. S ■ Lake Stefanie, 2300 ft., 27tli March, 1900. (No.
258.)

[Iris hazel; eye-wattles yellow. — J. J. H.]

43. EuRocEPHALUS RUEPPELLi Bonap.

a. ? . Duiikagga, 3770 ft., 15th Dec., 1899. (No. 103.)

b. S- Gardula, 5300 ft., 13th March, 1900. (No. 252.)
[Iris black.— J. J. H.]

44. MONTICOLA SAXATILIS (Liuil.).

a. ? . Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 73.)
[Iris brown. — J. J. H.]

45. Saxicola isABELLiNA Crctzschm.

a. ? . Dadab, 15th Nov., 1899. (No. 15.)

46. Crateropus smithi Sharpe.

a. ? . Alaya, 22iid Jan., 1900. (No. 186.)

47. Campophaga phcenicea (Lath.).

a. S • Gardula, 5300 ft., 10th March, 1900. (No. 250.)

48. Terpsiphone cristata (Gmel.).

a. ? . Lake Stefanie, 2350 ft., 25th March, 1900. (No.
255.)

49. Campothera nubica (Gmel.).

a. S (wrongly marked $). Ortha, 2nd Dec, 1900. (No.
167.)
" 6. ? . Gardula, 5300 ft., 10th March, 1900. (No, 247.)

50. Dendropicus hemprichi (Ehr.).

a, b. ? ad. sk. Gildessa, 25th to 27th Nov., 1899.
(Nos. 44 & 51.)

51. Thripias schoensis (Rlipp.).

a. ? . Gildessa, 29th Nov., 1899. (No. 54.)

b. ? . Garrara, 29th Nov., 1899. (No. 60.)

c. S . Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 74.)

d. ^. Tadechamulka, 30.24 ft., 13th Dec, 1899. (No.
139.)

[Iris brown. — J. J. H.]

collected in Eastern Africa. 289

5.2. Indicator major Steph.

a. ^. Lake Rudolf, 31st March, 19C0. (No. 263.)

[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

53. Melanobucco abyssinicus (Latli.).

a,b. ? . Lake Margarita, 6th March, 1900. (Nos. 243,
244.)

[Iris hazel.— J. J. IL]

54. TrichoLjEma diademata (Heugl.).

a. ^. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 5th Jan., 1900. (No.
152.)

The specimen before us is exactly similar in plumage to
birds collected at Lado by Emin Pasha. The occurrence in
eastern Shoa indicates an extension of its range to the north-
east.

55. Track YPHONUs isiargaritatus (Riipp.).
a. 2 . Ortha, 3rd Dec, 1899. (No. 68.)
[Irishazel.— J. J.H.]

56. SCHIZORHIS LEUCOGASTER (Rupp.).

a. S • Somadu, 19th Nov., 1899. (No. 24.)
h. S • Gildessa, 27th Nov., 1899. (No. 47.)

57. Gymnoschizorhis personata (Riipp.).
a. $ . Loko, 14th Feb., 1900. (No. 227.)
[Iris hazel.— J. J. H.]

57 a. Cuculus canorus.
«. Adult. (Somaliland ?)

58. Centropus superciliosus (Hempr. & Ehr.).

a. $ . Garrara, 29th Nov., 1899. (No. 58.)

b. c?. Gildessa, 1st Dec, 1899. (No. 63.)

59. CoLius leucotis (Riipp.).

a. S . Tullar, 9th Dec, 1899. (No. 88.)

60. CoLius MACRURUs (Liuu.).

a,b. (J?. HawasliValley,20th-21st Dec, 1899. (Nos.
116, 120.)

[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

SER. VIII. VOL. I. u

290 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

CI. Caprimulgus unwini Hume.

a. ?. Zeila, 11th Nov., 1899. (No. 9.)

This pale form of the common Goatsucker has not
previously been recorded from Africa. Its range was known
to extend from the River Oxus to Central Asia and N.W.
India,

62. ScoTORNis CLiMACURUs (Vicill.).

a. ? imm. Lake Rudolf, 12th April, 1900. (No. 274.)

63. Melittophagus sharpii Hartert.

«. J. Somadu, 19th Nov., 1899. (No. 22.)

b. c?. Billen, 19th Dec, 1899. (No. 114.)

c. c?. Tadechamulka, 3021. ft., 13th Jan., 1900. (No.
175.)

64. Merops NUBicus Gmel.

a. c? . Lake Odah, 10th Dec, 1899. (No. 90.)

b, c. (? ? . Gafartha, 5600 ft., 31st Jan., 1900. (Nos.
205, 206.)

d-f. S • Lake Rudolf, 29th March to 2nd April, 1900.
(Nos. 261, 264, 265.)
[Iris red.— J. J. H.]

65. Upupa epops Linn.

a-d. $ ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 28th Dec, 1899, to
12th Jan., 1900. (Nos. 133, 165, 171, 172.)
e. $ . Lake Suai, 4th Feb., 1900. (No. 214.)

66. Irrisor erythrorhynchus (Lath.).

a. S- Bya Kaboba, 24th Nov., 1899. (No. 40.)

b. S- Gildessa, 25th Nov., 1899. (No. 41.)

c. S imm- Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 3rd Jan., 1900.
(No. 147.)

67. Rhinopomastus minor (Rupp.).

a. S ' Bya Kaboba, 24th Nov., 1899. (No. 38.)

b. 6. Dunkagga, 3770 ft., 14th Dec, 1899. (No. 102.)
[Iris brown. — J. J. H.]

68. BucoRAX abyssinicus (Bodd.).

a. S ' Buffa Lake (Gogo), 28th Jan., 1900. (No. 198.)

collected in Eastern Africa. 291

b. $ imm. Lake Suai, 8th Feb., 1900. (No. 220.)
[Iris hazel; gular pouch dark blue. — J. J. H.]

69. LopHocERos NASUTUS (Linn.).

a. ^ . Lake Odab, 13th Dec., 1899. (No. 100.)

70. LoPHOCEROS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS (Teuim.).

a. ^ . Hawash Valley, 26th Dec, 1899. (No. 125.)

71. LoPHOCEROS FLAVIROSTRIS (Rupp.) .

a-c. 2 . Aruwini, 21st Nov., 1900. (Nos. 30, 31, 32.)

72. Bycanistes cristatus (Riipp.).

a. 2 • Bunga, 5300 ft., 25th Feb., 1900. (No. 239.)
[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

73. Hapaloderma narina (Steph.).

a. ? . Hener, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 76.)
[Iris browu. — J. J. H.]

74. Ceryle maxima (Pall.),

a, b. (^?. HawashValley,26tli-28th Dec, 1899. (Nos.
128, 130.)

c. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 £t., 14th Jan., 1900. (No.
179.)

75. Corythornis cyanostigma (Riipp.).

a. c?. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 11th Jan., 1900. (No.
169.)

76. Halcyon semic^rulea (Forskal).

a. S- Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 11th Jan., 1900. (No.
170.)

77. Halcy^on CHELicuTENSis (Stanley).

a. c?. Garrara, 29th Nov., 1899. (No. 59.)

b. ? . Hawash Valley, 21st Dec, 1899. (No. 121.)
c,d. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 10th-14th Jan., 1900.

(Nos. 167, 177.)

78. CoRAciAs ABYssiNicus Bodd.

a,b. S- Hawash Valley, 22ud & 26th Dec, 1899.
(Nos. 122, 126.)

c. d. S i- Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 2nd & 14th Jan., 1900.
(Nos. 145, 178.)

u 2

29.2 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant o)i Birds

79. CoRACiAs NiEvius Daiul.

a. c?. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 12th Jan., 1900. (No.
173.)

b. (? . Loko, 14th Feb., 1900. (No. 228.)

c. ? . Walamo, 24th Feb., 1900. (No. 235. )
[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

80. PCEOCEPHALUS RUFIVENTRIS (Rupp.) .

a,b. (? ? . Somadu, 21st Nov., 1899. (Nos 26, 27.)
c,d. c? ? . Giklessa, 28th & 29th Nov., 1899. (Nos.

52 &61).

e. S • Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 21st Jan., 1900. (No.

185.)

81. Agapornis tarant^ (Stanl).

a-c. S- Lake Suai, lst-5th Feb., 1900. (Nos. 209.
210, 215.)

82. Bubo lacteus (Tenim.).

a. S- Lake Suai, 8th Feb., 1900. (No. 219.)
[Iris dark hazel. — J. J. H.]

83. Glaucidium perlatum (Vieill.).

a. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 2nd Jan., 1900. (No. 146.)

84. Carine spilogastra (Heugl.).

a. ? . Aruwini, 21st Nov., 1899. (No. 33.)

85. Otogyps auricularis (Daud.).

a. Adult. Gildessa, 25th Nov., 1899.
A very fine example of this Vulture.

[Height 42 inches, expanse between the tips of tlie wings
110 inches.— J. J. II.J

86. Neophron percnopterus (Linn.).

a. Immature. Somadu, 19th Nov., 1899. (No. 23.)

87. Neophron monachus (Temm.).

a. S- Tullar, 9th Dec, 1899. (No. 89.)

88. Circus /eruginosus (Linn.).

a. S ' Bufta Lake, 28th Jan., 1900. (No. 196.)
Examples of this Harrier are very rarely seen in collec-
tions from North-east Africa.

collected in Eastern Africa. 293

89. Melikrax polyzonus (Riipp.).

a. ? . Gildessa, 11th Dec, 1899. (No. 97.)

b. S imm. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 21st Jau., 1900.
(No. 184.)

[Adult female, iris hazel. — J. J. H,]

89 a. Melierax NIGER (Vieill.).

a. S' Gafartha, 5600 ft., 30th Jan., 1900. (No. 201.)

90. BUTEO AUGUR (Rupp.).

a,b. S' Buffa Lake (Gogo), 28th-29th Jan., 1900.
(Nos. 195, 200.)

c. $ . Gafartha, 31st Jan., 1900. (No. 208.)
[Iris dark hazel. — J. J. H.]

91. MiLVUs /EGYPTius (Gmel.).

a. S ' Ortha, 2nd Dec., 1899. (No. 70.)

92. Aquila albicans Riipp.

«. ($ in 4th year's plumage. Gildessa, 29th Nov., 1899.
(No. 62.)

b. (^ in 2nd year's plumage. Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899.
(No. 77.)

c. cJ in 3rd year's plumage. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft.,
29th Dec, 1899. (No. 134.)

d. (5" ill ^st year's plumage. Gafartha, 5600 ft., 30th Jan.,
1900. (No. 203.)

A full account of this most interesting series has been
prepared by Dr. Suschkin, and will appear in the Nouv,
Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou.

93. Lophaetus occipitalis (Burcii.).

a. ? . Buffa Lake (Gogo), 25th Jan., 1900. (No. 189.)

b. c? vix ad. Walamo, 6700 ft., 20th Feb., 1900. (No.
232.)

[Iris bright yellow. — J. J. H.]

94. HALiAiiTUs vociFER (Daud.) .

a, b. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft.. 6th Jan., 1900. (No.
158 & uo number.)

[Iris dark hazel. — J. J. IL]

294 ISIr. W. 11. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

95. Helotarsus ecaudatu.s (Daud.).

a. ? . Gildessa, 25th Nov., 1899. (No. 45.)

A fine adult specimen with the feathers of the mantle,
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much worn, and faded to
a pale rufous buff. In this plumage the species has been
called by Riippell and others H. leuconotus.

96. POLIOHIERAX SEMITORQUATUS (Smith).

a.S- Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 10th Jan., 1900. (No.
166.)

b. ? . Alayu, 23rd Jan., 1900. (No. 187.)

97. Cerchneis tinnunculus (Linn.).

a. S' Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 21st Jan., 1900. (No.
183.)

97 a. Cerchneis naumanni Fleisch.

a, Z». 3" ? . Between Lakes Rudolf and Baringo, 21st
April, 1900. (Nos. 291, 292.)

98. Falco tanypterus Schleg.

a. ? . Lake Rudolf, 17th April, 1900. (No. 279.)
[Iris black.— J. J. H.]

99. Plectropterus rueppelli Sclat.

a. S- Buffa Lake (Gogo), 29th Jan., 1900. (No. 199.)
The British Museum previously possessed only one
mounted example of tliis rare Goose.

100. Chenalopex yegyptiaca (Linn.).

a. $. Lake Odah, 11th Dec, 1899. (No. 95.)

h. $. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 15th Jan., 1900. (No.
180.)

c. c?. Bufta Lake (Gogo), 26th Jan., 1900. (No. 192.)

101. Dendrocycna viduata (Linn.).

«. ? . Lake Rudolf, 4th April, 1900. (No. 268.)

102. Dendrocycna fulva (Gmel.).

«. S ■ Lake Rudolf, 20th April, 190O. (No. 287.)

103. Nettion punctatum (Burch.).

a. 2 . Lake Odah, 10th Dec, 1899. (No. 91.)
[Iris grey. — J. J. H.]

collected in Eastern Africa. 295

104. Spatula clypeata (Linn.).

fl. [(5^ imm.] Lake Odah. lltli Dec, 1899. (No. 94.)

105. Scopus umbretta (Gmel.).

a. S ' Lake Odah, 15th Dec., 1899. (No. 93.)

b. ? . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 10th Jan., 1900. (No.
168.)

106. Abdimia abdtmii (Licht.).

a, ^. cJ ? . Moya (Lake Horori), 10th-12th Feb., 1900.
(Nos. 224, 225.)

c. $ . Walamo, 6700 ft., 20th Feb., 1900. (No. 230.)
[Iris: a, b. yellow; c. hazel. — J. J. H.]

107. PSEUDOTANTALUS IBIS (LiuU.).

a. ? imni. Gardula, 5300 ft., 14th March, 1900. (No.
253.)

[Iris light hazel.— J. J. H.]

108. Ibis ^ethiopica (Lath.).

a. S- Lake Odab, 10th Dec, 1899. (No. 92.)

b. J. Gafartha, 5600 ft., 31st Jan., 1900. (No. 207.)

c. S' Gardula, 5300 ft., 20th March, 1900. (No. 254.)
[Iris: a. grey; b, black ; c. light hazel. — J. J. H.]

109. Platalea alba Scop.

a. s- Moya (Lake Horori), 9th Feb., 1900. (No. 222.)
[Narrow iris white ; naked skin round eye red ; base and
margin of culmeu mauve ; legs magenta ! — J. J. H.J

110. MeSOPHOYX BRACHYRIIYNCHA (Bichm) .

a. S ' Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 19th Jan., 1900. (No.
182.)

An interesting specimen in the fullest breeding-plumage;
the bare part of the tibia is black, with some yellow on
the inner side only of the upper portion ; this is specially
marked on the right leg.

111. BUBULCUS IBIS Bp.

a. S- Moya (Lake Hoiori), 9th Feb., 1900. (No. 221.)
[Irisyellow.— J. J. II.]

296 Mr. \V. R. Ogilvie Grant on Birds

112. Lepterodius gularis (Bosc).

a. ? . Zeila, 10th Nov., 1899. (No. 7.)

A pure white example in full breeding-plumage.

113. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLA (Afzelius).

a. 2 . Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 16th Jan., 1900. (No.
181.)

114. BUGERANUS CARUNCULATUS (Gnicl.).

a. ? . Moya (Lake Horori), 9th Feb., 1900. (No. 223.)

[Iris orange. — J. J. H.]

Dr. Sharpe, speaking of this form (B. M. C. B. xxiii.
p, 268), says " Riippell's statement that this species is found
in Shoa needs confirmation." Moya is situated immediately
south of Shoa.

115. Grus grus (Linn.).

a,b. ? . Buffa Lake (Gogo), 27th Jan., 1900. (Nos. 193,
194.)

116. Trachelotis canicollis (Reichenow).

a. ? . Gildessa, 7th Dec., 1899. (No. 83.)

b. S . Tullar, 9th Dec, 1899. (No. 87.)
[L-is hazel.— J. J. H.]

117. Neotis heuglini (Hartl.).
ft, b. Ad. (Somaliland.)

118. EuPODOTis KOKi (Burch.).

a. 2 . Moya (Lake Horori), 12th Feb., 1900. (No. 226.)
[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.J

119. QTiDicNEMus senegalensis Swains.

a,b. c? ? . Lake Rudolf, 14th April, 1900. (Nos. 277,
285.)

Both examples are in very worn plumage.

120. Glareola pratincola (Linn.).

a. cT . Lake Rudolf, 20th April, 1900. (No. 288.)

121. Rhinoptilus HARTiNGi Sharpc.

a. ?. Plains near Zeila/ 13th Nov., 1899. (No. 11.)

b. ? . Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 75.)

a. wing 5"2 inches, tarsus 1-85 ; b. wing 5-3, tarsus 1-9.

collected in Eastern Africa. 297

These examples apparently belong to this species, bat
approach R. bisignatus Hartl. in the more rufous tint of the
Tipper parts.

122. Phyllopezus africanus (Gmel.).

a. 6 imm. Hawash Valley, 26th Dec, 1899. (No. 129.)

b. Ad. Buft'a Lake (Gogo), 28th Jau., 1900. (No. 197.)

c. 2 iium. Lake Rudolf, 3rd April, 1900. (No. 266.)
[Iris red. -J. J. H.]

123. Stephanibyx coronatus (Bodd.).

a. S ■ Gildessa, 2nd Dec., 1899. (No. 64.)

b. ? . Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (No. 72.)
[Iris light red.— J. J. H.]

124. Sarciophorus tectus (Bodd.).

a. S. Ortha, 2nd Dec, 1899. (No. 65.)

b. s . Gildessa, 7th Dec, 1899. (No. 84.)
[Iris golden. — J. J. H.]

125. HopLOPTERUs spiNosus (Linn.).

a-d. S ?. Lake Rudolf, 13th-18th April, 1900. (Nos.
276, 278, 280, 284.)
[Iris red.— J. J. H.]

126. TOTANUS CANESCENS (Gm.).

a. ? . Zeila, 9Lh Nov., 1899. (No. 1.)

127. Tringa minuta Leisl.

a. S' Lake Rudolf, 4th April, 1900. (No. 267.)
[Iris grey. — J. J. H.]

128. ^GIALITIS ALEXANDRINA (Linn.).

a. S- Zeila, 10th Nov., 1899. (No. 5.)

129. Rhynchops flavirostris Vieill.

a,b. S- I^ake Rudolf, 5th April, 1900. (Nos. 269, 270.)
[Iris hazel. — J. J. H.]

130. Gelochelidon anglica (Mont.).

a. ? . Zeila, 10th Nov., 1899. (No. 6.)

131. Larus cirrhocephalus (Vieill.).

G. S ' Lake Rudolf, 13th April, 1900. (No. 275.)
[Iris light yellow. — J. J. H.]

298 Mr. W. R. O-ilvic Grant on Birch

L'32. Laru.s hemprichi (Brucli).

a, b. $ ad. et imm. Zeila, 9tli Nov., 1899. (Nos. 2, 3.)

lot'3. FuLicA cRisTATA Gmel.

ft. ? . Garrara, 29th Nov., 1899. (No. 57.)

13 !■. ViNAGo WAALiA (Gmcl.).

a. $. Lake Margarita, 4212 ft., 8th March, 1900. (No.
246.)

135. COLUMBA GUINEA (LillU.).

a, b. (^ ? . Garrara, 29th Nov., 1899. (Nos. 55, 56.)
c. $ imm. Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., 30th Dec, 1899.
(No. 140.)

136. TURTUR SEMITORQUATUS (RUpp.).

a. ? . Alayii, 23rd Jan., 1900. (No. 188.)

137. TuRTUR AMBiGuus Bocagc.

a, b. S ^ ■ Tadechamulka, 3024 ft., Jan. 2nd, 1900.
(Nos. 142, 143.)

138. ffiNA CAPENSis (Linn.).

a. ^ . Dunkagga, 3770 ft., 15th Dec, 1899. (No. 105.)

b. ^. BiUen, 3400 ft., 16th Dec, 1899. (No. 106.)

c. ? . Hawash Valley, 22nd Dec, 1899. (No. 123.)

139. Chalcopelta AFRA (Linn.).

a. S' Aruwini, 21st Nov., 1899. (No. 34.)

140. Pterocles lichtensteini Temm.

o, b. S ■ Herrer, 6th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 79, 80.)
c, d. ? . Gildessa, 6th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 81, 82.)
e-g, ^ 2 . Billen, 3400 ft., 16th-19th Dec, 1899. (Nos.
106, 110, HI.)

[Iris dark orange or hazel. — J. J. IL]

141. Pteroclurus exustus (Temm.1.

a, b. S 2- Lake Odah, 13th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 98, 99.)
c,d. c?$. Lake Rudolf, 7th April, 1900. (Nos. 271,

272.)

After reading Mr. Hartert's remarks (Nov. Zool. viii.

p. 28, 1900) on the supposed subspecies of this Sand-Gronse,

1 have carefully re-examined the series in the Museum.

Mr. Hartert recognises three subspecies : P. cvusius,

collected in Easlcrn Africa, ^D'J

from West and North-East Africa ; P. e. somalicus, from the
deserts of Somaliland; and P. e. orientalis, from India. The
two males obtained by Mr. Harrison evidently belong to
what Mr. Hartert calls P. exustus somalicus, and agree
exactly in colour and size with Indian specimens. On the
other handj a male procured by Mr. Gillett, also in Somali-
land, has the brighter plumage of P. exustus exustus Hartert!
Thisj the typical form, is said to be larger than the
Somaliland bird ; but the INTuseum specimens do not show
such to be the case, and I cannot see any reason to allow
more than one name, P. exustus, for the species.

142. Pternistes infuscatus Cab.

a, 6. (? ? . Daflab, 15th Nov., 1899. (Nos. 16, 17.)

143. Francolinus sharpii Grant.

u, b. (^ 2. Gafartha, 5600 ft., 30th Jan., 1900. (Nos.
201, 202.)

c, d. cJ $ . Lake Suai, 7th Jan., 1900. (Nos. 217, 218.)
[Iris hazel.— J. J. H.]

144. Francolinus granti Hartl.

a. $ . Soniadu, 19th Nov., 1899. (No. 23.)

h. $. Bya Kaboba, 24th Nov., 1899. (No. 39.)

c, d. cJ ? . Lake Suai, 4th-6th Feb., 1900.

The pair of birds from Lake Suai have the dark chestnut

spots confined to the feathers of the fore-neck and upper

part of the chest, and appear to be very old.

145. CoTURNix coTURNix (Linn.).

a. $ . Walamo, 6700 ft., 20th Feb., 1900. (No. 231.)

146. NUMIDA PTILORHYNCHA Licht.

a, b. S 2. Tullar, 9th Dec, 1899. (Nos. 85, 86.)
c. ? . Lake Suai, 1st Feb., 1900.

147. AcRYLLiuM vuLTURiNUM (Hardw.).

a, b. S • J^ake Stefanie, 2350 ft., 28th-29th March, 1900.
(Nos. 259, 260.)

[Iris red. — J. J. H.]

148. Struthio molybdophanes Reichen,

a-c. (^ 5 (head and neck only). Elmolo, 12th May,
1900. (Nos. 299-301.)

300 ]Mr. W. GooiUeWow—Ofuitholoffical

XXIV. — Results of an Oruitlwloyical Journey through
Colombia and Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S.

(Plate VIII.)

]Mr. Claud Hamilton and \, liaviug decided upon an
ornithological trip to Ecuador^ found ourselves at the port
of Guayaquil on the 2nd of February, 1898. It had been
our intention to enter South America by Buenaventura, on
the west coast of Colombia, and to work the southern j)art
of the beautiful Cauca Valley first, so as to reach Ecuador
from the north. But happening to arrive in Panama the day
after the Buenaventura boat had left, we decided that, rather
than wait there for a fortnight, we would take that leaving
for Guayaquil on the following day, and thence get another
vessel up the coast back to Buenaventura. Unfortunately,
we were not able to do much collecting in the neighbourhood
of Guayaquil, for Mr. Hamilton met with a serious accident
soon after our arrival, and was nearly blinded by the bursting
of a bottle containing strong spirits of ammonia.

The return journey up the coast was very interesting, as
our boat called at every port, and I went on shore whenever
an opportunity was afforded. On the whole, however, birds
seemed scarce in the immediate vicinity of most of the places ;
the only exceptions being at Puerto Viejo and Bahia de
Caracas, where I noticed them in large numbers, and around
Manta, where I saw many examples of Pyrocephalus ruhineus
and a few small flocks of Psittacula ccelestls. The country at
the back of the two former towns seemed to offer a most
inviting field to the naturalist. Although I spent the best
part of a day in the forests near Esmeraldas, I came across
very few birds, but I shot a fine boa. At the end of some seven
days we reached the miserable little port of Buenaventura,
where we were acconmiodated at the Cable Station for two
days, as the train only leaves for the interior twice a week.
The place has an unenviable reputation for unhealthiness all
up the west coast, and its character seemed well borne out by
the appearance presented by the two or three Europeans
living there, and even by the natives themselves, who are

Journeij through Colombia and Ecuador. 301

mostly negroes from the West Indies^ with a few Chinese. Its
nnhealthiness is due to the pestilential swamps which sur-
round the town at the back. The railway^ which has taken
over 20 years to build, comes to an end at a spot in the
woods 26 miles inland, called San Jose, at the foot of the
outlying mountains, where a few sheds and miserable huts
have sprung up. From this place the journey inland has to
be continued on horses for the remaining three days to Cali.
The road runs along the sides of beautiful narrow valleys,
through gorges, and over forest-covered mountains. The
scenery everywhere is indeed wonderful ; but what makes this
one of the most interesting journeys I have ever taken, is
the surprising number of birds to be seen everywhere.
Nowhere else in South America have I seen examples of so
many species in so short a distance. When the summit of
the Western Andes was reached, a marvellous view suddenly
burst upon us. A broad, flat, fertile valley lay below us,
backed up far away in the distance by the snow-peaks of the
Central Andes, while the Cauca River, winding about like a
long silver ribbon, lay before us. Thousands of feet below
nestled the picturesque town of Cali, with its even rows
of red-tiled roofs shining in the suu. The road down is
steep, winding, and wearisome, and the distance very
deceptive. The eastern side of the mountains is remarkably
burnt up and barren, compared with the damp, luxuriant
forests which clothe the western slopes to the summit. About
2000 feet above Cali we noticed hundreds of Swallow- tailed
Kites [Elanoides furcatus) circling about in the air, and very
pretty they looked as they flew. We stopped only a few
days in Cali, and were occupied during that time in finding
horses and arranging for our journey south to Popayan.

May is the best month for travelling in this part of Colombia;
we found the beginning of April too early, as the roads, at all
times bad, were then in most parts all but impassable, while
the rivers were swollen and dangerous to cross. So, instead
of taking five days for the journey to Popayan, we took nearlv
ten. The whole country between Cali and Popayan is given
up to ranching, and that which is not grazing-land is under

30.2 Mr. W. GoodkWow— Omit holoffical

Fio-. 29.

CARIBBEAN! SEA

Part of Colombia and Ecuadob, showing Mr. Goodfellow's route.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 303

cultivation where the mountainous nature o£ the country
admits of it. Consequently, with one or two exceptions,
we saw but few birds. These exceptions were Crotophaga
ani, Milvulus tyrannus, and Tyrannus melancholicus , which
abound all through the Cauca Valley. After the first day the
road winds entirely through the mountains, and consists of a
series of arduous ascents and descents into small valleys,

Popayan is a sleepy, clean old town, without auy trade,
and in Colombia is considered quite an aristocratic residence.
There are certainly many old and wealthy families living in
this isolated place, all of which possess large, if somewhat
neglected, " haciendas '' up in the Central Cordillera. The
town itself lies at the foot of the central range, and is backed
by the very active volcano of Purace, altitude 17,000 feet,
which we ascended. For many miles to the west stretches
a level valley to the clearly-outlined Western Andes, and
nowhere else did we see the different parallel ranges so
distinctly defined. The climate is, perhaps, as perfect as a
climate can be, neither too hot nor too cold, but cooler than
one would expect for the position and altitude, which is only
5800 feet. The vegetation, moreover, is not at all tropical-
looking ; indeed, the fields, surrounded by well-kpet hedges,
reminded us of home. We spent nearly two months there
and in the neighbouring mountains, and made a fair col-
lection of birds, but we were disappointed to find Humming-
birds extremely scarce. We were told that September was
the best month for them, when many kinds of trees are in
bloom. Unfortunately none of the residents in the town
were able to indicate the best collecting-grounds in the
neighbourhood; thus much time was wasted in exploring
profitless places, and it was not until we were just leaving
and had made all arrangements for our journey south to
Pasto, that we discovered the exact localities of which we had
been in search. I think, however, it would scarcely repay any
collector to go to these parts, for, besides the expense, the
ti'avelling is most difiicult. Even more difficult is the country
between Popayan and Pasto, which is an eight days' ride, the
whole intervening country being one vast jumble of mountains.

304 Mr. W. Gootlfellow — Ornithological

It is impossible to imagine anything finer in tlie way of
mountain-scenery, or greater variety, and we saw nothing like
it anywhere else — it will for ever be impressed on my memory.
There are three routes available between the two towns ; we
chose the one by the Patia valley. It is the shortest, but the
least frequented and tlie most dangerous. This remarkably
situated valley is very little known, and, being so cut off
from communication, has never, I believe, been properly
explored. I saw many birds and butterflies there which I
observed in no other part of the country. The climate is
hot and exceedingly unhealthy for most of the year, and the
inhabitants (all negroes) have an evil reputation and seem to
live mostly by robbery, so that every man's hand is against
them. On account of a breakdown in onr transport, we were
forced to spend a few days there, until we could get more
beasts, and during that time we shot as many birds as we
could, among them being two fine kinds of Ibis of the genus
Theristicus. Two fairly important towns are passed on the
way to Pasto, namely, Mercaderes and La Union; the
inhabitants of the latter picturesque little place being solely
engaged in making '^Panama" hats, probably the best
supplied by Colombia.

The situation of Pasto is very striking, and it requires
no imagination to see that it is built inside what was
once the crater of a volcano, and that Galera, which now
rises above the town on the S.W., is but a newer vent for
the escape of steam. The town is surrounded on all sides
except the west })y a continuous line of crags, which on the
east are absolutely perpendicular, but the western side was
evidently blow^n out many ages ago. The altitude of the
town is 8600 feet, and, in spite of its sheltered situation, the
climate is cold and miserable, while the houses are comfort-
less in more ways than one. Pasto is always seething with
rebellion, and most of the periodical revolutions of both
Colombia and Ecuador are hatched here. The men are
mostly muleteers by trade, but they are always to be hired
as fighting men in any cause, or on either side of a revolution.
At such times they march forth accompanied by an equally

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 305

large force of woraen^ who are provided with sacks for the
lootj and their very name strikes terror into the heart of an
Ecuadorian. They are a fine, good-looking race, bnt the
word " Pastuso " is a term of insult in Colombia, and
signifies everything that is stupid and contemptible, for
notliing good can come out of Pasto. We stayed here but
ten days, and experienced much difficulty in getting mules
for the long distance to Quito. We found this stage of our
journey still more trying and arduous than that through the
country already traversed, for we were continuously at very
high altitudes and often exposed to snowstorms, our only dip
into warmer regions being at the hot valley of the Chota,
where we found the country all rock and sand, and everything
burnt up. In this barren place we lost two of our horses from
exhaustion, and were delayed two days at Ibarra before
finding others. Fortunately, on this portion of our route, we
generally managed to stop for the night in towns or villages,
as the road passes through Tiiquerres, Ipiales, Tulcan (the
frontier town), Ibarra, Otavalo, and other less important
localities ; but in most of them it is extremely difficult to
get anything to eat, and at many places impossible. When
we left Pasto we were not able to procure quite as many
mules as we needed, so, among other things, we left behind
the boxes of bird-skins that we had collected in the Cauca
and Patia valleys. These were to follow us later, but they
appear not to have been sent off for two or three months,
and by that time a revolution had begun in Ecuador, so
that the mules were seized by the revolutionists when they
crossed the frontier, and, so far as we could ascertain, our
boxes were rifled and left on the roadside. At any rate we
never recovered them, and the work of several months
was lost, with the exception of a few skins we had carried
with us.

We made Quito our headquarters for several months, and
thoroughly explored all the country round, besides taking
trips down to the low forest-land on the Pacific side, as well as
to the Valle de Viciosa, in the eastern mountains at the back
of Cotopaxi. This little-known valley, or plateau, stands at

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. X

306 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

an elevation of about 1 1,500 feet, and is bounded by Auti-
sana^ Cotopaxi, Quilindana, and other snow-covered peaks,
while from the far end of it a view can be gained of the lower
forest-covered mountains stretching away down to the rivers
forming the head-waters of the Amazon. With the exception
of two shepherds^ huts, which are far apart, this valley is un-
inhabited, and most of the country for miles around is
devastated by eruptions from Cotopaxi. The climate is very
cold, and snow fell on several nights during our stay there
in December.

We found Pichincha wonderful collecting-ground, and as
it rises above the city of Quito, it is very accessible. At
the summit of the crater it is 16,000 feet high, and so just
reaches the snow-line, but for 2000 feet above Quito its slopes
and valleys are covered with flowering bushes and stunted
trees, which teem with birds, Humming-birds predominating.
Still higher up grows the wiry " pdramo-grass/^ also the
haunt of many varieties, notably Attagis chimborazensis ,
Gallinago jamesoni, and Notlioprocta carvirostris, while on
the cliffs and rocks around the crater the Condors make
their home.

Between the Western Andes and the Pacific coast the
whole country is covered with virgin forests, which reach up
the mountains to an altitude of 12,000 feet. These are most
sparsely inhabited by whites, who are everywhere miserably
poor and verging on starvation, a result due to their lack of
energy. On a few execrable trails, often impassable, leading
down from the mountains, an occasional hut may be met with,
but many names printed in large type on WolPs map do not
exist at all, or represent a solitary hut, or the spot where a
|iut once stood. Our best collecting-ground on this side
was at Santo Domingo, in the country of the Colorado
Indians, the finest natives we met with, who paint the whole
of their bodies a uniform red, with a basket-work pattern of
blue over it. This place contains but three huts, for the
Indians live far away in the depths of the forests around.
Some of the intermediate resting-places at higher altitudes
also yielded a great number of birds, but, almost without

Journey th'ough Columbia and Ecuador. 307

exception, all places below a certain level are extremely
unhealthy, while travelling is most difficult, and all food-
supplies must be taken from headquarters.

During- the latter part of our stay in Quito we were
involved in a revolution, and for a time the city was besieged.
A great portion of the population took refuge in the various
Legations and Consulates; several hundred, including some
Cabinet Ministers, came to the British Consulate, where we
also stayed when in Quito, All this greatly retarded our
arrangements for going to the Napo, which was the most
formidable part of our travels in South America and the
climax of our experiences. We had never imagined anything
so bad as the route. Track there was none, and on the eastern
mountains some of the climbs were so steep and so dangerous
that it seemed as if mules could never pass. Other spots were
all morass, and at times we seemed likely to sink in altogether,
and spent hours in extricating ourselves and our animals.
The route to be followed from Quito first takes a dip down
into the wide and somewhat dry Chillo Valley, Avhich connects
the Western and Eastern ranges of the Andes, and forms
the northern end of the central highlands of Ecuador. Here
it is that among the Humming-birds may be found some
intermediate forms between the Western and Eastern
varieties. A good example is the well-known Petasophora
iolata. We found this bird green on the western range and
quite bronzy on the eastern range, whereas all the specimens
procured from the connecting Chillo Valley were inter-
mediate in colouring.

When the Eastern Andes were reached, the path rose
suddenly and steeply to the dreaded Guamani Pass at 16,000
feet. It can only be crossed at certain seasons of the year,
when the snows have somewhat melted. Ev^en at this
altitude we found bird-life not altogether wanting, for we
shot specimens of Mtjiotheretes erythropygius and Musci-
saxicola a/pina almost at the summit of the pass. No
human habitation is met with for nearly two days, until the
small Indian village of Papallacta is reached on the eastern
side at 11,500 feet, standing in a romantic and verdant bend

JL IV

308 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ormthological

of a spur of Antisana. It is a cold place, but we passed
the month of February 1899 there, and found birds most
abundant. From here vvc had to travel on foot down to the
headwaters of the Napo, a journey of nearly three weeks.
The only habitations met with during that time were at
Baeza, three days' walk below Papallacta, where there were
four huts. Here, again, we stayed a month, and obtained
many rare birds. When at last we reached the Napo many
fresh difficulties arose, for we were cast alone among various
Indian tribes, some being anything but friendly, and one
and all most unwilling to assist us with canoes in which to
proceed down the river. C/Onsequently we had to remain in
some places, racked with ague and fever, for several months.
Even when we were able to get canoes the Indians would not
take us beyond their own territories, the various tribes being
unfriendly to one another. These enforced stoppages were all
the more aggravating, as birds were by no means numerous on
the main river ; but we found them plentiful in some places
on the narrower tributaries, such as the Jusepino, the Suno,
and the Suyuno. The whole journey down the Napo to Iquitos
on the Maranon would occupy about four weeks in canoes,
if made direct and with the river " in flood. ^' After passing
the Rio Tiputini we proceeded straight to that town, which we
found to be a fairly flourishing little place and an important
rubber-centre, as it is at the head of navigation on the Upper
Amazon for the larger steamers. At Iquitos our journey may
be said to have ended, since from there we were able, after
some further adventures, occasioned by the place being in the
throes of a ''revolution,'^ to hire a small launch to the Rio
Javarri, and thence to take a river-steamer right down to
Para, whence we shipped direct to England.

During this journey Mr. Hamilton and I collected alto-
gether about 4000 skins of birds, belonging, as will be seen by
our list, to about 550 species. This great number was entirely
due to Mr. Hamilton's unbounded energy and love of shooting,
while he at all times kept me fully occupied from morning till
evening with skinning, and sometimes far into the night as
well. It will be recollected that we lost the first portion of

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 309

our collection, made between Call and Pasto^ and never
recovered it. With the exception of some 70, all the skins
were made by myself, and most of the specimens were shot
by Mr. Hamilton. In some localities we were able to get
the Indians to bring in a few birds, but we could not depend
upon their doing so with any regularity, or bringing them
to us while they were still in a fit condition to skin. At
one or two places we also hired a man for a short time to
help with the shooting. This was chiefly around Quito,
where we wanted certain birds from localities that we could
not find time to visit ourselves.

Here I may as well give the months in which we collected
at the various places in Ecuador : —

July and Auyust 1898. Nanegal, Guiilea, and luteg, West Ecuador.
September 1898. Milligalli, Canzacota, and San Nicolas, „
October „ Santo Domingo de los Colorados, „

November „ Chiefly spent on Picliincha and Miudo.
December „ Valle de Viciosa, environs of Quito and Pichiucha.
January 1899. Cliillo Valley and neighboui-liood of Quito.
February „ Papallacta, East Ecuador.
March „ Baeza, „

A2}ril ,, Indian village of Archidona, at foot of the Eastern

May (first half) 1899. Suno, Upper Ilio Napo. [Andes.

3£ay, Ju7ie, and July 1899. Rio Coca, Upper Rio Napo.
August (first fortnight) 1899. Rio Tiputini, Rio Napo.

In the following list I have used the arrangement and
nomenclature of Sclater and Salvin's ' Nomenclator Avium
Neotropicalium/ except where otherwise stated.

1. Catharus fuscater (Lafr.).

One c? from above Mindo, altitude 8800 feet, on the Western
slope of Pichincha. Its stomach contained berries. The bill
is orange, with a black line down the centre ; legs, feet, and
rim of eyelids also orange. Although we were a long time
in this locality we never saw but the one specimen.

2. TuRDUS LEUcops Tacz.

Merula leucops Seebohm, Mon. Turd. p. 47, pi. Ixxxviii.
A pair from Gualea, Western Ecuador. The male was
shot on the top of a bush, and the female an hour later in

310 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

the same place. I tlieu discovered a nest in the bush which
I supposed to belong to them. It was barely three feet from
the ground^ and not a very neat structure, being composed of
dry leaves and moss. It contained three blue eggs ; one was
quite plain, but the other two were speckled with reddish
brown. Bill and legs yellow, iris light grey.

3. TuRDUs GiGAs Frascr.

These birds are very common throughout the highlands of
both Eastern and Western Ecuador at altitudes of from 8500
to 11,500 feet. We first saw them in Southern Colombia,
but nowhere were they so numerous as in Ecuador, where
they may be seen on the tops of bushes and low trees
uttering their loud liquid notes, though the song is not long
sustained. They were in such numbers at Papallacta, East
Ecuador, in February, as to constitute a nuisance. We found
their nests on the western side of Corazon in September at
9000 feet, also on Pichincha in November at over 10,000 feet.
Bill, legs, and feet chrome-yellow, but blackish in the female.
Local name " Merla.^''

4. TuRDUS MARANONICUS TaCZ.

Turdus maranonicns Tacz. Orn. d. Perou, i. p. 488.

3 (^s, 2 ? s. Shot at the Indian village of Archidona and
near the mouth of the Coca, on the Upper Napo, East
Ecuador^ in April and May. They frequented the clearings
around the Indian huts, but I never saw them in the forests.
Seebohm (Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. 188) states that it is not
known that there is any difference of plumage in the sexes,
but according to our skins the males are decidedly whiter on
the breasts than the females, and also have the throat of a
deeper cinnamon colour.

5. Turdus ignobilis Scl.

Turdus ignobilis Seebohm, Mon. Turd. p. 241.

We first came across these birds around Popayan, South
Colombia, alt. 5600 feet, where they were somewhat numerous
along the hedgerows ; but we did not meet with them again
until we descended to the Upper Napo, in Eastern Ecuador.
They were plentiful at Archidona, and also at the mouth

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 311

of the Coca, and kept strictly to the clearings, where they
sat about on the topmost twigs of the low bushes well out
in the open. They have a remarkably sweet song, and their
beautiful notes were among the first sounds to wake us in
the early mornings on the Napo. They must have been
nesting in April and May, as the Indians brought in several
nestlings. We never saw or shot a specimen lower down the
Napo than where the Coca joins it. There appears to be a
little difference between the Popavan and Napo skins ; the
latter are a trifle darker on the upper side, and whiter on the
vent.

6. CiNCLUS LEUCONOTUS Scl.

2 d's, 1 5 from Papallacta, East Ecuador, 11,500 feet.
These birds frequent the rocks in the river-beds, and our
specimens were procured near the source of a hot spring
flowing from the side of the mountain. The crown and
nape of the female are much mottled with black and light
grey. Iris brownish red in the S and grey in the 5 .

7. Myiadestes ralloides (Lafr. & D'Orb.).
Milligalli, Gualea, and near Mindo, Western Ecuador, at

altitudes of from 4000 to 6600 feet. Frequents the tops of
rather high trees.

8. Myiadestes coracinus (Berlp.). (Plate VIII.) ^

6 . This rare species we shot in the dense forests below
Baeza, at an altitude of probably 4000 feet, on our journey
down to the Napo. It was one of the exceedingly few birds
we met with in these gloomy forests, and in this case a pair of
them were together in the top of a high tree. Our attention
was attracted by their metallic-sounding call-note, uttered

* [This remarkable species was first described by Graf v. Berlepsch
in 1897 (Orn. Monatsb. 1897, p. 175), from a single specimen in his
collection, which had been obtained by Herr Gustav Hopke near St.
Pablo, in S.W. Colombia. It is a close ally of M, leucotis (Tsch.) of
Peru. There is a single example of it in the Tring Museum which,
by the kindness of Mr. Rothschild, I have been able to compare with
Mr. Goodfellow's skin. It was obtained along with other birds from
some part of Northern Colombia, probably from Antioquia, but the exact
locality is not known. — P. L. S.]

312 Mr. W. GooMeWoyv— Ornithological

at intervals. This is the first specimen recorded from the
Eastern Andes.

9. POLIOPTILA BILINEATA (Bp.).

(S . Near Santo Domingo, W. Ecuador, 1000 feet. Shot
in a low bush near a stream.

10. Campylorhynchus BREviROSTRis Lafr. (Sharpe, B.
M. C. B. vi. p. 198.)

A good series of these birds from Santo Domingo, W.
Ecuador, altitude about 600 feet, where they were very
numerous at times in the low bushes around the huts. The
iris is bright red. The black spots on the under tail-coverts
seem to be partially or totally wanting in the females ; they
also have a wash of brown on the nape, and the feathers on
the crown are edged with a lighter grey than in the males.

11. CiNNICERTHIA UNIBRUNNEA (Lafr.).

Common at many localities on the Western Andes at
altitudes of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and also at Papal-
lacta on the Eastern range. One d from the latter locality
has some cream-coloured feathers above the nostrils, and
although we obtained a large series of both sexes, it is the
only one so marked. Four or five individuals were generally
seen together.

12. CiNNICERTHIA OLivASCENs Sharpe.
Cinnicerthia olivascens Sharpe, B. M. C. B. vi. p. 184.

2 cJ s, 1 $ . We met with this bird on the western side
of Pichincha only from 8000 to 9000 feet. It was not
nearly so numerous as the preceding species, and was seen
singly or in pairs. I see in my note-book I have recorded
that the call-note is different from that of C. imibrunnea,
but I do not remember now in what way.

13. Henicorhina leucophrys (Tsch.).

We ohtained a series from both the Eastern and Western
Andes at elevations of from 9000 to 11,500 feet, where the
birds hop about on the ground under the low bushes, and
as they are very active they are somewhat difficult to shoot.
Iris reddish brown.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 313

14. Thryophilus nigricapillus (Scl.)-

We shot a pair of these hirds at San Nicolas, and another
pair at Intag, both on the west side, and in each case only
the females were barred across the upper breast, the markings
being rather brown. (See B. M. C. B. vi. p. 216.)

15. Thryothorus griseipectus (Sharpe).
Thryothorus griseipectus Sharpe, B. M. C B. vi. p. 236.

? . Archidona, near the foot of the Eastern Andes.

16. Thryothorus euophrys Scl.

From about 12,000 feet on Pichincha, Western Andes.

17. Thryothorus goodfellowi Scl.
Thryothorus goodfelloivi Scl, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 47.
One male and one female from Papallacta, 11,000 feet,

Eastern Andes, in February.

A close ally of T. euophrys, but at once recognisable by its
white throat.

18. Troglodytes solstitialis Scl.

^ . Baeza, Eastern Ecuador, 5000 feet. I caught this
specimen in the thatch of an Indian hut, where it was
looking for insects.

19. Troglodytes ochraceus Ridgw.

Troglodytes ochraceus Ridgw. Proc. U. S. N. M. iv. p. 334
(1881).

Two males from about 7000 feet on the western side of
Pichincha in December. These were the only specimens
seen, and were killed at one shot.

20. Cistothorus brunneiceps Salv.

Cistothorus brunneiceps Salvin, Ibis, 1881, p. 129, pi. iii.
fig. 1.

S . Above Milligalli, W. Ecuador, 6500 feet.

21. Anthus bogotensis Scl.

$ . Valle de Viciosa, 14,000 feet. I caught this bird in
my hand in a clump of the wiry " paramo " grass in the
early morning, when all the ground was white with frost. In
the same locality my horse also trod on another which was
hiding in the grass, and crushed it quite flat. Iris red.

314 Mr. W. GoodM\ow—Ornitholo(fical

22. Parula pitiayumi (Vieill.).

Baeza, on the eastern side of the Eastern Andes, 5000 feet.
This was the only place where we met with it.

23. Parula inornata Baird.

A large series from San Nicolas, Guanacillo, and Rio
Blanco, W. Ecuador. The birds were very plentiful in July at
Intag, and niiml)ers of them together were constantly hopping
about the bushes close to the huts. They are very quick
little creatures, and always on the move.

24. DeNDR(ECA BLACKBURNIili (Gm.).

These birds were as thick as autumn leaves at Papallacta,
E. Ecuador, 11,500 feet, in February, but very few of them
were in mature plumage.

25. Dendrceca striata (Forst.).

(^ . Archidona, at the headwaters of the Napo. Shot
in the clearing near the huts.

26. Dendrckca estiva (Gm.).

3 c? s, 1 ? . Archidona. All were shot in the high gables
of the Indian huts, where they were constantly hunting
for insects.

27. Geothlypis semiplava (Scl.).

A pair from San Nicolas, W. Ecuador, in September.

28. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.).
^ . Papallacta, in February.

29. Myiodioctes canadensis (L.).

3 c?s, 2 ? s. Archidona, April 1899.

30. Basileuterus coronatus (Tsch.).

6 c? s, 2 ? s. Milligalli and Canzacota, 6000 to 6500 feet.
Some of the males have the inner webs of the wing-feathers
edged with creamy white on the underside, while others
have it distinctly cinnamon. One male from Canzacota has
white nasal coverts, and a few very yellow feathers on the
forehead.

31. Basileuterus semicervinus Scl.

One male and one female from Nanegal, W. Ecuador.
Both were shot quite in the forest.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 315

32. Basileuterus nigrivertex Salvin, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 3.
Six males and three females from Intag, Gualea^ and

Milligalli, W. Ecuador. Shot in July^ August, and Sep-
tember. The wings vary in length in the males. The
females have a brownish-yellow line over the eyes^ while the
crown is brownish black, and does not extend so far back as
in the males.

33. Basileuterus castaneiceps Scl. et Salv. (Sharpe, B.
M. C. B. X. p. 389.)

c^ . Baeza, E. Ecuador. This single specimen was brought
down at the same shot as an example of Calliste cyaneicollis.

34. Basileuterus auricularis Sharpe, B. M. C. B. x.
p. 380.

2 c?s, 1 ? . Gualea and Canzacota, about 6000 feet. The
female appears to have a considerably longer bill than the
male.

35. Setophaga ruticilla (L.).

We shot two specimens of this bird in the yard at the back
of the inn in which we stopped in Ibarra, 6600 feet, on our
way down to Quito in June, others at Mindo, W. Ecuador,
in November, and more at Papallacta, 1 1,500 feet, E. Ecuador,
in February.

36. Setophaga bairdi (Salv.) ; Sharpe, B. M. C. B. x.
p. 423.

These birds were very plentiful on the western side of
Corazon above Milligalli in September at 8000 feet. I
constantly noticed them hanging head downwards from a twig
to reach at insects below them. We also shot specimens on
the western side of Pichincha up to 12,000 feet, but never
once saw one on any other side of that mountain. They were
also abundant at Papallacta, E. Ecuador, in February.

37. Setophaga verticalis (Lafr. & D^Orb.).

West side of Pichincha and Papallacta. There seems,
however, to be a slight difference in the eastern and western
forms. According to our skins, the western birds have the
forehead slate-colonr, with a black centre to each feather.

316 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

and the crown of the female is less rufous than that of the
male, while her throat is slate-colour. But in the eastern
skins both the male and female have the forehead black and no
difference in the colour of the crown ; both have black throats
of a deeper hue than the western male.

38. ViREOSYLVIA JOSEPHS Scl.

3 c? s. Mindo and Canzacota, West Ecuador, 6500 feet.
Found singly,

39. ViREo CHivi (Vieill.).

2 c?s, 3 ? s, San Nicolas, West Ecuador, in September.
With the exception of the female having a shorter wing, the
sexes do not differ.

40. Cyclorhis nigrirostris Lafr.

We collected specimens at Milligalli and Gualea, West
Ecuador, and also at Baeza, East Ecuador, which appear
to be exactly alike.

41. Atticora cyanoleuca (Vieill.),

We met with this SAvallow in many places at altitudes of
from 600 feet to 10,000 feet.

42. Atticora cinerea (Gm.).

One male shot on the dead branch of a tree at Nanegal,

43. Atticora tibialis (Cass.).

Santo Domingo, W. Ecuador, where it was generally seen
sitting on the trees or flying around the clearing close to
the edge of the forest,

44. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieill.).

Archidona, at the foot of the Eastern Andes, was the only
place where we met with these Swallows. They often flew
into the huts in numbers to sleep during the hot hours of
the day.

45. Diglossa sittoides (Lafr. & D'Orb,).

Papallacta and Pichincha, E. and W. Ecuador, 11,500 feet.

46. Diglossa albilateralis Lafr,

Papallacta and Pichincha, Often seen in company with
D. sittoides. The bill is wholly black in the males, but in

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 317

the females the base of the mandible is yellowish horn-
colour. Iris black in the male, and brown in the female.

47. DiGLossA ATERRiMA Lafr.

This species we found very plentiful in the neighbourhood
of Quito, and we shot many of them with a blowpipe in the
gardens of the British Consulate. They are restless birds^
and search every leaf and plant for insects in a most thorough
and systematic manner. They frequently flew in at our
open windows and doors to hunt about the room for spiders.
A pair of them bred in the " patio ^' of the Consulate in
November. Three different sites were chosen, and every
time the nest was pulled to pieces by the Humming-birds
[Petasophora iolata) which had built in the same '^ patio."
At length they were allowed to complete a nest among
the sword-like leaves of a species of aloe. It was built
of roots and moss, and was ingeniously suspended from the
sharp thorns on the edges of the leaves, about two feet
and a half from the ground. Two blue eggs, speckled with
red, were laid, but the nest was destroyed by the gardener
before the young were hatched. During our stay in Quito,
we shot an almost pure albino of this bird on Pichincha. The
young are very rusty-looking and speckled, and have the
outer margin of the wing-feathers brown.

48. DiGLOSSA LAFRESNAVI (BoisS.) .

We shot a good series at Nanegal in July, and also found
them rather plentiful around Quito (though not in the city)
and along the Western Andes up to 10,000 feet. Our
females appear to have the basal half of the mandible
yellowish. They seem to be pugnacious birds, and on several
occasions I saw them fighting with other species along the
hedges near Quito.

49. DiGLOssA PERSONATA (Frascr) .

Plentiful at Nanegal and Intag in July, and along the
Western Andes up to 10,000 feet. Unlike other members
of this genus which we came across, these birds were in small
flocks of seven or eight. The iris is reddish, and in some
specimens inclines to bright red.

318 Orniiholoyical Journey throwjh Colombia and Ecuador.

50. DiGLOSSA INDIGOTICA Scl,

This species ranges to a lower altitude than the preceding
five, and we only met with it below Canzacota at about
5000 feet. We obtained two males and one female. The
latter is not nearly so bright a blue as the former. It is
evidently not a common bird in Ecuador.

51. CoNiRosTRUM siTTicoLOR Lafr.

Hather plentiful at Papallacta in February^ and also on
Pichincha up to 11,000 feet in November, December, and
January.

52. CONIROSTKUM FRASERI Scl.

Also numerous on both the Eastern and Western Andes,
and frequently met with in the gardens of Quito. A pair
built a nest at the British Consulate in December, It was
about eight feet from the ground, in a very open shrub, but
carefully concealed by the large growing leaves. It was
mostly composed of dry grass and moss and lined with hair,
and contained only two eggs — very round, and spotted with
red.

1 find no difference in the appearance of the sexes.

53. DaCNIS CffiREBICOLOR Scl.

^ . Santo Domingo, about 600 feet, in October. The species
was evidently not common there, as this was the only specimen
"we saw. I caught it in a butterfly-net under the eaves
of a hut while it was hunting for spiders in the thatch.
The legs and feet are dark red. Iris also dull red.

54. Dacnis egregia Scl.

A large series shot at Nanegal, Gualea, and Intag in July
and August. At Nanegal flocks arrived suddenly, and a few
days later not an individual was to be seen. Young males
in the female garb predominated. One day I counted
sixteen in one very small tree. They are active birds, never
still for an instant^ and search every branch and leaf for
insects.

55. Dacnis pulcherrima Scl.

2 c?s, 1 ?. Santo Domingo and Guanacillo in October.

Recently published Ornitliolojlcal Works. 319

The males seem to be distinguishable by a large white spot
on the inner web of the outer rcctrices. This species seems
solitary in its habits. We found it in the orange-trees^ where
it was very difficult to slioot^ as it kept in the thickest parts.

56. Chlohophanes atricapilla (Vieill.).

This seems to belong to a West-Ecuadorian subspecies oH
C. atricapilla, o£ which Ave shot a great number at Santo
Domingo and Guanacillo. The latter is the name of
a negro " rubber-hunter's '^ hut in a very small clearing
in the forest, a day's walk from the former place. These
birds mostly frequent the banana plantations, and by tying
a bunch of the ripe fruit to one of the trees we managed
to get a great number of them. The females have the chin
very yellow, and are more yellowish green generally than the
young males.

57. CCEREBA C^RULEA L.

$ . Archidona, E. Ecuador, in April. Shot on an orange-
tree close to the hut.

58. Certhiola mexicana (ScL).

7 cjs, 3 ? s. Intag and Milligalli, W. Ecuador, and Baeza,
E. Ecuador, with no variation. I found a nest at Intag in
July, in a bush about four feet from the ground. It was
dome-shaped, and contained two eggs — white, speckled with
red. These little birds cling to the flowers on the tall trees,
and extract the insects from them.

[To be contiuued.]

XXV. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

[Continued from p. 151.]

36. Allen on the Birds of Santa Marta.

[List of Birds Collected in the District of Santa Marta, Colombia, by
Mr. Herbert II. Smith. By J. A. Allen. Bull. American Mus. Nat.
Hist. xiii. p. 117, 1900.]

The well-known collector ]Mr. Herbert H. Smith obtained
2814 bird-skins in the neighbourhood of Santa JMarta,

320 Recently published Ornithological Works.

U. S. of Colombia, between the sea-level and an altitude
of 8000 feet, on the Sierra Nevada, from May 4th, 1898,
to Sept. 7th, 1899. Mr. Jesup purchased this collection,
and presented it to the American Museum of Natural
History. Mr. Allen now gives us an account of it, inserting
in their places other species previously recorded from this
locality.

The principal existing authorities on this attractive Avi-
fauna are Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Ibis, 1879-80), and
Mr. Bangs, several of whose papers we have lately noticed.
Mr. Allen's present list includes the names of 388 species,
of which the following 8 are described as new : —

Odontophorus atrifrons.
Myinbius assimilis.
Oclitliceca jesupi.
olivacea.

Attila pai'virostiis.

rufipectus.

Myiotherula sanctaj-iiiartfe.
Hylophilus bruimeus.

On the general relation of the birds of Santa Marta
Mr. Allen writes as follow s : —

" In respect to the faunal relationships of the Santa Marta
region, it may be said that while many wide-ranging species
common to a large part of tropical America are found here,
many of them are represented by geographical forms peculiar
to this region, while iu the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada
there occur many distinct species quite unlike their nearest
congeners found elsewhere, and belonging for the most part
to genera not found iu the adjoining low coast-region, but
which occur in the Cordilleras of other parts of northern
South America. Also it may be noted that many of the
species in the list which are abundant at the lower levels,
are not recorded from points above 5000 to 6000 feet.

'^'It is further evident that the avifauna of the Bogota
region is very different from that of the Santa Marta district,
and also that the home of many ' Colombian ' species is to
be looked for elsewhere than in Eastern Colombia. Indeed,
a very different set of birds was met with by Wyatt in ' the
eastern Cordillera of the State of Santander,' in the Bucara-
manga district, midway between Santa Marta and Bogota."

Recenthj published Orn'itholog'icalWorks. 321

3r. Aplin on the Birds of Carnarvonshire .

[The Birds of Lleyn, West Carnarvonshire. By O. V. Aplin, F.L.S.
Zoologist, 1900, p. 489.]

From an ornithological point of view Wales is perhaps
somewhat less known than any other part of Great Britain^
and an article on its birds is on that account the more
welcome. Mr. Aplin writes of a portion of the Principality
with which few of us are intimately acquainted, and which
is of special interest not only from its proximity to Ireland,
but from its varied nature, combining as it does the beauty
of gorse-covered tracts and moorlands with bold cliffs,
islands, hills, marshes, and sandy shores. Few points seem
to have escaped the notice of the author or of his corre-
spondent, Mr. T. A. Coward, unless it be the breeding of
the Peregrine on St. TudwaFs Island.

38. Astley on Birds in freedom and in confinement.

[My Birds in Freedom and Captivity. By II. D. Astley. J. M. Uent
and Co., London. Pp. i-xvi, 1-254. Price V2s, Qd.^

Among the various works submitted to our notice there
are many that are pleasing and many that are profitable, but
comparatively few that leave us still unsatisfied and only
wishful for more. Such, however, is the case with that of
Mr. Astley. He disarms our criticism in the preface by frankly
stating that his book is not to be considered scientific, but
rather popular, and proceeds to furnish us with a series of
delightful sketches of bird-life, which exhibit at the same
time a true love of the subject, and every mark of careful
observation, be it at home, on the Continent, or in Egypt.

Posing as the reverse of an " ordinary unobserver " of
birds, he discourses in happy phrase on their behaviour and
appearance, while he makes a valuable addition to his subject
in the special chapters on the management of those kept
in cages and aviaries, and on the cruelty too often practised
towards the feathered race.

Perhaps the author's humanitarian ideas are not quite
consistent with his practice of retaining so large a number of
birds in confinement, but we are far from feeling inclined to

SER. VIII. VOL. I. Y

322 Recently published Ornitholoyical Works.

be captious when we observe his evident anxiety for their
welfare^ and their equally evident happiness under the cir-
cumstances. He has, moreover, been thus enabled to make
notes upon tlie plumage of males and females, and upon the
moult ; Avhile his accounts of the rearing of Gold-crested
Wrens from the nest, and of the Cardinal Grosbeak breeding
in a garden, are especially worthy of notice, as is the final
chapter on Storks and Cranes.

Mr. Astley, however, by no means confines himself to his
aviaries ; he gives us accounts of his observations upon the
Hoopoe, and upon two species of Rock-Thrush met with
during his travels, and furnishes us in addition with a large
number of illustrations, chiefly or entirely of his own drawing,
of which those of the Hoopoe, the Ring-Ousel, the Oyster-
catcher, and the Great Black-backed Gull are perhaps the
most successful.

We are somewhat surprised, however, to notice that he
considers Morris an ''eminent ornithologist'^ worthy to be
coupled with Gould ; while he is decidedly mistaken in
attributing Dippers invariably to mountain torrents, Lories
to New Zealand, and, at the present day, Bearded Tits to the
fens of Cambridgeshire.

39. Bungs on a new Rice-Gracklc.

[Description of a new Rice-Grackle. By Outrani Bangs. Pioc. New
England Zool. Club, ii. p. 11, 1900.]

The Colombian form of Cassidix is separated as Cassidix
oryzivora violea,

40. Bangs on Birds from Panama.

[List of Birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Lonia del Leon,
Panama. By Outram Bangs. Proc. New England Zool. Club, ii. p. 18,
1900.]

Mr. Bangs records the names of the species represented in
a collection of 752 skins formed at Lion- Hill Station on the
Panama Railway by Mr. W. W. Brown, Jr. Among these
three are described as new — Mionectes oleagineus parvus,
Myrmelastes celerus, and Saltator lacertosus.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 323

41. Beat on the Food of the North- American Icteridfe.

[Food of the Bobolink, Blackbirds, and Grackles. By F. E. L.
Beal, B.S. Bull. U. S. Dep. of Agiic, Div. of Biol. Survey, No. 13.
8vo. Washing-tOD, 1900.]

It is always with pleasure that we take up one of the
careful and exhaustive monographs of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. In that before us Mr. Beal has undertaken
to weigh the evidence for and against the chief members of
the family Icteridge, as regards their harmful propensities;
giving at the same time most instructive diagrams repre-
senting the elements that constitute the birds' food_, a table
of " distribution of stomachs/' and a map of the range of the
Bobolink. This species holds an exceptional position^
causing immense damage at planting-time and harvest to the
jice-crops of the South^ but being beneficial and a general
favourite in the Eastern States : so that the good might well
outweigh the evil everywhere, were it not for the immense
size of the flocks. Several of the other members of the
Icteridse must for the present be allowed to do more harm than
goodj but the majority are decidedly useful, and will be still
more so as waste lands continue to come under cultivation.
In many States protection might well be afforded to such
birds, or more widely extended, for the amount of injurious
insects and seeds of weeds they consume is prodigious.

42. Bingham and Thompson on Birds from Upper Burma.

[On the Birds collected aud observed in the .Southern Shan States of
Upper Burma. By Col. C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., and II. N. Thompson,
r.Z.S. J. A. S. B. Ixix. pt. 2, p. 102, 1900.]

An account is given of a collection of about 350 specimens
representing 239 species obtained during a tour through the
Southern Shan States of Upper Burma made in the cold
weather of 1899-1 900. Two of these — Cerasophila thompsoni
(a new genus of Bulbul allied to Hi/psipetes) and Cyornis
brei'irosiris — have already been described as new in the
'Annals of Natural History' (ser. 7, vol. v. p. 359, 1900).
The rare Sitta magna was observed on Mount Lor-San-Ba
and at Taunggy, and two specimens (^ et $ ) were procured
at the latter locality.

y2

324 Recently published Ornithological JForks.

43. Bishop on the Birds of the Yukon Region.

[Birds of the Yukon Region, with Notes on other Species. B}' Louis
B. Bishop, M.D. North American Fauna, No. 19, p. 47, 1900.]

Under instructions from the Biological Survey of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Messrs, Osgood and Bishop
proceeded to Skagway, Alaska, in the summer of 1899,
thence over the White Pass to the headwaters of the Yukon,
and down the whole length of this mighty river to St. Michael
on the Pacific. After a general account by INIr. Osgood
of the country traversed, which is well worthy of perusal,
come reports on the Mammals and Birds of the Yukon region.
The latter, drawn up by Dr. Bishop, contains the names of
171 species arranged according to the Check -list. Three
new subspecies are described as Canachites canadensis osgoodi,
Sayornis say a yukonensis, and Contopus richardsoni saturatus.
The introduction contains a good general dissertation on the
Avifauna, and lists of species from the various localities.
The summer visitors in the Y'^ukon basin above Fort Yukon
are given as 42 in number, of Avhich 13 have their '^ centre of
distribution " in Eastern North America.

44. Cardiff Naturalists on the Birds of Glamorgan.

[The Birds of Glamorgan. Compiled by a Committee of the Cardifi'
Naturalists' Society. 4to. Cardift", 1900. Pp. xxv & 163. Price 8s.]

We can hardly praise very highly this latest contribution
to our knowledge of the Faunas of the Counties of Great
Britain. The introduction gives a very fair idea of the
nature of the district and of its scenery, but the list of
species which completes the work scarcely gives enough
information to justify its publication. Still it may be taken
as a preliminary list, on which to ground others, and may
afford encouragement to future workers to pursue their
investigations. The Welsh names of the birds will doubtless
be found useful.

The Rusty Crackle, the Rock-Thrush, and the Carolina
Crake are claimed as stragglers, while the Golden Oriole is
supposed to have bred in the county, and the Hawfinch has
recently extended its range to the district.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 325

45. Clarke on the Migration of Birds.

[Bii-d Migration in Great Britain and Ireland. Third Interim Report
of the Committee, consisting of Prof. Newton (Chairman), Rev. E. P.
Knubley (Secretary), Mr. John A. Harvie-Brown, Mr. R. M. Barrington,
Dr. H. O. Forbes, and Mr. A. H. Evans, appointed to work out the
details of the Observations of Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and
Lightsliips, 1880-87. Statement furnished to the Committee. By
Wm. Eagle Clarke. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Bradford, 1900.]

Mr. W. E. Clarkej having coucliidecl his laborious task of
summing up the results of the Migration Reports of 1880-
1887, has turned his attention to the movements of the
several species^ and now puts before us in most able style the
conclusions at which he has arrived in the case of the Sons:-
Thrush and White Wagtail^ from the evidence of the afore-
said Reports and from information gathered from ornitho-
logists inland. He holds out hopes, moreover, that this may
be only an earnest of further contributions.

Sufficient evidence has now for the first time been ac-
cumulated to write an authoritative history of the status of
each species, of its abundance, its time of appearance, and
its route on migration ; for nearly all birds seem to migrate
to a greater or less extent in our islands.

The Song-Thrush is shown by Mr. Clarke not to par-
ticipate in the east-to-west autumnal, or the west-to-east
vernal, movements across the North Sea; the first home-bred
individuals emigrate in August, though few leave us until
September and October ; while they return late in February
and in the first half of March. The birds of passage arrive
in the latter days of September, and continue to do so until
mid-November ; they gradually pass on to warmer climes —
some remaining with us and spreading over the inland dis-
tricts— and return late in March, to depart once more in
April by the way in which they came. The regular limits of
immigration are from South Shetland and the Orkneys to
Norfolk, the birds reaching our northern and eastern coasts,
and in some cases proceeding overland as far as Ireland,
but most move southwards on their way to the Continent.
Severe weather seems to cause " rushes.''

326 Recently published Ornithological Works.

The White ^Yag•tail conies from both the north-east and
north-west, and is much more plentiful on our west coast
than on our east, though it breeds but rarely on either.
The individuals that pass the Shetlands probably arrive from
Iceland and the Faroes. It appears in the south in March
and April, and, on its return, visits us only from mid- August
to mid- September.

46. Cooke on the Birds of Colorado.

[The Birds of Colorado, a second Appendix to Bulletin No. 37. By
W". W. Cooke. Bull. Agric. Exp. Sta. Agric. Coll. of Colorado, 56,
1900.J

This memoir gives the additions made to the List of the
Birds of Colorado {cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 161) during the past
three years, and is paged consecutively with two former
papers on the same subject (Bulletin, 37 and 41). The
additional species are 27 in number, and 15 more have
been ascertained to breed in the State. The total number
of species and subspecies now known to occur in Colorado
is 387.

47. Druilt's {Mrs.) Memoir of Lord Lilford.

[Lord Lilford, Thomas Littleton, fourth Baron, F.Z.S. President of
the British Ornithologists' Union. A Memoir bj his Sister, with an
Introduction by the Bishop of London. 8vo. 1901. Price lOs. 6t?.]

This volume will, we are sure, be read with very great
interest by all the Members of our Union, and by the many
otiier friends and acquaintances of our late President. The
story told of his life and its principal incidents contains, as
might have been expected, numerous allusioiis to Birds,
one of the main subjects, as we well know, that occupied his
attention from early youth. It is, moreover, illustrated by
some beautiful plates drawn by Thorburn, Lodge, and others,
and is prefaced by a capital likeness of our much-esteemed
friend.

48. Dubois' * Sytiopsis Avium.'

[Synopsis Avium. Nouveau Manuel d'Ornithologie, par Alphonse
Dubois. Fasc. II. Pici, Heterodactylte, Amphibolse, Anlsodactylae,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 327

Mac rocli ires ; Fasc. III. Macrocliires, Tracheophonse, OligomyodEe ;
Fasc. IV. Tyrannidse, Hinindinidse, Ampelidne, Paramythiidse, and Musci-
oapidaj. Bruxelles, 1900. Pp. 81-288.]

In 1890 (Ibis, 1900, p. 381) we recorded the- issue
of the first part of this useful Manual. Since that date
three more ' fasciculae ' have been issued, the contents of
which are indicated in the titles given above.

The following species are figured in these parts : — PI. ii.
Heads of Melanerpes cruetitatus and M. hargitti (sp. nov.)
and oi Hapalo derma rufiventre; PI. iii. Rhinopomastes cabanisi,
Sctjtalupus analis, and Hypoaiemis navioides ; PI, iv.*
Grallaria gigantea and Myrmotheriila brevicauda ; PI. v.
Thamnophilus torquatus and Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomce ;
PI. vi. Picolaptes albo-Vmentus and Dendrornis guttata.

49. Finn on the Tracheal Bulb of Ducks.

[Note on the Structure and Function of the Traclieal Rulb in male
Aiiatidxe. By F. Finn, J^.A., F.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent of the
Indian Museum. J. A. S. B. Ixix. pt. ii. p. 147, 1900.]

The subject of this paper is one of considerable interest,
and Mr. Finn is doing us a great service in extending
our knowledge, as regards the condition of the trachea, to
species not heretofore examined. These are Nettopus coroman-
delianus, where there is no bulb ; jEx yalericulata, Casarca
rntila, and the hybrid Cairina moschata x Anas hoscas, where
that structure occurs to a greater or less extent. A table of
the sounds emitted by Ducks and Drakes of various species is
added, to show how far the voice is modified by the formation.
Mr. Finn thinks that it will be proved that the male cannot
ntter quacks or croaks similar to those of the female.

50. Finn on the Cormorant of the Crozettes.

[On the Form of Cormorant inhabiting the Crozette Islands. By
F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum.
J. A. S. B. Ixix. pt. ii. p. 143, 1900.]

It is here pointed out that a specimen of a Cormorant
from the Crozettes in the Calcutta Museum (originally

* Erroneously numbered " PI. vi."

3:28 Recently published Ornithological Works.

received from the Sovitli African Museum) is the type of
Hypoleucus melanogenis, Blyth (J. A. S. B. xxix. p. 201), and
is most nearly allied to, if not identical with, Phalacrocorax
verrucosus [cf. B. M. C. B. xxvi. p. 394).

51. Finn on the Birds of the Indian Museum.

[A Guide to the Zoological Collections exhibited in the Bird Gallery of
the Indian Museum. By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent,
8vo. Calcutta, 1900. 131 pp. Price 12 annas.]

We do not feel inclined to criticize this guide too harshly,
for it is on the whole an undoubtedly good piece of work,
which will prove of great service to those entering upon the
study of Birds in India; while its arrangement, being that
of a general introduction followed by a separate account
of each family, is probably the most suitable that could
be found for such persons' requirements. With a view,
however, to assisting the author, should a second edition be
called for, we venture to mention a few points which we fear
may detract from the value of a book which is especially
intended for beginners. Such words as " omnivorous " and
'' exceptional " are used in too loose a sense, which is cal-
culated to mislead the reader. For example, on p. 7Q the
Gallina are said to be '' exceptional among birds " as regards
polygamy, though on pp. 91 and 96 other instances are given
of the habit. The Palamedeidce are stated to be " unique "
in having no uncinate processes ; '' among existing forms "
should here be added. Certain Anatida are declared to have
"horny teeth '^ in the jaws, but it should be explained that
such are not really teeth. Again, spurs can hardly be called
" epidermal '^ structures, blue is scarcely to be termed a
rare colour in the Class, M'hile on p. 96 the eighth line reads
as if the Curlew were a Sandpiper.

The author lays little stress on Anatomy as a guide to
Taxonomy, while the Impennes in his eyes rank as an Order
equal to the Carinatce and the Ratitce ; he follows the classi-
fication of the ' Fauna of British India ' to a great extent,
but rediices the Orders of that work to Suborders, and does
not always preserve the sequence there adopted.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 329

52. Finn and Turner on tivo rare Indian Pheasants.

[On Two Rare Indian Pheasants, By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S., Deputy
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and Lieut. II. H. Turner.
J. A. S. B. Ixix. pt. ii. p. 144, 1900.]

In the Chinn Hills in Upper Burma (about 23° N. L. and
94 E. L.) Lieut. Turner procured last year examples of two
Pheasants, which have been examined by Mr. Finn. One
of them is referred to Phasianus humice, the other to a
Kaleege closely allied to Gennoeus davisoni and G. williamsi,
but po.ssibly distinct, for which the name G. turneri is
suggested by Mr. Finn.

53. Finsch on Birds from Neiv Guinea.

[On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. Karl Schadler at Sekru
(North-west coast of New Guinea). By Dr. O. Finsch. Notes Leyden
Mus. xxii. p. 49, 1900.]

Dr. Finsch catalogues a collection of birds made by Karl
Schadler at Sekru, on the southern coast of the peninsula
which borders Macluer's Bay on the south. The 247 speci-
mens are referred to 76 species, all previously known.

54. Finsch on a new Dictum.

[Ueber eine anscheinend neue Art Dicaum vom Arfak-Gebirge (Neu-
Guinea) von Dr. O. Finsch. Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 70, 1900.]

The new Dicaum arfahianum is from the Arfak Mountains
in New Guinea. A single specimen in the Leyden Museum,
obtained through Bruijn in 1876, has hitherto been
confounded with D. pectorale.

55. Finsch on the Cuculi of the Leyden Museum.

[Zur Catalogisirung der ornithologischen Abtheilung. Von Dr. 0.
Finsch. Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 75, 1900.]

In SchlegeFs ' Catalogue of the Cuckoos in the Leyden
Museum,' published in 1866, only 15 species were enume-
rated, represented by 209 specimens. The collection of
Cuckoos now contains 560 specimens, referable to 40 species,
of which Chrysococcyx innomlnatus, from the small island
of Kisser near Timor, is described as new. Many useful
notes are given upon the other forms. A second example

330 Recently published Ornithologlcul JForks.

of the rare and curious Heterococcyx neylecius Sclil. has
been obtained.

5G. Forbes on Birds in the Derby Museum, Liverpool.

[Catalogue of tlie Lizavd-tailed (Saimirae), the Toothed (Odontor-
nithes), and the Ostricli-like (Struthiones) Birds, and of the Tinanious
(Tiuanii) and the Divers (Oolymbi), in the Derb\' Museum. By Henry <).
Forbes, LL.U. Bull. Liverp. Mu,?. iii. p. 25, 1900.]

Dr. Forbes continues his catalogue of the l)irds in the
Museum under his cliarge, and in the present article treats
of the Saurur^, OJontornithes, Strutliiones, Tinami^ and
Colyuibi. Some remarkable statements are made concerning
the variations in size and shape observed in the bones of a
large series of skeletons of Moas, which were disinterred
under Dr. Forbes' eyes in New Zealaiul, the conclusion
being that the species of Dinornis have been unduly aug-
mented by describers.

57. Fricher's 'Antarctic Regions.^

[The Antarctic Regions. By Dr. Karl Fricker. (Translated by A.
Souneuschein.) London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1900. 1 vol.
292 pp. Price 7s. Qd.]

This is a useful volume of reference for those who are
interested in Antarctic matters generally and in the new
National Antarctic Expedition specially, as it contains a full
account of the history of the discovery of the South Polar
lauds and their physical structure. But the author evidently
knows little about Natural History, and the few lines devoted
to the Antarctic Avifauna (pp. 270-71) are misleading and
inaccurate. The author seems never to have heard of the
Emperor Penguin — the largest and finest bird in Antarctica,
Nor does he appreciate the value of Penguins' flesh as an
article of diet in high Southern latitudes (see above, p. 131).
The article on the birds of Antarctica, published in this
Journal in 1894 (p. 494), is not even mentioned in the
Bibliography.

58. Godnian and Salvia's ' Biologia Centrali- Americana.'

[Biologia CentraU-Americana ; or, Contributions to the Knowledge
of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. Edited bv

Recently published Ornithological Works. 331

F. DiiCane Goclman and Osbert Salvin. (Zoolooy.) Parts CXXXIX.-
CXL. 4to. London, 1898-1903. (Published for tlie Editors by R. II.
Porter, London.]

With great satisfaction we record the issue of three more
portions of the " Aves" of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana'
— continuing the third vohime from p. 41 to p. 88. In our
last notice of this important work ('Ibis/ 1898, p. 301) we
mentioned tlie commencement of the Accipitres with the
Ospreys (Pandionidte). The bird-parts in the numbers
since issued are devoted to the Falconidse, beginning with
the Harriers, Hawks, and Buzzards, nearly after the syste-
matic arrangement of the ' Nomenclator.' At the time of
Salvin's death the MS. of the Falconidae was in a forward
state. Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe has assisted Mr. Godman in
completing it. An excellent figure (plate Ixiii.) is given of
Morphnus yuianensis.

59. Grant and Percival on the Birds of Southern Arabia.

[On the Birds of Southern Arabia. By W. R Ogilvie Grant. With
Field Notes by A. Blayney Percival. Nov. Zool. vii. pp. 243, 591,
pi. X.]

Mr. Ogilvie Grant gives an account of the birds collected
by Mr. A. Blayney Percival aiul his taxidermist, Mr. W,
Uodson, during an expedition into the interior of the terri-
tory of Aden and the adjoining districts, sent out by the
governor of that place in the spring of 1899. The exact
route is shown in a map attached to the paper. Mr. Dodson
unfortunately contracted a bad fever and died at Aden, just
as he was preparing to return home.

The present article contains the results of this expedition
as regards birds, but incorporates previous information on
the same district, so that we have in it a complete account of
the Avifauna of Aden up to the present time. Col. Yerbury
('Ibis/ 1896, p. 13) attributes 142 species to this Avi-
fauna ; the list before us contains 188 names, amongst which
(Edicnemus dodsoni, Ttlephonus percivali, and Ammomanes
saturatus are species discovered on this occasion. Other
interesting additions to the Avifauna are the Sugar-bird of

332 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Palestine (Chmyris osea) and a small Hornbill {Lophoceros
nasutus) previously noted by Hemprich and Ehrenberg.

Many of the European Warblers (Sylvia nisoria, S. atri-
capilla, S. cinerea, S. hortensis, Phylloscopus trochiluSj
1*. sibilatrix, &c.) occur at Aden in the autumn.

60. Hull on the Birds of Victoria.

[The Insectivorous Birds of Victoria, with Chapters on Birds more or
less useful. By Robert Hall. 8vo. Melbourne, 1900. Pp. i-viii, 1-

260.]

In pursuance of his design of furnishing in this little book
a homely but useful account of the Insectivorous Birds of
Victoria^ Mr. Hall has arranged them in groups according to
the nature of their food. Under the scientific name of each
species he gives the derivation and the meaning, coupled
with a phonetic representation of the same, marked, with the
quantities of the separate syllables. In general he will be
found to be correct, but there are several errors, for instance
we should derive Pndargus not from " podar, swift-footed,"
but from pod-argvs.

The notices of Geographical Distribution, and the keys to
the male, female, and young of each species, are decidedly
valuable ; while we must congratulate the author on the
pleasantly written life-histories of the various birds, and on
the useful information as to local names, migration, length
of incubation, and so forth, which he and several zealous
correspondents have been able to gather. The fact that the
Sky-Lark is now firmly established in Australia is duly
noticed in its place.

61. Hall upon Changes of Plumage.

[Notes on the Plumage Changes of Petrceca phoenicea (Gould), Pachj-
cephala gutturalis (Latham), and Microeca fascmans (Latham). By
Robert Hall. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, xiii. p. 10, 1900.]

Mr. Hall describes the changes of plumage from youth to
age of three common Australian birds. In Petrceca and
Microeca the changes " are performed in two acts," while in
Pachycephala there appear to be ''three distinct and
opposed plumages.'^

Recently published Ornithological Works. 333

62. Hall on Birds from Kalgoorlie, W. A.

[Notes on a Collection of Bird-skins from Kalgoorlie, W. A. By
Robert Hall. Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, 1900, p. 24.]

This is a list, with notes, of a collection of birds made by
Mr. Lindsay Cameron at Kalgoorlie, one of the new gold-
districts in the interior desert of Western Australia. Thirty-
three species were represented in the collection, and ten
others well-known were noted in addition by Mr. Cameron.
A Xerophila " does not agree with any known species.''' See
Vict. Nat. xvi. no 2.

63. Hartert on the Birds of Bum.

[The Birds of Bum, being a List of Collections made on that Island
by Messrs. Boherty and Bunias. By Ernst Hartert. Nov. Zool. vii.
p". 226.]

The specimens in the Tring Museum collected in Burn,
near Kayeli, by Doherty, and by Dumas (sent there by
Mr. Everett) on Mount Mada at an elevation of about 3000 ft.,
are referred to 64 species. Among those from the latter
locality are a number related to Malayan forms, which were
not previously known to extend into the Moluccan area.

The following species and subspecies are described as
new : —

Strix cayelii, Prioniturus mada, Eudynamis cyanocephala
everetti, E. orientalis sahadorii, Microeca addita, Zosterops
obstinatus, Androphilus disturbuns, and Reinwardtoena rein.,
wardti albida. Erythromyias buruensis and Geocichla dumasi
are figured.

6i. Hartert on some Palaarctic Birds.

[Some Miscellaneous Notes on Palsearctic Birds. By Ernst Hartert.
Nov. Zool. vii. p. 525.]

Mr. Hartert thinks it " necessary to treat Cert hia familiar is
and C. brachydactyla as two species.^' He also makes a new
subspecies of the British Nuthatch as Sitta europcea britan-
nica, recognising 4 subspecies in all. Of Dendrocopus major
he proposes to acknowledge no less than 13 subspecies^

334 Reccntlij puhHiihed Ornithological jrorks.

amongst which D. major anglicus is new. Of Utrix jlammea
he makes at least 5 subspecies in Europe and Nortli Africa^
and refers the British form to Strix jlammea kirkhojfi. "We
do not profess to agree with these proposals, but Mr. Hartert
has a right to state his own views and has something to say
for them.

65. Hartert on the Genus Scajorhynchus.

[On the Genus Sctvorht/nchtis, Oates. By Ernst Ilavleit. Nov. Zool.
vii. p. 548.]

Two species of the Paradoxornithine genus Screorhynclius
are usually recognised as S. rujiceps and S. gnlaris. Mr.
Hartert now proposes to divide the former into 2 subspecies
and the latter into 3. Two of these subspecies are described
as new — namely, S. rujiceps bakeri and >S^. gularis trans-
jluvialis.

66. Hartert on the Birds of the Lingga Islands.

[List of a Collection of Birds from the Liugga Islands. By Ernst
•Hartert Nov. Zool. vii. p. 549.]

The Lingga Islands are a little group south of Singapore,
off the coast of Sumatra, to which the late Alfred Everett
sent a collector. Examples of 39 species were obtained, all
of which were purely Malaccan forms. This is believed to
be the first collection of birds ever made in these islands. It
is, of course, by no means complete.

0)7. Hartert on the Birds of the Banda Islands.

[The Birds of the Banda Islands. By Ernst Hartert. Nov. Zool. vii.
p. 55] .]

The Banda Islands south of Ceram have been visited by
Salomon Miiller, Rosenberg, Wallace, and other naturalists.
Mr. Hartert writes on the collections made there for Tring
by Mr. H. Kuhn and Mr. W. Doherty, which contain repre-
sentatives of 29 species. These are enumerated, and notes
are added.

Recently piihUshi'd OrnifJio/of/ical Works. 335

68. Hartert on Turacus chalcoloplius.

[On Turacus chalculophus Neumann. B^'- Ernst Hartert. Xov. Zool.
\ii. p. 278.]

This fine Touraco is tlie East African representative of T.
schaloioi, of Benguela, and T. Uvingstoni of Zambesia, It is
described and figured from an example obtained by Mr. Oscar
Neumann in the forests of Gurui^ in German East Africa.
There is a good specimen of T. schalowi now living in the
Zoological Society's Gardens^ presented by Mr. W. L.
Sclater. (See P. Z. S. 1899, p. 828.)

69. HeUmayr on the Genus Polioptila.

[Benierkungen liber die neiiweltliche Gattung- Volioptila, nebst Bu-
schreibung einer neuen Subspecies aus Peru. Von C. E. Hellmayr.
Nov. Zool. vii. p. 535.]

Mr. Hellmayr reviews the American genus Polioptila, of
which he has studied a series of about 70 specimens. Of
the black-headed group he recognises six subspecies, two of
which (P. nigriceps anteocularis from Colombia, and P. n.
major from Peru) are characterized as new.

70. Hudson's ' Nature in Downland.'

[Nature in Downland. By W. H. Hudson. Longmans, Green, & Co.
London. Pp. i-xii, 1-307. Price 10s. 6c?.]

Mr, Hudson, who writes from the "sesthetic point of view
of a lover of nature," gives us a highly poetical description
of the South Downs of Sussex, with their adjacent low lands
and coast. He revels in the beauty of the rolling uplands,
with their wealth of flowers, their abundant bird and insect
life, while he makes to pass before our gaze the inhabitants
of the plain — shepherds, labourers, cattle, and sheep — with
their characteristic habits and voices, comparing mankind in
the country with the degraded dwellers in the town.

Birds are not a special feature in the book, but an inter-
esting account is given of the " Wheatear harvest " — not
yet entirely a thing of the past ; while Stonechats, Swallows,

336 Recently published Ornithological Works.

JNIagpies, and other species provide matter for many a page.
We are glad to hear that the Badger still holds its ground in
the district j but we must dissent from the author's state-
ment that the Stone-Curlew has ceased to breed in the
county, nor can we imagine what are the species of Terns
that have disappeared in the present century.

Many of the full-page illustrations give a very good idea
of the scenery of the Downland.

71. Jacobi on the Eating of Gravel by Birds.

[Die Aufuabme vou Steinen durch Vogel. Von Dr. Arnold Jacobi.
Arb. Biol., Abtb. f. Land- u. Forstwirtbsch. K. Gesundbeits, i. p. 223,
1900.]

In this article Dr. Jacobi, following the lead of Professor
Rory, treats of the swallowing of stones and grit by birds,
and adduces what he considers to be new or hitherto un-
published facts. Galline, Columbine, Picarian, and Corvine
species perhaps afford the best instances of the habit, marsh
and shore-birds vary somewhat in their adherence to it,
"while those that swim hardly practise it at all. Instinct
makes it customary, while it is of course useful from a
physiological point of view, as an assistance to digestive
action.

72. Jacobi on the Avifauna of Japan.

[Verbreitung und Herkunft der bobern Tbierwelt Japans. Von Dr.
Arnold Jacobi. Zool. .Tabrb. (Sjst.) xiii. p. 463, 1900.]

Dr. Jacobi was induced by a study of the Mollusks of
Japan to extend his researches to the distribution and origin
of the Vertebrates of the islands. His difficulties were
enhanced by the fact that since the days of Temminck and
Schlegel a custom has arisen of considering Japan as a sort
of mother-country with various dependencies; while the
writers have failed to distinguish properly, in the case of
birds, between residents, migrants, and stragglers. See.
bohm's work, though by no means perfect, is perhaps the
best, and his nomenclature and order are adopted.

Japan proves to be a complex area, containing endemic,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 337

arctic, and tropical species — some of them more or less cos-
mopolitan, and some peculiar to it — as might be expected in
a long chain of islands, where various climates are found in
a limited space. All this he shows by tables of 41 Mammals
and 155 Birds, with remarks on Fishes, Amphibians, and
Reptiles added. The birds are marked according to the
islands on which they occur, an asterisk denoting for those
found only in Japan.

An examination of their distribution and status, aided by
the light which geology affords, emphasizes the fact that
immigrations must have occurred from the nortli and from
the south at different epochs, while even in the various parts
of the same island striking divergfencies are noticeable.

The author leaves out of consideration the Knriles as being
arctic, and the Lui-Kui and Bonin Islands as mainly tropical.

73. Madardsz on Birds from German New Guinea.

[Beitrage zur Ovnis Deutscli-Neu-Giiinea. (Luclvig Biro's Sammeler-
g-ebnisse.) Mitgetheilt von Dr. .T. v. Madarasz. Termeszet. Fuzetek,
xxiv. p. 73,1901.]

The new species represented in Ludwig Biro's first collec-
tion from the Sattelberg, in German New Guinea, were
described in 1890 (Orn. Monatsb. viii. p. 1). A second
series from the same locality appears to have been lost
on its way home. Dr. Madarjisz now Avrites on a third
collection from German New Guinea, made by Biro in the
second half of 1899, which contains 86 specimens referable
to 45 species, and gives the names of 9 of them with notes.
One of them, Mi?neta szalaiji, is described as new.

74. Martens on Antarctic Birds.

[Hamburger Magalhaeiisisclie Sammelreise Vogel, bearbeitet von G. H.
.Alartens. Royal 8vo. Hamburg, 1900. 34 pp.]

The birds collected during the '' Hamburg JNIagellanic
Collecting-voyage '' consisted of 60 specimens belonging to
44 species. In enumerating them, Herr Martens takes the
opportunity of cataloguing all the forms that have been
noted as occurring south of about 48° S. L. He does not,
however, include the birds of the Southern Island of New

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. Z

338 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Zealand, part of which lies south of this parallel. The
result is a list of 299 species, made up, as it appears to us,
of three very different Avifaunas which have little or nothing
to do with one another — namely, the South American
element (192 sp.), the New Zealand element (59 sp.), and
true Antarctic element (48 sp.).

75. Meade- Waldo on the Birds of Hampshire.

[The Victoria History of the Counties of England. Hampshire and
the Isle ofWig-ht. Vol.1. Westminster, Archibald Constable. 1vol.
4to. :m pp. 1000. Price £6 Qs. for the set of 4 volumes.]

The new 'Victoria^ series of County Histories, edited hy
Mr. H. Arthur Doubleday, is commenced by the issue of
the first volume of the History of Hampshire. This is a
bulky quarto, well and clearly printed on good paper, and
fully illustrated by plates and maps, presenting a most
attractive appearance. The volume now before us contains
the whole of the natural history of the county — a branch of
the work which is edited by our associate Mr. A. Trevor-
Battye — and the first portion of the antiquities. The
chapter on the birds has been prepared by Mr. Meade-Waldo,
who discreetly follows Mr. Saunders's well-known arrange-
ment and nomenclature. He enumerates .280 species as
assignable to the Hampshire Avifauna, and gives short field-
notes on each of thom. We think that these remarks might
have been a little more copious in certain cases and of a
somewhat less general character — but possibly the author
was restricted as to space. The principal local collections
of birds (such as those of Mr. Hart at Christchurch, of
Winchester College, and of the town of Alton) should also
have been mentioned, in order to show where authentic
specimens of Hampshire birds may be seen.

76. Neumann on the Avifauna of Eastern and Central
Africa.

[Beitrage zur Vogelfauna von Ost- und Oentral-Afrikn . III. Von O.
Neumann. J. f. O. 1900, p. 185.]

This is the third and concluding part of the author's account
of the birds collected during his extensive journey through

Recently published Ornithological Works. 339

German and British East Africa and round Lake Victoria
in 1893-5. [Cf. Ibis, 1899, pp. 140, C50.) Altogether 555
species are enumerated, and exact dates and localities, besides
other notes, are always given. Interesting general remarks
are also introduced at the head of each family. In the
present part the following species and subspecies are de-
scribed as new : — Indicator minor teitensis, Dendromus mal-
herbii mjansce, Dendropicus guineensis centralis, Rhinopo-
mastus schalowi, Bradyornis kavirondensis, Muscicapa grisola
sihirica, Serinus sharpii, Xenociclila flavicollis shelleyi, Cyano-
mitra obscura neglecta, Cisticola j^rinioides, Sylviella major,
Apalis aequaturialis, and (Jossypha caffra mawensis. Coloured
figures are given of Dendromus tceniohemus, D. neumanni,
Apalis porphyroJcema, A. griseiceps, and Linurgus kilimensis.
The last-named bird is a second species of a curious genus
of Finches, and is closely allied to L. olivaceiis of Cameroons.
It was found on Kilmanjaro at a height of 9000 feet. A map
is added to show Herr Neumaun^s route. The preface to
this part of the memoir contains some very interesting
remarks on the general characters of the faunas of the three
divisions of the country traversed, which are, shortly,
Southern Masailand with southern tendencies. Northern
Masailand with Somali-like forms, and the basin of Lake
Victoria with many well-marked West-African types — such
as Psittacns erithacus and Corythaola cristata.

77. North on a new Australian Parrot.

[Description of a new Parrakeet from the Burke District, North
Queensland. By Alfred J. Nortl), C.M.Z.S. Victorian Naturalist, xvii.
p. 91, 1900.]

Platycerciis macgillivrayi, from the Burke District of
Northern Queensland, is allied to P. barnardi and P. Occi-
dent alls, and is named after its discoverer, Mr. A. S. Mac-
gillivray.

78. Regalia on Birds' Wing-claws.

[Unghie ai Diti 1 e II della Mauo in Uccelli Italiani e in Altri.
E. Eegalia. Proc. verb. Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. 1900, p. .3.]

Signor Regalia, one of whose former papers on the same

7 '^

840 Recently jmhlished Ornithological Works.

subject we have already noticed (Ibis, 1889, p. 124), has
here published his latest investigations with regard to the
claws on the wings of Birds. As before, he makes three
groups of species, possessing respectively a claw on the
poUex, on the index, or on both ; the first contains 61 forms,
the second only 0, and the third 80 — including cases noticed
by his fellow-ornithologists. Instances of wing-claws are
most common in the large group LimicoUe, somewhat less so
in the Accipitres, Gavice, and Anseres, in the order given,
while they gradually decrease in number until none are
found in the Passeres ^.

The author considers it now certain that Gyps fidvus and
Syrnium urahnse have claws on both digits, Botaurus stelluris
on the index. He discusses further the probability of their
existence in other groups, their extreme forms, cases where
that on the index is the larger, the coexistence of spurs and
claws, and the " involution ^^ of the latter as the bird passes
from the young to the adult stage.

79. Rothschild on the Avifauna of Laysan.

[The Avifauna of Laysau and the neiglibouving Ishmds ; with a
complete History to date of the Birds of the Hawaiian Possessions.
By the Hon. Walter Kothschild. London: B. H. Porter. Part IH.
December lUOO. Price £6 6s.]

With this bulky part Mr. Rothschild brings to a conclusion
his excellent work on * The Avifauna of Laysan,' which,
however, embraces an account not only of the birds of that
little-known and remote island, but also a full history up to
the present time of the Ornis of the whole Hawaiian group
and its dependencies.

The second part of this work was published in 1893 (sec
Ibis, 1894, p. 315), so we have had some time to wait for
the final number, but are amply repaid by the great interest
of the letterpress and the number and excellence of the
plates by Keulemans & Frohawk, which represent the
following species : —

* In the Passeres they may, liowever, occur abnormally, as in the
well-known case of Meriila dadyloptera Bp. {^Cf. Ibis, 1801, p. 279.)

Recently published Ornithological Works. 341

Ilemignatliiis fllisiauus.
Iletei'orhynclms lucidus.
Himatione virens.
— — wilsoni.

chloi'is.

stejnegei'i.

Palmeria dolei.
Drepanis pacitica.
Drepaiiorhyuclius fimereiis.
Loxops coccinea.

ocliracea.

wolstenliolmei.

caeruleirostris.

Pseudonestor xautliophrys.

Rliodacautliis palineri.

flaviceps,

Chloridops koiia.
Chsetoptila ang-ustipliima.
Moho nobilis.

apicalis.

bisliopi.

braccatus.

Pennula sandwicheiisis.

millsi.

Himantopus knudseni.

Anas wyvilliaiia.

Beruicla canadensis minima.

We have in addition coloured representations of the nests
and eggs of Chasiempis (/ai/i mid Himatione virens^ and figures
of a large number of bills and of other peculiar structures.
Oreomyza perlinsi (from Hawaii) is described as a new
species^ and a new genus [Drepanorliamphus) is formed for
the Drepanis funerea of Newton.

The total number of Hawaiian birds is now raised to 116,
besides which some 12 others have been introduced. One
of these, the Indian Mynah [Acridotheres tristis), is stated to
be "^ very numerous and A^ery harmful to the native birds."

The resume of Henry Palmer's diary contains a quantity
of interesting notes. Between December 1890 and August
1893 he collected 1832 birds, and discovered 15 species new
to science. He appears to have procured specimens of all
the resident Land-birds known, except some 7 that are in
all probability extinct, and of most of the Sea-birds.

In his remarks on the origin and distribution of the
Hawaiian Avifauna, Mr. Rothschild recognises three differ-
ently aged stocks of bird population — (1) an original stocky
of uncertain origin ; (2) a Polynesian branch ; and (3) an
American stock, Avhich is the most recent. The Avifauna of
the island of Hawaii itself is by far the richest.

80. Rothschild and Py craft on Cassowaries.

[A Monograph of the Genus Casuarius, By the Hon. Walter
Rothschild, Ph.D., F.Z.S. With a Dissertation on the Morphology and

342 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Phylogeny of tlie Pala?ognath;e (Ratitfe and Crypturi) and Neognathie
(CarinattJ). By AV. P. Pycraft. Trans. Zojl. Soc. xv. (19U0) \,\^. 109-
290. Price £3 10s.]

Mr. Rothschild has uow produced his beautifully illustrated
' Monograph of the Cassowaries/ for M'hicli he has been so
long amassing materials. He has, moreover, greatly in-
creased the value of his memoir by securing the assistance of
Mr. Pycraft, Avho has added to it an elaborate essay on the
Ratitse and Crypturi, or, as it is now proposed to rename
these two groups of birds when united, the '' Palseognathse.^^

Taking Mr. RothschikFs portion of the work first, we find
full descriptions and other particulars of all the forms of
Casuarius known, which are illustrated by a splendid series
of 18 coloured plates. The author arranges the Cassowaries
in three groups : — (1) The typical group, containing 2 species
and 7 subspecies ; (2) the one-wattled group, containing
2 species and 3 subspecies ; and (3) the Mooruks, without
throat-wattles, consisting of 4 species and 3 subspecies —
making altogether 8 species and 13 subspecies.

These are illustrated by a figure of C. uniappendiculatus,
taken from Mr. Blaauw's living bird, and by 17 figures of
heads of the natural size (all drawn by Keulemans) of
the following : —

C. casuarius, C. casuarius beccarii, C. casuarius salvadorii ,
C. casuarius australis, C. casuarius vioUcoUis, C. casuarius
intensus, C bicarunculatus, C. uniappendiculatus, C. uni-
appendiculatus occipitalis, C. uniappendiculatus aurantiacus,
C. philipi, C. papuanus, C. papuanus edwardsi, C. picticollis,
C. picticollis hechi, C. lories, and C. bennetti. Two coloured
maps (pis. xl. & xli.) shoAV the geographical distribution of
the Cassowaries so far as it is at present known to us.

Mr. Pycraf t's dissertation, which forms the second portion
of this important memoir, goes farther into the depths of the
pterylosis, osteology, and anatomy of the Cassowaries and
their allies than we are quite able to penetrate. But the work
is, no doubt, of a high character; and an authority, on whose
judgment w^e can place the utmost reliance, writes of it as
follows ; —

Recently published Ornithological Works. 343

Mr. Pycraft's long and valuable dissertation is devoted to
the consideration of such points of anatomy as have hitherto
remained unrecorded, not merely in the Cassowaries, but in
the great Sub-class of the Ratitse ; and we may say, at once,
that in its ultimate outcome this anatomical portion is mainly
systematic. It deals, as based upon the study of CassoAvaries,
with the pterylograph)^ myology, nervous and sensory organs ;
as also with the osteology, visceral system, and the develop-
ment, so far as that concerns the pore-canals of the egg-
shell, the presence of the opercular fold (first described in
Aptery.v by Parker), and the pterylosis.

Under each of these heads a considerable amount of detail
is systematically arranged, and at the end of the memoir
the osteological characters of all the recognised genera are
set down in a " key " form, in a manner which cannot fail
to be of the greatest service to future workers. It is
concerning the sections on the pterylography, the palate, and
the muscles of the fore limb, that the original observation
and generalization are most noteworthy. To refer only to
the chief points, the fact that in Apteryx the first definite
feathers do not thrust out the prepennse, and that in
Casuarius the remiges of the adult represent the calamus
only, modified by a process of solidification dnring prolonged
growth, are alone suflficiently important.

Concerning the muscles, while much detail is given which
Avill be of use for reference, the greatest interest attaches to
the discovery that in Rhea the flexor carpi iilnaris consists
of two portions, of which the post-axial or posterior is
bounded by a rudimentary vinculum elasticiim, and that on
comparison with other birds the varying proportions and
inter-relationships of the two latter are seen to be such as
would seem to justify the conclusion that in Rhea we have
represented the proto-carinate wing-type of to-day.

It is, however, in the sequence, and particularly in its
vomero-pterygoid portion, that the author is at his best.
His work upon this is nothing short of revolutionary, and is
in reality the outcome of investigations originating in his
recent rediscovery of the segmented nature of the pterygoid.

344 Recently published Ornithological Works.

first observed by Brandt, which led him to the application of
the term " hemipterygoid" to the anterior segment of that
bone. As the result mainly of this line of enquiry, the author
is led to associate the Tinamous (Crypturi) definitely with the
Ratitte, as was first proposed by Garrod and has since been
all but done by others, and to reject, for cogent reasons, the
Sub-class names Ratitse and Carinatai. Dealing with the
palate, he distinguishes between the PaUeoynathce (Ratitee
+ Crypturi), in which the palatines are connected with the
pterygoids by either synchondrosis or suture, and the rest
of the birds or Neognathce, in which the palatines and
pterygoids are in articulation.

Having had access to the rich collections of the British
Museum, the Zoological Society's Prosectorium, and other
leading institutions in London, the author is enabled to show
that in the passage from the paheognathous to the neognathous
condition, the segmentation of the pterygoids and loss of
independence by their anterior segment, by co-ossification
with the palatines as these approximate medially and come
to underlie them, is still actually undergone, and that the
resulting freedom of the pterygoid (in reality of its posterior
moiety only), characteristic of the Neognathce alone, is conse-
quently a secondary feature.

Passiug, on this basis, to a reconsideration of accepted
views of the inter-relationships of the seven orders of Palceo-
ynathm, the author comes to regard the Dromajidee as the
most primitive birds now living, and to look upon the Rheas
as most nearly allied to the Dinornithidie and Tinamous.
The Dromseidte for him embrace the Emeus and Cassowaries ;
and concerning the Ostriches, he is led to regard the absence
of palatine processes to the prem axilla and the greatly
reduced condition of the vomer as indicative of specialization.
While he would thus deny their primitive rank among the
Palaognatho;, he points to details in Struthio meridionalis,
which he justly revives, of conditions which are intermediate
between the higher Struthiones and the lower palaeognathous
type, and similarly points to details in cranial anatomy in
which the Crypturi may well be annectent between the latter
and the JSeognathce.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 345

There is one point on which we would be critical, viz.,
the assumed intimacy of rehitionship between the Dinor-
uithidae and ^Epyornithidae. The researches of Biirckhardt
into the architecture of their skeletons would seem to suggest
for the latter a much more distinct origin than Avould our
author, and that the points of resemblance between them
may perhaps be due to convergence. We await, however, a
fuil knowledge of their palatal anatomy.

As a new discovery there is announced in the skull of
the nestling Casuarius a separate ossification for the central
portion of the " casque,^' tlie homology of which has yet to
be determined.

For the heart, there is recorded the fact that the moderator
band Mould appear to be very inconstant, since it was found
but once in the examination of five specimens ; and the author
corrects an obvious error of Forbes concerning the relation-
ships of the bursa Fabricii.

This part of the memoir, illustrated by four admirable
plates and nine text-figures by Gronwald, is no less thorough,
as a whole, than in its classifieatory portion it is novel.

The monograph in its entirety is one than which none
could have been better conceived or desired to fill the place
it occupies ; it is in all respects masterly in its details,
revolutionary in its salient points of originality, and will
remain a standard work in the ornithological literature of
the future.— G. B. H.

81. Salvadori on Birds from Matto Grosso and Paraguay.

[Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso e nel Paraguay. V.
Uccelli. T. Salvadori. Boll. Mus. Zool. e Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino,
XV. no. 378, 1900.]

The birds of the great Bj'azilian Province of Matto Grosso
are pretty well known to us from the researches of Natterer
and the large collections of H. H. Smith (c/. Ibis, 1892,
p. 165, et 1894, p. 122). Nevertheless Dr. Borelli has
managed to add to the Avifauna a fine new Parrot [Pyrrhura
hypoxantha), already figured in this Journal (Ibis, 1900j
pi. xiv. p. 671). The 250 specimens collected by Dr. Borelli
at or near Corumba on the Bolivian frontier are referred

346 Recently published OrnithoIo//'ical Works.

by Count Salvadori to 116 species_, of which (iucludiug
the uew Parrot) 18 are uew to the Faima of Matto Grosso.
Duriug a short stay at Tebicuari, on the Paraguayan
railway near Villa Rica^ Dr. Borelli also collected 22 birds
Avhicli are referable to 16 species. Four of these arc new to
Paraguay.

82. Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes.'

[A Mouograph of the Tiirdidfe, or Family of Thrushes. By the late
Henry Seebohin. Edited aud completed (after the Author's death) by
11. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. Part X. Imperial 4to. Loudon :
Henry Sotheran & Co., 1900. Price SGs.]

The tenth part of Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes '
(edited by Dr. R, B. Sharpe) is now before us. It continues
the series of Blackbirds {Merula) of the author's arrange-
mentj although we do not ourselves consider this section
fairly separable as a genus from typical Turdus.

The following species^ amongst which are several of special
interest (e. g. M. kessleri of Kansu and M. seebohmi of
Kinabalu) are beautifully figured : —

Merula thomassoni.

bicolor.

olivatra.

roraimpe.

euryzona.

castauea.

Merula kessleri.

gouldi.

seebohmi.

albiceps.

fumida.

whileheadi.

83. Shiifeldt on the Crania of the Owls.

[Professor Collett on the Morphology of the Cranium and the Auricular
Openings in the North-European Species of the Family Strigidaj. By
Pv,. W. Shufeldt, M.D. Reprinted from Journ. of Morphol. xvii. p. 119,
1900.]

Dr. Shufeldt has done good service to English-speaking
ornithologists in translating, from the Norwegian, Professor
Collett's paper on the Owls, to which he has added notes on
American species of Syrnium,Asio, and Surnia, on Micropallas
[Micrathene], and on Speotyto, contained in his own cabinets.
He concludes with a review of the opinions of recent authors
on the position of the Striges, though he does not seem to have

Obituary. 347

seen Mr. Pycraft^s latest work on tlic group. The figures
have been to some extent re-drawn and re-arrauged.

84. Sltarpe on a new Bird from Mount Roraima.

[Report on a Oollection made by Messrs. F. V. McCouiiell and J. J.
Qiielcli at Mount Rovainia in British Guiana. (Communicated by
Professor E. Ray Laukester, D.C.L., F.R.S., Director of the Natural
History Museum.) Trans. Linn Soc. (Zool.) viii. ]»p. 51-76, 1900.]

Only one bird, Zonotrichia macconelli, sp. uov., is men-
tioned in this memoir ; it is figured along with its near ally
Z, pileata. It would have been interesting to know what
other species Avere met wdth by Messrs. McConnell & Quelch
upon this remarkable mountain.

XXVI.—Obiiuarij.

Mr. C. W. WyatT; Dr. G. Hartlaub, The Baron M.-E. de
Selys-Longchamps, and Mr. P. Crowley.

Claude Wilmott Wyatt, M.B.O.U,, who died on May 1st,
IDOOj at his residence, Adderbury, Oxon, was the only son
of the Rev, Thomas Wyatt, Vicar of Wroxton and Balscott,
in the same county. He was born at Worthing, Sussex, on
March 2, 1842, and was educated at Eton and Brasenose Col-
lege, Oxford. While at Eton he met with an accident, and
his injuries were so severe that he was on his back for several
months, and remained an invalid for three years afterwards.
This event had a great efiect on his life, for on going to the
University he found it impossible to do the necessary
reading, and was reluctantly compelled to give up taking a
degree. Being unable to do much head-work, he determincfl
to devote himself to the " hobby " of his boyhood, namely,
birds. First of all he visited Palestine and Egypt with
the Rev. H. T. Gepp as his companion. In 1869 Wyatt
joined the Sinai Survey Expedition as Ornithologist, at his
own expense, and on his return wrote a good article for this
Journal ou the birds of the Siuaitic peninsula (see ' Ibis,'
1870, p. 1). In the same connexion, Wyatt also prepared
the " Birds " of the Ordnance Survey of Sinai (1873). This

348 ObiUiary.

expedition t'urtlier encouraged Wyatt's taste for travel, and
for the next ten years he was generally abroad, visiting
Africa, North and South America, India, and other parts of
Asia, always on the look-out for birds. One of the most
useful excursions he made during this period was his journey
to the U.S. of Colombia in 1870, when he penetrated far
into the Eastern Cordillera of the State of Sautander, and
obtained a good series of specimens, of which an account was
published in 'The Ibis' for 1871. In 1882 Wyatt finally
settled down at Adderbury, and thenceforth devoted all his
time to painting and drawing the birds he loved so well.

Wyatt was a very shy, reserved, and silent man. Few^ of
his casual friends would have known from him of the wild
places he had been in, or even that he had been out of
England at all, but once on the subject of birds he was
always ready to talk. During the last twelve years of his
life he again felt the effects of his accident, and was more or
less of an invalid, but up to tiie very last he always spent
his mornings in drawing and painting.

His house at Adderbury was filled with cases of beautiful
birds all shot and set up by himself. He also left a large
and valuable collection of their skins, which his sister, Mrs.
Bradford, has presented to the Oxford University Museum.

Wyatt's best known ornithological works are the 'Mono-
graph of the Swallows,' a fully illustrated quarto, in two
volumes, which was prepared by him in association with
Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, and his ' British Birds,' also in two
volumes. In both of these books the drawings, which were
made entirely by his own hands, show artistic skill of a very
high order."^

In Dr. GusTAV Hartlaub the science of Ornithology
has lost one of its oldest and most active votaries, who had
been engaged in zoological work, mainly relating to Birds,
for nearly sixty years.

Hartlaub was born at Bremen on the 8th of November, 1814,
being the son of Senator Hartlaub, a well-known merchant
* See Ibis, 1894, p. 447, aud 1000, p. o61.

Obituary. 349

of wliat was then the ' Freie Hanse Stadt/ He was educated
first at the schools of his native city and subsequently at the
Universities o£ Bonn, Berlin, and Gottingen, where he studied
Medicine and Natural History; he took the degree of M.D.
at the last-named University. In Berlin he was associated
with Count Keyserling, the elder Blasius, and Lichtenstein,
and during a subsequent tour to Austria, France, and
England, made friends with many other Naturalists of that
period, lleturning home, he settled in Bremen as a prac-
tising Physician, and passed the whole of his life in that
city, only quitting it occasionally for a short summer vaca-
tion, which was usually passed in the Alps, or in some other
quiet retreat in Germany or Italy.

Hartlaub talked and wrote English perfectly, and had
many devoted friends in this country. When resident at
Oxford (1846-50), the author of this notice found his master
and teacher in Ornithology, the late H. E. Strickland, in
close correspondence with Hartlaub. One of the first ex-
cursions made by the writer on the Continent at that period
included a visit to Bremen, in order to make the personal
acquaintance of this active and intelligent correspondent, as
he had quickly become.

Hartlaub had an excellent library, but kept no private
collection. All his specimens were placed in the Museum
of his native city, where he acted as an honorary supervisor
of the Zoological collection throughout his life. Our friend
and fellow-worker, Dr. Otto Finsch, was appointed Curcitor
of the Bremen Museum in 1864, and was for many yeiirs
closely associated with Hartlaub in his work.

As early as 1844 Hartlaub published a catalogue of the
Natural -History Collections in the Bremen Museum, and in
1846 first undertook the Report on the progress of Orni-
thology for Wiegmann^s 'Archiv,' which he carried on for
about 25 years. No one was better acquainted with the
whole range of ornithological literature during that period ,
or could have performed this difficult task more efficiently.
In 1847 a very useful piece of work was accomplished by
Hartlaub, for which students of American Ornithology will

350 Obituary.

ever be grateful to liini. This was an index to Azara's
' Apuntamientos^ on the birds of Paraguay, whicli was pre-
pared nitli great care and sagacity. But it was more
specially to the Avifauna of the Ethiopian region that
Hartlaub turned his attention. His ' System der Orni-
thologie West-Africans/ although issued so long ago as
1857, still remains the standard work of reference on this
subject, and his two volumes on the Birds of Madagascar
(1861 and 1877) were, until recently, the leading authorities
on the strange Avifauna of that country.

In 1870 Hartlaub, in conjunction with Dr. Finsch, pub-
lished an excellent volume on East-African Birds, based
primarily on the collection made by the unfortunate traveller
Baron v. der Decken during his expedition up the Juba
River.

Besides these separate works, Hartlaub published, from
1852 onwards, a multitude of essays on ornithological subjects
in various journals in Germany, especially in the ' Abhand-
lungen der naturwissenschaftlichen A^ereins zu Bremen ' and
in the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie.'

Hartlaub, who had the reputation among his countrymen
of being somewhat of an "^ Anglo-maniac/^ also made frequent
communications to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological
Society ' and ' The Ibis.' Of the Zoological Society he was,
at the time of his death, the Senior Foreign Member, having
been elected to that honour in 1855. Of the British Orni-
thologists' Union he was one of the Honorary Members
originally selected iti 1860, while he was a contributor to
the very first volume of this Journal. His name is com-
memorated in Ornithology by the peculiar genus of Starlings
[Hartlaubius) called after him by Bonaparte in 1853, and by
many species [Onychognathus hartlaubi, Lophoceros hart-
laubi, Turacus hartlaubi, FrancoHnus hartlaubi, &c.), the
names of which will carry down to posterity the fame of the
celebrated Ornithologist of Bremen.

Hartlaub died at his residence in Bremen on the 20th of
November last, in the 86th year of his age, having lived to
celebrate his Golden Wedding and the Jubilseum of his

Obituary. 351

DoctoratCj and leaving beliincl him a goodly array of chil-
dren, gianclchildren, and great-grandeliildren to lament his
loss. One of his sons, Dr. Clemens Hartlaub, C.M.Z.S.,
has followed his father's lead, and is well known as an active
and rising zoologist, now second in command at the Biolo-
gical Station of Heligoland.

Baron de Selys-Longchamps. — The news of the death of
an eminent naturalist must always cause a feeling of melan-
choly among those who are left behind him, but he whose
end it is now our duty to record had especial claims upon
our consideration. A distinguished politician, a writer on
an unusually wide range of subjects, and a fine specimen of
the courteous nobleman, whose high character, sincerity, and
unfailing tact were a byword among his fellow-citizens, we
may well join with his countrymen in deploring his decease,
while offering them our respectful sympathy in the loss which
they have sustained.

M. le Baron Michel -iildmond dc Sclys-Longchamps— one
of our Foreign Members since 1872, — though born at Paris
in 1818, was a scion of an ancient and noble Maestricht
family, which had of old furnished mayors, canons, and
ambassadors to the Principality of Liege. His father held
office under the French Kepublic, and was a member of the
Belgian National Congress, while the son was successively
communal councillor of Warenime (where he resided until
fifteen years ago) , provincial councillor, deputy, senator, vice-
president of the Senate, and finally president of the same
body.

A " governmental progressist " in politics, he was a most
active legislator and a most eager reformer, while he was
the last surviving member of the Liberal Congress of 1846.

Hardly more than three years ago was celebrated the
jubilee of his election to the Royal Belgian x\cademy, when
all the savants who were present vied with one another in
their congratulations to the talented naturalist of half a
century.

It would be impossible in our limited space to give a full

353 Obituary.

list of the numerous Avorks of which the late Baron was
the author ; it must suffice to say that, commencing with
a catalogue of local birds and insects in 1831, he continued
to publish reviews, notices, and monographs, singly or in
collaboration with others, on Vertebrates of every description,
and on certain classes of insects. In particular, w^e may
mention his (Vertebrate) Fauna of Belgium, and an im-
portant work on the Libelhdae of the whole world (thought
bv those of his fellows well qualified to judge the most
important treatise ever issued on the group), together witli
articles on the cross-breeding of Ducks, on Birds of Passage,
on stragglers from America, and on the Passerine Order
generally. Certain of his papers were published in our
' Annals and Magazine of Natural Histoid,' ' Transactions
of the Entomological Society,' and ' Entomologist's Monthly
]\Iagazine.' Lepidoptera engaged liis attention to a con-
siderable extent, and his insect-collections are said to have
been particularly fine.

The Baron died at Liege on the 11th of December of last
year at the ripe age of 86.

The sudden death of Mr. Philip Crowley causes yet
another gap in the ranks of the British Ornithologists' Union.
Born at Alton, in Hampshire, in 1 837, and privately educated,
he afterwards became a partner in the well-known brewery
at his native place. Later in life Mr. Crowley took up his
residence at Waddon House, near Croydon, where he
died on December 20th of last year. Not only was he
Treasurer of the Royal Horticultural Society and Master of
the Gardeners' Company — honours bestowed upon him in
consequence of his devotion to pursuits specially connected
with those bodies — but he was also a Fellow of the Linnean,
Zoological, and Entomological Societies, besides being more
closely connected with us by his membership of our Union
and its offshoot the British Ornithologists' Club, of which
he was a Vice-Chairman. Mr. Crowley published very few
zoological papers, but devoted himself to the acquisition of
scarce specimens of butterflies and birds'-eggs with great

Letters, Extracts, Notices, i^c. 353

ability aud success. Of tl;e latter his collection was well
known, after the addiiiou to it of those of Canon Tristram
and of his brother, to be one of the richest in certain groups
in Europe. By his will Mr. Crowley left to the Trustees of
the British ^luseura power to select all such spocimeus from
his cabinets of birds'-eg:g.> as were required to make their
series more complete, and we are informed that the National
Collection will greatly benefit by this generous bequest.

It is an interesting fact that Mr. Crowley^s mother was
the daughter of Dr. Curtis, of Alton, who attended Gilbert
White during his last illness.

XXVIl. — Letters, Extracts, Notices, b^c.

We have received the following letters, addressed to ' The
Editors ' :— .

Sjrs, — A large number of Nutcrackers {Nac'tfruga caryo-
catactes) have visited this country during the last four
months of this year. They probably arrived at the end of
September, as the first specimens were obtained quite early
in October.

They spread all over the country, so that examples were
observed in all the eleven provinces of Holland. The birds,
as would be expected, all belong to the slender-billed form ;
at least all those that I could examine or get examined exhibit
the characteristic width of the white tips of the outer tail-
feathers, as is usual in the Siberian form, the extent of the
white in all cases exceeding 2 cm.

These birds seemed to feed largely in this country ou the
seeds of different species of pine-trees. One specimen, which
I observed in this neighbouihood for several weeks, was con-
stantly seen gathering them from the cones of Piiius strubus
and Picea excelsa.

The bird suspends itself with its feet to the extremities of
the branches which bear the cones, takes one off with its bill
and Hies away with it, generally to the ground in oak brush-
wood, where it proceeds to eat the seeds. Thosc of the

SKR, VIII.— VOL. I. 2 A

854 Lcl/crs, Ewfrads, Xo/ires^ &;c.

Weymouth ])iue seem to be its special favoia'ites, and it lias
been observed to roost in the oak brushwood near these
pines at a height of only 10 or 12 feet from the ground,
notwithstanding tliat tall trees abound all round.

Although one particular bird still stays in this neighbour-
hood, I understand that at the present moment the greater
number of these migrants have left this country — greatly
thinned in numbers, I am afraid !

Yours &c.,

F. E. Blaauw.

Gooilust, December Ist, 1900.

[The irruption of Nucifraga caryocatactes in the autumn
of last year has been likewise recorded in many parts of
Northern Germany. See " Wanderzug des schlankschna-
beligcn Tannenhahers/^ by Prof. Dr. R. Blasius, in • Zeitschr.
fiir Orn. u. prackt. Gefliigelzucht/ January 1891. — Edd.]

Sirs, — I see that in the notice of Dr. Bowdler Sharpens

article on Birds in the recently published ' Monograph of

Christmas Island/ you remark that " It is a pity that the

distribution of the occasional visitors is not more fully stated

in the monograph, in order to give us some better idea of

the origin of the bird-life of Christmas Island." I should

like to point out that the general facts of the distribution of

the Christmas Island birds are stated on page 299 of the

Monograph, and that, in most cases, the range is given in

the list of species on page 305.

Yours &c.,

Chas. W. Andrews.

British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road, S.W.,
December 12th, 1900.

[This is quite true — we had unfortunately omitted to
notice the paragraph about the distribution of the Bird-
life given in the chapter on '' The Geographical Relations
of the Fauna and Flora of Christmas Island''' (p. 299) of
Mr. Andrews' Report. But it would have been better if
attention had been directed to these remarks in the chapter
on the Birds. — Edd.]

