FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

T H E IBI 8,

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, P.Sc,s F.K.%

AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A , F.Z.S.

AOL. IV. 1910.
NINTH SERIES.

Delectaeti me, Domine, in operibus matiuuw tuarum.

L 0 K DON:
It. II. PORTER, 7 PRTNCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

1910.

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PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
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PREFACE.

Ox concluding- the Fifty-second Volume of ' The
Ibis ' by the issue of the Two-hundred-and-fifth
Number, we have again to acknowledge the unfailing
support that we have received from our contributors.
We have, in fact, been obliged to defer to the next
volume some of the communications lately sent to us.
But an octavo book, if of more than seven hundred
pages (besides twelve plates), becomes rather in-
convenient to handle.

We may venture to call attention to Mr. Bucknill's
article in this volume on the Birds of Cyprus as
likely to be of special interest to students of the
Western Paleearctic Avifauna. Much, it is true,
was already known to us of the birds of that
interesting Island, but Mr. Bucknill has furnished us
with an excellent general summary of our knowledge
of its Avifauna, and, as he has returned to his official
work in Cyprus, will, we are sure, not fail to
continue his observations on its bird-life.

Two other contributors to the present volume,
Mr. S. A. Neave and Mr. D. Carruthers, have
again left England for foreign countries : Mr.
Neave has gone to East Africa, Mr. Carruthers to
Central Asia. Both of these gentlemen are good
observers and energetic collectors, and Ave may

a2

IV

expect to learn much from the results of their
expeditions.

In the course of the next few months also we
may well hope that the party sent out by our Union
under Mr. Walter Goodfellow's guidance, though
its progress has been hitherto somewhat slow, will
have established itself high up in the mountains of
Central New Guinea, and will have sent us some
intelligence of the natural products of what is
believed to be the largest unexplored area on the
world's surface except the Polar circles.

P
A

Offices of the
Zoological Society of London,
Regent's Park,

London, N.W.,

October ].st,r. ) 10.

. L. 8. ")
. H. E.i

LIST OP THE MEMBERS

OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.
1910.

[An asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested (hat
Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their
addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected.]

Date of
Election.

1888. Aplin, Oliver Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon.
1890. Archibald, Charles F. ; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,

Leeds.
Ls!'6. Arrigoni degli Oddi, Count Ettore, Professor of Zoology,

University, Padua ; and Ca' oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy.
1901. Arundel, Major Walter B., F.Z.S. ; High Ackworth, Ponte-

fract.
5 1901. Ashby, Herbert; Oakvvood Lodge, Chandler's Ford, near

Southampton.
1908. Ashworth, Dr. John Wallwork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.R.G.S., F.G.S. ; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near

Stockport.
1897. Astley, Hubert Delaval, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Benham Park,

Newbury, Berks.
1885. Backhouse, James, F.Z.S. ; Daleside, Scarborough, Yorks.
1904. Bahr, Philip Heinrich, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.Z.S. ; Perrysfield House, Oxted, Surrey.
io 1901. Bailward, Col. Arthur Churchill, F.Z.S. (R.F.A.) ;

b4 Victoria Street, S.W.
1892. Baker, E. C Stuart, F.Z.S. ; care of Messrs. H. S. King

& Co., 65 Cornhill, E.C. ; and Shillong, Assam, India.
1901. Baker, John C, M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury, Bucks.
1908. Ball, Crispin Alfred (Sudan Civil Service) ; Geteina,

White Nile Province, Sudan.

1889. Balston, Richard James, F.Z.S.; Springfield, Maidstone.

T5 1906. Banxerman, David A., B.A. ; 11 Washington Hcuse, Basil
Street, S.W.

1890. Barclay, Francis Hubert, F.Z.S.; The Warren, Cromer,

Norfolk.

Date of
Election.

1910. Barclay, Lt.-Col. Hubert Frederick, F.Z.S. ; Dursley,

St. Albans, Herts.
1835. Barclay, Hugh Gurney, F.Z.S. ; Colney Hall, Norwich.
1889. Barrett-Hamilton, Major Gerald E. H., F.Z.S. (5th Royal

Irish llifles) ; Kilnianock, Campile, Ireland.
20 1831. Barrington, Richard Manliffe, LL.l). ; Fassaroe, Bray,

Co. Wicklow.
1903. Bartels, Max.; Pasir Datar, HalteTjisaiit (Preanger), Java,

Dutch East Indies.

1906. Bates, George L., C.M.Z.S. ; Kribi, Kamerun, West Africa.
1908. Beaumont, Walter Ibbotson, F.Z.S. ; 1 Osborno Place,

Plymouth.
1902. Becher, Harry, C.E. ; Beechwood Cottage, Burnham-on-

Crouch.
25 1910. Beeston, Harry; Simnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.
1897. Benson, John; The Post Office, Vancouver, B.C.
1897. Berry, William, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire.

1907. Bethell, The Hon. Richard ; 30 Hill Street, Mayfair, W.
1907. Bickbrton, William, F.Z.S. ; The Hawthorns, Marlborough

Road, Watford, Herts.
3° 1880. Bidwell, Edward ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, E.C.
1892. Bird, The Rev. Maurice C. H., M.A. ; Brunstead Rectory,

Stalham, S.O., Norfolk.
1891. Blaauw, Frans Ernst, C.M.Z.S. ; Gooilust, 'sGraveland

Hilversum, Noord-Holland.

1903. Blathwayt, The Rev. Francis Linley, M.A. ; Doddington

Rectory, Lincoln.

1897. Bonar, The Rev. Horatius Ninian, F.Z.S. ; Saltoun, Pen-

caitland, N.B.
35 1905. Bone, Henry Peters, F.Z.S. ; 28 Adelaide Crescent, Brighton.
1894. Bonhote, John Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Gade Soring

Lodge, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. {Secretary 6f Treasurer.)
1906. Boorman, Staines ; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.

1898. Booth, George Albert ; 6 North Road, Preston ; and

Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Lanes.

1904. Booth, Harry B. ; Rybill, Ben Rhydding, via Leeds, Yorks.
40 1907. Boraston.JohnMaclair; Ingleside,Stretford,nearManchester.

1908. Borrer, Clifford Dalison ; 6 Durham Place, Chelsea, S.W.
1910. Brabourne,WyndhamWentworth, Lord (Grenadier Guards);
19 Curzon Street, W.

Date of
Election.

1895. Bradford, John Hose, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.Z.S ; 8 Man-
chester Square, W.

1902. Bridgeman, Commdr. The Hon. Richard 0. B.,R.N.; Weston
Park, Shifnal, Salop; and H.M.S. ' lied breast,' East
India Station.
45 1909. Bkiggs, Thomas Henkv, M.A., F.E.S. ; Rock House,
Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon.

1902. Bristowe, Bertram Arthur ; The Cottage, Stoke D'Abcrnon,

Surrey.
1885. Brockholes, William Fitzherbert ; Claughton-on-Broek

Garstang, Lancashire.
1908. Brook, Edward Jonas, F.Z.S. ; Hoddam Castle, Ecclefechan,

N.B.
1890. Brooke, Harry Brinsley; 33 Egcrton Gardens, S.W.
50 1S99. Brooke, John Arthur, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield ; and

Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire.
1900. Bruce, William Speirs, LL.D., F.R.S.E. ; Scottish Oceano-

grapbical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh.
1907. Buckley, Charles Mars ; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W.
1U0G. Bucknill, The Hon. John Alexander Straohey, M.A.,

F.Z.S. ; Kioshly Chiftlik, Nicosia, Cyprus ; and Hylands

House, Epsom, Surrey.
1895. Bulgaria, H.M. Ferdinand, King of, F.Z.S.; The Palace,

Sofia, Bulgaria.
55 1908. Bunyard, Percy Frederick, F.Z.S. : 57 Kidderminster Road,

Croydon, Surrey.
1907. Butler, Arthur Gardiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 124 Beck-

enham Road, Beckenham, Kent.
1899. Butler, Arthur Lennox, F.Z.S.; Superintendent of Game

Preservation, Sudan Government, Khartum, Sudan.
1884. Butler, Lieut.-Col. E. A. ; Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great

Yarmouth.
lSi>6. Butterfield, W. C. J. Ruskin ; Curator of the Corporation

Museum, Brassey Institute, Hastings.
6o 1900. Buttress, Bernard A. E. ; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton,

Cambridge.
1905. Buxton, Anthony ; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1884. Buxton, Geoffrey Fowell, F.Z.S.; Dunston Hall, Norwich.
1S06. Cade, Francis J. ; Mosborough, The Park, Cheltenham.
1S89. Cameron, Ewen Somerled, F.Z.S. ; Fallon, Montana,

U.S.A.

Date of
Election.

65 1896. Cameron, Capt. James S.; (2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Tlegt.)

Low Wood, Bethorsden, Ashford, Kent.
1S88. Cameron, John Duncan ; Low Wood, Bethersdeu, Ashford,

Kent.
1892. Campbell, Charles William, C.M.G.. C.M.Z.S., H.B.M.

Chinese Consular Service ; British Legation, Peking,

China.
1909. Campbell, David Callender, J,P, ; Templemore Bark,

Londonderry, Ireland.

1909. Carroll, Clement Joseph ; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary,

Ireland.
70 1904. Carrexhers, Alexander Douglas M. ; Little Munden
Bectory, Ware, Herts.
1908. Carter, Thomas ; Wensleydale, Broome Hill (Great Southern

Railway), Western Australia.
1890. Cave, Charles John Philip, M.A., F.Z.S.; Ditcham Park,
Petersfield, Hants.

1894. Chance, A. Macomb, M.A. ; 9 Hermitage Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1884. Chapman, Abel, F.Z.S.; Houxty, Wark-011-Tyne.
7- 1907. Chapman, Edward Henry; 3 Hare Court, Temple, E.G.

1882. Chase, Robert William ; Pool Hall, Wishaw, near Bir-
mingham.

1908. Ciieesman, Robert E. ; Tilsden, Cranbrook.

1897. Cholmlet, Alered John, F.Z.S. : c/o Mr. R. H. Porter,
7 Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. ; and Newton
Hall, Rillington, Yorks.

1910. Chubb, Ciiakles, F.Z.S. ; British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, S,W.
u J904. Clarke, Capt. Goland van Holt, D.S.O.,F.Z-S, (18th Hussars) ;

Chilworth Court, Romsey, Hants.
1889. Clarke, Lt.-Col. Stephenson Robert, F.Z.S.; Borde Hill,

Cuckfield, Sussex.
1880. Clarke, William Eagle, F.L.S. : Royal Scottish Museum,

Edinburgh.
1904. Cochr\ne, Commdr. Henry Lake, R.N. ; 30 Drayton

Gardens, S.W.
1898. Cooks, Alfred Heneage, M.A., F.Z.S.; Poynetts, Skirmett,

near Henley-on-Thames.

1895. Coles, Richard Edward; Ashley Arnewood, New Milton,

S.O., Hants.

Dale of
Election.

1UU4. Collier, Chables, F.Z.S. ; Clieveden House, 21 Eaton
Terrace, S.W.

1909. Congreye, "William Maitland (Lieut. R.A.) ; R.A.Mess,

Eurojia, Gibraltar ; and Breinton House, near Hereford.

1910. Conigrave, Charles Price, F.R.G.S. ; Suburban Road,

South Pertb, Western Australia.
1S88. Cordeaux, Major William Wilfrid, (late 21st Lancers),

Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury.
90 1896. Cowie, Col. Alexander Hugh, R.E., E.Z.S. ; Uddens House,

Wimbourne, Dorset.
1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt. ; Calke Abbey, Derby.
1898. Grossman, Alan F., F.Z.S. ; Cumminiu Station, near Dood-

lakine, Western Australia.
L903. Crowley, John Cyril, M.A. ; 5 Beech House Load,

Croydon.
1 898. Crowley, Reginald Alvvyn ; Foords Farm, Horsham, Sussex ;

and 22 High Street, Croydon.
95 1S99. Cortis, Frederick, F. B.C. S. ; Lyndens, Eedhill, Surrey.
1S77. Dalgleish, John J.; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station,

Alloa, N.B.
1896. Danfoed, Capt. Bertram W. Y., R.E. ; Bermuda.
lt-97. Darnley, Iyo Francis Walton, Earl; Cobbam Hall,

Gravesend ; and Clifton Lodge, Athboy, Co. Meath.
1883. Davidson, James, F.Z.S. ; 82 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin-
burgh.
100 190S. Davies, Claude G. ; 'E' Squadron, Cape Mounted Riflemen,

Matatiele, E. Griqualand, South Africa.
1905. Davis, Kenneth James Acton; Julian Hill, Harrow; and

King's College, Cambridge.
1909. Delme-Radcliffe, Capt. Alfred (105th Maratha Light

Infantry) ; Satara, Deccan, India ; and c/o Messrs. Cox

& Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W.
1902. Dent, Charles Henry; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd.,

Darlington.
1891. De Vis, Charles W. : Queensland Museum, Brisbane; and

care of Mr. B. Quaritch, 11 Grafton Street, W.
105 1893. De AVinton, William Edward, F.Z.S. ; Southover Hall,
Burwash, Sussex.
1896. Bobbie, James Bell, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; 12 South Inverleith

Terrace, Edinburgh.

Date of
Election.

1889. Dome, William Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street,

Chester.
1904. Dorrien-Smith, Thomas Algernon, J.P., D.L. ; Treseo Abbey,

Scilly Isles.
1904. Drake-Brockman, Dr. Ealph Evelyn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.Z.S.; Cheriton, Wellington Road, Bournemouth,
no 1865. Dresser, Henry Eeles. E.L.S., E.Z.S. ; 44 Hornton Court,

Kensington, W.
1896. Drewitt, Erederic Dawtrey, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ; 14 Palace

Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W.

1890. Drummond-Hay, Col. James A. G. It.- (Coldstream Guards);

Seggieden, by Perth, N.B.
1904. Duckworth, George Herbert ; 35 Charles Street, Berkeley

Square, W.
1878. Durneord, W. Arthur, J.P. ; Elsccar, Barnsley.
*x5 1905. Dutton, The Hon. and Itev. Canon Frederick George;
Bibury, Fairford.
11)03. Earlb, Edward Vavasour ; 4 Broad Street Place, E.C.
L895. Elliot, Edmund A. S., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge,

South Devon.
1S84. Elliott, Algernon, CLE. ; 16 Belsizc Grove, Hamp-

stead, ]ST.W.
1902. Ellison, The Rev. Allan, M.A. ; Ardoyne House, Watton,
Hertford.
120 1904. Elton, Henry Brown, B.A., M.B., B.C., M.li.C.S., L.R.C.P.;
Southwell, Taunton. Somerset.
1866. Elwes, Henry JonN, F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Chellenham.
1879. Evans, Arthur Humble, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 9 Harvey Road, Cam-
bridge. {Joint Editor.)
1S88. Evans, William, F.R.S.E. ; 38 Moniingside Park, Edin-
burgh.
1905. Ewen, Guy L'Estrange (King's Messenger) ; St. James's
Club, Piccadilly, W.
125 1892. Fairbridge, William George; 141 Long Market Street,
Capetown, South Africa.
1909. Fanshawe, Capt. Richard D. (late Scots Guards); Adbury

Holt, Newbury, Berks.
1891. Farquhar, Rear-Admiral Arthur Murray, C.V.O. ; Granville
Lodge, Aboyne, N.B.

Date of
Election.

1898. Farcitjhak, Capt. Stuart St. J., R.N. ; Naval & Military

Club, Piccadilly, W.
1873. Feilden, Col. Henry Wemyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S. ; Burwash,

Sussex; and Junior United Service Club, S.W.
130 1901. Finlinson, Horace W., F.Z.S. ; 5 Rosamond Road, Bedford.
1892. Finn, Frank, B.A., F.Z.S. ; 36 St. George's Road, Regent's

Park, N.W.

1902. Flower, Capt. Stanley Smyth, F.Z.S.; Kedah House,

Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1SS4. Forbes, Hknry Ogg, LL.D., F.Z.S. ; Free Public Museums,
Liverpool.

1903. Foster, Nevin Harkness ; Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland.
J35 1880. Foster, William ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater, \Y.

1887. Fowler, William Warde, M.A. ; Lincoln College, Oxford.
1S65. Fox, The Eev. Henry Elliott, M.A. ; The Croft, Lytton

Grove, Putney Hill, S.W.
1881. Freke, Percy Evans ; Southpoint, Limes Road, Folkestone.
1895. Frohawk, Frederick William ; Ashmount, Rayleigh, Essex.
140 ]909. Frost, William Ebayarb, J. P. ; Ardvreck, Crieff, Perthshire.
1881. Gadow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; University Museum of

Zoology, Cambridge.
1886. Gainsborough, Charles William Francis, Earl of; Exton

Park, Oakham.
1907. Ganbolfi, Alfonso Otho Ganbolfi-Hornyold, Duke, Ph.D. ;

Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire.
1900. Garnett, Charles ; 9 Cleveland Gardens, Hyde Park, W. ;

and New University Club, St. James's Street, S.W.
145 1892. Gerrarb, John, Government Inspector of Mines; Worsley,

near Manchester.
1902. Gibbins, William Bevington, F.Z.S. ; Ettington, Stratford-

on-Avon.
1879. Gibson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.G.S. ; 25 Cadogan Place,

S.W. ; and c/o Messrs. Fraser, Stodart & Ballingall,

16 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
1902. Gillett, Frederick, F.Z.S.; Shootfield House, Sundridge,

Suffolk.
1902. Gillman, Arthur Eiley, F.Z.S. ; Heath Vale, Farnham,

Surrey.
150 1904. Gilroy, Norman; 95 Claremont Eoad, Forest Gate, E. ;

and Seaford, Sussex.

Xll

Date of

Election.

1903. Gladstone, Hugh Steuart, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Capenoch, Thorn-
hill, Dumfriesshire.

1908. Godman, Capt. Edwaed Shirley (2nd Dorset Regiment) ;
Muntham, Horsham.

* 1858. Godman, Frederick DuCane, D.C.L.,F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; 45 Pont

Street, S.W. (President.) {Gold Medallist.)

* 18o8. Godman, Percy Sanden, P. A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham,

Horsham. (Gold Medallist.)
ice 1906. Goodall, Jeremiah Matthews, F.Z.S. ; 52 Oxford Gardens,

North Kensington, W.
1901. Goodchild, Herbert; 06 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park,

N.W.
1900. Goodfellow, Walter, F.Z.S. ; Mont Fleuri, Southbourne

Grove, Bournemouth.
1906. Gordon, Seton Pall, F.Z.S.; Auchintoul, Aboyne, N.B.
1899. Gould, Frank Herbert Carruthers, F.Z.S.; Mat ham Manor

House, East Molesey, Surrey.
160 1895. Grabham, Oxley, M.A. ; The Museum, York.

L909. Grant, Claud Henry Baxter, F.Z.S. ; 30 Wimbledon Park

Road, West Hill, S.W.
L909. Grey, The lit. Hon. Sir Edward, Bt., P.O., M.P., F.Z.S.;

Falloden, Christon Bank, R.S.O., Northumberland.
1906. Griffith, Arthur Foster; 59 Montpellier Road, Brighton.
1885. Guillemaud, Francis Henry Hill, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ; Old

Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge.
165 1876. Gitnther, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.;

2 Lichfield Road, Kew Gardens, S.W.
1908. Gurney, Gerard Hudson, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Keswick Hall,

Norwich.
1870. Gurney, John Henry, F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, Norwich; and

Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1896. Gurney, Robert ; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham, Norfolk.
1890. Gwatkin, Joshua Reynolds Gascoign ; The Manor House,

Potterne, Devizes.
1 70 1891. Haigh, George Henry Caton ; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby,

Lincolnshire.
1887. Haines, John Pleydell Wilton ; 17 King Street, Gloucester.
1898. Hale, The Rev. James Rashleigh, M.A. ; Boxley Vicarage,

Maidstone, Kent.
1905. Hamerton, Capt. Albert Edward, D.S.O., R.A.M.C.,
F.Z.S. ; c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Fluce, S.W.

Date of
Election.

1904. Hartxgton, Major Herhert Hastings ; 02nd Punjabis,

Mandalay, Upper Burma ; and c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook &

Sons, Ludgate Circus, E.C.

175 1900. Harper, Edmund William, F.Z.S.; 6 Ashburnham Road,

Bedford.

1900. Harris, Henry Edward; 2 St. Aubyn's Mansions, Hove,

Brighton.
1893. Harterx, Ernst J. 0., Ph.D., F.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum,

Tring, Herts.
1868. Harting, James Edmund, F.L.S., E.Z.S. ; Edgewood, Wey-

bridge, Surrey.
1893. Hartmann, William; Milburn, Esher, Surrey.
180 1899. Harvey, Major Robert Napier, R.E. ; Broxhead Cottage,
Bordon Camp, Hants.
1873. Harvie-Brown, John A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Dunipace House,

Larbert, Stirlingshire, N.B.
1900. Hasluck, Percy Pedley Harkord; The Wilderness, South-
gate, N.
]902. Hatfeild, John Randall; Edlington Hall, Horncastle,

Lincolnshire.
1898. Hawker, Richard Macdonnell, F.Z.S.; Bath Club, Dover
Street, W. ; and c/o Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 90 Bishopsgate
Street Within, E.C.
^5 1905. Hawksuaw, John Clarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.Z.S., F.G.S. ;
Hollvcombe, Liphook, Hants ; and 33 Great George Street,
Westminster, S.W.
1905. Headley, Frederick Were, M.A., F.Z.S.; Haileybury

College, Herts.
lf!07. Hedges, George Mitchell ; 42 Kensington Park Gar-
dens, W.
1905. Hellmayr, Carl E. ; Wittelsbacherstrasse 2 III., Munich,

Germany.
1902. Hett, Geoffrey Seccombe, F.Z.S. ; 8 Wimpole Street, W.
190 1899. Heywood, Richard, F.Z.S. ; Narside, Narborough, Swaffham,
Norfolk.
1900. Hills, John AValler, M.P. ; Queen Anne's Mansions, West-
minster, S.W. ; and Highhead Castle, Carlisle.
1884. Holds worth, Charles James, J. P. ; Fernhill, Alderley Edge,

Cheshire.
1905. Hopkinson, Emilius, M.B., D.S.O., F.Z.S. ; 45 Sussex Square,
Brighton ; and Medical Officer, Gambia, West Africa.

Date of
Election.

1904. Horsbrugh, Major Boyd Robert, F.Z.S. (Army Service

Corps) ; Morristown Biller, Newbridge. Co. Kildare,

Ireland.
195 1888. Horsfield, Herbert Knight ; Crescent Hill, Filey,

Yorks.
1895. Howard, Henry Eliot, F.Z.S. ; Clarelands, near Stourport.
1881. Howard, Eobert James ; Shcarbank, Blackburn, Lan-
cashire.
1809. Hume, Allan Octayian, C.B., C.S.I., F.Z.S.; The Chalet,

4 Kingswood Boad, Upper Norwood, S.E.
1S90. Hunter, Henry Charles Vicars, F.Z.S.; Abermarlais Park,

Llangadock, Carmarthenshire.
200 1901. Ingram, Collingwood ; The Bungalow, "Westgate-on-Sea.

1902. Innes Bey, Dr. Walter Francis ; Curator of the Zoological

Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
1888. Jackson, Frederick John, C.B., C.M.G., F.Z.S., F.L.S. ;

Uganda, British East Africa ; and The Bed House,

Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
1892. James, Henry Ashworth, F.Z.S. ; Hurstmonceux Place,

Hailsham, Sussex.
1896.. Jesse, William, F.Z.S. ; Meerufc College, Meerut, India.
205 1889. Johnson, Frederick Ponsonby, B.A., J. P., D.L. ; Castlesteads,

Brampton, Cumberland.
1891. Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.S. ;

St. John's Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex.
1905. Johnstone, Edwin James, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge,

Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1900. Jones, Major Henry, F.Z.S. (late 62nd Begt.) ; East Wickham

House, Welling, Kent.
1909. Jones, Staff-Surgeon Kenneth Hurlstone, M.B., Ch.B.,

F.Z.S., R.N.; The Manor House, St. Stephen's, Canterbury,

Kent.
1S99. Jourdain, The Rev. Francis Charles Robert, M. A. : Clifton

Vicarage, near Ashburne, Derbyshire.
1902. Joy, Norman Humbert, M.B.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Thurlestone,

Bradfield, near Beading.
1880. Kelham, Col. Henry Robert, C.B. (late Highland Light

Infantry); Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1894. Kelsall, Major Harry Joseph, B.A. ; Golden Hill, Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight.
1897. Kelsall, The Rev. John Edward. M.A. ; Milton Rectory,

New Milton, Hants.

Hate of
Election.

215 1904. Kelso, John Edward Harry, M.D. ; Holmwood, Hayling
Island, Hants.
1801. Kerr, John Graham, F.Z.S., Regius Professor of Zoology,

9 The University, Glasgow.
181 »5. Kingsford, William Edward ; Cairo, Egypt.
1002. Kixnear, Nokmajj Boyd ; Bombay Natural History Society,

6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
1910. Kloss, Cf.cil Boden, F.Z.S , F.li.A.I. ; Curator of the Perak
State Museum, Taiping, Perak, Federated Malay States.
220 1S82. Knubley, The Rev. Edward Ponsonby, M. A.; Steeple Ashton
Vicarage, Trowbridge, Wilts.
1900. Koenig, Dr. Alexander Ferdinand ; Coblenzer-Strasse 164,

Bonn, Germany.
1906. Kollibay, Paul; Ring 12 1, Neisse, Germany.
1892. Laidlaw, Thomas Geddes ; Bank of Scotland, Duns, N.B.
1881. Langton, Herbert; 11 Marlborough Place, Brighton.
225 1881. Lascelles, The Hon. Gerald William, F.Z.S. ; The King's
House, Lyndhurst.
1S92. La Touche, John David Digues, C.M.Z.S. ; c/o Custom

House, Chinkiang, China (via Siberia).
1898. Learoyd,A. Ernest; Kirkgate Buildings, Huddersfiebl, Yorks.
1910. Lees, T. Hastings, M.A. ; 4 Osnaburgh Terrace, Regent's
Park, N.W.

1905. Legge, The Hon. Gerald ; c/o Messrs. Hoare, 37 Fleet

Street, E.C.
2 -jo 1905. Leigh, Henry BouonioN ; Brownsover Hall, Rugby.

1906. Leigh, John Hamilton, F.Z.S. ; Matcham's Park, Ringwood,

Hants.
189S. Le Souef, Dudley, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological

Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
1868. Le Strange, Hamon, F.Z.S. ; Hunstanton Hall, King's Lynn,

Norfolk ; and 1 Eaton Place, Eaton Square, S.W.
1889. Leyland, Christopher John, F.Z.S. ; Haggerston Castle, Bcal,
Northumberland.
235 1897. Lilfoed, John, Lord, F.Z.S.; Lilford Hall, Oundle,Northants.
1909. Lings, George Herbert ; Barciecroft, Burnage, Didsbury,

Manchester.
1897. Lodge, George Edward, F.Z.S.; The Studios, 5 Thurloe
Square, S.W.

Date of
Election.

1908. Long, Sydney Herbert, M.D. ; 37 St. Giles Street,

Norwich.
19U5. Lovat, Lt.-Col. Simon Joseph, Lord, C.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O.,

F.Z.S. ; Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness-shire.
240 1904. Lowe, Dr. Percy R. ; c/o Sir Frederic Johnstone, Bt., The

Hatch, Windsor.
1889. Loyd, Lt.-Col. Arthur Purvis, F.Z.S. (late 21st Hussars);

Hurst Lodge, Sunningdale, Berks.
1902. Lucas, Auberon Thomas, Lord, F.Z.S. ; 7 Cleveland Row,

St. James's, S.W.
1877. Lumsden, James, F.Z.S.; Ardcn House, Arden, Dumbarton-

shire, N.B.

1908. Lyell, Charles Henby, M.P. ; 4S Eaton Place,

S.W.
245 1904. Lynes, Commander Hubert, R.N. ; H.M.S. ' Cadmus,' China
Station.
1900. McConnell, Frederick Vavasour; Camfield Place, Hatfield,
Herts.

1905. McGregor, Peter James Colquhoun ; H.B.M. Consul,

British Consulate, Erzerum, Turkey in Asia.
L897. McLean, John Chambers; Te Karaka, Gisborne, New

Zealand.
1899. Macmillan, George Augustin, F.Z.S.; 27 Queen's Gate
Gardens, S.W.
250 1906. Macmillan, "William Edward Frank ; 27 Queen's Ga*e
Gardens, S.W.

1909. Macnaghten, Norman Donnelly; Ministry of the Interior,

Cairo. Egypt.
1S9L Macpkerson, Arthur Holte, F.Z.S. ; r>4 Cleveland Square,
Hyde Park, W.

1906. Magrath, Major Hevrt Augustus Freder/jk; 51st Sikhs

Frontier Force, Bannu, N.W.P., India; and c/o Messrs.
II. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W'.

1907. Mann, Thomas Hugh, F.Z.S.; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield,

Sussex.
255 1908. Maples, Stuart ; Lytton House, Stevenage, Herts.

1904. Mapleton, Harvey William, B.A. ; Badgworth, Axhridge,

Somerset.
1894. Marshall, Archibald McLean, F.Z.S.; Great Chitcombe,

Brede, Sussex.

Date of
Election.

1894. Marshall, James McLean, F.Z.S.: Bleaton Hallet, Blair-
gowrie, N.B.
1897. Mason, Col. Edward Snow ; 10 Lindum Terrace, Lincoln.
260 1898. Masses", Herbert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.

1907. Mathews, Gregory Macalister, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Langley

Mount, Watford, Herts.

1908. Mathews, Bichard Owen ; Langley Mount, "Watford.
1S96. Maxwell, The Bt. Hon. Sir Herbert Eustace, Bt., B.C..

F.B.S. ; Monreith, Whauphill, Wigtownshire, ]ST.B.
1883. Meade-Waldo, Edmund Gustayus Bloomfield, F.Z.S. ;

Stonewall Bark, Edenbridge, Kent.
265 1899. Meinertzhagen, Capt. Bichard, F.Z.S. ; Brookwood Bark,

Alresford, Hants.
1886. Millais, John Guille, F.Z.S. ; Compton's Brow, Horsham.
1903. Mills, The Bev. Henry Holroyd, F.Z.S.; The Bectory,

St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Boad, Cornwall.
1879. Mitchell, Frederick Shaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream,

Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
1901. Mitchell, B. Chalmers, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.B.S., F.Z.S. ;

Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, Begent's

Bark, N.W.
2 7° 1908. Momber, A. B. ; Magdalene College, Cambridge.

189S. Monro, Horace Cecil, C.B. ; Queen Anne's Mansions, Queen

Anne's Gate, S.W.
1900. Montagu, The Hon. Edwin Samuel, M.F., F.Z.S. ; 12 Ken-
sington Balace Gardens, W.
1906. Moore, Lt.-Col. Cyril H. ; Begimental Accountant's Office,

Colchester.
1886. Muirhead, George; Speybank, Fochabers, Moray, N.B.
2 75 1893. Mullens, Major William Herbert, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.S.;

Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex.
1892. Munn, Philip Winchester, F.Z.S. ; Laverstoke, Whitchurch,

Hants.
1897. Munt, Henry, F.Z.S. ; 10 Ashburn Place. South Kensington,

S.W.
1910. Murray, Herbert Willaume; The Old House, Epsom.
1900. Musters, John Patricics Cha worth, D.L., J.P. ; y\nnesley

Park, ^Nottingham.
280 1907. Neave, Sheffield Airey, M.A., B.Sc, F.Z.S.; Mill Green

Park, Ingatestone, Essex.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. b

Date of
Election.

1882. Nelson, Thomas Hudson ; Seafield, Redcar, Yorkshire.
1895. Nesham, Robert, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Utrecht House, Queen's

Road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1897. Neumann, Professor Oscar, C.M.Z.S. ; 2 Nollendorfplatz,

Berlin, Germany.
1904. Newman, Thomas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene

Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
2^5 1902. Nichols, John Bruce, F.Z.S. ; Parliament Mansions, Victoria

Street, S.W.
1900. Nichols, Walter Buchanan ; Stour Lodge, Bradfield,

Manningtree, Essex.
1876. Nicholson, Francis, F.Z.S. ; The Knoll, Windermere.
1902. Nicoll, Michael John, F.Z.S. ; Valhalla House, Zoological

Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1904. Noakes, Wickham ; Selsdon Park, Croydon.
290 1895. Noble, Heatley, F.Z.S. ; Temple Combe, Henley-on-Thames.
1892. Ogilvie, Fergus Menteith, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Shrubbery,

72 Woodstock Road, Oxford.
1890. Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert, F.Z.S. ; British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
1889. Ogle, Bertram Savile ; Hill House, Steeple Aston,

Oxford.

1907. Oldham, Charles, F.Z.S. ; Essex House, Wellington Road,

Watford.
295 1906. Osmaston, Bertram Beresford (Imperial Forest Service);
Naini Tal, India.
1883. Parker, Henry, C.E. ; Whitbourne Lodge, Manby Road,

Great Malvern.
1880. Parkin, Thomas, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fairseat, High
Wickham, Hastings.

1908. Paton, Edward Richmond, F.Z.S. ; Brookdale, Grassendale,

near Liverpool.
1891. Patterson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.I. A. ; Glenbank, Holywood,

Co. Down.
300 1904. Pearse, Theed ; Mentmore, Ampthill Road, Bedford.

1894. Pearson, Charles Edward, F.L.S. ; Hillcrest, Lowdham,

Notts.
1891. Pearson, Henry J., F.Z.S. ; Bramcote, Notts.
1902. Pease, Sir Alfred Edward, Bt., F.Z.S. ; Pinchinthorpe

House, Guisborough, Yorkshire ; and Brooks's Club,

St. James's Street, S.W.

XIX

Dat» of
Election.

1898. Pf.xx, Eric Frank; Taverham Hall, Norwich.
3°5 1891. Penrose, Francis George, M.D., F.Z.S.; Wick House,
Downton, Salisbury, Wilts.

1900. Fercival, Arthur Blayney, F.Z.S. ; Game-Ranger, Nairobi,

British East Africa Protectorate ; and Somerset Court
Brent Knoll, Somerset.

1907. PEitcr, Lord William ; 2 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ; and

Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland.
1886. Phillips, Ethelberx Lort, F.Z.S. ; 79 Cadogan Square, S.W.
1888. Phillips, George Thorne ; Wokingham, Berkshire.
31c 1893. Pigott, Sir Thomas Digby, K.C.B.; The Lodge, Lower
Sheringham.

1908. Player, W. J. Percy ; The Quarr, Clydach, R.S.O., Glamor-

ganshire.
1907. Pocock, Reginald Innes, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Superintendent of
the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W.

1905. Pollard. Capt. Arthur Erskine St. Vincent (The Border

Regiment) ; Haynford Hall, Norwich.
1896. Popham, Hugh Leyborne, M.A. ; Hunstrete House, Pensford,

near Bristol.
315 1898. Price, Athelstan Elder, F.Z.S.; 61 Great Cumberland

Place, W.
1903. Proctor, Major Frederick William (late West Riding Regt.) ;

Downfield, Maidenhead.

1901. Proud, John T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham.

1893. Pycraft, William Plane, F.Z.S. ; British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
1888. Radclyffe, Charles Robert Eustace ; Hyde, Wareham,
Dorset.
320 1903. Ralfe, Pilcher George; The Parade, Castletown, Isle
of Man.
1903. Ratcliff, Frederick Rowlinson; 24 Lancaster Gate, W.

1906. Rattray, Col. Rullion Hare; 68 Dry Hill Park Road,

Tonbridge, Kent.
1879. Rawson, Herbert Eyelyn ; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe.

1894. Read, Richard Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Church Street,

Hanley, Staffordshire.
325 1888. Read, Robert H. ; 8a South Parade, Bedford Park, W.

1877. Reid, Capt. Philip Savile Grey, F.Z.S. (late R.E.); The
Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

XX

Date of

Election.

1903. Renaut, William E. ; 4 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square,

W.
1908. Richardson, Norman Frederic, F.Z.S.; Bradley Court,

Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire ; and Lynndale, Manor Road,

Forest Hill, S.E.
1907. Richmond, Herbert William ; King's College, Cambridge.
330 1895. Rickett, Charles Boughey, F.Z.S. ; 13 St. Paul's Road,

Clifton, Bristol.
1896. Rippon, Lt.-Col. George, F.Z.S. ; 89th Punjabis, P.O. Kalaw,

Southern Shan States, Upper Burma.

1907. Ritchie, Archibald Thomas Ayres ; The Head Master's.

Harrow ; and Overstrand, near Cromer.

1902. Riviere, Bernard Beryl, F.R.C S. ; St. Giles's Plain,

Norwich.

1908. Robertson, Sir Henry Beyer, B.A. ; Tale, Corwcn,

N. Wales.
335 1898. Robinson, Herbert C, C.M.Z.S. ; Selangor State Museum,
Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.
1896. Rogers, Lt.-Col. John Middleton, D.S.O., F.Z.S. (late
1st Dragoons) ; Hi verb, ill, Sevenoaks, Kent.

1893. Rothschild, The Hou. Lionel Walter, D.Sc, Ph.D., M.P.,

F.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.

1894. Rothschild, The Hon. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.Z.S. ;

Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W.
1910. Rucker, Sir Arthur William, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S. ;

Everington House, Newbury, Berks.
340 1907. Russell, Conrad George Edward, F.Z.S.; 2 Audley Square,

W.
1910. Russell, Harold, F.Z S. ; 16 Beaufort Gardens, S.W.
1883. St. Quintin, William Herbert, F.Z.S. ; Scampston Hall,

Rillington, Yorkshire.

1903. Sandeman, Capt. Robert Preston (late 10th Hussars) ; Dan-y

Pare, Crickhowell.
1889. Sapsworth, Arnold Duer, F.Z.S.; National Liberal Club,
Whitehall Place, S.W.
345 1902. Sargeaunt, Arthur St. George ; Exbury, Padstow,
Cornwall.

1904. Sargent, James ; 76 Jermyn Street, S.W.

1902. Saunders, William Henry Radclifee, C.E. ; The White
Mansion, 91 York Street, Westminster, S.W.

Date of
Election.

1909. Savage, The Rev. Ernest Urmson ; 129 Upper Canning
Street, Liverpool.

1898. Scherren, Henry, F.Z.S. : 9 Caveudish Road, Harringay, N.
350 1907. Schwann, Geoffrey ; 4 Prince's Gardens, S.W.

1905. Schwann, Harold, F.Z.S. ; 11 Abingdon Gardens, Kensington,
W.
* 1858. Sclater, Philip Lutley,D.Sc.,F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Odiham Priory,
Winchfield, Hants ; and Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
(Joint Editor.) (Gold Medallist.)
1891. Sclater, AVilliam Lutley, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 10 Sloane Court,
Chelsea, S.W.

1907. Scott, The Rev. Canon Samuel Gilbert, M.A. ; The Rectory,

Havant, Hants.
355 1899. Selous, Frederick Courteney, F.Z.S. ; Heatherside, Worples-
don, Surrey.
1889. Senhottse, Humphrey Patricius, R.A. ; The Fitz, Cocker-
mouth, Cumberland.

1908. Seppings, Capt. John "William Hamilton (Army Pay

Department) ; Yorkshire Club, York.

1899. Serle, The Rev. William, M.A., B.D. ; The Manse, Duddiug-

ston, Edinburgh.
1901. Seth-Smith, David, F.Z.S.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South
Hampstead, N.W.
360 1904. Seth-Smith, Leslie Moffat, B.A. ; Alleyne, Caterham
Valley, Surrey.

1909. Seton, Malcolm Cotter Cariston ; 13 Clarendon Road, Hol-

land Park, W. ; and Union Club, Trafalgar Square, S.W.
1899. Sharman, Frederic, F.Z.S. ; 47 Goldington Road, Bedford.
1870. Shelley, Capt. George Ernest, F.Z.S. (late Grenadier

Guards) ; 39 Egerton Gardens, South Kensington, S.W.
1865. Shepherd, The Rev. Charles William, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trottis-

cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent.
365 1908. Smalley, Frederic William ; Challan Hall, Silverdale,

near Carnforth, Lanes.
1906. Snouckaert van Schauburg, Baron Rene Charles ; Weerlang-

broek, Holland.
1903. Sparrow, Major Richard, F.Z.S.; (7th Dragoon Guards)

Trimulgerry, Secunderabad, India.
1906. Stanford, Surgeon Charles Edward Cortis, B.Sc, M.B.,

R.iST. ; Royal Marine Barracks, Plymouth.

XX11

Date of
Election.

1910. Stanford, Edward Fraser; 9 Cumberland House, Kensington
Court, W.
37° 1893. Stanley, Samuel S. ; Fair View House, Harbury,
Leamington, Warwickshire.
1900. Stares. John William Chester ; Portchester, Hants.
1902. Stenhouse, John Hutton, M.B., E.N. ; Royal Hospital School,

Greenwich, S.E.
1910. Stevens, Herbert; Dejoo, North Lakbimpur P.O., Assam,
India ; and c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Sons, Ltd., Ludgate
Circus, E.C.
1906. Steward, Edward Simmons, F.R.C.S. ; 10 Prince's Square,
Harrogate, Yorks.
375 1898. Stirling, William, J.P., D.L. ; Ord House, Muir of Ord, N.B.
1893. Stonham, Charles, C.M.G., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ; 4 Harley

Street, Cavendish Square, W.
1881. Sttjddy, Col. Robert Wright (late Manchester Regiment);

Waddeton Court, Brixbam, Devon.
1887. Sttan, Frederick William, F.Z.S. ; Stone Street, near

Sevenoaks.
1887. Swinburne, John ; Haenertsburg, Transvaal, S. Africa.
380 1882. Swinhoe, Col. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 6 Gunterstone
Road, W. Kensington, W.
1884. Tait, William Chaster, C.M.Z.S. ; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto,

Portugal.
1905. Taylor, Lionel Edward, F.Z.S.; Division of Forestry,
Agricultural Department, Pretoria, Transvaal; and
Deanscourt, St. Andrews, N.B.
1909. Tenison, Lieut. William Percival Cosnahan (62nd Battery,

R.F.A.); Nowshera, N.W.F.P., India.
1889. Tennant, Sir Edward Priaulx, Bt., M.A, M.P., F.Z.S.;
34 Queen Anne's Gate, S.W. ; and The Glen, Innerleithen,
N.B.
385 1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ;
The Lodge, Upper Halliford, Sbepperton.
1904. Thompson, William R. (Lieut. R.G.A.); ' Ravello,' Carlton

Road, Weymouth, Dorset.
1900. Thorburn, Archibald, F.Z.S. ; High Leybourne, Hascombe,

near Godalming, Surrey.
1893. Thorpe, Dixon L. ; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle.

XX111

Date of
Election.

1903. Ticeheest, Clatjd Buchanan, M.D. ; Huntbourne, St.

Michael's, Ashford, Kent.
39° 1894. Ticeherst, Norman Frederic, M.A., M.B., F.E.C.S., F.Z.S. ;

35 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1902. Townsend, Reginald Gilliat, M.A. ; Buckholt, Dean,

Salisbury.
1893. Trevor- Battye, Aebyn, F.Z.S. ; Royal Societies Club,

St. James's Street, S.W.

1906. Teke, Charles Molesworth ; The Gate House, Chiswick,W.
1864. Upcher, Henry Morris, F.Z.S. ; Sheringbam Hall, Norfolk.

395 1894. Ussher, Richard John, M.B.I. A. ; Cappagb House, Cappagh,
S.O., Co. Waterford, Ireland.

1907. Van Oort, Dr. Edeard Daniel ; Museum of Natural History,

Leyden, Holland.
1910. Van Someren, Dr. Bobert Abraham Logan; Uganda Medical
Staff, Kyetumi, Uganda.

1908. Yatjghan, Matthew ; Haileybury College, Herts.

1906. Vahghan, Lieut. Robert E., R.N. ; H.M. Coast Guard, Tenby,
S. Wales.
400 1890. Venour, Stephen ; Fern Bank, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1884. Verey, Alfred Sainsbhry; Heronsgate, near Rickmansworth.

1881. Verner, Col. William Willoeghby Cole (late Bine Brigade) ;

Hartford Bridge, Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service

Club, S.W.

1902. Wade, Edward Walter ; Middelburg, North Ferriby, East

Yorks.
1886. Wade-Dalton, Col. H. D. ; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.S.O.,

Yorkshire.
1895. Wallis, Henry Marriage ; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch
4°5 Road, Reading.

1881. Walsingham, Thomas, Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.
1899. Walton, Major Herbert James, M.D., F.R.C.S., C.M.Z.S.,
I.M.S. ; c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., P.O. Box 110,
Bombay, India.
1872. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Lt.-Col. Robert George, F.Z.S. ; Whitehill,

Rosewell, Midlothian, N.B.
1896. Watkins, Watkin, F.Z.S.; 33 Evelyn Gardens, S.W. ; and
Wellington Club, S.W.
410 1903. Watt, Hugh Boyd; 3 Willow Mansions, West Hampstead,
N.W.

Date of
Election.

1900. Westell, William Peecival, F.L.S., F.R.H.S. ; Chester

House, Letch worth Garden City, Herts.
1891. Whitaker, Benjamin Ingham ; Hesley Hall, Tickhill, Rother-

ham.
1891. Whitaker, Joseph I. S., F.Z.S. ; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily.
1909. White, Henry Luke;; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales.
4l5 1903. White, Stephen Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Oakwood, Crayford, Kent.
1903. Whitehead, Charles Hugh Tempest ; Deighton Grove, York ;

and 56th Rifles (Frontier Force), Sehore, Bhopal, India.

1887. Whitehead, Jeffery, ; Mayes, East Grinstead, Sussex.

1897. Whymper, Charles, F.Z.S. ; 11 Orange Street, Haymarket,

S.W.

1898. Wiglesworth, Joseph,,M.D.,F.R.C.P.; Rainhill, nr. Liverpool.
42° 1894. Wilkinson, Johnson ; St. George's Square, Huddersfield,

Yorkshire.

1896. Williams, Capt. Lionel Arthur, F.Z.S. ; Junior United

Service Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W.

1897. Wilson, Allan Bead, B.A., M.B., B.Ch. ; Bloxham, Oxon.

1888. Wilson, Charles Joseph, F.Z.S. ; 34 York Terrace, Regent's

Park, N.W.
1900. Wilson, Dr. Edward Adrian, F.Z.S.; SS. "Terra Nova,"

Christchurch, Lyttleton, New Zealand, and Westal,

Cheltenham.
425 1887. Wilson, Scott Barchard, F.Z.S. ; Heatherbank, Weybridge

Heath, Surrey.
1897. Witherby, Harry Forbes, F.Z.S.; 11 Hereford Mansions,

Hereford Road, Bayswater, W.

1908. Witherington, Gwxnne ; Aberlash, Sonning, Berks.

1899. Wollaston, Alexander Frederick Richmond, B. A.; 31 Argyll
Mansions, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

1909. Woosnam, Richard Bowen; Pendell Court Farm,Bletchingley,

Surrey.
43° 1902. Workman, William Hughes ; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast.
1891. Wright, Thomas, M.D. ; Castle Place, Nottingham.
1904. Wright, William Crawford; Roslyn, Marlborough Park, N.,

Belfast.

1895. Yerbury, Lt.-Col. John William (late R.A.), F.Z.S. ; 8 Duke

Street, St. Ames's, S.W. ; and Army and Navy Club, S.W.

1889. Young, Capt. James B., R.N. ; Tytherley, Wimborne, Dorset.

43c 1897. Young, John Joseph Baldwin, M.A. ; Richmond Park, near

Sheffield.

Date of
Election.

Extra- Ordinary Members.

1S99. Godwin-Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversuam, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.
1909. Tegetmeier, William Bernhard ; 19 Westbere lload,

W. Hampstead, N.W.
1860. Wallace, Alfred Russel, O.M., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.Z.S. ; Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.

Honorary Members.

1907. Allen, Joel Asaph, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S. ; American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.

18SG. Aires, Thomas; Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa.

1890. Berlepsch, Graf Hans von, C.M.Z.S. ; Schloss Borlepsch,
Post Gertenbach, Witzenhausen, Germany.

1900. Collett, Prof. Robert, F.M.Z.S. ; University Museum,
Christiania.

1872. Finscii, Prof. Dr. Otto, C.M.Z.S.; Altewiekring 19B, Bruns-
wick, Germany.

1898. Goeldi, Prof. Dr. Emil A., C.M.Z.S. ; Zieglerstrasse 36, Berne,
Switzerland.

1S93. Reichenow, Dr. Anton, C.M.Z.S.; Museum fur Naturkunde,
Invalidenstrasse, Berlin.

1903. Ridgwat, Robert, C.M.Z.S.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash-

ington, D.C., U.S.A.
1890. Salvadori, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S. ; Royal Zoological
Museum, Turin.

