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EDITED BY OSBERT SALVIN; M.A., F.R.S., AND PHiuiP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F:R.S., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. | SG iis) l \ o yess Z, INSTITUTION. = > , = —=— Avy VOL. V...2381, FOURTH SERIES. This avis robusta et multos vivit in annp EOD Ome: 1881. ALERE ? FLAMMAM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. Tuis, the twenty-third, volume of ‘THE Isis’ is larger by many pages than any of its predecessors, showing that the Editors lack neither contributions to this Journal nor funds wherewith to publish them— subjects on which the Members of the B. O. U. may justly congratulate themselves. Long may the present state of things continue ! Ons: dee pelic HS Office of the British Ornithologists’ Union, 6 Tenterden Street, London, W. ons ' evo Vinaltt ah Te Mh bay) 10, AR teal AD tie fat | J vice 7 ie oe GE) RON EDs DY here gle an ae 5 Arca ’ oe... i “ow 7 és ni ‘ : 7 be ¥ - > ti Sat ae ae 4 ct a oem Re) “Taye artes 1 ie oe nae re (nes TO gaan A a yt ne i fa iy | ‘a mn ay n ' “ ’ Be ass ; : A ae * hes catel Le oee i ee a 4 * } wie alee ‘ — , Pe eer eit “ll ote eee oe BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. Date of Election. 1874. 1881. 1879. 1872. 1881. 1875. 1880. 1873. 1878. 1870. 1871. 1866. 1868. i877. 1872. 1879. 1880. 1876. 1881. [An asterisk indicates an Original Member. ] Epwarp R. Atsron, F.Z.S. The Earl of Antrim; St. James’s Palace, London, S.W. Vatentrne Batt; Geological Survey Office, Calcutta. Hansoury Barcray, F.Z.8.; The Anchor Tube Company, Gas Street, Birmingham. RicuarpD Mantirre Barrineton, LL.B., Barrister at Law; Tassaroe, Co. Wicklow. Joun Bippvutry, Capt. 19th Hussars ; Gilgit, Cashmere. Epwarp Brpwett ; 7 Ormond Terrace, Richmond, Surrey. W. T. Branrorp, F.R.S. &c.; Geological Survey Office, Calcutta. WitiiaM Borrer, M.A., F.Z.S.; Cowfold, Horsham. Sir Victor Brooxs, Bart.; Colebrooke, Fermanagh, Ireland. Artaur Basrt Brooke; Cardney, Dunkeld, N.B. Henry Bucktry, F.Z.S.; 27 Wheeley Road, Edgbaston, Bir- mingham. Tomas Epwarp Bucxtey, B.A., F.Z.8.; Balnacoil, Brora, N.B. G. E. Buxesr, late Lieut.-Col. 10th Foot, F.L.S. &e. Wattrr Lawry Buiter, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. ; care of Mr. Hoey, 7 Westminster Chambers, London, S.W. Tomas Davin Gipson CarmicHAnt; Castlecraig, Dolphinton, NB Wiiram Eactz Crarxe; 5 East View, Hyde Park, Leeds. Epwarp Henry Srvart, Lord Crirron; Cobham Hall, Gravesend. 20 5) 3° 35 40 45 vi Date of Election. 1880. E. H. Cooper, Lieut.-Col.; 42 Portman Square, London, W. 1874. Jonn CorpEaux; Great Cotes, Uleeby, Lincolnshire. 1866. Arraur WitttAm Cricuton, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Broadward Hall, Salop. 1877. J. J. Daterersu ; 8 Athole Crescent, Edinburgh. 1874. Cuarues Danrorp, F.Z.S. 1880. Arraur Dowserr; Hatherley, London Road, Reading. 1865. Henry Eeres Dresser, F.Z.S.; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W. *Henry Mavrice Drummonp-Hay, C.M.Z.S., Lieut.-Col., Royal Perth Rifles; Seggieden, Perth. 1878. W. Artaur Durnrorp; Birdwell, Barnsley. 1876. Lieut. Eczrton, R.N.; Badlesmere Rectory, Faversham. 1870. Danzer Grravup Extior, F.R.S.E., &c.; New Brighton, Staten Island, New York. 1866. Henry Jonn Etwes, F.Z.8.; Preston, Cirencester. 1879. Arruur Humste Evans, B.A.; Scremerston Vicarage, Ber- wick-on-T weed. 1877. Rev. T. J. Ewrne, D.D.; 3 Crescent Villas, Plymouth. *THomAs CampBELL Eyton, F.Z.S. 1873. H. W. Fritpen, Captain and Paymaster, Royal Artillery. 1877. W. A. Forsss; 31 Upper Baker Street, London, W. 1880. Witrram Forster; The Hill, Whitley, Surrey. 1865. Rev. Hunry Exxiorr Fox, M.A.; 30 Warwick Square, London, S.W. 1881. Percy Evans Frexe; Rosemount, Dundrum, Co. Dublin. 1881. Hans Gapow, Ph.D. (Jena); Zoological Department, British Museum. 1879. Ernest Grsson ; 9 Mayfield Street, Edinburgh. *FrepERIcK DuCane Gopman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 10 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. *Prrcy SANDEN GopmAN, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham, Horsham. 1874. H. H. Gopwiy-Auvsren, Lieut.-Col., F.Z.S.; Junior United Service Club. 1871. Rozert Gray, F.R.S.E., F.8.A.8.; 13 Inverleith Row, Edin- _ burgh. 1878. Heyry Grey, Bengal Staff Corps; care of Messrs. Grindlay & Co. 1876. Apert C. L. G. Gtwrner, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., &e.; Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum, London, 50 55 60 65 ye) Vii Date of Election. *Joun Henry Gurney, F.Z.8.; Northrepps Hall, Norwich. 1870. Joun Henry Guryzy, Jun., F.Z.8.; Northrepps Hall, Norwich. 1877. Epwarp Harcourt, M.P.; Nuneham Park, Oxford. 1876. H. C. Harrorp, 99th Regiment; 2 Eldon Villa, Granada Road, Southsea. 1877. E. Hararrr; 1 Bedford Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick. 1868. James Epmunp Harrtine, F.LS., F.Z.8.; 22 Regent’s Park Road, Gloucester Gate, N.W. 1873. Joun A. Harvir Brown; Dunipace House, Larbert, N.B. 1868. Rev. Herserr 8. Hawkins, M.A.; Beyton Rectory, Suffolk. 1875. J. C. Here; Knowles, Newton-Abbot. 1877. E. W. H. Hotpsworra; 84 Clifton Hill, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W. 1881. Roser James Howarp; Blackburn, Lancashire. *Witrrip Hupiestron Hupiesron, M.A., F.Z.8.; 23 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. 1879. Baron A. von Hiert; 116 High Street, Camden Town, London, N.W. 1869. Annan Octavian Home, C.B.; Agra. 1870. Lord Hytron; Merstham, Red Hill, Surrey. 1870. Col. Lzonarp Howarp L. Irsy, F.Z.S. 1880. Henry Roserr Kernan, Lieut. 74th Highlanders; Maryhill Barracks, Glasgow. 1874, Atrxanper W. M. Crarx Kewnnepy, Capt., F.LS., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8.; Henbury, Wimborne, Dorset. *Arruur Epwarp Knox, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Trotton House, Petersfield, Sussex. 1881. Hon. Grratp Lascentus; Queen’s House, Lyndhurst. 1880. Coartes Epwarp Lawson. 1876. Vincent Lucer, Captain R.A.; Aberystwith, Wales. *Right Hon. Tuomas Lyrrieron, Lord Litrorp, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.; Lilford Hall, Oundle, Northants. 1874. Joun Hayes Luoyp, Major, F.Z.8.; Colebrooke Lodge, Bognor, Sussex. 1877. J. Lumsprn, Jun.; Arden House, Alexandria, N.B. 1875. Joun WinerreLp Mazcorm ; 7 Stanhope Street, Mayfair, London, W. 1877. Hon. Granam Manners-Svurron ; 50 Thurloe Square, London, S.W. 75 80 85 go 95 vill Date of Election. 1878. Henry Sracey Marks, R.A.; 15 Hamilton Terrace, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W. 1870. C. H. T. Marsnatt, F.Z.8.; Captain, Bengal Staff Corps. 1870. G. F. L. Marsnatt, F.Z.8. ; Capt. Royal (Bengal) Engineers. 1878. Rev. Murray A. Marnew, M.A., F.L.S.; Stone Hall, Haverfordwest. 1879. Freprrick Saaw Mitcnett; Clitheroe, Lancashire. 1864. AtexanpER GoopmMAaN Mors, F.L.S. &c.; 3 Beechview Ter- race, Glasnevin, Dublin. 1876. Huen Nevitt; Newton Villa, Godalming. 1872. Francis D’Arcy Wrti1am CLroven Newcome; Feltwell Hall, Brandon, Suffolk. *AtrreD Newton, M.A., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.; Professor of Zoology | in the University of Cambridge. *Epwarp Newron, M.A., C.M.G., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.; Colonial Secretary, Jamaica. ; 1876. Francis Nicnorson, F.Z.S.; The Grove, Oldfield, Altrincham. *Sir Jonn Orv, Bart., F.Z.8., late Captain, 42nd (Royal High- land) Regiment; Kilmory House, Loch Gilp Head, N.B. 1880. Tuomas Parkin, M.A., F.Z.S.; Halton, near Hastings. 1880. Coartes Marruew Prior; The Avenue, Bedford, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. 1872. R. G. Warptaw Ramsay, Capt. 67th Regiment; Whitehill, Rosewell, N.B. 1879. Herpert Evetyn Rawson; The Vicarage, Bromley Common, Kent. 1877. Savite G. Rei, Capt. R.E.; 14 Medway Villas, New Bromp- ton, Kent. 1873. Oxtver Beavcname Coventry St. Jonny, Colonel R.E. *Ospert Savin, M.A., F.R.S., &c.; Brooklands Avenue, Cam- bridge. 1870. Howarp Savunpers, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 7 Radnor Place, Hyde Park, London, W. *Prir Loriey Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., &.; 44 Elvas- ton Place, Queen’s Gate, London, W. 1881. J. Scutty, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; East Indian U.S. Club, 15 St. James’s Square, London, W.; care of Messrs. Henry 8. King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London, 8.W. 1873. Heyry Srrsoum, F.Z.8.; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W. 100 105 IIo 115 ix Date of Election. 1871. Ricnarp Bowpier SaHarer, F.L.S., F.Z.8. ; Senior Assistant. Zoological Department, British Museum. 1870. G. Ernest Suettey, F.Z.8., late Captain, Grenadier Guards ; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W. 1865. Rev. Cuartes Wittiam SHeEepHerD, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trotters- cliife Rectory, Maidstone, Kent. 1881. F. B. Stuson; Broom Hill, Spratton, Northampton. 1878. Guorer Montaw Staveuter, Brigade-Surgeon ; Farningham, Kent. 1864. Rev. Atrrep Cartes Smiru, M.A.; Yatesbury Rectory, Wiltshire. 1874. Cucr Surra ; Lydeard House, Taunton, Somersetshire. 1881. Tuomas Souruwett, F.Z.S.; Earlham Road, Norwich. 1875. A. C. Starx; Engadine, Torquay. 1864. Henry Srevenson, F.L.S.; 10 Unthank’s Road, Norwich. 1868. Hamon Lx Srranen, F.Z.8.; Hunstanton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. 1875. Pager Water Le Srranex, Lieut.-Col. Royal Artillery ; Guernsey. 1881. Roserr Wricut Sruppy, Capt. 63rd Regiment, India; care of E. W. H. Holdsworth, 84 Clifton Hill, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W. *Epwarp Cavenpisa Taytor, M.A., F.Z.8.; 74 Jermyn Street, London, W. 1864, Grorezk CavenpisH Taytor, F.Z.S.; 42 Elvaston Place, Queen’s Gate, London, W. 1873, Witt1amM Bernuarp Trcrermerer, F.Z.S.; Finchley, Middlesex. *Rev. Henry Baxer Tristram, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., &ec., Canon of Durham; The College, Durham. 1864, Henry Morris Urcuer, F.Z.8.; Sheringham Hall, Norfolk. 1872. Herpert Taytor UssueEr, C.M.G. 1881. Witxram Verner, Lieut. Royal Rifle Brigade; Winchester. 1881. Lord Watsryenam ; Eaton House, Eaton Square, London, S.W., and Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk. 1874. Cuartes Byerave Wuarton, F.Z.8.; Hounsdown, Totton, Hants. 1878. Henry THornton Wuarton, M.A., F.Z.S.; 39 St. George’s Road, Abbey Road, London, N.W. 1871. E. Percevat Wricut, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin. y cS] Date of Election. 1875. 1876. 1878. tii. 1860, Cuartes A. Wricur; Kayhough House, Kew-Gardens Road, Kew. Craupge W. Wyarr; Adderbury, Banbury. Joun Youne, F.Z.S.; 64 Hereford Road, Westbourne Grove, London, W. J. H. Yurr, Lieut. 1ith Regiment; Poona, Bombay. Extra-Ordinary Member. Aurrep Russet Wautace, F.Z.S.; Pen-y-bryn, St. Peter's Road, Croydon. Honorary Members. . Professor Spencer FuLierton Barrp, Secretary to the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington. . Doctor Epvarp Batpamvs, Moritzwinger, No. 7, Halle. . Doctor Jean Cazanis, Erster Custos am koniglichen Museum der Friedrich-Wilhelm’s Universitit zu Berlin. . Doctor Orro Finscu. . Herrice Girxe, C.M.Z.8., Secretary to the Government of Heligoland. . Doctor Gustav Harriaus, Bremen. . Evear Leororp Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.8., H.M. Consul, New Caledonia. . Aueust von Peuzetn, Custos am k.-k. zoologischen Cabinete in Wien. . Professor J. Remynarpr, Kongelige Naturhistoriske Museum i Ajobenhavn. Foreign Members. . Prof. J. V. Barsoza pu Bocacz, Royal Museum, Lisbon. . Hans, Graf von Bertersca, Witzenhausen, Hessen-Nassau. . Louris Burnav, M.D., School of Medicine, Nantes. . Rospert Correrr, Christiania. . Doctor Exxiorr Cours, U.S. Army, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. . Marchese Gracomo Dorra, Genoa. 2. Doctor Vicror Fatio, Geneva. 2, Doctor Henry Hirtyer Gietioxr, Royal Institute of Superior Studies, Florence. Io 5 xl Date of Election. 1872. Grorer N. Lawrence, New York. 1872. Baron Dz Srrys Lonecuamrs, Liege. 1872. Doctor A. J. Marmersn, Helsingfors. 1881, Doctor Apvorpn Brrvnarp Meyer, Director of the Royal Museum, Dresden. 1872. Doctor A. von Mippenporrr, Dorpat. 1872. Prof. AtpHonse Mirtnz-Epwarps, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 1881. Colonel N. Presevatsxy, Academy of Science and Art, St. Petersburg. 1872. Prof. Gustav Rappz, 7%flis. 1880. Rozerr Riveway, C.M.Z.S., Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington. 1872. Prof. Tommaso Satvapvort, Royal Museum, Twrin. 1872. Prof. Herman Scuiecer, University Museum, Leyden. ii CAE \ oa | i , Ms F ‘pea Bens ered CONTENTS or VOL. V.—FOURTH SERIES. (1881.) Numer XVII., January. Page I. On the Contributions to the Anatomy and Classification of Birds made by the late Prof. Garrod, F.R.S. By W. A. Forsss, B.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Zoological Society of London Re Pin eee oS aman II. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds. By Capt. R. G. Warpiaw Ramsay, F.Z.8. &e., 67th Regiment. (Plate I.) 32 III. On the Birds of Gilgit. By Major Jonn Bippurpn . 35 IV. Ornithological Letters from the Pacific.—Nos. V. & VI. By Oro Finscu, Ph.D., H.M.B.O.U., &e. 102 V. On new Species of East-African Birds. By Capt. G. Suettey. (Plate I.) My ends Gade oe ts 115 VI. Notes on a ‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. Gurnry . 118 VII. A List of Birds collected at or near Mombasa, East Africa. By J. H. Gurney . . 124 VIII. Descriptions of two new Species of Wrens from _Ecuador. By Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. (Plate III.). . 129 TX. On an apparently new Parrot of the Genus Conurus. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Plate IV.) . 1380 X. Notes on the Avifauna of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. By Epear L. Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.8., &c., H.B.M. Consul, and KE. Lropotp C. Layarp, Vice-Consul at Noumea. With Remarks by the Rey. Canon Tristram, F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., CELLCOM itt Not Suet ee a ee gh igs Low Xiv Page XI. List of Birds collected by Mr. H. O. Forbes in the Island : of Jaya. By Francis Nicnotson, F.Z.S. . 139 XII. Description of a new Finch of the Genus Propasser from Yarkund. By Major Jonny Broputre. (Plate VI.) . 156 XIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 1. Bocage on a new African Coracias . 157 2. Bocage on West-African Birds . : . Lap 3. Campbell on the Nesting of the Orange- wattled Gar 158 4. Coues’s Ornithological bibliography . 158 5. Desfontaines’s Mémoire (Reprint) . . 158 6. Elliot’s Monograph of the Hornbills . . 159 7. Finsch on two Pacific Birds . 159 8. Freke on Birds found in Europe and N metth ‘Arotien . 159 9. Godman and Salvin’s ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’. 160 10. Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia ’ . 160 11. Harvie-Brown’s ‘ Ornithological J aaa f . 160 12. Haswell’s Notes on the Anatomy of Birds 1i6e 13. Henshaw’s Ornithological Report . - 162 14. Homeyer’s ‘ Journey to Heligoland’ . . 16h 15. Hutton on Anas gracilis . : . 162 16. Kirk on the Red-capped Dotterel . . 162 17. Kirk on some curious New-Zealand Birds . 162 18. Legge’s ‘ Birds of Ceylon’ . 163 19. Marsh on the Extinct Toothed Bieds of North Amation 164 20. Oustalet on new Birds from New Guinea . .«Alb4 21. Pelzeln’s Report on the Progress of Ornithology in 1378s. ; . 165 22. Reichenow and Schalowise Doransndiern® . 165 23. Rodd’s ‘ Birds of Cornwall’ . . 166 24, Salvadori’s ‘ Prodromus,’ Part 9 . 166 25. Schlegel’s ‘ Muséum des Pays-Bas’ : . 166: 26. Schmeltz on the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Silos 167 27. Schmeltz on the Fauna of the New Hebrides . | Lee 28. Sclater’s ‘ Jacamars and Puff-birds ’ 167 29. Smith’s Miscellaneous Ornithological Papers . 168 30. Steere on the Mammals and Birds of Ann Arbor . . 168 31. Stevenson on the Pomatorhine Skua . . 168 32. Stieda on the Bursa Fabricii - 465 CONTENTS. CONTENTS. XIV. Letters, Extracts, Announcements, &¢c. :— Letters from Dr. A. B. Meyer, E. L. Layard (2), H. H. Johnston, W. A. Forbes, and Dr. H. B. Tristram ; Obituary— Mr. T. C. Eyton ; The Range of Porphyrio cwruleus ; Prejeval- sky’s last Expedition; The new Otidiphaps ; Note on Chloro- phonia cyanodorsalis; The Birds of Socotra ; Works in pre- paration ; Expeditions in progress and projected . Numper XVIII., April. XV. Notes on the Avifauna of Italy. By Henry HitiyEr Gre torr, Sc.D., C.M.Z.8., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates in the R. Istituto di Studii Superior, Florence . XVI. Notes on Woodpeckers.—No. I. On the Piculets of the Old World. By Epwarp Harerrr. (Plate VII.) XVII. On the necessary Changes in the Nomenclature of South-American Birds. By Hans, Graf yon BrertEepscu XVIII. Ornithological Letters from the Pacific.—No. VII. Nawodo (Pleasant Island). By O. Fiyscu, Ph.D., H.M.B.O.U., XIX. Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Marquesas Islands. By H. B. Tristram, F.R.S. XX. On the proper Generic Designation of the European Woodpeckers. By Henry T. Wuarrton, M.A., F.Z.8. XXI. Notes on some Hawks of the Subgenera Cooperastur and Urospizias. By Joun Henry Gurney. (Plate VIL.) XXII. Descriptions of some new Species of South-American Birds of the Families Tyrannide and Mormicarvide. By P. L. ScuaTer and Ospert Sayin. (Plate IX.) . XXIII. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum” by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. GURNEY . SOO mA Se ae are XXIV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 33. Agassiz’s Report on the Museum of Comparative Zoology XV Page . 169 . 181 . 222 . 209 ho = Xvi CONTENTS. Page 34. Bocage on the Birds of Zambesia . . . Tike 980 35. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . at 1D 36. Burbridge’s ‘Gardens of the Sun.’.. . ::. « « « 2OK 37. Cory’s ‘ Beautiful and Curious Birds’ . . . . . 281 38. D’Albertis’s ‘New Guinea’. . . 282 39. Fischer and Reichenow on Birds fo East Aes . 283 40. Giglioli on Fish-eating Birds in Italy . . . . . 283 41, Hartlaub on new African Birds . . .. ... . 285 42, Harting on Hawks and Hawking. .... . . 283 43. Lawrence on a new Chrysotigs . :- . .°. . . » 204 44, Nehring on Prehistoric Bone-deposits . . . . . 284 45. Reinhardt on Lowia leucoptera. . . . . . . . 284 46, Reinhardt on Lanws-major.... = s/n (se, ogee 47. Seebohm’s ‘Siberia in Europe’. . 2a eee 48. Seebohm on the Nesting of the Spoonbill - «| 2 2se 49. Sharpe on new Birds from New Guinea. . . . . 286 50. Sharpe on two new Kingfishers . . .. . . . 286 XXY. Letters, Announcements, &c. :— Letter from Prof. Salvadori; Obituary—Mr. John Gould, Mr. E. R. Alston, Mons. E. Mulsant, and Mr. C. E. Lawson . 286 NoumpBer XIX., July. XXVI. On the Genus Hylophilus. By P. L. Sctarrr, M.A., F.R.S., Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. (Plates ed eR RAD ADA Aig fo cS XXVII. Eleven weeks in North-eastern Brazil. By W. A Forbes, B.A., Prosector to the Zoological Society of London . 312 XXVIII. Ornithological Notes made in the Straits Settle- ments, and in the Western States of the Malay Peninsula. By Lieut. H. R. Kena, 74th Highlanders. (Part I.). . . 362 XXIX. Note on Onychotes grueberi, LE By Joun Huvey Gueney.. (Plate XT) o) 2 2 Se ee ere XXX. On a supposed new Species of Woodpecker from Bastern Siberia, By Enwarp Hanoirr .+........ . 4 ~) e888 XXXI. On a new Crossoptilon. By Henry J. Etwes. (Gait) op. G0 I PING Ma neem PURE Le sg CONTENTS. XXXII. Note on the Ege of Casuarius beccariz, Sclater. By A. v. Pevzetn, H.M.B.O.U.. bie ae XXXIII. On the Genus Furnarius. By A. v. Prxzzty, eM. 6b.O.U; . Rar chit, Laan mee ; XXXIV. Remarks on the recently described Parrots of the Genus Chrysotis. By P. L. Scuarzr . XXXY. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Gilgit. Part I. By Joun Scurry. (Plate XIV.) See eae XXXVI. On ae novee-zealandice. ae Water L. hee C.M.G., Se.D., F.R.S. XXXVII. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler ae aa By Ja: GURNEY cM) SU PMMER Sa : EM a XXXVIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 51. Blanford on a new Trochalopteron 52. Bocage on West-African Birds . 53. Bocage’s ‘ Mélanges Ornithologiques’ . 54. Bocage on Birds from Bolama and Prince’s jalanan 55. Bogdanow on new Sandgrouse . 56. Bolau on the Birds of Askold 57. Braun on the Development of Parrots 58. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . 59. Dalgleish on American Birds in Europe . 60. Dalgleish on Saaicola deserti in Scotland 61. Dresser’s List of European Birds . : 62. Eudes-Deslongchamps’s ‘ Paradise-birds of the Gum Museum ’ eee 63. Badge Dedinecharips., on the enehilidey 64. Gadow on the Myology of the Ratitze 65. Gundlach on the Fauna of Porto Rico 66. Hartlaub on a new Weaverbird 67. Hartlaub on the Birds of Eastern Mig atdeal atic) 68. Hume and Marshall’s ‘Game-Birds of India’ 69. Landbeck on Geositta antarctica 70. Lemetteil on Anser ruficollis in France 71. Malm on a new Hybrid Grouse : 72. Malm on the Tracheal Sac of the Emu SER. IV.—VOL. V. b xviii CONTENTS. Page 73. Malm on Duplicates of the Gothenburg Museum . . 482 74. Meyer’s ‘Guide to the Dresden Museum’ . 482 75. Meyer on Salvadori’s ‘ Papuan Ornithology’ . 482 76. Milne-Edwards on the Penguins . 670 Me . 482 77. Milne-Edwards on Birds from Madagascar . . 483 78. Oustalet on two new Birds . : : . 483 79. Oustalet on new Birds from the Sooloo Telawag . 483 80. Pelzeln on the Progress of Ornithology in 1879 . 484 81. Pelzeln on Birds of Prey from Syria . . 484 82. Peters on two new East-African Birds . 484 83. Philippi on new Chilian Animals . . 484 84. Reichenow and Schalow’s ‘ Compendium’ . 485 85. Reichenow and Schalow on the Ornithological Tere . ture of 1879 . 485 86. Reichenau on the Darwinian Theory of Birds’ N Ae . 488 87. Ridgway’s List of North-American Birds . 488 88. Salvadori’s ‘ Prodromus,’ part x. . 491 89. Schlegel on a new Timeliine Bird . . 491 90. Schlegel on a new Megapode . 491 91. Sclater’s ‘ Birds of the Challenger Pepednone . 492 92. Seebohm on Thrushes and Warblers . . 492 93. Tegetmeier and Blyth on the Cranes . . 494 XXXIX. Letters, Extracts, Announcements, &c. :— Letters from J. H. Gurney, Jun., and Mr. R. G. Wardlaw- Ramsay ; News of Consul Layard, Mr. E. W. White, Mr. Stolz- mann, Dr. Finsch, and Mr. Charles B. Cory. Mr. Gould’s works and collections; Value of ornithological books. The ‘Birds of New Zealand.’ The Birds of the British Museum . 495 Numser XX., October. XL. Ornithological Notes made in the Straits Settlements and in the Western States of the Malay Peninsula. By Lieut. H. R. Kernan, 74th Highlanders . Bere. pieenee, Sl XLI. Ornithological Letters from the Pacific—VIII. New Britain. By Orro Fiyscu, Ph.D., C.M.Z.8., &e. « 2 52 XLII. More about ee horus, H.et F. By T. Sarvaport, C.M.ZS8. iL : he Ue | oe CONTENTS. xix XLIII. Description of a supposed new Aplonis from Vaté (Sandwich) Island, New Hebrides. By H. L. Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.8S., &c., H.B.M. Consul in New Caledonia. With Remarks Pyacanom Deriaraw, FRG. ees ee ee. B42 XLIV. On two apparently new Finches of the Genus Ery- thrura, with Remarks on other known Species of the Group. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Plate XV.) . . . 543 XLV. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler peas. vi £). By J. A LDS) tes Gl Se Sn are aoe een 2 PME ieee Be WRT TE XLVI. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Gilgit. By SOE {STOUT Yee ea Oe an iy Cer Ae Se LeMay (0 XLVII. On some New and Little-known Species of Tro- chilidee. By Ossprrr Satvin and F.D.Gopmay. (Plate XVI.) 595 XLVIII. On three apparently New Species of way Wgipicus. BUD WARD -ARGITE: . 4. ce sah vate ie) ) soy pate le . « 598 XLIX. On two new Species of Birds discovered by Mr. H. W. White in the Argentine Republic. By P. L. Scravnr, M.A., PO elton (Ee late Dey Mr en. ee Ve Bn eg L. Characters of a new Puff-bird of the Genus Vonnula. By Pot [Do PSCC OLS IANO he Seen ious oie chat FU aly Beat am 000) LI. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 94, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. . . . 601 95. Feilden on the Birds of Novaya Zemlya. . . . . 602 96. Krukenberg on the Colouring-matter of Feathers. . 602 97. Ridgway on an American Duck . . ... . . 603 98. Ridgway on Amazilia yucatanensis . . . . . .« 603 99. St. John’s ‘ Wild Coasts of Nipon’ . . . . . . 603 100. Sclater’s ‘ Puff-birds and Jacamars’ . . . . . . 604 101. Stolzmann on Steatornis caripensis . . . 604 102. Shufeldt on the Osteology of Speotyto and Fer ehietila 604 LIL. Letters, Extracts, Announcements, &c. :— Letters from R. Bowdler Sharpe, T. Salvadori, Ernest Gibson ; Note on a supposed new Pheasant. Obituary—Count E. Turati; Herr Kleinschmidt. Dr. Finsch’s Travels . . . . 608 indexer Paneer tally. Vea wrth eB Megat ek ee ees te, MD ' i 7 a A ied 5 } (a e y wi ve eh L ik . +) Nw ‘ ‘ ri ' sah . ‘ ¥ é 8 of ; LLM by ie a , y 3 C rennet nL? 0% Ce ad a , ; aah 4 i apameene nar wien het Gite ae ; ia ast ea Sh ae Fame, PLATES IN VOL. V. FOURTH SERIES. p { Pigws Analeipus cruentus,. L /i cece rn) et 1 \ 23 Figs. 2, 3. Analcipus consanguineus . a Wesaees MPesscuizormisileapoldi ew 2.) sa er cae oe CY IIT. a i, Cistothorus brunmetceps: . %.. sae. = 1. 129 Biz. 2. Microcerculus tentatusa) 5 9.9.4.5... L380 iieey CONUEUS CSTCCIUIS! casos et ps (ep el ee se BO NeeeecHmouneles SAVOSIp. slik) a 4 4, 0 1 een Uo) hae ji) Propasser.rhodometopus., 3. ss. ko. 2 .. «156 SeGPemaVia chimerisininusran es Haw) Og yl a ee RS Remit Urospizias albieularis. ji ees ep isn 2 ee) oe (B59 IX. { Pipl. Terenura spodicptilay’ . 2) \ Figs. 2, 3. Terenura humeralis . AOWAEY rea, me Xx. | Fig. 1. Hylophilus muscicapinus . . . . . . . 299 Fig. 2. Hylophilus fuscicapillus . . .. . . . 808 XL tee I Hylophilus brummeiceps 3. 3 2. 4 B05 Fig. 2. Hylophilus ferrugineifrons . . . . . . 307 Per FOnyehobes, @rueperty 3 9s ss) Se a le OG eI Crossoptilomharmanis) . . 2 6s sw se, 2 B99 MELVE oven piddulphiy 2 37.0. wom te fe 1428 XV. ee 1. Erythrura serena ; Fig. 2. Erythrura regia . cele ore Mal, perl; es acephala pyropyeia: 2 vse oe 6 . 596 XVI ee 1. Poospiza erythrophrys'.°= . =. :. » . . 599 u When OnSynallaxis whitiiie ia. socks ays. . s 600 ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. Page Line 210, 20, for scolopacinus read scolopacina. 344, 6, for Tyrann s read Tyrannus. 3 8, for affinis read similis. 412, 380, for ochrocptera read ochroptera. 506, 5, for BrnTRT read BENTET. 512, 1, for raAcuypropius read BracuyPopivs. 544, 8 & 26, for Eryrurospiza read Eryrurvra. 602, 23, for lapponica read lapponicus. SE EoBol FOURTH SERIES. No. XVII. JANUARY 1881. + I1.—On the Contributions to the Anatomy and Classification of Birds made by the late Prof. Garrod, F.R.S. By W. A. Forszs, B.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Zoological Society of London. Ir having been suggested to me by one of the Editors of this Journal that a concise résumé of the ornithological papers of my late friend and predecessor, Prof. A. H. Garrod, I’.R.8., would not only form an appropriate memoir of him, but would also be useful to those ornithologists who are interested in the anatomy of birds and the questions of classification that depend on it, I have endeavoured in the present paper to give a short sketch of the contributions Prof. Garrod made to our knowledge of, and of his views on these points. In the seven years (1872-1879) during which Prof. Garrod held the post of Prosector to the Zoological Society, no less than thirty-eight papers from his pen (all, with one exception, published in the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings’) appeared, dealing with various points in the anatomy or physiology of * “ Note on some of the Cranial Peculiarities of the Woodpeckers,” Ibis, 1872, p. 357. SER. IV.—VOL. V. B 2 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s birds. Of these a complete list will be found in the January number of this Journal for last year*. All of these, except two +, are morphological in nature ; but many of the characters of birds from the physiological side were fully expounded in his series of Fullerian Lectures at the Royal Institution and elsewhere. At the time of his death Prof. Garrod was also engaged on an article on the mechanism of flight; for his wonderful mechanical skill enabled him to explain and demon- strate this and other physiological problems in a method but rarely to be met with amongst biologists generally. But this, unfortunately, he left in an unfinished condition. In the present article I propose first to consider those points in the anatomy of birds first brought into notice, or worked out in large groups, by Garrod, and secondly to con- sider the light thrown by these facts on the correct collocation of various genera, or larger groups, as well as on the arrange- ment of these latter into groups of a still higher power. But I shall avoid, as far as possible, any comparisons with previously proposed classifications, as it is not my wish to enter, in this place, into discussions of that kind. Under each of these headings I shall endeavour, as far as is consistent with clear- ness and conciseness, to preserve a chronological order. * In addition to his published papers on birds, Prof. Garrod was en- gaged, as probably many of the readers of ‘The Ibis’ are aware, on a general account of the Anatomy of Birds, to be published in three fasciculi. As originally planned, the first fasciculus of this work was to contain a complete account of the anatomy (not including the histology) of the common Fowl, as a type of all birds; the second was to be occupied with a comparative account of the “soft parts” in the different groups ; whilst the third was, I believe, to have been devoted to osteology and a con- sideration of the results arrived at asregards classification. Of these three fasciculi, the first was nearly completed at the time of his death, and the second left about half done, nearly all the groups of the “ Homalogonatous” birds being treated of in it, together with some of the remaining ones. The MS. of both of these portions has been, fortunately for our science, preserved ; and it is my hope some day to complete the work for publi- cation in a form worthy of its original author. + “On the Mechanism of the Gizzard in Birds,” P. Z. 8. 1872, pp. 525-529; “On a Point inthe Mechanism of the Bird’s Wing,” P. Z. 8. 1875, pp. 82-84. Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 3 I. On the Conformation of the Nasal Bones*. “In most birds the anterior margin of the nasal bone is concave, with the two cornua directed forwards,” these pro- cesses being “continuous behind with the body of the bone and with one another, there being no interruption of any kind between them. Such a condition is found in Ofis and the Gallinz proper; and birds possessing the bone so con- structed may be termed holorhinal: in them a transverse straight line, drawn on the skull from the most backward point of the external nasal aperture of one side to that of the other, always passes in front of the posterior terminations of the nasal processes of the premaxille.”’ This simply con- cave nature of the posterior margin of the osseous external nares, as well as the relations of the extremities of the nasal bones to those of the nasal processes of the premaxille, is shown in the subjoined figure of the Fowl’s skull (see fig. 1). Skull of Gallus domesticus Skull of Larus argentatus (from P. Z. S. 1873, p. 35, fig. 9). (from P. Z. 8, 1873, p. 34, fig. 2). * “On the Value in Classification of a Peculiarity in the Anterior Margin of the Nasal Bones in certain Birds,” P. Z. 8. 1873, pp. 33-88. B 2 4 My. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s In a large number of birds, however, the condition of things is different, as will be evident from an inspection of a similar view of a Gull’s skull (Larus argentatus). Here (see fig. 2) the posterior margin of the osseous nares has a distinctly slit-like or triangular form, instead of bemg simply concave ; hence the birds presenting this peculiarity, which varies to some extent in the degree of its development in different forms, may be called “ schizorhinal.” In most of these schizorhinal forms the line joiming the posterior ex- tremities of the nostrils passes behind, instead of in front of, the ends of the nasal processes of the preemaxille. When the beak becomes shortened and broad at the base, however, as, €. g., in the Pteroclide, this feature nearly disappears. Birds belonging to the schizorhinal group are nearly all, with the exception of Platalea and Ibis, “‘ schizognathous,” as regards their palate. The “Schizorhine” comprise the fol- lowing minor groups :—Columbide, Pteroclide, Turnicide, Parridee, Limicole (except Gidicnemus, which is holorhinal, therein agreeing with the Bustards), Laride, Gruide, Eury- pygide, Rhinochetide*, Plataleide (the Hemiglottides of Nitzsch),and Alcidee. Aramus also, as shown by Prof. Garrod’s later investigations}, must beincluded here, being schizorhinal, like the Cranes. All these birds, it may be noticed, belong to the Homalogonatous series, possessing, at least normally, the ambiens muscle, presently to be referred to. In 1877 Prof. Garrod discovered that a similar conformation of the skull, as regards these bones, obtains in certain of the South- American “ Formicarioid”’ Passeres—that is, in Furnarius and some of its alliest (Leptasthenura, Synallaxis, Sclerurus, and Phlwocryptes), as may be seen in fig. 38, where that of * To these may be added, as I have Prof. Garrod’s authority for doing, Mesites, as is shown by M. A. Milne-Edwards’s investigations (v. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, vii. art. no. 6). The Rallidee, with which that naturalist associates Mesites, are all holorhinal, at the same time that they lack the powder-down patches of Mesites, Rhinochetus, and Eurypyga. t+ P.Z.S. 1876, p. 275, t “Note on the Anatomy of Passerine Birds.