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 355

Sirs,— In July 1894' my late brother, Alfred Crawhall
Chapman, gave an account in ' The Ibis ' (p. 339) of a short
ornithological visit which we had made to West Jutland in
the preceding spring, and, among other things, recorded our
having met with a small band of Pelicans in that country.
Shortly afterwards {' Ibis,' 1895, p. 294) this statement was
questioned — in language certainly not very friendly or
fraternal — by a Danish naturalist, Herr Herluf Winge, of
Copenhagen. Six springs have since elapsed, yet Herr
Winge, though deprecating intrusions by foreign ornitho-
logists, has not afforded us any further information as to the
Pelicans that visit the Jutland coast. I have looked in vain
for any evidenc^e that he has even tried to solve this in-
teresting question ; and have been driven to the conclusion
that, if we " Uitlanders " do not help ourselves, we may
expect but little from scientific sources in Denmark — unless,
indeed, it be sarcasms, '^childlike and bland,"

The object of this letter is to suggest that the Jutland
Pelicans w^ouid form a thoroughly interesting objective to any
British ornithologist who would undertake a journey thither
during the coming spring. The time required is not more
than 30 or 36 hours from London, and I have given full
details ('Ibis,' 189 A, p. 339) as to the exact locality where
we found the Pelicans on May 8, 1893. As stated at the
time, the local fishermen knew the Pelicans perfectly well,
called them by the Danish equivalent of our own name, and
told us that, although t':e birds appeared there almost every
spring, they knew nothing themselves of their actually
nesting there. Whether they do so or not I can, of course,
express no opinion; but it seems regrettable that so inter-
esting a problem in ornithology should be allowed to remain
in doubt — and that almost within sight of our own shores.
An easy journey of a week or ten days might suffice to settle
the question, and during that period, I may a Id, a British
ornithologist would also enjoy many truly delightful scenes
of bird-life that can no longer be met with in our own
islands.

1 am sending a coj)y (^cc p. .■>.")()) of a rough sketch of the

356

Letters, Extracts, Notices, i^c.

Letters, Extracts, Notices, S^c. 357

Pelicans as seen, surron^ided }>y Gulls and Grey Geese, on
the Jutland coast, which 1 had prepared for my book ' Wild
Norway/ Yours &c.,

Abel Chapman.

South Bmle_y, Durham,
December 15th, 1900.

Sirs, — We beg leave to announce that for several years
past we have been working upon the ' Birds of Yorkshire,^
and that we hope to be able to publish the results of our
investigations in book-form at an early date.

OXLEY GrABHAM.

,J. Backhouse.

The Nurseries, York,
December 19th, 1900.

(Signed) I

Sirs, — In reading over Messrs. H. C. Robinson's and
W. S. Laverock's interesting account of some North Queens-
laud birds ('Ibis/ 1900, p. 632), I notice that they are
doubtful as to whether Cracticus quoyi is found in North-
east Australia or not. But I think that it has been proved
conclusively that this bird does exist there, as well as
C. rnfescens, for both Mr. C. Burnard and Mr. R. Hislop
have found black young in the nest, both at Cooktown
aud Somerset. The natives of that district assured me that
they had fn quently found the young black. From what I
have observed personally, I should say that C. quoyi is more
abundant in the northern portion of the coast districts of
Queensland, and that C. rufescens is the most plentiful in
the more central districts — near Cairns, for instance. The
young C. ryfescens probably change their brown plumage
for black when they are three years old, and are then very
difficult to tell from C. quoyi without careful comparison.

Yours &c.,

D. Le Souef.

Melbourne, December 19th, 1900.

Sirs, — Tn a notice of the last part published of the ' Birds
of Africa' (abo\e, jt. 1 16), you remark : " ' Parifjomidpe. ' is

358 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

a new family formed to contain Parisoma, 'Alclppe/ and
their allies. But we cannot quite agree in uniting the
African LioptUl (which are certainly closely allied to Pari-
soma) to the Asiatic form 'Alcippe.' "

This remark is, in my opinion, rather hasty, unless some
characters can be mentioned for separating Lioptilus from
Alcippe. There are good series of both the type-species in
the British Museum, and the results I arrived at, on com-
paring them, have been fully given (B. Afr. ii. pp. 206-208).

Not finding any character for distinguishing Lioptilus
from Alcippe, I adopted Dr. R. B. Sharpe's "Group IX.
LioTRicHES. The Hill Tits " (Cat. B. M. vii. p. 590) as a
family, and, as I include in it Parisoma, the first described
genus to which any of its members belong, I call the fanily
Parisomid.'e.

Yours &c.,

G. E, Shelley.
39 Egertou Gardens, S.W.

The Great Belted Kingfisher in Holland. — In the last
number of 'Aquila^ (1901, p. 19 1) is recoided the very
interesting fact of the occurrence of a specimen of the Great
Belted Kingfisht-r (Ceryle alcyon) near Arnheiin, in Holland,
on December 29lh, 1899, which, to judge by appearances,
could not have been an imported individual. We know that
this bird has already secured a place in the ' British List'
on the faith of two examples shot in Ireland in 1845 (see
Saunders's Man. B. B. ed. 2, p. 280). So many Nearctic
stragglers have been already met with on the w. si^ern coasts
of Europe that we see no difficulty in accepting the veracity
of this fresh arrival — the more so as birds of this species
are seldom, if ever, brought to Europe alive in captivity.

Birds of the oiUhjing Islands of New Zealand. — The Earl
of Ranfurly, Governor of New Zealand, and Honorary
Member of the Zoological Society of London, has lately
returned to Wellington from a month's trip rtnnid the out-
lying islands Ix lo.iging to his jurisdiction. lie was ac-

Letters, Extracts, Xutlccs, ii^-c. 359

compaiiied by Capt. Iluttoii, of tlie Cliristcliurcli ^Museum,
Dr. Collins, and some of his staff, and visited the Snares,
and the Campbell, Antipodes, Auckland, and Bounty groups.
At the Auckland Islands he is stated to have obtained two
specimens of the rare Duck Mergus australis (B. M. C. B.
xxvii. p. 484) , of which but few examples are known. Besides
the single specimen in the British Museum (obtained by
V. Hiigel, cf. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 1), there are in this country,
we believe, only one skin of this species at Cambridge, and
a pair in the Tring Museum.

Capt. Boyd Aleivander at Kumasi. — Capt. Boyd Alexander,
whose departure for the seat of war in Ashanti we mentioned
lust year (see 'Il)is, 1900, p. 572), was at Kumasi at the date of
his last letters. He says that he has had enough fighting for
the present, and has reverted to the less glorious occupation
of bird-collecting. Capt. Alexander has already sent some
400 skins to the care of Mr. Ogilvie Grant, and will, no
doubt, bring with him an excellent set of field-notes on his
return home. We are informed that there are no obvious
novelties in the series, but that it includes examples of
many scarce and little-known species.

Recent Change of Habits in Buphaga. — Mr. S. L. Hinde, of
the British East African Protectorate, writes in ' Nature '
(Ixii. p. 3 JG) as follows : — " The following case of wild birds
changing their habits may be of interest. The common
llhinoceros-bird [Baphaga erytlirorhijnclui) here formerly fed
on ticks and other parasites which infest game and domestic
animals ; occasionally, if an animal had a sore, the birds
would probe the sore to such an extent that they sometimes
killed the animal. Since the cattle-plague destroyed the
immense herds in Ukambani, and nearly all the sheep and
goats were eaten during the late famine, the Rhinoceros-
birds, deprived of their habitual food, have become carni-
vorous, and now any domestic animal not constantly watched
is killed by them. Perfectly healthy animals have their ears
eaten down to the bone, while holes are torn in their backs

3t)0 httlavs, Exlructs, }\utict's, S^c.

aud in the femoral regions. Native boys amuse themselves
sometimes by shooting these birds on the cattle with arrows,
the points of which are passed through a piece of wood or
ivory for about half an inch, so that if the animal is struck
instead of the bird no harm is done. But the few thus
killed do not seem in any way to affect the numbers of
these pests."

Decays in Chitral, India. — Col. Durand, in ' The Making
of a Frontier/ writes :—" We passed many Wild-Duck
decoys, at constructing which the Chitralis seem very clever.
They run off a portion of the stream on to a flat field,
making a pool twenty yards or so squai-e, at one corner of
which the water runs in. Here they place a wicker cage
with a wide mouth and tunnel gradually tapering up stream.
They stick decoy Ducks about the open water, and when the
Wild Ducks settle, drive them into the tunnel, catching
sometimes two or three hundred at a time."

Falcon-catching in CJdtral. — Col. Durand, in the same
work, writes as follows : — " The method of catching is simple ;
a bird, according to the Chitralis, must be full-grown to be
of any use, and caught when ranging for food. The trapper
makes a little stone box in which he sits, a small hole being
left in the roof, on which a chicken tied by the leg moves
about, the string being in the man's hand below. After the
Hawk or Falcon has seized his victim, the string is gently
pulled, and, thinking that it is merely the chicken moving
in his struggles to escape, the bird grips all the harder and is
pulled to the hole, when the man below seizes it by the legs,
and its liberty is over. The Chitralis are wonderfully clever
at breaking their birds — I have seen one flown when captured
not fully a week — and trust for taming them to keeping
them awake. They keep a bird awake for three nights,
constantly talking to it, and finally, when it is tamed by
want of sleep and hunger, begin to feed it and to use the
lure."

Itis 1901 .PI .VIII

J.G.KeuIema-ixs del.etith.

MYIADESTES CORACINUS.

"iJirvtenaBTOS -im-p .

THE IBIS

EIGHTH SERIES.

No. III. JULY 1901.

XXVIII. — On the Ornithology of the Var and the adjacent
Districts. By J. H. Gurney, F.Z.S.

The Department of the Var, ia Southern France, so much
visited by our countrymen, is bounded on the north by the
Basses Alpes, on the east by the Alpes Maritimes, and on
the west by the ornithologically famous Bouches du Rhone.
Of these four Departments (formerly known as Provence)
the Var has the most southerly coast-line, which is 120 miles
in length and for the most part rocky, with many headlands
and several islands, as indicated on the accompanying map
(p. 362). By way of its shores thousands of migratory birds
probably make the land every spring, while other species, like
Grus communis, pass over them on their way to England and
Norway without halting, and a still greater number enter at
the Delta of the Rhone. No doubt a vast majority of these
travel by night, but Raptorial birds aud some large forms
besides are said to prefer the day.

April is the great month for the vernal migration, and it
is just at that time, when Colonel Irby describes them in his
' Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar ' as assembling in
vast numbers on the coast of North Africa for the northern
transit, that the small Passeres are to be seen arriving on
the coast of France. Once there, they do not always remain,
as might have been expected, and it frequently happened
during my stay that an interesting bird was noticed and

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. 2 b

362

Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

booked in my N. H. Journal, which the next day was gone
from the place after a brief halt of three or four hours only,
while after a short time others of the same kind appeared, to
fill its room. The authors of ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques
du Midi de la France^ knew this habit, when, speaking of
the spring-migration, they said : " L'apres-midi a souvent
vu disparaitre tout ce que les premieres heures de la matiuee
nous avaient amene.^'

In 1900 the passage may be said to have been entirely

Fig. 31.

l.de Porquerelles

Carnarat Lighthouse V

/ r

E R R A W '^
Department of the Var.

over by the 9th of May ; not a bird was to be seen after-
wards where there had been so many before, except a pair
mated and settled for the summer at rare intervals. The
bond fide travellers had passed on, and I remember that the
same change from plenty to scarcity struck me forcibly in
Algeria at just about the same date (Ibis, 1871, pp. 68, 289).
Migration is very similar in the two countries, except that
birds are more numerous in Algeria.

As regards migratory water-birds, there is one important
feature in which the shores of Provence — that is east of the

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 363

mouth of the Rhone — are inferior to those of most countries.
In the IMediterranean there is comparatively little tide, and
consequently none of those tempting mud- flats exist for
Waders to feed upon en route which are uncovered at low
water in more northern estuaries. For migrants of this
order, therefore, there are less inducements to stay.

The two writers who have paid most attention to migration
in the Var and Alpes Maritimes are M. Pellicot, of Toulon,
and M. Duval-Jouve, of Grasse. Both these gentlemen lay
special stress on rain, as being the great factor in hastening
migration, especially in autumn. '' The first heavy rains '^
[in autumn], says Duval-Jouve, '*^ seem to arouse the
migratory impulse. . . . Sometimes when the early autumnal
rains have fallen in sufficient quantity to thoroughly cool
the earth and atmosphere, and when a light wind has blown
from the north-west, the birds of passage have arrived in
immense flocks, and the sportsmen have made great havoc
among them ; but this is not the case when the north-west
winds have not been preceded by rain.'' Pellicot, speaking
of the migration of the Spotted Crake {Porzana maruetta),
uses almost the same words in reference to rain and wind as
Duval-Jouve, who perhaps was quoting from him : — " Quand
il a plu vers la Saint-Michel [Sept. 29], et qu'a la pluie
succedent les vents d'ouest ou de nord-ouest, il y a des
journees de tres-grands passages de marouettes." And in
another place he says '' ce sont les pluies qui determinent
d'abord le passage" of migratory birds in general, referring
more particularly to the early autumn migration which
commences in August ; but he adds, " quand les vents qui
favorisent le passage n'unt point ete precedes par la pluie
la migration s'op^re encore sans doute, mais elle est plus
restreiute que dans le premier cas." So much rain would
not be altogether favourable in England, where the direction
and velocity of the wind would be considered a more im-
portant factor. It must, however, be borne in mind that
the Var, and still more the Alpes Maritimes, are high lands,
and in some districts exceedingly mountainous, as shown in
Howard Saunders's bathy-orographical map.

2b 2

364 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

In most other respects the experience of the above-men-
tioned authors is merely what we would be naturally led to
expect ; but there is one singular observation of Pellicot's
which is not very easy to understand, where he tells his
readers that Starlings, Pigeons, and Thrushes differ from
other birds in their autumn migration by following the coast
instead of striking out to sea. Also Daval-Jouve says that
when the autumnal rains are late, Pigeons, Starlings, and
many other birds which habitually fly towards the west and
against the wind, fly in an opposite direction. In these cases
I should imagine strong winds to be the explanation of the
unusual movement.

In the spring it appears that there is sometimes a great
migratory journeying of birds from west to east along the
coast of Provence. This was detected, on April 19, 1895,
at Bordighera, probably with an easterly wind (' Zoologist,^
xix. p. 309) . In the autumn it is found that Grus cinerea
and Ciconia alba, after coming south, habitually turn
westwards, and fly towards Spain {fde L. Ternier, 1899).
Again, many of the rarities which have been obtained in the
South of France are distinctly of eastern origin, e. g. Carpo-
(lacus erythrinus nwdiEmberiza ccesia, h\xi it cannot be doubted
that their presence is greatly due to wind, which blows them
where they do not, of their own accord, attempt to go.

In 1900 the spring migrants, according to my note-book,
arrived in the following order, and the dates differ little
from what they would have been in England : —

Qiculus canorns (re-
ported) March 6

Machetes inignax .... ,, 9

Chelidon urhica „ 12

Saxicola cenanthe .... „ 18

Cre.r porzana „ 20

Totaniis ochropus .... ,, 21

lynx torquilla ,, 24

Upupa epops „ 29

Hirundo rustica .... „ 30

C. canorus (certain) . . April 1

Sterna cantiaca April 11

Cotile rijyaria „ —

Daidias luscinia „ 13

Cypselus apiis „ 15

Muscicapa atricapilla . . „ 28

Ruticilla phcenicurus . . „ —

Oriolus galbula „ 30

Museicnpa. grisola .... „ —

Caprimulgtts europcevs . May 2

Turtiir communis .... „ —

Lanius pomeranus .... „ 8

Scops gin „ 5 I coUurio „ 12

Hypolais polyglotta . . „ 9 i

Ornithology of the Var <Sfc.

365

It may be worth comparing a few of the above-mentioned
dates of arrival with those noted in Algeria; Corsica (by
Mr. Whitehead in 1883) ; and Norfolk (by the Rev. M. C.
Bird).

Algeria,
1870.

Corsica,
1883.

France,
1900.

England,
1900.

Chelidon urhica

Hirundo rustica ....

Upiipa epops

Anthus trivicdis . . .

Cotile riparia

Euticilla phcenicurus .
Dnidias luscinia ....

Sylvia cinerea

Merops apiuster ....
Turtur communis ....
Muscicapa grisola . .

Feb. 17

„ 19
March 13

„ 18
„ 22
„ 27
„ 31
April 1
„ 1
» 11
„ 24

March 20
„ 16
„ 24

April 21

. 11

March 24
April 19
„ 20
„ 19
„ 16
„ 17

March 12
„ 30
„ 29
May 15
April 11
„ 28
„ 13

May ' ' 10

2

April 30

April —
„ 17

;,"i5

„ 21
„ 21
„ 21

May 4
„ 21

On looking over these dates of arrival, and also those which
I took down in Egypt in 1875, the principal thing which strikes
me is the rapidity with which the birds, having once started,
pursue their journey. The Turtle-Dove {Turtur communis),
for instance, is in Northern Egypt on April 2nd, in Algeria
on the nth, in Corsica on the 16th, in the Var on May 2nd,
in England on May 4th, and a little later in the Shetland
Islands, which may be considered beyond its ordinary limit.

The average time which the spring passage of any particular
species lasts is probably three weeks — that is to say, indi-
viduals keep on coming to the Var in succession for that
period, provided the weather be normal ; the first arrivals
having passed on and reached their journey's end before
the latest comers appear. A more favourable place for the
study of migration than the North-west Mediterranean there
could not be, and wei-e there a Gatke on one of the rocky
little islands off the coast of the South of France he would
surely iiave much to tell us.

I crossed the Mediterranean twice in January and twice
in the summer and saw nothing ; but there is hardly any
ornithologist who has been afloat at the periods of migration

366 Mr. J. II. Gurney on the

who has not something to tell us of land-birds passing his
ship or alighting upon it, and in some cases remaining on
board a Avhole day — see the diary of William Thompson on
board H.M.S. ^Beacon ^ (Annals of N. H., 1842); and
articles by the late Lieut, Sperling (Ibis^ 1864, p. 268),
Lord Lilford (three cruises), and others. The three natu-
ralists here mentioned enumerate 55 species of birds, such
as Circus cineraceus, Falco vespertinus, Scups giu, Lanius
pomerayius, Sylvia subalpina, and Plegadis falcinellus, seen
on the Mediterranean, many of which were observed several
times, and were there space I would willingly quote some
of their experiences.

Perhaps, before proceeding further, a short description of
this part of Provence, as it appears in April and May, may
not be out of place. The Var is a Department with no great
lakes or rivers, but there are forests, of which the Foret des
Maures, formerly inhabited by Agiiila navia, is probably one
of the most attractive. There are many valleys^ and in them
it must often be warm enough for migratory birds to halt,
when the mountain-land is still too cold to provide them with
insect-food. Even in the most sheltered places, however, the
delicate Hirundines are completely nonplussed by any sudden
drop in the thermometer, and after a single day's fasting-
have hardly strength enough to fly, especially in the case of
H. rust tea.

The slopes of the Esterel are clothed with pines of three
kinds — Pinus halepensis, P. maritima, and P. pinea (the
'' pin parasol " or " umbrella pine ") — and are the home of
Bubo ignavus and a few Eagles, besides being the refuge of
many foxes, marten-cats (five of which were brought into
Grasse while we were there), and wild boars, for the last of
which hunts are organized, while poison is laid about for the
foxes. Further down, mingled with pines, are large woods
of cork-trees, the skinned trunks of Avhich present a very
unsightly appearance ; these are the resort of Jays and
Woodpeckers. Interspersed with them are tracts of broken
ground where the Eed-legged Partridge breeds, and when
these districts are clothed with Cistus of two kinds. Erica

Ornitholoyy of the Var &{C. 367-

arboreu, and Genista, a congenial tliiclcet is made for the
Dartford Warbler, which worms its black body about amongst
them, while the Magpie^s chatter is seldom absent.

Buzzards breed on the tops of these Esterel Mountains,

which at their highest reach 2000 feet, and perhaps a few

Neophron Vultures still nest there occasionally. In 1900 a

forest fire had recently taken place, and such conflagrations

must be rather disastrous to bird-life, as they are sometimes

very extensive. The fir-clad slopes then become a mass of

charred and blackened stems, vhich are most unsightly, but

perhaps they never have very many birds on them. The slopes

are succeeded by more level ground, with small vineyards; and

here we begin to meet with the Serin Finch — so essentially

characteristic of the coimtry that it has earned the name of

"Serin de Provence,^' — the Black-headed Warbler, and the

large Fruit Dormouse, while where umbrageous trees of

large size grow the Oriole may perchance be detected, like

an orange in the foliage, yet more skilful in concealing its

bright plumage than might be expected. It was not my

luck to fall in with the brilliant Bee-eater. By the sides of

streams the oleander grows in some profusion ; tortoises are

to be seen, as are the Green Sandpiper and the Grey Wagtail.

The Var is too far west for the orange-tree, which fruits

freely in the Alpes Maritimes, and in many districts the

place of the picturesque grey olives is taken by groves of

cork-trees, a habitation to which the Scops Owl and the Pied

Flycatcher are rather partial.

The villa gardens run for the most part along the coast,
with plenty of cactuses and mimosa-trees for the Willow and
Icterine Warblers, while the English Blackcap is at home in
the shady plane-tree, which is such a feature in French
suburbs. On the fallow land the Crested Lark and its con-
geners are to be sought, with Pipits of various sorts, and
perchance the Meadow-Bunting may be viewed balancing on
a spray, while the Chaffinch, Greenfinch, and Goldfinch are
universally found, the latter brilliant as a butterfly under
the southern sun, and not persecuted by bird-catchers as it
Avould be in England. This description is taken about the first

368 Mr. J. H. Guruey on the

week of May, at which time a lepidopterist would probably
find the warmest valleys teeming with butterflies. My son
captured examples of 35 species.

And now to shortly enumerate what has been written on
the ornithology of this part of France. It is to be hoped
that the valuable list of local works by Mr. Howard Saunders
and M. Clement on the ornithology of France (Zoologist,
1878, p. 95) wdll be republished for more general circulation
with the necessary additions to bring it up to date. ' A List
of the Migratory Birds of Provence,' by M. J. Duval- Jouve,
professor of philosophy in the college of Grasse (Zoologist,
1845, p. 1113), comes first, and probably refers quite as
much to the Var as to the three other Departments which
formerly were included under the name of Provence. In 1853
a catalogue of birds by the late Dr. J. B. Jaubert appeared
in the first part of the ' Prodrome d^Histoire naturelle du
Departement du Var,' for the loan of a copy of which I am
indebted to Prof. Newton. Six years later the same author,
in conjunction with Barthelemy-Lapommeraye, issued the
• Richesses Ornithologiques du Midi de la France,' in which
Hyeres, Draguignan, Frejus, and other places in the Var
are often mentioned, the book being a worthy successor of
Polydore Roux's ' Ornithologie Provencale' (1825-9). A,
Pellicot's ' Oiseaux Voyageurs sur les Cotes de la Provence '
(1872) is a reprint of previously published articles, with
additions, while Risso's ' Histoire Naturelle de Nice et des
AlpesMari times' (1826) contains a listof 306 species. Mr.W.
E. Clarke's valuable papers on the Camargue (Ibis, 1895 and
1898) have some bearing on the Var, and I am indebted to
M. I'Abbe Joseran for a list of species, and to M.Cavaleadt
and Mr. St. Quintin for other details. L.-A. Levat's ' Les
Oiseaux de Provence' (1894) is also a useful alphabetical
enumeration, but little has been published about the Basses
Alpes and the Var of recent years, though the Baron de Pal-
luel and Mr. Hanbury have printed a few notes about Nice,
whence some years ago I received a small collection.

Jaubert gives about 310 species, to which Regulus igni-
capillus, R. cristatvs, (Edemia nigra, and Pterucles alchata

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 369

have to be added, making 314; but bis paper is little more
than a list^ with very brief remarks in most cases : I saw
it abroad, but believe that Prof. Newton is the only pos-
sessor of a copy in this country. It must be admitted that
for an area little bigger than the county of Norfolk 314 is a
very good total (the Norfolk list stands at only 307) ; but it is
probably greater now, for Jaubert wrote nearly fifty years ago,
and since then some of the scarce Buntings, such as Emberiza
aureola and E, ccesia, which have come to the Basses Alpes
and the Bouches du Rhone, have most likely also visited the
Var^ while some of the rare Thrushes, of which there are
French specimens in the Marseilles Museum, e. g. Turdus
varius, T. atrogularis, and T. obscurus, may have occurred.

All these 314 species are without doubt migratory, in the
sense that the bulk of the individuals have reached the
South of France by crossing either the North Sea or the
Mediterranean or a very great extent of land, except Bubo
ignavus, Cinclus aquaticus, the Game-birds, and perhaps
Passer domesticus, Gecinus viridis, and Tichodroma muraria ;
but I am not certain about the last three, as the evidence is
conflicting.

It is a very common remark among the English in the
Riviera that there are no birds, and a discussion on this
subject was recently started in the ' Field ■* newspaper
(April 7th, 1900 et seqq.) *. I think, however, after the
preceding description, the reader will not quite acquiesce in
that opinion. It seemed to me, being on the spot, that the
truth really lay in this, that wild birds were not in evidence
because the number of individuals was much less than we are
accustomed to see in the lanes of England, where all sorts
find food in abundance ; but in fact a good many species
are there — at any rate during the periods of the vernal and
autumnal migration — for those with good eyes and leisure
to search, and especially is this tlie case in the Western
Riviera and the districts nearer to the Rhone. Eno-land is
a favoured country, and the truth is that there are very many
parts of Europe which are birdless indeed compared with the
* See also ' Ibis,' 1899, p. 442.

370 Mr. J. II. fUiruey on tJie

land in which we live^ and that forests and mountain-ranges
never afford food for more than a limited number of species.
A good modern book on the ornithology of the South of
France, with much more local information than is contained
in the 'Richesses Ornithologiques/ would be most acceptable,
while a handbook founded on it^ in English, for the use of
visitors, could not fail to be very useful, and would perhaps
dispel the general idea that there are no birds in France.
Since the great war with Germany, in 1870-1, Natural
History has been somewhat at a standstill, the French people
having too many other things to think about; and the
literature of ornithology has consequently fallen behind that
of England and Germany. Yet the flowers, the butterflies,
and the shells of the South of France have received their due
share of attention, though the birds have been neglected,

Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus.

The northward passage of T. musicus takes place in March,
and in spite of long-continued persecution the bird is still
sufficiently distributed to make its sudden disappearance
pretty noticeable, while it will be remembered that it is in
this month that the principal accession to the numbers is to
be observed in England.

The '^chasse au poste" or '^poste a feu,^^ which appears
to be quite an institution, takes place in September, and an
amazing account of it is given by M. Pellicot. In the first
place it is necessary that the decoy birds be put out some
time before daybreak, and that the gunner be at his post and
concealed betimes, as T. musicus is on the wing very early,
and will often flutter round the cages containing the decoys
even before it is light. Then the gunner, from his place
of concealment, picks oS the unsuspecting migrants as they
settle on the "poste,^' which is generally a bough, without
leaves, elevated in an open place.

Blackbird. Turdus merula.

The " Merle uoir " is here appropriately called an
" Avouca,^' in allusion to its resemblance to a black-gowned
lawyer. A large Thrush, surh as T. viscivorus (which Ave

Oniilhology of the Var ^c. 371

found breeding) or T. pilaris, is called a " Chastria '' ; the
smaller kinds, that is to say, T. musicvs and T. iliacus, are
"Toudres/'' or, according to another writer, "Tourdres/^
but I had not an opportunity of bearing these names
pronounced. Some Blackbirds in the Grasse market seemed
very grey, and there are several curious variations in the
Marseilles Museum, while P. Roux describes a pied race
which seems to have been perpetuated for some years.

Redwing. Turdus iliacus.

The origin o£ many of our bird-names may be traced to
the French language; for example, in Britain a Thrush is
called by country people a " Mavish/' but, as Mr. Howard
Saunders remarks, ''Mauvis^^ in French means a Redwing,
and it is so understood in Provence, where the bird is
regularly met with in winter. It is a name, too, which has
a southern signification, for Mr. Wharton understands it to
mean the bird which destroys the vine, i. e. eats the grapes.

Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus.

It is not known how far south T. torquatus goes in
winter. It was met with, I believe, by Lord Lilford in
the Var, and I shot it in Algeria in March, but its dis-
tribution is complicated by its affinity to T. alpestris, which
species has been too recently separated to say whether it is
found in the Var at all or only on migration. Pellicot, a
very accurate observer, distinguishes between the " Merle a
plastron'^ and the " Merle a plastron blanc " or ''Grand
Merle de Montague.-"

Blue Thrush. Monticola cyanvs. " Petrocincle bleu.^''

Mr. W. H. St. Quintin saw considerable numbers of this
species at Grasse, and once observed M. saxatilis (' The Field,'
May 12th, 1900), but the only Blue Thrush seen by me was
in a Cannes shop. Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye
consider the " Merle azure " of Crespon to be a hybrid
between the two species, an opinion shared by Suchetet. In
the Abbe Joseran's list M. saxatilis is included, and not
M. cyanus, but Duval- Jouvc considered the latter to be
stationarv. Canon Tristram met with M. cyanus at Cassis.

372 Mr. J. H. Guniey on the

Common Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe.

A considerable immigration to Provence took place on
April 24th, surely of a delayed party, or of those ■which
had come from very far south. Pellicot says that one man
trapped 624 " culs-blancs " in two days, which recalls the
wholesale captures on the Sussex downs. The bulk arrive
in England much sooner.

Black Wheatear. Saxicola leucura.

S. leucura loves rocky places, and is more likely to be met
with at Nice than in the Var. I received two from Pied-
mont. S. aurita is stated by Jaubert to be not uncommon,
and Mr. Clarke met with S. stapazina in the next Department.

Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola.

One had perhaps wintered where it was seen on March
12th, as I knoAV from a previous visit that Stonechats are
sometimes not uncommon even in December, though the
Whinchat (P. ruhetrd) is only a summer visitant. All the
*' Traquets,^' however (6 in number), according to Jaubert,
nest in the Department in small numbers, but individuals of
P. rubicola which breed there would not be the same as
are seen in winter.

Bluethroat. Cyanecula wolfi.

A pair of Blue-throated Warblers seen at Bocca on the
coast by Mr. St. Quintin (' The Field,' /. c.) were presumably
C. ivolji, a well-marked form, of which the distribution is
not very clear.

Eedstart. Ruticilla phoenicurus.

Apparently not a common bird. Personally I never
encountered R. tithys, though Canon Tristram and others
have met with it.

Ruby-throated Warbler. Calliope kamtschatkensis.

This straggler from the East has been taken twice in the
Department, once in August 1829 and once in April 1835,
both specimens being adult males ; and at the time of writ-
ing, the author of ' The Birds of Europe ' was not cognisant
of any other examples having occurred west of Russia, It
is, however, said to have recently found its way to England.

Ornithology of the Var <SfC. 373

Black-headkd Warbler. Sylvia melanocephala.

Called sedentary by Jaubert, but I did not meet with it
until April 7th, although then a good many were paired ;
however, in 1877, a very mild winter, the birds were at
Cannes in January. I did not notice that they stained
their faces with the pollen of plants, as at Gibraltar,
where it was rather difficult to find one not more or less
yellow from contact with the pepper-tree, aloe, mimosa, &c.,
a fact which probably gave rise to the synonym Sylvia
ochrogenion Lindermeyer. Here they do not seem to act
thus, and the plants they are likely to meet with would be
less tropical.

Nightingale. Daulias luscinia.

Daulias luscinia abounds at Valescure, and literally sings
down every other bird. If the statement be true that it does
not migrate in company, it must take some time for all to
come over, but I do not believe this fiction, because within
the space of a few days in April the previously silent woods
ring with the song, indicating a rush. Of Sylvia atricapilla
the migrating range is far less, and many individuals winter
in the Riviera, which D. luscinia never does. In December
1876 there were a good many Lesser Whitethroats [Sylvia
curruca) on the island of St. Marguerite ; it certainly was
very early, but it was an open winter, and I do not think 1
was mistaken as to the species, though there may have
been a few S. cinerea or S. conspicillata as well.

Dartford Warbler. Melizophilus undatus. " Fauvette
pitchoux."

Among the tall Mediterranean heather, cistus, and genista,
which form the knee-deep jungle of the Estrelles, the Dart-
ford Warblers find a secure home. In April their black little
bodies and long tails — spread perhaps for an instant — as they
worm themselves in and out of all the tangle, are to be
seen anywhere at Valescure. Always in pairs, the proud
male will sometimes rise to the top of a bush or tall Erica,
and with swelling throat serenade his sombre partner, " pit-
it-chou, pit-it-chou, cha-cha,'' whence the French name ; and
to watch M. undatus thus displaying himself is at all times

374 Mr. J. H. Gurncy on the

very delightful. These birds do not shun houses^ and may be
seen within a few yards of the Grand Hotel itself; but I
was rather surprised to see a pair fly across the river
Argente^ never baving associated M. undatm with reeds and
rusheSj and on the other hand again to meet with them on
the lofty sides of Mount Vinaigre, though the latter is more
like their Algerian habitation. A great many were clearly
raigrantSj but my son found one nest, which however was
empty. A good many small birds' eggs are possibly destroyed
by the " Loir/^ a large fruit-eating dormouse which is
common, but in this case the rain had probably made the
bird desert the nest. This Warbler can dispose of a larger
insect than many people would give it credit for, but in seeking
nourishment it seems at times to denude the base of the
lower mandible of feathers, as I have noticed in England,
where perhaps food food is scarcer than in its native France.
I follow the B. O. U. List in designating this bird Melizo-
philus undatus, but the authors of ' Les Richesses Ornitho-
logiques ' call it ryropkthabna provincialis. This generic
term was established long ago for Sylvia melanocephala and
S. sarda, but if Me.lizuphilus be adhered to, it can be restricted
to M. undatus and Sylvia deserticola Tristr., which is very
like M. undatus. M. le Baron de Palluel thinks that the
bird of Provence is a larger and brighter race than that of
the north of France, and proposes for the latter the name
Melizophilus armoricns.

FiRE-CREST. Regulus ignicapillus.

R. ignicajjillus and R. cristatus are, no doubt accidentally,
omitted from Jaubert's list. Neither are they in Duval-
Jouve's list, but to make up for this R. modestus{PhyUoscopus
superciliosus ?) is introduced, probably by a mistake, yet
the Yellow-browed Warbler might occur as an accidental
straggler.

GRASSHorPER Warbler. Locustella ncevia.

Once or twice we thought that we caught the trilling
song of L. navia, nor is this unlikely, as Duval-Jouve says
that its arrival continues during the whole spring. The

Ornitholof/tj of the Var &^'c. 373

earliest of all the birds of passage to ap^Dsar in numbers is
Phylloscopus frochilus, aocorapanied possibly by P. rafus and
P. bonelU. Hypolais pohjglotta may be common, but was
only twice identified. It is very difficult to make out the
small Warblers without shooting them.

Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus.

Jaubert says of A. streperus : ^' De passage, quelques
individus nichent dans nos marais " ; but it is not confined to
marshes, for even the little stream which passes through
St. Raphael is not too public for this " Rousserolle,'' in
spite of the houses on either side. It is curious, as remarked
by Howard Saunders, that Aedon galactodes should not have
occurred in France, but the allied A. familiaris , which is less
rufous, has been taken three times at Nice (Giglioli, Ibis,
1881, p. 199), where Lord Lilford also found Acrocephalus
aquaticus yerj common, and the latter should probably be
substituted in Jaubert's list for A. melanipojon. At Nice
also MM. Gal, the local taxidermists, are stated to have
obtained Locustella jiuviatUis, Carruca nisoria, and DauUus
philomela (see Ornis, 1899, p. 42).

Alpine Accentor. Accentor coUaris. "Accenteur pegot."
We saw A. modularis, but it was only on a previous visit
that a single specimen of A. collaris was met with. Duval-
Jouve says that A. collaris never crosses the sea, as A.
modularis does, and Pellicot says that he has seen the latter
at sea. The Alpine Accentor is a mountain bird not likely
to be met with in the cultivated valleys ; the masonry of a
fort would be more congenial to it, and in such a situation I
have watched it elsewhere.

Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus.

Only three or four Water-Ouzels {Merle d'eau or Cincle
plongeur) were seen, rejoicing in the mountain-torrent of
the Loup, a stream on which they probably remain all
the year, only quitting it when frozen out. Prof. Giglioli
says that they are sedentary in Italy.

376 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

Crested Titmouse. Parus cristatus. '^ Mesange huppee.''
One in Valescure pinewoods [Pinus halepensis and P. maru
tima), April 2lstj flitting quite alone from fir to fir, and at
times dexterously clinging with its feet to the needles, some-
times back downwards. How seldom in England could one
see a Titmouse without companions of any kind, as it is one of
the most sociable of birds, and this is especially the case with
Parus cristatus [cf. Zool. 1890, p. 212). Miss Broadwood
also observed it at Valescure, but does not say whether it
was a single specimen that she saw, or a party. Risso classes
it as one of the six most productive species, in proportion to
its numbers, in this part of France, but it does not lay so
many eggs as P. caudatus.

Blue Tit. Parus caruleus.

Not nearly so common as P. major, which is very generally
distributed, and is also the most abundant iu the Departments
farther west. Our gardener described what he considered a
very marvellous nest, which may have been a Penduline Tit's,
a species which Duval- Jouve says is met with on the banks
of the Var ; it was woven of wool, with a hole at the bottom
and one at the top. Other Tits included by Jaubert are
Parus ater, P. palustris, P. caudatus, and P. biarmicus, which
last Mr. W. E. Clarke also met with. P. lugubris was taken
at Nice in February 1878 (Prof. Giglioli), thus coming
very near the Var ; and I have had P. borealis, the northern
Marsh Titmouse, from Piedmont.

Wren. Troglodytes parvulus.

The Wren and the Robin are winter visitants, but the
latter is much the commonest, though naturally less familiar
and tame than in England. Prof. Newton mentions an old
custom at La Ciotat of hunting the Wren with swords and
pistols, and when killed the victim is slung to a pole borne as if
it were a heavy load on the shoulders of two men who parade
tlie village, and afterwards weigh the bird in a pair of scales.
It would be interesting to know if the old custom still goes
on at this small town by the sea, especially as it is so similar
to the persecution of T. parvulus in Ireland. La Ciotat is

Ornithology of the Var ^c. ^77

not far from Valescure^ but I had not heard of this quaint
ceremony when I was in the Var.

Wall-Creeper. Tichodroma muraria.

P. Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 366 ; Richesses Orn. p. 299.

How cleverly does the " Echelette " climb the rocks, pro-
bably making a lateral use of the hind toe. The impetus
necessary for each jump is given, Mr. Moggridge thinks,
by shortening in some way the tendon of that toe, thus
naturally causing it to approach the three anterior, and these
are the instruments o£ attachment (see Ibis, 1863, p. 161).
The same jumping power would seem to be possessed by
■ Woodpeckers *. The squat body of the Tichodroma reminds
one of a Nuthatch.

It is, in fact, a Rock-Nuthatch with the bill of a Creeper,
the more feeble flight not being sustained and having little
power. One would not deem Tichodroma capable of any
great migrations ; yet its very feebleness would make it all
the more at the mercy of the wind, and this accounts for its
having been blown to England three times and to Alderney
once {Canon Tristram). It is of periodic occurrence in
Sarthe {Gentil), and has been often obtained in Indre
[Martin) ; while Gadeau de Kerville gives occurrences in
Normandy, three of them within seventy miles of Beachy
Head. The limits of its regular migrations, however, show a
very contracted range — lat. 31° to lat. 48° would more than
comprise them. But one species of Tichodroma is recog-
nised in ' The Catalogue of Birds ' (viii. p. 333), and it
certainly cannot be very common in Provence, as we only
met with it in the Gorge du Loup ; but Lord Lilford gives
Ollioule, near Toulon, as another locality for it, and Canon
Tristram met with it at Cassis.

* My fatlier remarked on a pair of Picus major, confined in a large wire
cage with a horizontal top, which came under his observation, that
they frequently traversed the top of the cage with their backs down-
wards, and in doing so they constantly hopped, bacJc downwards,
leaving go of the wires with both feet at once, and regaining their hold
by some muscular action without the aid of their wings.

SER. VIII. VOL. I, 2 C

378 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiaiis.

The authors of Les Richesses Ornithologiqiies^ disthiguish
two Creepers, viz. C. familiaris and C. cusice, tlie latter a resi-
dent in the mountains and more highly coloured. I presume
that it was the former which I met with, as being near the
sea with other migrants I thought that it might have just
come over. C. costo' is perhaps identical with the Creeper
of Corsica (Ibis, 1885, p. 31) ; but^ according to Mr. Hartert
(Nov. Zool. iv. p. 139), this again is distinct from C brachy-
dacti/la, the form found at Lyons and common all over
Italy (Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194). Mr. Hartert's latest
views are given in Nov. Zool. vii. p. 525.

Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope.

It is rather surprising to find the " Bergeronnette jaune''
so common in Provence, and also on the west coast of France,
and that not merely as a winter visitant, for a few stay to
breed on the Mediterranean, and I think that a pair nested
by the little St. Raphael stream. Authors have not realized
how abundant M. melanope is in the South of France. Mr.
Howard Saunders found it swarming in the Pyrenees (Ibis,
1897, p. 80) .

Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis.

A. pratensis is to be seen in small numbers — also A. trivi-
alis as a spring migrant, — while an unidentified Pipit on the
Napoleon plateau may have been A. campestr'is. The other
Pipits mentioned by Jaubert are A. richardi (rare), A. cer-
vinus (very rare), and A. aquaticus (rather rare), none of
which came within the range of my binoculars, though I
have seen A. spipoletta [■= aquaticus) in Southern Piedmont.

Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula.

French Loriot, from Lat. «wr6'o/i/s = golden. Local name,
also in allusion to the colour, Darin. It is the wont of these
gorgeous birds, which appear to be common in France up to
Paris, and were already paired on April 30th, to frequent
large leafy trees, where the yellow cocks look like oranges,
but are less conspicuous than one might expect, and more
quiescent than the less obtrusive hens. We have it on the

Omifholopj of the Var 8^x. 379

best French autlioi ity that " leur chair est d^un gout re-
cherche," ^'hich is no doubt the only interest the peasant
farmer woukl take in them^ except that their unfortunate
partiality for figs is an additional reason in his eyes for
destroying them. One which 1 skinned in Algeria contained
a thick wad of caterpillar's hair^ a proof that this individual
at least had done good^.

Lesser Grey Shrike. Lanius minor.

Mr. Clarke found this bird excessively common during
May and June on the Rhone, and it is also found in the
Var, as is more rarely L. meridionaUs (Jaubert) ; but I had
not the good luck to meet with any Grey Shrikes^ which
was singular, as L. excubitor is not uncommon in some parts
of France.

WooDCHAT. Lanius Isomer amis. "Pie-gri^che rousse."
L. pomeranus and L. coUurio appear to be the last of the
spring migrants, and very beautiful are the freshly-moulted
males, so different to those of Saxicola oenanthe and Musci-
capa atricapilla, which come earlier and are often still
in the winter plumage. L. pomeranus sits like a sentinel
on the cork-trees, and is less demonstrative than L. excubitor,
whose tail does not know how to keep still ! All the
Shrikes, according to Jaubert and Reguier, are locally known
as " Darnagas,^^ a name which Roux says has been wrongly
given to them by country people on account of their supposed
stupidity. L. pomeranus, however, is rather a stupid bird.

Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla. " Gobe-
mouche noir."

A late spring migrant, as in Algeria and in other parts of
Europe, but probably always commoner in Provence than M.
grisola (see Mr. Clarke's remarks, Ibis, 1898, p. 475), though

* In ' Ornis ' for 1899, p. 130, -will be found a detailed list of the
Oriole's food in France in every month of the year, from which it ap-
pears that it does a certain amount of harm ; and at p. 57 are added the
dates of the arrival in spring, extending over thirty-eight consecutive
years, giving an average of April 21st for the middle of Fiance, and pro-
bably a few days earlier for the south.

3c2

380 Mr. J. H. Gnrney on the

the range of both is the same. M. albicolUs is noted by
Jaubert, but as very rare, and M. parva has been once killed
in September, on the peninsula of Brusq (Ornis, 1899, p. 42).

EocK- Swallow. Cotile rupestris.

Hirundo rnstica, Cotile ripai'ia, and Chelidon urbica are all
common, but not C rupestris, which was first seen on March
22nd near the coast; it had probably just arrived from
Algeria, and was evidently on the move, for in a quarter of
an hour the birds had passed on. Next they were observed
inconsiderable numbers playing over the foaming Loup, and
again in May a pair or two occurred on Mont Yinaigre.

Red-rumped Swallow. Hirundo rufula.

Mr. St. Quintiu was on one occasion so fortunate as to see
at the Gorge du Loup about a dozen examples of H. rufula,
a species easy to be recognised by its red back and collar,
and figured in the ' Eichesses Ornithologiques.'

It is also well figured by Sharpe and Wyatt, who give a
map showing its distribution.

Serin Finch. Serinus hortulanus.

The " Gros-bec cini,'' or Serin, is common, and no sooner
are the male and female paired, than they become assiduous
in their mutual attentions, following each other from tree to
tree until the nest is made and the eggs are laid, when the cock
perpetually serenades his partner, beginning at early daybreak
in a low clear continuous strain. A pair had a nest in the
next garden at the end of a pine-branch ; it was lined with
feathers, and was so small that its outside diameter was only
seven inches. In this instance the exterior of the fabric
was made of a little grey plant which the French gardener
said was an " immortelle." Another nest was on the top-
most leader of a slim Aleppo pine, and the tail of the hen
could be seen from below projecting over the edge. This
was on May 10th, and as she sat closely she was probably
hatching, but the pine was so slender that I was afraid of
climbing up it. A French writer, Rene Paquet, under the
nom de plume of Quepat, has published a monograph of the
Serin, and another of the Goldfinch, which contain a good

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 381

deal of valuable information ; the former is probably a bird
which is increasing.

Chaffinch. Fringilla Calebs.

F. Calebs, Carduelis elegans, and Ligurhms chloris are all
resident, and the first two very common, many of them being
perhaps the same individuals which at another time of year
enliven our own groves at home. Clarke only saw F. ccelebs
once.

Linnet. Linota caimabitia.

L. cannabina was less abundant^ and was not seen asso-
ciating with Sermus hortulanus as in some countries.

Siskin. Carduelis spinus.

C. spinus was only seen in cages ; Pyrrhula europcea and
Coccothraustes vulgaris I give on the authority of English
friends who know them. Jaubert's '' Bouvreuil incertain"
w as probably a young Pyrrhula erythrina, and his '^ Bouv-
reuil ponceau " perhaps an erythrism of P. europcea.

Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus.

No doubt this species is highly migratory^ but why Jaubert
should think P. domesticus to be so is not clear ; here, as
everywhere else, it is essentially a parasite on man. I tried
very hard to detect P. italia, the presence of which has
been noted by Jaubert and I'Abbe Joseran, but doubted by
Mr. Dresser. If a census of the birds of the Var could be
taken, the Sparrow would probably come out at the head of
the poll, as it unquestionably would do in England, being,
moreover, the most destructive species in every grain-pro-
ducing Department of France.

Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra.

Jaubert says the " Bec-touar " or " Pesso-pigno " (pro-
vincial names) is occasionally very abundant, as I learn was
the case a few years ago at St. Tropez, when the visitors were
very unwelcome, for they attacked the almond crop and did
no little harm. Generally they are rare, but Lord Lilford
met with a few near Toulon in 1873. Various years in
which Crossbills were numerous in the South of France —

B82 Mr. J. H. Guruey on the

especially 1836-39 (inclusive) — are mentioned by authors,
and everywhere they seem to bear the same gipsy character.

Pine-Grosbeak. Pyrrhiila enucleator.

P. enucleator is said to have appeared in numbers at Frejus
in the Avinter of 1836 ; but it has possibly been confounded
with Loxia curvirostra, a mistake which has often been made
in England. On the other hand, Mr. Howard Saunders re-
ports a genuine P. enucleator in the Marseilles Museum, locally
killed {' The Field/ June 26th 1880), and it is noted, though
with a mark of doubt, in the ^Richesses Ornithologiques ^ and
by Polydore Roux. It has also been authenticated as far
south as the Italian Alps by Prof. Giglioli and Prof. Oddi,
and there is no particular reason why it should not sometimes
occur in France.

Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria. " Bruant proyer."
A single E. miliaria, a flock of five, and again three on May
10th were all that I observed, so I am rather surprised at
Mr. darkens finding the bird abundant in the Bouches du
Rhone. E. citrinella was still less common ; and of the hand-
some Meadow-Bunting, E. cla, I saw only one fine cock on
March 23rd, balancing himself on a bush with no companions.
The other Buntings mentioned by Jaubert are E. melano-
cephala (very rare), E. cirlus (regular migrant), E. hortulana
(regular migrant), E.schosniclus (autumn migrant), E. nivalis,
&c. E. nivalis is not so rare in the south of Europe as has
been assumed ; when at Avignon on a previous visit I was
told that one had been lately killed.

Marsh-Bunting. Emberiza intermedia.

Jaubert states that^. intermedia is very common during the
winter, and leaves in March, but that a few nest near Hyeres;
later authors, however, unite this race with E. schceniclus,
while keeping E. pyrrhuloides distinct. The two latter are
found in the Var, but E. pyrrhuloides is very rare ; and the
distinctness of all three of them forms the subject of an
article by Dr. Jaubert in ' Revue Zool.' 1855, p. 225, while
later authorities have discussed it on the strength of more
material and probably with greater accuracy.

Ornithology of the Var ^c. 383

Starling. Sturnus vulgaris. " Etourneau/'
Said to be very abundant, but the only examples my son and
I saw were seven or eight in a bird-cage shop, which, from
having been a long time without turf to wear their beaks
down, had them elongated in a very unnatural way.

Black Starling. Sturnus unicolor.

Has occurred once at Draguignan in May {' Richesses
Ornithologiques/ p. 108) and at Marseilles in January 1879,
but there are still some persons who question its specific dis-
tinctness from S. vulgaris.

Rose Pastor. Pastor roseus.

Jaubert tells us that young birds are to be looked for in
June and July, and that there was a great migration to the
South of France of the adults in June 1837. I had a fair
specimen from Nice some years ago.

Magpie. Pica rustica. '■' Pie ordinaire.^'

In some parts of the Riviera P. rustica is almost unknown,
but assuredly there are no lack of these birds at Valescure.
Crespon considers that they are not migratory, in which he
does not agree with Duval- Jouve ; but I found one lying dead
on the shore, which was suggestive. They nest chiefly in
Finns maritima and P. pinea, laying six or seven eggs in May ;
yet on April 30th there was a "flyer" with a short tail, though
it may have been an old bird moulting. For some unknown
reason they arch their nests over, which seems an unnecessary
protection; and, judging from several in my garden, I am
quite of Vieillot's opinion that they make more nests than
they mean to use, though the Owls are glad of them. The
immunity from persecution of the " Agasso,^' as this long-
lived thief is here called, and its consequent abundance in
so many parts of France, is solely due to its being unfit to
eat, which is what the local gunner thinks about.

This species is very destructive to the peasants^ vines, as
well as to melons, peas, and maize, also to young poultry, and
there are stories of its audacity in taking young birds hung
out in a cage. To this list of viands are to be added walnuts,
almonds, and apples ; but perhaps it makes some amends

384 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

by eating the earthworms^ which are here as large as little
snakes. The Magpie is the characteristic bird of France^ and
the only one which the average Englishman remarks as he
speeds through the country.

Jay. Garrulus glandarius.

The crafty " Geai^' — named^ as it seems, after its own gay
colours — is just as sly in France as it is in England ; but it
is easy to trap them, I believe, and a Jay pegged down with its
feet in the air will hold any other bird that comes within its
reach, according to Pellicot. Risso notes that G. glandarius
sometimes appears in considerable bands, and in another place
he says : " G. glandarius and Sturnus vulgaris have been
sometimes seen during whole days passing at intervals in
flocks " (H. N. de Nice et des Alpes Marit.).

Nutcracker. Nncifraga caryocatactes.

Included in Jaubert^s list, but no occurrences specified,
a fact which in several other instances detracts much from
the value o£ his catalogue. Specimens were probably ob-
tained in 1844, when many visited the South of France.
In the same year one was shot in Norfolk and one in Sussex,
showing the wide extent of the movement.

Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone.

" La Corneille noire " is stated to be migratory, but,
according to Polydore Eoux, does not cross the sea, by the
edge of which was the only place where we saw it.

Hooded Crow. Corvus comix.

I have had C. comix from Nice, but it is said to be much
less common than C. corone, while C. frugilegus is only
found inland. '^ Chavo " or " Graio '^ is a provincial name
for all of them (Pellicot), but not for the Raven. I have
seen C, comix in Italy as late as June 23rd.

Skylark. Alauda arvensis.

Common up to the end of March ; indeed there were quite
150 in Grasse market one day during that month. On
May 10th, long after the bulk of them had departed north,
one on the golf ground was sitting on a nest which I should

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 385

have hardly recognised in England as a Lark's^ it being
constructed so as to completely arch over the sitting bird,
and affording an admirable protection for her. She was
unlike the Larks at Grasse, being lighter and of a mealy tint,
and was probably of the subspecies A. cantarella.

Crested Lark. Alauda cristata.

The ''Alouette cochevis" is called " sedentary/' but evi-
dently receives accessions ; it cannot be very migratory in the
north of France or it would not stop short within sight of
the shores of England.

A ploughed field, especially if the harrow has not long
since been over it, seems a very favourite resort ; and there
the cock and hen feed, and are very constant partners to one
another, as may be noticed in the Pas de Calais. I never saw
them come into villages, or perch on houses, or pant from the
heat, or associate with Finches. Neither Mr. Wharton nor
Mr. Whitehead include this species as a bird of Corsica, which
seems very singular ; but this is paralleled by its abundance
on the south, and absence on the north, side of the Straits of
Dover. Pellicot and De Palluel speak of a larger and
darker race which the country people distinguish as the
" Coquillade.^'

Short-toed Lark. Alauda brachydactyla.

Two examples of A. brachydactyla were observed near
Frejus on April 18th and 2rlth, but I do not think that we
saw A. calandra except in a cage. Two Larks which rose out
of the cistus on May 10th were thought to be A. arborea, as
certainly were two seen at a shop in Cannes on a former
visit. A dark form of the Short-toed Lark has been recently
distinguished in Provence by the Baron de Palluel.

Alpine Swift. Cypselus melba. "Martinet a ventre blanc."
Two seen by Mr. St. Quintin, and another by Miss Broad-
wood at Bagnol — probably not uncommon. C. apus is very
numerous, and, as at Algiers, delays its migration a while
by the coast ; both species are known by the appropriate
name of "^Coupo-ven" (Jaubert). A few individnals of
C. apus may breed in St. Raphael Church.

3S6 *Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

Nightjar. Caprimulgiis europceus. '^ Tete-cticv re '' or
"Crapaud volant/'

Not common (Pellicot) ; one seen by Lord Amherst on
May 2ud. C. ruficoUis has occurred (Jaubert and Alfred
Cavaleadt) .

Wryneck. lynx torquilla. " Torcol."

The noisy que-que-que was first heard under our windows
on March 24th, and a few specimens occurred afterwards^
but they soon passed on^ and are seldom met with in summer
(Jaubert) .

Grekn Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis.

Often heard and seen on the wooded hills until about the
1st of May, Avhen its cry quite ceases, only to be brought
on again in the same month by a heavy rain. I do not
know whether the inhabitants associate the cry of the '^ Pic
verf with a downpour, but it is stated by local authors to be
very susceptible to frost, which, as in England, seals up its
means of existence. The authors of ' Les Richesses Ornitho-
logiques ' speak of a form having the upper parts yellowish, and
in England I have met with a similar variety"^. Picus major was
not seen alive. P. martins has been found at Lachen (Jaub ert).

Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida.

On the Argente, and no doubt on other streams and
rivers, every one knows the " Martia-pecheur,'' but I have
not found any book which explains why it should be dedicated
to St. Martin more than to any other saint, or why Circus
cyaneus should have the same honour.

Bee-eater. j\[erops apiaster. '' Guepier."
The Bee-eater is a late spring migrant, believed to nest in
one locality ; four were seen by an English visitor at Bou-
lourie on May 11th, and two stuffed specimens are in a
house at Valescure. Apart from the birds' beauty, their
habit of calling as they fly would attract tlie attention of the
most unobservant, and accordingly, though scarce, they are
generally known.

* This bird, which I examined in the flesh, had a beautiful bronze
tinge on the upperside of the wings, quite resplendent when it was held
sideways to the light.

Ornithology of the Var ^c. 387

Roller. Coracias yarrulus.

Jaubert and M. Cavaleadt both mention C. garndas, of
which there is also a fair example in the Cannes Museum, and
Mr. Clarke saw one in the Bouches du Rhone. It is perhaps
not generally known that these birds include small frogs and
locusts in their bill of fare, while on one occasion I met
with four very large beetles in the stomach. They would
probably be the last of the irregular spring migrants.

Hoopoe. Upvpa epops.

True to its appropriate Gibraltar name of " March Cock/'
La Huppe was first seen by my son on the 29th of that
month, Crespon, so familiar with all his native birds^
thought it to be the cock only Avhich gave utterance to the
re^on.2i\ii poll, pou, pou, — sounds to be heard a very long way
off in a still wood ; but probably the female (as is the case
with Cuciilus canorus) has a cry of her own, less loud and
noticeable. To some ears this '^ pou, pou " is a note even
sweeter than the Cuckoo's, which indeed it may Avell be !
U. epops has a very small tongue compared with most birds;
this may have something to do with its cry, which, when
heard for the first time, is certainly very singular ; and it is
said to have a dilatable oesophagus, which may further assist.
It is very fond of worms. The Arabs call it Hud Hud, not
a bad rendering of tlie call, but I never heard that the French
ascribe to it the same medicinal virtues which Mahomedans
are said to do.

Hoopoes are not common at Valescure, but a pair were
beginning to nest in some farm premises, probably under
the eaves, where they had bred once before. The result
Ave left too early to know, which, for the sake of my nose,
was not to be regretted. At the mouth of the Rhone
Mr. Clarke found them surprisingly abundant, which makes
it the more curious that they are not commoner in the Var,
where the French proverb " sale comme une huppe," in
allusion to the nest, can certainly not have originated.

Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus.

First heard as early as March 6th. Its parasitic habits

388 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

are well known to the peasants, who accuse it, with justice,
of eating eggs, for a well-known naturalist at Lyons shot a
female which had swallowed an egg of Emberiza miliaria,
and the fact has been proved beyond doubt in England.
Crespon tells his readers that Cuckoos are so thin on their
arrival in spring that " maigre comme uu coucou" has passed
into a proverb ; it cannot be exhaustion from migration which
reduces them, for the muscles of birds are supposed to be de-
veloped for migration; but no one has fathomed the mysteries
of this anomalous bird. Young Cuckoos present a kind of
dimorphism, for though generally of a dark slate-colour, they
are sometimes rufous, and no doubt it is the latter which
eventually become hepatic forms ; these hepatic birds are
not at all uncommon on the Continent, and I once obtained
a Cuckoo half normal and half hepatic, which was a very
singular bird {cf. Norwich Naturalists^ Trans, vi. p. 383).

Scops Eared Owl. Scops giu.

Local name " Machorta.'^ The noise which goes on in
the cork-woods of Provence on a hot spring night (April 12-
May 12) from the combined melody of Scops Owls,
Nightingales, and Frogs Avould hardly be credited, and is
equal to anything on the Norfolk Broads. The chief offenders
are the Scops Owls, which keep perpetually reiterating
"scho-u, selio-u,^^ beginning this music at 7 p.m. and going
on with it all night long, which is anything but conducive to
slumber for persons of weak nerves. Sometimes the sound
is uttered on the wing, sometimes when perched, but always
with the same cadence without any variation, at intervals of
thirty seconds, given with the regularity of a clock : really
the monotony of a Cuckoo is nothing to it ! Two or three
times the "love-song,^' if such it be, surprised us by
beginning at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and once at half-
past one the irrepressible Owl was already tuning up. To
what purpose can all this noise be? for it must serve some-
thing in the economy of nature.

As there are not many holes at Valescure, the timber
being for the most part small, these Owls generally lay their

Ornithologii of the Var S(c. 389

eggs, I am given to understand, in disused Magpies' nests,
of which there are any amount. According to certain
authors, they begin to lay in May, but everybody I asked
said that we were too early for them, and that they laid in
June. They are rather audacious birds. Two made their
way into Mr. Sargeant's premises, another into the Villa
Marguerite, and a fourth Avished to come into my house by
the window, a habit of temerity which has led to unjust
accusations in some places where they have entered churches,
it is whispered in search of holy oil ! The flight of the
Scops is as soft and noiseless as can be, and its chief food
consists of insects, which it has to hand at all times for the
taking. It will devour earwigs, mice, and caterpillars, but it is
doubtful w hether it eats birds. Spallanzani adds earthworms,
of which Athene noctua is very fond. In May the Scops Owls
roost in pairs, and a cork-tree within a few yards of the
drawing-room at Villa Suveret was their chosen diurnal
resort. Here little Scops was to be seen early in the
morning, when his labours for the night were over, either
quiescent like a stump or with erect horns and attenuated
body, very much on the watch ; but I was disappointed
at never finding any remains of food under the perch, as I
should like to have investigated a few pellets.

Crespon says that he shot fifteen Scops Owls in one day,
probably for eating, which is a pi'oof that they migrate in
company, as Asio accipitrhws, Nyctea scandiaca, and Asio
otus are known to do occasionally. The culinary merits of
the Scops Owl must be great, for Pellicot says it is " sur
quelqnes points, notamment a la presqu'ile du Brusq, pres
Toulon, Tobjet d^une chasse speciale," and in Malta it is
eaten. It is an Owl seldom to be bought of London animal-
dealers, though there would not be much difficulty in
getting a supply from the Var, one would think. My brother
had one alive for some time.

LoNG-EARED OwL. Asio OtuS.

Owing perhaps to the many Scops Owls the note of the
"Moyen Due'' Avas not detected, but two were seen at Frejus,

390 Mr. .T. H. Giirney on the

one oil the shore and one on the sandhills. Athene noctua is
well known but less common_, as is Stri.v ahico. Nyctala
tengmalmi has occurred at Nice (Ibis, 1881, p. 189), but not
in the Var, where, however, Asio accijjitrimis is stated by
Risso to be found '' in woods,'^ "which are not usually asso-
ciated with this inhabitant of the open country. All the
Owls are probably migratory except Bubo ignavus.

Eagle Owl. Bubo ignavus.

This formidable bird does not appear to be very uncommon,
and breeds in the Esterel chain, 1 understand. Three speci-
mens, if not more, have been taken near Valescure, probably
in winter, and if so, were driven no doubt by lack of food
from their mountain fastnesses, as is commonly the case on
the Lake of Geneva ; in this sense only is the Eagle Owl a
migratory bird, and it is unlikely that it ever goes far, or
crosses the Mediterranean. There are many stories of its
daring : one flew into Mr. Sargeant's partly-covered poultry-
yard at Valescure, attracted by his fowls, and being unable
to find the right way out again, was captured alive the next
morning. I believe it is at the Marseilles Zoological Gardens,
where Mr. Sargeant sent it. It had killed a chicken, and on
a previous visit had carried off two Guinea-fowls, the remains
of which were found on the hill opposite, no doubt left there
by the same nocturnal robber. Mr. H. Saunders says that it
also preys by day, but this act of spoliation was committed
at night. A second took up its abode in a valley near the
Grand Hotel, where it was seen eating a Wood-Pigeon, while
another killed two Ducks and a hare. When picked up, the
latter was minus an eye, but was otherwise uninjured, and the
owner of the ducks spoke with glee of the good roast it
made. This Owl is said to take kids and young roe-deer when
it gets the chance, and peasants have been known to support
themselves by daily robbing the nest of supplies brought for
the young " Grand-Dues.'^

Kestrel. Faico tinnunculus.

A good many " Cresserelles " are scattered about, many
being migrants arriving or departing, though some have

Ormthology of the Var ^c. 391

eyries. Duval- Joiive noticed that the travels of most of the
birds of prey coincided with those of the smaller birds, and
particularly that F. thinuncidus liked to accompany Larks on
migration ^.

Hobby. Falco subbuteo.

A small Hawk which daslied over our garden was, I
guessed, F. subbuteo, which has been obtained at Cannes and
is not rare. F. cenchris is included in Jaubert^s list, along
with F. vespertinus (also met with at Nice by Lord Lilford),
and F. peregrinu& was identified by Mr. St. Quintin at Trayas
and also near Cannes.

Buzzard. Buteo vulgat'is.

One expects to see Buzzards in France, but my son and I
only viewed a few. It used to be possible to see fifty in a
day in Lorraine, and sometimes rich varieties ; but that was
thirty years ago, and they are now probably scarcer in all
parts of France. This is one of the seven Raptorial species
given as regular birds of passage by Duval-Jouve, the other
six being Perms opivcrus, Accipiter nisus, Falco ptregrinus,
F. subbuteo, F. tinminculus, and F. cesalon. The last, however,
according to Jaubert, sometimes nests here, as it is said to
do in the Pyrenees.

Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaetos.

A large Eagle which had come down from the mountains
for food, and which a peasant at Valescure captured alive,
may have been A. chrysaetos. So may an Eagle which was
shot at Levens about last March, which I heard of after our
return, for no doubt the " Aigle fauve'^ still breeds in the
high ranges of the Basses Alpes. That partially albinistic

* Migratory Hawks have been seen at sea by mauj- observers, the most
remarkable instance being an old one, viz. that given by the Rev. Henry
Teong, who in his ' Journal,' under date March 28th, 1G70, says " a cross
wind last night brought from the island of Cyprus an infinite number of
hawks " among the British fleet, of which he was at the time chaplain,
and at least fifty were taken on his ship. The author of ' Riviera Nature
Notes ' describes a great arrival of birds of prey at Nice, but this is quite
surpassed by what Bellonius tells us of Kites on migration in the ICth
century at the mouth of the Bosphorus.

392 ^Ir. J. H. Gurney ow the

race A. harthelemyi, figured in ' Ricbesses Ornithologiques/
had an liistoric eyrie little more than ten miles from the
frontier, whence my father procured two young birds^ one
of which never got the white scapular spots, and the other
not until it was seven years old. One of these is preserved
in the Norwich Museum.

Short-toed Eagle. Circa'etus galUcus.

The authors of ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques ' say that
this is the commonest Eagle in the South of France, arriving
in April in small flocks of 4 or 5 ; that a few always breed
at Salon, which is 28 miles from Marseilles ; that it is often
seen in spring in the great forests of the Var; and that
M. Arquier took two eggs at Tanneron, near Grasse.
Mr. St. Quintin saAv one on March 16th, 1901, within easy
gunshot, at the Grotte de TOurs.

Pallid Harrier. Circus sivainsoni.

Several individuals have been obtained at Nice by the
Baron de Palluel, and a fine male which I presented to the
Norwich Museum was, I believe, got near that place.

Montagues Harrier. Circus cineraceus.

Included by Jaubert, but not by Duval-Jouve. A male
Harrier believed to be C. cineraceus was seen by Mr. St.
Quintin to come in from the sea ; but I should have said
that in most of France C. cyaneus was the commoner bird,
yet C. cineraceus was formerly extraordinarily abundant in
the Department of Vieune (' Rev. Zoologique ') .

Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisiis.

A.nisus is pretty common, duxAAstur palumharius, according
to the authors here quoted, not very rare, but I have no
personal notes to give from my limited observations.

Egyptian Vulture. Neophron percnopterus.

When Jaubert wrote (1853) N. percnopterus was to be met
with all the year, and bred at Seranon, which is just over the
N.E. corner of the Department of Var, not to mention other
places.

Ornithology of the Var &^c. 393

Lammergeier. Gypaetns barbatus.

Roux cites a capture in the Esterel Mountains, and there
is in the Norwich Museum a well-preserved adult bird killed
in the Magna Valley (Alpes Maritimes) many years ago,
which has the whitest head and is probably the oldest of any
of our series in the Museum.

Cormorant. Phalacrocorax sp. inc.

April 30th_, an adult vigorously flapping itself in the sea.
Jaubert does not include P. graculus. Neither "Wharton
nor Whitehead give P. carbo as a bird of Corsica, but they
say that P. graculus is fairly common there, so I will not be
certain which it was that I saw off St. Raphael, as Corsica
and Provence have a good deal in common.

Pelican. Pelecanus onocrotalus.

The authors of ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques ' are of
opinion that the Pelican was formerly common ; it is now a
very rare straggler, but has been once met with and knocked
on the head at Hyeres.

Stork. Ciconia alba.

A *^ Cigogne^^ was seen passing over Lord Amherst's villa
on April 20th, and I received one from near Nice. Ternier
calls this species very rare in the Var, adding that it prefers
an east wind both in spring and autumn, and that its migra-
tions are very difPerent from those of Grus communis (Ornis,
1899, p. 218).

Heron. Ardea cinerea.

The " Heron cendre " is by no means rare, but very fe^v
Heronries now exist in France. The African A. atricollis —
a bird which might l)e expected to occur occasionally — has
been taken at Draguignau (Revue Zool. 1854, vi. p. 6), and
we learn from Pellicot that another southern species, the Buff-
backed Heron, has been met with at Toulon. A Night-Heien
was contained in the collection received by me from Nice.

Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta.

One found in the courtyard of a house in Nice. Neither
A. minuta nor Bot aunts stellaris breed in the Var ; the

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2d

394 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

former is the Taurus of Pliny, which he describes as found
hi the neighbourhood of Aries.

Flamingo. Phoenicopterus roseus.

I asked many persons if they had ever seen " Le Flam-
man t/^ but with a single exception was always answered in
the negative : one man produced a fine adult Ardea gar-
zetta, and at the same time accurately described Himantopus
candidus, but did not know its name; yet in Duval- Jouve^s
time FJamingoes were to be met with near Frejus and Laval.
Mr. Clarke gives an interesting account of them in the
Bouches du Rhone^ and in ' Ornis/ 1899, p. 231, there is a
photograph of 35 nests in a clump taken at that place, which
shows well the sociable habits of P. roseus.

Garganey Teal. Querquedala circia.

Apparently a commoner bird than Nettion crecca, there
being many at the poulterer's, but only one Teal. Jaubert
says, apparently referring to Q. circia : " Sarcelloun, Charin-
chara, se montre seulement en fevrier et en mars ; '^ but a
coil of eight small ducks, circling over P'rejus Marsh on
April 17th, were evidently Q. circia. However, I was given
to understand that none CA^er nested there, though Pellicot,
who seems to have stayed at Frejus, says " il est a croire
meme qu'il en niche ; ^' that, however, was some years ago.
I flushed what I considered to be a bird of this species in
Algeria as late as April 4th (paired), and I suspect that a
few breed in the north of Africa.

Shoveleu. Spatula clypeata.

S. clypeata, Dafila acuta, and Mareca penelope were all in
Grasse market, some of them possibly from the Etang
Consecaniere, where Mr. Clarke saw 1000 Shovelers at one
time, and many other Ducks as well.

Gadwall. Anas sfrepera.

A. strepera and Fuligula cristata only come in winter,
while on the contrary Anas boscas, which is locally known as
the " Col-vert,^' breeds.

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 395

Long-tailed Duck. Harelda glacialis.

Was obtained^ as the authors of ' Les Richesses Oruitho-
logiques' inform us, two or three times near Hyferes by that
successful collector, M. Besson.

Red-ckestei) Pochard. FuUgula rvfina.

F. rnfina and Mergvs merganser, both considered " very
rare " b}' Jaubert, were met with by Lord Lilford in Cannes
market, but had perhaps come from the Etang Consecaniere,
where Mr. Clarke found the former common, and on his
spring visit discovered a nest. The Fuligula intennedia of
Jaubert is the hybrid which in England has been designated
"Paget's Pochard," after the celebrated Norfolk surgeon^
and of which I have an example alive; this cross between
F. ferina, which is common in Provence, and F. nyroca,
is certainly the least rare hybrid among the European
Anatidse, in a wild state. Several examples are described by
Suchetet.

Scoter. (Edemia nigra.

Either (E. nigra or (E. fnsca, probably the former, comes
at times to St. Raphael's Bay, and in large quantities if the
boatmen^s tales are to be believed ; while I have had
(E. fusca from Genoa. These Scoters are confounded by
French sportsmen with Fulica atra, both, according to the
authors of ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques,' being called
'' Macreuses " ; and this led Yarrell into ascribing to (E. nigra
the Coot battues at the mouth of the Rhone, of which Pcl-
licot gives a good account.

Turtle-Dove. Turiur communis.

T. communis is stated to come in March, but we did not
see any until May, which agrees with the time of their arrival
in England. I was told that there were English Wood-
Pigeons (Ramiers) to be shot in winter, but did not hear
that they were netted as in some other Departments.
Jaubert also includes Columba cenas, which I have seen
in other districts, but not in the Var. All these species
are found in North Africa, which has so much in common
with the South of France.

3d 3

396 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse. Pterocles alchata.

In January 1837 several individuals, supposed to have been
driven from a stony waste called " The Crau " by snow, were
killed at Frejus, and in January 1871, the same month that
my Great Bustard (to be mentioned presently) was shot, a
considerable flight appeared in the plain of the Gard (Pellicot) .

P. alchata has strayed as far north as Lyons (Olphe-
Galliard) and La Basse, while one has been killed at Nice.

Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus.

There are no Pheasants at Valescure, and the authors of
' Les Richesses Ornithologiques ' give no hint that they exist
in a wild state in the district ; but a good many have been
reared on the islands off Cannes, where they fly up in very
orthodox style.

Greek Partridge. Caccabis saxatilis.

Jaubert says that the " Bartavelle^' is very rare, and whether
it was this species or C petrosa which was hanging in a
game-shop at Cannes I forget, but I think the latter ; if so,
it may have been imported from Sardinia.

Barbary Partridge. Caccabis petrosa.

We learn from M. Pellicot that C. petrosa has successfully
multiplied in the island of Port Cros; and I once saw some
specimens being hawked in the streets of Marseilles, but
these may have come from Africa.

Red-legged Partridge. Caccabis rufa.

Absolutely sedentary, and very much commoner where
Ave were than Perdio; cinerea, M'hich Jaubert terms a bird
of double passage *. In ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques '
(p. 419) the same author says that two races of C rvfa
exist in the Var, difl'eriug much in size. Two in a cage at
Grasse were certainly large and bright, but not equal to the
splendid examples to be seen in Spain. The brightness of

* Some years ago I sjieut two months iu Lorraine, where I expected
to find Caccabis rufa pretty common, but, on the contrary, it appeared to
be exceedingly rare ; on the other hand, I often saw a small covey of the
Grey Partridge (Perdiv cinerea), yet I do not think that either of them
were migratory.

Ornithology of the Var S^c. 397

many Mediterranean species as compared with their more
sombre hues in England is striking : is it the effect of the
sun, which causes dead objects to fade, but seems to enhance
the colours of the living ?

Quail. Coturnix communis.

Every one who has flushed Quails must remember the
headlong way in which they fly, partly due to the straightness
and rapidity of their course, partly to their being dazzled
by the light (for in some cases it happens immediately after a
night journey), but they do not at any time like to rise in the
heat of the day if they can avoid it. Sometimes, when
flushed by one sportsman, they fly blindly direct towards
another, without seeing where they go, though seldom
travelling more than five hundred yards or rising more than
six feet from the grouud.

In spring the chief arrival, says M. Pellicot (whose
admirable account of Quail-shooting occupies eight pages),
takes place at 8 a.m.; but some have been found earlier,
and there are times when they may be seen dropping in
from the sea all day. When this is the case, it should not
be inferred that the wind has been favourable, but quite the
reverse, for migrator}^ Quails which left Algeria the evening
before ought to have made the coast of France by sunrise if
they fly at 37 miles an hour, which is a very reasonable
estimate. [See 'The Field,' July 9th, 1898.) First comers
are called " Cailles vertes," in allusion to the green tints of
spring.

The Quail has been accounted a nocturnal bird from the
very earliest times, for even in the Book of Exodus the
sacred writer says, '^at even the Quails came up," in entire
accordance with their habits at the present day. Any there-
fore that come in the daytime are birds which have been late
in starting, or more likely have been delayed by the wind
en route. They arrive at the end of April, but many dangers
are in store for them, both by land and by sea, as exemplified
by the following incident. Happening one day to be at
Ciotat, a village on the coast, previously mentioned in my

398 Mr. J. H. Guniey on the

account of the Wren, M. Pellicot saw some fishing-boats
come ashore with ten small sharks ['' Cagnoose/^ probably
Alopecias) ; these voracious creatures were opened in his
presence, and contained from eight to ten Quails each, which
they had no doubt found floating. Quails are especially liable
to misadventure, but the remains of various small birds,
and even Owls *, are also to be picked up on the shore near
Saint Raphael.

In autumn the return passage, according to Pellicot, is
generally between the 15th of September and the 10th of
October, and, considering the hosts of its enemies, it is not
to be wondered at that the Quail is decreasing throughout
the whole of France. In Norfolk it used to be abundant,
but it seems absurd to seek for the cause of its diminution
in agricultural changes in England, when the annual
massacre which goes on in the south of Europe is enough to
account for it. The bird's habits of concealment are very
great, and in confinement it creeps into moss like a mouse.
In Egypt I have seen^ more than once, a small crop of lentils,
which at first sight did not seem to hold a single specimen,
prove full of them, forty or fifty brace, perhaps, getting up
out of a patch 60 feet square.

Black Grouse. Tetrao tetrix.

T. tetrix, T. bonasia, and Lago[)US matas occur on the
mountains in the Alpes Maritimes^ but it can only be oc-
casionally that their wanderings extend to the Var. The
authors of ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques ' say that the

* Here it wiJl uot be inappropriate to quote a letter, written by Mr. J.
S. Walker on board the yacht 'Aline': — "Ever since we left Tunis, all
along the Malta Channel and upwards to Italy, the sea was covered
everywhere with numbers of large brown butterflies, moths of all sizes,
and dragon-flies just dead; for four or five days we sailed across many
miles of water -without linding any dimimilion in their numbers * * * *
but what interested us more was the number of dead birds Ave passed,
among which we recognised Hoopoes, Quails, Wheatears, and Kestrels."
('The Field,' April 12th, 1873.) Although so many drowned birds were
seen, Mr. Walker adds that the number of live examples which passed
the vessel was comparatively small. Quails are sometimes taken at the
Camavat lighthouse, aud they have been known to fly against boats
drawn up on the shore.

Ornithology of the Var ^c. 399

inhabitants of some of the valleys in the Hautes Alpes have
actually domesticated T. tetrix to a certain extent. T. bonasia
was served at the hotel once or twice while we were there.

Andalusian Hemipode. Turn'ix sylvaticu.

Included in Jaubert^s 'List,' but no occurrences sjiecified.
Mr. Howard Saunders doubts its having been really met
with in France in a w^ld state^ and its inclusion in the
British List is equally open to question. Count Salvadori
records one seen in the market at Nice^ but that may have
come from Algeria, where, however, I did not find it common.

Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetia.

As the "Hale marouette'^ is rather rare in Algeria, it is
surprising that it should be so common in the South of
France. It must be very abundant somewhere near Grasse,
as during March there were always a few in the market, and
on March 27th no less than 31 at one stall. Pellicot says
that at Frejus these birds are called '' Marsenquo,^' from their
appearing in that month, and that hundreds have been killed
by a single gun in the course of a migration, there being
generally two or three great days of passage in spring.
March is a month one associates with P. maruetta in England,
when, no doubt, some of the migrants which we receive are
the same which have escaped the French '^ chasseurs,^^ who
appear particularly partial to this palatable Rail.

MooR-HEN. Gallinula chloropus.

The '' Jardiniero " arrives in autumn, departs in spring
(Jaubert). Porzana parva and P. bailloni are included in
the same list, and the former is also especially mentioned by
Risso; but though I carefully looked out for them in the
market, I could not see one. Degland and Gerbe state that
they examined a Purple Porphyrio which was killed at Trans,
a town in the Var.

Corn-crake. Crex pratensis.

Gould (B. of Gt. Br.) cites an instance of several speci-
mens being captured on a ship in the Mediterranean in
October, which had probably left the South of France a few

400 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

hours before ; the h\n\ is known there by the honourable title
of " King of the Quails/^ as its arrival coincides with theirs.

Water-Rail. Rallus aquaticus.

Three " Rales d'eau '' in Grasse market on March 20th,
the month of their arrival as given by Duval-Jouve, who
was no doubt familiar enough with this market, where
there was also a Fulica atra on the 23rd, which had perhaps
missed, its way, for Duval-Jouve says it is found at that
season in ditches.

[Brazilian Jacana. Parrajacana.

M. Jaubert informs us in his 'List' (/. c. p. 426) that
there was in 1853, in the collection of M. Jouffret, a South-
American Jacana which had been taken alive in the marshes
at Frejus, and had been recently mounted when lie examined
it. No further facts are given in ' Les Richesses Ornitho-
logiques ' {vide ■^. 486), but there is nothing impossible in
P. jacana, which is known to be a migratory species, crossing
the Atlantic by the help of a ship. All the group are
wanderers, and the fact is not much more remarkable than
the capture of Allen's Porphyrio 700 miles from the African
coast (P. Z. S. 1900, p. 660), or of three Belted Kingfishers
in Ireland and Holland. A bird on the wing is, under
favourable circumstances, nearly as much at rest as when
it is standing, the real difficulty is to know how such
wanderers as these subsist without food for the time required
for the transit.]

Crane. Grus communis.

The distribution of the Crane is curious. Twice a year, it
is said, phalanges of " Grues " pass over the Var, so high
that they are scarcely visible ; and the question is, M'here
are they going? Their destination is probably rather N.E.
than N. in spring. M. Ternier thinks that when the Crane
reaches the Var on its return journey to the south in autumn
it turns to the west ; and if so, no doubt it continues in a
westerly direction along the line of the Pyrenees (Ornis, x.
p. 210). It seems clear that the extraordinary numbers seen
in Spain by Col. Irby do not all come to France.

Ornithology of the Var i>^c. 401

GiiEAT Bustard. Otis tarda.

In 1871 I received an ^'Outarde barbae'^ (Provencal
'' Ooutardo ^^) from Nice^ which liad been shot on the 17th
of January, after the same severe weather which caused
a remarkable migration of the species into England and
Belgium [cf. ' Zoologist,' p. 2770). Pellicot alludes espe-
cially to this Siberian winter, when numerous flights of
Alauda arvensis, A arborea, A. calandra, &c. appeared on
the shore. I was in France at the time and remember it
well : the day before my Bustard was shot I had bought for
two sous a dead Buteo vulgaris frozen as stiff as a board !
while the starved Kestrels sat in the trees as if they were
asleep, and gangs of famished Rooks searched the river^s
edge. In 1890 or 1891 a fine old male 0. tarda was shot
at Bocca on the coast, also, I believe, during snow.

Little Bustakd. Otis tetrax.

Jaubert calls the '' Canepetiere '' very rare, but I remember
having a good view of one in Department Gard, not far from
Nimes, the home of the naturalist Crespon. In Algeria
0. tetrax always went by the name of '' Poule de Carthage,^'
a name which Pellicot assigns to O^dicnetnus crepitans. The
latter is common in some pai'ts of France, as markets testify,
but is rare in the Var, which, from its hilly nature, is not
much adapted to such birds. An excellent book on the habits
and distribution of Bustards and Plovers in France has been
lately published by M. Lafourcade, including both of these
species, and a great deal of information about them.

Collared Pratincole, Glareola pratincola.

An interesting fact mentioned by Jaubert in his ' List '
is that G. 2)ratincola has been known to nest on the shore
near Cannes, and one killed on the island of St. Honorat is
in the Cannes Museum. Mr. Clarke saw a few of these birds
at the mouth of the Grand Rhone. I think that they have
a great resemblance to the Terns in their flight and cry,
however far removed they may be from them in kinship.

402 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

Courser. Cursorius yaUicus.

Included in Jaubert's ' List/ but no occurrences specified ;
it can only be a very rare straggler.

Oyster-catcher. Hannatopus ostrahgus.

In tlie South of France H. ostralegus, which in Eugland is
often called the '^ Sea- pie/' is for a similar reason known as
" Agasso de Mer/' namely, from its resemblance to the
black-and-white Magpie.

Ruff AND OTHER Waders. Machetes pugnax, Charadrius
pluvialis, Vanellus vulgaris.

Several of each of these Waders were seen in one or other
of the markets, as were GaUinago ccelestis, one G. gallinula,
and one Woodcock (on a former visit) ; one Totanus calidris
was met with at the mouth of the Argente. V. vulgaris
sometimes flies round the Camarat lighthouse, but seldom or
never strikes the lantern ; otlier sorts of Plovers are occa-
sionally got by the principal keeper, with a certain number
of Quails and land-birds. Three M. pugnax were already in
process of change as early as March 9th.

Little Ringed Plover. yEgia/ifis curunica.

Several examples of ^E. curonica and jE. cantiana were
seen running about at the mouth of the Argente, probably
merely on passage; but the authors of ' Les Richesses
Ornithologiques ^ say that u^. curonica breeds regularly on
the Verdon River.

Marsh-Sandpiper. Totanus stagnatilis.

Of this '^Chevalier" the authors of 'Les Richesses Orni-
thologiques' write : — '^11 a ete rencontre simultanement et
a diverses reprises, dans les niarais d'Hyeres et de Frejus,
jjendant les premiers jours de juin. M. Besson, d'Hy^res,
croyait a sa reproduction dans les environs de cette ville.''
That it should breed there seems unlikely from what authors
tell us of its distribution, but Besson was evidently a good
observer.

Green Sandpipek. Totanus ockropus.

T. ochropus is pretty common in March and April, and is

Ornithology of the Var ^c. 403

probably found throughout the year, but tliat does not prove
that it breeds*. A pair of T. hypuleiicus were skirting the
shore on April 30th ; it has bred once on tlie banks of the
river Verdon ('Les Eichesses Ornithologiques/ p. 461). In
addition to these^ Jaubert includes T. yhireola, T. fuscus,
T, glottis, Squatarola helvetica, and Eudromias morinellus.

GoDwiTs. Limosa lapponica and L. belgica.

Lord Lilford does not say which the God wit was that he
met with at Toulon, but, according to Jaubert, L. lapponica
has only occurred on passage, and that rarely, Avhile the
species which Mr. Eagle Clarke met with was the Black-
tailed Godwit {L. belgica).

Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca. " Hiroudelle de mer
caugek.^'

About a dozen birds came round our boat while anchored
for fishing in St. Raphael Bay on April 11th, and often
dropped into the sea with a splash in pursuit of small grey
mullet and young sardines ; again on May 9th a single
specimen was placidly floating on a box in the sea. Jaubert
regards S. cantiaca as of only accidental occurrence, but it
seems from the experience of English observers to be a
common bird in the Western Mediterranean. Far larer
are ^. caspia, which has once occurred at Nice (Ibis, 1887,
p. 283), and S. leucoptera, which has been met with as far
inland as Draguignan (Jaubertj, while other Terns included in
his ' List ' are S. hybrida, S. nigra, S. minuta, and ^S^. hirundo.

Lesser Black-backed Gukl. Larus fuscus. " Goeland
a pieds jauues.'^

There were several of these " Gros Gabians " in St. Raphael
Bay, and a few Herring-Gulls — L. cacliinnans Fall. {L. leu-
cophaus) I presume — with a darker mantle than our L. argen-
tatus, and no doubt yellow legs, but I handled none of them.

Mediterranean Black-headed Gull. Larus melano-
cephalus.

Lord Lilford, who, though laid up with acute rheumatism

* Nor does the frequent presence of this species in Norfolk and in
Algeria iii summer prove it. (Bee Ibis, 1871, p. 299.)

404 Mr. J. H. Gurney on the

on board his yaclit^ missed no opportunities, met with
L. melanocephalus and L. canus at Toulon, and was further
told of many Gulls breeding on the islet of La Gabinera, to
which fact it perhaps owes its name, '' Gabian " being a
Gull in the native dialect.

Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus.

The " Mouette rieuse^' must be far commoner than
L. melanocephalus , yet it is curious, as shown by M. Ternier's
maps, in how few of the inland Departments of France
L. ridibundus is met with commonly, though a good many
examples are to be seen on the sea-coast.

Cape Petrel. Duption capensis.

We learn from Degland and Gerbe that a " Petrel Damier "
{D. capensis) was killed at Hyeres in October 1844 by
M. Besson, the bird-stuffer, the same who the year after, as
Prof. Newton points out, shot the first Ardea melanocephala.
Besides this, two were obtained at Bercy on the Seine, a
suburb of Paris ; two also in the Department of Sarthe
prior to 1878 (M. Amb. Gentil) ; and one, according to
Van Kempen, at Dunkerque in 1880. D. capensis has also
been recorded twice in England, once in Wales, and once in
Ireland ; but six are known to have been on one occasion
released in the English Channel (Ibis, 1867, p. 188), and the
practice may have been followed by sailors elsewhere.

Mediterranean Shearwater. Puffinus knhli.

One in Cannes Museum, where the curator showed me a
specimen of Procellaria pelagic a which had been picked up
on the shore. The latter I have observed off the Balearic
Islands — near which I have also seen Puffinus kuhli. It is
a common Mediterranean bird, both in the east and in the
west.

Levantine Shearwater. Puffinus yelkouanus.

In Jaubert's 'List' the name of P. yelkouanus must be
substituted for P. ohscurus, and P. kuhli for P. cinereus,
which also I suppose Pellicot's Procellaria puffinus to be.
P. yelkouanus breeds in Corsica (Ibis, 1885, p. 48) ; but I

Ornithology of the Var ^c. 405

have not met with it so far north, only having seen it in the
south of Italy.

Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septentrionalis. " Plon-
geon cat-marin/'

A feather on the shore confirmed me in the opinion that
tvi'o large Diversj seen on a former visit, were C. septentrionalis ;
hut as Jaubert also includes ('. arcticns, I cannot be quite
sure. According to ' Les Richesses Ornithologiques ' the
latter is much the rarer of the two.

Eared Grebe. Podicipes nigricollis.

Five Grebes are included by Jaubert — P. cristatus,
P. griseigena, P. auritus, P. fluviatilis, and P. nigricollis; but
it appears that the last two alone can be called common, and
these only in winter. P. nigricollis I have seen at Gibraltar
in January, and Canon Tristram met with it in Algeria.

Razorbill. Alca torda.

Reported by St. Raphael hoatmen to be in considerable
numbers at the end of April, but we saw^ only one fine adult
and a young bird, Jaubert also includes Fratercula arctica
as occasionally seen by fishermen in July and August, and
Prof. Giglioli thinks it possible that both these species may
breed in the Mediterranean. Uria troile is much rarer, and
has not yet heen added to the Var list.

Before concluding, I should like to devote a few words to
the migration of land-birds across the Mediterranean, which,
as has heen said, takes place almost entirely at night. If it
were by day, we should be astounded at the numbers, but, as
a matter of fact, what an ornithologist watching on the
coast of France sees is only a very small portion — and
that a belated portion — of the feathered pilgrims. Yet it
may he that a certain number of Kites, Buzzards, Kestrels,
Swallows, Wagtails, Hoopoes, Storks, and Cranes cross the
great sea by preference in the daytime. All birds are not
equally nocturnal, and there are indications that the above-
named are to some extent day-migrants ; but the majority of

406 Mr. J. II. Gurncy on the

birds, especially small birds, would be exposed to considerably
more danger by day than by night, from Hawks and Gulls,
and even from man.

So far as the Mediterranean is concerned, the fact that
most birds migrate bj night is not a sufficient proof, as some
have alleged, that they do not travel by sight, a sense which
is known to be very highly developed in them {Gyps fulvus
and Cyjjsekis opus for example), for unless the night were
foggy or exceptionally dark, coast-lines and mountains would
be visible. They probably have greater powers of seeing
in the dark than we have ; and supposing a Corn-crake or
a Turtle-Dove nearly half a mile up in the air, which
is no unreasonable altitude, to approach the coast-line of
Provence, no doubt some of the island of Corsica would
be visible to it, and the contour of a portion of the Italian
coast ; nor would it on starting have flown many miles
from Algeria before either Sardinia or the Balearic Isles
came into view.

If we look at the map, it is evident that there is hardly
any part of the Mediterranean Sea where a migratory bird,
crossing on a fine night, need be out of sight of land for
more than three or four hours, and during that time its
sense of direction would keep it pretty much in the course
it had been taking when it started.

Now as to the time required for the transit. Under
favourable circumstances it could not take a Turtle-Dove
more than 11 hours to fly from Algiers to the Var — that is,
at the rate of 37 miles an hour, which is what Mr. Tegetmeier
tells us that a Homing-Pigeon has been actually known to
attain ; but supposing a strong wind to blow directly behind,
it would perhaps do the voyage in half that time ; more-
over, a Homing-Pigeon does not fly straight, but generally
describes large curves.

It is almost certain that the greater part of the spring-
migrants — practically all which are not delayed — can cross
the Mediterranean in its broadest part in one night, and do
so. At the same time, they are averse to running risks, and

Ornithology of the Var b^c. 407

although a hundred observers in the English Channel have
proved that migratory birds are not dependent on a short
sea passage^ it is natural that where they have the choice
they should to some extent prefer it^ knowing themselves to
be more or less at the mercy of the winds. Accordingly
the observations of Colonel Irby and others, recorded in
' The Ornithology of Gibraltar/ seem to prove that however
many African migrants may arrive in spring on the south
coast of France, a far greater number cross from Morocco
into Spain, where the journey is very much shorter for
them.

As regards wind, that is a subject on which there are
many opinions, and those rather contradictory. It can hardly
be that any birds prefer a head-wind for their migration,
though if long delayed at the point of departure they may
be found to accept it ; and then they are naturally more in
evidence on landing, because that same head-wind has been
keeping them back, and the observer sees them, which he would
otherwise not have done. It is evidently a head-wind which
makes Quails, Woodcocks, &c. occasionally appear so fatigued
on lauding, and not the length of the sea-passage; and this
must also be the reason when, as sometimes happens, they
are seen to settle on the water, no doubt in consequence of
exhaustion.

In the same way it was obviously the N.E. wind, being a
head-wmA, which in April 1895 caused an unwonted influx
of birds to arrive on the coast at Bordighera (Zoologist, 1895,
p. 309), and the westward movements of Pigeons and
Starlings described above (see p. 364) are only explicable on
the theory of a head-wind coming from the west. Of one
thing we may be fairly certain, that wind is the key to
the right understanding of ornithological migration, and
that when we do understand it, what seem to be erratic
movements will admit of explanation, though without that
knowledge they are not likely to be ever made clear.

408 Capt. II. R. Davies on Birds

XXIX. — Field-notes on some Birds observed in Western
China. By Capt. H. R. Davies *.

Phasianus elegans (Cat. B. xxii. p. 329).

Stone's Pheasants are common in Western Yunnan. They
are not usually found much below 4000 feet^ and are most
plentiful near the tops of the ranges at an altitude of from
6000 to 8000 feetj in long grass and fern, or in fir-woods. I
have usually met with them singly or two together, but on
one occasion I saw a covey of ten. The crow of this bird
is hardly distinguishable from that of the English Pheasant,
and the noise the cock makes when ilushed is also the same.
I have not often seen it in the Tibetan part of the country
(W. Szechuen), though I shot one a few marches south-west
of Li-tang at 10,500 feet.

Chrysolophus amheksti^ (Cat. B. xxii. p. 342).

In Yunnan this species is about as common as the last-
mentioned, and is found at fairly high elevations, usually in
forest. It is difficult to make individuals fly, and. when they
rise they do so without crowing and with very little noise of
the wings. They appear to be " soft '' birds, very easily killed.
The note is a peculiar rasping sound. Specimens were
obtained in W. Yunnan at 7000 feet, and in Kweichow
at 7700 feet.

Ithagenes GEOFFROYi (Cat. B. xxii. p. 269).
This Blood-Pheasant is common in many parts of N.W.
Yunnan and W. Szechuen.

* [The following- interestiug iield-iiotes are contributed by Captain H.
E. Davies, Oxfordshire Light Infantry, and are based on observations made
during two journeys in Western China — the first in 1898-99 in the
Northern Shaa States and Yunnan ; the second in 1899-1900 along the
western borders of Yunnan and Szechuen, and thence eastward to the
Yaugtse.

Specimens of all the birds except the Crossoptilon and Francolin have
been received and identified, and as regards these there can be little
doubt to what species they belong.— F. W. Styan, Shanghai.]

observed in Western China. 409

All the country north of lat, 27° 45' and west of long.
102°, though nominally part of China, is physically and
ethnologically Tibetan.

The Blood-Pheasants are usually found in coveys of from
ten to twenty. Their call begins with one very long-drawn
wheezy whistle, followed by four that are sharper.

They run fast and are difficult to flush ; if forced to rise,
they soon pitch again. Their plumage must be very strong,
as I found several times that when plainly hit while running,
with No. 6 shot, they appeared little the worse. I have
never seen them at elevations below 11,000 feet, and they
seem to keep just below the snow-line, which varies at dif-
ferent times of year. They appear to be confined to the forest,
and I have never met with them on the bare tops of the
ranges : they were common in all parts of the country that
were suitable to them, especially along the road from Yerkalo,
lat. 29°, long. 99°, north-eastward to the Upper Yangtse.

Crossoptilon tibetanum (Cat. B. xxii. p. 293).

These Eared Pheasants, large white birds with dark-
coloured tails, were common in the same sort of localities as
the Blood-Pheasants. They are found in large coveys and
run very fast, scarcely ever flying, while they are so Avary that
although I saw a great many I could never get near enough
for a shot. Their call is a very loud harsh crow, which can
be heard for a mile or two. They keep to high altitudes and
are often found in the snow. The furthest south that 1
have seen them is a little above lat. 28° to the N.E. of
Chung-tien.

Tetraophasis szechenyii (Cat. B. xxii. p. 103).

Found in similar localities to those inhabited by the last-
mentioned species, but not so commonly; it lives in coveys.
The call is a crow like that of the Eared Pheasant, but
much less loud and harsh. I have twice heard whole parties
crowing together, yet apparently not from alarm, as in both
cases they were a long way oft' and had not seen or heard me.

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. 2e

410 On Birds observed in Western China.

I have noticed them in N.W. Yunnan between Pong-tse-lei
and A-ten-tse, and also further north on the road from Yer-
ka-lo towards Batang.

Perdix sipanica (Cat. B. xxii. p. 195).

The Sifan Partridges I shot near Dzongun (W. Szechuen),
lat. 29° ]5', long. 99° 15', at an elevation of 11,600 feet.
They were in a covey of five, in a dry valley covered with
scrubby bushes, were easily flushed, and flew well.

Francolinus chinensis (Cat. B. xxii. p. 136).

I found the Chinese Prancolin chiefly in the lower-lying
parts of Yunnan, towards the borders of Burma and Tongkiug.
It is specially numerous in the valley of the Salween. I
heard a few calling at Tung-hai, between Yunnan-fu and
Tongkiug (6200 feet), but I do not think it is common at
such an elevation.

Bambusicola eytchii (Cat. B. xxii. p. 257).

Fytche's Bamboo-Partridge I have only seen once in
Yunnan ; this was in the Mekong Valley below 4000 feet.
I have met with the birds several times in the Northern Shan
States, usually in coveys of five or six among thick jungle,
where they are difficult to flush without a dog. They rise
with a sort of whistling scream, and occasionally fly up into
the trees.

Merganser squamatus Gould (Cat. B. xxvii. p. 478) *.

This bird was observed in Yunnan near Lung-ling, lat. 24°
30', long. 98° 30', at 4000 feet, and near Yunnan-fu at 6000
feet. It is common in the high-lyiug plains of Yunnan, and
I have seen it at 14,000 feet in the Tibetan part of Western
Szechuen.

* [One of the examples obtained in Yunnan is now in the British
Museum, and has been compared with the type and witli those collected
by Capt. Wingate {cf. Ibis, 1900, p. 602). It is not sexed, but is in the
plumage of a female, and is perhaps immature, and in this state is
hardly to be distinguished from the Common Goosander ; the species
can, however, be recognised by the double crest. As no specimens were
brought back from Szechuen, it is impossible to say to which form they
belonged.— F. W. S.]

On Indian Birds' Eggs. 411

XXX. — On Indian Birds' Eggs and their Variations,
By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.-:^

It is only of late years tliat naturalists have begun to
assign much importance to birds' eggs from any point of
view. Now, however, it is beginning to dawn on many of
them that the colour, the texture, and even the shape of these
may have some connexion with, and may assist in deter-
mining, the classification of birds. It is therefore very
interesting to note all individual differences in birds' eggs
and, further, their generic and family variations. The
subject, however, opens up so vast a field that it behoves us
to take only a very fragmentary portion on which to dilate,
otherwise we may wander from the infinite individual variety
shown in the Guillemots' eggs to the very startling contrasts
shown in those of Cetti's Warbler, and may cover the whole
world and yet not make much advance. Here, in India, if
we confine our attention to the Passerine birds, ample and
interesting work may be found to occupy an indefinite time
If we take up the ' Fauna of British India ' (Oates and
Bhmford) and turn to the very first family, the Corvidce,
that is to say the Crows and their nearest allies, we find
that Oates has divided it into three subfamilies, containing,
firstly, the Ravens, Crows, Magpies, and Nutcrackers, which
he unites in the subfamily Corvina, or typical Crows ;
secondly, the Parince, or Titmice ; and thirdly, the Paradox-
urniihincB, or birds which he designates Crow-Tits.

Everyone, of course, knows what a common Indian Crow's
egg is like, and we find that in those of the Corvince there
is a strong family likeness in all cases. An objector may
pick np a Crow's egg and then one of the common Indian
Magpie {Dendrocitta rufa^ and ask wherein the resemblance
lies. It is there all the same : first let him get a series of
these eggs and he will find some more typically Crow-like
than others ; then let him collect a series belonging to the

* Keprinted from ' The A^ian Sporting Newspaper ' of October 16th,
1900. With corrections and additions by the Author.

2e 2

412 Mr. C. E. Stuart Baker on Indian

Cissce, or Green IMagpies, and to the Garruli, or Jays, and
he will find that he can obtain an ahnost unbroken gradation
of colouring from the most typical Crowd's egg to the most
aberrant one of Dendrocitta.

Eggs, therefore, in the Corvina bear out the classification
obtained by other means.

Next come the Parince. In this subfamily the eggs are very
characteristic. The colour ranges from a pure white, which is
exceptional, to a faint pinkish white densely speckled with red,
sometimes so dark as to appear black. In texture the shell
is remarkably constant, being smooth, but not highly glossed,
and often somewhat porous, while the shape is typically a
broad, obtuse oval. This subfamily calls for no remark.

The third subfamily, or Poraduxormthince , is by far the most
interesting ; but, unfortunately, it is also the least known.
It contains a number of birds, which in general outward
structure are sui generis ; their most typical characteristic
being undoubtedly the bill, which is short and very deep,
though variable in these respects. In plumage, and in the
structure of the wings and tail, they seem to belong rather
to the CrateropodulcB than to the Corvidce. Again, in habits —
and I am very well acquainted with several members of the
constituent genera — the birds are distinctly far nearer to
Babblers of some sort than to either Crows or Titmice.

Now let us see what the eggs tell us. First, w^e are met
with the remarkable fact that this subfamily contains birds
which lay eggs of absolutely different types. In Conostoma,
Paradoxnrnis, and Scoiorhynchus the ground-colour is white
or nearly so, in the latter case merely tinted with some shade
of yellow, grey, or brown. The markings consist of indefinite
specks, spots, blotches, and cloudings of grey, sienna-brown,
dull purple, and lavender ; in !>ome specimens they may be
very sparse indeed (I have one of Paradoxornis flavirostris
which is almost wliitej, in others rather dense, but there
is a regular gradation between all the variations. In Suthora,
the fourth Indian genus of this subfamily, the eggs are in
colour like those of the Hedge-Sparrow. Very few of them
indeed have been taken, but all yet found, whether in India,

Birds' Eggs and their Variations. 41^

Chiua^ or Malaya^ have been of this colour^ and we must
accejit it as a fact that they are blue, surprising as it may be.
Now none of these eggs bear any resemblance to those of
either Tits or Crows, — nor are any of the nests like theirs ;
on the other hand, they do bear a very strong resemblance to
certain eggs of the Crateropodida. Those of the first-named
three genera are, in character, shape, and texture, extremely
like some laid by the Tit-Babblers, such as Mandelli^s Tit-
Babbler [Schoeniparus mandellii), and in character and shape
like some belonging to the Yellow-eyed Babblers (Pgctorhis).

The lovely blue eggs of Suthora are like many Cratero-
podine eggs, such as those of the White-eyes ^.

The nests of the members of all the genera of this sub-
family are wonderfully alike, and approach more nearly those
of the Babblers than those of the Crows.

We therefore learu that Scaorhynchus is nearer Paradox-
ornis than is Suthora, and that the position of these two
genera in ^The Fauna of British India ^ should be reversed.
Furthermore, the eggs and nests in the subfamily show
affinities not to the Corvidce, but to the Crater opodidce, and
when taken in conjunction with the habits and manners,
and in the absence of internal anatomical evidence to the
contrary, prove, I think, that it is to the latter family that
it must be allied.

The next family is the Crateropodidce, a huge series,
containing in Oates's book no less than 253 species, while
more have since been obtained, bringing the number up to
the vast total of 258.

This great mass has been divided into five subfamilies,
which we will take one by one. The first is the Crateropod-
ince, which contains the birds known as Laughing Thrushes,
Babblers (of the " Seven-sisters " kind), and Scimitar
Babblers. Now the characteristic point about the oology
of this subfamily is that the eggs are whole-coloured, i. e.,
they are all white or all blue ; but amongst the diflercBt
genera there is one in which the eggs of certain members
are sometimes wholly blue and sometimes spotted, and of
* Mr. Oattis places Zosterops in his Crateropodidce.

414 Mr. C. E. Stuart Baker on Indian

others always spotted. I refer to the Laughing Thrushes
of the genus Trochalopterum, a handsome group of birds
usually furnished with fine colour on the wing, in many
cases not unlike the speculum of a duck, hut of course never
metallic.

NoAv the strongest affinities shown by this genus are un-
doubtedly to GarruXaoe and laathuchicla, typical Laughing
Thrushes, all laying whole-coloured eggs ; but, on the
other hand, I think, the individual birds show certain
characteristics found in members of other subfamilies,
notably in Act'uiodura, and less so in Lioptila and Sibia —
all of which genera belong to the subfamily Brachypterygincs,
and lay spotted eggs, yet make nests very similar to those of
Trochalopterum. We may therefore consider that this
genus forms the connecting link between the first subfamily
and the others.

If we admit this, it would necessitate the alteration of the
order in which the genera are placed by Gates, and they
might be arranged thus : — (1) Xiphorhamplms, (2) Pomato-
rhinus, R\i(\ (3) lanthocincla, laying white eggs; (4) Dryo-
nastes and (5) Garrulax, laying either white or blue eggs ;
(6) Argya, (7) Crateropus, (8) Grammatoptila, and (9) Stacto-
cichht, all laying whole-coloured blue eggs ; and finally
Trochalopterum, the birds of which genus lay either whole-
coloured blue eggs or else have them more or less spotted
and speckled.

As regards the two genera which lay either white or blue
eggs, I can suggest no natural division following the color-
ation; but future workers on this subject should note that
the white-headed Laughing Thrushes not only lay eggs which
are white, but which are also totally different in texture and
shape from those of any other Laughing Thrushes with the
one exception of Dryonastes galbanus.

The gloss on the eggs in these two genera varies in extent
from intense brilliance in the Rufous-necked Laughing
Thrush to comparative dullness in the Necklaced Laughing-
Thrushes. The smoothness again varies to the same extent,
and the porousness of the shell and closeness of texture in

Bii'ds' Eggs and their Variations. 415

much the same degree. The shells in the white-headed birds^
however, are far denser, harder, and more polished, though
not so glossy as in some other cases ; and the surface, if
examined very carefully, wil. be found to be much pitted, a
characteristic which I have noted in no other egg in this
subfamily except in that of Dryonastes galbaaus.

It is very curious to note that both the above-mentioned
genera lay two varieties of eggs, as they are naturally
linked together by Austen^s Laughing Thrush, which itself
lays eggs either pure white, or of the distinct yet pale blue
of the egg of the Rufous-necked Laughing Thrush.

We are hence led naturally, according to the egg system, into
the TimeMnce, the members of which normally lay spotted
eggs. Examining this group, we find that there is one genus
which does not usually do so, viz. Stachyris, which consists
(so far as India is concerned) of three little birds, two of
which, the Golden Babbler and the Allied Babbler, are
practically identical, and the last is the Black-throated
Babbler. Now, this genus Stachyris formerly contained
other species, which lay spotted eggs, but Oates — partly for
that reason — formed them into a new genus Stachyridopsis.
I now find, however, that all the members of the first-named
genus sometimes lay spotted eggs also. I have several
clutches of those of the Golden Babbler in my collection
which are distinctly spotted, in one case almost profusely ;
and I have also an egg of the Black-throated Babbler which
has faintly discernible marks on it (this and one other are
the only spotted specimens I have seen among some three
or four hundred clutches assigned to the latter bird).

In this genus Stachyris, wliicli sometimes lays spotted,
though generally pure white eggs, we have the connecting
link with the last subfamily.

The third subfamily, Brachypterygince, is of a rather mixed
nature, and contains certain birds the position of which will
have to be altered.

Broadly speaking, the eggs in this group are marked in some
way, with the exception of those o1 Hodgsonius, Larvivora, and
the White-eyes [Zosterops). The Short-wings {Brachypteryx

416 Mr. C. E. Stuart Baker on Indian

and Drymochares) lay eggs totally difFereiit from those of
the rest, and they may be roughly described as being pale olive-
brown — that is to say, the ground-colour is a pale stone or
greenish-grey, almost obliterated by a very fine freckling
of some shade of olive-brown. These birds, it has been
ascertained, first by Mr. A. G. Cardew as regards Brachy-
pteryx, and then by myself as regards Dryinochares, are
Thrushes, the young having the plumage of that family;
they have therefore to be eliminated, not only from the
subfamily, but from the family Ci'ateropodidce altogether.

As regards Larvivora and Hodgsonius I dare not venture
to give an opinion beyond saying that I believe it will
eventually be found that they cannot be placed here.

Another genus, Myiophoneus, may also have to be placed
with the Thrushes. It makes nests and lays eggs much
like theirs, but it cannot be said that the young are very
Thrush-like.

The fourth subfamily {Liotrichin(s) contains a hetero-
geneous assemblage of birds, the majority of which are
probably, if not certainly, of this family, but are rather
difficult to place with exactitude. All lay spotted eggs
except the Fire-cap {Cephalupyrus), but beyond this the eggs
have little in common. That beautiful genus of rare birds
the Shrike-Babblers [Pterutltius) shows afiinities in some
respects to the Crow-Tits and also to birds of many other
families. The nests are fragile-looking cradles, pendent
as a rule; the eggs are white and sparsely spotted.

The loras are little green flufty creatures which rejoice
in the distinction of being the only birds that lay eggs
marked with pure gre}^, unmixed with red.

Chloropsis contains the " Green Bulbuls,'^ as they were
called in Jcrdon's day, and their affinities are all, I
believe, with the true Bulbuls ; but certain differences may
entitle them to be kept apart, and in this case they should,
with one or two other genera, form another subfamily. Their
eggs, of a veiy pale pinkish white, are more or less speckled
with darker pink and claret-colour, or with a few spots verging
upon black ; they are distinctly Crateropodine in character.

Birds' Egcjs and their Variations. 417

Melanochlora contains but one species^ formerly known as
the ^' Sultan-Tit." Tbe nidification of this bird shows that
its former taxonomic position was probably correct ; the nest
is similar to that of those Tits which build in holes and
hollows, and the eggs are true Tits' eggs, and can be very
closely matched by many specimens of those of the genus
MachlohpJius. This bird should also, I consider, be with-
drawn from the Liotnchince and placed in the subfamily
Parina, along with the true Titmice.

Psarof/lossa spiloptera has commonly been considered a
Starling, and this it undoubtedly is in habits as well as in
nidification. The nest is that of a Myna or Starling, and
is placed in holes and hollows in trees. The egg is blue
and is spotted ; in general characters it shows strong
affinities to those of the Mynas and the Eidahetidce or Hill-
Mynas. This species, also, should be removed from the
Liotrichine '' rubbish hole,^^ and exalted to its former and
proper position amongst the Sturnince.

Hypocolius ampelinus is a bird of which I know little,
but the observations of Mr. Gumming seem to show that it
comes very near the Bulbuls, and hence probably its right
place is next to them.

The subfamily Brachypodime, or Bulbuls, is one that calls
for no remark, as almost every egg laid by any of the
members bears its stamp upon it. All have the ground-
colour of some shade of pink, though it is sometimes
practically white, and all are marked with shades of red aud
brown, the predominant colour being red of some kind,

The family Sittidce, or Nuthatches, is a small group con-
taining, in India, only the single genus Sitta, while the habits
of all ihe species are alike, and the nidification aud eggs
practically the same — that is to say, all lay white eggs, more
or less spotted with red, in holes of trees or rocks. The
main difference of habit is that some reduce the dimensions
of the entrances to their nest-holes by means of a mud
plaster, and others leave them as found, or enlarge them to
suit their own convenience.

The next family, the Drongos or Drongo- Shrikes {Dicru-

418 Mr. C. E. Stuart Baker on Indian

ridce), is placed by Oates in an isolated position between the
Siffkhe and Certhiidfe, with neither of which it has any
naliu'al connexion. It is probable that the most casual
observer, on watching the "■ King-Crow," as it is popularly
termed, would consider it a " Flycatcher," and did he hold
it in his hand hs would probably call it a Shrike. Many
naturalists would agree with the latter view, and in fact the
Drongos are generally placed with the Shrikes or close to them.
Here again the natural position of the bird is borne out by the
nidification and eggs. Certainly the nest of the ordinary
King-Crow may not be much like that of the Black-headed
or other common Shrike, but let us look a little further afield
and see whether we cannot find similar structures built by
other acknowledged forms of that group. How about the
Cuckoo-Shrikes ? Here at once we find nests very similar to
those of the King-Crows. How about the fabrics of those
lovely little Shrikes, the Minivets ? Discard from these a
little of the outermost lichen and we have neat and tiny
facsimiles of the nests of Dicrurus, Chaptia, and other forms
of the Dicrur'ida.

This suffices for the nests, and we may turn to the eggs.
The Drongos lay eggs which are normally pink, either pale
or warm in tint, and are spotted, speckled^ and blotched to a
variable extent with shades of red and brown. Many of
them can be matched in all but size with those of Lanius
nigriceps, the Blnck-headed Shrike, and others of the family.
The little Bronzed Drongo lays eggs which are sometimes
quite undistinguishable from those of Shrikes, and at other
times are practically the same as the eggs of the Paradise Fly-
catcher and its nearest allies. Indeed, it would probably be
possible to place on a table three clutches of eggs of the
Paradise Fly-catcher [Terpsiphone paradisea), the Bronzed
T> vow^o {Chaptin (enea), and the Bay-backed Shrike {Lanius
vittutus) respectively, which no one but an expert could tell
apart, for, not only in coloration are they similar, but in
shape and texture as well.

The family Certhiida, which, as I have already said, forms
the upper half of the Drougo " sandwich," contains the

Birds' Eggs and their Variations. 419

Creepers and Wreiis^ and possibly has not many natural
affinities to wliicli any weight can be attached. The mem-
bers lay white eggs^ either plain or spotted with red_, and
one genus of the Wrens [Anortkura) varies in this respect.

There are^ however, some very remarkable forms in this
family which deserve notice, viz., Salpornis, Tichodroma,
and Sj)henocichla. Salpornis will probably prove to be a
Creeper. To quote Oates : '' But the most remarkable
feature about Salpornis is that it builds a cup-shaped nest
on a branch of a tree, thus deviating entirely from the habits
of all other Creepers.'^ The eggs, too, are said to be greenish-
white, with a zone of blackish specks about the larger end^
while some of the marks are sparsely found elsewhere.

Sphenocichla was until recently practically an unknown
quantity, but I found its nest in 1899, and the eggs are
typical Creepers^ eggs, except that they are pure white and
huge for the size of the birds.

The Regulidce form a tinj family utilized by Oates for the
reception of the Gold-crests, of which there are but four
species, the common English form extending to India.
Its nest and eggs are typically those of a Wren, and its
position, as placed by Oates between the Wrens and Warblers,
seems most appropriate.

When we come to the Warblers we are at once introduced
to a great number of birds, on the whole far more inti-
mately connected structurally than are the Crateropodidce, yet
showing infinite diversity in their nidification and oology,
though, as a rule, the various genera lay eggs which may be
assigned to their owners without much chance of failure.

To take these in order, we get such eggs as those laid by
Orthotomus, Cisticola, Franklinia, Scotocerca, Fhyller gates,
and Suya, which are spotted (as a rule), and all shew a certain
family resemblance, yet may be fairly picked out by their
generic distinctions. Then we have the remarkable eggs
of the Horornis group, including those oiHoreites and Neornis,
which may be roughly described as purplish or chocolate.

The Phylloscopus group, or " Willow- Warblers " as they
are commonly called, may be said to include the beautiful

420 Mr. C. E. Stuart Baker on Indian

little " Fly-catcher Warblers/' all laying pure white or red-
spotted eggs.

But besides these generic groups there are certain genera
the members of which lay the most singularly contrasted
eggs. Most prominent of all these is undoubtedly Prinia,
which contains seven species, principally famous for having
shorter tails in the summer than in the winter. Now of
these seven forms two lay eggs which are coloured brilliant
biick-red, while the other five lay blue or blue-green eggs,
speckled, spotted, or blotched with dark colours.

The nests, however, are often facsimiles of one another,
and the only characteristic at all noticeable in the birds them-
selves is that, whereas the two " red-egg-layers " are rather
brightly-coloured, handsome birds, the others are very plain
and inconspicuous.

This family also contains certain birds which lay eggs of a
great variety of colours, notably Ortholomus and Franklinia,
but more especially is this the case with the latter. In my
own collection I have no less than thirteen varieties laid
by Franklinia, including pure white and pure blue eggs,
with all sorts of tints and spottings. But in no case are
the markings bold, and I think that T could always tell an
egg of this genus.

To go into greater detail about this family would take up
too much space, so we wnll proceed to the Shrikes {Laniidm),
which comprise two subfamilies, viz., the true Shrikes
{Laniince) and the Swallow- Shrikes {Artaminae). It has
already been noted that the Drongos should probably form a
third subfamily [Dicrurince) of this group, so we will pass
on without further remarks on this subject.

The genus Lanius is almost world-wide, and everywhere
the egg of the Shrike bears its stamp as such. From
this genus we pass, by a beautiful gradation in colouring,
through the Wood-Shrikes, Cuckoo-Shrikes, and Minivets
to the extreme outsider of the group, known as the Great
Grey Cuckoo-Shrike or large Cuckoo-Shrike {Gr-aucalus
macii). This fine species makes a nest very much of the
character of that of the Minivets, without the neatness and

Birds' Eggs and their Variations. 431

the lichen-adornments so mucli utilized by the latter birds.
It lays pale greenish-grey or green eggs, very profusely covered
with brown and purple markings o£ a longitudinal character,
the general aspect of the egg being dark green.

The Swallow-Shrikes also lay eggs of a distinctly Shrike-
like type, though they vary inter se very greatly.

The Orioles {Oriolidce), which succeed the Shrikes, but
with which they have little, if any, connexion, compose a
very well-defined family. They all make similar nests, and
lay eggs any one of which would practically serve for that
of another species, though distinguishable iu some cases by
an expert.

After the Orioles, according to Oates, come the Enlubetidce
and Styrnid(e,i\\c first containing theGrackles or Hill-Mynas,
and the second the true Mynas and Starlings.

The only difference between the two families from an
oologist's point of view is that one lays plain blue eggs and
the other spotted. Even this, however, is a matter of degree,
for the Indian Grackle sometimes lays eggs which are prac-
tically unspotted. Very likely these two groups should only
be considered as subfamilies of the Sturnuke, and, as already
mentioned, Psaroglossa should be incorporated with the
EidabetincB.

The Fly-catchers (Musicapidce) are contained in 17 genera,
and there is considerable diversity in their eggs, but a grada-
tion, both of colour and tint, can be obtained from one
extreme to the other.

Thus green olive-tinted examples iu Cyornls may be
graded into those of Siphia, and thence into those of
Stoparola, Niltava, and finally into the pink-spotted eggs of
the Paradise Fly-catchers. On the other hand, the specimens
in Cyornis maybe graded into those oi Alseonax, CuJicicapa,
andRhipidura, but the majority of the genera have the eggs
fairly characteristic.

The Ttirdida, or Thrushes, constitute another very large
family divided into various subfamilies, which may be
designated Chats {Saxicolince) , Redstarts (Ruticillina) , True
Thrushes {Turdina), Dippers or Water-Ouzels {Cinclin(s),

422 On Indian Birds' Eggs.

and Hedge-Sparrows [Accentorina). Now the only sub-
division which calls for remark is the last but one, viz., the
Dippers. Everyone knows what a common Thrush's or
Blackbird's egg is like, and to these two types all those of the
normal Tnrdidte bear some relation, the most aberrant being
those of certain Bush-Chafs and Fork-tails. The Dippers,
however, lay pure white eggs, rather long in shape, and of a
beautiful, smooth texture. This subfamily should probably
be raised to the rank of a family. If we take the other
subfamilies in detail we shall find that the only one calling
for comment is the Ruticillinae . Here we have a marvellous
variety of colouring in the mottled eggs of the Fork-tails, the
salmon-coloured of A' otodela, the blue of Tarsiger and others,
the olive-brown of the Nightingale, and the green of the
Dayal and Sliama.

Even here, hoAvever, the extremes have some connecting
links with one another, and in no case do we find a white,
or nearl}' white, egg.

The family Ploceidce calls for a few remarks. All Indian
species of both the subfamilies — Weaver-birds {Phceime)
and Munias [Vididnce) — lay white eggs, except the genus
Ploceella, which has them sometimes pure white, but more
often greyish or purplish grey in ground-colour, more or
less marked with dark shades of brown.

The family FringilHdce, again, may be passed over without
comment, the three subfamilies which it contains, viz., the
Grosbeaks (Coccothr-austince) , the Finches [FringiUina) , and
the Buntings {Emherizino'^, all laying eggs very typical of
their kind. Nevertheless, in the second subfamily they
range from the sparsely-marked Goldfinch's egg to the
densely-marked Sparrow's.

The Swallows {Hirundinidae) call for no notice; they lay
either white or more or less spotted eggs, while certain
forms, such as the Cliff- Swallows, lay eggs Avhich are some-
times of one description and sometimes of the other.