Honorary Lady Members.
1910. Bate, Miss Dorothy M. A. ; Bassendean House, Gordon,

Berwickshire.
1910. Bedford, Mary, Duchess of, F.Z.S. ; Woturn Abbey, Beds.
1910. Lemon, Mrs. Margaretta Louisa, F.Z.S. ; Hillcrest, Redhill,

Surrey.
1910. Turner, Miss Emma Louisa, F.Z.S. : Upper Birchetts,

Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells.

Colonial Members.

1904. Campbell, Archibald James ; Custom House, Melbourne,

Australia.
1908. Farquhar, John Henry Joseph, B.Sc, N.D.A. ; Assistant
Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria.

SFR. IX. VOL. IV. C

Date of
Election.

1910. Fleming, James II. ; 207 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Canada.
1909. Haagner, Alwin Karl, F.Z.S. ; Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

S. Africa.
5 190S. Hall, Robert, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Curator of the Taimanian

Museum, Hobart, Tasmania.
1903. Legge, Col. W. Vincent, F.Z.S. ; Cullenswood House,

St. Mary's, Tasmania.
1905. Macoun, John, M.A., F.R.S.C; Naturalist to the Geological

Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
1905. Millar, Alfred Duchesne ; 298 Smith Street, Durban, Natal.
1903. North, Alfred J., C.M.Z.S. ; Australian Museum, Sydney,

New South Wales.
io 1907. Swynnerton, Charles Francis Massy, F.L.S. ; Gungunyana,

Melsetter, South Rhodesia.

Foreign Members.

1909. Alpheraky, Sergius N. ; Imperial Academy of Science,
St. Petersburg, Russia.

1900. Bianciii, Dr. Valentine ; Imperial Zoological Museum,
St. Petersburg.

1904. Blasius, Geh. Hofr. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm, C.M.Z.S. ; Gauss-
Strasse, 17, Brunswick, Germany.

1880. Bureau, Louis, M.D. ; Ecole de Medecine, Nantes, France.
5 1906. Buttikofer, Dr. Johanna, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoo-
logical Garden, Rotterdam, Holland.

1906. Buturlin, Sergius A. ; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia.

1902. Chapman, Frank Michler ; American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.

J 875. Doria, Marchese Giacomo, F.M.Z.S. ; Strada Nuova, 6, Genoa,
Italy.

1902. Iuering, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S. ; Museu Paulista, Sao

Paulo, Brazil.
io 1S86. Madarasz, Dr. Julius yon; National Museum, Budapest.

1903. Martorelli, Prof. Dr. Giacinto ; Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale, Milan, Italy.
1891. Menzbier, Prof. Dr. MicnAEL, C.M.Z.S.; Imperial Society of

Naturalists, Moscow.
1881 . Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, C.M.Z S. ; Hohenzollernstrasse 1 7,

Berlin, W. 10.

Date of
Election.

1SJU5. Oberholser, Harry Church ; Biological Survey, Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
15 1900. Reiser. Dr. Othmar ; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia,

Ausfro-Hungary.
190S. Richmond, Charles Wallace ; United States National

Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1S94. Schalow, Herman ; Traunsteinerstrasse, 21, Berlin, W. 30.
1900. Stejneger, Leonhard, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1902. Scshkin, Dr. Peter, C.M.Z.S.; Imperial University, Moscow,

Russia.
20 1896. Winge, Herluf, C.M.Z.S.; University Zoological Museum,

Copenhagen.

CONTENTS of VOL. IV.— NINTH SERIES.

(1910.)

Number XIIL, January.

Pago

I. On the Ornithology of Cyprus. — Part II. By John A.
Bucknill, M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 1

II. The Ornithological Collections of the University of
Cambridge. By H. Gadow, M.A., F.R.S., Strickland Curator. 47

III. On the Birds of Paraguay. By Charles Chubb, Zoolo-
gical Department, British "Museum. (Text-fig. 1.) . . . . 53

IV. On the Birds of Northern Bhodesia and the Katanga
District of Congoland. By S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc, F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U. (Plates I. & II. and Text fig. 2.) 78

V. On a Collection of Birds from Western Australia. By
W. 1L Ogilyie-Graxt. With Field-Xotcs by Mr. G. C. Short-
ridge. — Part II 156

VI. Obituary : Thomas Southwell, Prof. Giglioli, and

Dr. Bowdler Sharpc 191

!>ER. ix. — vol. iv. d

XXX CONTENTS.

Page

VII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

1. ' Annals of the Transvaal Museum' 195

2. ' Aquila,' vol. xv. 1908 195

3. 'The Auk' 196

4. ' The Avicultural Magazine ' 197

5. Bonhote on Migration 193

6. Cory on the Birds of the Leeward Islands .... 199

7. Dearborn on Birds from Guatemala 200

8. Dewar and Finn on the Making of Species . . . .200

9. Dresser on Bahearctic Birds' Eggs 201

10. Dubois on Buceros sharpii 202

11. Elliot on the Species of Mheinardtius 203

12. Grinnell on three new S >ng-Sparrows 203

13. Grinnell on Birds from Alaska 203

14. La Touche on the Birds in the Shanghai Museum. . 204

15. Lodge on the Birds of Wild Europe 205

16. Lonnberg on Birds from Transbaicalia and Mongolia. 206

17. Macpberson on the Golden Eagle 207

IS. North on Cinclosomn marginatum 207

19. North on a new Acanthiza 207

20. Report of the Zoological Society of New York . . . 208

21. Robinson on a new Flycatcher 209

22. Robinson on the Mountain-birds of the Mai ay Ten insula. 209

23. Salvadori on some Birds from Congo-land .... 209

24. Sassi on Birds from Papua and Northern Queensland. 210

25. Shufeldt on the Osteology of Birds 210

26. ' The South African Journal' 211

27. Spruce on the Migration of the Wood-Ibis .... 212

28. Whymper's ' Egyptian Birds ' 214

VIII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from Count E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi, Rev. F. C. 1!.
Jourdain, Dr. Ernst Hartert, and Signorina Cecilia Picchi.
Heel-pads on Young Birds ; The Lakc-Ngami Expedition; The
Museum Heineanum ; The Food of British Birds ; The Fifth
International Ornithological Congress ; The B.O.U. Expedition
for the Exploration of Central New Guinea ; News of Mr. Bates;
The Birds of Gambia 215

CONTENTS. XX.\ i

Page

Number XIV., April.

IX. On the Birds of Northern Rhodesia and the Katanga
District of Congoland.— Part II. By S. A. Neaye, M.A., B.Sc.
Oxon , F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate I1T. and Text-fig. 3.) . . . 225

X. On the Birds of Paraguay. — Part II. By CnARLES
Chubb, Zoological Department, British Museum 263

XI. On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines (Pithe-
cophaga jeffenji). By D. Seth-Smitit, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
(Plate IV. and Text-fig. 4.) 285

XII. On a Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland

by Mr. G. W. Bury. By D. A. Baxxekhan, B.A., M.B.O.U. . 291

XIII. Bemarks on some recently described Species of Cafo-
spiza. By C. E. Hellmatr, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.) . . . . 327

XIV. On the Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. By
Joseph I. S. Whitaker, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 331

XV. Obituary : Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe 352

XVI. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications: —

29. ' Annals of Scottish Natural History ' 358

30. ' The Avicultural Magazine ' 359

31. Dawson and Bowles on the Birds of Washington . . 360

32. Ghigi on the Silver-Pheasants 361

33. Griunell on a new Cow-bird 362

34. Hartert on now African Birds 362

35. Hartert and Venturi on Argentine Birds 363

36. Howard's ' British Warblers ' 363

37. Migration Report of the B. 0. C 364

38. Nicholson on the Distribution of Macrovyx . . . 365

39. Nicoll's 'Three Voyages of a Naturalist' . . . .365

40. Nicoll on Birds observed in the Giza Zoological Gardens 366

41. North on the Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. . 367

42. Gates on new Burmese Pheasants 367

XXX11 CONTENTS.

Page

43. Report of the South African Locust-Bureau . . . 307

44. Sharpe's ' Hand-list of Birds,' vol. v 308

45. Van Oort on the Gerygone and Eurylcemus of Java . 370

46. Van Oort on Birds from the Netherlands .... 371

47. Van Oort on a new Parrot 371

48. Van Oort on Birds from Southern and South-western

New Guinea 371

49. Woosnam's Itinerary of the Ruwenzori Expedition . 372

XVII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from Messrs. Joseph Grrinnell and N. H. Field. The
B.O.U. Expedition for the Exploration of Central New Guinea ;
Lorentz's New Guinea Expedition ; New Ornithological Ex-
pedition to Mongolia ; A new Gigantic Fossil Bird ; The
Bangs Collection of American Birds ; The Rhodesia Museum,
Buluwayo ; A Present to the B.O.U. ; The Destruction of
Birds in the Riviera ; Hungarian ringed Storks in South
Africa; The Pre-Nuptial Plumage of the Sanderling; The
Annual Meeting of the B.O.U 374

Number XV., July.

XVIII. On the Ornithology of Cyprus.— Part III. By
John A. Bucknile, M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 385

XIX. Note on Oihyphantes batesi Sharpe. By W. R.
Ogilvie-Grant, M.B.O.U. (Plate VI.) 435

XX. On the Birds of the Zarafschan Basin in Russian
Turkestan. By Douglas Carrutueks, F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U.
(Plates VII. & VIII.) 436

XXI. On a Collection of Birds from the Dead Sea and
North-western Arabia, witli Contributions to the Ornithology
of Syria and Palestine. By Douglas Caerutiij:i;s, F.R.G.S.,
M.B.O.U. (Plate IX. and Text-fig. 5.) 475

CONTENTS. XXX111

Page
XX IT. On a Collection of Birds from the South Coast of
the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. By Harry F.
Witherby, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by R. B.
Wooskam, M.B.O.U 491

XXIII. On the Birds of Paraguay.— Part III. By Charles
CauBB, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British
Museum 511

XXIV. Proceedings at the Animal General Mooting of the
British Ornithologists' Union, 1910 535

XXV. Biographical Xotice of the late Professor Giglioli.

By Joseph I. S. Whitaker, M.B.O.U 537

XXVI. Xotices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

50. Beaufort on Birds from Dutch Xew Guinea . . . 54S

51 . Beebe on the Hoatzin 549

52. Beebe's Ornithological Reconnaissance in Venezuela . 550

53. Beebe on the Tail-feathers of the Motmots .... 551

54. Beebe on Supernumerary Toes in Birds 551

55. Clark on the Birds of the North Pacific 551

56. Cory on the Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin . . . 552

57. Chapman's 'Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist' . 553

58. Hartert on the Birds of Hainan 554

59. Hellmayr on the Manikins 555

60. Macoun's ' Canadian Birds ' 556

6i. North on the Large-tailed Grass- Wren 557

02. Ogilvie-Grant on the Birds of the Ruwenzori

Expedition 557

63. Pycraft on the Anatomy of Bradypterus .... 559

64. Robinson on rare Birds in the Malay Peninsula . . 560

65. Rothschild and Hartert on Eagle-Owls 560

66. Salvador! on Parrots 560

67. Sclater on the Jacamars 561

68. Sclater on the Birds of Jamaica 562

69. Scott on a new Ibycter 563

70. Scott and Sharpe on Patagonian Birds 563

71. Sharpe on the Ornithological Literature of 1908 . . 564

72. Tieehurst on Kentish Birds 564

XXXIV CONTENTS.

Page
XXVII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from Messrs. Robert H. Mackenzie, H. F. Witherby,
Hugh S. Gladstone, and Joseph I. S. Whitaker. Death of
Lieutenant Boyd Alexander ; A rare Jay in Berlin ; New-
Birds at the Zoological Society's Gardens ; New " British
Birds*' ; The B.O.U. Expedition for the Exploration of Central
New Guinea 500

Number XVI., Octoher.

XXVIII. On t he Birds of Paraguay.— Part IV. By Charles
Chubb, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British
Museum 571

XXIX. Remarks on some Birds of Western Australia. By
Thomas Cabtek, M.B.O.U 647

XXX. On Birds from the Northern Portion of the Malay
Peninsula, including the Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ;
with Notes on other rare Malayan Species from the Southern
Districts. By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
Director of Museums, Federated Malay Slates, and Cecil
Boden Kloss, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Curator, Perak State Museum.
(Plate X. and Text-fig. 6.) 659

XXXI. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. A. B. Percival
in British East Africa. By D. A. Bannerman, B.A., M.B.O.U.
With Field-Notes by the Collector. (Plate XL) . . . . . 676

XXXII. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress

of Ornithologists 710

XXXIII. The Beport on the British Museum for 1909. . . 714

XXXIV. Boyd Alexander and his Ornithological Work. By

W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate XII.). . .710

CONTENTS. XXXV

Page
XXXV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

73. ' Annals of Scottish Natural History ' 730

74. 'The Auk' 731

75. ' The Avicultural Magazine ' 733

76. Bangs on Birds from Costarica 734

77. Bangs on new or rare Birds from Western Colombia. 734

78. Bangs on two rare Hawaiian Birds 735

79. Beebe's ' Search for a Wilderness ' 735

80. Bentham on a new Indian Sun-bird 736

81. Clark on the Birds of Korea 737

82. Coward's ' Fauna of Cheshire ' 737

83. Dresser on Palsearetic Birds' Eggs 739

84. Eaton on the Birds of Xew York 740

• The Emu ' 741

86. Festa on Birds from Darien and Ecuador .... 743

87. Godman's ' Monograph of the Petrels ' 744

88. Grinnell on Alaskan Birds 745

89. Hartert on Palsearctic Birds 746

90. ' The Irish Naturalist ' 748

91. Jackson on the East-African Francolins .... 748

92. Jouy on two Paradise-Flycatchers 749

93. Kirkman on British Birds 749

94. Littler on the Birds of Tasmania 750

95. Lonnberg on Discoveries of Subfossil Vertebrates . 751

96. Muir and Wershaw on a new Pitta 752

97. Nehrkorn's Catalogue of Eggs 752

98. Nelson on a new Mexican Thrush 752

99. North on a new Australian Honey-eater .... 753

100. Penard on the Birds of Guiana 753

101. Ridgway on new Genera, Species, and Subspecies of

Formicariidse, Furnariidse, and Dendrocolaptidte . 753

102. Ridgway on new Forms of Cypselidae and Trochilidse. 754

103. Riley on the Sharp-shinned Hawk 755

104. Thienemann on the Bird-Observatory of Rossitten . 755

105. Waite on the Birds of the Subantarctic Islands of

Xew Zealand '')0

106. The 'Zoological Record' of 1908 750

XX XVI CONTENTS.

Page
XXXVI. Letters, Extracts, and Xotes : —

Letters from Messrs. D. Seth-Smith, Edward Bidwell (text-
fig. 7), Gregory M. Mathews, and Count E. Arrigoni Degli
Oddi. Progress of the Expedition of the B.O.IT. into Central
New Guinea (text-fig. 8) ; Habits of the Honey-Guides ; Birds
of Xorth-east Greenland ; Xew Work on Australian Birds ;
Departure of Mr. Robinson 758

Index of Scientific Xames 7(i7

Index of Contents 7^9

Titlepage, Preface, List of Members, Contents, List of Plates,
and List of Text-figures.

LIST OF PLATES IN VOL. IV.

NINTH SERIES.

Page

I. Trochocercus vivax, d & $ 130

II. Dryodromas pearsoni, J & $ 150

III. Paludipasser locustella 251

IV. Pithecophaga jefferyi 289

V. Calospiza palmeri 331

VI. Othjphantes batesi, rf & ? 435

VII. Sketch-map of Russian Turkestan and Bokhara . 43t;

VIII. Phasianus zerafshanicus, J & 2 472

IX. Sketch Map of Syria, Palestine, and N.W. Arabia . 470

X. Sphenocercus seimundi, J1 & § 072

XL Pytelia nitidula 081

XII. Boyd Alexander 710

SER. IX. VOL. IV

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES IN VOL. IV.

NINTH SERIES.

Page

1. Map of part of Paraguay, showing the position of

Sapucay 54

2. Sketch-map of Northern Rhodesia and the adjacent

Territories 80

3. Bills of Paludipasser locustella and Spermestes scutatus . 251

4. Head of the Monkey-eating Eagle 290

5. Nest of Passer moabiticus 480

6. Sketch-map of the Malay Peninsula 663

7. Eragments of Egg-shell of Indian Ostrich 760

8. Outline Map of part of New Guinea coast near the

Mimika River 763

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

No. XIII. JANUARY 1910.

I. — On the Ornithology of Cyprus. — Part II.*
By John A. Bucknill, M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

377 f. Muscicapa grisola Linn.

The Spotted Flycatcher was first identified in Cyprus by
Sibthorp. Lord Lilford found it tolerably abundant in
April and May, and Guillemard obtained specimens as late
as the 25th of the latter month. Miss Bate observed it
frequently on the southern range in summer, as well as
in the plains in spring; and Glaszuer sent Madarasz a
number of specimens taken in May, August, September,
and October.

From the 11th of April until the 19th of May, 1909, Mr.
Baxendale, Horsbrugh, and I found it fairly numerous in
various localities, and obtained several examples ; but we did
not find its nest. The bird is no doubt mainly a spring and
autumn visitor, but some remain and breed in the mountains.

378. Muscicapa atricapilla Linn.

Sibthorp obtained the Pied Flycatcher on the Troodos
Mountains on April the 23rd, 1787. Lord Lilford thought
it not very abundant, but noticed it in the south of the Karpas
in April. Guillemard met with it near Famagusta late in

* Continued from ' The Ibis,' 1909, p. 613.

t The numbers in front of the names are those of Dresser's ' Manual of
Palsearctic Birds.'

SER. IX. VOL. IV. B

2 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

May, but Glaszner does not appear to have sent any
specimens to Madarasz. However, it is by no means a rare
spring and autumn migrant, and Mr. Baxendale, Horsbrugh,
and I found it not at all uncommon from April the 3rd to
the end of that month near Nicosia and Papho, and obtained
several specimens. In my garden at the former town
during this period one or two were nearly always to be seen
in company with M. grisola. I have no evidence, as yet, of
its remaining to nest in the island, though it is not at all
improbable that a few pairs do so.

388. Hirtjndo rustica Linn.

The Swallow is a very abundant summer visitor, arriving
towards the end of February and leaving about the middle
of October. A few always seem to appear about the 21st
of the former month, and Guillemard noticed one as early
as the 13th : by the end of the first week in March the main
body has arrived, and in the middle of that month they
commence to build — often using their old nests. In the
plains they breed, as is the case with other species in the
island, somewhat earlier than in the mountains.

In Nicosia I found fresh full clutches on April the 4th ;
on May the 8th the young were well fledged, and they flew
on the 23rd ; but in the hills Horsbrugh took fresh eggs as
late as May the 12th, and on July the 8th the young birds
on the top of Troodos were still unable to fly.

At the end of September, when it begins to get damp and
cold on the hills, those which have frequented the mountains
leave them and descend to the plains, from which, though a
few linger till towards the end of October, they all finally
disappear about a fortnight later.

391. Subsp. Hirundo savignii Steph.

The Egyptian Chimney- Swallow, which has been accorded
by some a subspecific status under the above name, may be,
for practical purposes, classed with H. rustica, and I do not
think I can. do better than quote Guillemard's remarks in
connection with the relations which exist in Cyprus between
the two forms. He writes, " The difference in the colouring

Ornithology of Cyprus. 3

of the under surface of these birds (Swallows) is extra-
ordinary. It is quite common in Cyprus to see it ranging
from nearly white to a deep reddish buff, from Hirundo
rustica to H. savignii in other words. Although one may
often see these extremes in a paired couple, the differences
in colouring do not appear to be sexual. In Cyprus, at any
rate, it is impossible to allow that H. savignii is a good
species." To this I can add nothing. I know of no
difference between the two forms in habits or distribution in
the Island.

393. Hirundo rufula Temm.

The Red-rumped Swallow is a summer visitor in some
abundance, but is capricious in its local nesting-haunts. Lord
Lilford met with it only in the Karpas and at Famagusta.
Milller refers to nine adults and one juvenile specimen, and
mentions several clutches of eggs taken between April the
23rd and May the 27th. Guillemard found it nesting on
the Famagusta battlements in April, at the ruins of Bellapais
in May, at Kyrenia, Larnaca tes Lapethou, and near Poli in
the Papho district, and saw a single specimen as early as
March 6th. Glaszner sent a few to Madarasz, collected on
Troodos in May and June. Horsbrugh found a good many
in the Troodos Range in the same months, and observed the
bird in several places in May on low grounds in the Papho
disti'ict. He discovered a number of nests near the camp on
the Troodos heights — one with nearly fully fledged young on
the 2nd of June. I have no exact details of its migratory
movements, but expect that it arrives in early April and
leaves at the end of September.

396. Chelidon urbica (Linn.).

The House-Martin is a summer visitor in considerable
numbers, but of local distribution, particularly in its choice
of breeding-sites. It was included by Sibthorp in his list.
Lord Lilford saw few, but Guillemard found it nesting in
very large numbers at the Kykko Monastery, on the Troodos
Range, at the end of May. Glaszner does not seem to have
sent any specimens to Madarasz, In July, August, and

b2

4 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

September 1908 I found this species, at times, common on
Troodos, but saw none after the end of the last-named month.

It arrives early and a few, no doubt, stay in or strangle to
the island in winter, Guillemard having observed a solitary
specimen in December. The bulk appear, I think, in March,
though Mr. Nicolls reported a flock at the sea- coast near
Episcopi (Limassol district) on the 5th of February this year
(1909). The first seen by Horsbrugh were on April the 8th
at the Kouklia reservoir, and afterwards, in early June, he
noticed a fair number on the southern range. Mr. Baxendale
came across a large colony this year at the end of May nesting
on some cliffs at Amargeti in the Papho district.

1 have never seen it close to Nicosia.

400. Cotile riparia (Linn.).

Lord Lilford states that the Sand-Martin, which was
observed in April and May, but regarded by him as not
common in any part of the island which he visited, was
included in Unger and Kotschy's list : but this is a mistake.

Midler mentions an adult male taken in spring; Guillemard,
who did not obtain specimens, also, according to Lord Lilford,
noticed this species, but, apparently, makes no mention of
it in his ' Ibis ' articles. Glaszner does not appear to have
sent Madarasz auy specimens. Horsbrugh observed a con-
siderable number during his visit — the first being seen at
Acheriton reservoir on March the 23rd ; four days later it
occurred there in some numbers, and on April the 7th, 8th,
and 9th in abundance; Mr. Baxendale first noticed it at
Papho on March the 29th; and the latest note of its presence
of which I have any record is on May the 25th near the same
place. The Sand-Martin may perhaps nest in some suitable
localities, but I do not know of any definite record of its
having done so. In any case it is not a very abundant
visitor on the spring and autumn migrations.

402. Cotile rupestris Scop.

The Crag-Martin was first recorded by Lord Lilford, who
saw it once only, in small numbers in the Karpas district.
Guillemard found it nesting at the end of March near the

Ornithology of Cyprus. 5

ruins of Kantara Castle on the northern range, and also
under the eaves of the High Commissioner's house on
Troodos in the middle of April ; he obtained specimens.
Glaszner sent some to Madarasz taken on Troodos in June
and September.

The Crag-Martin is, I think, not a resident, though
there is some local difference of opinion on this point.
In the first half of February 1909 I saw considerable
numbers on the sea coast, near Papho, which, I thought,
had just arrived; I next observed a few at BufFarento on
the Kyrenia Mountains in mid-March ; Mr. Nicolls found
the bird nesting on Troodos in early May ; Horsbrugh saw
a fair number and obtained several in the southern range
from mid-May till early June, and discovered on Troodos
several nests with young or without eggs and obtained one
addled egg during that period. In early July of 1908 I
found nests on Troodos with well advanced fledglings, all
of which had flown by the 12th of August ; while the last
date on which I observed the birds there that year was
September the 30th.

Personally I think that this Martin is only a summer
visitor to Cyprus and very local in its distribution, arriving
normally about the third week in March and leaving when
cold weather drives it back to North Africa again, about the
beginning of October. So far as I am aware its only
breeding places are amongst the heights of both the moun-
tain ranges.

404. Carduelis elegans Steph.

The Goldfinch is a very abundant and common resident
all over the island. It was included by Sibthorp in his
list. It is a familiar cage-bird in the bazaars.

Horsbrugh and I found highly incubated eggs in the
plains as early as March the 23rd, and fully fledged young at
the end of April, but it breeds right away from the former
date until May, and Horsbrugh saw young still in the nest
as late as the 16th of that month.

Cyprus Goldfinches vary somewhat in size and brightness
of colour, some specimens being very brilliant.

6 Mr. J.' A. Bucknill on the

407. Chrysomitris spinus (Linn.).

The only note which I have as to the occurrence of the
Siskin in Cyprus is that I saw, in July 1908, on Troodos
two caged male birds said by their owner to have been taken
in the preceding spring near Limassol. The fact that they
were in the same hands as the female Greenfinch referred to
below did not, however, strengthen my belief in the alleged
locality of their capture. But, I observe, that there was in
1907 a great invasion of the Siskin into Egypt. This
species would, of course, only be a winter visitor to the
island.

412. Serinus hortulanus Koch.

The Serin Finch is a fairly abundant bird in Cyprus and
seems to have been first definitely noticed by Lord Lilford,
who found it not uncommon in the south of the island.
Miiller mentions a clutch of eggs which he thought were
those of this species. Guillemard, who did not regard it on
the whole as common, met with it in January, March and
April, and Glaszner sent a few to Madarasz taken in May
and June. Horsbrugh and I found plenty in March near
Nicosia, and the former noticed it at the end of May and
beginning of June in some abundance on Troodos, where it
was evidently breeding, for he obtained there a very juvenile
specimen. It is without doubt a partial resident, but at the
spring and autumn migrations its numbers are, I think,
considerably augmented.

416. Ligurinus chloris (Linn.).

The Greenfinch was included by Lord Lilford in his list
on the authority of Guillemard, but no data of its occurrence
are given and it is not mentioned in the latter's ' Ibis '
articles. Lord Lilford evidently included the species with
considerable hesitation, and it has not, so far as I know,
been hitherto observed by anyone else.

I saw a caged female on Troodos in the summer of 1908,
which I was informed had been taken near Limassol in the
early part of that year. It seemed to me to be of normal
appearance and not to exhibit any particularly bright

Ornithology of Cyprus. 7

coloration such as is usual, presumably, in specimens from
the Levant.

The Greenfinch would only be found in the Island in
winter.

421. CoCCOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS Pall.

Guillemard, in April 1888, saw a caged specimen at
Papho, said to have been caught on the slopes of Troodos.
Glaszner sent two male birds to Madarasz, taken near
Larnaca on January 4th and February 12th, 1903. A
single bird was observed at Nicosia in December 1905 by
Mr. G. F. Wilson.

This is apparently an uncommon winter visitor.

424. Passer domesticus (Linn.).

The House Sparrow is a common resident near inhabited
places, though I do not think that it is nearly so abundant
as one finds it generally in England. I have no note of
having seen it on Troodos, though this may, possibly, be due
to my own remissness.

It nests in April and May and even in later months of
the summer, and in autumn packs in small flocks and
raids the threshing floors. It is now unprotected at any
season by a law passed this year (1909).

It was included by Sibthorp in his list.

426. Passer hispaniolensis (Temm.).

The Spanish Sparrow appears to have been first taken in
Cyprus by Pearse, who sent a few specimens to Lord Lilford.
Guillemard obtained a male at Machaira Monastery on
March 12th, 1888, but makes no mention of the species in
his 'Ibis' articles. Glaszner sent a female to Madarasz
taken near Larnaca in November 1901, and kindly lent for
my inspection a remarkable female specimen of a Passer,
which he designates as an albino of this, but which, in my
opinion, may well be of the common species. Sparrows are
always the last birds to which any attention is paid, and I
regret to say that with regard to the presence of this species
in Cyprus I can at present only express my own ignorance.

8 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

432. Petronia stulta (Gmel.) .

As Fringilla -petronia Linn.,, the Rock Sparrow is included
by Sibthorp is bis list, but apparently he does not mention
it in his journal It duly re- appears in Unger and Kotschy's
list and in those of the later writers, without any additional
remarks. No one has hitherto been able to confirm
Sibthorp's record.

450. Fringilla ccelebs Linn.

The Chaffinch is a common resident and it is rather
remarkable that, apparently, it was not recorded prior to
Guillemard's visit. Even he has little to say about it; he
met with a single specimen in February near Nicosia, and
found it in June on Troodos ; he, however, brought back
three specimens, two obtained on Troodos in April and Mav,
and one near Limassol in March. Glaszner sent a good
series to Madarasz, obtained in January, February, May,
June, September, and December in various localities, and
the bird is casually mentioned by Miss Bate.

Guillemard thought that the Chaffinch retreats to the hills
in the summer. Its movements in the island are in my
opinion rather similar to those of some other local species,
and are sufficiently interesting to be referred to in some
detail. The extreme heat and the sunburnt arid character
of the plains during the summer months, coupled with the
scarcity of water, render the hills, with plenty of foliage, a
cooler climate and the perpetual streams a far more preferable
home for most birds which spend the hot part of the year in
the Island. The Chaffinch well exemplifies this fact.

In the winter months it is abundant in the plains, and I
have no doubt that its numbers are then largely increased by
visitors from the north. In February or the beginning of
March it breaks into song, and towards the end of April those
individuals which have not migrated north retire to nest in
the cooler parts of the mountains. From May to the middle
of October it is very common on Troodos ; it nests there
in May and June, Horsbrugh having found young on the
1st of May, while Mr. Nicolls sent me a clutch of fresh eggs,

Ornithology of Cyprus. 9

which lie had taken on the 2nd of that month (1909). At
the end of October it descends by gradual stages to the
plains again, the first examples appearing in 1909 at Nicosia
on October the 30th, and Mr. Baxendale finding it on the
long slopes of the Papho forest foothills about the same time
and at Papho town on November the 5th. From that date
onwards it is again abundant in the plains till the following
spring.

458. Linota cannabina (Linn.).

The Linnet, which was probably identified by Sibthorp as
Linota linaria, appears to be largely resident. It may often be
observed in winter, and nests in summer amongst the hills.
Lord Lilford found it common during his visit and Guillemard,
who called it " generally distributed," noticed it in great
numbers — still packed in flocks — at the end of March • he
also met with it near Limni (Papho district) and onTroodos
in June. Glaszner sent Madarasz a few specimens taken in
February and March. Horsbrugh and I obtained others
from the beginning of March onwards and he found it fairly
common on the Troodos hills, taking several clutches of
fresh or slightly incubated eggs in the first half of May.

Guillemard, who remarked on the brilliance of its plumage,
describes the form he met with as Fringilla bella Cabanis, the
type of variation exhibited by Asiatic specimens ; Madarasz
states that the examples he has seen correspond with the
European form and are synonymous with L. fringillirostris
(Bp.). Lord Lilford did not consider that Guillemard's
specimens exhibited any very remarkable feature except, in
one case, bright coloration. Personally I can only say that
the Linnets which I have handled in the island were of
a good size and shewed much rose-colour. From my own
observation I should add that the numbers of the Linnet in
the island appear to be augumented by migrants in spring
and autumn.

461. [Linota linaria (Linn.).]

Sibthorp included in his list a bird under this designation,
but makes no mention of it in his diary. As Fringilla
linaria Linn., it is duly chronicled by Unger and Kotschy,

10 Mr. J. A.Bucknill on the

and without remark by Miiller, who inserts it only on Unger
and Kotschy's authority. Sibthorp' s name is itself, however,
not very clear, as it might refer to the Mealy or Lesser
Kedpoll. It is not, in any case, likely that either bird would
occur in Cyprus, and I am inclined to assume that the Linnet
— Linaria linota (Gmel.) — was the species really intended by
Sibthorp. I bracket the name of this bird as I do not think
that it has, at present, any claim to be recorded among the
Cypriote avifauna.

495. Loxia curvirostra Linn.

Loxia guillemardi Madarasz.

The Crossbill was probably discovered in Cyprus by
Sibthorp, who states in his journal (19th of April, 1787) that
on the northern range near the Convent of Antiphoniti, he
shot two species of Loxia . . . one which he proposed to call
L. varia and the other L. cinerea. Perhaps his two supposed
species were the male and female Crossbill, and if so, the
record is peculiarly interesting as, at the present time, the
Crossbill is confined to the southern range. Sibthorp did not
include these two species in his formal list, and accordingly
they do not appear in that of Unger and Kotschy. No
more is heard of a Crossbill until Guillemardi arrival, and
although on his first visit he was informed that such a bird
existed it was not until his second visit that he discovered — or
rediscovered — the species on the highest parts of Troodos in
April 1888, when he obtained a good series of old and young
and found it in some abundance. He remarked on the very
dark colour of their plumage, and LordLilford called attention
to the stoutness of their bills. It was reserved for Madarasz,
from examples sent to him by Glaszner, to separate the
Cypriote form as distinct.

In Cyprus the Crossbill is confined to the highest coniferous
forest-areas of the Troodos Kange, and personally I have
never seen it elsewhere than in the more or less immediate
neighbourhood of the summer station on the saddle of the
topmost divide. It is fairly common, but shifts about in
small or sometimes biggish flocks and, unless one knows its

Ornithology of Cyprus. 11

note, may easily escape observation. I used to see it almost
daily from the beginning of July to the beginning of October
1908, i. e. during the whole time I was in the hills, and
occasionally shot a specimen. Horsbrugh found it fairly
common in early June and obtained a nice series of old and
young close to the Olympus Hotel not far from the summit;
he found that they fed on small chrysalides and the seeds
of the coniferous trees. They must, as a rule, breed very
early, probably in March, at a time when their haunts are
almost impassable to anyone on account of the snow, though
it is worthy of remark that a very juvenile specimen in
nesting plumage which had been shot on September the 17th
was sent to Madarasz. It is perhaps as well that by a statute
passed in Cyprus this year (1909) this bird and its eggs will
be protected — except under special permit from the High
Commissioner granted for scientific purposes — in future at
all seasons of the year. " Crossbill and bacon," a favourite
breakfast dish, I regret to say, with one Philistine met
with by Horsbrugh will, I trust, soon be, so far as the former
portion is concerned, legally an unobtainable delicacy.

The bill of the old Crossbills, particularly of the males, is
extraordinarily powerful and overlapping; in the juvenile
specimens taken in early June it had not, in some cases,
commenced, to cross. Madarasz regards the Cyprian bird as
very closely allied to the North European subspecies Loxia
pityopsittacus.

500. Emberiza miliaria Linn.

The Corn-Bunting is a resident, though I have no doubt
that its numbers are augmented largely by summer visitors.
It was noticed by Sibthorp, and Lord Lilford found it
" tediously common " in April and May; Miiller mentions
several clutches of eggs taken from May the 6th to June
the 4th. Guillemard found it generally distributed but
confined to the lower altitudes ; Glaszner sent to Madarasz
a good many specimens taken in the Larnaca district in
January, March, April, November, and December.

In Cyprus the Corn-Bunting commences to sing at the end

12 Mr. J. A. Buckuill on the

of February, and from that time until the early autumn is
very conspicuous. We took eggs in May and specimens
from February to June. It keeps to the cultivated lands
and we did not notice it in the forest heights.

503. Emberiza melanocephala Scop.

There is little doubt that Sibthorp refers to the Black-
headed Bunting when he mentions having been greatly
struck by a beautiful Fringilla, " perhaps," he says, " the
F. flaveola of Linnaeus." He gives the Greek name
" OKapOaXis " by which the bird is still well-known in
Cyprus. Sibthorp met with it at the end of April. As
UF. flaveola Linn.?" it, of course, appears in Unger and
Kotschy's list, but they add also Emberiza melanocephala, a
name which was not used by Sibthorp. Lord Lilford
found it in great abundance near Trikomo and on the
south coast of the Karpas and drew attention to the prepon-
derance in number of the males. Miiller mentions many
specimens and two clutches of eggs taken in May. Guille-
mard found a few on Troodos, but considered its true home
to be on the northern coast, and he also observed that the
males were much in numerical superiority. Glaszner sent
many to Madanisz taken on the southern range in May and
June, a melanistic specimen being amongst them. Mr.
Baxendale noted its arrival at Fapho on the 22nd of April ;
Horsbrugh found it in plenty and took several nests in
various localities in the following mouth (1909).

It is a common summer visitor, arriving at the end of
April or beginning of May and breeding freely in the hills
very shortly after its arrival. It leaves early, and I do not
recollect any being seen later than the end of August. Its
nest is not hard to find and we took clutches of six eggs ;
but five seem to be the usual complement.

515. Emberiza hortulana Linn.

The Ortolan has long been popularly supposed to be
common in Cyprus and one of, if not the ordinary, species
which are caught in large numbers and sold as " beccaficoes."

Ornitholoyy of Cyprus. 13

This is quite a mistake, though it is not difficult to trace
how the error arose. Perhaps the most common reference
by writers about Cyprus from the 16th ceutury onwards is
to the " Vine-birds " and their delectable qualities on the
table, and they are described in many different ways. Locke
(1553) says " they are much like unto a Wagtaile in fethers
and making." Cotovicus (1598) writes "they are not
unlike the Ortolans of Italy." Mariti (1760-7), who was
not a naturalist but a very careful observer, and. probably
recognised that the birds caught were not always identical,
speaks of " the beccafico and the Ortolan .... sold indis-
criminately." Sibthorp, who was not in the Island at the
time of their capture, but wrote from hearsay and no
doubt with knowledge of the trade in real Ortolans in the
south of Europe, declares that u immense nights of
Ortolans appear about the time of the vintage ; these are
taken in great quantities, preserved in vinegar and exported
as an object of commerce." The bird was included in
Sibthorp's list and duly appeared in those of Ungei- and
Kotschy and of Miiller. Lord Lilford was assured that the
Garden Warbler was the species taken but could find out
nothing about the matter during his stay, whilst neither
he nor his collectors ever met with the Ortolan. Lord
Lilford was, rightly, disposed to think that the Blackcap was
"the principal victim/'

Glaszner seems to have been the first to clear up this con-
fusion, and in writing to Madarasz he corrects an account
contained in a German work on Birds (Naturgeschichte der
deutschen Vogel, C. G. Friderlich) concerning the alleged
traffic in Ortolans in Cyprus, by pointing out that the Black-
cap is the chief species taken.

The only authentic record of the Ortolan in Cyprus of
which I am aware is that of a single specimen captured
by Glaszner at Larnaca on April 13th, 1909, and sent to
Madarasz. [Vide also Sylvia atricapilla, Ibis, 1909, p. 596.]

517. Emberiza cesia Cretzschm.

Cretzschmar's Bunting is a very common summer visitor,
arriving in March and leaving towards the beginning of

14 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

October. Lord Lilford found it exceedingly abundant;
Miiller mentions ten specimens and nine clutches of eggs
taken betweeu April the 21st and June the 4th ; Guillemard
calls it " ubiquitous "; Glaszner sent Madarasz a series taken
in March, April, September and October. Mr. Baxendale
noted its arrival at Papho in the third week in March (1909),
and Horsbrugh and I found it in plenty and obtained speci-
mens in various localities from the 21st of that month until
our departure from the island in June. Mr. Baxendale came
across it nesting at the end of May (1909) near Papho on
the foothills of the Troodos mountains, a usual locality in
which to find it.

533. Emberiza schozniclus Linn.

Guillemard shot a female Reed Bunting on the 13th of
February, 1888, near Famagusta. This is the only record of
which I am aware. It would be only a winter visitor.

535. Subsp. Emberiza pyrrhuloides Pall.

The form of Emberiza schoeniclus known as the Large-
billed Reed-Bunting owes its inclusion in the Cyprus list to
Miiller, who records, amongst the specimens sent to Schliiter,
a juvenile male, taken on Novemher the 13th. As Madarasz
points out, this bird, assuming the record to be substantially
correct, is more likely to have belonged to the form
E. schoeniclus palustris found in Spain, Italy, and elsewhere,
than to the subspecies named above.

549. Melanocorypha calandra (Linn.).

The Calandra Lark was observed by Sibthorp, who thought
that it was probably a resident. Lord Lilford found it very
common in the open country, and states that it breeds and
is no doubt a permanent resident in the Island. Guillemard,
who notictd a few in cages for sale in February, found a
nest at Lefkoniko (Karpas district) with eggs — hard-set —
at the end of April. Glaszner sent a few specimens to
Madarasz taken in March, April, and May. From my own
observation I should say that in Cyprus it is not a very
common breeding species, but is in the main a winter

Ornithology of Cyprus. 15

visitor. It is extremely plentiful at that season and is sold
in strings for food. It is certainly the commonest cage-
bird in the bazaars, and its song, though shrill, is not
unpleasant. I have seen dozens towards the end of March
in full song on the plains, and have obtained the bird as
late as mid-April. I think that the majority leave in April
and return in or about October.

555. Alauda arvensis Linn.

Lord Lilford recorded the Skylark as exceedingly abun-
dant in April and May, and regarded it as very common.
Guillemard obtained it in February and March 1887 and
1888, and Glaszner sent a good many to Madarasz taken in
various localities in February, October, and November. I
have only noticed it near Nicosia in March, and then not
in any numbei's, but I presume that it is a winter visitor,
its numbers being augmented by the birds of passage in
spring and autumn.

557. Alauda arborea Linn.

Lord Lilford met with the "Woodlark more than once
in April in the Karpas ; Pearse obtained specimens in
November; Guillemard two near Limassol on January the
3rd and one on Troodos on April the 18th, 1888. Glaszner
sent five taken near Larnaca and on Troodos to Madarasz
in February, May, September, and December. Horsbrugh
found it fairly common on Troodos in the first week of
June 1909 and obtained examples. I should think that
this species is partially a spring and autumn migrant and
partially a winter visitor ; possibly, also, some may nest in
the mountains.

558. Corydus cristatus (Linn.).

Alauda cristata Linn. B. O. U. List, p. 171.

The Crested Lark is perhaps numerically the most common
bird in Cyprus, sharing this distinction with the Goldfinch.
It is a resident, but of course does not frequent the moun-
tainous parts of the Island. It appears, according to my
observations, to be particularly noticeable at the periods of

16 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

migration, and I am inclined to think that its numbers are
swollen in winter by migrants from the north. It has
been mentioned by nearly every former writer, including
Sibthorp. It nests in Cyprus in April and May, and I have
notes of clutches of eggs taken from the 16th of the former
to the loth of the latter month, but I have also found them
highly incubated as early as May the 4th. Madarasz states
that the specimens sent to him from Cyprus are a little
paler in colour but have a deeper rufous tinge than mid-
European examples, and are not nearly so dark as the form
which occurs in the Balkans.

560. Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisl.).

The Short-toed Lark appears to have been first recognised
in Cyprus by Lord Lilford, who found it not very abundant
and apparently local on the plains of Salamis in April 1875 ;
he obtained specimens, but did not observe it in any other
part of the island. Neither Pearse nor Guillemard seems to
have come across it, nor, so far as I am aware, has Glaszner
sent any specimens to Madarasz. However, I found a male
amongst Glaszner's skins taken on the 3rd of March, 1906,
at Astromeritij not far from Morphou, and Horsbrugli
obtained two near Papho in the middle of May, one of which
was a remarkably pale specimen. I have hardly enough
material to generalise upon the status of this bird in the
island, and I can only suppose that it is partially a summer
visitor, many, however, merely passing through on the
spring and autumn migrations.

567. Sturnus vulgaris Linn.

During the last twenty years Sturnus vulgaris has been so
subdivided that nowadays the observations of older writers
may not represent what would be regarded as modern
accuracy. In dealing with the Starlings I therefore follow
what has been written by Madarasz. Large flocks of
Starlings frequent the marshes and the plains of the island
during the winter months. They arrive towards the middle
of October, but, as a rule, are not noticed in any considerable

Ornithology of Cyprus. 17

numbers until November, when they are frequently observed
feeding along with the Rooks and Jackdaws close to the towns.
They leave again for the north not later than the end of
March. No doubt the composition of these flocks is mixed,
and comprises examples of at any rate the succeeding three
forms dealt with, but until a larger series than I have as yet
been able to handle has been examined, I am only capable
of giving the results of what, so far as I know, has been
already ascertained. With regard to Sturnus vulgaris, it is
not very clear whether any of the Starlings actually obtained
by Pearse and Guillemard belonged to this species, but the
latter writes that he shot one near Salamis, presumably in
early March of 1888, although he seems to have met with
flocks of Starlings, some of which turned out to belong to
the next species, in several different localities. None of the
Starlings sent by Glaszner to Madarasz were referable to
S. vulgaris, and the few which I have had in the flesh were,
so far as I could judge, obviously either S". purpurascens or
S.poltaratzskyi. Lord Lilford, however, states, from Pearse's
and Guillemard's specimens, that the Common Starling is a
winter visitor, and I have little doubt that he is correct.

The Starlings are eagerly pursued by the local gunners,
and are considered excellent for the table.

568. Sturnus purpurasokns Gould.

The Purple-winged Starling composes at any rate part of
the winter flights of Starlings which visit the island.
Guillemard obtained a number of examples at the end of
February at Kouklia Marsh which he regarded as belonging
to this form, and one of which at any rate was subsequently
identified by Sharpe. Glaszner sent three specimens to
Madarasz which had been taken near Larnaca, and I
received in November 1908 four examples from the neigh-
bourhood of Nicosia.

Sturnus porphyronotus Sharpe.

Madarasz, who recognises this form as distinct, received
four specimens from Glaszner, taken near Larnaca in January.
February, and March. I am not at all sure that I should be
able to distinguish it from S. purpurascens.

ser. ix. — vol. iv. e

18 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

569. Subsp. Sturnus poltaratzskyi Finsch.

Pearse obtained in October 1878 some specimens of
Poltaratzsky's Starling which were identified by Seebohm,
and Guillemard shot at least two on his 1888 visit. Glaszner
sent Madarasz nine specimens, taken near Larnacain January,
February, and November. I obtained one old male, which
I should think is typical of this form, at Morphou in December
1908. I believe that Glaszner has sent a considerable
number of locally obtained Starlings to various European
naturalists, but I have not been able to ascertain that any
results have as yet been published concerning them.

572. Pastor roseus (Linn.).

The locust was for centuries almost an annual scourge
in Cyprus, and the wailings of writers over its destruc-
tiveness are lamentable. All sorts of remedies seem to have
been tried, but the most successful, according to the IGth
and 17th century writers, was a miraculous fountain of water,
situated in Syria or Persia, a basin of which, being conveyed
to the island, with certain solemn rites, was followed by large
flocks of "red and black birds, which, flying together like
Starlings, with their song and flight destroyed the locusts."
There are other interesting reasons given for the appearance
of these useful assistants, but it can hardly be doubted
that this account, published in 1596, refers to the Rose-
coloured Pastor. The extremely capricious character of the
visits of this species is shown by the infrequency with which
it has been recorded. It was, however, one of Unger and
Kotschy's additions to Sibthorp's list ; but, although Lord
Lilford was informed that it was very well known in Cyprus
and was assured that it sometimes bred in the island,
neither he, Pearse, Guillemard, nor Glaszner apparently
succeeded in coming across it. Indeed, the only definite
record with which 1 was until lately acquainted was that of
a single juvenile specimen mentioned by Miiller as having
been taken during the breeding-season, presumably in 1877
or 1878. Mr. Baxendale and Horsbrugh were lucky enough
to meet with this species in May 1909, when they observed

Ornithology of Cyprus. 19

eight on the 20th and twelve on the 22 nd of that month,
near Papho, and from the latter flock Mr. Baxendale obtained
a fine female. Although locusts have been practically
exterminated during the British occupation of the island,
' precautionary measures are annually taken to prevent their
re-establishment, by payments, during the early summer
months, on a liberal scale, for all young locusts brought in
by the peasants, who collect them in nets whilst they are in
what we should call in South Africa the "voetganger"
stage, and it is curious to notice that one of the flocks of
the birds seen this year were haunting a locality where the
destruction of these locusts was being proceeded with on a
large scale. Although I showed the specimen obtained to
many old Cypriote sportsmen, none of them had ever seen
the bird before.

585. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.).

Garrulus glaszneri Madarasz.

Sibthorp discovered the Jay on Troodos ''by its hoarse
screams — hopping about the branches of the Pinus pinea "
on April 30th, 1787. It was re-discovered by Guillemard in
the same range in 1887, and the two specimens which he then
obtained, together with others which he brought back on
his second visit, were thought to present some slight pecu-
liarities of plumage, and were submitted by Lord Lilford
to Seebohm. Seebohm stated of them, " The Cyprian Jay is
one of the local races of the Stripe-headed Jay which ranges
from Britain to Japan. It is scarcely distinguishable from
the East-Russian variety G. severzowii Bogdanow, and like
that race is one of the intermediate forms between G. brandii
Eversm. and G. glandarius."