—Part II.,” P. Z. 8. 1877, pp. 449-452, Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 5 Skull of Furnarius rufus, showing its schizorhinal character (from P. Z.8. 1877, p. 450, fig. 3). Furnarius rufus is represented. Referring to this, he says, “Tt has been my habit to group all the birds possessing a schizorhinal skull in a single major division . . . but the independent development of an identical disposition in the small division of the Passerine birds above mentioned weakens the importance of the character to a certain extent, although it is not at all necessary to assume that it overthrows its significance. Collateral evidence, from visceral and other details, compels me still to think that those schizorhinal birds which possess the ambiens muscle, or are, in other words, homalogonatous, must be retained in one great order, Charadriiformes, until some important structural differences are discovered which necessitate their being otherwise arranged. ‘The schizorhinal disposition is most certainly one which is a secondary development upon the normal holorhinal one ; and that it has been independently arrived at in two non-related orders of the class is proof that it results from most simple causes, because the probability that the same complex conformation should appear, de novo, varies inversely as the complexity; the greater the elabo- rateness the less the chance that it, in all its detail, comes into existence more than once,” 6 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s II. The Carotid Arteries. The variations in the position of the carotid arteries in birds had been studied by Meckel, Bauer, Barkow, and others; but their opportunities of observation were limited, for the most part, to European species. Prof. Garrod, in his paper on the subject*, has recorded their condition in 400 species of birds, of 300 different genera; in his subseyuent papers, or MS. notes, many additional species are included. From a consideration of ‘these, six different modifications in the disposition of these vessels may be traced :— (1) The two carotids, each springing, as usual, from the innominate artery of its side, after the latter has given off the pectoral and subclavian branches, run up in a converging manner into the neck, and then continue, closely parallel to but quite free from one another, up along the under surface of the neck, in a bony canal or passage formed by the hypa- pophyses of the cervical vertebra, to near the head, where they again diverge and break up for the supply of that part. This may be considered the most typical and least modified form: it is present in a very large number of birds. (2) Where, instead of both carotids being developed, only one, the left, is so, the right having entirely disappeared. This is a condition constant in all Passeres, as well as in sundry other birds. (3) Where the right artery is present in its normal posi- tion in the hypapophysial canal ; but the left runs up the neck superficially in company with the left jugular vein and vagus (pneumogastric) nerve. This condition is present only in certain Parrots. (4) Where the two arteries, instead of running parallel, blend together at the lower part of the neck, running up then as a single trunk in the normal position till its bifurcation near the head. This is an exceptional condition. The two trunks before blending may be equal in size (Botaurus stel- laris), or either the right (Phenicopterus) or the left (Cacatua sulphurea, according to Meckel+), may be the bigger. * “Qn the Carotid Arteries of Birds,” P. Z.S. 1873, pp. 457-472. + Prof. Garrod was unable to confirm this statement in the only speci- men dissected by him (P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 588). Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 7 To these four conditions, duly noticed in Prof. Garrod’s paper above quoted, may be added two more :— (5) When the right carotid only is present, as is the case*, as discovered by him, in the Bustards of the genus Hupo- dotis. (6) In Bucorvus abyssinicus, as discovered by my friend Mr. W. Ottley, who, at Prof. Garrod’s request, undertook a reexamination of the question, the two carotid arteries are reduced to fibrous imperforate cords, and their place is taken (functionally) by two vessels which are apparently enor- mously enlarged equivalents of the comes nervi vagi of other birds +t. From these facts it is evident that, taken per se, the dispo- sition of the carotid arteries has not much significance amongst birds, there being many families in which, whilst the majority of the species have two, some have only one carotid. This, for instance, is the case with Toccus and Buceros amongst the Bucerotide, Plotus and Phalacrocoraz amongst the Stega- nopodes, Cypselus and Cypseloides in the Swifts, &c.: in all these cases the first-named genera have but one, the others two, carotids. In other cases, however, the characters of the carotids hold good through very large groups: thus no Passerine bird has ever yet been found with more than a left carotid, and no Pigeon, Duck, or Bird of Prey without two normally placed ones. Ill. The Disposition of the Vessels of the Thigh. In Man and other Mammals, so far as I am aware, the main nerve of the leg is the sciatic; the main artery and vein are the femoral, running in the front of the leg. In birds, as a rule, the main artery accompanies the sciatic nerve, running close above and parallel to it; the vein remains the femoral. To these rules certain exceptions were first pointed out by * P. Z.8. 1874, p. 473. xy + “On a Peculiarity in the Carotid Arteries and other Points in the Anatomy of the Ground-Hornbill,” P. Z.S. 1876, pp. 60,61. Also “A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the Ground- Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), by W. Ottley, F.R.C.S.,” P. Z. 8S, 1879, pp. 461-467, 8 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s Prof. Garrod. Thus, in Centropus phasianus*, though not in Centropus rufipennis, or any of the other Cuculide examined by him, as well as in all the species of Pipride and Cotingidz, eight in number, dissected (except Rupicola crocea), the main artery of the leg accompanies the femoral vein : it is a femoral artery fT. Again, in Dacelo gigantea and D. cervinat, the femoral vein is replaced by one which lies between its normal position and the sciatic artery, crossing over, instead of under, the femoro-caudal muscle; and the same is the case, as recorded by him in an unpublished (and, unfortunately, unfinished) paper “On the Anatomy of Pelecanoides,” in that singular form of Petrel. These two cases are, I believe, the only ones yet recorded of this unexpected arrangement. IV. The Muscles of the Thigh§. The myology of birds was always one of Prof. Garrod’s favourite subjects ; and of his various myological papers, the two enumerated below may fairly be considered the most important, as from the facts detailed therein he drew up, in part, the only detailed scheme of a classification of birds ever published by him. In the region of the thigh of birds there are six muscles, which may or may not be present, though no known bird wants them all. These six muscles are the ambiens, the glu- teus primus, the semitendinosus, the accessory semitendinosus, the femoro-caudal, and the accessory femoro-caudal|}. * P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 629, note. * Since writing the above, I have found the same to be the case in my specimens of Corythaix persa (two), C. porphyreolopha, and C. erythrolopha, and in Musophaga violacea. In Schizorhis africana (two), however, the normal condition persists. t P.Z.S. 1873, p. 629. § “On certain Muscles of the Thigh in Birds, and on their Value in Classification.—Part I.,” P. Z.S. 1878, pp. 626-644; “ Part II.,” P. Z.S. 1874, pp. 111-128, pl. xvii. || It is not my object in this paper to discuss the homology of the muscles here so named with those of other Vertebrata. Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 9 These will here be all considered seriatim; they may all, it may be mentioned, be well seen in the common Fowl. (1) The ambiens.—This muscle, unlike the others to be subsequently mentioned, lies on the lower or inner surface of the thigh. As generally developed, it is a more or less slender fusiform muscle, which, arising from the prepubic spine or process of the pelvis, close in front of the acetabulum, runs along the inner side of the thigh superficially, and then, turning slightly outwards, runs, as a thin tendon, in the fibrous tissues covering the knee-joint (in some cases perforating the patella) to the outer side of the leg, and terminates there by joining one of the tendons of the Gamertell flexor of the toes, the flexor perforatus digitorum. The course of this muscle will be made clear by the accompanying representation of it, as Fig. 4. Thigh of Touraco (Corythaix erythrolopha) viewed from the inner side, to show the ambiens muscle, arising from the preepubic spine of the pelvis (P), and running along to blend with one of the tendons of origin of the flexor perforatus digitorum (f.p). F, femur; Pt, Pa- tella; I.C, inner condyle of femur; T, tibia; 6, biceps (cut short) ; s, sartorius (also cut); e,e, extensor femoris; sm, semimembranosus ; add, adductores. N.B. The surrounding parts have been somewhat distorted from their natural positions to show better the course of the ambiens. seen in a Touraco (Corythaiz erythrolopha). In one or two cases (e.g. Cidicnemus, Stringops) it tends to become obso- 10 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Gorrod’s lete after reaching the knee, becoming lost in the capsule of the knee-joint. In all Passerine birds, and some others, it is always absent. (2) The gluteus primus.—In Garrod’s earlier papers this muscle is called the “ tensor fascie ;”’ and it is described under that name in the first of the two papers quoted. Like the four next muscles, this lies on the upper (or outer) surface of the thigh, and with them may be seen in the an- nexed figure. It is entirely superficial, lying beneath the jj ZY GLA ZAAz ZZ i My) Mh a ae Outer view of right thigh of Gallus bankiva, partially dissected (from P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 627, fig. 1). P, pubis; R, rectrices; s, sartorius; ve, vastus externus; ¢f, gluteus primus (cut) origin and insertion ; 60, biceps origin; 6 2, biceps inser- tion; fc, femoro-caudal; a fc, accessory femoro-caudal ; s ¢, semi- tendinosus, ast. accessory femoro-caudal ; Ad, adductor. skin, and not requiring any dissection for its display. More or less triangular in shape, it arises “from the whole length Contributions to Bird- Anatomy and Classification. 11 of the postacetabular ridge,” as the ridge separating the lateral from the dorsal surface of the postacetabular area of the pelvis may be called, “ as well as from the posterior border of the ischium, as far forward as its junction with the pubis.” Its fibres converge and become blended with those of the extensor femoris, forming with them a broad thin aponeurosis which covers the front of the knee and is inserted into the tibia-head—the patella, when present, being developed in it. The degree of development of this muscle (whose cut surfaces are marked ¢ f in fig. 5) varies much in different groups of birds, and in some may be entirely absent, e.g. the Bucero- tide and Palamedeidze. As a rule, it is not small. In the paper on Chauna* a table will be found stating the degree of development of this muscle in the greater number of fami- lies’ (7: c. p. 199). (3) The semitendinosus—Generally a broad flat ribbon- shaped muscle, bordering the contour (sometimes together with another muscle, the semimembranosus) of the fleshy part of the thigh behind. It arises from the transverse process of the first free coccygeal vertebra, and from the fibrous mem- brane between this and the ilium ; it is inserted into the inner side of the head of the tibia (at least when the muscle next to be described is absent). (4) In many birds a “a rhomboidal sheet of muscle, arising from the anterior end of the linea aspera” (a muscular line on the under surface of the femur) joins the last-named muscle “ anteriorly by an oblique tendinous raphe, which continues down the back of the leg superficially.” When present, most of the main semitendinosus joins this accessory head to be continued down the leg. (5) The femoro-caudal.—This is a thin, narrow, elongated muscle, which is covered above by the gluteus primus (if pre- sent) and the biceps cruris, below by the semitendinosus. Arising from the last two coccygeal vertebre, it is inserted into the linea aspera of the femur at about one third its length (in the Fowl) from the trochanter. (6) In many birds the femoro-caudal is joined by an acces- * “On the Anatomy of Chauna derbiana,” &c., P. Z. 8. 1876, pp. 189- 200. 12 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s sorius, which arises from the external surface of the pelvis behind the femur, and joins the main muscle, to be inserted with it into the femur, but nearer the head of that bone. As already mentioned, some birds possess all these six muscles, but no bird is known which does not possess at least one. Itis a convenient plan to designate the four last-named muscles by the letters X, Y, A, B. Thus a Fowl possessing all four would have a formula A.B.X.Y, the femoro-caudal, accessory femoro-caudal, semitendinosus, and accessory semi- tendinosus being all present. On the other hand, a Hawk or Owl, possessing only one, the femoro-caudal, would have as formula A. Of these four muscles there are sixteen possible combina- tions; but of these only eight are actually found in birds*. Furthermore, if we denote the presence or absence of the ambiens rouscle by the signs + or —, we obviously get six- teen combinations again, though of these only fifteen have, as yet, been observed. For the sake of brevity it will be useful to remember the above four letters, to save the repetition of the full names. To the bearing of these muscles in the classi- fication of birds, I intend to revert at a subsequent part of this paper, only stating here that species of the same genus and nearly allied genera have, nearly in every case, the same myological formula, and that in families peculiarities involving more than one change are rare, further differences indicating a more remote relationship. V. The Distribution of the Deep Plantar Tendonst. In all birds, whatever number of toes they have, there are two deep flexor muscles of the toes, the fleshy bellies of which are situated between the knee and the “ankle,” whilst their tendons run along the posterior aspect of the tarso-metatarse. One, arising from behind the external condyle of the femur, is the flexor longus hallucis; the other, arising from the pos- terior aspect of the tibia and from the fibula, is the flexor perforans digitorum, so called because its terminal tendons * P,Z.8, 1874, p. 111. + “On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in different Birds,” P. Z.8, 1875, pp. 889-348, Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 18 perforate those of the more superficial flexor perforatus (the muscle, it will be remembered, joined by the tendon of the ambiens). Below the “ankle” the tendons of these muscles run along the tarso-metatarse ; whatever their ultimate distri- bution, they may be easily identified in this region, the flexor longus hallucis being always external to, or superficial of, the flexor perforans (or both). In all the Passeres, as already noticed by Sundevall (except in the Eurylemide, vide infra), as well as in Upupa epops and perhaps one or two Ardeine birds, these two tendons are quite independent of each other, so that if the flexor hallucis be artificially pulled no flexion (closing) of the other digits takes place. This arrangement is represented in fig.6. In all other birds, however, the two tendons, during some part of their course in the tarso-metatarse, are more or less intimately connected together by a fibrous band or vin- Fig. 6. SSS SS —_ = = —_ — = — SSS WSS SS : SSS _< JS TH a4. A typical Passerine foot Foot of Gallus bankiva (from P.Z.S. 1875, p. 347, fig. 9). (from P, Z. 8. 1875, p. 341, fig. 1). ; V, Vinculum. 14 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s culum, or may even completely blend. It is to a consider- ation of the varying arrangements produced that this paper of Prof. Garrod’s is in the main dedicated ; and some of the most important modifications may be noticed here. In a large number of birds the type presented by the com- mon Fowl obtains. Here the flexor perforans supplies digits u1-1v, and the flexor hallucis only digit 1 (the hallux); this, as it crosses the tendon of the flexor perforans, sends down a strong fibrous vinculum (vide fig. 7, V). The proportions of the vinculum to the main tendon (that distributed to the hallux) vary greatly, as it may or may not be greater than the hallucial portion. In some Birds of Prey a vinculum may be combined with a special slip of tendon to digit 11, or it may be nearly entirely distributed to that digit. In the Cathartide a quite different arrangement, next to be described, obtains. Here, and in many other birds, particu- larly amongst the Anomalogonate, the two tendons blend completely, and the tendinous slip to the hallux comes off from the blended tendon, apparently springing from the inner side. A slight modification of this produces an arrangement by which the hallucial slip seems to come off from the inner side of the flexor perforans tendon in its upper part, before it has been joined by the flexor hallucis. This last-named condition obtains in such birds as Momotus, Merops, and Dacelo. When the hallux is absent, as well as in Struthio (where only two digits are present), the two tendons fuse completely in the leg, and the compound tendon is distributed in the usual way to the three (or two) digits. In many birds with a hallux, when there is no long flexor to that digit, the slip to it is extremely small; and in some cases it is altogether absent. In the Trogonide, as might have been expected from the well-known peculiarity of their feet, an equally peculiar arrangement of the plantar tendons obtains (/.c. p. 345, fig. 6). By far the most interesting feature, however, brought out by Prof. Garrod’s investigations into this subject, is the dis- covery of the existence of two entirely different types of plantar arrangement in the so-called “ zygodactyle” birds, Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 15 as well as the fact that this diversity of type exactly coin- cides with the two groups of birds so marked out being re- spectively “Homalo-” and “Anomalogonatous.” Thus, in the Parrots, Cuckoos, and Musophagide, which are all Homalo- gonatous, possessing (at least typically) the ambiens muscle, the plantar tendons are distributed in exactly the same way as in the common Fowl, the flexor perforans supplying digits m-1v, and the flexor hallucis digit 1 alone (neglecting the vinculum). In all the Anomalogonatous zygodactyle birds (which all lack the ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles), namely the Picide, Capitonide, and their allies, Bucconide and Galbulide, an entirely unique arrangement is found; for in those birds the flexor longus hallucis splits up into three parts, supplying digits 11 and iv as well as the hallux, whilst the flexor perforans digitorum is distributed to the third digit alone. These differences in the two types will be clearly seen by comparing fig. 8 (Crotophaga sulcirostris} and fig. 9 (Megalema asiatica). Fig. 8 Foot of Crotophaga sulcirostris. Foot of Megalema asvatica. (From P. Z.8. 1875, p. 346, figs. 7 & 8.) 16 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s VI. The Method of Insertion of the Tensor patagii brevis Muscle. In the patagial membrane of the wing in most birds there are two muscles present, the fleshy bellies of which arise chiefly from the scapular extremity of the furcula, whilst their tendons run between the two layers of membrane of which the patagium is composed. These muscles are the tensor patagii longus and the tensor patagit brevis. Arising in common, or in close proximity to each other, the tendon of the tensor patagi longus forms the more or less stiffened, though flexible, ante- rior border of the patagium; the tendon of the shorter of the two muscles runs more or less parallel with the humerus, ending near the elbow-joint. In different birds its insertion takes place in different ways, the tendon in some cases simply running straight on to the ulnar side, and there becoming blended with the general fascia of the part, whilst in others it becomes united, more or less intimately, with the tendi- nous origin, springing from a tubercle on the humerus, of a muscle lying on the radial side, the extensor meta- carpi radialis longior. In some cases additional slips from the main tendon are given off, the arrangement sometimes thus getting very complicated (e. g., in the Trogonide). As a rule, every natural family of birds has a characteristic arrange- ment of these tendons; so that their disposition often affords great help in classification. This is the case, for example, in the Passeres; throughout the whole of that immense group one arrangement, only slightly masked in one or two aberrant forms, which can be easily recognized and is most charac- teristic, obtains. The same is the case with the very closely allied groups of Picide, Ramphastide, Capitonide, and Indi- catoride. These points were first worked out by Prof. Garrod in the first of his papers on Passerine birds*; and the arrangements in nearly all the families of his “ Anomalo- gonatous birds” are there described and in several cases figured. In the Homalogonate, too, they offer nearly as well-marked peculiarities, though, unfortunately, his purpose * P.Z.8. 1876, pp. 506-512, pls. xlviii.—li. Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 17 of describing and figuring their arrangement in these birds was never carried out. In his MSS. and drawings, however, he has recorded their condition in very many groups. VII. Certain other Muscles. In his paper on Chauna (supra, p. 11), Prof. Garrod, for the first time, called attention to the value in classification of certain other myological facts. These are :— (1) The presence or absence of the “ expansor secundari- orum”’ muscle. This is a slender muscle which arises from the last few (generally two or three) secondary quills and has a pecu- liarly long and slender tendon, which, running superficially posterior to the humerus, together with the axillary vessels and nerves, is inserted into the thorax in different ways in different birds. One common arrangement is that found well developed in the Storks, and hence called “ciconiform.” Here the proximal part of the tendon is T-shaped, it splitting into two parts, one being inserted into the coracoid near the junction of this bone with the sternum, the other into the scapula close to the coraco-scapular articulation. In other cases the tendon may end by joining the coraco-brachialis brevis muscle, so as to appear to be part of that muscle, as in the Fowl and most of the Gallinaceous birds ; or the tendons of the two sides may join in the middle line, as in most of the Anseres; or other and more complicated arrangements, duly described in the paper above referred to, may obtain. The only Anomalogo- natous birds in which this muscle is present are the Coraciide. A table (/.c. p. 199) records the nature of this muscle in the families of Homalogonatous birds. In many it is quite absent. (2) The presence or absence of a diceps slip to the patagium of the wing. In many birds there is given off from the anterior margin of the biceps muscle of the arm a distinct and most peculiar muscular slip, which joins the patagial membrane of the wing. Its presence or absence is a very constant character amongst closely allied birds. (3) The area of origin of the obturator internus muscle. SER. IV.—VOL, V. C 18 Mr. W. A. Forbes on the late Professor Garrod’s This muscle, arising in the interior of the pelvis, is inserted proximad of the obturator externus on the head of the femur. In most birds its shape, as seen in the pelvis, is more or less oval ; but in some, as in the Gallinee and Rails, itis distinctly triangular. Both its character and the presence or absence of a bicipital slip are recorded in the majority of the Avian families, in the table already mentioned in the account of the expansor secundariorum. Besides these, a few other myological peculiarities insisted on by Prof. Garrod in various papers may here be named, such as the presence of an additional secondary femoro-caudal muscle in Apteryx, and the presence in it, as well as in the other ‘ Struthious” birds and the Crypturi, of a muscular slip to the accessory femoro-caudal above the exit of the sciatic nerve and artery*; the occasional complete absence of the semimembranosus in some of the Grebes+; and the double condition of the great pectoral muscle in the Storks, Stega- nopodes, Petrels, and their allies {. VIII. The Conformation of the Trachea and Syringe. The curious contortions of the trachea, and other peculi- arities of its structure, in various birds, such as the Cranes, Spoonbill, and Ducks, have long been known to ornitholo- gists; and, as far as concerns this portion of the subject, Prof. Garrod’s notes on these structures in various forms§ are simply confirmations of, or additions to, our previous know- ledge of the subject. But, so far as I am aware, little or no attention had ever previously been paid to the details of modi- fication in the cartilaginous or ossified tracheal and bronchial * P.Z.S. 1873, pp. 643, 644, fig. 6. t P. Z.S. 1873, p. 629, 642. t P.Z.8. 1874, p. 120, and 1876, p. 340. § “On the Form of the Lower Larynx in certain Species of Ducks,” P. Z.S. 1875, pp. 151-156 (the species described are Sureidiornis mela- nonota, Lhodonessa caryophyllacea, and Metopiana peposaca) ¥ “On the Form of the Trachea in certain Species of Storks and Spoonbills,” P. Z. 8. 1875, pp. 297-801 (Tantalus ibis and Platalea ajaja); “On the Trachea of Tantalus loculator and of Vanellus cayennensis,’ P. Z. 8, 1878, pp. 625- 629. VU / Contributions to Bird-Anatomy and Classification. 19 structures concerned in the formation of the hard framework of the lower larynx, or “syrinx.” Garrod’s investigations into this subject therefore mark a new line of departure ; and it is exceedingly to be regretted that only one part of his notes on the subject were completed before his death, these forming his paper “On the Conformation of the Thoracic Extremity of the Trachea in the Class Aves.—Part I. The Galline ”*, the last contribution of his pen to ornithological science. ‘There is every reason to believe that this line of research, when prosecuted further, will lead to most valu- able results as a means of separating, on anatomical grounds, allied genera or families of birdst. Of his investigations of the lower larynx of the Passeres I propose to speak later, under that head. In the remaining part of this paper I propose to consider the results arrived at, from the consideration of these and other anatomical features, by Prof. Garrod as to the relationships of various obscure forms of birds, and also to describe certain remarkable peculiarities of others as first discovered by him. In these remarks, as before, I shall, for convenience sake, follow, as nearly as possible, a chronological order, reserving, however, till the last any general views on the classification of birds as a whole. 1. Struthiot{.—In this paper, written in conjunction with Mr. Frank Darwin, the principal point of interest is the dis- covery, or, at all events, first notice, of a peculiar nodule of bone lying on the centre of the pubis, and, in some respects, Vv * P.Z.8. 1879, pp. 854-880, figs, 1-35. + A-second part of Garrod’s notes on the trachea, describing that of the Cuculidz, I found in a nearly complete state amongst his MSS., as well as a very considerable mass of drawings and notes on this subject in other groups, it having been the special object of his study up to within a very few weeks of his death. Indeed, during all his last illness, when too weak to attend to larger and less convenient objects, he continued to work away with all his old enthusiasm and energy at the windpipes of birds, espe- cially those from the extensive collection of Procellariide &c. made by H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ v { “Notes on an Ostrich lately living in the Society’s Collection,” P. Z, 8. 1872, pp. 356-365. ca Sxrue ase natadesr ies B. citreolus. B. With the top of the head pure black ; super- cilium very narrow or wanting. SWEPT ech Se cake ssi ce te Ee B. melanocephalus. C. With the crown yellowish green; supercilium yellow, broad. Ais - Cott] LOO OSHC CG CHOC OIC REN CREO C Torch B. ray. D. With the crown grey. 5. Crown pure light grey; supercilium white, broad ; cheeks pale grey and pure white B. dubius. 6. Crown deeper grey; supercilium white, broad; cheeks dark grey, with a few WIMMER SIRCR ES ceo) sieya al aletciece ¢gure eeeie aie 8 B. flavus. 7. Crown dark grey; supercilium white, nar- row or wanting; cheeks dark slate, mltaigp ill alc lgelneee ain taly oi eshte Peele al B. cinereicapillus. —G. F. L. M.] 115. Bupyres MELANocEPHALus (Licht.). A single female shot on the 10th April in immature plu- mage. 116. Bupyres catcaratus (Hodgson). Out of ten specimens obtained in May and June, nine are males ; and the only female has the back strongly tinged with green, and a good deal of dusky green is mixed with the yellow on the nape. The young of this species appear to be undistinguishable from those of B. citreolus, except perhaps by a generally rather darker hue. A single specimen was secured in March; but no others were noticed till May, after which it was common till October. 117. Bupyves cirreotus (Pallas). Of this species males and females were obtained in about equal proportions. A female shot early in March has the black cowl well developed, and the back from the shoulders to the middle of the tail-coverts pure grey with a very slight wash of green. 70 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. Another, shot at the end of April, is similar, but the black cowl is much less prominent, though the whole head and nape are pure unmixed yellow. In a third, shot at the end of May, the back is pure grey, the black cowl entirely absent, and the yellow on the nape is suffused with dusky; this is apparently a breeding but not fully adult bird. The bird figured by Gould (B. Asia, pt. xvii.) as female B. citreoloides in full plumage is B. citreolus in winter or immature plumage. In Gilgit B. citreolus appears in March, and is common till May and again in October ; it ascends to higher elevations to breed. The breeding-plumage is identical in the two sexes. 118. Anruus TRiviaLtis (Linn.). Was very common throughout the summer, and breeds in July at the higher elevations. [The series brought down contains many examples of the European type as described by Dresser in the ‘ Birds of Europe, and also many of the Indian type, “ purer and greener in colour, with the spots on the breast boldly defined ;” but Mr. Dresser’s conclusion that they are all referable to one and the same species appears to be quite correct. During the summer months, while breeding, the plumage loses much of its brilhancy, the general tone becomes very brown, and the striations on the back are ill-defined ; the brighter plumage is reassumed in September.—G. F. L. M.} 119. AnrHus cAmMPESTRIS (Linn.). A single specimen shot on 8th March; no others seen. Evidently a straggler. 120. Anruus rosaceus, Hodgs. A number were observed and ten obtained at the end of April and throughout May; but after the end of May none were seen. 121. AnrHus cEeRvinus (Pall.). Two specimens shot, in May and December. 122. ANTHUS BLAKISTONI, Swinhoe. Very common all through the winter. About 20th Feb- Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 71 ruary the males begin to assume the rufous tinge of under- plumage and the grey on head and neck. The females do not commence to assume their breeding-plumage till the mid- dle of March. By the end of March the breeding-plumage is fully assumed. I had entered this bird as A. spinoletta ; but Mr. Brooks, on seeing some specimens, pronounced them to belong to this species, and distinct from true European specimens of A. spinoletta, which has a richer brown on the back and is less striated, with the breast-spots large and cloudy. 123. CEPHALOPYRUS FLAMMICEPs (Burt.). Three shot, on Ist September at 9000 feet. 124. Lupropa@ciLe sopuia”, Sev. A winter visitant, but seldom comes below 6000 feet ex- cept in very severe weather. In 1874, after returning from Yarkund with some speci- mens of this bird, I found a young one labelled as having been shot at Leh, but not identified at the time. On show- ing my collection to Mr. Hume, he suggested that the label must have been attached by mistake, and that the specimen must have been procured with the others north of the Kara- korum. After procuring the bird at Gilgit, I doubt not that my label was correct, and that specimens are to be procured at Leh; but the bird is at all times so difficult to see and to shoot, that it is not surprising that it has hitherto escaped notice. Dr. Scully also informed me that he found it in the Nobra valley in Ladak. The plumage is very thick and soft; and the basal part of the feathers and down on the lower surface is deep black, concealed by the colour of the tips. The male only has been figured by Gould; but the letter- press contains an accurate description of the female by Severtzoff. 125. AiGITHALIScUS LEUCOGENYS, Moore. This species was described by Moore in the P. Z. 8. as long ago as 1854, from specimens in the India Museum, labelled from Afghanistan ; the description is accompanied by a short. 