The Wagtails [MotacUl'nhe) and the Larks {Alaud'idce)
shew their very close connexion with one another in their
nidification quite as much as in other respects, and throughout
the two families the resemblance of the eggs is very strong.

On the Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 423

After these Mr. Gates places the Sun-birds or Nectarinudce,
Avhicli he divides into two subfamilies, the true Sun-birds
[Nectaninee) and the Spider-hunters {Arachnotfierifue) .

In the first group we have birds laying white eggs more or
less spotted and marked with grey and broAvn or reddish-
brown. In ^tliopyga the markings are usually sparse, but
in some cases they are fairly dense. In Arachnecthra they
become far more so ; indeed some eggs in this genus look
very much as if they were of an uniform grey-brown. Now,
it is curious that these very nearly approach some eggs of
Arachnothera magna, the Great Spider-hunter, a bird of the
next subfamily; yet the members of that subfamily lay two
distinct types of eggs, which have apparently no connexion
one Avith another. The first type ranges in colour from
a deep and absolutely uniform chocolate-brown to a less
uniform freckly dark grey. This type therefore connects with
the other subfamily through Arachnecthra. On the contrary,
the little Spider-hunter {Arachnothera long'irostris) lays white
or pinkish eggs, faintly marked with darker reddish. This
type connects with the previous subfamily through the most
pink-tinted eggs of the genus jEthopyga. Thus we have the
members of one subfamily with two totally different types
of egg, forming the two extremes of a graded series laid by
those of the previous subfamily. This fact, so far as I can
ascertain, is quite unique in Indian oology.

The Pittidce, or Pittas, lay typical eggs which cannot
well be confounded with those of any other birds ; there
is little variation among them, and no remarks are
necessarv.

XXXI. — The Cage-Birds of Calcutta. By F. Finn, Deputy
Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.

The taste for keeping pet birds is a very old one in India,
exotic forms, such as Cockatoos, having been imported
so long ago as the time of Jehangir, to judge from the
representation of a yellow-crested species in a picture
dating from the reign of that monarch which I had an

424 Mr. F. Finn on the

opportunity of inspecting some time ago. And even to-day
in Calcutta many birds are commonly to be seen in captivity
hailing both' from various parts of India itself and from
other countries, although " the fancy " is no longer what it
was^ and both the demand and supply have dwindled away
sadly. Nevertheless, enough birds are to be seen to arouse
keen interest in English amateurs; and this is especially
noticeable in the case of ^' soft-billed " or insectivorous
and frugivorous forms, which are very extensively kept
in India.

Calcutta rejoices in a very well-known bird-market in
Tiretta Bazaar; and as this is within an easy walk of the
Musenm, I have long been in the habit of paying it frequent
visits. One or two dealers in the Provision Bazaar also
keep cage-birds ; but Tiretta is the leading emporium for pets,
always excepting Mr. W. llutledge^s establishment in South
Road, Entally. There business has been carried on for nearly
half a century, Mr. Rutledge dealing in living animals of
all kinds ; and many very choice birds pass through his
hands, though he naturally does not trouble himself greatly
about the commoner species. To him I have long been
indebted for much information concerning birds and the
methods pursued in keeping them.

Few birds seem to be kept or bred in aviaries here ; small
cages with a single inmate, or larger receptacles containing
several, are chiefly in vogue; and as the objectionable custom
of covering up birds kept for song is almost universally
followed, it is not easy to determine the exact species of the
occupants in many cases, though the note often affords a
clue to the captive^s identity. Cages for small singing-birds
are usually oblong with a vaulted roof, and provided Avith
two perches, or are square with a pyramidal top, containing
only one perch ; they are fitted with large comfortable
handles, as it is the custom to take cage-birds out continually
in order to give them fresh air.

Larger birds are kept in big wicker cages with a domed or
hemispherical top, and Parrots in similar round domiciles
of iron, or chained to iron swings. All native cages have a

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 425

barred floor, instead of the drawer arrangement so familiar
to home amateurs, hut a mat is often provided to cover the
bottom. Food and water- vessels are always placed iuside,
in my opinion very wisely. Sand is not given^ except to
Larks and Partridges.

'^ Soft-hilled " birds are fed on the flour of gram, a kind
of pulse, made up into a paste with ghee (clarified butter).
This "• satoo " seems to suit them very well ; it is supple-
mented, in the case of purely insectivorous species, by a
daily ration of live maggots and grasshoppers. The breeding
of the former and the collection of the latter form the trade
of a number of professional bird-feeders, who, on the receipt
of a small monthly sum, will call daily at the houses of their
patrons and supply insectivorous birds with everything
needful. With the exception of Parrots, few seed-eating
birds are kept simply as pets, and their treatment calls for no
special remark.

Many birds are imported from China, and come over in
excellent condition, being housed in strong but light oblong
or square cages of split bamboo, well put together and fitted
with trays. The insectivorous birds are fed on shelled
millet and small insects, mixed together and given quite
dry and plain ; they thrive excellently on this diet, which is
far better than the mess of " satoo " and repulsive maggots
given here.

From the farther East come chiefly Lories and Cockatoos,
fastened to perches by a wide ring of cocoa-nut shell, through
a hole in the circumference of which the foot of the bird is
slipped — I think by pressing the third toe back against the
shank. Although so closely attached to the perch — which
is merely passed through the ring that plays upon it —
these birds appear to fare well and to keep in good condition.
The Lories are fed upon rice-and-milk sop, which food is
not given to any other birds, so far as I am aware.

It is a curious fact that, to all appearance, the species
brought down from the hills often stand the Calcutta climate
nearly or quite as well as those which naturally inhabit warm
countries. The same remark applies to the few European

SER. Vdl. VOL. I. 2f

426 Mr. F. Finn on the

kinds imported ; some, indeed, of these temperate-climate
species seem to feel the heat less tbaii denizens of tlie tropics.

I am very glad to say tliat, on the whole, the captives
are well treated here. The custom above alluded to, of
wrapping up tlie cages in cloths, is certainly regrettable, but
the general condition of the birds shows that they are well
looked after. Nor are they confined in such a miserably
small space as is sometimes the case in Europe, notably
with Linnets in England.

The importation of foreign birds is not likely, in ray
opinion, to have any great influence on the Indian fauna.
Of course many escape, but these, if they evade the
numerous Crows, ever watcliful for a stranger or a weakling,
are not numerous enough to establish themselves, even if
the climate prove suitable for their propagation. I have
some reason, however, for thinking that the Java Sparrow
(MupJa 07'yzivora) is becoming established here, as in so
many other places. But this need be no matter for regret,
as the species is one of exceptional beauty, and, though it is
undoubtedly destructive in some places, it has never become
a pest in India, where it has existed in a wild state
ever since Jerdon's time. I therefore feel no shame in
confessing to having liberated at different times some scores
of individuals, in the hope of giving it a footing as a wild
species in this part of the country; especially since, being so
numerously imported, so often escaping, and being so well
able to look after itself, it was likely to take up such a position
without deliberate assistance on the part of anyone.

[ will now proceed to treat of the various species of cage-
birds to be met with here under their families as given in the
Bird-volumes of the ' Fauna of British India,' the scientific
nomenclature of wliich 1 shall employ, interpolating the
exotic forms under the names employed in the British
Museum Catalogue of Birds.

Family C o r v i d ^.

Considering the popularity of the members of the Crow-
tribe in England, I was rather surprised to find that in

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 427

Calcutta they did not commonly figure as pet birdti. The
Magpie {Pica rustica) may, howevei'j occasionally be met
with, usually as a Chinese importation, and the common
Indian Tree-Pie {Dendrocitta rvfa) is often to be observed in
the Bazaar. A few Himalayan forms are also pretty regu-
larly brought down — the two species of Urocissa (most often
U. occipitalis), the beautiful Cissa sinensis, Garrulus lanceo-
latus, and sometimes G. bispeciilaris ; while Mr. Rutledge
occasionally gets a few Red-billed Choughs (Fregihis gra-
culus), which actually do not seem to suffer from the heat.
I noticed that these birds looked distinctly larger than the
European specimens I used to see at the London Zoological
Gardens, and had deeper red bills and feet.

Of exotic Corvidee I have seen at Mr. Kutledge^s establish-
ment Corvus australis and the Chinese Corous tor<i[uatus,
while quite lately he had a fine specimen of the Brazilian
Cyanocorax cyauopogun.

Among the Tits the only species I have met with in
confinement is Machlolophus xanthogenys, a few individuals
which had been brought to Calcutta having done very well.

Family Paradiseid^.

Birds of Paradise are of course always scarce and very
expensive, but a few males of the two ordinary yellow-plumed
species [Paradisea apoda and P. minor) have appeared for
sale during the six years I have spent in Calcutta. They
thrive well in confinement, and are much thought of by the
natives, who identify them with the legendary Huma, which
never alights, and confers royalty on whomsoever it chances
to overshadow in its flight ! Mr. Rutledge tells me that the
Araeer sent a man from Cabul on purpose to inspect the
first specimen he obtained^ and to report on its identity with
the bird of tradition.

Family Crateropodidte.

The Babblers and Bulbuls are particularly suitable for
cage-birds, as they bear captivity remai-kably well, and have

2f2

428 Mr. F. Finn on the

many recommendations as pets, especially in the case of the
former.

Most esteemed, perhaps, is the Chinese Jay-Thrush
[Dryonastes sinensis), which is only known here as an
mported bird and under its Chinese name of PeliO. It is a
very fine songster and an excellent mimic. A few arrive from
time to time and find a ready sale. I know of a very good
specimen which is at least 14 years old and certainly shows
no signs of age. Another Chinese bird of this type, and
similarly imported in small numbers, is the Huamei
( Trochalopterum canoruni), also much pi-ized as a songster.

Some common Indian Jay -Thrushes, Garrulax leucoloplius,
G. albiyularis, G. pectoraUs, G. moniliger, Grammatoptila
striata, lanthocincla rufiyidaris, and one or two others, are
pretty regularly brought down in the winter, especially the
first-named, which is in some demand for export.

Other Babblers which also arrive in consignments from
the hills are Pomatorhinus schisticeps, P. erythrogenys, and
Lioptila capistrata, and, among the smaller species, Mesia
argentavris, Siva cyanurojitera, and Yuhina nigriinentum.
None of these, however, come into the market in any
quantity.

The charming little " Pekin Robin " {Liothrix lutea) is
numerously imported in winter — generally from China — and
hence is almost always to be procured. Zosterops simplex is
also a very common captive, and attempts are sometimes made
by Bazaar dealers to pass it off as a " Humming-bird " !

Chloropsis aurifrons, well known as the Hareiva, is often
on view, and is one of the most delightful of cage-birds,
being easily kept, and possessing the recommendation of
being a very clever mimic as well as very ornamental. If
hand-reared, it is very tame ; but individuals vary much
in temper, and some are quite impossible companions for
any small bird, while others are perfectly peaceable. As the
sexes are so much alike in this species, I have not been able to
discover the reason of this difference of disposition, wdiether
it be personal or sexual. The fine Chloropns hardwickii is
comparatively scarce, and C jerdoni is seldom to be had,

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 429

The species of Chloropsis are often called Green Bulbuls,
but they cannot be placed far from Mgithina tiphia, obvi-
ously a small Babbler, which is sometimes kept here (but
rarely, being a delicate species). It is locally known as
"Tofik/^ Another small Timeliiiie form occasionally on sale
is the Gulab-Chasm (red-eye) {Pyctorhis sinensis) — a most
amusing little bird, very impudent, and mischievous when
in company with others.

Of the true Bulbuls, the common Molpastes bengalensis is
by far the most popular captive. It is not so often caged,
however, as tethered to an iron J-shaped perch padded with
cloth, the cord being fastened to a soft string round its body.
This is to further its employment as a fighting-bird, that
being the purpose for which it is commonly kept. Two
individuals are made hungry, and then their jealousy is ex-
cited by offering food to one only, which of course provokes
a fight. The sport is carried on during the winter, after
which the birds are released, with the exception of such as
have proved worthy of maintenance for the future.

This is the only species employed in such a way, but
several other Bulbuls may be seen caged, especially the
almost equally abundant Otocompsa emeria. O. flaviventris
comes to hand occasionally in small numbers, and some-
times considerable supplies of Molpastes leucotis, M. leuco-
gemjs, and the Chinese Pycnonotus sinensis arrive, but these
cannot be reckoned on. A few examples of Hypsipetes
psaroides, Hemixus flavala, and H. macclellandi have been
brought down in the winter of late years.

Before leaving the Crateropodidse, I should mention that
a few specimens of the splendid Myioplioneus temmincki
have passed through Mr. Rutledge's hands, and that lately my
friend Mr. E. W. Harper secured from him a fine imported
specimen of the Chinese M. cceruleus, which he has sent to the
London Zoological Gardens. But undoubtedly the members
of this fine genus are wrongly placed in this family, being
certainly true Thrashes. The distinction between them and
the Babblers is perfectly obvious to any bird-keeper or field-
naturalist, however hard it may be to make out from skins.

430 Mr. F. Finn on the

Family Die rurid^e.

Only one bird of this family is commonly kept here — the
Bhimraj [Dissemurus paradiseus) ; but few specimens are
brought iuj and these are hand-reared birds in poor con-
dition, which seldom live long, as they require — but do not
usually get — a very large cage. This species is, as Jerdon
3orrectly remarks, an excellent mimic. I have even heard
that it will occasionally talk, and I have myself known one
individual that could imitate the song of a canary to per-
fection, and also mew like a cat ; while another with which
I am at present acquainted not only possesses the latter
accomplishment, but whistles two or three lines of a song
with absolute accuracy of execution.

The Kesraj [Chibia hottentotta) is sometimes on sale,
but is not popular, so far as I know; the Dhouli {Dicrurus
C(Brulescens) is occasionally to be procured, and is said to
whistle very well.

Family L a n i i d ^.

The Indian members of this family are hardly ever caged
here, though some consignments of Minivets (Pericrocotus
speciosus and P. brevirustris) have arrived but have not
thriven.

The Australian Crow-Shrikes or Magpies [Gymnor/nna
leucunota and G. tibicen) are, however, not unfrequently
imported; they thrive well and fetch good prices on account
of their well-known whistling and talking abilities. I lately
saw a specimen in the possession of Mr. Rutledge which
had pale grey on one side of the back and black on the other
this was, I presume, a hybrid between the two species.

Family ORioLiDvii.

Orioles are not generally kept, and the few that are to
be seen do not thrive well, especially the common Oriolus
melanocephalus. O. trailli bears confinement far better than
the yellow species, being less restless. It also looks very
different from them in life, as it keeps the head-feathers

Cage- Birds of Calcutta. 431

erect, and has a more upright carriage, iu addition to its
striking light-yellow irides. The eyes o£ young birds are,
however, dark brown.

Family Eulabetid^.

The common Hill- or Talking-Mynah (Eulabes intermedia)
is one of the best-known cage-birds in Calcutta, being
brought into the Bazaar by scores at a time, which include
both adult and newly-fledged specimens. As everyone knows,
some of these birds are very fine talkers, but I have only
heard one that was really good, whose imitation of the
human voice was perfect. They often prove but short-
lived pets, and I am inclined to think that the " satuo "-diet
is too rich for these fruit-eating birds, as they usually
seem to die in fits, and those I have handled have been very
plump and heavy and were probably unduly fat. Recently
I saw one with a nearly white iris, the only such specimen I
have ever observed among a great number of individuals
from India and the Andamans. The smaller Talking-
Mynah {E. religiosa) is not often caged here, and I have
seen no other bird of this family in captivity.

Family S t u r n i d iE.

As might be expected where the family is so well
represented, the various Starlings and Mynahs are often seen
caged. Much the commonest of them is the ordinary
Arr'idotheres tristis, which is even more commonly kept
than Eulabes inttrniedia, and sometimes talks nearly or
quite as well. It also becomes so tame that it may be
allowed full liberty. I have seen several more or less
perfect albinos of this species in confinement ; two very
curious specimens are at present in the Calcutta Zoological
Garden, for which I procured tliem from Mr. llutledge.
Both were white when he first obtained them, but one has
now completely assumed the normal coloration of the species,
and the other has partly done so. A similar phenomenon
occurred with a common Babbler (^Crater opus canorus)
recently in his possession, which unfortunately escaped.

432 Mr. F. Finn on the

Another common Starling {Sturnopastor contra) is fre-
quently seen caged^ and from its very sweet liquid notes is
certainly better suited than any other of its family for a
pet. It does not appear to have been noticed that the
coloration of the soft parts of the young of this species is
quite different from that of the adult, the hill and legs being
black, with the inside of the former orange, while in old
birds the legs are white and the bill orange and white, with
the inside of the mouth black.

All the other common Indian Starlings may be seen at times
caged in Calcutta, namely : — Acridotheres ginginianus,
^thiopsar fuscus, Sturnus menzbieri, Pastor roseus, Teme-
nuchus pagodarum, and Sturnia malabarica. The last two
are known as Paivi, and this title is shared by Sturnia
andamanensis, which is occasionally imported and is called
" Sada Paivi," Sada meaning " white. ^' Graculipica nigricollis
is also brought in small numbers from China, The male is
a most amusing bird, with his habit of erecting his crest and
bowing and muttering to visitors.

Family Muscicapid^.

The only Flycatchers I have seen in captivity here are
Stoparola melanops and Niltava sundara, of which a few have
been brought down from the North and have thriven very
well on the so^o-and-maggot regime.

Family T u r d i d iE.

As in other countries, the birds of this family are popular
captives here. In fact, if a census of the cage-birds of
Calcutta were taken, I should expect the Shama {Cittocincla
macrura) to come very near the head of the list, as it is
extensively kept, and thoroughly deserves its popularity on
account of its splendid song. Indeed, after the common
Green Parrot, it might, I think, be called the characteristic
cage-bird here. Many individuals are also sent to Europe,
where the species is yearly becoming better appreciated.
Both wild-caught birds and hand-reared fledglings, still in
the mottled plumage of immaturity, appear in the shops

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 433

of the dealers^ while the great majority of the birds exposed
for sale are males. A few females may, however, be seen,
being presumably hand-reared birds, whose sex could not
be determined at first. These have given me the opportunity
of observing that this favourite songster is a most pugnacious
bird ; the cocks will at once fight if put together, and so
will the hens. At the same time, old wild-caught cocks and
young sjiotted birds arrive, in many cases at least, in cages
containing half a dozen or more, though Shamas are more
usually brought in long wicker-cages divided by bars into
separate partitions for the several inmates.

Other small Turdid?e not uncommonly kept are the
"J)\iydi\" [Copsychus saularis) and tlie"Pidha" (Pratincola
cajjrata). Chhnarrhornis leucocephaJa is also occasionally
brought down from the hills in winter. The " Bulbul
bostlia,'^ or true Eastern Nightingale (Daulias golzi), is
sparingly imported at this season, the birds fetching high
prices — from fifty to two hundred rupees. I am told that a
man will come all the way from Cabul with a few^ of these
much-esteemed birds as his main venture.

Of the large Indian Tnrdidee the only species at all
frequent in captivity here are the '^ Kastura ^^ {Turdus
boulboul) a,\\d the ^^Dama" (Geocichla citrma), and I have
not seen many even of these. A few English Song-Thrushes
{Turdus musicus) have been imported, and do fairly well, but
I have noticed that they arc very liable to an overgrowth
of the scaly covering of the feet. A silly attempt is now
being made to introduce the Song-Thrush and Blackbird
into Darjeeling, which is already well stocked with more
attractive species of birds, especially Lioptila capistrata and
Liothrix lutea.

Family PLOCEiDiE.

The typical Weavers of the genus Ploccus all occur com-
monly in the Bazaar, except the true P. megarhynchus (see
Ibis, 1901, p. 29), which is unknown to the dealers. P. utri-
gula (P. megarhynchus of the ' Fauna of British India ') is
often brought in as a young bird, and evidently breeds near

434 Mr. F. Fiun on the

here. P. haya is only known as a bird brought down from
Lucknow, most of the specimens being males. Many of that
sex of P. atriyula show a few yellow feathers on the breast
when in full plumage.

Foudia madagascariensis used to be occasionally imported
in very small numbers, but I have not seen any lately.

Of the small Munias and Waxbills^ Spoi'ceginthus amayi-
dava, Munia atricapilla, Uroloncha punctulata, and U. niala-
barica are all very common, as might be expected. Stictospiza
formosa, Munia malacca, and Uroloyicha striata are much less
often seen, but may be obtained now and then. Intermediate
forms between M. malacca and M. atricapilla often occur,
and are doubtless hybrids. Wild specimens of Uroloncha
acaticaudu are rarely seen, l)ut the domesticated Japanese
race (known to home amateurs as the " Bengalee ") is con-
stantly present in th(> Bazaar, in one or other of its three
forms — the brown-and-white (grading completely into the
wild type), the fawn-and-vvhite, and the pure white, the last
being the rarest. It is somewhat curious that no form exists,
apparently, intermediate between the fawn-and-white and
broAvn-and-white types, but a similar broad distinction exists
between the cinnamon and green forms of the domestic
Canary.

Of the small exotic Ploccidic, Munia maja, M. castanei-
tliorax, Taniopygia castanotis, and Estrelda astrild are the
most common ; l)ut Po'ephila mirabilis, P. gouldice, P. acuti-
caudu, and P. cincta have been imported, the two former
most frequently and the latter only quite recently, together
with /Edemosyne modest a.

Erythrura prasina, though occurring in our empire, is of
course only known here as an imported bird, and does not
usually do well.

I have in my prefatory remarks already alluded to the
Java Sparrow as a commonly introduced bird, and now need
only mention that the more or less pure white domestic
form from Japan is even more constantly an occupant of the
dealers' cages, presumably because it sells at a much higher
price, and is therefore not so readily disposed of.

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 435

Family F r i n g i l l i d ^e.

The ubiquitous Canary is, of course, a very common cage-
bird in Calcutta^ and will probably tend to displace many
native species in tlie atieetions of the people. Most of those
sold here come fi'om China ; they are small birds, generally
of the pale whitish-yellow tint known to fanciers in England
as "buff/^ green or pied birds being relatively {q\\, and full
bright yellow and cinnamon being rarely if ever seen.

I once saw a green bird (not a hybrid of any sort) marked
with yellow on the quills and tail, like a Greenfinch. The
note of these Chinese Canaries is very soft and pleasant, and
they generally resemble the German type of bird. Maltese
and a few English Canaries are also imported, the latter
fetching three or four times the price of Chinese forms.

The only Indian Finch commonly kept as a songster is
the " Tuti " {Carpodaciis erythr'mus) ; this of course loses the
red colour after moulting in confinement, like other carmine-
tinted Finches. Several other species, however, appear in
the Bazaar, generally to form part of mixed collections,
viz. : — Emberiza luteola, HyijacantMs spiuotdes, and, less
commonly, Emberiza melano.ephala, E. aureola, Melupiius
melaiiicterus, Gynmorhis flavicullis, and Carduelis cauiceps.
A large consignment of the last-named came down during
the past winter, but the birds did not thrive as a rule. A
few individuals of the Eastern form of Linnet [Acanthis
fringillirostris) have also been brought in, and I noted that
the males, when kept over the moult, lost the red, as the
home Linnet docs. I have also seen a few specimens of
Metoponia pusilla.

Of exotic Fringillidse, Chloris miica is the most common,
except of course the Canary ; a good many examples of
Eophona fnelanura used to be imported, but they w ere greatly
subject to disease of the feet and have not been very
popular. The luxropean Goldfinch [Curdaelis eleyaus) is
generally to be found, but comes in very small numbers ; it
does not feel the heat at all, nor does it gasp, as many native
species do. Bullfinches [Pyrrhula europoia and P. major)
may sometimes be had, as may also the Brambling {Fringilla

436 Mr. F. Finn on the

montifringilla) , the specimens of this bird being imported.
A species of Serinus — I think S. icterus — is not uncommon.
American Cardinals {Cardinalis viry'miarius and Paroaria
cucullata) have been brought here and have done well, but
have not sold very readily.

Family A l a u d i d ^.

Larks are popular here as cage-birds, especially the " Chen-
dool" [Galerita cristata) and the "Agheens"' [Mlrafra).
Melanocorypha bimaculata is also brought down to Calcutta
in numbers at the close of the cold season, while a few speci-
mens of M. mongolica may generally be seen, as it is pretty
regularly imported. Another Chinese Lark is often to be
noticed, Alaucla gulgula, I think — at any rate it differs, like
that bird, from A. arvensis in its smaller size, shorter wings
and tail, and larger feet. These birds are expensive, costing
between ten and twenty rupees, although not apparently
different from Indian specimens of A. gulgula, which 1 have
never seen caged. But the custom of wrapping up the cages
has limited my knowledge of Larks to a very great extent.

Family N e c t a r i n 1 1 n .e.

Both Arachnechthra asiatica and A. zeglonica may be
occasionally seen at the dealers^ establishments, but can
hardly be expected to tiuive. Nevertheless, I have known
the latter kept by Europeans for many months, and I de-
posited one of the former safely in the London Zoological
Gardens in 1897, although it was in poor condition and did
not live long. Mr. Rutledge informs me, however, that this
species is kept in some places as a song-bird, so that certain
natives must understand how to treat it.

Family D i c .e i d ^.

A few examples of Dicaum crueniatum are occasionally on
sale, but these birds, though they will eat bananas greedily,
are not easy to keep. This is a great pity, as they are not
only very pretty, but quite the tamest and most fearless of
any small birds I know.

Caff e- Birds of Calcutta. 437

Family P i t t i d Ji.
A few specimens of Pitta brachyura — hand-reared birds —
occasionally come into Mr. Rutledge's hands, but this
species is certainly not common in cages. Although not a
songster^ it makes a very nice pet, owing to its tameness
and amusing gestures.

Family V icm m.

The only Woodpecker caged here, and that but rarely, is
the common Brachypternus «M?Ym^iMs, hand-reared specimens
of which get very tame and thrive well in confinement.
From the readiness with which they partake of plantains, I
fancy that the species must he naturally more or less of a
fruit-eater. The outer hind toe (third toe) is certainly
reversible in this species — and, indeed, in some other Wood-
peckers that I have noticed — for it often points laterally
forwards when the bird is moving about in a cage. Nestlings
of this species have a warty pad on the hough, and shuffle
about on it without the aid of the toes.

Family CAPiTONiDiE.

I have more than once seen a statement in print that
Barbets do not thrive well in captivity ; but this is quite a
mistake, at all events as regards most Indian forms. The
first Barbet 1 ever saw alive was an example of Cyanops
asiatica, which lived for at least six years in the London
Zoological Society's Parrot-house. This species is the easiest
of all to keep, both hand-reared and wild-caught birds being
exposed for sale in the Tiretta Bazaar, where some may prac-
tically always be found. Several individuals may safely
be placed together in one cage, which is not the case with
other Barbets, and a great many must reach Europe ; indeed,
the bird is only kept for export, and is certainly not unfre-
quently on sale in England. A few specimens of Megalcema
marshallorum and of There'iceryx zeylonicus are occasionally
seen here, and M. virens sometimes arrives from China.
The Coppersmith {Xantholaema licBmatocephala) is often
brought in to the dealers, but never lives long, as they will

438 Mr. F. Finn on the

feed it on '' satoo/^ a diet which kills it in a very few
days. Yet on bread-and-milk and frnit, or the latter only,
it lives well.

Family C u c u l i d .e.

The male Koel {Endi/naniis honor at a) is a very popular
pet with natives, and is always on sale here. Many examples
are reared from the nestling stage by hand. The young
birds that I have observed do not seem to bear out the
theory that both sexes are at first entirely black, and that the
female assumes her proper livery later. Some young males
are quite black, and otliers are black sparsely spotted with
buff. The young females are much like the adults of that
seXj but have the upper half of the head and the nape black.
In all young birds the bill is black, not green, as in the old.

The only other Cuckoo 1 have met with commonly in
cages is the " Popiya," or Brain-fever-bird {Hierococcyx
varius), the note of which is as much esteemed by natives
as it is disliked by Europeans. It does not keep its plumage
in such good condition as the Koel, which seems to do
very well as a cage-bird. The Crow -Pheasant {Centropus
sinensis) is often brought in, not as a pet, but on account of
some fancied medicinal virtue. I have noticed two types of
young Crow-Pheasants, which nevei' seem to occur in one
brood, at least they are not sent in together. One is a large
barred bird, usually taken as the typical young of the species,
which is very easy to tame. The other is smaller, especially
as regards the Ijill and feet, and shows no trace of bars, but
is a dull edition of the adult. When full-fledged it is wilder
than the first, has a longer tail, and is inclined to hop as
well as walk. It also moults much later. This is as much
as I have yet been able to make out from studying the
live birds, and I am not sui'c whether these uniformly-
coloured young are merely the males, as Jerdon says, or a
distinct race, or even species. Against the latter view, and
tending to prove the existence of much variation, may be
instanced the fact that we have in the Indian Museum the
skin of a nestling which is in jjerfecth/ bright adult plumage,

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 439

whereas the young birds of the second type mentioned above
resemble those of C. chlororhynchus as figured in Captain
V. Legge's ' Birds of Ceylon,' or may be even duller and
darker. All the young birds I have seen have grey eyes and
black bills, flesh-coloured at the base iu the case of the
barred specimens.

PSITTACI.

The Parrots are of course very important in the present
connexion, though many of them are not cage-birds in
the literal sense, for they are quite as often chained, as
mentioned above ; this is the case even with Parrakeets and
Lories. Many foreign species are imported, and some very
rare forms occasionally occur ; but, not being specially
interested in the group, I have not kept any record of these,
and must confine myself to the more usual importations.
But I would strongly advise any member of the B. O. U.
who likes rare Parrots, or wants specimens of them, not to
neglect examining the Calcutta dealers' stocks, if he ever has
the opportunity of so doing.

Family L o r 1 1 d ^.

The justice of what I have remarked above is evidenced by
the iact that Trichoglossus forsteni, which was not even in
the British Museum ten years ago, and was only received by
the London Zoological Society in 1896, has been, at any
rate since I came here in 1894, quite the most commonly
imported Lory; indeed, I am not sure that it has not been
brought in more numerously than any other exotic Parrot.
It thrives very well in captivity, and has bred in the Calcutta
Zoological Garden. Trichoglossus swainsuni and T. ornatus
are also not uncommon. Of the other Lories, Eos riciniata
is, perhaps, the most abundant ; but Lorius garrulus is also
plentiful, L. domicella far from rare, and L. lory often to
be seen.

Family Cacatuid^e.
The commonest Cockatoos imported are Cacatua sulphurea

440 Mr. F. Finn on the

and C. 7'oseicapilla, which come in large numbers and are sold
for a few rupees only. C. f/aler'ita is also common, C, alba
much less so, and C. leadbeateri rather rare. The great
C. mo/uccensis is always on sale, though not imported in any
very great quantity at one time, each bird being anchored in
the manner above described to an L- shaped perch of wood,
and so kept unless transferred to a swing. I have par-
ticularly noticed the great tameness and intelligence of these
birds. All of them are eager for notice, and they will fre-
quently invite me to scratch their heads by beginning to
ruffle their feathers with one foot — in fact, will make a sign
of their wishes. The only other species I have ever seen do
this was a Red Macaw lately in Mr. Kutledge^'s possession ;
but the action is so universal with these Cockatoos that it
may fairly be put down as a characteristic piece of intelli-
gence, though their tameness is, no doubt, due to their being
hand-reared.

The Cockateel {Calopsittacus novce-hollandue) is often
imported and generally to be bought ; it has bred in the Zoo-
logical Garden here. I have noticed that this bird's plumage
is remarkably impervious to wet ; water poured on it glides
off as from a Duck's back.

Family Psittacidte.

The cage-bird of India par excellence, and one of the
longest- and best-known anywhere, is of course the familiar
Ring-Parrakeet [Palceornis torquatus), which is popular both
with natives and Europeans, and may be met with, chained
or caged, in almost every street. Hundreds of fledged and
unfledged young, and of wild-caught adults of both sexes,
come into the hands of the dealers. Many of the latter are
more or less heavily splashed with yellow ; while perfect lutinos
are far from rare and are extremely beautiful birds. The
males in these cases retain the pink neck-ring, and the bill is
always red. Such birds fetch very high prices — about eighty
rupees — and consequently seldom reach Europe, though some
have been exhibited in the London Parrot-house. No attempt
has, however, been made to breed the variety in captivity.

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 41i

and the dealers depend for their supply on chance " sports/'
Yet the form probably has the elements of permanence in it,
for Mr. Kutledge assures me that he knows of a case of a pair
of normally-coloured birds which always nest in the same
tree and always produce a yellow brood, the young being
eagerly watched until fit to be taken. Lately I have seen
a particularly curious semi-lulino, not splashed, but of a
shade midway between green and yellow throughout.

Nearly as numerous as the common Parrakeet is the larger
''Rock-Parrot'-' (P. nepalensis), but most, if not all, of the
examples are, I think, brought in as young birds. In the
Tiretta Bazaar there are at the time of writing (February) a
good many examples of this species still so young as to show
the dark irides which when immature this and the common
Ring-neck exhibit. I have never seen a lutino of this large
Parrakeet.

The "Blossom-head'' (P. cyanocephalus) is common in
the Bazaar, but is not so popular a cage- bird as the Ring-
neck. The Eastern form (P. rosa) is also often to be seen.
Another common Palceornis is P.fasciatus, but only quite
lately have P. magnirostris, P. schisticeps, and P. columboides
appeared here, so far as I am aware, and then there were only
a few individuals, except of the last species, of which a good
many pairs arrived, and some are still on sale. P.finschi
I have seen only once ; the specimen was secured for the
London Zoological Gardens by Mr. Harper.

The common little Lorikeet is often to be met with, and
the Malayan Loriculus galgulus is frequently imported, both
being in favour as inmates of minor aviaries. I have only once
seen L. indicus. The only small foreign Parrot numerously
imported besides L. galgulus is the well-known Budgerigar
[Melopsittacus undulatus) , which thrives and breeds as well
here as elsewhere. Mr. Rutledge has seen escaped birds
nesting in the open, but I am not aware that the species
has established itself. I have never seen or heard of lutinos
of this species in Lidia, though in Europe such are not un-
common and are advertised for sale.

Several of the larger Australian Parrakeets are imported,

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 G

442 ^Ii'. F. Finn on the

Platycercns ci-imius being muf^li the commonest. P. elegans,
Polytelis harrahnucU, and P. melannra are brought in small
numbers^ as are also Ptisf.es erythropterus, Aprosmidus
cyanopygius, and some form of Barnardhis.

More constantly present than any Australian Parrots,
except the Cockatoos^ are the common Eclecti, especially
E. roratm. E. pectoralis, and very probably other species,
occur^ but I cannot be certain about this under the circum-
stances. A species of Tanygnathus is also often imported.

The African Grey Parrot [Psittacus erithacus) not un-
commonly appears, generally in good health and condition,
unlike the majority of its unhappy fellows in England.
Coracopsis vasa may also sometimes be procured.

American Parrots, as might be expected, are not often
to be seen, but the common Blue-fronted Amazon {Chrysotis
amazonica) is not very rare, and a few Macaws [Ara iiiacao,
A. chloroptera, and A. ararauna) are on sale from time to
time, being highly valued by the natives. Mr. Rutledge
knew of an individual of the red-and-blue species being kept
for no less than three generations in a native family. I once
saw two most beautiful dark-blue, red-vented Parrots, some-
what similar in size and style to the common African Grey
Parrot, which I took to be examples of Pionus chalcopterus,
a species I never remember to have seen elsewhere.

COLUMB.E.

Almost the only other cage-birds remaining to be dealt
with are the various Doves and Pigeons, some of which are,
however, more properly aviary or menagerie birds. Such is
Goura coronata, which is imported quite numerously at
times, and has been bred by a native amateur, according to
information given me by Mr. Rutledge.

The only species of this group really common and popular
as a cage-pet is the well-known domestic Turtle-Dove, which is
found both in tlie ordinary cream-coloured form with Idack
half-collar, and in more or less completely albino varieties.
It is certainly not identical with the wild Turtar risorius, so
far as the note goes, this being a very marked point of

Cage-Birds of Calcutta. 443

specific difference in all the ring-necked species of Turtur I
have seen alive.

The common Mild Tartle-Doves are frequently to be seen
for sale — Turtur suratensis, T. camhayensis, T. rlsorius,
T. orientalis, and T. tranqueharicus. Mr. Rutledge once
gave rae a very peculiar albinoid cream-coloured male of the
last species. Chalcophaps indica and Geopelia striata are
also often to be had, and Calcenas nicoharica is pretty com-
monly imported.

Of the Fruit-Pigeons, the " HurriaP' [Crocopus phconi-
copterus) is generally for sale in the Bazaar, and, more rarely,
one may meet with the "Kokla''^ {Sphenocercus sphenurus),
which, although much esteemed in some parts, is apparently
not often kept in Calcutta. Osmotrerun hicincta is com-
moner. Carpophaga cenea and Myristicivora luctuosa are
sometimes imported in considerable numbers, but cannot be
called abundant. On a few occasions recently Mr. Rut-
ledge has procured the lovely Ptilopus jamhu, and I once saw
a splendid iJ^yrero/?. capellii in his possession. Fruit-Pigeons
are quite easy to keep, as they live well on any soft
vegetable food, such as 5«^oo-paste or boiled rice, and I
wonder that the home dealers do not take more trouble to
introduce these most exquisitely coloured birds.

Of foreign Pigeons, the most frequently imported are
Ocyphaps lophotes and Phlogmnas luzonica, not to mention
the great Ground-Pigeon alluded to above. Other species
occasionally occur, such as Leiicosarcia picata, Phaps chal-
coptera, and Geopelia cuneata, while a short time ago a
good many Turtur chinensis and T. bitorguatus were imported,
especially the latter, which proved quite a drug in the market.
Before leaving the Pigeons, 1 ought to record the curious fact
that the Alpine Columba leuconota, which Mr. Rutledge some-
times obtains, bears the heat perfectly well, and even shows a
desire to breed. As its note has apparently not been re-
corded, I may mention that it is not a coo, but a repeated
croak, not unlike a hiccough, and, much as the bird resembles
the domestic Pigeon, I have never seen it sweep the ground
with its tail when courting, but rather raise it.

2g 2

444 On the Cage-Birds of Calcutta.

GALLINtE.

The Phasianidae are usually regarded in the light of aviary
birds,, but as one of them is among the commonest species
kept in confinement here, the family demands some notice.

Family Phasianid^.
The Grey Partridge {Francolinus pondicerianus) is very
widely kept for fighting, and in consequence is one of the
birds most commonly seen in cages. Those used are small,
with the interstices of the pyramidal top filled in many
cases with string netting, to avoid injury to the bird^s head.
These Partridges, however, become so tame that they can be
let out for a run, and I have seen one following its owner
over the grass like a little dog.

The Common and Kain- Quails {Cotumix communis and
C. coromandelica) are also occasionally kept in cages for
fighting. The Pheasants, which are brought down from the
hills for exportation, hardly come within the scope of the
present paper, but it may perhaps be allowable to mention a
few birds of this family which have long been imported for
ornamental purposes, although they cannot be called cage-
birds. These are the Java Peacock {Pavo muticus) and the
white and pied forms of the common P. cristatus, together
with the '' Japan Peacock'^ (P. nigripennis) . Mr. Rutledge
tells me that this form really does occur in Japan to his
positive knowledge (no doubt introduced), and there is
certainly a Japanese specimen of Temminck's in the Paris
Museum. The Ring-necked Pheasant (P/iasianus torquatus)
and Silver Pheasant {Gennceus nycthemerus) are frequently
brought over from China, as is the Golden Pheasant [Chry-
solophus pictus), the male of which often has a hen of
P. torquatus assigned to him as a companion. The male
Golden Pheasant occurs in the old picture to which I alluded
at the commencement of the present paper, so that it may
fairly claim to have been one of the earliest fancy birds
exported from its own country.

On Palaarctic Birds' Eggs. 445

XXXII. — On some rare or unfigured Palaarctic Birds' Eggs.
By H. E. Dresser.

(Plate IX.)

Having undertaken to write some papers on Birds* eggs for
'The Ibis/ I feel that I cannot do better than follow in the
footsteps of Professor Newton, who for some years past has
contributed articles to the 'Proceedings' of the Zoological
Society on " New or Rare Birds' Eggs/' the last of which
appeared in 1897 (P. Z. S. 1897, p. 890, pi. li.) ; but I pro-
pose to confine myself exclusively to the eggs of Palaearctic
species, and especially to such as have not yet been figured,
or have been inadequately delineated. I will commence with
the Thrushes, of several of which the breeding-habits and eggs
have only been described at a comparatively recent date.

TuRDUs DUBius Bcchst. (jT. fuscatus Pall.). Dusky
Thrush. (PI. IX. figs. 1-4.)

The first notice that I can find respecting the nidification
of the present species appears to be that of Dr. Dybowski,
who states (J. f. O. 1872, p. 437) that it "nests on the
Angara in the vicinity of Ussola/' but he does not appear to
have obtained its eggs. The late Mr. Seebohm, when he
visited the Yenesei in 1877, found a nest of this Thrush, but
it contained young birds ; and Mr. H. L. Popham appears to
have been the first to procure authenticated eggs, when in
1875 he took several nests on the Yenesei Hiver, shooting
the parent birds to ensure identification. Again in 1897 he
took five nests at Doodinka (lat. G9^° N.). These, he
writes (Ibis, 1898, p. 493), '' were generally placed in small
isolated trees, and rarely on the ground, though none were
more than two feet from it." The nest he describes as
being exactly like that of a Fieldfare, with a lining of mud,
and a final bedding of dry grass. The eggs vary from the
ordinary Blackbird type to that of the Fieldfare, the size
being about the same as in T. atrigularis.

TuRDus oBscuRUs Gmel. Pale Thrush. (PI. IX. figs. 5-8.)

The first authentic description of the nesting-habits, nest

and eggs of this Thrush appears to be that of Dr. Dybowski

446 Mr. H. E. Dresser on

(J, f. 0. 1872, p. 441), wliicli I translated in exttnso in my
' Birds of Europe ' in 1878. There 1 also gave some notes
from the writings of the late Mr. Seebohm, who found it
breeding on the Yenesei in 1877, and took his first nest,
containing five eggs, on the 27th of June at Koorayika. Mr.
Popham also took three nests at Inbatskaya (lat. 64° N.)
on the Yenesei in 1897, and has given (Ibis, 1898, p. 493)
full particuhirs respecting the same.

Tiie nest of this species is either placed near the ground
(Mr. Popliam found one on a stump about four feet above
it) or ou a branch, or near the main stem of a larch or fir-
tree at a height of from 15 to 20 feet, and is, like that of a
Fieldfare, strongly built, and lined with fine grass and
dry larch-needles. The number of eggs is four or five,
seldom six, and they are smaller than any of the others here
described, averaging 1*06 by 0-75 in. They are also rather
less subject to variation, and are somewhat darker and more
blue in ground-colour. One clutch is rather of the Black-
bird type, but the rest are more or less spotted and blotched
with rusty red. A clutch of four eggs from Darasun in
Dauria, received from Dr. Dybowski, closely resemble some
of those taken by Mr. Popham on the Yenesei, both in
size and coloration, and one of these I have figured (see
fig. 8) for comparison.

TuRDUs ATRiGULARis Temm. Black-throated Thrush.
(PL IX. figs. 9-12.)

Herr Taucre of Anclam received eggs, stated to belong to
this Thrush, from his collectors in the Altai Mountains, but
they do not appear to have been properly identified ; and the
first authenticated eggs were, I believe, those taken by Mr.
Popham at Inbatskaya on the Yenesei River in 1897, where
he obtained five nests, each containing six eggs. The nests,
he writes (Ibis, 1898, p. 494), were " composed of dry grass
with a lining of mud and an inner lining of broad dry
grass, and all were placed in small fir-trees close to the stem
(except one, which was on the top of a stump) at heights
varying between 3 feet and 6 feet." This species is said to

Palcearctic Birds' Eyys. 4.47

oceiir in summer in the Himalayas^ but its nest lias not been
found there. The eggs from the Yenesei vary considerably,
some almost exactly resembling the ordinary type of the
Blackbird, whereas others are more like those of the Mistle-
Tlirush, but have the ground-colour of a deeper blue. In
size they vary from 1-08 to 1-15 by 077 to 084 in. The
eggs of a clutch in my collection received from Herr Tancre
closely resemble the first figure (fig. 9), but are larger,
measuring r.21 by 0'86 in.

TuRDUs siBiKicus Pall. Siberian Thrush, (PL IX.
figs. 13-16.)

Nothing appears to have been known respecting the nidi-
fication of this Thrush until the nest was found on the
Yenesei Kiver by Mr. Popham in 1895, at Toorukhansk
(lat. 66° N.). He there took several nests, but was in no
case able to jjrocure the parent bird in order to identify the
eggs. In 1897, however, he was more fortunate in this
respect, and was thus enabled to prove the authenticity of the
specimens taken in 1895, as the eggs of this Thrush are
readily distinguishable from those of any other of the species
breeding on the Yenesei. Moreover, it nests rather later
than the other Thrushes. The nest, he writes (Ibis, 1898,
p. 495), is " of the usual type, a rather untidy structure of
dry grass, built in the fork of a willow a few feet from the
ground, not so bulky as a Fieldfare^s, with a scanty wall of
mud and an inner lining of coarse dry grass. Four of my
clutches somewhat resemble eggs of the Mistle-Tlirusb, one
of which has the blue rather darker than the remainder ; in
another the eggs are very small and very pale bluish white
in ground-colour; one clutch has the ground-colour very pale
blue-green and is covered all over the surface of the shell
with minute reddish spots. The eggs measure from 1*02 in.
long by 078 in. broad to 1*18 in. long by 0 87 in. broad.-"

Mr. Alan Owston of Yokohama has also obtained the
eggs of this Thrush in Japan at Fuji, Sagami Hills, and
Novikurayama, where it nests in cherry, pine, chestnut, and
gumi [Eleagnus umbeUata) trees at a height of from six to

448 On PalaarcHc Birds' Eggs.

fifteen feet, most often in a clierry-tree about ten feet from
the ground. Eggs were taken from the 12th of May to the
28th of July. I have compared specimens from Japan with
those obtained by Mr. Popham, and two, from one clutch,
agree very closely with fig. 13, but all the rest, though of
the same type, are more finely marked, paler, and con-
siderably larger, measuring 1-24 by 0-82 to 1-36 by 0-86 in.,
while none of the Japanese eggs have the ground-colour
bluish, as is the case with almost all those from the Yenesei.

Glaucidium PASSERiNUM (Liuu.). Pigmy Owl.

Dr. Rey, in his ' Eier der Yogel Mitteleuropas,^ now in

course of publication (p. 57), on the authority of Mr.

Othmar E-eiser of Sarajevo, casts doubt on the authenticity

of the eggs of this Owl taken in April 1862 near Cilli by the

late Mr. E. Seidensacher^ and says that without doubt

those of Nyctala tengmalmi were mistaken for them. One

of them is in my collection, and I have carefully compared

it with eggs of N. tengmalmi taken in Norway, and with a

clutch of the same taken near Cilli by Mr. Seidensacher, and

I certainly cannot endorse Mr. Reiser's opinion. The egg

of G.passerinum is considerably smaller than any that I have

seen of N. tengmalmi, and in fact than any egg of Scops giu in

my collection. Besides, Seidensacher was a most careful

observer, and was well acquainted with all the birds in his

neighbourhood. I can also testify to his extreme care in

the identification of eggs, more esjiccially of the rarer

species, having collected in company with him for one season

in the vicinity of Cilli. Mr. Reiser claims authenticity for

two eggs taken by the Rev. Blasius Hanf, near Eurtteich,

against those taken by Seidensacher, but does not say

how they were identified or whether Mr. Hanf obtained

the parent bird, so I conclude that he did not do so.

On the whole, especially as I know how careful and con-
scientious a collector Seidensacher was, I still believe fully
in the authenticity of the eggs which he identified as those of
G. passerinum. Mr. Reiser further states that there is only
one of these eggs in the collection of Baron Richard Koenig

Ibis 1901, Pl. IX.

.,-:'^

.''' "

^^'^

/*■

i ..#^^ m^M

.V.;^^.

/

^

■"\.'4,V*'

13

"wt^*..

* • *-

. ■ - ■ ,?&■

14

15

Attdre &■ Sleigh. Ltd.. Biishty.

EGGS OF SIBERIAN THRUSHES.

On the Birds of the Yenisei River. 449

Warthausen, whereas I understood from Seidensacher that
he parted with two to that gentleman, and sent the third
to me.

In conclusion, I may state that in the case of the eggs
now figured, which were ohtained by Mr. Popham, the
parent birds were shot in almost every instance, so that
there can be no doubt whatever of their authenticity.

EXPLANATION OF 1>LATE IX.

Eggs of Turdus dubius, p. 445.

Fig. 1 (clutcli 498). Yenesei, 27th June, 1900.
2( „ .50.3). „ 28th „

3 ( „ 493). „ 15th „

4 ( „ 332). „ 23rd June, 1899.

Eggs of Turdus obscums, p. 445.

5 (clutch 463). Yenesei, 17th June, 1900.

6 ( „ 271). „ ISth June, 1897.
7( „ 273). „ 14th „

8 ( „ 278/3). Darasun, Dauria (Dr. Dyhowski),

Eggs of Turdus atrigidaris, p. 446.

9 (clutch 269). Yenesei, 13th Juae, 1897.

10 ( „ 267). „

11 ( „ 269). „

12 ( „ 200). „

Eggs of Turdus sibiricus, p. 447.

13 (clutch 307). Yenesei, 20th June, 1897.

14 ( „ 461). „ 13th June, 1900.

15 ( „ 24). Toorukhansk, 15th June, 1895.

16 ( „ 300). Yenesei, 19th June, 1897.

XXXIII. — Supplementary Notes on the Birds of the Yenisei
River. By H. Leyborne Popham.

(Plate X.)

May 8th, 1900, found me once more at Yeniseisk, accom-
panied by Mr. Gerald R. Peck, an ardent sportsman. The
ice on the Yenisei had broken up some few days before our

450 Mr. H. L. Popham un the

coining, so that we had not a day to wait for the arrival of
migrants.

The season was a curious one : at first came a very early
dry spring, with the river breaking up exceptionally soon;
then followed a long spell of severe cold. In consequence,
some of the birds which bred during the first warm weather
were very early, while those that did not do so were very late ;
thus before we left Yeniseisk on June 1.2th to go north, the
leafage was so far advanced that it was impossible to see a
small Warbler ; whereas on reaching lat. G6° N. a week
later, the willows were only just bursting their buds ; while
on June 27th ice was still coming down the Doodinka River,
and the larch-trees showed no signs oE turning green. This
delay of summer prolonged the nesting-season in the far
north, so that we were still blowing fresh eggs (on July 16th)
when in other years all sucli collecting was over; but this
made us too early during our passage down the river for
most of the interesting birds, such as Little Buntings and
the like. The advantage, however, whicii we might have
derived from this late summer was almost entirely lost by a
long delay of twelve days at the Brekhoffski Islands, Here
we waited for a day considered fine enough to proceed to
Gok'hika, whence we had planned a boat expedition to the
islands below ; and as we did not reach Golchika till July ]6th,
it would have been useless to go farther at so late a date :
thus the main object of our journey had to be abandoned.

The tundra was drier than I had ever seen it, and the
moscpiitoes perhaps not quite so troublesome.

We took a return-ticket on the s.s. ' Yenisei/ a trading-
steamer belonging to Messrs. Kitmanof & Co., and were
therefore dependent on the movements, or rather stoppages,
of that vessel.

I have been able in several instances to remove the brackets
which I employed in my former list (Ibis, 1898, pp. 489-520) in
the case of those species observed by Dr. Theel and Seebohm
but not by myself; but we were not very fortunate in finding-
new varieties of eggs, so that few asterisks have been added.

I am again indebted to Mr. Dresser for his kindness in
looking over the skins which we collected.

Birds of the Yenisei Ricer. 451

The following is a list of those birds which I have not
observed before in the valley of the Yenisei, with the addition
of a few remarks in cases where ray experiences in 1900
differed from those of previous years.

4. ^TURDUS DUBIUS Bccllst. (T. FUSCATUS Pall.).

A large series of the eggs of this bird was obtained^ for we
found 78 of them in fifteen nests. One of these was placed
as high as 12 feet from the ground in a larch-treCj though
the majority were much lower. At Yeniseisk one bird
was shot.

7 a. ■^Turdus naumanni Temm.

One male was shot by Peck in lat. 66° N., but although
Ave often brought down Thrushes as they flew off their nests
in the hope of obtaining eggs of Turdus naumanni, they all
proved to be Turdus dubius except one, which Mr. Dresser
considers to be a female of Turdus naumanni in worn
breeding-plumage : with this opinion Dr. Suschkin agrees.
Mr. Dresser describes this bird as follows : — " It has no
trace of chesnut or of black on the wings ; the under surface
of the tail is pale brown, with a faint rufous tinge, and the
upper surface dark brown ; the rump is pale rusty-red ; the
flanks are rusty-red, with white margins to the feathers ; the
under tail-coverts the same colour, with broad white margins
and broad white tips ; and the upper breast is spotted with
blackish brown.^^

The nest belonging to this Thrush contained six eggs.

9. *PrAT1NCOLA MAURA (Pall.).

A nest of the Eastern Stonecliat at Yeniseisk contained
young on June lltli.

16. ^Phylloscopus supkrciliosus (Gm.).

In my last paper (Ibis, 1898, p. 496) I stated that the
Yellow-browed Warbler was quite the commonest of the
small forest-birds. In 1900 it was very scarce.

20. *Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius).
On this journey the Arctic Willow-Warbler was obtained
at Yeniseisk.

45.2 Mr. H. L. Popliam on the

21. *ACR0CEPHALUS DUMETORUM Blytll,

Blytli's Reed-Warbler was common at Yeniseisk, where
two unfinished nests were found, the outer material being
entwined among small upright stems of young wild cherry-
trees.

22. *ACR0CEPHALUS SCHffiNOB.ENDS (L.) .

A nest of the Sedge-Warbler was found in lat. 70° N.

22 A. LusciNioLA scHWARZi Radde.

A Radde's Bush-Warbler was shot by Peck at Yeniseisk,
the first that I have obtained from the Yenisei.

27 A. SiTTA EUROP^A LiuU.

Several Nuthatches were seen in the forest round Yeniseisk
and a specimen was obtained.

30. ^MOTACILLA CITREOLA Pall.

Yellow-headed Wagtails were not half so numerous as in
1897.

32. MoTACiLLA viRiDis Gmcl.

One Grey-headed Wagtail was shot at Yeniseisk and another
was seen, but the bird does not seem to be at all common.

33. ■^Anthus gustavi Swinh.

The Siberian Pipit is common on the marshes north of
Toorukhansk ; four nests were found.

35. *Anthus TRiviALis (Liun.).

37. Oriolus galbula Linn.

Although not observed at Yeniseisk in 1897, this species
was not uncommon in the forest adjoining that town in
1900.

39. LaNIUS PHfENICTJRUS Pall.
This Shrike was shot at Yeniseisk.

47. CoCCOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS Pall.

On two occasions several Hawfinches were seen at Yeniseisk.

48. *Passer domesticus (Linn.).

House- Sparrows occasionally go upas far as Igurka (about
lat. 67° N.), and breed there in the old nests of House-

ibis.ieoi.pi.x.

MmterTi.Bros.rcn.p.
J.G.Ke-ulem-aiis del.etlitK.

l.EMBERIZA CITHINELLA MOLJESSONI.
2.E .CBREHMI .

Birds of the Yenisei River. 453

Martins, but they rarely, i£ ever^ survive the winter. In
lat. 63° N., however, there were a good many Sparrows.

52. Uragus sibiricus (Pall.).

We found the Siberian Rose-Finch common at Yeniseisk.

53. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.).

The Scarlet Grosbeak was also far more numerous than
formerly^ especially round Yeniseisk.

55 A. LoxiA BiFAsciATA (C. L. Brchm).

I am able to remove the brackets in the case oF the
Two-barred Crossbill, for I shot a male out of a small flock
of these birds which were in company with some Hawfinches
in the pine-forest close to Yeniseisk, and I bought a pair
of them alive in a cage.

56. '^Emberiza ciTRiNELLA Liuu. (Plate X.)
At Yeniseisk I shot a Bunting which Mr. Dresser says is
tolerably closely related to the so-called Emberiza citrinellcC
var. brehmi of Homey er, which, however, has much less of
the chesnut-red on the throat than my bird. This chesnut-
throated form of E. citrinella was treated of by Mr. Zarudny
in his supplement to the ornithological fauna of the Oren-
burg Government, and his words have been translated by
Dr. Suschkin as follows : — " One of the very numerous
aberrations of Emberiza citrinella occurring in this country
is most interesting, as it reminds one so forcibly of Emberiza
leucucephala. It is virtually a type of individual variation
which I would like to name after Mr. Molesson, who procuied
the first specimen, . . . The head and throat are coloured as
in old males of Emberiza leucocephala, with the sole exception
that the white portions in that species are replaced in our
bird by bright yellow.^'

A specimen was obtained near Orenburg late in May 1887,
and another very beautiful example in the same locality on
the 24th May, 1891 (old style). Besides these, Zarudny
procured about ten others which were less typical, and
connect this form with Homeyer^s Emberiza citi'inella var.
brehmi, Zarudny considers that this variety points^ to some

454 Mr. H. L. Popham on the

extent^ to atavism^ and suggests an early ancestral form of
E. citrinella, nearly related to E. leucocephala. It is worthy
of note that E. leucocephala only occurs in the Orenburg
district on passage, and even then is somewhat rare. The
second figure of Plate X. represents a bird obtained by
Mr. E. S. Montagu from near Barton, Cambridgeshire. It
was taken by a bird-catcher in his nets, and appears to be
the same as Homeyer's E. citrinella var. brehmi.

57. *Emberiza leucocephala Gmel.

On this A'isit I was successful in procuring specimens of
the Pine-Bunting at Yeniseisk, and in finding one nest which
was well concealed under dead grass in the midst of a thick
clump of small bushes; it was composed of dry grass, lined
with horse-hair, and contained four eggs on the point of
hatching. The song is similar to that of E. citrinella.

57 a. Emberiza sfodocephala Pall.

Black-faced Buntings were fairly numerous in the Yeniseisk
district.

67 a. Garrulus brandti Eversm.

Brandt's Jay was shot at Yeniseisk ; this is a decided
addition to my previous lists.

74 a. Dryocopus martius (Linn.).

The Great Black Woodpecker was seen on several occasions
near Yeniseisk, and one specimen was obtained after some
difficulty, as it was extremely shy.

75. ^Picus MAJOR Linn.

Three nests of the Great Spotted Woodpecker were found
at Yeniseisk, where it is the commonest of the family.

77 a. Gecinus canus (Gmel.).

I am able to remove the query from Dr. Theel's list, for
we shot two male Grey-headed Green Woodpeckers at
Yeniseisk.

79. *Cuculus caxorus Liim.

A pale blue Cuckoo's egg without any spots was found in
a Bluethroat's nest with six eggs of the owner.

Birds of the Yenisei River. 455

85 a. Circus cyaneus (Linn.).

The bright-coloured birds of prey that we so frequently
saw in the neighbourhood of Ycinseisk were, I believe, Hen-
Harriers, though we were never able to make certain of their
identity by sliooting one.

89. AcciPiTER Nisus (Linn.).

The Sparrow-Hawk occurs at Yeniseisk.

96a. Pandion haliaetus (Linn.).

Ospreys were occasionally observed in suitable localities
round Yeniseisk.

97 a. CicoNiA NIGRA (Liuu.).

A single Black Stoi'k was seen at Yeniseisk.

99 a. Anser erythropus (Linn.),

I shot a veritable Lesser White-fronted Goose on the
Fokina River (hit. 68° 30' N.) ; it weighed only 4^ lbs., or
very little heavier than a Brent Goose, and had conspicuous
bright yellow eyelids. In about lat. 69° 30' N. a man brought
on boai'd for sale 38 geese, selected from some 200 that
he and others had captured during the raoulting-season ;
the birds had been plucked, but the heads were intact, s:)
that we could see that the majority were Bean-Geese, with
a few White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrojis) ; among the
latter we were easily able to pick out two of the Lesser
variety, from their smaller size and comparatively smaller
heads with shorter bills, as well as fi'om the yellow eyelids.
They had a considerable amount of white on the forehead
extending well up between the eyes.

101. "^Bernicla. ruficollis (Pall.).

The valleys where the Red-breasted Geese bred in 1895
were still full of snow when we visited them on July 2nd,
1900, and though we saw some of the birds in various places
we found no nests.

102 a. Tadorna cornuta (Gmel.).

We did not ourselves observe this Sheldrake, but were
shown one in the flesh that had been killed by a local gunner

456 Mr. H. L. Popham on the

and brought to the Yeniseisk Museum. It was new to the
collection there, as well as to my list.

104. "^Spatula clypeata (Linn.).

Shovelers w^ere common at Yeniseisk, and some newly-
fledged young were obtained in lat. 66° 25' N.

106. QuERQUEDULA ciRciA Linn.

We often saw Garganeys at Yeniseisk.

107. Q,u:erquedula Formosa (Georgi).

It was rather surprising to meet with Baikal Teal so far
north as lat. 70° N.

111. "^FuLiGULA cristata (Leach).

Tufted Ducks were plentiful at Yeniseisk and up to
Doodinka (lat. 69°30'N.).

120 a. Columba sp. inc.

During our drive from Yeniseisk to Krasnoyarsk we saw
some Doves^ but were unable to determine the species.

124. Tetrao TETRix Liuu.

1900 was an unusually good season for Black Grouse in
the Yeniseisk forest.

124a. ? Porzana maruetta (Leach).

At Yeniseisk we heard what we thought was a Spotted.
CrakCj but could not get a sight of the bird^ which successfully
eluded all our efforts to make it break cover.

125 a. Fulica atra Linn.

A Coot was seen swimming on the river near Yeniseisk.

128. ^Charadrius fulvus Gmel.

A Golden Plover, having some of the axillaries white and
some smoky-grey, was shot from its nest at Doodinka.
This bird is supposed by Mr. Dresser to be a hybrid between
Charadrius pluvialis and Charadrius fulvus. The eggs
taken from this nest resemble those of Charadiius pluvialis,
and measure from 1*88 in. to 1-96 in. in length by 1'45 in
breadth, dimensions which correspond very nearly to the
size of eggs of the Lesser Golden Plover.

Birds of the Yenisei River. 457

130. *iEGiALiTis cuRONiCA (Gmel.).

Young Lesser Ringed Plovers, still retaining some down,
M'ere observed on a small shingle-bank in the river in
lat. 61° 10' N.

131. *iEGiALiTis HiATicuLA (Linn,).

132. "^EuDROMiAs MORiNELLUs (Liun.).

Dotterels are not numerous on the Yenisei; one nest was
found near Doodinka.

140. ■^Gallinago stenura (Kuhl).

The drumming of the Pintailed Snipe may best be
described as resembling the sound made by unwinding
the line from a salmon-reel with rapidly increasing speed.
Four nests were taken.

140 A. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.).
I shot a Jack Snipe in about lat. 69° 30' N., during our
journey up stream, thus confirming Dr. TheeFs observation.

144. "^Tringa subarquata (Giild.).

All chance of reaching the breeding-grounds of the Curlew
Sandpiper was ruined by our enforced delay at the Bre-
khoffski Islands.

144 a. Tringa canutus Linn.

Two Knots, both females, were shot at Vorogova (lat. 61°
N.) on June 14th. The ovaries contained eggs about the
size of No. 1 shot. They were with two other Sandpipers
which appeared somewhat smaller and may have been
T. subarquata.

149. ^TOTANUS GLAREOLA (LiuU.).

I was able to confirm my observations made in 1895 as to
the breeding of Wood-Sandpipers in the old nests of
Thrushes, for we found two such nests, from which a male
and female were shot, and two other nests on the ground at
Doodinka, where the tundra begins.

153. "^LiMOsA LAPPONiCA (Liuu.) .

We found one nest near Golchika containing three young
Bar-tailed Godwits in down and one egg just hatching.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 H

458 Mr. "W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

154. NuMENius ARQUATA (Linn.).

The query can be removed from my former list (IbiSj 1897,
p. 106), as we both saw and heard Curlews at Krasnoyarsk
and Yeniseisk.

157. *Larus canus Linn.

A Common Gull's nest was found, placed on the top of a
stump about 12 feet high.

162. *Stercorarius crepidatus (Banks).
No Skuas of any kind appeared to be nesting except a
pair of Ricbardson's Skuas which had one egg at Golchika.

167. *C0LYMBUS ARCTICUS LiuU.

In the forest region the Black-throated Diver is more
numerous than the Red-throated Diver.

168. PODICEPS GRISEIGENA (Bodd.).

Three Grebes were seen at Yeniseisk by Peck, which he
thinks were Red-necked Grebes.

XXXIV. — Results of an Ornithological Journey through

Colombia and Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S.

[Continued from p. 319.]

Fam. Tanagrid^.

59. Procnias tersa (L.).

A series of adult males and females and immature males
from Santo Domingo and Gualea, W. Ecuador, must be
referred to the subspecies P. occidentalis, and those we
collected at Archidona, at the foot of the Eastern Andes, to
P. tersa tj/pica. The latter ai'e of a decidedly deeper blue,
and not so distinctly barred about the sides of the abdomen,
while the tail is blacker and less edged with blue on the
upperside. The female is of a much yellower green than
in the Western form. Owing to their protective colouring,
they are less often seen than the males. They frequent
the open clearings around the huts, and I never once saw
them in the forests. At Santo Domingo they eat a hard
green fruit, like an English sloe in size and shape, and it
seems wonderful how they can swallow anything so large.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 459

They also eat the young green shoots from some undeter-
mined bush or plant.

60. EupHONiA NiGRicoLLis (VieilL).

Eight males and one female from Guapalo^ near Quito
(8100 feet), and from the western side of Pichincha at about
the same altitude. I was told that they but rarely come
quite up to Quito, while they are only occasional visitors to
Guapalo. They are generally met with in small flocks, and
keep to the highest trees. One of our specimens is orange
over the nostrils.

61. EuPHONiA RUFivENTRis (VieilL).

A male from the mouth of the Coca River, Upper Eio
Napo, E. Ecuador. A skin in the British Museum, collected
by Buckley, must be labelled '' Intaj " by an error, as it is
unlikely that a bird found down on the Napo should also
be found high up on the Pacific side of the Andes.

62. EuPHONiA SATURATA Cab.

Two males from Archidona, Eastern Ecuador, shot in the
forest,

63. EuPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA Suud.

Nine males and five females from Santo Domingo and
Gualea, W. Ecuador, where they were not rare in the
forests. Small flocks of five or six were generally found
hunting about together among the thick parasitical plants.

64. Tanagrella calophrys (Cab.).

A male from the mouth of the Coca, Upper Rio Napo,
May 1899. Shot in the clearing near the hut. The bird
is evidently rare in this locality, as the Indians seemed to be
unacquainted with it.

65. Chlorochrysa bourcieri (Bp.).

Chlorochrysa bourcieri, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 77.

Baeza, E. Ecuador (5000 feet). We only saw one pair,
which were searching among the parasitical plants that
thickly covered the tree-trunks on the edge of the forest.
They appeared to have much the same habits as Calliste.
Doubtless confined to the eastern side of the Eastern Andes.

2h 2

460 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

66. Chlorochrysa ph(enicotis (Bp.).

A male from above Nanegal, Western Ecuador. As \\\
the case of the preceding species, it was shot among the
thick creepers which festooned a tall tree in the forest.
Confined to the western side of the Western Andes. Evi-
dently by mistake, Buckley stated that his skins came from
Sarayacu and the Napo.

67. PiPRIDEA MELANOTA VENEZUELENSIS (Scl.) .

One male from Pichincha (11 ,000 feet) in December, and
two males from Papallacta, E. Andes (11,500 feet), in Feb-
ruary. All our three skins appear to be those of males, yet
the Pichincha bird has a mauvish-coloured head and rump
and a deep blue-black mantle, while the Papallacta specimens
have the head and rump of a more turquoise shade and the
mantle bluish slate-colour, the outer margin of the wing-
feathers being edged with the same. Iris in all cases bright
red. The stomachs contained berries.

68. Procnopis vassori (Boiss.).

Nine adult males, three young males, and four females
from Canzacota, Gualea, and Mindo, Western Ecuador,
between 6500 and 8000 feet, and Baeza, Eastern Ecuador,
5000 feet. The birds are seen singly or in pairs, and fre-
quent the higher trees, often in company with various species
of Calliste. The stomachs of several contained little but
insects, in the case of those from Mindo only berries. The
females and young males are more dingy.

69. Calliste yeni (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Two males from the Coca, Rio Napo, and Iquitos, Upper
Amazon respectively. The Coca specimen was shot in the
clearing by the hut in which we were staying, but the other
was caught among the banana-trees in a small garden in
the centre of the town of Iquitos. It was kept alive for
several days tied to a perch by a string around its leg, and
■was brought to me after it died.

70. Calliste rufigularis (Bp.).

Ten males and four females from Mindo, Intaj, and other

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 461

places in the Western Ancles between 5000 and 7000 feet,
though we procured only females at the lower altitude in
August. I noticed the same facts with regard to other
members of this genus^ namely that we collected only males
in one locality and females in another, and always at slightly
different altitudes. The females of C. rufigularis are less
marked with black on the breast than the males, while the
markings are smaller and more confined to the upper breast,
and are not continued so far down the sides. In two skins
the throat is also of a lighter rufous.

71. Callistb aurulenta (Lafr.).

Nine males and three females from Santo Domingo
and Intaj, W. Ecuador, between 600 and 1500 feet. They
suddenly made their appearance after we had been at Intaj
a few days, but all that we shot there in July were males,
and the females were procured at Santo Domingo only.
The latter appear to differ somewhat from the former in
having the golden yellow of the rump and breast of a
huffish hue, and the feathers of the back and wing-coverts
edged with greenish yellow.

72. Calliste icterocephala (Bp.).

A large series from Santo Domingo, Gualea, and Intaj.
They were generally to be found in the banana-plantations.
The females are distinguishable by their greener heads,
darker throats, and greener rump and underparts. Like
all the other members of this genus, these are restless birds,
always on the move and constantly uttering their sharp little
call-notes.

73. Calliste vitriolina (Cab.).

Our skins are from Gualea, Nono, and Intaj, W. Ecuador,
and (two) from the Chota Valley, North Ecuador. The latter
appear to be bluer on the back, wings, and tail. These birds
were also numerous along the hedgerows around Popayd,n,
South Colombia, and we obtained a good series of skins there,
which were among those that we lost.

74. Calliste gyroloides (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Nine adult males, one young male, and two females from

462 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornitholoyical

Canzacota, San Nicolas, and Gualea, from between 1000 and
6000 feet, but they were rare at the last-named place in
September, and when we passed through it at the end of
October we did not see a single example. An intelligent
native of Canzacota told me that these birds only came there
during August and September, and I think it is the case with
other members of the genus that they resort to higher alti-
tudes only at certain seasons of the year. The young male
is wholly dullish green, with a very slight coppeiy hue about
the head. The females have paler blue breasts, slightly mixed
with green, the rump greenish blue, and the head washed with
green. This species frequents the lower trees and bushes.

75. Calliste boliviana Bp.

One male and one female from the Rio Tiputini, an affluent
of the Napo. They were shot in the cleai'ing near the hut, on
the same tree, on two consecutive evenings just before dusk.

76. Calliste ruficervix (Prev.).

Four adult males, one young male, and three females
from San Nicolas, Intaj, and the neighbourhood, W. Ecuador.
This is another Calliste which frequents bushes and low trees.
The female is slightly duller on the crown.

77. Calliste nigriviridis (Lafr.).

Of these birds we evidently have two forms in our series —
a bluish-green variety, which we found confined solely to the
western or Pacific side of Ecuador, and a yellowish-green
variety, confined to the eastern or Amazonian side. Placed
together they seem very distinct, and ought, we think, to
be divided, but in the British Museum they are classed
together. Of the blue variety we obtained five males and
three females from Canzacota and Western Pichincha (6500
to 8000 feet), and of the yellow variety three males and two
females from Baeza (about 5500 feet). The respective
females are not quite so bright as the males, and have
more black on the head, while they are paler about the
vent and under tail-coverts. In both localities we found
them inhabiting high trees.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 4G3

78. CaLLISTE NIGRICINCTA (Bp.).

We met with only one male of this lovely Tanager, which
we shot at the Rio Tiputini, running into the Napo, in the
same tree and at the same time as the male of C. boliviano.

79. Calhste cyaneicollis (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Two males from Baeza, E. Ecuador (5500 feet). Shot in
the top of a high tree.

80. Calliste labradorides (Boiss.).

Two males from Gualea, W. Ecuador (5000 feet). We
found this species consorting with C. venusta.

81. Calliste parzubakii (Lafr.).

One male and. two females from Baeza, East Ecuador, to
which quarter this species is confined. The female has
comparatively little red on the face and yellow on the nape,
and looks altogether duller. This bird was found frequent-
ing the tops of tall trees in the forests.

82. Calliste lunigera (Scl.).

This is the western representative of the preceding bird,
and we secured a large series of individuals from Canzacota,
Gualea^ and the lower western slopes of Pichincha, where
they frequented the higher trees on the more open parts of
the mountain-sides. The females have the head of a clearer
yellow than the males, and no orange colour about the fore-
head. A young male has the throat greenish grey, the
head, ear-coverts, and rump dingy green, and a slight golden
hue on the forehead. Like all other members of the genus
inhabiting the mountainous regions, this species was only
to be met with in the early hours of the morning. Local
name, " El terciopelo."

83. Calliste venusta (Scl.).

Four males and two females from Canzacota, West
Ecuador (6500 feet), and Baeza, East Ecuador (5500 feet).
This was the only Calliste we found on both sides of the
Andes without any change in the plumage ; but I see that I
recorded in my notes, when skinning them, that those from
the western side had the iris brown (the usual colour

464 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

throughout this genus)^ while those from the eastern side
had it dark grey. The females have the vent more fawn-
coloured than the males, and the same colour extends up
the centre of the breast.

84. Calliste cyanopygia (ScL).

Nine adult males, three young males, and three females
from Canzacota, Gualea, and the western side of Pichincha,
at altitudes of from 6000 to 8000 feet. Found in high trees
on the more open parts of the mountain-slopes. The females
are much duller than the males, and have the under tail-
coverts dark green, edged with pale greenish yellow, and
in one skin with light fawn ; they have also less gold on
the shoulders. Young males resemble the females, but have
brighter golden shoulders.

I believe this species to be undoubtedly confined to the
western side of the Andes.

85. Iridornis dubusia (Bp.).

Three males and two females from the western side of
Pichincha and Corazon, at altitudes of about 7500 feet, seen
singly or in pairs. The females have slightly more black on
the forehead than the males, and also have the under tail-
coverts rufous. Iris dark red.

Here again I think Buckley's skins in the British Museum
are wrongly localized, for I cannot believe it possible
that this bird is found also in the hot forest-land of the
Napo. We certainly never came across it there. Very
many of Buckley's skins are merely labelled " Quito,''
which is most misleading, while " Sarayacu " figures as the
locality for all birds from the eastern side, irrespective of
altitude, as well as for many which are not found there.

86. POECILOTHRAUPIS LUNULATA (Du Bus).

A large series of this Tanager from Pichincha and the
environs of Quito, West Ecuador, and Papallacta, East
Ecuador, where they range from 9000 to 11,500 feet. During
November and December, when many kinds of berries were
ripe on the mountain -slopes above Quito, these birds were

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 465

remarkably abundant. They sat on the topmost twigs,
and, if disturbed, appeared to drop off suddenly into the bush
below,

87. PCECILOTHRAUPIS PALPEBROSA (Lafr.).

Five males and two females from Papallacta, Eastern Andes
(11,500 feet), to which range they are probably confined'
for we met with none in West Ecuador. The two females
are scarcely so blue on the rump as the males. This
species was generally found in the same trees as Heliochera
rubrocristata.

88. BuTHRAUPis cucuLLATA (Jard.) .

A good scries of this bird was obtained on both sides
of the Andes, at altitudes of from 9000 to 11,500 feet. The
western was tlie only side of Pichinclia on which we saw
them, but they were more numerous at Papallacta. They
have a very harsh call-note, and were generally met with in
the company of the following species, B. chloronota. Iris
bright red.

89. BuTHRAUPIS CHLORONOTA (Scl.) .

Four males and one female from both Cordilleras, at the
same altitudes as the preceding species. It was impossible
to tell the call-note of one from the other. Although we
explored the Volcano of Pichincha so thoroughly on every
side, we only met Avith these birds (and many others) on
the western slope. The nature of the vegetation is very
different on that side from what it is on the other three,
and this fact probably accounts for numbers of birds fre-
quenting that part of the mountain only. The female is
blacker about the forehead than the male.

90. CoMPsocoMA vicTORiNi (Lafr.).

A series from various localities along the Western Andes
at altitudes of from 9000 to 12,000 feet.

91. CoMPSOCOMA SUMPTUOSA (LcSS.).

This still handsomer species we found rather common at
Papallacta, on the Eastern Andes, in February, and we
procured about a dozen specimens during our stay there.

46ti Mr. VV. Goodfellovv — Ornithological

They seemed to feed entirely on bei'ries and fruit. Iris
reddish brown.

92. CoMPSOCOMA NOTABiLis (Jard.).

One male, apparently of this species, was obtained on the
lower part of the western side of Pichincha, at an altitude of
about 7000 feet.

93. DUBUSIA TiENIATA (BoisS.).

Three males from Pichincha (11,000 feet) and one female
from Papallacta, East Ecuador, which has the rump dark
green. These birds make a loud chattering noise. Iris
bright red.

94. Tanagra ccELESTis (Spix).

Our specimens were procured at Archidoua at the foot of
the Eastern Andes, which was the only place in the Napo
district where we met with them. We did not see any more
until we reached Para, at the mouth of the Amazon, where
some were flitting about among the palms in the centre of the
city. They looked to me to be of the same species, having
white shoulders, which are very conspicuous when the birds
are flying. They have quite a sweet song, and I often heard
them singing in the Chonta palms around our hut at Archi-
dona. They are generally found in pairs, and keep to the
higher trees.

95. Tanagra caxa Sw.

Common in the hot forest-regions of Western Ecuador,
at Santo Domingo, GuanaciJlo, and other places, where they
frequent the banana-plantations and the fruit-trees around
the huts. Specimens from the foot of the hills seem to be
less blue than those from farther down into the forests.
Local name, '' Azulejo."

96. Tanagra palmarum, Max.

The subspecific term ' violilavata,' of Berlepsch and
Taczanowski (P. Z. S. 1883, p. 546), probably applies to the
West Ecuadorian form of this species, of which we obtained
many examples in the clearing at Santo Domingo ; but
those we shot at Archidona, at the foot of the Eastern

Journey through Coloinbia and Ecuador. 467

AudeSj were probably typical T. puhnarum. There is an
obvious difference between them, those from the Amazonian
side being of a duller violet, and having the head yellowish
green. These birds are tame in their habits^ and frequent
the vicinity of the huts.

97. TaNAGKA DARWIN I (Bp.).

Two specimens of this species were shot in the gardens of
the British Consulate at Quito, where they are occasionally
met with. They come up from the " quebrada^^ of Guapalo
during December and January to feed on the seeds of various
floweriiig-trecs, and are said to commit great damage in the
gardens. Their call-note is beautifully clear, and resembles
a long drawn-oat whistle, going up the scale and then slowly
descending. This is followed by a loud cry of " Guarichi "
uttered three times in succession. Hence the bird is locally
called " Guarichi.^^

98. Tanagra cyanocephala (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

One male from Gualea, West Ecuador, in August. So far
as I can remember, the specimens collected around Popayan
in Colombia belonged to this species. If so, we only met
with it in these two localities, and we found it rather more
numerous in Colombia than in Ecuador, but by no means
common anywhere.

99. Rhamphoccelus nigrigularis (Spix).

A male and female killed at one shot at the Coca, Rio
Napo, in June. These birds were not common there, but
much lower down the river, at the mouth of the Tiputini,
I saw from the platform of our hut a flock of about thirty
settle for a while on the tops of some bushes not far otf,
two niglits in succession, just about sunset. The female is
brownish on the black parts, and has the scarlet not quite
so intense as the male. Surely it is a mistake to say that
this species ranges to Western Ecuador, as is stated in the
British Museum Catalogue (xi. p. 172).

100. Rhamphoc(elus jacapa (L.).

Females of this species were fairly numerous at Archidona,
and males only at the Coca, lower down the river. It

468 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

frequents fruit-trees in the Indian clearings. The young
males can be distinguished from the females by being more
red, and by having faiut white tips to the tail-feathers. They
were in full moult at the Coca in May, and it was difficult
to get any in good plumage.

101. Rhamphoccelus icteronotus Bp,

Confined to the Western side, and very numerous around
the huts at Santo Domingo, where they were still breeding
in October in the orange-trees, about eight feet from the
ground ; but the foliage was so thick and so prickly, and the
nests w^ere so far in, that it was impossible to get at them
without cutting down the trees, which their owners would
not let us do. I satisfied myself that one nest belonged
to a pair the male bird of which was not yet in complete adult
plumage. My very young males differ from the females
in having the under tail-coverts brownish black, very
slightly tipped with yellow, while the latter have them
wholly yellow. Local name, "Plataneros.^^

10.2. Pyranga estiva (Gm.).

Three males and one female from Canzacota, West Ecuador
(6500 feet), Quito (10,000 feet), and Baeza, East Ecuador
(5500 feet). Our Consul at Quito told me that he had never
seen more than three at that altitude during the thirty
years he had lived there. The specimen we shot in the
garden during our stay at the Consulate had been in
the neighbourhood for several days, but was very shy and
tried to conceal its bright coat in the trees as much as
possible.

103. EucoMETis CASsiNi (Lawr.) .

One male, from Santo Domingo^ shot in the forest in
October.

101-. Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafr. & D^Orb.
Three males from San Nicolas, West Ecuador, and two
from the Coca, Eio Napo, East Ecuador.

105. Tachyphonus surtnamus (L.).

One male from near the mouth of the Coca, where this
bird frequents the undergrowth on the edge of the forest.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 469

106. Nemosia guira (L.).

A male from Arcbidona, East Ecuador, in April.

107. Thlypopsis ornata (Scl.).

Nemosia ornata, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24.
One male and one female from Mindo (about 7000 feet),
on the lower western side of Picliincha.

108. Sericossypha albicristata (Lafr.).
Lamprotes albocristatus, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22.
Two males and a female shot in March at Baeza, on the

Eastern Andes (5500 feet), to which side they are entirely
confined, and where they appear to be not at all common,
for none of the few natives of the place seemed to have seen
them befoi'e. We came across a flock of about a dozen.
The female had the throat dull claret-coloured, and one male
had the throat of a much brighter red than the other, being
evidently an older bird. So far as I could see the other
birds in the flock, there appeared to be one or two that had
little or no white on the head. They were feeding on the
berries of a fairly low tree.

109. Chlorospingus semifuscus (Scl.).

Four males and two females of this species were collected
on both sides of the Andes at altitudes of from 7000 to
11,500 feet. They were generally met with singly, and
except at Papallacta, where we shot two, were all from
diff'erent localities and elevations. They frequented the tops
of the higher trees, as did all the members of this genus
we met with.

110. Chlorospingus atripileus (Lafr.).

One male and one female from the west side of Pichincha
(8000 feet).

111. Chlorospingus RUBRiRosTRis (Lafr.).

A single male from Papallacta (11,500 feet), Feb. 1899.
Bill yellowish red, iris brown.

112. Chlorospingus nigrifrons Lawr.
Chlorospingus superciliaris nigrifrons, Scl. Cat. B. xi. p. 247.
Six males and four females from Milligalli, Gualea, and

Mindo, West Ecuador (5000 to 7000 feet).

4/0 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

113. Chlorospingus flavigularis (ScI.),

Three males and two females from Gualea, Milligalli, and
Canzacota, West Ecuador (6000 to 8000 feet). The females
have the crown and sides of head dark greyish^ the upper
throat fixwn, and the Jower throat greenish yellow right
across^ and not divided as in the male. The iris is dark
reddish brown.

114. Urothraupis sTOLZMAxVNi (Tacz. & Berl.).
Urothraupis stolzmanni, Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 83,

pi. viii.

At Papallacta, Eastern Andes (11,500 feet), we shot two
males and a female of this Tanager. One male has the
shotilders rather pale grey, but the other, which is probably
younger, has them dull greenish-grey, and the wings a
little shorter. The female has the wing-coverts edged with
greenish grey, the throat and breast not so white as in the
males, and the vent and sides washed with dull green.

115. BuAllREiMON ASSIMILIS (Boiss.).

Eight males and four females from Pichincha and Papallacta,
on both ranges of the Andes, at about 11,500 feet. These
birds seem to live mostly on the ground, and run about under
the bushes. One female from Papallacta has the sides of the
mandible yellow, and the head very much flecked with
olive-green. Iris dull red. Local name at Quito, " Monjas."

116. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHA (Lafr.).

One male from the west side of Corazon (about 7000 feet),
in September.

117. BUARREMON LEUCOPTERUS (Jard.).

Two males and two females from Pichincha (10,000 feet).
The females have fawnish-grey thighs and vents, and the
heads less clearly marked. Not common in this locality.

118. BuARREMON PALLIDINUCHA (BoisS.).

Four males and two females from Papallacta, East Ecuador.
In pairs in February, and in breeding condition. The females
have the nape dull white and the crown more brownish
yellow than the males.

Journey through Colombin and Ecuador. 471

119. BUARREMON SCHISTACEUS (BoisS.).

Six males and only one female from Papallacta. Also in
breeding condition in February. The female lias the white
markings on the primaries much duller than has the male.

120. BUARREMON SPODIONOTUS (Scl. & Salv.).

Buarremon spod'wnotus, Scl. Cat. B. xv. p. 264.

Six adult males and one young male from Papallacta,
East Ecuador, in February, and two males and one female
from Corazon and Pichincha, West Ecuador (11,000 to 12,000
feet), in November and December. The young male from
Papallacta is just changing its speckled for a yellow breast,
and has the crown of the head and nape light brown,
the mantle and rumj) being rusty slate-coloured. The
two western males have the crown very pale, shading off
into decided fawn-colour on the najje. The female is
probably very young, and has the head black with only
a few dingy fawn-coloured feathers down the nape.

121. Arremon spectabilis (Scl.).

One male from Santo Domingo, in October, and one
female from San Nicolas, West Ecuador, in September,
Sexes alike. Legs and feet yellow, bill yellowish red.

122. Oreothraupis arremonops Scl.

A male from below Miudo, West Ecuador (about 6000 feet) .
We shot another of these birds at a higher altitude, but
it was stolen with other skins from a hut where we were
staying. It was much paler coloured than the former, the
feathers of the throat and breast being edged with brown
instead of black, and the head blackish brown. The wings
and tail were of the same rufous shade in both.

123. Cissopis leveriana (Gm.).

From Archidona and the mouth of the Coca, Upper Rio
Napo, where individuals w^ere by no means rare in the
clearings around the Indian huts. They eat largely of
small, hard, green buds, and invariably alight on the top-
most twigs of the bushes where these grow. They were
always in pairs, and were moulting heavily in May. It is
very difficult to pass the head of these birds through the

472 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

neck when skinning them. The Indians of the neighbour-
hood use the skins largely in their ornaments. In Quito,
where the people know these birds from seeing preserved
specimens, they call them " Dominicos.^^

121. PsiTTOSPIZA RIEFFERI (BoisS.).

Eight males and five females from Canzacota, West
Ecuador (6500 feet), in August and September, and below
Baeza, East Ecuador (5000 feet), in March. The females on
the whole are a shade lighter in colour, have less blue around
the base of the bill, and the vent also less rufous. In life
the bill, legs, and feet are bright coral-red, and not orange
or yellow as stated in the British Museum Catalogue (xi.
p. 281). The bright green plumage fades very much after
the skin has been kept for a time. These birds live in pairs
in the high trees, and their curious call-note is easy to
imitate, so that if one is shot, its mate can be attracted
back to the same spot. They feed on beri'ies of a juicy
nature.

125. Saltator MAGNUS (Gm.) .

Three males from Santo Domingo, in October, and two
females from San Nicolas, in September. They frequent
the fruit-trees and the banana-plantations. The females
seem to be greyer about the crown and sides of head than
the males, and much lighter down the centre of the breast.

126. Saltator superciliaris (Spix).

From the Coca, Upper Hio Napo, in May and June.
They were numerous at times in the fruit-trees around the
huts, and were generally found feeding in the company of
Rhamphoccelus jacapa. They have a loud, sweet song, and,
when uttering it, always sit on the highest twigs.

127. Saltator albicollis (VieilL).

Two males and one female from below Gualea (West
Ecuador), in July and August.

128. Saltator atripennis Scl.
One male from Gualea, in August.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 473

Fam. Fringillid^.

129. Pheucticus chrysogaster (Less.).

A good series of adult and immature birds was procured
from Quito and the Chillo Valley. They only come up to
Quito during the months of November^ December, and
January, when they do considerable damage in the gardens
to buds and young shoots^ which they appear to pull off the
trees out of pure wantonness. They feed largely on the seeds
of various acacias, both green and ripe. They have loud and
agreeable notes, and their flight is clumsy and short. They
frequent the Chillo Valley all the year round, and I often
saw a dozen or more together pecking about on the old stone
walls around the village of Pifo. I found one of their
nests at this place in October. It contained two young, and
was built on the lower branches of an acacia-tree. Immature
males and females always seemed to predominate in Quito,
and it was quite rare to see an adult male there. It is easy
to distinguish the young males from the females ; the latter,
for instance, are much darker on the breast, and have the
under tail-coverts pale cinnamon, whereas all the former
that we shot had them white.

130. SpERMorniLA ophthalmica (Scl.).

Very common at Santo Domingo in ctober, where
during the midday hours they assembled in large flocks on
the grass around the huts. Iris reddish.

131. Spermophila gutturalis olivacea (Tacz. & Berl.).
SpermopMla gutturalis olivacea, Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S.

1885, p. 122.

As common as the last species, and always found feeding
with it. If we fired into a flock we generally brought
down about equal numbers of both kinds.

132. Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafr.

Three males from the vicinity of Mindo, West Ecuador,
about 7000 feet. We found them singly in the higher
trees, and never saw but these three.

133. Paroaria gularis (Linn.).

Not rai'e on the Napo near the mouth of the Coca, but not

SER. Vm. VOL. I. 2 1

474 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

found above it ; tlie range extends from that river to the
Maranon. We never saw these birds away from the river-
banlvs, and they were generally sitting on the trees which over-
hung the water or flying along close to the surface. Iris dark
reddish brown. Sides of the mandible yellow at the base.

134. CORYPHOSPINGUS CRUENTUS (LeSS.),

One female shot at Santo Domingo in the fruit-trees near the
hut. The stomach contained what looked like grass-seeds.

135. SpODIORNIS JARDINII (Scl.) .

One male from Milligalli, West Ecuador (6000 feet), in
September.

136. Phrygilus unicolor (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Five males and. four females. This bird was fairly
numerous around Quito, especially in the hedges on the
El Egido plain to the north of the city. We also found
it at Aloag, a village above Machachi, about 9500 feet.

137. Phrygilus ocularis Scl.

Found in the fields around Quito and the Chillo Valley,
in small flocks, in November and December.

138. Phrygilus alaudinus (Kittl.).

Met with in company with P. ocularis, but not so
numerous.

139. Catamenia analoides (Lafr.).

Three males and two females from the environs of Quito
and the Chillo Valley. These birds are often kept in cages
in Quito, as they have a nice song. The young males seem
to be greyer than the females.

140. Catamenta homochroa Scl.

Three males and one female. This bird is met with along
the hedgerows in the vicinity of Quito, In November,
when other members of the genus were in flocks, we found
this species as a rule in pairs only among the thicker bushes
and hedges.

141. ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).

Common in Quito, where it takes the place of our domestic

Journey through Colomhin and Ecuador. 475

Sparrow, and also in many towns of the central tableland.
We found that it ranged up the Western Andes to just over
1 1,000 feet, and over the western side of them down to Milli-
galli (6000 feet) ; but we only saw three there altogether, and
at no other place on the same side at anything like such a low
altitude. I was told that the birds were occasionally enticed
down by grain which falls from the sacks as the mules carry
tliem from the highlands to the forests below. There were
certain villages in the Chillo Valley where we never saw them,
but they were plentiful around the tambo on the Tablon
(11,750 feet), ou the western side of the Eastern Andes,
though unknoAvn at Papallacta, 11,500 feet, over on the
eastern side of the same range. Nor did we see any at
Pedregal or in the Valle de Viciosa, on the Eastern Andes.
I believe that they were the birds which were quite common
at Popayan, Colombia (5825 feet). In Quito they were very
tame, and frequently came into the rooms. They nested
there under the tiles and among the creepers on the trees
and walls. They have a sweet but rather melancholy song,
and may often be heard singing on moonlight nights. They
are seldom seen far away from the dwellings of man. I
saw an apparently pure albino in Quito and several partial
albinos, but did not secure any. Local name, " El Gorrion."

142. Embernagra chrysoma Scl.

One male from Gualea, Western Ecuador.

143. Chrysomitris icterica capitalis Cab.
Chrysomitris capitalis Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 219.

A large series of adult and immature males and females
from Quito and the Chillo Valley. At both places they
congregated in large flocks in November, December, and
January, and filled the air with their sweet song. In Quito
they eat the seeds of most of the flowering plants in the
gardens, but in the Chillo Valley they feed chiefly on grass-
seeds.

144. Sycalis ARVENsis LUTEiVENTRis (Mayen).
Sycalis luteiveniris Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 883.

We did not find this bird in Quito, but shot a few m the

2i 2

476 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

environs, and in the Chillo Valley they were common and
generally in flocks with the preceding species.

Fam. I c T E R I D iE.

145. Clypeicterus oserii Deville.

One female only from the Upper Rio Napo, near the
mouth of the Coca, where this bird was not common. I had
two males brought to me by the Indians, but they had kept
them too long to be worth skinning.

146. OcYALus wAGLERi (Gray & Mitch.).

We shot a large series of examples of this bird at Santo
Domingo, Western Ecuador, where we found them not at all
rare. They frequented the banana-plantations and did great
damage to the ripe fruit. We also shot two in the depths of
the forest, but as a rule they live chiefly in the open clearings.
Some of their notes are very fine and liquid, and others are like
the sound of gurgling water. Their flight exactly resembles
that of a Toucan, and in the evening they assemble in flocks
and retire for the night to the high trees on the edge of the
forest. The whole of the bill is pale lemon-yellow. Iris
pale blue in the male, and greyer in the female.

147. OsTINOPS CRISTATUS (Gm.).

Six males but no females from the Coca, Upper Rio Napo,
where they were fairly numerous in small flocks. Wherever
we went the males of this genus always seemed more plentiful
than the females. Indian name, " Manga.''

148. OSTINOPS ANGUSTIFRONS (Spix).

Two pairs, also from the Coca. Seen in couples and always
in the thick forests, whereas the other species seem to prefer
the river-banks. The bill is black, with the base and. tip
yellow. Iris sky-blue, and rim of the eyelids red. Indian
name, " Manga pana.'^

149. OsTINOPS DECUMANUS (Pall.).

One male from the Coca. It had a large piece of the
base of the bill broken away, which damage had evidently
been sustained a long time previously. It was such a large
hole that it was wonderful how the bird had been able to

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 477

swallow auy food at all. Bill wholly leraou-yellow. Iris
pale blue.

150. OSTINOPS ALFRED! (DcS Murs).

Ostinops alfredi Scl. Cat. B. xi. p. 318.

We shot a male and female of this species at Milligalli
(6000 feet), and odd males at San Nicolas and Gualea at
much lower elevations^ all in "West Ecuador. These two odd
males are fully adult and are alike in every respect, but the
pair from Milligalli differ from them in having the foreheads
of a paler primrose-colour, and also a stripe of the same
colour over the eyes. The San Nicolas and Gualea males
show no trace of this, and their foreheads are of a darker
yellow. The Milligalli male is but very little larger than
the female, while the latter lacks the elongated feathers on
the crown. In all cases the bills are deep chrome-yellow.
The birds were nesting at Milligalli in September, and many
of their long nests hung from one tree in inaccessible posi-
tions over the torrent. We met with them in the forests at
San Nicolas in small flocks of seven or eight. They keep up
a loud noise, which may be heard at a great distance. They
have a peculiar pungent odour, which my skins still partially
retain.

151. Cassicus persicus (Linn.).

A series from the Upper Napo, East Ecuador. They were
nesting there in May and June, and on one tree I counted
62 of their hanging nests. They prefer tall trees standing
well out in the clearings, or those on the edge that rise
above the general forest-level. Each of the nests that I
took contained five young, which varied considerably in
size. Even before these are fledged they run up the inside
of the nests to be fed at the opening at the top, and
before they can fly they sit about on the outside, but
rapidly vanish inside at the sight of a Hawk or any
other large bird. In the young the black parts are of a
rusty colour, with a strong yellowish hue about the lower
part of the breast and thighs, which gives them an almost
olive-green appearance. The bills of the adult birds are

478 IMr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

pale lemon-yellow (not " white/' as stated in the Brit. Mus.
Cat.) and the iris is pale blue ; but in the young the bill is
greV; with a yellow tinge at the tip^ and the iris is dark
grey. The Ecuadorians call them '' Culembras/' but the
Napo Indians called them " Chaupi mangas."

152. Cassicus affinis Sw.

From Baeza, E. Ecuador (5500 feet), but we did not meet
with any below that place. They were in small flocks on the
more open sides of the mountains. Bill pale yellow. I
do not think it possible that this bird can be also found on
the Western Andes, and the skin in the British Museum
obtained by Buckley must be so labelled by mistake.

153. Cassicus leucorhamphus (Bp.).

Three males and two females. We constantly met with
this species in small flocks during our first two days' walk
after we left Baeza, but nowhere at a lower level. It
also frequented the mountain-sides where the forests were
less dense, and is undoubtedly found on the eastern side
only.

154. Icterus croconotus (Wagl.).

A male and female from the Simo, Upper Rio Napo.
We frequently saw pairs, but they seemed confined to the
edge of the forests along the river-banks and places where
bamboos grew. On the Coca, in June, I saw three of their
nests in close proxioiity suspended from the tips of bamboos
overhanging the water. The bare skin around the eyes
is dark slaty-blue. Beautiful as the colour of these birds is
in the skin, it is still more beautiful in life. I noticed that
our specimens faded as soon as they began to dry, and
turned more yellow. The Zaparo Indians called them
" Palandra pisco,^' which was not very distinctive, for they
applied the same name to other birds. It means Plantain-
bird.

155. Amblycercus holosericeus (Scop.).

A male and female from the foot of the Eastern Andes,
Upper Rio Napo. We also saw the birds about the mouth

Journey throuyh Colombia and Ecuador. 479

of the Coca River in May and June, but they were then
moulting so heavily that they were not worth shooting.
They were not common in any locality that we visitec]_, were
generally in pairs, and frequented the lower growth about
the edges of the forests. Bill leaden horn-colour. Iris
grey.

156. Gymnomystax melanicterus (VieilL).

A very young male from the Coca, Upper Napo, in June.
It was brought to me alive, with one leg and a wing broken.
The back is very brown, and still has down hanging to
some of the feathers. The primaries and secondaries are
yellowish brown on the outer margin. In life the bare skin
around the eyes is flesh-colour, and the legs and feet are
pinkish grey. Iris pale brown.

157. Sturnella bellicosa De Fil.

A male from the vicinity of Chimborazo at an altitude of
about 8000 feet, where they seemed fairly numerous. They
frequented stony regions, and I observed them turning over
the small stones to look for insects underneath. They
are common in captivity throughout the towns of Central
Ecuador.

158. Cassidix oryzivora (Linn.).

A very large series, chiefly from Santo Domingo and
San Nicolas, West Ecuador, collected in September and
October ; they were not met with at a higher altitude than
about 3000 feet. During the first week or two of our stay
at Santo Domingo we never saw one of them, then a large
influx took place, and many could be observed all day and every
day about the clearing, but never within the forest. They
frequented the banana-plantations, and we often shot them
while they were eating the ripe fruit. We also frequently
saw them alone, and in the company of Crotophaga ani,
sitting on the backs of the sleeping cattle or on the ground
around them. At both Santo Domingo and San Nicolas
they were called "Garapateros" (tick-eaters), and Croto-
phaga ani was called " Chamom.'^

When whistling they expand the thick feathers on the

480 Ornithological Journey throucjh Colombia and Ecuador.

neck like a ruff. The females are much smaller, and black,
without the purple gloss. Iris yellow, but less bright in
the young. I fouud grasshoppers in the stomachs of three
examples.

Fam. C o R V 1 D ^.

159. Xanthura turcosa (Bp.).

Seven males and four females from the west side of
Pichinclia and Mindo in November, Nanegal in July, and
Papallacta, East Ecuador (11,500 feet), in February. They
were more numerous on the Eastern Andes and went in
larger flocks there. I found berries of various kinds in the
stomachs, and also beetles. Mr. Hamilton shot one which had
the egg of some small species in its bill, and I killed another
which was eating a young bird. They have rather a harsh
cry, and while on the Western Andes they were always in
the highest trees and were decidedly shy ; at Papallacta they
frequented the bushes in the vicinity of the huts in flocks
of four or five together. Local name, "Auroras.'^

160. Xanthura incas (Bodd.).

Five males and one female from Baeza, Eastern Ecuador,
and the small valleys below. They were in flocks of from
twenty to thirty and frequented very high trees, keeping up
an incessant chattering the whole time. The young have
the nape much bluer than the adults, and the blue on the
oheeks and forehead greenish. I believe that this species is
the same as that we shot in the mountains above Popayan and
around Pasto, in Colombia. It is found only on the eastern
side of the Andes in Ecuador. Local name, " Pautanja.''^

161. Cyanocorax violaceus (Du Bus).

Two pairs from the Rio Suno, Upper Napo, which was
the only locality where we saw them. They were in couples,
in the tops of the high trees in the forests, and were moulting
in May and June. The females seem to be more grey
than the males. The stomach of one contained the remains
of a small lizard.

[To be continued.]

On the Ornithology of the Gambia River. 481

XXXV. — On the Ornithology of the Gambia River.
By John S. Budgett, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.

In visiting the Gambia Colony between November 1898
and July 1899, my chief object was the study of its fishes,
so that this paper by no means professes to give a complete
list of the birds, though it is hoped that a record of such
as were noticed may be found useful to my readers. Apart
from A.-T. de Rochebrune's unsatisfactory ' Faune de la
Seuegambie^ (1884) (which is generally supposed to be
barely trustworthy), 1 have only been able to find two articles
treating solely of the avifauna of the district, namely, " Notes
on the Ornithology of the Gambia,'^ by Dr. Percy Hendall
(Ibis, 1892, pp. 215-230), which gives an annotated list of
birds collected within eight miles of Bathurst during a stay
of 21 mouths, and the second Appendix (pp. 461-483) to
Moloney's 'Sketch of the Forestry of West Africa' (1887),
which contains a list of the species known from the river,
with references to the literature, by Capt. Shelley.

The majority of the birds that I observed are included in
these lists, but a certain number are wanting; nor did I
meet with all those noted by Dr. Kendall ; this, however,
is easily explained by the situation of the districts which I
explored.

In travelling up the river to my future headquarters, the
island of McCarthy, we generally kept close to one bank or
the other, and thus had fair opportunities of observing the
avifauna. In the lower reaches from Bathurst to Nianimaru
impenetrable walls of mangroves line the shores and make
it very difficult to obtain a view of the interior or to watch
the birds. Frequently, however, large parties of Pelicans
and Marabou-birds crossed our course, while at low water
there often appeared dense flocks of Crested Cranes, which,
upon our approach, sailed aw^ay with their long necks and
unwieldly heads far outstretched, uttering their loud hoarse
cries.

As we neared Nianimaru, about 100 miles up the river,
we left the mangroves behind and could see the actual

482

Mr. J. S. Budaett on the

banks teeming with bird-life amongst the dense tropical
vegetation of every description, which extended as far as
our destination and remained luxuriantly green throughout

CO
bl

the year. The country farther inland is, in the dry season,
somewhat sparsely covered with almost leafless trees, and
there being little to attract the ornithologist in the scorched-

Ornitholoyy of the Gambia River. 483

up plains or the stouy plateaux away from the river, my
huuting-grouiids were somewhat restricted. When we
arrived at McCarthy Island on Nov. 10th the dry season was
just beginning, but the swampy plains were still covered
with dense jungle, and the foliage of the forest-covered
plateaux formed a rich contrast to the red cliffs as they caught
the last rays of the setting sun, while vast flocks of Egrets,
Ducks, and Green Pigeons flew overhead from their feeding-
grounds. Even before reaching McCarthy Island I was
struck by the number of species of Rollers and Kingfishers
seen, though it was impossible to identify them from the
colonial steamer. From Nov. 11 to Nov. 24 I was fully
occupied with other work, and could shoot only a few birds
daily for food. These were usually Pigeons, Spur-winged
Plovers, the so-called Bush-fowl {Francolinus bicalcaratus\
the Sand-Grouse {Pterocles quadricinclus), or occasionally
a Whistling Duck. Other species of frequent occurrence
were the Palm-bird {Lophoceros nasutus), usually seen in
parties of from three to five, which continually flew in un-
dulating fashion from tree to tree uttering their monotonous
high-pitched cry of three descending notes ; two species of
Parrots ; enormous flocks of LamprocoHus purpureiis ; as
well as groups of Lamprotornis caudatus and Wood-Hoopoes
{Irrisor senegalensis), ranging from ten to thirty, which vied
one with another in their deafening chatter. The flocks of
the last-named generally contained twice as naany females
as males, the latter being easily distinguished by their
brilliant red beaks. The Foolish bird {Centrojms senega-
lensis), various Drongos and Shrikes, and Weaver-birds in
vast numbers, completed the tale. In the early days of my
stay 1 noticed the call of our British Redstart, of which I
saw both males and females throughout the dry season.
The Grey Flycatcher {Muscicapa grisola) was also common
along the river-banks at that time.

On Nov. 24 I went down the river to Nianimaru, and
thence travelled in company with the Commissioner of the
District up the north bank as far as the Kunchow Creek,
returning to McCarthy Island on Dec. 20th. There was

48 i Mr. J. S. Budgett on the

plenty of time for fishing and shooting, as we stayed at the
important places for several days. The towns visited were
Sukuta, Kaihai, Demfai, Tabanani^ Same, and Koruntaba,
most of them several miles from the river, as the natives
almost always prefer to live in the higher country. On this
trip I first became acquainted with the little flocks of the
Long-tailed Shrike [Corvinella corvina), which were every-
where seen flying from bush to bush along the native roads,
not in the least shy of our rather numerous string of porters
and servants.

On reaching our destination we took up our quarters in
native huts set aside for the Commissioner's special use,
usually sharing them with the small Red-breasted Weaver-
birds [Lagonosticta senegala), while in the trees overhead
Pycnonotus barbatus reiterated its clear but plaintive little
song. About the towns numbers of Cryptnrhina afra
acted as general scavengers. The males had brilliant red
beaks, the females black. It was near Tabanani that I
first saw perched on the top of some solitary tree-stump
Lanius auriculatus, and also identified the Parrots pre-
viously noticed, viz. Pmocephalus senegalus in large flocks of
over twenty, and Palaornis docilis in small parties. Here
also I shot a number of the handsome green Pigeon ( Vinago
waalia), which never alights on the ground and feeds chiefly
on young figs, the trees being literally crowded with the
birds. In the gullies the noisy chatter of parties of some
half-a-dozen Babblers {Crateropus platycercus) attracted my
attention as they ran up the tree-trunks in search of insects,
in Woodpecker fashion.

At Same, on the Kunchow Creek, while fishing with tram-
mel-net and linCj I had an opportunity of identifying the
Kino-fishers Ceryle rudis, C. maxima, and Halcyon senegalensis.
The first-named aff"orded a most attractive spectacle as it
poised itself in mid-air above its prey, with the neck and beak
pointing downwards. Up and down the stream, skimming
the surface as a Swallow does, flashed the gorgeous green,
orange and crimson Melittophaga buUocki, while from the
bushes along the banks came a noisy chatter that might

Ornithology of the Gambia River. 485

have been made by monkeys, but which I soon learnt was
uttered by parties of Crater opus reinwardti. On the neigh-
bouring mud a solitary bird, marked Hke a Redstart but of
the size of a Thrush, stealthily hopped along. A specimen
was with difficulty bagged, and. proved to be Cossypha
albicapilla.

Much of the country hereabouts was of a varied nature,
ranging from level plateaux covered with cane-brakes
and small leguminous trees, to cultivated valleys nearer the
towns, where the natives grow millet, maize, cotton, and
ground-nuts ; here the soil was saudy, with only a solitary
cotton-tree {Bombax), mahogany (Kaia), or fig-tree left
standing. Nearer the river were level plains, flooded in the
rainy season, where the natives plant a little rice.

As we came back through Koruntaba to the river-side,
and thence to McCarthy Island again, I noticed a new bird,
the Piebald Crow [Corvus scapulatus) , and shot a Heron
{Ardea melanocephala) , a large Eagle {Aquila wahlbergi),
and a Harrier {Circus macrurus).

I went down to Bathurst for the new year, and there
engaged two native fishermen, arriving at McCarthy Island
again on the 11th of January; thence, after a stay of eight
days, I took my fishermen, cook, and nets down to Niani-
maru for two weeks. A large number of the smaller birds
were obtained at this time, including Shrikes, Woodpeckers,
Bee-eaters, Honey-suckers, and Weaver-birds. All the
Shrikes were found solitary or in pairs, except Prionops
plumatus, which moved restlessly about the thickets of the
stony plateaux in parties of a dozen. Scoptelus aterrimus
was common here, though, unlike the large Irrisor sene^
galensis, it was always seen in pairs.

About this time the natives were burning the dead jungle
on the lowlands, and I often watched with interest the
enormous numbers of White Herons {Ardea garzetta)
cautiously moving in front of the advancing flames and
devouring the insects which were driven out of the grass by
the heat of the fire. Above them twittered a vast number
of Merops nubicus, literally showing a red cloud of wings as

486 Mr. J. S. Budgett on the

they greedily devoured the insects that attempted to escape
by flight. This was the only Bee-eater observed in large
flocks. I obtained many of the small Weaver-birds and
Flycatchers during my fishing expeditions, while the canoe
slid silently amongst the luxuriant vegetation of the little
creeks ; though sometimes we had to beat a hasty retreat^ as,
with a roar, a great cow hippopotamus splashed into the water
ahead, warning us that it was dangerous to approach her
young.

On Feb. 1st I returned to McCarthy Island, as there was
some apprehension of an invasion by a neighbouring chief,
Jimba ma Joula, but the arrival of H.M.S. ' Alecto ' caused
him to change his mind.

During February and March I made several trips up and
down the river, but got very little in the way of birds. The
Harmattan wincls, which were now at their worst, parched up
all the vegetation, blowing sand and dust over everything
and making life generally uncomfortable; the temperature at
midday was always over 100° F., and often 106° F., though
at night it became much cooler. At this time I procured,
specimens o( Buphaga africana, no easy matter with a bird
that clings so closely to the backs of cattle.

In the early part of March I shot a Cormorant Avhich had
all the markings of the very young Phnlacrocorax lucidus
described by Capt. Boyd Alexander (see Brit. Mus. Cat. B.
xxvi. p. 351). I also obtained a fine specimen of Musophaga
violacea, with the head and wing-patch of a particularly bright
red. On the 2Jtli of March I went down the river to spend
a week at Quinela, on the south bank. Near that town
there was a well, much used by the natives, under the moist
shade of some mahogany-trees, and amongst the numberless
birds that frequented it I first obtained Oriulus galbula, the
uncommon Pogonor-hynchus vieilloti, Barbatula chrysocomis,
Zosterops senegalensis, and Terpsiphove melanog aster, re-
markable in the males for a steel-blue crest and magnificent
chestnut tail-streamers. One morning in the open plain I
came across a large flock of Glareola pratincola, which had
the peculiar habit of flying round for a minute or two and
then settling quite close at hand, apparently trusting to its

Ornithology of the Gambia River. 487

resemblance to the soil to escape observation. In the tree-
tops overshadowing: the town Pelicans and Marabou-birds
build their nests, and at the end of March there were still
some unfledged birds in them.

On April 1st I started in a cutter up the river from
McCarthy Island to stay for a short time at the Kunchow
Creek. The voyage occupied two days, and as we anchared
when the tide was ebbing, I had several opportunities of
going ashore to shoot. I found Guinea-hens {Nuinida me-
leagris) very plentiful, as were also the Bush-fowl and the
Sand-Grouse. Arriving at the mouth of the creek on
April 3rd, I rowed up it about a mile to Alimaka's wharf,
where I had some huts built overlooking the river. At this
time the air was everywhere heavily scented by the blossoms
of a beautiful gardenia-like shrub, which teemed with various
Sun-birds and Bee-eaters. The commonest Sun-bird met
with here was Nectarinia pulchella, though I obtained three
others. In the dense belt of forest by the river-side I saw
several beautiful species of Flycatchers, and tried, without
success, to obtain a specimen o{ Elminia longlcaudata. Paras
leucomelas was fairly common. About this time (A.pril 10th)
I first noticed the harsh cry of Coccystes glandarius, thence-
forward very common. On leaving the Kunchow Creek,
on alow mud-bank near its mouth I saw a large flock of
(Edicnemus senegalensis, as a rule a solitary species.

On April 20th I joined company with two Englishmen
who were on their way to inspect some gold-workings. We
were taken up to Yarbutenda by a small steamboat, and
thence we rowed up to Netebulu, in French territory, at the
head of the navigable waters of the Gambia. After a stay
of a few days, I parted from the Englishmen and made my way
back overland towards McCarthy Island. I stayed about a
week at Koina, where antelopes and game of all kinds were
very abundant, and there I succeeded in obtaining two good
specimens of the beautiful blue Flycatcher, Elminia longl-
caudata. This bird is extremely active and restless, flitting
from tree to tree and continually spreading out its tail like
a fan. The male and female seem quite similar. Bucorax
abyssinicus was also seen several times.

488 Mr. J. S. Budgett on the

On May 4th I reached Fatotenda, where I stayed a day
or two near a small lake much frequented by birds. I saw
there black and white Ibises and several Spoonbills. Near
Darsilanii I noticed several flocks of about twenty Leona
Nightjars [Macrodipteryx longipennis) . The males with
the elongated wing-feathers were rather more numerous
than the females. They flew continually round and then
settled on the ground at my feat. I reached my head-
quarters on May the 11th, and then heard for the first time
the call of a Cuckoo, the note of which resembled that of
Cuculus canorus, but the bird I shot was C. gularis.

I now went down to Nianimaru for the last time (May 18th).
The rainy season was just beginning, though unusually early.
I obtained there Halcyon chelicutensis far away from the
river, and my first Black-throated Weaver-bird [Hyphan-
iornis ciicullatus) , which I afterwards found everywhere in
thousands, building so closely in the large baobab trees
{Adansonia digitata) that the grass-nests, with their entrances
underneath, were not more than a foot or two apart. The
Bee-eater, Dicrocercus furcatus, now seen for the first time,
was abundant. Platystira cyanea was fairly common in the
dense forest-growth at the water's edge ; and Pacliyprora
senegalensis in the low bushes in the open. Honey- guides
{Indicator sparrmam) , perched on the tree-tops, were uttering
a loud, melodious, but monotonous cry of two descending
notes.

On June 1st I returned to M'Carthy Island, where I
stayed during the rains until the end of July. The Secretary-
bird was not unfrequently observed, and birds had generally
begun to build. Laniarius barbarus makes a shallow nest
of twigs, not unlike that of the Bullfinch, in rather obvious
positions. There were now abundant in the swamps two
brilliant Weaver-birds, Euplectes franciscanus and E. oryx;
they both make round grass-nests with side entrances,
attached to two or three of the stems of the tall swamp-
grasses. Vidua principalis was fairly common, and 1 often
watched the male hovering over the female, rapidly opening
and shutting the long tail-feathers, causing them to assume

0 nut kola gy of the (Junibia River. -i89

at times the shape of a lyre. In the swamps I came across
the floating uurscry of Lhnnocorax n'ujer, made of flat blades
of grass neatly woven together.

As I was unable to bring home a complete collection of
the birds that I shot, I carefully measured and described those
of which I did not preserve skins, and in the list given below
such are marked with an asterisk. Birds which were merely
seen I have not included ; most of them, however, belonged
to well-known species *.

I have referred in my list to one or two kinds of Eagles
identified from skins obtained on the south bank. These
were shot by Mr. H. L. Pryce, the Travelling Commissioner
of that district, who kindly allowed me to measure and take
notes of them.

In identifying my descriptions I have received much
assistance from Mr. A. H. Evans, while the skins were
named for me at the British Museum by Capt. Shelley.

*RuTiciLLA PHffiNicuRUs (Lath ).

M''Carthy Island, February 19, 1899. Common in the
early months of the dry season.

Sylvia cixekea Bechst.

Nianimaru, May 19, 1899. Coininou in the dry season.

COSSYPHA ALBICAPILLA (SwaiuS.).

Nianimaru, February 28, 1899. Common, mostly in the
thick bush.

Crateropus platyceiuus Swains,
Koruntaba, December 19, 1898. Common.

Crateropus reinwardti Swains.

Kunchow Creek, December 17, 1898. Common near the
river.

Parus leucomelas Riipp.

$ ? . Kunchow Creek, April 7, 1899. Common.

* These included a Swallow, AVagtail, Hornbill, Snipe, Darter, several
wading birds, and Ducks of various species. The last, though very
frequently shot, were never identified.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. - K

490 Mr. J. S. Budgett on the

Hedydipna PL.4TUKA (Hartl.)-

(^ . Niauimaru, February 22, 1899. Common.

Nectarinia pulchella (L.).

c? ad. Quinela, March 26, 1899 ; S F-, Kunchow Creek,
April 7, 1899. Common.

Chalcomitra senegalensis (Hahii).

cJ . Kuncliow Creek, April 4, 1899. Rare.

Anthothreptes longuemarii (Less.).
cJ. Niauimaru, January 22, 1899; ?. Niauimaru,
April 6, 1899. Fairly common.

ZOSTEROPS SENEGALENSIS Hartl.

Quinela, March 2, 1899. Common at this place.

Pycnonotus barbatus Gray.

Niauimaru, November 25, 1898. Very common.

Anthus gouldi Fraser.
Quinela, March 28, 1899.

Serinus icterus Bp.

McCarthy Island, January 10, 1899. Common.

Hypochera iKNEA Hartl.

^ . Quinela, February 26, 1899. Common.

Vidua principalis (L.).

^ . M'Carthy Island, July 4, 1899. Fairly common at
this time.

QUELEA QUELEA (L.) .

2 . Niauimaru, January 21, 1899. Common.

EsTRlLDA CiiiRULESCENS Vicill.

Niauimaru, February 21, 1899. Common.

^EsTRILDA PHOiNICOTIS Swaius.

M'Carthy Island, February 20, 1899. Very common.

■^Lagonosticta senegala (L.).

M'Carthy Island, February 20, 1899. Very common about
the native huts.

SlTAGRA LUTEOLA (Licht.).

5 juv. Niauimaru, February 21, 1899. Common,

Ornithology of the Gambia River. 491

Hyphantornis cucullatus Hartl.

J ad. Nianimaru, Ma}^ 18^ 1899 ; J juv. Niaiiimaru,
March 25, 1899. Very common in the rainy season.

Lamprocolius purpureus (P. L. S. Miill.).
McCarthy Island, January 9, 1899. Very common.

*Lamprotornis caudatus (P. L. S. Miiil.).
M'Carthy Island, December 17, 1898. Very common.

Euphaga africana L.

M'Carthy Island, March 12, 1899. Common.

Oriolus galbula L.

(^ ? , Uuinela, March 27, 1899. Fairly common.

DicRURUs ATRiPENNis Swalns.
Nianimaru, May 21, 1899. Common.

DiCRURUS AFKR (Licht. SCU.).

Demf'ai, March 17, 1899. Very common,

■'^Cryptorhina afra Sharpe.

M'Carthy Island. Very common. The males have red
beaks, the females black ; they act as scavengers.

■^CoRVus scapulatus Daud.

Tabanaui, December 16, 1899. Common.

Prionops plumatus (Shaw).

Nianimaru, January 21, 1899; Kunchow Creek, April 5,
1899. Fairly common in small parties.

CoRVINELLA CORVINA (Sliaw).

Quinela, March 26, 1899. Very common in small parties,

Lanius auriculatus (Miill.).

Tabanani, December 15, 1898 (young) ; Quinela,
March 25, 1899 (young). Fairly common iu the open.

Laniarius barbarus (L.).

M'Carthy Island, January 9, 1899. Common in thick bush.

Dryoscopus gambensis (Licht.).

J . Nianimaru, January 22, 1899. Common in thick bush.

2k2

49,2 Mr. J. S. Eudgett on the

Telephonus senegalus (L.).

Koina, May 1, 1899; Nianimaru, February 27, 1899.
Common in the open.

Mal4Conotus poliocephalus (Licht,).
Nianimaru, January 20, 1899. Common,

Bradyornts pallidus (v. Mull.).

Demfai, March]?, 1899; Kunchow Creek, April 8, 1899.
Common.

Hyliota i-LAViGASTRA Swains.
Nianimaru, January 27, 1899. Common.

Pachyprora senegalensis (L.).

Quinela, March 27, 1899; Nianimaru, May 28, 1899.
Common.

Elminia LONGiCAUDA (Swaius.).
Koina, May 2, 1899. Rare.

Terpsiphone cRisTATA (HartL).

Nianimaru, May 30, 1899. Fairly common.

Platystira cyanea (P. L. S. Miill.).
? . Nianimaru, May 21, 1899. Fairly common in the
forest at the river-side.

*MuSCICAPA GRISOLA L.

McCarthy Island, February 19, 1899. Common in the
early months of the dry season.

HiRUNDo LuciDA Vcrr.

Nianimaru, February 26, 1899. Common at this time.

Cypselus AFFiNis (Frankl.).

McCarthy Island, June 10, 1899. Common.

Macrodipteryx longipennis Shaw.

M'Carthy Island, May 8, 1899. Common, often in small
flocks.

ScoTORNis CLiMACURUs (HartL),
Fatotenda, April 10, 1899. Solitary.

Ornithology of the Gambia River. 493

SCOPTELUS ATERRIMUS (Steph.).

Jnv. Nianimavii, January 21, 1899. Fairly common in
pairs.

■^Irrisoh skneoalensis Ilartl.

Nianimaru, December 26, 1898. Nery common in parties
of twenty to tliirty,

Melittophagus pusillus (Sliarpe).

Nianiraaru, January 10, 1899. Common, especially in the
mangroves.

DiCROCERCUS FURCATUS (Staul.).

Nianimaru, May 19, 1899. Common.

Melittophagus bullocki (Vieill.).

Kunchow Creek, April 8, 1899; M'Carthy Island,
April 12, 1899. Fairly common.

Merops nubicus Gm.

McCarthy Island, Janiiary 8, 1899. Very common.