Glaszner sent a good series to Madarasz, Avho definitely
separated the bird in 1902 under the name given above.
Glaszner's Jay is really a fairly common resident in Cyprus,
but is restricted to the forests of the southern range, and
even there mainly to elevations above 3000 feet. I found
it plentiful in 1907 and 1908 all the summer in the area
round the hill-station on Troodos. Horsbrugh obtained

c2

20 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

numerous specimens in his spring journey through the same
mountains in 1909, and on June 1st discovered a nest ready
for eggs. On the 8th June, 1909, Mr. Nicolls took a fresh
clutch of five eggs, which he sent to me. I do not think
that the eggs have heen described before ; hut I know
Glaszner ha9 obtained them, as he shewed me some in 1907.
They are exactly similar to those of G. glandarius, but, as
in the case of the eggs of some other Cypriote birds, are
distinctly small, averaging only 1*18 x '85 inch. In its
habits the Cypriote Jay does not differ from its English
congener ; but it has, in my opinion, a much weaker cry.
It is, I am sorry to say, much pursued by the younger
Cypriote gunners, and is habitually eaten.

596. Pica rustica (Scop.).

The Magpie is a common resident, but dres not frequent
the very highest portions of the southern mountains. It
breeds in Cyprus during April and May, and I have notes
of nests uith clutches of not less than five eggs from
April the 15th to May the 20th.

The Magpie appears to be one of the hosts of the Great
Spotted Cuckoo (vide infra, p. 31). In size the Magpies'
eggs found in the island vary considerably, but on average
are fairly normal; the mean of twenty-three being 1*32 X
•93 inch. Sir Charles Tyser, the present Chief Justice, saw
seventeen Magpies together, near Larnaca, on November the
11th, 1903.

Lord Lilford mentions that some of his specimens showed
a good deal of brown on the primaries and rectrices. I have
not yet observed this in the few specimens Horsbrugh and
I took the trouble to obtain.

599. Corvus monedula Linn.

The Jackdaw is a very common resident, and is generally
distributed. In habits it does not appear to differ from the
bird found in England. It nests freely in the old houses
and ruins in the towns, and on the cliffs and high rocks near
the sea and in the hills. It commences repairing its nests
in early March, and about mid-April I have had a good

Ornithology of Cyprus. 21

many eggs in all stages of incubation : they appear typical
in colouring but are rather small, the average of a dozen
being 1*34 x 98 inch.

Whatever may be the status of the form C. collaris
Drummond, there is no doubt that in very many Cypriote
specimens the nuchal collar is extremely white ; but this is
by no means invariably the case, and, so far as I can judge,
it is partially a sign of age ; but, in any case, one can always
see birds with almost every grade of colour.

602. Corvus cornix Linn.

Corone pallescens Madarasz.

The Grey or Hooded Crow is a very common resident,
and, although I do not remember to have seen it close to the
Troodos encampment (from which it is probably kept away
by the multitude of Ravens), it is, elsewhere, a nuisance.
Though a useful scavenger, it is very destructive to the
young of poultry, game, and wild birds, and I have seen two
kill a nearly full-grown tame pigeon. Horsbrugh saw a
pair knock over a Magpie and rob it of a piece of meat. It
is very abundant in the vicinity of the towns ; it commences
to nest at the end of March, and its behaviour is interesting
at that period. Being compelled to build in trees, which
are mostly easily accessible and close to dwelling-houses, it
constructs a small well-concealed nest — usually at the top
of a eucalyptus or fir — with the utmost secrecy, and though
at other times an abominably noisy bird, it scarcely ever
utters a note when near its breeding-place.

Lord Lilford observed that the mantles of the Cypriote
Hooded Crow were somewhat lighter in colour than in typical
British specimens, and Madarasz, mainly on this difference,
has separated the island bird under the name C. pallescens.
From the many hundreds I have seen and perhaps twenty
which I have handled, I should say, without hesitation, that
the light parts of the plumage are vastly whiter than in
British specimens. In addition to this, the local bird seems
more compact and considerably smaller, and, in all which
I have closely examined, the junction line between the white

22 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

and black on the breast seems cut very sharply. We took
many eggs from the 4th of April up to the 18th of May,
finding them in all stages of incubation during that period ;
the usual complement is five, but we obtained more than one
clutch of six. We noticed at once a peculiarity observed by
Miiller, that all the eggs are at the lowest edge of the range
of size, the average of fifteen specimens being only 1*57 x
1"1 inch. Otherwise the eggs are typical, but we took
four in a clutch of six which were pale blue, without any
markings. I have not yet found this species, as one would
perhaps expect, acting as host to the Great Spotted Cuckoo.

ft should perhaps be mentioned that Guillemard writes, on
his first visit, of " Carrion Crows/' but the expression Mas
no doubt not used, as has been erroneously thought, to
refer to Corvus corone Linn., the Black or " Carrion " Crow,
so-called in England, as this bird is not found in Cyprus.

Madarasz tentatively places the Cypriote bird between
C. sharpii Oates and C. capellanus Sclater.

604. Corvus corax Linn.

The Raven is a common resident, and generally distri-
buted throughout the island. During the summer months a
great many congregate near the camp on Troodos, attracted
no doubt by the slaughter house and refuse, and there
I have frequently counted over fifty in the air together.
They are always ready to play with or mob any Eagle, large
Hawk, or even Vulture which may come their way, and
their agility on the wing is surprising. They nest early, and
Horsbrugh and I took a slightly incubated clutch of six eggs
on the 13th of March, 1909, near ^Nicosia; they are typical
in colour but distinctly small, the average being l'79x
1*31 inch. The female, which I shot from the nest, was also
rather small, but otherwise in no way remarkable ; her crop
was full of coleoptera. Lord Lilford remarks that his speci-
mens from Cyprus varied considerably, inter se, in dimen-
sions, were very stout-billed, and had all some umber-brown
feathers in the wings, shewing some affinity to C. umbrinus
Sundcvall and C. tingitanus Irby (C leptonyx Peale).

Ornithology of Cyprus. 23

Madarasz, who had a female from Glaszner, noted that the
wings were somewhat shorter on the apical side than in the
typical mid-European form.

One is accustomed to find the Raven breeding in Great
Britain in very inaccessible places, but in Cyprus it often
nests in suitable crevices in the little cliffs which form the
last part of the ascent of the " Tafel-kop " hills, so common a
feature of parts of the island landscape. In the plains in
winter Ravens often look for food in the fields in company
with Hooded Crows, Rooks, and Jackdaws.

608. Coitvus frugilegus Linn.

The Rook is a common winter visitor, although it does not
seem to have been noticed in any abundance by previous
writers. Pearse sent to Lord Lilford one specimen only,
which was taken in November, and Guillemard in his articles
mentions it only once and then states that " it did not appear
to be common, as, indeed, might be expected." Madarasz
does not seem to have received it from Glaszner. In the
neighbourhood of Nicosia the Rook arrives in mid-November
and leaves about mid-March. It may be seen in hundreds in
company with Jackdaws and Hooded Crows searching for food
on the cultivated lands, and it roosts at night in the tall
eucalyptus and other trees usually found in the immediate
vicinity of the towns and villages. The Rook never, so far
as I know, nests in the island, my earliest note of its arrival
being November the 18th and my latest of its stay March
the 20th.

610. Cy/fselus apus (Liun.).

The Swift is an exceedingly common summer visitor.
My first note of its arrival is on February 23rd, 1909, when
Mr. Baxendale observed a single bird at Papho : I noticed
several on March 3rd of the same year at Nicosia, but the main
body does not arrive until about the second week in March.
The wide-eaved houses, the ruins, and the old-world towns of
the island make an ideal home for this bird. It breeds all over
the island, even in the hotel near the summit of Troodos.
Horsbrugh took a good many clutches slightly incubated
at Kyrenia on April 24th, 1909, and it is, perhaps, worthy

24 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

of notice that six out of seven nests contained three eggs
each. The nests were quite bulky structures made of sea-
wrack, tow, feathers, string, straw, rag, twigs, wool, and
dried grass, all these materials being agglutinated together ;
the dimensions measuring quite nine by six inches : they
were placed between the deep undercut supporting arms of
a balcony and the under parts of the supported projecting
surfaces.

On June 6th, 1909, Horsbrugh found young in nests on
the southern range.

The Swift leaves the isLind at the beginning of September,
or even at the end of August, and at the Troodos hill-station
I have never seen it after the end of July.

611. Subsp. Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe.

Glaszncr appears to have sent to Madarasz only eight
Swifts, two belonging to the following species and the
remaining six all resembling C. pekinensis. These six were
obtained at Larnaca in March, April, aud May. Madarasz,
on these grounds, omits C. apus from the Cypriote list.

I can only say that the few specimens of Swifts which I
have handled in Cyprus appear to me not to differ materially
from C. apus, though it is evident from Madarasz that C.
pekinensis, or a form very similar, must frequently occur
in the island.

612. Cypselus murinus Brehm.

The Pallid Swift has seldom been recorded from Cyprus,
but though, as Lord Lilford suggests, it is probably local in
its distribution in the island, I have no doubt that its
existence would be overlooked by almost every resident.
Guillemard obtained specimens at Kykko Monastery late in
May 1887, where it was doubtless breeding, and Glaszner
sent Madarasz a pair taken at Larnaca on March 24tb; 1901,
and March 29th, 190.2, respectively.

None of our party has been as yet able to identify
the species with certainty nor have we obtained any
specimens.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 25

616. Cypselus melba (Linn.).

The Alpine or White-bellied Swift was — as was C. apus — -
recognised by Sibthorp as a summer visitor to Cyprus.

It was observed by Lord Lilford on several occasions during
his visit " high in the air " near the sea : Muller mentions
an adult female taken in spring : Guillemard found a few
examples at Lefconiko at the end of April 1887, and
recorded it as early as February 26th at Kouklia, in 1888,
while at the end of March in the same year he met with it
nesting in inaccessible places near the ruins of Kantara
Castle.

It does not seem to have been obtained by Glaszner.

This species is a fairly common spring and autumn visitor
to the island and probably nests annually in a few suitable
places. My first note of its appearance is on March the 29th,
1908, when it was observed at Papho by Mr. Baxendale ;
from the 30th of March to the 28th of May, 1909,
Mr. Baxendale and Horsbrugh met with it more or less
frequently in various parts of the island and obtained a
considerable number of specimens. I have never seen it at
Nicosia nor did any of us find it breeding. It was parti-
cularly common near the Acheritou and Kouklia reservoirs.
I have no definite autumn records of its appearance on
migration or of the leaving of those which breed, but I
presume its general departure must take place about the
beginning of September.

618. Caprimulgus euroPjEus Linn.

The Nightjar is a regular and not uncommon visitor on
the spring and autumn migrations, and although I am not
aware that it has yet been discovered nesting in the island,
I should think it quite probable that a few individuals do so.
The species was recognised by Sibthorp, and Lord Lilford
found it in great numbers close to the sea in the Karpas
District in the last week of April 1875 ; these had evidently
just arrived, as many declined to move until actually touched.
He also met with a few elsewhere in the island, but was
informed by the inhabitants that not only did the Nightjar
not breed in Cyprus, but that it did not lay eggs at all, being

26 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

" inspired with a fruitless passion for the Cuckoo." It does
not seem to be mentioned in Guillemard's * Ibis ' papers, but
apparently he obtained specimens. Glaszner sent one, taken
on the 19th of August, 1901, to Madarasz, which the latter
describes as being remarkably pale in colour, and approaching
the form C. unwini Hume; he was in some doubt whether to
record it under this name or that of C. meridionalis Hart.
Glaszner shewed me another female taken by him on the
14th of September 1906. Mr. Barrett, the Superintendent
of the Government Farm at Athalassa, near Nicosia — to
whom Horsbrugh and I are much indebted for his constant
assistance — brought me a live female on the 16th of October,
1908, and informed me that there were several to be then
observed on his farm. We first noticed them in 1909 on the
29th of March, when Horsbrugh saw several at Acheritou
Reservoir ; at Athalassa I shot a male on the 3rd of May,
and Horsbrugh saw others in the Papho district, and on the
Troodos foot-hills up to the 13th of that month. The last
that I observed was just outside my garden in Nicosia on the
13th of May, on the evening of which I also heard its note.

Picus sp. inc.

Unger and Kotschy added to Sibthorp's list " Picus sp.
rcpaovyo<; " ! but no one has since met with any species of
Woodpecker in the island, and it is difficult to understand
to what they refer. Possibly they may have heard of the
presence of a tree-climbing bird — the local Tree-creeper —
which they thought was probably of this genus. Dendro-
copus syriacus (Hempr. & Ehr.) would be perhaps more likely
to occur in Cyprus than any other Woodpecker.

656. Iynx torquilla (Linn.).

Lord Lilford recognised the cry of the Wryneck more
than once near Limassol in May 1875, but the only spe-
cimen which he or his collectors obtained was a female
shot by Guillemard near Limassol on March 24th, 1887,
although it is not mentioned at all in the latter's articles in
this Journal, and on that account, no doubt, Lord Lilford
expressed the opinion that the species was somewhat rare in

Ornithology of Cyprus. 27

the island. Glaszner, however, scut Madarasz six examples

obtained in April, August, and September. During the
spring of 1909 Mr. Baxendale, Horsbrugh, and I came across
the Wryneck in the plains not at all uncommonly, and
obtained a number of specimens between the 18th of March
and the 13th of April. I observe from my note-book that
we shot eight and saw in all about twenty. The Wryneck
is evidently a visitor on spring and autumn migration; I
have no knowledge of its breeding in the island, but I should
think it quite likely that a i'exv may both nest and winter
there.

657. Alcedo ispida Linn.

The Kingfisher is not a very common bird in Cyprus,
probably because there are not many places suitable for its
necessities at all seasons of the year. Although I have no
definite evidence of its nest being taken in the island, I am
inclined to think that it is probably a resident in a few
suitable localities, but that its numbers are slightly increased
by migrants in spring and autumn, some of "which remain
throughout the winter. It was first noticed by Lord Lilford,
who, however, only saw one example in the inner harbour at
Famagusta in April. Guillemard observed it in March on
the sea-coast near Limassol in 1887, and obtained a specimen
at Famagusta in February and another at Larnaca in April
on his second visit. Glaszner sent Madarasz three examples,
collected near the last-mentioned place in April, September,
and November.

The bird is well known to the English residents, and
Mr. G. F. Wilson has seen several iu August and September,
both on the river near Nicosia and at Famagusta Harbour.
I first saw it on the 19th of September, 1908, on a little
perpetual stream near Papho, and in March and April, 1909,
Horsbrugh saw a few and obtained some specimens at the
Acheritou and Kouklia reservoirs. 1 am also informed that
it has been frequently noticed on the sea-coast at Kyrenia.

658. Cekyle rudis (Linn.).

The Pied Kingfisher was included by Lord Lilford in his

28 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

list upon the accurate account of its presence in the island,
given to Guillemard by Mr. C. S. Cade, the present Com-
missioner of Nicosia, who had been well acquainted with
the species on the West Coast of Africa, and who informs
me that he met with it on the Kyrenia Coast when there
stationed. Although neither Lord Lilford nor his collectors
obtained any specimens, the correctness of Mr. Cade's state-
ment is substantiated by the fact of the capture by Glaszner
of a female at Larnaca on November 16th, 1902, which was
despatched by him to Madarasz. Glaszner also kindly lent
me a male obtained by him on the 3rd of February, 1906,
at the same place. None of us have yet met with it in the
island, and I think it must be very rare and probably only
a casual visitor from the neighbouring mainland.

661. Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.).

Very credible accounts were given to Lord Lilford and to
Guillemard of the occurrence of the Smyrna Kingfisher in
Cyprus, but the authority for these statements is not very
clearly indicated, and, so far as I am aware, no specimen
has as yet been obtained locally. However, Guillemard
declared that he had no doubt whatever that the species
occurred in Cyprus, and hence probably the island is
mentioned as one of the localities in which the bird is to be
found in Dresser's 'Manual of Palsearctic Birds' (p. 461).
It has not been heard of or noticed by any of us.

663. Coracias garrulus Linn.

The Roller is common in Cyprus on its spring and autumn
migrations, and should perhaps really be called a summer
visitor, as a number always stay to breed in the island.
It was first noticed by Sibthorp on April the 12th (1787).
Miiller refers to ten adult specimens and eight clutches of
eggs taken between April 22nd and June 4th. Lord Lilford
noticed it very commonly during his visit, and states that
"it breeds abundantly in Cyprus in soft banks of marl and
sand." Guillemard found it nesting in early June of 1887,
" within a day or two of hatching a second brood," in the
Papho district, and Miss Bate found "numbers" of "nests"

Ornithology of Cyprus. 29

in holes in cliffs and in the walls of houses in 1901 and 1902.
Glaszner sent numerous specimens to Madarasz taken in
April, May, June, and September. Although Guillemard
records its earliest vernal appearance on April the 3rd, 1888,
I should say that that is an unusually early date.

According to our observations the Roller does not as a
rule arrive until the middle of April ; the migration continues
for about a month, and, at any rate, by the end of May those
birds which have not settled down to nest have moved north ;
the return migration takes place in September and early
October. Our first date of arrival is April the 17th, and
our last of departure October the 17th. It is most frequently
noticed in mid-May and early October; and although Hors-
brugh met with it on the Troodos foot-hills it is not, I think,
found on the higher parts of the mountains. It is eaten by
many local people.

666. Merops apiaster Linn.

The Bee-eater in its habits resembles the Roller, but
instead of being merely common is extremely abundant ; it
arrives in large numbers during April and May ; the bulk
leave towards the end of May, but a certain number
remain to nest. The return migration takes place in Sep-
tember, big flocks collecting at the end of that month, and
soon disappearing. Our fiist date of its arrival is April the
1st, but it is not abundant until ten days later ; our last note
of it in autumn is October the 4th in the Famagusta district.

The bird was recognised by Sibthorp; Miiiler mentions
handling 29 adult and 57 juvenile specimens ! Lord Lilford,
who found it exceedingly common, states that it nests, but
was assured — erroneously it may be added — that after nesting
it left the island altogether before the middle of July;
Guillemard found it breeding in company with the Roller
in the Papho district at the beginning of June 1887. Miss
Bate pointed out the incorrect nature of Lord Lilford's
information as to its departure in mid-July. Glaszner
sent Madarasz a number of specimens taken in June and
September.

30 Mr. J. A. Buckuill on the

To the above there is little to be added. From mid-April
till the end of September, whether I was in the plains
or on Troodos, hardly a day passed without my seeing or
bearing these birds — often in some numbers — although on
the higher parts of the mountains they do not seem to
alight. In early September their numbers visibly increased,
and from the 15th to the 25th the country on the south
coast from Limassol to Papho through which I was travelling
on Assizes (1908) was swarming with large and small flocks.
In the bazaars were cages crammed with live birds for sale —
masses of vivid blue and green terror — which, poor things,
had been caught with birdlime iu the neighbourhood, and
were destined for the pot; skeins of dead festooned the
shops or were hawked about on strings by picturesque street
arabs ; the sky resounded with their unmistakeable notes,
and the graceful flight of the companies was noticeable on
every side. Our caterer insisted on serving some for dinner,
but we found them sweet to the taste and not particularly
palatable. They were all just on the point of their departure
for Africa, and on October the 1st not one remained. Of
the vast numbers then seen I am quite satisfied that not
five in a hundred could have been bred in the island.

669. Upupa epops Linn.

The Hoopoe is another common spring and autumn
visitor, and a number of pairs no doubt annually remain to
nest in cool and suitable places on the mountains. It
arrives in mid-March, Guillemard recording it as early as
the 10th, our first note being on the 15th. It leaves in
September, our last record being September 20th, 1908.

It was included in Sibthorp's list, and Miiller mentions
three examples, one of which was obtained dining the
breeding season. Though met with not infrequently in the
spring by Lord Lilford and Guillemard, neither of them
regarded it as abundant. Glaszner sent Madarasz a t'tw
specimens taken in March and September.

From mid- March to mid- April 1909 Mr. Baxendale,
Horsbrugh, and 1 found the Hoopoe in considerable numbers

Ornithology of Cyprus. 31

in the plains, but though we continued to meet an occasional
specimen until the first week in May, it was from the
mountains that most of our records during that month came,
while Horsbrugh and Mr. Nicolls met with it there not un-
commonly in June. From July the 1st, 1908, when I arrived
at the hill-station, until about mid-September, I frequently
noticed the Hoopoe, and in August 1 had the pleasure of
seeing an old pair and three young birds in close proximity
to our mountain cottage (5500 ft.). They were very tame,
and the old birds sometimes came within a few yards of the
house.

oTO. Cuculus canorus Linn.

The Cuckoo is a common spring and autumn visitor, and
was known to Sibthorp, who frequently heard it. Lord
Lilford found it exceedingly common ; Guillemard records
having first heard it on April the 13th, and Glaszner sent
Madarasz a couple collected in the latter half of that month.

According to our observations the Cuckoo arrives at the
beginning of April (our earliest date being the 2nd —
Horsbrugh) . From that date till the first week in May we
constantly saw and heard it, but Horsbrugh noticed it at
Morphou as late as June 6th (1909), and Mr. Baxendale at
Papho in mid- July. Probably, therefore, a few individuals
deposit their eggs with suitable hosts in the hills, but up to
the present I have never heard or seen a specimen during
my two summer visits to the mountains, and records of
the return migration appear to be entirely lacking; pre-
sumably it should take place at the end of August or
beginning of September.

Its note in Cyprus seems rather feeble.

674. Coccystes glandarius (Linn.)

Much to Lord Lilford's surprise he did not meet with the
Great Spotted Cuckoo in Cyprus, but Pearse sent him a
single specimen. Miiller refers to two female adults and
five eggs from five clutches of eggs of the Magpie taken
between April loth and May 20th. Guillemard brought

32 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

home one shot near Famagusta on March 19th, 1888, and
later — in 1889 — received another (without data) from
Captain, now Sir, Arthur Young, then Commissioner at that
place, probably taken in the antumn of the preceding year.

Miss Bate, however, found this Cuckoo not uncommon in
the spring of 1902, particularly on the slopes of the northern
range, and Glaszner sent seven to Madarasz taken in the
Larnaca neighbourhood in March, April, May, and August.
Mr. Baxendale, Horsbrugh, and I met with the Great Spotted
Cuckoo in 1909 from March the 9th until April the 2nd,
shooting or seeing over a dozen. Mr. G. Wilson saw two
near Nicosia as late as the 19th of April in the same year,
and Mr. Nicolls has once seen it on the summit of Troodos.
It certainly seems to be in the main confined to the wooded
portions of the plains and foot-hills. Although some indi-
viduals may be true summer visitors and avail themselves
of the friendly nests of the abundant Hooded Crows and
Magpies, my own opinion is that the species is a rather
rare visitor on spring and autumn migration, the return
passage taking place at the end of August.

Amongst the numerous eggs of Hooded Crows and Mag-
pies which I have handled I have never seen an egg which
belonged to this bird. Horsbrugh found that their crops
contained mainly hairy larvae.

688. Asio otus (Linn.).

The Long-eared Owl would appear to be a rare winter
visitor. Pearse sent a male to Lord Lilford, taken on
November the 8th, 1878, at Levka near Morphou, and
Glaszner forwarded to Madarasz a female shot in November,
1902, and a male in January, 1903, the latter being remark-
ably pale in colour.

L know of no other records.

G89. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.).

Asio br achy otus B. O. U. List, p. 8G.

The Short-eared Owl is a winter visitor, though no doubt
many examples are merely birds of passage. Lord Lilford
met with it frequently in the plains near Famagusta and

Ornithology of Cyprus. 33

Limassol and was assured that the species bred in the island,
but the specimens he obtained (in April, 1875) shewed no
symptom of doing so. It was also procured by Pearse and
Guillemard. Glaszner sent Madarasz specimens, taken in
September, October, November and January, near Larnaca.

691. Scops giu (Scopoli).

The European Scops-Owl is not quite identical with theloca
form which is so familiar to residents in Cyprus. Madarasz,
who has now separated the latter as Scops cyprius, has
pointed out, as a remarkable fact, that the European form
occurs, though apparently rarely, as a winter visitor to the
island, Glaszner having sent him six specimens of it taken
near Larnaca in March, September, and October.

692. Scops cyprius (Mad.).

The Cyprian Scops-Owl is a common resident in the island.
Lord Lilford found it very abundant and, no doubt, had he
written his notes in these latter days, when differentiation
between closely similar forms is carried out very minutely,
would have anticipated Madarasz in the separation of the
local bird as an insular species, in view of the fact that he, in
1889, drew particular attention to the very dark plumage of
all the specimens obtained by himself and his collectors in
Cyprus. He was not, however, very clear as to the status
of the species in the island and from his remarks evidently
regarded it as mainly a summer visitor and only partially a
resident. Pearse sent him specimens obtained in November
and December. Miiller mentions four clutches of eggs taken
between May 8th and 23rd. Guillemard found it nesting
in a hole in the roof of a house in the first week in May.
Glaszner sent a long series to Madarasz taken in January,
February, March, and October. Madarasz gives a three-
colour-process plate of Scops cyprius in his paper '' Ueber
die Vogel Cyperns " (1904).

According to our observations the Cyprian Scops-Owl is
net uncommon, and I have not infrequently found it in the
summer well up the Troodos mountains. Mr. Baxendale

SER. IX. — VOL. IV. it

34 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

has observed it at Papho ; and though Lord Lilford remarks
that the instance recorded by Guillemard was the only one
known to him of this species nesting in a house, it is
perhaps worthy of remark, that the only nest which any
of us actually came across was built in a similar situation
at Papho, at the end of March this year. Horsbrugh obtained
several specimens in different parts of the island in March,
April, and May.

706. Athene noctua (Scop.).

The Little Owl, and the sub-species next dealt with,
should perhaps be really treated together, for at any rate in
Cyprus the bird, which is an extremely common resident,
seems to range through almost every variety of shade between
and including the typical forms. As Strix passerina it was
recorded by Sibthorp : Unger and Kotschy however in-
cluded it in their list as Athene noctua, Retz., var. meri-
dionalis.

Lord Lilford, who remarked upon the sandy coloured
plumage of specimens collected by himself and Pearse, con-
sulted Seebohm with regard to them. Seebohm identified
the collection as " a good series, all more or less intermediate
between Athene noctua and Athene glaux," a conclusion more
or less borne out by a series sent by Glaszner to Madanisz.
The latter remarks that they are, although somewhat darker
than specimens from Palestine, Transcaspia, and Persia, really
closer to Athene ylaux than to A. noctua, whilst at any rate
one specimen from Glaszner's collection could be regarded
as a perfectly typical specimen of the former type. To what
has already been written about this bird in Cyprus I have
little to add. Miiller records clutches of eggs taken between
the 8th of May and the 4th of June, but we found clutches of
six, highly incubated, as early as the 10th of Apiil and fully
fledged young on the 23rd of May. Miss Bate states that
she never observed the species in the Troodos forest, but we
obtained eggs at Kambos in 1909, aud Guillemard records the
bird from the summit of the southern range, while I have
seen it on several occasions in the summer within a few

Ornithology of Cyprus. 35

hundred yards of the camp. In short, it is very common, well
distributed, very noticeable on account of its loud cries, which
it utters incessantly at night and sometimes during the day,
and extremely familiar, frequenting barns, farm-buildings
and houses, and being often seen in the towns themselves.
With regard to the coloration of the many specimens which
we obtained, I can only say that they varied remarkably,
some being extremely light and others quite dark. We kept
two pairs for some time in captivity, and deposited one pair
in the Zoological Gardens in London. Of these two pairs,
those taken from the farm-buildings, attached to my house
in Nicosia, were extremely dark, and I should regard them
as typical Athene noctna ; the second pair, taken from the
sandy district at Athalassa by Mr. Barrett, was extremely
light and were in my opinion equally typical of Athene
glanx. In Cyprus I doubt if any real border-line exists
between the two forms.

707. Subsp. Athene glaux (Savigny).

In view of what I have written with regard to the preceding
species, it is unneccessary to add anything further in con-
nexion with this form.

709. Aluco flammeus (Linn.).
Strix flammea, B. O. U. List, p. 85.

The Barn or White Owl is, without doubt, very rare in
Cyprus. Lord Lilford heard it at Larnaca and Famagusta,
and Guillemard, in 1887, saw at the former place two indi-
viduals, which had been taken there, but he never observed
the species elsewhere and only once doubtfully heard its cry
during his two visits. The only specimens of which I have
any knowledge is an adult, brought alive to Mr. Baxendale
on the 13th of June, 1909, which had been taken near
Papho, and another shot in the same district. I am unable
to say what is the status of this bird in the island, but am
inclined to think that it is only a straggler.

710. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.).

The island is not large enough to offer a larder for
very great numbers of Vultures, compared with the swarms

d 2

36 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

of hundreds I used to see round Pretoria shortly after the
Boer war. The Griffon Vulture is, however, a tolerably
common resident, although I do not remember seeing more
than about twenty together. It nests in suitable localities in
both ranges of mountains and also on the cliff's of the Akrotiri
promontory. It breeds early in the year, and eggs which
Horsbrugh and I obtained on the 21st and 31st of March,
1909, in the Kyrenia range, were very much incubated. We
did not find many eyries nor did we see more than half a dozen
pairs in the few miles of mountain which we worked : the
nests each contained only one egg and were inaccessible to us
without a rope, but fortune favoured us with a native guide —
one Charilaou, of a village near Buffavento — whose astonishing
climbingperformances, after he had doffed his huge high boots,
filled us with mixed feelings of envy, admiration and terror.
However Mr. Michel 1, the Commissioner of Limassol, tells me
he has taken eggs in the southern range from quite easy sites.
The southern sea cliffs, again, where Lord Lilford and
Guillemard found the bird at home, would require a rope.
Guillcmard obtained three young in early May from the
eastern part of the Kyrenia hills, and also brought back an
egg from the same range. In the summer mouths a few birds
frequent the neighbourhood of the cam}) on Troodos, and
wherever the traveller may be in the island, on a bright day
he can usually see high up in the sky one of these great
birds majestically soaring and watching for a carcase.

712. Vultur monachus Linn.

The Black Vulture was thought by Lord Lilford, who
did not meet with the species himself, to be only an occasional
visitor from Asia Minor. It has not hitherto been very
frequently recorded from the island. An immature specimen
was sent, in the spring of 1880, from Cyprus to the London
Zoological Gardens by Capt. Alexander, R.E., and lived there
for some years.

Guillemard came across an old, and a full grown young
bird at Morphou and shot the latter, but it is not surprising
to hear that its enormous bulk and other difficulties familiar

Ornithology of Cyprus. 37

to taxidermists, dumped even his desire to make a skin of it.
Miss Bate mentions this species casually as sometimes to
be seen in company with the preceding, and Glaszner sent
Madarasz an old male taken on the 2nd of March, 1902, in
the Larnaca neighbourhood. The Black Vulture we found to
br by no means so common as the Griffon, but we saw perhaps
a dozen examples at different times. Mr. Barrett, who had a
pair haunting his farm, shot for us, on April the 5th, 190!), a
large male, which we were, fortunately perhaps for ourselves,
unable to take in hand in time to preserve more of it than
the head, wing, and feet. However, it measured 11 ft. 6 in.
across the wings. When working the Kyrenia mountains in
the third week in March, Horsbrugh and I came across one
pair which were obviously nesting in the neighbourhood of
Buffaveuto. Disturbed by a shot, they kept high in the
air, and we were unable to make up our minds whether
their eyrie was a huge nest at the top of a mighty pine tree
at the bottom of a deep gorge into which we could, from
the edge of a precipice some 500 ft. above, see quite clearly,
or was in one of a series of crevices in the face of a towering
cliff in an even more inaccessible situation.

Through the kindness of Mr. Bovill, the locality was
watched by one of the Forest Guards, and eventually on the
28th of April, the egg, highly incubated, was obtained
from the former site; it contained a live chick. In May
and June, Horsbrugh met with the Black Vulture again,
breeding on this occasion on the Troodos range, the nest
being likewise placed at the top of a pine tree some forty
feet from the ground. The young bird was taken by the
employes of the Cyprian Mining Co. and was kept for the
local director, Mr. A. Artemis, a leading Athenian advocate,
and an enthusiastic member of the Cyprus Natural History
Society. Mr. Nicolls informs me that he has noticed this
Vulture nesting for some years past on the Troodos moun-
tains, and the bird itself is well known to him and to
other local sportsmen. It may therefore now be safely
regarded as a somewhat uncommon resident in the
island.

38 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

The egg which we obtained was rather heavily splashed
with reddish brown, chiefly at the upper end, and measured
3'58 x 2-76 inches.

713. Neophron percnopterus (Linn.).

Ungerand Kotschyadd the Egyptian Vulture to Sibthorp'a
list, but it is perhaps rather remarkable that no one seems
as yet to have been able to confirm their record.

714. Gypaetus barbatus (Linn.).

Horsbrugh and I did not expect to find the Bearded
Vulture in Cyprus, but in early March, 1909, we came upon
a pair in the highest portion of the Kyrenia range. One
bird suddenly appeared in view in a deep ravine and sailed
over our heads not fifty yards above us. We saw it again
several times, and on the following day Horsbrugh observed
it — and a second individual also. There could bs no
possible doubt as to the identification, as we had in view,
practically at the same time, the Griffon and the Black
Vultures as well as Eagles.

These birds may have soared over from the Taurus Moun-
tains— then visible to us as a long glittering snow patch ; but
it is not at all unlikely that they had an eyrie in one of the
big precipices in the mountains which we were working.

715. Circus .ekugixosus (Linn.).

In Cyprus I frequently saw Harriers in spring and
winter quartering the marshes and the plains, but unless
they are shot it is impossible as a rule to identify them with
certainty.

The Marsh Harrier is at any rate a fairly common visitor
at the spring and autumn migrations, and may be found
throughout the winter. It is quite probable that a few
pairs nest in one or two localities which are suitable. Lord
Lilford found it tolerably common in the marshy districts
during his visit; Guillemard, who frequently mentions
unidentified " Harriers" in his ' Ibis ' articles, shot a male
near Larnaca in early February, 1888 ; Glaszner obtained a
male and two females in the same localitv in December and

Ornithology of Cyprus. 39

January. On the 16th of November, 1907, I came across a
party of four in some rough swampy ground near Kouklia
reservoir and shot a splendid old male. In late March of
this year (1909) Horsbrugh met with several at the Acheritou
and Kouklia reservoirs, but did not obtain a specimen.

717. Circus cinekackus (Montagu).

Montagu's Harrier was added to the Cyprus list by the
industry of Glaszner, who sent a single specimen to Madarasz
taken on September 5th, 1901, near Larnaca. I know of
no other local record. It is probably only a visitor on
migration and perhaps in winter.

718. Circus swaixsom Smith.

The Pallid Harrier is not very uncommon and my remarks
upon the Marsh Harrier might apply to its distribution
and appearance.

Lord Lilford had very little doubt that a grey Harrier
which he observed several times near Famagusta belonged
to this species, but the first definite record was a specimen
— presumed to be a male in first year's plumage — sent to him
by Pearse, who obtained it on November the 2nd, 1878, at
Larnaca; Midler refers to an adult male taken on February
the 16th ; Guillemard shot another adult male near Limassol
on March the 25th, 1887 ; Glaszner sent to Madarasz four
collected in September, October, and November.

Horsbrugh came across one or two examples at the reser-
voirs at the end of March, 1909, and obtained a fine male at
Limnia near Salamis on April the 4th, while on the 12th he
and I saw another at Athalassa at quite close quarters.

719. Circus cyaneus (Linn.).

The Hen-Harrier is another of Glaszner's additions to the
list, he having sent Madarasz three — a male specimen taken
on February the 1st and two females shot on October the
29th and November the 5th — all near Larnaca.

We did not obtain any specimens of this Harrier, but
Horsbrugh thought that he saw two or three at the end of
March and beginning of April near the reservoirs.

40 'Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

This species is probably mainly a visitor on migration,
some individuals, however, remaining during the winter.

721. Buteo vulgaris Leach.

The Buzzard has hitherto only been obtained by Glaszner,
who sent Madarasz a single female specimen taken on
November the 4th, 1902. I presume it would be only a
winter visitor.

[725. Buteo ferox (S. G. Gmel.).

Lord Lilford observed near his yacht, when close to
Cyprus on April the 14th, 1875, a bird which he had little
doubt was the Long-legged Buzzard. As it has not been
recorded by any other observer, it is perhaps doubtful if the
species should be included in the local list at all.]

730. Hieraetus fasuiatus (Vieill.).

No one who visits either of the mountain ranges in the
island can well avoid seeing Eagles, but as a rule they arc
too high in the air for identification, and he seldom
obtains the chance of a shot. However, generally speaking,
I may state that the larger birds are the Imperial, and the
smaller Bonelli's Eagle, both of which species are resident
in Cyprus.

(jiullemard obtained a young female of Bonelli's Eagle with
some nestling down still attached, on June the 4th, 1887,
from some cliffs near Khrysokhou Bay in the north-west of
the island, and at the end of March in the following year,
found some Eagles, which he thought were of this species,
breeding near the ruins of Kantara Castle. Miss Bate saw
birds on Troodos, which she believed to be Bonelli's Eagles,
and my own note-book contains many references to this bird,
both on the southern range in summer, and the northern in
spring. Horsbrugh and I found it undoubtedly breeding
at the end of March, 1909, near the ruins of Buffavento in
the Kyrenia range, and in winter, on the reservoirs, I have
often seen two or three individuals swooping over packs of
coot and duck. But we did not find the nest, nor obtain a
specimen of the bird itself. It is not a very uncommon
resident.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 11

735. Aquila heliaca Savigny.

The Imperial Eagle is a not very rare resident. A fresh
unblown egg was brought to Lord Lilford at Trikorao in
April, 1875, which, he was informed, had been taken in the
neighbourhood of that place a few days previously; this
he was completely satisfied had been produced by an Eagle
of this species. Guillemard, on his first visit, found the
head of an Imperial Eagle, identified by Mr. J. H. Gurney,
sciu'., hung on a cottage door, and thought he observed
it on Troodos in early June of 1887 ; Miss Bate also
considered she had identified it in the same locality.
Dr. P. L Sclater mentions in a footnote to Lord Lilford's
article, that an Eagle from Cyprus was then (1899) living in
the London Zoological Gardens, presented by Col. E. L. Fraser
on June the 17th, 1887. It was labelled A. nceoioides (?),
but was, according to Dr. Sclater, probably A. heliaca.

On August the 14th, 1907, I came unexpectedly on a pair
sitting on an old pine tree not five yards from me, as I
turned round a rock almost on the top of Mount Olympus.
On the 28th of July, 1908, I found perhaps the same pair
nearly in the same place and watched them for some time ;
on November the 17th, 1908, I picked up a freshly shot
male on the shore of Acheritou reservoir ; on the 29th of
March, 1909, Horsbrugh, who had seen a number of Eagles
near the reservoirs, obtained a fine female at Kouklia.

Horsbrugh and I had several times noticed this Eagle when
working the Kyrenia mountains towards the end of March
(1909), but could not locate its nest. Through the kindness
of Mr. Bovill, the principal Forest Officer, the locality was
watched, and on April the 29th, the structure, a large clumsy
mass of branches placed at the top of a tall pine tree,
was discovered by the forest guard, and the two, very
slightly incubated, eggs were brought to us; they measured
2"86 x 2T6 and 2'85 x 2"28 inches respectively.

739. Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.).

Major Jones, late of the 50th Foot, writing in thef Field '
of May 11th, 1889, states that the White-tailed Eagle is

42 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

sometimes met with in Cyprus. I have no doubt that this
statement is correct, as Horsbrugh observed and identified
this bird at the Acheritou reservoir during early April of
this year, where he had ample opportunity of observing it
amongst the water-fowl with which the great sheet of water
was covered. He did not succeed in shooting a specimen.
It is probably a visitor on migration and perhaps in winter.

[745. Astur palumbarius (Linn.).

Unger and Kotschy add the Goshawk to Sibthorp' s list,
and attach to the name the Greek word " ''lepa/ci." This
term was also used by Sibthorp to designate the local name of
a hawk which he could not identify, but called Falco ierax.
" "lepa/ci" has no very special meaning in Cyprus, and would
be used by a Cypriote for almost any " Hawk."

No one since has observed the Goshawk in the island,
and Madarasz is of the opinion that Unger and Kotschy
mistook large male specimens of the Sparrow- Hawk for
Goshawks, and that the name of the present species should
be deleted from the Cypriote list. Sibthorp's name F. ierax
also seems to be suggestive of a bird which appeared to him
akin to the Sparrow-Hawk, and does not seem to indicate
Astur palumbarius ; and 1 therefore agree with Madarasz that,
at present, the latter has no proper claim to be included
in the Cypriote avifauna.]

748. Accipiter nisus (Linn.).

The Sparrow-Hawk was probably one of Sibthorp's
unidentified hawks for which he used the Greek name
" <Pa\/c6vL," which, under that title, Unger and Kotschy
definitely assign to A. nisus, though Sibthorp states that his
bird was " something like a Buzzard." It was not met with
by Lord Lilford or Guillemard, nor recorded by Miiller,
but Pearse sent home an adult male obtained in 1879, and
Glaszner despatched eight examples to Madarasz, collected
near Larnaca in October, November, and January.

Horsbrugh and I came across about a dozen between
March the 7th and April the 16th, 1909, in the plains, and
obtained several specimens. Mr. Barrett had shot several at

Ornithology of Cyprus. 43

his farm at Athalassa during the winter and in the spring,
when they work havoc amongst his numerous chickens. The
bird appears to be a winter visitor only, and no doubt more
common than at other times in the seasons of migration.

The Cypriotes do use the word " <Pa\ic6vi '' to designate
this — and other — hawks.

751. Milvus ictinus Savigny.

The Kite is only known in Cyprus from a female sent by
Glaszner to Madarasz, taken near Larnaca on September22nd,
1901. It may be sometimes a visitor on migration and
perhaps also in winter.

756. Pernis apivorus (Linn.).

Glaszner has the credit of adding the Honey Buzzard to
the Cypriote list, he having sent Madarasz three male
specimens, obtained in the neighbourhood of Larnaca in
September and October, 1901. I know of no other local
record of this species, but presume it to be an occasional
visitor in the spring and autumn migrations.

762. Falco cherrug J. E. Gray.

The Saker has hitherto, so far as I am aware, been
very rarely recorded from Cyprus. Lord Lilford's yacht
when close to Cyprus, though not in sight of land, was
visited by a hawk, which he believed to be of this species.
Pearse sent to Lord Lilford an adult male, labelled Beila
(probably Pvla, near Larnaca), 14th of October, 1878.
Horsbrugh picked up, or rather found in a small tree, a very
dilapidated dead bird of this species near Acheritou in early
April, 1909, of which he brought home such parts as he
could, to be identified by Dr. Sharpe. I suppose that this
Falcon, like the preceding species, is an occasional visitor, at
the seasons of migration.

76i. Falco peregrinus Tunstall.

Mediaeval writers speak of Peregrines in Cyprus, and
possibly Unger and Kotschy are correct in referring one of
Sibthorp's unidentified hawks — which he proposed to call
Falco melanops, presumably from the local Greek name

44 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

" M afipo/AUTL " which he uses — to F. pereyrinus, though
Sibthorp speaks of his bird as having a " blue tail." It is
impossible to say with much confidence what Sibthorp
meant, but " blue tail " and " MafipofMUTi " seem to me to fit
better La Marmora's Falcon. The Peregrine was not met
with by Lord Lilford, but Guillemard makes several
references to it in his ' Ibis ' articles ; he bought a live female
in the plumage of the first year in the Famagusta bazaar at the
end of February, 1888, shot an adult of the same sex on March
the 21st, near the same locality, and found two pairs — pre-
sumably nesting — in early May, near the ruins of St. Hilariou
Castle on the Kyrenia range. Lord Lilford, however, thought
that F. pereyrinus was only a winter visitor, and that F.punicus
would be found to be the form of Peregrine breeding
in Cyprus. None of us have as yet succeeded in obtaining
a specimen of either species, and at present, therefore, I am
not in a position to comment confidently on Lord Lilford's
suggestion. A Peregrine — whichever it may be — is by no
means uncommon ; I have frequently seen it on Troodos in the
summer, and when shooting at Papho in September, 1908,
Mr. T. Greenwood and I were " waited on " persistently by
a pair, which in one day took from the former no less than
three wounded Turtle-doves. In that district they prey, no
doubt, chiefly on the large flocks of Rock-doves which dwell
in the southern cliffs, and I have seen the Peregrines swoop
and strike as the doves wound down in a straggling stream
to the sesame and bean fields. During this September I
should say I saw in the Papho neighbourhood, quite a
dozen Peregrines. Horsbrugh and I found a pair, evidently
nesting, in the precipice below the ruins of Buffavento, but
the spot where we thought their eyrie was situated was
hopelessly inacessible.

765. Falco punicus Levaill.

Lord Lilford saw a single bird near Salamis on the 1st of
May, 1875, which he was sure was the Lesser Peregrine. As
mentioned above he was of the opinion that it was probable
that this species nested in the island, and that the typical

Ornithuloyy of Cyprus. 45

F. peregrinus was only a winter visitor. However, so far us
I am aware, no other record exists of the occurrence of
F. punicus locally, and my remarks on the preceding species
explain my view of Lord Lillord's theory.

768. Falco ^salon Tunstall.

The Merlin in Cyprus is mentioned as early as 1598 (!) but
was first definitely recorded by Lord Lilford, who saw one or
two examples near Famagusta in April, 1875. Pearse obtained
a single specimen in 1879 and Miiller mentions an imma-
ture male taken on November the 26th. Guillemard does not
mention this species in his 'Ibis' articles, but obtained an
adult male at Famagusta on March the 20th, 1888. Glaszner
sent specimens to Madarasz taken in November and
December near Larnaca, and Horsbrugh met with it at
Acheritou on April the 4th, 1907.

It is a winter visitor.

769. Falco subbuteo Linn.

The Hobby is another of Glaszner's additions to the
Cypriote list, he having sent to Madarasz three specimens,
two males and one female, taken respectively near Larnaca on
May the 22nd, 1901, on Troodos, September the 18th, 1902,
and near Livadia on September the 20th, 1901, the la^t being
the female. In the spring specimen the plumage was much
worn, indicating, to Madanisz's view, that the species pro-
bably nests in the island. This of course is possible, but I
think it is much more likely that it is only a spring and
autumn visitor.

770. Falco eleonor^e Gene.

Eleonora's or La Marmora's Falcon was first observed by
Lord Lilford, who found several pairs about the cliffs near
Cape Gata on M y the 8th, 1875. Guillemard found, and shot
a specimen in the same place in early March, 1887, but was
apparently unable to retrieve it, but he brought home a fine
dark specimen shot in the same neighbourhood in 1886 by
an officer of the 49th Foot. Horsbrugh shot a good male at
Kouklia near Papho on the 23rd of May, 1909. I think that

46 On the Ornithology of Cyprus.

there is little doubt that this beautiful Falcon is resident,
and breeds on these cliffs, which are amongst the few
steep shores of the island.

771. Falco vespertinus Linn.

Tinnunculus vespertinus Gray, B. O. U. List, p. 103.

Miiller records that Schluter received from Cyprus no less
than twelve specimens of the Red-footed Falcon, consisting of
male and female adults and several immature birds, together
with a considerable number of clutches of e"£s varying in
number from four to five, which were taken between the
16th of April and the 23rd of May (1878). Lord Lilford
met with this species only on one occasion, namely, on May
the 6th, 1875, not far from Limassol, where, towards evening,
a considerable number suddenly appeared, one of which he
shot. It docs not seem to have been observed by Guillemard,
but Glaszner sent six to Madanisz taken in September and
October near Larnaca. I am very doubtful as to the
correctness of Muller's statements about the eggs which he
received really belonging to this species ; from what he
writes, it is evident that the consignment of eggs included
large numbers of those of the Common and Lesser Kestrels,
and as the eggs of the former are very easily confused with
those of the Red-footed Falcon, and as Cyprus seems some-
what outside the breeding-range of the present species, I am
inclined to regard F. vespertinus only as a visitor on its
spring and autumn migrations.

773. Falco tinnunculus, Linn.

Tinnunculus ataudarins, 13. O. U. List, p. 104.

The Kestrel is a common resident but its numbers are
swollen by migrants in spring and autumn : at these seasons
migrating-parties of a dozen or a score are often observed. I
have many notes of its occurrence during every month in the
year. I have taken eggs as early as April 12th and as late
as May 23rd, but 1 have also found the young hatched on the
3rd of May. From our examination of the contents of their
crops they would appear to feed entirely on lizards and

Collections of the University of Cambridge. 47

various large insects. It may often be seen perched on
trees or buildings in the centre of the towns.

774. Falco cenchris Nauru.

Tiinninculus cenchris, B. O. U. List, p. 104.

The Lesser Kestrel is a very common summer visitor, but
though Lord Lilford regarded it as more abundant than the
preceding species, such is not our experience, as the large
majority of the many Kestrels that we shot and of the nests
we took belonged to F. tinnunclus. As Guillemard met with
it in February it is possible that some individuals remain
throughout the winter, but my own notes, at present, cover
it over no further a period than March to September.
Guillemard seems to have thought that it was nesting in
March, but in our experience it does not commence to
deposit its eggs till about mid-April, and we found full fresh
clutches on the 5th of May. It breeds in Cyprus in the
same localities as the preceding species, the eggs, when laid
in a crevice of the rocks, lying practically bare in a slight
hollow on a little loose soil. We found nothing but lizards,
beetles, and locusts and other insects in their crops.