72 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. extract from Griffith’s MS. notes; but subsequently to this the bird does not appear to have been obtained, nor is its correct habitat defined. A number of specimens were obtained in the main valley about fifteen miles above Gilgit, among thick bush and tree- jungle, about the middle of May. In these the chin and throat are of a deep blackish maroon, rather than jet-black (as described by Moore) ; and towards the breast the lower margin of the dark patch is narrowly but distinctly fringed with chestnut. In other respects they agree exactly with the original description. The dimensions, taken in the flesh, are as follows :— Adults—length 4°75 to 4°8 inches, wing 2°2 to 2°23, tail 2°2 to 2°25, tarsus 0°63, bill at front 0°25. Young—length 4°3 inches, wing 1°95, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°55. In the young birds the dark throat-patch is only partially developed and is blackish mixed with white. 126. Parus MELANOLOPHUS, Vig. A constant resident, but seldom comes below 7000 feet, even in winter. A number of specimens were obtained—all males, strange to say; the buff tint of the spots on the wing-coverts appears to be a mark of nonage, the pure white being obtained when the birds are fully adult. In many specimens the white tips to the secondaries are absent, and in others only faintly marked; their full deve- lopment appears to take place in the adult bird. The axillaries and under wing-coverts are rufous, as well as the flanks. The plate in Gould’s handsome work ‘ The Birds of Asia’ represents this species very accurately. 127. Parus ruronucuHaAtts, Blyth. This species is distinguishable from P. beavani by its larger bill and by the black extending further down the breast ; the bill in P. deavani is similar to that of P. melanolophus. It is a permanent resident at about 9000 feet, but seldom descends even in the depth of winter to the main valley. It is very common where found. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 73 Compared with Blyth’s type (which comes from Simla), the nuchal spot is less rufous, in some specimens being almost entirely white. 128. Parus nipaLEnsis, Hodgs.* All the specimens procured are paler on the nape ; in some the edging to the black is albescent, but not any thing like a semicollar. Specimens from Murree cannot be separated from Gilgit birds. Many show a vinaceous tinge on the white of the abdomen. Nestlings and young birds are strongly tinged with yellowish green. The birds from Gilgit are similar to the type found in the Himalayas as far east as Nepal, at all events; but they are considerably larger than the type found in the plains, and lack the distinct white marking on the nape, whether spot or semicollar. Measurements given in ‘Stray Feathers, vol. 11. p. 417, by Ball, from Chota Nagpore, are—wing 2°4 inches in one, 2°5 in another. Sex not mentioned. Also ‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. 1. p. 384, by Adam, from Sambur Lake—wing 2°6 inches. Sex not mentioned. Jerdon gives measurements as 2°8 inches. A male from Murree measures (by my measuring) 2°9; and those procured at Gilgit measure 2°97 in the males and 2°7 in the females. The young birds are green on the back, the undersurface pale yellow; the black markings are dull, with a brownish tinge and no gloss whatever, similar in extent to those of the adults on the upper surface, but beneath confined to a stripe from the chin towards the abdomen, not coalescing with the black on the upper surface, the sides of the face and neck being also pale yellow. In the nestling just fledged (killed in June) there is a well-defined pale yellow demicollar on the nape, beneath the black. In a rather older bird (killed in August) the back is still green, the black without gloss, and * (Mr. Blanford has also pointed out that the birds of this species found on the Nilgiris are larger than specimens obtained in the plains (J. A.S. B. 1869, part ii. p. 181).—J.8.] 74 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. the pale demicollar less marked, and the black of nape and throat show no signs of coalescing ; but the yellow tint of the undersurface is disappearing, and the wings and tail (which are fully developed) are coloured asin the adult. There is no © intermediate stage represented in the collection, but as the green-backed bird is never found in winter, there can be no doubt that it is the immature phase of P. nipalensis, which is the commonest bird in Gilgit. This is the only bird that does not appear to make any seasonal change in its habits in this locality. 129. AccentTor NIPALENSIS, Hodgson. This Accentor was extremely common during the winter of 1877-78. It was generally met with in scattered flocks of fifteen or twenty, and seemed to prefer keeping to the vicinity of water. It was very bold, allowing one to come quite close, while it hopped unconcernedly about searching for worms &c. Occasional specimens seemed much lighter-coloured than the generality. All the specimens obtained were shot in Decem- ber, January, and February. The sexes are coloured alike. 180. Accenror aLraicus, Brandt. During the severe winter of 1877-78 several flocks of this Accentor appeared; but it was never very common. It was generally in compact flocks of twenty or thirty, keeping to the hill-sides, and not very easy to approach. ‘The fiight is very rapid; and, like most of the Accentors, it appears very Finch-like in its habits, approaching in this respect especially to the genus Montifringilla. The measurements given by Jerdon are apparently those of a female. In the adult male the wing measures 3? inches and the tail 24. Indes cherry- red. The ear-coverts are fulvous, the interscapulary region and tertiaries black with broad rufous margins ; lower back dingy grey. The wing-coverts are more or less tipped with white, as in A. nipalensis, forming two conspicuous but ir- regular wing-bars ; the under tail-coverts are brown, broadly margined with white. Chin white, the feathers of the throat and fore neck white with black tips. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 75 The grey of the shoulders and lower back contrasts strongly with the ferruginous tint on the upper back ; and the crown of the head is in some specimens very distinctly streaked with brown. 131. AccenTor seERDONTI, Brooks. Common in the summer at elevations of 10,000 feet and upwards, where it breeds. It was not observed in winter. This is the species figured by Gould (B. Asia, pt. vii.) as A. strophiatus. A young bird just able to fly, shot towards the end of July, has the upper plumage dark brown, broadly margined with ferruginous, a party-coloured wing-bar, formed by buff tips to the secondary-coverts and dark-brown tips to the primary-coverts; the whole supercilium is buffy white ; the lower parts are fawn-colour, almost white on the throat, and strongly tinged with ferruginous on the breast; most of the feathers dark-centred. This is a much younger stage than that described by Mr. Hume in ‘ Lahore to Yarkund.’ 132. AccENTOoR aATROGULARIS, Brandt. Tolerably common during the winter; leaves about the 23rd March. Agrees well with Jerdon’s description of A. huttoni, and also with Gould’s plate of A. atrogularis, which latter name has precedence if the two names refer, as they apparently do, to one and the same species. 133. ACCENTOR FULVESCENS, Severtzoff ? A species of Accentor was common in Gilgit during the winter, which, in the absence of the type to compare with, must stand under this name, though it neither agrees with the plate nor the description given in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia,’ part xxii. (vide ‘ Stray Feathers,’ vol. i. p. 428), which Dr. Severtzoff says is his A. fulvescens. Description. Sexes alike. Top of the head almost uniform dull brown; the rest of the upper plumage grey-brown ; the feathers of the back indistinctly centred dull brown; wings and tail dull brown, with pale edgings ; two white wing-bars, formed by tippings to the coverts; no pale tips to the inner webs of the tail-feathers, except a faint trace on the outermost 76 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. pair; superciliary streak, extending over the ear-coverts, pure white ; sides of the face and ear-coverts deep brown, afew of the latter tipped whitish ; under surface pale fulvous, deepest on the breast, albescent on the chin, throat, and lower centre of abdomen. Length 6:25 to 6:4 inches, wing 3 to 3°15, tail 2°5 to 2°65; tarsus ‘75, dull red. This bird is retained as A. fulvescens solely because it ap- pears to be identical (speaking from memory) with the speci- mens obtained in Yarkund, which were identified by Dr. Severtzoff himself as belonging to this species; but it cer- tainly differs, as stated above, from both the figure and the description. It is not the A. montanellus figured in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Europe ;’ for that has the back reddish ash, the supercilium buff, and the flanks striped. It is not the A. montanellus in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia’ for the same reasons, and, further, because it wants the grey patch on the side of the neck, and the white tippings to the secondaries. It is not the A. montanellus figured in David and Oustalet’s ‘Oiseaux de la Chine ;’ for that is a much darker bird, and has the buff supercilium and reddish-brown back. It is not the A. temminckii of Brandt; for that is identical with the A. montanellus figured in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Europe.’ It is not the A. montanellus described by Dresser in the ‘ Birds of Europe ;’ for that also has the supercilium buff and the back chestnut-red. And if not A. fulvescens, Severtzoff, it is a species hitherto undescribed. It is somewhat similar to A. atrogularis, which was almost equally common; but, besides wanting the black throat, its pale and almost uniform tone of coloration, and the absence of all tinge of red on the back, markedly distinguish it from that species. 134. Corvus corone, Linn. Since my leaving Gilgit Dr. Scully writes that he has secured two undoubted specimens of this species. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 77 135. Corvus cornrx, Linn. A few specimens always to be observed in December, January, and February, mixed up with other Crows. 186. Corvus LEVAILLANTI, Less. There are evidently two species of Crows of this type; but the only good distinction in the dried skin seems to be the length of the tail. The short-tailed ones (C. culminatus) go about in flocks ; the long-tailed ones (C. levaillanti) only in pairs, and keep to the higher elevations, only coming down in winter to the main valley. These Crows are apparently what Sharpe identifies as Corvus culminatus and Corone levail- lanti, except that the dimensions of his C. cudminatus are too small for the Gilgit bird. The distinction in comparative length of first primary holds fairly good, except in one speci- men; the distinction in the lie of the rictal bristles is somewhat better, but is less decidedly marked in some specimens of C. culminatus than in others; but the differences in habit leave no doubt that, however difficult of definition, the species are distinct. Out of nine specimens of C. levaillanti the wing ranges from 13 to 13°8 inches—except in a single specimen, unsexed, which measures 12°6. The tails measure 9 to 9:5, except in the specimen referred to above, in which it is only 88. In C. culminatus the wing ranges from 11°4 to 12°6, the tail from 7°85 to 8°75. 137. Corvus cuLMINATUS, Sykes. See preceding remarks. 138. Corvus umBrinus, Hedenb. On one occasion, among several hundred Crows collected over adead animal, at 12,000 feet elevation, I distinguished a pair which differed from all the others im size, colour, and voice, and which I refer to this species. 139. Corvus rrucitecus, Linn. Very common in winter; appears in large flocks. 140. Corvus MonEDULA, Linn. A few always about during the time of extreme cold, gene- 78 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. rally mixed up with other Crows, but disappear in April. The specimens procured and observed show no approach to the C. collaris type, with the white half-collar, which is recorded from Kashmir and Afghanistan. Since leaving Gilgit Dr. Scully writes that he has pro- cured specimens of the C. collaris type, which appear distin- guishable from C. monedula. 141. Nuctrraca MULTIPUNCTATA, Gould. Common at all times in the forests above 8000 feet. Of six specimens the length of wing varied from 7°75 to 8°25 inches (the smallest being a female and the largest a male), total length 14 to 15°15, tail from 5°8 to 65. Ivides brown; legs black. 142. Pica Rustica (Scop.). The form separated as P. bactriana by some authors. Very common at all times. In winter it comes down to 5000 feet; but im April it ascends to about 8000 feet in the side valleys. ‘The natives train the Sparrow- Hawk (Accipiter nisus) to take the Magpie with. A nest with five eggs, hard-set, taken in a mulberry-tree at Nonval (5600 feet), 9th May. A nest with three eggs (quite fresh) taken at Dayoor (5200 feet) 25th May. The bird had evidently not done laying. 143. Pyrruocorax GRAcuLus (Linn.) Common at the lower elevations in December, January, February, and March, when they commit great havoc on the newly sown corn. In summer they keep entirely to the mountains. 144, PyrrHocorax aLpinus (Koch). Seems to care less for cold than the Red-billed Chough, only appearing in the main valley during the time of ex- tremest cald, and then only in small numbers. 145. Srurnus vutearis, Linn. Occasional specimens secured during the winter, but not common. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 79 146. SrurNus PURPURASCENS, Gould. A winter visitant. The specimens obtained are precisely similar to those got in Yarkund. 147, Temenucnus pacopaRuM (Gmel.). One or two procurable each summer, at all elevations up to 8000 feet, where cattle are herded. 148. Pastor rosgvs (Linn.). Two young birds of the year shot on the 19th and 28th August ; afew others in immature plumage were also seen at the same time, but no adults. 149. Passrr rnpicus, Jard. & Selb. Begin to disappear in November, and leave Gilgit alto- gether during the time of extreme cold. In both years they reappeared in small numbers on 22nd February, but did not become common till the end of March. Dr. Scully writes that he has procured specimens all through the last winter ; they were certainly not there in the two preceding winters. 150. PassER HISPANIOLENSIS, Temm. Two specimens only procured in the winter. The female differs from that of P. indicus in having a stronger bill, and having a very faint supercilium; otherwise the markings are so similar that it is not distinguishable. 151. Perronia stuLta (Gm.). This Sparrow was tolerably common in December, January, and February. It was generally in flocks of fifteen or sixteen, and prefers open stony places. I never saw it near trees. 3g. Length 63 inches, wing 44, tail 23, tarsus 3, bill in front 4. @. Length 63, wing 4, tail 2,5, tarsus , bill in front 4. 152. EmMBERIzA LEUCOCEPHALA, Gmel. Occasional specimens secured in December, January, Feb- ruary, and March. The specimens obtaimed in the latter month are assuming the breeding-plumage. 153. Emperriza stracHEytr, Moore. Extremely common all the winter, but goes higher about 80 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. the beginning of April, and breeds at about 8000 feet. I took two nests (second brood, no doubt) in the first week of August. Both were on the ground, underastone. One had only one egg in it, the other three. T also took a nest with three fresh eggs in it on Ist June at 9000 feet, and took two nests, each with three eggs quite fresh, on 28rd and 24th June. The colouring of all Gilgit specimens is paler than that of Cashmere or Simla individuals. [The collection contains a large series of specimens of this bird, which I have compared and found identical with the plate of EH. stracheyt by Wolff in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society for 1855. The difference pointed out by Dresser in the ‘ Birds of Europe,’ the absence of the white spots on the wing-coverts, holds good; but in some winter specimens the pale fulvous spots approach very closely to the white spots of LH. cia. There is, however, a further and well-marked difference in the pure white of the nuchal end of the supercilium in #. stracheyi as compared with the grey of that part in Z. cia, giving in the former bird three pure white marks on the side of the head, instead of two. In £. stracheyi the entire supercilium throughout its length is pure white.—G. F. L. M.] 154. EMBERIZA HORTULANA, Linn. A single specimen, a female or young male, shot at Chim- mooghur, in the main yalley, ten miles from the Indus, on 26th May. Evidently migrating at the time. Length 64 inches, wing 3°2, tail 2°6, tarsus °75. Ivrides dark brown. The head is considerably battered; but the yellow tone of the markings on the throat, the greenish tone of the head, as far as traceable, and the strongly defined striations of the upper plumage serve sufficiently to distinguish it from £. buchanani. The tints agree well with those of the figure of the young bird given by Dresser in the ‘ Birds of Europe,’ pl. 99. 155. EmBeEriza BucHANANI, Blyth. : Not observed in the first year; but a number appeared in the beginning of September in the second year. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 81 156. EmBeriza stewartt, Blyth. A summer visitant. Appears in April, and is very common. in May and June, when it replaces EH. stracheyi at the lower elevations. Breeds below 6000 feet. 157. EmBeriza scHeNIcuus, Linn. Scarce; and never more than a single one was seen at a time. Four specimens were secured in January, February, and March. Both these and my Turkestan specimens are paler-coloured birds than English specimens, the ruddy tints on the wings and back being especially lighter ; but they corre- spond fairly well with a specimen in the Indian Museum at Calcutta, obtained by exchange from Mr. Dresser, and labelled “ EF. scheniclus, var. B, Pallas, Lake Baikal.’ 158. Euspiza LuTEoLA (Sparrm.). A few specimens shot in the end of August and September were all in immature plumage; no adult males were either procured or observed. 159. EuspizA MELANOCEPHALA (Scopoli). A single specimen, an immature female, was procured by me on the 5th October. 160. Mycrrosas carnipes (Hodgs.). Common at all seasons in the pine-forests above 8000 feet, seldom coming lower down even in winter. On one occasion only, in the severe winter of 1877-78, I saw and shot a pair in the main valley at 5000 feet elevation. These birds belong to the western form which has been separated as M. speculigerus (Brandt). They differ from the usual eastern type in being of larger size; the colour of the abdomen is more vivid, and of a more decided yellow; the yellowish edgings of the tertiaries and wing-coverts are more conspicuous and much broader, and the bill more full and bulged. They correspond exactly with the figures in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia.’ which were taken from specimens from the Altai. But as the late Mr. Mandelli obtained in Sikkim specimens which correspond to the western form, there do not seem to be sufficient grounds for retaining M. speculigerus as a distinct species. SER. IV.—VOL. V. G 82 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit.. The males measure from 89 to 9°7 inches in length (the average being 9:4), with the wing from 4°55 to 4°8, and the tail from 3°9 to 4°3. In the females the wing measures from 4°35 to 4°65 inches, and the tail from 3-9 to 4. Breeding males shot in June and July were still in female plumage, which is apparently not assumed till after the first breeding-season. Jerdon is wrong in stating that the sexes are alike. In the females the sooty black is replaced by brownish ash, and the feathers of the cheeks, throat, and breast pale-centred. 161. PyrruuLa AURANTIACA, Gould. This Bullfinch appears to be very local, but in certain localities is common, especially among pine-forests. They are permanent residents. The upper tail-coverts are velvet-black, not white (as stated by Jerdon). 162. ERyYTHROSPIZA INCARNATA (Sev.). A constant resident, but seldom comes below 6000 feet, except in severe weather. I found it at about 10,000 feet in the Astor valley in June, when it was no doubt breeding. I have seldom seen it except in large flocks of twenty or thirty. On 29th April I shot seven out of a flock, which all turned out to be males. The plate in Pére David’s ‘ Oiseaux dela Chine’ represents the bird as far darker than any of the Gilgit specimens, espe- cially about the cheeks and nape. 163. Carpopacus RuBICILLUSs (Giild.). Very confmon in Gilgit, in flocks of twenty and thirty, from the middle of December to the beginning of March in 1877-78, but never seen again at any season or elevation. They prefer stony places, and keep to the same place day after day. There were places where I could always depend on finding a flock. I have now a large series of this bird from Turkestan, Ladak, the valley of the Yarkund river near its source, and the Oxus valley. The plumage varies greatly in both sexes according to age, season, and locality—so much so that I Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilyit. 83 had some difficulty in believing that they are all of the same species. The specimens from Turkestan are extremely pale, and the rose-tints are very delicate ; so that Severtzoff seems quite justified in distinguishing them as C. pallidus. The Gilgit specimens are darker; and those of Ladak and the Oxus valley are darker still. Specimens from the last two places have black instead of brown legs, and appear slightly larger than the others, but not markedly so. The young male retains the striations on the back for some time after the rose-markings on the head and breast are com- plete. The striations of the females, both on back and breast, vary greatly according to age. 164. Carpopacus ERYTHRINUS (Pall.). A summer visitor. Earliest appearance noted April 22. Breeds at 10,000 feet in July and August. The male does not get the roseate plumage till the second year, apparently. Several males with fully developed testes, shot in July, and evidently breeding, were still in female plumage. They pro- bably get the rosy plumage just after the first breeding-season, and by a change of colour, not by moult, as some shot in May show a faint rosy tinge against the light. About the be- ginning of September they leave the hills and come down into the valley. Theyoung bird has two well-defined wing-bars formed by ru- fous edgings to the wing-coverts ; and the tertiaries are broadly tipped with the same colour; the striations of the upper plumage are darker, broader, and more pronounced. An albino (pure cream-colour, with hazel-brown irides) was shot on September 7 by Dr. Scully. Its plumage was much abraded. Several nests were found, all situated within a foot of the ground, either in low bushes or among the stems of coarse grass, about 2 feet high in scrub-jungle. The nest is a neat cup-shaped structure of grass, lined with the finer roots and stems only, except in one instance, in which a good deal of hair is mixed with the lining; the interior is from 2 to 24 inches wide, and 1} deep. The eggs are blue, of a purer and slightly deeper shade than those of Trochalopteron G2 84. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. lineatum, with chocolate spots sparingly scattered over them, chiefly towards the larger end. In one out of a dozen the spots are almost entirely wanting; in some they are paler, almost of a sienna-tint, in others nearly black, while on a few there are also one or two pale purplish spots and fine reddish scrawls at the larger end; and in these the spots are almost confined to the larger end, in an ill-defined zone or cap. Nests were taken at 10,000 feet elevation on July 16, 17, 20, 21, 29, and 30, all with eggs mostly fresh. 165. PropasseR RHODOCHLAMYs (Brandt). Is a permanent resident, but is very seldom seen below 6000 feet. The measurements of the numerous specimens obtained correspond exactly with those given by Jerdon, and the bird itself with Gould’s plate in the ‘ Birds of Asia,’ also with the plate of Carpodacus sophie in Bonaparte’s ‘ Mono- graphie des Loxiens,’ and with a specimen in the Museum from the hills north of Simla. As in C. erythrinus, the males do not get their full plumage until after the first breeding-season. Several males with fully-developed testes were shot in May and June in female plumage. 166. Propasser rrontauis (Blyth). [Mr. Hume has, I think, prematurely expunged this spe- cies from the Indian list. A pair of Rose Finches, male and female, in full breeding-plumage, shot at Gilgit in June 1878, were brought down with the collection, which, after a careful comparison with some specimens of P. thura from the late Mr. Mandelli’s collection, I decided must stand as P. fron- talis (Blyth). Unfortunately the notes taken of the compa- rison were accidentally destroyed after leaving Calcutta, and as the specimens of P. thura were returned, I can now only give the distinctive features with reference to Jerdon’s meagre description. The male corresponds with Blyth’s description of P. fron- talis, except that the feathers of the top of the head, instead of being plain dark brown, are paler-edged, similarly to, Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 85 though more narrowly than, those of the back. The feathers of the chin, throat, and neck are not silvery-white-shafted, but have a silvery streak near the tip of each feather; and this silvery streaking hardly extends onto the breast. It also shows whitish at the centre of the abdomen near the vent, and at the hinder end of the superciliary streak. It differs from P. thwra in having a broad frontal band rose-pink, in the lores and a narrow band round the base of the bill crimson, and in the silvery streaks on the chin, throat, and breast, while on the back the general hue is much less dark. The female answers well to Blyth’s description, and differs from that of P. thura chiefly in lacking the broad pale super- cilium, and in the ground-colour of the face, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts being white instead of light yellowish brown. oni Cop NAN) OR ie 167. Pyrrnospiza puntcea (Hodgs.). These birds seem loath to leave the mountains. I never saw them below 10,000 feet, except in one place (the mouth of a ravine leading into the plain), and there only in the middle of January 1878, at the time of greatest cold. The markings of the back in winter are much more defined than in the summer plumage; and one female specimen has broad buff tips to the wing-coverts, which form a conspicuous wing-bar. The outer edges of the secondaries are also broadly tipped with whitish buff. The plate of ‘this species in Bonaparte and Schlegel’s ‘Monographie des Loxiens’ shows the upper plumage as darker and more uniform, while the red tint of the under- parts extends further down the breast, and is less scarlet in tint than in any of the specimens obtained in Gilgit. 168. CarbvuEtis canicups (Vig.). Small flocks appeared from time to time during the season of extreme cold, but never seemed to remain more than two or three days at a time. They breed at about 9000 feet, and are common in Cashmere in summer as well asin winter. The lores are black, interrupting the scarlet round the bill, which latter is rather wider in the male than in the female. 86 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 169. Meroponta PusILua (Pall.). Appear at intervals during the winter, when driven down by very severe weather. I shot two out of a flock on May 21 at 5000 feet (Gilgit), where they had been attracted by the ripe mulberries ; but I have seen them high up in the snow, at over 9000 feet, in February. They breed at about that height; and in August the young birds collect in large flocks of fifty or sixty, when not a single old bird can be seen among them. They seem to acquire the red head in the first year, as I have only procured one specimen without it (a young male shot in Astor about November 20) later than August. On July 28 I had a nest brought me, which my shikari had been watching several days. He shot one of the pair of old birds about the nest, which turned out to be the male of M. pusilla. The nest contained three eggs perfectly fresh (and the number was apparently not complete), in colour a dull stone-white, with small red-brown spots dotted about the larger end. The nest was about 20 feet from the ground, in a cedar tree (Juniperus excelsa), neatly made of grass fibres, and lined thickly with sheep’s wool, and matted on the out- side with soft bits of decayed wood, so as to look like the bark of a tree. 170. Linaria BREvIRosTRIs (Gould). Since I left Gilgit Dr. Scully writes :—“ How on earth did you miss this bird? I have preserved over sixty specimens, and have left off shooting it. It is one of the very commonest birds about now (January).” As this is a bird I know well, having procured many speci- mens further eastward, it is hardly possible that I should have missed it, had it been as common as Dr. Scully says in the two preceding winters. I should be more inclined to regard this as an instance of the changes that take place in the migrations of birds owing to increase or decrease in the seve- rity of the winter season. 171]. Linarta cannasina (Linn.). Fifteen or sixteen specimens were procured in January and February 1878, when the winter was an exceptionally severe Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 87 one ; and many more were seen. They were generally in small flocks of four or five, and rather difficult to approach, keeping on open stony places. They are very restless birds, and con- stantly take short flights, uttering a twittering note. A spe- cimen was apparently secured in Sind during the same winter (vide ‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. vii. p. 122); Mr. Hume, speak- ing of the specimen in question, says that, as far as plumage is concerned, it is absolutely identical with European speci- meus. This is not the case with these, which are all markedly paler and with more white about them than three English specimens I have compared them with. In the English spe- cimens the white edgings to the primaries, which, when the wing is closed, form a conspicuous bar less than 4 inch long, in these form a patch 14 inch in length. All the primaries are margined with white to the tip, whereas in the English specimens none are. The centre tail-feathers, which in the English bird have very faint pale margins, in these have a broad margin of snowy white for half the web. The large amount of white on the upper tail-coverts, and the broad white margins to all the tail-feathers, are very con- spicuous when the bird is flying. In size, also, they differ from the, English specimens, the wing of several of the males being fully 34 inches, and the tail 24 inches. Dr. Scully writes that they have been common during the present winter, though during the winter of 1879-80 none were seen. 172. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA, Linn. A few specimens were shot in March and April on their way northwards in both years. Mr. Hume doubts the occur- rence of this Finch in Indian limits (Str. Feathers, vol. vii. p. 465). These had most undoubtedly come from the south. A male, shot on April 15, had the breeding-plumage nearly complete. The wing-bar formed by the white spot on the outer web near the base of the quills does not extend right across the wing ; it is absent from the first three primaries, commencing on the fourth. In other respects these birds correspond exactly with the description given by Dresser in the ‘ Birds of Europe.’ 88 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. +173. Lrvucosticre BRANDTI, Sev. This is the bird which I procured in 8874 in the moun- tains west of Kashghar, and took for M. hematopygia; but M. Severtzoff, on examining my collection, identified it as Leucosticte brandti. It first appeared about January 20, single specimens being mixed up in flocks of Carpodacus rubicillus. It gradually became commouer; but I never saw more than three or four together at a time. It disappeared about March 10. Measurements of a male taken in the flesh :—Length 7} inches, wing 44, tail 34, tarsus 7, bill at gape nearly 3 inch; irides grey-brown. Out of eleven specimens secured, none had a black bill like those obtained by me in 1874 in the end of March and beginning of April. It is probably distinctive of the breeding-plumage. This species can be readily distinguished from M. hema- topygia by its greater size and the rose-coloured shoulder- patches. The rose tints on the rump are paler and less con- spicuous than in M. hematopygia; and the general tone of the plumage is conspicuously paler. 174. FRincGILLAUDA sorpDIDA (Stoliczka). A continuous resident in the district, appearing in flocks of forty or fifty at the lower elevations during the winter. In summer it goes up to 10,000 feet and higher. The young birds apparently do not acquire the rufous-brown head till the second year. JI saw an immense flock of this Finch at Astor in November, and picked up twenty-six after one shot. This is probably the red-headed Sparrow said to appear in Leh in winter. The axillaries in this species are white instead of yellow, as in F. nemoricola. 175. CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA (Leisl.). A few appeared in March, but were not seen again in Gil- git. In September and October I obtained a few higher up the Indus, towards Iskardo. The March specimens are in very faded plumage; those got in the autumn are in fresh plumage with the rufous edgings to the feathers perfect. The males are 6°5 inches long, wing 3:75 to 4:0, tail 24 to Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 89 2°5; the females 6 to 6°25 inches long, wing 3°3 to 3°4, tail 2°25 to 2°45. 176. MetanocoryrHa Brmacutata (Ménétr.). Three specimens were secured in the months of December and March, all males. In one specimen the height of the bill at front is 0°33 inch; no others seen. 177. ALAUDULA PISPOLETTA (Pall.). Dr. Scully writes that he has obtained a specimen since I left Gilgit, with short hind claw, spotted breast, and secon- daries 0°75 inch shorter than the primaries. 178. ALAUDULA ADAMSI, Hume. Since I left Gilgit Dr. Scully has obtained specimens of this Lark. 179. Orocorys PENICILLATA (Gould). Extremely common from November till the end of March, when, after forming large flocks of over'a hundred, it suddenly disappears. Out of many specimens shot, none appears to answer to the description of O. longirostris. 180. ALaupa putctvox, Hodgs. This large Skylark is a winter visitant only, first appearing in November and leaving by the end of March. In March, when assuming breeding-plumage, just before leaving, it gets much darker, but never apparently so dark as A. guttata, from which it can readily be distinguished by its superior size. In males the wing measures from 4} to 441 inches, in females from 4 to 4}; the tarsus measures from ? to {, being generally slightly smaller than in A. guttata; bill at front barely 4, generally ;4. Of the large primaries the second is slightly the longest, and the first slightly shorter than the third; sometimes all three are equal; the fourth is fully + inch shorter than the second ; and there is more than 3 inch between the tertiaries and primaries. The outer web of the first developed primary is white in winter, and creamy buff in summer. The distinctions pointed out by Brooks (S. F. i. 484) between this species and A. arvensis hold good in the series of fifteen specimens of the former brought down. 90 Major J. Biddulph on theeBirds of Gilgit. 181. Ataupa ctttrata, Brooks. This Skylark is a summer visitant only, appearing at the end of March and leaving about October; the first specimen was obtained on the 29th March, the same day as the last of A. dulcivor. One specimen was obtained in September, on the 27th, but none later. In males the wing measures from 8? to 4,%; inches. I have never pro- cured one yet with a wing measuring fully 4¢. In females it does not exceed 3%, tarsus 3. Bill at front from 7% to nearly 4 inch. Of the developed primaries the second is slightly longest, first and third subequal; sometimes all three are subequal ; the fourth is ;}, inch shorter than the second. Tertiaries reach to less than $ inch from the primaries. In summer the outer web of first primary is rufous. Tail more furcate than in A. dulcivox, from which it is generally distinguished by its darker colour and smaller wing. Outer tail-feathers white, and not fulvescent. In one specimen, a female shot in September, the plu- mage is fresh and perfect, showing broad pale edgings on the tertiaries, which are rounded, the edgings of the pri- maries are more rufous, the outer web of the first large primary being rosy, the patch behind the eye is fulvescent instead of white, and the dark markings on the breast are more shaded off and not so decided, the centre tail-feathers are black instead of dark brown, and the outer tail-feathers fulvescent white. Wing 34 inches, tail 24, tarsus 2, bill at front}. Ofthe large primaries the second and third are equal, and first and fourth are equal, with 3 inch between the tertiaries and primaries. The legs are much more transparent-looking than in the other specimens, all of which are in worn and faded plumage, with the feathers much abraded. The distinctions pointed out by Brooks between A. gut- tata and A. gulgula hold good, except that the tendency of the spots to coalesce at the sides of the breast, which the specific name has reference to, is not at all well marked. The most notable distinctive points are the albescent hue of the plumage of the underparts and the larger size. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 91 182. Gaterira cristata (Linn.). This is one of the very few birds that remain in Gilgit all the year round; it is very common. 183. Atsocomus Hopesont (Vig.). Procured only in the forests at about 8000 feet elevation, where it seems tolerably common. A male shot in July lacks the white spotting on the flanks described by Jerdon. 184. Cotumsa casiotTis (Bonap.). A single specimen, a female, belonging to this species was procured in the main valley on 24th April. Jerdon’s de- scription hardly represents correctly the amount of white on the wing. The outermost secondary-coverts are pure white, forming a conspicuous jongitudinal patch extending for over 34 inches down from the carpal jomt. The primaries are margined with white, each except the second less conspi- cuously than the one before it, gradually shading into ashy, but not sufficiently broad to form a bar (as stated by Jerdon). The neck-patch is clayey buff or ochraceous ; and the green gloss prevails above the patch, and the amethystine below. This style of coloration of the neck-patch also appears in specimens from Kumaon ; and the distinction referred to by Jerdon, as pointed out by Blyth, does not hold good. Weight 112 ounces, length 16°8 inches, wing 101, tail 6°8, tarsus 1:3, bill at gape 1:1, bill from front 0°85. Trides yellowish white. A few other specimens were seen at elevations of over 8000 feet during the summer, but not one during the winter. 185. CoLUMBA INTERMEDIA, Strickl. In November the pigeons begin to collect in flocks, which increase in size as the winter goes on. At first they are mostly composed of C. intermedia, with a single specimen of C. rupestris in the flock. Gradually C. rupestris gets commoner, and a few specimens of C. livia appear. When the corn is sown the Pigeons collect in great flocks of several hundreds, and settle on the newly sown fields till it seems as if not a single grain would be left. Till the end of April they appear at intervals whenever heavy weather in the mountains drives them in. In the 92 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. beginning of May they pair; and a large number of them leave the main valley in the summer for higher elevations. The specimens of C. intermedia killed in summer show the ashy grey rump, tending in some almost to white, but never so marked as in C. livia. 186. CotumBa Livia, Bp. A few specimens seen both in summer and winter. 187. CoLuMBA RUPESTRIS, Pall. C. rupestris never appears in large numbers; and I have never seen a flock of this species which had not specimens of one or the other before-mentioned Pigeons with it. It has a conspicuous white shoulder-patch in winter plu- mage, which is not mentioned by Jerdon. Wing 9 inches, tarsus 1}, bill at gape 3. 188. CotumBaA LEuconotTs, Vig. Not very common. Never seen below 10,000 feet. The whole head and neck are ashy black—not the top of the head and ear-coverts only, as described by Jerdon. The under- parts are white, shading into ashy on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. 189. Turtrur rupPicoza (Pallas). A summer visitor; appears about Ist May. 190. Turrur avurita (Gray). Appears about the same time as 7. rupicola. g. Length 12 inches, wing 7°1, tail 4°9, tarsus 0°85. 9. Length 11:4 inches, wing 6°75, tail 4°7, tarsus 0°80. Irides orange, feet and legs lake-red. 191. Turtur caMBAYENSIS (Gmel.). One single specimen, killed in the beginning of March among a flock of 7. swratensis, in no way differs from the type commonly met with in India. 192. Turtur surAtENsIS (Gmel.). Never very common, but seen from time to time at all seasons of the year, in small flocks of four or five. [This is nearer the typical form of 7. suratensis than the Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 93 Spotted Dove of the plains, which approaches 7. tigrina. In one specimen the buff spots on the feathers are enlarged so as almost to make the back uniform, while all the tints are paler and more delicate than usual; four other specimens are undistinguishable from those generally obtained in the western Himalayas.—G. F. L. M.] 193. TreTRAOGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS (Gray). Common everywhere in favourable ground. It makes its nest at about 8000 or 9000 feet, and breeds early. Directly the young are hatched they go up to the lower edge of the snow—in fact, as high as they can. I procured a nestling about three days old on 28th May. Six eggs (which were hatched two days afterwards under a hen) were brought in the last week in June; the old bird was also snared and brought in, and being let loose she wandered round the tent all night. I have never seen these birds in large flocks like 7. tibetanus ; they are generally in pairs only. In the depth of winter a few collect together, but when disturbed separate at once. In the nestling the lower plumage is silky white unspotted ; the upper part white tinged with rufescent, here and there variegated with dark-brown markings, darkest and_best- defined on the head. Wings and tail pale rufous, mottled with dark brown, except on the terminal fringe. 194. CaccaBis CHUKOR (Gray). Very common. In summer it breeds at all elevations from 5000 feet to 10,000 feet, the nests at the highest elevations being hatched latest. At 5000 feet some of the young birds are able to fly by the first week in June. I took a single fresh egg out of a new nest on the 5th May. A nestling obtained on the 22nd July at about 6000 feet elevation, with the wing only 3°6 inches long, unable to fly, had the top of the head earthy brown with a slight rufescent tinge, ear-coverts deep brown, chin, throat, and cheeks white, the rest of the plumage pale earthy brown, each feather with a pale buffy-white tip, largest on the abdomen, where the brown is almost lost ; upper plumage rather darker, barred with pale buff, the bars edged with narrow interrupted 94 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. blackish lines; primaries hair-brown, with large irregular buff spots on the outer margin. . 195. Corurnix communis (Bonn.). Seen at intervals all through the year. In April becomes common, and breeds in May. Eleven eggs ready to hatch were brought to me on 26th June. 196. Ortrs TETRAX (Linn.). A male in winter plumage was shot on 27th March on a stony plain overgrown in places with coarse grass, about six miles from Gilgit. It weighed 214 ounces. Another was seen at the same time. The natives say that a pair or two are to be found in the same place every summer; so they probably breed there; but I doubt if the bird is to be found anywhere else in the district, as the ground is hardly suitable to it. 197. CHaraprivus FuLvus, Gm. After I left Gilgit, Dr. Scully secured a specimen during the autumn migration. 198. AcraLitis canTIANA (Lath.). A single specimen, a female, procured at Gilgit on the 20th September. 199. AiGIALITIS PHILIPPENSIS (Scop.). Tolerably common in April and May, in full breeding- plumage. 200. AicraLitis HrIATICULA (Linn.). Dr. Scully writes that after my leaving Gilgit he secured a specimen of this species. 201. VaNnEeLLUs vutearis (Bechst.). A few are to be seen at all times scattered about during the winter. In March they collect into flocks of twenty or thirty, and disappear about the 25th. Jerdon mentions that the only distinction between the sexes is in the size of the crest; but the few specimens col- lected seem to show that the females never have the lores, chin, and throat black like the male. The colours of the male also are much more intense. 2 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 95 202. Currrusta GREGARIA (Pallas). Two specimens were secured, a male and a female, one in each year, in the beginning of April, when the birds were apparently passing up from the south. The male had another one with it at the time of being shot. _ No others were seen alive; but one was picked up apparently freshly killed by a Falcon. Both specimens are in full summer plumage. The axillaries and inner lining of the wing are pure spotless white. 203. LosivANELLUs iNpicus (Bodd.)*. A single one was heard, but not secured, by Dr. Scully on 2nd June, after dusk. There could not be much chance of mistaking the cry for that of any other bird. 204. ANTHROPOIDES virGo (Linn.). One specimen was brought to me alive in September. Two flocks were seen on 29th August late in the evening, in very heavy weather, flying west. They appeared to have just come down from the Pamirs by the Hunza valley. 205. Scotopax rusticunA, Linn. A winter visitant. During the severe winter of 1877-78 Woodcocks were not uncommon, generally keeping to the small watercourses made for irrigational purposes. I have never seen any in the summer, though they probably breed in the valley. A single specimen in the collection, shot in January, has the pale tone of colouring which characterizes so many of the birds in this locality. 206. GALLINAGO soLiTARIA (Hodgs.). A few occur in winter and spring, at heights of from 5000 to 9000 feet. I have never noticed them in the summer. A specimen shot in January has the pale lines formed by the edges of the outer dorsal and scapulary feathers nearly pure white, and a good deal of white intermixed with the pale bands on the wing-coverts and secondaries. 207. GALLINAGO scoLopaciNA, Bonap. The ground is not sufficiently favourable to induce Snipe * (I subsequently obtained a specimen.—J. S.] 96 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. to remain in any numbers; but a few are always to be found all through the winter, from 2nd September to the end of April, along the watercourses and edges of rice-fields. [A point of distinction between this species and G. stenura (Temminck), in addition to those which have been noticed by various writers, is the conspicuous white tipping on the secondaries in G. scolopacina, corresponding to the wide white tipping of its under wing-coverts.—G. I. L. M.] 208. Limosa #£GocEPHALA (Linn.). After I left Gilgit Dr Scully secured a specimen during the autumn migration. 909. Macueres puenax (Linn.). A male was procured in September, apparently on its way southwards. ‘The colours are somewhat more vivid than those of the winter plumage; but the ruff and other breeding- insignia are wanting. (Wing 7:25 inches, tail 2°7, tarsus 1:75, bill at front 1°5). A female was subsequently secured in the same month—length 9°5 inches, wing 6, tail 2-4, tarsus 1°6; irides brown. 210. Trinca suBaRQuata, Giild. A single specimen, a male, shot on 7th September, evi- dently passing southwards. 211. Trinea minuta, Leisl. Since my leaving Gilgit, Dr. Scully writes that he found the Little Stint very common during the end of autumn and beginning of winter. 212. Trinca TEMMINCKI, Leisl. Four specimens obtained in May in transition plumage— two on the 14th, and two on the 22nd. Dimensions :— ¢, length 6:2, wing 3:8, tail 2°12, tarsus 0°7 ; 2, length 6:1, wing 3°75, tail 2-05, tarsus0°7. Irides brown. 213. Actitis GLAREOLA (Linn.). Several specimens occurred about 23rd April; but not noticed at other times. 214. Acritis ocHropus (Linn.). One specimen killed in January. Very common in April, Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 97 disappears May, June, and July, reappears in considerable numbers in the middle of August. 215. TRincoipEs HYPOLEUCUS (Linn.). Tolerably common about middle of May. A few strag- glers noticed during the winter. Considerable numbers sud- denly appeared in the middle of May for a short time. The dates of the northern migrations of these Waders are well marked, and differ a good deal. Actitis ochropus appears in considerable numbers about second week in April, and dis- appears a little before the end of May. A few stragglers remain all the winter, and also are found in favourable places above 8000 feet in summer. A. glarecla appears about the end of April, and disappears by the middle of May. No stragglers seen at any other time. T. hypoleucus and Tringa temmincki appear together in considerable numbers about 15th May, and disappear after a short stay. 216. Toranus ciorttis (Linn.). A single specimen, a male, was procured in September, apparently on its way southwards. 217. Toranus Fuscus (Linn.). Not common. One specimen secured on 23rd April, a male in transition plumage, sooty black feathers appearing on the head and undersurface. Secondaries incompletely barred with white, and wing-coverts with a row of white spots on the outer margin, upper tail-coverts and all the tail barred with white, under tail-coverts with a few narrow brown bars. 218. Toranus catipris (Linn.). A single specimen of the common Redshanks has been obtained by Dr. Scully since I left Gilgit. 219. Himantorus canpipus (Bonn.). One specimen, a female, shot in April; no others seen. 220. Funica atra, Linn. Common in November and December, but seems to go further south during the great cold, and reappears in March SER. IV.—VOL. V. H 98 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. and April on its way back to its breeding-grounds, when it is very common. It probably breeds at the big lakes at the head of the valley. 221. GALLINULA cHLOROPUS (Linn.). Common in spring and autumn. A’ young bird procured 26th August. 222. PorzaNna MARUETTA, Leach. Though I have procured specimens of three kinds of Rails, strange to say, I have never seen one about, nor has a man who has been employed in shooting birds daily for nearly two years ever procured one. All the specimens I have seen have been brought in alive by natives. I imagine that a few of each species breed here every year. They are cer- tainly only summer visitors. Two of this kind were brought to me, a male and a female— one in the middle of April, the other at the beginning of July. 223. Porzana pyemma (Naum.). One specimen, a male, was brought to me alive on 20th May, when it was evidently breeding. 224. Porzana PARVA (Scop.). Since my leaving Gilgit, Dr. Scully writes that he has secured an immature specimen which he believes to belong to this species. Wing 4 inches. 225. Crex PRATENSIS, Bechst. Since my leaving Gilgit, Dr. Scully writes that he secured a specimen during the autumn migration. 226. Ratius aquaticus, Linn. A single specimen which I refer to this species was brought to Dr. Scully alive, by a native, on the 25th April. Length 10:9 inches, expanse 15°25, wing 4°65, tail 2°3, tarsus 1:6, middle toe, 1°75, tibia (bare) 0°5, bill—from front 1°54, gape 1°7, depth 0°35. 227. Ciconia NicRA, Linn. Flocks of Black Storks appeared at intervals in February, Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 99 March, and April. One was brought to me alive on 14th April, with the glossy-bronze markings on the head and neck very vivid. 228. ARDEA CINEREA, Linn. Herons appear in the end of September, apparently on their way to the south, and again in the end of February, when they are common till the end of March, during which month they collect in flocks of ten or twelve, and gradually disappear, a few being seen till the beginning of May; but as they are known to breed in Kashmir, it is probable that a few pairs breed in Gilgit also. Most of them appear to go north- wards, to breed near the lakes at the head of the Gilgit valley, which are favourite breeding-places for water-fowl. 229. ARDETTA MINUTA (Linn. ). After I left Gilgit, Dr. Scully secured a specimen in the month of October. 230. Nycricorax erisnus (Linn.). One specimen brought in alive to Dr. Scully in the first week in May. A young bird in the collection, shot on the 8th July, has the wing 10 inches. 231. ANsER InDIcUS (Lath.). I have several times observed flocks of geese flying over Gilgit, but have never shot any in the district. Higher up the valley I saw a number and shot several specimens of this bird, which is said to breed on the Shandur lake in May. This was the only Goose I saw on the Pamir in April 13874. 232. CASARCA RUTILA (Pall.). A pair occasionally seen in autumn and spring. 233. Sparuta cLypEaTA (Linn.). The first Duck of the season, seen 30th August, looked like S. clypeata; and others were noticed in autumn and spring. One specimen shot. 234. Anas Boscas, Linn. Appears about the middle of October, and is the common H2 100 Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. Duck to be seen during the winter. It remains till nearly the end of April. 235. CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS (Linn.). Since my leaving Gilgit, Dr. Scully writes that he has secured a specimen of the Gadwal. 236. Dariza acuta (Linn.). The Pintail is seen at intervals during the winter, but is never common. It remains much later than Anas boscas. I have seen it as late as the middle of April. 237. Mareca PENELOPE (Linn.). A single specimen of the Wigeon has been procured by Dr. Scully since I left Gilgit. 238. QueRQUEDULA cRECCA (Linn.). To be seen at intervals all through the winter, from the middle of September to the middle of April, but is never very common or in parties of more than eight or ten, generally less. 239. QuERQUEDULA crRcIA (Linn.). Seen occasionally, but is never very common. I shot a pair in the middle of September, and one in the end of March. One shot 2nd September, and a flight seen flying from the north at the same time. I rather think this Teal only appears very early and very late but does not remain all through the winter. 240. Branta RuFINA (Pall.). I believe I identified two of this species among a flock of Ducks in March, but was not able to shoot a specimen. 241. Furreuta nyroca (Gild.). On one occasion in March I saw some of the White-eyed Duck among a flock of Teal ; and Dr. Scully has since written to me that he has secured a specimen. 242. Furicuna cristata (Linn.). Dr. Scully writes that he has procured a specimen since I left Gilgit. Major J. Biddulph on the Birds of Gilgit. 101 243. Mereus castor (Linn.). I have several times come across the Merganser in winter, in the mountain-streams, but never secured a specimen. 244. Popicers PHILIPPENSIS, Gmel. One specimen was secured by Dr. Scully out of a small flock on 29th March; but they are seldom seen, and ap- parently do not stop at all on their passage through. 245. Larus arrinis, Reinh. A single specimen which appears to be L. leucopheus (Licht.), but which now, according to Mr. Howard Saunders (Stray Feathers, vil. p. 463), stands as L. affinis, was pro- cured. Top of the head almost white, sinciput and ear- coverts darker, neck and upper plumage generally of various shades of brown, each feather edged with whitish except on the back, where the edgings are grey. Primaries brownish black, faintly tipped with whitish; secondaries brown, con- spicuously tipped and fringed on the outer margin with white ; inner web broadly margined with white, the basal portion bemg completely white; greater primary coverts brown bordered with white ; secondary coverts broadly edged with grey; lesser coverts coloured like the upper surface ; tertiaries and scapulars brown tipped with white; upper tail- coverts white, with a few brown spots; tail pure white at base, with a broad black terminal band; undersurface white, suffused with brown on the neck and sides of the breast ; under tail-coverts white, with a large brown spot on outer web near tip; axillaries pure white, a few of them witha brown spot at tip; under wing-coverts white, barred with brown. Dimensions (taken from dried skin)—wing 17:15 inches, tail 7°3, tarsus 2°65 (longer by 0-4 than the middle toe with claw, which, according to Mr. Howard Saunders, serves to distinguish this species from L. cachinnans and L. argen- tatus). Bill blackish, with horny tips, yellowish at base of lower mandible; length from gape 3°25 inches, legs and feet yellow. 102 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological 246. GELOCHELIDON AneLica (Mont.). Terns are seldom seen, and never linger on their passage through. One specimen secured 23rd April. 247. HypROcHELIDON HYBRIDA (Pall.). Two specimens secured 22nd April, when a party of eight or ten were seen. Ina young bird procured by Dr. Scully, 29th August, the bill is black, not red, as suggested by Hume (Stray Feathers, vii. p. 445), and the feet are dark brown with a reddish tinge. A Tern which looked like Sterna fluviatilis was seen by me on 25rd August, evidently passing through on its way south. 248. HypRocHELIDON NiGRA (Linn.). Since my leaving Gilgit, Dr. Scully writes that he has secured five specimens, which he believes to belong to this species or to H. leucoptera. The measurements vary from 8°2 to 9 inches in the wing, and from 0°74 to 0°9 in the tarsus. 249. GracuLus cargo (Linn.),. Several times I have seen a Cormorant which I assign to this species ; but I have never secured a specimen. On 12th September I saw a flock of five in the Sai valley. LV.— Ornithological Letters from the Pacific.—Nos.V. & VI.* By Orro Finscu, Ph.D., H.M.B.O.U., &c. No. V. Kushai. Pacific Ocean, on board the German schooner ‘Francisca.’ March 1st, 1880. We left Taluit (Marshall group) on February 15th, and made a fine and pleasant voyage of five days only to Kushai. The weather was exceedingly nice, and the sea was smooth ; but no birds were seen, except a few Tropic-birds (Phaeton flavirostris and P. ethereus). Onthe morning of the 20th of February we sighted the island of Kushai, which, with its mountains covered all over with dense woods, offers a most delightful prospect, especially for those who have been living * For No. IV. see Vol. IV. p. 429. Letters from the Pacific. 103 for months on uninteresting low coral islands. The mountains, although not exceeding 2000 feet in altitude, appear to be far higher, especially the steep peak of Mount Crozer, which forms an important landmark. The nearer we came the more de- lighted we were by the wonderful landscape; and when we anchored about noon in Chabrol Harbour, on the N.E. side, closed in by the small lovely hilly island of Lilla, with its nice-looking houses, we fancied ourselves in a Garden of Eden. The people (only about three hundred souls all to- gether), who came to pay us their welcome in their singular canoes, were exceedingly polite and amiable; all were clothed, and spoke more or less good English. But what sounded more agreeable to my ears than even the English language, were the voices of different kinds of birds, which formed such a concert as I had not heard since leaving Europe. In Hawaii you scarcely hear any thing but the harsh, unmelodious voices of the Mainas; and on the low coral islands there are only the cries of Terns and Waders to listen to. As soon as we had paid our visit to the “ Takuscha”’ (the first chief, or so- called ‘‘ king” of the island) we went out toshoot. The first bird I got was Drepanis cinereus of Kittlitz, not obtained since the time of its discoverer, which I at the first glance found to be a true Zosterops, as I had long ago suggested. This modest-looking little bird is by no means rare; and although not shy, it is not easy to obtain good specimens. It keeps in small companies of from three to five, flying from tree to tree in search of insects, and resembles in its habits some of our Titmice, especially Parus palustris. I did not hear it utter any song; but it has various whistling notes, of which the most peculiar resemble those of our Passer domes- ticus when alarmed, but are not so harsh. Zosterops, by reason of its dull plumage and quickness among the thick foliage of the trees, easily escapes notice ; but the gay-coloured little Myzomela rubratra and the Starling- hike Calornis pacificus cannot be overlooked. The former, so remarkable with its bright scarlet garb, is to be seen everywhere, on the flowers in the gardens, on the tops of the cocoanut-trees, and in the thickets of mangroves, and is not 104 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological at all shy. It is always moving about, flying from branch to branch, and utters several notes resembling those of our Nuthatch (Sitta) and Titmouse (Parus), varied with some melodious whistlings, which, taken together, form a sort of song, especially about daybreak, when a greater number of songsters are at work. I found an unfinished nest of the Myzomela. It was half- cup-shaped, made of fine fibres and mosses, placed in a forked twig of a mangrove, about ten feet above the water, and inge- niously protected from sun and rain by one of the strong and compact leaves of the tree. As is the case with most tropical birds, there does not seem to be a certain fixed breeding- season ; for at the same time that I found the nest, I got also young ones just able to fly, and old ones in nuptial as well as in moulting-dress. The young birds of Myzemela are smoky black, with some traces of red feathers on the neck, shoulders, and back. The female is like the male, but a little smaller and less brilliantly coloured. Next to Myzomela, or perhaps even more common, is Calornis pacificus. These birds keep in pairs or parties of from three to four, and fre- quent the gardens, plundering the fruit-trees, chiefly the Carice and bananas. Calornis is rather a silent bird, uttering only a few short Starling-like notes, and in manner and habits much resembles our Starling. I obtaimed young birds, distinguished by their dull blackish plumage, with pale edg- ings to the feathers underneath. Young birds have the iris whitish, or yellowish; but in the old ones it is invariably of a bright sulphursyellow. Both sexesare alike. I tried in vain to get examples of Lamprotornis (melius Sturnoides) corvina of Kittlitz. Kittlitz speaks of obtaining two specimens in the “mountainous woods of the interior,” where the species is “solitary and very rare.” The natives to whom I de- scribed this bird did not know it, as was likewise the case with the gay-coloured little Hrythrura trichroa, which Kittlitz also got in Kushai, and which I afterwards obtained at Ponapé. I may mention that the Long-tailed Cuckoo obtained by Kitthtz in Kushai, and subsequently at Uleai, is un- doubtedly Eudynamis taitensis, a species which I found in Letters from the Pacific. 105 the Gilberts, as also on the Marshalls and in Ponapé, and which seems to migrate over the whole of the Pacific islands, haying been recorded westward as far as the Pelews. A very lovely member of the avifauna of Kushai is the little Swiftlet mentioned by Kittlitz as Cypselus inguietus, and called by Streubel Cypselus ualensis, which is generally to be seen in small numbers or singly in the early morn- ing or late in the evening, before sunset. This little bird resembles in its mode of flight our Swift, but unites to it some Swallow-like habits, as it hovers about the tops of the trees or over the surface of the quiet lagoons. On shooting some specimens I found them to belong to Callocalia vani- corensis (Quoy & Gaim.), aspecies distributed over the whole Western Pacific, ranging westward to the Pelews and north- ward to Guam (Mariannes). Amongst the congeneric species this one is distinguished by its uniform smoky black garb, the rump being of the same colour as the other parts. Hunt- ing on the island of Lilla is very difficult, as there are so many stone walls of both modern and ancient times. Amongst the latter are some most remarkable cyclopean buildings, the architects of which are totally unknown, even to the present native generation. We stopped for about four days in Lilla harbour, and made several excursions up a little river, but were unable to enter the virgin woods, on account of the density of the trees and the undergrowth. It would require many hands to cut out a pathway ; and even then it would be impossible to advance, on account of the deep mud which covers ‘the level ground. For this reason I was unable to obtain specimens of the small Fruit-Pigeons (Ptilopus) of the island : although their call was frequently heard, yet nobody could penetrate to their roosting-places. Besides the birds already mentioned, I observed in Lilla harbour Anous stolidus breeding in the parasitic fern-clusters on the branches of high trees, also Gygis alba, which breeds in the trees, and Phaeton flavirostris, which resorts to the woods higher up the mountains. I need hardly say that Charadrius _ fulvus, Strepsilas interpres, Actitis ineana, and Ardea sacra were common everywhere ; for they are as inseparable bird- 106 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological figures in a Micronesian landscape as Charadrius fulvus on a Siberian tundra, or the Eider Duck in a Norwegian fiord. When on our way to Coquille harbour, on the western side of the island, where we had to march partly along the sands or coral-gravel, the last-named species was by far the most plen- tiful, but always singly, in pairs, or in small flocks, never in large numbers. During this trip I obtained light and dark specimens of Ardea sacra, the latter much darker (in fact, nearly black) than those since observed by me. Along the mangrove sea-margins Gygis alba was more common than elsewhere. We passed closed lagoons, sur- rounded by mangroves and patches of reeds, apparently made expressly for Ducks and other water-fowl ; but I endeavoured in vain to see any of them, or to rediscover “ Rallus monasa”’ of Kittlitz*. On account of the heavy rain, we had to stop at Taaf, a small place of three or four native houses, where we received a most cordial and kind reception. Notwith- standing the rain, we went out shooting, and had an oppor- tunity of watching the habits of Carpophaga and Ptilopus, so common everywhere in the woods. The singular call of the latter sounds like hoooo, hoooo, hoo, hoo, the latter two syllables repeated very quickly adozen times. We had heard it before in Lilla harbour; but it was the privilege of our consul, Mr. F. Hernsheim, to kill the first specimen, which proved to belong to an undescribed species peculiar to the islandt. When the native lad who was my guide showed me the first specimens of this Ptilopus, 1 was much in the same position as when I was invited to have the first look at some prongbucks on the prairies of the far west. I was quite unable to detect the bird amongst the dense foliage, although it repeatedly uttered its calls;.and I had to give my gun to the lad in order to securé the bird. Afterwards I became more accustomed to their ways, and was able to shoot these * Of this species I examined the type in the St. Petersburg Museum, and found it to be Ortygometra tabuensis (Gimn.). + PriLopus HERNSHEIMI, sp, nov. P. fasciate simillimus, sed macula epigastrii nulla, et rectricum fascia lata apicali flavissima. (Cf. P. Z.S. 1880, Nov. 16.) Letters from the Pacific. 