■^Halcyox senegalensis (L.).

M'Carthy Island, December 21, 1898. Common. The
specimen obtained liad a totally red beak, but otherwise
answered to the description of this species.

Halcyon chelicutensis Finscli & Ilartl.
Nianimaru, May 18, 1899. Fairly common.

*Ceryle maxima Gray.

$. Kunchow River, December IG, 1899. Common.

^Ceryle rudis (L.).
$ . Kunchow River, December 17, 1899. Common.

LoPHOCEROs erythrorhynchus (Temm.).
Quinela, March 27, 1899. Common.

*L0PH0CER0S NASUTUS (L.).

M'Carthy Island. Common,

^EURYSTOMUS AFER (Lath.).

M'Carthy Island, May 18, 1899. Common. Frequently
seen on trees at the river-side. Very noisy and quarrelsome
at beginning of the breeding-season.

494 Mr. J. S. Budgett on the

■^CoRACIAS CYANOGASTER SharpC.

Tabanani, December 14, 1898. Fairly common.

*CoBACIAS ABYSSINICA Gm.

McCarthy Island, November 25, 1898. Common.

*CoRAciAs NiEvius Daud.

M'Carthy Island, November 23, 1898. Common.

Mesopicus goertan (P. L. S. Miill.).
Quinela, March 29, 1899. Fairly common.

Campothera punctata (Swains.).

Nianimaru, January 22, 1899. Fairly common.

Barbatula chrysocoma (Temm.).
Quinela, March 27, 1899. Common.

Melanobucco viEiLLOTi (Hartl.).

Quinela, March 29, 1899. One specimen seen.

POGONORHYNCHUS DUBIUS (Hartl.).

Nianimaru, February 25, 1899. Common.

Indicator sparrmani Steph.
Nianimaru, February 2, 1899. Common.

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus (Swains.).
M'Carthy Island, July 20, 1899. Rare ; one specimen
obtained.

*CucuLus gularis Steph.

M'Carthy Island, May 11, 1899. Not lieard or seen on
the Gambia before this date after my arrival in November.

*CoccYSTES CAEER (Licht. scn.).

M'Carthy Island, June 14,1899. Appeared first at this date.

■=^C0CCYSTES GLANDARIUS (L.).

M'Carthy Island, April 1, 1899. Not noticed before this
date.

^Centropus anselli Sharpe.

M'Carthy Island, December 2, 1898. Common all the year
round. Though the specimen shot undoubtedly belonged to
this species, C senegaJus ^vas probably the most common form.

Ornithology of the Gambia River. 495

*MUS0PHAGA VIOLACEA Iscrt.

M'Carthy Island, March 10, 1899. Not very common.

■'^SCHIZORHIS AFRICANA (Lath,).

M'Carthy Island, March 5, 1899.

PALiEORNis nociLis (Vicill.).

M'Carthy Island, March 8, 1899. Very common.

*PcEOCEPHALUS SENEGALUS (L.).

M'Carthy Island, December 7, 1899. Very common in
flocks.

*Strix flammea L.

M'Carthy Island, June 13, 1899.

■^Scops Giu (Scop.).

Nianimaru, February 25, 1899. Common.

*Haliaetus vocifer (Daud.).

Common. Identified from a skin obtained on the south
bank.

*LoPHOAETUs OCCIPITALIS (Daud.).

Not common. Also identified by means of a skin from
the south bank.

*CiRCAETus BEAUDouiNi J. Vcrr. et Des Murs.
M'Carthy Island, December 20, 1898.

*Aquila wahlbergi (Sundev,).
Koruntaba, December 19, 1898.

^Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.).
M'Carthy Island. Common.

*Falco ardesiacus Bonn, et Vieill.
M'Carthy Island, December 17, 1898.

*ClRCUS MACRURUS (Gm.).

M'Carthy Island, December 16, 1898.

*ASTURINULA MONOGRAM MICA (Tcmm.).

Nianimaru, November 25, 1898.

*FrANCOLINUS BICALCARATUs(Linn.).

M'Carthy Island, February 2, 1899. Very common.

490 Ofi the Orultkoloyy of iltc (iinnhia River.

*GCna capensis (L.).

J. Quinela/ March 28, 1899; ?. Tabanani, Dcccmljcr
14, 1898.

*NUMIDA MEr.EAGRIS L.

Nianimaru, February 19, 1899. Very common.

*CoLUMBA GUINEA L.

Nianimaru. January K), 1899. Common,

*VlNAGO WAALIA (Gm.).

Demfai, December 13, 1898. V. calva was, I think,
equally common.

*Chalcopelia afra (L.).

M'Carthy Island, November 21, 1898. Very common.

*TURTUR SE.MITORQUATUS (Riipp.).

M'Carthy Island, November 23, 1898. Common.

*TURTUR VINACEUS (Gm.).

M'Carthy Island, December 18, 1898. Common.

*TURTUR SENEGALENSIS (L.).

McCarthy Island, December 18, 1898. Common.

*BUT0RIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzcl.).

Nianimaru, January 23, 1899. Common.

*Ardeola ralloides (Scop.).

M'Carthy Island, April 1, 1899. Common.

*Garzetta garzetta (L.).

Nianimaru, P'ebruary 27, 1899. Very common.

*Ardea melanocephala Childr.
Koruntaba, December 19, 1898. Common.

*Scopus umbretta Gm.

M'Carthy Island, November 22, 1898. Very common.

*Pterocles quadricinctus Temm.

S ? . M'Carthy Island, December 16, 1898. Very
common.

^LlMNOCDRAy NIGER (Gm.).

Nianimaru, P'cbruary 26, 1899. Fairly common.

Aimiversdiy Meeiln^^ of the B. O. U. 497

^'G'jDICXemus senegalensts Swaius.

M'Carthy Island, February 2, 181)i). Common.

*Sarciopi]orus tectus (R()(1(1.).

M'Cardiy Island, March 12, 1899. Very {common at this
season.

*IjOBIVA\ELLUS senegalus (L.).

M'Carthy Island, November 13, 1898. Very common at
this season.

Glareola pratixcola (L).
Quinela, March 29, 1899.

■^Phalacrocorax lucidus (Licht.).

Juv, M'Carthy Island, March 5, 1899. Very common.

XXXVI. — Proceedings at the Anniversary Meeting of the
British Ornitliologists' Unio?i, 1901.

The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists'
Union was held in the rooms of the Zoological Society of
London, 3 Hanover Square (by permission of the Council of
that Society), on Wednesday, the 15th May, at 5.30 p.m..
Dr. F. DuCane Godman, FIl.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the last Annual Meeting having been read
and confirmed, the Report of the Committee was read. It
stated that since the last Anniversary the Union had suffered
the loss, by death, of two Ordinary Members (Mr. Philip
Crowley and Mr. C. W. Wyatt), of one Honorary Member
(Dr. Gustav Hartlaub), and of one Foreign Member (Baron
de Selys Longchamps).

The number of the Members of the Union was stated to
be 370, consisting of 342 Ordinary, 2 Extraordinary, 9
Honorary, and 17 Foreign Members. There were 13 can-
didates for the Ordinary Membership, and one (who had been
removed under the operation of Rule 6, but under circum-
stances which had now been satisfactorily explained) for
Re-election.

The Committee Avas glad to report that the prosperity of
the Union had continued unabated during the past year.

498 Anniversary Meeting of the B. 0. U.

The animal volume of 'The Ibis' for 1900, forming the
sixth of the Seventh Series, had been issued in due course.
It contained 728 pages and 14 plates.

The Report having been adopted, the accounts for the year,
which had been audited by Mr. Howard Saunders, were
presented by the Secretary, and approved by the Meeting.

Dr. F. DuCane Godman, F.R.S., was re-elected President,
and Mr. Howard Saunders (in the place of Mr. E. W. Gates,
who had retired) was elected Secretary, of the Union for the
ensuing year. Mr. E. W. Gates was elected a Member of the
Committee in the place of Dr. F. G. Penrose, who retired by
rotation.

The following 13 Candidates were then balloted for and
declared to be duly elected Grdinary Members of the British
Ornithologists' Union : — James H. Allchin, 24 Bower Mount
Road, Maidstone ; Major Walter B, Arundel, High Ack-
worth, Pontefract ; Herbert Ashby, Pinehurst, Basset, near
Southampton; Lt -Col. A. C. Bailward, R.F.A., 1 Princes
Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. ; John C. Baker, M.B.,
B.A., The Mount, Witley, Surrey ; Horace W. Finlinson,
Goldington Avenue, Bedford; Herbert Goodchild, 119
Gloucester Road, Regent's Park, N.W. ; Alwin C. Haagner,
South African Constabulary, Modderfontein, S.A. ; Colling-
wood Ingram, The Bungalow, Westgate-on-Sea; William
K. Martin, B.A., Dartington, Totnes, South Devon; P.
Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., 32 Devonshire Place, W. ; John
T. Proud, Dellwood, Bishop Auckland; David Seth Smith,
Alleyne, Caterham, Surrey.

Mr. Arthur M. Laws, of Buluwayo, South Africa, was
re-elected an Grdinary Member of the Union.

After a vote of thanks to the Council of the Zoological
Society of London for the use of the Rooms, the Meeting
adjourned.

The Annual Dinner, subsequently held at Limmer's Hotel,
was attended by 29 Members, five of them being Griginal
Members of the Union, viz. F. DuCane Godman, W. H.
Hudleston, Alfred Newton, P. L. Sclater, and E. Cavendish
Taylor.

Recently published OrnithologicaJ Works. 499

XXXVII. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
[Continued from p. 347.]

85. Borchgrevink's 'First on the Antarctic Continent.''

[First on tlie Antarctic Continent, being an account of the British
Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900. By C. E. Borchgrevink, F.R.G.S.
London, 1901 : George Newnes. 1 vol. 8vo. 333 pp. Price 10s. Qd. net.]

We have already remarked on Mr. Borchgrevink^s paper in
the 'Geographical Journal^ (see above, p. 154), which con-
tained the first account of his Antarctic Expedition, We
have now the full narrative before us, in which there are
many further allusions to birds, a whole chapter being
devoted to the Penguins. It is evident that Penguin's flesh
and eggs supply in ' Antarctis' the fresh and welcome diet
that bear's flesh gives to explorers in ' Arctis.' Eudyptes
adeliae is the Penguin of Victoria Land, and breeds there in
enormous abundance. In half an honr 435 eggs were col-
lected by members of the Expedition. Other birds nesting
there were the Antarctic Skua and two Petrels — Oceanites
oceanictis and Pagodroma nivea. But we shall know more
about the birds when the collection (now at the British
IVluseum) is worked out. Meanwhile Mr. Borchgreviuk's
field-notes are of much interci^t. But he (or his printer)
should have taken the trouble to spell the scientific names
more correctly.

86. Chapman on the Genus Sturnella.

[A Study of the Genus Sturnella. By Frank M. Chapman. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xiii. pp. 297-320, 1900.]

Mr. Chapman has made a careful study of the Meadow-
Starlings of the genus Sturnella, which range over North
and Central America down to Colombia and Guiana. In
the course of his researches he has examined 734 specimens.
Like other forms that occupy a wide area, Sturnella is subject
to considerable variations in colour and size, which have
induced the author to recognise six local subspecies, besides
the typical form of Sturnella magna. The vexed question of
the relationship of the western Sttcrnella neglecta to S. magna

500 Recently pnldi.slied Ornithological Worlcs.

typica is discussed at full length, and the complete inter-
gradation of these forms in certain localities is conclusively
shown.

87. Chun on the Gerinan Deep-sea Expedition.

[Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres: Scbildeningen von der deutsclien
Tiefsee-Expedition. Jena : Gustav Fischer, 1900. 1 vol. 550 pp.
Price 18s.]

This is a well-written and profusely illustrated popular
account of the German Deep-sea Expedition of 1898-99,
which can be thoroughly recommended to those who can
read German. The route was by way of the Atlantic to
nearly as far south as Enderby Land, and thence back by the
Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal. The biology introduced
into the work mostly refers to marine Invertebrates, but
there are many allusions to sea-birds, especially to those
of the Antarctic Ocean, and some excellent views of Penguins
and their breeding-colonies in Kerguelen and other oceanic
islands.

88. Dwiglit on tlie Plvmuges of Passerine Birds.

[The Sequence of Plumages and Moults of the Passerine Birds of New
York. By Jonathan I) wight, Jr. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. xiii. pp. 73-360,
pis. i-vii., 1900.]

In this long pajjcr Dr. D wight has endeavoured to demon-
strate the principles underlying the moult and change of
plumage of birds, as evidenced by several thousands of
examples of Passerine species from New York contained in
his own collection. In the place of relying on theories,
founded, as they often are, on unreliable information, he
takes his stand on the firm basis of facts, which he warns us
must be interpreted aright to be of the least value. There
seems to him to have been hitherto no serious attempt to link
together the successive plumages attained before maturity^
and certainly no endeavour to group North-American birds
according to their plumages ; such grouping he therefore
desires to effect. Accordingly he classifies them in ten
sections, and suliscqucntly gives full details for each species.

Beceutly puhlisJied Ornithological IVorks. 501

The methods of determining a bird's age and sex are^ moreover,
taken into consideration, while the sequence of the plumages
is traced up to the second '' preuuptial moult " ; theories of
colour-change are also reviewed, and out-of-door observations
upon the moult and the subsequent migration are recorded,
A bibliography and seven plates add to the value of this
article.

89. Fisher's Reminiscences of a Falconer.

[Reminisceuces of a Falcouer. By Major Charles Hawkins Fislier.
London, 1901. 8vo. Pp. i-xiv, 1-188. Price lO^-. Grf. net.]

: Major Fisher gives an interesting account of his experiences,
and of the various amateurs and professionals whom it has
been his fortune to meet in the pursuit of the above-mentioned
sport. To the whole are prefixed essays from his own pen
on the revival of Faconry and on modern Falconry, while a
memoir of William Brodrick, one of the authors of ' Falconry
in the British Islands,^ is appended. More than half of the
illustrations consist of portraits of devotees of hawking.

90. Godman's ' Biologia Centrali- Americana.'

[Biologia Ceutrali-Americana ; or, Conlributious to the Knowledge
of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. Edited by
F. DuCaneGodman. (Zoology.) Parts CLXI. & CLXII. 1901. (Pub-
lished for the Editors by R. H. Porter, 7 Princes Street, Cavendish
Square, W.]

In these two Parts of the ' Biologia,^ pp. 89-128 of the
letterpress of the third volume of the Birds are contained.
They continue the account of the Diurnal Birds of Prey
of Central America, and relate to the subfamilies Aquilinte,
Milvinse, Micrasturin^e, Herpetotherinae, Falconinse, and
Polyborinas.

Good coloured figures are given of Micrastur mirandollei,
M. amaurus, and Falco deiroleucus.

91. Goeldi's ' Birds of Brazil/ Vol. II.

[Monographias Brasileiras. E. Goeldi. As Aves do Brasil. Segunda
parte. Rio de Janeiro, 1900. 1 vol. Pp. 311-664, and index.]

After waiting for some years (see 'Ibis/ 189."), p. 28.2) we are

502 Recently published Oi-nithuloyical Works.

much pleased to receive a copy of the secoud and coucludiug
part of our friend Dr. Goeldi's little book on the Birds of
Brazil. It is essentially a popular compilation, but contains
many remarks of great interest, the results of the author's
personal observation, and will prove a most useful guide to
the study of the birds of tropical America. We need hardly
point out the enormous extent of the work still to be done
before we can be fully acquainted with the birds of Brazil,
and we trust that Dr. Goeldi's volumes may induce many
of its inhabitants to take up the study of tiieir country's
avifauna.

92. Grant on Additions to the List of Arabian Birds.

[Further Additions to the List of Birds of Southern Arabia. By W.
R. Ogilvie Grant. Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 54.]

Mr. Grant adds Amydrus tristrami and Rhynchostruthus
percivali to the list of South-Arabian birds, from examples
procured in Hadramaut by Mr. G. W. Bury. It is obvious
that the former is identical with Amydrus hadramauticus of
Lorenz and Hellmayr (J. f. O. 1901, p. 231), who have lately
published a description of Mr. Bury's whole collection.

93. Grinnell on the Birds of Kotzebiie Sound.

[Pacific Coast Avifauna. No. 1. Birds of the Kotzehue Sound Region,
Alaska. By Joseph Grinnell. Published by the Cooper Ornithological
Club of California. Royal 8vo. 1900.]

This memoir is the first of a series of publications issued
by the " Cooper Ornithological Club " as papers meriting
special consideration, their ordinary organ being "^The
Condor.' It contains an account of the collection of birds
and eggs made by Mr. Grinnell during an expedition to the
district of Kotzebue Sound, in Northern Alaska, just below
the Arctic Circle. The party left San Francisco in May
1898 and passed the following winter and spring in the
interior, on the Kowak River, whence various excursions were
made. Collections were gathered at all the points visited,
and al)out 700 bird-skins and as many eggs were preserved.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 503

Mr. GriuneU's field-notes on the birds met with are very full
and of much interest. He has made 17 additions to the
list of the birds of the district, amongst which is a new
subspecies of Lanius borealis, which he proposes to call L. b.
invictus, being apparently the western representative form.
Other interesting species met with were Soniateria v-nigrum,
Fratercula curniculata (breeding in numbers on Chamisso
Island), Philacte canagica with its eggs, Aphriza virgata in
full breeding-plumage, and Cyanecula suecica, which appeared
to be nesting.

After the field-notes follows a useful list of publications
relating to the ornithology of Kotzebue Sound, and a
" check-list " of the birds as yet ascertained to occur in the
district — 150 in all.

94. Hall on the Distribution of Australian Birds.

[The Distribution of Australian Birds. — Additional llecords. By
Robert Hall. Victorian Nat. xvii. pp. 59-6.", 1900.]

Mr. Hall records a number of species additional to the
areas 3, 6, 8, and 9 into which he has divided Australia in
his '' Key " to Australian birds. To the avifauna of area 9
(Western Australia) numerous additions are made.

95. Hartert on the Birds of the Key Islands and Ceram-
Laut.

[On the Birds of the Key and South-east Islands and of Ceraiu-Laut.
By Ernst Hartert. Nov. Zool. viii. p. 1.]

This is the first part of a review of the birds of the Key
Islands, the South-east Islands between Key and Ceram, and
of Ceram-Laut, an outlier of Ceram, based on collections
lately transmitted to Tring by Mr. H. Kiihn. After a de-
scription of the various localities and remarks on their
physical conditions, the Pittidse and Psittaci (14 species in
all) are enumerated, with appropriate comments. Zoologically
these islands all belong to the Moluccan subdivision of the
Papuan Subregion, " having very few specially Papuan land-
forms.^'

504 Recf)itly published Orn'ithulvgicul JTorks.

96. Harlert on tlie Brehiii Collection.

[The Brehm Collection. By Ernst Hartert. Nov. Zool. viii. p. 38.]

It will be a satisfaction to all ornithologists to learn that
the great collection of birds (some 10,000 specimens) formed
by Christian Ludwig Brehm has found a resting-place in the
Tring Museum. It has been " on sale " ever since the death
of Brehm in 1861, and has remained packed up at Benthen-
dorfj subject to the ravages of beetles, moths, and mildew.
Now the labelled specimens will be carefully preserved
and rendered available for scientific examination. Orni-
thologists may not at all agree with Brehm's notions of
species and subspecies, but it is, of course, highly desirable
that the types of his descriptions should be preserved, and
every one will be alike grateful to Mr. Rothschild for having
undertaken this serious ta^k.

A critical examination of the Brehm Collection has been
undertaken by Mr. Hartert and Herr Pfarrer Kleinschmidt,
the results of which will be published in the ' Novitates
Zoologicse.' The present article contains the first of the
series, which relates to forms of Corvus corax. Of these
the authors recognise ten. Two of them are now provided
with new subspecific names, viz. Corvns corax canariensis and
C. c. /lispanus. But of many previously named northern
forms of the Raven (C sibiricus, C. ussurianus, C. kanit-
schaticus, &c.), specimens have not yet been examiuedj so
there are other subspecies to come !

97. Hartert on Javan Birds.

[Some Notes on Java IJirds. Bv Erii.st Hartert. Nov. Zool. viii.
p. 49.]

After some preliminary remarks on the sources of our
knowledge of the birds of Java, Mr. Hartert gives notes on
ten species. Jn the course of them he separates from the
typical forms Tiga javanensis exsul o{ Bali, Sasia ubnormis
inagnirostris of Nias, Aracnothera loni/irostris prillivit~i of
Java, and Diccenm soU/rilans of Java.

Recently pah/is/ied ()rn}fh(j/of//c(il IJ^urks. 505

98. Loomis on Califonilun IFater -birds.

[California Water-bird-*. No. IV^. Vicinity of .Monterey in Aulumn.
No. V. Vicinity of Monterey in May and early June. By Leverett M.
Loomis. Proc. California Acad. Sci. ser. »■>, Zool. ii. nos. 3, 5,. pp. 277-
322, 349-363, 1900.]

We have now received some further numbers of Mr.
Loomis's 'California Water-birds' (see 'Ibis,' 1897, p. 135),
tlie subject being one to which, as it would appear^ the author
devotes special attention. Shearwaters tiavel south on the
Monterey coast in enormous flocks. On Sept. 23rcl not less
than a quarter of a million "passed in review daring tM'o
hours and a half.^' No. V. is devoted to the birds observed
off Monterey in May and June. A fine adult male Xeina
sabinii was shot on May 1.2lh.

99. Macoiiii on Canadian Birds.

[Catalogue of ('an;idian Bird^. Part I. Wat/^r-birds, Callinaceons
Birds, and Pigeon^^. By .lohn Mac jun. 8vo. Ottawa, 1900. Pp. i-viii,
1-1'18. Price 10 cents.j

This catalogue, published by the authorities of Geological
Survey of Canada, under the editorship of the late Dr. G.
M. Dawson, contains not only a list of species, arranged
according to the A.O. U. Check-list, but a considerable
amount of information as to their distribution and habits.
'I'he two volumes of the complete work will treat of the
birds of the whole Dominion, including those of Newfound-
land, Greenland, and Alaska, and will be a most welcome
addition to the scanty number of ornithological works
referring to that portion of the globe. The author wishes
his book to be practical and popular, but has taken care to
make it also scientific, while he has gathered information
from all pjssible sources, and has himself visited as many
parts of tlie country as possible. Mr. W. Spreadljorongh has
been retained to assist him with tlie same object in view, and
various correspondents have been laid under contribution.
The Orders treated in this Part are Pygnpodes, Lonyipennes,
Tubinares, Steyanopodes, Anseres, Herodiimes, Paludicoke,
Limicola, Gallince, and Colunibce, the s[)ecimcns in the local
Museum being duly noticed in their place.

st;r?. viii. — \<)L. I. 2 L

500 Recerithj jjubllsJitd Ornif/w/oi/ical JTurks.

100. Martorelli on Dicltroism in the Herons.

[Nota Oruitologicca sopra VArdcola idee (Ilartlaub) e cenno sul di-
croismo di varii Ardeidi. Del socio I'rof. Giacinto Martorelli. Atti
Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 1900.]

Prof. Martorelli shows that Ardeola idee of Madagascar
lias a pure white as well as a coloured phase of plumage,
and takes the opportunity of enumerating the other kuowu
cases in which this phenomenon, which he calls ' leuco-
chroism,' has been found to exist in the Herons.

101. Paddock on the Birds of Shropshire.

[Catalogue of Shropshire Birds. R}' G. il. Paddock. 8vo. Newport,
Salop: Lunii, 1897. Pp. 104.]

Though published so loug ago as 1897, a copy of this
list of the Birds of Shropshire has only lately reached us. It
gives short notes on the distribution or occurrence of 231
species, and is prefaced by a very brief introduction on the
character and scenery of the county.

102. Palmer and Olds on the Game-Laws of the U.S.A.

[La^vs regulating the Transportation aud Sale of Game. By T. S.
Palmer and II. W. Olds. Bull. U.S. Uept. Agric. no. 14, 1900.]

The title of this work speaks for itself, aud it is only
necessary to add that, besides a digest of the various State
Laws upon the subject, which are supplemented by an Act
of Congress prohibiting the wrongful shipment of the birds,
general discussions are given upon such subjects as close-
seasons, [jartial protection, limited bags, and hunting-licences,
with a section specially devoted to Big Game.

103. Rothschild and Harterfs Notes on Papuan Birds.

[Notes on Papuan Birds. By the lion. Walter Rothschild and Ernst
Hartert. Nov. Zool. viii. p. 55.]

After remarks on their views as to subspecies, and some
interesting extracts from Doherty^s letters about certain of
the localities which he had visited, the authors discuss the
Papuan Pittidte and Psittaci, as illustrated by specimens

Recently publhhed Oi'iiitJioIogical JForks. 507

recently received at Tring from the above-named collector
and others. Seven Papuan Pittas are recognised, of which
P. mackloti aruensis is anew subspecies. Ninety-five species
and subspecies of Psittaci are reviewed, and tlie following
forms are described as new subspecies : — Pitta mackloti
aruensis from Wokan, Lorius lory major from Waigiu,
Trichoglossus hcematodus intermedius from Kaiser- Wilhelm's-
Land, Nasiterna salvadorii from New Guinea, and Eclectus
pectoralis solomonensis from the Solomons.

Many forms hitherto held to be good species are reduced
to the rank of subspecies by the present authors^ mode of
treatment. In fact two categories of forms are recognised —
[a) those with strong specific characters = species, and [b]
those with slight or undecided specific characters = subspecies.
The old notion, that subspecies were local forms between
which intermediate forms were to be found, is entirely
rejected. We fear that this system, if carried out, will lead
to enormous alterations in nomenclature. Besides, in many
cases, it is very difficult to decide whether a form should be
treated as " species " or a " subspecies." There is, in fact,
no rule on the subject. It is a matter of opinion.

104. Salvadori on Birds from Patagonia.

[Coniribuzloue all' Avifauna dell' America Australe (Patagonia, Terra
del Fuoco, Isola degli Stati, Isole Falkland). Per Tommaso Salvadori.
Ann. Mas. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geuov. ser. 2, xx. pp. 009-634, 1900.]

In this paper we have an account of the collection of birds
made by an Italian expedition in 1881-82, under the com-
mand of Lieut. Bove, in Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and the
Falkland Islands. It contains .221 examples, referable to 7\)
species, and is now deposited in the Museo Civico of Genoa.
Our most recent authority on this subject is Oustalet^s
List, in the sixth volume of the ' Mission Scientifique du
Cap Horn' (1891), and the author here follows Ooutalet's
arrangement. The species are mostly well known, but two
of them, Phrygilus princetonianus and Geositta brevirostris,
have only recently been described by Mr. Scott, and two
others [Thinoconts orbignyanus and Sijermophila catrulescens)

2l2

508 Rectnih/ [nihlislied Ornitholoyical Works.

are new to the Patagonian list, while Falco cassini, Agri-
ornis leucura, and Zenaida auriculata are likewise of interest.

105. Salvadori on Birds from Portuguese Guinea.

[Uccelli della Guinea Portoghese raccolti do Leonardo Fea studiati da
Tommaso Salvadori. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. ser. 2, xx.
pp. 749-790,1901.]

Compai'atively little work has been done with regard to the
birds of "Portuguese Guinea^' (which would be more properly
called Portuguese Senegambia, as it is far away from what is
generally known as the Guinea Coast), although the Maisou
Verreaux had once an active correspondent at Bissao, after
whom Circaetus beaudouiid was named. Count Salvadori
now writes on a collection formed in this district by the
well-known Italian traveller Fea. It contains 410 specimens,
which are referred to 146 species. Amongst these is a new
Honey-guide [Indicator fea) and a new Bulbul [Turdinus
puveli). Laniarius turatii was known previously only by
the typical specimen in the Turati Museum at Milan, and
the European Wryneck [lynx torquilla) had not previously
been recorded from so far south.

106. Seebohirt's ' Monograph of the Thrushes.'

[A Monograph of the Turdidte, or Family of Thrushes. Bj the late
Henry Seebohm. Edited and completed (after the Author's death) by
R. BowdlerSharpe, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. Part XL Imperial 4to. London:
Henry Sotheran & Co., 1901. Price 36s.]

This posthumous worlc of our much-esteemed friend and
associate is now nearing completion. The 11th Part con-
tains excellent coloured figures of the following species : —

Merula oelebensi.s. , Merula miudorensis.

javanica. i cardis.

vitiensis, (^ et ^ • ' reevei.

- layardi, ci" et $ .
• vinitincta.

- xauthopus.

unicolor.

aurantia.

nigriceps.

In spite of the efforts of several skilful authorities, the
exact identification of Horsfield's Turdus javaiiicns appears

Recently published Ornithological IVorks. 509

still to remain uncertain, no specimens actually agreeing
with Horsfield's types having been since obtained. The
higher peaks of Java require further examination by some
enterpiising ornithologist.

107. Seebohm's 'Birds of Siberia.'

[The ]}irdrf of Siberia : a llecord of a Naturalist's Vi-its to the Valleys
of the Petchora and Yenesei. By Henry Seebohin. London, 1901.
8vo. Pp. i-xix, 1-504. Price 12s. net.]

This volume consists of a reprint, with certain alterations,
of the two well-known volumes by our much -deplored friend
the late Henry Seebohm, which gave accounts of his
journeys to the Petchora and Yenesei Rivers in 1875 and
1877 respectively.

The Editor — in whom we recognise a well-known naturalist
and fellow member of our Union — has carried out his some-
what difficult task with great ability, retaining almost un-
touched the nomenclature and ornithology of the original
work, while omitting passages here and there which seemed
unnecessary to a combined edition, or in which the infor-
mation had been superseded on more accurate observation.
In particular many long footnotes on geographical distri-
bution have been left out, as well as certain claims to priority,
which the author himself would, no doubt, have withdrawn
had he lived to carry out his intention of [lersonally superin-
tending the reissue of his work. Russian [)hrases, moreover,
are translated with greater correctness, while words in that
language are printed in the ordinary way, and no longer have
the syllables disconnected by hyphens.

It is not, however, for the ornithological portions alone
that we gladly welcome this book in its new form, but also
for the excellent idea it gives of the character of the
country and of its people ; the description of the breaking
up of the ice on the Petchora in particular being a most
admirable account of a phenomenon seldom witnessed by
l*Airopeans.

Attention has duly been drawn by the Editor to the dis-
covery of the nest and eggs of the Curlew-ISandpiper by

510 Recently puiUshed Ornitholocjicul Works.

Mr. Popliam, but room might have been found to refer at
least to those of the Bar-tailed Godwit aud Pomatorliine
Skua, as found by the same gentleman on the Yenesei.

The well-known illustrations of the original work have
been retained, and a useful map has been added to show the
route taken upon each journey.

108. Sharpens Edition of White's ' Selborne.'

[The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborue aud a Garden
Kaleudar. By the Reverend Gilbert White, M.A. Edited by K.
Bowdler Sharps, LL.D,, with an Introduction by the Very Reverend S.
Reynolds Hole, Dean of Rochester, and numerous Illustrations by J. G.
Keulemans, Herbert Railton, and Edmund J. Sullivan. In two volumes,
1900. Loudon : S. T. Freemantle. Price £3 net.]

More than one hundred editions of the 'Natural History
and Antiquities of Selborue ' have now been issued, and it
has become a serious question whether further additions to
the list are desirable, especially as the more modern editions
show in certain cases little if any improvement upon the old.
Nevertheless, the present sumptuous volumes, with their
clear print and profuse illustrations, will undoubtedly prove
acceptable to the wealthy naturalist, though the true lover
of Gilbert White will perforce be obliged to regret that the
impossibility of obtaining a genuine portrait of the author
has induced the publisher to insert such lamentable cari-
catures in its place as are to be found in some of the pictures.
For this, however, as things stand at the present day, the
Editor can hardly be held liable, aud we are grateful to
Dr. Sharpe for extending his researches to White's original
letters preserved in the British Museum, and for restoring
the passages which relate to the birds of Gibraltar sent
home by his brother John White. These were naturally
omitted by the author, after due consideration, as being
unsuitable to a Natural History of his own district, but none
the less are tliey of great interest to us of a later day, while
they serve to demonstrate his wide grasp of ornithological
subjects.

The Editor is careful lo note where discrepancies occur

Recently published Ornithohgical Works. 511

between the published texts and the manuscripts^ especially
where White himself has thought good to divide a letter into
two portions or has joined two letters together, where he has
added new matter, and where a letter is undated or does not
agree with the date usually accepted. In the last case it
may be suggested that the date in the manuscript may denote
when the letter was actually written, and the date published
when the letter was finally despatched — a very different
matter in those days of difficulty of communication.

Dr. Sharpe has done wisely to give frequent excerpts from
the notes in the well-known editions of Jardine, Bennett,
Harting, and Bell, the more so as the last-named had access
to many private family documents.

The Editor spent several weeks at Selborne in preparation
for his work, and in some cases obtained further information
from the members of the White family. We hardly think,
however, tliat a Fellow of Oriel and a Proctor of his Uni-
versity should be represented as so much of a recluse, and
we could wish that some really capable person had been
selected to annotate the " Garden Kalendar,'' now printed
for the first time. Dean Hole, moreover, might have em-
ployed his well-known talents to much better i)urpose than
he has done in the Iutrodu:;tion to the same.

Two facsimiles of letters by Gilbert White give i)leasitig
evidence of his skilful penmanship, while Appendices on the
Geology by Mr. Andrews and on the Bibliogra[)hy by
Mr. Sherborn are welcome additions to our knowledge of
those subjects.

109. Shelford on the Museum of Sarawak.

[Report on the Sarawak Museum. By R. Shelford, B.A., Curator of
the Sarawak Museum. February, 1901. Pp. 1-31.]

This report on the Sarawak Museum gives a good account
of the progress of the institution under its present curator,
who is well known to us by his letters and papers. In
reference to birds, he tells us of seven species to be added
to the Borncan avifauna — Co tile riparia, Hirundo striolata,
Pratincola mauru, Pohjpleclron bicalcaratum, Lepterodius

512 Recent III piiblisltcd ()ni'ilhulo(/'ical fVurks.

usJia, Spatula clypeata, and Faliyula cristuta. Two speci-
mens of the rare Snipe-billed Godwit {Macrorhamphus
taczanoivskii), killed in Borneo, arc in tlie collection. The
typical specimens of two species of Phileiitoma (P. maxivelli
and P. saravacensis), described by Mr. E. Bartlett, the
former curator, have been examined and referred, the first
to P. piirrhopterum and the second to P. velntum. A list
of birds' eggs and birds' nests in the Museum is given, con-
taining those of 55 species.

110. SJiuft'Jdt on the Ostcologij of the IVoodpeckcrs.

[On the Osteolo£(y of tiie Woodpeckers. By R. W. Sliuft'ldt. Proc.
Amer. riiil. Soc. xxxix. pp. 578-622.]

Dr. Shufeldt bere gives us his views upon the relationships
of the Woodpeckers, as formed from the examination of the
bones of all the genera found in North America, with due
reference to those absent from the fauna of that country.
The skull is considered separately from the remainder of the
skeleton, and several illustrations are added as an assistance
to the understanding of the text. The author agrees with
many writers in considering the Pici as nearly akin to the
Passeres, Picumnus forming a connecting link ; and he thinks
that the two groups have divei'ged from a common stock,
though the former have become highly specialized and much
modified. In short, his remarks arc hardly of a novel
nature, and it is for the wealth of anatomical detail that the
paper is chiefly remarkable.

111. Shufeldt on the Osteology of the Striges.

[On the Osteology of the Striges {Strigida and Bubonid<e.). By R. W.
Shufeldt. Proc. Atner. Phil. Soc. xxxix. pp. 66o-722.]

This paper, with its full technical details, may be regarded
as an expansion of a former memoir by Dr. Shufeldt on
Speotyto, to which, however, so many additions have been
made that it now presents a very general view of the com-
parative osteology of the Owls of America, every genus and
ne;ii-ly every sjx'cics having Ijceu carefully cxaniiued. The

Rt'codhj pKblished Onutholoyical fJ'orks. 513

opinions of othfr writers arc, moreover, taken into con-
sideration. Tlie eonchusions at which the anthor arrives are
that the Owls show no special relationship to the Accipitres,
but are allied remotely to the Caprimulgi ; that to the latter
Striae pratincola approaches most nearly, with Asia ivil-
soniaiius next in order ; and that Speotyto, Surtna, and
Micropallas are somewhat closely inter-related. The families
Striffidce and Babon'idde are accepted for Strix and the
remaining forms respectively. Most of the text-figures and
all those on the plates are new\

112. Shufeldt on the SandGrouse.

[On tlie Systematic Position of the Sand-Grouse fP/^'roc/e';,- Syrrhaptes).
By K. W. Shuf>4dt. American Xaturalist, xxxv. pp. 11-16, 1901.]

The author agrees with Sclater and others, who assign to
the Sand-Giouse an intermediate position between the Galli
and the Columbce, and place them in a Suborder Pterocletes
with the single family Pterocletidtp. He has examined bones
of Sijrrhajites paradoxus and entire skeletons of Plerucles
arenarius, one of the latter being figured. The sknll, with
its Tetraonine characteristics, forbids the inclusion of these
birds in the Colurabse^ while the Columbine sternum and
pectoral limb equally oppose their classification with the
Galli.

118. S(ejne(/er on the II 'heat ears of North America.

[On the Wliealears (Sa.ricohi) occurring in North America. By
Leonhard Stejneger. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. xxiii. p. 473.]

It is here sought to prove that there are two forms or sub-
species of the Wheatear which occur in North America, one
in the North-east and the other in the North-west. The
larger form {Saxicola amanthe leucorrhoa) breeds in Green-
land and in the adjacent parts of N. America, migrating
to Western Europe and West Africa. The smaller (*S'. oenanthc
typica) breeds in Alaska and migrates into ]''astern Asia.
Loj-d Clifton (Ibis, 1879, p. 368) has already called attention
to the fact that examples of l)(»th these forms occur on the
south coast of I%u"land.

514 Recently published Ornithological IVorks.

114. Stuart Baker on Indian Ducks.

[Indian Ducks and their Allies. By E. C Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.
Bombay Natural History Society's Journal, 1898-1900.]

Mr. Stuart Baker has kindly sent us a complete copy
(provided with a new titlepage) of liis series of papers on
the Indian Anatidae and their allies^ which have appeared
during the past two years in the 'Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society.' They contain a good account of
the species of this favourite group and many excellent field-
notes, the results of the author's long experience in India.
A series of coloured plates, drawn by Keulemans, illustrate
the following species : — Cygnas olor, C. ininor (i. e. C. bew-
icki), Anser albifrons, A. indicus, Dendrocycna fulva, Eanetta
falcata, Nettion albiyulare, Marmaronetta angustirostris,
Nyroca baert, Erisniatura leueocephala, and Merganser ser-
rator. We are not surprised to see that the author refuses
to follow the British Museum Catalogue in separating
"Merganser comatus" from M. castor.

In a postscript INlr. Stuart Baker allows that, so far as
we know at present, Cygnus bewicki has never occurred in
India.

115. Zoological Address-Book.

[Zoologisches Adressbucli— Naraen uud Adressen der lebenden Zoo-
logen, Anatomen, Physiologen, und Zoopalaeontologen, so wie der
kiinstlerisclien und technischen Iliilfskrafte. Teil ii. enthaltend die seit
September 1895 eingetretenen Veriiuderungen (Todesfjille, Ergiiiizungen,
Adresseniinderungen). Herausgegeben im Auftrage der deutschen zoo-
logischen Gesellscbaft von R. Friedliiuder & Sobn. Berlin, 1901. 1 vol.
8vo. 518 pp. Price 6s.]

Messrs. Friedlander and Son have kindly sent us a copy
of the recently issued Supplement to the Zoological Address-
Book of 1895, a most useful publication, with which most
of our readers are, uo doubt, well acquainted. The Supple-
ment carries on, augments, and corrects the information
contained in the original volume with matter that has accu-
mulated during the past five years. That it is free from
errors and omissions no one would venture to assert, but

Letters, Extracts, Notices, S^c. 515

when we consider the difficulty of obtaining the exact names
and addresses o£ the zook:)gists scattered over the whole of
the civilized world, and of ascertaining the composition of
the staffs of the nnmerous museums, academies, and other
scientific institutions, it is a matter of wonder that the task
lias been so well performed. The Address-Book has the
further merit of being legibly printed and of being sold at
a price which renders it accessible to the " working man/'

XXXVIII. — Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^'c.

We have received the following letters, addressed to "The
Editors":—

Sirs, — I have the great pleasure to record the finding of
two nests and eggs of the Honey-Buzzard {Pernis apivorus) in
Somersetshire in May 1897 and May 1899 by Mr. Charles
E. Nipper, of Axbridge, Somerset. The first nest was dis-
covered at an isolated spot called Callow Rocks, and con-
tained four eggs. The second nest was found on the highest
])oint of the Mendips, Blackdown, and this also contained
four eggs.

Both nests were rudely constructed, the first being half-
way down a precipitous clitf and the second amongst some
boulders on the ground.

In each case the female bird was seen and recognised as
the Honey-Buzzard.

Yours &c.,

St. Albans, Heit3, W. Percival Westell, M.B.O.U.

March 14th, 1901.

Sirs, — In the April number of 'The Ibis'' for this year,
p. 2.27, there is a remark about Waikthlatingmayalwa in
the Great Chaco being the most southern locality where
Formicivora strigiluta has been found. This statement is
not quite correct, as the species had already been noticed
from San Lorenzo, in the Argentine province of Jujuv,
where it was obtained by Dr. Borelli [Boll. Mus. Tor. N. 392
(1897), p. 22 ; N. 378 (1900), p. 9]. In the latter reference

T) I C) Letters, Extracts, Notices, &;c.

the same speeies is mentioned also from Urucura^ in Matlo
Grosso, anotlier new locality.

Yours &c.,
Turin, Zool. Mus., T. Salvadori.

20th April, 1901.

Sirs, — In the last issue of 'The Ibis^ (above, p. 355)
Mr. Abel Chapman says that sinee 1895 I have not afforded
'' any further information as to the Pelicans that visit the
Jutland coast," aud that he has looked in vain for any
evidence that I have "even tried to solve this interesting
question.'^ Mr. Chapman must have overlooked my note in
'The Ibis' for 1891), p. 0.58, and also my reply to Herr O.
Haase in the ' Ornithologische Monatsbericht ' for 1899,
p. 173. So I may be permitted novv to state again that
only negative evidence is accumulating, in spite of much
inquiry. In the spring of 1898 I revisited the spot, Ring-
kj0bing Fjord, that I had already visited in 1881 — this time
in company with Dr. Rambusch ; but no traces of Pelicans
were to be seen, nor could the birds be heard of. Dr. Ram-
busch has for seveial years been engaged in a study of the
history of Ringkj^bing Fjord, both natural and agricultural ;
he has visited it repeatedly, and has been in communica-
tion with a number of men knowing the Fjord exceedingly
well ; but although he is especially interested in birds,
he has not succeeded in getting any information as to
the Pelicans, as may be seen from his book ' Studies on
Ringkj^bing Fjord' (Copenhagen, 1900, 8vo) . Regarding
the occurrence o( Peiecanus crisjms in Jutland in the Stone-
age, a new work may be consulted : ' AfFaldsdynger fra
Stenalderen i Danmark ' (Copenhagen, 1900, 4to, pp. 110
& 185).

I may venture to remind your readers that collecting on
the Royal domain of Ringkjc^bing Fjord is now prohibited,
the birds being strictly preserved (see note from the Danish

Minister, 'Ibis,' 1898, p. 181).

Yours kc,

Liiiver.-^itets Zoul. :^Iiiscum. Herluf WlNGE.

Kjf^benhavii.

Letters, E.v tracts, A'uticcs, &;f. 517

SiRSj — All Ivory Gull [Pugophila eburnea) was obtained on
or about the 7th of February 1901, at Weston-by-Weedou,
Northamptonshire, where it was found in a ditch by a dog
and was shot as it rose. It is in immature plumage, and
has the face grey, black marks on the wings, ami a blackish
bar on the end of the tail.

Yours &c.,

O. V. Aplin,

Bloxham, Oxou,

(!tb May, 1901.

SiKS, — On the 10th of May 1901, when Mr. Gregory Haines
and I were on the top of one of the highest mountains in
Merionethshire, on which some patches of snow stilllingered,
we saw four Dotterels [Eudromias morintllus). They were
running about on a slope of very short herbage thickly
scattered over with large stones, and were wonderfully tame,
letting us come within ten yards of them. We might easily
have overlooked them had not their rarely uttered low twit-
tering whistle close at hand attracted our attention. They
ran before us, keeping not more than ten yards ahead, occa-
sionally stopping to pick up food, to chase one another,
either in play or angei', or to stretch out a wing in charac-
teristic fashion, until they arrived at the edge of a baud of
large rounded boulders, about fifteen yards wide, wev which
they seemed unwilling to run. There they, stopped and
faced us, and as we walked to within four paces of them and
stood and discussed their beauty, gave us one of the greatest
treats in the way of bird-life we had ever enjoyed ; every
detail of the Dotterels' plumage and the expression and
glitter of their eyes were plain to us. In a few minutes
the little birds rose, flew quickly over the boulders, and
settled immediately on the other side, where we left them,
hoping that, despite the bitter culd, which almost froze our
lingers, one of these alpine slopes might tempt them to
stay and breed. Two of the birds were in the finest of
plumage ; one was duller and lighter, and had broad yellowish
feather-edgings; the fourth was intermediate between the
two stages. The Dotterel might easily escape notice on soms

518 Letters, Extracts, Xai'ices, ^c.

of the less famous Welsh summits, where hardly anyone but
an occasional shepherd sets foot ; for they are the quietest
of all our Plovers, The birds we saw hardly ever uttered
their low " twiddle, twiddle, twiddle/^ except when tliey
took wing for a few yards. The little we know about the
presence of the Dotterel on the Welsh mountains, or of its
real or presumed absence from tliem, may perhaps excuse
the length of this letter.

Yours &c.,

O. V. Aplin.

18th May, 1001.

Sirs, — So far as I am aware, the Bar-tailed Godwit
[Limosa lapponica) is not known to migrate further south
in Africa than the Gambia on the west and Somalilaud on
the east. I have recently obtained some evidence to show
that it passes far beyond these limits.

Lieut. R. B. Bridgeman, of H.M.S. 'Partridge/ called
upon nie a short time ago bringing with him some drawings
and photographs of birds that he had recently shot at Durban
and elsewliere. Amongst these was a sketch of A\hat is
apparently a Bar-tailed Godwit. The bird was shot in
Durban harbour, and was identified as above by Capt, Hunt
of the ' Partridge ' *. It was also compared with an Indian
example of that species in the Durban IMuseum and found
to be similar, but unfortunately the specimen was not

preserved.

Yours &c.,

W. L. ScLATKR.

South African Museiini, Capetown,
May loth, 1901.

Sjrs, — Dr. L. v. Ijorenz and Herr C. E. Hellmayr have
lately described (J. f. O. 1901, pp. 230-215) a collection of
birds made by Mr. G. W. Bury, near Yeshbnm, about 150
miles N.E. of Aden. After carefully reading their report
and comparing the descriptions with Arabian specimens in

* \_Cf. Lieut. Biidpeman's letter to 'The Field ' of June loth (vol. xcvii.
p. 884).— EuD.]

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^-c. 519

the British ]\hisenm, I liave no hesitation in saying that
most, if not all, of the forms characterized as new have no
claim to even snbspecitie rank.

Mr. Bury also forwarded specimens of a few birds to
Mr. A. B. Percival, who has presented them to the British
Museum. Among these was an example of the fine new
species, R/njuchostruttins percirali (see Nov. Zool. viii. p. 54).

The species described as new by Dr. v. Lorenz and Herr
Ilellmayr are the following: —

1. AmYDRUS HADKAMAUTICUS (op. cit. p. 231).

A pair of the specimens collected by Mr. Bury at Yeshbnm
was forwarded to me through Mr. Percival. They agree
perfectly with typical examples of A. tristrami, which was
known to leave Palestine in the cold weather, but its winter-
quarters were unknown till Mr. Bury met with it in
S. Arabia {cf. (jrant, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 51, Febiuary
1901).

2. tEdemosyne orientalis (op. cit. p. 232).

Messrs. Loreiiz and Ilellmayr separate the eastern form
of Aidemosijne from the western, reserving for the latter the
name of ^\ cantuns (Gmel.).

Fringilla cantans Gm. was founded on the ''Brown Gros-
beak'^ {cf. Brown, 111. Zool. p. QQ, pi. xxvii. fig. 2). Brown
gives no locality, but his figure obviously agrees with
adult birds from Arabia and Abyssinia, having the upper
parts distinctly barred. Gmelin {ex Latham, Gen. Syn. ii.
pt. \, p. 157) gives the locality as Africa. ^\qi\ allowing
that the West African form differs slightly in having
the back less barred (though this character is variable),
there is no reason for assuming, as Messrs. Lorenz
and Hellmayr do, that (imelin's name ^. cantans refers to
the West Afiican form. Brown's figure, quoted above,
suggests the reverse. The Arabian specimens named y:E.
orientalis by Lorenz and llellma}^" are obviously immature.
Fully adult birds from Arabia and Abyssinia have the chin
and throat coloured as in birds from the west, but in the
latter the barring on the upper parts is generally more
ob-cure.

520 Letters', Extracts, Notices, S>^c.

3. Passkk ddmestrus buryi (op. cit. ji. 233).

liie Sparrow found in Arabia is, in my opinion, typical
P. indicus. It is a well-known fact that Passer domesticus
merges gradually into P. itidicus, and for this reason
Dr. Sharpe has united tlieai under the former name (Cat.
Birds^ xii. p. 307). It is not the case that examples from
Arabia differ from Indian birds, unless we compare Arabian
birds in winter plumag\^ with Indian birds in summer
plumage, or the reverse.

4. Fringillaiua tahapisi capistrata (op. eit. p. 235).

F. capistrata, described from '' Kafferland," is undoubtedly
synonymous with F. ta/iapisi, Gray, and was apparently
founded on a specimen in worn plumage with the chestnut
edges to the wing-feathers worn off. The occurrence of
F. tahapisi in Arabia is interesting, if the identification
is correct. Tlie only .*pecics^ however, met with in the
counti'y by the Percival-Dodson expedition was /''. striolata
Licht.

5. ZosTERops ARABS (op. cit. p. 236).

All the differences mentioned in the description are to be
found in our series of Zosterops ahi/ssinica. The unsexed
types of Z. arabs are probably females, which would account
for their paler colouring; from the measurements given the
Yeshbum birds are not smaller than typical examples of
Z. abyssinica.

G. Nectarinia muelleri (op. cit. p. 237).

This species is said to be chiefly distinguished from A^
metallica by having the head, back, and throat dark steel-
green, instead of bronze-green.

It is a well-known fact that with wear and exposure
metallic green feathers become bronze or purplish. The
Arabian birds are, in uiy opinion, absolutely identical with
those from N.E. Africa.

7. Lanius burvi (op. cit. p. 238).

It is necessary to have devoted special attention to the
Grey Shrikes to appreciate the difficulty of the group and

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^-c. 5:21

the unadvisability of adding to the already overhurdcued
synonymy of Lanius fultac.

8. PVCNON'OTUS REKHKNOWI (oj). cit. p. 241).

iSIessrs. Loreuz and Hellmayr, in their anxiety to make
new species^ seem to have overlooked the fact tjjat P. mm-
tliopyyus was originally described from Arabia. As a matter
of fact, examples from S. Arabia^ of which we have many^
are perfectly similar to specimens from Somaliland and other
parts of N.E. Africa.

9. CoLUMBA LIVIA SCHIMPERI (op. cit. p. 244).

It is extremely doubtful whether C. scJuinperi is really
separable from C. iulerniedia. Many Indian examples de-
termined by Count Salvadori as C. interiitedia are, in my
opinion, indistinguishable from typical C. scltiniperi.

Yours &c.,

W. K. 0(iILVIi: ( I KANT.

Hiiti«h Museum (Natural History),
May 3rd, 1001.

lite Llbranj of tlie late Mr. Philip Crowley. — Tiie sale of
the liibrary of our late friend and associate took place at
Mr. J. C, Stevens's Rooms at King Street, Coven t (rarden,
on the 15th of April last. The chief '' bird-books " were
sold at the following prices : —

Blaauw's 'Monograph of the Cranes,' Jii^) \i)s.; Booth's
' Rough Notes ou British Birds,' '6 vols., £25 -is. ; Buller's
• Birds of New Zealand,' 2nd edition, 2 vols., M,Q 7s. 6(1. ;
' Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum/ 27 vols.,
£48; Dresser's 'Birds of Europe/ 9 vols., £56; Dresser's
' Monograph of the Bee-eateis/ £4 4*. ; Elliot's ' Monograph
of the Grouse,' £0 ; Elliot's ' Monograph of the Ant-
Thrushes,' £4 10s. ; Elliot's ' Birds of N. America,' £9 ;
Elliot's ' Monograph of the llorubills,' £7 ; Elliot's ' Mono-
graph of the Birds of Paradise,' £6 ; Elliot's ' Monograph of
the Pheasants/ 2 vols., £513 \\s. ; Could's 'Birds of Asia,'
7 vols., £51; Gould's 'Monograph of the Toucans,' £6;
Gould's 'Birds of New Guinea,' 5 vols., £45; Gould's
' Centujy of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains,' £5 lOs. ;

.sicii. viii. — VOL. I. 2 m

n,22 Letters, E.rtracls, Notices, b;c.

(jould's ' Hii'ds of (Ji'cut Jiritaiii/ 5 vols., L'Jl) 7s. ;
Gould's ' j\'Ionogra[)li of the Tro^'ous,' 2ud edition, t'.'3 3i\;
(rould's ' Iconcs xVviiim/ .€8; Gray's 'Genera of Birds,'
3 vols., £\7 \7s.; 'The Ibis,^ 1859-1900, £75; Lilford's
' Birds of the British Islands,' 7 vols,, =€63 ; Lilford's 'Birds
of Noi-thaniptonshire,' £o 7s. 6d. ; Marshall's "' Mouo<i;rapli
of the Seansorial Barbets/ £3 Ids. ; ' Proeeedings of the
Zoologieal Soeiety of London,' 1830-1900, £60; Both-
sehild^s 'Avifauna of Laysan," .€5; Sclater and Salvin's
* Exotic Ornithology,' £6; Seehohm's 'History of British
Birds,' 4 vols,, £4 4s. ; Sharpe's 'Monograph of the King-
fishers,' .€8 155.; Shelley's ' Monograph of the Sun-Birds,'
£i 15*.; ' Transactions of the Zoological Society of London,'
vols, i., vi. to xiv., and xv. pts. 1-4, £8 10 ; Yarrell's ' History
of British Birds,' ed. 4, 4 vols., £5 5.<f.

JVie Intestin.nl Tract of Birds. — At the Linnean Society's
meeting on the 21st of JNlarch last, Mr. P. Chalmers Mitchell,
F.Z.S., read a paper entitled " The Anatomy and Morphology
of the Intestinal Tract in Birds; with Reniai'ks on the No-
menclature and A'al nation of Zoological Characters," He
described the various conformations of the intestinal tract in
birds, his material consisting of many hundreds of specimens
belonging to all the living Ratitte as well as to all the Orders
and Suborders and nearly all the Families of Carinatxe. He
discussed the morphology of the tract, distinguishing, in
their adult anatomy and in their relation to the embryonic
metamerism, the duodenum, Meckel's tract, and th.e rectum.
He described the nature and distribution of the changes in
these organs and in Meckel's diverticulum and the colic
caeca, and gave an account of a remarkable and hitherto
undescribed series of nervous structures belonging to the
autonomic nervous system, apparently peculiar to birds. In
discussing the relation of the series of facts described to the
Systems of Avian classification, he insisted on the piimary
necessity of valuing characters as Archicentric or Apucontric,
primitive or specialized, A common possession of a character
in either the Archicentric or Apoccntric condition was no

Letters, ExtractK, Notices, i^c. 523

iuilirution of systtniuitic affinity. Amongst Ajjoccntric
cliai-actcrs he clistiii<juislied between ititiJtirad'KtJ apoceii-
tricities (many of wliicli were plastic efieets and afforded no
gnide to affinity) and uiuradial apoceniriciiles (wliicli had
arisen by a limitation and defini ion of variability in a
])articnhir branch of the family treeU

Neiv Ecupef/ition to the Matay Peninsula. — We are in-
formed in 'Nature' (vol. Ixiii. p. 447^ 1901) that a small
zoological expedition has just started for the Malay Pen-
insula. It consists of Mr. N. Annandale, who was a member
of the '^Skeat" expedition to the Siamese Malay States in
1899, and Mr. N. C. Robinson, recently assistant in the
Zoological Department of University College, Liverpool.
Tlicy intend to settle for a year in the native State of Jalor,
near the east coast of Lower Siam, and to explore the neigh-
bourhood of Patani and Biseret. Collections will be made
in all branches of natural historv.

The jEyithognathous Palate. — At the Linnean Society's
meeting on May 2nd, Mr. W. P. Pycraft, M.A., A.L.S.,
read a paper '' Ou the Palate of the Neognathae/' in which
he traced the derivation of the Neognathine from the more
])rimitive Struthious or Paliseoguathine palate. The Neo-
gnathine, he pointed out, differs from the Struthious palate in
that the palatines have shifted inwards to meet one another
in the middle line below the pterygoids, with the distal ends
of which they ultimately fuse. Further specialization of
this type results in the segmentation of the pterygoid, the
fusion of the segmented portion with the underlying pala-
tines, and the formation of a joint at the point of segmenta-
tion— an apparent palato-pterygoid articulation. The palates
of the Gain and Anseres reach the high-water mark of
specialization in this direction ; the hitherto more or less
intimately related pterygoid and vomer being completely
divorced, and the lattei" depending entirely upon the palatines
for support.

524 Letters, Extracts, Notices, &;c.

Birds of the outlyiny Islands of New Zealand. — The speci-
mens of Lirds collected by the Earl of Ranfurly, Governor
of New Zealand, during several trips round the outlying
islands under his jurisdiction (as alluded to in a former
paragraph, above, p. 358), have now been received at the
British Museum. They were preserved in formaline, but
have been very successfully converted into skins. Besides
two Southern Mergansers {Mergus austrulis) and the
Plightless Duck [Nesotietta aucklandica) , there are examples
of a new Cormorant {Phalacrocorax ranfurhji) and of other
rare and little-known species.

Mr. Pease's Birds from Abyssinia. — During liis recent
journey in Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia Mr. Alfred
Pease, M.P., was accompanied by the excellent collector
Mr. Harwood, and brought back a sei'ies of 800 skins of
birds, which are being examined and named at the British
Museum. Although few of them are new to science, there
are many representatives of typically Abyssinian species
among them (sucli as li/nv lequatorialis), hardly known to
us except by Ktippeirs descriptions. Mr. Ogilvie Grant
promises us a paper on the collection for the next number
of this Journal.

Neivs of Mr. A. B. Fercival, M.B.O.U.— Mi: A. B.
Percival, on returning from his last expedition into South
Arabia [an account of which appeared in ' Novitates Zoo-
logicae,^ vii. pp. 243-273 (190'))], obtained an appointment
in the East African Protectorate, and went out last summer
to Mombasa. As opportunity has offered, he has been con-
tinuing his Natural History collections, but for a considerable
time he has been quartered at Takaungu, a station on the
coast, where the country is very unsuitable for collecting.
He has, however, already sent home to Mr. Ogilvie Grant a
collection of small mammals and birds. A second colh ction
of birds, shortly expected, is said to contain some interesting
specimens, and among them an example of the very rai'e
M(ic}uerh(iinj)hits anderssoni.

THE IBIS

EIGHTH SERIES.

No. IV. OCTOBER 1901.

XXXIX. — On the Birds of the Southern Shan States, Burma.
By Lieut. -Colonel G. Rippon, 7tli Burma Battalion.

(Plate XI.)

The tract of the Southern Shan States in which I collected
is bounded approximately to the east and west by the
meridians of East longitude 97° 50' and 96° 30', and to the
north and south by the parallels of North latitude 20° 45'
and 19° 30'. I have not, however, visited the south-west of
this area and have not seen any birds thence.

The chief centres and lines from and along which I have
worked are Kalaw, about 4400 feet above the level of the
sea ; Tounggyi, about 5000 feet ; Fort Stedman, about 3300
feet, where there is a large lake, and the hills to the eastward
run up to 6400 feet ; Loi Mai and Loi Maw, both peaks of
above 8000 feet ; Bampon, over 4000 feet ; Loikaw, about
2800 feet ; and the various roads connecting these points.

Looking over my list, I feci that I have somewhat neglected
the water-birds ; but a large number of these are migratory
and come to the Shan States in the cold season, simultaneously
with the Snipe, to the shooting of which most of the few
holidays obtainable at that time of the year are devoted.
Fort Stedman, where the headquarters of my regiment were
stationed for nearly three years, is an almost ideal place for
the collection and study of water-birds, as it is only about

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 N

526 Lt.-Col. G. liippon on the Birds

three quarters of a mile from the hanks of a lake which,
during the rainy season, is upwards of fifteen miles long and
four or five miles wide.

A large portion of the northern end and of the east and
west shores of the lake is covered with long grass growing
on the matted and decaying remains of generations of its own
kind. Birds swarm in this high growth and many breed
there. There is great difficulty in getting through it, except
along the channels kept open by the villagers and by the
current from the north. A boat can only pass in other places
by cutting a way, and an attempt to walk over the decayed
vegetation, with grass eight or ten feet high above and water
some feet deep below it, is soon given up. In the cold season
the Snipe-shooting on the rice-ground and other marshy land
round the shores is too good to permit of much collecting ;
in the hot weather work at higher altitudes is preferable ; in
the rainy season the lake is not pleasant, and there is not then
the same variety of birds as there is at the cold time of year.
These are my excuses for the comparative paucity of water-
birds recorded, though I confess that, on mature consideration,
they do not appear very good.

The tract over which I collected consists chiefly of hill-
ranges running north and south, the enclosed valleys being
in elevation generally from 3000 to 4000 feet, and the
hills themselves from 5000 to 6000 feet, with peaks going
up to 8000 feet. Subsidiary valleys of 5000 feet and upwards
are found in the ranges. Limestone formations are common,
and the hills therefore take curious shapes, while the drainage-
system is often complicated. The stream from Fort Stedman,
up and down which boats carrying upwards of five tons travel,
"charges" a range of hills and disappears under it. The
hills are full of " pot-holes " (natural subsidences), without
any surface-exit for drainage. In one place a small lime-
stone hill is situated in the middle of a valley, the whole
drainage of which passes under it.

Except in the rainy season and just before it, the greater
part of the Southern Shan States has an excellent climate.
At Fort Stedman, at about 3300 feet, I have seen hoar-frost

of the Southern Shan States. 527

on the grass in a sheltered pLace up to half-past 8 a.m. in
the cold season. The rainfall at Fort Stedman itself is not
heavy : in the last seven months of 1897 it was 33 inches; in
1898 it was 40*13 inches ; and in the first ten months of 1899
41'57 inches. At the higher elevations it is much greater.

My most successful trip was in 1899, when I visited Loi
Mai and Loi Maw, peaks of over 8000 feet elevation above
the level of the sea. I camped in a narrow valley at about
5300 feet, and added largely to my collection.

At and above 4000 feet wild roses, bracken, honeysuckle,
and wild raspberries are plentiful. I found a species of
Primula near the top of Loi Mai. Pines come down to about
3000 feet.

I owe to Mr. H. N. Thomson, of the Forest Department,
one bird which I have never seen in the flesh — Cinclus pallasi
Temm. He also kindly sent me some skins of Silver
Pheasants and of Phasianus burmanicus Oates, which are
now in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington.

Capt. W. S. Prentis, of my regiment, collected birds at
Bampon, and was good enough to give me all his skins.

While in England last year I compared all my specimens
with those in the Natural History Museum at South Ken-
sington, with the result that six species from this region are
classed as new. All the skins which I took to England are
now in that Museum.

The numbers in brackets placed after the names of species
are the serial numbers of those birds in the ' Fauna of British
India: Birds.^

The heights are generally those given by an aneroid
barometer, and are therefore only approximate.

My very best thanks are due to Dr. Bowdler Sharpe
and to Mr. E. W. Oates for the great assistance they so
kindly gave me when I was in London.

1. CoRVUS MACRORHYNCHUS Wagl. (4.)

2. CoRvus iNsoLENs Humc. (8.)

3. Pica RUSTicA (Scop.). (10.)

Extends as far west as Kalaw, but is not common east of

2n 2

528 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

the valley of the Tam-hpak (a river about 11 miles east of
Fort Stedman), elevation about 3000 feet, where I have seen
as many as eight together. In the plains of Burma I have not
found it much south of Bharao, where it is fairly plentiful
and remains the whole year round.

4. Urocissa occipitalis (Blyth). (12.)

Very common up to 5000 feet. I believe this Magpie is a
terrible poacher, and I have frequently seen it mobbed by
small birds.

5. CissA cHiNENsis (Bodd.). (14.)

I have not seen this bird below about 4500 feet in the
Shan States.

6. Dendrocitta rufa (Scop.). (16.)

7. GrARRULus LEUcoTis Humc. (25.)

Fairly common at 4000 feet and over. I have found it
chiefly iu pine-forest.

8. Parus minor Temm. & Schleg. (32.)
Very common above 4000 feet.

9. ^githaliscus pulchellus. (Plate XI. fig. 2.)
j^githaliscus pulchellus Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xi.

p. 11. (36 ff.)

Habits and colours of soft parts similar to those of
jE. manipurensis Hume, for which I mistook it, until I
compared my skins with others in the Natural History
Museum.

10. Machlolophus spilonotus (Blyth). (41.)

Very common. It is seldom that a day's collecting between
4000 and 6000 feet passes without at least one of these birds
being included by mistake in the bag.

11. Paradoxornis GUTTATicoLLis A. David. (52.)

I have not met with this species below about 4500 feet.

12. Sc^ORHYNCHUS GULARIS (Horsf.). (61.)

Three specimens obtained, all above 5300 feet.

13. Dryonastes CHINENSIS (Scop.). (64.)

Fairly common above 3000 feet. This bird has an excep-

I]ois,1901.Pl.A]

H.Gr6n.vold oLel.etith.

Mintem Bros imp.

l.TROCHALOPTERUM RIPPONl .
2,v^GITHALISCUS PULCHELLUS-

of the Southern Shan States. 529

tionally musical whistle, and is not so gregarious as others of
its genus.

14. Dryonastes sannio (Swinh.). (67.)
Very common between 3000 and 4500 feet.

15. Garrulax belangeri Less. (70.)
Obtained up to 2800 feet. Not common.

16. Garrulax pectoralis (Gould). (72.)
Reaches up to 4500 feet.

17. Garrulax moniliger (Hodgs.). (73.)

One specimen obtained in the Nampandet valley at about
1000 feet.

18. Trochalopterum melanostigma (Blyth). (86.)
Fairly common above 3500 feet.

19. Trochalopterum ripponi. (Plate XI. fig. 1.)
Trochalopterum ripponi Oates, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xi.

p. 10.

This is the commonest of all the Laughing Thrushes found
in the Southern Shan States. At elevations of from 4000
to 6000 feet, in secondary jungle, it may be heard calling
throughout the day.

Irides dark brown; bill black; legs dusky brown.

20. Argya longirostris (Hodgs.). (109.)

Capt. W. S. Prentis sent me one specimen from Bampon.

21. Pomatorhinus nuchalis Tweed. (117.)
Not common.

22 Pomatorhinus olivaceus Blyth. (118.)
Very common.

23. Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps Wald. (126.)

24. Pomatorhinus imberbis Salvad. (129a.)

Very common from 3000 feet upwards. I shot a full-
grown example of this species on the 9th of April in the hills
to tbe east of Fort Stedman and immediately behind it.

530 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

25. TiMELiA piLEATA Horsf. (134.)

The only specimen I obtained was shot on the Inle lake,
near Fort Stedman.

26. PvcTORHis SINENSIS (Gmcl.). (139.)

Very common at about 3000 feet where there is high grass.
A point not noted in the 'Fauna of British India' is that
there are four or five stiff black bristles springing from the
upper eyelids of this bird.

27. Pellorneum mandellii Blanf. (142.)
Common.

28. Pellorneum minus Hume. (143 )

29. Drymocataphus cinnamomeus Rippon, Bull. B.O. C.
vol. xi. p. 12. (148a.)

Met with only at Loi Mai at 6000 feet.

30. CORYTHOCICHLA BREVICAUDATA (Blyth). (153.)

From 4000 feet upwards, not uncommon in suitable places,
that is to say, where limestone crops out and there is a
moderate amount of undergrowth. I have, however, met
with it on the densely clothed banks of a rocky stream.

31. Alcippe fratercula Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xi.
p. 11. (163a.)

Points not noted in the original description are that the
irides are crimson and the legs and bill horn-coloured.

Its habits are those of a Flycatcher, and it seldom descends
to the undergrowth, but takes up a position and thence makes
short sallies in order to catch flies, precisely in the same
manner as the small Flycatchers do. It is common to find
pairs a little distance apart, frequently uttering their call,
which consists of five notes, and is loud for the size of the
bird.

32. Alcippe phayrii Blyth. (165.)

Capt. W. S. Prentis sent me one specimen from Bampon.

33. Stachyrhis nigriceps Hodgs. (169.)

34. Stachyrhis assimilis Wald. (171.)

of the Southern Shan States. 531

35. Stachyrhidopsis sulphurea Rippon, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. xi. p. 11. (172a.)

At the time of obtaining this bird I did not discriminate
between it and S. I'uficeps. 1 found it at about 4800 feet.

36. Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons (Blytli). (173.)

Not common, but widely distributed. I got two specimens
in low bamboo-jungle at an elevation of about 3500 feet.

37. ScHfENiPARUs iNTERMEDius Rippon, Bull, B. O. C.
vol. xi. p. 11. (179a.)

The habits of this bird are similar to those o£ S. mandeUii,
and it is extremely common in the brushwood between 4500
and 7000 feet.

38. PSEUD0]\IINLA CASTANEICEPS HodgS. (182.)

Very common from 4500 feet upwards.

39. TuRDiNULUs ExsuL Sharpe. (186.)
On Loi Mai at 5500 feet.

40. Myiophoneus temmincki Vigors. (187.)

I have shot tliis and the next species within a hundred
yards of one another.

41. Myiophoneus eugenii Hume. (188.)

42. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.). (190.)
Only one specimen seen and obtained.

43. Drymochares cruralis (Blyth). (197.)
Obtained at 6000 feet. The movements of this species

on the ground resemble those of a rat rather than of a bird.
The only opportunities I have had of watching it have been
in the openings in dense undergrowth beneath high trees at
5500 feet and upwards. I believe it to be fairly plentiful^
but I have not been able to determine its likes and dislikes
with regard to the nature of the ground chosen, as can be done
so quickly with many birds. It makes its way very rapidly
through thick brushwood, and, having arrived at the edge of
an opening, squats behind a small rock or stone, or even a
heap of leaves, and makes short runs from its shelter into
the open, picking up something and returning. It is not

532 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

timid, but is careful to keep on the side of its cover furthest
from an observer.

44. HoDGSoNius pHCENicuROiDEs (Hodgs.). (199.)
Only two specimens obtained.

45. Tesia cyaniventris Hodgs, (201,)

Very common at 5000 and up to 7000 feet^ coming down
to 4500 feet when the vegetation suits it. Its favourite
places are the peculiar hollows which are so numerous in the
hills of the Shan States. These vary from cone-shaped holes
30 yards across to valleys half a mile or more long, without
any above-ground exit for their drainage. Where such
localities are covered with dense undergrowth, consisting
largely of nettles from seven to ten feet high and are shaded
by big trees, a pair or more of T. cyaniventris, according to
the size of the hollow, are certain to be found.

I have not been able to detect any difference in the plumage
of the male and female, I determined the sex of several
individuals ; some were more brightly coloured than others,
but this difference did not appear to be connected with the
sex, I did not at any time obtain a bird in the young plumage,
and in April, when I got most of my specimens, they were
breeding. They have an alarm-note, by which their presence
is immediately brought to notice, even when the watcher
is moving over the driest of dead leaves. I have sometimes
heard one of them utter a short but very sweet song. I think
that the words "golden brown'' in the description of this
bird on p. 192 of the ' Fauna of British India : Birds/ must
be a misprint and intended for " golden green.''

The irides of all my specimens were dark brown.

46. Oligura castaneicoronata (Burton). (202.)

Not common, and, so far as my experience goes, only
found at and over 5000 feet, and always near a running
stream in thick undergrowth. I have never heard it
utter a sound. In collecting this and similar forms which
haunt the brushwood, it is necessary, after catching a glimpse
of them, to sit down and watch. If the species is at all
noisy, its note is sure to be heard.

of the Southern Shan States. 533

The following are the dimensions of one of my specimens
measured in the flesh : — Length 4", tail 1"-1, wing 2"-2, tarsus
0"-85, bill from gape 0"-5. These are omitted from the
details in the ' P'auna of British India.'

47. SiBiA picoiDEs Hodgs. (203.)

Fairly common. I have not seen it below about 4500
feet.

48. LlOPTILA MELANOLEUCA (Ely til). (206.)

I obtained a specimen of this species in 1895 at Kalaw, but
have never seen it west of the Fort Stedman valley since.
It has a white patch on the wing, which is very conspicuous
in flight.

49. LioPTiLA CASTANOPTERA (Salvad.). (207.)

Very common in the hills about Kalaw, but I do not think
it extends far to the east.

It has a white patch on the wing, as the last species has.

50. LioPTiLA SATURATA Wald. (208 «.)

In the ' Fauna of British India ' this name is entered as
a synonym of L. annectens, but the specimens in the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, labelled " L. annectens j"
do not at all correspond in colouring with those I obtained.
The extent of the chestnut on the back of my examples
is similar to that in L. annectens, but the colour is very
much darker. I should describe the middle of the back of
L. annectens, as represented in the Natural History Museum,
as being of a fulvous chestnut, while the colour of that part
in the specimens that I obtained is very deep chestnut,
recalling the colour in L. davisoni.

51. AcTiNODURA RAMSAYi (Wald.). (212.)

Very common in the hill-range east of Fort Stedman at
5000 feet, and found in the cold weather down to 3500 feet.
Breeds in April.

52. Staphidia rufigenis (Hume). (217.)

Only once obtained, at about 5000 feet, in March, out of
some low bamboo-jungle.

534 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

53. Siva castaneicauda Hume. (220.)

I have not seen this species below about 6000 feet ; it was
found quite at the top of the highest peaks on which J
collected, where these were well Avooded.

54. Siva sordida Hume. (222.)

The specimens I obtained are nearer to this form than to
»Sf. cijamiroptera, but the winglet is in several cases tipped
with white.

55. ZosTEROPS AUREivENTRis Humc. (227.)

Very common, and appears to me to grade into the next
species.

56. ZosTERoPs SIMPLEX Swiuli. (228.)

57. Herpornis xantholeuca Hodgs. (234.)
Found from 3000 to 5400 feet.

58. CuTiA NEPALENsis (Hodgs.). (236.)
Not common.

59. Pteruthius ^eralatus Tick. (238.)
Not common, bvit widely distributed.

60. Pteruthius melanotis Hodgs. (239.)

61. Pteruthius intermedius (Hume). (240.)
Rare.

62. iEoiTHiNA TiPHiA (Liuu.). (243.)
Very common in the valleys up to 3500 feet.

63. Chloropsis aurifrons (Temm.). (247.)
Very common from 3000 to 5000 feet.

64. Chloropsis hardwickii Jard. h Selby. (249.)

65. Chloropsis chlorocephala (Wald.). (250.)
I have only met with this bird at 2800 feet.

66. Irena puella (Lath.). (254.)

Not common : does not appear to ascend higher than
about 3000 feet in the Southern Shan States.

67. Melanochlora sultanea (Hodgs.). (255.)

Only once obtained, at about 3000 feet, in low evergreen
jungle.

of the Southern Shan States. 535

68. PSAROGLOSSA SPILOPTERA (Vig.). (261.)

Bare.

69. Criniger flaveolus (Gould). (263.)

70. Hypsipetes concolor Blyth. (270.)
Very common.

71. Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham^ Ann. & Mag Nat.
Hist. ser. 7, vol. v. p. 358. (270 a.)

I obtained this bird for the first time in April 1899, at
an elevation of about 5300 feet. It is a species fond of that
kind of secondary jungle which springs up round cultivated
clearings.

72. Hemixus tickelli (Blyth). (276.)

This bird seems to vary very much in colour. When in
the Shan States, I was under the impression tliat I had
obtained both it and H. macclellandi (Horsf.), but found
on comparison with other specimens that all my skins were
nearest to those of tliis species.

73. Alcurus striatus (Blyth). (277.)

Very common above 6000 feet, on Loi Mai and Loi Maw,
and quite up to the tops of the highest peaks at about 8000
feet. It prefers tree-jungle, but the trees must not be too
high or very dense.

74. MoLPASTES ATRicAPiLLUs (Vieill.). (281.)

75. Xanthixus flavescens (Blyth). (287.)
Very common.

7Q. Otocompsa emeria (Linn.). (288.)

Very common ; this and one or two other kinds of Bulbul
have discovered that strawberries are good to eat, and they
are now a great nuisance in the gardens.

77. Otocompsa flaviventris (Tick.). (290.)

78. Spizixus canifrons Blyth. (292.)
Very common at 5000 feet and upwards.

79. loLE viREscENS Blyth. (296.)

Fairly common, but I did not meet with it above about
3500 feet.

536 Lt.-Col. G. llippon on the Bh'ds

80. Pycnonotus xanthorrhous Anders, (298 a.)
Common in secondary jungle above 4000 feet.

81. SiTTA NEGLECTA Wald. (317.)

8.2. SiTTA NAGAENsis Godw.-Aust. (318.)

Common from 4000 feet upwards. It is by no means
exclusively a tree bird ; it hunts over rocks and the sides of
old cuttings as well as on trees.

83. SiTTA MAGNA Wardlaw-Ramsay. (319.)

I have shot this bird at Kalaw and at Loi Maw, and have
one specimen from Tounggyi. I have never met with it
far from pine-forest.

84. SiTTA FRONTALIS Horsf. (325.)
Common from 3000 to 6000 feet.

85. DicRURus ANNECTENs (Hodgs.). (326.)

I have not met with this or the next species in the numbers
■which are sometimes seen in the plains. The next is that
ordinarily seen.

86. DicRURus ATER (Herm.). (327.)

87. DicRURus ciNERACEus (Horsf.). (333.)

The common form of Drongo from 4000 feet upwards.
Breeds from the beginning of April. Young birds just able
to fly from tree to tree (about 6 or 7 yards) were very dark
ashy grey.

88. Chaptia AiiNEA (Vieill.). (334.)
Fairly common.

89. Bhringa remifer (Temm.). (339.)

One of those birds more commonly seen than obtained.

90. Certhia discolor Blyth. (345.)

Very common above 5000 feet, upon some half-cleared
slopes on Loi Mai. I had to give orders that this bird was
not to be shot within a very few days of my first meeting
with it.

91. Pnoepyga pusilla Hodgs. (357.)

Only met with twice, each time at about 5300 feet.

of the Southern Shan States. 537

92. LOCUSTELLA CERTHIOLA (Pall.). (369.)
Common in rice-fields.

93. LocusTELLA LANCEOLATA (Tcmm.). (361.)

This is the common Locustella of the Shan States. I have
killed a specimen as late as the end of May, but the bulk of
the large number which visit the Shan States leave in the
latter part of April.

94. AcRocEPHALus sTENTOREUs (Hempr. & Ehr.). (363.)
I have heard this bird on the Fort Stedman lake in July,

so probably a few stay to breed there.

95. Orthotomus sutorius (Forst.). (374.)
Very common.

96. CisTicoLA cuRsiTANs (Frankl.). (381.)

97. Franklinia GRACILIS (Frankl.). (382.)
Very common.

98. Franklinia rufescens (Blyth). (383.)

99. Megalurus palustris (Horsf.). (389.)
Very common.

100. Arundinax AiJDON (Pall.). (393.)
Obtained at 3600 feet in April.

101. Herbivocula schwarzi (Radde). (404.)

102. Phylloscopus affinis (Tick.). (405.)

103. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth). (410.)
!Not obtained above 4000 feet.

104. Phylloscopus pulcher (Pall.). (414.)
Obtained at 7000 feet and upwards.

105. Phylloscopus proregulus (Pall.). (415.)
Fairly common at 5300 feet and upwards.

106. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gmel.). (417.)
Very common.

107. Acanthopneuste borealis (Bias.). (420.)

538 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

108. ACANTHOPNEUSTE PLUMBEITARSUS (Swiull.). (423.)

A bird of low elevations.

109. AcANTHOPNEUSTE LUGUBRIS TBlytll). (1-2G.)

Common.

110. AcANTHOPNEUSTE OCCIPITALIS (Jercl.). (428.)

111. AcANTHOPNEUSTE TROCHILOIDES (SuncleV.) . (429.)

I did not obtain this species below 5000 feet.

112. AcANTHOPNEUSTE DAVISONI OatCS. (430.)

The commonest of all this group of Warblers at elevations
of fz'om 5000 feet upwards. It may be obtained at 4000
leet, but from 5000 to 8000 feet a fair number will neces-
sarily be shot by mistake while collecting. A permanent
resident.

113. Cryptolopha tephrocephala (Anders.). (432.)
Not common^ but widely distributed.

114. Cryptolopha castaneiceps (Hodgs.). (437.)
Obtained from about 5000 feet upwards. Both this and

the la!>t species appear to be permanent residents.

115. HoRORNis brunnescens (Hume). (447.)

116. Phyllergates coronatus (Jerd. & Blyth). (454.)

117. Urosphena squamiceps (Swinh.). (457.)

I obtained two specimens of this bird, both shot in the
same kind of place in the months of March and April at an
elevation of a little over 5000 feet. They were in the brush-
wood by the side of a small stream flowing out of a narrow
valley into the 0])en, while the ground around was marshy.

118. SuYA CRiNiGERA (Hodgs.). (458.)

119. SuYA ATRiGULARis Moorc. (459.)

120. SuYA suPERCiLiARis Auders, (461.)
Very common.

121. Prinia flaviventris (Deless.). (463.)

Fairly common in the flat grassy valleys at about 3000
feet.

of the Southern Shan States. 539

122. PiiiNiA iNORNATA Sykes. (^GS.)

The only two skins of this type oi Prima which I took home
appeared to belong to this species. In my original notes I
had included P. blanfordi (Wald.) as obtained.

123. Lanius coLLURioiDEs Lcss. (474.)

Very common in the rainy season, at which time it breeds
in the Shan States. A good number remain throughout the
year,

124. Lanius nigriceps (Frankl.). (475.)

125. Lanius tephronotus (Vig.), (477.)

126. Lanius cristatus Linn. (481.)

I got my specimens at about 2800 feet ; the species does
not appear to ascend to any great elevation.

127. Hemipus picatus (Sykes). (484.)
Common.

128. Tephrodornis pelvicus (Hodgs.). (486.)
Very common.

129. Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gmel.). (488.)

130. Pericrocotus speciosus (Lath.). (490.)
The commonest Minivet in this tract of country.

131. Pericrocotus fraterculus Swinh. (491.)

132. Pericrocotus brevirostris (Vig.). (495.)

133. Pericrocotus Solaris Blyth. (498.)

134. Pericrocotus roseus (Vieill.). (499.)

On one occasion I obtained two examples of tliis species
at 4500 feet.

135. Pericrocotus peregrinus (Liun.). (500.)

136. Campophaga melanoptera (Riipp.). (506.)
Fairly common.

137. Graucalus macii Less. (510.)

138. Artamus fuscus Vieill. (512.)

540 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

139. Oriolus indicus Jerd. (514.)
Observed by Mr. E. W, Oates at Kalaw.

140. Oriolus tenuirostris Blyth. (515.)
Very common.

141. Oriolus melanocephalus (Lion.). (521.)
Generally distributed^ but nowbere very commou.

142. Oriolus trailli (Vig.). (522.)

Very common at Kalaw, where it breeds in March. Not
uncommon elsewhere, but very local.

143. Eulabes intermedia (A, Hay). (524.)

144. Sturnia malabarica (Gmel.). (538.)

145. Sturnia nemoricola Jerd. (539.)

146. Graculipica nigricollis (Payk.). (546.)
Judging by the number and variety of Mainas found in the

Southern Shan States, the climate seems to suit them precisely.
The present species is the giant among them, and is very con-
spicuous both when flying and when on the ground. The
white patch formed by the feathers on the rump and by the
shorter tail-coverts is very noticeable when the bird is on
the wing.

The colour of some of the soft parts is not entered in the
' Fauna of British India.^ Iris very pale yellow ; bill black,
lighter at culmen ; legs and feet very pale horn-coloured.

147. Graculipica burmanica (Jerd.). (547.)
Common.

148. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.). (549.)

149. tEthiopsar fuscus (Wagl.). (552.)

150. .^thiopsar granuis (Moore). (553.)

151. ^THiopsAR albicinctus (Godw.-Aust.) . (554.)
Very common.

152. Sturnopastor superciliaris Blyth. (550.)

of the Southern Shan States. 541

153. Hemichelidon sibirica (Gmel.). (558.)

Only one specimen obtained. It was got at 5500 feet in
the range of liills immediately to the east of Fort Stedman.

154. Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgs. (559.)
On Loi Maw at 6000 feet.

155. SiPHiA sTROPHiATA Hodgs. (560.)

One male obtained in March at about 5500 feet.

156. SiPHIA AI.BICILLA (Pall.). (562.)
Very common.

157. Cyornis hodgsoni (Verr.). (565.)
Common.

158. Cyornis hyperythrus (Blyth). (566.)

One of the specimens that I took home turned out to belono-
to this species. I had not previously identified it.

159. Cyornis melanoleucus (Hodgs.). (569.)
Very common.

160. Cyornis astigma (Hodgs.). (570.)

161. Cyornis oatesi Salvad. (572.)

162. Cyornis unicolor Blyth. (574.)
Not uncommon at Kalaw.

163. Cyornis rubeculoides (Vig.). (575.)
Common.

164. Cyornis tickelli Blyth. (576.)

165. NiTiDULA hodgsoni (Moore). (578.)
Found at the higher elevations, but not common.

166. Stoparola melanops (Vig.). (579.)
Obtained at Bampon and on the slopes of Loi Mai.

167. Anthipes leucops (Hodgs.). (584.)
Only two specimens obtained.

168. Alseonax muttui (Layard). (590.)
Common above 5000 feet.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2o

542 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

169. CuLicicAPA cEYLONENsis (Swaiiis.). (592.)

Very common at 4000 feet and upwards^ especially where
there is running water.

170. NiLTAVA GRANDIS (Blyth). (593.)

Common in the shady jungles, at an elevation of above
4500 feet.

171. NiLTAVA suNDARA Hodgs. (594.)

As the last species. I have shot the two within 50 yards
of one another.

172. NiLTAVA MACGREGORi^ (Burtou). (595.)
Met with on Loi Mai only.

173. Terpsiphone affinis (Hay). (599.)

174. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.). (601.)
Common at Fort Stedman.

175. Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus (Blyth). (603.)

I have not met with this charming bird below about
5000 feet. In the ' Fauna of British India/ it is men-
tioned, on Blanford's authority, that " this Flycatcher is
usually seen in small flocks hunting about trees.^' Nothing
could be more misleading so far as my experience goes. It
is essentially a Flycatcher of the air, and is as delightfully
quarrelsome a bird as can be met with.

It is not uncommon where the nature of the jungle and
the ground suits it. In one place where I camped for some
time at above 5000 feet, I knew of many spots where I could
always find a pair to watch. Their favourite places are where
there is a sharp dip in a ridge, both sides of the dip being-
covered with high evergreen trees, juicy balsams, and other
undergrowth. Here they choose a perch, frequently the
dead branch of a fallen tree, and if there is only another pair
within fifty yards or so there will be many fights and chasing
of trespassers.

This bird's method of capturing its food (small flies) difi'ers
from that of most Flycatchers; it almost invariably rises from
its perch nearly perpendicularly, and the effect of this is very

of tile Southern Shan States. 543

striking when the breast is towards the observer^ the bright
yellow of the lower plumage catching any rays of sunlight
which may be falling through the leaves overhead and
shining out like a flash of gold. The return flight, almost
equally perpendicular, gives a somewhat similar effect in
green, although there is little bright green in the colour of
the back when the bird is in one's hand.

A glance at the feet of this species will shew how ill-adapted
it is to '' hunt about trees.'' No doubt its very stiff tail-
feathers assist greatly in its perpendicular flights.

176. Rhipidura albicollis (Vieill.). (605.)
Common everywhere.

177. Peatincola caprata (Linn.). (608.)

Common up to 4500 feet wherever the country is fairly
open.

178. Pratincola maura (Pall.). (610.)

Both this and the next species are to be found on the
lake at Fort Stedman. It also frequents the drier hill-
sides.

179. Pratincola leucura Blyth. (611.)

180. Oreicola ferrea (Hodgs.). (615.)

Common wherever there are open spaces. It remains
the whole year round.

181. Hknicurus schistaceus Hodgs. (632.)

I have met with this species only in the rapid stream to
the west of the Loi Mai range, which is from 15 to 25 feet
broad, and runs north at an elevation of about 5300 feet ; no
doubt wherever there are other streams as large and at as high
an elevation it may be found. I saw a fair number of this
bird and of H. leschenaulti at the place mentioned above.

182. Henicurus immaculatus Hodgs. (633.)
Not uncommon between 2000 and 4500 feet.

183. Henicurus leschenaulti (Vieill.). (634.)
See H. schistaceus.

2o 2

544 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

184. Chimarrhornis leucocephalus (Vig.). (638.)
Not uncommon.

185. RUTICILLA AUROREA (Pall.). (641.)

186. Rhyacornis fuliginosus (Vig.). (646.)

The only place where I found this bird was at the stream
on which I obtained Henicurus schistaceus.

187. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). (647.)

Not uncommon on the floating grass in the Fort Stedman
lake in the cold season.

188. Calliope camtschatkensis (Gmel.). (650.)

Two specimens obtained in the hills east of Fort Stedman.

189. Tarsiger chrys^us Hodgs. (653.)
Obtained once at Tounggyi, at about 5000 feet.

190. Ianthia RUFiLATA (Hodgs.). (654.)

I have not seen this bird later in the year than April.
It is fairly common in the cold season.

191. NoToDELA leucura (Hodgs.). (659.)

Only once obtained, on Loi Maw at 6000 feet in April.

192. CopsYCHUs sAULARis (Linn.). (663.)
Very common.

193. CiTTociNCLA MACRURA (Gmcl.). (664.)

I have not seen this bird above about 3000 feet.

194. Merula protomel^na (Cab.). (679.)

Fairly common between 4000 and 6000 feet. I got a three-
quarter grown young bird at the end of April.

195. Merula obscura (Gmel.). (680.)

On Loi Maw at 7800 feet in April. This species and the
next were obtained on the same day and in the same locality.

196. Merula fe.e Salvad. (682.)

197. Petrophila erythrogastra (Vig.). (690.)
Fairly common.

198. Petrophila solitaria (Miill.). (692.)

199. Petrophila cyanus (Linn.). (693.)

of t lie Southern Shan Slates. 545

200. Oreocincla dauma (Lath.). (698.)

I have not met with this bird below about 5000 feet. It
appears to have the same habits as 0. dixoni ; they frequent
the hill-sides up to 8000 feet where these are bare except for
high trees and dead leaves.

201. Oreocincla VARiA (Pall.). (698 a.)

Obtained once only, in the hills immediately to the east
of Fort Stedman at about 5000 feet.

202. Oreocincla dixoni (Swinh.). (702.)

, 203. ZooTHERA marginata BIyth. (705.)

Met with on the same kind of ground as O. dauma and
O. dixoni, but down to 3000 feet.

204. CiNCLUs pallasi Temm. (710.)

I have never seen this bird alive. Mr. H. N. Thompson,
of the Forest Department, was good enough to send me a
skin which he had obtained at the i\Iese-gun stream in the
Mawkraai State, trans-Salween.

205. Ploceus megarhynchus Hume. (721.)
Fairly common on and about the Fort Stedman lake.

206. Ploceus manyar (llorsf.). (723.)

This species simply swarms on the Fort Stedman lake ;
enormous flocks may be seen at any time of year.

207. MuNiA ATRicAPiLLA (Vicill.). (726.)
Very common from 3000 to 4000 feet.

208. Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.). (727.)
Common.

209. Uroloncha topela (Swinh.). (735 a.)

I had identified the specimens I obtained as U. punctulata
(Linn.), but I subsequently found on comparison with others
in the Nat. Hist. Museum that they were all of this species,
which has not, I believe, been recorded within Indian limits
before.

210. Spor.^gitvthus flavidiventris (Wallace). (739.)
Fairly common up to 4000 feet.

546 Lt.-Col, G. Rippon on the Birds

211. Mycerobas melanoxanthus (Hodgs.). (744.)
One specimen obtained in the middle o£ April in the hills

behind Fort S ted man at about 5000 feet.

212. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). (/61.)
Fairly common.

213. Passer DOiMESTicus (Linn.). (776.)
Very common.

214. Passer mOxNtanus (Linn.). (779.)

215. Passer cinnamomeus (Gould). (780.)
Obtained once at Kalaw.

216. Passer flaveolus Blyth. (781.)
Very common.

217. Emberiza fucata Pall. (790.)

218. Emberiza pusilla Pall. (791.)
Common.

219. Emberiza aureola Pall. (797.)
A fair number may be met with.

220. Emberiza rutila Pall. (802.)
Fairly common.

,221. Melophus melanicterus (Gmel.). (803.)
Common on all open uplands above 4000 feet.

222. Cotile riparia (Linn.). (808.)

Very common on the Fort Stedman lake in the cold
season. I intended to have collected a good series of these
and of other Swallows in the cold season of 1899-1900, but
thev came rather later than usual, and I left the Shan States
on the 1st of December, 1899, before they had arrived in any
great numbei's.

223. HiRUNDO rustica Linn. (813.)

Fort Stedman lake seems to be a general meeting-place of
this group of Swallows.

224. HiRUNDO GUTTURALIS ScOp. (814.)

225. HiRUNDO TYTLERI Jcid. (815.)

of the Southern Shan States. 547

226. HiRUNDO ERYTHHOGASTRA Bodd. (816.)

227. HiRUNDO SMITH! Leach. (818.)

Very common everywhere up to about 5000 feet.

228. HiRUNDO sTRioLATA Temm. (820.)

This bird and the next, so far as my experience goes,
frequent valleys at an elevation of not less than 4000 feet.
They remain the whole year round.

229. HiRUNDO NEPALENsis Hodgs. (822.)
This species is found in company with the last.

230. MOTACILLA ALBA Liiiu. (826.)

Wagtails of many kinds are plentiful on the Fort Stedman
lake. With the exception of M, leucopsis Gould, I took
home with me skins of all the forms recorded here.

231. MoTACiLLA LEUCOPSIS Gould. (827.)

232. MoTAciLLA OCULARIS Swinh. (828.)

233. MOTACILLA MELANOPE Pall. (832.)

I have seen this Wagtail in the Southern Shan States in
July.

234. MoTAciLLA BOREALis Suudcv. (833.)

235. MOTACILLA CITREOLA Pall. (837.)

236. LiMONiDROMUs iNDicus (Gmcl.). (839.)

Rare. 1 obtained one specimen only, at about 3400 feet
near Fort Stedman.

237. Anthus maculatus Hodgs. (841.)

One of the commonest birds in the Shan States in the
cold season.

238. Anthus richardi Vieill. (845.)

239. Anthus striolatus Blyth. (846.)
Not common.

240. Anthus rufulus Vieill. (847.)

241. Anthus cervinus (Pall.). (849.)

242. Alauda gulgula Frankl. (861.)
Very common above 4000 feet.

548 Lt.-Col. G. RippoQ on the Birds

243. ^THOPYGA sEHERi^ (Tick.). (882.)

The common Sun-bird of the Southern Shan States up to
about 4000 feet.

244. J^THOPYGA DABRYi (Vcrr.). (889.)

This species and the next are the common Sun-birds from
4000 to 6000 feet.

245. ^THOPYGA sANGuiNiPECTus Wald. (891.)

246. ^THOPYGA NEPALENSIS (HodgS.). (892.)

I have not met with this bird below about 7000 feet, and
I have never found it very plentiful.

247. Arachnechthka asiatica (Lath.). (895.)
Very common up to about 4500 feet.

248. Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.). (906.)
Common.

249. Dictum cruentatum (Linn.). (912.)

The common Flower-pecker of the lower elevations ; in
some places it is very plentiful.

250. DiCiEUM ignipectus (Hodgs.). (915.)

I have always had an impression that this was a bird of
comparatively high elevations^ but I find that I have one
entry of having obtained it at about 2800 feet.

251. Dictum erythrorhynchum (Lath,). (919.)

Only one specimen obtained ; it was sent to me by
Capt. W. S. Prentis from Bampon.

252. Piprisoma modestum (Hume). (922.)

253. Pachyglossa melanoxantha Hodgs. (925.)

I first procured this bird in the Na-Noi valley at about
5300 feet. I noted that the two specimens obtained there
were very quiet and solitary. Both were perched on dead
branches of trees, from which they made short flights after
insects in the manner of Flycatchers.

The next time I met with this species was at the top of Loi
Mai, at over 8000 feet, where there were a good number
of individuals, which were very lively, chasing one another
about. They were breeding in April.

of the Southern Shan States. o^Q

254. Anthocincla phayrii Blytb. (936.)

255. Pitta oatesi (Hume). (928.)
Obta-iued in April at 5300 feet.

256. Psarisomus DALHousiiE (Jameson). (944.)

This handsome bird is very common in the parts of the
country suited to it. It especially aftects the " tounggya "
(hill cultivation) in well-wooded districts. I have not
obtained it below about 4000 feet^ and it was very plentiful
near one of ray camps at about 5300 feet. This was during
the breeding-season in April, when its shrill screams could
be heard all day.

257. Gecinus OCCIPITALIS (Vigors). (950.)

All the Woodpeckers mentioned below, except D. cubanisi,
seem to be fairly common.

258. Gecinus chlorolophus (VieilL). (951.)

259. Chrysophlegma flavinucha (Gould). (955.)

260. Hypopicus hyperythrus (Vig.). (960.)

261. Dendrocopus cabanisi (Malh.). (962.)

At Kalaw and in the hills to the east of Fort Stedman.

262. Dendrocopus pyrrhothorax (Hume). (966.)

263. Dendrocopus atratus (Blyth). (968.)
Very common from 4000 feet upwards.

264. Iyngipicus canicapillus (Blyth). (975.)

265. Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs.). (978.)

266. MicROPTERNUs PHiEOCEPs Blyth. (983.)

267. Tiga javanensis (Ljung). (988.)

268. Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus (Tick.). (992.)

269. Hemicercus canente (Less.). (995.)

270. Picumnus innominatus Burton. (1001.)

I have only once met with this bird. It was at an elevation
of 5500 feet.

550 Lt.-Col. G. Kippoii on the Birds

271. Iynx TORQUiLLA (Linn.). (1003.)

Fairly common at Loikaw (about 2800 feet) in the cold
weather.

272. Megal^ma viRENs (Bodd.). (1007.)
May be heard calling all day in the hot season.

273. Thereiceryx LiNEATus (Vieill.). (1009.)
Found up to 4300 feet at Bampon.

274. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.). (1012.)

275. Cyanops davjsoni (Hume). (1013.)

276. Cyanops RAMSAYi (Wald.). (1018.)

This species and the two preceding appear to have the same
call and habits.

277. Xanthol^ma h^matocephala (P. L. S. Miill.).
(1019.)

I have never seen this bird so abundant anywhere as it is
in the cold season in the Loikaw valley at about 2800 feet.
It is not uncommon to see as many as ten on neighbouring
branches. Near the small fort at Loikaw there are some
peepul-trees which are without leaves in the cold season ;
these are favourite places for this Barbet.

278. CoRAciAs affinis (M'Clell.). (1023.)

I have not seen this species above about 5000 feet.

279. Merops viridis Linn. (1026.)
Very common.

280. Merops philippinus Linn. (1027.)

I shot this bird once at Fort Stedman, but on no other
occasion have I ever even heard its familiar note in the
Shan States.

281. Melittophagus swinhoii (Hume). (1030.)

I have seen this bird, but have never shot it, in the Shan
States. Mr. H. N. Thompson was good enough to send me
three specimens which he collected in the Mawkmai State,
while Capt. W. S. Prentis procured one near Bampon.

282. Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby). (1031.)

of the Southern Shan States. 551

283. Ceryle varia Strickl. (1033.)
Very common.

284. Alcedo ispida Linn. (1035.)
Very common.

285. Pelargopsis GURiAL (Pearson). (1043.)
Obtained only on the Fort Stedman lake.

286. Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.). (1044.)
Very common.

287. CallialcyoiV lilacina (Swains.). (1046.)

I obtained one specimen of tliis species in a valley to the
west of Kalaw at about 3500 feet.

288. Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.). (1051.)
Common.

289. Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw & Nodd.).
(1053.)

Very common.

290. AcERos NEPALENsis (Hodgs.). (1057.)

Obtained on one occasion only, at over 5000 t'eet. The
bare skin of the chin and throat in my specimen was orange-
scarlet edged with blue.

291. Upupa indica Reich. (1067.)

Common at 3000 feet and ascends up to 50 JO feet.

292. Cypselus pacificus (Lath.). (1071.)

Not uncommon, but I only got a specimen just before
leaving the district. I have seen another species of Swift
in the Shan States without any white on the rump, but I
did not obtain an example of it.

293. Tachornis infumatus (Sclater). (1076.)

Two pairs built their nests in the grass-thatched roof of
the house in which I lived when I first arrived at Fort
Stedman.

294. MicROPTERYx coronata (Tick.). (1086.)
I have not seen this bird above about 4500 feet.

552 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

295. Capuimulgus machurus Horsf. (1093.)
Very common all over the Shau States.

296. Batrachostomus hodgsoni (G. R. Gray). (1097.)

I got two specimens of this species on Loi Maw at about
5000 feet.

297. Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould). (1101.)
I obtained several specimens at 5300 feet.

298. CucuLUs cANORUs Linn. (1104.)

This bird is heard calling everywhere above about 3000 feet
in the Shan States during the hot weather — i. e., from the
middle of March to the end of May. I had one example
brought to me in September.

299. CucuLUs MicROPTERUs Gould. (1107.)

This species is not heard so much as the last_, but it is not
uncommon.

300. HiEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES (Vig.). (1108.)

Found up to 4500 feet.

301. Cacomantis merulinus (Scop.). (1113.)
Common.

302. Penthoceryx sonnerati (Lath.). (1114.)

Quite common, especially in open country where there are
a few scattered bushes and trees. Very noisy about April
and May, when it breeds.

303. SuRNicuLus LUGUBRis (Horsf.). (1117.)
Only one specimen obtained.

304. EUDYNAMIS HONORATA (LiuU.). (1120.)

Extends up to 5000 feet.

305. Rhopodytes tristis (Less.). (1123.)
Common.

306. Centropus sinensis (Steph.). (1130.)
Common.

307. Centropus bengalensis (Gmel.). (1133.)

308. Pal^or.\i8 torquatus (Bodd.). (1138.)

of the Southern Shan States. 553

309. Pal^ornis ROSA (Bodd.). (1140.)

310. Pal.eornis finschi Hume. (1142.)

This is the common Paroquet of the Southern Shan
States.

311. Strix flammea Linn. (1152.)

Not uncommon, I believe, but I have never collected Owls
very energetically.

312. Asio AcciPiTRiNUs (Pall.). (1157.)

Among the skins sent to me by Mr. H. N. Thompson
there was one labelled "Grass-Owl." On comparing it
with skins in the Nat, Hist. Museum, I found it to be of
this species.

313. Ketupa zeylonensis (Gmel.). (1166.)
Obtained at 5300 feet.

314. Scops giu (Scop.), var. sunia Hodgs. (1173.)
Common.

315. Scops bakkam(ena (Penn.), var. lettia Hodgs.
(1178.)

316. Athene brama (Temm.). (1180.)

317. Pandion haliaetus (Linn.). (1189.)
Not uncommon on the Fort Stedman lake.

I took very few specimens of Accipitres or of any other
large birds to England. When travelling in the Shan States
the only transport generally obtainable is that by mules and
bullocks; hence if skins of large birds are not sent to a
station immediately they are procured, they are apt to be
damaged. With the exception of the two Vultures, I have
included in this list only those birds of which I have actually
handled specimens.

318. Gyps tenuirostris Hodgs. (1195.)

319. PsEUDOGYPs BENGALENsis (Gmel.). (1196.)

The common Vulture of the Shan States. All the
Vultures seem to leave the district in the rainy season.

554 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

320. Aquila bifasciata Gray. (1202.)
Common at about 4000 feet and upwards.

321. Spizaetus LiMNAETUs (Horsf.). (1212.)
Sent to me from Bampon by Capt. W. S. Prentis.

322. Spilornis cheela (Lath.). (1217.)
At the low elevations only.

323. BuTASTER LivENTER (Temm.). (1221.)
Common.

324. PoLioAETUs icHTHYAETTJs (Horsf.) . (1226.)
Not uncommon on the lake at Fort Stedman.

325. Haliastur INDUS (Bodd.). (1228.)

326. MiLvus GoviNDA Sykes. (1229.)

Very common ; like the Vultures, it leaves the Shan
States in the rainy season.

327. MiLvus MELANOTis Tcmm. & Schleg. (1230.)

328. Circus macrurus (S. G. Gmel.). (1233.)

329. Circus melanoleucus (Forst.). (1236.)
Common.

330. AsTUR RADIUS (Gmel.), var.POLiopsis Sharpe. (1244.)

331. LoPHospiziAS TRiviRGATUs (Tcmm.). (1246.)
Sent to me from Tounggyi by Mr. H. N. Thompson.

332. AcciPiTER Nisus (Linn.). (1247.)
Two specimens taken to England.

333. Falco peregrinus (Tunstall). (1254.)
Common.

334. Falco subbuteo Linn. (1260.)

One specimen sent to me by Mr. H. N. Thompson.

335. Erythropus amurensis Gurney. (1262.)

In April in two successive years these birds were recorded
as passing Bampon on migration to the east. They appear to
be rather dull and take things very easily, never seeming
to be in a hurry.

of the Southern Shan States. 555

336. MicROHiERAX EUTOLMUs Hoclgs. (1267.)

337. Crocopus phcenicopterus (Lath.). (1271.)

The Common Green Pigeon of the Shan States, and the
only one I have met with there in any large numbers.

338. Treron nepalensis (Hodgs.). (1281.)

339. Sphenocercus sphenurus (Vig.). (1283.)

340. Carpophaga aenea (Linn.). (1284.)

Sent to me from Bampon by Capt. W. S. Prentis.

341. DucuLA GRisEiCAPiLLA Wald. (1287.)

Fairly common on the Loi Mai range at over 5000 feet
in March and April. In the ' Fauna of British India ' this
bird is entered as of the same dimensions as D. insignis. The
specimens that I collected were much smaller. The dimensions
of one of them were: length 17 inches; tail 6 inches;
wing 9 inches; tarsus 1*2 inch; bill from gape 1*3 inch.

342. Chalcophaps indica (Linn,). (1291.)

343. Columba intermedia Strickl. (1292.)

344. Dendrotreron hodgsoni (Vig.). (1297.)
Common on the west slopes of Loi Mai at above 5000 feet

in the end of March and the beginning of April. I only
took seven specimens with me to England, but that does not
give any idea of the numbers to be found, as my skinners
had more than they could do at the time, and big birds
were generally handed over to my followers to be eaten.
Irides light yellow.

345. Alsocomus puniceus Tick. (1302.)

346. Turtur orientalis (Lath.). (1304.)
Very common.

347. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.). (1308.)
Very common.

348. ffiNOPOPELiA tranquebarica (Herm.). (1311.)
Common.

349. Macropygia tusalia (Hodgs.). (1312.)

556 Lt.-Col. (t. Rippon on the Birds

350. Pavo muticus Linn. (1325.)

This bird occurs in parties or colonies. Wherever
such are found there seem to be a good number of individuals,
but no more will be seen for some 20 or 30 miles,
although the intervening ground may appear equally suit-
able.

351. Gallus ferrugineus (Gmel.). (1328.)
Common up to about 3500 feet.

352. Phasianus burmanicus Gates. (1331 a.)

I have not met with this species except in comparatively
thin jungle on dry hill-sides. The following are the localities
in which I have obtained it : — Kalaw ; the hills immediately
behind, i. e. to the east of, Fort Stedman ; and the western
slopes of Loi Maw.

353. Genn^us lineatus (Vig.). (1340.)
At low elevations only.

354. Genn^us ANDERsoNi (Elliot). (1341.)

I enter the specimens I obtained under this heading, but
T am by no means completely satisfied that I am correct.
Two of them are over 40 inches long.

In the 'Fauna of British India: Birds,' page 95, the
length of the female of G. nycthemerus is given as 20 inches,
probably by a misprint.

355. Bambusicola fytchi Anderson. (1352.)

Very local ; where found it appears to be fairly plentiful.

356. ExcALFACTORiA SINENSIS (Linn.). (1354.)

Twice killed in the course of a day's shooting at Loikaw
in December, but not again met with.

357. CoTURNix coROMANDELicA (Gmcl.). (1356.)
Fairly common ; it breeds at 4000 feet in the rainy season.

358. CoTURNix JAPONiCA Temm. & Schleg. (1356 a.)
One specimen which I took to England was identified as

belonging to this species.

359. Arboricola rufigularis Blyth. (1363.)
Very common in places which it likes.

of the Southern, S/iaii States. SS^

360. FiiANcoLiNus cHiNENsis (Osbcck). (1374.)
Common in places suited to it up to about 5000 feet.

361. TuRNix PUGxVAx (Temm.). (1382.)

Frequently met with, but never very plentiful in one
place. Occurs up to about 6000 feet.

362. TuRNix BLANFORDi Blyth. (1386.)

363. Kallus indicus Blyth. (1387.)

I have seen on the Fort Stedman lake at least two other
kinds of Rails, which, however, I failed to obtain.

361. PORZANA PUSILLA (Pall). (1393.)

365. Amaurornis fuscus (Linn.). (1398.)
Fairly common on the lake at Fort Stedman.

3^6. Amaurornis PHCENicuRoiDEs (Penn.). (1-101.)
Very common.

367. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.). (1402.)
Common.

368. Gallicrex cinerea (Gmel.). (1403.)
A fair number on the lake at Fort Stedman.

369. PoRPHYRio POLiocEPHALus (Lath.), (1401.)

Very common on the Fort Stedman lake. The boatmen
there say that these birds are very good eating.

370. FuLicA ATRA Liuu. (1405.)
Common.

371. Grus sharpii Blanf. (1410.)
Fairly common.

372. Metopidius INDICUS (Lath.). (1428.)

Very common up to abovit 3500 feet. I got a chick uf
only a few days old on the Fort Stedman lake in July.

373. Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scop.). (1429.)
Extremely common.

374. Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis Blyth. (1431.)
Very common.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 p

558 Lt.-Col. G. Rippon on the Birds

375. Charadrius fulvus Grael. (1439.)

Fairly common at the beginning of the cold season^ but
does not stay in any large numbers throughout it.

376. ^GiALiTis DUBiA (Scop.)- (1447.)
Common.

377. HiMANTOPUs CANDiDUs Bonu. (1451.)

Very common and conspicuous, especially on the river
from Fort Stedman lake to Loikaw.

378. NuMENius ARQUATA (Liuu.). (1454.)

There are always a few Curlews to be met with at the
beginning of the cold season on the Fort Stedman lake. I am
sure that I have seen Limo^a belyica (Gmel.), but I have
never shot one in the Shan States.

379. ToTANUs HYPOLEUCUs (Liuu.). (1460.)
Common.

380. ToTANUS GLAREOLA (Gmcl.) . (1461.)
Very common.

381. ToTANUs ocHROPUs (Liuu.). (1462.)
Common.

382. ToTANUs cALiDRis (Liuu.). (1464.)
Common.

383. ToTANUs GLOTTIS (Liuu.). (1466.)

384. Tringa subminuta Middend. (1475.)
Very common.

385. ScoLOPAX rusticula Linn. (1482.)

Probably fairly common in suitable places above about
4000 feet. A certain number are shot at Tounggyi every
year.

386. Gallinago nemoricola Hodgs. (1483.)

Fairly common, as the last. I have one skin obtained
near Bampon by Capt. W. S. Prentis.

387. Gallinago c^lestis (Frenzel). (1484.)

I think that this is the commonest Snipe at tiie beginning
of the season, while the next species takes its place later on.

of the Southern Shan States. 559

388. Gallinago stenura (Kuhl). (1485.)

389. Gallinago gallinula (Liun.). (1487.)
Common in the Shan States as compared with most places

in Burma. I have had six specimens in a bag of Snipe
in one day.

390. RosTRATULA CAPENsis (Linn.). (1488.)
Very common round the Fort Stedman lake.

391. Larus brunneicephalus Jerd. (1491.)

Very common in the cold season on the Fort Stedman
lake; most of the birds in juvenile plumage.

392. Hydrochehdon leucoptera (Meisner & Schinz).
(1497.)

393. Sterna seena Sykes. (1503.)
Very common.

394. Sterna melanogaster Temm. (1504.)

A few of these birds are seen on most of the days when
])eople go out shooting on the Fort Stedman lake in the cold
season. There are some other Terns found there, but I have
not obtained specimens of them.

395. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). (1526.)
Common.

396. Phalacrocorax javanicus (Horsf.). (1528.)
Very common.

397. Plotus melanogaster (Penn.). (1529.)
Common.

398. Ibis melanocephala (Lath.). (1541.)

399. Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.). (1544.)
Fairly common.

400. DissuRA EPiscopus (Bodd.). (1548.)
Common.

401. Xenorhynchus ASiATicus (Lath.). (1519.)

402. Leptoptilus dubius (Grael.). (1550.)
A fair number are seen every rainy season.

2p2

560 Lt.-Col. G. llippoii on the Birds

403. PsEUDOTANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (PeUU.) . (1552.)

Fairly common.

404. Ardea manillensis (Sliarpe). (1554.)

405. Ardea cinerea Linn. (1555.)

Only one specimen obtained, but I did not collect Herons
very keenly.

406. Herodias alba (Linn.). (1559.)

Not common, but I have been told that it was so some
years ago.

407. Herodias garzetta (Linn.). (1561.)

408. BunuLcus coromandus (Bodd.). (156.2.)
Fairly common.

401). Ardeola grayi (Sykes). (1565.)
Common.

410. Ardeola BACCHUS (Bonap.). (1566.)
Obtained at Fort Stedraan and at Bampon.

411. BuTORiDES JAVANicA (Horsf.). (1567.)
Common.

412. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.). (1568.)
Common.

413. GoRSACHius MELANOLOPHUs (Raffles). (1569.)

414. Ardetta cinnamomea (Gmel.). (1572.)
Not uncommon.

415. Anser erythropus Linn. (1581.)

Two examples of this species were killed by Capt. H. C.
Bernard, of the 4th Burma Battn., in 1898, and he was good
enough to give me one of them. This is the only Goose
which I have obtained in the Shan States, but I am quite sure
that I have seen A.ferus on the Fort Stedman lake.

416. Sarcidiornis melanonotus (Penn.). (158f<.)
Fairly common.

417. Casarca RUTiLA (Pall.). (1588.)

A fair number visit Fort Stedman lake every year.

418. Dendrocycna javanica (Horsf.). (1589.)
Very common.

of the Southern Shan States. 561

419. Dendrocycna fulva (Gmel.). (1590.)

420. Nettopus coromandelianus (Gmel.). (1591.)
Very common.

421. Anas pcecilgrhyncha Forst. (1573.)

The specimens which I have sent or taken to England
tnrn out to be of this species. I have sent them from as
far east as Mongnai. The absence of red spots at the base
of the bill does not, as I had formerly believed, prove a bird
to be A. zonorhyncha, and, after comparison with specimens
in the Nat. Hist. Museum, South Kensington, I have come
to the conclusion that I have not met with that species in
the Shan States.

422. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.). (1595.)
Fairly common at the Fort Stedman lake. In any large

bag of Duck made on it there are sure to be some Gadwalls.

423. Nettion crecca (Linn.). (1597.)

This species and the Blue-winged Teal, Querquedula circia,
remain with us up to the beginning of May. They are both
plentiful,

424. Mareca PENELOPE (Liuu.). (1599.)

A fair number visit the Fort Stedman lake every year.

425. Dafila acuta (Linn.). (1600.)
Common.

426. Querquedula circia (Linn.). (1601.)
Very common.

427. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). (1602.)
Fairly common.

428. Netta rufina (Pall.). (1604.)
Not common.

429. Nyroca ferruginea (Gmel.). (1606.)

430. Nyroca fuligula (Linn.). (1609.)
Not common.

431. PoDiciPEs albipennis (Sharpe). (1617.)
Common. An enormous number of these birds are to be

found on the Fort Stedman lake.

56.2 Mr. E. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

XL. — An Introduction to the Study of the Drepanididse, a
Family of Birds peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. By
Robert C. L. Perkins, B.A.*

Remarkable as are some other members of the Hawaiian
Avifauna, yet it is upon the Drepaniue birds that the interest
of the ornithologist will always be centred. The Drepani-
didte, as here considered, include thirty-six species, belonging
to no less than eighteen genera. One genus with one species
is restricted to the outlying island of Laysan, as is also a
second species not generically peculiar, both being included in
these remarks on the family, although with the rest of the
Laysan Avifauna they may be excluded from the list of
Hawaiian forms. The total number of species here cited is
rather less than that given by the latest writers on the Archi-
pelago, owing to the fact that several forms whicb have been
described as distinct appear to be quite unworthy of such rank.

1. Small proportion of Species as compared ivith Genera.

If we compare the Drepanine birds with the peculiarly
Hawaiian families in other groups of animals, we are at once
struck by the very large number of genera accepted as com-
pared with species. No doubt this is partly due to the very
different value attached to characters supposed to be generic
by systematic workers in different lines, and also to the
large size of birds as compared with many other creatures,
owing to which their characters are obvious on the most
casual inspection. If we compare the Drepanididse with such
a family as the Proterhinidae in the Beetles, which is also
peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, we do not find the latter
susceptible of easy division into well-marked genera as in the
birds ; indeed, at present the members are all included in a
single genus. Yet to the student of both groups it is obvious
that the extreme forms of the Proterhinidee exhibit differ-
ences of structure as great and varied as are found in the
extreme forms of the Drepanididse; in fact the variety of

* Communicated by the Joint Committee appointed by the Royal
Society and the British Association for investigating the Zoology of the
Sandwich Islands.

the Study of the Drepanidirlse. 563

structure is probably greater in the beetles. If, however, we
were to reduce the hundred and thirty species oiProterhinus to
the number of species of the Drepanine birds, and particularly
if in doing so we were to eliminate the osculant forms, it is
manifest that the condition of the two groups would be
strikingly analogous. It is therefore in my opinion clear that,
making all allowance for the ease with which the one group
is studied, and the relatively great difficulty presented by the
other, there is a real and great difference between the Drepani-
didse and the Proterhinidse, and in fact between these birds
and most of the other extensive and peculiarly Hawaiian
groups of animals, and that the difference is due to the fact
that while in the birds there has been a keen competition
for existence between the various species and between the
individuals of each species, in the Proterhinidte there has
been little or none, because the food-supply of the latter,
consisting of dead wood, is in a forest-covei-ed country almost
unlimited. As will be hereafter noticed, there is good reason
to believe that the competition between the birds has been
much more keen in past times than during the more recent
periods of their existence.

2. Origin of the Drepanididse doubtful.
If we compare the Drepauididse with other families of
birds, it is obvious that, considering the few species that
exist, they exhibit an unusual diversity of structure. As
a proof of this, it is only necessary to mention the fact that
competent ornithologists liave repeatedly assigned to different
families even those forms which without any possible doubt
belong to the same. This diversity of structure must have
required a vast time for its evolution, and the period at
which the ancestral Drepanid immigrated to the islands must
have been very remote indeed. Whether all the presently
existing species of this group have been evolved from one
original immigrant or from more we cannot say; but the
former view is probably the more correct, although two
ancestral immigrants might be admitted.

That the islands were originally stocked by numervus

5G4 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

species which produced the present family is highly impro-
bahle, seeing that whole families of birds far better adapted
to cross wide extents of ocean are quite unrepresented in the
Hawaiian Islands, although we know that some of them
thrive exceedingly when imported, and many others would
no doubt do so under similar circumstances.

Whence the ancestors of the present Drepanine birds came
is, owing to their dubious relationships with outside forms,
still an open question ; though if it were certain that their
closest relationship was, as Dr. Gadow has suggested, with the
Coerebidse, little doubt would remain as to their American
origin. For the present it is safer to consider them, with
other peculiarly Hawaiian groups, as being of unknown origin.

3. Tivo Groups of Hawaiian Drepanine birds exist, indi-
cating either two distinct original immigrants or, more
jirobahly, very early divergence from one ancestor in two
directions.

1 have already stated that a dual origin for the present
Drepanines is conceivable, and is indicated by the fact that
they fall clearly into two groups. The first of these contains six
genera, viz. Drepanis, Drej)anorhamphus , Vestiaria, Himatione,
Palmeria, and Ciridops ; the second the remaining twelve.

The genera of the first group are characterized by the
truncate apices of the primaries, except in the anomalous
Palmeria, and by the plumage of the young, which is always
partly black or of a dull colour. In the adults white mark-
ings are present either on the wings or on the upper parts of
the body. The skin, moreover, is comparatively thick, and
sometimes extremely tough and thick, as cannot fail to be
noticed by the collector when using very small charges of
powder and shot to procure specimens. The plumage of the
sexes is identical or nearly so. Red colours are acquired by
the adults of some species in both sections, but in a totally
diff"erent manner; in the second group it is invariably through
a green or olivaceous stage, while green-plumaged forms are
never found in the young of the first group. In addition it
may be noted that the songs and cries of the members of the

tlie Study of the Drepanididse. 565

first section are of a very different character from those of the
second^ between most of which there is a striking general
resemblance in this particular. Further^ all the members of
the former which are known to me in life [Himatione,
Vestiaria, Palmeria, and Drepanorhamphus) have a peculiar
noisy flighty so that the sound caused by their wings, when
they fly freely, can be heard at a long distance.

In the second group the primaries are never truncate at
the apex; the young, moreover, are invariably clothed to
a large extent in green or olivaceous plumage; and this
colour nearly always persists in the adult female, although
it may be totally lost in the adult male. Such is the case in
several species of Loxops, the green coloration in this genus
being largely permanent in the male of the Kauaian species
only [L. cceruleirostris) . There are almost always well-
marked distinctions of colour between the adults of either
sex. In a few forms w^hich retain in the adult male and
female the green plumage characteristic of immature birds
(e. g., Viridunia and Chloridops) there is little or no differ-
ence in the colour of the sexes ; but very rarely is this the
case when the adults acquire a special coloration, as in
Loxioides, in which the head is yellow, though somewhat
less brightly coloured in the female.