[To be continued.]

II. — The Ornithological Collections of the University of
Cambridge. By H. Gadow, M.A., F.R.S., Strickland
Curator.

The Ornithological Collections belonging to the University
of Cambridge are kept in the Museum of Zoology, in charge
of the Strickland Curator.

The nucleus of the Museum's Natural History Collections
was formed by the Cambridge Philosophical Society, which
transferred its specimens to the University.

The Ornithological Department may be said to have come
into existence with the bequest of the collection of birds
formed by Strickland and the endowment of a Strickland
Curatorship, the chief duty of the holder of this post being
the custody and arrangement of the " Strickland Collection "

48 Dr. H. Gadow on the Omithuloyical

and other ornithological collections belonging to the Uni-
versity, or such as the University may still acquire.

The Strickland Collection, consisting of skins and a
library, is to be kept separate. The remainder, which we
may call the General Collection, comprises skins, stuffed
specimens, skeletons and other anatomical preparations,
eggs, and a library.

For forty-one years, until a few days before his death,
Alfred Newton, Professor of Zoology and Comparative
Anatomy, was the life and soul of this department, not
only on account of his unrivalled knowledge of things
ornithological, but through his never-failing help by world-
wide correspondence, his advice and — his criticisms. On
his death he left all his Collections and his Library to the
University*.

It is known to but a few people how he was always ready
with his purse to secure more specimens or even whole
collections which the Museum's scanty funds would have

* The 'Cambridge University Reporter ' of June 15, 1907, contains
the folio-wing extract from the will of the late Professor Newton : —

"I give and bequeath to the Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the
University of Cambridge my Natural History Collections and Library
together with the Cabinets Cases and Apparatus thereto belonging
including all my Copyrights Books Pictures Prints Drawings Letters
and Papers relating to Natural History .... to be kept for the purposes
of the said University and not for the purpose of sale, and to be attached,
so far as is convenient, to the Department of Zoology. . . .

" I also give and bequeath to the University the sum of One Thousand
Pounds upon trust to invest the same and to apply the annual income
thereof to the keeping up and adding to the said Library ....

" In a ' Memorandum to ray Executors' concerning the bequest [which
has been accepted as it stands, by Grace of the Senate, June 18th, 1907]
occurs the following passage: 'For my own convenience it has been my
practice to make marginal notes and cross references in my own books,
and I believe that some of these may prove to be of considerable
assistance to anyone who after me may use these copies.' "

The principal objects received by the University under this bequest
were the Wolley Collection of Bird's-eggs as augmented by Newton, and
the Newton Library including all his papers and MSS., both of which
are described below.

Collections of the University of Cambridge. 49

put beyond its reach. Many Cambridge men, and others
too, have presented their spoils to the Museum, with the
result that there is now a fairly good ornithological collection.
Of course, it does not rank with any of the large collections
of the world, but it makes up for small numbers by the fact
that it has been formed with a purpose, for the general, not
only for the systematic study of Ornithology.

The following is a short statement of its contents : —

A. — Skins, including about 1200 stuffed specimens, nearly
1000 of which are British-killed specimens.

1. The Strickland Collection, originally 6006 specimens, of 3125 species,

now W'ith additions from the Jardine Collection.

2. The General Collection, about 16,700 specimens.

This makes a grand total of about 23,000 specimens, representing
some 5700 species, assuming the number of recent species known
to be somewhere near 12,000.

The skins are arranged and catalogued according to Gray's
Hand-list, chiefly on account of the convenience of the specific
numbers in that work.

The following details shew how the General Collection has
gradually grown. This is, however, not the place to give a list
of all the kind donors, nor to mention any lots which were
purchased. The various collections enumerated below have been
incorporated in the General Collection, with some notable
exceptions.

(1) The Hepburn Collection, mostly Calif ornian.

(2) The Selby Collection.

(3) The Sivainson Collection. This was purchased from Dr. Swain-

son, mainly on account of his many reputed type-specimens ;
but unfortunately a mystery is attached to them, since the
number of specimens actually to hand falls far short of the
official list.

(4) The Madagascar Collection, with 826 specimens of 238 species,

made by the late Sir Edward Newton.

(5) The Jamaica Collection, with 563 specimens of 101 species, made

by the late Sir E. Newton. These two collections are kept as
separate units.

(6) The Jardine Collection, with 2063 specimens of 900 species,

bought at the Jardine sale in 1886 by Mrs. Strickland and
Professor Newton.

(7) The Farr Collection, originally of about 1300 skins, collected

by the late W. B. Farr in India and presented by his widow.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. E

50 Dr. H. Gadow on the Ornithological

(8) The Buckley Collection, with 382 specimens of Palaearctic birds,
collected by the late T. E. Buckley. To be kept separate.

Other collections, made mostly by the Donors.

Col. H. W. Feilden, South Africa and Barbados.

J. H. Gurney, South Africa.

Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard, Celebes.

Prof. Hickson, Celebes.

Dr. Francis Day, India.

Baron A v. Huegel, Fiji.

C. E, Lister, South America.

G. D. Haviland, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Dr. C. Hose, Borneo.

J. S. Budgett, Gambia.

L. W. Wiglesworth, Fiji.

.1. L. Bonhote, Bahamas.

Major Wm. Cooke Daniels, British Guiana.

( 'has. B. Storey, Angoni Land.

Miss A. I. M. Elliot, North Celebes.

Professor Newton paid much attention to the Avifauna of
certain islands, with the result that some of them are very well
represented, notably Jamaica, Madagascar, New Zealand, the
Sandwich Islands, and the Galapagos: all these collections
are kept separately.

There are not a few rare specimens, e. g. Great Auk,
Labrador Duck, a ' Beagle ' specimen of tbe Steamer Duck,
Nesonetta aucklandica, tbe flightless Cormorant and the
flightless Grebe, Balcen/ceps rex, CEstrelata hcesitata from
Guadeloupe, Rhodostethia rosea, Anarhynchus frontalis, New
Zealand Quail, Nestor prodtictus, male and female of Pa/eeornis
e.vsul from Rodriguez, Platycercus unicolor, Sceloglaux albi-
facies, Rudolph's and Albert's Birds-of-Paradise, Chcetoptila
angustipluma, Acrulocercus nobilis and the Drepanids of the
Sandwich Islands, and 'Beagle' specimens of the Galapagos
Finches, &c.

b. osteological specimens, spirit-specimens, and

various Anatomical Preparations.

The osteological collection contains some 1600 entries, inclusive
of tossils, ranging from complete skeletons to single parts.

Collections of the University of Cambridge. 51

Special mention should be made of the Dinornithidse, Alca impennis,
Pezophaps, and Didus ; Gallinula nesiotis, Aphanapteryx, Erythro-
machus and Diaphorapteryx, Lophopsittacus and other subfossils from
Mauritius ; Funingus, Glaucopis, Turnagra, Clitonyx, and Miro ; not
to mention numerous preparations illustrative of special structures,
development, degeneration, the inheritance of acquired characters,
convergence, &c.

C— Eggs.

There are several collections of Eggs and a considerable number of

Nests.
I. The ' Ootheca Wolleyana ' has G076 paragraphs or entries of eggs,
comprising from 1 to 36 (cf. § 4875, Guillemot) specimens each,
mostly more than 2, so that the total number surpasses with
certainty 12,000, and probably approaches 20,000 specimens.
However, anyone who thinks the correct number important
enough and worth his time, ma}' count them himself in the well-
printed Catalogue. In reality there are a good many more
specimens in the Egg-cabinets than are mentioned in the
' Ootheca ' ; perhaps these were intended for duplicates. Most of
the eggs have been written upon, and every one contains at least
a " v. p." and a number. The number refers to a page in the
twelve MS. volumes, which are nothing less than Newton's
Egg- Diary, begun in the year 1843 and ending, with consecutive
pagination, in February 1907, a few months before his death.
Comparatively few of this vast number of eggs have yet been
properly arranged. Newton, knowing them almost individually,
alone knew where to find them in the cabinets, and they were,
until recently, his private property.

II. Besides the eggs catalogued in the ' Ootheca Wolleyana] Newton
made a collection of those of birds outside the Palaearctic region.
He, however, did not pay much attention to it. The eggs, many
of them decidedly rare, were accepted as they happened to
come in, were registered in the Egg-diary and then put away.
Altogether there may be about 2500 specimens in this " General
Collection."

To tell the truth, Newton never cared much about eggs from a
scientific point of view, and he told me more than once that he
did not think that much could be got out of their study ; in
short, that it was not a " logy," as it did not lend itself to deduc-
tive conclusions, and that the systematic value of eggs was very
limited. " You cannot state upon oath what kind a given egg-
is, unless you have seen the mother bird fly off, and that is but
circumstantial evidence." The interesting correlations between
eggs, nests, and environment did not appeal to him, because of

e2

52 Collections of the University of Cambridge.

the apparent exceptions which seem to prevent safe generali-
zations. Some of the reasons why, in his later years, he devoted so
much painstaking labour to the ' Ootheca were rather sentimental :
the memory of his friend Wolley, and the delight it gave him
to go through his notes, taken when travelling in Lapland, Ice-
land, and Spitsbergen, more especially Lapland, and thus to live
again through old times when he studied Nature in the held,
because Newton was essentially, at heart, a Field Naturalist, and
a very good one indeed.
III. The Wilmot-RusseU Collection, made by J. P. Wilmot, left to and
augmented by his friend Sir S. L. Russell, whose widow left it
to thr University. It is properly arranged and catalogued, and
contains about 2005 egg8 of 325 European species.
IV. The T. E. Buckley Cn//<-<-ti>,/, ; containing about 1780 eggs of
European species, properly arranged and catalogued.

D. — The Newton Library.

There are some 57 Journals and Periodicals, recent and ancient,
in the Newton Library, comprising just 1001 volumes.

Through the generosity of their owner a sum of money was left
to keep up at least the more important Journals (besides such as
are taken in by the Department of Zoology) and to purchase special
ornithological works which may appear,
Besides these Periodicals there are
I'.'") folio volumes.
897 quarto.
3138 octavo.
169 of small size.
These 4400 volumes may be sorted roughly into
1800 strictly ornithological.
I ill' volumes of voyages and travels.
226 dealing with North America.
129 „ „ Central and South America.

167 „ „ Arctic countries.

184 „ „ Asia.

189 „ „ Australasia.

Ill „ „ Africa.

The rest, about 1100 in number, relate to Europe, or are miscel-
laneous— e.g. Text-books, General Philosophical works, Biographies,
Dictionaries, &c, &c.

Further, there are more than 8000 " pamphlets," mostly orni-
thological, now in process of being sorted, or being bound up.

Lastly, several dozen volumes of bound-up letters, received during
a lifelong correspondence on every imaginable subject, from the
reputed laying of some egg to the founding of the B. O. U.

On the Birds of Paraguay, 53

Besides copies of all the sumptuously-illustrated monographs, the
Library is especially rich in " Old Authors " — rather a hobby of
Newton's, — many of them reputed to be of great value. lie was
well known as a bibliophile, but whether a book or pamphlet was
old or new, he never hesitated to write freely in it critical notes,
cross-references which he alone knew of, corrected dates, &c, and
thus he greatly enhanced the value of his books to anyone who may
wish to consult them.

The Newton Library is not a public nor a lending library, but
every facility for its study in a well-fitted room is, and will always
be, gladly given.

Some impatience has been shown about the accessibility
of these collections of books and eggs. Their sudden ac-
cession raised several difficult problems. Not only does it
take time to sort and rearrange such an influx, but it
requires space in an already more than crowded museum :
and (given time and space) also binding, cabinets, show-
cases, catalogues, all costing money, which is well known
to be scarce in the case of our Alma Mater.

III. — On the Birds of Paraguay. By Charles Chubb,
Zoological Department, British Museum*.

(Text-figure 1.)

The collection on which this paper is based was made by
Mr. W. Foster in the neighbourhood of Sapucay in 1902, 1903.
and 1904. I was in hopes that Mr. Foster would have been
able to send me some account of the locality and the
circumstances under which the collection was made, but I
have not yet heard from him on the subject.

Sapucay, as will be seen by the map (text-fig. 1, p. 54), is
situated in about 57° W. Long, and 27° S. Lat. It is on the
railway between Asuncion and Ybytimi.

Since the time of Azara, several isolated papers have
appeared dealing with the birds of Paraguay, but I do
not believe that any collection of such magnitude as that

* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.

54

Mr. Charles Chubb on the

made by Mr. Foster has been received in Europe, and therefore
I hope that my present essay will be of some service to
ornithology.

Text-fig. 1.

Map of part of Paraguay, showing the position of Sapucay.

The following are some of the principal memoirs which
deal with Paraguayan ornithology: —

Azara, F. de. — Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los Paxaroa

del Paraguay y Rio de La Plata. Madrid, 1802-1805.
Yieillot, L. P. — Xouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris,

1816-1819.
Hartlalb, Carl J. G. — Systematischer Index zu Don Felix de

Azara 's Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los paxaros

del Paraguay y Rio de la Plata. Bremen, 1847.
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-1808.
Berlepsch, Hans, Graf von. — Systematisches Verzeichniss der von

Herrn Ricardo Rohde in Paraguay gesammelten Vogel. Journal

fur Ornithologie, 1887, pp. 1-37, 113-134.
Bertoni, A. W. — Aves Nuevas del Paraguay. Asuncion, 1901, pp. 1-

216.
Oberholser, H. C. — List of Birds collected by William T. Foster in

Paraguay. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. pp. 127-147 (1902).
Ihebing, H. von. — As aves do Paraguay ein comparacao com as de Sao

Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, vi. pp. 310-344 (1904).

Birds of Paraguay, 55

During the preparation of this paper, I have had the
advantage of being able to consult Dr. Bowdler Sharpe on
all difficult questions, and Mr. C. E. Hellmayr has also
very kindly supervised my manuscript.

The original notes written by Mr. Foster during his
stay in England are given in brackets [ ] with his initials
" W. F."

1. TlNAMUS S0LITARITJS.

Ynambu mocoicogoe Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 56. no. ccexxxii.
(1805).

Cryptura solitaria Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 105 (1819).

Tinamus solitarius Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 501,
pi. vii. (1895) j Gates, Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus. i. p. 229 (1901 ) ;
Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, p. 23 (1901) ; Ihering,
llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 3 1 1.

Mr. Foster says that he has never met with this Tinanvm
himself, but has found its nest on three occasions. The
eggs are smooth and glossy in texture and of a peacock-
blue colour. He found nests and obtained eggs on Oct. 4,
Nov. 15, and Dec. 26, 1904. Their measurements are: axis
2-45-2-6 inches; diameter 1-75-1-95.

Mr. Bertoni (/. c.) writes : — " I met with a nest on Nov. 1,
at the foot of a tree, with no other foundation but the fallen
leaves. It contained four eggs of a lovely bluish green,
and measuring 56 x 48 millim."

2. Crypturus tataupa.

Ynambu Tataupa Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 48. no. ccexxix.
(1805).

Tinamus tataupa Temra. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 590, 752
(1815) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 21. no. 329 (1847)

Crypturus tataupa Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 108 (1819) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 37 (Pilcoraayo) ;
Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 525 (1895) ; Seth-Smith,
Avic. Mag. (2) ii. p. 285, cum tab. (1901) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 344.

56 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

a. $ ad. Sapucay, April 19, ]903.
Bill reddish pink ■ iris warm brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, July 8, 1904.

Bill bright red; feet purplish red ; iris reddish brown.

According to Azara, this is the "House-partridge" of
the Guaranis, and inhabits the forests and woods and even
plantations which have masses of rank grasses where the
bird can hide. He also says that it lays but four eggs.
According to Mr. Foster, however, five or six are more
frequently laid. Azara remarks that when any person passes
close to the nest the mother attacks and attempts to drive
away the object of her fears. Mr. Foster did not observe
this habit.

The eggs of this species sent by Mr. Foster were obtained
during the months of October, November, and December.
Thev vary in colour from pale lavender-grey to a vinous
colour and measure : axis 1 *45 to 1*7 inches ; diameter l'l
to 1-25.

Full-grown young birds (hatched in confinement), pre-
sented to the British Museum by Sir William Ingram, arc
distinguished by their dark brown, instead of chestnut, upper
surface, the dark lead-coloured head, fore-neck, breast, and
flanks. On the chest are a few feathers with dusky black
subterminal bars, and a few white spots may be seen on
some of the wing-coverts and secondaries, occasionally pre-
ceded by a black subterminal bar, the greater coverts and
secondaries also shew a few scattered spots of dull white.

[Six appear to be a full clutch. I never found any of the
eg°-s hard-set, but sometimes incubation had commenced in
clutches of five, so I fancy that six eggs are rarely exceeded.
There is no nest, only a depression scratched in the ground,
usually near the edge of some of the numerous cattle-
tracks and therefore easily discovered. The bird is common.
There is much variation in colour between the different
clutches of eggs. — W. F.~}

3. Crypturus undulatus.

Ynambu list ado Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 53. no. ccexxx.
(1805).

Birds of Paraguay. 57

Tinamus undulatus Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. p. 582 (1815) ;
Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 21. no. 331.

Cryptura sylvicola \ it-ill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 107 (1819).

Crypturus undulatus Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
p. 525; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 344.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 10, 1903.

Bill black above, of a horn-colour below ; feet of a pale
greenish slate-colour ; iris hazel-brown.

The single specimen sent by Mr. Foster is not altogether
identical with the example obtained by Prof. Graham Kerr
on the Lower Pilcomayo. The latter specimen is the only
one in the British Museum with which I could compare
the Paraguay bird, so that 1 cannot draw any conclusions as
to their specific identity or distinctness, as Prof. Kerr's bird
is in very poor condition ; but I should not be surprised
to hear that they are considered distinct, as the Sapucay
bird is not only more rufesceut, but has less barring on the
breast and abdomen. Further specimens are necessary,
however, to determine this question.

Azara says that, according to the natives, this bird
frequents the large forests only, and is solitaiy in its habits.
It lays four eggs of a glossy greyish colour [N.B. — Vieillot
translates morados lustrados as " violet lustre" but Azara's
colour is the correct one.]

Mr. Foster remarks that : " this is a very rare bird : one
specimen only was brought to me one day by a boy, who
had snared it in the monte. Nothing is known as to its
habits/'

4. Khynchotus rufescens.

Ynambu-Guazu Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 34. no. ccexxvi.
(1805).

Tinamus rufescens Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 552, 747
(1815)

Cryptura guazu Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 103
(1819).

58 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Bhynchotus rufescens Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii.
p. 548; Oates, Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus. i. p. 12 (1901);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 344.

Mr. Foster's note regarding this bird is as follows : —

[This species is resident and fairly common in all parts
of the Republic, though being gradually killed off in the
neighbourhood of the small towns. This bird is one of
the most difficult to hunt with dogs, as it travels so quickly
through the high matted grasses that by the time the sports-
man reaches the dog and walks up to flush the bird, it
may be some distance away ; this is often repeated several
times until the hunter gives up in disgust. The eggs are
placed in a slight depression of the ground under one of the
thick masses of grass; six egss are rarely exceeded. — W. F.]

Thirteen eggs were received from Mr. Foster. They were
collected during the months of October, November, and
December, and vary in colour from deep lavender-grey to
lilac-grey. Axis 2*2 to 2'4 inches ; diameter 16 to 1'75.

5. NoTHURA MACULOSA.

Ynambui Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 40. no. cccxxvii. (1805).

Tinamus maculosus Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 557,
748 (1815).

Cryptura fasciata Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 109 (1819).

Nothura maculosa Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 21, no. 327
(1847) ; Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 37; Salvad. Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 559 (1895) ; Oates, Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus.
i. p. 13 (1901); Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 344.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 9, 1904.

Bill and feet creamy white ; iris buff. Shot in the open
camp.

This species is resident and common. The method of
hunting it is the same as that recorded by Azara. It is
a stupid bird and can be knocked over with a lasso after the
horseman has galloped round it two or three times.

Mr. Foster obtained two clutches of three eggs each.
One was taken on November 28, 1904, and the other on

Birds of Paraguay. 59

December 3 of the same year. The eggs are deep coffee-
brown in colour and measure: axis 1*55 to 1*8 inches;
diameter 1-15 to 1 -25.

6. COLUMBA SYLVESTRIS.

Paluma de la month Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 11. no. cccxix.
(1805).

Columba sylvestris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 366
(1818, ex Azara) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20 (1847) ; Salvad.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 289, note (1893).

Columba rufina (uec Temm.), Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 124 (Paraguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 289
(1892) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 341.

Columba rufina sylvestris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 47
(1906) ; id. op. cit. xv. p. 91 (1908 : Goyaz).

a. <J imm. Sapucay, April 25, 1903.

Bill black; tarsi and feet purplish red ; iris red.

This example differs from the adult bird chiefly in having
the vinous colour of the head, neck, and upper breast much
less pronounced. The British Museum has also a specimen
of this species, in fully adult plumage, obtained at Villa
Rica, Paraguay, in October 1906, and presented by the
Hon. Wyndham Knatchbull-Hugessen.

I refer specimens from Medellin and Bogota to C. rufina.
All the forms are closely allied. The differences consist
chiefly in the marking of the tail and the colour of the
under tail-coverts ;

In the Paraguayan bird the grey tips to the tail-feathers
are preceded by a very distinct shade of black, which
brings out the tip of the feather in strong relief.

This bird, which is C. sylvestris of Vieillot, is represented
in the Museum from Brazil, Ytarare (Natterer), Chapada,
Matto-Grosso (H. H. Smith), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul
(Joyner), Island of Mexiana {A. R. Wallace), and Para
(R. Graham). It also extends to Peru, as there is a male, in
the Salvin-Godman collection, from Guayabamba, obtained
by O. T. Baron. The under tail-coverts in this form are
entirely leaden grey.

From this bird I propose to separate the following : —

60 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

COLUMBA PALLIDICRISSA, Sp. n.

Like C. rufina, this bird has no distinct subterminal blackish
shade on the tail such as is seen in C. sylvestris, although there
is a slight dusky appearance before the pale end of the feathers.
It differs from C. rufina in its much paler under tail-coverts,
these being white fundamentally, with a slight tinge of pearly
grey. The characters seem fairly constant throughout the
series of skins in the British Museum.

This species inhabits Central America from British
Honduras to Panama. Type, <^ , Costa Rica (/. Carmiol :
Mus. Salvin-Godman) .

The four allied species may be diagnosed as follows : —

a. Cheeks and ear-coverts ashy.

a'. Subterminal shade before the light ashy tips of the
tail-feathers distinctly blackish ; under tail-coverts
slaty grey sylvestris.

V . Subterminal shade before the paler ends of the tail-
feathers dusky blackish or dull ashy ; under tail-
coverts pale ashy grey rufina.

c'. Scarcely any sub-terminal shade before the paler
ends of the tail-feathers ; under tail-coverts whitish
with a slight wash of pearly grey pallidicrissa.

b. Cheeks and ear-coverts vinous ; under tail-coverts of a

dark lead-colour, darker than the abdomen ; tail-
feathers black with no subterminal band cenopx.

7. ZENAIDA AUItlCULATA.

Paloma par da manchada Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 17. no.
cccxxii. (1805) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 351
(1818).

Columba maculata Vieill. (nee Gra.) Enc. Meth. i. p. 376
(1820), ex Azara.

Zenaida aurita Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20. no. 322 (1847).

Zenaida maculata (Vieill.), Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 34 (Pilcomayo).

Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs), Salvad. Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxi. p. 384 (1893) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 341.

Zenaida virgata Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 24
(1901).

Birds of Paraguay. 61

a, b. $ % ad. Sapucay, August, 1904.

-Bill black; feet red {<$), purple-red ( ? ) ; iris brown.

According to Azara, this species was very common in
Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, and was found in flocks which
rarely numbered fifty individuals ; but it more frequently
occurred in pairs, perching in the thicker part of the trees
about one-fourth of the way from the top. He says also
that the bird did not frequent the forest, but procured its
food in the open camps and plantations. It was very tame
and could be approached quite closely.

Mr. Foster is of opinion, however, that this is now quite a
rare bird in Central Paraguay, and lives almost exclusively
in the forests.

Mr. Bertoni has separated the Paraguayan form of this
bird under the title of Zenaida virgata ; but Dr. Ihering is
of opinion that it is identical with the present species, and
with this I agree.

8. COLUMBULA PICUI.

Palomba picui Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 23. no. ccexxiv. (1805).

Columba picui Temm. Pig. et Gallin. i. pp. 435, 498
(1813) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 383 (1818).

Columbula picui Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 470 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 341.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, August 13, 1904.

According to Mr. Foster, this species is resident and
common in the more populated parts of the country, but
rare at Sapucay, where he only obtained one specimen.

In looking over the long series of this little Dove in the
British Museum, 1 find that the adult female is very similar
to the male, but is browner on the back and head, while the
crown is slightly shaded with grey. In young birds there is
no grey on the head, this being brown like the back. The
outer tail-feather alone is white, the second and third having
dull brown edges.

I think that the specimen from Ceara, which is mentioned
by Count Salvadori (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 472), is
specifically distinct, and, as Mr. C. E. Hellmayr has pointed

62 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

out (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, xxii. p. 696), is Columbina
strepitans Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 57 (1825 : Piauhy, N.E.
Brazil).

It is similar to C. picui, but is distinguished by its very
pale uniform grey upper surface, with scarcely any brown
tint, by the steel-green bar on the wing, and by the fact
that the two outer tail-feathers are white with no greyish
margin, this being only faintly indicated on the third feather.

Total length 7'5 inches ; culmen 0'6 ; wing 3'4 ; tail 3*3 ;
tarsus 0 6.

9. Cham.epelia talpacoti.

Paloma roxiza Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 20. no. cccxxiii.
(1805).

Columba talpacoti Temm. Pig. i. fam. 3, p. 22, pi. 12
(1808-11) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 385 (1818),
ex Azara.

Chameepelia talpacoti Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi.
p. 485.

Columbigallina talpacoti Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 341.

a. ? imm. Sapucay, May 1903. Bill of a horn-colour ;
feet of a pinky flesh-colour ; iris dark orange.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, August 1904. Iris buff.

c. d. S ad. Sapucay, August 1904. Bill black; feet
reddish pink ; iris red in one specimen and white in the other.

Mr. Foster sends us eleven eggs of this species. They
are pure white without any gloss, and were obtained during
the months of November, December, January, and February.
The measurements are: axis 0'9 to 1*0 inch; diameter
0*65 to 0-75.

In the adult female, as determined by Mr. Foster, the
plumage is browner than in the adult male, being vinous
only on the lower back and rump. The general tone on
the under surface in the female is ashy grey, washed with
sandy brown on the throat and chest, the chin and lower
abdomen being white; the under tail-coverts are chestnut
with hoary-white edges, as observed by Count Salvadori.

Birds of Paraguay. 63

Young males seem to be vinous below shaded with ashy ;
the under tail-coverts are uniform vinous chestnut, as in the
adult males.

[This bird is resident and by no means uncommon.
There appears to be no favourite place for nesting, almost
any situation being chosen, providing the tree or shrub is
dense enough to conceal the nest, while the height at which
the nest is placed also varies from 2^ to as high as 7 feet.
About Sapucay the nest is generally built along the ed«-e
of the forest, but in other parts it can be met with in clumps
of bushes in the open camp-lands. — W. F.~\

10. Leptoptila chloroauchenia.

Paloma par da tapadas roxas Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 12.
no. cccxx. (1805) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 399
(1818).

Leptoptila chloroauchenia Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi.
p. 554 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 342.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, August 25, 1904. Wing 60 inches ;
tail 3-85.

Bill black ; feet purplish red ; iris orange-buff.

According to Mr. Foster, this bird is a common resident
in Paraguay, breeding throughout the year. The nest is
placed in a tree some twelve feet from the ground and is
a very fragile structure.

Several eggs were sent, all of which were collected in the
month of October. They vary in colour from dull white
to creamy buff, and measure : axis 1*1 to 1*25 inches ;
diameter 0*9 to 095.

11. Leptoptila callauchen.

Leptoptila callauchen Salvad. Boll. Mus. Torino, xii.
no. 292, p. 33 (1897); Sharpe, Hand-list B. i. p. 86 (1899).

a. <J ad. Sapucay, May 7, 1903. Wing 6*0 inches;
tail 3-85.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet crimson ; iris whitish yellow.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, June 10, 1903. Wing 5'8 inches;
tail 3'65.

64 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Bill black ; tarsi and feet purple-red ; iris light brown.

These birds belong to the species described by Count
Salvadori as L. callauchen from specimens obtained by
Dr. Borelli in the Province of Jujuy near Salta in Northern
Argentina. L. callauchen belongs to the section of
Leptoptila which contains L. bahits and L. reichenbachi,
having a deeper-coloured vinous breast than L. chloro-
auchenia, of which Mr. Foster has also sent an example.
From the latter L. callauchen differs in the more olive-green
colour of the back and in the hind-neck being of a lilac-
brown with slight violet reflexions, but no metallic green
as in L. chloruauchenia ; lores and forehead white, merging
into pearly grey on the middle of the crown, L. chloruauchenia
being much darker grey on the crown, and white, not
vinous, on the lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ; sides of
neck and entire breast dark cinnamon-vinous, paler on the
lower throat and inclining to white on the chin ; sides of
body and flanks brown, the latter darker than the sides
of the breast. This colour is scarcely perceptible in
L. chloroauchenia.

12. Geotrygon violacea.

Paloma roxa y amarillo Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 15, no. ccexxi.
(1805).

Columba violacea Temm. Pig. i. fam. iii. p. 67, pi. 29
(1808-11).

Geolrygon violacea Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 5G5.

In the f Biologia Centrali-Americana' (Aves, iii. p. 265)
Dr. Godman has separated G. albiventer Lawr., from Pauama,
from G. violacea of Brazil. Cf. also Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii.
p. 384 (1906). I take the same view, as I can see some
small but apparently constant differences betw-een the twro
forms. G. violacea has somewhat less of the lilac-bine
metallic gloss on the mantle, the forehead being pearly
grey like the cheeks ; the sides of the body have a sandy-
buff tint. In G. albiventer the sides of the body are pink
like the chest ; the forehead and cheeks are pale vinous, and
the metallic lilac-blue on the mantle is much more intense.

Birds of Paraguay . 65

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, May 15, 1903.

Bill deep crimson ; feet crimson; iris orange-brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, August 31, 1904.

Mr. Foster considers this bird to be very rare in Central
Paraguay.

Count Salvadori (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 565) refers
Azara's bird to G. montana, but the description is evidently
that of G. vio/acea, and the specimens sent by Mr. Foster
confirm this, as also does the series in the British Museum.
The bird described by Azara does not appear to liave been
named by Vieillot.

13. LlMNOPARUALUS RYTIRHYNCHUS.

Yapacakd pardo Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 220. no. ccclxxii.
(1805).

Rallus rythirhynchus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.
p. 549 (1819, ex Azara).

Limnopardalus ?ytirhynchus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiii. p. 29 (1894); Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 342.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 18, 1902.

This specimen, which is in full plumage, agrees with
Vieillot's description.

14. Limnopardalus nioricans.

Ypacahd obscuro Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 219. no. ccclxxi.
(1805).

Rallus nigricans Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.
p. 560 (1819).

Limnopardalus nigricans Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii.
p. 31.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, October 15, 1902.
Iris red, tinged with brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, March 29, 1904.

Bill bronze-green ; tarsi and feet coral-red ; iris orange-red.

15. ARAMIDES CH1RICOTE.

Chiricote Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 214. no. ccclxviii. (1805).
Rallus chiricote Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 551
(1819).

SER. IX. VOL. IV. F

G6 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Aramides cuyennensis Berlepsch (nee Grn.), J. f. O. 1887,
p. 125.

Aramides chiricote Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 58.

Aramides cajanea chiricote Ihering, RevistaMus. Paulihta,
vi. p. 312.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, September 4, 1904

Bill pea-green, becoming olive-green towards the base;
tarsi and feet purplish red ; iris crimson.

According to Mr. Foster, this species is resident and
fairly common along the swampy streams of the forest and
also on the edges of the large swamps.

The biid takes its name from the manner in which it calls
in the evening " Cherico cherico-co-co."

This is the first time that I have had the opportunity of
examining a specimen of this species from Paraguay, which
is the habitat of the " Chiricote" of Azara.

I have compared it with the series determined by Dr.
Sharpe in the British Museum, and find that Mr. Foster's
specimen agrees with others from New Granada and Brazil
and differs only in the rather paler grey thighs.

16. PoRPHYIUOLA MARTINICA.

Fulica martinica Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (17(36).

Yahana celeste ;/ verde Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 2 13. no. ccclxxx.
(1805).

Yahana bianco y celeste Azara, t. e. p. 248. no. ccclxxxi.

Yahana bianco y panto acanelado Azara, t. c. p. 251,
no. ccclxxx.

Yahana garganta celeste Azara, t. c. p. 253. no. ccelxxxiii.

Porphyria cyanoleucos Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxviii.
p. 27 (1819, ex Azara).

Porphyrio cyanicollis Vieill. t. e. p. 28.

Ionomis martinica Berlepsch, .1. f. O. 18S7, p. 1:J5
(Paraguay).

Porphyriola martinica Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii.
p. 189; Dieting, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 313.

a. S ad. Sapueay, October 29, 1902.

Iris very light brown.

Birds of Paraguay. G7

17. Belonopterus cayennensis.

Terutero 6 Teteu Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 264.. no. ccclxxxvi.
(1805).

Vanellus cayanensis (Gm.), Vicill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
x\xv. p. 206 (1819); Haiti. Ind. Azara, p. 24. no. 386
(1847) ; Berlepseh, J. f. O. 1887, p. 125 (Paraguay).

Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 163 (1896); Oates, Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus. ii. p. 14 (1902);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 343.

Two clutches of eggs sent by Mr. Foster were collected
in October. The ground-colour is ochraceous buff", spotted
and blotched with black and chestnut-brown, with underlying
spots of greyish purple. The measurements are : axis 175
to 1*9 inches ; diameter 1*25 to 1*3.

[Owing to the great difference between Argentine and
Paraguayan territory, the Teru Teru is by no means abundant,
and in tbe neighbourhood of Sapucay is quite a rare bird. The
wide level camp-lands of the south give place to smaller
patches of open lands here, and the high rank grasses make
it no fit place for a runner such as the Teru Teru. It can
still be met with sparingly in swampy districts, but in the
wooded parts which are general throughout Central Paraguay,
its call is but seldom heard. — IV. F.~\

18. Helodromas solitarius.

Chorlito pardo menor Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 315. no. cccc.
(1805).

Tiinga sulitaria Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 53, pi. 58. fig. 3
(1813).

Totanus punctatus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 411
(1816, ex Azara).

Totanus solitarius Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 37
(Pilcomayo).

Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 444; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 343.

a. S ad. Sapucay, August 26, 1904.

[This species is apparently resident throughout the swampy
parts of the country, and can generally be met with, although

f2

68 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

its habits make it difficult to shoot. Its flight when flushed
is only for a few yards, and nothing will again induce it to
rise, the high tangled grass affording ample cover.
In this district it is a rare bird. — W. F]

19. GALLINAGO PARAGUAY^.

Becasina prima Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 271 . no. ccclxxxvii.
(1805).

Scolopax paraguay a Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii.
p. 356 (1816).

Gallinago paraguayce. Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 36
(Pilcomayo) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 650;
Oates, Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus. ii. p. 63; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 343.

a. $ ad. Ybytimi, February 3, 1904.

Three clutches of the eggs of this species were sent. They
were collected during the months of October, November,
and January. The ground-colour is olive, blotched and
marbled with blackish to dark umber-brown, with pale under-
lying spots of purple. The blotches cluster at the larger
end. The measurements are: axis 1*55 to 1"6 inches;
diameter 1*1 to 12.

[Resident and fairly common through the country,
although, compared with the Argentine, it is rare ; but,
generally speaking, specimens can always be met with
along the water-courses and small swamps which are found
within every few hundred yards here. — //'. F]

20. Parra jacana.

Parra jacana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 259 (1766) ; Berl.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 35 (Pilcomayo) ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 343.

Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 82
(1896).

a. d iram. Ybytimi, February 5, 1904.

Bill of a greenish horn-colour ; tarsi and feet greyish
green ; iris olive-yellow.

Birds of Paraguay. 69

This young bird was shot in a swamp. It is very similar
to that described by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 82), but has the chestnut colour of the adult plumage
just appearing.

Ybytimi is twenty miles south-east of Sapucay, and a very
similar district \W. F.~\.

21. POLYBORUS THAltUS.

Falco tharus Molina, Saggio St. Nat. Chil. p. 264 (1782).

Caracard Azara, Apunt. i. p. 42. no. iv. (1802).

Polyborus vulgaris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. v. p. 257
(1816, ex Azara).

Polyborus tharus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 31
(1874) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 122 (Paraguay) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

a. S ad. Sapucay, August 19, 1904.

Cere and bare skin round the eye of a deep salmon-
colour; tarsi and feet yellow ; ins bright brown.

[ Resident and not uncommon in this district : it invariably
goes in pairs all the year round. Its food consists almost
exclusively of grasshoppers, frogs, and small snakes. I have
never noticed any carrion propensities in the Paraguayan
specimens.

As the bird is never interfered with, it has become
wonderfully tame, and horsemen can approach it to within a
few yards : it will then fly quietly to one side. — W. F.~\

22. MlLVAGO CHIMANGO.

Chimango Azara, Apunt. i. p. 47. no. v. (1802).

Polyborus chimango Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. v. p. 260
(1816).

Ibycter chimango Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i . p. 41
(1874).

Milvago chimango Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 1 (1847) ; Ber-
lepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 122 (Paraguay) ; Sharpe, Hand-list
B. i. p. 244 (1899) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

a. £ ad. Ybytimi, February 10, 1904. Bill, tarsi, and
feet yellow ; iris clear light brown.

70 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

This specimen had not quite completed its moult, as may
be seen from the fact that many of the old feathers on the
breast, as well as on the upper parts, have lost their webs,
which are abraded so that the shafts remain quite bare for a
considerable portion of their length.

23. MlCRASTUR RUFICOLLIS.

Micrastur ruficollis (part.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 76 (1874) ; id. Hand-list B. i. p. 216 (1899); Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

Thrasyaccipiter seminoctumis Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 164 (1901).

Sparvius ruficollis (nee Vieill.), Richmond, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 645 (1908).

Mr. Bertoni has described the Paraguayan bird as a new
form and placed it in a new genus under the title of Tkrasy-
accipiter seminocturnis {cf. Bertoni, /. c. p. 164), but
according to Dr. Ihering and Mr. C. W. Richmond it is
identical with Micrastur ruficollis.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, July 5, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet pale green in front and bright
yellow behind ; iris brown.

b. <$ ad. Sapucay, August 18, 1901.

Bill black, cere and circle round the eyes yellow ; tarsi
and feet yellow ; iris pale brown.

The male bird received from Mr. Foster is in full adult
plumage, and compared with the specimens of M. ruficollis in
the National Collection is of a darker slate-colour above, as
also on the sides of the neck, cheeks, and ear-coverts. The
white bars on the tail-feathers are fewer in number, narrower,
and, in some cases, scarcely perceptible. The throat is
somewhat darker and the rufous patch on the breast stands
out in greater contrast. The dark bars on the under surface
of the body are narrower and more numerous. Total length
146 inches ; culmen, from base of forehead, 0*6 ; wing 65 ;
tarsus 2*1 ; middle toe and claw 155.

The female is darker chocolate-brown above than any
females of M. ruficollis in the Museum, and has the head
blackish ; the white bars on the tail-feathers are narrower

Birds of Paraguay. 71

and more numerous ; the rufous colour on the chin, throat,
fore-neck, and sides of neck is darker and duller ; the dark
bars on the under surface are blacker and much broader;
the white bar on the sides of the upper neck is broad and
avcII pronounced. Total length 146 inches ; culraen, from
base of forehead, 0*75; wing 6'8 ; tail 68; tarsus 255;
middle toe and claw 1'45.

24. Parabuteo unicinctus.

Gavilan mixto obscuro y canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 94.
no. xix. (1802).

Falco unicinctus Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 313 (1824 : Rio
Grande, Brazil).

Bvtco unicinctus Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 2. no. 19(1847).

Antenor unicinctus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 27
(Lam bare).

Parabuteo unicinctus Sbarpe, Hand-list B. i. p. 247
(1899) ; Ihering, llcvista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

a. ? imm. Sapucay, May 28, 1903. Bill of a slate-colour ;
cere yellowish green ; tarsi arid feet yellow ; iris brown.

Mr. Foster says that this specimen was shot on the edge
of the forest.

25. ACCIPITER PILEATUS.

Esparvero azu/ejo Azara, Apunt. i. p. 118.no. xxvi. (1802).

Falco pileaius Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 205 (1823: Brazil).

Accipiter pileatus Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 2 (1847) ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 153 (1874) ; Beriepsch, J. f. 0. 1887,
p. 122 (Paraguay) ; Ihering, Ilevista Mus. Paulista, vi.

p. 337.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 18, 1902. Iris orange-red.

This specimen, which is in full plumage, has the back of a
dark slate-colour with black shaft-lines ; crown black ; upper
wing-coverts dark brown ; tail banded with brown and black ;
under surface of body of a pale slate-colour with black shaft-
streaks ; under tail-coverts whitish; thighs, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries rufous.

I can find no difference between this example and others
from Brazil.

72 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Three eggs, collected on October 19, 1902, are dull white
without any markings beyond a few underlying cloudings of
a somewhat darker tint. The measurements are : axis 18 to
1*9 inches ; diameter 1*4 to 15.

26. Heterospizias meridionalis.

Falco meridionalis Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 36 (1790:
Cayenne).

Gavilan de estero acanelado Azara, Apunt. i. p. 72. no. xi.
(1802).

Buteo ml thins Hartl. Ind. Azara, p 1 (1847).

Heterospizias meridionalis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 160 ; Kerlepsch, J.f. O. 1887, p. 123 (Paraguay) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, August 14, 1904. Bill blackish above,
grey below, yellow at base; feet light orange-yellow; iris
warm light brown.

[This species is somewhat rare, but widely distributed
through Central and Southern Paraguay. — II . /*.]

27. RlJPORNIS PUCHERANI.

Esparvero ceja blunca Azara, Apunt. i. p. 116. no. xxv.
(1802).

Esparvero indaye Azara, t. c. p. 131. no. xxx.

Astvrina pucherani J. & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1855, p. 350 (Soutli America) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 205 (1874).

Rnpornis natter eri saturata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 28
(Lambare) .

Rnpornis pucherani Sharpe, Hand-list B. i. p. 257 (1899).

Potamolegus super ciliaris, var. furvicollis Bertoni, Aves
Nuev. Paraguay, p. 161 (1901), = Rnpornis pucherani Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337, = Asturina pucherani,
Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 635 (1908).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, May 2, J 903.

Bill of a slate-colour, black at tip; cere and bare skin
round the eye yellow ; tarsi and feet orange-yellow ; iris
yellow.

b. ? imm. Sapucay, August 31, 1904.

Birds of Paraguay. 73

This young bird has five black bands on the tail, whereas
there are only four in the adult bird. The upper tail-coverts
are white in the young with black bars or heart-shaped spots,
but in the old bird the upper tail-coverts are sandy buff
with rufous bars.

The under surface is very different from that of the adult,
the throat and chest being white with longitudinal brown
centres to the feathers, the entire breast and abdomen also
white, transversely barred with brown (these bars less distinct
on the lower abdomen and reduced to small terminal spots
on the under tail-coverts), and the thighs slightly more sandy
buff and somewhat closely barred with brown.

The old bird is altogether more rufous below, the throat
being blackish with a few streaks of sandy buff, the feathers
of the fore-neck and chest pale ferruginous with blackish
shaft-lines and sandy-buff edges to the feathers, the breast
and abdomen regularly barred with pale ferruginous on a
sandy-buff ground, the bars rather narrower on the lower
flanks and abdomen and reduced to narrow and incomplete
heart-shaped or V-shaped bars on the under tail-coverts ; the
thighs brighter sandy rufous, with dull ferruginous bars, not
very distinct, while this colour of the thighs stands out in
contrast to the pale colour of the abdomen.

Mr. Bertoni has separated this bird under the name of
Puta/nolegas superciliaris, var. furvicollis (cf. Bertoni, /. c.
p. 161), but according to Dr. Ihering and Mr. C. W. Rich-
mond it is inseparable from Rupornis pucker ani.

28. Urubitinga urubitinga.

Brazilian Eagle Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 41 (1781: Brazil).

Falco urubitinga Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 265 (1788, ex Lath.).

Gavilan mixto chorreado Azara, Apuut. i. p. 88. no. xvii.,
juv. (1802).

Gavilan mixto pintado Azara, t. c. p. 92. no. xviii.,
juv.

Gavilan mixto negro Azara, t. c. p. 96. no. xx., adult.

Urubitinga zonura Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 213
(1874).

74 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Hypomorphnus urubitinga Berlepsch, J. i". O. 1887, p. 28
(Lam hare).

( Trubitinga urubitinga Sharpe, Hand-list B. i. p. 258 (1899) ;
Ihering, llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 338.

a. J imm. Sapucay, March 8, 1904.

Bill of a dark horn-colour ; tarsi and feet yellow ; iris
golden brown.

This specimen is in full plumage, but retains a little of the
immature rufous colour on the breast and sides of the neck.

29. ICTINIA FLUMBE \.

Falco plumbeus Cm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 283(1788 : Cayenne).

Alcon azulejo Azara, Apuut. i. p. 107. no. xxxvii. (1802).

Tctinia plumbea Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 7(5
(1817: Paraguay); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 364
(1874); Herlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 123 (Paraguay);
[hering, Elevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 339.

a. ? ad. Ybytimi, January 31, L904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet orange-chrome ; iris crimson.

30. Falco albioularis.

Falco albogularis Daud.Traite, ii. p. 131 (1800 : Cayenne);
Sharpe, Cat. B.Brit. Mus. i. p. 401 (1874) ; Kerr, Ibis,
1892, p. 142 (Lower Pilcomayo) ; I hering, llevista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 339.

Hypotriorchis melanogyne Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. H58 (1901 : Alto Parana), cf. Ihering, I.e.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 26, 1904.

Bill of a slate-colour ; cere and circle round the eye
yellow ; tarsi and feet pale orange.

31. Cerctjneis australis.

Falco sparverius var. australis Ilidgway, Hist. N. Amer. B.
iii. p. 166 (1874: Parana).

Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 123 (Paraguay).

Tinnunculus sparverius cinnamominus Ihering, llevista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 339.

Birds of Paraguay. 75

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 30, 1902.

Jns light warm brown.

/),c J ; d,e. ? ad. Sapucay, April 25, 1904.

Bill of a slate-colour at the tip, lighter at the base; cere
and hare skin round the eyes yellowish ; feet buff, claws
black ; iris brown.

The two males have blue heads with a little patch of
rufous on the occiput. One has the hack almost devoid
of black bars, whereas in the other, obtained on the 25th of
April, there are numerous broad black bars. The hen birds,
whether they have blue heads or a little rufous on the crown,
are always distinguished by the brown streaks on tin1 breasl
and sides of the body, whereas in the male these parts have
black spots, very distinct on the side-*.

Four eggs were sent, collected on November 29, 1902.
Three of these have a whitish ground-colour : one has
minute chestnut-coloured spots evenly distributed over the
entire surface, except at the larger end, where there are
scarcely any at all ; the second is similar, but has large
blotches of chestnut-colour at the larger end ; the third
has a cluster of blotches of the same colour at the large end ;
while the fourth has a reddish ground-colour with large spots
distributed over the entire surface of the egg.

[Resident and common all through Paraguay, nesting
invariably in holes of trees. Along the streams which flow
through the open camps and in the southern province, it lives
to a very great extent upon fish and small reptiles. I have
only seen the birds singly, never in pairs, and the nesting-
habits are unknown to me. — W. F.~\

32. PlZORHINA CHOLTBA.

Cholibu Azara, Apunt. i. p. 218. no. xlviii. (1802).

Strix choliba Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. v. p. 39 (1817,
ex Azara).

Scops brasiliunus (nee Gm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii.
p. 108 (1875) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 27, 122 (Lam-
bare) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. Ml (Rio Paraguay); Gates, Cat.
Eggs Brit. Mus. ii. .p. 328.

76 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Pizorhinn choliba Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 336.
a, b ? ad. Sapucay, October 1902.

Both of these specimens are of the dark phase, and in
full adult plumage, with rufous thighs and tarsi.

c. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 24, 1904.

This bird is of the red phase, whitish below with bold
longitudinal dark streaks; the thighs, tarsi, and feet are
pale rufous, becoming whitish towards the toes.

d. Ad. Sapucay, May 3, 1904.

Bill and toes of a greenish slate-colour ; iris yellow. This
example is somewhat intermediate in colour between the
dark and red phase.

Two eggs collected on October 14, 1902, and three others
obtained on October 20, 1903, are dull white in colour and
measure : axis 1'3 to 1*4 inches ; diameter 1*15 to 1'25.