107 small Pigeons myself. They are not at all shy ; but, as already explained, the difficulty is to discern the small green body, so much like the leaves around it. The Carpophage are there- fore easier to obtain ; besides they are much more common, and are not at all shy. They roost generally higher up in the trees, and need heavier shot. The call of these birds is a deep roo-oo, two or three times repeated, but is far less often heard than the lively call of the Ptilopus. Of the Carpo- phaga I got young ones, and old ones in moult, as well as birds in full dress; so that the breeding-season must vary very much, and extend over nearly the whole year. Both these Pigeons feed upon various fruits; and it is astonishing what large-sized ones they are able to swallow. In Coquille harbour I observed the same species of birds as I mentioned above, but I got besides Numenius pheopus and Phaeton flavi- rostris (captured on the nest), and I found large breeding colonies of Anous melanogenys, the loosely constructed nest being placed on the branches of mangrove trees, mostly at a considerable height, and not accessible even to good climbers. In the dense mangrove-woods, partially flooded at high tides, 1 found another winged animal, which old Gessner would have. taken for a bird, and which I at first took for the same. On the occasion of my first hunting-party, 1 saw for a momeut a large winged animal between the tops of the trees, and exclaimed “An Owl! an Owl!” beginning to consider at the same moment whether it would turn out to be Asio bra- chyotus or a new and interesting species. When, however, the same animal made its appearance a second time, I found the supposed Owl to be Pteropus ualensis, so erroneously called by the English “ Flying Fox,’ and by the Germans “Flying Dog” !! In the whole avifauna ai Kushai, of which I append a list, we find the total number of species to be twenty- two, of which only three, Zosterops cinerea, Sturnoides corvinus, aud Ptilopus hernsheimi are peculiar to the island. The others have a wider distribution in the Western Pacific, or are migratory birds. ‘To those acquainted with the next high island, Ponapé, it must seem very strange not to 108 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological find in Kushai representatives of the families Psittacide, — Alcedinidee, Muscicapide, and Campephagide, as the geolo- gical and botanical characters of the two islands are quite the same. I suspect Calamoherpe syring may still be found in Kushai, although it is not mentioned by Kittlitz and escaped my notice. Kittlitz, who in December 1827 and January 1828 visited Kushai (erroneously termed “‘ Ualan ”’), enumerated fifteen species of birds as observed there by him ; but a great number of these remained doubtful until I had the privilege of determining them. During a stay of only eight days, confined to the outskirts of the island, I may call it satisfactory to have collected examples of fourteen species, and to have observed four others, making a total of eighteen species, nearly the whole of the species known to exist on the island. Of these I add a list, in which those marked with an asterisk were collected by me. 1. EupyNaMIs TAITENSIS (Sparrm.). Cuculus, sp. inc., Kittl. *2, CoLLOCALIA VANICORENSIS (Quoy & Gaim.). Cypselus (= Hirundo esculenta, ex Java), Kittl. Cypselus inquietus, Kittl. *3. MyzoMELA RUBRATRA (Less.). Cinnyris rubrater, Kittl. *4, ZOSTEROPS CINEREA (Kittl.). Drepanis cinereus, Kittl. *5, CaLoRNIs PAciFicus (Gm.). Lamprotornis columbinus, Witt). 6. SruRNompDEs corvinus (Kittl.). Lamprotornis corvina, Kittl. 7. Erxyturvra tricuroa (Kittl.). Fringilla trichroa, Witt. *8, Prrtopus HERNSHEIMI, Finsch. *9, CaRPOPHAGA OCEANICA, Less. Columba oceanica, Kittl. Letters from the Pacific. 109 ‘A *10. CHaraprius ruLvus, Gm. Charadrius pluvialis, Kittl. ~*]1. Srrepsiias intERPRES, Linn. Strepsilas interpres, Kittl. *12. ArpgEa sacra, Gm. Ardea jugularis, Kitt. + *13. Acritis incana (Gm.), Tringa glareola, Kittl. + *14, Numenrus puxorvs, Linn. Numenius tenuirostris, Kittl. 15. OnrycoMeTRA TABUENSIS (Gm.). Rallus monasa, Kittl. +*16. Anous stotipus (Linn.). ““ Grosse dunkelbraune Meerschwalbe mit weissem Kopfe,” Kittl. + *17, ANOUS MELANOGENYS, Gray. Sterna panayensis s. tenuirostris, Kittl. +-*18. Gyeis apa (Sparrm.). Gygis candida, Kitt). + 19. Purrinus opscurus (Gm.). “ Schwirzliche Sturmvogel mit weissem Bauche, so gross als eine Lachméve,”’ Kittl. +*20. PHAETON FLAVIROSTRIS. Phaeton candidus, Kitt. 21. PHarton azTHEREUvs, Linn. 22. TacHyPEtes aquinus, Linn. , No. VI. Ponapé. Pacific Ocean, on board the German schooner ‘Francisca.’ March 17, 1880. When I wrote my paper “ Végel von Ponapé” (Journal des Museum Godeffroy, Heft xii. 1876, pp. 14-40) I had not 110 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological the slightest idea that four years afterwards I should be in: the happy position of visiting this fine island myself, and should be able to make some small contribution to its avifauna. Leaving Coquille harbour in Kushai (Strong Island) on the 29th of February, the ‘ Francisca’ reached Ponapé on the 2nd of March, and cast anchor in the fine harbour of Jamestown, in sight of the rocky island Tokoiti, one of the most beautiful spots on the north coast. To the description of the island given in my paper (/. s.c.), I may add that its appearance from the sea is not so picturesque as Kushai; the mountains have not the sharp peaks so remarkable in Kushai, and therefore do not appear so high, although in reality they exceed in altitude those of Kushai. Otherwise the islands are similar, as regards their volcanic formation and their vegetation. The whole island of Ponapé is covered with dense woods, which makes it almost impossible to reach the interior without the assistance of a great number of men. Notwithstanding these similarities, and although the distance between the two islands is not very great (being only 300 miles), the avifaunas show considerable differences, which are not entirely due to the greater size of Ponapé, which island is nearly three times as large as Kushai. While Kushai has only twenty-two species of birds, three of which are peculiar to the island, Ponapé has thirty-two species, six being pecu- liar, viz. Trichoglossus rubiginosus, Zosterops ponapensis, Myiagra pluto, Rhipidura kubaryi, Volvocivora insperata, and Aplornis pelzelni, none of which, except Zosterops, is con- generically represented on Kushai. Are not these facts rather strange and difficult to explain? We ask in vain why there is no Parrot, no Halcyon, or Muscicapine birds to be found in Kushai; and we are still less able to answer this question when we find that the geological, botanical, as well as the whole physical character of Kushai is just the same, and that these birds consequently could live on either island. On the other hand, we may ask why some small birds, with little power of flight, such as Hrythrura trichroa, do live on both islands, and why Zosterops semperi, wanting on Kushai, Letters from the Pacific. Lad is to be found on Ruck, and even on the Pelews, situated at a distance of 1400 miles. Again, why are the Péilopus and Phlegenas of Ponapé and the Ruck group the same, whereas Kushai has a peculiar species of Ptilopus? Such facts as these furnish abundant food for thought upon the subject of geographical distribution, and show that, although it may be easy to make general rules, exceptions occur which are very difficult to explain satisfactorily. Among the land-birds, Myzomela rubratra and Calornis pacificus are, in Ponapé as in Kushai, the most common, and to be seen everywhere. The latter seemed larger to me than those from Kushai; but I had not then the opportunity of making a close examination. A later comparison, however, convinced me of the identity of the Calornis of Ponapé and Kushai, as well as that of Ruck and the Pelews. The habits and manners of both these species are just the same as on Kushai. The Collocalia also occurs, and, according to the investigations of Mr. Kubary, breeds in the inaccessible holes of the big Sentinel rock of Tokoiti. Still more plentiful, or rather more easily observable, is Trichoglossus rubiginosus, discovered forty years ago by the ‘ Danaide’ expedition, and the habitat of which was mistaken by so many eminent ornithologists until the Austrian naturalists on board the ‘Novara,’ eighteen years later, settled the doubt. Since I have myself become acquainted with this smgular Parrakeet, I do not wonder that the members of the ‘ Novara’ expe- dition collected eight specimens in as many hours ; for this bird was the first that attracted my attention when landing on the island, and in less than half an hour I killed four speci- mens myself. This Parrakeet makes itself known by its con- tinual noise, uttered both on the wing and when resting in the foliage of high trees. It is not at all a shy bird, approach- ing fearlessly the neighbourhood of houses and plundering the fruit-trees, notwithstanding all the means taken to destroy them. They keep mostly in pairs, or in small companies of from three to five ; and often, when I had shot one of a flock, the remainder would come down to their crying comrade and share the same fate. Zosterops ponapensis, in contrast with 112 Dr. O. Finsch’s Ornithological its congener in Kushai, I generally found singly. Both species frequent the gardens, and keep more on the outskirts of the virgin woods, whereas the interior, with its almost impenetrable thickets of trees, undergrowth, and ferns, is the dwelling-place of Myiagra pluto, Rhipidura kubaryt, and Vol- vocivora insperata. The latter is a shy bird, exposing itself only momentarily to the observer. The manner of this bird is Thrush-like, whereas the two former much more resemble the Muscicapide. They rest on the lower branches of trees, watching for insects, or hover in the airto catch them. Rhi- pidura, especially, has a most lovely appearance in the thick of the woods, spreading out and closing its erected and strongly-marked tail-feathers, and fully deserves the English appellation of “ Fantail.” Phlegenas is confined to the interior of the woods, where it lives chiefly on the ground, and therefore easily escapes the observer, as was the case with me. Along the outskirts of the woods, and generally near to water, I found Halcyon cinnamomina; its peculiar cry, quickly and often repeated, arrests the attention of the orni- thologist. They are seen mostly in pairs, sitting on a dead branch and watching for their prey, which consists chiefly of insects and lizards. rythruratrichroa lives in small flocks, but is very local, and found only on a few of the more open and stony places on the hills. Far more rare and localized is Aplonis pelzelni, being, as Mr. Kubary tells me, confined to the high mountain-regions. Mr. Kubary showed me the nest and eggs of Erythrura; and oologists will be astonished to hear that the eggs are, contrary to all analogies, of a pure and uniform white. Calamoherpe syrinz is a true Calamo- herpe in every respect in habits and mode of breeding. The nest is built in the same style as that of our Calamoherpe turdoides, and fixed on two or three stems of reeds above water. How different localities can modify manners and habits considered to be peculiar, this species clearly shows ; for, from what Mr. Kubary tells me, this species breeds in the Mortlocks (where no reeds are found) in trees, and, what is still more remarkable, gregariously, there being a number of nests on one tree. I had not the pleasure of hearing this ——————— Letters from the Pacific. 113 very sweet songster, of which Kittlitz, Zelebor, and others speak with admiration. Of Hudynamis taitensis I obtained a single specimen, in very worn plumage, showing the shafts of the tail-feathers nearly naked. This species, of which only New Zealand is known as the true breeding-place, appears in Ponapé, as in all other Micronesian islands, only as a migra- tory bird, or rather straggler. I had supposed the same was the case with our Short-eared Owl (Asio brachyotus); but Mr. Kubary told me that this bird is stationary on the island, and showed me eggs of it. Of the Pigeons I can only repeat what I said in my letter from Kushai—that both (Ptilopus ponapensis and Carpophaga oceanica) are plentiful, and have the same manners and habits. Although the Ptilopus be- longs to a different species, I found no difference in the voice of this species and the one found in Kushai; perhaps sharper ears than my own would be able to detect some difference, even as many years ago when old Pastor Brehm professed to be able to distinguish Certhia brachydactyla by the peculiarity of its ery, although nobody else could distinguish the species. What I could say with regard to the Grallz and Sea-birds would be what I have already said in my letter from Kushai, or in my former letters ; therefore I avoid repetition; but I may mention that, according to the observations of Mr. Ku- bary, Charadrius fulvus, as well as the Strepsilas, Actitis, and Numenius are true birds of migration, resorting to Ponapé in the winter, although stray specimens of each of these species may be seen the whole year round. The two kinds of Anous, as well as Gygis, live in the same way as on Kushai; but it is a singular fact, and seems worthy of special mention, that two species of true Terns (Sterna bergit and S. melanauchen) occur here, whereas they are wanting on Kushai. Sterna fuligi- nosa, enumerated by me among the birds of Ponapé (P. Z.S. 1877, p. 781) should be erased, having been erroneously sent to me as coming from that island. The breeding-places of Puffinus obscurus are the highest mountain-tops; and they have been reached only by Johann Kubary. In my letter from Kushai I forgot to mention Jungle- fowls, which are also plentiful on Ponapé ; but on both islands SER. IV.—VOL. V. I 114 Ornithological Letters from the Pacific. they are not native species, but the offspring of imported tame birds, which have run wild and have returned to the original plumage of Gallus ferrugineus of Sumatra. This appears to me a most interesting fact im support of the stability of species, and goes to prove that nature is able to maintain a species, even if a great deal of the original character be lost under the continued influence of domestication. In speaking of the ornithology of Ponapé, it is a most agree- able duty for me to mention the name of Johann S. Kubary, in whose house I spent some delightful days. The fame of this indefatigable traveller and naturalist will be already known to the readers of ‘The Ibis,’ more especially in connexion with the Museum Godeffroy at Hamburg, for which Kubary was working in the South Seas ten years. How he worked, and with what enormous zeal and diligence, can only be under- stood by those who have had the pleasure of seeing all his ex- tensive manuscripts in various branches of science, which treat not only of zoology, but also of anthropology, ethno- logy, and language. No doubt Johann Kubary is the best living authority on the Pelews, Ruck, Ponapé, Nuguoro, and the Carolines generally ; and his researches would furnish the most accurate and minute details on this portion of Micro- nesia. Alas! his various careful and extensive reports, with the exception of a very limited number, remain in the archives of the Museum Godeffroy; and we can only express a wish that they may be published to the scientific world as soon as possible. The name of Kubary, hitherto merely known as that of a good collector, would then also be known as that of an excellent observer to whom: science should feel indebted for ever, as having obtained, through him, a full knowledge of the Caroline archipelago, as well as of various other parts of the Pacific. I append a list of the birds of Ponapé; those marked with an asterisk I was fortunate enough to obtain or to observe myself. 1. Asio brachyotus (L.). *2. Trichoglossus rubiginosus (Bp.). a Captain G. Shelley on new East-African Birds. 115 *3. Eudynamis taitensis (Sparrm.). *4, Halcyon cinnamomina, Sw. *5. Collocalia vanicorensis, Quoy et Gaim. *6, Myzomela rubratra (Less.). *7. Zosterops ponapensis, F. *8. Zosterops semperi, Hartl. *9. Calamoherpe syring (Kittl.). *10. Myiagra pluto, F. *l1. Rhipidura kubaryi, F. *12. Volvocivora insperata, F. *13. Calornis pacifica (Gmel.). 14. Aplonis pelzelni, F. *15. Hrythrura trichroa (Kittl.). *16. Ptilopus ponapensis, I. *17. Carpophaga oceanica, Less. *18. Phlegenas erythroptera (Gm.). +*19. Charadrius fulvus, Gmel. + *20. Strepsilas interpres, L. *21. Ardea sacra, Gmel. *22. Numenius pheopus, L. #23. Actitis incana (Gmel.) *24. Sterna bergii, Licht. *25. Sterna melanauchen, Temm. ~*26. Anous stolidus (Linn.). -*27. Anous melanogenys, Gmel., = Anous leucocephalus, ¥., Pee sil8l7, Pp. 7ol: *28. Gygis alba (Sparrm.). /*29. Puffinus obscurus (Gmel.). *30. Phaeton flavirostris. *31. Phaeton rubricaudus (Bodd.). *32. Tachypetes aquilus (L.). V.—On new Species of East-African Birds. By Captain G. SHELLEY. (Plate II.) Examptes of the following new species have been sent to me 12 116 Captain G. Shelley on by Dr. Kirk from East Africa. The collection which con- tained them includes many other interesting forms, which I shall refer to in a future paper. 1. Parus ALBIVENTRIS, Sp. 0. General plumage black; median wing-coverts white; greater wing-coverts and the quills edged with white on their outer webs ; the white edges of the inner primaries and outer secon- daries shaded with ashy olive: primary-coverts with almost obsolete pale edges ; the outer tail-feathers with the greater portion of the exterior web and the ends of the feathers white, the next pair having the end half of the outer webs very narrowly edged with white ; centre of the chest, abdo- men, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white ; inner margins of the quills cream-colour ; bill black ; legs slate-colour. Total length 7°75 inches, culmen °4, wing 3:3, tail 2°75, tarsus °8. Hab. Ugogo. This species, sent home by Dr. Kirk, is represented by two specimens, probably a male and a female, the latter of which I have here described. The other agrees well in its measure- ments, but is a trifle brighter in plumage, and the ashy-olive shade on some of the quills inclines rather to grey. 2. CosMOPSARUS UNICOLOR, Sp. 0. General colouring ashy brown; a triangular patch in front of the eyes almost black ; wings and tail glossed with metallic green, and with numerous narrow obsolete bars, only visible in certain lights; wing-coverts but slightly glossed with bronzy green; the green gloss on the secondaries rather stronger ; primaries nearly black, with the green gloss gene- rally of a deeper shade than on the remainder of the wing ; tail deep metallic green, or brownish black very strongly glossed with metallic green, and with numerous narrow black obsolete bars, more distinct than on the wing-feathers ; under surface of the tail black ; bill and legs black. Total length 12 inches, culmen ‘7, wing 5:1, tail 7:3, tarsus 1°35. Hab. Ugogo. Three specimens, all in identical plumage. Ibis 1881.PLIL. J Smit del Tlanhart imp SCHIZORHIS GEOL OhEt new Species of East-African Birds. 117 3. PoGoNoRHYNCHUS ALBICAUDA, sp. nD. Entire head and neck white ; eyelids and bare skin in front and behind the eye slaty black in the dried skin; back dark brown, with narrow white ends to most of the feathers ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure white, with the exception of the basal third of the centre feathers, which is dark brown; wings dark brown, all the coverts tipped with triangular white spots ; quills with similar terminal white spots, but less dis- tinct, excepting towards the inner secondaries; front of the chest, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts white, with the basal portion of a few of the latter dark brown; remainder of the body dark brown, with white ends to the feathers, forming irregular bars ; under surface of the wings dark brown, the coverts mottled with white, and the quills edged with white on their inner webs; bill blackish; legs slate- colour. Total length 6:7 inches, culmen 1, wing 3°75, tail 2°5, tarsus ‘95. Hab. Ugogo. A single specimen of this bird. It is closely allied to P. leucocephalus, from which it differs chiefly in having a white tail. 4. ScHIZORHIS LEOPOLDI, sp.n. (Plate II.) Forehead, crown, crest, back, wings, and tail uniform brownish ash; no feathers on the face, chin, and upper por- tion of the throat, which are jet-black ; ear-coverts, back of the head, and the neck white, with a large patch of green on the lower throat ; entire chest vinous brown, fading into a much paler shade on the thighs, abdomen, and under tail- coverts ; bill and legs black. Total length 20 inches, cul- men 1, wing 9, tail 11, tarsus 1:7. Hab. Ugogo. This species is closely allied to S. personata, Riipp., frem which it may be readily distinguished by the following cha- racters :—The bare skin of the face is jet-black ; there is no shade of green on the crest, nor on the under surface of the tail; the green on the lower throat is confined to a much smaller patch. 118 Mr. J. H. Gurney’s Notes on This handsome species I have named after Leopold, the present King of the Belgians, whose interest in the geography of Africa has rendered great service to scientific exploration, especially in the eastern regions of that continent, where the present species is found. Dr. Kirk has sent me two specimens of this bird from Ugogo, which agree perfectly in colouring and measurements. I presume them to be male and female. 5. GALLIREX CHLOROCHLAMYS, Sp. 0. Closely allied to G. porphyreolophus (Vig.), from which it differs in the pure green of the neck, upper back, and front of the chest, these parts having no shade of red, as is invari- bly the case in the more southern G. porphyreolophus ; the middle and lower back, not including the tail-coverts, are ashy blue, with no metallic gloss and no green shade; the blue of the wings is paler, and of a decidedly more ashy shade ; the metallic green shade on the greater secondaries is barely visible; the tail is slightly bluer; the abdomen and thighs are paler and more ashy. Total length 16:4 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 7°2, tail 8, tarsus 1°8 Hab. Ugogo and Dar-es-Salaam. This species I have named G. chlorochlamys, on account of its green mantle. This feature is not possessed by its South- African representative, G. porphyreolophus, which probably does not range so far north as Dar-es-Salaam. The specimens before me are two from Ugogo and one from Dar-es-Salaam, all collected by Dr. Kirk. VI.—Notes on a ‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. GURNEY. [Continued from ‘The Ibis,’ 1880, p. 471. ] Tur American genus Harpagus, which Mr. Sharpe includes amongst the Falconide, and which seems to to be rightly Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s Catalogue of Accipitres. 119 located on the outskirts of that subfamily*, agrees never- theless with the Pernine genus Laza in having two distinct teeth on the cutting-edges of the upper mandible, and also resembles it pterylographically, as poimted out by Nitzsch (vide Sclater’s translation of that author, p. 66) T. Of the three known species constituting the genus Har- pagus, one, H. diodon, extends as far north as British Guiana, whence there is a specimen in the Norwich Museum, and as far south as Rio Janeiro, an example from that locality being in the possession of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, whose fine series of the birds of this genus I have been kindly permitted to examine. I have not met with this species from any locality west of Brazil. As Mr. Sharpe does not give the colour of the irides in any of the species of the genus Harpagus, I may mention that Prince Maximilian of Wied has the following note respecting H. diodon :—<“‘ legs orange-yellow ; irides yellow” ft. I may add to Mr. Sharpe’s description of the immature plumage of H. diodon, that the brown shaft-marks on the feathers of the breast vary considerably in breadth in dif- ferent individuals, and that some young birds also exhibit broad brown cross bars on the feathers of the flanks. In H. diodon the under wing-coverts, axillaries, and tibial feathers are ferruginous at all ages; and this colouring, though sometimes a little less intense in immature than in adult birds, affords a safe diagnosis in comparing them with the young of the other two species, to which, except in this respect, the young of H. diodon bear considerable resemblance. In immature specimens of H. diodon there is frequently a transverse barring of two shades of rufous on the thighs, which I have not met with in any adult specimen ; and in one * If Harpagus be accepted as a Falconine genus, it can only be so as an aberrant one. Mr. Ridgway informs me that “ it is most nearly related, osteologically, to Ictina.” + It should, however, be mentioned that only one species (ZZ. biden- tatus) appears to have been pterylographically examined ; this was com- pared by Nitzsch with Baza lophotes. t Beitr. Orn. Bras. vol. iii. Abth. 1, p. 138. 120 Mr. J. H. Gurney’s Notes on young bird in the Norwich Museum the rufous thighs are crossed by two bars of dark brown. Messrs. Salvin and Godman possess a specimen in course of change from the immature to the adult dress, in which the newly assumed grey flank-feathers adjacent to the tibiz are slightly tipped with rufous, like those of the thighs. Of the three species of the genus Harpagus, the most widely spread geographically, and, so far as I have observed, the most variable in plumage, is H. bidentatus, which is found in Brazil, Guiana, and Trinidad, and, on the opposite side of the con- tinent, in Peru and Ecuador, also extending northward to Venezuela and Panama, from both of which localities the Norwich Museum possesses an adult red-breasted specimen. Leétaud, at p. 29 of his work on the Birds of Trimidad, speaks of the iris in H. bidentatus as yellow ; but this does not agree with the testimony of other observers. Prince Maxi- milian gives the following particulars in his article on this species* :—“ Iris bright cherry-red or light blood-red ; cere greenish yellow; lores and eyelids pale blue-grey; legs orange-yellow, feet rather paler; a young female had the irides and feet paler and the lores and eyelids a lighter blue than in the old bird, in which they are tinged with yel- lowish.” Tschudi describes the iris as blood-red +, and d’Orbigny as pale redf. An adult and very red-breasted female from British Guiana in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman is thus noted by the collector, Mr. H. Whitely :—“ November 27. Upper mandible black ; lower mandible light slate-colour; eye pink ; legs and toes ight chrome-yellow.” The immature plumages of H. bidentatus exhibit varia- tions of coloration which appear to me to be probably syn- chronous and individual, and not to mark successive stages ; these variations may be illustrated by a reference to the undermentioned specimens. No. 1. (Collection Salvin and Godman.) This is the * Beitr. Orn. Bras. vol, iii. Abth, 1, p. 132. t Faun. Peru. p. 107. } Voyage, Ois. p. 122. Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s Catalogue of Accipitres. 121 youngest example which I have examined, the bases of the wing- and tail-feathers being still enveloped in the nesting- sheaths ; it was obtained by Mr. Buckley at Sarayacu, in Ecuador. The upper surface, as well as the sides of the head and neck, are a very dark lustrous brown, the feathers of the nape showing white bases; the entire mantle is of a similar hue, but a little less intense; the lesser and median wing- coverts are narrowly and inconspicuously edged with rufous ; the lower scapulars are crossed by two concealed white bars ; and the inner webs of the quill-feathers of the wing are also barred with white; the tail, which is dark brown, has a nar- row white tip and two imperfect light and partially white cross bars; the throat is white, with a central and two lateral stripes of dark brown; the remainder of the undersurface is tinged with buff, which is darkest and most rufescent on the lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs, less so on the upper breast and under wing-coverts, and least so on the under tail-coverts; the feathers of the upper breast have narrow and very dark-brown shaft-marks, those of the abdo- men and flanks have rufous-brown shaft-marks, and the latter have two rufous cross bars, of which the lowest is terminal ; the thighs on their outer sides are transversely barred with alternate bands of dark and pale rufous; the axillaries in this specimen are still undeveloped. No. 2. (Collection Salvin and Godman.) A young female obtained in British Guiana by Mr. Whitely on 14th October. Though an older bird than No. 1, and beginning to assume adult plumage on the sides of the upper breast and in the tail, it is evidently an individual of a type of coloration similar to that of No. 1, from which it only differs in the following particulars :—The narrow rufous-brown tips to the feathers of the wing-coverts are more extensively diffused, the tertials and upper tail-coverts are slightly tipped with white, and the tail is crossed with three imperfeet white bars besides the white tip; the black marking on the throat is confined to the mesial stripe, the shaft-marks on the upper breast are rather larger, and the feathers of the flanks and sides of the breast, in addition to the rufous shaft-marks, are crossed with 122 Mr. J. H. Gurney’s Notes on transverse rufous bars; but with this exception, the entire undersurface is less tinged with rufous than in No. 1; the axillaries are cream-coloured. No. 3. (Collection Salvin and Godman). Be + * < ta ~ ° . ¢ : ‘ j ; ¥ . ‘ _ ’ f _ } ‘ ‘ * ~ . fet * * aie ay 5 ast ‘ ** gr ) i | ee Ps " ~ al ‘ pat ey an new and little-known Species of Trochilide. 597 Obs. E. hypocyanee affinis, sed capite nitente distin- guenda. This is also one of Mr. Whitely’s recent discoveries, he having found it in company with a number of well-known Keuador species of Humming- and other birds; so that it is ~ reasonable to suppose it came from that country. Its position in this genus seems to be certainly next to Hucephala hypo- cyanea, near to which #. subcerulea, Elliot, must also stand ; but from both these species it differs in having a shining green crown slightly washed with blue. + PanycHLora RUSSATA, Sp. 2. Aureo-viridis, pileo antico et corpore toto subtus nitidissimis, tectricibus alarum cupreo tinctis; cauda elongata, cupreo- viridi nitida; rostro nigerrimo: long. tota 3:0, ale 1:7, caude 1°3, rostria rictu0°75. Fem. subtus griseo-albida, regione parotica nigra; cauda viridescenti nitida, ad basin fascia subterminali chalybeo-nigra instructa; rectri- cibus omnibus przeter duas medias albo terminatis. Hab. Manaure, San Sebastian and San José, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (Ff. Szmons). Obs. P. poortmanni similis, sed cauda et tectricibus alarum cupreo tinctis distinguenda. This is the Panychlora we left undetermined in our paper on Mr. F. Simons’s collections from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta ([bis, 1879, p. 205; 1880, p. 174). Having since received other specimens from the same traveller in better condition, we are enabled to compare them more satis- factorily with the allied species. The russet coppery hue of the tail and the wing-coverts seems to distinguish it from all other species of Panychlora ; and therefore it becomes necessary to name it. The tail-feathers are wide and rounded at their ends, and rather longer than usual in members of this genus; but their peculiar metallic colour at once indicates the position of the species. SER. IV.— VOL. V. 28 598 My. E. Hargitt’s Notes on Woodpeckers. XLVIII.—On three apparently New Species of lyngipicus. By Epwarp Harerrt. Amone the many races and species of Iyngipicus which have come under my notice, there are three which I consider of sufficient importance to be worthy of the attention of ornithologists, and to be distinct from those already named. Of these the first is apparently a thoroughly distinct and good species, and is of especial interest as coming from North-east Borneo. It resembles in general coloration and certain characters Lyngipicus temmincki from Celebes, being an olive-backed bird. It may be briefly described as follows :— IyNGIPICUS RAMSAYI, Sp. 0. I. similis I. temmincki, sed paullo major; subtus flavo clare lavatus ; preecipue remigibus rectricibusque concoloribus et fascia occipitali lata scarlatina, haud interrupta, et dorso haud fasciato, fascia quoque superciliari alba ad latera colli producta distinguendus: long. tota 5:5, culm. 0°75, ale 3°2, caudz 1°3, tarsi 0°6. Hab. In Borneo septentrionali-orientali. Typus in mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. The second species has already been alluded to by Lord Tweeddale in his paper on the birds collected by Mr. Everett in Zamboanga and Basilan (P.Z.S. 1878, p. 943; 1879, p. 69); he, however, refrained from giving it aname. As I hope to be able to show later on (in a synopsis of the genus Tyngipicus) , I. validirostris of Blyth is the same as [. macu- latus (Scop.) ; and I therefore consider that the species from Zamboanga and Basilan requires another title, as follows :— IyNGIPICUS FULVIFASCIATUS, sp. n. I. similis I. maculato, Gm., ex insula Luzonica, sed cauda fulvescente, nigro late transfasciata, uropygio fulvescente, vix maculato, occipite macula utrinque lata notato distinguendus: long. tota 5°5, culm. 0°75, ale 3°25, caudee 1°45, tarsi 0°6. J Smit lith Hanhart imp LPOQSPIZA ERY THEDPRRYS Z2.SYNALLAXIS WHITII On Birds from the Argentine Republic. 