To those who believe in the great significance of the very
different character of the coloration of the young birds in these
two groups (whatever change may take place in the adults),
as well as of the development of striking sexual characters
throughout nearly the whole of one of them, the necessity of
distinguishing clearly between them will be apparent.

4. Develo^nnent of Species in each Group along similar
lines, and the reason for the same.

When we examine, side by side, a full series of the forms
it is obvious at a glance that each group has developed along
similar lines. Himatione and Palmeria of the first are in
general structure very like Chlorodrepanis and Viridonia of
the second ; Drepanis and Drepanorhamphus resemble Hemi-
gnathus; Ciridops may be compared with Loxops.

^66 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

With Ciridops in one direction the evolution o£ forms in
the first group ceases, while from Heter'orhynchus the second
proceeds through Pseudonestor to a series of thick-billed
birds quite unrepresented in the first. Consequently in dis-
cussing these remarkably analogous forms the six thick-billed
genera will here be excluded. Turning to the habits of the
birds of the remaining twelve genera^ eleven of these certainly
find all probably (the habits of Ciridops being little known)
contain at least some species accustomed to feed on nectar'^.
At the present time the main supply of this food is derived
from the Metrosideros — the well-known ^'Ohia-lehua^^ of
the natives^ and the predominant tree in the forests of all
the islands. Around the masses of red blossoms of these
trees may be seen at the proper season an assemblage of
various kinds of birds^ the scarlet " liwi ^^ {Vestiaria) and
the green or yellow ''Akialoa" {Hemiynathus) — both with
long curved beaks, — the crimson '' Apapane " {Himatione)
with moderate straight bill, and the green " Amakihi ''
{Chlorodrepanis) with moderate curved bill. The observer
wonders for what purpose such extraordinary developments
can have taken place. On the same flowers are numerous
bees peculiar to the islands, shortest of all short-tongued bees,
with a tongue one millimetre long, yet as well able to feed
on the nectar as the " Akialoa " with its tongue of two inches

* Not that nectar is ever the sole food, though a most important source
of nutriment — so important to the aduhs of some species that at certain
seasons no individual shot contains any trace of insect food. Few
Hawaiian insects frequent flowers, and such as do, viz. one or two beetles
and the Hjanenoptera, are seldom if ever found in these birds' stomachs.
Nectar is imdoubtedly absolutely necessary to the existence of Himatione,
Chlorodrejxmis, Vestiaria, Hemicjnathus, and Drej)anis, as they are
constituted ; small moths, caterpillars, and spiders — their other food —
would certainly fail them at certain seasons. The honey-sucking Drepanids
and the Moho can be kept alive on nectar and sugar-cane juice. When a
species becomes purely insectivorous here, it shows extreme modification,
e. g. Fseiidonestm- and some Heterorhynchi, so that it may obtain special
insects inaccessible to other forms. In the introductory part of the
' Fauna Hawaiiensis ' it will be necessary to give much space to com-
parisons between the birds, reptiles, molluscs, and insects, and between
the insects themselves, as well as to the Botany of the Islands.

the Study of the Drepanididaa. 567

or more. An examination of tlie Metrosideros tree will
shew that it is a species not peculiar to the islands, although,
as above remarked, it forms so large a part of the whole
forest. In its specific characters it is in a remarkably
unstable condition, exhibiting many striking variations, as
though it were now in process of being differentiated into
several species. Many of these variations are of constant
occurrence and widely spread; some are deemed worthy even
of specific rank.

These facts appear to me to point to a comparatively
recent " immigration " of this tree, and I cannot suppose
that it has existed on the islands for the period of time which
would have been necessary to produce the exceptionally great
variety of structure exhibited by the Drepanididse. Turning to
other sources whence the food-supply may have been derived
at a period antecedent to the arrival and spread of the " Ohia-
lehua,'^ we find very different conditions. All *, or practi-
cally all, the plants visited by these birds for food had bell-
shaped or tubular blossoms, in which the nectar was more
or less hard to reach. Of these tubular-flowered plants there
are several predominant genera, some of which are themselves
restricted to the islands, and belong to various families, com-
prising hosts of peculiar species. Most striking of all are the
arborescent Lobeliacese, not closely related to forms found
in other countries. The multiplicity of these peculiar plants,
and their isolation from foreign forms, bears a striking re-
semblance to the state of affairs with regard to the Drepanine
birds themselves, indicating likewise an extremely ancient
occupation of the islands ; and as the latter are the glory of
the Hawaiian ornithologist, so are the former of the Hawaiian
botanist. To these flowers Drepanids of both sections are
still partial, and some particularly so, while the development
of their extreme forms is not comprehensible without a know-
ledge of Botany. That there has been in the past severe

* We exclude from consideration the Evgenia, a local species, the
blooms of which are superficially like those of Metrosideros and are
attractive to birds ; it is known outside the islands, and was probably
introduced by the early native settlers.

568 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

competition for food loetween the various species which have
similar habits, and between the individuals of each, cannot
be doubted. The number of birds that can exist in a given
area is obviously only that which can be supported when the
food-supply is at a minimum. At the present day, when the
" Ohia" is in bloom over miles of country, the food-supply
seems inexhaustible ^ but between the flowering periods it is
limited, and often leads to a decided migration of the birds
either from one district to another, or to dififerent elevations
in the same district, where, owing to the varying climate, the
trees blossom at different seasons. Certainly the arrival of the
" Ohia '' must have been a powerful agent in the increase of
individuals of honey-sucking species; and the competition
for food must have been much more keen previously. One
can hardly doubt that the primitive Drepanid was a honey-
sucker, and that the now purely insectivorous, as well as
the thick-billed frugivorous forms, were a later development,
although the honey-suckers were no doubt at all times
partly insectivorous, as they are at present. With the in-
crease of the insect-fauna there would certainly be a tendency
among the honey-sucking forms to become more largely,
or even entirely, insectivorous, as in fact has been the case.
The examination of a series of species of the Lobeliacese will
show great differences in the length of their flowers ; and while
in some the nectar can be reached by the moderate tongue
of Chlorodrepanis, in others it can only be procured by the
extremely long-billed and long-tongued forms of Drepanids,
and the long-tongued Meliphagine Moho, the latter also a
peculiar and probably very ancient denizen of the islands.

A series of observations made on one of the most superb of
the Lobeliacese showed that it could only be fertilized by these
highly specialized birds. In this species the pollen is mature
before the stigma is exserted, by which time the pollen has
vanished. The latter cannot be wind-borne, because it is shed
in a viscid mass on contact, and so is constantly deposited
on the bird's forehead, from which it is difficult to remove it.
With these considerations in view the cause of the develop-
ment of the most remarkable forms in each group of birds

the Study of the Drepanididae. 569

becomes manifest, and this cause lias produced Hemignathus
in the one, and DrejJanis in the other, so like one another in
general structure, while really but remotely allied. How
easily the extraordinary lengthening of the bill, to which the
resemblance is mainly due, may have taken place, side by
side with the increasing length of the tubular flowers, is
apparent from the fact that in some of the species there is
even now individual variation in this respect. It should also be
stated that in immature specimens the beak is much shorter,
and that in the freshly-hatched young of Chlorodrepanis
it is a short wide member, instead of having a slender
curved form as in older birds. In the long-billed forms
the mandibles are almost invariably shorter in the more
"conservative^' females, which in my second group retain
in the adult the more primitive coloration of the young,
though the males assume a totally diff'erent dress.

5. Transition from a largely Vegetable Diet to pur el ij
Animal Food.

Of the genera Loxops, Oreomyza, and Heterorlujnchus the
members are mainly insectivorous, but each comprises some
species which at times feed on the nectar of flowers. In
Loxops and Heterorhynclms the tubular character of the
tongue is fully preserved, yet they very rarely feed from
flowers, and some of the species perhaps never do so. Certainly
that of the latter genus which is found on Hawaii is purely
insectivorous, feeding, after the manner of a Woodpecker,
on beetles and other insects; but the other three allied
species are less adapted to such a life, and the Maui form has
been known to me to visit blossoms as a very rare occurrence,
while the partiality that the extinct species of Oahu had for
banana flowers was often noticed. That these birds, even
when purely insectivorous, still retain the characteristic
Drepanid tongue, is clearly due to the fact that it remains
a most efficient organ for obtaining insect food — ^in
Heterorhynchus for extracting the wood-boring beetles of
which it is so fond ; and in Loxops for securing caterpillars
which live in the terminal buds of some forest trees, not to

570 INlr. R. C. L. Perkins — Intruduction to

mention other purposes. In Oreomyza, on the other hand,
the tongue is much degraded from its normal structure,
while only two of the species, and those but on the rarest
of occasions, have been seen to suck honey, and then only
from the shallow " lehua " flowers. The genus is almost
entirely insectivorous and feeds chiefly on exposed caterpillars,
spiders, and moths.

6. The Thick-biUed Species uf the Second Group.

There still remain to be considered the thick-billed species
of the second division of the Drepanines which have no
similar forms in the first.

There are seven such forms, distributed in no less than
six genera, one of the latter {Psittacirostra), with its single
unmodified species, ranging over the whole group of forest-
bearing islands. One species of a peculiar genus {Telespiza)
is restricted to the outlying island of Laysan ; another, also
forming a peculiar genus [Pseudonestor), is found only on
the mountain of Haleakala in Maui ; while three peculiar
genera with four species are confined to the large island of
Hawaii, namely, Rhodacanthis with two species and Lo.vioides
and Chloridops each with one. It is now generally conceded
that all these forms are only extreme modifications of the
more normal Drepanines. In my published notes it is true
that I placed this section under the Fringillidse, but I did so
merely in deference to the opinions of systematic workers,
Messrs. Wilson and Evans and Rothschild, and more par-
ticularly to those of Dr. Gadow, who had availed himself of
the opportunity of carefully studying the different forms side
by side, whereas at that time I had secured no such facilities.
Personally I was convinced that all belonged to one family —
Avhether called Drepanididse, Fringillidae, or otherwise, — and
always maintained this in my cori'espondence against general
opposition, and that too at a time when Mr. Rothschild
himself was setting forth descriptions of the Drepanines
under such diverse families as Fringillidse and Meliphagidse !
Although biological considerations first suggested to me the
common origin of all the present family — honey-suckers and

the study of the 'DYe^2imQ.\di?&. 571

thick-billed birds alike — yet at a very early period * of my
study of these birds I had excellent reasons apart from such
for my belief. Before the body of the first Pseudonestor
obtained by me was cold I was well aware that its tongue
was essentially Drepanine and little modified, and that it
indicated a positive connecting-link between the thick- and
thin-billed sections, being, in fact, more typically Drepanine
than that of the otherwise normal Oreomyza. The tongue
of Psittacirostra likewise was taken from the bird immedi-
ately it fell to show that it was truly Drepanine, although
much modified. In a hot country such parts should always
be preserved immediately, as after a day's collecting they
are liable to dry up and their appearance to become changed.
The characters afforded by the nostrils and their opercula in
all the important forms, as well as the pattern of colour, had
been under my consideration as early as 1894, and it is doubt-
ful whether any other important characters have been advanced
since that time.

It is still my belief that the biological reasons on the
strength of which I first concluded that all these birds
belonged to one family are of the utmost importance,
chief amongst which is the peculiar odour to be noticed
in both groups, in the thin-billed and thick-billed forms
alike. So far as Hawaiian birds are concerned, this odour is
absohitely restricted to the Drepanines. Mr. Rothschild in
his work on Laysan makes the astonishing statement that
the Meliphagine Moho has a similar and even more powerful
odour; but this is only one of those errors which, for
want of due care, the museum naturalist is liable to make in
opposing facts ascertained and proven in the field. The
explanation is very simple : the Moho [Acrulocercus) freshly

* It should be mentioned that a long time previously Dr. Sclater ((/.
Ibis, 1871, p. 559) had, after a careful study of various Hawaiian forms,
expressly declared his opinion that two of the Finch-billed genera
{Psittacirostra emi Loxioides) weie true Drepanines and related to Hetero-
rhynclms — an opinion without doubt correct, since Pseudonestor is the
connecting-link. It was not until long after I had come to the conclusion
that not only these but also the most thick-billed genera were decidedly
Drepanine, that Dr. Sclater's views became knowni to me.

572 INIr. K. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

hilled or alive * has no such odour. The specimens supposed
to possess it had no doubt been enclosed in boxes with
Drepanines, or when collected in the field had been placed in
a bag with theni; and had thus become impregnated with
their odour.

This odour, as 1 have pointed out in my former notes,
cannot be acquired from the food, because it is found in
forms of such diverse habits — e. g., in Drepanorhamphus at
times when it is feeding solely on the nectar of flowers,
in weevil-eating Heterorhynchus, in Psittacirostra when it
is devouring the red fruit of Freycinetia, in Chloridops when
the sole contents of the crop are the seeds of the bastard
sandal. Neither the Meliphagine birds nor the Flycatchers,
when feeding in the same trees and on the same food as
Drepanines, possess any such smell. All these facts point to
the odour as being an ancestral character in the Drepanididse.

In this connexion it may further be remarked that the
song of the thick-billed Pseudonestor is practically identical
with that of the various species oi Heterorhynchus, Avhich
have always been allowed to be Drepanines, and that
Telespiza, living isolated on the island of Laysan hundreds of
miles distant from its allies, has a song similar to both. I shall
not easily forget my astonishment when I first heard it on
passing a house in Honolulu, and found on enquiry, not
the expected Heterorhynchus, but Telespiza ! Possibly the
latter may have other notes, but the fact remains that the
song I heard was note for note the same as that of the former
species, and I heard it repeatedly.

7. Cause of Vrugivorous Habits in the Thick-
hilled Drepanididoe.

The thick-billed frugivorous Drepanids, like the purely or
almost purely insectivorous members of the family, have no
doubt assumed the habit for the same reason as the latter,
viz. the competition for food, rendered unusually keen from
the exceptionally small area of distribution. The development
of the beak and the loss of the elaborate sucking-tongue have
* The writer lias on more than one occasion had A. nobilis alive.

the Study of the Drepanididse. 573

naturally followed. In this connexion it is interesting to
note that the rather strong-billed Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri
of Kauai^ so far as I know^ stands alone amongst the brush-
tongued forms in feeding freely on fruits ; for at certain
seasons it voraciously devours the berries of the poisonous
Wikstrcemia, in the same manner as Phaornis. Such a
species — becoming more and morefrugivorous and abandoning
flowers forfruits — may be considered as potentially the ancestor
of a new series of thick-billed forms ; at present it is largely a
honey-sucker^ largely insectivorous_, and on occasion largely
frugivorous. A line may be traced among the thick-billed
forms of Hawaii through the purely insectivorous Pseudo-
nestor to the largely frugivorous, but still largely insectivorous^
Psittacirostra, ending in Chloridops, which has become
almost entirely frugivorous.

8. Distribution of Genera in the Islands.
The distribution of the genera within the group is very
unequal, only five of the eighteen having a range which covers
all the islands that are forest-clad. These are Vestiaria,
Himaiione, Chlorodr-epanis, Oreomyza, and Psittacirostra.
Three others, Hemignathus, Ueterorhynchus, and Loxops, are
found on four islands, a species of each inhabiting Kauai and
a second Hawaii, the two extreme forest- bearing islands of
the Archipelago. One, Palmeria, inhabits only Maui and
the neighbouring island of Molokai. Drepanorhamphus is
peculiar to Molokai, Pseudonestor to Maui, Telespiza to
distant Laysan. Hawaii has no less than six genera peculiar
to itself — Drepanis, Ciridops, Viridonia, Loxioides, Rhod-
acanthis, and Chloridops.

9. Distribution of Species.

The distribution of the species is fully given in the
table (p. 574). One form, Heterorhynchus lucidus, is almost
certainly extinct, while several others, if not extinct, are so
extremely rare as to be very nearly so. On examining the
table of distribution it is at once noticeable that the birds
may be divided into two very strongly contrasted classes.

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2q

574

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

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the Study of the Drepanididse. 575

Tims Oreomijza is represented hj a distinct species on each
of six islands^ as are also Hemignathus, Heterorhynchus, and
Loxops on each of four. On the other hand, Himatione,
Vestiaria, and Psittacirostra range over the whole main
group, each with a single unmodified species. Chloro-
drepanis occupies an intermediate position with two very-
distinct forms on Kauai, and another form, sometimes con-
sidered divisible into three or more species, ranging over the
remaining islands. Of these, however, the distinguishing
characters are so slight that it is questionable whether they
are worthy even of subspecific rank, and in any case such
characters are by no means to be considered equivalent to
those which separate the different species of Oreomyza.
The latter are clearly the results of isolation, one island
having been colonized by a species from another, which
has subsequently acquired peculiar characters. It might be
supposed that the birds in the other class which shew no
change on the various islands are in some way less susceptible
to the effects of isolation. Probably this is not the case, and
the true explanation is to be found in considering the habits
of the members of the different genera.

Himatione, Vestiaria, and Psittacii'ostra are all birds
which take extensive flights, often at a great height in the
air, and frequently form small companies in these flights.
If we stand on the main ridge of some of the islands the
birds may be seen passing high overhead from leeward to
windward or vice versa. All freely traverse open country,
in passing from one feeding-ground to another. Consequently
when storms arise they are extremely likely to be carried
across the channels between the islands, and no doubt this
often happens. The birds of the other class, such as Hemi-
gnathus, Oreomyza, Heterorhynchus, &c., do not take these
extensive flights, but keep closely to the forest, very rarely —
and most of them never — venturing into the open. Very
seldom would they be likely to get blown across from one island
to another. In short there is little doubt but that individuals
of Vestiaria and its class are transferred from one island to
another sufficiently often to prevent any true isolation, which

2q2

576 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

is not the case with the other class. Who can fail to believe
that a Looeops or a Hemignathus would have prospered on
Molokai had they ever reached that island? Although
Hmiatione ranges unchanged over six islands, yet after, by
some remote chance, reaching the very distant Laysan it has
there developed into a distinct form ; and the case of the
two extreme forms of Chlorodrepcmis on the rather distant
island of Kauai is also greatly in favour of my hypothesis.

That any of the Drepanine birds cross even the narrowest
channels between the islands ivillingly is not to be thought
of. In times of storm they are often blown down to the
lowlands, sometimes in considerable numbers, in which case
they mostly fail to regain the forest and perish after a few
days. The only birds that I have myself picked up dead
(sometimes in numbers) on the coast after these storms are
of the genera Vestiaria, Himatione, and Psittacirosti-a; in
fact, the very forms which by their habits are most liable
to be carried away by the wind. Further, it is well known
that, after stormy weather, the two former sometimes reach
the bare island of Niihau, across the considerable channel
which separates it from Kauai, but they cannot live there
lonsr on account of its unsuitable nature. No doubt the
majority of these unwilling emigrants perish, but it is certain
that those blown from a high elevation on one island must
not infrequently land in suitable forest-country on one of
the others.

10. Richness of the Island of Hawaii in peculiar Forms.

The relative richness in birds of Hawaii, with its eleven
peculiar species and no less than six ]>eculiar genera, is
manifest and interesting, since in other groups of animals
with highly peculiar species it is frequently (though not
invariably) extremely poor, as compared with the older
islands of the group. Probably its large area and very
varying climate has favoured the multiplication of peculiar
forms, while it must not be forgotten that, owing to its
position at the end of the group of islands, it is incapable of
sending forth emigrants except in one direction. That this

the Study of the Drepsinididse. 677

is of importance is rendered more likely from a consideration
of the Drepanines of Kauai; at tlie other end of the group of
forest-clad islands. Kauai, it is true, has no peculiar
generic forms, although geologically so much more ancient
than the large island; but being the most distant of the
group, as well as at one extremity of the series of islands, its
two species of Chlorodrepanis are by far the most isolated,
its Hemignathus and Lo.xops are similarly circumstanced,
while in the Meliphagines its Moho is very different to the
other forms, which are closely allied inter se, and in the
Turdidffi it has the two extreme forms of Phceornis. No
doubt its small area and comparatively constant climate tend
to render it much less rich in Drepanines than Hawaii.

11. Extreme Specialization of many Forms of
Drepanine Birds.

If, as is natural, we consider the primitive form of Drepanid
to have been structurally very similar to such birds as are
now comprised in the genera Himatione and Chlorodrepanis ,
and side by side with these place such forms as LoxojJS,
Drepanorhamphus, Heterorhynchus, and Chloridops, the
remarkable specialization of the latter is at once apparent,
though we are still able to examine connecting forms. To
me this specialization indicates the severe competition that
has taken place between the Drepanines in past ages. When
a vast portion of the food-supply was derived from the
blossoms of flowers, and this source of food, as I have shown,
was relatively small to what it became later, change to a
purely insectivorous, or largely frugivorous, diet must have
been very advantageous to the individuals concerned, and
the greater the specialization which resulted in obtaining
some particular food (provided that it was sufficiently
abundant), the greater the advantage to the species. To
the field-naturalist who has examined many specimens of
such a form as Pseudonestor at various seasons and found
that its food consists essentially of the larvae of a group of
longicorn beetles peculiarly Hawaiian, and not less remark-
able than the Drepanids themselves ; who has seen how

578 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

perfectly modified it is for obtaining these ; how perfectly
adapted is the bill of such a form as DrejJanorhatiiphus for ob-
taining the nectar from the deep tubes of the giant-blossomed
Lobeliacese, inaccessible to other birds ; how wonderful is
the form of Heterorlujnchus, which delights in the hard
boring weevils^ themselves equally noticeable ; how powerful
are the muscles of the head and beak of Chloridops, which
can crack the stones of the ripe fruit of the bastard sandal ;
the extraordinary advantage of this specialization in each
form for acquiring a constant supply of food almost or quite
inaccessible to its allies, and that too in a country where the
small land-area may be supposed to have rendered competition
unusually keen, must appeal with the greatest force.

12. Hiffh Specialization may become a Source of great
Danger.

This high degree of specialization, although of the greatest
benefit under stable conditions, with a change of these
obviously becomes a source of great danger. Thus, destroy
the special food- supply of the birds mentioned above, and
there is little doubt but that most of them would very quickly
become extinct ; for forms so perfectly adapted for special
ends are, under ordinary circumstances, but ill-adapted to
change their mode of life ; and it is amongst such forms
that most of the rarest species are found, while a consider-
able number of them already verge on extinction. It is
probable that this state of things has largely been brought
about by man, and in particular by the destruction of
the lowest forest. Even now, in winter storms, large num-
bers of birds resort to the lowest skirts of the existing forest,
generally at an elevation of 1200-1500 feet; and it is well
known that in Cook^s time such forms as Psittacirostra,
Himatione, and Chlurodrepanis actually came dowu to the
coast in Kealakeakua Bay, though now such flights would
mean death to the visitants. Moreover, at these lower alti-
tudes the flowering-season of most plants is different from
that in the uplands, and they must have been an important
source of food at seasons when it was scarce elsewhere.

the study of the Dreyanididsd. 579

13. Other Causes of Extinction of Hawaiian Birds.

Although the destruction of the lowest belt of forest over
by far the greater part of the islands has, in my opinion,
been a most efficient cause of the destruction of native birds,
many other causes have been at work, all of which are due
to the occupation of the islands by white men. Such causes
are the introduction of cattle and goats, which have extirpated
or very much thinned out great portions of the native forest;
of cats, foreign rats, and the mongoose (which are direct
enemies), as well as of the Mynali, Avhicli not only attacks
and drives away other birds, but also devours their eggs and
young. The disturbance caused by the entrance of cattle
into untrodden forest appears to be alone sufficient to scare
away some species. Thus, on a very rough lava-flow on
Hawaii in 1892, the "Oo" {Aa^nlocercus nobilis) was very
numerous, and as many as a dozen of these birds could be
seen in a single tree, making, with hosts of the scarlet
'^liwi,'^ the crimson '^ Apapane,'^ and other birds, a picture
never to be forgotten. A few years afterwards, on revisiting
the spot at the same season, although the trees were, as
before, one mass of flowers, hardly a single "^ Oo " was to be
seen. The only noticeable change was that cattle were
wandering over the flow and beginning to destroy the under-
brush, just as they had already reduced the formerly dense
forest bordering the flow to the condition of open park-land.

Cats were introduced into the Hawaiian Islands at a very
early time, and, no doubt, increased, excessively, while, as
their owners moved from place to place, many strayed into the
woods and began to feed on mice, rats, and birds. They are
now found wild on all the islands, apparently only the wettest
portions of the forest being free from them. On Lanai, in
walking up a single ravine, I counted the remains of no
less than twenty-two native birds killed by cats, and these
must all have been destroyed within two days, as previously
the whole gulch had been washed out by a heavy flood.
Two cats were actually shot on this occasion as they were
devouring their prey, and several others seen, but, owing to
the fact that they are extremely shy and mostly nocturnal

580 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduction to

in habits, few people who have not lived much in the woods
have any idea of their numbers. The common rat is also
quite at home in the forests and is decidedly arboreal
in habits, feeding on fruits, land-molluscs, and no doubt on
birds. The Mynah, which I have myself seen devouring
both youug and eggs of other species, has increased pro-
digiously, and probably exceeds in numbers the whole of the
native land -birds put together. It has greatly extended its
range through the forest since 1892, and on some of the
islands is now ul)iquitous.

14. Songs of Drepanine Birds.

None of the Drepanids can be considered first-class
songsters. The " Ou " [Psittacirostru) and the "Palila"
[Loxioides) are, when at their best, distinctly pleasing, and
surpass all the others. The ''Akialoas,^^ especially Hetero-
rhynchus, have a song full of vigour, yet not beautiful nor
sustained, but always delightful to hear, as being an expression
of the highest contentment. This energetic outpouring of
melody is noticeable likewise in Pseudonestor, Hemignathus,
and Chlorodrepanis, the songs of all of which, as also those
oi Loxops and Oreomyza (when it does sing), bear a general
similarity to one another. Pseudonestor and HeterorhyncJtus
have an identical song; that of Viridonia is the same as that
of Chlorodrepanis, with two or three notes added at the end.
Rhodacanthis whistles several notes, which to anyone walking
through the woods might appear to be rather the utterance
of a man than of a bird. The songs of the other group of
Drepanids are quite different. That of the " liwi '' ( Ves-
tiaria) is harsh in the extreme. The song of the " Apapane "
is short, monotonous, and often repeated, but not uupleasing.
It has a singularly plaintive call-note. The "Mamo'^
(Drepanis) and the allied form on Molokai have an identical
cry, except that in the latter at its best it is probably much
louder. The song of Palmeria is peculiar, as it makes a
remarkable vibrating or gurgling sound. In spite of the
dissimilarity in the normal songs or cries of the birds of this
section, most oi: the different forms frequently utter calls or
notes very similar to one another. They are more varied than

the Study of the Drepauididse. 581

the almost universal squeak of the call or alarm-uote of
the green-feathered section.

The subjoined list will enable anyone to distinguish at a
glance the various genera of Drepanididse. More characters
are frequently given there than are necessary for merely
separating the different forms, especially where these
characters appear to me to be of great importance. It is
only necessary to add that the views expressed in this paper
on the Drepanine birds have not been formed otf-hand, but
are the results of much study and observation^ extending
over a period of ten years, six of which have been spent in
the islands themselves, for the most part in the haunts of
the various species. As the writer has had the opportunity of
seeing many of the rarest forms — not a few individuals only,
but scores or hundreds — he has had ample opportunity for
careful study of the habits, without the need or desire to
kill a valuable specimen whenever seen. For this reason the
biological considerations may be held to be of more import-
ance than would be the case were they based on a mere
superficial study extending over a short period of field-work.

Table of Genera of Drepanididse.

1 (2). Apices of some of the primaiies truncate, or if not truncate, then

the front of the head bearing a large crest of narrow curved

feathers, which overhangs the base of the beak.
Plumage of upper parts always partly black, the rectrices always

black (sometimes white-tipped), the wings always at least

largely so.
White markings alwa3's present iu the adult, either on the wings

or upper parts of the body, at times confined to the outer web

of some of the primaries.
Young birds with body-feathers always of a black or dark obscure

colour, either wholly or in part ; when with many pale feathers

( Vestiaria), then these are spotted with black . . Division I.

2 (1). Apices of primaries never truncate ; head never with a crest of

narrow curved feathers.
Plumage of adults never in the least black above, not even the

tail black.
Young birds never clotlied Avith black or dark obscure plumage,

nor black-spotted, but always largely green or olivaceous.

Division II.

582 Mr. R. C. L. Perkius — Introduction to

Division I.

1 (6). Beak very long and strongly curved, as long

as or longer than the metatarsus.

2 (o). Beak black, wholly or in great part ; plumage

mainly black or black and yellow. Fea-
thers of throat not modified.

3 (4). Plumage black and yellow ; nasal opercula

not very long Drepanis.

4 (3). Plumage not at all yellow; nasal opercula

very much elongated Dvepanorhamplms.

6 (2). Beak entirely pale ; plumage of adult scarlet,
of young yellowish and black-spotted ;
feathers of throat much modified, narrow,
and stiff Vcstiaria.

6 (1). Beak never very long', straight or but little

curved.

7 (8). A large crest of pale feathers cm'ving over

the base of the beak Palmeria.

8 (7). Head without a crest.

9 (10). Beak moderately long, sharply pointed ;

body -plumage not variegated with

strongly contrasted colours Himatione.

10 (9). Beak rather Finch-like ; body - plumage

highly variegated Ciridops.

JJIVISION II.

1 (4). Beak extremely long and one or both of the

mandibles strongly curved, the upper one
always so and very slender and delicate
at its apical portion— so slender as often
to be even slightly flexible.

2 (3). Upper mandible only a little longer than the

lower, nasal setae altogether wanting. . . . Ileinignathus,

3 (2). Upper mandible greatly exceeding the

lower (by from ^ to g its own length), nasal

setae well developed Heterurhynchus.

4 (1). Beak not of extraordinary length and much

curved; if moderately long and curved,
then the apical portion of the upper
mandible not extremely slender and very
little longer than the lower.

5 (14). Beak never of very robust form, like that of

a Grosbeak, nor of heavy build, with the
upper mandible conspicuously surpassing

the Study of the Drepanididse. 583

the lower ; if (as in Lo.vops) tlie beak is
short and like that of a small Finch, then
the lower mandible is more or less dis-
torted either to the right or left, the tail is
elongated and conspicuously forked, and
the birds themselves are of very small size.
G (13). Tail more or less short, not long and dis-
tinctly forked ; lower mandible not de-
flected; beak not short and robust, like
that of a small Finch.

7 (8). Beak straight, long, and strong, about as

long as the metatarsus. (No well-marked
sexual distinctions in plumage of adults.
Tongue long, brush-like, typically Dre-
paniue.) Viridonia,

8 (7). Beak curved or straight, if straight then

much shorter than in 6.

9 (10). Beak more or less curved, generally distinctly

so ; nasal setse always present and well
developed. Tongue typically Drepanine,
long, and brush-like. ( Well-marked sexual
distinctions in plumage of adult, the male
much brighter in colour.) Chlorodrepanis.

10 (9). Beak straight or not curved as in 9; dis-

tinct nasal setse or setiform feathers
may be present or entirely wanting.
Tongue abnormal, flatfish, slightly cleft
at the apex, not of the typical tubular
brush-like form.

11 (12). Nasal setre or modified setiform feathers

well developed, so as to be able to shield
the whole length of the nasal-openings.
(Colour of sexes little differentiated.) . . Oreomyza.

12 (11). Nasal setse or setiform feathers entirely

absent, or at least very short and little
developed, not able to shield the nasal
openings. (Sexual coloration of adults

markedly different.) Paroreomyza *, subgen. nov. :

type Oreomyza maculata.

13 (6). Tail elongated, distinctly forked at apex;

lower mandible more or less deflected ;
beak short, but stout, like that of a small
Finch. (Tongue typically Drepanine.) . . Loxops.

* Herein 1 place also the other three species with sexual dimorphism.

584 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins — Introduclion to

14 (5). ]}eak always strong, often excessively power-

ful and heavy, sometimes with the upper
mandible conspicuously surpassing the
lower. Robust birds, never very small.

15 (18> Beak with the upper mandible greatly or

very greatly surpassing the lower in
length, never very broad tiiwards the
base in dorsal aspect, more or less and
sometimes very strongly compressed later-
ally. Body above with green plumage.
IG (17). Upper mandible very strongly flattened, or
compressed laterally and high. Tail very
short, as in Heterorhynchus Coloration
of adults nearly similar in both sexes, each
with only a yellow superciliary line on
head. (Tongue not typically Drepanine,
but more so than that of Oreomyza, rather
elongated.) Pseudo7iesfor.

17 (16). Upper mandible not very strongly com-

pressed laterally, subcariniform. Tail not
extremely short. Colour of adults dis-
similar in the two sexes, the male with
crown of head bright yellow. (Tongue
degraded from the typical honey-sucking
organ, but Drepanine characters still dis-
tinguishable.) Psiftacirostra.

18 (15). Beak with upper mandible only sUghtly

(though distinctly) surpassing the lower
in length and more swollen laterally, often
very much so, so that in most forms the
nasal openings appear to be quite dorsally
placed and the beak very broadly rounded
above. Colour of plumage of body above
not always green.

19 (20). Beak strong, but not excessively powerful

and heavy, much less so than in the fol-
lowing. Plumage of body above ashy
grey in adults. Colour of sexes a little
different, the yellow of the head in
female less bright Loxioides.

20 (19). Beak excessively heavy and powerful. Plu-

mage of body above not ashy grey.

21 (24). Upper mandible in dorsal aspect of very

elongate triangular form. Upper and
lower mandibles well adapted to one

the Study of the Drepanididae. 585

another. Male at least with the plumage
of the head contrastiug in colour with
that of the upper parts of the body.

22 (23). Beak with cutting-edge of lower mandible

distinctly and evenly curved on the apical
part. Immature birds without dark spots
above. (Very great differences in colour
between the sexes when adult, the female
remaining much like the young of either
sex.) Rhodncantlds.

23 (22). Beak with cutting-edge of lower mandible

not distinctly and evenly curved. Imma-
ture birds with dark spots Telespizn.

24 (21). Upper mandible in dorsal aspect with the

sides not very strongly convergent to
the apex, so as to form a very elongate
triangle. Cutting-edges of mandibles ir-
regular, so that they are not perfectly
adapted to one another Plumage of
head in neither sex conspicuou.sIy dif-
ferent to that of the body above. (No
marked difference in colour of sexes.) . . Chloridops.

The list of genera given above calls for a few remarks.
In the first division the position of the abnormal Ciridops
appears to me quite certain. Its characteristic black wings
and tail, and the presence of white (not quite clear white)
feathers, its scarlet plumage, to my mind so extremely like
that of Vestiaria, and the blackish-grey feathers of the throat,
so similar to what may be seen in Palmeria, leave no question
as to its affinities. In the second division the ashy plumage
of Loxioides appears aberrant at first sight, but it is note-
worthy that others of the " green-^' section pass through a
phase of plumage very similar to this (e. g., certain species of
Loxops &c.), which shews how easily it may have been
acquired. Telespiza in the dark-spotted plumage of the
young is also aberrant, but this condition does not appear
to me comparable with the dark or black-spotted plumage of
the first division. Its position in the second or green
section is obvious, and Rhodacanthis might well be united
with it generically.

586 Capt. G. E. Shelley on

XLI. — On a Collection of Birds fy^om Nyasaland.
By Captain G. E. Shelley, F.Z.S.

Dr. Sclater has asked me to arrange and name a third
collection of birds lately received from Lt.-Col. W. H.
Manning, H.B.M. Deputy Commissioner for British Central
Africa. It was made mostly in the country at the southern
end of Lake Nyasa, which lies between 13° and 16° S. lat.
and 33° and 36° E. long. It comprises 57 specimens from
South Angoniland, collected in October 1900 ; 20 from
Chalasulo, obtained in the last week in November; and 36
during the following months of December and January. In
this collection of 113 specimens there are 75 species repre-
sented. Three of these — Buphaga erythrorhyncha, Dicrurus
ludwigi, and Lophotriorchis lucani — are now recorded from
Nyasaland for the first time.

The nomenclature of the 'Birds of Africa' is followed in
the subjoined list, except where other references are given.
After selection of the specimens required for the British
Museum, the remainder will be sent to tlie South-African
Museum, Cape Town.

1. Nectarinia kilimensis (op. cit. p. 2).
Angouiland. Long central tail-feathers not fully grown.

Native name '' Songue."

2. Anthus RuruLus (op. cit. p. 12).
Angoniland. Native name '' Ndula."

3. Macron Yx croceus (op. cit. p. 13).
Chilasula. Native name " Twanyanji."

4. Emberiza major (op. cit. p. 18).

Angoniland. There can, I think, be no doubt that the
types of Fmigillaria orient alis (1882) and F. major (1880)
belong to one species. With twenty-six specimens before
me from Zomba and the surrounding district, I find that
the amount of white on the chin and upper throat varies ;
the dark portion of the head is jet-black in full-plumaged
males, brown in females and young birds. The variation

Birds from Nyasaland. 587

in the extent of the pale central band on the crown depends
on sex and age, and is entirely absent in some fully-grown
young birds. The amount of white on the wing-coverts
also depends solely upon age, for in some fully-grown young
birds there is no white on the wing, and in these the upper
parts are more rufous. The wings vary in length from 2*8
to 3*4 inches.

5. Fringillaria tahapisi (op. cit. p. 18).
Angoniland.

6. Spermestes scutatus (op. cit. p. 28).
Chanda. Native name '^ Chipinga."

7. Spermestes nigriceps (op. cit. p. 28).
(Not labelled.)

8. EsTRiLDA MINOR Cab.
Maloza. Native name " ChijojolaJ"

9. ESTRILDA SUBFLAVA (op. cit. p. 30).

Lindipe, near Matope. Native name '' Kajojola."

10. Hypargus niveiguttatus (op. cit. p. 32).
Angoniland. Native name '' Chipalanganga."

11. Ploceipasser pectoralis (op. cit. p. 34).
Lindipe. Native name ^' Peleyigaya."

12. Sycobrotus stictifrons (op. cit. p. 37).
Chilasulo.

13. Hyphanturgus ocularius (op. cit. p. 38).
Angoniland.

14. Xanthophilus xanthops (op. cit. p. 39).
Angoniland.

15. Oriolus notatus (op. cit. p. 41).
Angoniland. Native name " Hisundambaioalu."

16. Oriolus larvatus (op. cit. p. 41).

Angoniland. Native name " Lisondambamala''; this name
and that of the last species are probably the same.

17. Buphaga erythrorhyncha (op. cit. p. 41).
Mpimbi

588 Capt. G. E. Shelley on

18. Pholidauges verreauxi (op. cit. p. 42).
Angoniland.

19. Lamprocolius sycobius (op. cit. p. 43).
Lindipe. Native name " Likwilili."

20. DiCRURus LUDWiGi (op. cit. p. 47).

Chilasulo. This Drongo is now recorded from British
Central Africa for the first time.

In habits it is essentially a bird of the thick bush^ and
differs in this respect from the forked-tailed species, such as
D. afer, which are generally seen on the tops of shrubs in
the open country. It apparently ranges from Port Natal,
■where the type was obtained by Sir Andrew Smith, to the
Congo and Tana Rivers, and, according to Dr. Reichenow,
Bohndorff procured examples of this species at Manyango
and Fischer at Muniuni. Sousa mentions a specimen as
having been obtained in Benguela by Anchieta. In the
British Museum there are now examples from Natal, Zulu-
land, the present specimen from Chilasulo, and two from
the Usarabara country to the north of the Pangani River.

D. at7'ipennis, the type of which came from Sierra Leone,
is a doubtfully distinct subspecies of D. ludwiyi. It is
represented in the British Museum by one specimen from
the Gambia, three from Fantee, one from Shongo on the
Niger, one from Rio del Rey in Camaroons, and one (of
Du Chaillu's) from Gaboon. The only characters I can find
to distinguish D. atripennis from D. ludioigi are that the
ends of the tail-feathers in D. atripennis appear to be con-
stantly slightly wider and more rounded, and the shaft of
the outer feather is somewhat straighter and not curved at
the tip. On the average D. atripennis is slightly larger, and
the metallic gloss is generally brighter, except in the speci-
men from Shonga and that from the Gambia (the latter
being in partial moult) ; these have the plumage black with a
bluish gloss, almost confined to the upper parts. An appa-
rently very similar bird, obtained by Marclie at Doume, in
Gaboon, is the type of D. sharpii Oust. N. Arch. (2) ii. p. 97
(1879).

Birds from Nyasaland. 589

The true D. modestus is confined to Prince's Island^ and
is replaced on the continent by a similarly coloured small
form (Z). cor acinus), which ranges from Loango into Cama-
roons. This species is represented in the British Museum
by one specimen from Landana^ seven from Gaboon^ and
two from the Rio del Rey, in Camaroons. All the Angola
and Gold-Coast specimens in the collection belong to D. afer,
so I presume that D. coracinus Reichen. (J. f. O. 1897_, p. 34)
from Togoland should also be referred to D. afer — the com-
mon African Drongo, which ranges over Africa generally
southward from about 17° N. latitude. The gloss on the
plumage of this species is very evenly distributed over the
upper parts, a character that distinguishes it from D. mo-
destus and D. coracinus, both of which have the back velvety
black. The gloss on the plumage, however, varies from
bluish green to violet, being affected by the season and the
atmosphere. These changes, however slight, may be held
responsible for the number of different names this species
has received, the most recent of which is D. modestus atactus
Oberholser (Pr. U.S. Mus. xxii. p. 36, 1899), and the oldest
is Corvus afer Licht. 1793, wdiich should not be discarded
on account of Cnjptorhina afra (Linn.) having been originally
placed in the genus Corvus.

There are three Drongos of the Ethiopian Region which are
known to me by the original descriptions only; these are : —
D. sharpii, above referred to ; Buchanga atra var.fuscijjennis
Milne-Edw. & Oust. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. 1887, p. 225, from
Great Comoro Island ; and Buchanga aldabrana Ridgway,
Pr. U.S. Mus. xvi. p. 597 (1893), from Aldabra Island. It
is possible, if not highly probable, that these two last names
refer to specimens of Dicrurus waldeni Schl., which is repre-
sented in the British Museum by a single specimen from the
Island of Mayotte.

I should add that these remarks on the Ethiopian Drongos
aud the following key are based entirely on the specimens in
the British Museum.

SEE. VIII. VOL. I. 3 k

590 Capt. G. E. Shelley on

Key to the Ethiopian Forms of Dicrums.
«. Tail more forked ; depth of fork 1-25 to 2-.5 inches.
a}. Frontal feathers much elongated and longer than

the culmen D. forficutus.

b^. Frontal feathers not elongated.

«-. Entirely black, with a green gloss. Culmen
1-2, wing 5'G ; tail, central feathers 5'0,
outer ones 7*5 ; tarsus 1-0. — Mayotte I. . . D. waldeni.
P. Quills and tail brown ; remainder of plumage
in adult males black glossed with greenish
blue.
«^ Wing 5-8, tail 5-6, tarsus 0-96. — Great

Comoro I -D. fuscipennis.

b^. Wing 5'3 ; tail, central feathers 4'2, outer
5-55; tarsus 0-92. The female differs
in being slaty grey above and greyish

white below. — Aldabra I D. aldahrayiva.

b. Tail less forked ; depth of fork less than one inch.
c\ Tail more forked ; wing 4-8 to 5-5, tail 4-4 to 5-3.
c". Back strongly glossed like the crown and

upper tail-coverts D. afer,

d'\ Back velvety black, contrasting strongly with
the glossy green of the crown and upper
tail-coverts,
c^ Larger: culmen 1-0, wing 5'2 to 5'5, tail

4*8 to 5-0. — Prince's I D. modestus.

d^. Culmen 0-75 to 0'85, wing 4-8 to 5-3, tail

4"4 to 4"5. — Continent of Africa D. coraciniis,

d^. Tail square or much less forked ; wing 3'8 to 4-6,
tail 3-5 to 4-2.
e^. Ends of tail-feathers more angular ; wing 3-8
to 4"1, tail 3'5 to 37. — South from the Congo

and Tana Rivers -D. liidivigi.

/'-. Ends of tail-feathers more rounded ; wing 4'0

to 4"6, tail 3*5 to 4"2. — Gambia to Gaboon. D. atripennis.
(f. Entire plumage black, slightly glossed with

blue ; wing 4'2, tail 4'0. — Gaboon D. sharpii,

21. Prionops talacoma (op. cit. p. 49).
Angoniland. Native name " Manda."

22. Enneoctonus collurio (op. cit. p. 53).
Lindipe.

23. Laniarius mosambtcus (op. cit. p. 53).
Angoniland; Chicala. Native name ''ikfM;?yo."

Birds from Nyasaland. 591

24. Dryoscopus cubla (op. cit. p. 55).

Angoniland. Native name the same as that of the last
species.

25. Telephonus senegalus (op. cit. p. 55).
Chilasulo. Native name " Kapuli."

26. Pelicinius bertrandi (op. cit. p. 56).
Angoniland.

27. MalACONOTUS SULPHUREIPECTUS (op. cit p. 56).
Chilasulo.

28. Malaconotus starki Scl. fil. Ibis, 1901, p. 153.
Chilasulo.

29. Crateropus kirki (op. cit. p. 58),
Lindipe. Native name '' Ligolegole."

30. Pycnonotus layardi (op. cit. p. 60).
Chikala. Native name " Pumbwa."

31. Andropadus striifacies (op. cit. p. 64).
Angoniland.

32. CisTicoLA cinerascens (op. cit. p. 75).
Chikala, Native name " Ndinoli."

33. Sylvia simplex (op. cit. p. 81).
Lindipe.

34. COSSYPHA CAFFRA (op. cit. p. 84).

Angoniland. Native name " Lumbisi." I fail to find
any characters for distinguishing an East-African race
(C. caffra isolama ReichenoWj Orn. Monatsb. 1900, p. 5)
from specimens of this species from the Cape Colony.

35. CoSSYPHA HEUGLINI (op. cit. p. 84).

Chikala. Native name " Lumbisi."

36. Pratincola torquata (op. cit. p. 86).
Angoniland. Native name " Tambala."

37. TuRDUs LiBONiANUS (op. cit. p. 88).
Chilasulo. Native name " Lichonja."

2r2

592 Capt. G. E. Shelley on

38. MONTICOLA ANGOLENSIS (op. cit. p. 89).

Angonilaud. Native name '■'TSljole."

39. Bradyornis murinus (op. cit. p. 93).
Chanda.

40. Smithornis capensis (op. cit. p. 96).
Mpirabi. Native name " Ngulenqule."

41. Hirundo puella (op. cit. p, 102).
Angoniland. Native name " Chimalewale."

42. Hapaloderma narina (op. cit. p. 108).
Chilasulo.

43. EURYSTOMUS GLAUCDRUS (op. cit. p. 109).

Chilasulo. Native name " Chole."

44. EURYSTOMUS AFER (op. cit. p. 109).

Angoniland; Chilasulo; Mpimbi. Native name " Chole."

45. CoRACiAS CAUDATUS (op. cit. p. 109).
Liudipe.

46. Melittophagus bullockoides (op. cit. p. 111).
Chikala. Native name " Chamgombe."

47. Merops apiaster (op. cit. p. 111).

Angoniland, in winter plumage. Native name " Ehan-
gombe,"

48. Merops natalensis (op. cit. p. 111).
Angoniland. Native name '' Ehangombe."

49. Halcyon hyacinthinus Reichen. ; Shelley, Ibis, 1901,
p. 173.

Angoniland. Native name " Kalalangombe."

50. CoLius AFFiNis (op. cit. p. 118).
Angoniland. Native name " Pasapanga"

51. TuRACUs livingstonii (op. cit. p. 119).
Angoniland. Native name '' Ngalukula."

52. Gallirex chlorochlamys (op. cit. p. 120).
Chilasulo. Native name " Ngulakula." These last two

Birds from Nyasaland. 593

names are probably the same, and are applied to all Plantaiu-
eaters.

53. Ceuthmochares australis (op. cit. p. 122).
Lindipe.

54. COCCYSTES HYPOPINARIUS (op. cit. p. 123).

Chilasulo. Native name " MkokaJ'

55. CucuLUs CANORUs (op. cit. p. 124).

Angonilaud, two specimens, both immature. Native
name " Chamkoko."

56. CucuLus cLAMosus (op. cit. p. 124).
Angonilaud ; Zomba; Lindipe. Native name "ikfA;o^o."

57. Chrysococcyx KLAASi (op. cit. p. 124).
Angoniland. Native name " Tiatia.^^

58. Chrysococcyx cupreus (op. cit. p. 124).
Mpimbi, Native name " Tiatia."

59. Lybius torquatus (Dumont) (op. cit. p. 126); Sharpe,
Hand-1. B. ii. p. 178 (1900).

Angoniland. Native name " Chilagodo."

60. Smilorhis whytii (op. cit. p. 128).
Chilasulo.

61. Dendropicus hartlaubi Malh. Rev. de Zool. 1849,
p. 532.

Dendropicus zanzibari (op. cit. p. 132).
Chilasulo. Native name '' Ngongonda."

62. COLUMBA ARQUATRIX (op. cit. p. 135).

Maloza. Native name " KHanganjuna."

63. Chalcopelia afra (op. cit. p. 137).
Angoniland. Native name '' Katukutuku."

64. Pceocephalus fuscicapillus (op, cit. p. 139).
Chilasulo; Chizala. Native name "A^w^e.-"

65. Glaucidium perlatum (op. cit. p. 142).
Zomba. Native name " Karungululu.^'

594 On Birds from Nyasaland.

66. Elanus c^ruleus (op. cit. p. 147).
Zomba. Native name " Katotola."

67. LoPHOTRioRCHis LUCANi Sliarpe & Bouvier^ Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1877, p. 471.

Angouiland. Native name " Kafumbi."

This small Eagle somewhat resembles Aquila ivahlbergi in
size and in having a short crest on the hinder part of the
crown, but may be readily distinguished from that bird and
from Nisaetus pennatus by its having seven distinct dark
bars across the tail and some blackish bars on the white inner
lining of the wings. Lophouetus occipitalis, the commonest
little Eagle in the Nyasa district, has an extremely long
crest, much darker plumage, and the tail crossed by only
four dark bands.

L. lucani, in the pattern of the tail and under surface of
the wings, resembles the immature stage of Nisaetus spilo-
gasler, but is a very much smaller bird, with the wing not
more than 15'5 inches, which is the measurement of the
wing of a specimen from Delagoa Bay, while in the type
from Landana it is 14'6, and in the present specimen
only 13-7.

1 omitted this species in my ' List of African Birds '
owing to the late Mr. J. H. Gurney's remark (' List of
Diurnal Birds of Prey,' 1884, p. 53, note 1) that the type of
L. lucani seemed to him to be a young Nisaetus spilogaster ,
apparently a male.

I may remark that this species sliould be entered in my
List (B. Afr. i. p. 149) after Nisaetus, and that before that
genus should be added Arcldhuteo layopus, of which there
are two specimens in the British Museum labelled " Port
Natal."

68. ASTURINULA MONOGRAMMICA (op. clt. p. 151).

Chanda. Native name " Katotola."

69. ACCIPITER MELANOLEUCUS (op. cit. p. 153).

Chilasulo. Native name " Nganga."

70. POLYBOROIDES TYPICUS (op. cit. p. 153).

Chanda. Native name " Nganga,"

On two Additions to the Genus Calliste. 595

71. COTURNIX DELEGORGUII (op. cit. p. 179).

Angoniland. Native name " Chiuti."

72. Francolinus shelleyi (op. cit. p. 181).
Angoniland. Native name '' Ehokongo.^'

73. Francolinus johnstoni (op. cit. p. 182).
Mlanji. Native name " Chikivelehivese."

74. Stephanibyx inornatus (op. cit. p. 188).
Mpimbe. Native name " Ngulengule."

75. Totanus ochropus (op. cit. p. 192).
Chilasulo.

XLII. — On two recently discovered Additions to the Genus
Calliste. By P. L. Sclater, D.Sc, F.R.S.

(Plate XII.)

The beautiful Tanagers of the genus Calliste have been a
frequent subject of my studies ever since I began orni-
thological work, and I feel much indebted to Mr. Walter
Rothschild for allowing me to figure two recently described
additions to this attractive group from specimens in the
Tring Museum.

One of the first papers I ever wrote on birds was a '' Synopsis
of the Tanagrine Genus Calliste," which appeared in Jardine's
'Contributions to Ornithology' for 1851. It contained
descriptions of 48 species, which were divided into eight
groups, not, however, considered as being even of subgeneric
value, but employed solely for convenience of arrangement.

In 1854 I made another list of the species of Calliste in
my ' Tanagrarum Catalogus Specificus,' in which I separated
the " Procnopides " as a genus. In doing this, however, I
think that I made a mistake.

In 1856, in my '' Synopsis Avium Tanagrinarum,^^ pub-
lished in the Zoological Society's ' Proceedings,' I took care
to reduce " Procnopis" to its proper level, as being merely a
subdivision of Calliste, and made the number of species then
known to be 51.

596 On two Additions to the Genus Calliste.

In 1873 the Callista; were again catalogued by Salvin and
myself in our ' Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium,' and 56
valid species were recognised as then known to us.

LastiV; in 1886, the species of Calliste were re-examined
and characterized in the eleventh volume of the ' Catalogue
of the Birds in the British Museum.' They were then arranged
in 12 sections, and 61 species were recognized as valid.

In 1891 Mr. Allen added to these a sixty- second species
by describing Calliste margarito; CBull. Am. Mus. iii. p. 351)
from Chapada, in Matto Grosso. I am not aware of any
other species of this genus having been characterized since
the publication of the British Museum Catalogue in 1886
until December of last year, when M. le Comte R. de Dalmas
sent, through Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, to the British Ornitho-
logists' Club descriptions of two new species recently dis-
covered in the forests of Buenaventura, in the U.S. of
Colombia [Calliste emilice and C.johannce), which were sub-
sequently published in the ' Bulletin ' of the B. O. C. (vol. xi.
pp. 35, 36). On these two species I will write a few lines
to accompany the figures of them now given.

Calliste emilia (Plate XII. fig. 1) belongs to Section VI.
(group of C. gyrola) of the B. M. Catalogue (xi. p. 116),
and is a very close ally of C. lavinia of Costa Eica and
Veragua, from which it differs mainly in its blue throat and
more golden nape.

The types of this species were procured, according to
Comte de Dalmas, in March and May, 1899, at San Jose
and El Paillon, near Buenaventura. The specimen in the
Tring Museum, from which the figure has been taken, Avas
obtained at S. Javier, on the Rio Cachave, in N.W. Ecuador
(see Ilartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 477), by Mr. G. Flemming, in
July 1900. It is labelled by the collector " ^ : iris brown;
bill dark brown, below whitish.'^

Calliste johannee (Plate XII. fig. 2) belongs to the second
section of my arrangement of the genus Calliste (Cat. B.

B. M. xi. p. 98, group of C. tricolor), and is allied to

C. schranki and C. jiorida, but differs from C. schranki in
having the crown green instead of bright yellow, and in its
bluish-black throat, and from C. Jiorida in its bright yellow

ILas,1901 Pl.XlI

J,G.KeiilemaTi.s del. et litK,

Mixifcern- Bros . imp .

l.CALLISTE EMILIA. 2. C JOHANNA

Additions to the Birds of Lucknow. 597

rump and dark throat. It is obviously a very distinct species,
as will be seen from the figure.

The types of this species were obtained in May 1899 at
El Paillou, near Buenaventura, in the same forest as those of
C. emilice. The specimen in the Tring Museum, from which
the figure has been taken^ was procured by Mr, Mikelta at
Paramba, a farm on the western bank of the river Mira, in
N.W. Ecuador {cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 478), on August
16th, 1898. It is labelled by the collector " S ■ ii'is dark
brown ; feet bluish ; bill dark."

There are also two skins of this species in the British
Museum, lately received from the well-known collector
Mr. P. O. Simons. They were obtained, in July 1900, at
Oroya and Rio Yinimbare, Peru.

XLIII. — On a few Additions to the Birds of Lucknow^.
By William Jesse.

A district like that of Lucknow, lying in the centre of
territory long in the possession of the British, with a com-
paratively large European sporting population, civil and
military, is not likely to contain much that is novel in orni-
thology— the more so, as all Northern India has been
worked by enthusiasts stirred by the examples of Hodgson,
Jerdon, Blyth, and Hume. We can only hope to add a few
fresh species to the fauna of the neighbourhood and to gather
further information about those already recorded. Much has
yet to be learnt regarding migration, both general and local,
which may give us clues to meteorological facts of which we
are at present ignorant. There is no doubt whatever that
mammals and birds — the latter especially — are able in some
way to forecast the weather; and, if their yearly wanderings
were more accurately observed, it is possible that conclusions
drawn therefrom would not prove altogether valueless to the
Meteorological Department. Be this as it may, there is
much to interest a lover of birds even in such a well-worked
spot as the capital of Oudh. That the results of my recent

* For previous notes see Ibis, 189G, p. 18-j ; 1897, p. 5o4 ; and 1890,
p. 344.

698 Mr. W. Jesse — Additions

labours are so poor is due to two facts. In the first place^
owing to a severe touch of sunstroke, I have been compelled to
restrict my wanderings more or less to the early mornings and
the evenings ; and, in the second place, beyond a bicycle, I
have nothing save my feet as a means of locomotion. To do
good work upon the larger birds of prey it is necessarj^ to
have a horse and to ride over wide tracts of country, scanning
the most likely trees and marking any nests that may be
seen. I have been singularly unlucky with such species.
Thus I have only once got an egg of the Indian Tawny Eagle
{Aquila vindhiana) — and that was rotten, — though I must
have found ten or a dozen nests empty or with young.
Curiously, just beneath the egg, in the underside of this
nest, a family of Chirukas [Uroloncha malaharica) had taken
up their abode. Similarly, I have not yet succeeded in ob-
taining an egg of the Black Vulture {Otogyps calvus), though
I have visited several breeding-places at different times.

The long distances to be covered before reaching the bigger
jheels have prevented me from thoroughly searching the
neighbourhood for water-birds, but I hope in time to be able
to shew that numbers of species nest with us of which the
eggs have not yet been taken in this district.

The little that 1 have done is mainly due to the valuable help
which I have received from innumerable pupils in La Mar-
tinibre College and to their unceasing energy. Whether it be
in his knowledge of the habits of the feathered tribes, born of
years of patient watching, or in the skill with which he will
track down a bird to its nest, the average Anglo-Indian boy
is far in advance of his English cousin. For him no cheap
book is obtainable filled with accurate information, and he
has to rely upon his own powers of observation, with occa-
sional assistance from some friendly ornithologist. Needless
to say, what he does know he know^s thoroughly, and, if his
nomenclature be not that used by Jerdon or that found in
the volumes of the ^ Fauna of British India,^ he is little the
worse for that.

Furthermore, the highest tree, the thinnest branch, has no
terrors for the Martiniere lad. The practice of generations

to the Birds of Lucknow. 599

has made his race almost arboreal, and where he shrinks to
go I wouki advise no one to make the attempt.

The natives of Oudh, on the other band^ are practically
useless as finders o£ nests. When Vultures, Herons, Egrets,
or the like breed in colonies near their villages, they will
sometimes inform you of the fact, and occasionally a small
urchin, who is looking after the cows, will point out to you
a clutch of Plover's eggs, but that is all. I was fortunate
enough to find an excellent climber in my chowkidar, but it
is not often that a villager will risk his life or limbs over a
difficult nest.

In my notes I have left out all reference to the Great
Indian Stone-Plover (^^acMS recurvirostris) , the Indian Spur-
wing [Hoplopterus ventralis), and the Small Indian Swallow-
Plover [Glareola lactea). These birds were already known to
have occurred within the limits of the Division, though they
had not actually been seen near the city. However, I have
myself shot examples of the first two species on the banks of
the Goomti close to La Martiniere, and have seen the third
bird in the same locality.

On the other hand, I have given short notes on the Sociable
Lapwing [Chettusia gregarid) and the Black Partridge [Fran-
colinus vulgaris), because, although on the " list," they had
evidently been included with a certain amount of doubt.

Before concluding, I cannot but refer to the loss that Indian
ornithology has sustained though the death of Mr. George
Reid, who passed away at Lucknow early in the present
year. Though I never had the good fortune to make his
acquaintance personally, we corresponded regularly, and, up
to the last, he took a keen interest in everything connected
with his hobby. His list of the Lucknow birds is extremely
complete, particularly when it is remembered that he had to
compile it at odd moments and practically unaided. The
Lucknow Civil Division is now far larger than it used to be.
The number of Commissionerships in Oudh has been reduced
to two — Fyzabad and Lucknow. The size of the new
Division and the limitations imposed by my scholastic work
have quite i)revented me from treating of nearly the whole

600 Mr. W. J e&se— Additions

area. As it is, the district worked by Reid is more than
I can manage, and, for the present, all my notes are restricted
to those parts of Oudh the avifauna of which he described
years ago in ' Stray Feathers.'

Franklinia gracilis (Oates). Franklin's Wren- Warbler.

I came across this pretty little bird this year for the first
time. Its discovery is really due to Mr. Benjamin Aitken,
for we were searching for nests in some babool-jungle on
May 7th, when he called my attention to the peculiar note
of a small Warbler, and advised me to shoot the bird to
make sure of the species. As the pair we observed were very
restless, flitting rapidly from tree to tree, it was some time
before I could secure one of them, which was somewhat
damaged by the shot. I found it to be a typical specimen
of F. gracilis. It was impossible to determine the sex, so
evidently the birds were not preparing to breed. Possibly
this small species is commoner than it appears to be, and is
overlooked. It cannot, however, be very numerous, as neither
I nor the late Mr. George Reid had previously met with it.

Sylvia jerdoni (Blyth). Eastern Orphean Warbler.

I obtained a specimen of this species (probably a male)
during the winter of 1897. It was feeding on the insects
in a babool-tree at the time. Unluckily it was very badly
damaged by the shot, and I could only determine the sex
approximately by the coloration. Reid does not mention the
bird, and I have never seen nor heard of it since. It cannot
therefore, I think, be common.

Sturnus PURPURAscENS (Gould) . Gould's Starling.

In a letter, dated August 9th, 1900, Reid w^rote to me : —
"You should note the occurrence of Sturnus pur2}urascens at
Lucknow : Sharpe, of the British Museum, found a specimen
among some ' Starlings ' that I sent liim years ago. These
are all, I think, included in the Catalogue of the Birds in
the British Museum ."

MoTACiLLA ciTREOLoiDES (Sharpc). Hodgsou's Yellow
Wagtail.

I shot a single male specimen with very pronounced black

to the Birds of Liicknow. 601

patches on the back aud neck on Jan. 1^ 1898. It was
feeding by the edge of the Goorati in company with several
examples of 31. borealis.

Melanocorypha bimaculata (Blanf.). Eastern Calandra
Lark.

A boy friend, J. Green, brought me one of these Larks
which he had purchased from a bird-catcher. The man said
that he had caught it on one of the wide open maidans, or
plains, close to Lncknow. The bird became very tame and
used to sing extremely well. Eventually it was killed and
eaten by a snake, which got into its cage during the night.

DiCiEUM ERYTHRORHYNCHUM (Humc). Tickcll's Flowcr-
pecker.

This bird has been entirely overlooked in Lucknow, and
its discovery is due to the Martiniere boys. For years I had
been told of the " White Honey-sucker/^ a bird which they
said made a nest very much like that of the Purple Sun-
bird, but which laid ivhite eggs. For a long time I did not
believe them, but on March 13, 1900, two boys, J. Green
and L. Jackson, told me that they had found a nest with
one egg. I went with them and saw it, a tiny grass
ball lined with hair, with a hole in the side, suspended
beneath some mango-leaves. Though I waited for some
time, I had at length to go without seeing the bird, but I
have no doubt as to the authenticity of the specimens,
which I took. On March 10 of this year. Green showed me
another nest just ready for eggs in a bel-tree, about 5 feet
from the ground. It was most cleverly hidden. Unluckily,
the two birds, which were watching us, deserted it, and all I
got was the empty fabric. As I write I have been disturbed
by a little bird fluttering about the verandah, and through
my glasses I can see distinctly that it is a specimen of
Dicawn enjihrorhynclmm. The nest is most difficult to find,
and. would more often escape notice but for the characteristic
shrill note of the owner, which is easily recognised. The
late Major Cock, apparently, found, the bird and eggs at

602 Mr. W. Jesse — Additions

Sitapur, a cantonment situated about 60 miles from this
station and almost due north o£ it.

CoRACiAs GARRULUs (Linn.). European Roller.

I did not know before that the European Roller came
much east of the Punjab, and was consequently very much
surprised, when out shooting about the 25tli of October,
1899, to see one of these birds flying about a snipe-jheel.
It was so tame that I was able to wait till I could make sure
of not injuring it, and then I knocked it over with a lightly-
charged cartridge. The bird was a male, and I did not see
any mate. The jheel was right out in the open, in the centre
of an "^ usar ^^ plain, surrounded on all sides by high grass.
The bird kept making darts into the air after insects^ and
returning to perch on the dry clods amongst the rushes.

[Since writing this, Lt.-Col. H. B. Thornhill, I.S.C,
tells me that he has come across the species in Bareilly;
and in a letter the late Mr. George Reid has stated that on
one or two occasions he fancied that he saiv the European
Roller, though he never succeeded in actually obtaining a
specimen.]

HiERAETUs PENNATUS (Blytli) . The Booted Eagle.

This bird is not included by Reid in his list of birds of
the Lucknow Civil Division^ although it is true that he
remarks that it is " almost certain to be found.'^ In the latest
catalogue (1890) of the Lucknow Provincial Museum there
are three specimens entered as obtained in Lucknow, viz. :
ad. sex?, ad. S )]^- S' ^ have come across this handsome
little Eagle on two or three occasions in the large park of
La Martiniere College. The first example was a female, which
I shot. I was attracted to it by the cries of a party of Argya
malcolmi, which were flying all round, evidently in a perfect
fever of excitement. This was on Dec. 17, 1897. Several
times after this I saw another bird, which I concluded was the
mate of the former. My second specimen was also obtained
in the Martiniere park, while sitting in a sheshum-tree, in
the middle of March, 1899. On examining the label I find
that I did not determine the sex, but, judging from its small

to the Birds of Lucknow. 603

size, I fancy that it is a male. The feet, legs, and cere in
this bird were lemon-yellow ; in the female I noted the bill
as yellowish grey at the base and bluish black at the tip.
Since that time I have on two or three occasions come across
birds which I believe to have been examples of this Eagle,
but was unable to secure them.

MiLVUs MELANOTis (Tcmm. & Schleg.) . Large Indian
Kite.

There is no mention by Reid of this Kite occurring in
Lucknow, but there is a skin in the Museum from the
adjoining district of Hardoi. I shot a female, which was
sitting on a low dhak-tree by a jheel, on Jan. 18, 1900. When
I caught sight of it, I mistook it for an Eagle, and as it rose
knocked it over, without, however, paying much attention
to it. When 1 came to examine the skin I saw at once
what it was. Had not my man determined the sex, I should
have said that 25 inches was small for a female of this
species. The tail-feathers, however, were very much frayed
and broken. The shafts of the breast- and head-feathers
were very dark brown edged with white. The bird itself was a
very dark specimen, all the rufous tints being conspicuous
by their absence. The white wing-patches were fairly well
marked, but were buffy rather than pure white.

To make certain that my identification was correct, I sent
the skin to the Calcutta Museum, where my conclusions
were confirmed.

BuTEO FEROX (Jcrdou) . Long-legged Buzzard.

The late Mr. George Reid did not include this species in
■ his list, but evidently came across it after publication, as
I find an unnamed skin of it with his label attached \_" ^ ,
Lucknow Dist,, 12.11.88 •'•']. A second skin — also un-
named, but with the Museum (native) collector's label on
it [" ?, Lucknow Dist., 30.12.1888 '']— is in the collec-
tion of the Provincial Museum. I myself have shot two
specimens — one in the cold weather of 1899, the other, a
female, on the 7th of Nov., 1900. The skin of the first has,
unfortunately, been mislaid, but the second — which I sent

604 Mr, W. Jesse — Additions

to Calcutta to have my ideutificatioii confirmed — is a very
fine example. The upper plumage is dark brown, the edges
of the feathers, particularly the scapulars, being a rich
rufous. The head is much lighter, the feathers, though
dark-shafted, being much paler — often white — on the edges,
and the white basal feathers shewing through. The chin,
throat, and breast are white, with a few dark shaft- stripes ;
the abdomen and thighs are a rich dark brown, tinged
with rufous, and with several large white drops irregularly
distributed.

According to the label, the feet and legs were lemon-
yellow, and the claws and bill lead-black. I shot both birds
near the same place, a babool-jungle, in the middle of an
open plain. I fancy that I have seen other specimens on
several occasions, but I have never had a chance of getting
them. In the Museum there is a very dark, almost melan-
istic, specimen ( ? ) , shot by the native collector at Pithano-
garh (Kumaun).

Francolinus vuLGAius (Stcph.) , Black Partridge.

Reid, though he admitted this bird into his " list," only
did so on hearsay. His belief that it existed within the
borders of the division has been proved correct by Mr. T.
Peacock, of this station, who very kindly brought me tlie
fresh skin of a Black Partridge, which his brother had killed
in the patowal grass fringing the railway-line about two
miles from La Martiniere College. It must, however, have
been a straggler. The nearest locality for it that I k?ioiv of
is the '-'maujar" of the R. Gogra at Fyzabad.

Rallus aquaticus (Linn.). European Water- Rail.

One day at the beginning of December 1899, Mr. De Cruz,
of Lucknow, very kindly sent me an unknown bird that
he had shot. Seeing that it was a Water-Rail, I had it
skinned immediately, when it proved to be a female. On exa-
mination I noticed that it lacked the eye-band of R. indicus,
so I sent it to Mr. Finn, of Calcutta, who kindly examined
it for me, and confirmed my surmise that it belonged to this
species. Except this specimen, I can find no record of either

to the Birds of Lvchinnt. 605

this species or of 7?. indicus occurring in Lucknow, tliongli
I fancy the latter has been overlooked and will be found
eventually.

Chettusia GREGARiA (Bouap.). Sociablc Lapwing.

Reid states that he never came across this bird, while,
on the other hand, Captain Irby mentions it as " exceedingly
common on open sandy plains in January, February, and
March/^ Common it certainly is not, but on three or four
occasions I met with flocks of this Lapwing in the month
of December in 1898 and 1899. The birds appear to me
to be exceedingly tame ; I have always been able to walk up
to within fifteen or twenty yards of them. They are generally
to be found in flocks of from ten to thirty individuals feeding
on ploughed land, the members keeping well apart.

Larus cachinnans (Pallas). Yellow-legged Herring-Gull.

This Gull, which is, to my untutored mind, identical with
my old friend of the Cornish cliff's, seems fairly common on
the Gogra, Ganges, and Ramganga Rivers, on all of which I
have seen it. It is not, however, plentiful on our " jheels.^^
Reid stated in his "list" that he had seen, but not secured,
a large Gull which must have been of this species. The only
specimen actually obtained within the limits of the old
Lucknow Division was brought to me by a bird-catcher, who
said that he got it on one of the big jheels in the direction
of Sitapur. Major Pollock, I.S.C., also tells me that he has
frequently seen this bird on certain large shallow lakes in
the Division.

Pelecanus onocrotalus (Linn.). European White
Pelican.

Reid stated that, although he had not iucluded it in his
list, he was " pretty certain that P. onocrotalus also occurred
here." It is now fairly evident that he was quite right, for
I have received four skins of Pelicans from Mr. Marlboro
Crosse, of the Educational Department, who very kindly shot
the birds for me when out in camp in the district. Three of
these turn out to belong to the Eastern variety (P. roseus),

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 s

606 Additions to the Birds of Luchnow.

but the fourth is a mucli larger bird^ with a bill quite
two inches longer and rather narrower in proportion. Un-
fortunately we have not a large series in the local museum,
but I do not think that there is any doubt that the above-
mentioned bird is P. onocrotalus, or, at any rate, what
does duty for that species in India,

BuTORiDES JAVANicA (Blyth). Little Green Heron.

This bird, though not included in Reid's list, seems to be
not uncommon on the banks of the Goomti. It is always,
so far as I have observed, solitary. I fancy that, like other
Bitterns, it is more or less nocturnal, for though I have seen
it perched on a stone during the middle of the day, it is
certainly more often met with as the sun is declining.

Ardetta sinensis (Blyth). Yellow Bittern.

I have never actually met with this bird myself, but in
March 1899, Mr. B. G. Smithe, when out shooting, obtained
a fine specimen (c? ?) in a jheel near Lucknow, which he
most kindly sent to me ; it is now in the Museum. I can
find no previous record of its having been obtained in these
parts.

Nyroca marila (Linn.). Scaup.

I have never observed this rare Duck myself, but Major
Thompson, R.A.M.C., told me that he had shot one on a
jheel near Lucknow at the end of 1898. Unfortunately,
not knowing that anyone wanted the skin, he did not preserve
it, but he said that he knew the Duck well in Europe,
and to make sure he had examined the bird carefully and
compared it with descriptions. I think, therefore, under
the circumstances, that this occurrence can be taken as
authenticated.

Marmaronetta angustirostris (Reichenb.). Marbled
Teal.

Lieut. Gaine, R.A.M.C, gave me the skin of a Marbled
Teal, which he and Captain Faichnie, of the same corps,
had obtained near Lucknow. Unfortunately the bird had
been skinned down the back by a " kitmutghar '' and cured

On Birch from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 607

with asheSj and was therefore not worth very ranch as a
specimen. However, the taxidermist made the best that he
coukl of its remains. Its sex was not ascertained, but I
fancy that it was a female. I think that the species has
only been twice previously recorded from these parts.

XLIV. — On the Birds collected during an Expedition through
Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia to Lake Zivai. By
W. R. Ogilvie-Grant and R. J. Reid. With Field-notes
by the Collector, Mr. Alfred E. Pease.

(Plate XIII.)

On the 8th of November, 1900, Mr. Alfred E. Pease, accom-
panied by his wife and their son, Mr. Edward Pease, landed
at Zaila, on a sporting and ornithological expedition. Their
intention was to travel in a south-westerly direction, and,
passing through Jimma and Kaffa, to strike the Sobat River,
follow it to its junction with the Bhar-el-Abiad or White
Nile, and return home by Cairo.

Owing to the illuess of his son, Mr. Pease, to his regret,
was obliged to abandon his expedition. After having
reached the north end of Lake Zwai and entered the
Guerague district, he returned to the Hawash Valley, and
followed the river down to the Danakil country, and so
made his way back to the coast. He was accompanied by
Mr. L. C. Harwood, an experienced collector and taxidermist,
who, on many previous occasions, had accompanied expedi-
tious to various parts of East Africa and done excellent work.
With his assistance a large collection of birds was formed,
including nearly 800 skins of 305 species, which are dealt
with in the present paper. In spite of the difficulties under
which they were often prepared, owing to the expedition
being constantly on the march, all the specimens are in
excellent condition, which speaks well for Mr. Harwood's
ability.

The first part of the route followed, from Zaila to Gildessa,

2s3

nOS Messrs. 0<rilvie-(Tr;mt and J^cid on Birds

was much the same as that taken by Mr. J. J, Harrison
{cf. 'Ibis/ 1901, pp. 278-299, pi. vii.). From thence the
expedition marched immediately southward to Harrar, and,
after remaining a few days there, descended the Harrar
escarpment and proceeded by the desert route to Adis
Ababa. The road taken after reaching the Hawash Bridge
was over the ground followed by Mr. Weld-Blnndell and
Lord Lovat {cf. ' Ihk,' 1900, pp. 115-178 & pp. 304-337,
pis. ii.-vi.). From Adis Ababa the travellers marched south
by Mount Sequala, crossing the Hawash River to the north
end of Lake Zwai, and, after a short stay in the Guerague
country, returned by the Hawash Valley to Tadejemulka
(following much the same line as that taken by Mr. Harrison
on his way south to Lake Zwai), whence they retraced their
steps to the coast.

It is greatly to be regretted that Mr. Pease was unable to
carry out his original intention of travelling through the
Jimraa and Kaffa countries to the Sobat ; no doubt had he
been able to do so the number of novelties in his collection
would have been considerably increased. Though the large
series of birds brought home contains examples of many very
interesting and rare species, only three prove to be new, a
fact which clearly shews that our knowledge of the birds of
Somaliland and. Southern Abyssinia is now fairly complete.
The novelties are a species of Grass- Warbler [Cistic.ola
lavendulcB), obtained near the Somali coast, and perhaps
most nearly related to C. hasitata from Sokotra, though
differing in important particulars; a Honey-Guide {Prodo-
tiscus jicasii), from South Abyssinia, most nearly allied to
the South- African P. regulus ; and a Hoopoe [Upupa inter-
media) akin to U. sumalensis, but with the secondary quills
barred, as in U. indica. A Bush-Babbler [Argyn sharpii)
obtained by Dr. Donaldson-Smith at Shebeli, and identified
as A. rubiginosa (Riipp.), is described as new, specimens of the
true A. rubiginosa being included in the present collection.

Ihe greater part of the specimens were shot by Mr. Pease
himself, and, whatever his knowledge of African birds may
have been at starling, he has rajjidly developed into a keen

from Somaiiland and Southern Abyssinia.

609

610 Messrs. Ogilvie-Graat and Reid on Birds

ornithologist^ and wc trust that the success of his present trip •
may encourage him to pursue our favourite study with even
greater zest in the near future.

1. Heterocorax capensis.

Heterocorax capensis Licht. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 120.

a. ? . Loyaa, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 395.

Iris dark brown ; bill and legs black.

[The African Rook was the most noisy of the Corvidse
and widely distributed over altitudes of from 5,000 to 10,000
feet.— A. E. P.]

2. CORVUS SCAPULATUS.

Corvus scapulatus Daud. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 22 (1877) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 283.

a. c? • Akaki River, S. Abyssinia, 24th Jan. No. 385.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The White-bellied Crow was common on the high plateau.
—A. E. P.]

3. Rhinocorax affinis.

Rhinocorax affinis (Rlipp.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
iii. p. 46 (1877) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 394; Grant,
Ibis, 1901, p. 283.

a. ($ . Ha wash Bridge, S. Abyssinia, 19th Dec. No. 257.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Short-tailed Raven is the most widely distributed of
all the Crow-kind. It ranges from the lower Hawash to
9,000 feet.— A. E. P.]

4. Pholidauges leucogaster.

PhoUdauges leucogaster (Gm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 121 ;
1901, p. 283.

a. ^ . Somadu, Somaliland, 1st April. No. 751.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The White-bellied Glossy Starling was not seen till our
return journey in April, and then only this single specimen
was observed. Somadu is the present British frontier police
post.— A. E. P.]

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 611

5. Lamprotornis porphyropterus.

Lamprotornis porphyropterus Riipp. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 121 ; 1901, p. 283.

a. $ . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 196.

b. cJ . Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 287.
c,d. (J . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar. Nos. 726, 727.
Iris pale yellow ; bill and legs black.

[Specimen b was shot on the Abyssinian plateau ; a, c,
and d below the Harrar plateau escarpment. The Purple-
winged Glossy Starling frequents the thickest bush. —
A. E. P.]

6. Lamprocolius chalybeus.

Lamprocolius chalybeus Ehr. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 122 ;
1901, p. 284.

a,b. (^ ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. Nos. 103,
104.

c. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 13th Jan. No. 372.
d-f. ^ ? . Myeesa River, S. Abyssinia, 14th March.

Nos. e>74^-Q7Q.

Iris yellow ; bill and legs black.

[This is the Common Glossy Starling of the high grounds
of Abyssinia ; it is also found in the low country of Galla,
Danakil, and Somali where there are larger trees, d-f were
low-ground specimens. — A. E, P.]

7. Heteropsar albicapillus.

Heteropsar albicapillus (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 187 (1890).

a. ? . Hensa, Somaliland, 2nd April. No. 759.

b. ($ . Manda, Somaliland, 3rd April. No. 761.
Iris pale yellow ; bill and legs black,

[The White-headed Starling was seen by me only in
Somaliland, half a dozen or many more being generally
found together. The country where these examples were shot
was open grass prairie with scattered trees, in which the birds
were found. Mr. Harwood observed one flock in Abyssinia
in very large heavy-foliage d high trees. — A. E. P.]

612 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

8. Spreo superbus.

Spreo superbus (Rilpp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 284.

a. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 172.

b. c^. Fullf ally, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. No. 712.
Iris pale yellow ; bill and legs black.

[The Spreo Starling is the commonest bird in the low
countries; it was never seen on the high plateaux, but was
observed near Lake Zwai and all down the Hawash Valley, It
is a very fearless bird and frequented our camps. — A, E. P.]

9. COSMOPSARUS REGIUS.

Cosmopsarus regius Reichenow ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 284.

a. ? . Dahol, Soraalilaud, 16th Nov. No. 62.

b, c, d. ^ et imm. Arto, Somaliland, 18th Nov.
Nos. 66-68,

e,f. ? , Errer G5ta, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. Nos. 195 &
197.

Iris pale yellow ; bill and legs black.

[The Golden-breasted Glossy Starling, a magnificent
species, though common in certain localities, is not ubiquitous ;
it is found chiefly in the hot and barren countries and in
scrub. It flies in flocks and is not easy to approach, going
from tree to tree and alighting on the ground in close
"bunches,''— A, E. P.]

10. BUPHAGA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.

Buphaga erythrorhyncha (Stanl.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 461; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p, 396; Hawker, Ibis,
1899, p, 59; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 284.

a. ? . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28tli Nov.
No, 131.

b. S ■ Adis Abal)a, S, Abyssinia, 5th Jan, No, 353.

c. (^ . Goraboutha, S, Abyssinia, 17th Feb, No. 528.
Iris bright orange or bright yellow, eyelids yellow; bill

red; legs and feet black.

[The Red-billed Ox-pecker or Camel bird we found alike
on high and low ground in flocks of from seven to twenty,
wherever cattle or camels were numerous. — A. E. P.]

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 613

11. BUCHANGA ASSIMILIS.

Buchanga assimilis (Bechst.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 122;
1901, p. 284.

a. J. Somadu, Somaliland, 13tli Nov. No. 30.

b. ? imm. Arto, Somaliland, 18th Nov. No. 65.

c. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 150.

d. S- Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, lOth Mar. No. 660.
Iris red ; bill and legs black.

[The African Drongo was not seen by us on the highest
table-land. Very pugnacious by nature, it attacks Kites and
Crows. It has a grating harsh note. — A. E. P.]

12. Oriolus larvatus.

Oriolus larvatus Liclit. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 462.

a. J . Sequala, S. Abys;<inia, 27th Jan. No. 409.

b. S ■ Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 1st Feb. No. 434.

c. d. S ^ • Jello, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. Nos. 515, 516.
Iris red ; bill red-brown or pinkish brown ; legs dark

slate.

Though 0. meneliki was very carefully looked for, no
specimens were met with, nor was the red-billed 0. monachus
procured.

[We did not see this Oriole except in the forests of the
Hawash Valley.— A. E. P.]

13. Vidua principalis.

Vidua principalis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 123.

a. (^ . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 9th Dec. No. 215.

b. ? Marko, S. Abyssinia, 11th Dec. No. 223.
Iris brown ; bill red ; legs black.

[The Pin-tailed Whydah is generally found near water in
thick bush and among high trees. — A. E. P.]

14. Vidua hypocherina.

Vidua hypocherina J. & E. Verr. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiii. p. 208 (1890) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 60.

a. $ . Marko, S. Abyssinia, 10th Dec. No. 221.

Iris, bill, and legs dark brown.

The female of the Steel-blue Whydah has already been
procured and described by Mr. Hawker.

614 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

15. LiNUKA nSCHERI.

Linura fischeri Reichenow ; Graut, Ibisj 1900^ p. 123.

a, b. (^ . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 9th Dec. Nos. 213,
214.

Iris brown ; bill and legs orange-red.

The examples procured were two fully adult males.

[We found Fischer's Weaver-Finch in the high trees
bordering the marshes of the Errer Gota River and never
in any other locality. — A. E. P.]

16. Penthetria eques.

Penthetria eques (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.Brit. Mus. xiii.
p. 220 (1890) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 285.

a. c? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 25th Nov. No. 114.

b. ($ imm. Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 15th Feb. No. 509.
Iris, bill, and legs brown.

The adult and immature males are in brown plumage, the
former having the shoulder-patch of an unusually dark
chestnut. The adult shows no sign of assuming the black
breeding-dress, and is similar in plumage to a male collected
somewhat further south by Mr. J. J. Harrison at Walamo,
6,700 feet, on 24th Feb. (Ibis, 1901, p. 285).

Males obtained by Lord Delamere in the Kenya District
were in full breeding-dress by the beginning of February.
It is evident, therefore, that the nesting-season of this species
is later in the more northern parts of its range.

[This Chestnut-shouldered Weaver-Finch was only ob-
tained in its immature and winter plumage. We never
observed one in the black breeding-plumage. — A. E. P.]

17. Urobrachya traversi.

Urobrachya traversii Salvad. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 124.

a. S . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5tli Feb. No. 451.

Iris dark brown ; bill dark brown ; legs brown.

A male in brown plumage, with the orange shoulder
well developed.

[Traversi's Weaver- Finch was seen in large flocks amongst
the grass and sedges on tiie edge of the lake. In February

fi'om Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 615

only a few had the orange shoulder-patch, which was coa-
spicuous when they flew. — A. E. P.]

18. PrROMELANA FRANCISCANA.

Pyro?nelana franciscana {Isert) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 125.

a. ? . Goraboutha, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. No. 529.

^-9' S ? • Tadejeraulka, S. Abyssinia, 4th Mar. Nos.
608-611, 616, 617.

Ji. c?. Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 8th Mar. No. 650.
S . Iris brown ; bill black ; legs brown.
? . Iris, bill, and legs brown.

The males before us, shot on 4th March, are in very varied
stages of plumage. One is in almost perfect breeding-dress;
a second has assumed half the breeding-garb ; while a third
is in a much less advanced condition.

The female may be at once distinguished from that of
P. taha — which it closely resembles, and with flocks of which
it often associates — by the lack of the dark band above the
ear-coverts,

[In February the Orange Weaver- Finches were all in the
dark plumage — e.g. No. 529. In March they had already
changed their dress, and some had nearly assumed their
striking breeding-plumage. — A. E. P.]

19. Pyromelana taha.

Pyromelana taha (Smith) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 242 (1890).

a,b. $. Ounji, S.Abyssinia, 19th Feb. Nos. 538,542.

Iris brown ; bill and legs dark brown.

Two specimens in brown plumage agree with examples of
P. taha from South Africa rather than with the smaller form,
P. ladoensis, their wing-measurements being respectively 2*5
and 2*6 inches.

[The same note applies to the Taha Weaver-Finch as to
P. franciscana. — A. E. P.]

20. Pyromelana xanthomelana.

Pyromelana xanthomelana (Rlipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 125; 1901, p. 284.

616 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and lleid on Birds

a, b. (^ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 31st Dec. & 12th Jan.
Nos. 344, 370.

Iris, bill, and legs brown.

Both birds are in the adult winter dress, and as yet
show no trace of the black breeding-plumage.

[The Yellow-shouldered Weaver-Finch was found on the
hills behind the British Residency. — A. E. P.]

21. Ploceipasser melanorhynchus.

Ploceipasser melanorhynchus (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 125.

a. ? . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Nov. No. 201.

b. S • Marko, S. Abyssinia, 10th Dec. No. 219.

c. ? . Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 18th Mar. No. 698.
Iris brown; bill black; legs brown.

[These Black-billed Weaver-Finches are bold, noisy,
chattering birds, and appear to breed in the autumn and
in the spring, for at both these seasons they were observed
haunting their nests, which are untidy bunches of fine grass
or teff attached to the ends of the lower branches of trees.
—A. E. P.]

22. QUELEA /ETHIOPICA.

Quelea O'thiopica (Gray) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. J 26.
a. ? . Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st xMar. No. 713.
Iris brown; bill deep red; legs brown.
[The Ethiopian Red- billed Weaver-Finch was found near
the wells and pools. — A. E. P.]

23. Spermestes scutata.

Spermestes scutata (Ileugl.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 126,

a-c. ? imm. Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 14th Feb. Nos.
496-498.

Iris brown ; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.

[This bird was seen flying fast in closely-packed flocks
and was not observed settling ; all the three young birds
were shot out of one flight. — A. E. P.]

24. Ortygospiza polyzona.

Ortygospiza polyzona (Temm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 126.
a. c? imm. Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 390.

from Somaliland ami Su?itlieni Ahyss'rnia. 017

Iris l)ro\vii ; upper mandible black, lower dark red ; legs
dusky brown.

This specimen is in the exact plumage of the adult female.
Possibly a mistake as to the sex may have been made.

[The Many-barred Weaver-Finch is generally found near
water on open rolling grass table-lands; it makes a curious
clicking noise, which is very difficult to locate ; it towers
high in the air, and whilst in flight clicks continually ; it
falls rapidly to the earth, like a stone. — A. E. P.]

25. Lagonosticta brunneiceps.

Lagonosticta brunneiceps Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii.
p. 277 (1890) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 285.

a, h. $ imm. et ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov.
Nos. 88, 89.

c. $. Marko, S. Abyssinia, 11th Dec. No. 225.

d,e. $ ?. Dalado, S.Abyssinia, 12th Dec. Nos. 228,
229.

/. $ . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 13th Dec. No. 249.

g. $ . Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar. No. 635.

Iris red or brown ; bill red, ridge black ; legs brown.

[The Brown-capped Fire-Finch is numerous in small flocks.
—A. E. P.]

26. Amadina fasciata.

Amadina fas data (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 406.

a. $ . Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 16th Mar. No. 691.

Iris brown ; bill slate-coloured ; legs light brown.

[The Ribbon or Cut-throat Finch flies in dense packs and
alights in close order on the tops of bushes and trees. It was
seen only below the escarpment. — A. E. P.] ^

27. Pytelia affinis.

Zonogastris melba affinis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus, Orn.
i. no. 2, p. 34 (1897)

' ? Ptjtelia citeriur Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 128 [quite a young
bird].

a, b. J ? . Aruweina, Somaliland, 14th Nov. Nos. 40,
47.

A very young female obtained by Lord Lovat on the Blue

618 Messrs. Ogilvie-Graut and Reid on Birds

Nile and referred to P. citerior probably belongs to the
present species.

[This Red-faced Finch was seen only in Somaliland. —
A. E. P.]

28. COCCOPYGIA QUARTINIA.

Coccopygia quartinia (Bonap.) ; Grants Ibis, 1900, p. 129.

a, b. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Jan. Nos. 349,
350.

Iris red ; upper mandible black, lower mandible red ; legs
black.

[The Yellow-bellied Amaduvade was not met with except
near the hill-side at Adis Ababa. — A. E. P.]

29. Hypochera ultramarina.

Hijpochara ultramarina (Gmel.); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 129.

a. ^ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, IStli Jan. No. 374.

Iris brown; bill pinkish white ; legs orange-red.

[The Ultramarine Finch was shot in the compound ; it
was a solitary specimen that frequented the Residency garden.
I observed one near the king^s palace in Adis Ababa^ but
the bird was not often seen. — A. E. P.]

30. ^BEMOSYNE CANTANS.

Aidemosyne cantans (Gmel.); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 131.

a. 9 . Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 12th Dec. No. 230.

b. S ■ Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 301.

c. ? . Hensa, Somaliland, 2nd April. No. 756.

Iris brown ; bill dark slate-coloured ; legs brown or light
purple.

We have already pointed out in ^The Ibis' (1901, p. 519)
that Arabian and East- African individuals of this species,
named ^. orientalis Lorenz & Hellmayr, are the true
jE. cantans^ and that it is very doubtful whether the Eastern
bird can be separated, even subspecifically, from the West-
African form. W^e should have drawn attention to Mr.
Witherby's remarks on this subject, ^Ibis,' 1901, p. 247.
The birds from the White Nile belong to the West- African
form, in which the barring of the upper parts is generally more
obscure. Mr. "Witherby contrasts the old and new plumage^

from Somaliland and Southeryi Abyssinia. 619

as seeu in the series of specimens he procured, and makes the
following remarks : — " Okl phimagc, bad' and secondaries
faintly barred with brown. New plumage, back and second-
aries more strongly barred with brownish grey."

It will thus be seen that the bars become faint in the worn
plumage.

[The African Silver-bill is locally distributed. — A. E. P.]

31. ESTRILDA MINOR.

Esirilda minor (Cab.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 131.

a-c. S ? • Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. Nos.
331-333.

Iris brown ; bill red ; legs black.

[The Lesser Amaduvade was found in reeds by water,
where it was very common and met with in dense flocks. —
A. E. P.]

32. ESTRILDA RHODOPYGA.

Estrilda rhodopyga Sundev. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 131.

a. ? Balawa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Nov. No. 78.

b,c. c? . Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. Nos. 298, 299.

d. <^. Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 543.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The habits of this Red-rumped Amaduvade are similar to
those of Estrilda minor, but the present species frequents the
bush more than the reeds. — A. E. P.]

33. Estrilda nigrimentum.

Estrilda nigrimentum Salvad. ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 61 ;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 285.

a. S • Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar. No. 634.

Iris brown; bill steel-blue; legs black.

The male has the breast more distinctly washed with pink
than the female.

[The Black-chinned Amaduvade was shot in trees over-
hanging the river and only seen on one occasion. — A. E. P.]

34. Estrilda phcenicotis.

Estrilda phosnicotis Swains.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 131,

(520 Messrs. Og;ilvip-(Traiit and Rcirl on Birds

a,b. S ? • Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 25th Nov. Nos. 115,
116.

c. S . Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 300.

d. ^ . Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 316.

e. S • Daba, S. Abyssinia, 7th Feb. No. 469.

/. c? ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. Nos. 482, 483.
Iris brown; bill dusky pink, edges dark.
[The Cordon Bleu or Crimson-eared Waxbill frequents
low bushes and is very widely distributed. — A. E. P.]

35. Granatina ianthinogaster.

Granatina ianthinogaster (Reichen.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 132.

a,b. c? ? • Hiiliil,S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. Nos. 164, 165.

c. S imnn. Moulou R., S, Abyssinia, 13th Dec. No. 233.

d,e. S ?• Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 10th Mar. Nos,
661, 662.

f,g. c? ?. Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. Nos.
687, 688.

Iris and eyelids red ; bill red ; legs black.

The adult female differs from the immature bird in having
the bill red, the feathers above and below the lores and eye
whitish lilac, and the breast and belly spotted with white.

[We found the Purple-bellied Amaduvade very common
on the low ground, where it frequents the bush. — A. E. P.]

36. Anaplectes melanotis.

Anaplectes melanotis (Lafr.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 413 (1890) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 285.

a. ? . Anjerra, S. Abyssinia, 30th Nov. No. 134.

b. ? . HuUil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 153.

c. S ad. Quala, S. Abyssinia, 30th Jan. No. 425.

d. S imm. Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar, No. 723.
Iris brown; bill red ; legs dusky.

The only fully adult male has the back brown, as in typical
specimens of A. melanotis, and differs in a marked degree
from A. blundelli, which was obtained by Lord Lovat at
Beni Schongul, in Southern Abyssinia, to the west of the
Blue Nile.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 621

[The Black-eared Scarlet Weaver-Finch was met with in
the thick bush-country, its nests being suspended from
high branches of big trees, often directly overhanging the
water. The nests had long straight spouts as entrances,
and were being built in March. This species occurred in
isolated pairs. —A. E. P.]

37. Heterhyphantes baglafecht.

Heterhyphantes baglafecht (Vieill.) ; Grants Ibis, 1900,
p. 13.2.

a. S imra. Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 25th Nov. No. 112.

Iris pale yellow; bill black; legs light brown.

[We got the Baglafecht Weaver-Finch in cultivated country
near the town. — A. E. P.]

38. SiTAGRA SUBPERSONATA.

Sitagra subpersonata (Cab.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 427 (1890).

a, b. ? & cJ imm. Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar.
Nos. 629, 630.

Iris yellow-brown; bill black; legs slate-coloured.

The specimens appear to agree perfectly with West-African
examples of >S^. subpersonata.

[Mr. Harwood shot these Masked Weaver-Finches in
March, not having seen them when we camped at the same
place in the preceding December. They spent most of their
time running on the branches and, presumably, feeding on
insects. — A. E. P.]

39. Hyphantornis galbula.

Hyphantornis galbula (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 133 ;
1901, p. 285.

a. S . Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 11th Dec. No. 226.
h. S • Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 297.

c. S imm. Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 545.

d. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 4th Mar. No. 615.
a, b. Iris orange ; bill black ; legs brown.

c, d. Iris brown ; bill and legs dusky brown.
[The Little Yellow Weaver-Finch was quite a common bird.
SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2t

622 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

Choba is on high ground, the otiier localities are in low-
lying districts. — A. E. P.]

40. Hyphantornis abyssinicus.

Hyphantornis abyssinicus (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 133 ; 1901, p. 285.

a. ^ imm. Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Nov. No. 93.

b. S • Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 26th Feb. No. 582.
Iris orange ; bill black ; legs dusky brown.

[The Abyssinian Weaver-Finches were very numerous
among the trees growing out of the black basalt cliffs above
the hot springs and marshes of El Toki, where many were
breeding in hanging nests. The two specimens are from
localities differing entirely in their character : a, the
immature, coming from the high plateau with cultivated
ground ; while b is from the barest primeval marsh and
bush in the Hawash Valley. — A. E. P.]

41. Hyphantornis intermedius.

Hyphantornis intermedius (RUpp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. ] 33.

ft. S • Huliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 143.

b, c. (? ? • Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 18th Mar. Nos.
699, 700.

d. ? . Hensa, Somaliland, 2nd April. No. 758.

Iris yellow ; bill dusky or black; legs slate-coloured.

The female of this species is new to the Museum Collection.

[The Intermediate Weaver-Finch was found among the
larger trees near the Avells in the lower country. It was
nesting in March at Daira Aila.— A. E. P.]

42. Hyphantornis spekii.

Hyphantornis spekii Heugl.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 133.

a. (^ imm. Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 392.

Iris pale yellow ; bill dark brown ; legs brown.

The much less stout lower mandible, as well as the smaller
size, serve to distinguish the young of Speke's Weaver-Finch
from that of H. abyssinicus.

[Two days^ journey southward of Adis Ababa we met with

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 623

Speke's Weaver-Finch in a very open grass country with a
few small thorn-trees. — A. E. P.]

43. CiNNAMOPTERYX RUBIGINOSUS.

Cinnamopteryx rubiginosus (Riipp.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1895, p. 468.

a-c. S. Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 6th & 7th March.
Nos. 626-628.

Iris recl-hrown ; bill black ; legs dusky brown.

The three males are in almost full breeding-plumage.

[We were at Owaramulka in December, but did not
see the Chestnut Weaver-Finch there till our return in
March, when we found it common among the tall trees.
—A. E. P.]

44. Textor intermedius.

Textor intermedius Cab. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii.
p. 511 (1890) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 63.

Textor aJhirostris Grant (nee Vieill.), Ibis, 1900, p. 134*.

a. ^. Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 21st Dec. No. 275.

b, c. c? imm. Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 25th Feb. Nos. 575,
576.

d. ? imm. Arbawun, S, Abyssinia, 11th Mar. No. 666.

e. c?- Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 18th Mar. No. 696.
Iris brown ; bill red-brown ; legs dark brown.

Textor intermedius appears to be barely distinguishable
from T. scioanus Salvad.

[The Black Weaver-bird was observed feeding on the
ground with the Glossy Starlings and Hornbills — in flocks
of from twenty to thirty. Its nest, which is placed in high
trees, is built of large sticks, and is very large in proportion
to the size of the bird. — A. E. P.]

45. DiNEMELLIA DINEMELLI.

DinemelUa dinemelli (Riipp.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 189f»
p. 469; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 62; Grant, Ibis, 190},
p. 286.

* The specimen collected by Lord Lovat was correctly named and put
away in the collection, but by an unfortunate accident was wrongly
entered as T. albirostris.

2t 2

624 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a,b. ^ ^ . Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. Nos. 267 & 270.

c. (J. Arbawun, S. Abyssinia^ 11th Mar. No. 665.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[We found the Great White-headed Weaver-bird quite
common in the low country, always in noisy companies of
from twelve to fifteen^ frequenting the bush and feeding on the
ground. It is especially noisy when approached. — A. E. P.]

46. Chrysomitris nigriceps.

Chrysomitris nigriceps (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 134.

a, b, c. (^ ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 2nd-5th Jan.
Nos. 347, 355, & 356.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Black-headed Siskin was only seen on the high
plateau near habitations and cultivated ground, where it was
numerous. — A. E. P.]

47. Chrysomitris citrinelloides.

Chrysomitris citrinelloides (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 134.

a. S • Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 13th Jan. No. 371.

Iris brown ; bill dusky brown; legs black.

The Abyssinian Citril-Finch is a very welcome addition to
the British Museum Collection.

48. Petronia pyrgita,

Petronia pyrgita (Heugl.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 469;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 397; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 63.

a, b. (^ . Daira Aila, S.Abyssinia, 10th & 11th Dec.
Nos. 220 & 222.

Iris and bill brown ; legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Abyssinian Rock-Sparrow was rather shy and was
not frequently seen. — A. E. P.]

49. Passer castanopterus.

Passer castanopterus Blyth ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 397.

a. S • Zaila, Somaliland, 4th April. No. 770.

Iris brown j bill black ; legs brown.

It is curious that the female of this species has not been

h.

?.

c.

s-

d.

c?.

e.

c?.

/.

?.

fro7n Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 625

brought home in any collection that has passed through our
hands, and, so far as we are aware, it has never been de-
scribed, though this Sparrow is common at Zaila.

[We only observed the Chestnut-winged Sparrow on the
coast.— A. E. P.]

50. Passer swainsoni.

Passer swainsoni (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 135 ;
1901, p. 286.

a. ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 87.

Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 100.

Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 202.

Kassam R., S. Abyssiuia, 22nd Dec. No. 291.

Kora, S. Abyssinia, 12th Feb. No. 494.

Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar. No. 631.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dusky brown.
[The Common Sparrow of the upper countries was Swain-
son's ; it was not seen on the maritime plain. — A. E. P.]

51. POLIOSPIZA TRISTRIATA.

Poliospiza trislriata (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 135.
a. S • Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 79.
Iris brown; bill dusky brown ; legs brown.
[The Three-striped Sparrow was seen on the plains east of
Harrar. — A. E. P.]

52. Serinus maculicollis.

Serinus maculicollis Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 470, pi. xxvii.
fig. 1 ; Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Orn. i. no. 2, p. 36 (1897) ;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 399 ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 63.

a. c?. FuUfully, S. Abyssiuia, 5th Dec. No. 191.

b. ? . Katyinvvaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 253.

c. (J. Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. No. 271.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dark brown.

The description and figure of the type were taken from an
immature male, which has a dark band across the fore-neck,
characteristic of the adult female. In the fully adult male
the throat, fore-neck, and breast are uniform bright yellow.

[Donaldson-Smith's Serin-Finch frequented the tops of
Mimosa and other trees. — A. E. P.]

626 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

53. Serinus reichenowi.

Serinus reichenowi Salvad. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 136.

a, b. ^ ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. Nos. 486
&487.

Iris brown ; bill and legs dusky black.

[We obtained an adult pair of Reichenow's Serin-Finch,
which, where it occurs, is very common. — A. E. P.]

54. Emberiza hortulana.

Emberiza hortulana Linn. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 136.

a. ? . Akaki River, S. Abyssinia, 29th Dec. No. 338.

b, c. S • Mt. Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan.
Nos. 396-397.

d. cJ. Roguecha, S, Abyssinia, 15th Feb. No. 507.

Iris, bill, and legs brown.

[The Ortolan Bunting was only observed on the Shoan
plateau and the Upper Hawash. It frequented the stables
and compound at Adis Ababa. — A. E. P.]

55. Emberiza poliopleura,

Emberiza poliopleura (Salvad.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 136.

a. cJ . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec, No. 250.

Iris brown; bill dark brown; legs brown.

[The Yellow-throated Bunting was not often seen; it
conceals its bright yellow breast by keeping to the lower
parts o£ thick bushes. — A. E. P.]

56. Fringillaria tahapisi.

Fringillaria tahapisi (Smith) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 137.

a. S' Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 27th Dec. No. 318.

b. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Jan. No. 252.
c,d. c? ? . Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 15th Feb. Nos. 505,

506.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs light brown.

[The Rock-Bunting was common on the plateau, perching
on stones and rocks in the proximity of water. — A. E. P.]

57. AljEmon desertorum.

Alcemon desertorum (Stanl.) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 65 ;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 287.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 627

a. S . Zaila^ Somaliland, 6tli Nov. No. 14.

b. ^ . Aroliarlaise, Somaliland, 4tli April. No. 767.

c. d. (S ^ . Zaila, Somaliland. 8tli April. Nos. 771,
772.

Iris brown ; bill grey ; legs white.

[The Desert-Larks were all shot on the maritime plain,
where they were quite common. Their note is a sweet whistle.
They feed on the ground and do so by night, at any rate
when there is a moon. — A. E. P.]

58. Tephrocorys ruficeps.

Tephrocorys ruficeps (Riipp.); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 137.

a, b. c? . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. Nos.
320, 334.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs brown.

[We observed the Abyssinian Rufous- capped Lark only on
the high plateau. — A. E. P.]

59. AlAUDA PRiETERMISSA.

Alauda pratermissa Blanf. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 138.

a. cJ imm. Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec.
No. 319.

b. ^ . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 29th Dec. No. 336.
Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs brown,

[These two specimens of Blanford^s Crested Lark were
killed out of the same flock near a stream. The immature
bird No. 319 is a partial albino, and looked very distinct when
flying with its companions at a great distance. — A. E. P.]

60. Spilocorydon hypermetrus.

Spilocorydofi hypermetrus lleichenow ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 138.

a. ? Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 205.

b. c? . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 255.

a. Wing 4*75, tail 3-7 inches.

b. ($ . Wing 4*6, tail 3*6 inches.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs brown.
[The Giant Red-winged Lark was very common in the
Hawash Valley ; it sings in all weathers, and perches most

628 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

frequently on dead tree-stumps and old wood. It is often
seen on the telephone-posts between the Hawash Bridge and
the capital. — A. E. P.]

61. MlRAFRA CANTILLANS.

Mirafra cantillans Blyth ; Grant, Novit. Zool. vii. p. 248
(1900).

Geocoraphus simplex Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afrika_, p. 687
(1871).

Mirafra marginata Hawker, Bull. B. O. C. vii. p. Iv (1898) ;
id. Ibis, 1899, pi. ii. fig. 2.

a, b, c. c? ? • Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. Nos.
264-266.

Iris and bill dark brown ; legs light brown.

With the additional material now available it becomes
apparent that M. marginata of Hawker is synonymous with
M. cantillans of Blyth, and the range of the species therefore
extends from India through S.W. Asia and Arabia to Soraali-
land. It has already been shown (Grant, op. cit.) that Geoco-
raphus simplex from Arabia was founded on a worn specimen
of M. cantillans. The type of M. marginata is, on the other
hand, quite a freshly moulted bird, and Mr. Hawker and
others were deceived by the apparent difference in plumage
when comparing the two {of. Ibis, 1899, p. 65).

[We saw the Singing Bush-Lark among high grass 3 it
has a rapid straight flight. — A. E. P.]

62. Mirafra intercedens.

Mirafra intercedens (Reichenow) ; Elliot, Field Columb.
Mus. Orn. i. no. 2, p. 37 (1897) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 64.

a. i . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 28th Feb. No. 557.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs light ashy brown.

[Reichenow's Bush-Lark was found in thin bush and
prairie country between the river and hills. — A. E. P.]

63. Mirafra fischeri.

Mirafra fischeri Reichenow; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxvi. p. 267 (1888).

a, b. S- Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th & 11th Feb. Nos.
481 & 491.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 629

Iris brown ; upper mandible dark horn-coloured, lower
lighter ; legs brown.

This is the first time we have received specimens of this
Lark from Abyssinia, though it has already been recorded
from Shoa by Count Salvadori.

[Fischer^s Bush-Lark was heard in the early morning_, its
note being a muffled rattle-like noise. When on the wing it
soared high out of sight, then fell rapidly to within twenty
or thirty feet of the ground, and swerved for a hundred yards
or so before alighting. It was generally seen in large bare
woods ; and we never came across it except in the edge of
the Guerague country. — A. E. P.]

64. Galerida cristata.

Galerita cristata (Linn.) ; Sharpe^ P. Z S. 1895, p. 472;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401 ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 65.

a. ^. Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 35.

c, d. S • Las Man, Somaliland, 1st April. Nos. 752 &
753.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs pale brown.

[The Crested Lark was very common throughout Somali-
laud.— A. E. P.]

65. Ammomanes akeleyi.

Ammomanes arkeleyi (sic) Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401.
Ammomanes akeleyi Elliot; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 65.

a. ^ . Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 32.

b. ^ . Las Man, Somaliland, 1st April. No. 754.

Iris brown ; bill dark horn-coloured ; legs light horn-
coloured or pale brown.

The male from Somadu, which we have identified as
A. akeleyi Elliot, is slightly darker on the upper parts than
specimens in the British Museum Collection from Somaliland.

[We found Eliiofs Desert-Lark only in the bare stony
country of Somaliland, on ground similar in colour to the
bird's plumage. It did not take flight until approached very
closely.— A. E. P.]

66. Pyrrhulauda leucotis.

Pyrrhidauda leucotis (Stanl.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 139.

630 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a. ^ imm. Mallabella, S. Abyssinia, 25th Dec. No. 309.

b. S • Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 315.

Iris brown ; bill slate-coloured ; legs dusky slate-coloured.

This Chestnut-backed Finch-Lark must not be confounded
with P. otoleuca (Temm.), a very distinct species well- figured
in the Planches Col. iii. pi. 269. fig. 2, which may be at once
distinguished by the absence of the black patch on the lesser
wing-coverts.

67. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen.

Pyrrhulauda melanauchen (Cab.) ; Sliarpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 472; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 286.

a, h. ^ ad. et ^ imm. Zaila, Somaliland, 8th Nov.
Nos. 19 & 20.

c. c? . Manda, Somaliland, 3rd Mar. No. 763.

d. Juv. Aroharlaise, Somaliland, 3rd April. No. 766.
Iris brown or pinkish white ; bill grey ; legs brown.
Young and nesting birds show interesting gradations of

plumage.

[The Common Finch-Lark was breeding in great numbers
one day^s journey inland from the coast at the end of
March.— A. E. P.]

68. MOTACILLA ALBA.

Motacilla alba Linn. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 139.
a. ^ . Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 21st Dec. No. 278.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The White Wagtail was seen wherever there was water
from Zaila to Adis Ababa. — A. E. P.]

69. Motacilla vidua.

Motacilla vidua Sundev. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 139.

a. ^ . Lake Allan, S. Abyssinia, 29th Jan. No. 418.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The African Pied Wagtail was seen on the Hawash as
well as on the shore of Lake Allan. We never observed it
near the little pools and runnels. — A. E. P.]

70. Motacilla longicaudata.

Motacilla longicauda Riipp. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
X. p. 495 (1885).

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 631

a. ^ . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. No. 472.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

This is the first time that the British Museum has received
a specimen of this species from Abyssinia, the most northern
locality yet recorded being Kilimanjaro.

[We saw only one specimen of the Long-tailed Pied
Wagtail ; it was obtained near some rain-pools in the rocky
bed of a stream. — A. E. P.J

71. MOTACILLA FLAVA.

Motacilla flava Linn. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 473 ;
Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. G6.

a. (^ . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Dec. No. 292.

b. S • Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 317.
Iris brown; bill and legs black.

[The Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail was seen everywhere
from the sea to the high plateaux. It perches on lofty trees,
bushes, rocks, &c., as well as on the ground. — A. E. P.]

72. Motacilla feldeggi.

Motacilla feldeggi Michah. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 140.

a,b. ^ . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 27th Feb. Nos.
585 & 587.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Black -headed W^agtail was seen only among the low
reeds and rushes growing round the lake of El Toki. —
A. E. P.]

73. Motacilla paradoxa.

Motacilla paradowa (Brehm) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
X. p. 531 (1885).

(1,^. cJ ? imm. Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 5th Mar.
Nos. 620, 621.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The occurrence of Brehm's Yellow Wagtail in Southern
Abyssinia is very interesting. The range, as given by
Dr. Sharpe in the ' Catalogue of Birds,' is " from Hungary
and Dalmatia to S. Russia and the Crimea as far as long.
47° E.^' Since the Catalogue was published two additional
examples of this rare species have been found in the Hume

632 Messrs. Ogilvie-Graiit and Reid on Birds

Collection wroDgly ideDtified as ikf. feldegyi — one obtained
at Etawali and the other at Sambhur. The male bird in
Mr. Pease's collection, Avhich is in almost full breeding-
plumage, though the crown is not yet entirely in the black
state, differs from all the three specimens in the collection in
having the thighs yellow instead of ashy white ; the miniature
female has the thighs of the latter colour. In every other
respect the male from Abyssinia agrees closely with M. para-
dox a, and we have no hesitation in referring it to this form.

74. AnTHUS PRATENSIS.

Anthus p7-atensis (hmn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x.
p. 580 (1885).

a. cJ. Hojojo, S. Abyssinia, 15th Dec. No. 240.

Iris light brown ; bill dark brown ; legs light brown.

[We found the Meadow-Pipit in bush-country, perching
on trees. It was seldom seen. — A. E. P.]

75. AnTHUS CAMPESTRIS.

Anthus campesiris (Linn.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 401 ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 66.

a. f?. Mallabella, S. Abyssinia, 25th Dec. No. 308.

Iris brown ; bill brown ; legs light brown.

[The Tawny Pipit was shot near jowari cultivation on the
plateau. — A. E. P.]

76. Anthus pyrrhonotus.

Anthus pyrrhonotus (Vieill.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 140.

a~c. c? ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th-25th Nov. Nos.
97, 108, & 110.

Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower yellow ; legs
yellow-brown.

[The Cinnamon-breasted Pipit was commoner on the
intermediate plateaux than elsewhere. I do not remember
seeing it at Adis Ababa or in that neighbourhood. — A. E. P.]

77. Anthus sordidus.

Anthus sordidus Riipp. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 141.

a. ^. Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 81.

b.

s

c.

?

d.

?

e.

6

from SomaMIand and Southern Abyssinia. 633

Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 312.

Guelaii, S. Abyssinia, 21th Jan. No. 387.

Jello, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 518.

Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 2*3rd Feb. No. 556.
Iris and bill dark brown ; legs brown or light brow'n.
[The Brown Pipit ranged from the high plateau down to
the Havvash Valley, and was very common. — A. E. P.]

78. Anthus rufulus.

Anthus rufulus Vieill.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 141.
a. ? . Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 539.
Iris brown ; bill dark ; legs light brown.
[We obtained the Indian Pipit within a mile of the Ha-
wash River and the cultivated land bordering it. — A. E. P.]

79. Anthus cervinus.

Anthus cervinus (Pall.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 142.

a. ? . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 327.

b. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Jan. No. 345,
Iris brown; bill and legs dark brown.

[The Red-throated Pipit was very common on the high
plateau, but does not frequent the low ground. — A. E. P.]

80. Macronyx flavicollis.

Macronyoc fiavicollis Riipp. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 142.
a, b. ^ . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Ab3^ssinia, 28tli Dec. Nos. 322
& 335.

c. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 31st Dec. No. 343.
Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower slate-coloured ;

legs brown.

[The Yellow-throated Pipit was very easily obtained. It
has a clear note, uttered when on the wing as well as when
settled on trees. It was common over the higher plateau,
and generally to be seen in pairs. — A. E. P.]

81. Nectarinia cupreonitens.

Nectarinia cupreonitens Gadow ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 143.
a. $ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Jan. No. 346.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[We shot the Abyssinian Malachite Sun-bird on the hill-
side amidst flower-^ creeper-, and bush-country. — A. E. P.]

634- Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Rcid on Birds

82. Nectauixia pulciiella.

Nectarinia pulchella (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 143.

a. ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 25th Nov. No. 109.

b. ? [Jimra.]. Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 10th Dec.
No. 218.

c,d. S- Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 24th Feb. Nos. 565, 566.

e. ? . Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar. No. 633.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Beautiful Sun-bird was observed chiefly near the
hills in the Hawash Valley and in the gardens near Harrar. —
A. E. P.]

83. Nectarinia metallica.

Nectarinia metallica Licht. ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
ix. p. 9 (1884).

Hedijdipna metallica Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404.

Nectarinia muelleri Lorenz & Hellmayr, J. f. O. 1901,
p. 237 [S. Arabia].

a-c. S- Dabas R., Somaliland, 29th Mar. Nos. 735-
737.

d-f. S ' Soraadu, Somaliland, 31st Mar.-lst April.
Nos. 741, 749, 750.

g, ^ . Zaila, Somaliland, 4th April. No. 769.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[We did not see the Blue-collared Long-tailed Sun-bird
once during the autumn, but on our return journey through
Somaliland we frequently met with it after leaving the
mountains, generally feeding and haunting the bhor-plant
growing in the tugs or river-beds. It was very common at
Warabod and Tokosha.— A. E. P.]

84. CiNNYRIS HABESSINICUS.

Cinnyris habessinicus (H. &E,) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 144;
1901, p. 287.

a, b. (T ? . Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. Nos. 34
&36.

c-e. (^ ct (^ imm. Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 16th Dec.
Nos. 243-245.

from SumalUand and Southern Abyssinia. 635

f. ^ . Hawash Bridge, S. Abyssinia, 19th Dec. No. 262.

g-k. S • Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 26th Feb.-lst Mar.
Nos. 581 & 596-598.

I. ? . Dabas River, SomaUland, 29th Mar. No. 739.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[Though all the Abyssinian Splendid Sun-birds were
obtained either in low country or the valley of the Hawash,
the species probably extends to the intermediate plateau. It
feeds on the red parasitical growth found on Mimosas &c.
and on the flowers of the dar, aloe, and various creepers. —
A. E. P.]

A nest of this species was discovered containing two eggs.
It is of the usual elegant type (cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 403).
The eggs are of a rather long oval shape, and are pale blue
finely dotted all over with faint purplish-grey and distinct
reddish-brown marks. Measurements: 0"72 x 0*5 inch.

85. CiNNYRIS ALBIVENTRIS.

Cinnj/ris albiventris (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 474 ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 403 ; Hawker, Ibis,
1899, p. 67.

a. S • Las Man, SomaUland, 12th Nov. No. 28.

b. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 33.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[We shot the East- African Sun-bird in the jungle by the
river-bed. — A. E. P.]

86. CiNNYRIS OSIRIS.

Cinnyris osiris (Finsch) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 474;
Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 66.

a. S ■ Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Dec. No. 189.

b. ? . Lake Allan, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. No. 445.

c. S • Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 460.
d-h. c? et cJ imm. Jello, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. Nos.

520-524.

i. (J . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Feb. No. 555.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Abyssinian Bifasciated Sun-bird was common near
the hills and on the higher ground. — A. E. P.]

636 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

87. CiNNYRIS GUTTUUALIS.

Cinnyris gutturalis (Linn.), Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ix.
p. 91 (1884).

a. ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. No. 488.

b. ? . Roguecba, S. Abyssinia, 4th Feb. No. 499.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[We never saw a male of the Natal Scarlet-chested Sun-
bird.— A. E. P.]

88. Anthothreptes orientalts.

Anthothreptes orientalis Hartl. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 475; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404; Hawker, Ibis,
1899, p. 67.

a. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 40.

b. ? . Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 61.

c. ? [? cJ imm.]. Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Dec.
No. 295.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Eastern Violet-tailed Sun-bird was not often seen. —
A. E. P.]

89. ZOSTEROPS POLIOGASTER.

Zosterops poliogaster Heugl. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 145.

a, b. S • Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. Nos. 88
&90.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Grey-bellied White-eye was seen pretty often, gene-
rally haunting the very tops of Mimosa and other trees. —
A. E. P.]

90. Parus leucomelas.

Parus leucomelas Riipp. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 145.

a. ^. Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan. No. 398.

b. S ' Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 546.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[This rare Black-and- White Tit frequents the larger trees.
It was not very common, and was always seen in pairs. —
A. E. P.]

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 637

91. Parus leuconotus.

Parus leuconotus Guer. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 145.
a. c?. Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 82.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark slate-coloured.
[The Buff-backed Tit was only seen in the ravines and
gorges^ where it generally perclied on rocks. — A. E. P.]

92. Parus thruppi.

Parus thruppi Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 406, pi. xi. j Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1895, p. 476; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. Q7.

a,b. (^ ? . Arto, Somaliland, 18th Nov. Nos. 63, 64.

Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs slate-coloured.

[Thrupp's Tit was seen in pairs. It was not met with after
leaving Somaliland. — A, E. P.]

93. Telephonus blanfordi.

Tehphonus blanfordi (Sliarpe) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 146,
a-c. ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th & 25th Nov. Nos.
101, 111, &113.

d. ? . Hiilul, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. No. 160.
Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 304.
Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 16th Jan. No. 376.
Daba, S. Abyssinia, 7th Feb. No. 470.
Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Feb. No. 553.
Iris brown, with white spots round the pupil ; bill black ;
legs slate-coloured.

[Blanford's Red-winged Bush-Shrike is very common up-
country and is found singly or in pairs in the lower bushes,
creeping, when alarmed, into the thickest parts. — A. E. P.]

94. Dryoscopus funebris.

Bryoscopus funebris Hartl. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 147.

a. $ . Las Man, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 44.

b. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 154.

c. ? . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 20th Feb. No. 550.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Slate-blacked Bush-Shrike is common and is most
often seen in the Ergin bush {Euphorbia). It is skilful at
hiding, and when in thick cover utters a deep note, like the
sound of a Jew^s harp. It is seen singly or in pairs. — A. E. P.]

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 2 u

e.

S

/.

s

9-

?

h.

s

638 Messrs. Ogilvic-Grant and Reid on Birds

95. Drvoscopus /Exaiopicus.

Dnjoscopus (Ethiopicus (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 147.

a, ^ . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Nov. No. 91.

Iris brown; bill black; legs slate-coloured.

[The Ethiopian Bush-Shrike is found in all rocky places
where the bush is thick, such as the margins of a river-bed
where there is jungle and cliff. Its note was perhaps the most
attractive of any that I heard, being round, full, metallic, and
bell-like, in two cadences. It was answered immediately by
the female with a guttural hiss. Though frequently heard, the
birds are not easy to detect unless you sit down in hiding and
wait for them to emerge, when they will come and inspect
you.— A. E. P.]

96. Dryoscopus malzacii.

Dryoscopus gamhensis (Licht.) ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
viii. p. 146 (1883) (part.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 147.

Malaconotus malzacii Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 34.

Dryoscopus malzacii (Heuglin) ; Neumann, J. f. O. 1899,
pp. 411, 412.

Dryoscopus malzacii erythrem Neumann, J. f. O. 1899,
p. 412.

a, b. (? et J imm. Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Dec.
Nos, 293 & 294.

c. ? . Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 25th Feb. No. 571.

d. (J. Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia. 1st Mar. No. 651.

e. ? . Moulou River, S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 684.
Adult. Iris bright red ; bill black, lower mandible slate-
coloured ; legs slate-coloured.

Immature. Iris brown ; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.