33. GlSELLA IHE1UNGI.

Gisella iheringi Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. p. xl (1899 :
Sao Paulo, Brazil) ; id. Hand-1. B. i. p. 295 (1899).

a. $ imm. Sapucay, September 28, 1902.

This bird is blackish brown above, somewhat darker on
the head and nape, with tawny bases to the feathers of the
hind-neck and scapulars ; wing-coverts similar in colour to
the back, with white spots on the outer webs towards the
tips ; primary-coverts blackish, with a white spot on the
inner webs; primary and secondary quills blackish-brown,
with white spots on both webs ; upper tail-coverts like the
back ; tail-feathers black, with white spots on both webs,
the two white spots at the tips of the feathers almost
confluent ; forehead to the middle of the crown of a buff-
colour, somewhat paler and more extended on the sides of
the latter ; lores and eyebrows black, as also the ear-coverts,
this same colour extended in a line towards the sides of
the throat ; on the middle of the throat a black patch
extending in a line on to the sides of the neck ; cheeks,
sides of face, sides of neck, sides of body, and entire under
surface tawny rufous ; under wing-coverts buff ; quills
brown below .

Birds of Paraguay. 77

Total length 8-3 inches; cnlmen 0"8; wing 57; toil 25.

The species was only known previously by the type (with
which this specimen has been compared) described by
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe (cf. supra) as from Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Dr. Ihering, however, has written to say that the type
specimen came from S. Lourenzo, Rio Grande do Sul
('Ibis/ 1900, p. 217).

This bird is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

.34. Speotyto grallaria.

Strix cunicularia (nee Linn.), Molina, Sagg. St. Nat. Chil.
p. 343 (1782).

Urucured Azara, Apunt. i. p. 214, no. xlvii. (1802).

Strix grallaria Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 146 (1822).

Athene cunicularia Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 4 (1817).

Speotyto cunicularia Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 142 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 122 (Paraguay ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 336.

Speotyto cunicularia grallaria Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad.
Munchen, xxii. p. 574 (1906).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, May 25, 1903.
Bill and claws greenish yellow.

This specimen has an admixture of rufous streaks on
the head and back of neck, and a rufous wash on the
abdomen.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 5, 1904.
Iris yellow.

This example is much paler both on the upper and under
surface, and shews no trace of rufous such as is observed
in the female. The feathers are much worn and abraded.

[Resident and widely distributed throughout Paraguay,
but nowhere common. The favourite post of observation is
the top of one of the ant-hills which are to be met with
everywhere. I have never observed it in the forests ; and
in wooded districts it is only seen occasionally, the
conditions being very different when the ground is entirely
concealed from sight by the rank vegetation which forms
a curtain many feet thick. — W. F.~\

78 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

35. Ghucidium brasiliandm.

Strix brasiliana Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 289 (1788).

Carbue Azara, Apunt. i. p. 225. no. xlix. (1802).

StrLv ferox Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 22 (1817,
ex Azara).

Glaucidium ferox Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 200;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 122 (Paraguay).

Glaucidium brasilianum Berlepsch, Bull. B. O. C. xii. p. 8
(1901) ; Ihering, Kevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 337.

Glaucidium brasiliense Berlepsch, t. c. p. 8.

Glaucidium ferox rufus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 179 (1901); Ihering, I.e.

a, b. J ad. Sapucay, April and May 1903.

Bill and claws .yellow ; iris golden. Shot in raoute
during the day.

c. $ ; d, e. ? ad. Sapucay, April and June 1904.

The male birds are darker and smaller, while the females
are larger and more inclined to rufous in colour.

[This species is resident and by no means uncommon
throughout the wooded districts of Central Paraguay. It
is often to be met with tame in the native houses, and
makes a pleasant little pet when young, but invariably
makes for the forest when adult. Of course this is easy
enough, as none of the houses are many yards distant from
some wood. Although it is not rare I have never met with
its nest, and know nothing whatever about its breeding-
habits.— W. F.]

[To be continued.]

IV. — On the Birds of Northern Rhodesia and the Katanga
District of Congoland. By S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Se.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

(Plates I. & II., and Text-fig. 2.)

The following paper deals chiefly with the birds that I
collected during my second expedition in the years 1907
and 1908; the former year (1907) having been spent in
Katanga, and the latter (1908) mainly in the more northern

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 79

portions of North-east Rhodesia. I have already recorded,
the birds collected on the first Expedition in a paper pub-
lished in the ' Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society' (vol. 51, pt. iii.). The
majority of the species of the first collection, even when not
represented by skins, are now again mentioned with addi-
tional notes as to their distribution and habits. There are
also a few species, mostly of large size, which were observed
but of which skins were not brought home.

I have already described the general features of the
country traversed and have pointed out * the marked in-
fluence which the great Mchinga Escarpment, west of the
Luangwa Valley, has upon the distribution of the local fauna.
Aery many of the birds in the Luangwa Valley at the foot
of the Escarpment are characteristically South African,
whilst Central-African birds appear immediately the top of
the Plateau is reached, with, especially in Katanga, an
admixture of species belonging to the tropical West Coast.
Apart from special localities, such as Lake Bangweolo which
swarms with water-birds, the open plains which are tenanted
by many species of Larks and Longclaws, and the patches
of dense forest which are full of Ground-Thrushes, Bulbuls,
and forest-loving Flycatchers. The most interesting bird-life
is, perhaps, to be found in the rather thin woodland which
covers a very large proportion of the country.

It is in this woodland that, as Marshall and other observers
have pointed out, large parties made up of many species of
insectivorous birds are met with. These birds are usually to
be found travelling slowly in a definite direction, searching
the trees and bushes for insects as they go along. An actual
party of this nature observed near Kamboveon March 29th,
1907, comprised examples of the following birds : — Irrisor
viridis (4 or 5), Rhino pomastus cyanomelas schalowi (1),
Thamnolaa shelleyi (2 pairs), Tchitrea plumbeiceps (1 pair),
Batis molitor (several), Dendropicus hartlaubi (1 pair), Sal-
pornis salvadorii (1), Pants afer (1), Parus rufiventris (1),
and several specimens of Eremomela and other Tree-Warblers,

* In a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society (Nov. 22nd,
1909).

80

Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

besides several species of Sun-birds. Other birds which are
frequently to be seen in these parties are Dryoscopus hamatvs,
Nilaus nigritemporalis, Elminia albicai/da, Hyliota australis,
Zosterops spp., Anaplectes sp., and occasionally Coracina
pectoralis *.

What object these birds can have in associating together
in such numbers is not very clear. It has been suggested
that they may obtain some protection from hawks under

Sketch-map of Northern Rhodesia and the adjacent territories.

these circumstances. Personally I incline to the view that
by travelling through the woodland in such numbers they
greatly benefit each other by the disturbance they cause
among the insects upon which they prey.

* This fact has also heen noticed in West Africa by Mr. G. L. Bates
('Ibis,' L905, p. 462).— Edd.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 81

Among the bird-inhabitants of this woodland that are
much more independent in their habits are the Bush-Shrikes
of the genera Prionops and Sigmodus, which live by them-
selves in small parties, and the Hornbills of the genus Lupho-
ceros, besides a Thrush (Turdus tropicalis), which usually
prefers a thicket at the foot of a big termites' mound.

The collection made on the second Expedition which is
here recorded comprises some 820 skin*, in addition to about
560 which were made on the first trip. Except for a few
which were snared or trapped by natives, I shot nearly all
the birds myself. I managed, however, to depute the bulk
of the work of making the skins to natives that I trained for
the purpose. The majority of the specimens, including the
types, remain in the British Museum.

Before giving a detailed account of the species collected,
I must express my deep indebtedness to Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe, Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, and Mr. Charles Chubb,
of the British Museum, for the great assistance they have
afforded me in the identification of a large number of
species.

The following Itinerary gives a list of the places visited
during the two Expeditions, while the sketch-map (text-fig. 2,
p. 80) indicates their position.

First Expedition, 1904-1906.

1904.

Feb, 22-28 Chinde to Tete.

Feb. 29-Mareh 12 I Tete to Fort Jameson, N.E. Rhodesia.

Fort Jameson, 4000 feet (rainy season).
Fort Jameson to Feira at the junction of
the Luangwa and Zambezi Rivers (end
of rains) .
Mid Zambezi and Lower Luangwa Valley
1200-1500 feet (dry season).

Up mid-Luangwa Valley, Feira to Petauke

(beginning of rains).

March 13-April 18.

April 19-May 0

May7-Oct. 20
Oct. 21 -Nov. 9

1905.

Nov. 10 (1904)-Apr. 26
(1905).

Petauke, east side of Luangwa Valley, 2-100
feet (wet season).
April 27-May 20 . . Mbala country, S.E. of Petauke. 3500 (Vet.

SEK. IX. VOL. IV. CJ

82

Mr. S. A. Neave on the -Birds of

1S05 (continued).

May 21-Aug. 31 Low ground in Luangwa Valley, 1400 feet

(dry saason).
Sept. 1-10 Petauke to Lukaskashi River.

Sept. 11-15

Sept. lG-Oct. 13.

Oct. 14-28

Oct. 29-Nov. 24

1906.
Nov. 25('05)-Jan. 6 ('0G) ,
Jan. 7-14

Edge of Mchinga Escarpment to Mkushi,

4000 feet.
Ndola and district, N.W. Rhodesia, 4000

feet (early spring).
Upper Kafue Valley and Kapopo, 4000 feet.
Eastward across southern Serenje district to

edge of Mchinga's (beginning of rains),

Petauke and surrounding district.
Petauke to Fort Jameson.

Secant/ Expedition, 1907-1908.

1907.

Jan. 4-12 N.W. Rhodesia, Broken Hill to Kapopo,

Upper Kafue, 4000 feet (wet season).

Jan. 13-28 Kapopo to Kansanshi, 4999 feet.

Jan. 29-Eeb. 3 Kansanshi to Kambove, Congo State.

Feb. 4-March 8 .
March 9- April 7
April 9-16

April 17-May 13
May 14-31

June 1-9

June 10-28

June 29-July 16
July 17-24 .\...

July 28-Sept. IS ....

Sept. 19-27 Bunkeya to Ruwe.

Sept. 28-Oct. 17 ....
Oct. 18-23

Kansanshi, 4500 feet.

Upper Dikulwe Valley, 3500-4000 feet.

High plateau between valleys of Dikulwe
and Lualaba, 4500 feet.

Low ground in the valley of Kaluli and Lua-
laba Rivers, 2500-3500 feet (end of rains).

Upper Lualaba Valley, high plateau, 4000
feet.

Upper Lualaba to Kambove.

Upper Lutira Valley, 3500 feet.

Kambove.

Kambove to Lukafu.mid-Lufira Valley, 3000
feet.

Bunkeva, M000 feet.

Oct. 24-31
Nov. 1-6 .

Upper Lufupa River, 3500-4000 feet.
Upper Lubudi River, 3500 feet (early spring,

first sign of the rains).
Upper Lufupa River.
Lower Lufupa to Ruwe.

Nov. 7-18 , . . . j Ruwe to Kambove.

Nov. 19-Dec. 12 Through Eastern Katanga, south of bend of

Luapula to English buundary, Serenje
district, N.E. Rhodesia.
Dec. 13-30 j Serenje district, 4500 feet.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 83

1908.

Dec. 30 ('07)- Jan. 2 ('08) .

Jan. 3-13 ...
Jan. 14-21 . . .
Jan. 22-Feb. 6

June 21-July 5

From edge of Mchinga Escarpment across

Luangwa to Petauke.
Petauke.

Petauke to Fort Jameson.
Fort Jameson.
Feb. 7-Mareh 31 j Up mid and upper Luangwa Valley to

Mirongo, 15CO-2000 feet (height of rains).
April 1-12 Up Mchinga Escarpment to Chinsali and

district, 4500 feet.

April 13-May 20 1 Mid-Chambezi Valley, 4000feet (end of rains).

May 21-26 Chamhezi to Luena.

May 27-June 20 | Luena district and eas shore of Lake Ban-

gweolp.
Chishi, Mbawala, and Cliirui Islands on

Lake Bangweolo, 3900 feet.
Luwingu district, 4300 feet.
Luwingu to Mporokoso, 4500 feet.
Upper Lof u Valley, 4000 feet.
Lower Lofu Valley, 3000-3500 feet.
H igh plateau between Lofu Valley and Lake

Tanganyika, 4000-5000 feet.
Mporokoso.

Upper Kalungwisi Valley.
Lower Kalungwisi Valley.
High plateau, Kalungwisi district.
Luwingu.

Luwingu to mouth of Chambezi.
Mouth of Chambezi to Lake Young, 4500

feet.

Lake Young to Mpika.

Mpika to Fort Jameson. First rains.

July 10-22
July 24-31
Aug. 1-10
Aug. 11-17
Aug. 18-27

Aug. 28-Sept. 3
Sept. 4-10 ....
Sept. 11-17....
Sept. 18-26 ....
Sept. 27-Oct. 1

Oct. 2-23

Oct. 24-Nov. 5

Nov. 6-9 . .
Nov. 10-23

Fam. Phasianid^e.

1. Francolinus shelleyi.

Francolinus shelleyi Grant; Neave, Memoirs & Proc. of the
Manchester Lit. & Phil. Society, vol. 51, pt. iii. p. 1.

This bird differs from the allied species in not being an
inhabitant of the thickets &c. of river valleys. It is found
in the woodland on hills and plateaux.

2. Francolinus natalensis

Francolinus natalensis (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 2.
This and the following species frequent low ground. I did
not meet with either to the west of the Mchinga Escarpment.

g2

81 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

3. Fkaxcolinus johnstoni.

Franc oli aus johnstoni (Shelley); Neave, loc. cit. p. 3.

4. Francolinus coqui.

Francolinus cuqui (A. Smith) ; Reich. Vog. Afrikas,
vol. i. p. 492 ; Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xvii. p. 143 (1893).

No. 220. ? ad. Upper Lualaba R., 3800 ft., May 30,
1907.

Bill — yellow base, black tip, brownish horn-colour over
nostrils; feet orauge-yellow ; iris light brown.

I very rarely actually saw this bird, which seems rather
shy. Its cry of " Jessee "" many times repeated is, however,
not infrequently heard in the woodland towards evening.

5. Pternistes m el anog aster.

Pternistes melanog aster Neum.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 3.
By no means uncommon in the Luangwa Valley. Not a
plateau species.

6. Pternistes swainsoni.

Pternistes swainsoni (Smith); Neave, loc. cit. p. 4.

No. 471. <$ . Lundazi R., Upper Luangwa Valley,
2000 ft., March 3, 1908.

Bill — upper mandible dusky brown ; lower mandible,
nostiils, and all bare skin on face and neck scarlet ; feet dark
brown ; tarsi reddish brown j iris dark brown.

The same remarks apply to this species as to the last.

7. Pternistes cranchi.

Pternistes cranchi (Leach) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 4.

No. 291. S juv. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 27, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible pinkish; feet
salmon-pink ; iris brown.

No. 300. <J ad. Bunkeya R., July 31, 1907.

Bill brick-red ; feet red ; iris dark olive-brown ; other
bare parts red.

No. 301. ? ad. Bunkeya R., July 31, 1907.

Bill and feet red ; iris dark brown ; bare parts red.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 83

No. 304. $ ad. Bunkeya R., Aug. 1, 1907.

Bill and feet red ; iris dark brown ; bare parts red.

No. 305. ? juv. Bunkeya R., Aug. 1, 1907.

Bill above brownish horn-coloured, below whitish horn-
coloured ; feet red ; iris dark olive-brown.

This is the only species of Pternistes met with west of the
Mchinga Escarpment. It there replaces the two foregoing.

Fam. NuMiDiDiE.

8. NUMIDA M1TRATA.

Numida mitrata Pall. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 5.
Confined to the Luangwa Valley, and does not surmount
the Mchinga Escarpment.

9. Numida marungensis.

Numida marungensis Schal. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 6.

No. 80. S • Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 13, 1907.

Bill horn-coloured, red at base; feet dusky chocolate;
iris brown.

No. 306. (J . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 2, 1907.

Bill horn-coloured, red at base ; feet dark chocolate ; iris
dark brown.

No. 673. $ . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, 3000 ft., Aug. 17,
1908.

Bill pale whitish horn-coloured, tinted red at base ; feet
very dark chocolate-brown ; iris dark hazel.

The other bare parts of this individual, a very old male,
were : cere and ridge above the eye red ; casque orange,
becoming horn-coloured at base ; chin, cheeks, and around
eye and ear pale greenish blue ; throat cobalt-blue ; nape
and back of neck black, with a few spots of greenish blue at
the sides ; lappets cobalt-blue tipped with red.

This specimen, which was exceptionally large, measured in
the flesh : length 25*5 inches; wing 12; tail 6-75; tarsus 3.

10. GUTTERA EDOUARDI.

Guttera eduuardi (Hartl.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 6.
This bird was confined to the low ground of the Zambezi
basin.

86 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Fam. PtEROCLID^.

11. Pterocles bicinctus.

Pterocles bicinctus (Temm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 7.
Confined to the Luangwa Valley.

Fam. Treronid.e.

12. VlNAGO SCHALOWI.

Vinago schalowi Reich. O. C. 1880, p. 108 ; id. Vog.
Afrikas, vol. i. p. 399.

No. 156. ? . S. Kalule R., Lualaba Valley, 2500 ft.,
April 27, 1907.

Bill with crimson base, blue-grey tip ; feet orange-yellow,
claws grey ; iris blue.

No. 159. S • Lualaba R., 2400 ft , April 28, 1907.

Bill with crimson base, tip whitish; feet coral-red, claws
greyish ; iris blue.

No. 282. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 11, 1907.

Bill greyish white, base scarlet ; feet orange ; iris blue.

No. 380. S . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 2, 1 907.

Bill — proximal half scarlet, distal half greyish white ; feet
orange ; iris blue.

13. Vinago wakeeieldi.

Vinago wahefieldi Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 7.

14. Vinago delalandii.

Vinago delalandei (Bonap.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 8.

Fam. PeristeridjE.

15. TURTUR SEM1TORQUATUS.

Turtur semitorquatus (Riipp.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 8.

No. 106. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 23, 1907.

Bill dusky purplish ; feet lilac ; iris orange-scarlet, orbit
reddish purple.

No. 405. ? juv. Lubudi R., 3600 ft., Oct. 19, 1907.

Bill dark brownish ; feet dark reddish brown ; iris orange-
brown, orbit slaty brown.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 87

16. TuRTUR CAPICOLA DAMARENSIS.

Turtur damarensis Finsch & Hartl. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 9.

No. 177. cJ. Busanga, Lualaba R., 3000 ft., March 10,
1907.

Bill dusky, tinted with purple at gape; feet purplish lilac ;
iris very dark brown.

No. 249. <$ . Upper Lufira, Katanga's, 3600 ft., June 23,
1907.

Bill black ; feet reddish purple ; iris black.

The last example approaches more nearly to the typical
T. capicola than to the form damarensis.

17. Turtur ambiguus.

Turtur ambiguus Bocage ; Reich. Vog. Afrikas, vol. i.
p. 416.

No. 298. ? . Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., July 30, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet reddish purple ; iris golden yellow,
orbit red.

No. 299. <J . Bunkeya R., July 31, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet reddish lilac ; iris pale golden, orbit red.

No. 319. ? . Bunkeya R., Aug. 13, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet purplish red ; iris pale golden, orbit red.

This bird is distinctly local. It frequents the banks of
rivers on low ground. It is easily recognisable in life
by the brick-red colour of the eyelids and skin around
the eye.

18. Turtur senegalbnsis.

Turtur senegalensis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 9.

No. 303. <J . Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., Aug. 1, 1907.

Bill dusky; feet pinkish lilac; iris dark hazel.

No. 334. S • Bunkeya R., Aug. 23, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet amethyst-pink ; iris brown.

This species is ubiquitous, though nowhere abundant.

19. CEna capensis.

(Ena capensis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 10.
Ubiquitous, usually frequents native gardens.

88 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

20. Tympanistria tympanistria.

Tgmpanistria tympanistria (Temm. & Knip) ; Neave, loc.
cit. ].. 10.

No. 686. $ . Lofu Valley, Aug. 26, 1908.

Bill dull purplish ; feet dark purple ; iris dark brown.

No. 687. S • Lofu Valley, L. Tanganyika, 4000 ft.,
Aug. 26, 1902.

Bill dull purplish ; feet rosy purple ; iris dark brown.

A distinctly uncommon and shy species in this district.
Except in the very early morning and late evening, it is only
to be found in dense forest or bush.

21. Chalcopelia chalcospilos.

Chalcopelia chalcospilos (Wagl.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 10.

No. 115. S- Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 26, 1907.

Bill dark purplish horn-coloured; feet dark magenta;
iris brown.

No. 125. Ad. Dikulwe R., March 31, 1907.

Bill lilac purple, tipped with pinkish orange; feet reddish
purple ; iris dark brown.

No. 327. S juv. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 10, 1907.

Bill dark purplish horn-coloured ; feet brownish lilac; iris
brown.

No. 650. ? juv. Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, 4000 ft'.,
Aug. 8, 1908.

Bill dark purplish ; feet dull lilac ; iris dark brown.

This species is ubiquitous, and its curious cry, consisting
of a scale of descending notes, is an almost invariable
accompaniment to a walk in the woodland.

With regard to the difference between C. afra and the
so-called C. chalcospilos, it is of some interest to note that on
the Dikulwe River, Katanga, I shot examples of both forms
within a few days of each other. The specimen no. 125
has only one purple spot on one wing, whereas no. 115 has
several green spots.

Fam. Rallid.e.

22. Crex egregia.

Crew egregia Peters; Neave, loc cit. p. 11.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 89

23. LlMNOCORAX NIGER.

Limnocorax niger (Gm.); Ncave, loc. cit. p. 11.

No. 288. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 26, 1907.

Bill greenish yellow; feet salmon-pink; iris and orbit
bright red.

Nos. 295, 296. <J ? . Bunkeya R., July 29, 1907.

Bill greenish yellow, tipped with grey; feet coral-red; iris
and orbit red.

No. 356. £ . Bunkeya R., Sept. 3, 1907.

Bill sulphur-yellow, tip greenish yellow; feet red; iris and
orbit scarlet.

This bird is hard to shoot, but is numerous on most of the
larger rivers.

24. PORPIIYKIO I'ORPHYRIO.

Porphyrio porphyria (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 290.

No. 810. ? . Lake Young, Nov. 1, 1908.

Bill dull red, base of lower mandible and around nostril
whitish ; feet and legs salmon-pink, claws brownish ; iris
reddish brown.

This bird is probably not rare, but often overlooked on
account of its retiring habits.

Fain. Larid^e.

25. Larus cirrocephalus.

Larus cirrocephalus (Vieill.) ; Reich. Vog. Afrikas, vol. i.
p. 44.

No. 604. $ ad. Lake Bangweolo, 3800 ft., July 8, 1908.

Bill dull crimson; feet crimson-scarlet; iris creamy white,
orbit dull red.

Not uncommon on Lake Bangweolo. There called
"Luaudwe."

26. RhYNCHOPS FLAV1ROSTRIS.

Rhyncups fiavirostris Vieill.; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 76.

This bird is by no means uncommon in small parties,
but is never so abundant as on the Upper Shire, Nyasalaud.
I did not observe it on Lake Bangweolo.

90 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Fam. Charadriid.e.

27. XlPHIDIOPTERUS ALBICEPS.

Xiphidiopterus albiceps (Gould) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 12.

28. LOBIVANELLUS LATERALIS.

Lobivanellus lateralis (A. Smith) ; Reich. Vog. Afrikas,
vol. i. p. 194.

No. 817. ? ad. Near Lake Young, Mansya R., 4500 ft.,
Nov. 2, 1908.

Bill bright yellow, the distal third black ; feet and legs
pale greenish yellow; iris pale golden, with an inner ring of
grey; orbit bright yellow; upper wattle red, lower wattle
bright yellow.

This bird occurs sparingly on open plains near water on
the High Plateau country.

29. OXYECHUS T1UCOLLARIS.

Oxyechus tricollaris ( Vieill.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 12.

30. 2Egialitis tenella.

JEgialitis tenellus (Ilartl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 13.

31. Himantopds himantopus.

Himantopus himantopus (L.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 14.

32. Tringoides hypoleucus.

Tringoides hypoleucus (L.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
vol. xxiv. p. 456 (1896) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 2*2 I.

No. 652. $ . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, Aug. 9, 1908.

Bill olive-brown ; feet pale greenish yellow ; iris very dark
brown.

No. 808. ? ad. Lake Young, Mansya 11., Nov. 1, 1908.

Bill brownish ; feet pale olive-yellowish ; iris brown.

33. Glottis nebulakius.

Glottis nebularius (Gunner) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 14.

34. Rhyacophilus olareola.

Uhyacophilus glareola (Gra.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 490.

Totanus glareola Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 222.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 91

No. 497. S • Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 15, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible greenish yellow; feet
and tarsi greenish yellow ; iris dusky.

No. 709. S • Kalungwisi R., 4000 ft., Sept. 9, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible greenish yellow ; feet
and legs greenish yellow ; iris dusky.

Nos. 736, 737, 740. ? ? . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi
District, 4000 ft., Sept. 19, 20, 1908.

Bill dusky olive at base; feet dull green; tarsi dirty
yellow ; iris dark brown.

No. 797. ? . Lulingila R., E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 26,
1908.

Bill dusky, greenish olive at base ; feet pale greenish olive ;
iris very dark brown.

35. ROSTRATULA CAPLXSIS.

Rostratula capensis (L.) : Neave, loc. cit. p. 15.
This bird was abundant on the partially Hooded plains to
the east of Bangweolo, in June and July.

Fam. Parridje.

36. ACTOPHILUS AFRICANUS.

Actophilas africanus (Gm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 15.

No. 601 . ? . Lake Bangweolo, 3800 ft., July 6, 1908.

Bill and frontal shield blue-grey ; feet bluish grey ; iris
dark brown.

No. 777. S • E. shore of L. Bangweolo, 3800 ft., Oct. 15,
1908.

Bill and frontal shield blue-grey ; feet greenish slate-
coloured; iris dark brown.

Usually very abundant in suitable localities. It is called
" Tantamaungi" on Lake Bangweolo.

37. MlCROPARRA CAPENSIS.

Microparra capensis (A. Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 270.

No. 503. S ■ Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 17, 1908.
Bill brownish olive; feet pale yellowish olive ; iris brown.

92 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 504. $ . Chambezi Valley, April 17, 1908.

Bill brownish olive ; feet greenish olive ; iris brown.

I only met with this bird on a large swamp called
Nashinga in the Upper Chambezi Valley. It takes
to wing more readily and flies more strongly than
Actophilus africanus.

Fam. GlareolidjE.

38. Glareola pratincola.

Glareola pratincola (L.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 53.

Glareola fuse a Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 144.

Nos. 707, 708. $ ? . Kalungwisi R., 4000 ft., Sept. 9,
1908.

Bill — distal half black, proximal half scarlet; feet and iris
dark brown.

This bird occurred sparingly, feeding on the newly burnt
ground, on the plains of the Kalungwisi Valley, in September,
and again near L. Young at the beginning of November. I
never saw it elsewhere.

39. Galactochrysea emini.

Galactochrysea emini (Shell.) ; Sharpc, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 171.

Glareola emini Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147.

No. 407. S • Lubudi R., 3890 ft,, Nov. 22, 1907.

Bill — culrnen and tip of both mandibles black, remainder
scnrlet; feet dusky red ; tarsi scarlet ; iris dusky.

No. 430. ? . Lufupa R., 3500 ft., Nov. 3, 1907.

Bill — tip black, base and gape scarlet ; feet dusky red ;
tarsi scarlet ; iris brown.

This handsome little bird is not uncommon in rocky places
on the upper waters of the rivers Lualaba, Lufupa, and
Lubudi.

Specimen no. 430 contained a fully developed egg. This
is of the usual Glareola type, being white, thickly covered
with distinct spots and scribblings of blackish brown and
underlying smudges of purplish grey.

The egg measures axis 1'3 inch, diameter 0'9.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 93

Fam. CursoriidvE.

40. Rhinoptilus seebohmi.

Rhinoptilus seebohmi Sliarpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 16.

No. 476. <J. Upper Luangwa, 2000 ft., March 7, 1908.

Bill — base, gape, and orbit sulphur-yellow, culmen and
tip blackish; feet and tarsi pale yellowish, toes darker; iris
dark brown.

Only met with in the Luangwa Valley, where it is common.

41. Rhinoptilus chalcopterus.

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus (Temm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 10.

No. 212. ? . Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 25, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible and gape purplish ;
feet dnsky, legs pinkish purple ; iris dark brown ; orbit
crimson.

No. 818. Juv. Mansya R., near Lake Young, 4500 ft.,
Nov. 2, 1908.

Bill black, base of lower mandible and gape rosy pink;
feet pale flesh-pink, darker toward toes; iris dark brown,
orbit pink.

Fam. (Edicnemid^e.

42. (Edicnemus vermiculatus.

CEdicnemus vermiculatus (Cab.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 16.
So far as my experience goes, this bird is confined to the
sand-banks &c. of the Luangwa River.

Fam. Otidid^e.

43. Otis melanogaster.

Otis melanogaster (Boc.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 17.

No. 499. $ juv. Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 10,
1908.

Bill greenish yellow, upper surface of upper mandible
dusky; feet and legs pale yellowish brown; iris golden
brown.

This seems to be almost the only Bustard throughout a
considerable portion of the country.

94 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

44. Otis denhami.

Otis denhami Childr. ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 245.

No. 760. ? . Luena R., E. of L. Bangweolo, 4000 ft.,
Oct. 7. 1908.

Bill brownish, lower mandible dirty white, tipped with
brown ; feet dirty yellowish white ; iris hazel.

This bird occurred sparingly, and usually singly, on the
open plains in the Kalungwisi District and to the east of
L. Bangweolo. It is shy, and when alarmed runs at a con-
siderable speed. It is easily recognisable at a considerable
distance by the bright rufous colour of the back of its
neck.

45. Otis kori.

Otis kori Bureh.; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 242.

I saw one of these fine birds on the Upper Lufupa River,
near the watershed, in Oct. 1907, but I did not succeed in
shooting it.

Fam. Griiuk.

46. Bugeranus carunculatus (Gm.) ; Reich, loc. cit.
p. 262.

Nos. 508. 509. S ? • Chambezi Valley, 1000 ft., April 19,
1905.

Bill pale reddish brown, wattled base dull red ; feet and
legs black ; iris orange-yellow.

This species is not uncommon in the open country on the
High Plateau, especially in the L. Bangweolo district. It is
not at all shy. It is usually in pairs, but I have sometimes
seen as many as five individuals together.

47. Balearica regulorum.

Balearica regulorum (Bennett) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 265.

This bird is not uncommon in small parties, especially in
low-lying river-valleys. It is frequently to be seen more or
less domesticated.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 95

Fam. Tisidid.e.

48. In is .ehi 10 pica.

Ibis cethiopica (Lath.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 321.

This bird occurred in small numbers on Lake Bangweolo
and on the Mansya R. near Lake Young. It is extremely
waiy and difficult to approach.

49. Hagedashia hagedash.

llagedashia hagedash (Lath.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxvi. p. 19.

Theristicus hayedash Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 325.

No. 603. ? . Lake Bangweolo, July 8, 1908.

Bill dusky, basal half of culmen dull red ; feet dull
reddish ; legs and tarsi dusky; iris pale yellow.

A common inhabitant of wooded spots on river-banks
throughout the country. It is usually met with in pairs and is
rather wary. Its extremely harsh cry is frequently heard in the
early morning or when alarmed. It is called " nga nga " by
the natives almost everywhere.

50. Plegadis falcinellus.

Plegadis falcinellus (L.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.iBrit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 29.

Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 329.

No. 735. £ . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi district,
4200 ft., Sept. 19, 1908.

Bill pale olive-grey ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

I found this an uncommon bird, occasionally occurring in
small numbers on shallow pans in open plains.

Fam. Cicoxiid.e.

51. Pseudotaxtalus ibis.

Pseudotantalus ibis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 17.

I never observed this species out of the Luangwa Valley,
where it is not uncommon.

96 Mr. S. A. Ncave on the Birds of

52. DlSSURA MICROSCELTS.

Dissoura micros cells (Gr.) ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 347.

No. 414. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 27, 1907.

Bill dusky, culm en and tip dull red ; feet dusky, legs dark
brownish; iris dull red, outwardly greyish ; eyelids blark.

I only met with this bird in this one locality, where I saw
a few solitary individuals on the plains.

53. CiCONIA ALBA.

Ciconia ciconia (L.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 299 ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 315.

This species is not infrequently seen from November to
March. It is usually in very large parties.

54. Ciconia nigra.

Ciconia nigra (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 18.

55- Anastomus lamelligerus.

Anastomus lamelligerus (Bonn.) ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 335.

No. 602. ? . L. Bangweolo, July 7, 1908.

Bill — the basal half whitish, the rest black ; feet black ;
iris dark brown.

In large flocks on L. Bangweolo, not met with elsewhere.
It is locally called " Lushiwa " by the natives.

56. Ephippiorhynchus senegalexsis.
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (Shaw) ; Reich, loc. cit.

vol. i. p. 341.

This bird is common, singly or in pairs, throughout the
country wherever there are open plains. It is very wary and
difficult to approach.

57. Leptoptilus crumeniferus.

Leptoptilus crumeniferus (Less.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 18.

I found the Marabou extremely common on the plains
in the neighbourhood of Lakes Bangweolo, Mweru, and
Tanganyika duriug August and November.

Fam. Scopid.e.

58. Scopus umuretta.

Scopus umbretta (Gm.) ; Ncave, loc. cit. p. 19.
Ubiquitous.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Cunyoland. 97

Fain. ArdeidjE.

59. Ardea goltath.

Ardea goliath Cretzschm. ; Reich, loc. cit. p. 376.
This fine Heron is not uncommon on Lake Bangweolo
and similar spots, but is very shy.

60. Ardea melanocephala.

Ardea melanocephala (Vig. & Childr.) ; Reich, loc. cit.
vol. i. p. 380.

No. 481. $ . Upper Luangwa R., 2000 ft., March 18,
1908.

Bill — upper mandible and tip of lower dusky, base and
gonys of lower mandible whitish ; feet and legs black ; iris
pale yellow, orbit greenish yellow shaded with dusky.

61. Ardea purpurea.

Ardea purpurea (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 377.

No. 593. (J. Lake Bangweolo, July 4, 1908.

Upper mandible brown, lower mandible orange-yellow;
feet yellow; tarsi and feet dusky in front, yellow behind ;
iris yellow, skin in front of eye pale yellow. Called
" Mkaza " on L. Bangweolo.

62. Mesophoyx brachyrhyncha.

Mesophoyx brachyrhyncha (Brehm); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxvi. p, 87.

Herodias brachyrhyncha Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 389.

No. 601. <£. Lake Bangweolo, July 6, 1908.

Bill orange-yellow ; feet and tarsi black ; legs dirty
yellowish ; iris pale yellow ; skin around eve pale yellow.

This bird seems to be always gregarious. It is called
" Lukowa " on L. Bangweolo, a similar word 'cKakowa"
being widely used for most species of Egret.

63. Herodias alba.

Herodias alba (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 388.
No. 809. ? . Lake Young, Nov. 1, 1908.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. H

98 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Bill orange yellow ; feet and legs black ; iris pale yellow;
skin around eye greenish yellow.

This bird measured in the flesh : length 41*5 inches,
wing 14' 1, culmen 5'1, tarsus 5*9.

I found this large Egret very shy. It is usually solitary.

64. Nycticorax nycticorax.

Nycticorax nycticorax (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 362.

No. 816. ? . Mansya R., L. Young, 4500 ft., Nov. 2,
1908.

Bill — upper mandible blackish, base and edges yellow,
lower mandible greenish yellow, tipped with black; feet
bright yellow; iris carmine ; orbit greenish yellow.

Nos. 822, 823. <J ? . Mansya R., Nov. 4, 1908.

Bill black, base yellow ; feet bright yellow; iris carmine ;
orbit yellow.

I met with a large colony of these birds on the shores of
Lake Young, but did not observe them elsewhere.

65. Nycticorax leuconotus.

Nycticorax leuconotus (Wagl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 19.
I never met with any other example than that recorded
in the paper cited.

66 Butorides ATRICAPILLA.

Butorides atricapilla (Afzel.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 19.
This bird is very common on the banks of the Luangwa
River. I did not observe it anywhere on the High Plateau.

67. Erythrocnus rufiventris.

Erythrocnus rufiventris (Sundew) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 20.

No. 498. S • Chambezi Valley, 40C0 ft., April 16, 1908.

Bill — the proximal half flesh-coloured, the distal black ;
feet pinkish flesh-coloured, claws horn-coloured ; iris deep
yellow ; orbit yellowish.

Nos. 775, 776. ? ?. E. of L. Bangweolo, 4000 ft.,
Oct. 15, 1908.

(775) Bill dusky, lower mandible, the basal two-thirds
yellow, base of both mandibles and around eye greenish

Ar. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 99

yellow ; feet and tarsi dull yellow, upper surface of toes
shaded with dull brown.

(776) Upper mandible dusky, lower yellowish horn-
coloured, tipped with dusky ; above nostrils and around eyes
bright yellow ; feet and tarsi dull yellow.

A common inhabitant of swamps in the Bangweolo
district.

68. Ardeola ralloides.

Ardeola ralloides (Scop.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 20.

No. 59.2. <J . L. Bangweolo, July 4, 1908.

Bill dusky above, greenish below ; feet greenish yellow ;
iris yellow, skin around eye yellow.

Very common in the Bangweolo district and other suitable
places. It is usually solitary, but sometimes met with in
flocks. It is called " Mandogagwa" on L. Bangweolo.

69. Ardeirallus sturmi.

Ardeirallus sturmi (Wagl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 21.

Fam. PHCENICOPTERIDiE.

70. Phosnicopterus sp. inc.

I never met with Flamingos in the interior. There are,
however, always flocks to be seen on the Lower Zambezi and
on the seashore at Chinde.

Fam. Anatid^e.

71. Plectropterus gambensis.

Plectropterus gambensis (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 134.

No. 819. <J . Mansya E., L. Young, Nov. 3, 1908.

Bill dull red, both mandibles tipped with whitish ; bare
skin on face and orbit dull red ; feet dirty flesh-coloured ;
iris hazel.

Not uncommon on the open plains. It is wary and not
often to be obtained with a shot-gun.

h2

100 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

72. Sarcidiornis melanonota.

Sarcidiornis melanonota (Penn.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 21.

No. 781. S breeding. E. shore of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 17,
1908.

Bill dusky, the tips greyish ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris
dusky.

This bird occurs throughout the country, but seems no-
where very common.

73. Nettopus auritus.

Nettopus auritus (Bodd.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 127.

No. 480. S • Upper Luangwa R., 1600 ft., March 13, 1908.

Bill bright orange tipped with dusky ; feet black ; iris
dark brown.

No. 772. S • E. shore of L. Bangweolo, 3900 ft., Oct. 15,
1908.

Bill orange-yellow, tip of upper mandible dusky, of lower
whitish ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

Common in suitable localities, in pairs or small flocks.

74. Dendkocycna fulva.

Dendrocygna fulva (Gm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 22.

75. ALOPOCHEN iEGYPTIACUS.

Alopochen cegyptiacus (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 21.
Common on all the rivers, usually in pairs.

76. Anas undulata.

Anas undtdaia (Dubois) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 113.

No. 745. ? . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi district,
4200 ft., Sept. 20, 1908.

Bill orange-yellow, middle of culmen and tip black ; feet
very dark brown ; iris dark brown.

This Duck does not seem to be very common in this part
of Africa. A few flocks were seen in the Bangweolo and
Kalungwisi district.

77. Nettium punctatum.

Nettium punctatum (Burchell) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 22.
Not uncommon on lagoons in the Luangwa Valley, but
not met with on the High Plateau.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 10]

78. P(ECILONETTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.

Paicilonetta erythrorhyncha (Gniel.) ; Reich, loc. cit.
vol. i. p. 118.

No. 435. S • Upper Lufira R., 4000 ft., Nov. 21, 1907.

Bill amethyst-pink, with a dirty brown stripe on culmen ;
feet dirty greyish ; iris reddish brown.

Widely distributed, but nowhere very common.

79. Aythyia erythrophthalma.

Aythya erythrophthalma (Wied) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
vol. i. p. 223.

Nyroca capensis Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 108.

No. 782. S • E. shore of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 17, 1908.

Bill bluish grey, the tip black ; feet dusky, paler on the
anterior surface ; iris orange, outwardly margined with
scarlet.

This bird seems rare in the country traversed. This
specimen was shot from among a flock of Anas undulata.
Native name " Choso."

Fam. Phalacrocoracid.e.

80. Phalacrocorax africanus.

Phalacrocorax africanus (Gm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 23.

No. 591. ? . L. Bangweolo, July 4, 1908.

Bill — ridge dark olive-brown, remainder orange-yellow ;
feet black; iris bright crimson.

Very abundant everywhere in suitable localities. It
prefers rivers with wooded banks. It is called " Munondwe "
by the natives of Lake Bangweolo.

Fam. Plotid^e.

81. Plotus rufus.

Plotus rufus (Daud.) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 412.

Anhinga rufa Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 95.

Nos. 786, 787. £ S • Junction of Luansenshi and
Chambezi Rivers, Oct. 22, 1908.

102 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Bill olive-brownish, lower mandible yellowish ; feet dusky ;
iris orange-yellow ; orbit yellowish.

A very abundant bird on the shores of L. Bangweolo and
the river-banks in the neighbourhood. It is usually very
tame, and immense numbers are often to be seen crowded
together on the bushes by the water-side. Native name
" Nondo."

Fam. Serpentariid^e.

82. Serpentarius secretarius.

Serpentarius secretarius (Miller) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 528.

I only saw this remarkable bird on one occasion, and that
was on a large open plain in the Kalungwisi district, in
September 1908.

Fam. VulturiDjE.

83. Necrosyrtes pileatus.

Necrosyrtes pileatus (Burchell) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
vol. i. p. 243.

No serious attempts were made to collect Vultures.
They seem, strange to say, to be entirely absent from a large
part of the High Plateau country. This species seems to be
the commonest, occurring in the Luangwa Valley in fair
numbers.

Fam. FALcoNiDiE.

84. ASTUR POLYZONOIDES.

Astur polyzonoides (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit, p. 23.

No. 448. S • Near Serenje, N. E. R., 4500 ft., Dec. 18,
1907.

Bill blue-black ; cere and gape yellow ; claws black ;
iris pale greenish yellow.

No. 463. ? . Petauke, Luangwa Vallev, 2400 ft., Jan. 11,
1908

Bill black ; cere and gape yellow ; feet yellow, claws black ;
iris scarlet,

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 103

No. 719. ? . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 11, 1908.

Bill black; cere and gape yellow; feet orange-yellow;
iris orange-scarlet.

This species seems to be the commonest of the smaller
birds-of-prey over a wide area.

85. AcCIPITER OVAMPENSIS.

Accipiter ovampensis (Gurney) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 24.

86. Accipiter minullus.

Accipiter minullus (Daud.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 24.
No. 285. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 25, 1907.
Bill black; cere and orbit sulphur-yellow; feet yellow ;
iris orange-yellow.

87. Accipiter rufiventris.

Accipiter rufiventris (Smith); Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 560.

No. 267. S juv. Kambove, 4500 ft., July 3, 1907.

Bill dusky, base paier ; cere and gape orange, somewhat
dusky above ; feet and tarsi orange, claws black ; iris
cinnamon-brown.

88. Buteo desertorum.

Buteo desertorum (Daud.); Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 594.
No. 806. <$. L. Young, Nov. 1, 1908.
Bill black, cere and gape pale yellow; feet yellow, claws
black; iris brown.

89. AQU1LA WAHLBEKGl.

Aquila ivuhlbergi Sund. ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, vol. i.
p. 261.

Hieraetus ivahlbergi Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 581.

No. 96. S juv. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 17, 1907.

Bill blue-black, cere and gape yellow ; feet yellow, claws
black; iris brown.

90. Lophoaetus occipitalis.

Luphoaetus occipitalis (Daud.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 582.

This bird occurs sparingly over a wide area. I never saw
it otherwise than singly. It was specially common in the
Lualaba Valley in April and May 1907.

104 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

91. ASTURINULA MONOGRAMMICA.

Asturinula monogrammica (Temm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 24.

No. 566. ? . Edge of Chimpeti Plateau, Luwinga dis-
trict, June 12, 1908.

Bill dusky, base and cere salmon-orange ; feet red ; iris
deep reddish brown.

This is a common species. It seems to kill not a few
snakes, as on more than one occasion when I have disturbed
it, it has flown off with a snake in its talons.

92. ClRCAETUS CINERASCENS.

Circaetus cinerascens v. Miill.; Reich, loc. cit. p. 573.
No. 289. ? ad. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 20, 1907.
Bill black, base of both mandibles, gape, and cere yellow ;
feet yellow, claws black ; iris very pale yellow.

93. Helotarsus ecaudatus.

Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 25.
The Bateleur is by far the commonest species of Eagle
throughout the country.

94. Haliaetus vocjfer.

Haliaetus vocifer (Daud.); Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 385.

No. 537. ? ad. Chambezi R., May 17, 1908.

Bill blackish, base, cere, and orbit yellow ; feet pale
yellowish white ; iris hazel-brown.

This handsome bird is common on most of the rivers
throughout the country. It is fairly tame, and its cheerful
screams are frequently to be heard throughout the day in
these localities.

95. Gypohierax angolensis.

Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 603.

I observed this bird on two occasions, once in May 1907
on the Lualaba R., and again on the shores of L. Young in
November 1908. I found it rather shy.

96. Milvus jEgyptius.

Milvus agyptius (Gm.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 25.
No. 307. <J . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft,, Aug. 3, 1907.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Conguland. 105

Bill and cere yellow ; feet yellow, claws black j iris
reddish brown.

These Kites are so common as to be a considerable
nuisance in camp. They seem only to be present in the
country from about the beginning of August to the end of
March. When on the Upper Lufupa R., in September 1907,
I saw many hundreds of these birds together, apparently on
their southward spring migration.

97. Falco biarmicus.

Falco biarmicus (Temm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 26.

No. 501. ? . Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 17, 1908.

Bill — tip bluish dusky, base yellowish white : gape, cere,
and orbit pale yellow ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris dark
brown.

This bird is not very rare. It occurs singly or in pairs
and has an extremely swift flight.

98. Falco subbuteo.

Falco subbuteo (L.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 26.

99. Cenchris naumanni.

Cenchris naumanni (Fleisch.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 644.

No- 462. S juv. Petauke, N.E. Rhodesia, 2400 ft.,
Jan. 11, 1908.

Bill dark bluish, tip dusky ; gape and orbit yellow ; feet
yellow, claws whitish ; iris dark brown.

100. DlSSODECTES DICKINSONI.

Dissodectes dickinsoni (Scl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 26.

Fam. Strigid^e.

101. ASIO NISUELLA.

Asio nisuella (Daud.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 659.

Nos. 495, 496. $ ? . Chambezi Yailey, 4000 ft., April 15,
1908.

Bill dusky, tip of lower mandible whitish ; feet dusky ; iris
dark hazel.

106 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 502. <?. Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 17,
1908.

Bill dusky; feet dusky slate-coloured; iris dark brown.

Not uncommon on large swamps and in other suitable
localities. This Owl appears to be partially diurnal in its
habits.

102. Bubo maculosus.

Bubo maculosus (Vieill.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 654.

This is by no means an uncommon bird in the well-
wooded districts.

103. PlSOUHINA CAPENS1S.

Pisorkina capensis (Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 366.

No. 98. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 19, 1907.

Hill dusky, paler at base; feet dirty greyish ; iris sulphur-
yellow.

No. 286. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 26, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet dirty greyish; iris sulphur-yellow.

No. 467. cJ. Upper Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., Feb. 21,
1907.

Bill greyish horn - coloured ; feet greenish grey; iris
sulphur-yellow.

This little Owl seems to be not uncommon, but easily
overlooked. It appears to have a preference for rather
thinly wooded hill-sides.

104. Syrnium woodfordi.

Syrnium woodfordi (Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. i.
p. 668.

No. 766. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 10, 1908.

Bill pale yellow; feet pale yellow, claws dusky; iris
dusky.

This bird is not uncommon, but it is difficult to obtain
specimens. It frequents patches of " msitu " and dense
forest, usually on the banks of streams.

105. Strix flammea.

Strix flammea (L.); Neave. loc. cit. p. 27.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 107
Fam. Psittacid^e.

106. PYOCEPHALUS ANGOLENSIS.

Pyocephalus angolensis (Bocage) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 27.

No. 3. £ . Kapopo-Kansanshi, N.W. Rhodesia, 4000 ft.,
Jan. 16, 1907.

Bill whitish; feet grey; iris dark brown.

This bird is uncommon and very shy. It is usually best
to attempt to intercept it on its way to the water, towards
sunset.

107. PYOCEPHALUS MEYERI SATURATUS.

Pceocephalus saturatus Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 67
(1901).