599 Hab. In insulis Philippinis “ Basilan” et “Mindanao” dictis. Typus in mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. The remaining bird I propose to call IYNGIPICUS PUMILUS, sp. 0. I, similis J. canicapillo, sed valde minor et rectricibus 4: cen- tralibus nigris concoloribus distinguendus: long. tota 4°85, culm. 0°52, ale 2°78, caude 1:3, tarsi 0°55. Hab. 1m terra Tenasserimensi meridionali. Typus in mus. nostr. (coll. H. W. Oates). I am indebted to Mr. Eugene Oates for having drawn my attention to this bird, and also for having given me the speci- mens which have served as types. It is from Southern Tenasserim, and probably the same as the small race of I. canicapillus mentioned by Capt. Feilden (Hume in ‘ Stray Feathers,’ 1875, p. 59) as inhabiting the dense jungles around Thayetmyo. XLIX.—On two new Species of Birds discovered by Mr. E. W. White in the Argentine Republic. By P. L. Sctater, RAG, 2h.D,,. F.B.S. (Plate XVII.) Mr. E. W. Wuirt, F.Z.S., of 27 Calle Corrientes, Buenos Ayres, has lately sent to me for determination a small series of bird-skins collected by himself in the Argentine Republic, partly in the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres, and partly during his recent expedition to Oran and the upper pro- vinces of the Republic. Mr. White has also placed in the hands of Mr. E. Gerrard, Jun., for sale, some of his duplicate specimens, from which I have been able to obtain several desirable acquisitions for my collection. Amongst the Argentine birds which I have thus had an opportunity of examining, are examples of two apparently new species, which I propose to characterize as follows :— 1. Poospiza ERYTHROPHRYS, sp. noy. (Plate XVII. fig. 1.) ‘Supra fusca ochraceo tincta; pileo et regione auriculari utrinque cinereis; superciliis longis, castaneis ; alis nigri- 600 . Mr. P. L. Sclater on a new Puff-bird. cantibus, harum tectricibus albo terminatis et remigibus primariis extus albo limbatis; subtus castanea, ventre medio albicantiore; subalaribus et remigum marginibus internis albis; cauda nigricante, rectricibus duabus utrinque externis albo late terminatis; rostro plumbeo, pedibus obscure carneis; iride saturate brunnea: long. tota 5:3, alee 2°4, caudex 2°4, rostri a rictu 0°6. Hab. Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca (HE. W. White). Obs. Aff. P. nigrorufe, sed superciliis rufis et dorsi colore dilutiore facile distinguenda. 2. SYNALLAXIS WHITII, sp.nov. (Plate XVII. fig. 2.) Supra obscure brunnea, loris et superciliis albis; alis extus et cauda tota ferrugineo-rufis; subtus cinnamomea, in ventre medio dilutior, plaga magna gutturali nigra; remigum marginibus internis et subalaribus cinnamo- meis ; rostro nigro, pedibus pallide corylinis: long. tota 5°7, ale 2°5, caude rectr. med. 2°6, ext. 0°8, rostri a rictu 0:7. Hab. Oran, prov. Salta, reipubl. Argentine (H.W. White). Obs. Species S. scutate ex Brasilia proxima, sed dorsi colore non castaneo et crassitie majore diversa. L.— Characters of a new Puff-bird of the Genus Nonnula. By P. L. Scuarer. Uvon reexamination of the specimens of the Puff-birds of the genus Nonnulain my collection and that of Messrs. Salyin and Godman, I find that two distinct species have hitherto been united under the name N. frontalis. The former of these (from the interior of Colombia and Panama), distin- guishable by its rufescent crown and cinereous sides of the head, is closely allied to N. ruficapilla, and is legitimately entitled to bear the name frontalis. The latter (from Ecuador, but extending northwards into Colombia, and southwards into Peru), which has the whole cap brown, like the back, and no cinereous on its sides of the head, may be called NoNNULA BRUNNEA, Sp. Nov. Supra brunnea, fere unicolor, loris subrufescentibus ; alis et cauda nigricantibus ; secundariorum et tectricum mar- ginibus extus dorso concoloribus ; rectricum externarum Recently published Ornithological Works. 601 apicibus et ceterarum marginibus angustis rufescentibus ; subtus ferruginea, lateraliter obscurior, in ventre cris- soque magis cinnamomea; subalaribus et remigum mar- ginibus internis ventri concoloribus; rostro nigricanti- plumbeo, mandibula inferiore ad basin flavicante ; pe- dibus pallide fuscis: iong. tota 55, ale 25, caudee 2:3, rostri a rictu 1°]. Hab. in Colombia int., Aiquatoria, et Peruvia orientali. Mus. P. u. 8. et 8.-G. I base this species upon three examples obtained by Mr. C. Buckley at Sarayacu, in Ecuador. But Bogota skins and specimens which I have examined from several localities on _the Upper Amazons seem to be identical. N. brunnea will be figured in the forthcoming part of my ‘Monograph of the Jacamars and Puif-birds,’ which I am hoping shortly to bring to a conclusion. LI.—WNotices of recent Ornithological Publications. [Continued from p. 495. ] 94. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. [Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, vol. vi. no. 8, July 1881. Cambridge, Mass. | Besides the usual communications of more or less local interest, the last Bulletin contains the results of Mr. Cory’s expedition to Hayti, in two articles*. The new species of birds discovered are described as Picumnus lawrencii, Pheeni- cophilus dominicensis, Parra violacea, and Myiadestes mon- tanus. Of these the Picumnus is of special interest, as the form is quite new to the Antillean avifauna. The total number of birds given in the second article as obtained or observed is 65, which includes ‘nearly all the species pre- viously recorded from Hayti and Santo Domingo, besides a number new to the Island.” An outline map, showing the * (1) Descriptions of Four New Species of Haitian Birds: p. 129. (2) List of the Birds of Haiti, taken in different parts of the Island between January 1 and March 12, 1881: p. 151. 602 Recently published Ornithological Works. localities visited, which are near Port au Prince, at the western extremity of Haiti, is given, and short notes to each species. We trust, however, that Mr. Cory will hereafter " give us a more extended treatise on the subject. 95. Feilden on the Birds of Novaya Zemlya. [A Polar Reconnaissance, being the Voyage of the ‘ Ishjorn’ to Novaya Zemlya in 1879. By Albert H. Markham, F.R.G.S. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1881. Note on the Birds collected by Captain A. H. Mark- ham, R.N. By Captain H. W. Feilden, F.G.S., C.M.Z.S.] Captain Feilden contributes to Capt. Markham’s interesting narrative of his ‘ Polar Reconnaissance’ of 1879 an account of the ornithological collection, “ consisting of some sixty well-preserved bird’s skins, comprising 26 different species.” Notes on their distribution, derived from observations made by Capt. Markham, are added. Captain Feilden then gives a very useful account of our previous authorities on the Birds of Novaya Zemlya, and concludes with “ A list of the Avifaunaof Novaya Zemlya and Waigats,” deduced from these sources and from Capt. Markham’s collection. The list comprehends 45 species—amongst which are six — Passeres—three of which (Anthus cervinus, Plectrophanes nivalis, and Otocorys alpestris) appear to be regular visitants, and three (Ruticilla wolfi, Plectrophanes lapponica, and Hirundo rustica) occasional stragglers. 96. Krukenberg on the Colouring-matter of Feathers. [Die Farbstoffe der Federn. Von Dr, C. F. W. Krukenberg. Verglei- chend-physiologische Studien, Heidelberg, Abth. v.] In this first communication on the colouring-matters of feathers, Dr. Krukenberg describes the chemical reactions and spectroscopic characters of three different substances (Turacin, Zoonerythrin, and Zoofulom) present in the red and yellow feathers of birds. Turacin, as yet found only in the feathers of the Musophagide, particularly in the red feathers of the wing, gives two different absorption-spectra, according to whether it is in solution or not—a very unusual circum- Recently published Ornithological Works. 603 stance with organic pigments. A solution-spectrum has two absorption-bands, nearly coinciding in position with those of oxyhzmoglobin, from which, however, Turacin differs greatly in chemical composition, containing, as is well known, copper in abundance. Zoonerythrin gives a continuous spectrum, Zoofuloin one with two absorption-bands, which, however, are not those of Turacin. Attempts to extract blue, violet, and green pigments from feathers so coloured have as yet been unsuccessful; and these colours may therefore depend upon optical, and not chemical, causes. 97. Ridgway on an American Duck. [On a Duck new to the North American Fauna. By Robert Ridgway. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 1881, p. 22.] The Duck in question is Fuligula rufina, of which an ex- ample was obtained in Fulton Market, New York, in February _ 1862, ‘‘ supposed to have been shot on Long Island Sound.” It was at that time believed to be a hybrid, but on further ex- amination turns out to be an immature male of Fuligula rufina. 98. Ridgway on Amazilia yucatanensis. [On Amazilia yucatanensis (Cabot) and A. cerviniventris, Gould. By Robert Ridgway. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 25.] In this Journal (1879, p. 208) we ventured to dissent from Mr. Elliot’s view of referring Amazilia yucatanensis (Cabot) to A. cerviniventris, and suggested a reexamination of the question. This Mr. Ridgway has now undertaken by comparing Cabot’s type with Texan specimens of A. cervini- ventris. 'The result arrived at is that the species are distinct ; and comparative diagnoses are given. 99. St. John’s ‘Wild Coasts of Nipon. [Notes and Sketches from the Wild Coasts of Nipon, with chapters on cruising after pirates in Chinese waters. By Captain H.C. St. John, R.N. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1880, } Captain St. John’s account of his sporting and collecting adventures on the Japanese coasts will be read with great 604: Recently published Ornithological Works. interest. Many good notes on birds are interspersed in the text, see e.g. pp. 7, 97, and 146. An Appendix contains a reprint of the list of birds of Japan, given in the ‘Fauna Japonica, Capt. St. John being unacquainted with more recent works on the same subject, and a list of birds no¢ named in the previous list, but collected by himself. 100. Sclater’s ‘ Puff-birds and Jacamars, Part V. of this work (July 1881) contains figures of the following species of Bucconide :— Bucco radiatus. Malacoptila inornata. Malacoptila fusca. Malacoptila fulvigularis. Malacoptila rufa. | Malacoptila substriata. Malacoptila torquata. Micromonacha lanceolata. Malacoptila panamensis. Part VI., announced to appear in November, will contain the whole of the remaining illustrations. 101. Stolzmann on Steatornis caripensis. [Observations sur le Steatornis péruvien. Extrait d’une lettre adressée par M. Jean Stolzmann a M. L. Taczanowski. Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1881. } M. Taczanowski communicates M. Stolzmann’s observa- tions on Steatornis, extracted from his letters. M. Stolz- mann met with this wonderful bird in two localities m Peru— Ninabamba in the Department of Caxamarca, and Huabamba in the Department of Amazonas,—and, besides visiting the caves where it passes the day, also observed it in the forests at night. Here it resorts to the trees of various species of Nectandra, and plucks their fruits, fluttermg over the ends of the branches. The hard seeds of these fruits, as observed by M. Stolzmann in a living specimen of Sfeatornis, are rejected by the mouth. 102. Shufeldt on the Osteology of Speotyto and Eremophila. [Osteology of Speotyto cunicularia, var. hypogea, and of Eremophila alpestris, By R. W. Shufeldt, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. vol. vi. no. 1.] Mr. R. W. Shufeldt, First Lieutenant and Assistant- Letters, Announcements, &c. 605 Surgeon U.S. Army, describes at full length the various bones which are comprised in the skeleton of these two birds. Mr. Shufeldt’s memoir would, perhaps, have been of greater general use if further points of comparison between the two forms and their allies had been given. Four well-drawn plates illustrate the memoir. LII.—Leiters, Announcements, &c. We have received the following letters addressed to the Editors of ‘ The Ibis’ :— British Museum, June 25th, 1881. Sirs,—The name which I proposed in ‘The Ibis’ for the beautiful Laniarius nigrithorax of the Gold Coast being a vox hybrida, which I ought to have known better than to compound, I am anxious to change it into a more classically correct one, and propose to alter it ito melanothorax. A similar instance occurs in Cinclosoma castaneothorax of Gould, which ought to be altered, and which I suggest should henceforth be called erythrothoraz. I am, &c., R. Bowpter Sarre. Turin, Zoological Museum. June 30th, 1881. Srrs,—In the April number of ‘The Ibis’ for this year (pp. 258-267) are some “ Notes on some Hawks of the Sub- genera Cooperastur and Urospizias,’ by Mr. Gurney, con- cerning which I have to offer a few remarks. . Mr. Gurney describes and figures a young specimen, marked as male by the collector, of Urospizias albigularis : this is described as smaller than the type specimen in the British Museum, and more so than the type specimen of U. meyerianus (Sharpe), which is the largest of the three ; so that Mr. Gurney is ready to conclude “that the still larger U. meyerianus (Sharpe) is not ” (as supposed by me) “the female SER. 1V.— VOL. V. 27 606 Letters, Announcements, &c. of U. albigularis, but a distinct and larger species.” I can only reply to this, that having compared together the types of U. albigularis and U. meyerianus, I have found in their dimen- sions the usual amount of difference between male and female of the same species of Hawk. As to the specimen described by Mr. Gurney, as it is a very young one, it cannot have the dimensions of a fully adult male ; so that we can easily sup- pose that it might have grown to the dimensions of the type specimen in the British Museum, which I have taken for a male, while I have considered the type of U. meyerianus to be the female of the same species. Although it appears to me that such is the state of things, I am quite ready to admit that we want a larger series of specimens before all doubt can be removed as to the question of U. albigularis and U. meye- rianus being the same species or not. The other point in which I am concerned relates to Uro- spizias torquatus. It seems that Mr. Gurney is inclined to admit that the bird from New Guinea, U. sharpii (Ramsay), is probably different from that from the Timor group, U. tor- quatus (Temm.). According to Mr. Gurney the principal difference between the Urospizias from the south of New Guinea (which seems to extend also to New Ireland and the New Hebrides) and the one from Timor and Western Australia would be in the under tail-coverts, which are white and unbarred in the second form, while the same feathers are white but transversely barred with rufous in the first form. Such is the case certainly in all the adult specimens (four in number) from Yule Island, which I have still before me; but at the same time I must say that there is a great variation in the intensity of the rufous bars, which in one specimen are very distinct, while in the other three the under tail-coverts are much whiter and the rufous bars less distinct. After four years’ interval I no longer remember how the under tail- coverts were in the specimen from Western Australia (Péron) in the Paris Museum, nor in the specimens from the Timor group in the Leyden Museum ; but Schlegel has figured a spe- cimen from Timor with the under tail-coverts barred, and Mr. Gurney himself mentions another (from the same place) Letters, Announcements, &c. 607 in the British Museum of a similar description. At present I can only say that, having at the time compared the birds from Yule Island with the specimen from Western Australia in the Paris Museum (type of Nisus australis, Less.), and with other specimens in the British Museum, two of which are from Waigiou, as also with those in the Leyden Museum, they all appeared to me to belong to one and the same species. Should the New-Guinea Urospizias (which I have regarded as U. torquatus) be specifically different from that of Timor, it cannot be called U. sharpit (Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soe. N.S. W. in. 1878, p. 173), as assumed by Mr. Gurney, as, before Ramsay used that name, there was already an Astur sharpii, Oustalet (Bull. Soc. Philom. i. 1875, p. 25), from the Mari- anne Islands. In answer to the last remark of Mr. Gurney I must con- fess that I have not examined the types of Urospizias syl- vestris (Wall.) ; and also, if I have included Flores among the localities inhabited by U. torquatus, it was on Schlegel’s authority, and, perhaps, also on account of not having found in the specimens from Flores in the Leyden Museum sufficient differences to induce me to consider the birds specifically distinct. I admit that, if such was my opinion, I ought to have quoted Astur sylvestris, Wall., among the synonyms of U. torqguatus, which I have omitted to do by oversight. If U. sylvestris is entitled to specific rank, it follows that Flores must be excluded from the localities inhabited by U. torquatus. I am, sirs, Yours &c., T. Satvaport. Estancia ‘Los Yngleses,’ en Aj6, Buenos Ayres, July 4th, 1881. Srrs,—In ‘The Ibis’ for 1880, at p. 22, there are some ~ breeding-notes inserted under the heading of Lichenops per- spicillata, Gm. 608 Letters, Announcements, &c. These notes properly appertain to Ageleus thilius (Mol.).a species I had not included in my paper of that date ; and it is only since the publication of the same that I have dis- covered the error into which I have fallen. Lam, &c., Ernest Gipson. Mr. A. O. Hume, the Editor of ‘Stray Feathers,’ writing (May 19th last) “on the extreme eastern summits of Mu- nipur, overlooking the unexplored valley of Kubo, and with a distant view of the broad stream of the unknown Ning-tee river” before him, says :— “T have just had such a misfortune. I discovered here a lovely Pheasant; I succeeded in getting only two males: of one I made a superb skin; the other I had alive; the poor thing had got so tame, and would take rice (boiled) and in- sects out of my hand. The other night, after almost the first dry hot day we have had, my people, in the middle of the night, managed to set my mat hut on fire. It went up like an ex- plosion of gunpowder; and amongst other things the poor dear Pheasant that I had reserved expressly for you was burnt to death. The feathers were terribly burnt; but I have made askin of it; and this I will send home to you to give you some idea of what it is like, if, as I believe, it proves to be new. Here I have not even ‘ Jerdon’ or ‘Stray Feathers ;? but I know all the Pheasants, I think ; and I believe this is new. The good skin I had luckily sent away before this fire; so that it is all safe. It is such a lovely bird, according to my remembrance closest to Gallo- phasis ellioti, but with the back and rump barred black and white, like, or somewhat like, a Gallophasis.” Obituary.—We are grieved to announce the death of Count Ercore Turatt, which took place in Milan on the 30th of July, after a long and painful illness, at the age of only 52 years, he having being born on the 10th of July, 1829, at Burto Arsizio. Letters, Announcements, &c. 609 He was passionately fond of collecting birds, and, being a wealthy man, he succeeded in making one of the most splendid private collections, numbering over 20,500 mounted specimens (with about 500 skeletons), belonging to 7200 species. There is nothing equal or approaching to this in Italy, even in public collections, the richest of these, that of the Museum of Turin, not yet reaching 10,000 spe- cimens. Count Turati began his collection at the early age of fifteen, in October 1844, with a few birds killed by himself in Lom- bardy, and gradually increased and even enriched it with important specimens and typical collections. Among these we have to notice Malherbe’s typical collection of Wood- peckers, that of Loche’s birds of Algeria, and the choicest part of Verreaux’s Humming-birds. The New-Guinea col- lection, consisting of d’Albertis’s, Beccari’s, Bruijn’s, Meyer’s, and Laglaize’s duplicates, is particularly rich. Some groups are extraordinarily numerous—among others the Birds of Paradise (which includes the finest specimens to be seen), that of the Parrots (containing more than 350 species, with more than 1000 specimens), those of the Woodpeckers, of the Humming-birds, of the Goatsuckers, of the Pigeons, of the Hawks, of the Ducks, and of the Struthious birds. Among the things worthy of particular notice are a mounted specimen aud a skeleton of Alca impennis, also a mounted specimen of Nestor productus, both species, as is well known, being extinct. Besides, in the late Count Turati’s collection are more than one ‘hundred typical specimens, some of which are still unique. It would take too long to mention the many typical Papuan specimens described by Meyer or by the undersigned, so we shall only mention here Verreaux’s Diphlogena traversi, Ma- lacoptila castanea, Dryoscopus turati, and Finsch’s Lamprolia victorie, Charmosyna josephine, Goura scheepmakeri, and many others. ; One of the peculiarities of the late Turati’s collection is the great number of varieties, albinos, melanisms, and other kinds. Count Turati’s collection was accessible to everybody, as SER. IV.—VOL. V. 2U 610 Letters, Announcements, &c. he was always ready to show, or even to send, specimens to those who wanted them for study; many of them have been mentioned by the undersigned. Unfortunately, being absorbed in business, he had no spare time to study his collection himself, so that his name is connected with ‘that of only two species, viz. Pharomacrus xanthogaster and Rhipidura vidua. The late Count Turati, besides having given much attention to the birds of Lombardy, furnished the materials for Bettoni’s great work, ‘ Gli Uccelli che nidi- ficano in Lombardia,’ which, for the beauty of its plates, is the most splendid of all the ornithological works published in Italy. We do not yet know what will become of the late Count Turati’s magnificent collection, but have no doubt that his heirs will arrange matters so that the splendid monument left by the Count will always be of benefit to science. Count Turati was a generous man, and always ready to aid scientific enterprises in which researches in natural history were concerned. It is greatly to be wished that others may imitate him, both in Italy and elsewhere. T. SALVADORI. A letter received from Dr. Finsch, dated Sydney, August 19th, 1881, confirms the report of the death of the well-known German collector Kiervscumipt. He was killed in July last by the natives of New Britain, where he was engaged in collecting for the Museum Godeffroy. Dr. Finsch, when he wrote, was planning a visit to Thurs- day Island, in Torres Straits, and the adjoining districts of New Guinea. He had just returned from a short visit to New Zealand, of which he promises us an account for our next Number. Acanthisitta, 175. Aceentor, 75, 568, 569. alpinus, 569. altaicus, 74, 569. atrogularis, 75, 76, 569. fulvescens, 75, 76, 569, 570. huttoni, 75. jerdoni, 75, 569. montanellus, 76, 186, 570. — wultistriatus, 569. —— nipalensis, 74, 568, 569 strophiatus, 75, 569. temminckii, 76. Accipiter brevipes, 186. —— etorques, 535. haplochrous, 135. hawaii, 487. melaschistus, 41. nisus, 41, 78, 419. poliogaster, 258. virgatus, 365, 391. Acredula caudata, 194. irbyi, 193. rosea, 194. tephronota, 186. Acridotheres javanicus, 153. melanosternus, 163. Acrocephalus, 493. albotorquatus, 283. — dumetorum, 64, 448. palustris, 199. Actitis, 113. glareola, 96, 97. incana, 105, 109, 115, 136, 246. ochropus, 96, 97. Actiturus longicaudus, 184. INDEX. Adelarus leucophthalmus, 186 Adelomyia, 596. Adelura cxruleocephala, 64. Aedon familiaris, 199. —— galactodes, 186, 199. Adgialitis cantiana, 94. —— curonica, 587. hiaticula, 94, 587. philippensis, 94. /®giothus linaria hol- bolli, 491. linarius, 203. rufescens, 203. AKgithaliscus leucogenys, GSO AK githina scapularis, 148. AXgotheles, 132, 176. savesi, 132. /Esalon, 277. AKthopyga siparaja, 151, 502, 503. Agapornis, 21. Agelxus chrysopterus, 479. —— pheeniceus, 183. —— thilius, 608. Agelastus, 176. Agrodroma richardi, 200. Alauda arvensis, 89, 200, 582. dulcivox, 89, 90, 582. —— gulgula, 90, 583. —— guttata, 89, 90, 582, 583. —— pispoletta, 580. Alaudula adamsi, 89, 580. —— pispoletta, 89. Alcea impennis, 609. —— troile, 187. Alcedo, 24, 175. —— bengalensis, 382. Alcedo mininting, 381. Alcippe nigrifrons, 163. Alcurus ochrocephalus, 147. Alectrophasis erythroph- thalmus, 531. Alseonax fantisiensis, 487. Alsocomus hodgsoni, 91, 583. Amadina ferruginosa, 152. oryzivora, 524. —— undulata, 152. Amaurospiza unicolor, 335. Amazilia cerviniventris, 603. —— yucatanensis, 603. Amblynura, 544, Ammomanes cinctura, 183. —— deserti, 183, 187. —— lusitana, 183. Ampelis tersa, 243, Anabates leucopterus, 411. Analcipus, 32. —— consanguineus, 33. —— cruentus, 32, 33, —— rubropectus, 33. —— sanguinolentus, 33, Anas acuta, 593. —— boseas, 99, 100, 592. castanea, 162. —— circia, 593. —— erecea, 593. —— gracilis, 162. —— penelope, 593. —— strepera, 592. —— wyvilliana, 492. Anastomus, 176, 483. 612 Anastomus lamelliger, 483. —-— madagascariensis, 483. Andropadus minor, 473. Anorrhinus galeritus, 159. —— tickelli, 159. Anorthura borealis, 499. Anous, 113. ceruleus, 177, 252. cinereus, 252. leucocephalus, 115. melanogenys, 107, 109, 115. stolidus, 105, 109, 115, 246, 247, 252, 540. sp., 314. Anser albifrons, 215. brachyrhynchus, 187. erytbropus, 187. indicus, 99. ruficollis, 481. Anthocephala floriceps, 595. Anthochera aubryanus, 133. Anthodizta zambesiana, 125. Anthracoceros conyexus, 159. Anthreptes hypogrammi- ca, 504. malaccensis, 151, 503, 504. —— orientalis, 283. simplex, 504. Anthropoides virgo, 95, 164, Anthus blakistoni, 70, 453. campestris, 70. cervinus, 70, 200, 602. maculatus, 452. obscurus, 183. rosaceus, 70, 452. spinoletta, 71. trivialis, 70, 452. Antrostomus vociferus arizonex, 475. Aphantochroa cirrochlo- ris, 048. Aphobus chopi, 339. Aplonis, 542. rufipennis, 542. Aplornis pelzelni, 110, 112; 115. Aprosmictus broadbenti, 286. — callopterus, 287. INDEX. Aprosmictus chloropte- rus, 287, 487. Apteryx, 18, 478. Aquila adalberti, 186. —— chrysaetus, 41, 419. clanga, 187. maculata, 187. —— mogilnik, 186. j nipalensis, 186. —— pomarina, 187. rapax, 186. wahlbergi, 182. Ara spixi, 316, Arachnechthra edeni, 487. Arachnothera chrysoge- nys, 901. — — longirostra, 501. —— modesta, 501, 502. —— pusilla, 501. Aramides cayennensis, 358. Aramus, 4, 25. — — scolopaceus, 23. Archxopteryx, 164. Ardea brag, 592. —— candidissima, 318, 309. cinerea, 99, 591. — jugularis, 109. melanocephala, 128, sacra, 105, 106, 109, 115, 246, 251, 540. sinensis, 540. Ardetta minuta, 99, 592. Argusa giganteus, 530. Artamides larvatus, 145. Artamus insignis, 536. leucorhynchus, 153. Arundinicola leucocepha- la, 341. Asio accipitrinus, 45, | brachyotus, 107, 118, 114, 425. capensis, 186. otus, 45, 424. Astur, 265. ——- cenchroides, 40. cruentus, 262. palumbarius, 40, 9 sharpii, 487, 607. sylvestris, 607. Asturina, 397. Asturinula monogram- mica, 124. Atelornis, 175. Athene, 535. Atrichia, 26, 27, 175. Attagis, 24, 176. Atticora cyanoleuca, 329. Baleeniceps, 176. Balearica, 494, 495. chrysopelargus, 495. pavonina, 186. regulorum, 494. Basileuterus, 240, auricapillus, 240, 329. vermivorus, 240, Batrachostomus, 176. septimus, 492. Baza, 119. lophotes, 119, 369. Berenicornis comatus, 384, 385. Bernicla brenta, 185, ilies leucopsis, 185. - ruficollis, 214, 481, 495. Blacicus blaneoi, 479. Bonasia betulina, 206, sylvestris, 306. Botaurus stellaris, 6. Brachypodius melanoce- phalus, 512. Brachypteracias, 175. Brenta rufina, 100. Bubo ascalaphus, 46. bengalensis, 425. hemachalanus, 426. ignavus, 45, 46, 425, 426. maximus, 46, 426. sibiricus, 46. turcomanus, 45, 46, 425, 426. Bubulcus ibis, 212. Bucco bicinctus, 168. chacuru, 168. — macrodactylus, 167. maculatus, 167. — pulmentum, 168. radiatus, 604. ruficollis, 167. —— striatipectus, 167. striolatus, 168. tamatia, 168. Buceros, 7. mindanensis, 492. — montani, 483. rhinoceros, 383. ruficollis, 537. subcylindricus, 159. Buchanga cineracea, 144. leucopygialis, 163. —— longicaudata, 37, 51, 436. Bucorvus abyssinicus, 7. eafer, 159. Budytes calearatus, 69, 452. cinereicapillus, 68, citreoloides, 70. citreolus, 69, 70, 452. dubius, 69. — flavus, 69, 200, 517. melanocephalus, 69, 200. —— rayi, 69, 200. taivanus, 517. viridis, 200, 452. Buphaga, 175. Butalis grisola, 52. Butastur indicus, 365, Buteo, 397. desertorum, 186. erythronotus, 275. ferox, 42, 182, 420. —— japonicus, 42, 421. menetriesi, 487. —— plumipes, 42, 421. solitarius, 492. Butorides cyanurus, 355, Bycanistes albotibialis, HO! buceinator, 159. Cacatua, 21. ophthalmica, 537, 538. sulphurea, 6, Caceabis chukar, 41, 93, 586. pallescens, 586. pallidus, 586. Cacomantis threnodes, 391. Calamoherpe, 112. arundinacea, 244. strepera, 244. — syrinx, 108, 112, 115, 246, 247. turdoides, 112, 244, 247. Calandrella beetica, 187. brachydactyla, 88, 579. — minor, 183. pispoletta, 201, 580. Calandritis heinii, 580. Calliope camtschatkensis, pectoralis, 64, 447. tschebaiewi, 447. INDEX. Callipharus, 487. Calliste, 332. fastuosa, 331. festiva, 332. flaya, 332. Callolophus puniceus, 389 Callophasis ellioti, 608. Calobates melanope, 68, 452. Calodromas, 176.° Calcenas nicobariea, 274, 538. rubescens, 249. Calornis, 104, 111, 537, 543. atronitens, 543. — eantori, 537. —— ecantoroides, 543. — chalybeius, 519. —— fusco-virescens, 491. — inornata, 491. — metallica, 543. nitida, 535, 537. pacificus, 105, 104, 108, 111, 115. Calyptomena, 175. Campephaga analis, 171. Campophagide, 486. Campothera chrysurus, 128, Campylorhynchus cinna- momeus, 409. —— fasciatus, 411. —— griseus, 411. Cancroma, 29. Cannabina flavirostris, 203. Caprimulgus, 192. xgyptius, 192. europeus, 192, 428. , var. aralensis, 429, -macrurus, 376. ---— ruficollis, 182, 192. tamaricis, 191, 192. unwini, 48, 428, 429. Carcineutes 160. —— melanops, 160. — pulchellus, 160, 381. Cardinalis, 336. Carduelis caniceps, 85, 578. major, 487. orientalis, 578. Cariama cristata, 358. Carine glaux, 186, 189. amabilis, 613 Carine noctua, 189. Carpodacus, 157. erythrinus, 83, 84, 204, 577. mongolicus, 577. pallidus, 83. rubicillus, 82, 88. sophie, 84. Carpophaga, 21, 106, 107, 176. senea, 527. — bicolor, 519, 527. goliath, 21. latrans, 20, 21, 492. melanochrea, 538. novee-zealandize, 162. oceanica, 108, 113, Talis rhodinolema, 492. — rubicera, 535, 588. ——- van-wycki, 538. Casarea rutila, 99, 214. Cassicus persicus, 338, 339. Casuarius, 478, 487. australis, 500. beceari, 401, 402, 500. bennetti, 539, 402. galeatus, 401. kaupi, 500. Catarrhactes antipodes, 483. Cathartes atratus, 315, 354. aura, 23, 354. Catharus aurantiirostris, 493. birehali, 493. melpomene, 493. Cenchris naumanni, 470. Centrococcyx bengalensis, 395. eurycercus, 394. —- javanensis, 141. rufipennis, 394. Centropus, 176, 535. —— ateralbus, 537. — phasianus, 8. rufipennis, 8. Cephalopterus, 175. Cephalopyrus flammi- ceps, 71. Cerchneis, 277, 455. leucophrys, 564. naumanni, 188. saturatus, 419. tinnunculus, 40, 418. 