Mr. Neumann has very properly pointed out {op. cit.) that
the true Dryoscopus ga^nbensis (Licht.), from Senegambia, is
a species very distinct from D. malzacii, the type of which
comes from the White Nile. The females of the two forms
are quite distinct, and the males, though alike in plumage,
could probably be distinguished from one another by the
larger size of the bill in D. gambensis. We cannot, however,
agree Avith Mr. Neumann in recognising- " D. malzacii

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 639

crijthrece ^' as a distinct subspecies, the differences in the
phimage of the females being, in our opinion, entirely due to
season ; the specimens of his D. erythrece were all obtained
in July, and are in worn plumage, Avhich makes them appear
much paler than freshly moulted birds shot in winter, which
he refers to typical D. malzacii.

[This Puff-backed Bush-Shrike is common, and is
generally to be seen feeding in the higher trees. — A. E. P.]

97. Laniarius cruentus.

Laniarius cruentus (H. & E.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. Ii8;
1901, p. 287.

a. S • Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. No. 168.

b. ? . Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Dec. No. 188.

c. ? . Dabas, Soraaliland, 29th Mar. No. 738.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs blue-slate-coloured.

[The Crimson-breasted Bush-Shrike was seen only in the
low country. It perches on trees and assumes a vertical
position when singing, the note being a long-drawn plaintive
whistle. It is often seen in family-parties of as many as
eight or ten. — A. E. P.]

98. Laniarius sulphureipectus.

Laniarius sulphureipectus (Less.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901,
p. 287.

a,b. c? ? . Bogra, S.Abyssinia, 30th Jan. Nos. 423, 424.

c. ? . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 452.

d. J . Eoguecha, S. Abyssinia, 13th Feb. No. 495.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs slate-coloured.

[The Yellow-fronted Bush-Shrike was not rare in very
thick bush districts. We never met with it in the Danakil
or Somali country. — A. E. P.]

99. Laniarius blanchoti.

Malaconotus blanchoti Stephen ; Neumann, J. f. O. 1899,
p. 392.

Laniarius poUocephalus (Licht.) ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. viii. p. 156 (1883) (part.).

a. S • Marko, S. Abyssinia, 12th Dec. No. 227.

b. ? . Walda, S. Abyssinia, 24th Feb. No. 562.

2u 2

640 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

c, d. c? ? imm. Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 21tli & 25tli Feb.
Nos. 568 & 574.

e. S • Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar. No. 721.

Iris dark yellow ; bill black ; legs slate-coloured.

It seems to us questionable how far the three forms known
as L. poliocephalus (Licht.), L. blanchoti (Steph.), and
L. approximans (Cab.) are really specifically distinct from
one another ; the two former at least occur side by side
in Nyasaland, for among many specimens of L. blanchoti
received from Mr. Alfred Sharpe there is a small specimen
from Karungwisi, which can only be referred to typical
L. poliocephalus, while intermediate forms can be found
which might be referred to either L. poliocephalus or
L. blanchoti. The birds brought home by Mr, Pease are very
interesting as representing L. blanchoti in its most typical
form. This, so far as we are aware, has never been obtained
so far north, the smaller and darker-breasted L. approximans
being, according to Neumann, the form found in Southern
Abyssinia. The examples of L. approximans in the British
Museum Collection are from Mombasa, Pangani River, and
Lamu. In a female shot by Mr. Pease (specimen b) the
cinnamon is much more developed on the sides of the breast
than it is in the male, and extends to the sides of the
abdomen. This characteristic is also found in examples of
L. apjjroximans.

In two young birds the plumage above resembles that of
the adult, but the feathers of the head and neck are edged
with brownish, the under parts are whitish yellow, and on
the throat and chest the bright yellow and cinnamon feathers
are beginning to make their appearance. It is clear that at
an early stage the young closely resemble the adults in
plumage.

a. Wing 4'8 inches.
e. „ 4-65 „

b. „ 4-6 „

[The Grey-headed Bush-Shrike was not rare in certain
localities. It was never seen on the high plateau or east of
Gildessa. I saw four young birds in a tree together. When
disturbed it often lit upon the ground. — A. E. P.]

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia, 641

100. NiLAUS AFER,

Nilaus afer (Lath.) j Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 148.

a. S . Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 22ncl Dec. No. 285.

Iris brown ; base of bill blue-slate-coloured, tip black ;
legs blue-slate-coloured.

This Abyssinian Bush-Shrike appears to be rare, as only
one example was secured during the present expedition, and
Lord Lovat remarks that he only met with it twice during
an expedition which lasted over six months.

101. Nilaus minor.

Nilaus minor Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 479 ; Lort Phillips,
Ibis, 1898, p. 406 ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 69.

a. ^ . Aruweina, Somaliland, 14th Nov. No. 48.

Iris brown ; base of bill blue-slate-coloured, tip black ;
legs blue-slate-coloured.

The British Museum does not possess a female of this
species ; presumably it is like that of N. capensis, but smaller.

[The Lesser Bush-Shrike runs on the upper branches of
high trees when in search of food, and is generally solitary in
its habits.— A. E. P.]

102. Lanius isabellinus.

Lanius isabellinus H. & E. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 476.
a. Imm. Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 31.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.
[We saw only one immature specimen of the Isabelline
Shrike in Somaliland.— A. E. P.]

103. Lanius excubitorius.

Lanius excubitorius Des Murs ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 148;
1901, p. 287.

a. 2 . Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 31L

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Long-tailed Grey-backed Shrike was seen in large
flocks of as many as twenty together. They were very noisy
and fond of perching on tall trees, but apparently got their
living on the ground. — A. E. P.]

642 Messrs. Ogilvie-Graut and Reid on Birds

104. Lanius humeralis.

Lanius humeralis Stanley; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 149.

a,h. (J?. Harrar,S. Abyssinia, 22ud-24tli Nov. Nos.
92 & 107.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Eastern Fiskal Shrike was seen on old thorn-bushes
in Somaliland and is a bold fearless bird, very handsome by
reason of the contrast of its black and pure white plumage.
It is generally met with singly or in pairs, and may often be
seen catching its prey on the wing, especially on the maritime
plain, where it is common. — A. E. P.]

105. Lanius antinorii.

Lanius antinorii Salvad. ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404;
Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 68 ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 287.

a. S • Manda, Somaliland, 3rd April. No. 760.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[Antinori's Shrike was seen on the maritime plain, but
was not so common as L. humeralis, which it resembles in its
habits.— A. E. P.]

106. Prionops cristatus.

Pr-ionops cristatus Riipp. N.W. Vog. p. 30, pi. xii. fig. 2 ;
Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 69.

Prionops poUocephalus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 321 (1877) (part.).

a, A. ^ ? . Hiillil, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. Nos. 161, 162.

c. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 180.

d. ? . Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 17th Dec. No. 216.
e,f. c? ? • Moulou River, S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. Nos.

678, 679.

Iris and eyelids yellow ; bill black ; legs orange-red.

The birds obtained by Mr. Pease are the true P. cristatus
Riipp. The broad white bar down the wing, formed by
the median and greater coverts and the outer webs of the
middle secondaries, which is so strongly marked in P. jmlio-
cephalus, is barely indicated by the narrow Avhite margins to
the outer webs of the secondaries. The specimens of this
bird prove a welcome addition to our Collection.

from Sonialiland and Southern Abyssinia. G13

[The Helmet-Shrike is a very striking bird and rather
noisy. It is found in families which fly and alight
together^ and frequent bush-country and riverside jungles.
—A. E. P.]

107. EUROCEPHALUS IIUEPPKLLI.

Eurocephalus rueppelli Bp. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 480 ;
Lort Phillip, Ihis, 1898, p. 406 ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 69.

a. ^. Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 155.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dusky.

[RiippelFs Wood-Shrike was observed in small family-
parties of from ten to twelve individuals. They were very
noisy, behaving in a similar manner to the birds known as
the " Seven Sisters."— A. E. P.]

108. BrADYORNIS PUMILUS.

Bradyornis pwmlus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 480 ; Lort
Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 406.

a. 6 . Las Man, Somalilaud, 12th Nov. No. 27.
h. S ' Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 178.

c. 6 . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Feb. No. 552.

d. 6. Gildessa, S. Abyssinia, 26th Mar. No. 731.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The series of the Grey Robin-Shrike now before us bears
out the differences mentioned in the original description.

[This was a common bird in almost every group of bushes
in Somaliland and was very tame. — A. E. P.]

109. Mel^nornis schistacea.

Melanornis schistacea Sharpe; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 151.

a. ? . Anjerra, S. Abyssinia, 30th Nov. No. 137.

b. ^. Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 175.

c. $ . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 458.

d. e. c? ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. No. 479, 480.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

It is interesting to obtain additional examples of Donald-
son-Smith's Cuckoo- Shrike, which is still a very scarce bird.

[This Cuckoo-Shrike was generally to be seen in pairs
in very low bush, frequently descending to the ground in

644 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

search o£ insects ; tlioiigh widely distributed it was nowhere
common. — A. E. P.]

110. PhYLLOSCOPUS RUFUS.

Phylloscopus rufus (Bechst.) ; Grant^ Ibis_, 1900^ p. 152.

a. 6 . Zaila, Somaliland, 5th Nov. No. 12.

h. ? Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 28th Feb. No. 594.
c. ? . Marko, S.Abyssinia, 17th Mar. No. 695.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The birds sent include examples of the larger dark-backed
form (specimen h) and the smaller yellow-backed form
(specimens a, c).

b. Wing 2"5 inches.
a. „ 2-2 „

c. ,, 2"3 ,,

[The Chiffchaff was met with from the coast right up to
the Hawash.— A. E. P.]

Special interest attaches to the different forms of the
Chiffchaff and Willow- Wren. In both these species we find
two rather well-marked forms — a larger darker-backed race
and a smaller lighter-coloured race. Both forms of the
Chiffchaff and Willow-Wren are picked up in numbers by
the lighthouse-keepers on the Irish coast^ but it has not been
ascertained with certainty that they come in separate flocks
or at different times of year ; in fact, the evidence seems to
point rather to the contrary.

Through the kindness of Mr. R. M. Barrington we have
recently received specimens of both races of Willow- Wren,
and have been enabled to measure a few skins and wings
in his possession.

We take this opportunity of recording our notes : —

Willow-Wrens {Phylloscopus trochilus).
Large dark-backed form.
No sex given. Wing 2*8 inches (wings only sent) . From
S. Maidens Lighthouse, co. Antrim, 18/iv./93.

No sex given. Wing 2*75 inches (wings only sent) . From
Hook Tower. 24/iv./97.

from Somaliland and Southern Abysssinia. 645

No sex given. Wing 2*75 inches (skin)^ tail 2*1. From
S. Maidens Lighthouse. 6/v./91.

f? (certain). Wing 2*7 inches (skin), tail 2-0. From
Tuskar Lighthouse, Co. Wexford. 19/iv./01.

Small yellow-backed foi'm.

6 . Wing 2-2 inches (wings only sent) . From Tuskar
Lighthouse. 14/iv./98.

6. Wing 2'45 inches (wings only sent). From Tuskar
Lighthouse. 14/iv./98.

No sex given. Wing 2*35 inches (skin), tail 1*85. From
Hook Tower. 29/iv./92.

$ (certain). Wing 2' 15 inches (skin), tail 1-75. From
Tuskar Lighthouse. 19/iv./01.

111. Sylvia atricapilla.

Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 151.
a. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 31st Mar. No. 746.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs slate-coloured.
[The only Blackcap which we saw was found on the
maritime plain. — A. £. P.]

112. Sylvia curruca.

Sylvia curruca (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 16 (1881).

a. 6 . Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 391.

b. cJ . Lake Zwai, Somaliland, 5 th Feb. No. 462.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Lesser Whitethroat was found in thick thorn-bush.
— A.E.P.]

113. Sylvja cinerea.

Sylvia cinerea (Bechst.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 407.

a,b. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 4th Mar. Nos. 613,
614.

Iris, bill, and legs brown.

[The Common Whitethroat was seen only in this locality.
—A. E. P.]

114. Sylvia nisoria.

Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 315

(54G Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

(1869); Seeboliin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 6 (1881) ; Grant,
Novit. Zool. vii. p. 252 (1900) [South Arabia].

a. 6 imm. Tadejemidka, S. Abyssinia, 4th Mar, No.
612.

b. $ imm. Boosa, Somaliland, 28th Mar. No. 734.

c. d. d 2- Somadn, Somaliland, 31st Mar. Nos. 744,
745.

Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; legs grey.

The presence of the Barred Warbler in Southern Arabia
was recently recorded in the paper referred to above.
Heuglin has mentioned its occurrence in Nubia and North
Sennar, but this is the first time that we have received
specimens from N.E. Africa.

[The Barred Warbler has a wide range, but is very seldom
seen.— A. E. P.]

115. Sylvia familtaris.

Sylvia familiaris Menetr. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
V. p. 36 (1881).

Aedon familiaris Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 406.

a. S . Hensa, Sonialiland, 2nd April. No. 757.

Iris brown; bill dark brown; legs pale brown.

[The Rufous Warbler was only once seen, on the maritime
plain.— A. E. P.]

116. ACROCKPHALUS PHRAGMITIS.

Acrocephalus phraffmitis (Bechst.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 151.

a. 6 . Lake Zwai, Somaliland, 5th Feb. No. 464.

b. 2 . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 27th Feb. No. 584.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dusky.

[The Sedge-Warbler was found wherever there Avere
water-reeds growing on the margins of the lakes ; it was
always seen on the upright stems. — A. E. P.]

117. LUSCINIOLA GRACILIROSTRIS.

Lusciniula gracilirostris (Hartl.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. v. p. 122 (1881).

a. 6 . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 461.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark slate-coloured.

from Somalilund and Soidhem Abyssinia. 6i7

The occurrence of this South-Africau Grass-Warbler at
Lake Zwai is of considerable interest. It was known to
occur as far north as the Congo on the West Coast^ but
on the East the Transvaal was the most northern locality
recorded.

[This species was seen among the tall reeds and papyrus
on the margins of lakes, and has a sweet song. — A. E. P.]

118. Hypolais pallida.

Hypolais pallida (H. & E.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis^ 1898,
p. 408.

a. S- Kassam River, S. Abyssinia^ 22nd Dec. No. 284.

Iris brown ; bill and legs dark brown.

[Wherever there were flat-topped mounds covered with
trees we found the Olivaceous Tree-Warbler very common ;
it is almost always to be found among the highest twngs
singly or in pairs. — A. E. P.]

119. PaRISOMA BOEHMl.

Parisoma boehini Reichenow; Sharpe^ P. Z. S. 1895, p. 490 ;
Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 74.

a. ? . Dahol, Somaliland^ 15th Nov. No. 55.

b. ? . Dabas Eiver, Somaliland, 29th Mar. No. 740.
Iris pale yellow ; bill and legs dark horn-coloured or black.
[Boehm^s Warbler was not often seen. — A. E. P.]

120. Sylviella micrura.

Sylviella micrura (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 151.
a. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 147.
h. ? . Eullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Dec. No. 183.

c. ? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 290.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dark brown.

Additional material show^s how distinct this species is
from S. brachyura (Lafr.).

[The Short-tailed Bush- Warbler was met with during the
whole of our journey, creeping about in the Mimosa and
thorn-trees. — A. E. P.]

121. Dryodromus rufifrons.

Dryodromus rvfifrons ; Riipp., Sharpe Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vii. p. 146 (1883).

G48 Messrs. Offilvie-Grant and Reicl on Birds

&

Dryodromus srnithi Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 482; Lort
Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 70.
a,b. ? . Arxiweina, Somali! and, 14th Nov. Nos. 50 & 52.

c. ? Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4tli Dec. No. 181.

d. S- Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 8th Mar. No. 647.

Iris light brown ; bill black ; legs light brown or yellow-
brown.

[The Rufous-fronted Grass-Warbler was found on the
hotter and more sandy grounds, generally alone and near
the ground. — A. E. P.]

122. EkEMOMELA ELAVOCRISSALIS.

E7'€inomeIa flavocrissalis Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 481 ;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 70.

a. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 146.

b. Ad. Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 27th Jan. No. 407.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Yellow-vented Bush- Warbler which we obtained in
Abyssinia has also been shot in Somalilaud ; it has, therefore,
a wide range from the coast to the mountains. — A. E. P.]

123. Camaroptera chrysocnemis.

Orthotomus chrysocnemis Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol.
p. 33 (1854).

Syncopta tincta Cassin, P. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii. p. 325
(1856).

Camaroptera brevicaudata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p. 168 (1883) (part.); Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409;
Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 157.

a, b. S • Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. Nos. 105 &
106.

Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 159.
Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 173.
Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 25th Feb. No. 573.
Marko, S. Abyssinia, 17th Mar. No. 694.
Iris light brown ; bill black ; legs light brown or yellow-
brown.

Now that we have obtained, thanks to Mr. R. M. Hawker,
a series of the true Camaroptera brevicaudata (Cretzschm.)

c.

c?.

d.

s-

e.

?.

/.

S'

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 649

from Kordofan, it is at once apparent that two distinct
forms have been united in the ' Catalogue of Birds ' under
that name. The true C. brevicaudata, which apparently
ranges from Bogos Land to the White Nile, has the under-
parts mostly white. The present species, which is fonnd in
E. Abyssinia, Somaliland, and thence to W. Africa, has the
underparts grey, only the middle of the lower breast and
abdomen being white.

[We found tlie Abyssinian Green-backed Bush- Warbler
very common all along the Harrar and Shoan escarpments
and in the Hawash Valley. — A. E. P.]

124. Calamonastes simplex.

Calamonastes simplex (Cab.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 482; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 410; Hawker, Ibis,
1899, p. 71.

a. (J . Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 57.

b. S' Eullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Dec. No. 185.

c. S • Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 12th Dec. No. 231.

d. S • Moulou River, S.Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 635.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark brown or black.

[The Brown Bush-W^arbler was fairly common in the
Danakil country in thorn-bushes. — A. E. P.]

125. PhYLLOLAIS HILDEGARDvE.

Euprinodes hildegarda Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. x. p. xxviii
(1900).

a. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 179.

b. S ' Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 11th Dec. No. 224.

c. Ad. Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 302.

d. S ' Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 463.
Iris brown; bill black, dark brown, dusky, or light brown;

legs brown or dark brown.

Euprinodes hildegardee Sharpe, from the Athi River, Massai
Land, though very closely allied to Phyllolais pulchella
Cretzschm., appears to be distinct, for the bill of the former is
dark brown or brown, Avhile that of the latter is yellow or
yellowish horn-coloured ■ this difference is very apparent even

650 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and lleicl on Birds

in the dried skins^ and cannot be accounted for by any seasonal
change. In plumage the birds appear to be identical.

[Hinde's Bush-Warbler has a wide range through Abys-
sinia and Gallaland down to the coast. — A. E. P.]

126. Prinia murina.

Prinia murina (Heugl.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 158.

a, b. (^ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 11th Jan. Nos. 368,
369.

Iris light brown ; bill dark brown ; legs brown.

[The Tawny-flanked Grass-Warbler continually worried
us, for we always found it in low bush and tall grass, and
were constantly led to believe that it was something else,
so that great numbers perished in consequence. — A. E. P.]

127. BURNESIA GRACILIS.

Burnesia gracilis (Cretzschm.) ; Sharpc, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vii. p. 210 (1883).

a, b, c. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 5tli Nov. & 9th April.
Nos. 11, 13, & 780.

Iris light hazel; bill black ; legs yellow-brown.

[The Slender Grass- Warbler is common on tlie maritime
plain.— A. E. P.]

128. CiSTICOLA cisncoLA.

Cisticola cisticola (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit, Mus.
vii. p. 259 (1883).

a. S • Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 204<.

Iris and bill dark brown ; legs light brown.

The Common Fantail-Warbler, though known to occur
throughout Africa, has not previously been recorded from
Southern Abyssinia.

129. Cisticola lavendul/e, sp. n.

Adult male and female. Most nearly allied to C. heesitata,
from Sokotra, which it resembles in general appearance;
but the rump and upper tail-coverts are sandy bufl", uniform
with the back, and not rufous buff contrasting with it. In
C. hasitata the tail, viewed from above, has the dark sub-
terminal bars well marked and sharply defined from the
paler basal part of the feathers. In the present species the

from SomaUland and Southern Abyssinia. 651

dark part of the tail-feathers is uniform black from the
white tip to the base, and there is no differentiated sub-
terminal black spot.

1^ . Long. tot. 4'2 incheSj exposed part of culmen 0*35,
wing 2 0, tail 1*6, tarsus 0"8.

? . Long. tot. 4'2 inches, exposed part of culmen 0'3j,
wing 2'0, tail TO, tarsus 0'75.

a, b. c? ? . Aroharlaise, SomaUland, 3rd April. Nos. 7Q^
& 765. [Types of the species.']

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs pale brown.

[Miss Lavender Pease's Fantail- Warbler was only seen
on the return journey across the maritime plain, when
the grass was green after the rain ; it rose sharply out
of the grass and had a rapid up-and-down kind of flight.
It was thinly scattered over many miles of plain. — A. E. P.j

130. ClSTICOLA TERRESTRIS.

Cisticola terrestris (Smith) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 159.

a,h. J?. JeffiDunsa, S.Abyssinia, 28th Dec. Nos. 323
& 326.

c. ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 11th Jan. No. 367.

Iris light brown ; bill dark brown or brown ; legs light
brown or light yellow.

The above specimens, shot in December and January, differ
somewhat from typical South-African examples in having
the edges to the feathers of the upper parts paler; the rump
is rufous buff rather than rufous, and in this respect they
approach C. hindii.

[The Terrestrial Fantail- Warbler was found on the same
ground as the Yellow-throated Pipit [Macronyx flavicoUis),
always on the high plateau among the tall grass. — A. E. P.]

131. Cisticola cinereola.

Cisticola cinereola Salvad. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 159.

Cisticola somalica Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 483.

a. ^. Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 177.

b. ? . Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 8th Mar. No. 649.

Iris light brown ; bill dusky brown ; legs yellowish brown
or light brown.

652 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Rcid on Birds

The pair of Grey Fantail-Warblers obtained by Mr. Pease
shew conckisively that C. somalica Sharpe and C. cinereola
Salvad. are respectively the male and female of the same
species.

a. S • Wing 2-6 inches, tail 2'3.

b. ? . Wing 2*15 inches, tail 1-95.

132. CiSTICOLA ROBUSTA.

Cisticola robusta (E,iipp.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
xxi. p. 146 (1884) ; xxvi. p. 252 (1888).

Cisticola erythrogenys Grant (nee Rlipp.), Ibis, 1900,
p. 160.

a. S ' -^dis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 16th Jan. No. 377.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs brown.

We have now no doubt that C. erythrogenys (Riipp.) is a
perfectly distinct species, and is not, as Dr. Sharpe supposed,
founded on the female of C. robusta (Riipp.). Hiippell
distinctly says that the type of his Drijmoica erythrogenis
is an adult male. Both Dr. Finsch and Count Salvadori
disagreed with Dr. Sharpe, and regarded C. erythrogenys as
a distinct species; but Count Salvadori made the mistake
of uniting C. erythrogenys with C. marginalis Heugl.,
which is a very different species from the White Nile and
has the upper tail-coverts buff, devoid of black spots.

[The Great Abyssinian Fantail-Warbler was shot on the
mountain-side, behind the British Compound ; it was never
seen below the Abyssinian plateau. — A. E. P.]

133. Cisticola erythrogenys.

Dryinoica erxjthrogenis Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 34, pi. 12
(1845).

Cisticola erythrogenys Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxi.
p. 148 (1884) (nee syn.) ; xxvi. p. 253 (1888).

Cisticola lugubris Grant (uec lllipp.), Ibis, 1900, p. 160.

a. ? . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 328.

b, c. (J ? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 4th-6th Jan.
Nos. 351 & 360.

Iris brown ; bill black; legs black or light brown.

from Somaliland and Southeim Abyssinia. 653

With the large amount of additional material now avail-
able, we have made a careful re-examination of C. erythro-
genys and the allied species and have arrived at the following
conclusions : —

1. C. erythrogenys (Riipp.) is not the female of C. robust a

(Riipp.), but a perfectly distinct species: so far we
agree with Count Salvadori.

2. C. erythrogenys (Riipp.) is not synonj^mous with C

murginalis (Heugl). In this we differ from Count
Salvadori for the following reasons : — C. marginalis
is found near the White Nile, and apparently does
not occur in S. Abyssinia, It has the upper tail-
coverts uniform buff, with very rarely any trace of
dark shaft-spots on (one or two of) the feathers ;
while in C. erythrogenys the upper tail-coverts are
black, margined all round with rufous huff, which gives
them a heavily spotted appearance.

Dr. Sharpens key to the species of Cisticola {cf. Cat.
]3, Brit. Mus. vii. p. 237) leads one to suppose that
C. marginalis comes under the heading " h'. Upper
tail-coverts centred ivith Hack" ; but both Heuglin's
original description and the plate {cf. Ibis, 1869,
p. 94, pi. i. fig. 1) shew that the upper tail-coverts
are uniform buff.

3. C. erythrogenys may always be distinguished from the

allied C. tinniens from S. Africa by the black stripes
on the head commencing at the base of tlie hill, whereas
in C. tinniens the forehead is uniform rufous and the
black stripes commence just in front of the eye.

4. Specimens of C. erythrogenys collected by Lord Lovat

in S. Abyssinia were wrongly referred to C luguhris.

5. From C. chiniana the present species may be distin-

guished by its smaller size, by the heavily striped
black and rufous-buff plumage of the upper parts, and
by the bright cinnamon-buff outer margin to the
quills.
[We found the Rufous-cheeked Fantail-Warbler common
on the rolling grass tablelands. — A. E. P.]

SER. Vril. VOL. I. 2 X

b.

$

c.

s

d.

s

e.

s

654 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

134. CiSTICOLA CHINIANA.

Cisticola chiniana (Smith) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 161.
a. S ' Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Nov. No. 94.
Anjerra, S. Abyssinia, 30th Nov. No. 139.
Hojojo, S. Abyssinia, 15th Dec. No. 241.
Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 252.
Hawash R., S. Abyssinia, 19th Dec. No. 263.
Iris light brown; bill black or dark brown; legs light brown.
Specimen a, sexed as a male (but no doubt a female, wing
2" 2 inches), is in breeding-plumage, with the head and nape
uniform rufous and the buff eyebrow-stripe well developed.
This specimen differs from all the others in having the dark
centres of the feathers of the back nearly obsolete. In this
respect it is approached by a bird collected by Lord Lovat
at Bourka, S. Abyssinia.

[The Larger Grey-backed Fantail-Warbler is widely dis-
tributed.—A. E. P.]

135. ClSTICOLA ERYTHROPS.

Cisticola erythrops (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vii. p. 250 (1883).

a,h. S ' Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. Nos. 454,
455.

Iris light brown ; bill dark brown ; legs pale brown.

The two examples of this rare Fantail-Warbler from
Lake Zwai extend its known range a long way to the North.

[The Buff-breasted Fantail-Warbler was only seen at Lake
Zwai. It is easily distinguished from other members of the
family by its richly coloured breast. — A. E. P.]

136. Geocichla simensis.

Geocichla simensis (Riipp.) ; Giant, Ibis, 1900, p. 162.
a, b. c? ? . Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov. Nos.
133,134.

c. c? . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 5th Jan. No. 357.

d. ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. No. 489.

e. (^. Jello, S.Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 513.

Iris brown ; bill black, lower mandible yellow at base ; legs
dull brown.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 655

The November birds are in fresh brilliant plumage ; those
shot in February are much paler.

[The Abyssinian Ground-Thrush was met with as soon as
the high ground was reached. Its note has a resemblance to
that of the British Song-Thrush, but there is no continuity
of song. It was seen in open country, gardens, compounds,
jowari-fields, &c. — A. E. P.]

137. Geocichla piaggii.

Geocichla piaggii (Bouvier) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
V. p. 171, pi. xi. (1881).

a. ? . Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 27th Jan. No. 408.

Iris brown; bill black; legs light dusky brown.

[The Central- African Ground-Thrush was only seen once,
in a deep rocky ravine in dense cover. — A. E. P.]

138. TURDUS ABYSSINICUS.

Turdus abyssinicus Gm. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 162.
a. (^ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, lOtli Jan. No. 362.
Iris brown ; bill and eyelids orange ; legs orange.
[The Abyssinian Thrush was not often observed. — A. E. P.]

139. TuRDUS PELIOS.

Turdus pelios Bonap. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163.
a. S • Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5tli Feb. No. 456.
Iris brown ; bill yellow ; legs dusky slate-coloured.
[The Ethiopian Thrush was only seen in the neighbourhood
of Lake Zwai.— A. E. P.]

140. MONTICOLA SAXATILIS.

Monticola saxatilis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163 ;
1901, p. 288.

a. ^ vix ad. Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 11th Jan. No.
365.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black,

[The E-ock-Thrush is a common bird, found amongst rocks
or trees. — A. E. P.]

141. Monticola cyanus.

Monticola cyanus (Linn.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 411.

2x2

G56 INIessrs, Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a. c? . Akaki River, S. Abyssinia, 29th Dec. No. 337.
Iris brown; bill and legs black.

[The Blue Rock-Thrush was shot in a deep gorge among
the cliffs above the river. Not seen again. — A. E. P.]

142. MoNTICOLA RUFOCINEREUS.

Monticola rufocinereus (Riipp.); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163.

a. ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 86.

*. ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 98.

c. ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. No. 492.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The onh^ female example in the British Museum Collection
is a poor skin in very worn plumage. The fine specimens
shot by Mr. Pease are therefore a welcome addition.

[The Abyssinian Rock-Thrush was common where there
w^ere ravines and washed-out rifts in deep earth and alluvial
soil— A. E. P.]

143. Cyanecula suecica.

Cyanecula suecica (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 163.

a. S • Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 1st Mar. No. 599.

Iris browai ; bill and legs black.

This male is remarkable in that it entirely lacks the white
spot on the throat, and in this respect differs from any
specimen in the British Museum Collection.

[The Blue-throated Robin is a very shy bird, and was seen
otice or twice on the ground under low bushes. — A. E. P.]

144. Erithacus gutturalis.

Erithacus gutturalis (Guerin) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. V. p. 304 (1881).

Irania gutturalis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 411.

a, b. S • Boosa, Somaliland, 28th Mar. Nos. 732, 733.

c. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 31st Mar. No. 713.

Ills brown ; bill and legs black.

One of the males killed at Boosa, though apparently fully
adult, has the breast and belly pale rufous butf. Seebohm
states that this plumage is characteristic of iuales of the year,
but we believe this statement to be open to question. In the
British Museum there is one specimen with pale buff" breast

from Soinaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 657

perfectly similar to the above bird, while a second has the
throat of an intermediate tint, and it would seem that the
colour of the under parts is subject to great individual varia-
tion and varies from pale rufous buff to bright chestnut.
These differences are irrespective of locality.

[The White-throated Eobin hawks from low bushes, after
the manner of a Flycatcher. It was not a common species,
being only twice seen by Mr. Harwood. — A. E. P.]

145. RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.

RidiciUa rufiventris (Vieill.) ; Seebohra, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
V. p. 342 (1881).

Ruticilla semirufa Lort Phillips (nee H. &E.), Ibis, 1898,
p. 412.

a. c?. Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 13th Dec. No. 232.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

The birds obtained by Mr. Lort Phillips in Somaliland
have been wrongly referred to the Palestine Eedstart {R. semi-
rnfa), which is a much smaller bird and has the under wing-
coverts mostly black. Here, again, we find a common
Indian species occurring in Somaliland.

[The Indian Redstart is found in rocky gorges and is not
at all common. — A. E. P.]

146. Myrmecocichla dubia.

Myrmecocichla dubia Weld-Blundell& Lovat ; Grant, Ibis,
1900, p. 164.

a. S . Tadejemvilka, S. Abyssinia, 5th Mar. No. 622.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

A second example of the Abyssinian Mountain-Chat agrees
perfectly with the type obtained by Lord Lovat.

[Not often seen. — A. E. P.]

147. Saxicola leucomela.

Saxicola leucomela (Pall.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 165.
a, b. $ imm. Zaila, Somaliland, 5th Nov. Nos. 9, 10.

c. ? . Hooi^sa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 171.

d. ? . Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec. No. 310.

e. $ vix ad. Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 10th Jan.
No. 364.

658 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reicl on Birds

/. [cJ.] Tadejeraulka, S. Abyssinia, 5th Mar. No. 623.

ff. ? . Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 8th Mar. No. 648.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

Specimen / is the only male bird in fully adult breeding-
plumage.

[The Siberian Pied Chat was found in great variety of
plumage throughout the journey, from the sea to the highest
plateau. It was the commonest of all the Chats. — A. E. P.]

Saxicola somalica Sharpe, the type of which was obtained,
by Dr. Donaldson-Smith, now proves to be an immature
specimen of the rare S. vittata H. &. E., which breeds in the
plains of N.W. Turkestan and Cashmere^ and winters in N. W.
Arabia and Bogos Land. This is another of the many instances
of Indian species extending their range into Somaliland.

148, Saxicola (enanthe.

Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 165.
a. S . Myeesa River, S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. No. 670.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Wheatear was only observed a few times, on the 14th
of March, perching on stones. — A. E. P.]

149. Saxicola isabellina.

Saxicola isabellina Cretzschm.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 166;
1901, p. 288.

a. S ' Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 37.

b. ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 99.

c. ? . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 254.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

Wing. Tarsus.
in. in.

Specimen a (No. 37) is an unusually large bird .. 4*0 TSS

Specimen b (No. 99) 3-85 1-25

Specimen c (No. 254) 365 1-05

[The Isabelline Chat was widely distributed, but not found
on the higher elevations above 6000 feet. — A. E. P.]

150. Saxicola deserti.

Saxicola deserti Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 383 (1881); Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 72.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 65 9

a. c? imm. Zaila_, Somaliland, 7tli Nov. No. 17.

b. ^ . Manda, Somaliland, 9th Nov. No. 25.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

Mr. Hawker found this species numerous in Somaliland.
[The Desert-Chat was only seen in Somaliland. — A. E. P.]

151. Saxicola aurita.

Saxicola aurita Temm. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 394 (1881).

a. cJ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 16th Jan. No. 379.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

An adult assuming full breeding-plumage. This is the
first time that this species has been recorded from Abyssinia.

[The Black-eared Chat was shot on a bush outside the
British Residency Compound. — A. E. P.]

152. PiNAROCHROA SORDIDA.

Pinarochroa sordida (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 167.
a. Ad. Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 15th Jan. No. 373.
Iris brown; bill and legs black.

[The Rock-Cliat frequents the rocks on the high j)lateau. —
A. E. P.]

153. Pratincola maura.

Pratincola maura (Pall.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 167.
a. c?. Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 8th Dec. No. 210.
b,c. ?, Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 5th & 11th Jan.
Nos. 354, 366.

d. ? . Akaki R., S. Abyssinia, 24th Jan. No. 386.

e. S . Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 393.

/. S • Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 20th Feb. No. 549.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The males have the basal quarter or third of the outer
tail-feathers white, and approach typical P. hemjn-ichi. It
seems to us very doubtful if the latter form can be retained
as distinct, for the proportion of white varies strikingly in
different individuals, some Indian examples of P. maura
showing a considerable amount of it.

Specimen c, an adult female in somewhat worn plumage,

660 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

lias tlie longer upper tail-coverts spotted with black, and in
this respect approaches P. rubicola.

[The Indian Stone-Chat was found commonly among the
coarse and rank herbage and dead thorns sui'rounding deserted
villages and zaribas. — A. E. P.]

154. Pratincola albofasciata.

Pratincola albofasciata (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 168.

a-c. S • Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 3rd-lGth Jan.
Nos. 348, 363, & 378.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

Three males in fully adult black-and-white plumage.
Specimen b (No. 363) still shows traces of the rufous edging
to the feathers of the back.

[The Black-and-White Stone-Chat was almost invariably
seen amongst low bush on the mountain- and hill-sides. —
A. E. P.]

155. CoSSYPHA SEMIRUFA.

Cossyjjha semirufa (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 169.

a. ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 84.

b. $ . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 459.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Abyssinian Robin-Thrush was often found in dense
bush or under creeper- covered earth-banks. — A. E. P.]

156. TuAMNOLiEA ALBOSCAPULATA.

TlianmoUea alboscapulata (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 169.

a. S • Balawa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Nov. No. 77.

b. ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 85.

c. d. c? ? . Akaki, S. Abyssinia, 29th & 30th Dec.
Nos, 339, 341.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Abyssinian White-shouldered Robin was seen breed-
ing in overhanging banks and rocky crevices in small colonies
of from ten to twenty in number. — A. E. P.]

157. Erythropygia leucoptera.

ErythropT/gia leucoptera (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 170.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 661

a. S . Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 56.
b,c. c? ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st & 2nd Dec. Nos.
148, 158.

d. ?. Hawash E.., S. Abyssinia, 19th Dec. No. 261.

e. ^ juv. Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 8th Mar. No. 646.
/. ? . Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 689.
g. ? . Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 18th Mar. No. 697.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dusky.

[The Abyssinian Chat-Thrush is a shy bird; when dis-
turbed it dives quickly into the bottom of the nearest bush. —
A. E. P.]

158. Cercotrichas podobe.

Cercotrichas podobe (Miill.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vii. p. 83 (1883).

a. S ' Aruweina, Somaliland, 14tli Nov. No. 45.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

[The Black Bush-Robin was found in thick cover on the
Somali tugs (watercourses). — A. E. P.]

159. Argya rubiginosa.

Argya rubiginosa (Rlipp.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 487.

a. ^. Gildessa, S. Abyssinia, 19th Nov. No. 71.

b. S' Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. No. 677.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dusky brown.

[The Rufous-breasted Babbling-Thrush was almost always
seen in low scrub, seldom in higher bush, and invariably in
scattered companies. — A. E. P.]

The two specimens obtained by Mr. Pease are no doubt
referable to the true A. rubiginosa (Riipp.),tlie wing measur-
ing 3'4 inches in both birds. Dr. Sharpe, in his paper on
Dr. Donaldson-Smith's collection (P. Z. S. 1895, p. 488),
records a male from Shebeli with the large wing-measurement
of 3'8 inches. He then goes on to shew how this bird differs
from A. rufula Heugl. { = A. rufescens Heugl., olim), the form
found in Equatorial Africa. The birds collected by Mr. Pease
are, however, absolutely identical with typical specimens of
A. rufula obtained by Emin at Lado, agreeing exactly both
in plumage and size.

662 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Rcid on Birds

'to

The bird from Shebeli is apparently a distinct form ; it is
much larger than A. rubiginosa, having a wing of 3'8 inches ;
it has the dark grey on the forehead extending to beyond
the line of the eyes, and the hind-neck and mantle dark
brown, with dark shaft-lines.

We propose to call this bird

Argya sharpii, sp. n.

Ai'gya rubiginosa Sharpe (nee Riipp.), P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 488 [Shebeli].

160. Crateropus smithi.

Crateropus smithi Sharpe; GraDt, Ibis, 1900, p. 170;
1901, p. 288.

a. ? . Dagu Delali, S. Abyssinia, 21st Nov. No. 83.

b. cJ. Arbawnn, S. Abyssinia, 17th Dec. No. 247.
Iris red ; bill black ; legs light slate-coloured.
[Donaldson- Smithes Babbling-Thrush was widely dis-
tributed and always seen in large family-parties. — A. E. P.]

161. Pycnonotus arsinoe.

Pycnonotus arsinoe (H. & E.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 171.

a. ? . Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 42.

b. ? . Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 96.

c,d. (J. Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 15th Feb. Nos. 503,
504.

e. S . Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 690.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The White- vented Bulbul lias a sweet song, and is to be
found everywhere. — A. E. P.]

162. Batis orientalis.

Pachypi'ora puella Sharpe (nee Reichenow), P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 489.

Pachypjrora orientalis (Heugl.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 414; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 74.

Pachyprora bella Elliot, Field Columb. Mas. i. no. 2, p. 47
(1897); Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 73.

Batis orientalis (Heugl.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 172.

a. cT- Gildessa, S. Abyssinia, 19th Nov. No. 76.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 663

b. S • Hiilul, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 142.

c. S ' Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 203.

d. ? . Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 10th Dec. No. 217.
e,f. c? ? . Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. Nos. 273,

274.

g. S ' Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 544.

h. c?. Daira Aila, S. Abyssinia, 18th Mar. No. 701.

Iris yellow ; bill and legs black.

The presence or absence of a distinct white superciliary
band encircling the crown does not appear to be a character
of importance, and we have very little doubt that the birds
referred to under the names quoted above all belong to the
same species.

Elliot, in describing P. bella, has compared it with
B. minulla, a species to which it is little akin, and con-
sequently it appears to be very distinct, though really
synonymous with B. orientalis.

The true P. puella Reichenow is quite a different species,
most nearly allied to B. molitor (H. & K.), as may be seen
by the chestnut marking on the throat of the female.

Specimen g has the crown of the head quite black, in
specimen e it is grey ; the other males are intermediate
between the two. In specimen g the white eyebrow-stripe
completely encircles the crown, and in a, though the crown
is now slightly imperfect, the superciliary stripe appears
to have been very similar. In the rest of the males the
superciliary stripe is but faintly indicated beyond the eye.

[The Abyssinian White-flanked Flycatcher is always seen
industriously searching the larger trees for food. — A. E. P.]

163. Terpsiphone cristata.

Terpsiphone cristata (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 174;
1901, p. 288.

a. S iinm- Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 453.

Iris brown; eyelids blue; bill and legs blue-slate-coloured.

[The shrill call of the Abyssinian Paradise-Flycatcher is
always to be heard wherever there are high trees near water,
though it is necessary to be in hiding to observe this bird
as it is very shy. — A. E. P.]

GG4 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reicl on Birds

164. COTILE MINOR.

Cotile minor Cab. ; Sharpe & Wyatt, Monogr. Hirund. i.
p. 77, pi. xii. (1887).

a. ^ . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 324.

b. ($. Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 15th Jan. No. 375.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

Soudan Sand-Martin.

165. HlRUNDO RUSTICA.

Hirundo rustica Linn. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 175.
a. ? . Lake Ailan, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. No. 444.
Iris brown; bill and legs black.

[The Common Swallow was always to be seen on the high
grounds of Abyssinia. — A. E. P.]

166. Hirundo smithi.

Hirundo smithi Leach; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 176.

a, b. cJ ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. Nos. 477, 478.

Iris brown; bill and legs black.

As we have already observed elsewhere, the filiform tips
of the outer tail-feathers are m uch shorter in African than in
Indian examples.

[The Wire-tailed Swallow was generally seen skimming
over the waters of the larger rivers and was frequently
observed resting on the rocks in the water. — A. E. P.]

167. Hirundo puella.

Hirundo puella Tcmm. & Schl. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 177.

a. ? . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 251.

b. S • Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 10th Mar. No. 658.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Smaller Stripe-breasted Swallow was very local, and
was never observed to join flocks of other members of the
same family. It was generally seen flying high over water. —
A. E. P.]

168. Hirundo melanocrissa.

Hirundo melanocrissa (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 177.

a. (S . Jfcffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 325.

b, c. c? ? imm. Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 6th Jan.
Nos. 358, 359.

from Somaliland and Soutliern Abtjss'inia. 6G5

d, €. ? iram. Kora, S. Abyssinia, lOtli Feb, Nos. 48J<.
485.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

Specimen a, the only fully adult bird, lias the wing 51
inches; other adults in the collection have the wing 5*2
inches. Sharpe and Wyatt (Monogr. Hirund. i. pp. 210,
211) give the wing-measurements as not exceeding 4<'7 in.
Younger birds differ from the adult in having the general
colour of the upper parts steel-blue instead of purplish blue,
the innermost secondaries tipped with white, and the under
parts washed with a stronger shade of rufous. The measure-
ments are, moreover, much smaller, the wing varying from
4*3 to 4'7 inches and the tail from 3"6 to 3'8 inches. In
the adult the outer tail-feathers are longer and more pointed.

[The Abyssinian Mosque-Swallow is by no means a swift-
flying bird; it is generally seen in small companies of three
or four, and frequently perches. — A. E. P.]

169. PSALIDOPBOCNE ANTINORII.

Psalidoprocne antinorii Salvad.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 177,

a, b. $ . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. Nos. 475, 476.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

Count Salvadori has very kindly examined these two
specimens for us and compared them with the types of
Antinori's Rough-wdnged Swallow [P . antinoi'ii) in the Turin
Museum. He finds that they agree exactly. The only
complete example in the British Museum Collection had at
one time been in spirits, which have entirely destroyed the
fine purplish gloss on the head and upper parts, so con-
spicuous in the fresh specimens now before us.

170. Mesopicus spodocephalus.

Mesopicvs spodocephalus (Bonap.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 301.

a. c? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 145.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Blood-breasted Woodpecker was only seen once, but
it is by no means uncommon in the Kuni Woods. — A. E. P.]

666 Messrs. Ogilvie- Grant and Reid on Birds

171. Campothera nubica.

Campothera nubica (Gmel.); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 304;
1901, p. :^88.

a. S • Somadu, Somaliland, ISth Nov. No. 39.

b, c. (S imm. et ? . Gildessa, S. Abyssinia, 19th Nov.
Nos. 72, 73.

d. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 156.

e. ? . Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 288.
Iris red; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Nubian Woodpecker was heard and seen throughout
our journey, except on the high plateau. — A. E. P.]

172. Dendropicus hemprichi.

Dendropicus hemprichi (Ehr.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 305 ;
1901, p. 288.

a. (^ . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. No. 163.

b. ? . Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Nov. No. 184.

c. ? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 289.
Iris brown ; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.
[Hemprich's Woodpecker was frequently seen on the

outside of the Mimosa-trees among the very small twigs,
catching insects on the leaves and flowers. — A. E. P.]

173. Thripias schoensis.

Thripias schoensis (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 305 ;
1901, p. 288.

a. ? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 282.

b. S- Jello, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 517.

c. S' Moulou R., fe. Abyssinia, 11th Mar. No. 680.
Iris red ; bill and legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Shoan Bearded Woodpecker is to be found whereever
there are large trees. — A. E. P.]

174. Iynx ^quatorialis.

lynx cequatorialis Riipp.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 306.
a. (^ . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 457-
Iris brown ; bill light slate-coloured ; legs brown.
[The Chestnut- breasted Wryneck was only once met M'ith,
in well-wooded country. — A. E. P.]

^

p^

o

0]
CQ

o

CQ

I— I

O
P
O
Pi

a.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 667

175. Indicator indicator.

Indicator sparmanni Stepb. ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xxi. p. 90 (1884).

Indicator indicator (Grael.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xix. p. 5 (1891) ; Sliarpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 492.

a. S • Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 15tb Feb. No. 508.

Iris brown ; bill pink ; legs black.

[Single specimens of the Striped-winged Honey-guide
were often seen in the Hawash Valley ; on one occasion I
watched one drumming on a tree like a Woodpecker, and,
having shot it, I found the crop contained small insects,
such as ants, &c. — A. E. P.]

176. Indicator major.

Indicator major Steph. ; Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 6 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 289.

a. ? . Hojojo, S. Abyssinia, 15th Dec. No. 242.

b. S' Bogra, S. Abj/ssinia, 1st Feb. No. 437.

c. S- Walda, S. Abyssinia, 24th Feb. No. 563.

Iris brown ; bill black or dark brown ; legs dark black or
slate-coloured.

The Greater Honey-guide is represented in the present
collection by three fully adult birds.

177. Prodotiscus peasii. (Plate XIII.)
Prodotiscus peasei Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 67 (1901).
a. S ■ Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 540. [/^/^^e

of the species.']

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark grey.

Adult male. Very nearly allied to P. regvlus from S.E.
Africa, but at once distinguished by having only a narrow
streak of white on the outer tail-feathers, on the middle of
the inner web next to the shaft ; the middle tail-feathers,
moreover, are browner and less black.

[Pease's White-tufted Honey-guide was only once seen,
in very dense thick thorn-jungle. — A. E. P.]

178. Melanobucco abyssinicus.

Melanobucco abyssinicus (Lath.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 307 ; 1901, p. 289.

G68 Messrs. Ogilvie- Grant and Reid on Birds

a. 9 . Hoorsa^ S. Abyssinia, 4tli Dec. No. 176.

b. S . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 18th Dec. No. 256.

c. d. S . Roguecba, S. Abyssinia, 15th Feb. Nos. 510,
511.

e. ? . FuUfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. No. 713.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Abyssinian Red-faced Barbet frequented tlie larger
trees, often sitting on the topmost twigs, where it was very
conspicuous. — A. E. P.]

179. TRICIIOLiEMA MELANOCEPHALUM.

TricJiohema melanocephalum (Cretzschm.) ; Grant, Ibis,
1900, p. 308.

a. ?. Soniadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 41.

b. S . Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 307.

c. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 31st Mar. No. 742.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The Abyssinian Black-headed Barbet has not previously
been received from Somaliland.

180. TllICHOLiEMA DIADEMATUM.

Tricholdtma diadematum (Heugl.) ; Shelley, Cat. B. Brit,
Mus. xix. p. 33 (1891 ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 289.

a. S ■ Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 286.

b. S- Jello, S.Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 514.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dark slate-coloured.

The Crowned Barbet Avas first met with in Shoa by Mr. J.
J. Harrison. The examples in the present collection were
procured in the same locality.

181. Barbatula minuta.

Barbatula minuta Bonap. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 308.

a. ? . Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 1st Feb. No. 438.

b. ? . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 4th Feb. No. 450.
Iris brown; bill black; legs dark slate-coloured.

[The Dwarf Barbet is a very active bird and has a powerful
and musical voice. — A. E. P.]

182. Trachyphonus margaritatus.

Traclnjphonus margaritatus (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 309; 1901, p. S89.

a,

h.

?

c,

d.

?

e.

/.

$

199.

9-

?

h.

$

.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 669

. Gildessa, S.Abyssinia, 19th Nov. Nos. 69, 70.
. Hiiliil, S. Abyssiuia, 2nd Dec. Nos. 151, lti2.
. Errer G5ta, S. Abyssinia., 6tli Dec. Nos. 198,

Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 541.
Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 20th Mar. No. 707.
Iris brown ; bill red-brown ; legs dark slate-coloured.
[The Pearl-spotted Barbet was found in all the country
similar to Somaliland, generally in pairs. — A. E. P.]

183. TURACUS LEUCOTIS.

Turacus leucotis (Riipp.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xix.
p. 436 (1891).

a. ^ . Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 31st Jan. No. 431.

b. S' Daba, S. Abyssinia, 7th Feb. No. 471.
Iris brown ; bill and eyelids red ; legs black.

[The White-eared Turacou was found only in very high
trees on the Hawash and Meld River banks. — A. E. P.]

184. Gymnoschizorhis personata.
Gymnoschizorhis personata (Eiipp.) ; Shelley, Cat. B.Brit,

Mus. xix. p. 455 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 289.

a. ? . Quala, S. Abyssinia, 30th Jan. No. 430.

b. ? . Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 14th Feb. No. 502.
Iris brown ; bill and face black ; legs black.

[The Masked Turacou was very local, but decidedly plentiful
at some of our camps on the Hawash. — A. E. P.]

185. SCHIZORHIS LEUCOGASTER.

Schizorhis leucogaster (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 309;
1901, p. 289.

a. ? . Aruweina, S. Abyssinia, 14th Nov. No. 53.

Iris brown; bill pale green ; legs black.

[The White-bellied Plantain-eater was very common
throughout the Somali forests and those of the Hawash
Valley. It sits among the higher branches of the trees or
moves about their tops uttering a loud noise, a sort of com-
bination of a '^ caw " and a " quack.^^ — A. E. P.]

SER. VIII. — VOL. I, 2 Y

670 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

186. Centropus superciliosus.

Centropus superciliosus (H. & E.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 310 ; 1901, p. 289.

a. ? . Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 14tli Dec. No. 239.

b. ^ . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 5th Mar. No. 618.

c. ? . Monlou River, S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 681.

d. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar. No. 719.
Iris red ; bill black ; legs slate-blue,

[The White-eyebrowed Lark-heeled Cuckoo was very
common, and frequented the dense reedy and jungly edges
of lakes and. rivers. The note sounds like water poured out
of a narroXv-necked bottle. — A. E. P.]

187. COLIUS LEUCOTIS.

Colius leucotis (Rlipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 310; 1901,
p. 289.

a. S • Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 102.

Iris brown; bill dark slate-coloured, light on the base of
the culraen ; legs red.

[The White-eared Coly was very common and invariably
to be seen in large companies of individuals flying one after
another from bush to bush, the last leaving with apparent
reluctance. — A. E. P.]

188. COLIUS MACRURUS.

Colius macrurus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii.
p. 345 (1892); id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 502; Hawker, Ibis,
1899, p. 77; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 289.

a. ^ . Kassam River, S. Abyssinia, 21st Dec. No. 276.

Iris brown ; naked skin round eye dark red ; bill red at
base, black at the tip ; legs dull red.

[The Blue-naped Coly was not nearly so numerous as
C. leucotis ; it is a stronger bird on the wing. — A. E. P.]

189. Cypselus melba.

Micropus melba (Linn.) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi.
p. 438 (1892).

a. S . Aila, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. No. 439.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 671

Cypsehis melba, subspecies africana (Temm.), which has
been resuscitated by Mr. Hartert (' Catalogue of Birds/
p. 440), appears to us to be untenable, none of the characters
put forward being constant. The bird shot by Mr. Pease
has the broader dark pectoral band, but the under parts are
pure white without any trace of dark shaft-lines. The wing
measures 83 inches.

[The Great White-bellied Swift was seen on one occasion
only, after a thunderstorm. It was in company with
C. apus, C. aquatorialis, and several other species, including
Hawks and Kites, all preying on a large flight of clear-
winged flies ; there must have been many thousands of
birds on the wing, but there were very few of this species
{C. meMa).— A. E. P.]

190. CyPSELUS iEQUATORIALIS.

Cypsehis cBquatorialis Mull. ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xxvi. p. 227 (1888).

Micropus (squatorialis (Miill.) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xvi. p. 441 (1892).

Cypselus alfredi Shelley, Birds Afr. ii. p. 345 (1900).

a,h. (J ? . Aila, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. Nos. 440, 441.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The measurements of these two specimens are somewhat
greater than those given in the ' Catalogue of Birds ' : —

S . (No. 441.) Wing 8-1, tail 3-6 inches.

? . (No. 440.) Wing 8-1, tail 375 inches.

There is no doubt that C. alfredi Shelley is founded on
greasy examples of this species.

[The Great Equatorial Swift was seen only on the same
occasion that C. melha was observed, when it appeared to
me to be certainly the most rapid of all the Swifts on the
wing. — A. E. P.]

191. Cypselus apus.

Micropus apus (Linn.) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi.
p. 442 (1892).

a,b. c? ? • Aila, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. Nos. 442, 443.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

2y2

672 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

192. Cypselus affinis.

Micropus affinis (Hardw.) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xvi. p. 453 (1892).

a. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Mar. No. 603.

Iris broAvn; bill and legs black.

[The White-rumped Swifts were seen leaving their nests,
which were placed in the crevices of a high rocky cliff over
a river.— A. E. P.]

193. Caprimulgus fossii.

Caprimulgus fossii Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 551
(1892).

a. ? . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 4th Feb. No. 448.

b. (^ . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Feb. No. 554.

c. (^ . Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 25th Feb. No. 572.
Iris, bill, and legs dark brown.

The occurrence of the Mozambique Nightjar in Abyssinia
is worthy of note, as, though widely distributed in Eastern
and Western Africa, it has never yet been found north of
lat. 3° N. The specimens belong to typical C. fossii, as
distinct from C. clarus Reichenow.

194. Melittophagus sharpii.

Melittuphayas sharpii Hartert ; Grant, Ibis^ 1900, p. 313.
a,b,c. S ? • FuUfully, S Abyssinia, 5th Dec. Nos. 186,
187, 192.

d. e. $ . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th & 9th Dec. Nos.
193 & 211.

/. S . Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 305.

g. Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 28th Feb. No. 595.

Iris red ; bill and feet black.

[Sharpens Bee-eater was very common in all the hot
countries ; it was perhaps most numerous in the aloes and
on the borders of the tugs of Somaliland. — A. E. P.]

195. Melittophagus lafresnayi.

Melittophagus lafresnayi (Guerin) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 313.

a, *. c? ■ Balchi, S. Abyssinia, 26th Dec, Nos. 313, 314.
c. ?. Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. No. 490.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 673

d. J . Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 24tli Feb. No. 564.

Iris red ; bill aud legs black.

[Lafresnaye's Bee-eater was not nearly so common as
M. sharpii and favoured the higher altitudes. It was not
seen in Somaliland. — A. E. P.]

] 96. Merops apiaster.

Merops apiaster (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 314.

a,h. ? . Goraboutha, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. Nos. 525,
526.

Iris red-brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Common Bee-eater was not so numerous as M.
nubicus. It was generally found in company with the
latter.— A. E. P.]

197. Merops nubicus.

Merojjs nubicus Gmel. ; Grant, -Ibis, 1900, p. 314; 1901,
p. 290.

a,b. c? . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 8th Dec. Nos. 208,
209.

c-e. S • Goraboutha, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. Nos. 527,
530, 531.

f,ff. (? ? . Khaldina, S. Abyssinia, 18th Feb. Nos. 536,
537.

h-q. (^ ? . Filwa, S.Abyssinia, 8th Mar. Nos. 636-644.

Iris red ; bill and legs black.

[Wherever we crossed wide stretches of marshy ground,
or camped near the marshy edges of rivers, we saw the
Crimson-breasted Bee-eaters ; sometimes they were in very
great numbers. At times they might be seen on the ground,
at times following flights of insects and occasionally perching
on trees. — A. E. P.]

198. Upupa epops.

Upupa epops Linn.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 314; 1901,
p. 290.

a. c? . Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 7th Mar. No. 632.

b. ? . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 20th Mar. No. 710.
Iris brown ; bill dark brown or dusky black ; legs brown

or dusky black.

674 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on iBirds

[The Hoopoe was very common^ half a dozen being often
seen together. We did not distinguish between it and
U. intermedia.— K. E. P.]

199. Upupa intermedia, subsp. n.

Adult male. Closely resembles U. somalensis Salvin, but
there is a wide black band across the white basal half of
the innermost secondaries. In this respect, as well as in
the long slender bill, it resembles U. indica Reichenb. Iris
brown ; bill dark brown ; legs dusky.

Total length ca. 10'5 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 5*6, tail
4-2, tarsus 0-9.

a. (^. Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 140. [Type
of the subspecies^}

Pease's Abyssinian Hoopoe was not distinguished from
the Common Hoopoe, and unfortunately only one specimen
was secured.

200. Irrisor erythrorhynchus.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus (Lath.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 314; 1901, p. 290.

a. ? imm. Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 174.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs red.

[The Red-billed Wood-Hoopoe was generally seen in
flocks of from ten to fifteen. They ran up trees just like
Woodpeckers, and were both numerous and noisy. — A. E. P.]

201. Rhinopomastus minor.

Rhinopomastus minor (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 315 ;
1901, p. 290.

a. S • Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 58.

b. S • Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 306.
Iris brown ; bill yellow ; legs black.

[The Abyssinian Scimitar-billed Wood- Hoopoe was fairly
common. The peculiar markings of its wings when in flight
make it resemble a catherine-wheel. — A. E. P.]

202. BUCORAX ABYSSINICUS.

Bucoi^ax abyssinicus (Bodd.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 315 ;
1901, p. 290.

a. S • Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 206.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 675

Iris brown ; bill black, with a red patch at the base of the
upper mandible; naked skin round the eye, on the chin,
and the fore part of throat slate-blue ; sides and basal part
of the throat and fore-neck red ; legs black.

[The Abyssinian G round- Hornbill was quite common in
small companies of two, three, or four individuals, and might
be seen either walking on the ground or sitting in the trees.
The flight is slow and heavy. — A. E. P.]

203. LOPHOCEROS HEMPRICHI.

Lophoceros hemprichi Elir. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 315.
a. ? . Choba, S. Abyssinia, 24th Dec. No. 303.
Iris brown ; bill dark red and brown ; legs black.
[Three or four of these Hornbills were generally seen
together, frequenting the higher grounds. — A. E. P.]

204. Lophoceros nasutus.

Lophoceros nasutus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 315 ;
1901, p. 291.

a. ? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 22nd Dec. No. 283.

Iris brown ; bill red, brown at tip ; base of lower mandible
black, upper white; legs black.

[This Hornbill was not common. We only noticed it
once. — A. E. P.]

205. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus.

Lophoceros erythrorhynchus (Temm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 315; 1901, p. 291.

a. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Dec. No. 296.

Iris brown ; bill red-brown ; legs black.

[The Red-billed Hornbill was seen everywhere in the low
countries, and when flying made a considerable noise. It
digs in the sand or soil, in company with Hoopoes, presum-
ably for food ; Mr. Harwood counted three of these Horn-
bills and seven Hoopoes all together on the ground engaged
in this operation after a shower of rain. — A. E. P.]

206. Lophoceros flavirostris.

Lophoceros flavirostris (Rupp.) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xvii. p. 412 (1892) ; 'id. Ibis, 1901, p. 291.

a. ?. Lake El Told, S. Abyssinia, 28th Feb. No. 591.

676 Messrs. Ogilvie-Graut and Reid on Birds

Trig, ^jule yellow ; bare skin round eye black ; bill deep
yeJloWj edges dark brown ; legs black.

[We obtained the Yellow-billed Hornbill on the basalt-
cliffs above the hot springs at El Toki, but did not meet
Mith it elsewhere. — A. E. P.]

207. LoPHOCEROS DECKENI.

Lophoceros deckeni (Cab.) ; Grants Cat. B. Brit. Mas.
xvii. p. 416 (1892).

a. ^ . Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 24th Feb. No. 569.

Iris brown ; bill with the basal half red, tip cream-coloured,
cutting-edges black ; legs black.

[Von der Decken's Hornbill was only observed in any
number in one part of the Hawash Valley. My attention
was first attracted to it by its singularly musical cry ;
the peculiarity of its behaviour when singing reminded
me of the attitude of the Crimson-breasted Bush- Shrike
{Laniarius cruentus). Its note was so different to that of
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus that at first I did not believe
that the cry was that of a Hornbill. — A. E. P.]

208. Hapaloderma narina.

Hapaloderma narina Steph. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xvii. p. 477 (1892) ; id. Ibis, 1901, p. 291.

a. ? . Myeesa R., S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. No. 072.

b. S • Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar. No. 724.

Iris brown ; bare skin on face bright blue and green, neck
dark blue; bill pale blue-green, sides yellow ; legs brown.

[The Narina Trogan was rarely seen, and then only in
high trees by river-sides. — A. E. P.]

209. Ceryle rudis.

Ceryle rudis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 316.

a. (^ . Akaki River, S. Abyssinia, 30th Dec. No. 342.

b. c?. Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 24th Feb. No. 567.

c. (J imm. Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Mar. No. 605.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.]

[The Pied Kingfisher was seen on all the Abyssinian rivers,
and also on Lakes Allan and Zwai and at El Toki, constantly
hoveriug over the water and fishing. — A. E. P.]

from SomalUand and Southern Abyssinia. Q77

310. Ceryle maxima.

Ceryle maxima (Pall.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 316.

a. ^. Lake El Told, S. Abyssinia, 26tli Feb. No. 578.

b. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 2ncl Mar. No. 601.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs green, toes black or dusky.
[The Great African Kingfisher was observed perching on

stones in the water in rapid streams, and was even seen
on a rock in the hot springs of El Toki ; it also perches on
trees near rivers. — A. E. P.]

211. Alcedo semitorquata.

Alcedo semitorquata Swains.; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 316.

a. ? . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 20th Mar. No. 708.

Iris brown ; bill black, red at base of lower mandible ;
legs red.

[The Half-collared Kingfisher was only seen ouce on the
Errer River. — A. E. P.]

212. CORYTHORNIS CYANOSTIGMA.

Corythornis cyanostigma (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 316; 1901, p. 291.

a. c? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 21st Dec. No. 277.

b. S . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Mar. No. 604.
Iris brown ; bill and legs bright red.

[The Malachite-crested Kingfisher was found on all the
small streams in Abyssinia. — A. E. P.]

213. Halcyon senegalensis.

Halcyon senegalensis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xvii. p. 242 (1892).

a. S' Lake Allan, S. Abyssinia, 28th Jan. No. 411.

Iris brown ; upper mandible dark red, lower black ; legs
black, soles of feet red.

[The Senegal Kingfisher was shot near Lake Ailan, S. of
the Hawash, one hundred yards from the water's edge ;
it was perched in a high tree. — A.. E. P.]

214. Halcyon semic^erulea.

Halcyon semicaerulea (Forskal) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 317;
1901, p. 291.

678 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Mar. No. 606.

b. ?. Arbawuu, S. Abyssinia, nth Mar. No. 663.

c. ? . Myeesa River, S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. No. 671.

d. ? . Moulou River, S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 683.
e,f. c? ? . ll^rrer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 20th Mar. Nos.

704, 709.

g. S. Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. No. 714.

h-k. c? ? ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd & 23rd Mar.
Nos. 722, 728, 729.

Iris brown j bill and legs bright red.

[The African Grey-headed Kingfisher, though not
observed in the water, was never far from its edge ;
it might frequently be seen catching beetles. — A. E. P.]

215. Halcyon chelicutensis.

Halcyon chelicutensis (Stanley) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 317 ;
1901, p. 291.

a,b. S S- Filvva, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. Nos. 268,
269.

c. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 5th Mar. No. 619.

d. S • Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 12th Mar. No. 667.
Iris brown ; bill and legs red-brown ; lower mandible

red.

[The Striped Kingfisher gets its living entirely away from
the water, and is very common. — A. E. P.]

216. CoRACIAS ABYSSINICQS.

Coracias abyssinicus Bodd. ; Grant, Ibis_, 1900, p. 317;
1901, p. 291.

a. S • Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 14th Dec. No. 237.

b. S- Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 17th Dec. No. 248.

c. ? . Hawash R., S. Abyssinia, 19th Dec. No. 258.

d. e,f. c? ? . Kassam R., S. Abyssinia, 21st Dec. Nos.
279-281 .

g. ? . Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Mar. No. 602.
Iris brown; bill black; legs dull yellow.
[The Abyssinian Roller was very common, very tame, and
very noisy. It had a quick descent on the wing, followed

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 679

by a side-to-side oscillation, and was observed hawking for
locusts.— A. E. P.]

217. CORACIAS LORTI.

Coracias lorti Shelley ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 317.

a,b. S S ' Hiilul, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. Nos. 141, 144.

c. S ■ Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan. No. 399.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull yellow-green.

[Lort Phillips's Roller was restricted generally, so far as
we observed, to Somaliland, though we obtained a solitary
specimen near Mt. Sequala. — A. E. P.]

218. Coracias n^evius.

Coracias ncevius Daud. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 318; 1901,
p. 292.

a,b. c? c? • Huliil, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. Nos. 166, 167.

c. c?. Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 5th Dec. No. 190.

d. ? . Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 13th Dec. No. 236.

e. ? . Jello, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 512.

/. ^. Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 11th Mar. No. 664.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull or dusky yellow.

[The White-naped Roller was very common, and was often
seen sitting at the end of bare or dead branches or on the
tops of dead trunks of trees. It was very easily approached.
—A. E. P.]

219. PCEOCEPHALUS FLAVIFRONS.

Pceocephalus flavifrons (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 318.

a. ? . Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 14th Feb. No. 501.

Iris orange-brown ; upper mandible black-grey along the
ridge, lower mandible greyish white; legs black.

[The Yellow-fronted Parrot was seen only on the higher
Hawash and near the Meki River. — A. E. P.]

220. PffiOCEPHALUS RUFIVENTRIS.

Pceocephalus rufiventris (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 318; 1901, p. 292.

a. c? . Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 29.

b. $ . Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 60.

680 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

c, ? . Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 15tli Mar. No. 686.

Iris orange-yellow ; bill and legs black.

[The Red-bellied Parrot was very common. — A. E. P.]

221. Agapornis tarantjE.

Ayapornis tarantce (Stanl.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 318;
1901, p. 292.

a,b. (5" ? vixad. Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 27 tli Jan. Nos.
405, 406.

c. S • Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 30th Jan. No. 426.

d. S imm. Jello, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 519.
Iris brown; bill red ; legs black.

[The Red-fronted Parrot was common generally, occurring
in twos and fours ; its flight was extremely rapid. — A. E. P.]

222. Bubo lacteus.

Bubo lacteus (Temm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 319; 1901,
p. 292.

a. S ■ Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6th Dec. No. 207.

b. S' Ounji, S. Abyssinia, 19th Feb. No. 548.
Iris brown; bill light grey or pale greenish white.
[Verreaux's Eagle-Owl was very often seen ; on one

occasion we observed seven leaving one tree, but it was
usually found in pairs. — A. E. P.]

223. Carine spilogastra.

Carine spilogastra (Heugl.) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 77 ;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 292.

a. ? . Aruweina, S. Abyssinia, 14th Nov. No. 51.

Iris pale yellow ; bill green-slate-coloured ; legs green-
brown.

[There were a number of Spot-breasted Little Owls at
Aruweina. — A. E. P.]

224. Glaucidium perlatum.

Glaucidium perlatum (Vieill.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 319 ;
1901, p. 292.

a. $ . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 20th Feb. No. 551.

b. 6 . Dalado, S. Abyssinia, 16th Mar. No. 692.

c. ?. Marko, S. Abyssinia, 17th Mar. No. 693.

d. 6 . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22nd Mar. No. 725.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 681

Iris bright yellow ; bill yellowish green ; toes yellow.
[The Pigmy Owl was quite commou on large trees by the
sides of the rivers. — A. E. P.]

225. Circus macrurus.

Circus 7nacr7irus Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 505.

a. 6. Jeffi Dimsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 330.

b. 6 . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 7th Jan. No. 361.
Iris bright yellow or yellow ; bill black ; legs bright yellow

or yellow.

[The Long-tailed Harrier was quite common. — A. E. P.]

226. ACCIPITER OVAMPENSIS.

Accipiter ovampensis Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 367, pi. vi.

a. c?. Daba, S. Abyssinia, 7th Feb. No. 468.

Iris red-brown ; bill black, cere and base of mandibles
orange; legs orange.

The occurrence of this South-African form so far north is
extremely interesting. It has not previously been recorded
from north of the Equator.

[The Ovampoland Sparrow-Hawk was only observed with
certainty on one occasion. — A. E. P.]

227. Accipiter minullus.

Accipiter minullus (Daud.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 140 (1874) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxi. p. 69
(1884).

a. 6 . Moulou R., S. Abyssinia, 15th Mar. No. 682.

Iris bright yellow ; bill black, base yellow ; legs bright
yellow.

[The Least Sparrow-Hawk was only seen once. — A. E. P.]

228. MiLVUS iEGYPTIUS.

Milvus agyptius (Gmel.); Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 420 ;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 293.

a. 6 . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 11th Feb. No. 493.

b. 6 . Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 10th Mar. No. 656.
Iris brown ; bill and legs yellow.

[The Egyptian Kite was common everywhere : it was
a ubiquitous scavenger in every camp, town, and village. —
A.E.P.]

682 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

229. Melierax polyzonus.

Melierax jjobjzonus (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 319 ;
1901, p. 293.

a. 6 . Aruweina, S. Abyssinia, 14th Nov. No. 54.

Iris brown ; bill black, orange at base ; legs orange-red.

[The Many-banded Goshawk was often seen hawking low
over the ground like a Marsh-Harrier. — A. E. P.]

230. Melierax gabar.

Melierax (/abar (Daud.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 319.

a. 2 ' Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 27th Jan. No. 410.

Iris red-brown ; bill black, base orange ; legs orange-red.

[The Red-faced Goshawk was frequently seen. Birds'
eggs, of the size of a Francolin's, were found in its crop. —
A. E. P.]

231. Haliaetus vocifer.

Haliaetus vocifer (Daud.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 508;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 293.

a. 6 . Goraboutha, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. No. 533.

b. 6. Tadejemulka, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Mar. No. 600.
Iris yellow-brown ; bill black, bright yellow at base ; cere

and sides of face bright yellow ; legs white, tinged with
yellow.

[The Vociferous Sea-Eagle was very common on the edges
of Lakes Zwai and Allan and also all along the larger rivers.
I once observed it sitting on a bush over a stagnant rain-
pool many miles from any river or lake. — A. E. P.]

232. Falco tanypterus,

Falco tanypterus Schleg. ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 203
(1870); Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 294.

a. 6 imm. Zaila, Somaliland, 8th Nov. No. 21.

b. $ ad. Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 25th Jan. No. 389.
Iris brown ; bill dark blue, lighter towards base ; legs

yellow.

[The black-fronted form of the Lanner-Falcon was seen
all the way from the coast to the Abyssinian highlands. I
observed one catch and devour a large lizard. — A. E. P.]

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 683

233. POLIOHIERAX SEMITORQUATUS.

Poliohierax semitorquatus (Smith) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 320 ; 1901, p. 294.

a. 5 . Aruweina, Somaliland, 14tli Nov. No. 49.

b, c. S . Gildessa, S. Abyssinia, 19th Nov. Nos. 74, 75.
d. ?. Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, ]Oth Mar. No. 659.
Iris brown ; bill pale blue, dark at tip ; naked skin round

eyes orange-red ; legs orange-red.

[The African Falconet was quite common, and was often
to be seen sitting solitary in the tops of high trees ; it was
very fearless. — A. E. P.]

234. Cerchneis tinnunculus.

Cerchneis tinnunculus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 321 ;
1901, p. 294.

a, $ . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 17th Jan. No. 380.

b. 2 • Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan. No. 400.
Iris brown; bill pale blue, dark at tip; legs dull yellow.
[The Common Kestrel was seen everywhere. — A. E. P.]

235. Phalacrocorax africanus.

Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 321.

a. $ imm. Akaki R., S. Abyssinia, 23rd Jan. No. 384.

Iris red; bill dull yellow-brown; legs black.

[We saw the Little African Shag coming down the rivers
in flights in the evening. It was a very common bird. —
A.E.P.]

236. Plotus rufus.

Plotus rufus Lacep. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 322.

a. S . Filwa, S. Abyssinia, 20th Dec. No. 272.

Iris brown ; bill dusky grey ; legs dusky black.

[We found the African Darters in great numbers in the
warm-water lakes of Filwa and El Toki, as well as in the
cold waters of Lake Allan and occasionally on the Hawash.
They were often seen sitting with their wings half extended
and looking like bats. — A. E. P.]

237. Plectropterus rueppelli.

Plectropter^us I'iijjpelli Scl.; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvii. p. 47 (1895) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 294.

684 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a. (5 . Lake Ailaii, S. Abyssinia, 29th Jan. No. 422.

Iris brown ; face, wattle, and bare skin on neck coral-red ;
bill pink, nail white ; legs dusky pink.

[Riippell's Spur-winged Goose was first seen by us in
pairs on Lake Ailan and shot from the shore with the rifle.
Subsequently we saw large flocks on the marshes near the
junction of the Moggoi River with the Hawash. In the dry
skin the very marked and prominent scarlet or coral-red
wattled membrane of the forehead, crest, and sides of the
neck practically disappears. — A. E. P.]

238. Chenalopex vEgyptiaca.

Chenalopex (sgyptiacus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 322 ;
1901, p. 294.

a,h. d ? . Owaramulka, S. Abyssinia, 6th Mar. Nos.

624, 625.

Iris yellow-brown; bill purplish pink, cutting-edge and
nail dusky ; legs light purplish pink.

[The Egyptian Goose was found, as a rule, in pairs on all
the small streams and big rivers in Abyssinia.— A. E. P.]

239. Anas undulata.

Alias imdulata Dubois; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 322.

a. (S . Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan. No. 402.

Iris brown ; bill deep yellow, patch on culmen and nail
black ; legs black.

[The Yellow-billed Duck was the common species of the
Abyssinian highlands. It is very good to eat. — A. E. P.]

240. Anas sparsa.

Anas sparsa Smith ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 323.

a. ? . Myeesa R., S. Abyssinia, 14th Mar. No. 673.

Iris brown •, bill pale purplish pink, centre and nail black ;
legs dark yellow,

[The White-barred Black Duck was only seen on the
little Myeesa stream, where there were a pair. — A. E. P.]

241. P(ECILONETTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.

Pcecilonetta erythrorhyncha (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 324,

from Somalikmd and Southern Ahyssinia. 685

a. 6. Lake Ailan, S. Abyssinia^ 29th Jan. No. 420.
Iris brown ; bill purplish pink ; legs dusky.
[The Crimson-billed Dnck was shot on a rain-pool in a
rock-hole near Lake Ailan. — A. E. P.]

242. Nettion capense.

Nettion capense (Grael.) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
p. 259 (1895).

a. 5 . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 27th Feb. No. 589.

Lis pale yellowish brown ; bill purplish pink, black at
base; legs brown, webs dusky.

All the examples of this species preserved in the British
Museum are from South Africa.

[The Cape Teal was found on El Toki Lake. It was not
very common. — A. E. P.]

243. QUERQUEDULA CIKCIA.

Querquedula circia (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 324.

a. 2 • Lake Ailan, S. Abyssinia, 29th Jan. No. 421.

Iris brown ; bill dark slate-coloured ; legs dusky.

[The Garganey was seen in large numbers on Lake Ailan.
We believe that these birds were also on Lake Harramaier,
but they were so far out that we could not be certain of their
identity.— A. E. P.]

244. FULIGULA EULIGULA.

Fuligula fuligula (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 325.

a. cJ vix ad. Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov.
No. 126.

Iris yellow ; bill dark slate-coloured, nail black ; legs dark
blue-slate-coloured, webs black.

[The Tufted Duck was only seen on Lake Harramaier. —
A. E. P.]

245. Scopus umbretta.

Scopus umbretta (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 326.

a. (?. Alaga, S. Abyssinia, 25th Feb. No. 570.

b. ? . Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. No. 718.
Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Hammer-head Stork was very common near water.
—A. E. P.]

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. 2 Z

686 Messrs. Ogilvie-Giaut and Keid on Birds

246. Plegadis falcinellus.

Pkf/adis falcinellns (Linn.) ; Sharpe^ Cat. E. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. p. 29 (1898).

a, b. ? ? . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia^ 28tli Nov.
Nos. lir, L20.

Iris brown ; bill dusky green^ with a narrow line of blue
round the base ; legs dusky green.

[The Glossy Ibis Avas plentiful at Harramaier. — A. E. P.]

247. Ibis ^thiopica.

Ibis athiopica (Lath.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 512;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 295.

a. (J. Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia^ 28th Nov. No.
132.

Iris red-brown ; bill and legs black.

[The Sacred Ibis was common in large flocks on Lake
Harramaier. — A. E. P.]

248. Platalea alba.

Platalea alba Scop. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 49 (1898) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 295.

a. S iram. Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 17th Feb. No.
590.

Iris brown ; bill bkie-slate-coloured, base of bill and face
purple- pink ; legs black.

This young bird is in a very interesting stage, and at the
first glance might easily be mistaken for P. regia on account
of its dark beak and black legs. The primaries, especially the
outermost of them, are very brown on the outer web and
towards the tip, and all the flight-feathers have black shafts.

[This specimen of the African Spoonbill was obtained at
El Toki, where a few others were observed. Birds of all
sorts, especially water-birds, herons, &c., were very numerous
there, but, owing to the extent and denseness of the reeds
and marsh, impossible to approach. — A. E. P.]

249. Ardetta podicipes.

Ardetta podicipes (Bonap.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. p. 225 (1898).

from SoniaJiland and Southern Abyssinia. 687

a. ? . Lake El Told, S. Abyssinia, 28th Feb. No. 592.

Iris yellow ; upper mandible blackj lower light yellow ;
legs in front sage-green, behind bright yellow.

[The African Little Bittern was only seen at El Toki. —
A. E. P.]

250. BUBULCUS LUCIDUS.

Bubulcus hicidus (Rafinesque) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxvi. p. 214 (1898); Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 325.

Buhulcus ibis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 295.

a. S • Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov. No.
127.

Iris pale yellow ; bill bright yellow ; legs dull yellow.

[The BufF-backed Heron was seen in large flocks at Lake
Harramaier, where this specimen was obtained. — A. E. P.]

251. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS.

Bntorides atricapiUus (Afz.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. p. 172 (1898) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 296.

a. ? . Tadejetnulka, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Mar. No. 607.

h. S imm. Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. No. 717

Iris yellow or pale yellow ; bill black or dusky horn-
colou.red, lower mandible yellow-green, bright yellow from
eye to nostril; legs in front green-brown or brown, behind
yellow.

[The African Black-headed Heron was seen on several of
the Abyssinian rivers. It is shy, and shuns observation
during the day. — A. E. P.]

252. Nycticorax nycticorax.

Nycticorax gi'iseus Linn. ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
xxi. p. 229 (1884).

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxvi. p. 146 (1898).

a. S . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 20th Mar. No. 711.

Iris red ; bare skin round eye yellow-green ; bill dark
horn-coloured ; legs pale yellow.

[The Night-Heron was only observed near rivers running
through thick forest-jungle. It was never seen on the
ground by either Mr. Harwood or myself. — A. E. P.]

2z2

688 Messrs. Ogilvie-CJraiit and Reicl on Birds

253. Lepterodius gularis.

Lepterodius gularis (Bosc) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis.
xxvi. p. 114 (1898) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 296.

a. S . Zaila, Somalilaud, 7tli Nov. No. 18.

Iris pale yellow : bill dull yellow, upper maudible darker ;
legs light yellow-greeu, above the tibio-tarsal joint black.

[The Reef- Heron — in the white phase of its plumage —
was plentiful on the coast and on the large waters up
country. — A. E. P.]

254. EUPODOTIS KORI.

Eupodotis kori Burch. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 327.

a. ? . Goraboutha, S. Abyssinia, 16th Feb. No. 532.

b. cJ . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Feb. No. 561.
Iris marbled yellow-brown ; upper mandible dark horn-
coloured, lower bluish white ; legs yellowish white.

[The Kori Bustard or Paauw is a very common bird ; the
male shot was one of a flock of nine. I counted, seventeen in
half an bourns march in the Danakil country. — A. E. P.]

255. Neotis heuglini.

Neotis heuglini (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xsiii.
p. 303 (1894).

a. c? • Hensa, Somaliland, 2nd April. No. 755.

Iris brown; bill dark slate-coloured; lower mandible
light ; legs yellowish white.

[Heuglin's Bustard is a much rarer bird than the Kori
Bustard.— A. E. P.]

256. LiSSOTIS LOVATI.

Lissotis lovati Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 326.

a. S • Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 26th Jan. No. 401.

b. c? imm. Aila, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Feb. No. 446.

Iris marbled yellow-brown ; upper mandible dusky, lower
light yellow; legs yellow-white.

It is very interesting to get additional specimens of this
Bustard. The adult male agrees exactly with the type, and
has the middle three-fifths of the outer webs of the second-
aries pure white to the shaft ; the young male is in female

from Somaliland and Southern Abtjssinia. 689

plumage, and has the innermost primary of eitlier wing
in the semi-adult black-and-white plumage. In addition
to these males we have recently examined a fine adult
pair procured by Mr. Hawker on the White Nile, and as
all these agree perfectly, there is no doubt that L. lovati is a
well-founded species.

[Lovat^s Bustard appears to be one of the commonest
members o£ the family in the district ; but Mr. Grant tells
me that L. melanogaster and L. hartlaubi are both found in
the same country, and may easily have been mistaken for
the present species. — A. E. P.]

257. LOPHOTIS GINDIANA.

Lophotis gindiana (Oust.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiii. p. 292 (1894).

a. S ■ Hojojo, S. Abyssinia, 12th Mar. No. 669.

b. S- Tolo, S. Abyssinia, 19th Mar. No. 703.

Iris yellow-brown or yellow ; upper mandible dark slate-
coloured, lower light; legs pale blue-slate-coloured or
yellowish white.

[The Buft'-crested Bustard was not uncommon throughout
our journey. — A. E. P.]

258. CEdicnemus oedicnemus.

(Edicnemus oedicnemus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxiv. p. 4 (1896).

(Edicnemus scolopax Dresser ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 421.

a,b. ? (j" . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. Nos. 4iQQ,
467.

Iris and eyelids light yellow ; bill black, light yellow at
base ; legs light yellow.

259. Phyllopezus africanus.

Parra africana Gmel. ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
xxi. p. 225 (1884) .

Phyllopezus africanus (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 297.

a-e. (5" ? et ? imm. Lake Allan, S. Abyssinia, 29th Jan.
Nos. 413-417.

690 Messrs. Ojiilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

Iris bi'owu ; bill blue-slate-coloured ; naked forehead aud
crown pale blue ; legs greenish slate-coloured.

260. CURSORIUS TEMMINCKI.

Cursorius temmincki (Wagl.) ; Shai'pe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 41 (1896).

a, b. ^ ^ . Bogra, S.Abyssinia, 30th Jan. Nos.428, 429.
c. ? . Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. No. 473.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs white.

261. Rhinoptilus hartingi.

Rhinoptilus luirtingi Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.

p. 46, pi. ii. (1896) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p 296.

a. ? . Las Man, Somaliland, 12th Nov. No. 26.

b. S ■ Dahol, Somaliland, 15th Nov. No. 59.

c. c?. Tolo, S. Abyssinia, 19th Mar. No. 702.

d. c? . Manda, Somaliland, 3rd April. No. 762.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs white.

The specimens of Harting's Courser collected by Mr. Pease
vary considerably in tint. It seems to us very doubtful
whether R. hartingi is really separable fi'om the allied
R. bisignatus.

262. Stephanibyx coronatus.

Stephanibyx coronatus (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxiv. p. 178 (1896) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 297.

a. ? . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Feb. No. 558.
Iris yellow ; bill black, red at base ; legs red-pink.

263. Stephanibyx melanopterus.

Stephanibyx melanopterus (Cretschm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900,
p. 328.

a,h. $ % . Adis Ababa, S. Abyssinia, 17th Jan. Nos.
381, 382.

Iris pale yellow ; bill black ; legs dark rose-pink.

264. Hoplopterus spinosus.

Hoplopterus spinosus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 328.
a. ? . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov. No.
129.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 69l

h. ^. Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 6tli Dec. No. 200.
c. ^ . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 4th Feb. No. 447.
Iris red ; bill and legs black.

265. HiMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS.

Himantopus himantopus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 330.
a, b. ? , Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov.
Nos. 122, 123.

Iris red ; bill black ; legs pinkish red.

266. LiMOSA LIMOSA.

Limosa limosa (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 381 (1896).

a-c. ?. Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov. Nos.
118, 119, & 130.

Iris brown; bill brown, shading to black at tip; legs
dusky.

267. H^MATOPUS OSTRALEGUS.

Hamatopus ostralegus hiun. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 107 (]896).

a. $ . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th Nov. No. 24.

Iris red; bill orange-red, dark at tip; legs dull purplish
brown.

This Oystercatcher was in winter plumage.

268. Arenaria interpres,

Arenaria interpres (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 92 (1896).

a. S ' Zaila, Somaliland, 7th Nov. No. 16.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull orange.

269. OCHTHODROMUS ASIATICUS.

Ochtliodromus asiaticus (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 230 (1896).

a,b. c? . Melkadegaga, S. Abyssinia, 23rd Feb. Nos.
559, 560.

Iris brown; bill black; legs light greenish slate-coloured.

The Caspian Sand-Plover was in summer plumage.

692 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

270. OCHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI.

Ochthodromus geoffroyi Wagl. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 217 (1896).

(J. Zaila, Somaliland, 8tli April. No. 776.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs grey, toes dusky.

271. OXYECHUS TRICOLLARIS.

Oxyechus tricollaris (Vieill.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 330.
a. S • Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 43.

272. ^GIALITIS DUBIA.

^gialitis dubia Scop. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 330.
a. ? . Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 30tli Jan. No. 427.
Iris brown; bill black; legs dusky yellow.

273. ^GIALITIS ALEXANDRINA.

JEgialitis alexandrina (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 275 (1896); Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 297.

a. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 4th Nov. No. 5.

b. S ' Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 4th Feb. No. 447.
c,d. <J . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th April. Nos. 773, 774.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs light grey or slate-coloured,

toes dusky or black.

274. Calidris arenaria.

Calidris arenaria (Linn.) ; Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 423.

a. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th April. No. 775.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

The Sanderling was in full winter plumage.

275. Tringoides hypoleucus.

Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 328.

a, b. c? ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 6th Nov. & 8th April.
Nos. 15, 778.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull yellow -green, toes
darker.

276. Helodromas ochropus.

Helodromas ochropus (Temm.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 329.

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 093

a. ? . Guelan, S. Abyssinia, 24tli Jan. No. 388.

b,c. (? ? . Fullfully, S. Abyssinia, 21st Mar. Nos. 715,
716.

Iris brown; bill black; legs sage-green or greenish
grey.

277. Pavoncella pugnax.

Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 329.
a,h. (J ? . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 29th Nov.
Nos. 135, 136.

c. $ . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 27th Feb. No. 588.
? . Iris brown ; bill black; legs dark slate-coloured.
$ . Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull orange.
[Two Ruffs and a Reeve in winter plumage were shot on
a tarn an hour's journey from Harramaier, where this bird
was in great numbers. — A. E. P.]

278. Totanus calidris.

Totanus calidris (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 414 (1896).

a. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th Nov. No. 22.

Iris brown ; bill dark, dusky pink at base ; legs dull
orange-red.

279. Totanus stagnatilis.

Totanus stagnatilis Bechst. ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
xxi. p. 221 (1884).

a. ? . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 27th Feb. No. 586.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull yellowish green.

280. Tringa subarquata.

Tringa subarquata (Giild.) ; Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 81.
a, 6. c? ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 4th Nov. Nos. 2 & 3.
Iris dark brown ; bill and legs black.

281. Gallinago gallinula.

Limnocryptes gallinula (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 665 (1896).

694 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

a,b. ? . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 26th & 28th Feb.
Nos. 583 & 593.

Iris brown ; bill dusky ; legs dull greenish or light greenish
slate-coloured.

282. Dromas ardeola.

Dromas ardeola Paykull ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 28 (1896).

a,b,c. c? ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 4th Nov. Nos. 6, 7, 8.

d. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th April. No. 779.

Iris dark brown ; bill black j legs pale blue or light blue-
green, toes darker.

283. Sterna minuta.

Sterna minuta Linn. ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv.
p. 116 (1896).

a. <$ . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th April. No. 777.

Iris brown ; bill yellow, tip black ; legs dull orange.

This specimen of the Little Tern is a typical example with
only the two outer primaries mostly black. S. saundersi is
said to be the form found on the Red Sea coast.

284. Gelochelidon anglica.

Gelochelidon anglica (Mont.) ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxv. p. 25 (1896) ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 297.
a. ? . Zaila, Somaliland, 8th Nov. No. 23.
Iris, bill, and legs black.

285. Angus stolidus.

Anous stolidus (Linn.) ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv.
p. 136 (1896).

a. S • Zaila, Somaliland, 3rd Nov. No. 1.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dusky black.

The Noddy Tern is nearly cosmopolitan in its dis-
tribution.

286. LiMNOCORAX NIGER.

Limnocorax niger (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiii. p. 150 (1894).

from Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia. 695

a, (^ imm. Lake Zvvai, S. Abyssinia^ 4th Feb. No.
449.

b, c. c? ? . Lake El Toki, S. Abyssinia, 26tli Feb. Nos.
579 & 580.

Ad. Iris and eyelids red ; bill yellow-green ; legs coral-
red.

Itnm. L'is brown, eyelids red ; bill yellow-green ; legs
dusky red.

287. FULICA CRISTATA.

Fulica cristata Gniel. ; Sliarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii.
p. 215 (1894) ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 516.

a-c. $ . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov.
Nos. 121, 124, 125.

No. 121 is a semi-albino.

Iris red ; bill blue-slate-coloured; head bluish white, comb
dark red ; legs dull slate-coloured.

Four eggs brought home resemble those of the Common
Coot, and measure as follows: — 1 ■95x1*5 inches; 205 x
1-5 ; 2-2 X 1-5 ; 2-25 x 15.

[The Cresteds Coot were seen in great numbers on the
margin of Lake Harramaier, where they were breeding.
They were not observed on any of the other lakes at a lower
altitude.— A. E. P.]

288. PODICIPES CAPENSIS.

Fodicipes capensis Licht. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 331.
a. ^ . Lake Harramaier, S. Abyssinia, 28th Nov. No.
128.

Iris brown ; bill and legs black.

289. ViNAGO WAALIA.

Vinago waalia (Gmel.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 331.
a,b. (S . Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 1st Feb. Nos. 435,
436.

c, d. ? . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 9th Mar. Nos. 652,
653.

Iris orange ; bill light slate-coloured ; legs dull yellow.

696 Messrs. Ogilvie-Grant and Reid on Birds

[The Waalia Fruit-Pigeon is easily shot where there are
wild fig-trees, to which it flocks in great numbers ; it is
curious how a very bare tree may be full of these lovely
birds and yet one can with difficulty find them, their
plumage is in such perfect harmony with the foliage. —
A.E.P.]

290. COLUMBA ALBITORQUES.

Columba albitorques Riipp. ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 331.

a. ? . Akaki R., S. Abyssinia, 30th Dec. No. 340.

[The White-naped Pigeon was only seen in rocky
gorges ; when disturbed the large flocks circle to a great
height like domestic pigeons, alighting again together. —
A. E.P.J

291. Columba guinea.

Columba guinea (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 332.
a. S- Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 321.
Iris orange ; bill black ; naked skin round eye dark pur-
plish red ; legs pale red.

292. TURTUR LUGENS.

Turtur lugens (Riipp.) ; Grant. Ibis, 1900, p. 332.
a. S ' Kora, S. Abyssinia, 10th Feb. No. 474.
Iris orange ; bill black ; legs red.

293. TuRTUR SEMITORQUATUS.

Turtur semitorquatus (Riipp.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 332.
a. S . Akaki R., S. Abyssinia, 23rd Jan. No. 383.
Iris orange-brown ; bill black ; legs dark red.

294. TuRTUR SENEGALENSIS.

Turtur senegalensis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 333.

a. S . Somadu, Somaliland, 13th Nov. No. 38.

b. S ' Harrar, S. Abyssinia, 24th Nov. No. 95.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs red.

295. (Ena capensis.

(Ena cojjensis (Linn.) ; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 333.

a. ? . Errer Gota, S. Abyssinia, 9th Dec. No. 216.

from Sonialilam/ and Sontlicrn Ahijuaiina. ()97

b, c. c? ? . Hawasli 11., S. Abyssiuia, 19th Dec. Nos. 259,
260.

d. ^. Scqiiala, S. Abyssinia, 27th Jan. No. 404.

e,f. S ^ • Somadu, Somaliland, 31st Mar. Nos. 747, 748.

Iris brown; Ijill dark yellow; legs red-brown or dark
red,

296. Chalcopelia AriiA.

Chalcopelia afra (Linn.) ; Grant, Jbis, 1900, p. 334.

a. ^ . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 2nd Dec. No. 157.

b. ? . Roguecha, S. Abyssinia, 14th Feb. No. 500.

a. Iris brown ; bill black : legs dark red.

b. Iris brown ; bill dull red, yellow at tip ; legs dull
red.

Specimen a, a small bird, with the wing measuring 4'3
inches, has the metallic spots on the wing rich golden green.

Specimen b, a much larger bird, wing 4*5 inches, has the
metallic spots on the wing steel-blue.

Count Salvadori (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 508) states
that the female has the wing- spots golden green, while in
the male they are steel-blue ; but the difference is purely
individual and not sexual.

297. Pteroclurus exustus.

Pteroclurus exustus (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxii. p. 12 (1893); id. Ibis, 1901, p. 298.

a. S • Lake Allan, S. Abyssinia, 29th Jan. No. 419.

b. c. (^ ? . Khaldina, S. Abyssinia, 18th Feb. Nos.
534, 535.

Iris brown; bill grey, darker along the culmen; feet
grey.

298. Pterocles lichtensteini.

Pterocles lichtensteini Temm. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxii. p. 29 (1893); id. Ibis, 1901, p. 298.

a,b. (^ ? . Bogra, S. Abyssinia, 31st Jan. Nos. 432, 433.

c. S' Arbawun, S. Abyssinia, 10th Mar. No. 657.
Iris brown; bill yellow-brown ; legs yellow.

698 On Birds from SomaJiltfud and Southern Abrjssinia.

299. Fkancolinus granti.

FravcoUnus granti Hartl. ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895^ p. 520;
Graut, Ibis, 1901, p. 299.

a, 6. c? ? • Uuliil, S. Abyssinia, 3rd Dec. Nos. 169, 170.

Iris brown; bill black ; legs red.

[We found Grant^s Francolin common all along tlie
Hawash Valley, and on March 6th observed several young
broods, but never more than four in a covey. These birds
begin calling at least one hour before sunrise. — A. E. P.]

300. Francolinus sharpii.

Francolinus sharpii Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 335.
a. ? . Sequala, S. Abyssinia, 27th Jan. No. 403.
h. S . Hawash River, S. Abyssinia, 28th Jan. No. 412.
Iris brown ; naked skin round eye red ; bill black ; legs
dark brown, dark red in front.

301. Francolinus tetraoninus.

Francolinus tetraoninus Weld-Blundell & Lovat ; Grant,
Ibis, 1900, p. 336, pi. v.

a. ? . Lake Zwai, S. Abyssinia, 5th Feb. No. 465.

Iris brown ; bill dark red ; legs bright red.

This specimen agrees generally with the type procured by
Lord Lovat at Mendi in having the dark middles to the
feathers of the nape, interscapular region, &c. much more
faintly indicated than in typical F. schuetti. When a larger
series is forthcoming it is quite possible that the two forms
may be found to grade into one another.

[The Grouse-like Francolin was only seen on one occasion
frequenting very dense bush, which it could not be forced to
leave.— A. E. P.]

302. Francolinus erckeli.

Francolinus erckeli Riipp. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
p. 172 (1893).

a. ? . Jeffi Dunsa, S. Abyssinia, 28th Dec. No. 329.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs dull yellow.

[Erckel's Francolin was the only '' Partridge " seen in the
open rolling country of the high plateau. — A. E. P.]

Oi'nitho logical Journey tlirouyh Volontbiu and Ecnador. ()'J9

303. Pternistes ineuscatus.

Pternistes infuscattis Cab. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit, Mus.
xxii, p. 182, pi. viii. fig. 2 (1893); Lort Pliillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 425 ; Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 299.

a. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 4th Dec. No. 182.

b. ? . Hoorsa, S. Abyssinia, 22ncl Mar. No. 720.

Iris hrown; bill and legs black; throat and face deep red;
neck yellow.

[Cabauis^s Bare- throated Francolin was generally seen in
pairs. — A. E. P.]

304. COTURNIX COTURNIX.

Coturnvjc coturnix Linn. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii.
p. 232 (1893) ; id. Ibis, 1901, p. 299.

a. ? . Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia, 1st Dec. No. 149.

b, c. cJ . Katyinwaha, S. Abyssinia, 9th Mar. Nos. 654,
655.

d. S • Aroharlaise, Somaliland, 4th April. No. 768.
Iris and bill brown ; legs yellow.

305. Coturnix delegorguii.

Coturnix delegorguei Deleg. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxii. p. 243 (1893).

a. S . Guelan, Somaliland, 25tli Jan. No. 391.

b. c? . Ounji, Somaliland, 19th Feb. No. 547.
Iris brown ; bill black ; legs pale yellowish brown.
[Not often seen. — A. E. P.]

XLV. — Results of an OrnithologicalJourney through Colombia
and Ecuador. — Part HI. By Walter Goodfellow,

F.Z.S.

[Continued from p. 480.]

(Plate XIV.)
Family Tyrannid^.
162. CONOPOPHAGA aurita (Gm.).
One male shot in April at Archidona, Eastern Ecuador,

700 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

among the thick undergrowtli on the river-bank. It was
disputing with, or seemed to be disturbed, by, the presence
of a male Chiromachceris gutturosa, and both were shot
together. With lowered head, it kept opening and shutting
its wings very rapidly, making a curious whirring sound all
the time. Iris reddish brown.

163. Agriornis solitaria Scl.

Three (J s & 2 ? s from Quito and its environs. They
are common birds around the city, and may be seen
everywhere on the house-tops, especially during the months
of November and December, when they appeared to be in
greater numbers. They have loud liquid notes, but the
song is not sustained. We saw them on the Western
Andes at altitudes of from 8500 to 11,000 feet, where they
generally sat about on the rocks and stones, but not at any
of the localities where we collected on the Eastern Andes.
In Quito they nested under the tiles of the roofs and in the
church towers. Iris light brown. Local name " Solitario.'^

164. Myiotheretes erythropygius Scl.

One male from Pichincha, Western Andes, at 14,000 feet,
and one male from the Guamani Pass, Eastern Andes, at
nearly 16,000 feet. I noticed these birds at other elevated
localities on both sides of Ecuador, but always singly. The
rufous bases to the tail-feathers make them cousidIcuous
when flying. The Eastern specimen is rather paler on the
head than the one from the Western Andes. The stomach
contained small moths and beetles.

165. Myiotheretes striaticollis Scl.

Two males from Pichincha, at about 10,000 feet elevation.
Pound sitting on the tops of the low bushes, whence they
fly upwards into the air with a kind of somersault-motion,
apparently taking their insect-prey on the wing.

166. OcHTHODI^ETA FUMIGATUS (BoisS.).

Three males from Pichincha from an altitude of between
11,500 and 13,000 feet, and one male and one female from
Papallacta, Eastern Andes, 11,500 feet. All our specimens

Journey Uirowjh Colombia and Ecuador. 701

frum both sides of Ecuador were shot at sunset, the only
part of the day when we observed these birds. They seemed
to feed principally on small moths, which they caught on the
wing near to the grouud. The female is more reddish about
the vent than the male.

167. OcHTH(ECA (ENANTHoiDEs (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

This is O. mnanthoides brunneifrons Berl. & Stolzm. We
obtained 4 c? s and 2 ? s from Pichincha, Mojanda, and
Papallacta, Western, Central, and Eastern Ecuador, at alti-
tudes above 11,000 feet. It was generally seen singly on
the highest twigs of low bushes in the sheltered ravines or
" quebradas,"

168. OCHTHCECA CITRINIFRONS Scl.

Five (J s, 2 5 s. West side of Pichincha and Papallacta
at altitudes of from 11,000 to 12,500 feet.

169. OCHTHCECA LESSONI (Scl.).

Six c?s, 2 ? s, from Pichincha and Aloag, West Ecuador,
the Mojanda Pass, North Ecuador, and Papallacta, East
Ecuador. Common at high altitudes on both Cordilleras.

170. OcHTHCECA RUFIMARGINATA (Lawr.) .

Six (Js, 6 $s from the western sides of Pichincha and
Corazon, Western Andes, at altitudes of about 12,000 feet.
All those we shot in September on Corazon were in pairs.
The females appear to be shorter in the wing than the males.

171. OCHTHCECA CINNAMOMEIVENTRIS (Lafr.).

Two (^ s, 1 ? . Lloa ; Pichincha.

172. OcHTHtECA GRATIOSA Scl.

Eight c?Sj 5 ? s. Intag, Mindo, atid above Milligalli,
Western Ecuador. We found these birds very plentiful at
the last-named locality in September. They were evidently
then commencing to nest, as the males were constantly
chasing the females.

173. OcHTHCECA STICTOPTERA (ScL).

Six (J s, 5 ? s from high altitudes on Pichincha and Corazon,
West Ecuador, Papallacta, East Ecuador, and one specimen

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. 3 a

702 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

shot on the road crossing the Mojanda, North Ecuador.
These birds were seen in pairs on Corazonin September, but
singly on the Eastern Andes in February,

174. Sayornis cineracea (Lafr.).

Two (^s, San Nicolas, in the forests of the Pacific side,
and one S from Papallacta, Eastern Ecuador, 11,500 feet.
The latter has the wing-coverts edged with cinnamon. Tliey
frequent stones in the river-beds and dead stumps in marshy
places. Iris reddish brown.

175. CopuRUs coLoNus (Vieill.).

One male, Archidona, Eastern Ecuador. Rare in this
region, for we never saw but one specimen.

176. MuscisAxicoLA ALPiNA Jard.

Two (Js, 1 ? , Pichincha, 15,000 feet, and one ? shot near
the summit of the Guamani Pass, Eastern Andes, 16,000
feet. These birds are solitary in their habits and sit about
among the grey cinders, consequently tlic)^ are difficult to
see, while they do not take wing until one is close to them.

177. Platyrhynchus albogularis Scl.

Two c?s, 1 ? . San Nicolas and Gualea, in the western
forests. This species is generally to be observed in the
evening, and always singly. It frequents low bushes near
the edges of the forest, where the ground is damp and marshy.
It has a curious note^ much resembling the croak of some
kinds of frogs.

178. ToDiRosTRUM scLATERi (Cab. & Hciu.).
Todirostrum sclateri Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 71.

Five (^ s, 4 ? s. Intag, Santo Domingo, and San Nicolas.
Common at the two latter places, especially in the evening
among the orange-trees. After the trees had finished flower-
ing we seldom saw one about. Iris yellow.

179. Todirostrum rufigene Scl. & Salv.
Todirostrum rufigene Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 7Q.

Two cJ s. Baeza, Eastern Ecuador. Iris light reddish
brown. Evidently rare in this locality.

Journey Ihroiujh Columbia and Ecuador. 703

180. EUSCARTHMTJS SQUAMICRISTATUS (Lafr.).

Six c?s, 7 ? s. Common at San Nicolas in September, but
during a few days' stay there at the end of the following
month we did not observe a single individual in their former
haunts. We also procured specimens at Santo Domingo
and Guanacillo in the western forests.

181. PsEUDOTRiccus PELZELNi (Tacz. & Berl.).
Pseudotriccus pelzehn Tacz. & Berl. P. Z. S. 18S5, p. 88.
Two $ s. One from Milligalli and the other from Gualea,

West Ecuador. Both were shot in high trees and among
the creepers. The birds appear to prefer the more open
parts of the mountain-slopes ; they are restless, and utter an
incessant monotonous note^ much resembling that of Mtjio-
bius ornatus.

182. Hapalocercus acutipennis Scl. & Salv.

One male only, from the Santa Carolina marshes just out-
side Quito on the north, and evidently scarce there. This
species lives among wiry grass, clinging to the longest bents
as it flies from clump to clump. Iris dark red.

183. POGONOTRICCUS OPHTHALMICUS (TaCZ.).

Three (^ s, 2 2 s, from the western sides of Picliincha and
Corazon along the edge of the forest-limit, keeping to the
thicker parts.

184. Serphothaga cinerea (Strickl.).

Four c? s, 1 ? . Intag, Mindo, and the Chillo Valley.

185. Serphophaga ruficeps (Lafr.).
One male from Mindo, Western Ecuador.

186. Serphophaga pcecilocerca (Scl. & Salv.).
A single male from Nanegal, Western Ecuador.

187. An^retes parulus (Kittl.).

A large series of birds from the neighbourhood of Quito,
where they were very common during the months of November
and December along all the hedgerows. In the way they cling
to the twigs &c. they much resemble some of our English
Tits. They go about in small flocks of from nine to a dozen,

3a2

704 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

and are very tame. We shot two at Tulcar, on the northern
frontier, but they did not appear to be so common there as
they were around Quito. lu Ecuador this species is doubt-
less confined to the central region, for we met with it neither
on the eastern nor the western sides. The female has a
shorter crest than the male.

188. An^retes agilis Scl.

Four cJ s, 2 ? s, from the eastern slopes of Pichincha,
Pedregal, and from Papallacta, Eastern Andes, 11,500 feet.
The single male from Pedregal differs from all the others in
being of a lighter and browner shade throughout. This
species is very local, and we never observed more than a pair
together. The few we saw at Papallacta were among the
ruins of the mud huts, and I caught one in the thatch of ours,
where it had gone to roost for the night.

189. MioNECTEs oLivACEus (Lawr.).

Four cJ s, 2 ? s. The males we shot at San Nicolas and
Gualea and the two females at Canzacota. The latter have
the under wing-coverts strongly shaded with olive-green,
which the males have not. Found singly in the higher trees
where most covered with creepers.

190. Leptopogon pckcilotis Scl.

One male from the lower western side of Pichincha.

191. Tyranniscus nigricapillus (Lafr.).

Two c? s, 2 $ s. From the western slopes of Pichincha and
Corazon. This was the only species of Tyranniscus we found
singly. It frequented high trees and was not common.
The females have shorter wings than the males, the outer
margins being edged with cinnamon.

192. Tyranniscus cinereiceps (Scl.).
Two c? s, 1 ? . Intag. Iris light yellow,

193. Tyranniscus chrysops Scl,

Four (5^8, 6 ? s. Gualea, Intag, and Nono, West Ecuador.
In small flocks, and fairly numerous in the more open parts.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 705

194. Tyranniscus parvus Lawr,

Six cJ s, 6 ? s. These birds were common at Santo Domingo
and Guanacillo in October. They frequented the fruit-trees,
especially the guavas, in the clearings around the huts,
clinging to the flowers and twigs, and searching for insects
all day long. They were so tame that on two occasions I
caught examples in a butterfly-net.

195. Elainea pagana (Licht.).

Two ^%. Archidona, Eastern Ecuador. Frequents the
clearings around the Indian huts.

196. Elainea albiceps (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Four c^ s, 1 ? . Pichincha and Papallacta, Western and
Eastern Ecuador. Solitary in habits, and frequenting open
situations.

197. Elainea placens (Scl.).
A single male from Intag.

198. Legatus albicollis (Vieill.).

One cJ . Santo Domingo, West Ecuador. Scarce.

199. Myiozetetes CAYENNENSis (Linn.).

Five c?s, 3 ? s. Common in the clearing during the first
week of our stay at Santo Domingo, but after that we did
not see any. This species seemed to keep entirely to the
ban ana-plantations .

200. Myiozetetes granadensis (Lawr.).

Three (^ s, 1 $ , from near the mouth of the Coca, Upper
Rio Napo. Common in isolated trees in the clearings around
the Indian huts. Always found in open situations, and
seemingly more numerous during the hot hours of mid-day.
It has the same habits as Tyr annus melancholicus.

201. Rhynchocyclus peruvianus Tacz.
Wiynchocyclus "peruvianus Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 169.

One male. San Nicolas. This single example flew into
the hut at night, attracted by the lamp-light.

202. Pitangus sulphuratus (Linn.).

A male, shot on the Coca, Upper Rio Napo. Probably

706 Mr. W. GoodM\ow—Ornitholo(/ical

not rare^ but, like Myiozetetes granadensis, very local in
these parts.

203. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Tsch.).
A male from Gualea, Western Ecuador.

204. Megarhynchus pitangua (Linn.).
A male from Gualea.

205. Myiobius cinnamomeus (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

Three (^s, 3 ? s, 1 c? jr. Papallacta, Eastern Andes,
11,500 feet. Our seven specimens were all shot on the
morning of Feb. 10th, when they must have been changing
their feeding-ground, for we did not come across any more
of them during the whole of our stay there.

206. Myiobius ornatus (Lafr.).

Eight c? s, 3 ? s, 1 (^ jr. Santo Domingo and Gualea.
This species inhabits the dense forests, and was common at
the former place in trees that were thickly covered with
creepers. I never saw it in the open clearings.

207. Myiobius flavicans (ScL).

Three (J s, 1 ? . Pichincha and Papallacta, Western and
Eastern Andes, at altitudes of from 8000 to 11,500 feet.

208. Myiobius pulcher Scl.

Five c?s. Gualea and Nanegal, Western Ecuador. This
is another species which lives chiefly among the dense
creepers that so heavily clothe the trunks of most of the
forest-trees.

209. Myiobius villosus (ScL).
Myiobius villosus Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 201.

One male, Gualea. I should think it doubtful whether
one of the types of this species (as stated in the Brit. Mus.
Cat.) came from the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador.

210. Pyrocephalus rubineus (Bodd.).

Eight (J s, 3 ? s, 2 c? s jr. Popaydu, Colombia, 5600 feet ;
Ibarra, North Ecuador, 6600 feet ; and the Cliillo Valley,
near Quito, about 7000 feet. We first met with this widely
distributed bird on the higher Western Andes of Colombia

Journey throvgh Colombia and Ecuador. 707

at the back of Buenaventura. From Cali it was exceedingly
common throughout the Cauca Valley down to Popayan,
but thence southward we did not see another example
until we reached the hot sandy valley of the Chota^ in
Northern Ecuador ; then again in the Chillo Valley it
was fairly numerous, especially around the village of
Tumbaco.

The birds frequent open situations and (with the exception
of the neighbourhood of Popayan) sandy soil. With crest
erect they sit silently waiting for passing insects, which
they take on the wing, returning to the same twig with
graceful evolutions. Local name in Colombia "Titurivi."

211. CONTOPUS BOREALIS (Sw.) .

Two (J s. Gualea, Western Ecuador.

212. CoNTOPUs AKDEsiACus (Lafr.).

Two (^ s, 1 ? , from Gualea, Western Ecuador, and 2 ? s
from Baeza, Eastern Ecuador. The latter difter somewhat
from those from the Pacific side in being much lighter on
the lower parts of the breast and vent, and in having the
wing-coverts edged with light brown.

213. Myiarchus nigriceps Scl.

Five c? s, 2 ? s. Intag and Gualea, West Ecuador. Fairly
numerous. The females have the under wing-coverts
brownish yellow.

214. Myiarchus ferox (Gm.),

One male from Archidona, Eastern Ecuador.

215. Tyrannus PiPiRi (Vieill.).

One male from Gualea. Iris brownish red.

216. Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieill.).

Six S^> 2 c? s jr., 3 ? s. Popayan, Colombia, and Santo
Domingo, Western Ecuador. Very common throughout the
whole of the Cauca Valley up to altitudes of 6000 feet, where
it is often called "Toreador.^^ In Ecuador it is more
local, and may be common in one place though not seen
at all in a similar spot only a few miles away. Its
favourite resort is pasture-land sparsely dotted with trees.

708 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

The young have the wing-coverts and tail edged with hroun,
and the throat much lighter than the adult birds.

217. MiLVULUs TYRANNUs (Linn.).

This is another bird exceedingly common throughout the
Cauca Valley, and is locally called " Tijeretta.''^ We first
met with it at an altitude of about 5000 feet on the
western side of the Andes on the road to Call. We never
saw it anywhere south of Popayan, and nowhere at all
in Ecuador. It always settled on the topmost twigs of
the hedges, low trees, or bushes, and perhaps still more
generally low down near the ground on any plants growing
in the meadows. It fed exclusively on insects, chiefly on
the small moths which were so abundant among the grass.
When we were leaving Popayan in June, I noticed that the
birds were beginning to collect in flocks, and flew at a great
altitude in the air.

Fam. PiPRiD^.

218. Masius chrysopterus (Lafr.).

Two ^^, 1 ? . Baeza. This species is confined to the
eastern side of the Eastern Andes, and did not appear to be
so numerous as M. coronulatus of the Western Andes. In
March we found it in pairs, frequenting the lower and
thicker vegetation. It utters continuously a sharp note
resembling the sound produced by two pebbles knocked
together. The legs, feet, and mandible are dark red.

219. Masius coronulatus Scl.

Pour (Js, 2 (Jsjr., 2 ? s. Canzacota, Gualea, and Intag,
Western Andes. Legs and feet dark red.

220. PlPRA FILICAUDA Spix.

Two males from Archidona, Eastern Ecuador. Both were
met with alone in the clearings around the Indian huts^
going from bush to bush with a low jerky flight.

221. PiPRA AURICAPILLA Licllt.

One male from the Coca River, Upper Rio Napo, in June.

222. PiPRA ISIDORI (Scl,).

One male and one female from Baeza, Eastern Ecuador.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 709

223. PiPRA LEUCOCILLA Linii.

Two males from Baeza. Both were shot in the forests,

224. Mach^ropterus deliciosus Scl.

Six ^ s ad., 2 (J s jr., 2 ? s. Gualea, Intag, and Mindo,
"West Ecuador. The young males differ from the females in
having reddish throats. Local name " Ala hueso."

225. Chiromach^ris manacus (Linn.).

Two c?s, 1 ? . Arehidona, East Ecuador. I saw a male
dancing around a female with its throat much distended,
but the only sound 1 could hear was a curious noise pro-
duced, I believe, by a rapid motion of the wings. Legs
and feet yellow, claws black.

Fam, CoTiNGiD^.

226. TiTYRA CAYANA (Linn.).

\ S >'^ ? s. Rio Suno and Rio Coca, Upper Napo. In May
a pair of these birds had a nest at the mouth of the Suno
in a hole in a dead tree standing in the clearing and about
.'jO feet from the ground. They seemed to feed their young
entirely on beetles and large grubs. We shot the male bird
one day as he was going to the nest, but the next day
another male made its appearance and chased the female
about, ending by helping her to rear the young. After
two days we shot the female and took the nest of five young,
two of which we successfully reared. There was a remarkable
difference in the sizes of these young birds. Bare skin
around the eyes purplish red, base of bill the same colour,
tip black.

227. TiTYRA SEMIFASCIATA (Spix).

One (J , 1 ? . Coca, Upper Napo, Eastern Ecuador.
Bare skin around the eyes bluish red. Base of bill yellowish,
tip reddish grey.

228. TiTYRA PERSONATA (Jard. et Selb.).

One male from Santo Domingo, West Ecuador. Bare
skin round the eyes dark red, base of bill dark red with a
bluish tinge, tip of bill black. Iris deep yellow. Legs and

710 Mr. W. GoodfeWow— Ornithological

feet black. The birds were scarce in October, but I was told
that they were more numerous in May and June. They
frequent the open clearings, sitting on the tops of the highest
branclies of the fruit-trees^ and catch their insect-prey on the
wing.

229. TiTYRA INQUISITOR (Licbt.).
Tityra inquisitor Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 331.

One female sbot on the roof of an Indian hut at Archidoua.
Iris grey. The stomach contained remains of beetles and
grasshoppers. I had noticed this bird about for several
evenings until it was dark^ catching insects on the wing.

230. Hadrostomus homochrous Scl.

One c?^ 3 ? s. Santo Domingo and Guanacillo. This is
a frequenter of the forest.

231. Hadrostomus minor (Less.).

One (J ad., 1 (J jr.^ 2 ? s. Archidona, Eastern Ecuador.
Found in the clearings among the tliick bushes in the
vicinity of the Indians' huts.

232. Pachyrhamphus spodiurus (Scl.).

One c?, 2 ? s. Shot in the forest about a day's walk
west of Santo Domingo, where we met with a small flock of
about eight.

233. Pachyrhamphus nicer Spix.
One male from Archidona.

234. Pachyrhamphus albo-griseus Scl.

One c? J 2 ? s, from Archidona. Our three examples were
all shot along the banks of the river wliicli runs through this
village.

235. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus (Gm.).

One pair also from Archidona, shot among the bushes near
our but. I believe that we found all the members of this
genus in pairs.

236. Pachyrhamphus versicolor (Hartl.).

Two (^ s, 4 ? s, from Intag and the neighbourhood. West
Ecuador.

Journey throvgh Colombia and Ecuador. 711

237. Lathria rusco-ciNEREA (Lafr.).

One male from Baeza (5500 feet), Eastern Andes. Shot
in the clearing. Evidently not numerous there, for we only
saw one example during a month^s stay.

238. Lathria cinerea (Vieill.).
Lathria cinerea Sol. Cat. B. xiv. p. 352.

Two c?s, 2 ? s. One pair was shot at a deserted Indian
village on the upper reaches of the Suyano, Bio Napo, and
the other pair at a Zaparo village away in the forest some-
where opposite the mouth of the Coca. These birds frequent
the small clearings around the huts, and I think I never
noticed, more than one pair in each clearing and seldom a
clearing without a pair. In the early mornings and late
evenings they sit on the tops of the bushes uttering their
loud but short mournful strain. The notes evidently
resemble some words in the Zapara language, for these
Indians regard the birds with superstitious awe, and when
we shot a pair they plainly showed their annoyance and it
caused quite a disturbance. Fortunately we were leaving the
neighbourhood the next day. When I started to skin the
birds the Indians left the hut, no doubt thinking that some-
thing dreadful would happen.

239. Bupicola peruviana (Lath.).

Six males were shot on the eastern side of the Eastern Andes
a little below Baeza, at an altitude of about 4000 feet, on
the trail to Archidona. We met with them singly in the high
trees near the banks of the rivers. It is hard to believe that
these birds are difficult to detect among the foliage, when one
considers their size and the remarkable brilliancy of their
plumage, but such is the case. This form is confined solely
to the Amazonian side of the Andes, and I imagine it
to be rather scarcer than R. sanguinolenta of the Pacific
side. Certain tribes of Indians who live on the headwaters
of the Napo make excursions to the mountain -forests to
shoot these birds, as their skins are in great demand by them
for decorating their persons and ornamenting their weapons.
They also consider the flesh a delicacy, but we found it

712 Mr. W. Coodfellow — Ornithological

tasteless and tough. The skin is yellow and partakes of the
colour of the feathers. It is perhaps the toughest skin of
any bird I know. Unlike R. sanguinolenta, the plumage
of this species fades rapidly after death, and conveys but
little idea of the wonderful shade that it has in life. No
females were met with by us.

240. RUPICOLA SANGUINOLENTA Gould.

We shot fourteen males at Gualeain August and at Milli-
galli in September, at altitudes of from 4000 to 6000 feet, on
the western side of the Andes, when they were in perfect
plumage. We saw females on several occasions, but always
in places where, had we shot them, we could not have
recovered them. The habit these birds have of crouching
down renders the females with their duller colouring less
conspicuous. Their chief place of resort at Milligalli during
certain hours of the day was along the sides of a narrow
river with precipitous rocky sides, more or less covered with
overhanging flowering bushes; and here, where the sunlight
fell in strong contrasts, the Cocks-of-the-Rock sat motion-
less among the vegetaticn. Unless one saw them settle or
knew that this was their haunt, it was easy to pass them by
unobserved. They fed on the hard berries of a bush which
grows freely by the river, but to what family it belongs I am
unable to say. Opposite to the one hut which constitutes
Milligalli rise perpendicular cliffs, and on the ledges where
small plants grow this species builds its nest. I was told that
the nesting-season is in May and June, and that prior to
that time the loud harsh call of the male birds is a familiar
sound in the early mornings, when they assemble to choose
their mates and indulge in their curious antics. These
assemblies, however, are not solely confined to the breeding-
season, for in August, near Gualea, we found a spot where
we were able to watch their proceedings unobserved for
several mornings in succession. It was on a broad flat
ledge of rock overhanging a steep bank well screened by
vegetation. Between 7 and 8 a.m. from ten to seventeen
birds, mostly old and young males, would gather together.
The majority of them huddled together under the bank.

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 713

while one went through his antics of running backwards and
forwards along the ledge with his hack arched, tail spread
out, and beak held down close to the ground. After doing
this several times he would throw Ids head back, and
spreading out his wings so that the tips touched the ground,
make several gyrations, ending by leaping into the air
and jerking his head forward much after the manner of a
Hoopoe. Sometimes two birds would do this together, and
when they leapt into the air facing each other they appeared
to strike each other with their feet. The ground where they
held these gatherings was worn quite bare and smooth.

These birds are local, and are to be met with oidy at
certain places on the Pacific side, and not continuously
all along the heights at the same altitude. In life the bill,
legs, and feet are only a trifle lighter in colour than the
plumage. Local name " Gallo de las Peiias.^^ In January
1899 I sent a native to Milligalli to try and get me some
females, but he was unsuccessful, and brought me only a few
males in heavy moult.

241. PiPREOLA RIEFFERI (BoisS.).

One male from Mindo, West Ecuador.

242. PiPREOLA JUCUNDA Scl.

One male from Nanegal, West Ecuador. Shot in the
thickest part of the forest, as were all other members of this
genus we came across.