No. 91. <$. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft,, March 16, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured; feet grey; iris dark brown;
skin round eye black.

No. 158. ? . S. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 2500 ft.,
April 27, 1908.

Bill dusky grey; feet dusky grey ; iris dark red.

This is the common Parrot of the country and is
ubiquitous.

108. AGAPORNIS LILIANS.

Agupornis liliance (Shelley) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 28.

No. 479. <?. Upper LuangwaR., 2000 ft., March 13, 1908.

Bill rose-coloured with paler base ; feet pale greyish ; iris
reddish brown ; orbit white.

This bird, so far as my experience goes, is confined to the
Luangwa Valley. It is usually met with in flocks of con-
siderable size during the dry season, but in the wet, breaks
up into pairs and family-parties.

Fam. Coraciid^;.

109. CORACIAS CAUDATUS.

Coracias caudalus (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit, p. 29.

No. 290. S- Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 27, 1907.

Bill black; feet dirty yellow; iris dark brown.

This species is usually to be found only in the river-
valleys on low ground. I did not meet with it in High
Plateau countrv,

108 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

110. CORACIAS SPATULATUS.

Coracias spatulatus (Trim.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 29.

Nos. 72, 73. ?, c? juv. Kambove, 4000 ft., March 1,
1907.

Bill black; feet greenish yellow ; iris dark olive-brown.

No. 118. S juv. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 28, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dull yellow ; iris yellow-brown.

Nos. 160, 161. S ? • Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 2, 1907.

Bill black ; feet greenish yellow ; iris yellow-brown.

This is a common bird on the High Plateau, less so on
the low ground. During the latter half of the rains it
is usually in family-parties, comprising three or four young
birds besides the parents.

111. Coracias olivaceiceps.

Coracias olivaceiceps (Sharpe) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 30.
No. 605. <$ . Chirui Island, L. Bangweolo, July 8, 1908.
Bill black ; feet greenish yellow ; iris dark brown.
This appears to be a very rare bird west of the Mchinga
Escarpment. It is usually solitary.

112. ElJRYSTOMUS AFER.

Eurystomus afer (Lath.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 30.

No. 26. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 12, 1907.

Bill yellow ; feet pale greenish brown ; iris brown.

This bird seems to be migratory. It appears to be present
only from about September to March, when it is not
uncommon.

Family Alcedixid,e.

113. Ceryle rudis.

Ceryle rudis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 31.
No. 606. <J. L. Bangweolo, July 9, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
No. 768. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 12, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

This bird occurs everywhere commonly in suitable
localities.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 109

114. Ceryle maxima.

Ceryle maxima (Pall.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 298.
This bird is not uncommon on the rivers in both the
Zambezi and Congo basins. It is very shy.

115. CoRYTHORNIS C YAXOSTIGMA.

Corythornis cyanostigma ( Riipp.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 31.

No. 598. ? . L. Bangweolo, July 5, 1908.

Bill and feet coral-scarlet ; iris brown.

No. 712. ? . Kaluugwisi 11., Sept. 9, 1908.

Bill and feet scarlet ; iris dark brown.

No. 779. S juv. E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 17, 1908.

Bill black; feet — upper surface brownish, lower orange-red.

A common species, especially abundant on L. Bangweolo.

116. TSPIDIXA NATALEXSIS.

Ispidina natalensis (Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 287.
No. 798. ? . Lulingila R., E. Bangweolo, Oct. 26, 1908.
Bill orange-scarlet; feet coral-red ; iris dark brown.
This appears to be a rare bird — iD fact, this was the only
specimen met with.

117. Halcyon swainsoni.

Halcyon swainsoni (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 31.

No. 739. ? . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi district,
4200 ft., Sept. 19, 1908.

Bill and feet scarlet ; iris dark brown.

Though widely distributed, I found this little bird nowhere
common. The above-mentioned example was nesting in a
deep hole in a bank at the foot of a termite mound.

118. Halcyon chelicuti.

Halcyon chelicutensis (Bocage) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 32.

Halcyon chelicuti Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 271.

No. 19. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 11, 1907.

Bill — upper mandible dusky, lower scarlet ; feet and legs,
anterior surface reddish dusky, posterior orange-red ; iris
dark brown.

This seems to be certainly the commonest of the Bush-
Kingfishers in this part of Africa. It is most abundant in
the Luangwa Valley.

110 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

119. Halcyon albiventris orientalis.
Halcyon orientalis (Peters) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 32.
No. 276. ? . Kambove, 4600 ft., July 10, 1907.

Bill dark red, tipped with dusky ; feet red, toes darker ;
iris dark brown.

Family Bucerotid^e.

120. Bucorax caffer.

Bucorax caffer (Bocage) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 33.

These birds are common everywhere, and their deep
booming note, not unlike the distant grunt of a lion, may
be frequently heard, especially in the early mornings.

121. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus.

Lophoceros erythrorhynchus (Temm.) ; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 35.

No. 477. ? . Upper Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., March 8,
1908.

Bill dull reddish, base whitish ; feet black ; iris ochre-
yellow.

This bird, so far as my experience goes, is strictly confined
to "Mopane" bush in the low ground of the Zambezi basin.
It has a characteristic note, whence its native name " Kopi
kopi," this sound being repeated with extreme rapidity.

122. Lophoceros melanoleucus.

Lophoceros melanoleucus (Licht.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 34.

No. 102. S ■ Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 21, 1907.

Bill dark red, yellowish at basal edge ; feet black; iris
ochre-yellow.

No/ 165. S • Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 2, 1907.

Bill reddish ; feet black ; iris orange-yellow.

This bird is widely distributed, but is shy and it is rather
difficult to obtain specimens.

123. Lophoceros epirhinus.

Lophoceros epirhinus (Sundev.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 34.
No. 326. ? . Buukeya R., 3500 ft., Aug. 18, 1907.
Upper mandible dark reddish at tip, casque creamy white,
dusky in middle line ; lower mandible dusky, reddish toward

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 1 1 1

the tip, with three diagonal white lines at base; feet black j
iris reddish brown.

124. LOPHOCEROS PALLIDIROSTRIS.

Lophoceros pallidirostris (Fiusch & Hartl.) ; Reich, loc.
cit. vol. ii. p. 254.

No. 252. ? . Katanga's, Lufira R., 3700 ft., June 25, 1907.

Bill whitish horn-coloured, darker tip ; feet dusky ; iris
brown.

No. 765. S ■ E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 10, 1908.

Bill whitish horn-coloured, the tip darker ; feet black ;
iris dark brown.

125. Lophoceros neumanni.

Lophoceros neumanni (Reich.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 34.

126. Bycanistes buccinator.

Bycanistes buccinator (Ternm.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 35.

This bird is almost invariably to be found in dense forest
in the neighbourhood of water. It is probably attracted by
the number of fruit-trees in these spots.

Fam. Upupid.e.

127. Upupa africana.

Upupa africana (Bechst.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 36.

No. 250. ? . Upper Lutira R,, 3500 ft., June 24, 1907.

Bill dark brown, with paler base; feet grey; iris dark brown.

This is rather a shy bird, generally most in evidence in
June and July, when the undergrowth in the woodland has
just been burned.

128. Irrisor erythrorhynchus.

Irrisor erythrorhijnchus (Lath.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 36.

No. 113. <J. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 24, 1907.

Bill coral-red, tipped with greyish j feet coral-red ; iris
dark brown.

This bird is usually found in small parties. It has a loud
chattering note, which is very emphatic when it is alarmed.
On these occasions, before taking to flight, it commonly
goes throughout a curious see-sawing motion on the bough,
moving its whole body and tail in unison.

112 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

129. Rhinopo.wastus cyanomelas schalowi.
lihinopomastus schalowi (Neum.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 37.
No. 100. $ . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 20, 1907.
Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This bird is usually found singly, though occasionally in
parties. It very often forms one of the members of a bird-
party.

Fam. Meropid^e.

130. DlCROCERCUS HIRUNDINEUS.

Dicrocercus hirundineus (Licht.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 37.

No. 172. (J. Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 5, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky brownish j iris crimson.

No. 421. ? . Lupupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky; iris blood-red.

No. 790. $ . Lower Chambezi R., Oct. 24, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris red.

This bird is a woodland species. It is usually solitary,
but I have sometimes seen a family-party of as many as five
individuals in the wet season.

131. Melittophagus meridionalis.

Melittophagus meridionalis (Sharpe) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 37.

No. 265. ? . Kambove, 1500 ft., July 2, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris blood-red.

No. 570. ? . Luena, N.E. of L. Bangweolo, 4000 ft.,
June 17, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris red.

Usually a common species, especially in the more open
country. It is less abundant in the Congo Basin, especially
in Katanga.

132. Melittophagus albifrons.

Melittophagus albifrons (Cab.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 38.
No. 214. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3600 ft., May 28, 1907.
Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.
No. 228. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 12, 1907.
Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.
This bird is a river-haunting species and is usually met
with in colonies.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Cuuyoland. 113

133. M EROPS API ASTER.

M crops a piaster (L.j ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 38.

Tbis bird is very noticeable and occurs in considerable
numbers every year in September and October when on its
journey farther south.

L34. Merops natalensis.

Mcraps natalensis ( Reich.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 39.

This gorgeous species is common in large colonies on the
Luangwa R. and on the lower ground on the Lualaba R.,
but I never saw it elsewhere.

135. Aerops boehmi.

Aerops boehmi Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 319.

No. 647. ? . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, 4000 ft., Aug. 8,
1908.

Bill black : feet dusky ; iris crimson.

Nos. 666, 607, 668. ? <J tf • Lower Lofu R., 3500 ft
Aug. 15, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky; iris crimson.

I only met with this rare Bee-eater in the Lofu Valley,
south of Lake Tanganyika. It has the habits of a Mtlitto-
phagus rather than of a Merops, making short flights and
constantly returning to the same perch. It haunts the edges
of dense forests. I never saw it hawking high in the air as do
M. (/piaster and M. natalensis. It is not at all shy.

Fam. Caprimulgid.e.

136. COSMETORNIS VEX1LLARIUS.

Cosmetornis vexillarius (Gould) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 39.

No. 410. $ . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 25, 1907.

Bill pinkish horn-coloured, tipped with dusky ; feet pale
brownish ; iris dark brown.

No. 424. cJ . Lufupa R., 4000 ft, Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill brownish, tipped with dusky ; feet pinkish grey, toes
darker ; iris dark brown.

No. 702. S, breeding. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 8, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet dark brown ; iris dark
brown.

SER. ix. — VOL. IV. , I

114 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

137. Caprimulgus fossil

Caprimulgus fossei Hartl. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii.
p. 365.
' No. 273. $ . Near Kambove, 4000 ft., July 6, 1907.

Bill greyish, tip dusky ; feet brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 287. S • Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., July 26, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, gape paler; feet dark brown; iris dark
brown.

No. 528. S . Chambezi R\, 4000 ft.? May 8, 1908.

Bill, feet, and iris brown.

No. 530. ? . Chambezi 11,, May 10, 1908.

Bill brownish; feet pale brownish grey; iris brown.

138. Caprimulgus fk.knatus.

Caprimulgus franatus (Salv.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 40.

139. Caprimulgus fervidus.

Caprimulgus fervidus Sharpe ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii.
p. 353.

No. 313. S ■ Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., Aug. 8, 1907.

Bill dark brown, somewhat paler below ; feet dark brownish,
tinted with pink ; iris dark brown.

Fam. Coliid.f.

140. COLIUS LEUCOTIS AFFINIS.

Colius affinis Shelley; Neave, loc. cit. p. 40.

Nos. 309, 310. S ? • Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., Aug. 6, 7,
1907.

Bill black, with a white median patch above and below in
middle line ; feet red, claws black ; iris — upper third greenish
yellow, lower two-thirds brown ; bare skin round eye dark
grey or (310) dusky.

No. 385. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 3, 1907.

Bill black, with a white median patch ; lower mandible —
black base, white tip; feet coral-pink; iris — upper half yellow,
lower brown.

This is not an uncommon bird. It is generally seen in
flocks, and inhabits the bush on the banks of streams.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 115

Fam. TrogontbjE.

141. Hapaloderma narina.

Hapaludcrma narina (Steph.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
vol. ii. p. 150.

A-paloderma narina Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 212.

No. 338. ? . Bunkeya II., 3500 ft., Aug. 30, 1907.

Bill greyish horn- coloured, gape yellowish; feet greyish
brown ; iris brown.

This species is not uncommon in well- wooded localities on
the low ground in the Congo Basin. I never met with it on
the High Plateau country or in the Luangwa Valley. It is
called " Kasuku" by the natives on the Lualaba River. It
is a shy and silent bird, with a remarkably noiseless flight.
However frequently disturbed, it never seems to fly more
than about thirty yards at a time.

Fam. Musophagid.e.

142. TuRACUS LIVINGSTONII MARUNGENSIS.

Turacus livingstonii marungensis Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 52.

Turacus livingstonii Neave, loc. cit. p. 41.

No. 685. cf . Upper Lofu Valley, near L.Tanganyika,
Aug. 26, 1908.

Bill dull red ; feet black ; iris brown; orbit scarlet.

This was the only specimen of this form of Touraco that I
met with in the High Plateau.

143. Gallirex chlorochlamys.

Gallirex chlorochlamys (Shelley) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 42.
I did not meet with this bird outside of the basin of the
Luangwa Valley.

144. Musophaga ross k.

Musophaga rossce Gould ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 42.

No. 278. <$ • Kambove, 4500 ft., July 10, 1907.

Bili — upper mandible and bare skin on face bright yellow,
with a median patch of orange, lower mandible reddish ;
feet black; iris dark brown.

i 2

116 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 468. <j . Between Lubudi and Lufupa Rivers, 4000 ft.,
Oct. 23, 1907.

Bill and skin on face bright yellow, base of lower mandible
reddish : base of shield in the middle line orange.

This is a common bird west of the Mchinga Escarpment
and throughout the Congo basin. It does not occur in the
Luangwa Valley.

145. ScHIZORHIS CONCOLOR.

Schkorhis concolor (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 43.
This species occurs over a wide area, but is local, being
usually found only in low-lying river-valleys.

Fam. CucuLin r..

146. COCCYSTES GLAXDARIl s.

Coccystes glandarius (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 43.

117. Coccystes jacobinus.

Coccystes jacobinus (Bodd.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 44.

148. Co< I ¥S1 ES CAFER.

Coccystes cafer (Licht.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p 44.

These birds arc to be met with every year about November
and December on their southward migration. C. jacobinus is
much the commonest of the three species, and some of them
seem to remain in these latitudes throughout the summer.

149. Pachycoccyx validus.

Pachycoccyx validus Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 83.

No. 365. ? . Mpandi R., Dikulwe Valley, 3600 ft.,
Sept. 22, 1907.

Bill dusky, base and gape yellow ; feet yellow ; iris brown,
orbit yellow.

The only specimen observed of this rare bird.

150. CUCULUS CANORUS.

Cuculus canorus (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 45.

No. 213. S • Upper Lualaba R., 3600 ft., May 27, 1907.

Bill orange-yellow, anterior half of upper and tip of lower
mandible black ; feet yellow ; iris brown ; orbit sulphur-
yellow.

•V. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 117

151. CUCULUS SOLITARIUS.

Cuculus solitarius (Stephens) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 45.
This Cuckoo appears pretty common during the summer
months.

152. Cuculus clamosus.

Cuculus clamosus (Lath.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 44.

The striking three-syllabled note of this species begins to
be heard everywhere about September and October, but the
bird itself is not very often seen.

153. Metallococcyx smaragdineus.

Metallococcyx smaragdineus (Swains.) ; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 45.

154. Chrysococcvx cupreis.

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 46.
This is a by no means uncommon bird in the winter months.
It is rather shy.

155. Centropus nigrorufus.

Centropus nigrorufus (Cuvier) ; Reich, ioc. cit. vol. ii.
p. 71.

No. 507. <$ • Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 18, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris purplish brown.

I found this a very rare bird — in fact, I only met with it
on one occasion, where I found a few individuals on the
borders of the large Nashinga swamp in the mid-Chambezi
Valley.

156. Centropus burchelli.

Centropus burchelli (Swains.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 46.

I never met with this species outside the Luangwa Valley.

157. Centropus superciliosus.

Centropus superciliosus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.) ; Neave,
loc. cit. p. 47.

No. 297. S • Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 31, 1907.

Bill black ; feet slate-eoloured ; iris blood-red.

No. 302. ? . Bunkeya R., July 31, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible bluish horn-coloured ; feet
slate ; iris red.

118 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 362. ? . Bunkeya R., Sept. 10, 1907.
Bill black ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris blood-red.
No. 671. ? . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, Aug. 16, 1908.
Bill black, base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet slate-
coloured.

No. 585. ? . Chislii Island, L. Bangweolo, June 24, 1908 .

Bill black ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris red.

This bird is common everywhere in suitable localities.

Fam. IndicatoridjE.

158. Indicator indicator.

Indicator indicator (Gm.); Neave. loc. cit. p. 47.

No. 126. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 31, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, tip paler ; feet dusky brown ; iris
yellow-brown.

No. 170. <J . Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 5, 1907.

Bill pinkish, deeper in colour at base, tip of upper mandible
slightly dusky; feet dark grey; iris brown.

No. 764, S • E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 10, 1908.

Bill, pinkish flesh-coloured, gape and nostrils purplish ;
feet dusky ; iris brown.

This is a very common bird, so much so that it becomes
sometimes a positive nuisance. On several occasions when
following elephant or important game I have had to detail
natives to follow it in order to put an end to its noisy
importunities.

159. Indicator major.

Indicator major Steph. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 106.

No. 521. ? . Chambezi R., 4000 ft., May 5, 1908.

Bill dusky brown ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris olive-
brown; skin round eye dark slate-coloured.

No. 522. S- Chambezi R., May 5, 1908.

Bill very dark brown ; feet blackish ; iris olive-brown ;
skin round eye dark slate-coloured.

This would appear to be a rare bird in this part of Africa,
as I only met with one pair, which were shot in some dense

2V. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 119

forest. I cannot agree with Capt. Boyd Alexander's opinion*
that tliis species is an immature stage of /. indicator.

160. Indicator variegatus.

Indicator variegatus (Less.) : Neave, loc. cit. p. 48.

161. Prodotiscus regulus.

Prodotiscus regulus Sundev. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114.

No. 646. rS . Lofu R., near L. Tanganyika, Aug. 7, 1908.

Bill and feet dusky ; iris brown.

This was the only specimen of this rare bird that I met
with. It did not appear to have the habits of its Honey-
Guide cousins.

Fam. Capitoxid.*:.

162. Lybius macclouni.

Lybius macclouni (Shelley); Neave, loc. cit. p. 48.

No. 52. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 22, 1907.

Bill whitish ; feet dirty flesh-coloured ; iris cinnamon-
brown.

No. 103. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 21, 1907.

Bill whitish; feet purplish pink; iris blood- red.

No. 580. ? . N. shore of L. Bangweolo, Jan. 22, 1908.

Bill wThite ; feet pinkish brown ; iris orange-red.

No. 689. ? . Lofu Valley, L. Tanganyika, Aug. 26,
1908.

Bill whitish ; feet flesh-pink ; iris cinnamon-red.

This bird is common everywhere, except that it is appa-
rently absent from the Luangwa Valley. It usually occurs
in pairs and is nearly always found in the bush on the banks
of streams. It is very tame and rather inquisitive.

163. Lybius torquatus.

Lybius torquatus (Dumont); Neave, loc. cit. p. 48.

164. Lybius torquatus congicus.

Lybius torquatus congicus Reich. Inc. cit. vol. ii. p. 126.
No. 109. c? . Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., March 23, 1907.
Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris very dark brown.

* Bull. B. 0. C. xxi. p. 91 (1908).

120 Mr. S. A.-Neave on the Birds of

No. 120. S • Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., March 29, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris red-brown.

Birds from this side of the watershed appear to belong
to this race, as compared with typical L. torquatus in the
Luangwa Valley.

165. Barbatula extoni.

Barbatula extoni Layard ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 150.

No. 143. $. S. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 3000 ft.,
April 18, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky brown ; iris reddish brown.

No. 272. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 4, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 443. c? . Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, 4500 ft.,
Dec. 17, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 523. <$ • Chambezi R., 3500 ft., May 6, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

No. 785. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 20, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

No. 803. S- Valley of Mansya R., Mpika Plateau,
Oct. 29, 1908.

Bill and feet dusky ; iris brown.

This little bird is not uncommon in wooded country.
It sometimes occurs in family-parties of about five individuals,
though usually singly. A single bird is sometimes seen
amongst a " bird-party."

166. Stactol^ema anchietjE.

Stactolama anchietce (Boc.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, vol. ii.
p. 182.

Buccanodon anchieta: Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 141.

No. 147. J. S. Kaluli R., Lualaba R., April 20,
1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dusky.

No. 221. J . Upper Lualaba R., May 30, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

I observed this bird only in the Lualaba Valley.

AT. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 121

167. Trachyphonus cafer.

Trachyphonus cafer (Vieill.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 49.

No. 9. <J . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 5, 1907.

Bill pale greenish yellow, tip dusky; feet dusky; iris
reddish brown.

A fairly common bird, which is more often heard than
seen.

Fam. Picid.e.

168. DENDROMUS F'JELLEBORNI.

Dendromus fulleborni (Neum.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 49.
No. 234. S • Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 14, 1907.
Bill dusky, lower mandible slightly paler; feet greenish
grey ; iris dark brown.

169. Dendromus smith i.

Dendromus smithi (Mahl.); Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 176.

No. 536. J . Chambezi R., May 16, 1908.

Bill blackish; feet dull greenish ; iris pale amethyst-pink.

No. 748. J . Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N. of L. Bau-
gweolo, Sept. 24, 1908.

Bill dull slate-coloured, somewhat paler below ; feet
greenish grey ; iris pale claret.

170. Dendromus bennetti.

Dendromus bennetti (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 50.

Nos. 27, 28. ? ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 13, 1907.

Bill greenish dusky ; feet greenish grey ; iris brownish
magenta.

No. 53. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 23, 1907.

Bill greyish ; feet greenish grey ; iris red.

No. 114. S ■ Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 24, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured ; feet greenish grey ; iris
amethyst-pink.

171. Dendropicus hartlaubi.

Dendropicus hartlaubi (Malh.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 50.
No. 116. (?. Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., March 26, 1907.
Bill dusky horn-coloured ; feet greenish grey ; iris dark
red.

122 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 253. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 25, 1907.
Bill dark grey ; feet olive-grey ; iris dark red.
No. 456. Juv. Near Sereuje, N.E. Rhodesia, Dec. 20, 1907.
Bill dusky grey : feet greenish ; iris reddish brown.
Xo. 490. g . Upper Luangwa R,, 30C0 ft.,March 29, 1908.
Bill dark grey ; feet greenish grey ; iris dull red.
No. 612. ?. Lofu R., Tanganyika Plateau, 4000 ft.,
Aug. 6, 1908.

Bill dark grey ; feet greenish ; iris dull red.
No. 762. <?. E. of L. Bangweolo, Get. 9, 1908.
Bill dusky; feet greenish grey ; iris dull red.

172. Thripias namaqui s.

Thripias namaquus ( Licht.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 50.

173. Mesopicus ruwkxzori.

Mesopicus ruwenzori Sharpej Bull. B. 0. C. xiii. p. 8 (1902 ).

No. 280. $ . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 11, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet dark
grey ; iris dark brown.

No. 318. ? . Bunkeya R., 3500 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet greenish
grey ; iris brown.

This bird, so far as my experience goes, differs from other
Woodpeckers in its preference for patches of dense forest.
It is rather shy.

Fa m . II IRUNDINID M .

174. Chelidon urbica.

Chelidonaria urbica (L.); Neave. loc. cit. p. 51.

I again saw a very large number of these birds, apparently
on migration, on the Upper Lufira River, on November 24,
1907. This date is therefore thirteen days later aud the
locality some three hundred miles north-west of the obser-
vation made on the first expedition (Inc. cit. p. 51).

175. IIlRUXDO RUSTICA.

Hirundo rustica L. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 106.
Xo. 150. Mazanguli, Lualaba Valley. 2600 ft., April 24,
1907.

AT. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 123

Bill and feet black; iris dusky.

No. 409. c? • Between Lubudi and Lufupa Rivers, Oct.
23. 1907.

Bill black, gape yellow; feet dusky brown; iris dark
brown.

The European Swallow seems to be uncommon, and both
these individuals, I am inclined to think, were on migration.

17G. HlRUNDO DI MIDI ATA.

Hirundo dimidiata Sund. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 403.

No. 10. Juv. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 6, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Judging by the season and the fact that this is a young
bird, this species, which is uncommon in my experience,
appears to breed here.

177. Hirundo gkiseopyga.

Hirundo griseopyga Sundev. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 51.
No. 510. S • Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 23, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris dusky brown.
No. 813. ? ? Mansya R., L. Young, Nov. 2, 1908.
Bill and feet dusky; iris brown.

This Swallow is usually seen hawking after insects in
open parts of the country.

178. Hirundo puella.

Hirundo paella Temm. & Schl. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 52.
No. 179. Busanga, Lualaba R., 2800 ft., May 10, 1907.
Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
No. 359. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 7, 1907.;
Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.
No. 699. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 7, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

This species is nearly always found on the banks of
streams. I did not meet with it far from water.

179. Hirundo monteiri.

Hirundo monteiri Hart.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 52.
No. 34. <J. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 15, 1907.
Bill and feet black ; iris very dark brown.

124 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Xo. 361. S • Bimkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 8, 1907.
Bill black ; feet dusky; iris dark brown.
No. 581. S- N. shore of L. Bangweolo, June 22,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

180. Clivicola cincta.

Clivicola cincta (Bodd.); Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, vol. iii.
p. 189.

Riparia cincta Reich, loc. eit. vol. ii. p. 394.

No. 7. <J . Kansanshi, N.W. Rhodesia, 1000 ft., Jan. 28,
1907.

Hill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Fara. Muscicapid.*:.

181. AlLSEONAX SUBADUSTA.

Alseonux svbadusta Shelley ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 52.

No. 180. ? . Busanga, Lnalaba R., 2800 ft., May 10,
1907.

Bill dark brown; feet dusky-brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 251. ? . Katanga's, Lufira R,., 3700 It., June 24,
1907.

Bill brown, base of lower mandible yellow ; feet dusky ;
iris brown.

No. 279. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 10, 1907.

Bill dusky, lower mandible yellowish tipped with dusky ;
feet dusky; iris dark brown.

No. 5G7. ? . Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N. of L. Ban-
gweolo, June 13, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible and gape yellowish ;
feet dark brown ; iris brown.

No. 698. ? . Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 5, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible yellowish; feet dusky ;
iris dark brown.

This little bird is not uncommon in the woodland, but is
often overlooked on account of its small size and inconspi-
cuous appearance. It is sometimes one of the members of
a " bird party.''''

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Couyolaml. 125

IS?. Alseonax infulata.

Alseonax infulata (Hart.); Reich, loo. cit. vol. ii. p. 157.

No. 597. ? . Lake Bangweolo, July 5, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

This was one of a pair of birds seen among the reeds in
a lagoon forming part of L. Bangweolo and quite a mile
from dry land. It was not observed elsewhere.

183. Alseonax melanoptera.

Alseonax melanoptera Jackson, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. p. 88
(1906).

No. 725. Kalungwisi K., Sept. 15, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.

It seems doubtful whether this bird is really distinct from
A. lug ens (Hartl.).

184. MeljEnornis ater.

Melcenornis ater (Sund.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 53.
No. 101. (J . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 20, 1907.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

This bird is not uncommon in woodland country. It lias
a habit of sitting at the top of a tall tree.

185. Bradyornis murinus.

Bradyornis murinus Finsch & Hartl. ; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 53.

No. 157. <J. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 2500 ft., April
27, 1907.

Bdl and feet dusky brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 590. J1 . West coast of Lake Bangweolo, July 1, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet dark brown ; iris brown.

This bird is rather wary for a Flycatcher. It frequents
the bushes in open spaces and clearings, such as native
gardens.

186. Bradyornis griseus.

Bradyornis griseus Reich. J. f. O. 18S2, p. 211.
Bradornis griseus Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 438.
No. 527. ? . Chambezi R., 4000 ft., May 7, 1908.
Bill dark brown ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

126 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 723. <?. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 14, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

This bird, which is distinguished from B. murinus by its
smaller size, frequents somewhat denser bush and is not
uncommon.

187. MUSCICAPA GRISOLA.

Muscicapa grisola L.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 53.

No. 48. S • Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 22, 1907.

Bill horn-brown j feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

No. 486. ? . Upper Luangwa Valley, 3000 ft., March
28, 1908.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, base of lower mandible paler j
feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

188. Muscicapa oerulescens.

Muscicapa carulescens (Hartl.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 54.

No. 107. $ . Dikulwe, 4000 ft., March 23, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible blue-grey tipped with dusky;
feet dusky ; iris brown.

No. 162, S- Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 2, 1907.

Bill dusky, blue-grey below ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

No. 283. ? . Lukafu, 3000 ft., July 22, 1907.

Bill black, blue-grey below ; feet dusky grey; iris dark
brown.

No. 342. Bunkeya 11., 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill dusky, lower mandible blue-grey tipped dusky; feet
dusky brown ; iris brown.

No. 426. $ • Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 31, 1907.

Bill dusky, lower mandible bluish grey; feet olive-brown;
iris dark brown.

No. (532. J . Upper Kalungwisi Valley, July 29, 1908.

Bill dusky, lower mandible bluish grey; feet black; iris
brown.

No. 665. ? . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, Aug. 14, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible greyish; feet very
dark brown ; iris browm.

A common species, especially in thick bush or forest on
the banks of streams.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congo/and. 127

189. Hyliota australis.

Hyliota australis Shelley; Reich, loe. cit. vol. ii. p. 171.

No. 17. J? Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb 10, 1907.

Bill black, bluish grey at base of lower mandible ; feet
blackish ; iris dark brown.

No. 20. ? . Kambove, Feb. 11, 1907.

Bill dusky, bluish horn-coloured below; feet bluish dusky ;
iris dark brown.

No. 65. Juv. Kambove, Feb. 28, 1907.

Bill black, blue-grey below; feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 138. <$. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 3, 1907.

Bill black, blue-grey below ; feet dusky grey ; iris dark
brown.

No. 551. S . Upper Luansenshi R., N.E. of L. Ban-
gweolo, June 4, 1908.

Bill black above, bluish grey below ; feet black ; iris
brown.

No. 562. ? juv. Edge of Chimpili Plateau, June 10,
1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet dusky ;
iris brown.

This little bird is not uncommon in the woodland country
west of the MchingaEscarpment. It is usually solitary, but
is occasionally seen in family-parties of five or six individuals.

190. Parisoma plumbeum.

Parisoma plumbeum (Hartl.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 521.
No. 222. <$ . Upper Lualaba R., 3800 ft., May 30, 1907.
Bill black, base of loAver mandible grey ; feet duskv grey ;
iris red.

191. Myopornis boehmi.

Myopornis boehmi (Reich.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 448.

No. 538. S • Chambezi R., May 20, 1908.

Bill blackish ; feet dark bluish grey; iris dark brown.

The only specimen of this rare bird obtained was shot
in the bush on the banks of the Chambezi and appeared to
have much the same habits as a Muscicapa.

128 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

192. Chloropeta natalexsis.

Chloropt'ta natalensis A. Smith ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii.
p. 464.

No. 39. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 17, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured above, pinkish horn-coloured
below; feet dusky; iris olive-brown.

No. 50. ? , breediug. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 22,
1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, whitish below; feet dusky
greyish; iris dark brown.

No. 69. S • Kambove, March 1, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, pinkish horn-coloured below ; feet dusky
grey ; iris brown.

I only met with these birds at Kambove. All of them
were shot sitting on the heads of some long grasses in
broken country.

193. Batis molitor.

Batis molitor (Hahn & Kiistcr) ; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 5 1.

No. 1. ? juv. Between Broken Hill and Kapopo, -1000 ft.,
Jan. 5, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris outwardly yellowish, inwardly
\\ hitish.

No. 11. <J ad. Kambove, 1500 ft., Feb. 9, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris outwardly golden brown, inwardly
sulphur-yellow.

No. 163. $ . Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 2, 1907.

Bill and feet black; iris orange-yellow.

No. 271. ?. Kambove, 4500 ft., July 4, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris sulphur-yellow, becoming brown
outwardly.

No. 639. ? . Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, Aug. 4, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris pale yellow.

No. 724. ? . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 14, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris sulphur-yellow.

An extremely common species in woodland country. One
pair at least accompanies every bird-party.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Cong/da nd. )29

194. PLATYSTIRA JACKSONI.

Platystira jacksoni Sharpe; Neave, loc. cit. p. 55.

No. 32. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 15, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark amethystine ; wattle
crimson.

No. 33. rf . Kanibove, Feb. 15, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark amethystine ; wattle
ciimson.

No. 139. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 3, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky; iris dark brown; wattle, upper
scarlet, lower dusky brown.

Xo. 196. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 20,
1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky, legs dark purplish ; iris dark
brown ; wattle red.

No. 556. ? . Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N. of Bangweolo,
June 9, 1908.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris brown ; wattle scarlet.

No. 657. S ■ Lofu R-j Aug. 10, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown ; wattle, upper
scarlet, lower dark brown.

This bird is confined to dense bush and thickets near
water. It is usually seen in pairs and has a peculiarly harsh
grating note. It is tame and somewhat inquisitive. I only
saw one individual in the Luangwa Valley, but whether it
belonged to this species or to the closely allied P. pelt at a
Sundev. I am unable to say.

195. Smithornis capensis.

Smithorms capensis (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 55.

No. 108. S • Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 23, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible white; feet greenish yellow;
iris grey-brown.

No. 352. ? . Buukeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 1, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible white; feet pale olive-yellow;
iris brown.

This bird, though not rare, is seldom seen. It frequents
very dense bush on the banks of streams.

SER. ix. — VOL. IV. k

130 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

196. Erythrocercus livingstoxii.

Erythrocercus livingstonei Finsch & Hartl. ; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 56.

This bird docs not appear to pass the Mchinga Escarpment,
us I never met with it elsewhere.

197. Trochocercus vivax. (Plate I.)

Trochocercus vivax Neave, Ann. N. H. (8) vol. iv. p. 129
(1909).

This species resembles T. bivittatus Reich., but has no white
wing-patch. The sides of the body are ashy grey, with the
breast and the abdomen white.

Total length about 61 inches; eulmen 0'7; wing 2'75 ;
tail 3-2 ; tarsus 0'75.

No. 121. S juv. Dikulwe 11., 4000 ft., March 29, 1907.

Bill dusky, lower mandible blue-grey; feet blue-grey; iris
very dark brown.

No. 311. ? ad., type. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. SO,
1907.

Bill dark blue, tip of upper mandible black ; feet lead-
coloured : iris dark reddish brown.

No. 353. S ad., type. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 1,
1907.

Bill bluish horn-coloured, dusky tip; feet bluish grey; iris
brown.

This bird occurs sparingly in forest on streams and river-
banks. It is very active and restless, but is rather shy, and
if once alarmed disappears into the densest thickets.

198. TCHITREA PLUMBEICEPS.

Tchitrea plumbeiceps (Reich.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 56.

No. 105. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 23, 1907.

Bill dusky, bluish horn-coloured at base ; feet greyish
blue; iris very dark brown.

No. 336. 6 . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 28, 1907.

Bill blue ; feet lead-coloured ; iris dark brown, orbit blue.

No. 360. ? . Bunkeya R., Sept, 8, 1907.

Bill blue, tip dusky ; feet blue-grey ; iris dark brown ;
orbit blue.

Ibis. 1910. PI. I.

West, Newman imp.

TROCHOCERCUS VI VAX, cf 9.

N. Rhodesia and Katanya District of Conyoland. 131

No. 416. <$ . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 28, 1907.

Bill bright blue; feet dark slate-coloured; iris brown,
orbit bright blue.

No. 587. d" juv. Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 26,
1908.

Bill bluish slate-coloured, tipped with dusky ; feet dark
bluish slate-coloured ; iris dark brown, orbit dark blue.

No. 750. ? . Chimpili Plateau, Luwingu, Sept. 25, 1908.

Bill blue-grey ; feet bluish grey ; iris dark brown, orbit
blue.

This species is ubiquitous in woodland country.

199. ELMINIA ALB1CAUDA.

Elminia albicauda Boc. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 57.
No. 77. S ■ Kambove, 4500 ft., March 4, 1907.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 517. <$ . Valley of Chambezi, 4000 ft., May 2, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
No. 615. £ . Luwingu, Chimpili Plateau, July 19, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 630. ? . Upper Kalungwisi Valley, July 29, 1908.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

A common High Plateau species in woodland and on
stream-banks. It is very tame.

Fain. Campophagid^:.

200. CoRACINA PECTORALIS.

Coracina pectoralis (Jard. & Selb.) ; Neave, loe. cit. p. 57.

Nos. 194, 195. S ? imm. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft.,
May 19, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 236.' <$ . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 15, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This bird is not uncommon in woodland country, but is
rather shy. On the wing it looks like a cuckoo or small
hawk.

Young males appear to resemble the female in having a
white throat.

132 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

201. Campophaga nigra.

Campophaga nigra (Vieill.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 58.

No. 111. cJ . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 24, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; gape yellow ; iris brown.

No. 173. ? . Lualaba R., 2600 ft., April 6, 1907.

Bill dusky brown ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 233. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 13, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 653. ? . Lofu Valley, Aug. 10, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 472. S • Lundazi R., Upper Luang wa Valley, March 3,
1908.

Bill black, gape bright orange ; feet black ; iris dark
brown.

Not uncommon, but often overlooked on account of its
retiring habits.

202. Campophaga quiscalina.

Campophaga quiscalina Finsch ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. ii.
p. 520.

No 51. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 22, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky; iris dark brown.

This specimen, which I assign Avith some doubt to C. qui-
scalina, was shot in a small patch of dense forest. The
species was not observed elsewhere.

Fam. Pycnoxotid.i..

203. Andropadus zombensis.

Andropadus zombensis Shelley ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
vol. iii. p. 324.

Andropadus virens zombensis Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 413.

No. 182. ? . Junction of Lufupa and Lualaba Rivers,
2800 ft., May 11, 1907.

Bill and feet brown; iris brown.

Nos. 554, 555. S ? • Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N, o
L. Bangweolo, June 8, 1908.

Bill very dark brown ; feet yellowish brown ; iris brown.

Nos. 558, 565. $ S • Edge of Chimpili Plateau, June 9,
11, 1908.

A". Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 133

Hill dark brown ; feet olive-brown ; iris brown.
No. 681. <J. Lofu Valley, Aug. 24, 1908.
Bill dusky; feet brown ; tarsi paler ; iris brown.
No. 690. "$ . Lofu Valley, Aug. 27, 1908.
Bill dark brown ; feet brown ; iris dark brown.
This bird is not uncommon in " msitu " and. in patches of.
forest on stream-banks. It has a singularly sweet song.

204. Andropadus oleaginus.

Andropadus oleaginus Peters ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 58.
This species is common in the Luangwa Valley, but seems
to be absent from the High Plateau.

205. CltlNIGER SYLVICULTOR.

Criniger sylvicultor Neave, Ann. N. H. (8) vol. iv. p. 130
(1909).

This bird is allied to C. cabanisi Sharpe, but is distinctly
paler, the throat and entire breast being pale sulphur-yellow,
the fore-neck olive washed with sulphur-yellow. The bill is
also longer and stronger than that of C. cabanisi.

Total length about 7 inches ; culmen 085 ; wing 3*65 ;
tail 3'6 ; tarsus 105.

No. 46. (J. Kambove, 4500ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, paler below ; feet greyish tinted
yellow; iris dusky.

No. 132. (J . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pale greyish ;
iris olive- grey.

No. 340. d . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 30, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, lower mandible much paler ;
feet grey ; iris olive-brown.

No. 363. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 10, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; gape yellow ;
feet greenish grey ; iris greyish olive.

No. 557. ? . Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N. of L. Ban-
gweolo, June 9, 1908.

Bill brownish, paler below; feet grey; iris yellowish
brown.

134 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 679. $ . Lofu Valley, L. Tanganyika, Aug. 24, 1908.

Bill dusky, paler below ; feet greenish grey ; iris brown.

No. 731. *cJ . Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 17, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible paler; feet
greenish slate-coloured ; iris pale olive- brown.

No. 747. ? . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi district,
Sept. 23, 1908.

Bill greyish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible paler;
feet pale slate-coloured ; iris pale greyish brown.

This species o£ Criniger is not uncommon in dense forest
within the Congo basin. It has a rather harsh croaking note.

206. Phyllostrophus occidentalis.
Phyllostrophus occidentalis (Sharpe) ; Reich, loc. cit.

vol. iii. p. 397.

No. 153. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, April 27, 1907.

Bill dark greyish brown; feet slate-coloured; iris red-
brown.

207. Phyllostrophus cervixiventris.
Phyllostrophus cerviniventris Shelley ; Reich, loc. cit.

vol. iii. p. 403.

No. 339. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 30, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible paler,
especially at base; feet flesh-coloured ; iris golden brown.

No. 347. ? . Bunkeya R., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible much paler;
feet flesh-coloured ; iris golden.

No. 692. S • Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 3, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible flesh-
coloured ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris salmon-orange.

No. 732. ? . Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 17, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible paler ;
feet flesh-coloured ; iris orange.

208. Phyllostrophus pallidigula.
Xenocicla pallidigula, Sharpe; Ibis, 1898, p. 146.
Phyllostrophus flavigula pallidigula Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii.

p. 395.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 135

No. 227. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 12, 1907.

Bill black; feet dark greyish brown; iris pale yellow-brown.

No. 259. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 1, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 277. ? . Kambove, July 10, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark grey ; iris hazel.

No. 372. ? . Plateau near Upper Lualaba R., 4000 ft.,
Sept. 24, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark olive-brown ; iris orange-brown.

No. 384. S • Upper Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 3, 1907.

Bill dark browu ; feet dark brown ; iris yellowish brown.

No. 406. ? . Lubudi R., 3800 ft., Oct. 19, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky olive; iris golden brown.

No. 778. S • L. shore of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 16, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet dusky olive ; iris ochre-yellow.

No. 802. ? . Mansya R., Mpika Plateau, 4500 ft., Oct. 29,
1908.

Bill black; feet slate-coloured ; iris yellowish brown.

A common forest species. The specimens recorded by
Shelley from Zomba as P '. flaviguta should, 1 think, be really
attributed to this species.

209. Phyllostrophus strepitams.

Phyltostrophus strepitans (Reich.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 59.

No. 460. ? . Petauke, Luangwa Valley, Jan. 10, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet greyish
brown; iris reddish brown.

This bird is common in the Luangwa Valley, but I never
met with it west of the Mchinga Escarpment.

210. Pycnonotus layardi.

Pycnonotus layardi Gurney ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 59.

No. 66. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 28, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 104. S • Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 21, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 381. $ . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 2, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This species seems to be ubiquitous and always common.

136 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Fam. Timeliid.e.

211. CRATEROPUS HARTLAUBI.

Crateropus hartlaubi Bocage; Neave, loc. cit. p. 61.

No. 320. ? . Bimkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 13, 1907.

Bill black ; legs olive ; iris bright crimson.

No. 325. ? . Bunkeya R., Aug. 15, 1907.

Hill black ; feet very dark olive; back of tarsus much
paler.

No. 335. S - Bunkeya R., Aug. 28, 1907.

Bill black; feet dark olive-grey, legs paler; iris orange-
scarlet.

No. 452. ? . Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, 4500 ft.,
Dec. 19, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dull slate-coloured ; tarsi pale greyish ;
iris blood-red.

No. 700. ? . Kalungwisi 1!., Sept. 7, 1908.

Bill black ; feet greyish horn-coloured; iris scarlet, with
an inner line of orange.

This bird replaces C. kirki west of the Mchinga Escarp-
ment. It is usually round on the banks of streams in rather
open country and is shy.

212. Crateropus kirki.

Crateropus kirki Sharpe; Neave, loc. cit. p. (10.
This species is not uncommon in the Luangwa Valley, but
I never met with it west of the Mchinga Escarpment.

213. Crateropus tanganjic.i:.

Crateropus tanganjicce Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. G63.

No. 49. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 22, 1907.

Bill black ; feet greenish grey ; iris orange-yellow, out-
wardly scarlet.

No. 58. Kambove, J500 ft., Feb. 25, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky grey, legs paler; iris orange, out-
wardly scarlet.

Nos. 216, 217. <$ ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3600 ft., May 30,
1907.

Bill black ; feet brownish ; legs brownish grey ; iris
orange, outwardly scarlet.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 137

No. 317. S ■ Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 11, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris orange, becoming outwardly
scarlet.

Nos. 727, 728. ? £ . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 16, 1908.

Bill black; feet greyish horn-coloured, tarsi paler; iris
scarlet, with an inner line of orange.

The recently described C. carruthersi of Grant seems to be
doubtfully distinct from this species.

C. tanganjica is a common bird in small parties throughout
the country in the Congo basin. It has much the same
habits as C. hartlaubi.

214. Neocichla kelleni.

Neocichla kelleni Biittik. Notes Leiden Museum, x. p. 229,
pi. 9. fig. 1 (1888).

Neocichla gutturalis (partim) Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 678.

No. 470. ? . Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., Feb. 27, 1908.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, base and gape orange-yellow;
feet brown; iris bluish grey.

I only met with this very rare bird on one occasion.
I found a party of about twenty in Mopane forest. They
were rather shy, and it took me nearly two hours before
I could get within gunshot. In flight they much resembled
Prionops talacoma, but they have a chattering note more
like that of a Crateropus.

Although both Reichenow and Sharpe agree in treating
this bird as the young of N. gutturalis Sharpe, I am a little
doubtful about it, as all the examples that I saw appeared to
be heavily spotted, as shown in the figure of N. kelleni.

Fam. Tukdid^e.

215. Merula tropicalis.

Merula tropicalis (Peters) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 61.

No. 61. S • Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 25, 1907.

Bill orange ; feet light orange ; iris dark brown ; orbit
orange-brown.

No. 81. S? Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 14, 1907.

Bill orange; feet pale orange-brown; iris brown, orbit
orange-brown.

138 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 142. cf . Kaluli R,, Lualaba Valley, 3000 ft., April 18,
1907.

Bill orange ; feet pale orange-yellow ; iris brown, orbit
yellow.

No. 231. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 13, 1907.

Bill orange; feet yellow-brown; iris dark brown, orbit
yellow-brown.

No. 445. <J juv. Near Serenje, N.E. R., 4500 ft., Dec. 17,
1907.

Bill dirty yellow; feet dirty flesh-coloured ; iris brown,
orbit brownish yellow.

No. 534. S ■ Chambezi R., May 12, 1908.

Bill orange ; feet orange-yellow ; iris brown, orbit
orange.

This bird is not uncommon throughout the country.
Like all the Thrushes, away from human habitation, it is
rather shy. It usually frequents the thickets on the large
termite-mounds, in the woodland.

216. TURDUS STORMS!.

Turclus stormsi Hartl. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 694.

No. 350. ? . Near Bunkeya R., 3100 ft., Sept. 1, 1907.

Bill orange-yellow, dusky brown over nostrils; feet dirty
whitish ; iris brown.

No. 553. £ . Edge of Chimpili Plateau, N. of L. Ban-
gweolo, June 8, 1908.

Bill dull orange; feet pale dull yellowish; iris brown.

No. 696. <J . Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 5, 1908.

Bill orange-yellow; feet greyish flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

I found this Thrush not uncommon but extremely shy.
I only met with it in dense forest near water. It has an
alarm-note hardly distinguishable from that of the Common
Blackbird ( T. merula).

217. GeoCICHLA L1TS1PSIRUPA STIERLINGI.

Geocichla lit sip sirup a stierlincji Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii.
]>. (180.

Nos. 133, 134. S ? . Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., April 2,
1907.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 139

Bill dark brown, lower mandible orange-yellow tipped
brown ; feet pale dirty yellowish ; iris brown.

No. 207. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 2.2, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible orange-yellow
tipped brownish ; feet yellowish brown, legs much paler;
iris dark brown.

No. 540. $ . Luena, N. of L. Bangweolo, May 28,
1908.

Bill dark brown above, lower mandible and gape yellow,
llie tip brown ; feet pale yellow; iris dark brown.

These birds have decidedly darker crowns than the typical
G. Utsipsirupa, but the other characters given by Reichenow
seem hardly constant. I found it a rather scarce and shy
bird.

218. Petrophila angolensis.

Petrophila angolensis (Sousa) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 61.

No. 36. ? Kambove, 1500 ft., Feb. 16, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky olive ; iris darker brown.

No. 419. <J . Lufupa It., Oct. 29, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 621. $ . Luwingu, N. of L. Bangweolo, July 21,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 419 is a very worn specimen, the black tips to the
feathers on the dorsal surface having almost entirely dis-
appeared.

This seems to be everywhere a scarce bird. It usually
frequents wooded hill-sides.

219. COSSIPHA BOCAGEI.

Cossypha bocagei Finsch & Harll. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 62.