614 Cercotrichas macrura, 515. Certhia, 195. brachydactyla, 113, obs familiaris, 195, 431. —— himalayana, 50,431. hodgsoni, 50, 431. spiza, 243. Certhilauda desertorum, 187. duponti, 187. Certhiola chloropyga,330. portoricensis, 479. Ceryle, 175. americana, 349. rudis, 186. Cettia ussuriana, 493. Ceyx rufidorsa, 381. Chetura gigantea, 372. leucopygialis, 372. Chalcites, 1386. lucidus, 136. ?, 136. Chalcoparia singalensis, 5 Chalcophanes_ brachy- pterus, 479. Chaleophaps indica, 528. Chalcostetha insignis, 502, 503. Chamea, 175. Chameepelia 307. talpacoti, 357. Charadrius fulvus, 94, 105, 106, 109, 113, 115, 135, 136, 184, 246, 251, 530, 586. pluvialis, 109. Charmosyna josephin, 609. Chaulelasmus streperus, 100. Chauna, 11, 17, 22, 176. -—— derbiana, 11, 22. Chelidon cashmeriensis, 2 griseola, cashmiriensis, 428. urbica, 47, 192, 428. Chen hyperboreus, 187. Chenalopex sxgyptiacus, 185, 214. Chettusia gregaria, 95, 208, 587. —-— villotei, 208. Chimarrhornis — leucoce- phala, 64. Chiroxiphia pareola, 344, INDEX. Chlorolampis maugeeus, 479. Chloromyias laglaizei, 165, 287. Chloronerpes affinis, 349. Chlorophanes, 243. atricapilla, 242. — spiza, 242. Chlorophonia cyanodor- salis, 179. oevidentalis, 179. Chloropsis nigricollis, 148, 149. Chloroptila citrinella, 203. Chlorospingus speculife- rus, 479. superciliaris, 311. Chlorura hyperythra, 546. Chroicocephalus ichthy- aetus, 187. melanocephalus, —— minutus, 218. ridibundus, 218. Chrysobronchus vires- cens, 348. Chryscenas victor, 492. viridis, 492. Chrysolampis moschitus, 348. Chrysomitris yarrelli, 337. Chrysophlegma xantho- derum, 163. Chrysotis, 284, 352, 41], 412, 414. zstiva, 319, 352. albifrons, 413. apophenica, 415. bodini, 412. —— bouqueti, 284, 412. canipalliata,412,415. — celigena, 414. cyanopis, 414. dufregniana, 414. erythrura, 412. lactifrons, 412, 414. mercenaria, 413. — nichollsi, 284, 413, 414. — ochrocephala, 413. ochroptera, 412. panamensis, 413, 414, versicolor, 414. vittata, 479. Cicinnurus, 282. Ciconia nigra, 98, 591. Cinclosoma castaneotho- rax, 605. erythrothorax, 605. Cinclus, 196. albicollis, 195, 196. —— aquaticus, 195, 196. asiaticus, 437, 450. cashmiriensis, 438. —— melanogaster, 195, 196. Cinnyris fischeri, 283. -— gutturalis, 125. hasselti, 504. kalekreuthi, 125. kirki, 125. —- microrhynchus, 125. — olivaceus, 484. pectoralis, 151, 503, 504, 505. rubrater, 108. Circus eruginosus, 43, 368, 422. cineraceus, 43, 189, 368, 421. cyaneus, 42, 421. macrurus, 43, 421. Cisticola cursitans, 516. grandis, 473. ruficeps, 150, 535. Cistothorus equatorialis, 129: brunneiceps, 129. graminicola, 129. polyglottus, 129. Climacteris, 175. Clytoceyx rex, 286, 500. Coccothraustes carnipes, 577. speculigera, 577. Cocceystes glandarius, 191. jacobinus, 37, 50,128. Coccyzus erythrophthal- mus, 182. Ceereba cerulea, 242. cyanea, 330. Colaptes auratus, 476, Colius, 24. —— leucotis, 128, Collocalia, 111, 374, 536. linchi, 148, 374. vanicorensis, 105, 108, 115, 536. Colceus collaris, 572. — monedula, 572. Columba easiotis, 91, 583. intermedia, 91, 92, 584. leuconota, 92, 584. —— leucozonura, 584. livia, 91, 92, 584. Columba oceaniea, 108. palumbus, 583. —— picazuro, 356. rufina, 318, 356. rupestris, 91, 92, 584. speciosa, 318. Colymbus adamsi, 476. arcticus, 221. — glacialis, 221. septentrionalis, 221. Comeris, 231, 234. ochracea, 282. Conirostrum sitticolor, ull Conopophaga, 345. aurita, 3845, lineata, 345. Conurus, 130, 131, 351, 30%, 489. cactorum, 352. — deyillii, 131. egregius, 130, 151. euops, 479. gundlachi, 479. jendaya, 351. —— melanurus, 131. rhodocephalus, 131. roseifrons, 131. Cooperastur, 258, 605. bicolor, 258. pectoralis, 259. pileatus, 258. poliogaster, 258, 259. Copsychus musicus, 149, 379, 51D. sp. inc., 149. Coracias caudatus, 124. dispar, 157. garrulus, 48, 124, 256, 429. —— spatulatus, 157, 473, Coriphilus smaragdinus, 249. Corone, 571. enca, 143. levaillanti, 77. tenuirostris, 143. Corvus, 537, 571. collaris, 78. corax, 571. cornix, 77, 570. corone, 76, 205, 570. — culminatus, 77, 571. (ater, fayilfs}, G15), OB —— frugilegus, 77, 571. leucognaphalus, 479. INDEX. Oorvus levaillanti, 77, 570, 571. monedula, 77, 78. sinensis, 571. tenuirostris, 1438. umbrinus, 77, 571. Corydalla malayensis, 518. rufula, 518. Corydon, 175. Corythaix erythrolopha, 8, 9. persa, 8. porphyreolopha, Cosmonetta histrionica, 187. Cosmopsarus unicolor, 116. Cotile obsoleta, 47. rupestris, 47, 192, 427. Coturniculus 337. Coturnix communis, 94, 586, sinensis, 539. Coua, 176. Cranorrhinus corrugatus, 15}3), leucocephalus, 159. Crex pratensis, 98, 591. Criniger gularis, 147. multicolor, 473. virescens, 147. Crossoptilon, 400, 401. auritum, 400. ceerulescens, 400. drouyni, 401. harmani, 399. tibetanum, 4U1. Crotophaga, 550. ani, 350. — sulcirostris, 15. Cryptolopha _ trivirgata, 146. manimbe, Crypturus noctivagus, 360. tataupa, 359. Cuculus, 537. canorus, 49, 50, 430, 431, 537. himalayanus, 50, 431. —— micropterus, 390, sp. ine., 108. Culicivora, 294. Cursorius, 24. gallicus, 208. 615 Cyanaleyon quadricolor, 483. Cyanecula leucocyanea, 65, 198, 447. suecica, 65, 198, 447. wolfi, 198, 448. Cyanoderma erythropte- rum, 510. Cyanopica cooki, 313. Cyclopsitta, 176. Cyclopsittacus, 165, 287. salyadorii, 169, 287. Cyclorhis, 294. albiventris, 329. Cygnus immutabilis, 187, 213. = MIN OL less olor, 213. Cymbirhynchus macro- rhynehus, 382. Cyornis ruficauda, 52. Cypseloides, 7. Cypselus, 7, 108, 540. affinis, 373, 540, 541, 542. apus, 48, 428. balstoni, 499. eaffer, 540, 541. europzeus, var. ara- lensis, 429. finschi, 541, 542. galilejensis, 541. horus, 540, 541. influmatus, 373. —— inquietus, 105, 108. pallidus, 182. —— pekinensis, 428. sharpii, 541, 542. subfureatus, 373. ualensis, 105. Dacelo, 14, 175. —— cervina, 8. gaudichaudi, 286. gigantea, 8. Dacnis, 334. angelica, 241. bicolor, 242. cayana, 240, 241, 242, 330. cyanomelas, 241, 242, 243. nigripes, 242. —— plumbea, 242, 311, 330. Dafila acuta, 100. Dasyptilus, 21. pesqueti, 282. 616 Daulias philomela, 186. Dendrochelidon comata, 376. coronatus, 375. klecho, 374. mystacea, 536. Dendrocopus leuconotus, 257. —— major, 257. —— martius, 258. — medius, 257. minor, 257. Dendrocygna, 540. Dendreeca adelaida, 479. Dendrotypes analis, 141. Dieeum chrysorrheum, 151, 505. eruentatum, 505. flammeum, 152. — mindanense, 492. sanguinolentum, 152. Dicranostreptus mega- rhynchus, 537. Dicrurus, 175, 537. lemostictus, 535, 537. striatus, 492. Didus ineptus, 281. Diphlogzena traversi, 609. Diplopterus nzevius, soe Dissemurus platurus, 144, 507, 508. Dissodectes, 277, 278, 279, 455. ardesiacus, 277, 278, Q dickinsoni, 277, 278, 279. zoniventris, 277,278, 279. Donacicola _ spectabilis, 537. Donacobius, 328. atrocapillus, 328. Drepanis, 175. aurea, 487. — cinereus, 103, 108. rosea, 487. Drepanoptila holosericea, 172. Drepanornis, 164, 287. albertisi, 164, 165, 282, 287, 288. bruijni, 165. Dromzus novz-hol- landizx, 481. INDEX. Dromas, 176. Drymeeca ruficeps, 150. Dromolxa leucopygia, 183. leucura, 198. picata, 59. Dryaltes, 231. Drymocataphus _ nigri- capitatus, 511. Drymochera _badiceps, yale Drymodes, 175. Drymeca grandis, 473. insularis, 1638. modesta, 473. polychroa, 150. Dryocopus, 257. martius, 190, 191. Dryoscopus affinis, 127. cinerascens, 283. major mossambicus, 283. turatii, 609. Dumeticola major, 65, Helectus, 535. linnei, 537. polychlorus, 537. Edoliosoma alterum, solomonis, 500. Egretta alba, 212. Elainea pagana, 342. Hlanus ceczruleus, 186, 483. hypoleucus, 140. Hmberiza, 474. buchanani, 80. cxesia, 201. cia, 80, 574. cinerea, 187. durazzi, 202. hortulana, 37, 80, 574. huttoni, 575. lesbia, 202. leucocephala, 79, 202, 574. passerina, 575 pusilla, 202. —— pyrrhuloides, 202. rustica, 202. schceniclus, 81, 202, 5. Fete a 5 swale, OU Os , var. B, 81. —— selysii, 201. —— shah, 574. ——- stewarti, 80, 575. Emberiza stracheyi, 79, 80, 81, 574. Eopsaltria placens, 487. Kremophila alpestris, 604. Erismatura leucocephala, 215. Erythreenas pulcherrima, 20, Erythropus, 277, 455. amurensis, 160. Erythrospiza —_ cyano- virens, 544, 546. githaginea, 160, 183. incarnata, 82, 577. pealei, 544. Erythrosterna parva, 193. Erythrura, 112, 137, 543, 545, 546. cyaneifrons, 137. cyaneovirens, 437. eyanifrons, 545. modesta, 545. pealii, 546. —— prasina, 545, 546. psittacea, 545, 546. — pucherani, 546. —— regia, 544, 546. — serena, 544, 546. — trichroa, 104, 108, 110, 112, 115, 545, 546. tricolor, 545, 546. Ksacus, 176. magnirostris, 136, 540. Hucephala cerulea, 348. —— hypocyanea, 597. pyropygia, 596. Eudynamis malayana, 392. — picatus, 535. tahitensis, 104, 108, 113, 115, 587. Eudyptes, 483. chrysocome, 492. chrysolophus, 492. serresiana, 485. Hulabeornis philippensis, 156. Eulabes javanensis, 520. —- ptilogenys, 163. | Eupetes, 175. Huphonia, 331, sclateri, 479. violacea, 331. Euplocamus vieilloti, 582. Eupodotis, 7. —— australis, 22. Euryceros, 175. Kurypyga, 4. Eurystomus, 175. afer, 124. erassirostris, 536. —— orientalis, 379. Euscarthmus — gularis, 341. margaritaceiventer, 268. pelzelni, 268. wuchereri, 268. Euspiza, sp., 575. aureola, 474, 576. elegans, 160, —— luteola, 81, 575, 576, 577. melanocephala, 81, 576. Excalfactoria chinensis, 155. Falco, 455. esalon, 39, 417. —— antillarum, 556. ardesiacus, 277. barbarus, 188. biarmicus, 188. —— brunneus, 454. columbarius, 455. communis, 188. dominicensis, 556, 563. —— eleonore, 189. — feldeggi, 188. ferox, 454. melanogenys, 154, 535. minor, 186, 188. —— peregrinus, 39, 416. —— sacer, 416. —— severus, 140. —— sparverius, var. do- minicensis, 556. —— subbuteo, 39, 417. zoniventris, 277. Faleulia, 175. Figulus, 402. —— albogularis, 405. Floricola, 487. Fluvicola climacura, 315, 340. Formicivora caloptera, 270. grisea, 348. rufatra, 548. Foudia erythrops, 479. Francolinus vulgaris, 206. Fratercula arctica, 220, Fregata, 314. aquila, 314. Fregetta grallaria, 314. SER. IV.—VOL. V. INDEX. Fregilus graculus, 572, o73. himalayanus, 572. Fringilla cxrulea, 242. —— cyanomelas, 242. —— incerta, 204. montifringilla, 37, 87, 579. trichroa, 108. Fringillauda nemoricola, 88. sordida, 88, 579. Fulica atra, 44, 97, 211, 590. cristata, 211. Fuligula cristata, 100, 59S. nyroea, 100, 5938. rufina, 603. Furnarius, 4, 346, 402, 407. agnatus, 403. albogularis, 402, 405, 407. assimilis, 402, 406, 407. —— hadius, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407. , var., 405. cinnamomeus, 409. commersoni, 405. fasciatus, 411. figulus, 345, 404, 408, 410, 411. eriseiceps, 409. griseus, 411. leucopterus, 411. leucopus, 402, 406, 407, 408. longipennis, 411, longirostris, 403, 409, 411. melanotis, 410, 411. minor, 403, 408. pelzelni, 408. pileatus, 403, 407, 408. rectirostris, 411. rufus, 5, 404, 405. superciliaris, 410. tenuirostris, 411. torridus, 403, 407. tricolor, 408, 410. 403, Galbula rufo-viridis, 349. Galerita cristata, 91, 583. Gallinago brehmi, 186, 210. — ceelestis, 210. frenata, 359. 617 Gallinago major, 210. scolopacina, 95, 96, 210, 588. solitaria, 95, 588. stenura, 96, 530. wilsoni. 476. Gallinula chloropus, 98, 590. Gallirex chlorochlamys, 118. —— porphyreolophus, 11 Galloperdix bicalcarata, 163. Gallophasis ellicti, 608. Gallus bankiva, 10, 13, 177. — domesticus, 3. ferrugineus, 114. lafayetti, 165. Gampsonyx swainsoni, 353. Garrulus krynicki, 187. Gecinus, 257. eanus, 191, 257. squamatus, 49, 430, viridis, 49, 191, 257, 430. Gelastes genei, 219. Gelochelidon anglica, 102, 218. Geocichla avensis, 487. papuensis, 500. Geopelia striata, 155, 528. Geositta, 481. antarctica, 481. peruviana, 481. Geronticus calvus, 180. Glareola, 24. melanoptera, 187. orientalis, 156. Glaucidium passerinum, Glaucis, 595, dohrni, 595. Glaucopis cinerea, 158. Glycyphila fasciata, 133. Goura scheepmakeri, 609. Gracula javanensis, 153. —— kreffti, 535, 537. religiosa, 521. Graculus carbo, 102. Grallina, 175. bruijni, 287, 288. Graucalus, 536. javensis, 145. monotonus, 500. —— papuensis, 536. pollens, 492. 2x 618 Graucalus eclateri, 536, BYE solomonensis, 487. sublineatus, 536. sumatrensis, 507. Grus, 28, 494. — communis, 212. — nigricollis, 495. virgo, 588. Grypus, 595. spixi, 595. Guira piririgua, 350. Guiraca cyanea, 335. Gygis, 113, 250, 540. alba, 105, 106, 109, 115, 246, 247. — candida, 109, 251, 252 — microrhyncha, 252. Gymnoderus, 175. Gymnoglaux nudipes, 479. Gymnophaps pecilor- rhoa, 169. Gypaetus barbatus, 39, 416. Gypagus papa, 354. Gyps fulvescens, 38, 415, —— himalayensis, 38, 415, 416 rutilans, 415. Habropyga melpoda, 479. Heematortyx, 487. Halcyon, 110. albicilla, 536. — chelicutensis, 124. chloris, 142, 380, 381, 536. —— cinnamomina, 112, 115. —— cyaniventris, 143. orientalis, 124. pileata, 380. sanctus, 535, 536. smyrnensis, 380. Haliaetus, 491. leucogaster, 368. Haliastur girrenera, 535. indus, 368. Harelda glacialis, 215. Harpa, 276. australis, 454. ferox, 454. nove-zealandiz, 277, 4538, 454. Harpagus, 118, 119, 120, 271, 278. INDEX. Harpagus bidentatus, 119, 120, 1238. diodon, 119. fasciatus, 123. Helinaia brevipennis, Heliornis, 176. Helmintherus, 240. vermivorus, 240. Helminthophaga, 281. cincinnatensis, 281. pinus, 281. Hemichelidon sibfrica, 52, 486. Hemicireus sordidus, 388. Hemipodius, 539. Hemipus obscurus, 144. Henicopernis longicauda, 535. Henicurus scouleri, 67, 450. Herpetotheres cachin- nans, 353, 361. Herpsilochmus, sp. ine., 347. pileatus, 347, 348: Hesperornis, 164.’ Heteralocha, 20, 27. acutirostris, 162. gouldi, 20. Hiaticula ruficapilla, 162. Hieracidea, 276. australis, 454. Hierax, 271. Hierococcyx fugax, 391. Hierofaleo saker, 182. Himantopus candidus, 97, 590. Hirundinea bellicosa, 343. Hirundo erythropygia, 47, 427. esculenta, 108. gutturalis, 572. —— hyperythra, 163, leucorrhoa, 315, 329. nigricans, 536. —— nipalensis, 47, 427. —— rufula, 192; 427. —— rustica, 47, 372, 427, 602. tahitica, 536. viridis, 243, 244. Hoplopterus spinosus, 184, Houbara, 184. macqueeni, 208. —— undulata, 184, 208. THydrobata asiatica, 52. cashmiriensis, 52. Hydrochelidon, 594. hybrida, 102, 218, 594. leucoptera, 102, 218, 594. nigra, 102, 218, 594. Hydrocissa convexa, 384. malayana, 384. Hydrocorax mindanensis, 159. Hydrophasianus, 176. chirurgus, 590. Hydropsalis forcipata, 348. Hydrornia alleni, 211. Hydrornis, 175, 496. nipalensis, 496, oatesi, 496. soror, 496. Hylochelidon nigricans, 487. Hylophilus, 293, 294, 295, 296, 304, 305, 312. acuticauda, 295, 296, 304, 305. amaurocephalus, 294, 296, 300, 301, 312. aurantiifrons, 295, - 297, 302, 303, 304, 305, 312. brevipennis, 311. brunneiceps, 295, 297, 302, 805, 312. ceruleus, 311. castaneiceps, 302. cinerascens, oll: Ginereiceps, 294, 298. —— cyanoleucus, 311. —— decurtatus, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 311, 312. ferrugineifrons, 295, 297, 307, 308, 312. flaveolus, 310. ——- flavipes, 294, 297, 308, 309, 310, 312. flaviventris, 296, 297, 302, 303, 312. frontalis, 294, dll. fuscicapillus, 296, 297, 302, 303, 312. guira, 311. —— hypoxanthus, 296, 303, 304, Hylophilus insularis, 295, 297, 302, 305, 312. leucophrys, 311. luteifrons, 296, 297, 307, 308, 312. ~ muscicapinus, 296, 297, 299, 312. ochraceiceps, 294. 297, 302, 306, 312. olivaceus, 294, 310. pectoralis, 295, 296, 298, 312. plumbiceps, 299. pecilotis, 293, 294, 296, 300, 301, 312. pusillus, 295, 299. rubrifrons, 295, 297, 307, 312. ruficeps, 311. semibrunneus, 294, 297, 302, 303, 312. semicinereus, 295, 297, 308, 312. thoracicus, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 308, 310, 312. —— viridiflavus, 295, 297, 308, 309, 312. Hyphantica cardinalis, 479. — heematocephala, 479. Hyphantornis aurantia, 480. bojeri, 127. erocata, 480. —— nigriceps, 127. temporalis, 158, 473. Hypolais, 493. caligata, 65, 186. — olivetorum, 187. opaca, 186. pallida, 187, 199. Hypotienidia obscurior, 480. -— striata, 480. Hypotriorchis, 277. ferrugineus, 565. Tache, 487. lanthcenas hypcenochroa, vv. leopoldi, 136. leucoleema, 20. Tbidorhynchus, 176. This, 4, 23. Tchthyornis, 164. Icterus chrysocephalus, 319, INDEX. Icterus portoricensis, 479. tibialis, 339. Ictinia, 119. Indicator, 25, 31. major, 25. Tole virescens, 147. Tora typhia, 513, 514. viridissima, 514. zeylonica, 513, 514. Tpnodomus, 402. Irena, 175. eriniger, 160. erinigera, 160. —— cyanea, 160. malayensis, 514. puella, 514. turcosa, 147. Trrisor, 175. erythrorhynchus, 25. Txidia squamata, 147. Ixus plumosus, 511. Tyngipicus, 398, 598. canicapillus, 388, e doerriesi, 398, 899. fulvifasciatus, 598. —— maculatus, 598. pumilus, 599. ramsayi, 598. seintilliceps, 398, 399. temmincki, 598. validirostris, 598. variegatus, 387. Tynx torquilla, 49, 480. Ketupa ceylonensis, 484. javanensis, 369. Lagopotetrix dicksoni, 481 Lalage fimbriata, 146. karu, 536. terat, 146, 506. Lampornis viridis, 479. Lamprocolius melano- gaster, 127. sycobius, 127. Lamprolia victoriz, 609. Lamprotornis columbi- nus, 108. corvina, 104, Laniarius melanothorax, 605. nigrithorax, 605. Lanius arenarius, 433, 434. —— atricapillus, 244. —— bairdi, 487. 619 Lanius bentet, 151, 506. canadensis, 244. caudatus, 126. collurio, 435, 435. cristatus, 51, 433, 435, 506. erythronotus, 51, 433. excubitor, 51, 284, 433. homeyeri, 39, 51, 432, 483. isabellinus, 51, 433, 434. — lahtora, 51, 433. —— magnirostris, 150. —— major, 284. —— meridionalis, 193. pheenicuroides, 433, 434, 439. pheenicurus, 433, 435. schach, 506. speculigerus, 433, 434. Larus affinis, 101. argentatus, 3, 4, 101, 219. audouini, 219, cachinnans, 219. canus, 219. fuseus, 220. glaucus, 18). leucopheeus, 101. —— marinus, 220. ridibundus, 594. Larvivora superciliaris, 474. Lathamus, 21. Leipoa, 176. Leistes guianensis, 339. superciliaris, 339. Leptasthenura, 4. Leptopeecile sophie, 37, TUG IOC Leptoptila ochroptera, 307. Leptornis aubryanus, 133. Lestris buffoni, 220. crepidatus, 185, 220. parasiticus, 220. pomatorhinus, 220. Leucocerca javanica, 509. Leucosticte brandti, 37, 101, Lichenops perspicillata, 607. 620 Lichenops perspicillatus, var. andinus, 487. Licmetis tenuirostris, 21. Limicola platyrhyncha, 209. Limnaetus caligatus, 366. Limosa xgocephala, 96, 588. melanuroides, 540. ruta, 210. uropygialis, 540. Linaria bella, 579. brevirostris, 86, 578. cannabina, 86, 579. fringillirostris, 579. Lobiophasis bulweri, 281. Lobivanellus atronucha- lis, 530. indicus, 95, 587. Locustella lanceolata, 187. Lophophanes cristatus, 195. Lophorina atra, 282. Loriculus galgulus, 387. panayensis, 492. tener, 537. Loxia, 574. bifasciata, 204, 284. leucoptera, 284. pityopsittacus, 204, Loxigilla violacea, var. bahamensis, 487. Lusciniopsis fluviatilis, 186, 199. luscinioides, 199. Machetes pugnax, 96, 588. Machetornis rixosa, 341. Macronyx croceus, 125. M cropygia, 538. browni, 538. —— cartaretia, 539. —— nigrirostris, 539. —— ruficeps, 155. —— rufipennis, 274. rufocastanea, 487. Malacocercus rufescens, 163. Malacopterum magnum, 511. Malacoptila castanea, fulvigularis, 604. — fusea, 604. — inornata, 604. —— panamensis, 604. —— rufa, 604. —— substriata, 604. INDEX. Malacoptila torquata, 604. Maleo, 488. Malia grata, 491. Mareca penelope, 100. Mariposa pheenicotis, 128. Marmaronetta angusti- rostris, 214. Megacephalon, 25. Megacrex, 176. Megadyptes, 483. Megaleema, 176. armillaris, 142. —— asiatica, 15. — australis, 142. chrysopogon, 339. corvina, 142. — duvaueelli, 389. flavifrons, 163. javensis, 142. Megalestris catarrhactes, 186. Megapodius, 176, 539. brazieri, 539. — brenchleyi, 539. —— cumingi, 491. — eremita, 492, 539. —— gilberti, 492. sanghirensis, 491. Meiglyptes tristis, 141, Melampitta, 175. Melanochlora sultanea, 518. Melanocorypha bimacu- lata, 89, 580. sibirica, 200. yeltoniensis, 183. Meliarchus selateri, 166. Melierax gabar, 186. Melizophilus sardus, 198. Melopsittacus undulatus, ples Menura, 26, 27. Mergulus, 176. Mergus castor, LOL. merganser, 215. Meristes olivaceus, 126. Merops, 14. albicollis, 124. apiaster, 48, 377. badius, 377. persicus, 48, 191, 429, philippinus, 148, 78. —— quinticolor, 377. 143, Merops rufus, 403. superciliosus, 125. Merula, 138, 171. albifrons, 137. atrogularis, 459. bicolor, 171. — bourdilloni, 493, 500. marzensis, 137. maxima, 493. poliocephala, 172. pritzbueri, 137. —— ruficeps, 171. xanthopus, 137. Mesites, 4, 176. Metopiana peposaca, 18 pusilla, 86, 578. Microearbo africanus, 187. pygmeus, 216. Microcerculus, 130. albigularis, 130. bambla, 130. — luscinia, 130. teeniatus, 129, 130. Microcolaptes, 251, 254. abnormis, 23). ochraceus, 232. Microdyptes, 483. serresiana, 483. Micreea albofrontata, 487. Microhierax, 271, 274, 275. ceerulescens, 272. chinensis, 274. erythrogenys, 271, 2 eutolmus, 271, 272, 273. fringillarius, 140, 271, 273, 274, 364. latifrons, 271, 274. melanoleucus, 271, 272, 274. sinensis, 271, 274. Micromonacha lanceo- lata, 604. Micronisus badius, 40. Micropternus _ badius, 141. Microtarsus melanoleu- cus, 511. Milvus xgyptius, 186. affinis, 869, 422. govinda, 44, 45, 422. major, 45, 422. Milvus melanotis, 44, 422, 423. —— migrans, 188, 423. Mimocichla ardesiaca, 479. bryanti, 493. plumbea, 493. Mirafra javanica, 154. Mixornis gularis, 510. javanica, 149, Molothrus, 487. — bonariensis, 339. Momotus, 14, 25, 29. Monarcha alecto, 5385, 536. infelix, 492. verticalis, 536. Monticola cinclorhyncha, 438. eyanus, 438. saxatilis, 53, 125, 439. Montifringilla, 74. hematopygia, 88. nivalis, 203. - yuficollis, 499. Motacilla alba, 67, 68, 451. cerulea, 241. cayana, 240. citreola, 187. — dukhunensis, 45]. hodgsoni, 67, 68, iP 45 leucopsis, 67. lugubris, 199. luzoniensis, 67. personata, 67, 68, 451. spiza, 243. Muelleripicus pulveru- lentus, 388. Munia acuticauda, 528. atricapilla, 525. ferruginosa, 152. kelaarti, 163. —— maja, 522, 523. rubronigra, 523. - undulata, 152. Muscicapa grisola, 437. Muscipeta aflinis, 508. paradisi, 51, 436. Musophaga violacea, 8. Mycerobas carnipes, 81, 577. —— speculigerus, 31. Myiadestes montanus, 601. INDEX. Myiadestes townsendi, 161. Myiagra, 536. caledoniea, 138. —— concinna, 536. —— intermedia, 188. —— luguieri, 138. —— melanura, 138. —— pluto, 110, 112, 115. —— viridinitens, 138. Myiarchus antillarum, 479. apicalis, 269. —— tyrannulus, 269, ( . Myiobius neeyius, 545, Myiochanes cinereus, 345. Myiophoneus temmincki, 52, 437. Myiotheretes rufiventris, 485. Myiozetetes, 541. similis, 342, 344. Mpristicivora spilorrhoa, 275 Myrmotherula fulviven- tris, 270. —— gularis, 270. gutturalis, 269. Myzomela, 104, 158. caledonica, 138. eardinalis, 138. cineracea, 536. pammelzna, 492. — rubrata, 103, 108, UIGL, way sanguinolenta, 138. sclateri, 556. Nannopipo, 229. africana, 230. Nasiterna pusio, 537. Nectarinia aspasia, 535, 536. frenata, 535, 536. olivacea, 484. olivacina, 484. Nectarophila juli, 492, Nemosia, 293. fulvescens, 334. guira, dLl. pileata, 511, 334. ruficapilla, 311. ruficeps, 311. Nemura cyanura, 64. —— rufilata, 64, 446, 447. Neochmia phaeton, 545. Neophron, 38. 621 Neophron ginginianus, 39. —— percnopterus, 38, 39, 314. Nesocichla eremita, 492. Nesospiza acunhex, 492. Nestor, 21, 22. productus, 609. Nigrilauda, 487. Nigrita, 283. Ninox odiosa, 535. reyi, 485. scutulata, 371. Nisaetus fasciatus, 187. - pennatus, 41, 188, 420. Nisus australis, 607. Nonnula, 600. brunnea, 600, 601. frontalis, 600. — ruficapilla, 600. Notornis mantelli, 487. Nucifraga multipunctata, 78, 572. Numenius, 113. femoralis, 251. —— phxopus, 107, 109, 115. tahitiensis, 251. tenuirostris, 109. Nyctala tengmalmi, 189. Nyctibius, 176. Nycticorax griseus, 99, 592. Nyctiornis amictus, 378. Oceanites oceanicus, 185. Ochtheea, 271. Cidemia fusea, 215. -—— nigra, 215. perspicillata, 187. Cidicnemus, 4, 9. Cidirrhinus, 533. insolitus, 535. Gistrelata defilippiana, 177. gularis, 476, mollis, 475. Onychoprion fuliginosus, 218. Onychotes, 397. erueberi, 396, 397. Opetiorhynehus, 402. ferrugineus, 406. —— isabellinus, 404. — minor, 408. —— rectirostris, 411. — ruficaudus, 405. rufus, 406, 410. Opisthocomus, 25. Oporornis formosa, 281. 622 Orchesticus ater, 334, 335. capistratus, 334. Orececetes cinclorhyn- chus, 37, 53. Oriolus galbula, 126. —-—- indicus, 514. kundoo, 54, 440. -—— maculatus, 144. notatus, 126. Oreocharis stictoptera, 287. Oreophasis, 176. Ortalis albiventris, 357. Orthonyx, 175. . Orthotomus edela, 149. ruficeps, 515. Ortygometra tabuensis, 106, 109. Oryzoborus maximiliani, 300. torridus, 335. Osmotreron bicincta, 526. fulvicollis, 527. olax, 525. — vernans, 519, 525, 526. Otidiphaps, 176. cervicalis, 1'79. nobilis, var. cervi- calis, 179. regalis, 178. Otis, 3, 477. tarda, 22, 208. tetrax, 94, 586. Otocompsa analis, 511. emeria, 512. Otocorys alpestris, 201, 602. —— bilopha, 187, elwesi, 499. longirostris, 89, 580, 581, 582. penicillata, 89, 187, 580, 581, 582. Otogyps calvus, 364. Oxyrhamphus, 175, Pachycephala, 170. kandavensis, 170. —— pheonota, 492. itiensis, 170. Pachyrhamphus pillus, 344. Pachysylvia, 294, 296. decurtata, 298. Padda oryzivora, 1538. Paleeornis, 21, 475. longicauda, 387. Palamedea, 22, 176. atrica- INDEX. Pandion haliaetus, 41, 367, 420. Panyehlora, 597. —— poortmanni, 597. russata, 597. Paroaria, 336. larvata, 337. Parotia sexpennis, 282. Parra, 176. ——- Jacana, 359. —— nove-guinex, 487. violacea, 601. Parula gutturalis, 160. inornata, 160. —— superciliosa, 160. Parus, 104, 347. albiventris, 116. — arfaki, 287. — ater, 194. —— atriceps, 151. — beavani, 72. —— hbritannicus, 194. melanolophus, 72, 568. nipalensis, 73, 74, 568. palustris, 103. rufonuchalis, 72, 568. Passer domesticus, 103, 203, 525. — hispaniolensis, 79, 2038, 573. indicus, 386, 79, 73 italiz, 203. montanus, 524, 525. Passerculus chrysophrys, Passerina aureola, 201. melanocephala, 201. Pastor roseus, 79, 205. Patagona, 176. Pavo muticus, 529. Pedionomus, 176. Pelargopsis malaccensis, 379. Pelecanoides, 8, 32. Pelecanus, 29. crispus, 216. onocrotalus, 216. Pelidna maritima, 209. Pellorneum fuscicapil- lum, 163. Penelope superciliaris, 307. Pennula, 176. millii, 487, Pepoaza variegata, 485, Perdix chukar, 207. hodgsoniz, 480. petrosa, 207. rubra, 207. saxatilis, 207. Pericrocotus brevirostris, 51, 435, 436. exsul, 145. flammifer, 507. —— miniatus, 146. peregrinus, 145. Pernis ptilorhyncha, 369, Petasophora rubrigularis, 487. Petrocossyphus cyanus, Petroeca, 175. kleinschmidti, 159, pusilla, 159. Petronia stulta, 79, 574. Pezoporus, 176. Phabotreron brevirostris, 492. Pheenorhina goliath, 138. Phaeton, 540. zthereus, 102, 109. eandidus, 109. flavirostris, 102, 105, 107, 109, 115. rubricaudus, 115. Phalacrocorax, 7. albiventris, 492. — carbo, 594. imperialis, 492. verrucosus, 492. Phalaropus angustiros- tris, 540. fulicarius, 209. hyperboreus, 209. Phaleris, 176. Pharomacrus xanthogas- ter, 610. Phasianus, 40]. colchicus, 187, 207. Phasidus, 176. Philemon albitorques, 492. cockerelli, 585, 536. Philemonopsis, 166. meyeri, 166. Philepitta, 175. Phlegeenas, 111, 112. erythroptera, 115. Phloeoeryptes, 4. Phlogeenas johanne, 538. Pheenicocercus, 175. Pheenicophaes, 176. Pheenicophilus domini- censis, 601. Pheenicopterus, 6, 164. andinug, 485, antiquorum, 173, 499. erythreus, 213. roseus, 212. Pholidauges verreauxi, 127 wd. Phyllomyias semifusca, 2 a Phyllornis cochinchinen- sis, 148. icterocephala, 512. javensis, 513. jerdoni, 512. Phylloseopus, 247. affinis, 66, 449, flayo-olivaceus, 449. indicus, 66, 449. lugubris, 66, 448. magnirostris, 448. nitidus, 448, 449. sindianus, 448. tristis, 65, 448. trochiloides, 449. trochilus, 247. —— tytleri, 66. viridanus, 66, 448, 449, Phytotoma, 175, 475. Piaya cayana, 351. Pica bactriana, 78. leucoptera, 572. marina, 256. rustica, 78, 572. Picoides, 257. — tridactylus, 190. Picolaptes cinnamomeus, 409. Piculus, 223. nipalensis, 224, 227, rufifrons, 224, 227. Picumnoides, 231. abnormis, 236. lacrymosa, 252. ochraceus, 232. Picumnus, 176, 223, 229, 231, 601. abnormis, 235. africanus, 230. —— innominatus, 228. lawrencii, 601. ochraceus, 232. ——- verreauxii, 230. Piecus, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258. aurantius, 253. badius, 141. bengalensis, 253. harmandi, 487. INDEX. Picus himalayensis, 48, 429, 430. leuconotus, 190, lilfordi, 190. major, 254, 429, 430. — majoroides, 48. martius, 254, 255, 256, 257. medius, 190, niger, 256. passerinus, 253. —— pileatus, 255. —— principalis, 255. —— robustus, 253. —— scintilliceps, 398. semirostris, 253. —— tridactylus, 257. —— viridis, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258. Pinicola enucleator, 204. Pionus heteroclitus, 538. Pipiscus, 223. —-~— innominatus, 224. Pipra, 344. rubricapilla, 344. Pipridea, 175. Pitangus, 342, 344. —— sulphuratus, 342, 344 Pitta, 27, 154, 180, 362, 496, 509, 536. —— boschi, 510. —— cucullata, 509. cyanura, 154. granatina, 509. —— guaiana, 154. —— kochi, 160. —— mackloti, 536. —— moluccensis, 509. —— soror, 496. Planesticus ruficollis, 510. Platalea, 4, 23, 176. ajaja, 18, 176. leucorodia, 176, 212. Platycercu spennanti,173. Platylophus coronatus, 145. galericulatus, 145. Platysmurus leucopterus, 519. Plectrophanes lapponi- cus, 202, 602. nivalis, 203, 602. Pletrofringilla, 487. Ploceus baya, 369, 521. Plotus, 7, 23, 24, 176. anhinga, 28, 176. levaillanti, 23. Podager, 176. Podica, 176. 623 Podiceps auritus, 222. — fluviatilis, 593. —— griseigena, 221. holboelli, 491. nigricollis, 222. philippensis, 101. Peecile borealis, 194. lugubris, 194. Peecilodryas eethiops, 536, flavicincta, 286. Peeocephalus fuseicapil- lus, 128. Pogonorhynehus — albi- cauda, 117. irroratus, 128. leucocephalus, 117. Polioaetus ichthyaetus, 367. Poliohierax, 275. insignis, 275, semitorquatus, 275. Polioptila, 347, 475, californica, 475. — leucogastra, 327. melanura, 475. plumbea, 475. Polyborus, 489. tharus, 354. Polyplectron bicaleara- tum, 531. Pomarea, 250. nigra, 251. Pomareopsis semiatra, 165, 287. Pomatorhinus, 282. isidorii, 282. — melanurus, 163. montanus, 149. Poospiza erythrophrys, 599. nigrorufa, 600. Porphyrio, 211, 540. alleni, 163. ceruleus, 178, 210. smaragdonotus, 211. Porzana bailloni, 590. maruetta, 98, 590. parva, 98, 480, 590. —— pygmea, 98. Pratincola caprata, 440. hemprichi, 54. — indica, 54, 55. —— macrorhyncha, 54. —— maura, 440, 441. — robusta, 55, 441. —- rubetroides, 55. - rubicola, 54, 441. Prinia familiaris, 149, Prionochilus maculatus, 506. 624: Prionochilus 506. Procellaria, 314. bulweri, 252. ewaris, 475, —-~ leucorrhoa, 187. macgillivrayi, 252. pelagica, 217, 313. Proenias, 175, 244. ceerulea, 2438, 244. tersa, 245, ventralis, 243. Progne tapera, 404. Propasser frontalis, 84. rhodochlamys, 84, 156, 157, 578. rhodometopus, 156. thura, 84, 85. Pseudogyps bengalensis, 364. Pseudototanus haughtoni, 481 Psittacula passerina, 338, 353. Psittirostra, 175. Psophodes, 175. Pterocles alchata, 474. arenarius, 184. ellioti, 474. exustus, 474. severzowi, 474. Pterocnemis, 176. Ptilochloris, 175. Ptilopus, 20, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 189, 167, 176. apicalis, 139. dupetithouarsi, 251. fasciata, 106. —— fischeri, 170. —— greyi, 133, 139. —— hernsheimi, 106, 107, 108. johannis, 492. marchei, 483. —— melanocephalus, percussus, 205, —— mercieri, 249. —— ponapensis, 113, 115. porphyreus, 154. —— riyolii, 538. Ptiloris paradiseus, 281. Ptilotis, 166. carunculata, 492. —— flavirictus, 166. —— montana, 166. —— procerior, 492. INDEX, Ptilotis provocator, 159, 492. -—— xanthophrys, 159. Puffinus anglorum, 217. borealis, 475. kuhli, 217. —— obscurus, 109, 118, ISS alr —— yelkouan, 217, Pycnonotus analis, 147, 148. —— crocorrhous, 148. Pycnopygius, 166, stictocephalus, 166. Pyctorhis nasalis, 163. Pyromelena nigriventris, 128. Pyrrhocorax alpinus, 78, 575. —— graculus, 78. Pyrrhospiza punicea, 85. Pyrrhula aurantiaca, 82, O77. erithacus, 160. europea, 204. major, 160, 204. Pyrrhulagra portoricen- sis, 479. Pyrrhura, 131. Querquedula circia, 100. crecea, 100. : formosa, 187. gibberifrons, 162. Querula, 175. Rallus aquaticus, 98, 591. indicus, 591. insignis, 540. —— longirostris, 358. monasa, 106, 109. —— nigricans, 358. philippensis, 156, Ramphastos, 25. Ramphoceelus _ brasilius, 316, 333. Reguloides flavo-oliva- ceus, 66. humii, 66, 449. — occipitalis, 66, 449. — subyiridis, 66, 449. —— superciliosus, 186. trochiloides, 66. Regulus cristatus, 67, 450. Rhamphiculus marchei, Rhamphococeyx erythro- | enathus, 393. Rhea, 478. americana, 361. — darwini, 176. macrorhyncha, 316, 325, 358, 360, 361. Rhinochetus, 4. Rhinococeyx curvirostris, 140. Rhinortha chlorophza, 394. Rhipidura, 112. javanica, 146. — kubaryi, 110, 112, 115}. russata, 500. semirubra, 492. squamata, 492. —— vidua, 610. Rhizothera _longirostris, Rhodonessa_ caryophylla- cea, 18 Rhopodytes sumatranus, 393. Rhynchea, 176. Rhynchops, 176. Rhynchotus rufescens, 360. Rhytidoceros dami, 159. Rissa tridactyla, 219. Rollulus roulroul, 530. Rubigula dispar, 146. melanictera, 163. Rupicola crocea, 8. Ruticilla alaschaniea, 445, cxruleocephala, 62, narcon- “erythrogastra, 63, 445, erythronota, 62, 445. erythroprocta, frontalis, 63, 446. — hodgsoni, 62. leucocephala, 446, 450. mesoleuca, 62, rufiventris, 61, 63, 445, rufogularis, 63. —— wolfi, 602. Salicipasser, 487. Saltator magnus, 534. Sarcidiornis, 355. africana, 473. —— carunculata, 355. Sarcidiornis melanonota, 18, 355, 356, 475. Sasia, 176, 222, 223, 229, 231, 234. abnormis, 231, 232, 234, 235, 237. africana, 229. lacrymosa, 232. ochracea, 231, 282, 237. Sauloprocta 535, 536. Saurothera vieilloti, 479. Saxicola, 58, 340. albicollis, 198. albonigra, 58, 442, 445. aurita, 198. capistrata, 56, 59, 441, 442. deserti, 61, 476. hendersoni, 61, 445. isabellina, 60, 186, 444, 483. —— leucomela, 58, 183. leucura, 55. lugentoides, 493. melanoleuca, 61, 186, 198. morio, 58, 59, 60, 61, 441, 442, 445, 444. ——nanthe, 60, 125, 444, —— opistholeuca, 55, 441. —— persica, 493. picata, 36,37, 56, 58, 59, 441, 442, 443, 444. sennaariensis, 493. stapazina, 198, syenitica, 441. vittata, 59, 444. Scardafella squamosa, 356. Scelospizias badius, 419. Schizorhis africana, 8. leopoldi, 117. personata, 117. Sclerurus, 4. Scolopax rusticula, 95, 588. Scops brucii, 47, 426, 427. giu, 47, 426, 427. —— lempiji, 370, 371, 391 melaleuca, malayanus, 9370, Bil pennatus, 46, 426. Seythrops, 176. SER. 1V-——-VOL. Ve INDEX. Seleucides, 282. alba, 282. Serphophaga, 271. caloptera, 271. leucura, 270, 271. pecilocerca, 270. subcristata, 342. Serresius galeatus, 249. Setophaga auricapilla, 240. Siphia ruficauda, 487. rufigularis, 487. Sitta, 104. leucopsis, 50, 431. neumayeri, 195. Sittella, 175. Siurus auricapillus, 240. Somateria mollissima, 215. v-nigrum, 491. Sorella, 283. emini-bey, 283. Spatula clypeata, 99, 592. Speotyto, 604. cunicularia, var. hypogiea, 604. Spermestes cucullatus, 479. rufodorsalis, 128. Spermophila, 336. —— gutturalis, 336. —— hypoleuca, 536. —— nigro-aurantia, 335. —— plumbea, 336. Spheniscus demersus,492. —— humboldti, 485. —— magellanicus, 492. trifasciatus, 485. Sphyrapicus, 176. Spindalis portoricensis, 479. Spiziapteryx, 275. circumeinctus, 276. Stachyris assimilis, 286, 287. bocagii, 286, 287. Steatornis, 20, 51, 604. caripensis, 604. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 330 Stellula calliope, 161. Stercorarius pomatorhi- nus, 168. Sterna bergii, 118, 115, 540. caspia, 162. dougalli, 218. fluviatilis, 102, 217. 625 Sterna fuliginosa, 113, 252, 540. hirundo, 217. —— longipennis, 540. — melanauchen, 113, 115, 540. panayensis, LOY. sinensis, 540. tenuirostris, 109. Sternula, 134. —— nereis, 134, 135. placens, 184, 135. Strepsilas, 113. —— interpres, 105, 109, 115, 246, 247, 540. Stringops, 9, 176. Strix, 258. flammea, 3538, 369. javanica, 369, tenebricosa, 533. Struthio, 14, 19, 478. Sturnella, 487. Sturnia pagodarum, 573. Sturnoides coryina, 104, 107, 108. Sturnopastor ialla, 155. melanopterus, 153. Sturnus purpurascens, 79, 573. unicolor, 205. vulgaris, 78, 548, 573. Sula bassana, 216. fusea, 540. piscator, 134. polychroa, 150. Syealis, 336. flaveola, 338, 353. Sylochelidon ecaspia, 217. Sylvia, 293. affinis, 67, 450. althzea, 67, 450. amaurocephala,301. cayanensis cerulea, 241. —— cinerea, 67. flaveola, 310. garrula, 535. jerdoni, 450. —— muscicapina, 300. orphea, 450. —— plumbea, 242. —— pecilotis, 293, 301. ruepelli, 186. —— rufa, 450. —— thoracica, 298. vermivora, 240, 296. Sylvicola decurtata, 294, 298. 