243. PiPREOLA LUBOMIRSKII (TaCZ.).

Pipreola lubomirskii Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 380.

Four (J s and 2 ? s of this rare bird were obtained at Baeza,
East Ecuador. For four days in succession we shot a male
on the same tree and on the fifth day the two females. They
were feeding on a small black berry.

244. Ampelio arcuatus Lafr.

Five cJ s,4 ? s, 3 c? s jr., from Mindo, near In tag, and Gualea,
West Ecuador, and from Baeza, East Ecuador. This species
was fairly numerous among the lower growth of the forests
when certain berries were ripe. The two examples from
Baeza are shorter in the wing than those from the western

714 Mr. W. Goodfellow — Ornithological

side, otherwise they do not vary. Bill^ legs^ and feet coral-
red.

245. Ampelio cinctus (Tsch,).

Two cjs, 1 ?, from Santo Domingo. Iris pale yellow.
This species is more solitary in its habits than the pre-
ceding. It also frequents higher trees, and as it is more
difficult to get at it appears to be less numerous. It does
not frequent a higher altitude than 1500 feet.

246. Heliochera rubrocristata (Lafr. & D'Orb.).

A large series from both Western and Eastern Ecuador at
altitudes between 10,000 and 12,000 feet. The birds frequent
bushes and low trees in flocks of about a dozen, feeding
entirely on berries. Although they were numerous on
Pichincha we never secured a female there, and only two
at Papallacta, where they were still more plentiful. Iris
scarlet.

247. CoTiNGA MAYNANA (Linn.).

Two males from the Upper Napo. They mostly frequent
the trees along the river-banks. They appear to be not at
all common on this river, for all the Indian tribes prize
their bright plumage highly for ornamenting their persons
and weapons, and for this reason relentlessly pursue them.

248. Gymnoderus FCETiDUs*. (Plate XIV.)
Gymnoderus fcetidus (Linn.) : Scl. Cat. B. xiv. p. 59.

A single male from the Eio Coca, Upper Napo. It was
shot in a large tree on the banks of the river, where it was
feeding in the company of various kinds of Toucans. The
naked skin on the neck was of such beautiful colours,
ranging from bright cobalt-blue to pure white, and hung in
such curious folds, that Mr. Hamilton thought it best to

* [As has beeu already stated (Bull. B. 0. C. x. p. lix), Sclater was
so struck by the strange appearance of this specimen that at first he
thought it must belong to a new species. But after examining all other
available sldns, it was found that some of them presented an intermediate
appearance, and he finally came to the conclusion that the present example
was merely a fully adult male of G. fcetidus. The Plate has been drawn
and coloured from Mr. Hamilton's slietch taken from the freshly-killed
bird. — Edd.1

Ibis 1901. PI. XIV.

J.G.KeuleTna-T.s del etlitK.

Mintei-n. Bros J^rtp

HEAD OF GYMNODERUS FO^rriDUS ,AD .

Journey through Colombia and Ecuador. 715

make a water-colour sketch of the head before he skinned it.
The whole plumage had a bloom on it similar to that on a
plum, which shook off like the powder from a cockatoo's
feathers. Iris dark crimson, legs and feet leaden grey.
Indian name " Ushqui paua."

249. Cephalopterus penduliger Scl.

Two males and two females from the neighbourhood of
Santo Domingo on the Pacific side. Around that locality
the birds must have been fairly numerous at certain seasons^
for we ourselves saw them on several occasions out of ranjre.
Also in the huts of the Indians I saw some plucked ready for
the pot, and from them I secured a large bunch of the
pendulous throat-feathers. All those that we shot or saw were
in the gloomiest parts of the forests and generally in the tops
of the highest trees, while only on one occasion did we see a
pair together. They fed on the large fruits of a species of
palm of no great height, and while they were feeding in the
early morning we were able to secure our specimens by con-
cealing ourselves in the thick bushes at the foot of the tree.
The fruits, which they swallowed whole, resembled a hard
green date and were quite two inches in length. In repose,
and when flying, they carry the long wattle drawn up tightly
to the chest : it consists of ring after ring of feathers,
all beautifully fitting into one another aud forming a thick
tassel. The pair we saw together Avere copulating. The
male bird jumped about from branch to branch in front
of the female, with his throat (as it appeared to me) very
considerably distended. His crest was very full and thick
and spread out all around his head. Occasionally he gave
utterance to a prolonged grunt, and as he did so the throat-
wattle was lowered to its fullest length. I was told by the
natives that the nest was in the holes of trees. The skin is
tough and coarse, and the flesh of a very dark colour. These
birds require a good deal of shot to kill them outright.
Local name " Pajaro toro " or " Toro pisco," which both
mean Bull-bird — " Pisco '^ being the Quichua for bird. We
only once saw the Eastern species (C ornatus), on the banks
of the Rio Cosanga below Baeza.

71G Count liaus vou Berlepsch and J. Stolzmanii on

XLVI. — Description des trois Especes nouvelles d'Oiseaux du
Pei'ou du Museum Branicki. Par le Comte Hans von
Berlepsch et Jean Stolzmann.

(Plate XV.)

1. Chlorochrysa hedwig.e, sp. n. (Plate XV.)
Splendide graraineo-viridis, dorso inferiore obscure glauco-
viridi, fascia uropygii e plumis rigidis saturate aurantio-
rubra, fascicula raagna e plumis brevibus et rigidis ad
latera colli corallino-rubra ; gula, pectore plagaque hinc
inde abdominis medii pulchre violaceo-cyaneis, macula
exigua pilei medii pallide stramineo-flava ; rostro
pedibusque nigris. Long, alse 72'5^ caudse 46'5, tarsi
19*5 mill.
Obs. A C. calliparaa et C. bourcieri fascicula e plumis
rigidis ad latera colli raagna pulchre corallino-rubra nee
aurantio-brunnea, necnon gula, pectore^ abdomineque medio
violaceo-cyaneis (nee gula nigra, nee pectore viridi) primo
visu distinguenda.

Hab. in Peruvia orieutali-meridionali : circum Huaynapata,
regionis Marcapata.

Nous nous permettons de dedier cette belle espece, qui est
tres distincte des especes connues du genre Chlorochnjsa,
a Mme. la Comtesse Hedvvige Brauicka, mere de Xavier
Branicki.

La C. hedwigce se distingue au premier coup d'oeil de la
C. calliparaa et de la C. bourcieri par la presence de deux
tres grands fascicules tres etendus de plumes rigides sur
cliaque cote du col inferieur, qui sont d^un rouge de corail
au lieu d'un brun dore. Ces fascicules sont situes aux
cotes de la base du col, tandis que chez les autres especes ils
couvrent une partie des cotes de la tete. La couleur et la
structure des plumes de ces fascicules rappelle celles des
plumes au col superieur de la Calliste f estiva du Bresil.

La gorge, la poitrine, aiusi qu'une bande s^etendant lelong
du milieu de Tabdomen, sont d'un bleu violace vif ou couleur
d^outremer, tandis que chez les autres especes la gorge est
noire et le haut de la poitrine est d^m vert bleuutre a
son milieu.

Ibis, 1901. PI, XV.

J,G.Keulein.a.Ti.s deretlith.

Minterr._Bros .inxp .

CHLOROCHR-YSA HEDWIG^ ,cf,g .

three new Species of Birds from Peru. 717

Le rouge du croupion est couleur de feu plus clair que
celui des fascicules du col, mais plus vif et moins orange
cjue sur le croupion des autres especes.

La tache jaunatre du pileum est plus petite et beaucoup
plus pale, d-'un jaune paille au lieu d^un jaune orange.

Le bleu verdatre du dos inferieur est beaucoup plus fonce.

Les tectrices sus-caudales les plus longuesjes sous-caudales,
les cotes de la tete et le front sont d'un vert pre pur au lieu
d'un vert bleuatre.

M, Jean Kalinowski a envoye onze individus de cette
superbe espece.

2. Phlogophilus harterti, sp, n.
Affinis P. hemileucuro, sed multo minor, corpore subtus
rufescenti-albo, gula corporisque lateribus rufescen-
tioribus, pectore abdomineque medio albescentioribus;
rectricibus — duabus mediis viridibus exceptis — albis
vitta lata anteapicali obliqua seneo-nigra transfasciatis,
apicibus rufescente tinctis ; corpore supra obscure
cyanescenti-viridi, rectricibus duabus mediis glauco-
viridibus apicibus nigricantibus; rostro gracili nigro,
mandibula dimidio basali brunnescente. Long, alie 45,
cauda3 26"5 mill.

Obs. A P. hemileucuro crassitie multo minore, corpore
subtus rufescente, guise maculis indistinctis rufescentibus nee
definitis viridibus, necnon pictura caudse distinguendus.

Hub. Circum Huaynapata, regionis Marcapata, Peruvice
meridionalis-orientalis.

La femelle unique recueillie par M. Kalinowski appar-
tient sans doute a une nouvelle espece du genre Phlogo-
philus fort differente du P. hemileucurus. Peut-etre que
le male, si nous le connaissions, serait encore plus distinct
par des details de coloration.

L^espece que nous venous de decrire et que nous dedions
a Monsieur Ernst Hartert de Tring, a qui nous devons une
monograpLie exeellente des Trocliilides, est beaucoup plus
petite que le P. hemileucurus.

Les parties inferieures du corps sout d'une teinte roussatre
pale plus vive sur la gorge, coupee de certaines taches
roussatrcs peu marquees, il en est de meme aux cotes du

SEIl. VIII. VOL. I. 3 b

718 On three new Species of Birds from Peru.

corps. La poitrine et le milieu du ventre sont blanchatres,
fondues d'une teinteroussatre. II y a depetites taches verd-
fitres peu marquees aux cotes de la gorge (region mystacale
et sous-auriculaire) tandis que cliez le P. hemileucurus il y a de
grandes taches bien marquees A\\\\ vert a reflets nK^talliques
sur toute la gorge et une large bande verte interrompue au
milieu sur la poitrine. Le reste des parties iuferieures du
corps chez le P. hemileucurus est d^un blanc pur.

Les parties superieures du corps sont d^un vert legere-
ment plus fonce un peu plus bleuatre que chez le P. hemi-
leucurus. La coloration des rectrices externes diff'ere un
peu : La bande d^un bleu d^acier qui se manifesto sur
toutes les rectrices, sauf les deux mcdianes, est beaucoup
plus etroitCj plus oblique et placee a Fextremite de la
plume. Par consequent la partie basale blanche est plus
etendue se prolongeant j usque vers la moitie de la plume.
Les extremites blanches sont un peu plus courtes et peintes
de roux^ ce qui n^est pas le cas chez I'autre espece.

3. SlPTORNIS PUNENSIS^ Sp. nOV.

Affinis S. graminicola, sed differt rectricibus tribus utrinque
externis in dimidio basali (vel maxima ex parte) nigris,
parte apicali solummodo rufo-brunneisj nee unicoloril)us
rufo-brunneis; remigibus primariis in dimidio basali
pogonii externi obscurius rufo-brunneis. Long, alse
76, caudse 92"5, tarsi 21"5 mill.
Hab. Circum Puno^ Peru vise meridionalis-orieutalis (alt.
12,600 pedum).

M. Kalinowski a recueilli un male et trois femelles a Puuo
les 13 et 15 avril et le 15 juin, 1896.

Cette forme nouvelle est presque intermediaire entre la
S. graminicola Scl. de Junin ^ et la S. anthoides du Chili.
EUe ne differe de la premiere que par la coloration des trois
paires de rectrices externes qui sont noiratres, a bouts d'un
roux-brunatre.

La teinte noire de la base des rectrices s^etend de plus
en plus des externes a la troisieme, tandis que les extremites

* Berlepsch en a re^u des individus recueillis par M. 0. Garlepp aux
environs de Cauramarca pres de Cuzco.

Recenili/ pub/lshcd Ornithological Works. 719

roux-brunfvtres deviennent de plus en plus courtes dans la
meme direction.

La partie basale des barbes externes des remiges primaires
est d'un roux-brun plus sombre ou moins clair que cbez la
S. graminicola. Chez cette derniere les trois paires de
rectrices externes sent d^un roux-brun ou canelle nniforme
jusqu'a la base. Seules les tiges et une bordure etroite sur
chaque barbe de la troisieme rectrice sont noiratres. La
quatrieme rectrice presente une large bande d^un roux-brun
sur la barbe interne, ce qui n'est pas le cas cliez la S, pun-
ensis. II parait aussi que la S. jmnensis aurait des dimen-
sions un peu plus fortes.

Chez la S. anthoicles le dessin des rectrices externes est
presque comme chez la S. punensis, mais les extreraites sont
d'un roux plus clair. La S. anthoides se distingue aussi
par la strie sourciliere et le milieu de I'abdomeu, qui sont
blanchatres an lieu d.^'etre roussatres, etc.

XLVIL — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

[Continued from p. 515,]
116. 'Annals of Scottish Natural History.'

[The Annals of Scottisli Natural History. No. 37, January 1901 ; and
No. 38, April 1901.]

IMessrs. W. Eagle Clarke and T. G. Laidlaw open the
year with some A'aluable notes on the migratory birds which
^isit Southern Shetland in autumn; and INlr. William Evans
gives us the result of his investigations during the last two
seasons on Motacilla alba in the Forth area. Some remarks
by Saunders on the Great Shearwater {Pufinus gravis) are
intended to call attention to the observations of Capt.
Collins in the Bay of Fundy, which appear to have been
overlooked. To the April number^ Mr. Laidlaw contributes
the first instalment of his Report on the movements and
occurrences of birds in Scotland during 1900 ; and it is
clearly shown that the interest taken by keepers at light-

3b 2

720 Recently published Ornitholuyical Works.

stations as well as by iulaud observers is increasing in a
highly satisfactory manner.

In Mr. Robert Service's notes from the Solway district
there occurs a very remarkable record of the capture of a
Honey-Buzzard {Pernis apivorus) on January 17th of this
year, and, as the narrator examined the bird alive, there can
be no doubt about the identification. Among the minor
notes, the most interesting is the record by Mr. W. L.
MacGillivray of the occurrence of the Barred Warbler
{Sylvia nisoria) at Barra, on October 29th last, the specimen
having been very properly presented to the Edinburgh
Museum : it is the third recorded for Scotland. — H. S.

117. 'The Auk.'

[The Auk. A Quai-terly Journal of Ornithology. Vol. xviii. Nos. 1
aud 2, January and April 1901.]

The January number of our contemporary begins with an
interesting obituarial notice, with portrait, of our esteemed
Foreign Member, Elliott Coues, by Mr. D. G. Elliot ; and
this is followed by a similar notice of George B. Sennett, by
Professor J. A. Allen. Four well-marked island-forms from
San Miguel Island, one of the Pearl' group in the Bay of
Panama, are described as new species by Mr. Outram Bangs.
Mr. J. H. Fleming contributes a somewhat lengthy paper,
with a map, on the birds of Parry Sound and Muskoka,
Ontario ; while Mr. E. W. Nelson describes five new species
of birds from '' Mexico/' which seems to be used as a geo-
graphical expression for anything between Tepic, Guatemala,
and Tabasco. A lengthy and valuable paper by Dr. Jonathan
D wight, Jr., on the Sequence of Moults and Plumages of
the Laridse, is followed by an admirable report of the
American Committee for Bird-Protection, the portion by
Mr. William Dutcher on the special protection accorded to
Gulls and Terns, due to certain funds placed at the dis-
posal of the Committee by the benevolence of Mr. Abbott
H. Thayer, being particularly noteworthy. As this statement
extends over many pages, we cannot even give an abstract
of it, and must content ourselves with saying that the results

Becenthj pit/jlished Ornitlioloyical Works. 721

have been eminently satisfactory. The protection has
reference chiefly to the Atlantic coast between New England
and Virginia, but we understand that strenuous efibrts are
being made to enforce similar measures along the shores
of Louisiana and Florida.

In the issue for April, besides papers of local interest,
Mr. W. Brewster records the occurrences of the Wigeon
[Mareca 2^enelope) and the Teal {Querquedula crecca) in
Massachusetts-; while Mr. J. L. Bonhote sends a list of the
birds obtained at the Cay Lobos lighthouse, Bahamas. Mr. 0.
Widmann^s account of a visit to Audubon's birthplace appeals
to naturalists on both sides of the water. A study of the
genus Macrorhamphus, with a map shewing breeding-ranges
and the lines of migration of il/. griseus and M. g. scohpaceus,
shows conscientious work on the part of Mr. R. H. Howe,
jr. ; while Mr. Henshaw makes some instructive remarks
upon " Birds of Prey as Ocean Waifs,'' with special reference
to the Short-eared Owl [Asio otus) in the Hawaiian Islands
where it has been a resident sufficiently long to obtain an
important place in the mythology of the natives, though not
long enough to occasion perceptible variation from the main-
land type. In a paper on '' The Pterylosis of Podargus, with
notes on the Pterylography of the Caprimulgi/' Mr. H.
Lyman Clark lays stress upon the Strigine affinities displayed
by these birds and their remoteness from the Cypselidre.
Prof. J. Allen's republication (No. 2) of descriptions of new
species and subspecies of North American birds will doubtless
receive due attention from the Recorder of ' Aves.' Dr. L.
Stejneger's article on the Wheatears of North America has
been already noticed {v. s. p. 513). Mr. A. W. Anthony
states from numerous observations, when taking his " trick "
at the wheel, that the Albatross does fly in the wake of
ships, even on dark nights ; and after a lapse of thirty-five
years the writer of this notice is pleased to have his ex-
periences (Ibis, 1866, p. 125) confirmed by one who is a
seaman as well as an ornithologist. We are sorry to
learn from an eye-witness, Mr. H. K. Job, that the Magdalen
Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are not protected

722 Recently published Ornithological Works.

by the Canadian autliorities, and tliat after the fishermen
had taken everything they could reach, they " fired raking
shots again and again into the masses of birds upon their
nestSj mowing them down like grass, to leave them there
dead or dying — a most horrible and pathetic sight." From
Mr. Henshaw come records of the first occurrences of
the Pectoral Sandpiper {Tringa maculata) and the Grey
Plover [Squatarola helvetica) in the Hawaiian Islands, with
notes on other rare visitants to that group, Mr. Walter
Faxon^s remarks on early editions of Wilson's Ornithology
will interest bibliographers ; and the decease of Mr. George
Boardman at the ripe age 83 Avill cause a pang to several
of our older ornithologists. We would also express our
sincere sympathy with Mr. R. Ridgway, of W^ashington, on
the loss he has sustained by the death of his promising son,
Mr. Audubon Whelock Ridgway. — H. S.

1 1 8. Berg's Critical Remarks on Chilian Birds.

[Notas Criticas referentes a las contribuciones al Estudio de las Aves
Chilenas de Federico Albert. Por Carlos Berg-. An. Soc. Cientif.
Argentina, li. pp. 55-61, 1901.]

Senor Berg finds great fault, as well he may, with the
synonymy and identifications used by Senor Albert in his
' Contribuciones al Estudio de las Aves Chilenas,^ Avhich
have been recently published in the Annals of the Uni-
versity of Chili, and especially points out grave errors in his
treatment of the Caprimulgidse and Ardeidse of that country.
But we cannot agree with Senor Berg that everyone ought
to call the '' Rosy Spoonbill " ^jaja ajuja, and the Night-
Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, for we do not ourselves recog-
nise the obligations of the new system of tautonyms.

119. Berg's Ornithological Notes.

[Ornitbologisches. Von Karl Berg. Comm. d. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, i. pp. 283-287, 1901.]

The author tells us, among other things, that the English
Sparrow was introduced into Buenos Ayres in 1872 with the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 723

view of checking the ravages of a Psychic! rnotli, (Eceticns
platensis, which was a great pest to the gardens there. Not
only, however^ has our Sparrow failed to do this, but it has
become a great pest itself, and has almost exterminated the
little bird [Zonotrichia pileata) that plays the part of the
European Sparrow in most parts of South America.

Herr Berg also gives further evidence to show that the
egg on which Rhea nana of Lydekker (see Kevista Mus. La
Plata, vi. p. 103) was established is only an abnormally
small egg of Rhea darwini.

120. Blatiford on the Distribution of Indian Animals.

[The Distribution of Vertebrate Animals in India, Ceylon, and Burma.
By W. T. Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S. (Abstract.) Proc. Roy. Soc. Ixvii.
pp. 484-492.]

This is an abstract of a memoir, read before the Hoyal
Society by one of our highest authorities on the subject to
which it refers, and ultimately to be published in the
' Philosophical Transactions.' Dr. Blanford divides the
whole area of which he treats into 19 ''tracts," and states
the conclusions arrived at after a review of their different
faunas. He recognizes three subregions in the continental
portion of the Indo-Malay or Oriental Region — namely, the
Cisgangetic, Transgangetic, and Malayan.

121. Campbell's ' Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds.'

[Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, including the geographical
distribution of the species and popular observations thereupon. By
Archibald James Campbell, Melbourne. With Maps, 28 Coloured
Plates, and 131 Photographic Illustrations. Printed for the author by
Pawson & Bailford, Sheffield. 2 vols. 8vo. 1901. Price £3 Ss. net.]

We have received with great pleasure the two handsome
and well illustrated volumes now before us, in which IMr.
Campbell has recorded not only his own experiences but a
summary of all that is as yet known of the Nests and Eggs
of the Birds of Australia. It is stated that Gould had
planned a book on the subject, and these volumes are appro-
priately dedicated to that great ' Birdman,^ as he loved to
call himself, and to his principal collector, Gilbert. They

724 Recently published Ornithological Works.

have a photographic print of Gould's Ukeness as a frontis-
piece to the first volume and one of tlie author to the
second.

The arrangement and nomenclature of the present work
are taken^ with few exceptions, from the British Museum
Catalogue, to which references are always given. We cannot,
however, altogether approve of the vernacular names adopted,
as it is not expedient to employ such well-known terms as
" Tit," " Bell-bird,'' and " Tree-creeper " for Australian birds
of quite different genera. References to previous authorities
on the nesting and eggs of every species are also regularly
added. The letterpress under each heading contains an
account of the " Nest" and the '' Eggs," besides " General
Observations,'^ which are full and well-written.

The first volume of Mr. Campbell's book concerns the
Accipitres, Striges, and Passeres — comprising altogether
417 species; the second deals with all the remaining Orders,
comprising 348 species : so that the total number of
^'Australian Birds," as here enumerated, is 765,

The letterpress is profusely illustrated by excellent un-
coloured plates of the nests and eggs, prepared from
photographs taken by the author and his friends. At the
end of the second A'olume are twenty-seven coloured plates
of eggs, of which we can likewise speak very favourably.
In fact we may say that Mr. Campbell's work is of a high
order of merit, and reflects great credit alike upon the
author and the well-known firm who have produced it.

122. Chapman on the Great Blue Heron of America.

[A new race of the Great Blue Heron, with remarks on the status
and range of Ardea loardi. By Frank M. Chapman. Bull. Amer. Mus,
Nat. Hist. xiv. pp. 87-90, 1901.]

The author proposes to separate the form of Ardea he-
rodias of the north-west coast-region of North America
" from Victoria northward " as a new subspecies, under the
title A. h.fannini. At the same time he points out that the
resident representative of this Heron in Florida, which has
been called Ardea wardi, is nothing more than a southern

Recent!]/ published Ornithological Works. 725

form of A. herodias, with which it intergrades, and that it
should consequently be reduced to the rank of a subspecies,
as A. h. wardi.

123. De Vis on a new Parrot.

[Description of a Charniosinopsis. By C. W. De Vis. Aunals of the
Queensland Museum, No. 5, p. 12, 1900.]

Mr. De Vis describes and figures Charniosinopsis bella, a
new Loi'y from British New Guinea^ based on six examples
brought to Brisbane by Sir William Macgregor, lately
Governor. The exact locality is '^probably '^ the Wharton
Range. The species is allied to C. pulchella.

124. Finsch's Lists of the Birds in the Ley den Mvseum.

[Zur Catalogisirung der ornithologiselien Abtlieilung von Dr. 0.
Finsch. II.-V. N^^gg Leyden Mus. xxii. pp. 129-161, 193-224.]

Dr. Finsch proceeds with his reviews of the specimens of
birds in the Leyden IVIuseum, and in these parts deals with
the Steppe-Eagles, the South-sea Parrots, the Stonechats, and
various genera of Indian Passerines. Of the Steppe-Eagles
he allows 10 species, following Suschkin, who has lately
carefully studied the full series at Leyden. " Damara-laud "
is a curious locality for Aquila orientalis, where a specimen
is said to have been obtained by Audersson in 1862.

In discussing the Pyrrhulopses of the South Pacific, Dr.
Finsch comes to the conclusion that P. tabuen.sis is not an
introduced species in the Tonga-group, as has been supposed,
but an indigen^ the existence of which on Tongatabu and
Eua was ascertained by Cook in 1773, though it may have
since become extinct on the former island.

The Saxicolinae, represented at Leyden by 191 examples of
19 species, are reviewed at some length.

Writing of the Passeres of various genera of the families
Oriolidse^ Dicruridae, Muscicapidse, Sylviids, Timeliidse,
Zosteropidae, and Nectariniidse, contained in the Leyden
IMuseum, Dr. Finsch institutes two new genera and three
new species. The former are Eugerygofie (for Pseudogery-
gone rubra S harpe) and Pseudoxenicus (for Micrura super-

726 ReceritJy published Ormtholofjical Works.

ciliaris Bp.) ; the latter are Brachypodius haweanus from
Java and the Bavian Islands^ Cetiia bivittata from Timor,
and Malacocincia b'dttikoferi from Borneo.

125, Finsch on a tieiv Fruit-Pigeon.

[Ueber eine neue Treron-Art von den Kangean-Insehi von Dr. O.
Finsch. Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 162.]

Treron vordemani is a new species from the Kangean
Islands. It has been referred by Mr. Vordeman to T. (jristi-
cauda of Java, but is distinet.

] 26. Forbes on rare Birds in the Derby Museum.

[Notes on some rare Birds in the Lord Derbj' Museiun. By Henry O.
Forbes. Bull. Liverp. Mus. iii. p. Gl.j

Mr. Forbes writes on Zebrilus pumilus, a rare Bittern from
Guiana, of Avhich a plate is given, and on the unique speci-
men of Porp/]y7'io stanhyi, supposed by some authors to be
an albino of Porphyria melanonotus {cf. B. M. Cat. xxiii.
p. 205), a fact which Mr. Forbes says it is " difficult to bring
oneself to believe.^' The "historical specimen''^ was brought
to Europe by Banks, who accompanied Cook on his first
voyage ; it is supposed to have been obtained in New
Zealand, but this is not certain.

127. Hartert on the Birds of the Key Islands and oj
Ceram-Laut.

[On the Birds of the Key and South-east Islands and of Ceram-Laut.
By Ernst Hartert. Nov. Zool viii. p. 03.]

Mr. Hartert continues his review of the birds of these
groups, the first part of which we have already mentioned
(see above, p. 503). Fifty-five more species are added, which
brings the total of the avifauna up to sixty-nine.

128 Harttit on the Birds of Timor-Luut.

[On a Collection of Birds from the Timor-Laut Islands. By Ernst
Hartert. Nov. Zool. viii. p. 1G3.]

Mr. Kiihn has furnis-hed the Tring Museum with a fine

Recently published Ornithological Works, 727

series of 400 birds from the Tenimber or Timor-Laut Islands,
which he visited in 1900-1, and we have here an account of
the collection, prefaced by some interesting general remarks.
Specimens of nearly all the birds peculiar to the group
were obtained. They are referred to 63 species and sub-
species, of which Dicrurus kuhni and Rallina tricolor victa
are characterized as new.

129. Heathcote on the Birds of St. KiUla.

[St. Kilda. By Norman Heathcote. 8vo. London, 1900. Pp. i-xiii
& 1-229. Price 10s. M., net.]

Mr. Heathcote's book on St. Kilda, though written chiefly
to furnish a more trustworthy account of the character and
nature of the people, and of the charms of the rock-scenery —
not omitting the difficulty of access — contains a chapter of
more than fifty pages on its birds. The author describes
himself as being no ornithologist, but it seems to us that
he has every reason to consider himself such, so far as
his experiences go. It is true that he calls the Guillemot
Uria bruemiichi, more or less by accident, and is a little
" shaky " in a few technical details, but he gives a singularly
vivid account of the bird-life of this solitary island, which
will be found much more interesting in the case of so small
an area than a dry scientific treatise. There is an accurate
map, while the illustrations are for the most part good,
though the potato-like effect in that at p. 1G4 shows what a
camera can do when it chooses.

130, Hellmayr on the Paridse, Sittidse, and Certhiidse.

[Kritisclie Bemerluingen liber die Parida3, Sittidoe, und Certbiidee.
Von 0. E, Hellmayr. J. f, 0. 1901, pp. 169-190.]

The author, who is preparing a synopsis of these three
families for the ' Tierreich,' gives us a series of useful notes
on the genera and species from his study of them during the
progress of his work. Under the Paridse he places four sub-
families— the Regulinse, Polioptilinae, Parinse, and Paradox-
ornithina3. " Peuthoryiis " is proposed as a new generic term

728 lieccntly ptihlished Ornithological Works.

for Parus Ivzonensis aud P. semilarvatus , and ^githospiza
for Parus fringillinus Fisch. & Rcbw. The name Neositta
is suggested in place of Sitella, because it is alleged that
Rafinesque in 1815 used Sitella as equivalent to Sitta. This
change appears to us to be quite unnecessary, as Rafinesque
did not define his name, which may be safely left in oblivion.
Herr Hellmayr considers Salpornis emini of Hartlaub as
probably distinct from S. salvadorii, although Shelley and
Sharpe agree in uniting these two supposed species. He has
examined Hartlaub's type.

131. Helms on the Food of Danish Owls.

[Om nogle danske Uglers Gylp. Af 0. Helms. Vidensk. Medd. fra
deu natiirh. Foren. i Kjobenhavu, 1901, pp. 55-65.]

The author has carefully examined a large number of the
'^ castings " thrown up by individuals of the four ordinary
species of Owls that inhabit Denmark — Syrnium aluco,
Athene noctua, Otus vulgaris, and Strix flammea, and gives
the contents of the castings in a series of tables. These
shew that by far the greater portion of the Owls' food con-
sists of small mammals (Insectivora and Rodentia), though
remains of small birds (Passer domesticus &c.) are occasionally
ejected.

132. Jacobi on Biogeographical Distribution.

[Lag-e und Form biogeographisclier Gebiete. Von Dr. Arnold Jacobi.
Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin, xxxv. Heft 3, 1900.]

Dr. Arnold Jacobi's essay on Biogeographical Regions
should be read by all students interested in the subject,
although some of the conclusions at which he has arrived
are not to be commended. On the whole he adopts the
primary division of the globe into Arctogsea, ^Neogsea, and
Notogcca, but makes three '' Regions '' out of the first, five
out of the second, and two out of the third — thus raising the
Regions to ten in number, and rating the Hawaiian Archi-
pelago and New Zealand as of equal value to Africa and
South America. Again, to get over the difficult question of

Recently published Ornithological Works. 729

the Nearctic Region, Dr. Jacobi divides it into two halves,
assigning the northern half to Arctogsea and the southern to
Neogsea under the hybrid name of the "Neoboreal Region."
This would not tend to simplify matters, as we should thus
find ourselves burdened with Tyrannidse, Trochilidse, and
other purely Neogsean forms in Arctogsea.

Besides his chart of general distribution, the author gives
us a second chart to illustrate the localities of the species of
Jays [Garrulus) and Bullfinches {Pyrrhula) .

133. Le Souef on the Birds of the Riverina District of New
South Wales.

[A Visit to the Riverina District, New Soutli Wales. By D. Le Souef.
C.M.Z.S. Victorian Naturalist, xvii. No. 10, 1901.]

Mr. Le Souef sends us a sketch of the bird-life of the
Riverina District of New South Wales in a season when a
copious rainfall had completely filled the Murray River and
its adjacent lagoons. This event induced a large number
of Ibises and other water-loving birds to resort there for
breeding-purposes. A colony of Straw-necked Ibises was
estimated to consist of at least 200,000 individuals. Spoon-
bills, Herons of several species. Cormorants, Ducks, Geese,
Avocets, Stilts, and Cranes were likewise found nesting in
the same district.

134. Lorenz-Liburnou's History of Ornithology in Austria.

[Gescliiclite der Zoologie in Osterreich von 1850 bis 1000. Vogel von
Ludwig von Lorenz-Liburnau. Festschr. d. fiinfzigjahr. bestandes d.
k.k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 4to. VVieu, 1901.]

Ilerr v. Lorenz contributes the ornithological portion to a
history of the progress of Zoology in Austria and Hungary
during the last fifty years. He divides this space of time
into decennial periods, and reviews shortly the principal
publicatioijs relating to Ornithology issued during each of
them, sorting these according to the localities to which
they refer and other subjects. The predominant figure
in Ornithology in Austria during the past fifty years has

730 Recently picb/ished Ornitholor/ical Works.

certainly baea August v. Pelzeln, of whom a lithographic
portrait is given.

135. Nelson on the Birds of Yorkshire.

[The Birds of Yorkshire : commeuced by Win. Eagle Clarlte, F.L.S.,
M.B.O.U., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh; and contiuued by
Thomas H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., The Cliffe, Redcar. Trans. Yorks. Nat.
Union, Tart 24, INIay 1901.]

The species treated in this instalment of the 'Birds of
Yorkshire ' are the Rock-Thrush, the Hedge-Accentor, the
Alpine Accentor, the Redbreast, the Nightingale, the White-
spotted Blue-throat, and the Red-spotted Blue-throat. Apart
from the details of migration, on which we are always glad
to have Mr. Clarke's dicta, and references to notices of birds
in the county by early writers, the most interesting article
is that on the Nightingale, which shews that the species can
hardly be said to have extended its range much in Yorkshire,
but that previous records have often been ignored. We fancy,
however, that we can still further extend the northern range
of the Nightingale, unless our authors discredit the occur-
rence (stated on authority similar to that accepted) of the
bird during the summer of 1893 near Whittingham, in
Northumberland (Proc. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xiv. p. 202).

136. Nisbett and Finn on the Kaleege Pheasants.

[Notes on some Kalij Pheasants from the Kachin Ilillls in the posses-
sion of the Bombay Natural History Society. By Capt. W. G. Nisbett
and F. Finn. Jouru. Bombay N. H. Soc. xiii. pp. 521-528.J

The immediate subject of this paper is a set of Pheasants
of the genus Genncens obtained by Capt Nisbett in the Kachin
Hills, north of Bhamo, which are considered by the authors
as " hybrids of various grades " between G. horsfieldi and
G. andersoni. With the latter it is proposed to unite
G. rvjipcs of Oates and G. beli of Oustalet.

A useful synoptic table of the seven species of the group
is added.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 731

137. North on the Destruction of Birds in Australia.

[The Deslriictiou of Native Birds in New South Wales. By Alfred J.
North, C.M.Z.S., Ornithologist. Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. pp. 17-21, 1901.]

We regret to find tliat^ as in Europe and North America^
the destruction of bird-life is proceeding at a great pace
even in Australia. Rifle-birds and Bower-birds are in con-
stant demand at Sydney for ladies^ hats. Two hundred and
fifty Lyre-birds [Menura superba) are reported to have been
slaughtered in one locality for the sake of their tails. A
Bird-Preservation Act passed in 1895 is " more honoured in
the breach than in the observance.^'' In the vicinity of the
great cities Sparrows and Starlings are fast ousting the
native birds_, and in the immediate neighbourhood of Mel-
bourne ''hardly a single native bird is to be seen.'' Other
active agents of destruction are ''phosphorized oats/^ scat-
tered about to destroy the rabbits^ and domestic catSj intro-
duced for the same purpose. We trust that Australians will
take warning in time, and endeavour to find some remedy
for this sad state of affairs.

138. Gates's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs.

[Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in tlie British Museum .
Vol.1. By Eugene W. Dates. London. Printed by Order of the Trustees.
Pp. 452. 18 Plates. Price 25,s.]

The first volume of the Catalogue of Birds'-eggs in the
British Museum, to the progress of which we have referred
on several occasions^ is now published. It follows exactly
the nomenclature and arrangement of the ' Hand-list/ and
contains an account of the eggs of the Ratitae and of the
Carinatse from the " Tinamifornes ^^ up to the Lariformes —
including altogether 520 species, the eggs of which are
illustrated from 12,156 specimens. Under the head of each
specieSj as named in the ' Hand-list,^ are given the principal
references relating to the eggs and the nesting. Then follows
a description of the egg, and a list of the specimens, with
localities and the mode of acquisition added; general remarks
on the colour and shape of the eggs are also often given under
the heads of the Genera, Orders, and other larger divisions.

732 Recently published Ornithological Works.

In his " Introduction/^ Mr. Oates reviews the history of
the great Collection of eggs from its commencement. It
appears to have been begun in 1842, when the late D. W.
Mitchell presented some eggs of British birds, chiefly from
Cornwall. In 1850 the collection made during the voyage
of the 'Rattlesnake' arrived, in 1852 that made in the course
of the voyage of the ' Acheron/ and in 1871 the series col-
lected during the Transit-of -Venus Expedition in Kerguelen.

But it was in 1885 that the two greatest acquisitions
were made, by the presentation to the Trustees of the mag-
nificent collection of Indian Eggs of Mr. Hume, and of
the splendid series amassed in the cabinets of Messrs. Salvin
and Godraan, which was especially rich in specimens from
America. In 1891 Mr. Howard Saunders presented his
well-selected series of the eggs of the Laridse, and in 1893
Seebohra made over his celebrated collection, chiefly of Palse-
arctic birds^-eggs, to the Nation. With all these and many
other important additions, the British Museum now contains
by far the most extensive and valuable collection of birds'-
eggs in the world, numbering some 50,000 specimens.

The present volume is illustrated by a series of 18 excel-
lent coloured plates, drawn by Mr. Gronwald. While we
most heartily recognise the thoroughness and exactness with
which the author of the present volume has fulfilled his
difficult task, there can be no harm in expressing a wish
that the " explanation " of these plates had been managed in
a different way. The names of the species figured might well
have been placed on the plates themselves, or at least on an
opposite page, instead of being all run together at the com-
mencement. Some of them also (e. g., that of Cnhjmbus
77«c?]/iCM.?,pl.xi.fig.6) are wrongly numbered in the letterpress.

139. Reichenow's ' Birds of Africa.'

[Die Vogel Afi'ikas von Ant. Reichenow. Erster Band. Zweite
Halfte. 4to. Neudamm, 1901. Pp. xcvii-civ, 321-706. Price oOs.]

Dr. Reichenow completes the first volume of his Birds of
Africa by the issue of the present part {cf. above, p. 142),
which carries on the subject to the end of the Strigidse

Recently published Ornithological Works. 733

(according to the system which he follows). Thus this
volume gives us an account of 560 species^ belonging to 30
families.

We observe that even glaring faults of grammar are not
corrected in the nomenclature adopted (e. g., Aplopelia)
and that " homonyms " are in use throughout. The occur-
rence of Baheniceps rex on Lake Victoria (see above, p. 156)
is apparently not credited (p. 357). Bcdearica yibbericejis
is wisely reduced to the rank of a subspecies — is it even
that?

140. Rothschild and Hartert on Papuan Birds.

[Notes on Papuan Birds. By the Hon. W. Eothschild, Ph.D., and
Ernst Hartert. (Continued.) Nov. Zool. viii. p. 102.]

The authors continue their notes on the large series of
Papuan birds in the Tring Museumj and discuss the
Columbae, Megapodidse, Rallidse, Limicolse, and Alcedinidse.
The following new names are proposed : — Ptilinopus gestroi
kaporensis (from Kapoor), Syma torotoro meeki (from British
New Guinea), and S. t. ochracea (from the D^Entrecasteaux
group). Some species, in our opinion well-marked, are
reduced to subspecific rank — e. g., Ptilopus bellus and P.
johannis. which surely should not be placed in the same
category as the multitudinous races of Macropygia.

141. Shufeldt on the Osteology of the Penguins.
[Osteology of the Penguins. By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, C.M.Z.S.,

M.A.O.U. Journ. Anat. Phys. xxxv. p. 390, 1901.]

The author having carefully consulted the writings of
Watson, Coues, Newton, Milne-Edwards, Sclater, and others
on the Spheniscidee, and having studied the ample material
in the U.S. National ]Museum, thinks it well to furnish in
an article of some fourteen pages a compendium of our
knowledge of the group up to the present time. The learned
Doctor's good work is so well known that we are sure many
will join with us in the wish that there had been a little less
Watson and a little more Shufeldt, for there does not seem
to be much in this useful compilation that is unfamihar,
except with regard to the second ramal foramen of the

SER. VIII. VOL. I. 3 c

734 Recently published Ornithological Works.

mandible and a few facts concerning the dorsal vertebrae
and coracoid. The writer is more than ever convinced of the
low morphological rank of the Impennes, and of the great
difficulty in deciding upon their affinities. The skeleton of
Sphenisciis demersus is figured, as are also bones from the
leg of Aptenodytes and Eudyptes.

142. Shufeldt on Scopus and Balseniceps.

[Notes on the Osteology of Scopus U7nbretfa and Balcenicej^s rex. By
E. W. Shufeldt, M.D., C.M.Z.S. Jouin. Anat. Phys. xxxv. p. 405,

1901.]

As Dr. Shufeldt was unable to procure a specimen of
Balmiiceps for the purposes of this paper, he was obliged to
rely for his facts concerning that species entirely on the
memoir of W. K. Parker; but the detailed examination of
an excellent mounted skeleton of Scopus (which he figures)
has given him the opportunity of comparing the osteology
of the two forms at considerable length, and of corroborating
the views of Parker and Beddard as to their relationships.
In the skull, the axial skeleton, and the appendicular skeleton,
much greater affinity is shown to the Storks than to the
Herons. A table of the author's classification of the Hero-
diones will be found in the paper noticed below.

143. Shufeldt on the Herudiones.

[Osteology of the Herodiones. By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. Ann. Car-
negie Mus. i. pp. 158-249, 1900.]

This illustrated memoir, though dated 1900 in the text,
was evidently written after the two foregoing articles, and
contains Dr. Shufeldt's final Classification of the Suborder,
which is as follows : —

Superfamilies. Families.

I Plataleidae.

Suborder- '
Herodiones

^^^^°^^«^ ••••• jlbidida..

j Ciconiidte,
Ciconoidea ) c, ■ -,

j Balpenicipidfe.
Bala^nicipitoidea . . \ Cancromidie.

Ardeidae.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 735

The work is a development of the " Osteological Studies
of the Subfamily Ardeinse " (chiefly concerned with Ardea
herodias), published in various parts of the ' Journal of
Comparative Medicine and Surgery/ a periodical confined
to a relatively small circle of readers. A large amount of
new material has now enabled Dr. Shufeldt to add so con-
siderably to his information, not only about tlie Herons
proper, but about their nearest relatives as well, that he has
considered it time to republish the body of the original work
with additions, and to supplement it by an account of the
schemes of Classification since 1867, and by dissertations on
the osteology of Tantalus loculator, of Mycteria americana,
of the Ibises, and of Ajaja ajaja. The author deplores the
lack of a perfect skeleton of the last-named, while of Myc-
teria only a sternum and a shoulder-girdle were to hand.

144). Slater on the Birds of Iceland.

[Manual of the Birds of Iceland. By Henry H. Slater, M.A., F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U. 8vo. David Douglas: Edinburgh, 1901. Pp. i-xxiii and
1-150. Price 5s.]

Mr. Slater has for some time been expected to publish a
book on the Birds of Iceland, a task for which he is unusually
well qualified from liis energetic exploration of the country
and his excellent knowledge of its Ornithology. The work
now before us Avill be most useful to all wlio visit the island,
and successfully combines the character of a manual for the
general public with that of a scientific treatise for the expert.
For the latter, however, a few more text-references to the
literature would have added to the advantage to be gained
from the full Bibliography. Extending from Snorro Sturleson
to the present day, the publications which the author has had
to consult are many and scattered, while the fact that they
are written in Icelandic, Danish, German, Latin, and English
makes a comprehensive work on the birds and their status
the more valuable.

We are sorry to hear that the Raven, Iceland Falcon, Grey
Phalarope, Black-tailed Godwit, and Little Auk are decidedly

3c2

736 Recently published Ornithological Works.

decreasing in numbers, owing to the failure of the Close-
Season Law of 1885 (printed in full) to protect birds' eggs,
and that the scrub suffers from the ravages of sheep, much
as tlie forests in the Sandwich Islands do from those of
cattle. At the present time a comparison of the avifauna
of Iceland and Shetland affords many points of interest,
especially as regards migration.

Mr. Slater, of whose tone we do not always quite approve,
takes exception to certain points in the writings of modern
authorities, especially as regards the Icelandic names of birds
and their orthography; but he rightly hesitates to accept
every record of a bird's occurrence, or even positively to affirm
his own experience as to the nesting of the Sanderling.
Many names, such as Kite, Cuckoo, and Stork, are shown
to be commonly met with in Icelandic literature, although
such species are quite unknown in the island. The
erroneous record of Tringa fuscicollis proves to have been
due to a misapplication of the name T. schinzi.

A few slight textual errors may well be attributed to the
printer, but in the article on the Northern Wren, a piecing
together of notes has caused the author first to say that he
never met with the bird, and then to describe his discovery
of it. With regard to facts gleaned from the Durham
University Museum, it may be added that W. Proctor owned
at least one supposed egg both of the Pomatorhine Skua and
of the Grey Plover from Iceland, with others of the so-called
Fratercula glacialis — records of little value in themselves,
but shewing, in the first case, that Faber was not alone in his
statement about the breeding. Proctor, moreover, firmly
denied that the Eared Grebe nested in Iceland.

Grave doubts are expressed as to the breeding of the King
Eider, the Garganey, and other birds. Mr. Slater's own
records of the Common Golden-eye and of the Sooty
Shearwater will be found in their proper place, while special
attention is drawn to the fact of many of the breeding species
failing to attain their full nuptial plumage in Iceland.

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 7S7

XLVIII. — Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.
We have received the followiug letters, addressed to ''The
Editors of the Ibis '' : —

Sirs, — A male specimen of the Andaman Teal {Nettion
albigulare) having just died at the Zoological Garden here,
and having been forwarded to the Museum, I have taken the
opportunity of examining the trachea, and find it to be
furnished with a well-developed bony bulb, very similar to
that of the Common Teal {Nettion crecca), as figured in
YarrelFs 'British Birds ' (4th edition, vol, iv. p. 391).

Yours &c.,
India Museum, Calcutta, F. FiNN.

May 9tb.

Sirs, — If Mr. C. E. Nipper^s identification of a Honey-
Buzzard in the cases in Somersetshire referred to by Mr. W.
P. Westell in your last issue (above, p. 515) is correct, we
have a remarkable instance of transference of habits. The
Honey-Buzzard has hitherto been found breeding during
the last days of May or June in well-Avooded districts, at no
great elevation, and always in trees. Moreover, I am not
acquainted with any authentic record of more than three
eggs of the Honey-Buzzard having been found in a nest,
and the clutch almost always consists of two.

The Common Buzzard, which breeds regularly in a
neighbouring county, lays in April and May, breeds on clitf-
faces and in lofty situations, while about twelve per cent,
of the nests contain four eggs. Yours &c.,

Francis C. R. Jourdain.

Clifton Vicarage, Ashburne, Derbyshire,
July 15th, 1901.

Sirs, — My friend Mr. Arthur P. Page permits me to
send particulars of a Nutcracker shot by a gamekeeper near
Ilkley, Yorkshire, on the 5th of Jan., 1901, and purchased by
Mr. Page in the flesh on the same day. Unfortunately the
sex was not determined. On comparing this specimen with
the two Dutch examples sent by Heer F. E. Blaauw to
Dr. Sclater (c/'. Bull. B. O. Club, vol. xi. p. 48, Feb. 28, 1901),

738 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

I find that it belongs to the slender-billed or eastern
form^ Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos, and it is
therefore interesting as indieating, so far as is known, the
western limit of the irruption of this bird in Europe during the
last months of 1900. A Nutcracker, which may also belong
to this form, has been recorded by the Rev. H. Marmaduke
Langdale as having been shot at Chilgrove, in West Susses,
on Dec. 21st, 1900 (Zool. 1901, p. 107).

I have followed Dr. Stejneger (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1888, p. 426) in using C. L. Brehm's name macrorhynchos
rather than leptorhyncha of Dr. R. Blasius.

Yours &c.,

W. RUSKIN BUTTERFIELD.

4 Stauhupe Place, St. Leouard's-ou-Sea,
July Gth, 1901.

Sirs, — From Herr Herluf Winge's letter (see above,
p. 51G) it would appear that the naturalists of Copenhagen
are unable to discover any traces of Pelicans in West
Jutland, and that, notwithstanding six years of " much
^nquirj^, only negative evidence is accumulating ^^ ! One
may be permitted to wonder what form these lengthy and
interesting enquiries have taken. I imagine that a working
field-ornithologist Avould settle tlie point in a few days. I
notice, however, that Herr Winge admits that he has only
visited the Ringkjobing fjord twice in twenty years. I
venture to suggest to our friends in Denmark that this is
not a matter to be solved by references to musty tomes, or by
antiquarian researches, even though they extend back to the
Stone Age. It is a simple question of outdoor observation.
May I contribute one further link of evidence which, if not
positive, is at least not negative? 1 quote an extract from a
letter addressed to me last July by an English naturalist : —

" I have just read your letter in 'The Ibis' on Pelicans
in West Jutland, It may interest you to know (for in a
measure it corroborates what you saw) that, along with a
friend, I spent a fortnight there last spring (May, 1900).

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 739

''On May 21st, 1900, we were right down at the mouth
of the Tarm river, where it runs into the Ringkjobing fjord.
There is a small island about half a mile out in the fjord. I
waded to this island ; at low tide there is a sandbank left
dry on one side of it. I there saw a pair of Pelicans. In
my mind there is not a doubt about it, as I had field-glasses
with me, and got fairly elose to them before they flew off in
the direction of Tipperen.

" I have drawn a rough map of the district, and marked
with a red cross the spot where I saw the Pelicans. No
doubt you will be able to make it out, as you were, I think,
all over this ground.^'

The red cross on the map referred to is within half a
dozen miles of the spot Avhere my late brother and I saw
the Pelicans in May, 1893. I would add, for the informa-
tion of future visitors to West Jutland, that the Pelicans are
not to be looked for on dry land or fen, but exclusively on
the open salt-waters and tidal flats of the Ringkjobing fjord.

Yours &c.,

Abel Chapman.
Houxty, Wark-ou-Tyiie, Northumberlaud,
Alio-. 18tb, 1901,

Sale of Alphonse Milne-Edwards' s Library. — The following
are some of the prices realized by ornithological books at
the sale of the library of the late Alphonse Milne-Edwards,
whicli took place at Paris in May last. The produce of the
sale was given by the deceased^s will to the Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris, to be employed in buying
additions to the Collections : — i\.udebert etVieillot^s ' Histoire
naturelle ct generale des Colibris,^ 2 vols., 200 fr. ; Badeker^s
' Die Eier du europaischen Vogel,^ 130 fr. ; Bettoni-'s ' Storia
naturale degii uccelli die nidificano in Lombardia,' 2 vols.,
205 fr. ; Bonaparte et Schlegel^s ' Monographic des Loxiens/
62 fr. ; Buller's ' Birds of New Zealand,' 90 fr. ; ditto, ed. 2,
2 vols., 135 fr. ; ' Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum/

740 Letters, Extracts, Notices, Sfc.

27 vols., 1250 £r. ; Dresser's 'Birds of Europe,' 8 vols.,
1140 fr. ; Elliot's ' Monograph of the Bucerotid^/ 170 fr.;
Elliot's ' Monograph of the Phasianidse/ 2 vols., 1350 fr. ;
Elliot's ' Monograph of the Pittida;,' 185 £r. ; Elliot's ' Mono-
graph of the ParadiseidsB,' 180 fr. ; Elliot's ' Monograph of
the Tetraoninse,' 1 76 fr. ; Elliot's ' Birds of North America,'
2 vols., 225 fr. ; Ey ton's ' Osteologia Avium,' 100 fr. ;
Gould's ' Birds of the Voyage of the Beagle,' 135 fr. ;
Gould's 'Birds of Australia,' 8 vols., 3650 f r. ; Gould's
'Birds of New Guinea,' 5 vols., 1300 fr. ; Gould's 'Birds of
Asia,^ 7 vols., 1550 fr. ; Gould's ' I cones Avium,' 350 fr. ;
Gould's 'Trochilidae,' 5 vols., 1550 fr. ; Gray's ' Genera of
Birds,' 3 vols., 450 fr. ; 'The Ibis,' 1859-1900, 1650 fr. ;
Jerdon's ' Birds of India,' 3 vols., 100 fr. ; ' Journal fiir
Oruithologie,' 1853-88, 300 fr. ; Legge's ' Birds of Ceylon,'
140 fr. ; Malherbe's ' Monographic des Picidees,' text and
Atlas in 4 vols., 440 fr. ; Sclater's ' Monograph of the
Jacamars and Puff-birds,' 100 fr. ; Sclater and Salvin's
' Exotic Ornithology,' 205 fr. ; Sharpe's ' Monograph of the
Alcedinidse/ 160 fr. ; Sharpe & Wyatt's 'Monograph of the
Hirundinidse,' 2 vols., 145 fr. ; Shelley's 'Monograph of
the Nectariniidse,' 100 fr. ; Siebold's ' Fauna Japonica,'
Aves, 210 fr. ; Temminck. and Knip's ' Histoire naturelle
generale des Pigeons,' 2 vols., 500fr. j Vieillot's 'Histoire
naturelle des Oiseaux de I'Amerique Septentrionale,' 2 vols.,
260 fr.

Honorary Degree for an Ornithologist. — The first Honorary
Degree of Doctor of Science given by the University of
Oxford was granted to the Senior Editor of 'The Ibis,' in
a (Convocation held in the Theatre, on the 20th of June last.
Prof. Love, in presenting Dr. P. L. Sclater for this degree,
made the following Latin speech : —

" Adest Philippus Lutley Sclater, Sodalis Societatis
Regalis, Magister Artium in Acaderaia nostra. Philosophise
Doctor in Bonnensi, Collegii Corporis Christi Socius honoris
causa creatus. Qui vir, ut primos eius annos et incunabula

Letters, Extracts, Notices, Sfc. 741

laudis breviter prsestringam, si quis alius, vere Wiccamicus
vocandus est, cum uon solum ipse et postea duo eius filii
sed olim pater atque avus in illustrissinia Schola Beatse
Marise de Wiutou instituti sint. Ita per quattuor hominum
setatcs liuius domus nomeu in annalibus Wiccamicis notis-
simum. Nostrge raox Academise particeps et Collegii Cor-
poris Christi alumnus, duos fere et quinquaginta abhinc
aunos graduatus est.

" In opviOokoyla quam vocant hie profecto familiam ducit :
hoe gubernante Societas Zoologica Britannica laude maxima
floret; liorti autem Zoologici Londinenses nullis usquam
cedunt. Quod ad doctrinam exquisitiorem et rei Zoologicse
peritiam attinet, illud potissimum dixerim, hunc Regionum
Zooiogicarum naturam et limites primum perspexisse cum
regionibus sex constitutis, Palsearctica, Nearctiea, Neo-
tropicali, ^^]thiopica, Orientali, Australi, orbem terrse nou
hominum civitatibus sed ferarum geueribus partirelur.
Quam ratiouem, quinquaginta fere abhinc annos excogitatam,
plurimi ita emendare et eorrigere conati sunt, quo in numero
erat ipse Huxley, vir in hoe genere doctrinse prsestantissimus,
ut etiam hodie probatissima et naturae conveuientissima
esse videatur. Multa doeuit hie vir ingeniosissimus quse
adhue omnium iudicio comprobantur, velut Africse septen-
trionalis harenosw Nomadum solitudiui superiacentia re vera
Palsearctica esse atque Europse affinia; Arabise autem
meridiana in regionem Africanam sive ^thiopieam cadere :
de duabus etiam Americse continentibus felicissime monuit,
hanc ab ilia dividi, non isthmo illo Panamensi, sed septen-
trionali Mexicse latere, cum ultra citraque hanc quasi lineam
accuratissime descriptam diversissima ferarum genera in-
veniantur/^

The Collection of Birds in the British Museum. — We
extract the following paragraphs relating to Birds from the
Parliamentary Report on the British Museum for the year
ending March 31st, 1901 :—

'' The rearrangement of the Exhibition-series has been

743 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

continued in the Gallery. Seven additional pier-cases and
four large table-cases have been re-filled with new and
beautifully-mounted specimens^ and the old specimens^ when
of historic value, have been unmounted and the remainder
placed among the duplicates. The mounting of the new
specimens has mainly been executed by Mr." Cullingford, of
Durham.

" Nine new groups of birds with their nests have been
added during the year, viz. : — The Stock-Dove {Columba
cenas); the Herring-Gull [Larus argentatus) ; the Roseate
Tern [Sterna dougalli) ; and the Sandwich Tern [Sterna
cantiaca), from Scotland, presented by Capt. S. G. Reid and
Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : the Avocet [Recurvirostra
avocetta) and the Black-tailed Godwit [Limosa Ihnosa),
from Europe, presented by Messrs. J. Stares and E. Earle :
the Ivory Gull [Pagojjhila eburnea), from Franz- Josef
Land, presented by Mr. F. G. Jackson : White's Thrush
{Geocichla varia), from Japan, presented by Mr. Heatley
Noble; and the Nutcracker [Nucifraga caryocatactes),
from Hungary, presented by Mr. C. G. Danford.

" Rapid progress continues to be made with the re-
arrangement of the collections of eggs and skeletons. Since
December 1899, 14,000 specimens of eggs have been cata-
logued by Mr. Eugene W. Gates, and various large acces-
sions have been incorporated and made available for
reference. The first volume of the Catalogue of Eggs will
shortly appear^, and the plates for the second volume have
already been drawn.

"The re-arrangement and determination of the bird-
skeletons continue to make progress. Mr. W. P. Pycraft has
completed the arrangement of the skeletons of the Ratitae,
and those of the Accipitres have been determined and partly
arranged. A number of valuable adult birds and embryos
in spirits have been added. The collection of birds in
spirits is, unfortunately, in a terribly congested state, owing
to lack of space in the cabinets, and it is now impossible to
find any particular specimen without serious loss of time.
* This is DOW published, see above, p. 731.

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 743

"^ The actual number of specimens registered during the
past year is 6,357. All these have been incorporated aud
neatly labelled,

'' AvES. — The total number of additions to this group is
7,414, of which the following may be specially mentioned : —

''Nine hundred and sixty-seven birds from the interior of
British East Africa ; presented by Lord Delamere : 90 birds^
including the type of a new species [Cossypha omoensis),
procured on his journey to Lake Rudolf, and presented by
Dr. Donaldson- Smith : 131 birds from the New Hebrides,
including the types of twelve new species, presented by
Capt. A. M. Farquhar, R.N. : 85 birds from Mount Kenya,
including the types of four new species and two species new
to the collectiou collected by the Mackinder Expedition :
309 birds from Nyasaland, including the type of a new Swift
[Ctjpselus shai'pii), presented by Mr. Alfred Sharpe, C.B. :
parent-birds, nest, and eggs of the Ivory Gull {Payophila
eburnea), from Franz- Josef Land, presented by Mr, F. G.
Jackson : 307 birds from Mashonaland and the Congo ;
presented by Mrs. Jameson : 41 birds from S.E, New
Guinea, &c,, including one example of a species new to the
collection, purchased : 45 birds from Morty Island, pur-
chased : 131 birds from Sarawak, purchased : lOi birds from
Mashonaland, purchased : 195 birds and 40 nests and
eggs- from Sarawak, presented by Dr. C. Hose : 22 birds
from British New Guinea, presented by His Excellency
R. G. Le Hunte, C.M.G. : 32 birds from French Congo,
including the types of two new species, collected by
Mr. G. L. Bates, purchased : 33 birds and 37 eggs
from the River Ruo, B.C. Africa, including a specimen
of MachcerhampliHS anderssoni, purchased : 256 birds from
China, including examples of three new species, presented by
Mr. C. B. Rickett : 35 birds from North Queensland, presented
l)y Mr. H. C. Robinson : parent-birds, nests, and eggs of the
Stock-Dove [Columba cenas), Hcrring-GuU (Larus argen-
tatus). Roseate Tern {Sterna duugalli), aud Sandwich Tern
{Sterna cantiaca), from Scotland, presented by Capt. S. G.
Reid and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Graut : 37 eggs from South

744 Letters, Extracts, Notices, 6fc.

Australia, presented by Mr. E. S, Moulden : 95 birds from
the Zambesi, presented by Capt. Boyd Alexander : 215 birds
and 14 eggs from Australia, presented by Donald Macintosh :
parent-birds, nests, and eggs of the Avocet [Recurvirosti'a
avocetta) and of the Black-tailed God wit {Limosa limosa) ;
presented by Messrs, John Stares and E. Earle : 104 birds,
in spirits, from Costa Kica, purchased : the types of 7 new
species of birds from Uganda, presented by Mr. F. J. Jack-
son, C.B. : 568 eggs from the east coast of N. America,
received in exchange from the Princeton University, New
Jersey : 19 Greenland Falcons, purchased : 343 birds from
South Arabia, including the types of three new species,
collected by the Percival-Dodsoii Expedition, purchased :
parent-birds and nest of Whitens Thrush {Geocichla varia)
from Japan, and 20 embryo birds in spirits, presented by
Mr. Heatley Noble : 14 birds and 13 nests from North
Australia and New Guinea, purchased : 82 birds from the
White Nile, presented by Capt. H. N. Dunn, R.A.M.C. :
a cotype of Cerasophila thompsoni from the S. Shan States,
presented by Colonel C. T. Bingham : 200 birds from the
Andes of Ecuador, purchased : a collection of mummified
birds, presented by the Committee of the Egypt Exploration
Fund : 12 birds from the Moluccas, including examples of six
species new to the collection, purchased: 6 specimens of anew
bird {Tat are vaughani) from Pitcairn Island, presented by
Lieut. Vaughan, R.N. : 3 birds from Hadramaut, Southern
Arabia, including the type of a new Grosbeak {Rhyncho-
struthus percivali), presented by Mr. A. Blayney Percival :
950 birds from the Shan States, including the types of seven
new species, presented by Colonel G. Bippon : and a specimen
of the rare Pigmy Tinamou {Taoniscm nanus) from the
Argentine Republic, presented by Mr. Noel L. Holdeu."

Spring Birds at Mashad, N.E. Persia. — In his ' Khurasan
and Seistan,' Col. Yate writes as follows : — '' Spring at
Mashad is a charming time, and the whole country seems to
blossom out. Birds of all sorts appear to breed. The Blue
Jay or Indian Boiler — the Kulagh-i-Sabz or Green Crow, as

Letters^ Extracts, Notices, ^c. 745

it is called by the Persians — comes in hundreds, and takes
possession of almost every nullah-bank, closely followed by
that gay bird, the European Bee-eater, which similarly lays
its eggs in a hole in some bank. Almost every Kanat-well
has its pair of Pied Wagtails, the sky is full of Swallows and
Swifts, and the Persian Nightingale sings and breeds in the
gardens. At one time I had two Nightingales^ nests and six
or seven nests of a little Tree-Warbler in my garden, all
within a few yards of the front-door steps. Soon after the
middle of April the Quail appear, and the cock birds are
netted in large numbers, by means of calls, in the young
wheat crops, and sold in the bazaar at the rate of six for a
kran. They breed around the town, and towards the end of
July, after the corn is cut, young quails are to be found in
the grain-fields and are excellent eating. Another bird that
breeds in Khurasan in large numbers is the Rose-coloured
Starling — the Sdr, as the Persians call it. The Koh-i-Sangi
to the south-west of the town is a favourite resort of these
birds ; large flocks gather there, and breed amongst the
tumbled mass of rocks and boulders that forms the western
cud of the hill. In June, when the young birds are fledged,
men and boys go out from the town with baskets and catch
them in numbers. It is a curious sight to see them hunting
about the rocks for the nests. The old birds sit around,
jabbering away as hard as they can, almost every one of them
with either a grasshopper or a white mulberry in its mouth
for the benefit of the young birds that, alas for them, are
being ruthlessly carried oft\"

The Honey-guide in Abyssinia. — From the ' Times ^ of
August 18th, 1901, we extract the following paragraph
contained in a letter of its special correspondent with the
Abyssinian Field Force, dated at Jig-Jigga, May 5th : —

'' On our way I made the acquaintance of the ' Morris ' or
Honey-bird, of which one has often read in travellers^ books,
but of whose existence and powers I had personally always
been sceptical. I encountered the bird as I was wandering
one morning along the hills skirting the valley in search of

746 Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c.

any game that might present itself. A bird settled on a tree
in front and began to chatter volubly. The Somalis with me
explained it was ' Morris,' the Honey-bird, with tales of
whose wonderful doings they had often regaled me. The
bird seemed to be of about the same size as a thrush, with a
grey breast and yellow beak and long tail. We followed it
as it fluttered from bush to bush, and if we halted even for
a minute, it came back urging us to move on. The Somalis
kept whistling and talking to the bird, which seemed to
make it more talkative than ever. At last it stopped and
would lead us no further. The men began to search in the
jungle to see if it was a lion it was taking us to, for the
•' Morris ' is just as likely to do so as to show you honey ;
but there were no signs of any dangerous animals. On
examining the trunks of the trees near by, I found a tiny
crevice in the stem of a dead tnmk, out of which exuded
some moisture, which, on being tasted^ was found to be
honey. To avoid the attacks of the bees a fire was first lit,
in the smoke of which the men could take refuge, and then,
the shikari, climbing up the stem a few yards, discovered a
large hollow running down the length of the trunk. We
immediately set to work with our hunting-knives, and cut
out the front of the tree sufficiently to allow a man to reach
down the hollow, whence he pulled out four long pieces of
excellent comb-honey. The bees, curiously enough, did not
attempt to molest the thief. The Honey-bird sat by all
the time, eagerly watching our doings, and when we left we
placed a piece of the spoil on a branch of a tree, which
' Morris' at once attacked greedily, and we left him there. '^

Nesting-habits of Hornbills. — At Axum (Abyssinia) a pair
of the Scarlet-beaked Hornbills ^ had their nest in a hollow
tree in the garden of the house I inhabited. When I arrived
the female had already been plastered up in her nest by the
male, who used to feed her daily. Before I left the mud had
been removed, and the mother and two young ones Avere
perched on a neighbouring branch, the young not fully
* Probably Lopliocei'os erythrorlxynchus (Teium.).

Letters, Extracts, Notices, ^c. 747

fledged and tlie mother a most disreputable-looking object,
with ragged plumage and unable to fly. The male was then
very busy, as he liad three to feed. — Wylde^s Modern
Abyssinia, p. 492.

The Australasian Ornithologists' Union. — We are pleased to
have received a circular announcing that the Australasian
Ornithologists^ Union [cf. Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 54) has been
successfully started, and that the first General Meeting will
be held at Adelaide in October or November of this year. The
Journal of the Union will be appropriately named ' The
Emu.^ Col. W. V. Legge, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., will probably
be the first President.

The Para Museum. — We are glad to be able to announce
that the Governor of the State of Para has issued a decree
ordering that the name of the Museu Paraense shall be in
future " Museu Goeldi," in honour of its distinguished
Director, our excellent correspondent Prof. Dr. Emil Goeldi.

New Ornithologicat Periodical. — On or about September 1st,
1901, the Bird Club of Princeton University was to publish
its first ' Bulletin,' edited by Mr. Wm. E. D. Scott, Curator
of Ornithology, Princeton University. It should contain
an annotated list of the birds of Princeton and vicinity, by
William Arthur Babson, B.S., 1901. This list is the result
of four years of scientific observation and study of the birds
of Princeton. The ' Bulletin ' wall contain about seventy
or eighty pages, will be plainly bound in paper, and will be
sold for one dollar.

Birds in the Zoological Garden, Cairo. — From Capt.
Stanley Flower's report, for 1900, on the Zoological Garden
at Ghizeh, near Cairo, we learn that 25 species of birds living
at large in the Garden were noted during that year. Turdus
musicus, MotaciUa alba, and M. cinereocapilla are regular
winter visitors, besides 5 species of Ducks.

748 Obituary.

Additiotis to the U.S. National Museum. — From the report
of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year
ending June 30th, 1900, we extract the following para-
graph : —

" The Division of Birds has received the Goodfellow
Collection of Humming-birds, comprising about 1.200 speci-
mens ; 300 specimens of the birds of the United States
of Columbia, from Mr. Outram Bangs ; 500 specimens of
Hawaiian birds from Mr. H. W. Henshaw ; a specimen of
the Cuban Macaw {Ara ti'icolor), now believed to be ex-
tinct, from Maj. W. A. Glassford, U.S.A. ; and a skeleton of
the rare Harris's Cormorant, from Leland-Stanford-Junior
University.^"

XLIX. — Obituary.

The Abbe Armand David, Mr. Lionel Wiglesworth,
and Mr. William Doherty.

Ornithology has sustained a severe loss in the person of the
Abbe Armand David, the indefatigable explorer of parts of
the mysterious interior of China now practically closed to the
scientific traveller, and the discoverer of many new facts in
Botany and Geology as well as in Zoology.

Born at Espalette in the Department of the Basses
Pyrenees on the 7th of September, 1826, and entered at
St. Lazare in 1848, he devoted his untiring energies, after a
preliminary training of ten years' educational work at the
College of Savone in Italy, to the service of the Lazarist
Missionary establishments in China.

In 1863 the Abbe was placed in charge of a French school
in Pekin, and at once began to give unmistakable proofs of
his great interest in science by the valuable collections that
he transmitted to the National Museum of his native country,
with the full approval of his ecclesiastical superiors. At the
same time he was amassing a collection for his scholastic
establishment, and had begun to correspond with and profit

Obituary. 749

by the advice of some of the best scieutific men of the
time.

A trip to South Mongolia and the great mountain chain
of Si-chan having afforded a measure of preliminary training,
Pere David undertook in 1864 an important expedition to
Johol, north of Pekin, near the remains of the great Mon-
golian forest, under the guidance of a Christianized Lama
named Sambdatchiemba, who had thirty years previously
guided MM. Hue and Gabet to Lhassa. In ten months so
many treasures were secured and forwarded to Paris, that the
authorities there determined to commission the missionary
officially, and subsidised him to explore the less-known
portions of the Celestial Empire. As a consequence, he
undertook a second great expedition in 1866, to the districts
lying within twenty days^ journey westward from Pekin,
and subsequently a third in 1868-70 from Shanghai by the
Blue River to Kiang-si, Se-chuan^ and Moupin in the
direction of Koko-Nor.

During these years the health of the fearless explorer had
suffered so severely that he was recalled to France, where in
1871 his collections were publicly exhibited. On his return
to China in 1872, Pere David carried out a fourth expedition
to Chensi and the yellow -earth region of the Hoang-ho basin,
though obliged to abandon his projected visit to the great
mountains of Tsing-Ling by a Mahomedan rebellion, and
another to Fokien by his failing health.

Prostrated by fever, the Abbe was obliged in ] 874 to return
once more to France, where fortunately his health was partially
restored, and he lived for twenty-five years in the house of
St. Vincent de Paul, busied with his collections. He died
on November 10th, 1900.

Never more happy than when assisting or working for
the good of others, Pere David was as modest and un-
assuming as he was enthusiastic and indomitable ; while the
rules of his order doubtless precluded him to some extent
from accepting the full honours due to his scientific attain-
ments. He was, however, a Laureate of the Society of

SER. VIII. — VOL. I. 3d

750 Obituary,

Geography, and a Coi respondent of the Institute of France
and of the Academy of Sciences.

Of his works by far the most important to ornithologists
is the ' Birds of China/ undertaken in collaboration with
M. E. Oustalet ; but M. A. Milne-Edwards's ' Recherches
sur les Mammiferes^ related almost entirely to specimens
forwarded by Pere David, and other new species were
described in London and in Berlin. Sixty-three mammals
and sixty- five birds obtained by him have been declared to
be new to science. In 1889 he presented to the first
Reunion of the International Scientific Congress of Catholics
a memoir on the Chinese fauna. His reptiles, batrachians,
fishes, insects, and plants were described by various
authorities ; but it seems tliat birds were the Abbess chief
delight, and all readers of 'The Ibis^ may well join in
deploring the great loss that the world of science has
sustained.

The following is a list of the titles of Pere David's
principal works and memoirs relating to Birds : —

1. Note sur les Especes noiivelles d'Oiseaux recueillis par M. I'Abb^

Armand David dans les niDntagnes du Thibet Chinois. Nouv.
Arcliiv. du Mus. Paris, vi. (1870) Bull. pp. 33-40.

2. [Description of Parus pekinensis.'] Ibis, 1870, p. 154.

3. Nouvelle espece de Crossopfilou {C. ccerulescens) . C. R. Acad. Sci.

Paris, Ixx. (1870) p. 538.

4. On two new Species of Birds from Moupin, "Western Szechuen.

Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vii. p. 250 (1871).

5. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Chine observes dans la parte septea-

trionale de I'empire (au nord du Fleuve-bleu) de 1862 a 1870.
Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. Paris, vii. (1871) Bull. p. 3.

6. Rapport adresse a MM. les Professeurs-Administrateurs du Mus6um

d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. Paris, vii. (1871) Bull,
p. 75.

7. Journal d'un Voyage dans le Centre de la Chine et dans le Thibet

oriental. Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. Paris, viii. (1872) Bulletin, pp. 3-
128 ; ix. (1873) pp. 15-48.

8. Note sur quelques Oiseaux de la province de Chen-Si. Ann. Sci. Nat.

(Zool.) xviii. (1873) No. 5.

9. Sur quelques Oiseaux de Chine. Bull. Soc. Philoni. Paris, ser, 6,

xii. p. 18 (1875).

Obituary. 751

10. Journal de uioii troisienie Voyage d'exploration dans I'Empire

Chinois. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1875.

11. Les Oiseaux de la Chiue. Par I'Abbe Armaud David et E. Oiistalet.

Text & Atlas. Svo. Paris, 1877.

With deep regret we have to record the death at Suva,
the capital of the Fiji Islands, on the 7tli of June last, of
Mr. Lionel William Wiglesworth, author of the 'Aves
Polynesise' (1891) and (jointly with Dr. A. B. Meyer) of 'The
Birds of Celebes' (1898). Born on the 13th of February,
1865, being the second son of the late Rev. James L. Wigles-
worth, Curate of Hanslope-with-Castlethorpe in the county of
Buckingham, the deceased naturalist was educated at Trinity
School, Old Stratford, and from early years was an ardent
observer of birds and a keen collector of their eggs, while the
constant reading of Waterton's 'Wanderings' filled him with
a much greater desire to know more of foreign ornithology
than is commonly possessed by the ordinary birds'-nesting boy.
After the death of his father, in 1882, his inclinations were
fostered by an uncle and aunt, and resolving to make a
serious study of Ornithology, he repaired in 1889 to Bruns-
wick, armed with an introduction to Professor Wilhelm
Blasius, and placed himself under him as a teacher. There
he remained working industriously for two years, and then
proceeded to Dresden as a volunteer assistant to Dr. A. B.
Meyer in the Museum of the Capital. It had long been
Mr. Wiglesworth's great aim to carry on ornithological inves-
tigations in some distant country, and it was a bitter disap-
pointment to him that the offer of his services, for an almost
nominal remuneration, was not accepted by the Committee
for the Zoological Exploration of the Sandwich Islands, at
the beginning of its operations. The opportunity of going
abroad, to which he had been so long looking forward, did
not occur till nearly a twelvemonth ago, and in November
1900 he left England for Australia and New Zealand, with
the intention of making his way from the latter of those
countries to as many of the chief groups of islands in the
Pacific as he could, and of working them on his own account.

3d 2

752 Obituary.

He began with the Fijis, to the authorities of which colony
he was provided with recommendations from Sir Walter
Buller, Dr. Sclater, and others. Soon after his arrival
there, and in the course of his first journey across the
principal island, he had a serious attack of dysentery, from
which he had barely recovered before a second completely
prostrated him, and he was ordered by his medical adviser
to leave the island as soon as possible for New Zealand, in
the hope that the voyage would revive him. It was, however,
too late for him to be removed, and he died at Suva on the
7th of June, his last letter (to a brother) containing the
words " I am among friends, and quite easy."

Mr. Wigles worth had so prepared himself for his work
that he knew almost everything about Polynesian Orni-
thology which the study of specimens or books could teach ;
but, more than that, he knew how very little all that know-
ledge came to, and how necessary it was to add to it before
so many species peculiar to this or that group of islands,
whose fate is now in jeopardy, became extinct. It would be
no easy matter to find anyone with such knowledge to replace
him, and certainly not without a delay that would be fatal to
the threatened forms — so rapidly is the process of extirpation
going on. Apart, then, from the loss to his many friends
both in this country and in Germany, the death of so enter-
prising and well -instructed an Ornithologist in his full vigour
is a real loss to science.

We also much regret that we have to announce the death
at Nairobi, in British East Africa, of William Doherty,
who was one of the best-known and successful of Collectors.
We hope to be able to give a notice of his life and work in
our next number.

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

1901.

Abdimia abdimii, 295.
Acanthis fringillirostris,

435.
Aeanthopneuste borealis,

537.

clayisoni, 538.

lugubris, 538.

occipitalis, 538.

plumbeitarsus, 538.

trochiloicles, 538.

Accentor altaicus, 135.

coUaris, 375.

modularis, 375.

Accipiter melanoleucus,

167, 594.

minullus, 681.

nisus, 391,392,455,

654.

ovampensis, 681.

Aceros nepalensis, 551.
Acridotheres gingiuiaiius,

432.
tristis, 341, 431,

540.
Acroeepbalus aquaticiis,

375.

duiuetorum, 452.

uielaoopogon, 375.

■ palustris, 257.

phragniitis, 53, 646.

schccnobajnus, 452.

steiitoreus, 537.

streperus, 257, 375.

tiirdoides, 54.

Acruloeercus, 571.

nobilis, 572, 579.

Acrylliuiu vulturinuiu,

299.
Actinodura, 414.

ramsayi, 533.

Actiturus bartramius,

236.
.ffideinosyne cantans, 247,

519, 618.

modesta, 434.

orientalis, 519, 618.

Aedon fauiiliaris, 51, 375,

646.
galactodes, 51, 258,

375.

psammochroa, 51.

j^gialitis alesandriua,

297, 692.

cantiana, 402.

coUaris, 235.

curonica, 402, 457.

dubia, 558, 692.

biaticLila, 277, 457.

^gitbalisciis mani-

purensis, 528.

pulcbellus, 528.

j55gitbalus capensis, 243.

cai-oli, 168.

miisciilus, 146.

punctifrons, 243.

^gitbina tipliia, 429,

534.
.Egitbospiza, 728.
^tbiopsar albiciiictus,

540.

fuscus, 432, 540.

graudis, 540.

^tbopyga, 423.

dabryi, 518.

nepalen.sia, 548.

sanguinipectus, 548.

seberise, 548.

-Ex galei'iculata, 327.
Agapoi-nis liliauas, 176.

taranla\ 292, 680.

Agelajus riificapillus, 224.
Agriornis leucura, .508.

solitaria, 700.

Ajaja ajaja, 722, 735.

rosea, 233.

Alseiuon desertorum, 287,

626.
Alauda arborea, 385, 401.
arvensis, 151, 384,

401, 436.
bracbydactyla, 385.

— calandra, 385, 401.

Alauda cautarella, 385.

cristata, 385.

giilgula, 436, 547.

proetermissa, 627.

Alca torda, 405.

Alcedo asiatica, 98, 102,

105, 106, 108, 116,

122.
bengalensis, 98, 102,

105, 106, 108, 116.
ispida, 98, 102, 105,

106, 108, 116, 386,
551.

semitorquata, 677.

Alcippe abyssinica, 80,

146.

fratercula, 530.

kilimensis, 80.

pbayrii, 530.

Alcurus striatus, 535.
Alseonax, 421.

iiifulata, 87.

murina, 89.

muttiii, 541.

Alsocomus punieeus, 555.
Amadina fasciata, 617.
Amaurornis fuscus, 557.

phoenicuroides, 557.

Amazona, 146.
Auiblycercus boloseri-

ceus, 478.

solitarius, 217, 224.

Amblyrbainpbus holo-

sericeus, 224.
Ammodromus mauiuibe,

13,223.
Ammomanes akeleyi, 629.

saturatus, 331.

Ampelio arcuatus, 713.

ductus, 714.

Amydrus badramauticus,

502, 519.

morio, 23, 165.

tristrami, 502, 519.

Anaeretes agilis, 704.
parulus, 703.

754

INDEX OF

Anaplectes bluiiclelli, 620.

• erythrogenys, 165,

169.

gurneyi, 170.

melanotis, 28.5, 620.

rufigena, 169.

Anas boscas, 394.

poecilorliyncba, 561.

sparsa, 684.

strepera , 394.

undiilata, l(i7, 684.

wyvilliana, .341.

zouoi'hyncba, 561.

Anastoinus laiuelligerus,

273.
Andropaclus eugenius,
84.

graeilirostris, 83.

importunus, 2.3.

■ Jatissimus, 83. 84.

latirostris eugenius,

84.

striifacies, 591.

virens, 84.

Andropbilus disturbans,

333.
Anortbura, 419.
Anous liawaiiensis, 196.

stolid us, 198, 694.

Anser albifrons, 455,
514.

cinereus, 126.

erythrops, 455, 560.

ferus, 560.

■ indicus, 514.

Antbipes leucops, 541.
Antbocinela phayrii, 549.
Antbotbre|)tes longue-
marii, 490.

orientalis, 636.

Anthracoceros albiros-

tris, 551.
Antbus aquatieus, 378.

bogotensis, 313.

bracbyurus, 146.

calt,borp£e, 146.

campestris,244,378,

632.

cervinus, 244, 378,

547, 633.

crenatus, 146.

gouldi, 490.

gustavi, 452.

lineiventris, 146.

niaculatiis, 517.

melindic, 146.

■ pratensis, 378, 632.

pyrrbonotus, 632.

ricliaidi, 378, .547.

-rufulus, 165, 547,

686, 633.

Antbus sordidus, 632.

spipoletta, 378.

striolatus, 547.

trivialis, 365, 378,

452.

vaaleusis, 147.

Apalis sequatorialis, 339.

cinerea, 65.

flavida, 66.

flavocincta, 66.

griseiceps, 339.

porpbyrolajma, 67,

339.

pulcbra, 67.

Apbriza virgata, 503.
Aprosniictus cyano-

pygius, 442.
Aptenodytesforsteri, 132,

154.
Apus, 146.
Aquila albicans, 293.

audax, 149.

bartbeleniyi, 392.

bifasciata, 554.

cbrysaetos, 391.

nfevia, .366.

orientalis, 725.

vindbiana, 598.

wablbergi, 485, 496,

594.
Ara araranna, 442.

auricoUis, 229.

cbloroptera, 442.

— maeao, 442.

nobilis, 12.

tricolor, 748.

Aracbnecbtbra, 423.

asiatica, 436, 548.

zeylonica, 436.

Aracbnotiiera longiros-
tris, 423.

prillwitzi,

504.

magna, 423, 548.

Araniides ypecalia, 234.
Aramus scolopaceu.s, 221,

234.
Arboricola rufigularis,

556.
Arcbibuteo lagopus, 594.
Arcbolestes approxiiuans,

153.
Ardea atricoUis, 393.

candidissiina, 231.

cinerea, 272, 393,

560.

cocoi, 231.

egretta, 231.

garzetta, 394, 485.

herodias, 724, 735.

fauniui, 724.

Ardea berodias wardi,
725.

manillensis, 560.

melanocephala, 404,

485, 496.

purpurea, 272.

wardi, 724.

Ardeola baccbus, 560.

grayi, 560.

idffi, 506.

ralloides, 496.

Ardetta cinnaraomea, 560.

erytbromelas, 232.

ra'iuuta, 272, 393.

podicipes, 167, 686.

sinensis, 606.

Ai-enaria interpres, 691.
Argya, 414.

acacise, 252.

longirostris, 529.

malcoltni, 602.

rubiginosa, 608,661,

662.

rufescens, 661.

rufula, 80, 661.

sharpii, 608.

Ari-emon semitorquatus,

12.

sileus, 12.

spectabilis, 471.

Artaraus fuscus, 539.
Arundinax aedon, 537.
Asio accipitrinus, 15, 389,

390, 653.

otus, 389, 721.

wilsonianus, 513.

Astur badius poliopsis,

664.

bntleri, 130.

palumbarius, 392.

Asturinula monogram-
mica, 177, 495, 694.
Atbene brama, 653.
noctua, 389, 390,

728.
Attagis cbimborazensis,

306.
Atticora cinerea, 316.

cyanoleuca, 316.

fucata, 223.

tibialis, 316.

Attila parvirostris, 320.
ruflpectus, 320.

Balffiniceps rex, 167, 733,

734.
Balearica gibber iceps,

734.

pavonina, 270.

Bambusicola tytchi, 410

656.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

755

Barbatula chrj'socoma,

486,494.

iiiinuta, CiOS.

Barnardius sp., 442.
Basileuterus auricularis,

315.

castaneiceps, 315.

coronatus, 314.

nigrivertex, 315.

semicervinus, 314.

Batis ruiuuUa, 663.

niolitor, 90, 663.

orientalis, 662.

Batracljostomus bodg-

soni, 552.
Beloiiopteriis cayeimen-

sis, 217.
Bernicla cauadeasis

minima, 341.

ruflcolUg, 455.

Bessonornis luodesta,

166.
Bhringa remifer, 536.
Bias musicus, 92.
Biblis riiflgula, 95.
Bocagia auchietse, 165.

ininuta, 47.

Bolborbyuchus mona-

cbus, 230.
Botauras stellaris, 340,

393.
Brachypodius baweaniis,

726.
Brachypternus aurantius,

437.
Brachypterys, 415, 416.
Bradyornis ater, 50.

kavirondensis, 94,

339.

murinus, 49, 592.

oatesi, 50.

pallidus, 50, 492.

pumilus, 643.

semipartitus, 94.

subalaris, 50.

woodwardi, 52.

Bradypterus apicalis,

55.
Brotogerys ebiriri, 229.
Buarremou assirailis,

470.

brunneinucba, 470.

leucopterus, 470.

pallidinucha, 470.

scbistaceus, 471.

spodionotus, 471.

Bubo ignavus, 366, 369,

390.

lacteus, 167, 177,

269, 292, 680.

virginianus, 230.

Bubulcus coromandus,
560.

ibis, 295, 687.

liicidiis, 687.

Buehanga afra, 250.

aldabrana, 589.

assimilis, 284, 613.

atra fiiscipenuis,

589.

Bucoi'ax aby!5sinicus,290,

487,674,
Bugeramis caruiiculatus,

296.
Buphaga africaua, 486,

491.

erytbrorhyacba,

284, 359, 586, 587,
612.

Burnesia gracilis, 650.

leueopogon, 64.

- — • melanops, 64.

reic4ienowi, 64.

ugaudte, 64.

Busarellus iiigricoUis,

230.
Butaster liventer, 554.
Buteo augur, 293.

ferox, 603.

- — - vulgaris, 391, 401.
Butbraupis cbloronota,

465.

cucullata, 465.

Butorides atricapilla,

167, 296, 496, 687.

javanica, 560, 606,

Butreron capellii, 443.
Bycanistes buccinator,

166.
cristatus, 291.

Cacatua alba, 440.

galerita, 440.

leadbeateri, 440.

— — ■ uioluccensis, 440.

roseicapilla, 440.

• ■ sulpburea, 439.

Caccabis pelrosa, 396.

rufa, 396.

saxatilis, 396.

Oacoiuantis uieruliuus,

552.
Cairina uioschata, 217,

219, 233.
X Anas boscas,

327.
Calamocicbla lepto-

rhynclia, 54.
Calauionastes lepto-

rbyncbus, 54.
simplex, 54, 649.

Calidris arenaria, 127,

180, 692.
Callialcyon lilacina, 551.

rufa, 98.

Calliope camtschatkensis,

158, 544.

kamtschatkensis,

372.

Calliste aurulenta, 461.

boliviana, 462.

cyaneicoUis, 463.

• cyanopygia, 464.

eniiliffi, 596, 597.

festiva, 716,

florida, 596.

gyrola, 596.

gyroloides, 461.

icterocephala, 461.

jobannse, 596.

labradorides, 463.

lavinia, 596.

luuigera, 463.

margaritse, 596.

nigricincta, 4(53.

nigriviridis, 462.

parzudakii, 463.

ruficervix, 4(>2.

ruHguIaris, 460.

sohranki, 596.

tricolor, 596.

venusta, 463.

vitriolina, 461.

yeni, 460.

Caloenas nicobarica, 443.
Oalopsittacus novffi-hol-

landiai, 440.
Calypbantria erytliro-

geny.s, 169.
Calyptomene liosii, 131.
Calyptorbyuchus fuue-

reus, 151.
Oamaroptera brevieau-

data, 69, 70, 93, 254,

648.

chrysocnemis, 648.

dorcadichroa, 91.

Cauipepbilus boiiBi, 228.
Campicola liyingstonii,

77.
Campopbaga bartlaubi,

24,86.

melanoptei'a, 539.

nigra, 87, 165.

pboenicea, 86, 288.

quiscaliua, 86.

Oampophilus leueopogon,

228.
Campotbera caillaudi,

166.
nubica, 265, 288,

666.

756

INDEX OF

Oampothera punctata,

494.
Campylorliynchus brevi-

rostris, 312.
Oanachites canadensis

Osgood i, 324.
Cancroma cochlearia,232.
Caprimulgus clarns, 672.

europi^us, 364, 386.

exitniiis, 259.

fossii, 672.

macrurns, 552.

ocellatus, 12.

ruficoUis, 386.

rufigena, 191.

unwini, 278, 290.

Cardinalis Tirginianus,

436.
Carduelis caniceps, 435.

elegans, 381, 435.

spinus, 381.

Oariaraa cristata, 221,

235.
Oarine spilogastra, 292,

680.
Carphibis spinicoUis, 185.
Oarpocoocyx radiatus,

101, 200, 203, 208.
Oarpodacus erythrinus,

364, 435, 453, 546.
Carpophaga £enea, 448,

555.
Casarca rutila, 327, 560.
Cassiciis affiiiis, 478.

albirostris, 217,

224.

leucorbampbus,

478.

persicus, 477.

Cassidix oryzivora, 12,

479.

violea, 322.

Cassinia kavirondensis,

94.
'Casuarius beccani, 194.

■ bennetti, 195, 342.

niaculatus,

195.
bicarunciilatus, 196,

342.
— — casuarius, 342.

australis, 342.

beccarii. 196,

342.

intensus, 194,

342.

— — - salvadorii,

342.
Tiolicollis,

342.
loria;, 195, 342.

Casuarius papuanus, 342.

edwardsi, 342.

pbilipi, 342.

picticollis, 342.

hecki, 194,

195, 342.

sclateri, 194.

uniappendiculatus,

342.

aurautiacus,

195, 342.

occipitalis,

342.
Catamblyrbyncbus dia-

dema, 473.
Catamenia analoides.
474.

bomocbroa, 474.

Catarrbactes cbrysoconie,

150.
Catbartes atratus, 231.

aura, 230.

Catbarus f uscater, 309.
Celeus karri, 228.
Centrocercus uropbasi-

anus, 128.
Oentropus anselli, 494.

bengalensis, 552.

celebensis, 201.

cblororbyncbus,

439.

uatalensis, 27, 28.

nigrorufus, 166.

senegalensis, 483.

senegalus, 494.

sinensis, 438, 552.

superciliosus, 289,

670.
Oeopbloeus erytbrops, 13.
Gepbalopterus ornatus,

715.

penduliger, 715.

Cepbalopyrus, 416.
Cerasophila tbompsoni,

323, 535, 744.
Cercbueis nauinanni, 294.
tiunuuculus, 294,

683.
Oercotricbas podobe, 256,

661.
Certbia bracbydactyla,

333, 378.

costte, 378.

discolor, 536.

familiaris, 333, 378.

Cei'tbiola chloropyga, 14.

mexicana, 319.

Ceryle alcyon, 98, 99,

101,103,104,106,107,

108,109,110, 112,113,

114,116,120,122,358.

Ceryle amazona, 216, 228.

americana, 98, 101,

104,106,108,109,112,
113,114,116,117,120,
122, 216, 228.

inda, 98, 101, 106,

108,109,110,112,113,
114,115,116,117,120,
122.

• maxima, 98, 99, 100,

10] , 103, 104, 106, 107,
108.109,110,111,112,
11.3,114,115,116,120,
122,291,484,493,677.

rudis, 166, 191,264,

484, 493, 676.

stellata, 104.

torquata, 216, 228.

varia, 551.

Oettia bivittata, 726.
Ceutbmocbares australis,

166, 593.
Ceyx rufidorsa, 98, 102,
108,109,112,113,114,
120.
Cbffitoptila angusti-

pluma, 341.
Cbalcococcyx plagosus,

149.
Cbaleomitra senegalensis,

490.
Cbalcopelia at'ra, 267,

298, 496, 593, 697.
Cbalcopbaps indica, 443,

.555.
Obamgepelia talpacoti,

234.
Chaptia ajnea, 418, 536.
Cbaradrius dominicus,
235.

fulvus, 456, 558.

geofl'royi, 135.

pluvialis, 402, 456.

Cbarmosinopsis bella,
725.

pulcbella, 725.

Cbasiempis gayi, 341.
Cbaulelasmus streperus,

561.
Cbauna cbavaria, 233.

cristata, 217, 233.

Cbelidou urbica, 364, 365,

380.
Cbelidorbynx bypoxau-

tbus, 542.
Cben nivalis, 135.
Cbenaloppx agyptiaca,

167, 274, 294,' 684.
Cbettusia gregaria, .599,

605.
Cbibia bottentotta, 430.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

757

Chimarrboruis leuco-

cephala, 433, 544.
Chiromacboeris gutturosa,

700.

manaous, 709.

Chloridops, 565,570, 572,

573, 577, 578, 585.

koua, 341, 574.

Obloris siniea, 435.
Cblorochrysa bourcieri,

459, 7] «.

calliparrea, 716.

bedwigiB, 716.

pboeuicotis, 460.

Obloi'ocicbla gracili-

rostris, 83.

occidentalis, 166.

Cblorodrepauis, 565, 566,

568, 569, 573, 575, 576,

577, 578, 580, 583.

parva, 574.

stejnegeri, 573, 574.

vireus, 574.

, var., 574.

Ohlorodyta flavocincta,

66.
Cbloropeta massaica, 91.
Cbloropbanes atricapilla,

319.
Cbloropsis, 416.

auritrons, 428, 534.

cbloi-ocepbala, 534.

hardwickii,428,534.

jerdoni, 428.

Cblorospingus atri-

pileus, 469.

flavigularis, 470.

jiigrifrons, 469.

rubrirostris, 469.

semifuscus, 469.

superciliaris nigri-

f'rous, 469.
Cbordiles virginianus,

228.
Cbrysococcyx cupreus,

16, 18, 26, 192, 593.

innominatus, 329.

klaasi, 28, 166, 593.

smaragdineiis, 26,

494.
Cbrysocolaptes giitti-

cristatus, 549.
Cbrysolopbus amberstise,

408.

pictus, 444.

Obrysoiuitris capitabs,

475.

citrinelloides, 624.

icterica, 12.

capitalis, 475.

uigi'ieeps, 624.

Cbrysoplilegina flavi-

micba, 549.
Chrysotis, 116.

fcstiva, 230.

amazonica, 442.

viiiacea, 13.

Oicbladusa arcuata, 166.

guttata, 72.

Ciciuniirus lyogyrus, 132.

regius, 132.

Oiconia alba, 272, 364,

393.

nigra, 272, 455.

Cinclus aquaticus, 369,

375.

leuconotus, 311.

pallasi, 527, 545.

OiunaiDopteryx rubi-

ginosus, 623.
Cinnicertbia olivasceus,

312.

unibrunuea, 312.

Cianyris albiventris, 635.

cbalybeus, 19.

gutturalis, 636.

babessinica, 287,

634.

osea, 332.

Osiris, 287, 635.

verreauxi, 19.

Oircaetus beaudouini,

495, 508.

ciuerascens, 167.

gallicus, 392.

Circus seruginosus, 292.
— — cineraceus, 366,

392.
— — cyaneus, 386, 392,

455.
inacrurus, 270, 485,

495, 554, 681.
— — melanoleucus, 554.

swainsoni, 392.

Ciridops, 564, 565, 566,

673, 582, 585.

anna, 574.

Cissa ebiuensis, 528.

sinensis, 427.

Cissopis leveriana, 471.
Cislicola, 419.

ambigua, 60, 61.

arid u la, 256.

cbeniana, 57, 58,

653, 654.

cbubbi, 62.

cinerascens, 171,

591.

cinei'eola, 651.

cisticola, 256, 650.

cursitans, 537.

emini, 61.

Cisticola erytbrogenys,
59, 60, 61, (i52, 653.

erytbrops, 62, 166,

170, 654.

fiscberi, 61.

bffisitata, 608, 650.

bindii, 56, 2.56,651,

lavendulffi, 608, 650.

lugubris, 652.

marginalis, 652,653.

mentalis, 56.

nucbalis, 59, 60.

prinioides, 339.

procera, 58.

robusta, 652, 653.

rufa, 63.

ruficapilla, 166.

■ sonuilica, ()51.

sti-angii, 57.

subruficapilla, 57,

68.

ten-estris, 56, 651.

tinniens, 56, 653.

Cistotborus brunneiceps,

313.
Cittociacla macrura, 432,

544.
Cittura cyanotis, 98, 102,

108, 113, 122.
sangbirensis, 98,

102, 111, 113.
C'langula clangula anieri-

caua, 127.
Clivicola cincta, 95.

minor, 95.

riparia, 259.

rufigula, 95.

rupestris, 259.

Clypeicterus oserii, 476.
Cnipolegus comatus, 12.
Coccopygia quartinia,

618.
Coccothraustes vulgaris,

381,462.
Coccystes cafer, 166,

494.
glandarius, 22, 166,

487, 494.

bypopinarius, 593.

jaeobinus, 23, 24.

serratus, 23, 24.

Coocyzus americanus,

229.
Coereba carulea, 319.

cyanea, 14.

Colaptes agricola, 228.

campestris, 12.

Coliopasser albonotatus,

165.

macrurus, 165.

procne, 192.

758

INDEX OF

Colius afRnis, 166, 174,

176,592.

erythromelon, 24.

leucotis, 2S9, 670.

luacrurus, 264, 289,

670.

striatus, 174.

Colli mba sp., 156.

albitorques, 696.

arqujitrix, 166, 593.

guinea, 298, 496,

696.

intermedia, 521,

555.

leuconota, 443.

livia schimperi, 521.

oenas, 395, 742,

743.

picazuro, 234.

• schimperi, 521.

Columbula picui, 234.
Colynibus arcticus, 405,

458.

pacificus, 732.

septentrioualis, 405.

Compsocoma notabilis,

466.

suinptuosa, 465.

victorini, 465.

Conirostrum fraseri, 318.

■ sitticoior, 318.

Conopophaga aurita, 699.
Conostoma, 412.
Contopus ardesiacus, 707.

borealis, 707.

richardsoni satura-

tus, 324.
Couiirus aciiticaudafus,

229.

nenday, 229.

Copsychus saularis, 433,

544.
Copurus colonus, 702.
Coracias abyssinicus, 262,

291, 494, 678.

affinis, 550.

caudatiis, 176, 592.

cyanogaster, 494.

garrulus, 387, 602.

lorti, 679,

ntevius, 292, 494,

679.

Coracopsis vasa, 442.
Corcorax melauorham-

phus, 135.
Corone edithre, 283.
Corvinella corvina, 484,

491.
Corvultur crassirostris,

283.
Corvus afer, 589.

Corviisaustralis, 185,427.

capensis, 22.

corax, 504.

canariensis,

504.

hispanus,

504.

cornix, 384.

corone, 384.

f'rugilegus, 384.

insolens, 527.

kamtschaticLis, 504.

macrorhynchiis,

527.

scapulatus, 249,

283, 485, 491, 610.

sibiricus, 504.

torquatus, 427.

umbrinus, 250.

ussurianus, 504.

Coryphospingus cristatus,

224.

crnentus, 474.

Corythjeola cristata, 339.
Corythocichla brevi-

caudata, 530.
Corythoruiseyauostigma,

28, 166, 291, 677.
Oosmophoneus sulphu-

reij^ectus, 43.

suaheliciis,

42.

Cosmopsarus regius, 284,

612.
Cossypha albicapilla, 485,

489.
caffra, 24, 70, 71,

166, 591.

isolaama, 591.

mauensis, 70,

339.

beuglini, 72, 166,

591.

iola^ma, 70,71.

mauensis, 71.

melanonota, 71.

uatalensis, 166.

omoensis, 743.

semirufa, 660,

Ootile minor, 664.

riparia, 364, 365,

380, 511, 546.

rufignla, 95.

riipestri.s, 380.

Cotiuga maynana, 714.
Coturniculus peruamis,

223.
Coturnix communis, 397,

444.

coroiiiandelica, 444,

556.

Coturnix coturnix, 299,
699.

delegorgiiei, 167,

595, 699.

• japonica, 556.

Craeticus quoyi, 357.

rufesoens, 357.

Crateropus, 414.

buxtoni, 79.

canorus, 431.

hartlaubi, l(i6, 170.

kirki, 165, 170, 591.

leucocepbalus, 253.

platyeereu8,484,489.

plebeius, 79, 80.

reinwardti,485,489,

sharpii,79.

smitbi, 288, 662.

tanganjica3, 165,

170.

Crex porzana, 364.

pratensis, 399.

Criniger flaveolus, 535.

fusci eps, 1(>6.

gracilirostris, 83.

kikuyuensis, 82.

pbicidus, 82.

Crocopus phoenicopterus,

443, 555.
Crossoptilon crerulescens,

750.

tibetanum, 409.

Crotophaga, 2U2, 204,

206.

ani, 229, 303, 479.

major, 229.

Crymopliilus fulicarius,

127.
Cryptolopha eastaneiceps,

638.

dorcadichroa, 91.

mackenziana, 91.

tepbrocephala, 538.

Cryptorhina afra, 484,

491, 589.
Cuculus, 204, 206.

canorus, 125, 166,

174, 264,289,364,387,
454, 488, 552, 593.

clamosus, 23, 26, 593.

gularis, 488, 494.

micropterus, 552.

sulitarius, 24, 25,

26.

Culicicapa, 421.

eeylonensis, 542.

Curruca uisoria, 375.
Cursorius gallicus, 278,
402.

tenimincki, 6S0.

Cutia uepaleiisis, 534.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

759

Oyanecula suecica, 503,

544, 656.

wolfi, 372.

Cyanocorax cajriileus, 217,

225.
chrysops, 217, 224,

225.

cyanopogon, 427.

violaceus, 480.

Cyanoderma poliogaster,

131.
Cyanomitra obscura

neglecta, 339.
Cyauop3 asiatica, 437,

550.

davisoni, 550.

ramsayi, 550.

Cyclorhia sp., 223.

nigrirostris, 316.

Oygiius bewicki, 514.

minor, 514.

olor, 514.

Cyornis, 421.

astigma, 541.

brevirostris, 323.

bodgsoni, 541.

liyperythrus, 541.

nielanoleucus, 541.

oatesi, 541.

rubeouloides, 541.

tickelli, 541.

unicolor, 541.

Oypselus, 146.

ii'quatorialis, 172,

671.
affinis, 166, 172,492,

672.

alfredi, 671.

apus, 364, 385, 406,

671.

melba, 137, 385,

670.

africana, 671.

pacificus, 551.

sbai'pii, 743.

Dacelu gigantea, 98, 99,

111, 117, 118, 120,

122.

gigas, 151.

. minor, 151.

Dacnis cayana, 14, 15.

ccerebicolor, 318.

egregia, 318.

pulcherriraa, 318.

Dafila acuta, 275, 394,

.561.
Daptiou capensis, 404.
Dasyrbaiuphus herculis,

154.

Daulias golzi, 433.
luscinia, 364, 365,

373.

philomela, 376.

Dendrocitta rufa, 411,

427, 528.
Dendrocolaptes sancti-

thoma\ 327.
Dendrocopus atratus,

549.
cabanisi, 549.

major, 333.

angliciis, 334.

pyrrhothorax, 549.

Dendrocycna fulva, 167,

217, 233, 294, 514.

561.

javanica, 560.

viduata, 219, 233,

275, 294.
Dendroeca sestiva, 314,

blackburniaj, 314.

striata, 314.

Dendrouius malherbii

nyansa^ 339.

neunianni, 339.

tfeniolaemus, 339.

Deudropadus iiiipor-

tiiims, 26.
Dendropious guineensis

centralis, 339.

hartlaubi, 593.

bempricbi, 288,

666.

zanzibari, 593.

Dendrornis guttata, 327.
Dendrotreron bodgsoni,

555.
Dicajum arfakiannm,

329.

crnentatum, 436,

548.

erytbrorliyncbum.

548, 601.

ignipectus, 548.

pectorale, 329.

soUicitans, 504.

Dicboceros bicornis, 551.
Dicrocercus fiircatus,

488, 493.
Dicrurus, 418.
afer, 165, 491, 588,

589, 590.

aldabranus, 590.

annectens, 536.

ater, 536.

atripennis, 491, 588,

590.

ererulescens, 430.

cineraceus, 536.

coracinus, 589, 590.

Dicrurus forficatus, 590.

fuscipennis, 590.

kiibni, 727.

ludwigi, 586, 588,

590.

modestus, 589, 590.

atactus, 589.

sbarpii, 588, 589,

590.

waldeni, 589, 590.

Diglossa albilaleralis,

316.

aterrima, 317.

latVesnayi, 317.

indigotica, 318.

personata, 317.

sittoides, 316.

Dilopbus carunculatus,

165,283.
Dinemellia dineraelli,

286, 623.
Diomedea cbinensi.s, 127.
Dioptrornis fiscberi, 88.
Diplopterus, 213.

nisvius, 229.

Disseinurus paradiseu.s,

430.
Dissura episcopus, 559.
Uoliebonyx oryzivorus,

182.
Donacobius atrioapillus,

222.
Drepanis, 564, 565, 56(),

569,573, 580,581.

funerea, 341.

pacifica, 341, 574.

Drepanorbampbus, 564,

565, 572, 573, 577,

578, 582.

funereus, 341,574,

Drepanorbyncbus fu-
nereus, 341.
Droniajus ater, 1-10.
novae-boUandise, 3,

4.
Droiuas ardeola, 694.
Drymocatapbus cinna-

momeus, 530.
Dryraocbares, 416.

cruralis, 531.

Drymoica erytbrogenis,

652.
Dryocopus martins, 135,

4.54.
Dryodromas rufidorsalis,

65.

rufifrons, 647.

smitbi, 65, 648.

Dryonastes cbinensis,

528.
galbanus, 414, 415.

760

INDEX OF

Dryonastes sannio, 529.

Emberiza fucata, 546.

' Estrilda subflava, 165,

sinensis, 428.

hortulana,382,626.

587.

Dryoscopus sp., 39.

intermedia, 382.

thomensis, 169.

asthiopicus, 287,

leucocephala, 135,

Eucometis cassini, 468.

638.

453, 454.

Eudromias morinellus.

albofasciatus, 37.

luteola, 435.

403, 457, 517.

angolensis, 40, 41.

major, 586.

Eudynamis, 206, 207,

congiciis, 39, 40.

melanocephala, 382,

209,210,211,212,213.

■ coronatus, 41, 42.

435.

cyanocephala eve-

cubla, 3G, 38, 165,

miliaria, 382, 388.

retti, 333.

591.

nivalis, 382.

honorata, 438, 552.

suahelicns, 36.

poliopleura, 246,

orientalis salvadorii,

erythreffi, 39, 40,

626.

333.

639.

pusilLi, 546.

Eudyptes adelice, 154,

funebi-is, 36, 287,

pyrrbuloides, 382.

499.

637.

rutila, 546.

Eugerygoue, 725.

gambensis, 38, 39,

schoeniclus, 382.

Euiabes intermedia, 431,

40, 41, 491, 638.

spodocephala, 454.

540.

— — hamatus, 38.

Embernagra chrysoma.

religiosa, 431.

luehderi, 41.

475.

Eunetta falcata, 514.

major, 37.

Eminia lepida, 08.

Euphonia chlorotica.

malzacii, 39, 40,

Empidonomus aurantio-

223.

6.38.

atrocristatus, 226.

nigricollis, 459.

erytbreffi, 638.

varius, 12.

rutiventris,. 459.

■ — - nyans^, 39.

Enneoctonus colliirio, 35,

saturata, 459.

nandensis, 41.

165, 590.

xanthogastra, 459.

nyanzffi, 39, 40.

Eophona melaniu'a, 435.

Euplectes franciscanus,

pringUi, 38.

Eos rieiniata, 439.

488.

salimaj, 38.

Eremiornis carleri, 138.

oryx, 488.

suahelicns, 36.

Ereraoiiiela flavocrissalis,

Eupodotis arabs, 276.

Dubusii tisniata, 466.

648.

kori, 296, 688.

Ducula griseicapilla, 555.

griseo-flava, 254.

Eupriuodes sequatorialis,

insignis, 555.

Erismatura leucocephala,

65.

514.

ciuereus, 65.

Erithaous gutturalis, 656.

flavocincta, 66, 67.

Eclectus pectoralis, 442.

rubecula, 151.

florisuga, 67.

soloinonensis.

Erythromyias buruensis.

golzi, 66.

507.

333.

hildegardffi, 649.

roratus, 442.

Erythropus amureusis,

neglecta, 67.

Elainea albiceps, 705.

.554.

schistaceus, 65.

pagana, 705.

Erythropygia leuco-

viridiceps, 67.

placens, 705.

ptera, 72, 660.

Eurocephalus rueppelli.

Elanoides furcatiis, 301.

ukambanensis, 73.

288, 643.

Elaniis cajruleus, 167,

ukambensis, 73.

Euryuorhynchus pyg-

594.

Erythrura prasiua, 434.

maius, 160.

Elminia longicauda, 93.

Esacus recurvirostris,

Eurystomus afer, 493,

loDgicaudata, 487,

599.

592.

492.

Estrilda astrild, 434.

glaucurus, .592.

teresita, 93.

cajrulescens, 169,

Euscarthmus margari-

Emberiza aureola, 369,

490.

taceiventer, 225.

435, 546.

cinereovinacea, 169.

squamicristatus,

etesia, 364, 369.

incaua, 169.

703.

cia, 382.

minor, 587, 619.

Euxenura maguari, 232.

cirliis, 382.

nigrimentum, 285,

Excalt'actoria sinensis,

citrinella, 382, 453.

619.

556.

brehmi, 453.

perreini, 169.

molessoni,

plioenicotis, 248,

Falco ajsalon, 391.

pi. X.

285, 490, 619.

ardesiacus, 495.

flavigastra, 249.

poliogastra, 165,

cassini, 508.

flaTiventris, 19,

1C.9.

cenchris, 391.

246.

rhodopyga, 619. 1

deiroleucus, 501.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

761

Falco fusco-ca?rulescens,

15.

peregrlrnis,391, 554.

subbuteo, 391,554.

taDypterus,269,294,

682.

tinminculus, 390.

vespertinus, 3(i6,

391.
Fiscus cauclatus, 36.

collaris, 34, 165,

176.

excubitorius, 33.

niackinnoui, 36.

Fluvicola albiventris, 216,

225.
Formicivora strigilata,

227, 515.
Foudia madagascariensis,

434.
Fancolinus bicalcaratus,

483, 495.

chinensis, 410, 557.

erckeli, 698.

grauti, 299, 698.

hartlaubi, 350.

jobnstoni, 167, 595.

pondicerianus, 444.

scbuetti, 698.

sbavpii, 299, 698.

sbelleyi, 595.

tetraoninua, 698.

■ vulgaris, 599, 604.

Franklinia, 419, 420,

gracilis, 537, 600.

nifesceus, 537.

Fratercula arctica, 405.

glacialis, 736.

Fregilus gi'aculus, 427.
Freycinetia, 572.
Fringilla C£elebs, 381.
can tans, 519.

inontifringilla, 436.

p'ringillaria capistrata,

520.

major, 586.

■ orientalis, 686.

striolata, 520.

tahapisi, 520, 586,

626.

capistrata, 520.

Fulica atra, 395, 400,

456, 557.

cristata, 167, 175,

298, 695.

Fuligula cristata, 152,
394, 456, 512.

ferina, 395.

fuligula, 685.

intermedia, 395.

- — nyroca, 395,

Fuligula rufina, 395.
Furnarius rufiis, 12, 217,
226.

Galerida cristata, 629.

flava, 244.

Galerita cristata, 436.
Gallicrex cinerea, 557.
Gallinago coelestis, 402,

558.

delicata, 127.

gallinula, 402, 457,

559, 693.

• gigantea, 15.

jamesoni, 306.

nemoricola, 558.

nigripennis, 167.

stenura, 457, 559.

Gallinula cbloropus, 399,

557.
Gallirex clilorochlamys,

592.
Gallus ferrugineus, 556.
Garrulax, 414.

albigularis, 428.

belangeri, 529.

leucolopbns, 428.

moniliger, 428, 529.

pectoralis, 428,

529.
Garrulus bispecularis,

427.
brand ti, 454.

glandarius, 384.

lanceolatns, 427.

leucotis, 528.

Garzetta garzetta, 496.
Gavia, 1.57.

Gecinus canus, 454.

cblorolopbus, 549.

occipitalis, 549.

viridis, 369, 386.

Gelochelidon anglica,

297, 694.
GenniBus andersoni,

556, 730.

beli, 730.

davisoni, 329.

borsfieldi, 730.

lineatus, 556.

nyctbemerus, 444,

556.

rufipes, 730.

turneri, 329.

william.^i, 329.

Genyornis newtoni, 147.
Geocicbla citrina, 433.

dumasi, 333.

piaggia3, 73, 655.

simensis, 6.54.

varia, 742, 744.

Geococcyx, 203, 206, 213.
Geocorapbus simplex,

628.
Geopelia cuiieata, 443.

striata, 443.

Geositta brevirostris,

507.
Geotblypis pbiladelpbia,

314.

semiflava, 314.

velata, 217, 223.

Geotrygon linearis, 128.

infusea, 128.

Geranoaetus melano-

leucus, 230.
Gisella iberingi, 15.
Glareola emini, 175.

lactea, 599.

marchii, 175.

nuchalis, 167,

175.
liberise, 175.

pratincola, 274,

278, 296, 401, 486,
497.

Glaucidiuni borneense,

131.

capense, 167.

passerinum, 448.

perlatum, 177, 292,

593, 680.

sylvaticum, 131.

Gorsacbius melano-

lopbus, 560.
Goura coronata, 442.
Graculipica bnrraanica,

540.

nigricollis, 432,

540.

Grallaria gigantea, 327.
Grallina picata, 135.
Grammatoptila, 414.

striata, 428.

Granatina iantbino-

gaster, 620.
Graucalus ciesius, 85.
raacii, 420, 539.

pectoralis, 165.

purus, 85.

Grus cinerea, 277, 364.
communis, 361, 393,

400.

grus, 296.

sbarpii, 557.

Guira, 206, 213.

giiii'a, 229.

piririgua, 229.

Gymnoderus fcetidus,

714.
Gymnomystax melan-

icterus, 479,

762

Gymnorliina leuconota,

430.

tibicen, 430.

Gymnorhis flavicoUis,

435.
Gynmosohizorhis leo-

poldi, 166.

personata, 289, 069.

Gypaetus barbatus, 135,

393
Gyps fulvus, 340, 40().

rueppelli, 270.

tenuirostris, 553,

Habropyga poliogastra,

169. ■
Haclrostoimis bomo-

chroiis, 710.

minor, 7 1 0.

Hwinatopus ostralegus,

402, 691.
Hagedashia hagedasb,

271.
Halcyon cbelicntensis,

291, 488, 493, 678.

coi'omanda, 98.

cyanoleuca, 166.

erythrorbyncbns,

173.
hyacinthinus, 166,

173, 592.

pallidiventris, 173.

pileata, 98, 100,

103, 105, 106, 108.

109, 111, 112, 113,

120, 122.
rufa, 98, 101, 104,

105, 106, 108, 109,

111, 112, 113, 117,

120, 122.
semicEeruleus, 173,

291,677.

erytbi'orbyn-

chus, 173.

semicferuleus,

173.
senegalensis, 484,

493, 677.

smyniensis, 551.

swainsoni, 173.

byacinlhinus,

173.
swainsoni,

173.
Haliaetus vocifer, 167,

270, 293, 495, 682.
Haliastur indus, 554.
Hapalocereus acuti-

pennis, 703.
flaviventris, 225.

INDEX OP

Hapaloderma narina.

Heterorbynchus, 566,

291, 592, 670.

509, 571, 572, 573,

rufiventre, 327.

575, 577, 578, 580,

Haplopelia jobnstoni.

582, 584.

1()6.

affinis, 574.

Harelda glacialis, 395.

banapepe, 574.

Havpactes erythro-

lucidus, 341, 573,

cepbaliis, 552.

574.

orrhopha?us, 131.

wilsoni, 574.

Harpiprion cajrulescens.

Hieraetus pennatus, 602.

232.

Hierococpyx sparveri-

Hartlaubius, 350.

oides, .552.

Hedydipna metallica,

varius, 438.

634.

Himautopiis brasilicnsis.

platiira, 490.

235.

Heliocliera rubrocristata,

Candidas, 277, 394,

465,714.

558. _

Helodi'omas ochropus.

hiraantopus, 107,

692.

691.

Helotarsus ecaudatus.

knudseni, 341.

107, 270, 294, 495.

Himatione, 664, 565,

leuconotus, 294.

506, 573, 575, .576,

Hemicercus canente.

577, 578, .582.

549.

cbloris, 341.

Heniicbelidon fprru-

freetbi, 574.

giuea, 541.

sanguinea, 574.

sibirica, 541.

stejnegeri, 341.

Hemignatbus, 565, 566,

virens, 341.

569, 573, 575, 576,

wilsoni, 341.

577, 580, 582.

Hirundo albigularis, 20.

ellisianus, 341, 574.

angolensis, 96.

lanaieiisis, 574.

arcticincta, 90.

obscurus, 574.

einini, 96.

procerus, 574.

erytbrogastra, 547.

Hemipus picatus, 539.

gutturalis, 546.

Hemixus flavata, 429.

lucida, 492.

■ macclellandi, 429,

melanoerissa, 604.

535.

montelri, 166.

tickelli, 535.

iiepalensis, 547.

Henicorbina leucopbrys,

puella, 90, 592,

312.

604.

Henicurus immaculatus,

rufula, 380.

543.

rustica, 96, 166,

lescbenaulti, 543.

259, 364, 365, 380,

scbistaceiis, 543.

546, 664.

Herbivocula scbwarzi.

senegalenis, 95, 96.

537.

smitbi, 547, 664.

Herodias alba, 272, 560,

striolata, 511, 547.

biibulcus, 272.

tytleri, 546.

garzetta, 272, 560.

Hodgsonius, 415, 416.

ralloides, 167, 271.

pboenicuroides, 532.

Herpornis xantboleiica.

Hoplopterus speeiosus,

534.

107.

Heterhyphantes bagla-

spinosus, 277, 297,

fecbt, 621.

690.

Heterococcyx neglechus,

ventralis, 599.

330.

Horeites, 419.

Heterocorax capeusis.

Horornis, 419.

610.

brnnneseens, 538.

Heteropsar albicapillus,

Hydrocbelidon bybrida,

611.

274.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

763

Hydroehelidon leuco-

ptera, 167, 274, 559.

nigra, 274.

Hydrophasianus chirur-

gus, 557.
Hyliota flavigastra, 4'J2.
Hylophilus bruniieus,

320.
Hypacaiitbis spinoides,

435.
Hypargus uiveiguttatiis,

165,587.
Hy phantom is abyssini-

cus, 285, 622.
cucullatus, 488,

491.
galbiila, 248, 285,

621.

intermedins, 622.

shelleyi, 165, 170.

spekii, 622.

velatns, 16.

Titellinus, 285.

Hyphanturgus ocularius,

165, 587.
Hypochera aniea, 490.

funerea, 165.

ultramarina, 618.

Hypocnemis najvioides,

327.
Hypocolins ampelinus,

417.
Hypolais pallida, 53,

257, 647.

polyglotta, 364.

Hypoleneus nielanogenis,

328.
Hypopicus liyperythrus,

549.
Hypothymis azurea, 542.
Hypsipetes concolor, 535.
psaroides, 429.

lanthia rufdata, 544.
lanthocincla, 414.

rufigularis, 428.

Ibis ffithiopica, 271, 295,

686.

melanocephala, 559.

Icterus croconotus, 478.

pyrrbopterus, 224.

Indicator few, 508.

indicator, 20, 667.

major, 21, 166, 289,

667.

minor, 21.

teitensis, 339.

sparrinanni, 20,

488, 494, 667.

variegatus, 21.

lole -virescens, 535.

Iramia gulturalis, 656.
Irena pnella, 534.
Iridornis dubusia, 464.
Irrisor erythrorbyncbus,

290, 674.
senegalensis, 483,

485, 493.

viridis, 20, 176.

Itbagenes geoffroyi, 408.
lyngipicus canicapillus,

549.

obsoletus, 265.

Ivnx a^quatorialis, 524,
" 666.

torquilla, 364, 386,

508, 550.

Ivetnpa zeylonensis, 553.

Lagonosticta brunnei-

ceps, 285, 617.

senegala, 484, 490.

Lagopns mutus, 398.
Lamprocolius chalybeus,

279, 284, 611.

nielanogaster, 18.

purpni-eus, 483,

491.
sycobius, 105, 176.

588.
Lamprotes albocristatus,

469.
Lamprotornis brevi-

caudus, 249.

caudatns, 483, 491.

mevcsi, 165, 176.

porpbyropterus,

249, 283, 611.

Laniarius ajtbiopiciis

major, 37.
approximans, 43,

153, 640.

barbariis, 488, 491.

blancboti, 153, 639,

640.
eastaneiceps, 41, 42.

cbrysogaster, 42.

cruentus, 287, 639,

676.
erytbrogaster, 42,

252.

funebris, 36.

gutturalis, 18.

bypopyrrbus, 153.

icterus, 153.

luebderi. 41.

major, 37.

maraisi, 183, 184.

modestus, 43.

mosambicus, 165,

590.

Laniarius olivaceus, 184.
poliocepbalus, 153,

639, 640.
rubiginosus, 183,

184.

similis, 43.

starki, 153, 170.

suahelicus, 43.

sulpbureipectiis, 42,

287, 639.

turatii, 508.

Lanius, 420.

antinorii, 287, 642.

auriculatus, 484,

491.

borealis, 503.

invictus, 503.

buryi, 520.

caudatus, 33, 36.

humeralis, 34.

collaris, 15.

colhirio, 33, 35,

287, 364, 379.

colUirioides, 539.

cristatus, 539.

dealbatus, 251.

excubitor, 379.

excubitorius, 33,

287, 641.

fallax, 521.

humeralis, 34, 642.

isabellinus, 251,

641.

leucouotus, 251.

mackinnoni, 34.

meridionalis, 379.