No. 47. <$ ? Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brownish
grey ; iris dark brown.

No. 369. ? . Plateau near Upper Lualaba, 4500 ft.7
Sept. 24, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, base of lower mandible paler; feet pale
grey ; iris brown ?

140 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Nos. 715, 716. ? S ■ Kalungwisi R., Sept. 10; 1908.

3^ ill black : feet greyish olive ; iris dark brown.

This bird frequents dense forest only, and being extremely
shy is difficult to shoot. It has a musical but penetrating
note.

220. Cossypha heuglini.

Cossypha heuglini Hartl. j Neave, loc. cit. p. 62.

No. 56. J. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 23, 1907.

Bill black ; feet pinkish brown ; iris brown.

No. 190. ? . Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 17, 1907.

Bill black ; feet grey-brown ; iris brown.

No. 333. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 22, 1907.

Hill black ; feet dusky olive ; iris brown.

This species is not confined to dense forest like the
preceding. It is usually to be found in thickets, on old
termite-mounds and river-banks. Except in the neighbour-
hood of human habitation, I have always found it very
wary.

221. Cossypha barbata.

Cossypha bar tain Finsch 6c Hartl. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 63.

No. 16. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 9, 191)7.

Bill bluish dusky, base of lower mandible paler; feet
flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.

No. 146. ?. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 2500 ft.. April 19,
1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, base of lower mandible greyish;
feet pale flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 209. S • Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 23, 1907.

Bill black, base of lower mandible paler; feet flesh-
coloured ; iris brown.

No. 391. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 11, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet pale flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 756. d . Near Luena, L. Bangwcolo, Oct. 4, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible whitish; feet pale
brownish flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.

This bird differs from its allies in venturing much more
into the open, and is consequently more easily obtained.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. Ill

222. Erythropvgia zambesiana:

Erythropygia zambesiana Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 03.

No. 99. S • Dikulwe R., 1000 It., March 20, 1907.

Bill dusky, lower mandible yellowish at base ; feet pale
flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

Xo. 229. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 13, 1907.

Bill dusky, gape and base of lower mandible yellow ; feet
greyish flesh-coloured; iris dark brown.

Xo. 378. S • Upper Lufupa R,, 4000 ft., Oct. 2, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible and
gape yellow; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; tarsi paler; iris
olive-brown.

No. 444. £ . Near Serenje, XT.E. Rhodesia, 45C0 ft .
Dec. 17, 1<J07.

Bill brown, base of lower mandible and gape yellow ;
feet greyish flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 518. <$ . Chambezi R., 4000 ft., May 4, 1908.

Bill dark brown, base of lower mandible and gape yellow ;
feet pale greyish flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.

Xo. 721. ^ . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 13, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible and gape yellowish ;
feet pale olive-grey ; iris brown.

This is a very shy and restless little bird. It is frequently
to be found among thickets and long grasses on the edge
of native gardens. Its song consists of a few penetrating
notes constantly repeated.

223. Myrmecocichla arnotti.

Myrmecucichla amotti (Tristr.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1908,
p. 299.

Thamnolcea shelleyi Neave> loc. cit. p. 63.

Xo. 11. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 6, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Xos. 59, 62. $ ? . Kambove, Feb. 25, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 75. $. Kambove, March 4, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 95. c? • Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 17, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

142 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

This bird is common over a wide area in woodland
country. It is usually found among the timber on the edge
of an open space and seems to prefer the larger trees. The
adult male is distinguished at a glance by its white crown
and black throat, these colours being reversed in the female.

224. Myrmecocichla nigra.

Myrmecocichla nigra (Vieill.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1907,
p. 299.

Nos. 22, 23. ? ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 11, 1907.

Nos. 24, 25. 3 S- Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 12, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown. The sexes are
similar.

As Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has pointed out, this is quite a dis-
tinct bird from M. arnotti. It is, however, of interest to
observe that at Kambove I obtained examples of both species,
so that this would seem to be one of the few places where
their ranges coincide.

This bird frequents much more open spots than does
M. arnotti. The males are easily distinguishable in life from
those of M. arnotti, owing to the fact that only the lesser and
median wing-coverts are white, these being concealed when
the bird is at rest ; they then look entirely black.

225. Pratincola torquata.

Pratincola torquata (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 137.

No. 187. jj. Upper Lualaba E., 3500 ft., May 16, 1107.

Bill and feet black ; iris reddish brown.

No. 367. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., Sept. 23,
1907.

Bill dusky ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 572. cJ • Luena, N.E. of Bangweolo, June 13,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 757. (J juv. Luena K., Oct. 5, 1908.

Bill dusky, gape yellowish ; feet black ; iris brown.

This bird is common in the more open parts of the
countr v.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 1 13

226. Sax kola PALKENSTEINI.

Saxicola falkensteini Cab. ; NTeave, loe. cit. p. 64.

No. 433. J? Ruwe, toOO ft., Nov. 7, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, somewhat paler below ; feet
dusky brown ; iris dark brown.

This is a woodland species, found chiefly in hilly country.
It lives in trees, but feeds on the ground.

227. Campicola pileata.

Campicola pileata (Seebohm) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. GO.

Nos. 203, 204. rf S • Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 22,
1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 758. £ juv. Luena R., L. Bangweolo, Oct. G,
1908.

Bill brown above, yellow below; feet dusky greyish; iris
brown.

Nos. 812, 821. <$ juv. Mansya R., near Lake Young.
Nov. 2 & 4, 1908.

Bill brown above, yellow tipped with brown below; feet
dusky ; iris brow-u.

A common open-country species. It is much attracted by
freshly burnt ground.

Fam. Sylviid^e.

228. AcKOCEPHALUS SCHC3NOB;ENUS.

Acrocephalus schoenobcenus (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii.
p. 588.

No. 45. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill dusky; feet dirty greyish ; iris brown.

This is a rare bird in Central Africa according to my
experience.

229. Acrocephalus bcsticattts.

Acrocephalus baiticatus (Vieill.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii.
p. 587.

No. 447. <J. Near Serenje, N.E. R., Dec. 18, 1907.

Bill dusky above, yellow below; feet greenish yellow;
tarsi brownish ; iris brown.

144 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

230. Melocichla mentalis.

Melocichla mentalis (Fras.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 538.

No. 57. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 23, 1907.

Bill blackisli above, whitish below; feet bluish slate-
coloured; iris brown.

No. 181. $ . Junction of Lualaba and Lufupa Rivers,
3000 ft., May 11, 1907.

Bill dusky horn- coloured, lower mandible whitish tipped
dusky; feet dark greyish; iris brown.

No. 390. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 11, 1907.

Bill black above, whitish belowr ; feet slate-coloured ; iris
orange-brown.

No. 761. $ . E. of L. Baugweolo, Oct. 8, 1908.

Bill dusky, lower mandible greyish white ; feet slate-
coloured; iris reddish brown.

This bird is difficult to obtain, as on the slightest alarm
it disappears into the long grasses in which it lives. It
has a singularly sweet song.

231. ClSTICOLA STOEHRI.

Cisticola stoehri Neave, loc. cit. p. 66.

1 did not meet with this species again. It would therefore
seem to he confined to the low ground of the Luangwa
Valley.

232. Cisticola nana.

Cisticola nana Fisch. & Reich. J. f. O. 1884, p. 2G0 ;
Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 560.

No. 491. S • Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 11, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible whitish ;
feet flesh-coloured ; iris reddish brown.

233. Cisticola hufo-pileata.

Cisticola rufopileala Reich. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 66.

No. 82. ? juv. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 14, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured above, orange below; feet
dull pinkish ; iris olive greyish.

No. 97. S • Dikulwe R., March 18, 1907.

Bill dusky, somewhat paler below ; feet pale pinkish
brown ; iris yellow-brown.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Cong aland. 145

No. 246. c?. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 21, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris orange-brown.

No. 413. <J . Luf upa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 26, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible and gape
yellowish ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 437. <J. Valley of Luapula R., 4000 ft., Dec. 6,
1907.

Bill black ; feet pinkish brown; iris orange-brown.

234. CiSTICOLA SYLVIA.

Cisticola sylvia Reich. ; Neave, loe. cit. p. 66.

No. 137. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 3, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, whitish below ; feet pinkish flesh-
coloured ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 230. Juv. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 13, 1907.

Bill dusky, gape and lower mandible orange-yellow ; feet
orange-yellow.

No. 247. S ■ Upper Lufira R., June 21, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible and gape
yellow ; feet yellow ; iris olive-grey.

No. 315. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft, Aug. 8, 1907.

Bill yellow, culmen dark brown ; feet yellow ; iris pale
olive-grey.

Nos. 660, 661. $ <J . Lofu R., Aug. 13, 1908.

Bill dusky, whitish below ; feet pale brownish flesh-
coloured ; iris reddish brown.

No. 670. ? . Lofu R., Aug. 16, 1908.

Bill dusky, pale pink below ; feet pale brownish flesh-
coloured ; iris reddish brown.

No. 694. (J . Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 4, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible flesh-
coloured ; feet yellowish flesh-coloured ; iris yellowish
brown.

235. Cisticola rufa.

Cisticola rufa (Fras.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 567.

No. 578. Luena, June 20, 1908.

Bill brownish, yellow below ; feet yellowish ; iris brown.

SKR. IX. VOL. IV. L

146 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 645. ? . Lofu R., Aug. 7, 1908.

Bill black, orange-yellow below ; feet yellowish brown;
iris olive-brown.

No. 714. S- Kalangwisi Valley, Sept. 10, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, yellow below ; feet yellowish
flesh-coloured : iris olive-grey.

No. 720. ?. Kakingwisi U., Sept. 11, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, yellow below; feet yellow ;
iris greyish olive.

No. 726. S ■ Kalungwisi R., Sept. 16, 1908.

Bill brown, yellow below ; feet pale yellowish ; iris
greyish olive.

Nos. 767, 773. ? ? . East of L. Bangwcolo, Oct. 13, 15,
1908.

Bill brown, orange-yellow below ; feet yellowish flesh-
coloured : iris olive-brown.

Nos. 788, 793. <$ S • Chambezi Valley, Oct. 24, 25, 1908.

Bill brownish, yellow below; feet yellowish flesh-
coloured ; iris olive-grey.

A fairly common species, usually found on the edges of
forest.

236. ClSTICOLA TERKESTRIS.

Cisticola terrestris (A. Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 558.

No. 705. S . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 9, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-eoloured, flesh-coloured below ; feet
flesh-coloured ; iris olive-brown.

Nos. 738, 744. S ? • Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi
district, Sept. 19, 20, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, flesh-coloured below ; feet
flesh-coloured ; iris olive-grey.

No. 791. S ■ Lower Chambezi Valley, Oct. 25, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet yellowish flesh-coloured ; iris orange-
brown.

Nos. 815, 825. <J $ . Mansya R., L. Young, Nov. 2, 5, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ;
iris yellowish brown.

1 met with this little bird only on the larger plains. It
has a weak bobbing flight.

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 1 17

237. ClSTlCOLA STRAXGII.

Cisticola strangei (Fras.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 544.
No. 12. (J ad. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 8, 1907.
Bill dusky, paler below ; feet pinkish brown ; iris yellow-
brown.

No. 70. Kambove, March 1, 1907.

Bill dusky, whitish below; feet pale salmon-brown; iris
brown.

No. 240. 2 ? Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft , June 17, 1907.
Bill dark brown, gape and lower mandible yellow; feet
fawn-brown ; iris olive-brown.

No. 294. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., July 29, 1907.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible flesh-
coloured ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 366. cJ . Plateau near Lualaba R., 4000 ft. Sept. 23,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet flesh-
eoloured ; tarsi paler ; iris pale olive-yellow.
No. 611. (J. Luwingu, July 17, 1908.
Bill dark brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible
white ; feet pinkish brown ; iris brown.
No. 640. ? . Lofu R., Aug. 6, 1908.
Bill dusky, fleshy horn-coloured below ; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris pale yellowish brown.
No. 703. cJ. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 8, 1908.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, whitish below ; feet pale
brownish flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 729. ? , Kalungwisi R., Sept. 16, 1908.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible flesh-
coloured ; feet pale yellowish brown; iris yellow-brown.
No. 774. cJ. E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 16, 1908.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris golden brown.

238. Cisticola lugubris.

Cisticola lugubris Riipp. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 552.
Nos. 328, 329. <$ $ . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 20, 1907.
Bill horn-brown, whitish at base of lower mandible; feet
pale pinkish brown ; iris red-brown.

l2

148 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 331. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 21, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pale

pinkish brown ; iris reddish brown.

No. 780. S • E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 17, 1908.

Bill dusky; feet brownish flesh-coloured; iris reddish
brown.

I found this Warbler decidedly local and only in very
open country.

239. SCIICEXICOLA APICALIS.

Schomicola apicalis (Cab.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii.
p. 577.

No. 418. Lufupa R., 1000 ft., Oct. 29, 1907.

Bill dark brown above, whitish below; feet pale brown ;
iris olive-brown.

No. 450. S • Near Serenje, N.E. R., 4500 ft., Dec. 19,
1907.

Bill black, blue-grey below ; feet pale greyish brown ; iris
olive-brown.

No. 451. S • Near Serenje, Dec. 19, 1907.

Bill black above, lower mandible blue-grey, base dusky ;
feet pale greyish brown ; iris brown.

No. 609. (J. Luena, July 15, 1908.

Bill dark bluish grey, whitish below ; feet pale brownish ;
iris brown.

Not uncommon on open grassy plains and swamps, but
difficult to shoot.

240. Bradypterus msiri.

Bradypterus msiri Neave, Bull. B. O. C. xxv. p. 25

(1909).

This species differs from B. nyassa Shelley, in its dull
chestnut-brown colouring above, its dusky brown head, and
faintly indicated buff eyebrows : it is also distinguished by
its white throat and chest, aud the chestnut colour of the
sides of the body and under tail-coverts. It has also a
longer and more slender bill. Total length 5*2 inches; culmen
0-57; wing 2-1; tail2"7; tarsus 07.

N. Rhodesia and Kutanga District of Cong aland. 149

No. 364. ? type. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft, Sept. 13, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below at base ; feet dull
flesh-coloured; iris brownish.

This bird was obtained close to the site of the ruins of the
chief village of Msiri, the former chief by conquest over a
large region in this neighbourhood.

241. Calamonastes katang^e.

Calamonastes katangce Neave, Ann. N. H. (8) vol. iv.
p. 130 (1909).

Allied to C. cinereas, but a browner bird; the breast and
abdomen white, the throat white mottled with brownish ; the
fore-ueck ashy, forming a broad band. Total length about
41 inches; culmen 0'55 ; wing 23; tail 17; tarsus 0*8.

In the young bird, no. 92, the under surface is yellowish.

No. 92. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 16, 1907.

Bill black ; feet pinkish ; iris golden brown, orbit brown.

No. 122. <J. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 29, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet pale flesh-coloured ; iris and orbit reddish
brown.

No. 223. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 31,
1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible paler ; feet yellowish
flesh-coloured ; iris and orbit yellow-brown.

No. 429. ? . Lufupa R., 3500 ft., Nov. 3, 1907.

Bill black ; feet yellowish flesh-coloured; iris and orbit
reddish brown.

No. 519. S ■ Chambezi R., 4000 ft., May 4, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris chestnut-brown.

I found this bird not rare but retiring and easily over-
looked. It is particularly fond of the dense thickets which
are found in the woodland, on the top of large termite-
mounds.

242. Sylvia simplex.

Sylvia simplex Lath. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 67.
No. 814. S • L. Young, Nov. 2, 1908.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible paler ;
feet brown ; iris brown.

150 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

213. Phylloscopus tkochilus.

Phylloscopus trochilus (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 644.

No. 395. S • Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dark olive-
brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 396. ? . Lufupa R., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet olive-
yellow ; iris dark brown.

No. 440. $ . Near Serenje, X.E. Rhodesia, 1500 ft.,
Dec. 10, 1907.

Bill brownish, base of lower mandible yellow; feet yellow-
brown : tarsi dark olive-brown.

No. 78 1, J . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 20, 1908.

Bill brownish, paler below; Beet yellowish brown; iris
brown.

No. 789. J. Chambezi R., Oct. 21, 1908.

Dill brownish, base of lower madible and gape yellow ; feet
olive-brownish ; iris dark brown.

The Willow-Wren appears in Pair numbers about October
towards the beginning of the rains. It is usually seen in
pairs or small parties.

2 1 1. A PALIS FLORISUGA.

Apalis florisuga (Reich.); Neave, loc. cit. p. 67.
I did not met with this Luangwa Valley bird anywhere
west of the Mchinga Escarpment.

245. Dryodromas pearson i. (Plate II.)

I hyodromas pearsoni Neave, Ann. N. H. (8) vol. iv.
p. 130 (1909).

This very distinct little species is allied to J), rnjifrons,
with some points of resemblanee to Prin'm moelleri Hoe. The
most noticeable point is the long black tail of the bird,
the feathers of which have ashy tips ; crown ferrugineous,
back reddish olive, rump and upper tail-coverts ashy; under
surface white, the throat and fore-neck being tinged with
pale fawn ; flanks ashy.

Total length i"l inches ; culmen0'45; wing 2*0; tail 2*0;
tarsus 0'65.

Ibis. 1910.P1.II.

'-J

West, Newman, imp.

DRYODROMAS PEARSONI,tf 9.

.V. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 151

No. 417. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 28, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible paler ;
feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris yellowish brown.

No. 422. <$, type. Lufupa R., Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible pink ; feet
brownish flesh-coloured; iris yellow-brown.

No. 423. ? . Lufupa R., Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible pink ;
feet yellowish flesh-coloured ; iris yellow-brown.

This striking little bird I found not uncommon on the Upper
Lufupa River, usually in pairs. It is very conspicuous on
tbc wing, with its reddish head, white under parts, and black
tail. It iuhabits rather tall trees, not bushes, in the wood-
laud, and flies with a loud clicking exactly as if it were
going by clockwork.

246. Eremomela polioxaxtiia.

Eremomela polioxantha Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 68.

No. 186. ? . Lualaba R., 3200 ft., May 14, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, paler below ; feet dusky ; iris
brown.

No. 211. S- Upper Lualaba R., 3000 ft., May 25,
1907.

Bill dusky brown, slightly paler below ; feet dusky ; iris
orange-brown.

No. 377. S • Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 1, 1907.

Bdl brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dusky
brown ; iris reddish brown.

No. 389. S juv. Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 11, 1907.

Bill dusky ; feet dark blue-grey ; iris olive-grey.

No. 441. $ . Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, 4500 ft.,
Dec. 17, 1907.

Bill brown, lower mandible pinkish ; feet dark brown ;
iris reddish brown.

No. 442. $ juv. Near Serenje, Dec. 17, 1907.

Bill brownish ; feet grey ; iris dark brown.

No. 617. cJ. Luwingu, July 20, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet black ; iris reddish brown.

152' Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

247. Eremomela pulchra.

Eremomela pulchra (Boc.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 68.

No. 37. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 16, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky, tarsi dull brownish; iris bright
yellow, shading to brownish yellow externally.

No. 239. S • Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 16, 1907.

Bill black, base of lower mandible greyish ; feet yellowish
blown ; tarsi ash-coloured.

No. 438. S • Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, Dec. 15, 1907.

15 ill black; feet pinkish brown, tarsi darker; iris pale
sulphur-yellow, orbit brown.

No. 514. ? . Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., May 1, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet pale brownish ; iris pale yellow.

No. 550. $ . Upper Luansenshi R., June 4, 1908.

Bill black ; feet pale brown ; iris pale yellow.

No. 620. S- Luwingu, July 21, 1908.

Bill black ; feet pale yellowish brown ; iris pale yellow.

Nos. 643, 644. <? ? • Uofu R., Aug. 6, 1908.

Bill black ; feet yellowish brown ; tarsi darker ; iris pale
yellow.

No. 648. <J . Lofu R., Aug. 8, 1908.

Bill black ; feet brownish yellow, tarsi darker ; iris pale
yellow.

This is a common species in woodland country, and some
individuals may be seen in nearly every bird-party.

248. Eremomela caniceps.

Eremomela caniceps (Cass.) ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 638.

No. 237. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 28, 1907.

Bill dusky; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris and orbit
yellowish brown.

This was the only individual met with. It was shot in a
thicket on the bank of a stream.

249. Eremomela atricollis.

Eremomela atricollis Boc. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 642.
No. 110. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 21, 1907.
Bill black ; feet orange-brown ; tarsi ash-coloured ; iris
brown.

N. Rhodesia and Kalanga District of Congoland. 153

No. 238. ? . Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 16,
1907.

Bill black ; feet pale brown ; tarsi ash-coloured ; iris
dark brown.

This bird has the same habits as E. pulchra, but is very
much rarer.

250. Camaroptera sundevalli.

Camaroptera sundevalli Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 69.

No. 171. 2 . Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 5, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, base of lower mandible pale pink ; feet
pale flesh-coloured; iris brown.

No. 260. J? Kambove, 4500 ft., July 1, 1907.

Bill brownish, base of lower mandible yellow ; feet pinkish ;
iris and orbit reddish brown.

This species frequents dense bush on stream-bauks &c. I
did not meet with it in the woodland.

251. Camaroptera griseoviridis.

Camaroptera griseoviridis (Mull.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 69.
This bird, though not uncommon in the Lower Luangwa
Valley, does not appear to cross the Mchinga Escarpment.

252. EUPRINODES BRUNNEICEPS.

Eitprinodes brunneiceps (Reich.) .

Apalis cinerea (part.) Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 601.

No. 281. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 11, 1907.

Bill black ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris yellow-
brown.

The only specimen of this little-known bird obtained was
shot in some dense forest on the bank of a stream.

Although Dr. Reichenow has united his E. brunneiceps with
A. cinerea Sharpe, there would appear to be considerable
grounds for keeping them distinct.

253. Sylviella ruficapilla.

Sylviella ruficapilla Boc. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 630.
No. 18. S • Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 10, 1907.
Bill pinkish brown, paler below ; feet orange-brown • iris
pale yellow, orbit red-brown.

154 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 175. <J. Busanga, Lualaba R., 3000 ft., May 9,
1907.

Bill horn -brown ; feet pink ; iris orange-brown.

No. 237. <J . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June, 15, 1907.

Bill brownish, lower mandible somewhat paler; feet
brownish pink ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 425. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible paler ; feet
flesh-coloured ; iris golden brown.

No. 439. ? . Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, 4500 ft.,
Dec. 16, 1907.

Bill brownish, paler below ; feet pinkish brown ; iris yellow-
brown, orbit yellow-brown.

Met with solitary or in family-parties.

254. Sylviella whytii Shell.

Sylviella whytei Shell. ; Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 627.

No. 284. cj". Lufira R., near Lukafu, 3000 ft., July 23,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible pinkish horn-
coloured ; feet reddish brown ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 446. S • Near Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, 4000 ft.,
Dec. 18, 1907.

Bill dark brownish ; feet greyish flesh-coloured ; iris pale
olive.

No. 770. S- E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 14, 1908.

Bill brownish, lower mandible flesh-coloured ; iris brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris orange-brown.

This little bird is usually solitary and is seen systematically
hunting for insects on low trees.

255. BuRNESIA LEUCOPOGON.

Burnesia leucopogon (Cab.); Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, vol. iv.
p. 241.

Prima leucopogon Reich, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 595.

No. 394. S ■ Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill black ; feet fawn-brown ; iris reddish brown.

This individual was one of a party of five which were
hunting for insects in a thicket on the edge of dense

N. Rhodesia and Katanga District of Congoland. 155

forest. They were very noisy, maintaining an incessant
harsh chatter.

The locality appears to indicate a considerable extension
of the southward range of the species. It is one of the
instances of the occurrence of western tropical birds in
Katanga, especially in the western districts.

256. Prinia mystacea.

Prinia mystacea Riipp. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 149.

No. 4. S ad. Kapopo to Kansanshi, N.W. Rhodesia,
4000 ft., Jan. 19, 1907.

Bill black ; feet pinkish brown • iris and orbit red-brown.

No. 15. <J ad. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 9, 1907.

Bill black ; feet pinkish brown ; iris and orbit yellow-
brown.

No. 266. S ad. Kambove, 4500 ft., July 3, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible paler ; feet yellowish
flesh-coloured ; iris reddish brown.

No. 316. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 9, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, pinkish below; feet pinkish
horn-coloured ; iris bright reddish chestnut.

No. 330. ? . Bunkeya R., Aug. 20, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible paler; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris reddish brown.

Nos. 618, 619. S ? • Luwingu, July 20, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible whitish ; feet yellowish
flesh-coloured ; iris yellow-brown.

Nos. 637,638. <$ ? . Mporokoso, Aug. 2, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible whitish ; feet pinkish
brown ; iris yellowish brown.

No. 662. S- Lofu R., Aug. 13, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet pinkish brown ; iris reddish brown.

No. 709. ? . Luena R., Oct. 6, 1908.

Bill dusky ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris reddish
brown.

This is a common bird, which always seems to go in small
parties.

[To he continued.]

156 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

V. — On a Collection of Birds from Western Australia.
By W. R. Ogjlvie-Grant. With Field-Notes by
Mr. G. C. Shortridge. — Part II.*

The account of the Passeres represented in this Collection
has already been published in the previous number of ' The
Ibis/ The present part deals with the remaining Orders.

Chalcococcyx plagosus Lath.
Chalcococcgx plagosus Math. p. 58.
a, b. o ? . King River, 19th Dec.

Iris (a) dark brown, (b) dark yellow ; bill black ; legs
dark olive-brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 6*5 inches.

Cacomantis flabelliformis (Lath.).

Cacomantis flabelliformis Math. p. 57.

a-h. Big Grove, 19th March-2nd .May.

Iris dark brown ; eyelid yellow ; bill dark brown, base of
the lower mandible dull yellow ; legs brownish-yellow, claws
dark brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 10"0-10*5 inches.

[The Fan-tailed Cuckoo is a migratory species. It was
very plentiful round Albany in March, April, and May. and
was also observed at Southern Cross. — G. C. S.~\

Cuculus inornatus Vig. & Horsf.

Cuculus pallidas Shelley (nee Lath.), Cat. Birds B. M. xix.
p. 261 (1891).

Cuculus variegatus Vieill. ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 217
(1905).

Cuculus inornatus North, Ibis, 1906, p. 55 ; Math. p. 57.

a-c. <$ et imm. Big Grove, 28th March-2nd May.

d. ? imm. Bramble Beach, Albany Harbour, 12th May.

e. <$ . Arthur River, '22nd June.
/. c? . Dale River, 18th Dec.

g. Imm. Crookerdine Lake, 24th July.

* Concluded from 'The Ibis,' 1900, p. 689.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 157

//, /'. $ vix ad. Kurrawang, 15th & 20th Sept.

Iris dark brown; eyelid yellow (dull greenish-yellow in
the immature) ; bill of a dark horn-colour, greenish or
yellowish-brown below ; legs light brownish-yellow.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 12-25-13'25 inches.

[The Pallid Cuckoo was plentiful and migratory. —
G. C. £.]

Merops ornatus (Lath.).

Merops ornatus Math. p. 55.

a—c. Ad. et <$ imm. Avon River, llth-18th Jan.

d. 2 . Stockpool, 23rd Jan.

e. cS . Southern Cross, Dec.
/. S • Carnarvon, 25th Aug.

y-i. S ■ Clifton Downs, 21st Sept -11th Oct.

Iris crimson ; bill black ; legs dull brownish-pink or
yellowish-brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, £ } 10*75 inches,
2 , 925.

[The Australian Bee-eater is a migratory species which is
plentifully distributed throughout Western Australia. It
does not seem to extend so far south as Albany. Except
during the breeding-season, it is gregarious. — G. C. £.]

Halcyon saxctus Vig. & Horsf.

Halcyon sanctus Math. p. 54.

Halcyon westralasianus Campbell, Emu, ii. p. 25 (1902)
(Vasse River) ; Math. p. 54.

a-g. S ? imm. King River, 11th Jan.-8th Feb.

h. 2 imm. Oyster Harbour, 27th Feb.

i. 2 . Albany Harbour, 23rd March.

k. Imm. Chockerup, 22nd Jan.

/, m. 2 • Dale River, 18th Dec. & Jan.

n. Imm. Avon River, Jan.

Iris dark brown; bill black, base of the lower mandible
of a light horn-colour; legs of a dark pinkish horn-eolour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 8'25-9'0 inches.

I have examined the type-specimen of H. westralasianus
Campbell, which was procured by Mr. Carter at the Vasse

158 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

River, South-west Australia. It is undoubtedly an example
of H. sanctus in worn plumage, which accounts for the
differences in colour mentioned in the description. Mr.
Campbell writes : — " Should the examination of a series
of specimens from Western Australia prove the bird to be a
new or western variety, I venture to suggest for it the
name of H. westralasiarms." This method of giving new
names on the chance of their proving valid seems to me to be
founded on an entirely wrong principle ; it would surely have
been better to wait till a series from Western Australia
could be examined, when Mr. Campbell would have seen
that his supposed new species was merely a well-known
state of plumage of H. sanctus, which occurs equally among
a series from Eastern Australia.

[The Sacred Kingfisher is plentiful in the south-west,
but does not extend far inland ; it is said to occur as far
north as Houtman's Abrolhos where it appears to be a
straggler. — G. C. S.~\

Halcyon pyrrhopygius Gould.

Halcyon pyrrhopygius Math. p. 54.

a. o . Southern Cross, Dec.

b-h. <$ ? . Laverton, 13th-22nd Oct.

i. £ . Kurrawang, 20th Sept.

k. ? . Carnarvon, 25th Aug.

Iris dark brown ; bill dusky black, base of the lower
mandible of a flesh-colour ; legs pale olive-brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 875-9 5 inches.

[The Red-backed Kingfisher was plentiful in the central
and western divisions, where it replaces H. sanctus. It was
particularly numerous round Laverton, and while preferring
the well-watered districts, was not confined to them. —
G. C. £.]

Dacelo cervina Gould.
Dacelo cervina Math. p. 54.

a-h. S ? • Clifton Downs, 20th Sept.-lOth Oct.
Iris white ; bill light brown above, of a dusky flesh colour
below; legs dusky buff tinged above with olivaceous.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 159

Total length, measured in tlie flesh, 16'25-170 inches.

[The Fawn-breasted Kingfisher was plentiful on the
Gascoyne River and extended as far north as Murchison.
D. gigas has been introduced into the south-western
division. — G. C. $.]

Eurystopus argus Hartert.

Eurostopus argus Math. p. 55.

a-d. £ ? . Laverton, 20th Oct.-lOth Nov.

Iris blackish-brown ; bill dusky, blackish- brown at the
gape ; legs light dusky brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 11'5-12*5 inches.

[The Lesser White-throated Nightjar was also observed
on Bernier Island and around Carnarvon. — G. C. £.]

PoDARGUS STRIGOIDES (Lath.).

Podargus strigoides Math. p. 52.

a, b. <$ et ? imm. King River, 24th Dec.

c. ? . Stockpool, 21st Jan.

d-f- S ? • Parker's Range, 7th & 9th Aug.

g-n. <$ $ . Kurrawang, 8th-15th Sept.

Iris deep yellow, outer ring occasionally freckled with
orange and grey ; bill of a dull olive slate-colour ; sides of
mandible tinged with brown ; legs dull olive-brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh: — males 17"5-18*0
inches ; females IGO-IG'S.

In some specimens the throat and fore-neck, are washed
with rufous or rust-colour ; this is especially noticeable
in a female example from Kurrawang shot on the 13th of
September.

[Plentiful in the central and south-western divisions and
said also to occur in the western division. It is silent except
during the breeding-season, when it makes a noise at night
resembling the cooing of a dove. The cry of the u More
pork" (Ninox boobook) is often erroneously attributed to
this bird. I am absolutely certain that this is the case.—
G. C. S.]

160 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Melopsittacus undulatus Shaw.

Melopsittacus undulatus Math. p. 51.

a. £ . Carnarvon, 26th July.

Iris whitish-buff; bill yellowish-olive; cere of a bluish-
slate-colour ; legs of a light bluish-lead-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 7*75 inches.

[The Warbling Grass-Parakeet is migratory and appears
at uncertain times : it occasionally visits districts in enormous
numbers. It is never found in the extreme south-west. —
G. C. £.]

Neophema petrophila Gould.
Neophema petrophila Math. p. 51.

a. S imm. King River, 7th Jan.

b. $ . Albany, 24th March.

c. d. (J. Pelican Point, 29th March.

Iris dark brown ; bill of a horn-colour, yellowish at the
base ; legs of a light slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9 inches.

[The Rock Parakeet feeds on the ground and frequents
sandy or pebbly localities on the sea- shore or on the banks
of estuaries.— G. C. S.~\

PsEPHOTUS MULTICOLOR Teilllll.

Psephotus multicolor Math. p. 50.

a-e. £ $ et $ ? imm. Kurrawang, 6th Sept.-4th Oct.

/. $ imm. Hawksnest, 1st Nov.

Iris dark brown; upper mandible pale blue tipped with
slaty-black, lower mandible of a dark slate-colour ; legs of a
dusky slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, H'5-12'25 inches.

Contrary to what has been written by Gould and others,
the female of this species is very different from the male.
The back and breast are greyish-brown tinged with olive; the
band across the lesser wing-coverts is dull scarlet, instead of
yellow, the belly is pale green with scarcely a trace of red and
the under tail-coverts are pale green, instead of pale yellow.

The specimen lii" described as the young of this species
in the 'Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum,' xx.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 161

p. 566, is no doubt an adult female, as is indicated by the
absence of any trace of white spots on the inner webs of
the primaries.

[The Many-coloured Parakeet was not uncommon in the
central and western divisions, and was observed flying about
iu small flocks.— G. C. S.]

Barnardius semitorquatus (Quoy & Gaim.).

Barnardius semitorquatus Math. p. 50.

a-d. <J et S ? imm. Arthur River, 18th-22nd June.

e. Imm. Dale River, 16th Dec,

Iris dark brown ; bill of a whitish horn-colour ; cere and
legs dusky.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15*5-1 7*25 inches.

The type-specimen of this species was procured at King
George's Sound, South-west Australia. As shown by the
description " alis subtiis albo notatis," it was an immature
bird and had the breast and belly bright green, with no
indication of a yellow band.

Three specimens in the British Museum from Darling
Range, S.W. Australia, presented by Mr. G. Firth Scott,
agree with Quoy & Gaimard's description of their Psittacus
semitorquatus • likewise an immature male from Arthur
River, Wagin, killed by Mr. Shortridge on the 22nd of
June.

Mr. Shortridge also procured at Arthur River, Wagin, at
the same time, three specimens (one fully adult and two
nearly so) which have a yellow band across the breast, and
in this respect approach B. zonarius Shaw, which is found
in West Australia and in the interior : they resemble typical
B. semitorquatus in all other respects, namely, in their larger
size (wing 7Q-7*5 inches), larger bill, and in the fact of
their possessing a red band across the forehead.

It is on birds in this plumage from the Wagin district
that Mr. Mathews was at one time disposed to found a new
subspecies. But the arguments against adopting this view
are, first, that I am by no means sure that the adult of
B. semitorquatus does not normally assume a yellow band

SER. IX. VOL. IV. M

102 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

across the breast, as all the evidence seems to point in that
direction. Secondly, that at Beverley, where Mr. Shortridge
procured three specimens, one is typical B. zonarius, with no
red band on the forehead and the whole breast yellow ;
a second is similar, but possesses a distinct red band across
the forehead ; while the third is a typical example of B. semi-
torquatus. It is evident that at Beverley the ranges of
B. semitorquatus and B. zonarius meet, and probably the
birds to some extent interbreed, which would account for
the intermediate forms to be found there.

[The Yellow-collared Parakeet was very abundant in the
south-western division, but rare around Albany. Among
the colonists it is commonly known as the " Ring-neck " or
« Twenty-eight/'— G. C. S.J

Barnardius zonarius (Shaw).

Barnardius zonarius Math. p. 50.

Platy cere us occidentalis North, Records Austr. Mus. ii. p. 83
(1893).

Barnardius occidentalis Math. p. 50.

a*, b. ? imm. Stockpool, 23rd Jan.

c. £ imm. Crookerdine Lake, 24th July.

d-f. S ? • Parker's Range, 7th & 8th Aug.

g-i. S ? • Kurrawang, 3rd Sept.- 1th Oct.

k,L (J. Clifton Downs, 21st Sept. & 9th Oct.

Iris dark brown ; bill of a light horn-colour; cere dusky ;
legs dusky grey.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 1 t'25-15'5 inches.

I have no doubt that B. occidentalis, a name given by
North to two specimens of Barnardius, procured at Roeburne
in the north-western division of West Australia, is synony-
mous with B. zonarius : the birds procured by Mr. Short-
ridge on the Gascoyne River agree well enough with
Mr. North's description, being also in worn plumage, but
they are most certainly referable to B. zonarius.

* Specimen " a " has a red band on the forehead.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 163

PORPHYROCEPHALUS SPURIUS (Kuhl).

Porphyrocephalus spurius Math. p. 49.

a-c. <$ ? et c? imm. King River, 7th & 10th Dec.

d. $ . Albany, 25th March.

Iris dark brown ; eyelid and cere dusky ; bill of a bluish-
slate-colour, darker at the tip ; legs of a dark slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15 inches.

[The Red-capped Parakeet was generally seen in small
parties, often in pairs. It inhabits the extreme south-
western districts and is fairly plentiful round Albany. It
is known among the colonists as the " King Parrot."—
G.C.S.]

Platycercus icterotis (Kuhl).

Platycercus icterotis Math. p. 49.

a~f- S et £ ? imm. King River, 13th Dec. to 7th Jan.

g. Imm. Big Grove, 2nd May.

h. S • Arthur River, 22nd June.

i, k. <$ imm. Dale River, 16th Dec. & Jan.

/. Imm. Stockpool, Jan.

Iris dark brown ; bill of a light bluish-horn-colour ■
cere dusky black ; legs grey in the adult, of a pinkish-slate-
colour in the immature bird.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 10*5-1 1*75 inches.

The series, which includes mostly immature birds, exhibits
various and somewhat puzzling stages of plumage : as regards
the colouring and pattern of the back ; specimen " / "
approaches P. xanthogenys.

[The Yellow-cheeked Parakeet was very plentiful in the
south-western division. — G. C. S.]

Platycekcus xanthogenys Salvad.

Platycercus icterotis xanthogenys Hartert, Nov. Zool. xii.
p. 212 (1905) [Beaufort & Cranbrook, W. Australia].

Platycercus xanthogenys Math. p. 49.

a-c. (J et S ? imm- Parker's Range, 10th-12th Aug.

Legs grey.

Total length, measured in the flesh : — male 11*75 inches,
female 10*5 inches.

m2

164 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

This species was first described by Count Salvadori from
a specimen in the British Museum which had formed part
of the Gould Collection, its origin being otherwise unknown.
Subsequently Dr. Hartert recorded examples in the Tring
Museum from Beaufort and Cranbrook, which places
(according to the Editors of the ' Emu,' vii. p. 117 (1907)),
are in Western Australia. Its discovery by Mr. Shortridge
at Southern Cross is therefore of interest. It is very easily
distinguished from P. icterotis (Kuhl) by the darker greenish-
grey (not sap-green) colour of the back and the margins of
the innermost secondaries, while the middle pair of tail-
feathers are mostly dark purplish-blue, instead of green.

Calopsittacus novjE-hollandi/e (Gmel.).

Calopsittacus novce-hollandia Math. p. 47.

a, b. $ $ . York, 2nd Jan. {J. W. Bell).

Iris dark brown : bill of a bluish-lead-colour, darker at
the tip.

[The Cockatoo Parakeet is gregarious and migratory, and,
though often plentiful, is uncertain in its appearance. It
was observed as far south as Beverley. Its presence in the
coastal districts seems to be influenced by the droughts
inland.— G. C. £.]

Cacatua roseicapilla Vieill.

Cacatua roseicapilla Math. p. 47.

a-d. (J ? . Laverton, 23rd Oct.

Iris crimson in the adult, dark brown in the immature
bird; wattles round the eyes white tinged with pink; legs
mealy grey.

Total length, measured in the flesh, lo^S-lG'O inches.

[The Hose-breasted Cockatoo, like its allies, is gregarious
and at times plentiful, though its appearance in the central
and western divisions is uncertain. It is called ' Galah ' by
the colonists. — G. C. S.~\

Cacatua gymnopis Sclat.
Cacatua gymnopsis Math. p. 47.

a, b. S ? • Clifton Downs, 5th & 10th Oct.

Iris dark brown, naked skin on the face of a mealy slate-

Collect ion of Birds from Western Australia. 135

colour; hill bluish-white tinged with buff; legs of a light
dusky slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 16*0 inches.

The occurrence of this species in the western division of
West Australia shews a considerable extension of its range.
It was known to occur in the interior of Queensland, New
South Wales, and South Australia, and possibly in North-
western Australia.

[The Bare-eyed Cockatoo is gregarious, and was very
plentiful on the Gascoyne River, going about in flocks of
many hundreds. — G. C. S.~\

Calyptoriiynchus stellatis Wagl.
Calyptorhynchus stellatus Math. p. H>.

a. <$ imtn. Clifton Downs, 28th Sept.

Iris dark brown ; bill of alight bluish-horn-colour; legs
dusky.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 225 inches.

I am quite uncertain what name to apply to this immature
bird. It seems doubtful whether C. stellatus is really distinct
from C. macrorhynchus Gould and C. banksi (Lath.).

[I found this species not uncommon on the Upper
Gascoyne River : it is gregarious in its habits. — G. C. >SL]

Calyptorhynchus baudini Vig.

Calyptorhynchus baudini Math. p. 46.

a-c. S ■ King River, 28th Dec. & 1st Jan.

Iris dark brown ; eyelids black (blotched with pink in the
most adult birds) ; bill of a horn-colour, dark at the tip;
legs dusky greyish-brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 22"0-23*5 inches.

[Baudin's Cockatoo is gregarious in its habits : it was
very plentiful in the south-western division. — G. C. S.~\

Glossopsittacus porphyrocephalus Dietr.
Glossopsittacus poiphyrocephalus Math. p. 45.
a-e. $ % . King River, 28th Dec. to 12th Jan.
/. $ . Big Grove, 27th March.
y -i. <$ ? . Crookerdine Lake, 17th -30th July.
k. S • Kurrawang, 18th Sept.

166 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Iris dark brown ; bill slate-black ; legs of a greyish-slate-
colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 7'0-7-5 inches.

[The Purple-crowned Lorikeet is gregarious and was
very plentiful throughout the central and south-western
divisions. It was generally seen feeding among the flowers
of the Eucalyptus trees and its flight was very swift. —

g. a s:\

Ninox boobook Lath.
Ninox boobook Math. p. 43.

a. ? . Big Grove, 15th April.

b. $ iram. King River, 13th Jan.

c. ? . Kurrawaug, 4th Oct.

d. $ . Laverton, 18th Oct.

The plumage of these Owls is very puzzling. Of the four
females listed above two specimens (a & c) are certainly
adult and one (b) is obviously young. All three have the
middle pair of tail-feathers uniform brown, with barely an
indication of lighter cross-bars in specimen b. Specimen d
appears to be a fully adult bird of the rufous-buff type.
The crown and nape are largely marked with rufous-buff,
and the middle pair of tail-feathers are conspicuously marked
with seven equally wide bars of dark brown and pale rufous-
brown. The material which I have examined seems to
indicate that this is merely an individual variation and is not
due to age. The colour of the iris seems to be very variable.

a, b. Iris yellow ; cere and bill pale bluish, shading into
black at the tip ; legs of a light bluish-lead-colour, nails
dark brown.

c. Iris brownish-black ; bill pale bluish, shading to indigo
at the tip.

d. Iris of a dark greyish-sage-colour ; bill pale bluish,
shading to indigo at the tip.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 13'0-13"5 inches.

The wing-measurements are as follows: — a, 8*7 inches;
b, 8-9 ; c, 9-1 ; d, 9-1.

[The Boobook Owl was plentiful. It is known to the
natives as the ' Morepork/ in imitation of its cry. — G. C. &.]

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 167

Pandion leucocephalus Gould.

Pandion leucocephalus Math. p. 43.

a-c. $ . Bernier Island, 8th-llth July.

Iris deep yellowish-brown ; bill and cere slate-black ; legs
bluish-white, claws of a dark slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 2T5-22'0 inches ;
wing 16-1-16-2,

[The Osprey was fairly plentiful in the coastal districts
and particularly numerous on the islands off the coast. —
G. C. S.]

Cerchneis cenchroides (Vig. & Horsf.).

Cerchneis cenchroides Math. p. 42.

? Cerchneis unicolor Milligan, ' Emu/ iv. p. i (!90t)
[Yalgoo].

a. $ imm. Dale River, 18th Dec.

b-e. S ? • Kurrawang, 14th-29th Sept.

/. [ ^ ] . Laverton, 20th Oct.

g, h. S ? • Clifton Downs, 21st Sept.

Iris dark brown; orbits, cere and gape yellow ; bill pale
bluish, blacker at the tip ; legs dull yellow, claws of a slate-
colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, \2 25-Z3'o inches.

Mr. Milligan believes that a specimen captured at Yalgoo,
W. Australia, represents a distinct species which he has
named C. unicolor. It is said to be much smaller than
C, cenchroides and to have the general colour more rufous,
while thf tail (though the type-specimen is said to be an
adult male) is described as rusty cinnamon. No doubt the
sex has been wrongly determined.

The colour of the under parts differs greatly in individuals,
some having these parts whitish while in others they are
washed with pale cinnamon.

[The Nankeen Kestrel was very plentiful on the mainland
and was also observed on Bernier Island. It is migratory
in the south-west. — G. C. $.]

168 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

HlERACIDEA BERIGORA (Vig. & Horsf.) .

Hieracidea berigora Math. p. 4.2.

Hieracidea orientalis (Schl.j, Math. p. 42.

Ieracidea berigora, p. 208, & /. orientalis, p. 209, Hartert,
Nov. Zool. xii. (1905).

a, b. <$ et ^ imm. Big Grove, 8th March & 2nd May.

c-f. ? et S ? imm. King River, 24th Dec. to 26th Feb.

g. S . Arthur River, 2nd July.

h. $ . Crookerdine Lake, 19th July.

i-m. ? et $ ? imm. Kurrawang, 14th Sept. to 2nd Oct.

Iris dark brown ; naked skin round the eye bluish-white,
occasionally tinged with dull yellow; cere bluish-white,
occasionally yellowish ; bill of a bluish-horn-colour, black
towards the tip ; legs pale bluish, claws of a slate-colour.

Total leDgth, measured in the flesh, 16-19 inches.

The fine series of specimens of this Hawk collected by
Mr. Shortridge shews all the stages of plumage from the
immature to the adult. There can be no doubt that
H. orientalis (Schl.) [Sbarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i. p. 422
(1874)], was founded on immature or dark-coloured examples
of the present species. The plumage of some of the speci-
mens in the above-mentioned series is somewhat puzzling,
for there are birds with the breast, flanks, and thighs dark
brown, which appear to have reached maturity. It seems
probable that this species is more or less dimorphic, and that
the light and dark brown phases of plumage are due to this
cause and not to age, though it must be remembered that
all young birds have the under parts dark brown.

[The Berigora Hawk was very abundant and widely dis-
tributed. It was the most plentiful bird of prey in the south-
western and southern districts. — G. C. £.]

Falco lunulatus (Lath.).

Falco lunulatus Math. p. 42.

a. S ■ Laverton, 18th Oct.

Iris dark greyish-brown ; bare skin round the eye pale blue,
narrow eyelid yellow ; cere yellow ; bill pale bluish, black at
the tip ; legs yellow, claws of a blackish-horn-colour.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 1G9

Total length, measured in the flesh, 1:2-5 inches ; expanse
29 inches.

[The White-fronted Falcon was plentiful in the inland
districts of the south-west. — G. C.S.~\

Loi'HOICTINIA ISURA Gould.

Lophoictinin isura Math. p. 41.

a. <J. Dale River, 19th Dec.

Iris yellow, freckled with brown ; cere and bill varying
from a greyish-white to a blackish-horn-colour at the tip ;
legs greyish-white.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23 inches.

[The Square-tailed Kite was occasionally met with in tin'
south-west, but was not plentiful. — G. C. S.~]

Haliastur sphenurus (Vieill.).

Huliastur sphenurus Math. p. 41.

a-c. cS ? iuim. Beechlands, 4th & 5th Feb.

Iris brown ; bill of a horn-colour, darker at the tip ; cere
of a horn-colour; gape yellow; legs dusky white, claws of a
slate-colour.

[The Whistling-Eagle appears at irregular intervals, and
was frequently plentiful in the south-west, where several
might often be seen together. It was observed on Bernier
Island.— G. C. #.]

Haliaetus leucogaster (Gmel.).

Haliaetus leucogaster Math. p. 41.

Adult. King River.

Bill of a dusky-slate-colour; legs greyish-white.