2% 626 Synallaxis, 4. albescens, 346. cinnamomea, 346. frontalis, 346. scutata, 600. —— whitii, 600. Synecus lodoisix, 186. Syrnium, 45. aluco, 45, 424. —— biddulphi, 423. —— davidi, 424. nivicolum, 45, 424. ?, 45. Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 206. Tachydromus, 176. Tachypetes, 248. aquilus, 109, 115, 246, 540. minor, 246. Tachyphonus melaleucus, Tadorna cornuta, 214. Tzenioptera australis, 485. Tanagra olivina, 335. palmarum, 332, 333. sayaca, 232. Tantalus, 164. ibis, 18. — loculator, 18. Tanysiptera danae, 286, 500 —— nympha, 286. salvadoriana, 487. Tarsiger cyanurus, 446. rufilatus, 446. Tatare longirostris, 250. Temenuchus pagodarum, 79 Tephrodornis gularis, 506 virgatus, 144. Terekia cinerea, 210. Terenura, 270. callinota, 270. humeralis, 270, 271. maculata, 270. —— spodioptila, 270, ple Tetrao intermedius, 206. tetrix, 481. —— urogallus, 206. Tetraogallus himalaya- nus, 93, 586. tibetanus, 93. Thalasseus cantiacus, 217. —— medius, 185. INDEX. Thamnophilus albinucha- lis, 245. — atricapillus, 244, 245. cirrhatus, 244, 245. cristatus, 245. — leucauchen, 245. ——- nevius, 244. palliatus, 347. —— pulchellus, 245. —— torquatus, 347. Thinocorus, 24, 176. Thriponax javensis, 141, 388. Thryophilus zeledoni, 487. Tichodroma muraria, 50, 431. Tiga javanensis, 141, 388. Timeliids, 487. Timolia lerchi, 596. Tinamotis, 176. Tinamus, 488. Tinnunculus, 277, 455, 465, 547. alaudarius, 124,456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464. alopex, 465, 466, antillarum, 547, 551, 556, 557, 558, 560, 564. —— cenchris, 456, 470, 471. cenchroides, 469. cinnamominus, 547, 550, 551, 558, 554, 555. , var. australis, 554. , var. cinnamo- minus, 554. —— columbarius, 455. dominicensis, 547, 556, 564, 565, 566. gracilis, 466, 468. interstinctus, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 547. isabellinus, 547, 548, 549, 551, 560, 561, 562, 563. japonicus, 456, 457, 460, 461, 462, 464, 465, 547. leucophrys, 547, 556, 5638, 564, 565. moluecensis, 469. —— neglectus, 456, 459, 460, 463, 464. —— newtoni, 466. Tinnunculus pekinensis, 470, 471, 472. —— punctatus, 466, 468. rupicola, 465. rupicoloides, 465, 466. saturatus, 456. sparverius, 455, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 598, 554, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563, 564. —— sparveroides, 547, 554, 563, 565, 566. Toceus, 7. —— camurus, 159. melanoleucus, 159, 473. pallidirostris, 473. Todirostrum cinereum, 341. maculatum, 267, 268. signatum, 267. Todus hypochondriacus, 479. Totanus calidris, 97, 589. fuseus, 97. glareola, 517, 589. glottis, 97, 589. —— hypoleucus, 589. incanus, 251. ochropus, 589. Treron, 20. capellei, 525. nipalensis, 525. wakefieldii, 128. Trichoglossus, 535, 538. massenz, 538. nigricularis, 492. —— palmarum, 172. —— rubiginosus, 110, 111, 114. —— subplacens, 538. Tringa, 540. —— canutus, 209. —— glareola, 109. —-—minuta, 96, 540, 588. —--- subarquata, 96. temmincki, 96, 97, 589. Tringoides hypoleucus, 589. Trochalopteron, 472. —— fairbanki, 472. ——- lineatum, 54, 83, 440. — meridionale, 472. -—— simile, 53, 439. Troglodytes furvus, 328. eee neglectus, 52, 437. nipalensis, 437. Trogon narina, 124. Tryngites rufescens, 187. Turdus, 197. atrigularis, 53, 182. badius, 404. chiguancoides, 493. —— cirrhatus, 244. cochinchinensis, 149. — dubius, 197. figulus, 410. fulvus, 403, 410. —— fumigatus, 527. libonyanus, 484. —— musicus, 327. -—— naumanni, 186. —— obscurus, 182. phzeopygoides, 493. —— pheopygus, 493. ruficollis, 53, 186, 510. rufiventris, 327. — — gibiricus, 196, 197. spilopterus, 163. —— swainsoni, 198. tropicalis, 484. varius, 197. —— yiscivorus, 53, 439. werneri, 182. Turnix, 164, 539. pugnax, 155. sylvatica, 207. Turtur auritus, 92, 585. cambayensis, 92, 585. —— chinensis, 528. —— ferrago, 584, 585. —-— orientalis, 584, 585. INDEX. Turtur risorius, 187. —— rupicola, 92. —— senegalensis, 187, 585. —— suratensis, 92, 585. —— tigrinus, 93, 528. Tyranneutes, 268. —— brachyurus, 269. Tyrannulus, 268. Tyrannus luggeri, 487. melancholicus, 344. —— taylori, 479. Upupa epops, 13, 50, 482, 483. nigripennis, 160. Urocharis, 166. —— longicauda, 166. Urospiza torquata, 135. Urospizias, 605, 606, 607. —— albigularis, 136, 259, 261, 605, 606. —— approximans, 136, 261, 262, 263, —— haplochroa, 155. —— meyerianus, 261, 605, 606. —— sharpei, 266, 606, 607 sylvestris, 265, 266, 07 —— torquatus, 155, 136, 261, 263, 266, 267, 606, 607. Utamania torda, 221. * Vanellus cayennensis, 18. —— vulgaris, 94, 587. Verreauxia, 222, 223, 229, 230, 238. africana, 229, 230. Vidua principalis, 128. END OF VOL. V. 627 Vireo, 294. —— latimeri, 479. Vitia ruficapilla, 171. Vivia, 176, 222, 223. —— chinensis, 223, 228. —— innominata, 223, 224, 229, 234. —— nepalensis, 224. —— nipalensis, 224. Volvocivora cxrulescens, 34 —— insperata, 110, 112, TN): Volatinia jacarina, 336. Vultur monachus, 38, 415. Xantholama heemacepha- la, 390. indica, 390. —— rosea, 142. Xema capistratum, 218. Xenicus, 175. Xenocichla multicolor, 475. Zapornia watersi, 487, 499. Zonotrichia pileata, 324, Zosterops, 103, 110, 553. auriventer, 152. —— buxtoni, 152. —— ceylonensis, 163. cinerea, 107, 108. —— explorator, 492. —— flaviceps, 492. —— longirostris, 487. —— ponapensis, 110, TIE, WnUsy, —— semperi, 110, 115. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. "a Med ii ¥ La: * < e ae be Se j nh sara pe Pia: , “ a oS a be ee aw ee t r) 7 i 7 Lom ¢ ° Pie Mi ‘j + ie I wy : } ; a ’ i ‘ " 7 ‘ 27h olin pee Ais ‘ : 4 i ps N \ — P ‘ “i : H . ’ i rae Peery vent | he peer ¥ a? F oo: } ‘ 4 - Ys, ; we vi Mal Wait 5 ; | / 4 : 1 ‘ ‘ ‘ x ; ‘ Pit 4 F: 4 af e cr ‘ 7 Li ‘ oe mi ul fs 4% ae : 5 t oye 1% : ‘ es i = As i a, J - Ae ct map or i it 6. 2 a ud iy : 7 i ‘ wre ae f ) ? ad | ’ d at i é 4 fond iy , : f ; . ‘ , ‘ : an Ma : Th be / ' vy if ; / 7 j ‘ aye wif i . ¢ * ~ , on Bie ti | bat} . me Ue ke a pitt i» y f 7 ~ ‘ t fs = ‘ “ai oh Cian gil 'T8 One: | n : QC Ata eas ( Cran 4 é . as | A ne ‘ die il ine Ay iaigel * . 08 SOF) tks Bs i he a i 4 Leas ‘ 7 ‘ PSOE eo we terol ay | : ie : vu ; ~ , ou! 1a —_ al se 1d Vane! Od kk u Aa waters 9 ¥ ; ae Pe - i As ory a ’ ; ‘ fg id : oom ms ~ — ~ : « tin let f SY > eprrnelyT Lh alta Oct Mea ad Ce ue | . Aol Oy TR mae he Tre hits: ea? - Bei, Pts ane ' ; out.) 14 PURE Fess ht i a eae a ie RS wy CAE Lh ee er: ; | \ ia Alaled hee ama F ' Nol any 5 ‘ ANY i4 P ot] - . iy ah . | Maes : , : R y ; eae? Tae au ‘al . ‘ ‘ i q i in , 4 . te ee q i a y s] jn, Pee Laat ay i i Vy a ot . cy. } We ae ee etp yoy £) Pita eth boat ey uy = « )FOURTH SERIES. | ; B @ Vou. V. No. 17. JANUARY 1881, Price 6s. § THE IBIS * ba 7 epee! A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. ee EDITED BY —— OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c., AND PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: ' JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. Annual Subscription, payable before 31st March each year, £1 1s. / = AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS, ] {RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 7} @y — BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. PRESIDENT. Tur Ricut Hon. Lorp Litrorp. SHCRETARY. F. DuCaner Gopman, Esa. COMMITTEE. Tue PResipEnt. Tue Epirors or ‘Tue Isis.’ > Ex officio. Tue Secretary. L.-Cout. H. H. Gopwin-Avsten. W. B. Trecermernr, Esa. H. Sersoum, Esa. The British OrnitHotocists’ Union was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tux Ixis,’ a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which twenty-two volumes have now been completed. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), and Foreign Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1 on election, and £1 on the 1st of January of each subsequent year. Ordinary Members and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘Tur Ists’ gratis. Authors are entitled to 25 extra copies of their papers pub- lished in ‘Tue Isis,’ on applying for them to the Secretary. The Election of Members takes place at the Annual General Meeting, held in April or May of each year. Persons wishing to become Members are requested to apply to the Secretary for infor- mation respecting Election. F. DuCANE GODMAN, Secretary. 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. Now ready, Price 30s. A GENERAL INDEX OF THE FIRST THREE SERIES OF ‘THE 2BI8; 1859-1876. Edited by Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. J. VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. CONTENTS OF NUMBER XVII.—FOURTH SERIES. Page I. On the Contributions to the Anatomy and Classification of : Birds made by thevlate Prof. Garrod, F.R.S. By W. A. Forses, B.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Zoological Society of London. . Il. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds. By Capt. R. G. Warpiaw Ramsay, F.Z.8., &c., 67th Regiment. (PlateI.). 32 III. On the Birds of Gilgit. By Major Joun Bropurrx Hoi 30 IV. Ornithological Letters from the Pacific.—Nos. V. & VI. “By Orro Frvscn, Ph.D... HE MRO aie. sens", . 102 VY. On new Species of East-African Birds. vet) Capt. G "SHELLEY. (Plate IT.) . Feat VI. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the Accipitres i in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. Gurney <) aes VII. A List of Birds collected at or near Mombasa, East Afvigg: By J. H. Gurney . : . 124 VIII. Descriptions of two new Species of Wrens from Ecuador. By Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. (Plate HI.) .. . 129 IX. On an apparently new Parrot of the Genus Conurus. By P. L. Sctater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Plate IV.). . . 130 X. Notes on the Avifauna of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. By Epear L. Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.8., &c., H.B.M. Consul, and E. Leorozp C. Layarp, Vice-Consul at Noumea. With Remarks by the Rev. Canon Tristram, F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &e. (Plate V.);.. . 132 XI. List of Birds collected by Mr. H. O. Forbes in the Island of Java. By Francis Nicnotson, F.Z.8. . . . . 139 XII. Description of a new Finch of the Genus Propasser from Yarkund. By Major Joun BinputrH. (Plate VI.). . 156 XIII. . Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— . Bocage on a new African Coracias . a “Aalgg7 . Bocage on West-African Birds Coues’s Ornithological Bibliography . Desfontaines’s Mémoire (Reprint) . . Elliot’s Monograph of the Hornbills . Finsch on two Pacific Birds . Freke on Birds found in Europe and North America . . Godman and Salvin’s ‘ Biologia ee. : 10. Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia’. 11. Harvie-Brown’s ‘ Omitholowical J B -12, Haswell’s Notes on the Anat 13, Henshaw’s Ornithological Report 14, Homeyer’s ‘ Journey to Heligoland ’ 15. Hutton on Anas gracilis. 16, Kirk on the Red-capped Dotterel ae 17. Kirk on some curious New-Zealand Birds 18. Legge’s ‘Birds of Ceylon’. . 19. Marsh on the Extinct: Toothed Birds of North America 20. Oustalet on new Birds from New Guinea. . 21. Pelzeln’s Report on the Progress of Or slope in 1878 a | : CO 00 “IO CTR 69 to 22. Reichenow and Schalow’s ‘ Compendium ' : . 23. Rodd’s ‘ Birds of Cornwall’ : 24. Salvadori’s ‘ Prodromus, Part9. . 25, Schlegel’s ‘Muséum des Pays-Bas’. . 26. Schmeltz on the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Prilopus. 27, Schmeltz on the Fauna of the New Hebrides 28. Sclater’s ‘ Jacamars and Puff-birds’. 29. Smith’s Miscellaneous Ornithological Papers ar 30. Steere on the Mammals and Birds of Ann Arbor , 31. Stevenson on the Pomatorhine Skua . , 82. Stieda on the Bursa Fabricii . [ Continued on 3rd page of wrapper. Le . Campbell on the Nesting of the Or giv i _ “TS: 159 160 161 165 166 16 Q CONTENTS OF NUMBER XVII. (continued). XIV. Letters, Extracts, Announcements, &c. :— Letters from Dr. A. B. Meyer, E. L. Layard (2), H. H. John- ston, W. A. Forbes, and Dr. H. B. Tristram; Obituary— Mr. T. C. Eyton; The Range of Porphyrio ceruleus; Pre- jevalsky’s last Expedition; The new Otidiphaps; Note on Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis; The Birds of Socotra; Works in Preparation; Expeditions in progress and projected . . 169 N.B, Plate VI will be given in the next part. Covers for binding last year’s Volume may be had on application to the Publisher. Communications may be addressed to the Eprrors, 6 Tenterden Street, Han- over Square, W. Advertisements &c. to the Publisher, Jomn Van Voors?, 1 Paternoster Row, London, E.C. Members of the B. O. U. are requested to keep the Secretary, F. Du Canz Gopman, Esq., 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W., informed of any change of Residence, so that the Numbers of ‘ The Ibis’ may be sent to them without delay. The Editors of ‘Tux Isis’ are glad to receive copies of Books and Papers of any sort relating to Ornithology, which will be duly noticed in this Journal. List oF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED SINCE THE ISSUE OF No. 16 anpd NOT NOTICED IN THE PRESENT NUMBER. 1. Gietr10L1. Elenco dei Mammiferi, degli Uccelli e dei Rettili ittiofagi ap- partenenti alla Fauna Italica. 8vo. Firenze, 1880. 2. Hartiavs. Ueber einige neue von Dr. Emin Bey, Gouverneur der Aquatorialprovinzen AZgyptens, um Lado, Central-Afrika entdeckte Vogel. (J. £. 0. 1880.) 3. Neurine. Die Raubvégel und die eee Knochenlager. (Cor- resp.-Blatt der deutschen Gesell, f. Anth., Eth. u. Ur. 1879.) 4. Lawrence. Description of a new Species of Chrysotis from the Island of Dominica. (Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. ii.) 5. REICHENOw und ScHatow. Compendium der neu beschriebenen Gat- tungen und Arten. (J. f. O. 1880.) 6. Fiscuer und RercHENnow. Ueber eine dritte Collection von Vogelbalgen aus Ost-Afrika, gesammelt von Dr. G. A. Fischer. (J. f. O. 1880.) 7. Braun, Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Papageien. (Verh. d. phys.-med. Ges, Wiirzburg, n. F. Bd, xiv.) 8. Srrpoum. Visit to the Colony of Spoonbills, near Amsterdam. (Zoolo- gist, November 1880.) 9. SHARPE. Deseription of two remarkable new Species of Kingfishers. (Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. September 1880.) 10. Suarpr. Description of two new Species of Birds from South-eastern New Guinea. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1879.) 11. Hartive, Hawks and Hawking. (Zoologist, July 1880.) 12. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Vol. v. no. 4. 13, Remuarpt. Om Lanius major, Pall, og dens Forekomst her i Landet. (Vidensk. Med. Kjébenhavn, 1879-80.) 14, Remnarpr. Er Loaia leucoptera, Gm., virkelig truffen i Danmark ? (Vidensk. Med. Kjébenhayn, 1881.) 15, SEEBoHM. Siberia in Europe. 1 yol. 8yo. Murray, 1880, eS wan we Price to aoe orb bk &, A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. EDITED BY OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c., AND PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. Annual Subscription, payable before 31st March each year, ee bs. (RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Bij Oye= TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS,] A BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. PRESIDENT. Tuer Ricut Hon. Lorp Litrorp. SECRETARY. F. DuCanr Gopman, Esq. COMMITTEE. Tue PRESIDENT. Tue Eprtors or ‘Tue Isis.’ > Ex officio. THE SECRETARY. Lt.-Cout. H. H. Gopwin-Avsten. W. B. Treecermerer, Esa. H. Sresoum, Ese. The British OrnirHotoeists’ Union was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tuer Isis,’ a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which twenty-two volumes have now been completed. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), and Foreign Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1 on election, and £1 on the 1st of January of each subsequent year. Ordinary Members and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘Tux [sts’ gratis. Authors are entitled to 25 extra copies of their papers pub- lished in ‘Tue Isis,’ on applying for them to the Secretary. The Election of Members takes place at the Annual General Meeting, held in April or May of each year. Persons wishing to become Members are requested to apply to the Secretary for infor- mation respecting Election. F. DuCANE GODMAN, Secretary. 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. Now ready, Price 30s. A GENERAL INDEX OF THE FIRST THREE SERIES OF ‘THE IBIS, 1859-1876. Edited by OsBert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. J. VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. CONTENTS OF NUMBER XVIII.— FOURTH SERIES. XY. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXY. Page Notes on the Avifauna of Italy. By Henry Hittyer Gr- exro1t, Se.D., C.M.Z.S., F.M.B.0.U., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates in the R. Istituto di Studii Superiori, Florence. . . ; 181 . Notes on Woodpeckers.—No. I. On the ‘Paiedae af the old World. By Enwarp Harerrr. (Plate VII.) . . . . 222 . On some necessary Changes in the Nomenclature of South- American Birds. By Hans, Graf von Bertersca . . . 239 . Ornithological Letters from the Pacific—No. VII. Nawodo (Pleasant Island). By O. Fryscu, Ph.D., H.M.B.0.U.,&c. 245 . Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Marquesas Islands. By WooBe EermreaM BRN. 6604 Os ey ed eee . On the proper Generic Designation of the European Wood- peckers. By Henry T. Wuarron, M.A.,F.Z.8. . . . 253 Notes on some Hawks of the Subgenera Cooperastur aoe Urospizias. By Joun Henry Gurney. (Plate VIIL.) .. Descriptions of some new Species of South-American a of the Families Z'yrannide and Formicariide. By P.L. SctaTeR and Ospert Satvin. (PlateIX.) . . . . . 267 Notes on a‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Mu- seum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. Guryzy 271 Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 33. Agassiz’s Report on the Museum of Coen Zoology . Leake 34. Bocage on the Birds of Zambesia. 35, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . ha 36. Burbridge’s ‘Gardens of the Sun” . 37. Cory’s ‘ Beautiful and Curious Birds’ . 38. D’Albertis’s ‘New Guinea’ 39. Fischer and Reichenow on Birds from East Africa. 7 40, Giglioli on Fish-eating Birds in Italy : [ 41, Hartlaub on new African Birds . { 42, Harting on Hawks and Hawking | 43. Lawrence on a new Chrysotis . ae } 44. Nehring on Prehistoric Bone-deposits . + sles) ge 4 45. Reinhardt on Loria lewcoptera . . . . ww we 46. Reinhardt on Lantus major . . . . 2 ss ss J 47. Seebohm’s ‘Siberia in Europe’ . . OPES Sat aE 48. Seebohm on the Nesting of the Spoonbill . 49. Sharpe on new Birds from New Guinea . . Bh aie 286 50. Sharpe on two new Kingfishers . ere Letters, Announcements, &c. :— Letter from Prof, Salvadori; Obituary—Mr. John Gould, Mr. E. R. aeaten, Mons, HE. Mulsant, and Mr. C. E. Lawson 286 Covers for binding last year’s Volume may be had on application to the Publisher. Communications may be addressed to the Eprrors, 6 Tenterden Street, Han- over Square, W. Advertisements &c. to the Publisher, Jonn Van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row, London, E.C. Members of the B. O. U. are requested to keep the Secretary, F. Bo CANE Gopman, Esq., 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W., informed of an change of Residence, so that the Numbers of ‘The Ibis’ may be sent to them without delay. The Editors of ‘Tur Isis’ are glad to receive copies of Books and Papers of any sort relating to Ornithology, which will be duly noticed in this Journal. List oF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED SINCE THE ISSUE OF No. 17 AND NOT NOTICED IN THE PRESENT NUMBER. 16. DatetEtsH. List of Occurrences of North-American Birds in Europe.. (Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, v.) 17. RercHENow und ScHaLtow. Compendium der new beschriebenen Gat- tungen und Arten. (J. f. O. 1880.) 18. Pexzetn. Bericht itiber die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Vogel wihrend des Jahres 1879. Berlin, 1881. 19. HartLavs. Vorlaufiges tiber einen neuen Webervogel. (J. f. O. 1880.) 20. Botan. Verzeichneiss der von Fr. Dorries auf Askold an der ostsibi- rischen Kiiste gesammelten Vogel. (J. f. O. 1880.) 21. Branrorp. OnaSpecies of Trochalopterum from Travancore. (J.A.S.B. xlix. pt. 2, 1880.) 22. Mryrr. Salvadori’s ‘Ornithologie der Papia-Inseln und der Molukken,’ (J. £. O. 1880.) 23. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Vol. vi. no. 1. 24. Zoologischer Jahresbericht fiir 1879. Herausgegeben von der zoolo- gischen Station zu Neapel. Aves. Referenten Dr. Ant. RErcHENow und H. ScHALOW. 25. Harrtavs. Beitrag zur Ornithologie der 6stlich-aquatorialen Gebiete Africa’s. (Abh. naturwissen. Vereins zu Bremen, Bd. vii.) 26. BarBoza pu BocacE. Mélanges ornithologiques. No. y. (Jorn. Sei. Lisboa, no. xxix.) 27. Barnoza DU BocacE. Aves das possessdes portuguezas d’Africa occi- dental. Lista xix. (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, no. xxviii.) 28. DaueLEisH. On the Desert-Chat (Saxricola deserti). (Proc. R. Physical Soc. Edinb. vol. vi.) 29. Fiihrer durch das konigliche zoologische Museum zu Dresden. 1881. 80. Boepanow. Bemerkungen iiber die Gruppe der Pterocliden. (Mélanges Biol. tirés du Bull. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, tome xi.) 81. Matm. Om hybriditeterna inom de Skandinaviska Tetraonidernas grupp och sirskild om en ny form utaf Sadana, forslagvis kallad Morip-Orre, Lagopo- tetrix dicksonit. (Ofver. kongl. Veten.-Akad. Férhand. Stockholm, 1880, no, 7.) 82. Matm. Om luftror-siicken hos Emu eller Nyhollindska Strutsen, Dro- meus nove-hollandie. (Ofver. kongl. Veten.-Akad. Foérhandl. Stockholm, 1880.) 33. Matm. Gothenburgs naturhistorisches Museum, zool.-zoot. Abthei- lungen, ii. Catalog iiber Dubletten. 1880. 34. Satvapori. Prodromus Ornithologie Papuasiz et Moluccarum, (Annali Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova, vol. xvi.) 35. Dresser. A List of European Birds. 8vo: London, 1881. ee ee mur oe P 1 Hee IBIS, A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. EDITED BY OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.RB.S., &c., AND PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. Annual Subscription, payable before 31st March each year, £1 1s. Yon ( as ~ oS TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS, ] (RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. By =) : i BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. PRESIDENT. Tur Ricut Hon. Lorp LitForp. SECRETARY. F, DuCanr Gopmay, Esa. COMMITTEE. THE PREsIDENT. Tue Eprtors or ‘Tue Isis.’ ¢ Ev officio. THe SEcRETARY. Lr.-Cout. H. H. Gopwin-AustEn. W. B. Trerrmetsr, Esa. H. Sersoum, Esa. The British OrnitHotocists’ Unron was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tux Isis,’ a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which twenty-two volumes have now been completed. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), and Foreign Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1 on election, and £1 on the Ist of January of each subsequent year. Ordinary Members and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘THe Isis’ gratis. Authors are entitled to 25 extra copies of their papers pub- lished in ‘Tue Isis, on applying for them to the Secretary. The Election of Members takes place at the Annual General Meeting, held in April or May of each year. Persons wishing to become Members are requested to apply to the Secretary for infor- mation respecting Election. F. DuCANE GODMAN, Secretary. 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. Now ready, Price 30s. A GENERAL INDEX OF THE FIRST THREE SERIES OF MPALE: sh BIS! 1859-1876. Edited by Ospert Satvin, M.A,, F.R.S. J. VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. CONTENTS OF NUMBER XIX.—FOURTH SERIES. XXVI. On the Genus Hylophilus. F.R.S., Secretary of the eae gue hs of London. (Plates Beeps aes a a XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XEXY. XXXVI. XXXYVII. XXXVIII. Page By P. L. Scuarzr, M.A., . 293 Eleven weeks in North-eastern Brazil. By W. A. Forsus, B.A., Prosector to the Zoological Society of London a de Ornithological Notes made in the Straits Settlements, and in the Western States of the Malay Peninsula. Lieut. H. R. Ketuam, 74th Highlanders. Note on Onychotes grueberi, eer ae Joun Hrnry By (Part I.) . 362 Gurney. (Plate XII.) . 396 On a‘supposed new Species of Woodpecker from Eastern Siberia. By Epwarp Haxerrr. . 398 On anew Crossoptilon. By Hunry J. Exwes. (Plate XIII.) 399 Note on the Ege of Casuarius beccarit, Sclater. v. Petzety, H.M.B.O.U. . 2 On the Genus FPurnarius. By A. Syed Sal By A. v. Petzety, H.M.B.O.U. 402 Remarks on the recently described Parrots of the Genus Chrysotis. By P. L. Sctarnr . 411 A Contribution to the Ornithology of Gilgit. Part I, oe Joun Scurty. (Plate XIV.) . . . 415 On Harpa nove-zealandie. By Watrer L. Butter, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.RB.S. ieee Sl) A NS SUN ee Notes on a ‘Catalogue of Accipitres in the British Mu- seum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). By J. H. Gurney 455 Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— . Blanford on anew Trochalopteron . . . % - Bocage on West-African Birds . Bocage’s ‘ Mélanges Ornithologiques’ . Bocage on Birds from Bolama and Prince’s Islands, 5 Bogdanow on new Sand-grouse . . Bolau on the Birds of Askold . . Braun on the Development of Parrots . . Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . Dalgleish on American Birds in Europe . ; Dalgleish on Sazicola deserti in Scotland . . Dresser’s List of European Birds : Eudes-Deslongchamps’s . Eudes-Deslongchamps on the Trochilidee . : . Gadow on the Myology of the Ratite . . Gundlach on the Fauna of Porto Rico . . Hartlaub on anew Weaverbird . , : . Hartlaub on the Birds of Eastern Aiquatorial Africa . . Hume and Marshall’s ‘ Game-birds of India’ . Landbeck on Greositta antarctica . . Lemetteil on Anser ruficollis in France . . Malm on a new Hybrid Grouse . Malm on the Tracheal Sac of the Emu. i Peridina-birds.c of she. Caen Museum’ : —_>-— ——“—r ee eo > SO SS i N NI [ Continued on 3rd page of wrapper. } CONTENTS OF NUMBER XIX. (continued). j : 73. Malm on Duplicates of fie Gothenburg Museum 74, Meyer’s ‘Guide to the Dresden Museum’. . 75. Meyer on Salvadori’s ‘ Papuan Ornithology’. 76. Milne-Edwards on the Penguins . . : 77. Milne-Edwards on Birds from Madagascar 78. Oustalet on two new Birds. . 79. Oustalet on new Birds from the Sooloo Islands . 1 80, Pelzeln on the Progress of Ornithology in 1879. a 483 81. Pelzeln on Birds of Prey from Syria 82. Peters on two new East-African Birds 83. Philippi on new Chilian Animals 84, Reichenow and Schalow’s ‘ Compendium’ § 85, Reichenow and Schalow on the Ornithological Litera- hire oF 18/0. eer; 86. Reichenau on the Darwinian Theory of Birds’ Nests . 87. Ridgway’s List of North-American Birds 88. Salvadori’s ‘ Prodromus,’ part x. . 89. Schlegel on a new Timeliine Bird 90. Schlegel on anew Megapode. . 91. Sclater’s ‘ Birds of the Challenger Expedition’ 92. Seebohm on Thrushes and Warblers 93. Tegetmeier and Blyth on the Cranes . . 494 XXXIX. Letters, Announcements, &c. :— Letters from J. H. Gurney, Jun., and Mr. R. G. Wardlaw- Ramsay; News of Consul Layard, Mr. E. W. White, Mr. Stolzmann, Dr. Finsch, and Mr. Charles B. Cory. Mr. Gould’s works and collections; Value of ornithological pooks. The ‘Birds of New Zealand.’ The Birds of the British Museum. . . . 495 The Editors of ‘THE Izis’ are glad ¢ to receive copies of Books and Papers of any sort relating to Ornithology, which will be duly noticed in this Journal. List oF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED SINCE THE ISSUE OF No. 18 anp NOT NOTICED IN THE PRESENT NUMBER. 36. Riweway. Ona Duck new to the North-American Fauna. (Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881.) 37. Ripeway. On Amazilia yucatanensis (Cabot) and A. cerviniventris, Gould. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881.) 88. RrricHENow und Scuatow. Compendium der neu beschriebenen Gat- tungen und Arten. (J. f. O. 1881.) 39. Srotzmann. Observations sur le Steatornis péruvien. (Bull. Soe. Zool. ee 1881.) SHUFELDT. Osteology of Speotyto cunicularia, var. hypogea, and of Eremophile alpestris. (Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. vol. vi.) 4]. Kruxensere. Die Farbstoffe der Federn. (Vergleichend-physiolo- gische Studien, Heidelberg, Abth. v.) 42, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Vol. vi. nos. 1, 2. Covers for binding last year’s Volume may be had on application to the Publisher. Communications may be addressed to the Eprrors, 6 Tenterden Street, Han- over Square, W. Advertisements &c. to the Publisher, Jomn VAN Voorsr, 1 Paternoster Row, London, H.C. Members of the B. O. U. are requested to keep the Secretary, F. Du CanE Gopman, Esq., 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W., informed of any change of Residence, so that the Numbers of ‘The Ibis’ may be sent to them without delay. ae v No 20 OCTOBER 1881. Price 6s. a) | | aes seal Dien igs 5 | QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. EDITED BY OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c., AND PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. Annual Subscription, payable before 31st March each year, £1 ts. ( AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS, ] BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. PRESIDENT. Tue Ricut Hon. Lorp Litrorp. SECRETARY. F. DuCane Gopman, Esa. COMMITTEE. Tue PResipEnt, Tue Epitors or ‘Tue Isis.’ > Ex officio. Tue SEcRETARy. Lr.-Cor. H. H. Gopwin-Austen. W. B. Tecermeier, Esa. H. Sersoum, Esa. The British OrnirHorocists’ Unton was instituted in 1858 for the advancement of the science of Ornithology. Its funds are devoted primarily to the publication of ‘Tux Isis, a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, of which twenty-three volumes have now been completed. The Union consists of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members (limited to ten), and Foreign Members (limited to twenty). Ordinary Members pay an admission fee of £2, and a contri- bution of £1 on election, and £1 on the Ist of J anuary of each subsequent year. Ordinary Members and Honorary Members are entitled to receive a copy of ‘Tue Isis’ gratis. Authors are entitled to 25 extra copies of their papers pub- lished in ‘Tux Isis,’ on applying for them to the Secretary. The Election of Members takes place at the Annual General Meeting, held in April or May of each year. Persons wishing to become Members are requested to apply to the Secretary for infor- mation respecting Election. F. DuCANE GODMAN, Secretary. 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. Now ready, Price 30s. A GENERAL INDEX OF THE FIRST THREE SERIES OF ‘THE IBIS? 1859-1876, Edited by Osperr Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. J, VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW The Editors of ‘Tux Isis’ are glad to receive copies of Books and Papers of any sort relating to Ornithology, which will be duly noticed in this Journal. List or PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED SINCE THE ISSUE OF No. 19 anp NOT NOTICED IN THE PRESENT NUMBER. 43, Botan. Birds of the Suifur District. (J. f. O. 1881.) 44. Ripeway. On the Genus Centurus. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881.) 45. Giewrot1. On Italian Birds. (Annali di Agricoltura, Roma, No. 36, 1881.) 46. PrLzELn. Ueber eine Sendung von Vogeln aus Central-Afrika. (Verh. k.k. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1881.) ; 47, Prtzetn. Bericht iiber Dr. Breitenstein’s zweite Sendung von Siuge- thieren und Végeln aus Borneo. (Sitzungsb. d. k.k. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1880.) 48, Kuprs-DresLonecHamps. Catalogue descriptif des Trochilidés. 8yo. Caen, 1881. 49. Report of the Curator of the Albany Museum for the Year 1880. 50. Newron (ALFrep and Epwarp), List of the Birds of Jamaica. (Ex- tracted from the ‘Handbook of Jamaica’ for 1881.) 51. Bocaer. On West-African Birds. (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, No. xxx. 1881.) 52. Ripeway. Catalogue of the Birds of Illinois, (Bull. Illinois Laboratory of Nat. Hist. No. 4.) 53. Satvapori. Uccelli della Nuova Britannia, della Nuova Guinea e delle Isole del Duca di York. (Atti R. Ac. Sci. Torino, xvi.) 54, Ripeway. List of Species of Middle and South-American Birds not con- tained in the U.S. National Museum. (Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881.) 55. Rernwarpt. Om de formentlige Leyninger af en kempemessig, med Cariama beslegtet, uddéd Fugl fra Brasiliens Ihnoglehuler. (Vidensk. Medd. Kjobenhavn, 1881.) 56, Corterr. Mindre Meddelelser vidrérende Norges Fuglefauna i Aarene 1877-1880. (Mag. f. Naturv. xxvi. Juni 1881.) 57. Ratupun. Bright Feathers, or some North-American Birds of Beauty. Parts I. & IL. 58. Trraut. Les Oiseaux de la Basse-Cochinchine. (Bull. Com. Agricole de la Cochinchine, 1879.) 59. CLARKE and RoEsuck. A Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of York- shire. 8yvo. 1881. 60. Wuirr. Cameos from the Silver-land. Vol.I. S8vo. 1881. 61. OaTEs. Matabele Land and the Victoria Falls. Svo. 1881. CONTENTS OF NUMBER XX.—FOURTH SERIES. . XL. Ornithological Notes made in the Straits Settlements and in the Western States of the Malay Peninsula. By ‘Lieut. H. R. Kernam, 74th Highlanders . . . 501 XLI. Ornithological Letters from the Pacific.— VI. Noy Britain. - By Orro Frnscu, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &. . . . 532 XLII. More about upeclus horus, H. et F. oe T. SaLvaport, C.M.Z8.. . : . 540 XLIII. Description of a eed | new ee ean Vaté (Sand- wich) Island, New Hebrides. By E. L. Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.8., &c., H.B.M. Consul in New Caledonia. With Remarks by Canon Tristram, F.R.S. >. 2... . 542 XLIV. On two apparently new Finches of the Genus Hr ieee with Remarks on other known Species of the Group. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Plate XV.) . . 548 XLY. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the