- minor, 33, 287,
379.

nigriceps, 418, 539.

nubicus, 250, 288.

pboenicurus, 452.

pomeranus, 364,

366, 379.

senator, 250.

paradoxus,

250.

teplu'onotus, 539.

vittatus, 418.

Larus argentatus, 403,

742. 743.
brunneicep'nalus,

559.
cacbinnaus, 138,

403, 605.

canus, 404, 458.

cirrhocepbalus, 167,

297.

franklini, 127.

fuseus, 274, 403.

glaucescens, 127.

glaucus, 127.

764

INDEX OF

Larus hempriclii, 298.

ichthyaetus, 157.

leucopha;u8, 403.

luelanoceplialus,

4(»;3.

ritlibundus, 178,

Larvivora, 415, 416.

cyanea, 531.

Lathria cinerea, 711.

■ fusco-cinerea, 711.

• plumbea, 12.

Legatus albicoUis, 705.
Leistes superciliaris, 224.
Lepteroclius asha, 511.

gularis, 296, 688.

Leplopogon pa>cilotis,

704.
Leptoptilus crumeni-

ferus, 273.

dubius, 559.

Leuconerpes candidus,

228.
Leucosarcia picata, 443.
Licbenops perspicillata,

225.
Ligurinus cliloris, 381.
Liiunocorax niger, 167,

489, 496, 694.
Limnocryptes gallinula,

693.
Liinonidromus indicus,

547.
Limosa belgica, 277,

403, 558. _ •
• lapponica, 403, 457,

518.
limosa, 691, 742,

744.
Linota cannabina, 128,

381.
Liuuva fiscberi, 614.
Linurgus kiliuiensis, 339.

olivaceus, 339.

Lioptila, 414.

annect.ens, 533.

capistrata, 428,

433.

castanoptera, 533.

davisoni, 533.

melanoleuca, 533.

saturata, 533.

Lioptilus abyssiuiciis, 81.
Liothrix liitea, 428, 433.
Lissotis lovati, 688.

melanogaster, 689.

Lobiopbasis bulweri,

131.
Lobivanellus senegalus,

497.
Locustella certhiola, 537.

Lociistella fluviatilis, 575.

lanceolata, 537.

na?via, 374.

Lopboaetua occipitalis,

167, 293, 495, 594.
Loplioceros deckeui, (»76.
epirliiiius, 16().

erytborbyncbus,

263, 291, 493, 675,
746.

flavirostris, 291,

675.

bartlaubi, 3-50.

lienipi'iclii, 675.

iiielanoleucus, 166.

nasutus, 263, 291,

332, 483, 493, 675.
Lopbospizias trivirgatus,

554.
Lopbotis gindiana, 689.
Lophoti'iorcbis lueani,

586, 594.
Loriculus galgulus, 141.

indicus, 441.

Lorius domicella, 439.

gavrulus, 439.

lory, 439.

major, 507-

Loxia bifasciata, 453.

curvirostra, 381,

382.

Loxioides, 565, .570, 571,
573, 580, 584, 585.

bailleui, 574.

Loxops, 565, 569, 573,
575, 576, 577, 483,
585.

cseruleirostris, 341,

565, 574.

coccinea, -341, 574.

ocbracea, 341, 574.

rufa, 574.

wolstenbolmii, 341.

Lusciniola fuscata, 135.
gracilirostris, 646.

scbwarzi, 138,

452.

Lybiiis torquatiis, 593.

Maebffirbampbus anders-

soni, 524, 743.
Macbaropterus delicio-

SU8, 709.
Macbetes pugnax, 135,

277, 364, 402.
Macbetornis rixosa, 225.
Macblolopbus, 417.
spilonotus, 528.

xantbogenys, 427.

Macrodipteryx longi-

pennis, 488, 492.

Macronyx croceug, 165,
586. '

flavicollis, 633, 651.

Macropsalis creagra, 15.
Macropygia tusalia, 555.
Maci'orbampbus griseus,

721.
scolopaceus,

721.
— — taczanowskii, 152,

512.
Malacirops e-newtoni,

146.
Malacocincla biittikoferi,

726.
Malaconotus approxi-

maus, 43.
blancboti, 153, 170,

639.
malzacii, 638.

poliocepbalus, 492.

polionotus, 170.

starki, 165, 170,

591.

sulpbui'eipectus, 42,

165, 591 .

Maliirus eallanius, 11.
cyaneus, 10, 11.

cyanocblamys, 10,

11.

• dorsalis, 11.

elizabetba?, 10, 11.

gouldi, 10, 11.

lamberti, 11.

melanocepbaUis, 11.

melanotus, 11.

pulcberrimus, 11.

Manorbina garrula, 151.
Mareca penelope, 394,

561, 721.
Mariiiaronetta angusti-

rostris, 514, 606.
Masins cbi-ysopterus,

708.

coronulatus, 708.

Megacepbalon maleo,

141.
Megalaema marsbal-

lorwm, 437.

viren.s, 437, 550.

Megalestris antarctica,

132.
Megalurus palustris, 537.
Megapodius ercmita,

141.

pritcbardi, 141.

Megarbyncbus pitangua,

706.
Melsenornis ater, 50.

tropicalis, 50.

■ edoloides, 51,

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

'65

Melfenornis schistacea,

643.
Melanerpes cactoruin ,

228.

canclidus, 228.

cnientatus, 327.

hargitti, 327.

Melanobucco abrssinicus,

289, 667.

torquatus, 21 , 22.

vieilloti, 265, 494.

Melanocblora, 417.

sultanea, f)34.

Melanociirypha bimacu-

lata, 426, 601.

inongolica, 4.36.

Melierax gabar, 682.
niger, 293.

polyzonus, 270, 293,

682.
Melittophaga buUocki,

484, 493.
Melittopbagus bullock-

oide.s, 592.
laf'rpsuayii, 672.

nieridioiialis, 166.

pusillus, 493.

sharpii, 290, 672.

sMnnlioii, 550.

Melizopbiliis arinoricus,

374.

undatus, 373.

Melocichla mentalis, 55,

5Q.

orientalis, 56.

Melophiis iiielanicteruF,

435, 546.
Melopsittacus imdulatus,

441.
Menura superba, 731.
Merganser eastor, 514.
comatus, 514.

serrator, 514.

squauiatus, 410.

Mei'gus australis, 359,524.

merganser, 395.

serrator, 127.

Merops apiaster, 262,

365, 386, 592, 673.

natalensis, 166, 176,

592.

nubicus, 290, 485,

493, 673.

persicus, 166, 263.

— — philippinus, 550.

pusillus, 262.

viridis, 550.

vividissimus, 262.

Merula albiceps, 346.

alpestris, 143.

aiirantia, 508.

SER. Vlir. VOL. I.

Merula bicolor, 346.

boiirdilloni, 143.

Ciinescens, 143.

• cardis, 508.

castanea, 346.

celebensis, 508.

dactyloptera, 340.

elgonensis, 74.

euryzona, 346.

i'ex, 544.

flavipes, 143.

fumida, 346.

gouldi, 346.

javanicn , 508.

kessleri, 346.

kinnisi, 143.

• layardi, 508.

— — ■ liidovici:e, 143.

melanopleura, 143.

mindorensis, 508.

nigriceps, 508.

obscura, 544.

olivatra, 346,

papuensis, 143.

poliocephaln, 143.

polionota, 143.

pritzbueri, 143.

protoine]88na, 544.

reevii, 508.

roraimEe, 346.

seebohiui, 346.

simillinia, 143.

tempesti, 143.

tbomassoni, 346.

unicolor, 508.

venezuelensis, 143.

vinitincta, 508.

• • vitiensis, 508.

whitelieadi, 346.

• xantbopus, 508.

Mesia argentauris, 428.
Mesophoyx brachyrhyn-

cha, 295.
Mesopicus goertan, 265,

494.

spodocepbaliis, 665.

Met(3piiina peposaca,

234.
Metopidiiis indicus, 557.
Metoponia piisilla. 435.
Micrastur amauriis, 501.

mirandollii, 501.

Mirroeca addita, 333.

fascinans, 332.

Microliierax eutoluius,

555.
Micropallas, 513.
Microparra eapensis,

167.
Mici'opterniis pluTOceps,

549.

Micropferyx coronata,

.551.
Micropus ffiquatorialis,

671.

affinis, 672.

a pus, 671.

nielba, 670.

Micrura superciliaris,

725.
Milvulus lyrannus, 226,

303, 708.'
Milvus icgyptius, 270,

293,681.

govinda, 554.

melanotis, 554, 603.

Miraeta szdayi, 337.
Mioneetes oleaginous

parvus, 322.

olivaceu^, 704.

Mirafra, 436.

eantillans, 628.

fischeri, 6-8.

intercedens, 628.

mnrginata, 628.

Moho ajjicalis, 341.

bisliopi 341.

bracoatus, 341.

nobilis, 341.

M.;lo!hrus badius, 224.

bonariensis, 224.

Molpastes atrieapillus,

535.

bengalensis, 429.

leiicogenys, 429.

leuootis, 429.

Monticola angoleiisis,

692.

cyanus, 371, 655.

rufoeiuerea, 75,

656.

rupestris, 24, 26.

saxa tills, 74, 2;' 8,

288, 371, 655.
Morphuus guianensis,

331.
Motacilla alba, .547, 630

719,747.

borealis, 547, 601.

capensis, 15.

cinereicapilla, 168,

747.

citreola, 452, .547.

ciireoloides, 600.

feldeggi, (»31.

fl.iva, 165, 168, 214.

631.

leiiropsis, 547.

longicauda, 6.30.

nielanope, .378, .547.

nigi-icotis, 1 '.6.

oi-ularis, 547-

•6 E

7G6

INDEX OF

Motacilla paradoxa, 631.

vidua, 146, 630.

viridis, 452.

Munia atricapilla, 434,
54.3.

castanei thorax, 434.

maja, 434.

inalacca, 434.

oryzivora, 426.

Muscicapa albicollis,

380.

atricapilla, 364,

379.

fischeri, 88.

gris->la,87,166,364,

365, 379, 483, 492.

Bibirica, 87,

339.

infulata, 87.

murina, 89.

parva, 380.

iisslieri, 52.

Miiscisaxicola alpiua, 307,

702.
Musopbaga Tiolacea, 486,

495.
Mycerobas melanoxan-

thus, 546.
Myeteria araericaua, 218,

232, 735.
Myiadestes coracimis,

311.

leucotis, 31 1.

ralloides, 311.

My larch us ferox, 707.

nigriceps, 707.

tyraiinulus, 226.

Myiobnis assimilis, 320.

cinn am omens, 706.

flavicans, 706.

• ornatiis, 703, 706.

pulcher, 706.

villosus, 706.

Myiodioctes canadensis,

314.
Myiodynastes chryso-

cephalus, 706.
Myiophoneus, 416.

borneensis, 131.

cffiruleus, 429.

eugenii, 531.

— ^^ — iemmincki, 429,

531.
Myiotheretes erythro-

pygius, .'107, 700.

'- striaticollis, 700.

Myiotherula sanctre-

inartffi, 320.
Myiozetetes cayeunensis,

705.
grauadensis, 705.

Myristicivora luctiiosa,

443.
Myrmecociehla crypto-

leiica, 78.

dubia, 6.'>7.

nigra, 78.

Myrmelastes ceterus, 322.
Myrmotherula brevi-

cauda, 327.

Nasiterna salvadorii, .507.
Nectarinia ciipreonilens,

633.

famosa, 17.

kilimensis, 586.

metallica, 242, 520,

634.

muelleri, 520, 634.

pulchella, 243, 487,

490, 634.
Nemosia guira, 469.

ornata, 469.

Neophron monachus,

292.
percnopterus, 271,

292, 392.
Neornis, 419.
Neositta, 728.
Neotis heuglini, 296, 688.
Nesonetta aucklaudica,

524.
Netta rufina, 561.
Nett.ion albigulare, 514.

capense, 685.

crecca, 394, 561,

721.

punctatinn, 294.

Nettium albigulare, 737.

crecca, 737.

Nettopus auritiis, 167.
coromandelianus,

327,561.
Nicator chloris, 44.
Nilaus afer, 251. 641.

capensis, 44, 641.

minor, 44, 641.

Niltava, 421.

grandis, 512.

macgregoria;, 542.

sundai-a, 432, 542.

Nisaetus penuatus, 594.
spilogaster, 167,

594.
Nitidula hodgsoni, .541.
Nothoprocta curvirostris,

306.
Notodela, 422.

• leucura, 544.

Nueifiaga caryoc-atactes,

353, 354, 384, 742.

Nucifraga caryocatactes
macrorhynchos, 738.

colombiana, 136.

Numenius arquata, 277,
458, 5.58.

Numida meleagris, 487.
496.

ptilorhj-ncha, 276,

299.

Nyctala tengmalmi, 390,

"448.
Nyetea scandiaca, 389.
Nyctibius jamaicensis,

'12.
Nyciicorax griseus, 560,

'687.

nycticorax, 687,

722.

Nyctiornis athertoni,

.550.
Nyroca baeri, 514.
ferruginea, 561.

fuligula, 5(il.

marila, 600.

Oceanites oceanicus, 155,

499.
Ochthodiffita fumigala,

700.
Oehthodromus asiatieus,

277,691.

geoffroyi, 692.

Oclithoeca cinnamomei-

ventris, 701.

citrinifrons, 701.

— — - gratiosa, 701.

jesupi, 320.

lessoni, 701.

cenauthoides, 701.

brunneifrons,

701.

olivacea, 320.

rufimarginata, 701.

stiett)ptera, 701.

Ocyalus wagleri, 476,
Ocyphaps lophotes, 413.
Odontophoi'us atri Irons,

320.
QHdeniia fusca, 395.

■ nigra, 368, 395.

Qldicnemus crepitans,

401.

^dodsoni, 331.

oedienemiiB, 689.

scolopax, 689.

senegalensis, 277,

296, 487, 497.

vermiculatus, 167.

(Ena capensis, 267, 298,

496, 696.

SCIENTIFIC NAME:^

767

(Eiiopopelia trar.qne-

barica, 555.
Oligura castaneicoronafa

532.
Onyclioguntluis hart-

laubi, 350.
Opisthocomus, 142.
Orcicola ferrea, 543.
Oreocincla dauriia, 545.

dixoni, 5^15.

varia, 545.

Oreomjza, 669, 570, 571,

573, 575, 583, 584.

bairdi, 574.

flaminea, 574.

maculata, 574,

583.

mana, 574.

montaiia, 574.

newtoni, 574.

perkinsi, 341.

Oreothraiipi^ arre-

monops, 471.
Oriohis galbida, 248,

284, 364, 378, 452,

486, 491.
indicus, 540.

larvatus, 165, 176,

587, 613.

melanocepbalus,

430,540.

uieneliki, 613.

monachus, 613.

notatus, 165, 587.

roUeti, 284.

teniiirostris, 5 10.

trailli, 430, 540.

Ornitliion obsoletiim,

12.
Ortalis canicollis, 221,

234.
Ortbogonys viridis, 12.
Ortbotomiis, 419, 420.

ehrysocneinis, 648.

sutorius, 537.

Ortygospiza poly zona,

616.
Osmotreron biciucta,

443.
Ossifraga gigantea, 132.
OsLinops alfredi, 477.

angustifrons, 476.

cristatiis, 476.

deeumaiuis, 476.

Otis tarda, 156, 401.

tetrax, 401.

Otoconipsa euieria, 429,

635.
flaviventritf, 429,

535.
Otocorys brandti, 135.

Otogyps auric iilaris, 279,

292.

calviis, 598.

Otus vulgaris, 728.
OxyecliLis tricollaris,

692.

Pa"bycepbala gutt.uralis,

332.
Pacbyglossa raelano-

xantba, 548.
Pai-livprora bella, 662,

663.

niolitor, 90.

puella, 90.

orientalis, 662.

puella, 90, 662,

663.
senegalensis, 488,

492.
Pacbyrhampbus albo-

griseus, 710.
atricapilluR, 710.

niger, 710.

spodiurus, 710.

versicolor, 710.

Pagodronm ni?ea, 132,

155,499.
Pagopbi!a eburuea, 617,

742, 743.
Palajornis columboides,

441.

cyanoc?pbalus,

441.

docilis, 484, 495.

fasoiatus, 441.

finschi, 441, 553.

magiiirostris, 441.

uepaleasis, 441.

rosa, 441, 553.

schistieeps, 441.

torquatus, 440,

4.52.

Palmeria, 564, 565, 573,

580, 582, 585.

dolii, 341, 574.

Pandion baliaetus, 455,

553.
Paradisea apoda, 427.

minor, 427.

Paradoxornis fla\ irostris,

412.

giittaticollis, 528.

Pardalotus afBiiis, 149.
Parisoma boebmi, 647.

jacksoni, 93, 94.

lugens, 93, 94.

orientale, 94.

pluinbeum, 94.

subcajruleum, 28.

Paroaria capital a, 217,
224.

cucullata, 436.

gularis, 473.

Paroreomyza, 683.
Parra africana. 689.

jacana, 216, 235,

400.

Parula inornata, 314.

pitiayutni, 314.

Parusafer, 20, 168.

albiveiitris, 146.

ater, 376.

biarinicus, 376.

borealis, 37(i.

cieraleus, 376.

caudatus, 37().

■ eristatus, 376.

fringilliiuis, 728.

fuelleboriii, 168.

insignis, 168.

leucomelas, 487,

489, 636.

leuconotus, 637.

lugubris, 376.

luzonensis, 728.

major, 376.

masukuensis, 168.

minor, 528.

niger, 165, 168.

pallidiveiitris, 168.

palustris, 376.

parvirostris, 165,

168.

pekinensis, 750.

semilarvatus, 728.

tiiruppi, 637.

xantliostomus, 146,

168.
Passer arcuatus, 15, 16,

19, 192.
castanoptcnis,

624.

cinnainotneus, 546.

diffusus, 165, 246.

• domesticiis, 246,

369, 381, 452, 520,

546, 728.

buryi, 520.

flaveolus, 546.

indicus, 520.

italire, 381.

luteus, 247.

luontanus, 381, 546.

rufidorsalis, 246.

svvainsoni, 280, 625.

Pastor roseus, 383, 432.
Pavo eristatus, 444.

mutifus, 444, 55(5.

nigripennis, 444.

Pa\onpella piiguax, 093.

3e2

768

INDEX OF

Pelargopsis gurial, 651.
PelecamiB crispiis, 511).
onocro talus, 273,

393, 605.

roseiis, 005.

Pelicinius bertranrli,

591.
Pellorneum mandellii,

530.

Tnimis, 530.

Peiinula iiiillsi, 341.

saiidwichensis, 341.

Penthetria eqiies, 285,

614.
Penthoceryx sounerati,

552.
Pentbornis, 727.
Pei-dix cinerea, 396.

sifanica, 410.

Pericrocotus breTirostris,

430, 539.

fraterculus, 539.

pcregrinus, 539.

roseiis, 539.

Solaris, 539.

specio.sus, 430, 539.

Pernis apivorus, 391,

515, 720.
Petasophora iolata, 307,

317.
Petrceca phoenicea, 332.
Petronia petronella, 19.

pyrgita, 624.

Petrophila cyaniis, 544.

erytbrogastra, 544.

solitaria, 544.

Pbacelodomus striati-

collis, 226.
Phteornis, .573, 577.
Pbalacrocorax sp., 393.

africauus, 273, 683.

— — brasiliar.us, 231.

carbo, 393, 559.

graculus, 393.

javanicus, 559.

lucidus, 486, 497.

rauf'urlyi, 524.

\en-ucosus, 328.

yigua, 216, 231.

Phaps nhalcoptera, 443.
Phasiamis burmanicus,

527, 556.

colchicus, 396.

elegans, 408.

bunii.T, 329.

toi-qiialus, 444.

Plieiicticus clirysogastcr,

473.
Pbilacte rar.agica, 508.
Pbilentonia maxwelli,

512.

Pbilentonia ])yrrlio-

ptcruni, 512.

saravacensis, .512.

velatiim, 512.

Pbimosus infuscatus,

232.
Pblogoenas luzonica, 443.
Pblogopbilus liai-terti,

717.

bemileucurus, 717.

Pboenicopbaos, 204, 206,

210, 211.
Pboeiiicopterus i-oseii.=!,

274, 394.
Pholidauges leucogaster,

283, 610.
verreauxi, 165, 176,

588.
PbiTgibis alaudinus,

474.

ocularis, 474.

• princetouianus,

507.

unicolor, 474.

Pbyllergates, 419.

coronatus, 538.

Phyllolais bildegardre,

649.

pulchella, 649.

Pbylloniyias buniieisteri,

12.
Pbyllopezus africana,

1(;7, 297, 689.
Pbylloscopup, 419.

affinis, 537.

bonellii, 375.

borealis, 451.

fuscatus, 537.

proregulus, 137,

537.

pulcher, 537.

rufus, 257, 375,

644.

sibilrttrix, 332.

superciliosus, 374,

451, 537.
■ trocbilus, 52, 53,

257, 332, 375, 644.
Pliyllostrepbus cervini-

ventris, 166.

strepitans, 166.

Pbyllostropbus placidus,

82.
Piaya, 213.
Pica rustica, 383, 427,

527.
Picolaptes albo-lineatus,

327.

angustirostris, 227.

Picuninus innominatus,

549.

I Picuunius temiiiincki,
12.
Picus caetorum, ^^28.

major, 377, 38(),

454.

martius, 386.

Pilerodius pileatus, 232.
Pinarocbroa sordida,

659.
Pionopsittacus pileatus,

14.
Pionus chalcopterus, 442.

. inaximiliani, 230.

Pipra auricapilla, 708.

filicauda, 708.

isidori, 708.

leucocilla, 709.

Pipreola jucaiida, 713.

lubomirskii, 713.

riefferi, 713.

Pipridea luelanota vene-

zuelensis, 4(50.
Piprisoma modeslum,

548.
Pitangus bolivianus,

225.

sulphiiratus, 70,5.

Pitta braebyiira, 437.

mackloti aruensis.

507.

oatesi, 549.

Platalea alba, 271, 295,

686.
Platycercus barnardi,

339.
- — elegans, 442.

eximius, 442.

niacgillivrayi, 339.

occidentalis, 339.

Platyrbyncbus albo-

gularis, 702.
Platystira albifrons, 90.

■ •' cyanea, 488, 492.

jacksoni, 90, 91.

peltata, 91, 166.

Pleotropteriis rueppelli,

275, 294, 683.
Plegadis falcinellus, 271,

3(36, 559, 686.

guarauna, 233.

Ploceella, 422.
Plcceipasser nielano-

rbyncbus, 285, 616.

pectoralis, 587.

Ploreus atrigula, 29, 30,

31 , 32. 433.
baya, 29, 32, 434.

manyar, .545.

niegarbvncbus, 29,

.'30,31,32,433,545.
rutledgii, 29, 32.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

769

Plotus anlunga, 217,
L'31.

melanogaster, 559.

riifus, 1()7, 683.

Phnianus .Tgyptius, 278.
Puoepjga piisilla, 536.
Podager naciinda, 220,

227.
Podargiis, 332.
Podiceps griseigena, 458.
Podicipes albipenuis,

661.

auritus, 405.

capensis, 167, 695.

cristatiis, 405.

fluviatilis, 405.

griseigena, 4(l5.

nigi-icoUis, 405.

Podilyinbus podiceps,

236.
Poecilonetta erytbro-

rbyucba, 167, 684.
Pcecilothraupis lumilata,

464.

palpebrosa, 465.

Poeocepbalus flavifrons,

679.
fuscicapilliis, 1(')7,

176, 593.

riifiventris, 292,

679.

spnegaUis, 484, J 95.

Poephilaacuticauda, 434.

cincta, 434.

goiildias, 434.

mirabilis, 434.

Pogouorbyucbus dubius,

494.

vieilloti, 486.

Pogonotriecus ophtlml-

miciis, 703.
Polioaetus icbtbyaetiis,

554.
Poliobierax seniitor-

quatus, 294, 683.
Polioptila bilineata, 312.

duniicola, 222.

nigriceps ante-

ocularis, 335.

major, 335.

Poliospiza gularis, 194.

tristriata, 625.

Polyboroides typicus,

167, 594.
Polyborus tbarus, 230.
Polyp] ei'tron bicalcara-

tum,51].
Polytelis barrabandi, 442.

inelanura, 442.

Poinatorbiuiis, 414.
erytbrogenys, 428.

Pomatorbinus imberbis,

529.

uuehalis, 529.

ocliraceiceps, 529.

olivaceiis, 529.

scbisiiceps, 428.

Poospizi iiielauolenca,

223
P(jrpbyrio melanonotus,

726.

poliocepbahis, 557.

porpbyrio, 1(>7.

stanleyi, 726.

Porpbyriola iiiartinica,

15.
Porzana bailloni, 399.
mai-uetta, 363, 399,

456.

parva, 399.

pusiila, 557.

Pratincola albofa.sciata,

660.

axillaris, 75.

caprata, 433, 543.

bemjiricbi, 659.

— — leucura, 54-3.

maura, 451, 511,

543, 659.

rubetra, 75, 372.

nibicola, 372, 660.

torquiita, 26, 166,

591.
Prinia, 420.

blaufordi, 539.

— — flaviventris, 538.

iuoriiata, 539.

murina, 650.

niystacea, 63.

reiubenovvi, 64.

Prionitiivus mada, 333.
Prionodura newtoiiiana,

151.
Prionops cristatus, 48,

642.
plumatus, 4"^, 485,

491.
— — poliocepbalus, 288,

642.

poliolopbus, 47-

talaeoma, 48, 165,

590.
Procellaria pelagica, 404.

pufRnus, 404.

Procnias occideiitalis,

458.

tersa, 458.

typiea, 458.

Procnopis vassori, 460.
Prodotiscus peasii, 608,

667.
regulus, 608, 667.

Psalidoprocne albiceps,

166, 172.
antinorii, 171, 172,

665.

blanfordi, 172.

cbalybea, 172.

fuliginosa, 172.

boiiioinela3iia, 172.

niteiis, 172.

obscura, 172.

orientalis, 95, 166,

171, 172.

piTL-ivali, 171.

petiti, 171, 172.

orientalis,

171.

• pristoptera, 172.

Psarisoiuus dalbousiaj,

549.
Psaroglo.'ssa, 421.

spiloptei-a, 417, 5.35.

Pseudogerygoue rubra,

725.
Pseudogyps bengale.isis,

653.
Pfendominla castanei-

ceps, 531.
Pseiidonestor, 5li6, 570,

571, 572, 573, .577, 580,

584.
xaothopbrys, 311,

574.
PseudotautaUis ibis, 273,

295.

leucoceplialiis, 560.

Pseudotriccus diops, 12.

pelzelni, 70-3.

Pseud'JxemcLis, 725.
Psittacirostra, 570, 571,

572, 573, 575, 576, 578,

580, 584.

psittacea, 574.

Psittacula CBlestis, 300.
Psittacus eritbaciis, 339,

442.
Psittospiza riefferi, 472.
Psopbodes crepitan.s, 151.
Pternistes iufuseatiis,

299. 699.
Pterocles alchata, 368,

396.

areiiarius, 513.

exustus soinalicus,

275.
licbtensteini, 298,

697.
quadricinctus, 483,

496.
Pteroclurus exustus, 275,

298, 697.
exustus, 299.

770

INDEX OF

rteroclunis cxuatiis
orientalis, 299.

somalicus, 299.

senegallus, 276.

Pteruthius, 41G.

aralatus, 534.

iiiterniedius, f>34.

melanotis, 534.

Ptilinopus gestroi kapo-

rensis, 733.
Ptilopus belliis, 733.

jainbu, 443.

johanui.s, 733.

Ptistes erythropterus,

442.
Ptyouoprogne rufigula,

95.
Puffin ii.s cinereus, 404.

gravis, 120, 719.

kuhli, 404.

iiewpUi, 127.

obsciirus, 404.

yelkouanus, 404.

Pycnonotus arsinoe, 253,
662.

barbatus, 484, 490.

lajardi, 84, 591.

reiehenowi, 521.

sinensis, 429.

tricolor, 23.

xanthopygus, 621.

xanthorrlious, 536.

Pyctorbis, 413.

sinensis, 429, 530.

Pygosceles adelire, 132,

'154.
Pyranga wstiva, 468.
Pyroceplialus rubineus,

226, 300, 706.
Pyromelana flaminiceps,
165.

franciscana, 247,

615.

oryx, 190.

taba, 191,615.

xaiitbonielaina, 284,

61.5.
Pyrophthaliua proAiii-

cialis, 374.
Pyrrboceutor, 207, 212.
— — celebensis, 210.
Pyrrliocoraxalpiniis, 1-35.
Pyrrbopicus pyrrbctis,

549.
Pyrrhiilaenucleator, 382.

crj'tbrina, 381.

europsea, 381, 435.

raajor, 435.

Pyrrhulauda barrisoni,

281, 286.
" leucoti;', 245, 629.

Pyrrbulauda luelanau-
cben, 245, 286, 630.

otoleuna, 630.

■ verticalis, 286.

Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis,
725.

Pyrrbura bypoxantba,
345.

Pytelia affiiiis, 617.

citerior, 617.

Qiielea a^tbiopica, 616.

qnelea, 165, 490.

Querquedula brasiliensis,

233.

capensis, 167, 174.

circia, 394, 456,

561, 685.

formosa, 456.

■ punctala, 167.

torquata, 234.

Rallina tricolor victa,

727.
Rallus aquaticus, 400,

604.

indicns, 557, 604.

Recur vi rostra avocetta,

742, 744.
Regidus cristatus, 368,

374.
ignicapillus, 3r)8,

374.

modestus, 374.

Reiuwardtoenas rein-
ward ti albida, 333.
Rbampbastos toco, 217,

229.
Rbaiujiboccelus ictero-

notus, 468.
jacapa, 467, 472.

nigrigularis, 467.

Rhea auiericana, 236.

darwini, 723.

nana, 723.

Rhinococcyx, 210.

curvirost)-is, 212.

Rbinocorax affinis, 283,

610.
Rliinopouiastes cabanisi,

327.

cyanomelas, 166.

minor, 290, 674.

schalowi, 339.

Rliinoptilus bisignatus,

690.

hartingi, 296, 690.

Rbipidura, 421.

I albiuoUis, 543.

Rliodacantbis, 570, 573,

580, 585.

flaviceps, 341, 574.

paliiieri, 341, 574.

Rbopodytes tristis, 552.
Rbyacornis fuliginosus,

544.
Rbyncbaja seniicoUaris,

236.
Rbynchoeyclus peruvi-

anus, 705.
Rhyncbops flavirostris,

167, 297.
Intercedens, 236.

melanura, 236.

Rbynchostrutbus perci-

Vali, 502, 519, 744.
Rliyncbotus rufescens,

221, 236.
Rcstralula capensis, 559.
Rostrhanius sociabilis,

12.
Rupicola peruviana, 711.

sanguinoleuta, 712.

Ruticilla aurorea, .544.
eryfbronota, 135.

pboenicura, 258,

364, 365, 372, 489.

rufiveutris, 657.

semirufa, 657.

tithys, 372.

Salpornis, 419.

eniini, 728.

salvadorii, 728.

Saltator albieoUi.s, 472.

atripennis, 472.

aurantiirostris. 223.

crerulescens, 223.

lacertosus, 322.

niagnus, 472.

suj^erciliaris, 472.

Sarcidioruis caruuculala,

219, 233.

melanonotus. 5(i().

Sarciopborus tectus, 297,

497.
Sarcogrannniis atri-

nucbalis, 5.57.
Sasia abnonnis niagni-

rostris, 504.
Sauropatis albicilla, 109.

ebloris,98, 105, 109,

114, 122.

• sancta, 98, 104, 105,

114.

sordida, 98, 105,

114.

vagans, 98, 10.',

106. 114.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

771

Saurotliera, 213.
Saxicola albinotata, 78.
ainpliileiica, 259.

aurita, 259, 372,

659.

• desert! , fi58.

isabellina, 76, 288,

658.

leiicomela, 657.

leucura, 372.

liviugstonii, 77,

166.

melanoleiica, 259.

. ■raorio, 77.

oenanthe, 76, 364,

372, 379, 658.

leucorrlioa.

513.

typica, 513.

pileata, 77.

albinotata, 77.

plesliaiika, 77.

■ schalowi, 77.

somalica, 658.

stapaziua, 372.

■ vittata, 658.

Sayoniis cineracea, 702.

saya yukoneusis,

324.

Sca^orliynchus, 412, 413.
gularis, 334, 528.

transfluvialis,

334.

ruficep.s, 334.

— bakeri, 334.

Sceloglaux albifacies, 1.37.
Schizorbis africana, 495.

leucogaster, 289,

669. _

Sehoeuicola apicalis, 55.
Schcenipariis intermedins,

531.

uiandellii, 413, 531.

Scolopas rtisticula, .'^58.
Scops bakkamoena, 553.

capensis, 167, 174.

gill, 126, 364, 366,

388, 448, 495, 553.

leucotis. 268.

Sooptelus aterriiniis, 485,

493.
Scopus umbretta, 193,

295, 496, 685, 734.
Scotocerca, 419.
Scotornisclimacurus, 261,

290, 492.
Scytalopus analis, 327.
Scytbrops novas - liol -

laudiai, 201, 206, 211,

213.
Selaspborus rul'us, 136.

Sericossypba albicristata,

469.
Serinus hortulanus, 380,

381.
icterus, 165, 436,

490.

leucopygius, 247.

uiaeulicollis, 625.

reicbenowi, 626.

sbarpii, 3.S9.

Serpentarius secretarius,

16.
Serpophaga cinerea, 703.

poecilocerca, 703.

ruSceps, 703.

Setopbaga bairdi, 315.

ruticilla, 315.

verticalis, 315.

Sibia, 414.

picoides, 533.

Sigmodus graculimis, 48,

49, 174.

interiuedius, 49.

nigricans, 48.

retzii, 48.

graculinus,48.

interinedius,

48.

nigricaus, 48.

tricolor, 48.

tricolor, 49, 165,

174.

Sipbia, 421.

albicilla, 541.

beccariana, 131.

everetti, 131.

stropbiata, 541.

Siptornis antboides, 718.

grainiuicola, 718.

punensis, 718.

Sitagra luteola, 248, 490.

subpersunata, 621.

Sitta, 417.

europtea, 452.

britannica,

333.

frontalis, 536.

magna, 323, 536.

nagaensis, 536.

neglecta, 536.

uralensis, 135.

Siva castaneicauda, 534.
cyauuroptera, 428,

534.

sordida, 534.

Smilorbis sowerbyi, 166.

wbytii, 593.

Smitliornis capensis, 592.
Somateria v-nigrum, 503.
Spatula clypeata, 295,

394,456,512,561.

Speirops leucopboea, 146.
Speotyto, 513.

cunicularia, 230.

Spermestes nigriceps,

587.

sciitata, 616, 587.

Spermopbila caerulesceiis,

507.

gutturalis, 12,

olivacea, 473.

opbtbalmica, 473.

palustris, 217, 223.

Spbeniscus demersas,

734
Spbenocercus spbenurus,

443, 555.
Spbenocicbla, 419.
Spilucorydon hyper-

metrus, 627.
Spiloptera damans, 255.
Spiloriiis cbeela, 554.
Spizatitus limnaetus, 554.
Spizixcis canit'rons, 535.
Spodioruis jardinii, 474.
Sjjora-gintbus amandava,

434.

flavidiventris, 545.

Spreo bicolor, 19.3.
pulcber, 249.

superbus, 284,

612.

Squatarola belvetica,403,

722.
Stachyiidopsis, 415.

rufifrons, 531.

sulpburea,531.

Stacliyris, 415.

assimilis, 530.

— • — nigriceps, 530.
Stactocicbla, 414.
Stapbidea rufigenis,

533.
Steatorni.s, 204.
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis,

316.
Stellula calliope, 136.
Stepbanibyx corouatus,

167, 297, 690.

inornatus, 167, 595.

melanopterus, 690.

Stei'corarius crepidatus,

458.
Sterna anglica, 274.
cantiaca, 135, 364,

403, 742, 743.

caspia, 403.

dougalli, 742, 743.

birundo, 403.

bybrida, 403.

leucoptera, 403.

melauogaster, 559.

I\Di:X OK

sterna niiuuta, 403, 694.

■ nigra, 403.

saunde.-si, 094.

seena, 559.

Stictospiza turniosa, 43i.
Stoparola, 421.

uielanops, 432, 541.

Strix aluco, 390.

cajelii, 333.

llamiiiea, 268, 334,

495, 553, 728.

kirklioITi, 334.

niaciilata, 208.

pratiucola, 513.

Strut liidca ciiierea, 135.
Strutliio nieridionalis,

344.
• luolybdopbanes,

299.
Sturnella bellicosa, 479.

magna, 499.

tjpica, 499.

neglecta, 499.

Stiirnia audamaiiensis,

432.

lualabarica, 432,

540.

nemoricola, 540.

Sturnopastor contra,
432.

superciliaris, 540.

Sturnus menzbieri, 432.

purpurasceiis, 600.

unicolor, 383.

vulgaris, 383, 384.

Surnia, 513.

Suruicuhis lugubris, 552.
Suthora, 412, 413.
Suya, 419.

atrigularis, 538.

crinigera, 538.

superciliaris, 538.

Sycalis arvensis lutei-

vcntris, 475.

luteiventris, 475.

Sycobrotns slictifrons,

165, 587.
Sjlvia atrioapilla, 51,

332, 373, 645.
cinerea, 332, 365,

373, 489, 645.

conspiiillafa, 373.

curruca, 258, 373,

645.
deserticola, 374.

faniiliaris, 646.

• florisuga, 07.

. liortensis, 52, 332.

jerdoni, 600.

nielaiiocpphala, 373,

374.

Sylvia nisoria, 258, 332,
645, 720.

oebrogenion, 373.

psanimochroa, 51.

sarda, 374.

simplex, 52, 591.

subalpina, 36(>.

Sylviella baraka, 69.
bracbyiira, 70, 255,

617.

fleeki, 70.

Jackson i, 69, 70.

leucoplirys, 70.

major, 339.

micrura, 70, 255,

647.
pallida, 70.

virens, ()9.

wliytii, 70.

Sylvietta bracbyiira, 255.
Svma torotoro meeki,

"733.

ocbracea, 733.

Synallaxis frontalis, 226.

pbryganoplnla, 226.

Syncopta tiucta, ()4S.
Syrigma sibilatrix, 217,

232.
Syrnium aluco, 728.

uralense, 340.

Syrrbaptes paradoxus,

513.

Tacbornis infumatus,

551.
Tacbyphonus luctuosus,

4(58.

snrinamn.?, 468.

Tadoriia cornuta, 4.55.
Ta;iiioptera doiiiinicana,

22.5.

irupero, 225.

nengeta, 225.

Taeniopyga castanotis,

434. ■
Tanagra cajlestis, 466.

cana, 466.

cyanocepbala, 467.

darwini, 467.

palmariim, 466.

sayaca, 223.

violilavata, 466-

Tanagrella calopbrys,

459.
Tantalus ibis, 167.

■ loculator, 232, 735.

Tanygnatbus sp., 442.
Taoniscus nanus, 744.
Tar.siger, 422.

cbrysffius, 544.

orientalis, 94.

Tatare vaugbaui, 744.
Telepbonus australis

emini, 45.
— — blanfordi, (i37.

emini, 45, 40.

j unesi, 46.

minor, 4.5, 46.

minutus, 47.

percivali, 331.

remigialis, 252.

Senegal us, 45, 165,

492, .591.

trivirgatus, 46.

Telespiza, 570, 572, 573,

585.

can tans, 574.

Temenuebus pagodarum,

432.
Tepbrocorys ruGceps,

627.
Tepbrodornis pelvicus,

539.

pondicerianus, 539.

Terpsipbone affinis, 542.
cristata, 92, 259,

288, 492, 663.

melanoga-ter, 480.

paradisea, 418.

Tesia cyaniventris, 532.
Tetrao bonasia, 398.

tetrix, 398, 456.

Teti'aopbasis szecbenyii,

409.
Textor albirostris, 623.

intermedins, 286,

623.

scioanus, 623.

Tbalassiornis leuconota,

167.
Tbalassoeca antarctica,

132.
Tbainnolffia alboscapu-

lata, 660.

arnotti, 1611.

Tbamnopbilns major,

227.

radiatus, 217, 227.

torquatiis, 327.

Tbereiceryx liueatus, 550.

zeylonicus, 437.

Tberisticus caudatus, 232.

melanopis, 217,

232.

Tbinocorus orbignyanus,

507.
Tblypopsis ornata, 469.
Thripias scboensis, 288,

666.
Tliripopbaga sclateri, 13.
Tln-yo])bilus uigri-

capillus, 31-3.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

"3

Tliryothoi'iis euoj^lirys,

3 J 3.

goodfellowi. 313.

griseipectus, 313.

Tichodroina, ilO.

niuraria, 3(>9, 377.

Tiga javanensis, 541).

exsLil, 504.

Tigrisonia inarmoratimi,

1332.
Tiiiielia pileata, 530.
Tinmmciilus I'upicola,

193.

rupicoloicles, 16,

192.

Tityra cayana, 709.

inquisitor, 710.

persouata, 709.

• seiuit'asciata, 709.

Todirostnim rud'gene,
702.

sclateri, 702.

Totanus sp., 17.

calidris, 277, 402,

558, 693.

eaiiescens, 18, 297.

f'lisciis, 403.

glareola, 403, 457,

558.
glottis, 403, 558.

hypoleuciis, 167,

403, 558.

incanus, 197.

nielanoleucus, 236.

ochropvis, 167, 175,

364, 402, 558, 595.

stagnatilis, 402, 693.

Traclielotis canicollis,

296.
Trachyphonus cafer, 166,

174.

marginatus, 265,

289, 668.

suahelicus, 174.

Treron griseicauda, 726.

nepalensis, 555.

vordermaui, 7215.

Tricboglossus forsteni,

439.

lirematodus inter-
medins, 607.

novai-bollandiie,

151.

ornatiis, 439.

swainsoni, 439.

Tricliolfema diademata,

289, 668.

leucomelas, 22.

nielanocephala, 668.

Ti'ichostouaa rostratuiu,

131.

Ti-ir.ga alpina, 277.

bairdi, 158.

eanutiis, 457.

fuscicijllis, 736.

maculata, 722.

niinuta, 277, 297.

.schinzi, 736.

subarquata, 457,

693.

subminuta, 558.

Tringoidfs hypoleucus,

692.
Trocbalopterum, 414.

canoi'iira, 428.

melanostigraa, 529.

ripponi, 529.

Trocbocereus albinotatus,

92.
Troglodvtes ocbraceus,

313. '
parvulus, .376.

solslitialis, 313.

Trogou surucura, 217,

228.
Turacnis cbalcolopbus,
335.

bartlaubi, 350.

leucotis, 669.

liviiigstonii, 335,

592.

scbalowi, 335.

Tnrdinulus essul, 531.
Turdinus jacksoni, 80.

piiveli, 508.

Turdus abyssiniciit!, 655.

• alpestris, 371.

atrigularis, 445,

446, 449.

bopagii, 73.

boulboul, 433.

deckeni, 74.

diibius, 445, 449,

451.
elgonensis, 74.

fuscatns, 445.

gigas, 310.

ignobibs, 310.

iliacus, 371.

javanicus, 508.

leucomelas, 222.

leucops, 309.

libonianus, 591.

maranonicus, 310.

nierula, 151, 370.

niusicus, 370, 433,

747.

nauraanni, 451.

obscurus, 369, 445,

449.

pelios, 73, 655.

piaggii, 73.

Turdus pilai'is, 371.

ruiiventris, 222.

■ sibiricu.s, 447, 449.

stormsi, 166.

torquatus, 371.

varius, 369.

viscivorus, 370.

Turnis blanfordi, 557-

pngnax, 557.

sylvatica, 399.

Turtur ambiguus, 266,

298.

arenicola, 266.

bitorquatus, 413.

canibayensis, 443.

ciiinensis, 443.

communis, 2()6, .364,

365, 395.

lugens, 696.

orientalis, 44.3, 555.

risorius, 442, 443.

roseogriseus, 267.

■ semitorquatus, 298,

496, 696.
— — senegalensis 267,

496, 696.

■ suratensis, 443.

tigrinus, 555.

tranquebaricus,

443.

vinaceus, 496.

Tympanistria tynipa-

uistria, 176.
Tyranniscus cbrysops,

704.

cinereiceps, 704.

uigficapillus, 704.

parvus, 705.

Tyrannus melanclioliciis,

303, 705, 707.
pipii'i, 707.

Upupa africaiia, 18, 20.
epojjs, 263. 290,

364, 3(i5, 387. 673.

indica, 551, 608.

intermedia, 608,

674.

somalensis, 60S.

Uragus sibiricus, 452.
Uria bruennicbi, 727.

troile, 405.

Urinator, 157.
Urobracbya axillaris,

165.

traversi, 614.

Urocissa occipitalis, 427,

528.
Uroloncba acuticauda,

434, 545.

774>

IxNDEX OF SCIKNTIFIC NAMES.

Uroloncl la uialabarica,

Viridoiiia, 565, 573, 580,

Yubina uigriiueutum.

434, 598.

583.

428.

puuctulata, 434,

sagittirostris, 574.

545.

striata, 434.

Xanthixus flavescens.

Zamelodia ludoviciana

topela, 545.

635.

182.

Urosphena squamiceps.

XanthoIiBma htemato-

Zanclo.stomus, 204.

538.

cephala, 437, 550.

Zebrilus pumilus, 726.

Urothraupis stolzmanni,

Xanihopiiilus xanthops,

Zeuaida auriculata, 508.

470.

165, 587.

maculata, 234.

xanthopteriis, 165.

Zonogastris citerior,

Xanthura iacas, 480.

248.

Vanellus cayeauensis,

turcosa, 480.

■ melba affinis, 617.

235.

Xeiiia sabinii, 505.

Zonotricbia macconelli

leucopterus, 167.

Xenocicbla flavicollis

347.

vulgaris, 402.

pallidigula, 81.

pileata, 223, 347

Vestiaria, 564, 565, 566,

shelleyi, 339.

474, 723.

573, 575, 576, 581,

hypoxantba, S3.

Zootbera margiaata,

582, 585.

kakamegai, 81.

545.

coccinea, 574.

kikuyueusis, 82.

Zosterops, 413, 415.

"Vidua bypoeherina, 613.

pallidigula, 81.

abyssinica, 520.

principalis, 165,

placida, 82.

arabs, 520.

488, 490, 613.

teiilirolajina, 82.

aureiventris, 534.

Viiiago calva, 496.

Xenorbjncbiis asiaticus,

comorensis, 146.

delalandi, 166, 176.

559.

ficedulina, 146.

waalia, 298, 484,

Xipbocolaptes major,

obstinatus, 333.

496, 695.

226.

poliogaster, 636.

Vireo chivi, 316.

Xiphorharapbus, 414.

senegalensis, 486

VireoBjlvia joseph;r.

Xipborbyucluis laf'res-

490.

316.

uayauus, 227.

simplex, 428, 534.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

1901,

Abyssinia, ou Mr. Pease's birds from,
524 ; on birds collected during an
Expedition thi-oiigli, G07 ; on the
Honey-guide in, 745.

j^Igithognalhoiis palate, Pycraft on the,
523.

Africa, on the nesting and other habits
of some birds of South, 18 ; list of
birds obtained by Mr. Jackson in
Britisli East, 33 ; Reichenow's ' Birds
of,' noticed, 142, 732 ; Shelley's ' Birds
of,' noticed, 146 ; on collections of
birds from the Protectorate of British
Central, lOl ; on the birds collected
by Mr. J. J. Harrison between Zeila
and Lake s Rudolf and Baringo, 278 ;
on the ^\vi fauna of East and Central,
noticed, 338.

Alaska, on the birds of Kotzebue Sound,
noticed, 502.

Alexander, B., news of, from Kumasi,
359.

Allen, J. A., on Smith's birds fi-oni
Santa Marta, Colombia, noticed,
319,

Altai, on the zoological results of an
expedition to the, noticed, 135.

America, contributions to the Avifauna
of South, noticed, 507 ; on the Wheat-
ears of North, noticed, 513.

Anatidaj, on the tracheal bulb in the,
noticed, 327.

Andaman Islands, ou the birds of the,
noticed, 129.

Anderson, John, obituarial notice of,
159.

Andrews, C. W., letter on the distribu-
tion of birds on Christmas Island,
354.

' Annals of Scottish Natural History,'
noticed, 126, 719.

Anniversary Meeting of the British
Ornithologists' Union, 497.

Antarctica : Cook's ' Through the First
Antarctic Night,' noticed, 131 : on
the birds of, 154, 337 ; Ericker's
' Antarctic Regions,' noticed, 330 ;
Borchgrevink's ' First on the Ant-
arctic Continent,' noticed, 499.

Aplin, O. v., on the birds of Lleyn,
VV. Carnarvonshire, noticed, 321 ;
letter on the capture of an Ivory
Gull in Northamptonshire, 517 ; let-
ter on the occurrence of the Dotterel
in Merionethshire, 517.

Arabia, on the birds of Southern, no-
ticed, 331 ; additions to the birds of
South, noticed, 502.

Astley, H. D., 'My Birds in Freedom
and Captivity,' noticed, 321.

' Auk,' ' The,' noticed, 127, 720.

Australasian Ornithologists' Union,
note on the, 747.

Australia, on birds from I\algO(jrlie,
noticed, 333 ; on the distribution of
the birds of, noticed, 503 ; Camp-
bell's ' Nests and Eggs of Birds of,'
noticed, 723.

Austria, on the history of ornithology
in, noticed, 729.

Backhouse, J., and Grabham, O., letter
announcing a work on the birds of
Yorkshire, 357.

Baker, E. C. Stuart, on Indian birds'
eggs and their variations, 411 ; on
Indian Ducks, noticed, 514.

Balceniceps, ou the occurrence in East
Africa of, 156.

Banda Islands, ou the birds of the,
noticed, 334.

776

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Bangs, O., oa a new Dove fi-oiu the
Sierra Nevada cle Santa Marta. no-
ticed, 128 ; daseription of Cusddix
ort/::ivora viulea, noticed, 322 ; list of
birds collected by W. W. Brown,
Jr., at Lena del Leon, Panania,
noticed, 322.
Baring(j (Like), on the birds collected
by Mr. J. J. Harrison between Zeila
and, 278.
Beal, P. E. L., on the food of the Bobo-
link, Blackbirds, and Gi-ackles, no-
ticed, 323.
Beddard, F. B., on the anatomy of the

Radiated Frnit-Cuckoo, 200.
Berg, C, critical notes on Chilian
birds, noticed, 722 ; oraithological
notes, noticed, 722.
Berlepsch, H. v., and Stolzniann, J.,
description des trois especes nou-
velles d'oiseaus du Perou du Mu-
seum Branicki, 71(».
Bingham, 0. T., and Thompsim, 11.
N., on the birds of the Southern Shan
States of Upper Bui ma, noticed, 323.
Biogeographical distribntion, Jacobi

on, noticed, 728.
' Biologia Ceutrali-Americana,' noticed,

330, 501.
'Bird-land,' Pike's, noliced, 141.
Bishop, L. B., on the birds of the

Yukon Region, noticed, 324.
Blaauw, F. E., letter on the irruption

of Nutcracki-rs in Holland, 353.
Blanford, W. T., on tlie distributinn of
Vertebrate animals in India, Ceylon,
and Burma, noticed, 723.
Eorchgrevink, C. E., ' First on the

Antarctic Continent,' noticed, 409.
Borelli, A., on the birds collected in
Matlo Grosso and Pai-agnay by, no-
ticed, 345.
Borneo, on the birds of the Dutch
Scientific Expedition to Central, no-
ticed, 130.
Brazil, ornithological notes from South,
12 ; on nests and eggs of some birds
of, noticed, 132, 134 ; Goeldi's
' Birds of,' noticed, 501.
Breinn Collection, Hartert on the, no-
ticed, 504.
British birds, on supposed new, 158.
British Museum, ' Catalogue of Birds'
Eggs in the,' noticed, 731 ; on the
collection of birds in the, 741.
Britisii Ornithologists' Union, Anniver-
sary Meeting, 497.
Brown, W. W., Jr., list of birds col-
lected at Loina del Leon, Panama,
by, noticed, 322.

Bucknill, J. A., 'The Birds of Surrey,'
noticed, 12'^.

Budgetr, J. S., on the ornithology of
the Gambia River, 481.

Burma, on the birds of tlie Southern
Shan States, 323, 525 ; on the distri-
bution of Vertebrate animals in,
noliced, 723.

Buru, on the birds of the Island of,
noticed, 333.

Butler, A. L., on the birds of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, no-
ticed, 129.

Butterfield, W. R., letter on the occur-
rence of the Nutcracker in York-^hire,
737.

Biittikofer, J., on the birds of the
Dutch Scientific Expedition to Central
Borneo, noticed, 130.

Cage-birds of Calcutta, Finn on the,
423.

Cairo, on the birds in the Zoological
Garden at, 747.

C-ilcutta, on the cage-birds of, 423.

Cilifornia, on the water-birds of, no-
ticed, 135, 505.

Campbell, A. J., on a new species of
Blue Wren from King Island, Bass
St. rait, 10 ; ' Nests and Eggs of
Australian Birds,' noticed, 723.

Canada : Macoun's ' Catalogue of Can-
adian Birds,' noticed, .505.

Cantagallo, Brazil, on the birds of,
noticed, 133.

Cardiff Naturalists' Society's 'Birds of
Glamorgan,' noticed, 324.

Cerara-Laut, on the birds of, noticed,
503, 720.

Cerfhiidce, remarks on the, noticed,
727.

Ceylon, on tbe distribution of Verte-
brate animals in, noticed, 723.

Chapman, A., letters on the occurrence
of Pelicans in Jutland, 355, 738.

Chapman, F. M., on the genus Siur-
nella, noticed, 499 ; on a new race of
tbe Great Blue Heron, noticed, 724.

Chili, critical notes on birds of, no-
ticed, 722.

China, field-notes on some birds ob-
served in Western, 408.

Chitral, on Duck-decoys in, 360 ; Fal-
con-catching in, 360.

Christmas Island, letter on the distribu-
tion of birds on, 354.

Clnm, C, on the German Deep-Sea
Expedition, noticed, .500.

Clarke, W. E., on the publication of
his 'Birds of Yorkshire,' 159; bird

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Ill

migration in Great Britain and Ire-
land, noticed, 325.

Claws on birds' wings, Regalia on the,
7ioticed, 339.

Colombia, results of an ornithological
journey throngli, 800, 458, 099 : on
the birds collected by II. II. Sniitli
in Santa Marta, noticed, Ml 9.

' Coloi-ado,' Cooke's ' Birds of,' noticed,
32(1.

Colour-change in birds, Stone on,
177.

Cook, F. A., ' Through tlie First Ant-
arctic Night,' noticed, 131.

Cooke, W. W., ' The Birds of Colorado,'
noticed, 326.

Crowley, P., obituarial notice of, 352 ;
the library of the late, 621.

Crozette Islands, on the Cormorant of
the, noticed, 327.

Currie, R. P., on a new Bird of Para-
dise, noticed, 132.

David, A., obituarial notice of, 748.
Davies, H. R., field-notes on some

birds observed in Western China,

408.
Dei mark, on the birds of the light-
houses of, noticed, 150.
Derby Museum, Catalogue of the Birds

in tlie, noticed, 330 ; on rare birds

in tlie, noticed, 726.
Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft,

Report on the Anniversary Meeting

of the, 123.
Dc Vis, C. W., description of Charmo-

sinopsis hella, noticed, 725.
Diastataxy, Mitchell on, 97.
Dichroisin in the Herons, Martorelli

on, noticed, 506.
Dolierty, W., on the birds collected on

Buru Island by, noticed, 333 ; notice

of the death of, 752.
Drepauidida,', an introduction to the

study ot tlie, 562.
Dresden Museum, notes on the Casso-

vFaries of the, 194.
Dresser, H. E., on some rare or

imfigured Pala?arctic birds' eggs,

445.
Druitt, Mrs., memoir of Lord Lilford,

noticed, 326.
Dubois, A., ' Synopsis Avium,' noticed,

326.
Duck-decoys in Chitral, 360.
Dumas, — , on the birds collected ou

Buru Island by, noticed, 333.
Dwight. J., Jr., on the plumage and

moults of Passerine Birds, noticed,

500.

Ecuador, results of an ornithological
journey through, 300, 458, 699.

Eggs of Brazilian birds, noticed, 132,
134; of Indian birds and their
variations, 411 ; ou some rare or
unflgured Pahijarctic birds', 445 ;
of Australian birds, noticed, 723 ;
Catalogue of, in the British Museum,
noticed, 731.

Euler, C, on the nests and eggs of
Brazilian birds, noticed, 132.

Eutaxy, Mitchell on, 97.

Exposition Universelle, on the bird-
collections in the, 157.

Falcon-catching in Chitral, 360.

Falconry : Fisher's ' Reminiscences of
a Falconer,' noticed, 501.

Fea, L., on the birds collected in Por-
tuguese Guinea by, noticed, ,508.

Finn, F., on the specific validity of
P/oceus wcgarhijvchus Hume, 29 ;
'Fancy Waterfowl,' noticed, 133;
on the tracheal bulb of Ducks,
noticed, 327; on the Cormorant of
the Crozettes, noticed, 327 ; Guide
to tlie Bird-Gallery in the Indian
Museum, noticed, 328 ; the Cage-
birds of Calcutta, 423 ; letter on the
trachea of Ncttiuni albkiulare, 'i57.

■ , and Nisbett, W. G., on Kalij

Phea.«ants from tlie Kacliiu Hills,
noticed, 730.

, and Turner, IT. H., on two rare

Indian Pheasants, noticed, 329.

Finsch, O., on Schiidler's birds from
Sekru, New Guinea, noticed, 329;
description of Dicminn arfakianum,
noticed, 329; catalogue of (he bird-
collection in tlie Leyden Museum,
noticed, 329, 725 ; description of
Trefoil vordermani, noticed, 726.

, and Vorderman, A. G., on the

birds of Java, noticed, 150.

Fisher, C. H., 'Reminiscences of a
Falconer,' noticed, 501.

Food of Danish Owls, Helms on the,
noticed, 728.

Forbes, H. O., Catalogue of the Birds
in the Derby Museum, noticed, 330 ;
on rare birds in the Derby Museum,
noticed, 726.

Fricker, K., ' The Antarctic Regions,'
noticed, 330.

Gambia River, on the ornithology of

the, 481.
Game, on the laws regulating the

transporlation and sale of, in the

U.S.A., noticed, .506.

778

INDEX or CONTENTS.

Gavia, on the usage of the generic
term, 157.

German Deep-Sea Expedition, on the
birds of the, noticed, 500.

Giglioli, H. H., on a specimen of the
extinct Dromceus atcr discovered in
the Royal Zoological Museimi, Flo-
rence, 1.

' Glamorgan,' ' The Birds of,' noticed,
324.

Godnian, F. D., and Salvin, O., 'Bio-
logia Centrali-Americana,' noticed,
330,501.

Goeldi, E. A., ' The Birds of Brazil,'
noticed, 501.

Goodfellow, W., results of an orni-
thological journey through Colombia
and Ecuador, 3(10, 458, (>99.

Grabham, O., and Backhouse, J., letter
announcing a work on the birds of
Yorksliire, 357.

Gran Chaco, on the birds observed
during a second Zoological Expe-
dition to the, 215.

Gravel, on birds eating, noticed, 336.

GriimcU, J., on the birds of Kotzebue
Sound, Alaska, noticed, 502.

Guinea, on the bii'ds collected by L.
Feain Portuguese, noticed, 508.

Gurney, J. H., on the ornithology of
the Var and the adjacent districts,
3G1.

Ilaagner, A. C., bird.-s'-nesting notes
from the Transvaal, 15 ; ornitho-
logical notes from the Transvaal,
190.

Hall, E.., on the birds of Victoria,
noticed, 332 ; on changes of plumage,
noticed, 332 ; on birds from Kal-
goorlie, W.A., noticed, 33-3 ; on the
distribution of Australian birds,
noticed, 503.

Hampshire, on the birds of, noticed,
3?8.

Harrison, J. J., on the birds collected
between Zeila and Lakes Iludolf and
Baringo, E. Africa, by, 278.

Hartcrt, E., report on the Anuiversary
Meeting of tlie Deutsche Ornitiiolo-
gische Gesellscliaft, 123 ; on the
birds of Burn, noticed, 333; notes
on some Palaarctic birds, noticed,
333; on the genus Scaorhynchus,
noticed, 334 ; on the birds of the
Lingga Islands, noticed, 334 ; on the
birds of the Banda Islands, noticed,
334 ; on Turacus chalcoloplms, no-
ticed, 335 ; on the birds of the Key
and South-east Islands and of Cerani-
Laut, noticed, 503 ; on the Brehm

Collection, noticed, 504 ; on Javan
birds, noticed, 504; on birds of the
Key Islands and of Ceram-Laut,
noticed, 726 ; on the birds of Tiuior-
Laut, noticed, 726.

Hartert, E., and Rothschild, W., notes
on Papuan birds, noticed. 506, 733.

Ilartlaub, G., notice of the death of,
160 ; obituarial notice of, 348.

Heathcote, N., ' St. Kilda,' noticed,
727.

Ilellmayr, C. E., on the genus Folio-
jytila, noticed, 335 ; remarks on the
FaridcB, Bittidm, and Certhiidce,
noticed, 727.

. , and Lorenz-Liburnau, L. v., on

the birds from Aden recently de-
scribed by, 518.

Helms, O., on the food of Danish Owls,
noticed, 728.

Henshaw, H. W., on the habits and
haunts of tjie Nolo or Hawaiian
Noddy Tern, 196.

Herodiones, on the osteology of the,
noticed, 734.

Hinde, S. L., on the recent change of
habits in Bicphaya, 3.59.

Holland, on the irruption of Nut-
crackers in, 353; on the occun-ence
of Cerylc alcyon in, 358.

Honey-guide, on the occurrence in
Abyssinia of the, 745.

HornbiUs, on the nesting-habits of,
746.

nudt:on, W. H., 'Nature in Down-
land,' noticed, 335.

' Iceland,' Slater's ' Birds of,' noticed,
735.

Ihering, H. v., ornithological notes
from South Brazil, 12; on the birds
of Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo,
noticed, 133; on the birds of Rio
Grande do Sul, noticed, 134; on
nests and eggs of Brazilian birds,
noticed. 1.34.

India, on Indian birds' eggs and their
variations, 411 ; on tlie Ducks of,
noticed, 514 ; on the distribution of
Vertebrate animals in, noticed, 723.

Indian Museum, Guide to the Bird
Gallery in the, noticed, 328.

Intestinal tract of birds, Mitchell on
the, 522.

' Ireland,' L'ssher and Warren's ' Birds
of,' noticed, 147.

'Irish Naturalist,' noticed, 134.

Ivy, R. H., notes on the nesting and
other habits of some South-African
birds, 18.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

"9

Jackson, F. J., list of birds obtained in
British East Africa, Part 11., with
notes by R. B. Siiarpe, 33.

Jaeobi, A., on the eating of gravel by
birds, noticed, 336 ; on the avifauna
of Japan, noticed, 336 ; on biogeo-
graphical distribution, noticed, 72S.

Japan, on the avifauna of, noticed,
336.

Java, on the birds of, noticed, 150,
604.

Jesse, W., on a few additions to the
birds of Lucknow, .597.

Jourdain, F. C. R., letter on the nesting
of Buzzards, 737.

Jutland, on Pelicans in, 355, 51G, 738.

Kalgoorlie, W. Australia, on birds from,

noticed, 333.
Kastschenko, N. T., on the birds of the

Altai, noticed, 135.
Kerr, J. Gr., on the birds observed

during a second Zoological Expedition

to the Gran Chaco, 215.
Key Islands, on the birds of the, noticed,

503, 726.
Kingfishers, on the anatomy of the,

97.
King Island, Bass Strait, on a new

species of Blue Wren from, 10.
Kotzebue Sound, Abiska, on the birds

of, noticed, 502.

' Laysan,' Rothschild's 'Avifauna of,'
noticed, 340.

Le Souef, D., on the Mud-nest-building
Birds of Australia, noticed, 135 ;
letter on Dacelo gigns of North
Queensland, 151 ; a visit to a nesting-
colony of the Straw-necked Ibis, 185 ;
on the occurrence of Cracticus quoyi
in N. Australia, 357 ; on birds of the
Riverina District, New South Wales,
noticed, 729.

Leyden Museum, catalogues of the bird-
collection in the, noticed, 329, 725.

Lilfoi'd, Lord, Mrs. Druitt's Memoir of,
noticed, 326.

Lingga Islands, on a collection of birds
from the, noticed, 334.

Lleyn, Carnarvonshire, on the birds of,
noticed, 321.

Loma del Leon, Panama, list of birds
collected by W. W. Bro\\'n, Jr., at,
noticed, 322.

Loomis, L. M., 'California Water-birds,'
noticed, 135, 505.

Lorenz-Liburnau, L. v., on the history
of ornithology in Austria, noticed,
729.

Lorenz-Liburnau, L. v., and Hellmayr,
C. E., on the birds from Aden recently
described by, 518.

Lucknow, on a few additions to the
birds of, 597.

Macoun, J., ' Catalogue of Canadian

Birds,' noticed, 605.
Madiirasz, J. v., on birds from German

New Guinea, noticed, 337.
Malay Peninsula, on a new expedition

to the, 523.
Martens, G. H., on Antarctic birds,

noticed, 337.
Martorelli, G.. on dichroism in the

Herons, noticed, .506.
Masljad, Persia, on spring birds at, 744.
Matto Grosso, on Borelli's birds I'roni,

noticed, 345.
Meade-Waldo, E. G. B., on the birds

of Hampshire, noticed, 338.
Megapodes, on the pterylosis of the,

noticed, 141.
Merionethshire, on the occurrence of

the Dotterel in, 517.
Merriam, C. H., on the birds of Mount

Shasta, California, noticed, 136.
Meyer, A. B., notes on the Cassowaries

of the Dresden Museum, 194.
Migration of birds in Great Britain and

Ireland, noticed, 325.
Milne-Edwards, A., sale of the library

of, 739.
Mitchell, P. C, on the anatomy of the

Kingfishers, with special reference to

the conditions in the wing known as

entaxy and dia.stalaxy, 97 ; on the

intestinal tract of birds, 522.
Monterey, California, on the water-
birds of the vicinity of, noticed, 135,

505.
Moult, on the bird's, 177 ; of Passeriue

birds, noticed, 500.

Nelson, T. H„ 'The Birds of York-

sliire,' noticed, 730.
Neumann, O., on the avifauna of East

and Central Africa, noticed, 338.
New Guinea, on SchJidler's birds from

Sekru, noticed, 329 ; on birds from

German, noticed, 337.
New South Wales, on the birds of the

Riverina District, noticed, 729 ; ou

the destruction of birds in, noticed,

731.
Newton, A., on the presentation of a

Royal Medal to, 158.
New Zealand, on the birds of the out-
lying islands of, 358, 524.
Nicobar Islands, on the birds of the,

noticed, 129.

780

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Kidificaticn : notes from the Transvaal,
15 ; of some South-African birds, 18;
nests of Brazilian birds, noticed, 132,
134; on a visit to a nestina-colony of
the Straw-necked Ibis, 185 ; of the
Honey-Buz/ardin Soniersetsliire,515;
Campbell's ' Nests and Eggs of Austra-
lian Birds,' noticed, 723; of Buzzards,
737 ; of HornbiUs, 74G.

Nile (White), an Ornitliological Expe-
dition to the, 237.

Nisbett, W. G-., and Finn, F., on Kalij
Pheasants from the Kachin Hills,
noticed, 730.

Noio, on the habits and haunts of tiie,
196.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists'
Society's Transactions, noticed, 136.

North, A. J., description of Eremiornis
carteri from N.W. Australia, noticed,
138; description oi Phdycercus mac-
giUivrat/i, noticed, 339; on tiie de-
struction of birds in New South Wales,
noticed, 731.

Nova Friburgo, Brazil, on the birds of,
noticed, 133.

Nyasaland, on a collection of birds
from, 586.

Gates, E. W., ' Catalogue of Birds' Eggs
in the British Museum,' noticed, 731.

Ogilvie-Grnnt, W. R., on the birds
collected by Mr. J. J. Harrison
between Zeila and Lakes Rudolf and
Baringo, E. Africa, 278 ; additions
to the birds of S. Arabia, noticed,
502 ; letter on the birds from Aden
recently described by Messrs. Lorenz
and Ilelhnayr, 518.

, and Percival, A. B., on the birds

of Southern Arabia, noticed, 331.

■ , and Reid, R. J., on the birds col-
lected during an expedition through
Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia
to Lake Zwai, 607.

Olds, H. W., and Palmer, T. S , on the
Game-Laws of the U.S.A., noticed,
506.

Osteology of the Woodpeckers, noticed,
.'■1I2 ; of the Striges, noticed, 512; of
the Penguins, noticed, 733; of Scopus
and Balceniceps, noticed, 734; of the
Herodiones, noticed, 734.

Par^dock, G. H., 'Calalogue of Shrop-
shire Birds,' noticed, 506.

P;dmer, T. S., f n economic ornitho-
logy in the United States, noticed,
138 ; on the Bird laws in the U^nited
States, noticed, 140.

Palmer, T. S., and Olds, H. W., on the
Game-Laws of the U.S.A., noticed,
506.

Panama, list of birds collected by W.
W. Brown, Jr., at Lonia del Leon,
noticed, 322.

Papua, notes on tlie birds of, noticed,
506, 733.

Para Museum, on the changing of the
name of the, 747.

Paradise-bird, on a new, noticed, 132.

Paraguay, on Borelli's birds from,
noticed, 345.

ParidiV, remarks on tlie, noticed, 727.

Pease, A. E., on the birds collected in
Abyssinia by, 524 ; field-notes on
tlie birds collected during an expedi-
tion tlirongh Somaliland and Southern
Abyssinia to Lake Zwai, 607.

Pelicans, on the supposed occurrence
in Jutland of, 355, 516, 738.

Penguins, on the osteology of the,
noticed, 733

Percival, A. B., news of, from British
East Africa, 524.

, and Ogilvie-Grant, W. R., on the

birds of Southern Arabia, noticed,
331.

Perkins, R. C. L., an introduction to
the study of the Drepanididce, a family
of birds peculiar to the Hawaiian
Islands, 562.

Persia, on spring birds at JWashad, 744.

Peru, description des trois especes
nouvellcs d'oiseaux du Perou, 716.

Pike, O. G., ' In Bird-Land with Field-
glass and Camera,' noticed, 141.

Plumage, on change of, noticed, 332 ;
of Passerine birds, noticed, 500.

Popham, H. L., supplementary notes on
tiie birds of the Yenisei River, 449.

Princeton Universitv, note on the
Bulletin of the Bird Club of, 747.

Protection of birds, legislation for the,
noticed, 140.

Pterylosis of the Megapodes, noticed,
141,

Pycrafr, W. P., on the pterylosis of the
Megapodes, noticed, 141 ; on the
jEgithognathous palate, 523.

, and Rothschild, W., ' Monograph

of the Genus Casuaruis,' noticed, 341.

Regalia, E., on the claws on birds' wings,
noticed, 339.

Reichenow, A., birds of Africa, noticed,
142, 732.

Reid, R. J., and Ogilvie-Grant, W. R.,
on tlie birds collected during an ex-
pedition through Somaliland and
Southern Abyssinia to Lake Zwai, 007.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

781

Ridgway, R., on the progress of his

work on tlie birds of America, 155.
Rio Grande do Sul, on the birds of,

noticed, 134:.
Rippon, Lt.-Ool. G., on the birds of

the Southern Shan States, Burma,

625.
Riverina District, New South Wales, on

birds of the, noticed, 729.
Rotiischild, W., ' The Avifauna of Lay-

san,' noticed, 340.
, and Hartert, E., notes on Papuan

birds, noticed, 506. 733.
, and Pycraft, W. P., ' Monograph

of the Genus Casuarius,' noticed,

341.
Rudolf (Lake), on tlie birds collected by

Mr. J. J. Harrison between Zeila and,

278.

' St. Kilda,' Heatheote's, noticed, 727.

Salvadori, T., on Borelli's birds from
Matto Grosso and Paraguay, noticed,
345 ; contributions to the Avifauna
of South America, noticed, 507 ; on
birds collected by L. Fea in Portu-
guese Guinea, noticed, 508 ; letter on
the southern range of Formicivora
strigilata in Argentina, 515.

Salvin, O., and Godinan, F. D., ' Bio-
logia (Jentrali-Amerieana,' noticed,
330, 501.

Santa Marta, Colombia, on the birds
collected by H. H. Smith in, noticed.
319.

Sarawak Museum, report on the,
noticed, 511.

Scharller, K., on the birds collected at
Sekru, New Guinea, noticed, 329.

Sclater, P. L., introduction to Capt.
Shelley's paper on birds from the
Protectorate of British Central Africa,
161 ; on two recently discovered
additions to the genus Calliste, 595 ;
Prof. Love's speech on conferring
degree of Doctor of Science on, 740.

Sclater, W. L., letter on the Grey-
headed Bi!sh-Shrikes of South Africa,
152; description of a new species of
Bush-Shrike from the Knysna District
of Cape Colony, 183 ; letter on the
southern range in Africa of the Bar-
tailed Godwit, 518.

Seebohra, H., ' Monograph of the Tur-
dida;,' noticed, 143, 346, 508; ' Birds
of Siberia,' noticed, 509.

Sekru, New Guinea, on Schadler's birds
from, noticed, 329.

' Selborne,' Sharpe's edition of White's,
noticed, 510.

SER. VIII.

-VOL. I.

Selous, F. C, ' Sport and Travel,'

noticed, 144.
Selys-Longchamps, Baron M. E. de,
obituarial notice of, 351.

ShauStates, on the birds of the Southern,
noticed, 323, 525.

Sharpe, R. B., notes on the birds col-
lected in British East Africa by Mr.
Jackson, 33 ; Seebohm's ' Monograph
of the Turdidie/ noticed, 143, 341),
508 ; Hand-list of the Genera and
Species of Birds,' noticed, 144 ; de-
scription of Zoiiotrichia maccoiielli,
noticed, 347 ; White's ' Selborne,'
noticed, 510.

Shasta (Mt.), California, on the birds of,
noticed, 136.

Slielfoi-d, R,, letter on the occurrence of
Macrorhamphits taczanowskii and Fu-
ligula cristata in Borneo, 152 ; report
on the Sarawak Museum, noticed, 511.

Shelley, G. E., ' Birds of Africa,' noticed,
146 ; on some collections of birds
from the Protectorate of British
Central Africa, 161 ; letter on the
uniting of Lioptllus and Alcippe under
one family, 357 ; on a collection of
birds from Nyasaland, 586.

Shropshire, Paddo.ik's Catalogue of the
Birds of, noticed, 506.

Shufeklt, R. W., on the crania of the
Strlyklw, noticed, 346 ; on the osteo-
logy of the Woodpeckers, noticed,

612 ; on the osteology of the Striges,
noticed, 512 ; on the systematic posi-
tion of the Sand-Grouse, noticed,

613 ; osteology of the Penguins,
noticed, 733 ; on the osteology of
Scoptis and Baleeniceps, noticed, 734 ;
on the osteology of the Herodiones,
noticed, 734.

' Siberia,' Seebohm's ' Birds of,' noticed,

509.
Siftidce, remarks on the, noticed, 727.
Slater, H. H.,' Birds of Iceland,' noticed,

735.
Smith, H. H., on the birds collected in

Santa Marta by, noticed, 319.
Somaliland, on birds collected during

an expedition through, 607.
Somersetshire, on the nesting of the

Honey-Buzzard in, 515.
South-east Islands, on the birds of the,

noticed, 503,
Stejneger, L., on the Wheatears of

North America, noticed, 513.
Stirling, E. C, and Zietz, A. H. C, on

Genyornis newtoxi, noticed, 147.
Stolzmann, J., and Berlepsch, H. v.,

description des trois especes nouvelles

3p

'82

INDEX OF CONTENTS,

cl'oiseaux du Ptirou du Museum Bra-

nicki, 71G.
Stone, W., on moult, and alleged colour-

cbange in bii'ds, 177.
Stru/ulce, on the crania of the, noticed,

34() ; on the osteology of the, noticed,

512.
' Surrey,' Bucknill's ' Birds of,' noticed,

128.'

Thompson, H. N., and Bingham, C. T.,

on tlie Ijirds of the Southern Shan

States of Upper Burma, noticed, 32.3.
' Thrushes,' Seebohm's ' Monograph of

the,' noticed, 143, 346, 508.
Tiinor-Laut, on the birds of, noticed,

726.
Tracheal bulb in Ducks, Finn on the,

noticed, 327, 737.
Transvaal, birds' -nesting notes from

the, 15; ornithological notes from

the, 190.
' Turdidje,' Seebohm's 'Monograph of

the,' noticed, 143, 346, 508.
Turner, H. H., and Finn, F., on two

rare Indian Pheasants, noticed, 329.

United States, on economic ornithology

in the, noticed, 138 ; on the Bird-laws

in the, noticed, 140.
United States National Museum, on

additions to the, 748.
Ussher, B. J., and Warren, R., 'The

Birds of Ireland,' noticed, 147.

Vnr, on the ornithology of the, 361.
Victoria, on the birds of, noticed, 332.
'Victorian Naturalist,' noticed, 149.
Vorderman, A. G., and Finsch, O., on
the birds of Java, noticed, 150.

Warren, R.., and Ussher, R. J., 'The

Birds of Ireland,' noticed, 147.
W^aterfowl : Finn's 'Fancy Waterfowl,'

noticed, 133.
Westell, W. P., ' A Year with Nature,'

noticed, 150; letter on the nesting of

the Honev-Buzzard in Somersetshire,

515.
White, G., ' Sclborne,' Sharpe's edition,

noticed, 510.
Wiglesworth, L. W^., departure of, for

the Fiji Islands, 156 ; obituarial

notice of, 750.
Winge, H., on the birds of the Danish

lighthouses, noticed, 150; letter on

the supposed occurrence of Pelicans

in Jutland, 516.
Witherby, H. F., an ornithological

expedition to the White Nile, 237.
Woodpeckers, on the osteology of the,

noticed, 512.
Wyntt, C. W., obituarial notice of,

347.

Yenisei River, on the birds of the, 449.
'Yorkshire,' on the publication of Mr.

Eagle Clarke's ' Birds of,' 159 ;

announcement of a work on the

birds of, 3.57; Nelson's 'Birds of,'

jioticed, 730.
Yukon Region, on the birds of the,

noticed, 324.

Zeila, on the birds collected by Mr. J.

J. Harrison between Lakes Rudolf

and Baringo and, 278.
Zietz, A. H. C, and Stirling, E. C, on

Genyornii; newfoni, noticed, 147.
' Zoologisches Adressbiich,' noticed,

514.
Zwai (Lake), on biids collected during

an expedition to, G07.

END OF VOL. I.

PRINTED BY TAYI.OK AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

iH EIGHTH SERIES.
Vol. I. Jno. 1.

JANUARY 1901.

Vrlce Qs.

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A

QUAliTERLY JOUilNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LOXDOX,
AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

LONDON:

GUPtNEY AND JACES.ON, 3, PATEIINOSTEK HOW
'(SuccFssous TO JOFN VAN VOOEST.)

A)iHual Sahscription^ payable before 'i\st March each year, £1 ]s.

■^%- !

rSSSli^TAVLOR AND FRAXi

CIS, PRINTEKS,]

[red lion C'jurt, flekt .street.

S^

CONTENTS OF NUMBER I. {continued).

Page

2d. Shelley's ' Birds of Africa,' Vol. ii. pt. 2 140

;}0. Stirling and Zietz on 6^^«(/w«?s He?i)^orai |

31. Ilssher and Warren's 'Birds of Ireland' I 147

32. ' Victorian Naturalist ' 149

33. Vorderman and Finscli on the Birds of Java 1

34. "Westell's 'Year witli N^ature' ! ! i loO

3o. Winge on the Birds of the Danish Lighthouses, 1899 . . )

Xr. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c.

Letters from Messrs. D. Le Souef, R. Shelford, and W. L. Sclater ;
The Birds of Antarctica ; Kidgway's Birds of North and Middle
America ; Attempted Re-introduction of the Great Bustard into
England ; Mr. Wiglesworth's Expedition to the Pacific ; Bala^iicepa
in East Africa ; Ornithology at the Exposition Universelle ; The
Usage of the Generic Terra Gavia\ New British Birds; Prof.
Newton's Royal Medal ; The Birds of Yorkshire lol

XII. Obituary : —

Dr. John Anderson, Dr. Gustav Ilartlaub 1,59

Publications received since the issue of No. 2\, Seventh
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

1. Allen. List of Birds collected in the District of Santa Marta, Colombia,
by Mr. H. H. Smith. (Bidl. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 117.)

2. Aplin. The Birds of Lleyn, West Carnarvonshire. (Zoolo"-ist, 1900
p. 4^9.)

3. Bangs. Description of a new Rice Grackle. (Proc. New En'>-land Zool
Club, ii. p. 11.) °

4. Bangs. List of Birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at lioma del Leon,
Panama. (Proc. New EnL'land Zool. Club, ii. p. 1.3.)

5. Beal. Food of the Bobolink, Blackbirds, and Crackles. (Bull U S Dep
of Agric. No. 13.) ' ^'

G. Bingham & Thompson. On the Birds collected and observed in the
Southern Shan States of Upper Burma. (J. A. S. B. Ixix. (2) ]). 102.)

7. Bishop. Birds of the Yukon Region, with Notes on other Species. (North
American Fauna, No. 19, p. 47.)

8. Clarke. Bird Migration in Great Britain and Ireland. Statement
furnished to the Committee. (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1900.)

9. Cooke. Further Notes on the Birds of Colorado. (Bull. Ao-ric Exp
Stat. Coll. of Colorado, oG, p. 179.) n . - r-

10. Dixon. The Story of the Birds. (8vo. London, 1900.)

11. Field Columbian Museum. Annual Report for 1898-99. (Svo Chicago
1899.) ^ '

12. Finn. A Guide to the Zoological Collections exhibited in the Bird
Gallery of the Indian Museum. (8vo. Calcutta, 1900.)

13. "Finn. On the Form of Cormorant inhabiting the Crozette Islands
(.L A.S. B. Ixix. (2) p. ]43.)

14. Finn. Notes on the Structure and Function of the Tracheal Bulb in
Male AnatidiB. (J. A. S. B. Ixix. (2) p. 147.)

lo. FiNN ife Turner. On two rare Indian Pheasants. (J. A S B Ixix (2)
p. U4.) ^ '

16. FiNSCH. Heine Beobachtungen iiber Fregattvogel. (Monats. Deutsch.
^'er. Schutze d. Vogelw. xxv. p. 446.)

17. FiNSCH. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. Karl Schjidler at Sekru
(north-west coast of New Guinea). (Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 49.)

18. FiNSCH. Ueber eine anscheinend neue Art Dicauin vom Arfak-Gebir'>-e
(Neu-Guinea). (Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 70.)

19. FiNSCH. Zur Catalogisirung der ornithologischen Abtheiluno-. (Notes
Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 75.)

20. Forbes. Catalogue of the Lizard-tailed, the Toothed, and the Ostrich-
like Birds, and the Tinamous and the Divers in the Derby Museum. (Bull.
Liverp. Mus. vol. iii. p. 2o.)

21. * Glamorgan,' ' The Birds of.' (Compiled by a Committee of the
CardiflE Naturalists' Soc, 1900.)

22. Hall. The Insectivorous Birds of Victoria. (8vo. Melbourne, 1900.)

23. Hall. Notes on the Plumage-changes oi Petrccca phcenicea {Go\x\d),
I'achycephala ffutturalis (Latham), and ilficrccca fasciiians (Latham). (Proc!
It. Soc. Victoria, xiii. p. 10.)

24. Hall. Notes on a Collection of Birdskins from Kal"-oorlie W A (Trans
R. Soc. S. Australia, 1900). ' ^

'25. Jacobi. Die Aufnalirae von Steinen durcli Vogel. (Arb. Biol. Abth. f.
Land- u. Forstw. K. Gesundheitsamte, i. p. 223.)

26. Jacobi. Verbreitung und Herkunft der hohem Thierwelt Japans.
(Zoolog. Jahrb. (Syst.) xiii. p. 46-3.)

27. Madarasz. Beitrage zur Ornis Deutsck-Neu-Guinea. (Ternieszetraj.
Fuzetek, xxiv. p. 73.)

28. Martens. Hamburger Mairalhaenisclie Sammelreise. Vogel. (Roy. 8vo.
Hamburg, 1900.)

29. Martoeellt. Les Apparitions des Turdides Siberiens en Europe.
(Ornis, x. p. 241.)

30. Neumann. Beitriige zur Vogelfauna von Ost- und Central- Afrika. III.
(J. f. O. 1900, p. 185.)

31. North. Description of a new Parrakeet from the Burke District, North
Queensland. (Victorian Nat. xvii. p. 91.)

32. ' Ornis.' (Vol. x. no. 4.)

33. ' Ornithologisches Jahrbucli.' (.Tahrg. xi. Heft. 4-6.)

34. Regalia. Unghie ai diti I e II della Mano in Uccelli Italian! e in Altri.
(Proc. Verb. Soo. Toscaua, 1900.)

35. Salvadori. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso e nel Para-
guay. V. Uccelli. (Boll. Mus. R. Univ. Torino, xv.)

36. Shufeldt. Professor CoUett on the Morphology of the Cranium and
the Auricular Openings in the North-European Species of the Family Strigidce,
(Journ. of Morphol. xvii. p. 119.)

37. Zarudny & H.iRMS. Ueber eine neue Form der Sumpfmeise. Pcecile
salicaria neglect a, nov. subsp. (Orn. Monatsb. 1900.)

Demg Svo, Paper Cavers: to Members of the B. 0. U., 10*. net ; to Non-
Ileiiibeis, £1 Os. Od. net.

GENERAL SUBJECT-INDEX

TO

'THE IBIS'

(FIRST TO SIXTH SERIES INCLUSIVE)

1859-1894.

EDITED BY

EUGENE W. GATES.

GURNEY AND JACKSON, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

(Successors to JOHN VAN VOOEST.)

Svo, Cloth, Price 25s. net.

THE IVIIGRATION OF BIRDS,

AS OBSERVED AT IRISH LIGHTHOUSES AND LIGHTSHIPS.

By RICHARD M. BARRINGTON.

BULLETIN of the BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' CLUB.

Edited by Dr. R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
Vols. I, to X. complete : as issued 6s. each net, or bound in cloth
7s. Qd. each net.
Vol. IX. containing Avium Generum Index Alphabetictjs: an Alpha-
betical Index to the Genera adopted in the Twenty-seven Volumes
of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. As issued 6s.
net, or bound iu cloth 7s. 6d.

Extra copies may be had by Members at 2s. 6d. net.

Medium bvo, Cloth, Price 2ls. net.

THE FAUNA OP SOUTH AFRICA. Edited by

W. L. ScLATER, M.A., F.Z.S., Director of the South
African Museum, Cape Town. With Illustrations.
Vol. I. BIRDS. By Arthur C. Stark, M.B.

LONDON :
R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

^yi^ 'CONTENTS OF NUMBER L— EIGHTH SERIES.

T r> o • r Page

1. Un a bpecimen of the Extinct Drommts atrr discoTered in the
Eoyal Zoological Museum, Elorence. By He.nrt H. Giglioli,
H.M.B.O.U., F.M.Z.S., Director of the Museum .... 1
II. On. a new Species of Blue Wren from King Island, Bass Strait.

By A. J. Campbell (Melbourne) 10

III. Ornithological Notes from South Brazil. By H. von Ihering. 12

IV. Birds' -nesting Notes from the Transvaal. By Alwin C.

Haagner

15

V. Notes on the Nesting and other Habits of some South-African

Birds. By R. H. IvT 18

TI. On the Specific Validity of Ploceus megarhynchus Hume. By
F. Finn, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta

(Plate I.) 29

VII. List of Birds obtained in British East Africa. By F. J.
Jackson, C.B., F.Z.S.— Part II. With Notes by R. Bowdleb

Sharpe, LL.D. &c. (Plates II. & III.) 33

VIII. On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers, with Special Reference to

the Conditions in the Wing known as Eiitaxyand Diastataxy.

By P. Chalmers Mitchell, F.Z.S., F.L.S. (Plates IV. & V.) 97

IX. Report on the Anniversary Meeting of the Deutsche ornitho-

logische Gesellschaft. By E. Haetert (Delegate of the

B.O.U.) 123

X. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

1. Anuals of Scottish Natural History .... 196

2. 'The Auk' ....'.'.'.'.'.'. m

3. Bangs on a new Geotrygon 1

4. Bucknill's ' Birds of Surrey ' '..'.'.'. \ ^-^

5. Butler on the Birds of the Andamans and the Nicobars . . . 129
0. Biittikofer on the Birds of Central Borneo 130

7. Cook on the Antarctic Ornis 131

8. Currie on a new Bird of Paradise j

9. Euler on the Nests and Eggs of Brazilian Birds . . . . | ^^^

10. Finn's ' Fancy Waterfowl ' 1

11. Ihering on the Birds of Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo . . [ "^

12. Ihering on the Birds of Rio Grande do Sul l

13. Ihering on the Nesting of Brazilian Birds ( I.34

14. ' Irish Naturalist ' .\

15. Kastschenko on the Birds of the Altai 1

16. Le Souef on the Miid-nest-building Birds of Australia . . j- 13.5

17. Loomis on Californian Water-birds 1

18. Merriam on the Birds of Mount Shasta (10

19. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society's Transactions . j

20. North on a new Australian Bird . . . ' I 1 00

21. Palmer on Economic Ornithology in the U.S j

22. P.almer on the Bird-Laws of the United States .... 140

23. Pike on Bird-land 1

24. Pycraft on the Pterylosis of the Megapodes j

26. Reichenow's Birds of Africa 142

26. Seebohm's ' Monograph of the Thrushes ' 143

27. Selous on Sport and Travel I i 1

28. Sharpe's ' Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds,' Vol. ii. j

[Contents continued onjmge 2 of Wrapper.]

Covers for binding last year's Volume may be had on application to the
Publishers.
Communications to be addressed to the Editors, 3 Hanover Square,
London, W. Advertisements &c. to the Publishers, Gurney & Jackson,
1 Paternoster Row, London, E.G. (Successors to J. Van Vookst).

Members of the B. O. U. are requested to keep the Secretarj^ Eugene
W. Gates, Esq., 3 Hanover Square, London, W., informed of any chano-e
of Residence, so that the Numbers of ' The Ibis ' may be sent to them without
delav.

#14 EIGHTH SERIES.

^^ Vol. I. No. 2.

APRIL 1901.

Frice 65.

THE IBIS,

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.8.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDOX,
AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

L 0 N D 0 N :

GUllNEY AND JACKSON, 1, PATEllNOSTER ROW

(Successors to JOHN VAN VOORST.)

Annual Sabscription, payable before Q^st March each year, £\ Is,

,5Jj||I'taVLOR and FRANCIS, PHlNTKliS,]

[red lion COUKT, iLEKT fSTHJJKT.'

Page

52. Finn and Turner on two rare Indian Pheasants . . . j

53. Jnnsch on Birds from New Guinea ( 009

54. Finsch on a new Diccemn f

55. Finsch on the Cucidi of the Leyden Museum . . . . )

56. Forbes on Birds in the Derby Museum, Liverpool ... I

57. Fricker's ' Antarctic Regions ' • 330

58. Godnian and Salvin's ' Biolo^ia CentraU- Americana ' . )

59. Grant and Percival on the Birds of Southern Arabia . . . 331

60. Hall on the Bii'ds of Victoria I 00^

61. Hall upon Changes of Plumage (

62. Hall on Birds from Kalgoorlie, W.A 1

63. Hartert on the Birds of Burn J 333

(i4. Hartert on some Palaearctic Birds \

65. Hartert on the Genus Scceor/ujnchus ^

66. Hartert on the Birds of the Lingga Islands 334

67. Hartert on the Birds of the Banda IsLinds '

68. Hartert on Turacus chalcolophiis 1

69. Hellmayr on the Genus Polioptila j- 335

70. Hudson's 'Nature in Downland ' )

71. Jacobi on the Eating of Gravel by Birds / oo/>

72. Jacobi on the Avifauna of Japan \

73. Madarasz on Birds from German New Guinea . . . . ( ooy

74. Martens on Antarctic Birds I

75. Meade-Waldo on the Birds of Hampshire ( oqu

76. Neumann on the Avifauna of Eastern and Central Africa (

77. North on a new Australian Parrot ( ooq

78. Regalia on Birds' Wing-claws \

79. Rothschild on the Avifauna of Laysan 340

80. Rothschild and Pycraft on Cassowaries 341

81. Salvadori on Bird's from Matto Grosso and Paraguay, . . 345

82. Seebohm's ' Mon tgraph of the Thrushes ' | g^g

83. Shufeldt on the Crania of the Owls (

84. Sharpe on a new Bird from Mount Rorainia 347

XXVI. Obituary: —

Mr. 0. W. Wyatt, Dr. G. Hartlaub, The Baron E. de Selys-
Longcharaps, and Mr. P. Crowley 347

XXVII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c.

Letters from Heer F. E. Blaauw, Dr. C. W. Andrews,
Messrs. Abel Chapman, Oxley Grabham, J. B ickhouse, D. Le
Souef, and Capt. G. E. Shelley ; The Great Belted Kingfisher
in Holland; Birds of the outlying Islands of New Zealand;
Capt. Boyd Ale.x;auder at Kumasi ; Recent Change of Habits
in Buphaga; Decovs in Chitral, India; Falcon-catching in
Chitral ' -63

Publications received since the issue of No. 1, Eighth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

38. 'Annals of Scottish Natural History.' (No. 37, January 1901.)

39. 'Aquila.' (Jahrg. viii. Nos. 1, 2, 1901.)

40. Baker. Indian Ducks and their Allies. (8vo. Bombay, 1898-1900.)

41. ' Bird-Lore.' (VoL ii. Nos. 4-6 ; iii. No. 1, 1900-01.)

42. Chapman. A Study of the Genus Stnrnella. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. xiii. 1900.)

43. DwiGHT. The Sequence of Plumages and Moults of the Passerine Birds
of New York. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xiii. 1900.)

44. FiSHRR. Reminiscences of a Falconer. (8vo. 1901.)

45. GiRTANNER. Fang eines Kondors {Sarcorhamphus gryphus) in den
Tiroler Alpen. (Mitthl. d. niederosterr. Jagdschutz-Ver. 1901, No. 1.)

46. Grinnell. Pacific Coast Avifauna. No. I. Birds of the Kotzebue
Sound Region, Alaska. (Cooper Ornithological Club, No. 1, 1900.)

47. Hall. The Distribution of Australian Birds. (Victorian Naturalist,
1900.)

48. Ihering. Museu Paulista. Duplicata, Aves de Sao Paulo. (1900.)

49. Le Souef. Description of some North Australian Birds' Eggs. (Vic-
torian Naturalist, xvii. 1900.)

[Continued on page 3 of Wrapper. 1

Sci. (3), Zool. ii. Nos. 3, 5, 1900.)

51. Macoun. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Parti. Water Birds, Gallina-
ceous Birds, and Pigeons. (8vo. 1900.)

52. Madabasz. Magyarorszag Madarai. Fuzet v., vi. (1900-01.)

53. Maktorelli. Nota ornitologica sopra VArdeola idee (Hartlaub), e
cenno sul dicroismo di varii Ardeidi. (Atti vSoc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 1900.)

54. North. Description of tlie Nest and Eggs of the Painted Honey-eater.
Entomophila picta Gould. (Victorian Nat. xvii. 1900.)

55. Paddock. Catalogue of Shropshire Birds. (8vo. 1897.)

5(i. Palmer & Old.s. Laws regulating the Transportation and Sale of Game.
(Bull. U.S. Dept. of Agric, Div. of Biol. Surv. No. 14, 1900.)

57. Salvadori. Elenco degli Scritti di, 1863-1900. (4to. 1900.)

58. Salvador};. Contribuzione all' Avifauna dell' America Australe (Pata-
gonia, Terra del Fuoco, Isola degli Stati, Isole Falkland). (Ann. Mus. Civ.
Stor. Nat. Genova, (2) xx. 1900.)

59. Salvadori. Uccelli delia Guinea Portoghese raccolti da Leonardo Fea.
(Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2) xx. 1901.)

60. ScHALOW. Rede zur Fiinfzigjahrfeier der deutschen ornithologischeu
Gesellschaft in der Festsitzung am 6. October 1900 zu Leipzig. (J. f. O. 1901,
Heft 1.)

61. ScHALOW. Ueber die Herausoabe einer ornithologischen Bibliographie
Deutschlands. (J. f. O. 1901, Heft 1.)

62. Shelford. Report on the Sarawak Museum. (8vo. 1901.)

63. Shufeldt. On the Systematic Position of the Sand-Grouse {Pterocles,
SyrrJiaptes). (American Nat. xxxv. 1931.)

64. Shufeldt. On the Osteology of the Striges {Strigidce and Bubonidce),
(Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xxxix. 190L)

65. Shufeldt. On the Osteology of the Woodpeckers. (Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc. xxxix. 1901.)

06. Society for the Protection of Birds. Tenth Annual Report, 1900.

BULLETIN of the BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' CLUB.

Edited by Dr. R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
Vols. I. to X. complete: as issued 6s. each net, or bound in cloth
7s. Qd. each net.
Vol. IX. containing Avium Generum Index Alphabeticus: an Alpha-
betical Index to the Genera adopted iu the Twenty-seven Volumes
of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. As issued 0*.
net, or bound in cloth 7s. 6fZ.

Extra copies may be had by Members at 2s. Qd. net,

ESSAYS ;
and Photographs of some

CANARY ISLANDS' AND SOUTH AFRICAN BIRDS.

By HENRY E. HARIIIS.

It is proposed to publish, under tbis title, a book dealing with about fifty species
ol' Birds from the aCuresiiid places.

The first portion of the book, relating to two of the Canary Islands, viz., Tenerife,
and the desert-like island of Fuerteventura, will, while treating of the different kinds
of Birds found there, al.so contain the experiences of the author while in search of
these birds. The second portion will relate, more or less exclusively, tu the various
birds photographed in the Southern part of the Cape Colony, chiefly in the neighbour-
hood of the Knysna forest.

The author has spared no pains to obtain good pictures of the birds which be has
photographed, and to have the same artistically reproduced ; and when it is under-
stood that each bird is portrayed by the camera in a perfectly wild state, and in its
natural surroundings, it will be obvious that much time and patience are required to
obtain good results.

Photographs of the nests and eggs will, in nearly all cases, accompany those of the
birds themselves, one of the most interesting photographs obtained being that of
the Cream-coloured Courser on its eggs.

There will be about One Hundred Illustrations.

It is hoped that the work will be ready for issue to Subscribers by May, 1901.

The price to Subsi'ribers will be 15s. net ; and £\ Is. net after publication.

LONDON :
R. H. POUTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

CONTENTS OF NUMBER II.— EIGHTH SEllIES.

Page

XIII. On some Collections of Birds from the Protectorate of

British Central Africa, received in 1899 and 1900. By
Captain Gr. E. SnELLKr, F.Z.S. With an Introduction by
P. L. ScLATEK, M.A., Ph.D., F.Il.S ". 161

XIV. Ou Moult and Alleged Colour-change in Birds. By Witmer

Stone 177

XV. Description of a new Species of Bush-Shrike from the
Knysna District of Cape Colony. By W. L, Sclater,
M.A., F.Z.S,, Director of the South-African Museum.

(Plate VI.) 183

XVI. A Visit to a Xestin<T-Colony of the Straw-necked Ibis. By

D. Le SouEF, C.M.Z.S. (Melbourne) 185

XA^II. Ornithological Xotes from the Transvaal, By Alwin C.

Haagner 190

XVIII. Notes on the Cassowaries of the Dresden Museum. By

Dr. A. B. Meyer 194

XIX. On the Habits and Haunts of the Nolo or Hawaiian Xoddy

Tern. By H. W. Henshaav 196

XX. On the Anatomy of the Radiated Fruit-Cuckoo {Carpococci/.v

radiaUis). By Frank E. Beuoard, M.A., F.it.S. . . . 20')
XXI. On the Birds observed during a Second Zoological Expedi-
tion to the Gran Chaco. By J. Graham Kt;RR .... 215
XXII. An Ornithological Expedition to the White Nile. By Harry

F. Withers Y, F.Z.S 237

XXIII. On the Birds collected by Mr. J. J. Harrison between Zeila

and Lakes Iludolf and Baringo, Eastern Africa. By W.

E. Ogilvie Grant. With an Introduction by J. J.
Harrison. (Plate VII.) 278

XXIV. Ilesults of an Ornithological Journey through Colombia and

Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S. (Plate VIII.) 300
XXV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications: —

36. Allen on tlie Birds of Sauta Marta ;31i)

37. Aplin on the Birds of Carnarvonshire ^ q.)!

38. Astley on Birds in freedom and in contiiiement . . . ('

39. Bangs ou a new liice-Grackle I „ ,.,

40. Bangs on Birds from Panama \ '•'""'

41. Beal ou the Food of the North-American /ftovVfe . . ( .-,.-,

42. Bingham and Thompson ou Birds from Upper Burma . |' ^

43. Bishop on the Birds of the Yukon Region ; „.,

44. Cardiff Naturalists on the Birds of Glamorgan . . . . \

45. Clarke on the Migration of Birds 325

46. Cuoke on the Birds of Colorado 1

47. Druitt's (JNIrs.) Memoir of Lord Lilford ...... i 326

48. Dubois' ' Synopsis Avium ' j

40. Finn on the Tracheal Bulb of Ducks j

50. Finn on the Cormorant of the Crozetfes ^ <--/

51. Finn on the Birds of the Indian Museum 3i>8

[Contenf.g conilnucd on paije 2 of Wrapiwr.]

On-er.s for binding last year's Volume may be had on application to the

Publishers.
Communications to be addressed to the Editors, 3 Hanover Square
London, W. Advertisements kc. to the Publishers, Gurnky & Jackson,'
1 Paternoster Row, London, E.G. (Successors to J. Van Voorst).

Members of the B. 0. U. are requested to keep the Secretary, Eugene
W. Gates, Esq., 3 Hanover Square, London, W., informed of any chau"-e
of Residence, so that the Numbers of 'The Ibis' may be sent to them without
delay.

®^ EIGHTH SERIES.

Vol. I. No. 8.

JULY 1901.

Frice Qs.

THE IBIS,

aUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

EDITEU Br

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LOXDOX,
AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

LONDON:

GUIINEY AND JACKSON, 1, PATEllNOSTER HOW.

(Successors to JOHN VAN VOOEST.)

Annual Sabsc)-ij)tion, pnifable before 'Sist March each year, £.1 Is.

rWl^fwTAVLOU AND FRAXCIS, PKINTERS,]

[ked lion couht, flekt street.'

CONTENTS OF NUMBER III. [continued).

109. Shelford on the Museum of Sarawak oil

110. Sliufeldt on the Osteology of the Woodpeckers . . .( _►,;_>

111. Shufeldt on the 0.steology of the Striges (

112. Shufeldt ou the Sand-Grouse ( -^g

113. Stejneger on the Wheatears of North America . . . \

114. Stuart Baker on Indian Ducks ( rjj^

115. Zoological Address-Book (

XXXVIII, Letters, Extracts, Kotices, &c.

Letters from Mr. W. Percival Westell, Count T. Salvadori,
Ilerr Herluf Winire, Mr. O. V. Aplin, xMr. W. L. Sclater, and
Mr. W. It. Ogilvie Grant ; The Library of the late Mr. Philip
Crowley ; The Intestinal Tract of Birds ; New E.^pedition to
the Malay Peninsula ; The /Egithognathous Palate ; Birds of
the outying Islands of New Zealand; Mr. Pease's Birds from
Abyssinia; News of Mr. A. B. Percival, M.B.O.U 515

Publications received si.\ce the issue of No. 2, Eighth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

(J7. ' Auuals of the Queensland Museum.' No. 5. (8vo. 1900.)

68. Aerigoni degli Oddi. Bird-notes from^Brembana Valley. (Zoologist,
. 1901, p. 1.)

69. Australian Museum. (Report of Trustees for the Year 1899.) (Folio.

1900.)

70. Bekg. Notas criticas referentes a las Contribuciones al estudio de las

Aves Chilenas de Federico Albert. (Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent, li. p. 55.)

71. Berg. Ornithologisches. (Commun.d. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, i. p. 283.)

72. 'Bird-Lore.' Vol. iii. No. 3. (8vo. 1901.)

73. Blanford. The iJistribution of Vertebrate Animals in India, Ceylon,

and Burma. (Proc. Royal Soc. Ixvii. p. 484.)

74. Campbell. The Nests aud Eggs of Australian Birds. (8vo. 1901.)

75. Chapman. A new Race of the Great Blue Heron. (Bull. Anier. Mus.

N. H. xiv. p. 87.)

76. Clarke & Nelson. The Birds of Yorkshire. (Trans. Yorkshire Nat.

Union, pt. 24.)

77. FiNSCH. Zur Catalogisirung der ornithologischen Abtheilung. II. -V.

(Notes Leyden Mus. xxii. pp. 129, 193.)

78. FiNSCH. Leber eine neue 7'/-ero?i-Art yon de;i Kaugean-Inseln. (Notes

Leyden Mus. xxii. p. 1G2.)

79. FiNSCH. Ueber eine dritte Sendung Vogelbalge aus Central-Borneo

(Mahakkam). (Notes Leyden Mus. x.xii. p. 163.)

80. Hellmayr. Kritische Bemerkungen iiber die Paridcc, Sittidfe, und

Certhiidce. (J. f. O. 1901, p. 169.)

81. Helms. Om nogle danske Uglers Gylp. (Vidensk. Medd. naturli, Foren.

Kjobenhavn, 1901, p. 55.)

82. Kearton. Birds in their httle Nests. (The Girl's Realm, iii. p. 659.)

83. Le Souef. a Visit to the Riverina District, New South Wales. (Vic-

torian Nat. xyii. No. 10.)

84. LoRENz-LiBURNAU. Gescbichte der Zoologie in Oesterreich von 1850

bis 1900. Vogel. (Festschr. fiinfzigjahr. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
1901.)

85. LoRENZ-LiBURNAU & Hei.lmayr. Ein Beitrag zur Ornis SUd-Arabiens.

(J. f. O, 1901, p. 229.)

86. NiSBETT & Finn, Notes on some Kalij Pheasants from the Kachin Hills

in the possession of the Bombay Natural History Society, (Journ.
Bombay N, II. Soc. xiii. p. 521.)

{^Continued on itnge 3 of Wrapper. '\

87. XoHTH. The Destructiou of Native Birds in New South Wales. (Records
Austral. Mus. iv. p. 17.)

88 Kep.n-ts upon the Condition and Progress of the U.S. National Museum

durinc^?he Years endin<? June 30, 1898 and 1899. (Rep. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1898, p. 1, and 1899, p. 1.)

89 Shufeldt. Osteology of the Penguins, (Journ. of Anat. & Phys. xxxv.

p. 390.)

90 Shufeldt. Notes on the Osteology of Scopus umhretta and Balccniceps

rex. (Journ. of Anat. & Phys. xxxv. p. 405.)
91. Shufeldt. Osteology of the Herodiones. (Ann. Carnegie Mus. i. p. 158.)
99 TscHusi zu ScHMiDHOFFExX. Ornithologische Collectaneen aus Oester-

reich-Ungarn und deni Occupations-Gebiete. (Ornith. Jahrb. xn.

lift. 2, 3,)

Will be published by Subscription, 1 volume, demy 8vo, uniform with

Lubbock's ' Patjna. of Noefolk."

LETTERS AND NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF

NORFOLK,

From r,he MSS. of Sir Thomas Euowxe, with Notes by Thomas Southwell,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Price 6s. cloth, 7s. U. roxburgh. Subscriptions to
be sent to Messrs, Jarrold & Sons, Norwich.

BULLETIN of the BRITISH OE,NITHOLOGISTS' CLUB,

Edited by Dr. R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
Vols. I. to X. complete. As issued, Qs. €a«h net, or bound in cloth

7s. ^d.
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ot the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. As issued, 66-.
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Extra copies may be had by Members at 2s. Qd. net.

Newly ready.

ESSAYS ;

and Photographs of some

CANARY ISLANDS' AND SOUTH AFRICAN BIRDS.

By HENRY E. HARRIS.

It is proposed to publish, under this title, a booli dealing with about fifty species

^^Sr!r;;:.;^:n^^^'lSr;elaUng to two of the Canary Islands, viz., Tenerife.
.n,d the deseH-like island of FuerteNcntura, wUl, while treatn>g of the different kinds
o Birds found there, also contain the experiences of the author when in search of
ot Buds 1""' ;; ^"^ ' . ^io„ ,,.ill relate, more or less exclusively, to various

S ^^^^'^etZern part of Cape Colony, chiefly in the neighbour-

'^Tlll'ofirilrefno pains to obtain good pictures of the birds which he has

ibeaumoi lassp i artistically reproduced; and when it is under-

n*'"'^i;ifpaoli b^d is m ur rayed by the camera in a perfectly wild state, and in its

:l:;^S^::^^s:it:^!^Sl^^oZtl..t much time ai\d patience have been required

'"phut^ShsTS; nests and eg.s will, in nearly all cases, accompany those of the
biiS themselves one of the most interesting photographs obtained being that of
the Cream-coloured Courser on its eggs.

Tl, pre will be about One Hundred Illustrations.

Se pHce ,0 bubseribers will be 15.. net ; and £1 U. net after publication.

LONDOX :
11. H. rORTEE, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

CONTENTS OF NUMBEU III.— EIGHTH SERIES.

XX VIII. Oil the Ornithology of the Var and the arljacent Disi ricts ""^^
By J. H. GuKNEY, F.Z.S ' 361

XXIX. Field-notes on some Birds o-bserved in Western China.

By Capt H. II, Davies [ 4Qy

XXX. On Indian Birds' Eggs and their Variations. Bv E. C.

Stuart Bakek, F.Z.S " ^^^

XXXI. The Cage-Birds of Calcutta. By E. Fnvx, Deputy

Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta .' . . . 42.3

XXXII. On some rare or unfigurcd Patearctic Birds' Ego-g Bv

H. E. Dressek. (Plate IX.) . . 445

XXXIII. Supplementary Notes on the Birds of the Yenisei River

By H. Leyborne Popham. (Plate X.) . , . . .' 449

XXXIV. Results of an Ornithological Journey through Colombia

and Ecuador. By Walter Goodfellow, F.Z.S, , . 4,S8
XXXV. On the Ornithology of the Gambia River. By John S

BuDGEiT, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge . . . .* 481

XXXVI. Proceedings at the Anniversary Meeting of the British

Ornithologists' Union, 1901 497

XXXVII. Xotices of recent Ornithological Publications:

85. Borchgrevink's ' First on the Antarctic Continent ' )

86. Chapman on tlie (-renus Stimiella " ( -^^'^

87. Chun on the German Deep-sea Expedition* \'

88. Dwight on the Plumages of Passerine Birds ] '. ' .'[ '''^*^*^'

89. Fisher's Reminiscences of a Falconer ... "

90. Godman's 'Biologia Centrah-Ammcaua' ' r,ni

91. Goeldi's ' Birds of Brazil,' Vol. I[. ..'.'.'''[

92. Grant on Additions to the List of ArabianBirds' "

93. Grinnell on the Birds of Kotzebue Sound ..." •'^^-

94. Hall on the Distribulion of Australian Birds " " ' •

96. Hartert on the Birds of the Kev Islands and Ceram-Laut ( '"^^''^

96. Plartert on the Brehm Collectitm

97. Hartert on Javau Birds ! .' ' ' I '''^'^

98. Looniis ou Californian Water-birds .'.'.'.'.']

99. Macoun on Canadian Birds '.'.'.'{ '^^"*

100. Martorelli on Dichroism in the Herons .'.'".'" )

101. Paddock on the Birds of Shropshire . ...''/

102. Palmer and Olds on the Game-Law.s of the U.s" \ ' C ''^^*'
10:1. Ptoth^cliild and Ilartert's Notes ou Papuan Birds' ' ' \

104. Salvadori on Pirds from Patagonia ' 507

105. Salvador! on Birds from Portuguese Guinea '. ". ' "/ '

106. Seebohm's 'Monograph of the Thrushes ' . " " ' 'j '^^^8

107. Seebohm's 'Birds of Siberia' .....".'"' 509

108. Sharpe's Edition of White's ' Selborne '......[ 5,10

[Contents contimied on paije 2 of Wrapper.]

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Commuuications to be addressed to the Editors, 3 Hanover Sauarp
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dela\

^^^fuf. ^S^T^' OCTOBER 1901.

J?rice 65.

THE IBIS,

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP LONDOX,
AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

L 0 X I) 0 J^ :

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(Successors to JOHN VAN VOOEST.)

A)tnual Sabscrijition, payable before March Q\&t each year, £\ Is.

ra^'v

fTAVLOR AXD FRANCIS. PRINTERS,]

[KED lion court, filet ^TREK•|

CONTENTS OF NUMBER IV. {continued).

135. Nelson on the Birds of Yorkshire ( ^^f

136. Nisbett and Finn on the Kaleege Pheasants . . . . \ "'^'^

137. North on the Destruction of Birds in Australia . . .| ^.-„

138. Oates's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs ^ / 31

139. Reichenow's ' Birds of Africa'*'^ 732

140. Rothschild and Hartert on Papuan Birds . . .' '. . \\..~,,

141. Shufeldt on the Osteology of the Penguins | '''^"

142. ii\\nie\i\t on Scopus &nA Balcfniceps '^ I ^o i

143. Shufeldt on the Herodioues j / -'4

144. Slater on the Birds of Iceland 7;5o

XLYIII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c.

Letters from Messrs. F. Finn, Francis C. R. Jourdain,
\S'. Ruskin Butterfield, and Abel Chapman; Sale of Alphonse
Milue-Edwards's Library ; Honorary Degree for au Ornithologist ;
The Collection of Birds in the British Museum ; Spring Birds
at Mashad, N.E. Persia; The Houev-guide- in Abyssinia;
Nesting-habits of Ilornbills ; The Australasian Ornithologists'
Union; The Para Museum; New Ornithological Periocfical;
Birds in the Zoological Garden, .Cairo ; Additions to the U.S.
National Museum 7.'57

XLIX. Obituary.

The Abb^ Armand David, Mr. Lionel Wiglesworth, and
Mr. William Doherty 74S

Index of Scientific Names 753

Index of Contents 775

Titlepage, Preface, List of Members, and Contents.

Publications received since the issue of No. 3, Eighth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

93. 'Annals of Scottish Natural History.' July 1901.

94. Apli.v. Further Notes from Llevn, West Carnarvonshire. (Zooloo-ist,

1901.) * V o ;

95. Arr;goni degli Oddi. Nota su ima Piccola raccolta di Uccelli del

Museo di Zagabria provenienti dal Litorale Dalmato. (Atti R. 1st.
Veneto, Ix.)

96. ' Bird-Lore.' Vol. iii. No. 4.

97. FtHREB. Beitrage zur Ornis Montenegro's nnd des angrenzenden

Gebietes von Nordalbanien. (Ornithol. Jahib. xi., xii.)

98. GoEi.m. Album de Aves Amazonicas. Fasc. I. 4to. Zurich, 1900.

99. Finn. List of the Birds in the Indian Museum. Part I. (8vo. Calcutta,

19UJ.) ^ '

ICO. FiNSCH. Systematische Uebersicht der Yogel der Siidwest-Jnseln.
(Notes Leydeu Mus. xxii.)

101. Harris. Essays and Photographs. Some Birds of the Canary Islands

and South Africa. 8vo. London, 1901.

102. Lf. Soxjef. Among the Waterfowl in Riverina. (Yict. Nat. xviii.)

103. Martorelli. Due nuovi casi d'Ibridismo negli Uccelli. (Atti Soc.

Ital. Sci. Nat. xl.)

104. Matschie. Die Vogelwelt der neuesten deutschen Besitzungen in der

Siidsee. (Illustrirte Deutsche Monatshefte, 1900.)

105. Matschie. Einige Bemerkungen iiber die Yerbreitung und Svstematik

der Kasuare. (J. f. O. 1901.)

106. Matschie. Bemerkungen zur Zoogeographie des westlichen Mikro-

nesiens. (J. f. O. 1901.)

107. North. Description of the Nest and Eggs of the Painted Honev-eater,

Entomophila picta. (Vict. Nat. xvii.)

108. ' Ornis.' Tome xi. No. 1.

[ Continued on page 3 of Wrapper.}

iCd. * Ornitli'ologiscbes Jahibucli.' Jahrg. xii. Ileft 1.

110. Plaozek . Ziir Klarung in der VogelscLutz-Frage. (Ornithol. Jahrb. xii.)

111. Eadbe. Die Sammlungen des kaukasisclien Museums. liand III.

Geologie. 4to. Tiflls, 1901.

112. Regalia. Sulla Fauna della ' Buca del Bersagliere.' (Arcliiv. pei-

1 Antropol. e 1' Etnol. xxx )

113. Salvadobi. Intorno ad alcuni Uccelli delle S{)itzberghe. (Boll. Mus.

Zool. e Anat. Comp. R, Univ. Torino, xvi.)

114. Shufeldt. On tbe Osteology and Systematic Position of the Scveaniers

{^Falmnedea : Clutima). (Amer. Js'at. x.xxv.)

115. Shufeldt. Tbe Osteology of the CuckoL>s (Coccyz/es). (Proc. AmeT.

Phil. Soc. xl.)

116. Southwell. On the Breeding of the Crane in East. Anglia. (Traus.

NorT, & Norw. Na/t. Soc. vii.)

117. TscHusi zu ScHMiDHOFFEN. Neue Formen voa Madeira. (Omithol.

Monatsb. ix.)

118. Vallon. Die Sanimlung italienischer Vogel des Prof. Graf Arrigoni

degli Oddi in Uaoddo. (Ornithol. Jahrb. xii.)

lli>. 'Victorian Naturalist.' Vol. xviii. No. 2.

120. AViNGE. Fuglene ved de danske Fyr i l!)00. (Vidensk. Medd. fra den
naturh. Foren. Kbhvn. 1901.)

BULLETIN of the BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' CLUil

Edited by Dr. R, BOWDLER SHARPE.
Xols. I. to XI. complete. A« issued, 6s. each net, or bound in cloth

7s. Qd.
Vol. IX. containing Avium Genekum Index Alphabeticus: an Alpha-
l>etical Index to tbe Genera a/lopted in the Twenty-seven Volumes
<it the Catalogue of th-e Birds in the British Museum, As issued, Cm-.
net, or bound in cloth 7s, (id.

Extra copies may be had hy Members at 2s. (5d, net.

JSearly Beady.
Medium 8vo, cloth extra. Price 21s. net.

THE BIRDS OF SOUTH AFRICA.

BY
ARTHUR C, STARK, M.B.

Completed by W. L. SCLATEli, M.A,
VOL. II.

With a Portrait, Map, and 83 Illustratmis.

Beady. Medium 8vo, cloth. 21*. net,

ESSAYS AND PHOTOGRAPHS.

SOME BIflDS OF THE CANAEY ISLANDS AlfD SOUTH AFEICA.

By HENRY E. HARllIS.

WitJi 92 Illustrations.
" Mr Harris's book is written throughout with much freshness and humour, and, as
it breaks new ground, will be proporti-onately welcome to readers, somewhat jaded,
perhaps of late years with works of this description. Mr. Harris was on a photo-
eraphine; as well as on an ornithological expedition, and the illustrations which
embellish this volume lend it, of course, an additional value. Some of the birds' nests,
fixed among thorns and brambles, are admirably reproduced. We would mention
specially the Pied Kingfisher, the Spectacled Warbler, the Cape Grass- Warbler, and
the Pipits. The Gannets on Bird Island are also a successful 'take.' "—Standard.

LONDON :
K. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

CONTENTS OF NUMBER IV.— EIGHTH SELUES.

XXXIX. On the Birds of the Southern Shan States, Burma. By
Lieut.-Colonel G. Rippon, 7th Burma Battalion.
(Pl^^teXI.) 5^.5

XL. An Introduetion to the Study of the Drepanidiihe, a
Family of Birds peciiliar to the Hawa'iian Islands. By
Robert 0. L. Pbkkins, B.A., F.E.K. 5g2

XLI. On a Collection of Birds from jSTyasaiand. By Captain G

E. SuELLEr, F.Z.S. ........... '^ 58a

XLII. On two recently discovered AcMitions to the Geiuis Calliste

By P. L. ScLATER, D.Sc., F.II.S. (Plate XII.) . . . oU5

XLILl. On a few Additions to the Birds of Lueknow. By William

J'-^^s^ 597

XLIV, On^ the Birds collec-ted during an Exi>editiou through
Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia to Lake Zwai. By
W, R. Ogilvie-Granx and R, J. Reid. With Field-
notes by the Collector, Mr. Alfred E. Pease
(Plate XIII.) ; (507

XLV. Results of an Ornithological Journey tlirou^li Colombia
and Ecuador.— Part III. By Walter Goodeellow,
F.Z.S. (Plate XIV.) \ ^^^

XI,VI. Description des trois Espeees nouvelles d'Oiseanx du
Perou du Museum Branicki. Par le Comte Haxs von
Berlepsch et Jean Stolzmann. (Plate XV.) . . . ^lo

XLVII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :

116. ' Aunals of Scottish Natural History ' -la

117. 'The Auk' ..'!.'!'.'■ 700

118. Berg's Critical Remarks ou Chihau Birds '. ' ' ' ' \' ' "

119. Berg's Oniilhologioal Notes .'.'.' ' '^--

120. Blanford on the Distribution of Indian Animals ! '

121. Campbell's 'Nests and Eogs of Austrahau Birds' ' '\ ''-'

122. Chapinau on the Great Blue Heron of America . ! . 7-:'4
12.3. De Vis on a new Parrot * I ~

124. Fiusch's Ijists of the Birds of the Levdeu Museum . ' i '"-'"*

125. Fiusch on a new Fruit-Pigeon . . ' " ' 1

12(). Forbes on rare Birds in the Derby Museum *. ] " '

127. Hartert ou the Birds of the Key'ldands aud Jf Ceram- I 7->(;

Laut I ~

128. Hartert ou the Birds of Timor-Laut ....'"'* '

129. Heathcote ou the Birds of St. Kilda ...'..' \

130. Ilelhuayr on the Paridce, Sittidxr, and Cciihiichc . ' ' i '-^
lol. Ilehus ou the Food of Danish Owls ....... \

'\'i2. Jacobi ou Biogeographical Distribution . . .'.'!" i "-'-

133. Le Souef on the Birds of the Riyerina District of New

South Wales / ~.u^

134. Lorenz-Liburuau's History of Ornithology in Austria . |

\_C<)ntf,nts continued on pai/e 2 of Wrapper.]

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