[The White-bellied Sea-Eagle was not uncommon in the
coastal districts, and was frequently observed on Bernier
Island, where several pairs were breeding. This species is
known as the " Fish-Eagle" among the colonists. — G. C. S.~\

ElJTOLMAETUS MORPHNOIDES Gould.

Eutolmaetus morplmoides Math. p. 40.
a. $ . Clifton Downs, 13th Oct.

Iris hazel ; bill light bluish, blackish at the tip ; legs-
bluish-wbite.

170 ZNIr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Total length, measured in the flesh, 18 inches.

There are only two examples of this species in the British
Museum. Both are from Queensland and appear to be
females, their measurements being considerably larger than
those of the present specimen, which has the wing 127 inches
in length.

The species is known as the "Little Eagle " among the
colonists.

Uroaetus audax (Lath.).

Uroaetus audax Math. p. 40.

a. ? . Rapids, Margaret River, 1st April.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 34 inches ; expanse of
wings 79 inches.

[The Wedge-tailed Eagle is widely distributed, and is said
to be plentiful in the Stirling Range. It often destroys
lambs, and is known as the "Eagle-Hawk" among the
colonists. — G. C. S.~]

Accipitek ciRRnoc-EPHALUs (Vieill.).
Accipiter cirrhocephalus Math. p. 40.

a. <$ imm. Dale River, 18th Dec.

b. cJ imm. Margaret River, 1st April.
Iris yellow ; legs pale orange.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 12'5 inches.

Specimen a is in moult ; the adult plumage is indicated
on the upper parts by a few feathers among the scapulars
and the three innermost primaries, which are dark ash-grey.
The under surface is white barred with light chestnut.

Specimen b is a younger bird in the first plumage.

[The Collared Sparrow-Hawk was plentiful throughout
the south-west. — G. C. S.~\

Astur fasciatus Vig. & Horsf.

Astur fasciatus Hartert, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 207 (1905) ;
Math. p. 40.

a. $ . Avon River, 16th Jan.

b-d. ? et <J imm. Beechland, 23rd Jan. to 7th Feb.

Iris yellow ; eyelid yellow ; bill black, bluish at the base ;
cere and gape greenish-yellow ; legs pale yellow ; claws black.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 171

Total length, measured in the?flesh: — male 17 inches,
female 20 inches.

The Australian Goshawk was very plentiful in the south-
west. It is known as the "Chicken-Hawk" among the
colonists.

Dr. Hartert says that the adult male of this species is
strangely rare in collections. Of the three males registered
above one is adult and two are immature.

Circus gouldi (Bonap.).

Circus gouldi Math. p. 39.

a, b. ? . Beechland, 24th-26th Jan.

Iris dark brown, cere yellowish-buff; bill slate-black, pale
bluish at the base ; legs pale yellow, claws black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 24-25 inches.

[Gould's Harrier was plentiful in the coastal swamps and
marshy localities of the south-western division. — G. C. S.~\

Circus assimilis Jard. & Selb.

Circus assimilis Math. p. 39.

a. ? . Laverton, 22nd Oct.

Iris umber-yellow, cere yellow, naked skin at the base of
the mandible of a light bluish-lead-colour ; bill bluish-grey,
shading into slaty-black at the tip ; legs pale yellow, claws
slaty-black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23'5 inches ; expanse
of wings 54 inches.

[The Allied Harrier does not appear to be confined to
swampy situations, as it was observed in the central and
western divisions as well as on Bernier Island. It is
probably less numerous than Circus gouldi in the south-
western division. — G. C. #.]

Pelecanus conspicillatus Temm.
Pelecanus conspicillatus Math. p. 39.

a. Ad. Woyaline, 11th April.

b. ? . Pelican Point, 29th March.

Iris dark brown ; naked skin round the eye dull yellow ;
a spot of dull blue on the lower eyelid ; inner and outer

172 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

margins of the orbit blue; bill of a flesh-colour, veined with
slate-blue, and becoming suffused over the top and towards
the end ; cutting edges of the terminal half and nail yellow ;
legs of a pale greenish-slate-colour.

PLOTUS XOY.E-HOLLANDI.E Gould.

Plotus nuvce-Jiollundue Math. p. 37.

a. ? . Gascoyne River, 12th Sept.

Iris light buff, freckled with grey; bill pale yellowish, dull
green along the culmen ; bare skin on the throat yellow ;
legs whitish-buff, tinged with pale bluish ; feet and webs
pale yellow.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 38 inches.

[The Australian Darter was a rare bird. — G. C. S.~\

Phalacrocorax melanoleucus (Vieill.).

Phalacrocorax melanoleucus Math. p. 37.

a. ? . Big Grove, 30th March.

/;. ? . Oyster Harbour, 2nd March.

Iris dark brown; upper mandible dark slate-blue, tinged
with brown along the culmen, lower mandible yellow ;
pouch yellow; legs black.

[The Little Cormorant was very plentiful around Albany
and Perth, but was not observed at Carnarvon.— G. C. S.~]

Phalacrocorax hypoleucus (Brandt).

Phalacrocorax hypoleucus Math. p. 37.

a, b. £ et $ imm. Bernier Island, 7th & 11th July.

Adult. Iris dull emerald-green, orbits and skin below the
eye bright peacock-blue, lores and a narrow line above and
below the eye bright orange-yellow ; pouch of a flesh-colour,
pinkish at the base ; bill slate-black ; legs black.

Immature. Differs from the adult in having the orbits and
skin beneath the eye of a flesh-colour tinged with bluish ;
and the sides, under parts, and nail of the bill dull yellowish,
tinged and mottled with slate-colour.

[The Pied Cormorant was very plentiful from Perth
northwards to Carnarvon, but was not observed around
Albany.— G. C. S.]

Collection of Birds from Western Austral/ a. 173

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt).
Phalacrocoraos sulcirostris Math. p. 37.

a, ? . Laverton, 13th Oct.

b, c. g . Upper (lascoyne River, 21st Oct.

Iris emerald-green ; hill dull black, of a dull slate- or
hrownish-flesh-colour below ; pouch and base of the bill
dull violet.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23'5-26*0 inches.

[The Little Black Cormorant frequents pools and rivers
and cxteuds far inland. It does not seem to occur alone
the coast. — G. C. S.~\

BlZIURA LOBATA (Shaw).

Biziura lobata Math. p. 37.

a, b. [ cJ.] King River, 6th & 7th Feb.

c, d. [ ? .] Kalgan, 28th Feb.
e. [ c? .] York, 2nd Jan.

Iris dark brown ; bill olive-black ; lower mandible
suffused with dull pink at the extremity ; legs slaty-
black.

The male of this species is very much larger than the
female, the bill and feet being especially so.

"Wing. Middle toe with claw.

3c?... 7-9-8-2 inches 3'7

2 ? . . . 6-6-6-8 „ 2-9

[The Musk-Duck rarely, if ever, takes flight when dis-
turbed ; at the slightest sound it dives under the water and
remains there for a considerable time. — G. C. S.~\

Stictonetta nvevosa (Gould).

Stictonetta navosa Math. p. 36.

a. Ad. Southern Cross, 16th Aug.

Iris brown ; bill dark olivaceous ; legs of a bluish-slate-
colour.

[I found the Freckled Duck a rare bird ; it is most
numerous in the interior, and sometimes visits the inland
parts of the western division in flocks, after the rains. —
G. C. S.]

174 Mr. W. It. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Nettion gibberifkoxs S. Mull.
Nettium gibberifrons Math. p. 36.

a. Ad. Dwaladine, 2lst Feb.

b, c. $ $ imm. Stockpool, 21st Jan.
</, e. cJ ? imm. Laverton, 16th Oct.

Iris broAvn : upper mandible of a bluish lead-colour mottled
with black, lower mandible with the basal half and tip of a
lead-colour, and the rest of the terminal portion orange-
yellow ; legs of an olivaceous slate-colour.

These specimens throw no additional light on the difficult
question regarding the characteristics of N. castaneum
(Eyton) and N. gibberifrons. Two appear to be fully adult,
while three are obviously young birds.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15'5-17'0 inches.

[The Grey Teal was tolerably numerous iu pairs. —
G. C. S.]

An \> superciliosa Gmel.
Anas superciliosa Math. p. 35.

a. £ . Big Grove, 29th April.

b. Ad. Arthur River, 24th June.

c-e. ? . Dale River, 27th Dec. to 7th Jan.

Iris brown : upper inaudible slaty-blue marked with black,
lower mandible dull black, slaty-blue at the tip ; legs of
an olivaceous-slate-colour tinged with rusty salmon-colour
or orange; claws black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 21-23 inches.

Casarca tadornoides Jard. & Selby.

Casarca tadornoides Math. p. 35.

a. $ . Big Grove, 30th March.

Iris dark brown bill slaty-black ; legs of a slate-colour.

[The Australian Sheld-duck, or " Mountain Duck " as it
is locally called, is tolerably plentiful, and is usually met
with in flocks. It is geneially distributed throughout the
south-western, central, and western divisions, and is fre-
quently found feeding on the sea-coast. — G. C. S.~\

Collection uf Birds from Western Australia. 175

B0TA.UR.US PCECILOPTILUS (Wagl.).

Botaurus poeciloptilus Math. p. 33.

a, b. <J 9. . Big Grove, lGth April.

c-f. <$ 9 . Beechland, :23rd Jan. to 12th Feb.

Iris clear brownish-buff with a narrow outer circle of
reddish-brown ; bill of a dark olivaceous-slate-colour above,
sides and under parts yellowish-olive ; legs pale sea-green ;
soles of feet yellowish.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 275-30*5 inches ;
expanse 50 inches.

[The Australian Bittern is not uncommon in suitable
localities u the south-west, and was plentiful in the swampy
country round Busselton. — G. C. S.~\

DUPETOR GOULDI (Boiiap.).

Dupetor gouldi Math. p. 33.

a, b. $ 9. . King River, 27th Jan. & 14th Feb.

Iris pale yellow, with an outer ring of reddish-ochre ;
bill dark pinkish-brown, yellowish at the base of the lower
mandible ; legs dusky brown tinged with yellow, soles of
the feet yellowish.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 25'5-26'0 inches.

[The Yellow-necked Mangrove-Bittern was not uncommon
in the south-west, being met with singly or in pairs. It
roosted by day in the trees overhanging the water, and its
habits were very similar to those of Nijcticorax caledonicus. —
G. C. S.]

Nycticorax caledonicus (Gmel.).

Nycticorax caledonicus Math. p. 33.

a-c. $ et ? iram. Beechland, 23rd-27th Jan.

d. 9. . Wonnerup, Busselton, 11th May.

e. 9. imm. Carnarvon, 20th July.

Iris yellow; bill of a dark slate-colour, yellowish at the
base of the lower mandible; legs yellow; claws pinkish,
tipped with slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23-25 inches.

[This Night Heron was local, but plentiful where it
occurred : it was numerous round Busselton. — G. C. S.~\

176 Mr. W. R, Ogilvie-Grant on a

Demiegretta sacra (Gruel.).

Demiegretta sacra Math. p. 33.

a. ? . Big Grove, 24th March.

b-e. <§ et $ iram. Bernier Island, 14th June to 3rd July.

Iris amber-yellow ; bill dark sienna- brown, tinged with
magenta above, and with ochre below ; legs sea-green, tibio-
tarsal (knee) joints and soles of feet yellow ; claws light
brown.

[This Reef-Heron was plentiful on Bernier Island and was
also observed around Carnarvon. — G. C. S.]

Ardea pacifica Lath.

Notophoyx pacifica Math. p. 32.

a, b. <$ ? . Laverton, 17th & :25th Oct.

Iris clear buff-yellow ; bill black, lower mandible yellowish
beneath, becoming greenish towards the base; lores tinged
with emerald; gape greenish; legs dusky black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 325 inches; expanse
57 inches.

The stomach contained tadpoles.

[The White-necked or Pacific Heron is a shy bird. It
was observed around Albany and extends far inland to the
central division. It was tolerably plentiful on the Gascoyne
River.— G. C.S.]

Ardea nov^e-hollandijE Lath.

Notophoyx nova-hollandia Math. p. 32.

a-c. $ et $ imm. Big Grove, 8th-17th April.

<l. ? . Oyster Harbour, 27th Feb.

e. Ad. Arthur River, 23rd June.

/*. ? imm. Dale River, 5th Jan.

g. S • Clifton Downs, 24th Sept.

Iris yellowish-buff, with the outer circle pale reddish ;
bill dark yellowish-brown, or slate-black above and yellowish,
greenish -yellow or of a horn-colour below, occasionally
entirely black ; bare skin on the face yellowish or slate-
black ; legs bright yellow shading to brownish above, or
yellowish- green.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. \~7

Total length, measured in tlie flesh, 24—27 inches : ex-
panse 46 5 inches.

[The White-fronted Heron was very abundant, especially
in the south-west, and was often observed in flocks, which
frequented the sea-shore and rivers. It also occurred in the
central division, but was not met with far inland. — G. C. S.]

HeRODIAS TIMOIUENSIS Less.

Herodius timoriensis Math. p. 32.

a. ? . Big Grove, 1st May.

Iris pale golden-yellow, outer circle pale orange ; eyelid
and gape mottled with greenish-black ; bare skin round the
eye and nasal openings chrome-yellow ; legs black, soles of
the feet mottled with yellow.

[The Australian Egret was rare in the south-west ; one
example was observed on Bernier Island.— G. C. S.]

Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.).
P leg adis falcinellus Math. p. 31.

a. I mm. Beechland, April.

An immature example of the Glossy Ibis with the culmen
measuring 4'2 and the wing 9*5 inches.

< 'arphibis spinicollis Reichenb.

Carphibis sp/nicvllis Math. p. 30.

a. r$ . Kurrawang, 4th Oct.

Iris dark brown ; bill hlack ; bare skin on the head and
neek sooty black, a small patch on the lower eyelid dusky
pink ; legs black, a band above the tibio-tarsal or "knee--
joint dark magenta.

The stomach was large but not muscular : it contained
lizards, centipedes, spiders, grasshoppers, cockroaches,
beetles, etc.

[The " Straw-necked " Ibis is gregarious and migratory
at irregular intervals. — G. C. S.]

Eupodotis austhalis (J. E. Gray).
Eupodotis australis Math. p. 30.
a. £ . Stockpool, 20th Jan.

Iris, clear brown, buff yellow towards the pupil ; bill of a
si; it. ix.— vol. iv. \

178 Mr. VV. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

pale straw-colour, slate-coloured along the culmen and at
the tip ; legs of a pale straw-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 43 inches ; expanse
of wings 75 inches.

[The Australian Bustard is widely distributed throughout
the central and western divisions : it is less abundant in
the south-west and does not extend to the coast. It is
known as the " Wild Turkey " among the colonists. —
G. C. S.]

BURHINUS GRALLARIUS (Lath.).

Burl anus grallarius Math. p. 29.

a. $ . Oyster Harbour, 14th May.

b. Ad. Dale River, Jan.

C. ? . Woyaline, 17th April.

Iris yellow ; bill black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 21-5 inches.

[The Southern Stone-Plover was fairly plentiful through-
out ihe central and south-western divisions, but was seldom
flushed during the day. It is known as " Wheelo " among
the colonists.

A species of Stone- Plover, which is probably Orthorham-
phus magnirostris, occurs round Carnarvon and on Bernier
Island. — G. C. S.~\

Tringa crassirostris (Temm. & Schl.).

Tringa crassirostris Math. p. 28.
a. <§ imm. Carnarvon, 4th Aug.

Iris dark brown ; bill dark olivaceous ; legs dark olive-
green.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 11*75 inches.

[The Great-billed Sandpiper wras tolerably plentiful in
flocks around Carnarvon. — G. C. S.~\

Tringa canutus Linn.

Tringa canutus Math. p. 28.

a. ^ . Pelican Point, 29th March.

Iris, bill, and legs black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 10 inches.

[The Knot was met with only in the south-west. — G. C. S.]

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 179

Tkinga subarquata Giildeust.

Ancyloc hihts subarquatus Math, p 28.

a, b. Adult. Carnarvon, 6th Aug.

Iris blackish-brown ; bill olivaceous-brown ; legs dark
olivaceous, tinged with brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 8'25-8*5 inches.

[The Curlew-Sandpiper is gregarious and was plentiful
around Carnarvon. — G. C. S~\

Heteropygia acuminata Horsf.
Heteropygia aurita Lath., Math. p. 28.

a. ? . Kalgan, 28th Feb.

b. ? . Lavcrton, 20th Oct.

c-e. S ? • Beechlaud, 24th-26th Jan.

I lis blackish-brown ; bill slate-brown, darker above ; legs
of a pale olive-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 8-9 inches.

[The Eastern Pectoral Sandpiper is at times gregarious
and is occasionally met with far inland. — G. C. S.~j

Teinga kuficollis Pall.

Pisobia ruficollis Math. p. 28.

a-f. ? . Kalgan, 8th-27th Feb.

y. $ . Albany Harbour, 29th March.

h-k. ? . Bernier Island, 8th July.

/. Adult. Carnarvon, 4th Aug.

Iris very dark brown ; bill black ; legs olivaceous-black.

[This little Stint was very plentiful both on the sea-coast
and on the tidal estuaries. It is a gregarious species, and was
often met with in large flocks, occasionally in company with
equally large flocks of jEgialitis rvficapilla and other
Waders.— G.C. S.]

Glottis nebularius Gunn.

Glottis nebularius Math. p. 27.

u-c. <J ? . Big Grove, 7th & 26th Mar.

d-e. S ? - Beechland, 26th Jan. & 4th Feb.

Iris very dark brown ; bill of a slate-colour, darker
towards the extremity ; legs pale ochre-yellow, tinged with
slate-colour.

\2

180 Mr. W. K. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Total length, measured in the flesh, ]3'5-14-25 inches.
[The Greenshank was observed in flocks and was rather a
shy bird.— G. C. S.]

Trixgoides hypollucus (Linn.).
Tringoides hypoleucus Math. p. 27.

a. ? . King River, 28th Feb.

b, c. 2 . Carnarvon, 6th & 23rd Aug.

Iris dark brown ; bill of a dark olivaceons-slate-colour,
dull pink towards the base of the lower mandible: legs light
olivaceous-grey.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 7'75-8'25 inches.

[Single examples of this Sandpiper were observed through-
out the south-western and western divisions, but it was not
abundant. — G. C. S.~\

Heteractitis brevipes (VieJll.).

Heteractitis brevipes Math. p. 26.

a-c. <$ 2 ■ Carnarvon, 3rd— 23rd Aug.

Iris dark brown ; legs ochre-yellow, tinged with pale olive
at the joints; claws of a dark slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 105 inches.

[The Grey-rumped Sandpiper is gregarious and was plen-
tiful around Carnarvon — G. C. S.~\

Li.mosa nov.i:-zi;ai,\mh/k Gray.

Limosa nova-zealandies .Math. p. 26.

a. 2 • Carnarvon, 6th Aug.

Iris very dark brown ; bill flesh-coloured at the base,
shading into olivaceous-black towards the extremity; legs of
a dark olivaceous-slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15 inches.

[The Bar-rumped Godwit was tolerably plentiful around
Carnarvon, and was often observed going about in flocks with
other Waders. — G. C. S.~\

Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Cray.

Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Math. p. 25.

a, <$ . King River, 6th Feb.

Iris and bill black ; legs of a pale peach-colour.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 181

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15"5 inches.

[The Banded Stilt, which is locally known as the " Rctt-
nest Snipe/' is gregarious, migratory, and very abundant on
Rottnest Island at certain seasons. It is local throughout
the south-western division. — G. C. £.]

^Egialitis cucullata Vieill.

yEgialitis cucullata Math. p. 25.

a. 2 imm. Margaret River, 16th Feb.

Iris brown; eyelid orange-scarlet; bill dark brown, with
flesh-colour at the base ; legs of a flesh-colour, joints tinged
with pale bluish, tips of toes and claws brownish .

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9 inches.

JEgialitis melanops (Vieill.).
JEgialitis melanops Math. p. 25.

a, cj . Dale River, 14th Dec.

b, c. Ad. et imm. Avou River, 13th Jan.

</, e. tf . Clifton Downs, 24th Sept. & 11th Oct.

Lis dark brown; eyelid scarlet; bill pale salmon-pink at
the base, black at the tip; legs of a deep flesh-colour,
occasionally tinged with orange; claws black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 6 '5-6' 75 inches.

[The Black-fronted Dotterel is fairly plentiful and fre-
quented the inland waters. It is rarely if ever gregarious.

—G. as.]

iEGJALITIS RUFICAPILI.A Temil).

jEgialitis ruficapilla Math. p. 25.

«, b. S . Oyster Harbour, 2nd & 3rd March.

c, d. 2 . King River, 19th Jan. & 27th Feb.
e. <J • Near Albany, 27th Feb.

/, g. 2 • Kalgan River, 10th Feb.

h-k. $ 2 • Bernier Island, 7th & 8th July.

Iris blackish-brown ; bill slaty-black ; legs of a dark
slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 6*0 to 65 inches.

The specimens killed on Bernier Island in July (midwinter)
are in breeding-plumage, which seems curious.

182 Mr. W. H. Ogilvie-Grant on a

[The Red-capped Dotterel is generally gregarious and
very abundant. It frequents the seashore, banks of estuaries,
sand-flats, &c. — G. C. S.~]

OcHTHODROMUS MONGOLICUS (Pall.).

Ochthodrumus mongolicus Math. p. 24.

a. £ . Pelican Point, 29th March.

b. ? . Kalgan River, S..W. Division, 3rd March.
Iris dark brown; bill black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 8'25 inches.
The male from Pelican Point is in full breeding-plumage,
a fact which is worthy of note.

OCHTHODROMUS GEOJKFROYI (Wagl.).

Ochthodrumus yeoffruyi Math. p. 2 1.
a. $ . Pelican Point, 29th March.
b-d. £ $ . Carnarvon, 3rd-6th Aug.
e. ? . Bernier Island, 29th June.

Iris blackish-brown ; bill of a dark olivaceous-slate-
colour ; legs dull yellowish-buff ; feet of a slate-colour.
Total length, measured in the flesh, 8\25 inches.

Charadrius domtnicus P. L. S. Mull.

Charadrius dominicus Math. p. 24.

a. ? . Big Grove, 9th March.

b-d. <J ? . Pelican Point, 29th March.

e. ? . Bernier Island, 9tli July.

/. ? . Beechland, 26th Jan.

Iris blackish-brown; bill dusky-black, yellowish-brown at
the gape ; legs of a dark slate-colour, blackish at the joints.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9'5-105 inches.

[The Eastern Golden Plover frequents sheltered places
along the coast, mud-flats, and lagoons. — G. C. S.~\

Zonifer tricolor (Vieill.).
Zonifer tricolor Math. p. 24.
a-f. Ad. et imm. York, 2nd Jan.

Iris, eyelid, and bill yellow, the latter dark brown at the
tip; wattles blood-red.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 183

Total length, measured in the flesh, from H'25-11'75
inches.

[The Black-breasted Plover is a local bird in the south-
west and a regular migrant round Cape York. It goes
about in flocks, rising singly or in pairs when flushed. —

g. a s.]

Erythrogonys cinctus Gould.
Erythrogonys cinctus Math. p. 23.
a. Adult. Carnarvon, Nov.

ELematopus fuliginosus Gould.

Hcematopus unicolor fuliginosus Hartert, Nov. Zool. xii.
p. 200 (1905).

Htematopus fuliginosus Math. p. 23.

a-g. S ? • Bernier Island, 11th June to 11th July.

Iris crimson; eyelids scarlet, tinged with orange; bill
scarlet ; legs pale lilac, claws yellowish.

This series entirely bears out the distinctions noted by
Dr. Hartert between this species and H. unicolor from New
Zealand.

[The Sooty Oyster- catcher was plentiful on Bernier Island
and around Carnarvon. — G. C. S.~]

H.EMATOPUS LONGIROSTRIS Vieill.

Hamatopus longirostris Math. p. 23.

a-d. £ ? . Bernier Island, 14th June to 12th July.

Iris deep rose-pink ; eyelid and bill scarlet ; legs pink,
claws of a slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, from 18'5-195 inches.

.[Like the last-mentioned species, the White-breasted
Oyster-catcher was common on Bernier Island. It appeared
however to be a less robust bird than H. fuliginosus and was
rarely found on the windward side of the island, where the
Sooty Oyster-catcher was most abundant. Both species are
generally seen in pairs, and they frequently roost in flocks
or small parties. — G. C. S.~\

181 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

ARENARIA 1NTERPRES (Litlll.).

Arenaria inter/ires Math. p. 23.
a-e. <$ ? . Bernier Island, 8th July.

Iris blackish-brown ; bill black ; legs deep orange, joints
anil claws brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9'25 inches.

Lakus pacificus (Lath.).

Gabianus pacijicus Math. p. 22.

a-d. ? imra. King George's Sound, 20th & 21st March.

e-f. ? et ? imm. Bernier Island, 2nd July.

Adult. Iris ash-grey; eyelid scarlet; bill bright yellow,
with a patch of red on either side of the extremity ; terminal
portion of cutting-edges of both mandibles of a dark slate-
colour; legs ochre-yellow, tinged with pale olivaceous at the
joints; claws slate-black.

Immature. Iris dark brown ; eyelid dusky black : bill of a
horn- colour, yellow towards the extremity; legs of a dark
slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23-24*5 inches;
expanse 57 inches.

[The Pacific Gull was tolerably plentiful, but less abundant
than Ij.novce-hollaad'ue. Immature examples were numerous
in the tidal estuaries and lagoons of the south-west. —
G. C. S.]

Lakus nov^e-hollandi^e Steph.

Larus novce-holl undies Math. p. 22.

a, b. Ad. et J imm. King River, 18th Jan.

c. Imm. Kalgan, 8th Feb.

d. d imm. Near Albany. 26th March.

e-h. ? et imm. Bernier Island, 10th-30th June.

Adult. Iris white; bill deep crimson, dusky at the tip;
legs deep scarlet, claws of a slate-colour.

Immature. Iris dark brown ; bill dusky black mottled with
dull orange; legs brown tinged with yellowish.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 16"0-17*5 inches.

This scries illustrates the change of pattern which takes
place, in the three outer primaries, between the immature

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. L85

and Fully adult specimens, the amount of white greatly
increasing with age.

[The Silver Gull was everywhere very plentiful along the
coast. — G. C. aS'.]

Sterna nereis Gould.

Sterna nereis Math. p. 21.

a-d. S ? et imm. King River, 18th Jan.

e-h. S ? • Kalgan River, S.W. Division, 7th-10th Feb.

i. $ . Carnarvon, 5th Aug.

Iris black ; bill orange (olive-brown tinged with yellow at
the gape in the immature) ; legs orange (brown tinged with
yellow in the immature) ; claws dark brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9'0-10'5 inches.

[The White-faced Tern Mas very plentiful, especially in
the south-west, often uniting in large flocks. — G. C. S.~\

Sterna bekgii Licht.

Sterna beryii Math. p. 20.

a. J . King River, 20th Jan.

b-e. <$ ? et imm. Kalgan, 8th- 10th Feb.
f-h. S ? • Bernier Island, 10th-30th June.

Iris blackish-brown; bill ochre-yellow, tinged with olive
in the immature ; legs dusky black, occasionally tinged with
yellov.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 19'5-21*5 inches.

Two of the specimens from Bernier Island are in full
breeding-dress ; all the rest of the series are in immature or
winter plumage.

[The Crested Tern was very plentiful. — G. C. S.~\

Hydroprogne caspia Mont.
Hydroproyne caspia Math. p. 20,
a. Ad. King River, 20th Jan.

Iris black ; bill coral-red, of a yellowish-horn-colour at
the tip ; legs black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 23 inches.
[The Caspian Tern was not common. — G. C. S.~\

186 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Graut on a

CEsTRELATA MACROFTEKA Smith.

(Estreluta macrojitera Math. p. 17.

a, b. ? . Rabbit Island, 19th April

Iris dark brown ; bill and legs black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 16*5 inches ; expanse
43 inches.

[The Great-winged Petrel was found breeding on Rabbit
Island, King George's Sound, in company with the Little
Penguin, Eudyptula minor. It is locally known as the
"Mutton-bird."]

Eudyptula minor (Forst.).

Eudyptula minor Math. p. 15.

a, b. J. Rabbit Island, 18th April.

Iris freckled grey; bill dull black; legs of a dull flesh-
colour ; claws black.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 16-16*25 inches.

[The. Little Penguin was breeding in small numbers on
Rabbit Island and around King George's Sound. — G. C. S.~\

Podicipes nov.e-hollandle Steph.

.Podicipes nova.-hollandite Math. p. 14.

a. <J imm. Stockpool, 25th Jan.

Iris dark brown ; culmen of a dark slate-colour, sides of
upper mandible and lower mandible yellowish-buff; gape
pale green; legs dull sage-green.

[The Black-throated Grebe, locally known as the "Dab-
chick/' is at times tolerably plentiful in suitable localities;
but its visits are uncertain and it appears to be migratory. —
G. C. S.]

FULICA AUSTRALIS Gould.

Fulica aus trails Math. p. 14.

a. Ad. Woyaline, 25th April.

Iris crimson ; bill of a whitish-slate-colour; legs of a dark
slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 15*5 inches.

[The Australian Coot is a local species, but very plentiful
around Wagin. — G. C. S.~\

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 187

PORPHYRIO BELLUS Gould.

Porphyrio betlus Math. p. 13.

a. Ad. Big Grove, 2.2nd March.

b. $ . Arthur River, 24th June.

Iris crimson ; bill bright reddish-pink, darker at the base;
legs of a deep flesh-colour, dusky-olive at the joints.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 19-20 inches.

[The Azure-breasted Porphyrio, or Purple Gallinule, was
fairly plentiful in the south-west. — G. C. S.]

MlCROTRIBONYX VKNTRALIS (Gould).

Microtribonyx ventralis Math, p 13.
a $ . King River, Tth Dec.

b. Ad. Woyaline, 25th April.

c. Ad. Clifton Downs, 23rd Sept.

Iris orange-yellow ; bill pale green, the basal part of the
lower mandible coral-pink or orange.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 14-16 inches.

[The Black-tailed Native-hen, or "Water-hen/' is an irre-
gular migrant and appears at uncertain intervals, sometimes
visiting parts of the country in large numbers. — G. C. S.~\

Porzana plumbea (Gray).

Porzana plumbea Math. p. 13.

a. $ . Big Grove, 20th April.

Iris and eyelid red; bill black ; legs dull reddish- crimson;
feet tinged with brown.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9'0 inches.

[The Spotless Crake is not uncommon around Albany. It
is very shy and frequents reedy swamps. — G. C. &.]

Hypot^nidia brachypus Swains.

Hypotcenidia brachypus Math. p. 12.

a. b. d . Margaret River, 23rd March.

Iris hazel, bill dark cinnamon-brown, sides and base tinged
with reddish ; legs of a slate-colour, tinged with pink.

Total length, measured in the flesh, ll-0-ll'5 inches.

[I believe that Lewin's Water-Rail is fairly plentiful in
the south-west; but it is shy and easily overlooked. —

g. a s.]

188 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a

Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.).

Ocyphaps lophotes Math. p. 11.

a-h. <$ ? . Clifton Downs, 28th Sept. to 7th Oct.

Iris bright reddish-buff; eyelid dull crimson, bill slate-
black; legs coral-pink.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 135 inches.

[The Crested Bronze-wing was very plentiful on the
Gascoyne River and was occasionally met as far south as
York and Beverley.— G. C. S.]

Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.).

Phaps chalcoptera Math. p. 10.

a. J. Arthur River, 19th June.

Iris dark brown ; bill and cere dusky black ; legs magenta-
pink.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 13*5 inches.

[The Common Bronze-wing was plentiful in many parts
of the south-western division, and extended inland. It was
not so numerous in the western division. For some reason
this species is said to be disappearing in Western Australia.
In the extreme coastal districts it is replaced by P. eleyans.
It is migratory, especially in the interior, being more
plentiful after rains. — G. C. S.~\

Phaps elegans (Temm. & Knip).

Phaps eleyans Math. p. 11.

a, b. S ? • Big Grove, 9th & 23rd March.

Iris dark brown ; bill blackish, tinged with magenta; legs
magenta-pink.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 1P5 inches.

[The Brush-Bronze-Wing was fairly plentiful in the south-
west, especially in the coastal districts : it extended as far
inland as Beverley. — G. C. S.~\

Geopelia placida Gould.
Geopelia placida Math. p. 10.
a. <$ . Carnarvon, 25th Aug.
b-d. S ? • Clifton Downs, 4th Oct.

Collection of Birds from Western Australia. 189

Iris bluish-white, bare skin round the eve pale blue,
slightly tinged with green ; bill of a dusky slate-colour, pale
blue at the base ; legs pink.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 8"5-9'25 inches.

Geopelia shortridgei Grant.

Geopelia shortridgei Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. p. 73
(1909).

a. £ . Carnarvon, 20th July.

This species is most nearly allied to G. tranquilla Gould,
but is smaller. It resembles that species in the general
coloration of the under parts and in having the fore-neck
and chest narrowly barred with black. The forehead and
crown are grey, the occiput is rufous, the feathers of the back
and wings are largely washed with the same rufous colour;
most of the inner wing-coverts and scapulars have a more
or less irregular whitish or buff spot near the extremity
of either web; and the upper tail-coverts are brownish-grey
without dusky terminal bars.

From G. cuneata (Lath.), which the present species re-
sembles in its smaller size, it may be at once distinguished
by the transverse blackish lines on the fore-neck and chest
and by the pinkish wash on the breast. It somewhat
resembles that species in the light spotting on the wing-
coverts and scapulars.

The under wing-coverts as well as the inner webs of the
quills are mostly rufous-chestnut, the former being charac-
teristic of G. tranquilla the latter of G. cuneata, which has
the under wing-coverts grey.

Iris pale yellow ; orbital skin dull orange; bill of a dark
slate-colour tinged with magenta; legs of a flesh-colour;
feet pink, claws of a light slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 9-0 inches ; wing
(imperfect), ca. 40 ; tail 41 ; tarsus 0*6.

This specimen is intermediate in many respects between
G. tranquilla and G. cuneata, and may prove to be a hybrid
between those two species.

190 On a Collection of Birds from Western Australia.

Turnix varia Lath.

Turnix varia Math. p. 7,

a, b. S ? • ftig Grove, 12th April & 2nd May.

c. [?]• Dwaladine, 17th Feb.

d. J . Parker's Range, 13th Aug.

Iris deep pink, outer ring slightly paler; bill olivaceous —
of* a slate-colour above, pale bluish below ; legs dull yellow,
claws whitish- buff.

Total length, measured in the flesh, 7"5-80 inches.

[The Variegated Bustard-Quail was fairly plentiful : it
frequented stony ridges in forest-country and was observed
going about in pairs. — G. C. S.]

CoTURNIX PECTORALIS Gould.

Coturnix pectoralis Math. p. 6.

a. V . Beechland, 9th Feb.

Iris reddish-brown : legs light pinkish-grey.

[The Pectoral Quail is plentiful in favourable localities
at certain times of the year. It was abundaut in the stubble-
fields round Busselton in February 1907, and was said to be
a regular visitor there, and occasionally numerous around
York.— G. C.S]

LlPOA OCELLATA Gould.

Lipoa ocellata Math. p. 6.

a, b. S ? • Woyaline, 24th & 29th April.

rf . Iris light yellowish-brown; bill slaty black; bare
skin on the face dusky, below the eye bluish-white ; legs
dusky brown.

? . J ris light yellowish- brown ; bill of a dark horn-colour ;
bare skin on the face dusky ; legs of a dusky slate-colour.

Total length, measured in the flesh, male 25 inches ;
female 27 inches.

[The Ocellated Megapode, known as the " Gnou " by the
natives and '' Mallee-hen " by the colonists, is fast dis-
appearing, although its old nesting-mounds are to be found
almost everywhere. It seems now to be entirely extinct
in the west (on the Gascoyne River) and, although existing

Obituary. 191

as far inland as Kalgoorlie, has become very rare in the
central districts. It is very shy, frequenting dense under-
growth, and is not easy to Hush. If put up it rises suddenly
and flies rather rapidly for a short distance, dropping into
thick scrub at the first opportunity. — G. C. S.~\

Drom.kis xov.e-hollandi.f. Lath.

Dromcaus nova-hollandia: Math. p. 5.

a-c. £ ? etjuv. Parker's Range, 1 1th— 1 8th Aug.

d, e. Ad. Kurrawang, 27th Sept.

f, f/. Ad. Laverton, 17th Oct.

Iris clear hazel or buff yellow ; bare skin on the head, neck
and thighs bluish-white ; bill olivaceous-black ; legs dusky
olivaceous-black.

[The Emu is widely distributed throughout the south-
western, central and western divisions, being particularly
numerous in the interior. It frequents open Hats and
scrubby plains and is rare in the forest-districts. The
spotted form, D. irroratus Bartl., I believe to be founded on
immature birds. — G. ('. S. ]

VI. — Obituary : — Thomas Southwell, Prof. Giglioli,
and Dr. Bowdier Sharpe.

A veritable link with the past generation of Norfolk natu-
ralists was the late Thomas Southwell of Norwich, who died
on the 5th of September, 1909, in the seventy-ninth year
of his age. In the first volume of the Trans. Norf. & Norw.
Nat. Soc. he wrote, " I have myself talked with men who have
taken the eggs of the Avocet and Black-tailed Godwit, and
who have seen the Bustard at large in its last stronghold.
The Bittern was so common in Feltwell Fen that a keeper
there has shot five in one day, and his father used to have
one roasted for dinner every Sunday." Again, " I have
found the eggs of Montagu's Harrier, and know those who
remember the time when the Hen Harrier and Short-eared
Owl bred regularly in Roydon Fen, and who have taken the

19.2 Obituary.

eggs of the Water-Hail in what was once Whittlesea
Mere."

This is indeed a peep into the past, and might serve as an
introduction to any naturalist who did not happen to know
Southwell. But as a matter of fact he must have been well-
known not only to the naturalists of East Anglia, where he
spent his life, but far beyond the confines of his own county.
For although he did not travel much, he was a zealous
correspondent, and his name would be familiar to many
who never saw him, through the medium of his books and
published writings.

Born at King's Lynn on dune 15, 1831, as soon as he was
old enough to turn to a profession he entered Gurney's Bank
at Lynn, whence he was transferred to the brancb at Faken-
ham and subsequently to Norwich. There he spent the
remainder of his life, retiring from business in 189G after
exactly fifty years' service.

When the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society was
founded in 1869 he was one of the original members, and long
acted as honorary secretary, besides serving on the journal
committee. The ' Transactions ' of the Society, which he
helped to edit from that time forward, frequently contained
valuable papers of his own relating to the mammals and
birds of the county, as well as to archaeological subjects of
local interest, such as ancient wildfowl decoys, swan-marks,
and the former condition of the fen-lands. In 1879, when
he published a new edition of Lubbock's ' Fauna of Norfolk/
he was elected president of the Society, an honour which
was again conferred upon him in 1893. He had become a
Fellow of the Zoological Society in 1872, and in 1881 was
elected a member of the British Ornithologists' Union. In
that year he published his first book, ' The Seals and Whales
of the British Seas' (reviewed in the ' Field ' of May Uti,
1881), and to this subject for many years he continued
to devote considerable attention. FVom 1884 onward he
contributed to the 'Zoologist' an annual report on the
seal- and whale-fisheries, of great interest and value, the
statistics being collected from the most trustworthy sources of

Obituary. 193

information. A reprint of these reports in book form would
make a useful work of reference.

In 1902 lie published an interesting volume on Sir Thomas
Browne's observations on the ' Natural History of Norfolk/
which he edited from the MS. in the Sloane collection
in the British Museum and in the Bodleian Library, Oxford,
and elucidated with many critical notes. The difficulty
of deciphering the MS. may be inferred from an inspection
of the frontispiece to the volume, which gives a facsimile of
one of Sir Thos. Browne's letters to Dr. Christopher Merrett,
author of the ' Pin ax Rerum Naturalium Britannicaruni.'
It is worth noting that Southwell not only detected errors
of transcription which he corrected, but was able to supply
two letters which were needed to make the correspondence
with Dr. Merrett complete ; these he printed in an
Appendix.

Perhaps the most useful piece of work he accomplished,
and that by which he will be best remembered, was his
completion in 1890 of Stevenson's 'Birds of Norfolk, of
which he wrote the third and concluding volume from the
letters and manuscripts of the deceased author, supple-
mened by original matter of his own. This was very well
done, and was much needed by those who possessed the
first two volumes and were anxious to see the wrork com-
pleted on the original plan. Southwell's long personal
acquaintance with the author and his command of the
necessary materials, coupled with his own knowledge of the
subject, enabled him to do complete justice to this difficult
undertaking.

Although not a collector in the generally accepted sense
of the word, Southwell lost no opportunity of securing
specimens for the Norwich Museum, in which he took great
interest ; and when the collections, which had been com-
menced in 18:25, were transferred to the Corporation and
finally installed in Norwich Castle in 1 89 4-, he prepared an
excellent 'Official Guide to the Norwich Castle Museum,'
with plans and numerous illustrations. The account therein
given of the collection of British birds, including many

SER. ix. — vol. iv. o

19 i Obituary.

rarities procured in Norfolk, was written by Southwell, and
forms not only an instructive introduction to the series, but
also a useful collection of records.

If there was one subject more than another in which
Southwell took special interest, it was the protection of birds
in the close time, and particularly the preservation of such
species as had their breeding haunts in Norfolk, which, by
reason of continued persecution and in consequence of the
reclamation of the waste lands to which they resorted, were
being brought to the verge of extinction as breeding birds.
On this subject he wrote much, and effectively, while the
formation of local societies for the protection of birds in
restricted areas, as, for example, at Breydon and at Wells,
always elicited his encouragement and support. For many
years he was a constant writer in the ' Zoologist,' and an
occasional contributor to the Natural History columns of
the ' Field/ where his letters and articles, always of an
informing character, never failed to meet with the apprecia-
tion which they deserved. A long list might be given of his
papers in the ' Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists.' Society,' many of which were of an archaeo-
logical character and full of curious information. Active-
minded almost to the last, he was pn strated by a stroke of
paralysis on August Uth, and lingered until September 5th,
when he passed peacefully away. His wife having pre-
deceased him in July, 190.'}, he leaves two daughters to
mourn his loss. — J.E. 11.

With much regret we have also to record the decease of
tv\o other distinguished Members of this Union — Dr. H. H.
Ciiglioli, of Florence (on Dec. 14th), and Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe, of the British Museum (on Dec. 25tlr). We pro-
pose to give some account of the Lives and Labours of
these great ornithologists in our April number.

Recertify published Ornithological Works. 19.~>

VII. — \otices of recent Ornithological Publications.

1 . ' Annals of the Transvaal Must inn.''

[Annals of the Transvaal Museum. Vol. I. No. 4. August 1909
Pretoria.]

The only ornithological papers in the fourth number of
this new periodical * are two by Air. Haagner — a " Revision "
of the difficult group of South African Grass-Warblers
(Cisticola) and a description of two new birds from
Portuguese East Africa. Of Cisticola Mr. llaagner recog-
nises 19 species, one of which (C. pretorice) is described as
new. The two birds from Portuguese East Africa are named
Anthoscopus robertsi and Heliolais hrbyi.

2. < Aquila,' Vol. xv. 1908.

[Aquila. Z^itschrift fiir Ornithologie. Redact. Otto Herman. Turn. xv.
Budapest, 1908.]

Our Hungarian contemporary has now completed its
fifteenth volume, and we have received a copy of it, together
with senaiate copies of some of the papers. As was to be
expected, tne Organ of the "Central Bureau of Hungarian
Ornithology " is mostly devoted to the Birds of Hungary,
but should by no means be neglected by the student of the
European Ornis who is able to avail himself of the German
translation printed in parallel columns with the Magyar text.

After a disquisition on the burning question how the
study of the " flight of Birds " may help the experiments
now being carried out on the " flight of Man/' there comes
a series of communications from numerous correspondents
on various subjects relating to the Hungarian Ornis, among
which migration holds an important part. Amongst these
we find a paper by our friend Mr. R. B. Lodge on his
experiences with the Eagles and Vultures of the Carpathians
during a short visit which he paid to that district in
September 1908. This article is illustrated by some ex-
cellent photographic plates of Golden Eagles and Griffon
Vultures.

* Cf. 'The Ibis,' 1909. p. 695.

196 Recently published Ornithological Works.

It appears that the Hungarian ornithologists have already
taken up the plan of marking captured birds with metal
rings, as pursued at Rossitten, on which we find an instruc-
tive report by Mr. J. Schenk. The birds chiefly operated
upon were Storks, Spoonbills, Gulls, and Night- Herons.

.'3. ' The Auk.'

[The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology. July, October,
1909.]

In the July number Mr. C. W. Richmond concludes his
reprint of the ornithological portion of the writings of
C. S. Rafincsque, which include papers and pamphlets in
French, English, and Italian. According to his views,
some of our present generic and specific names require
alteration in consequence of Rafinesque's writings. Dr. C. W.
Townscnd contributes an interesting article on the use of
the Aviugs and feet by diving birds, with remarks on those
that use the wings under water and those that do not ; he
also writes fully on the invasion of Newr England by the
Carolina Wren. Mr.S. Trotter discusses the geological and
geographical relations of the land-birds of North-eastern
America, their modifications, the alteration of their habits
or habitats, and, in short, their change of status generally.
Mr. Ruthven Deane gives the history of the unique specimen
of Townsend's Bunting from a copy of the original manu-
script sent by Townsend to Audubon. Mr. A. H. Felger
furnishes an annotated list of the Water-birds of Weld,
Morgan, and Adams counties in Colorado, with three maps ;
and Mr. W. P. Taylor discusses hybridisation in Humming-
birds, in consequence of having shot what he believes to
be a hybrid. Lastly, we have the fifteenth Supplement
to the A. O. U. ' Check-List,' of which a new edition is
about to bo published. In this we notice that it is pro-
posed to substitute Cryptoglaux for Glaux, Machetes for
Pavoucella, Chamepelia for Columbigallina, Archilochus for
Trochilus, Ammodramus for Cotumiculus, Passerherbulus for
Ammodrumus, and Vermivora for Helminthophila. There are
also changes in the titles of the families and subfamilies to

Recently published Ornithological Works. 197

suit the American avifauna; and Falco tinnunculus is ex-
cluded. Several proposed changes of generic and specific
names, however, are not accepted. The list as a whole
should be consulted by our readers.

In the October number Mr. S. Trotter conducts an
interesting " Inquiry into the history of the current English
names of North American land-birds," beginning with a
"Nomina Avium of Arch, ^Elfric" (955-1020 a.d.) and
descending through eleventh and fifteenth century lists to
the days of Catesby, Bartram, Barton, Kulm, Wilson, and
later writers. Mr. S. Stansell writes ou the birds of Central
Alberta, describing the style of the country and the species
found there, and incidentally the nests of Totanus solitarius
and Hesperiphona vespertina. Mr. T. S. Roberts gives us a
life-study of an American bird (Xanthocephalus xantho-
cephahis) in its breeding-colonies, with nine excellent photo-
graphs ; Mr. E. Blackwelder furnishes a list of the birds
observed in Iron County, Michigan, during a three months'
geological survey in summer ; Mr. H. W. Wright notices
the nesting of Vermivora pinus in Massachusetts : and
Dr. J. Dwight, Junr., retells the extraordinary story of the
Black Duck (cf. 'Auk,5 1909, p. 175), proving that the
red-legged form is merely the adult of the brown-legged.
Finally, Mr. W. W. Cooke gives his third Supplement to
the " Birds of Colorado," with a bibliography of Coloradan
ornithology; it extends over 22 pages, and forms a valuable
addition to his former publications on the subject.

4. ' Avicultural Magazine.'

[Avicultural Magazine. The Journal of the Avicultural Society.
New Series. Vol. vii. Nos. 11, 12 (September, October, 1909).]

These two numbers contain useful articles on the habits
of the following species in captivity, with notes on the
breeding of most of them: — Phalaropus hyperboreus (received
from Iceland, by Mr. C. B. Smith), Monticola saxatilis and
Estrilda angolensis (by Mr. K. Phillipps), Myiadestes
luwnsendi and Cissopis leveriana (by Mr. H. D. Astley)>

] 98 Recently published Ornithological ii urks.

Spermestes nigriceps and Tharrhaleus jerdoni (by Mr. W. F.
Teschemaker), Trachyphonus cofer (with a good coloured
plate) by Major B. R. Horsbrugh, and Neophema venusta
(by Mr. W. A. Fasey).

J)r. A. G. Butler discusses the question of morality in
Birds; Mr. F. Finn continues his notes on "Aviculture at
the Zoo" (in which special attention is drawn to the splendid
Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi and two fine males of Paradisea
apoda received from Sir W. Ingram), and gives us a further
instalment of his " Stray Notes on Indian Birds/' with
a note (p. 331) on the warty heel-pads of two species
of Woodpecker (Dendrocopus macii and Brachypternus
aura it I ius).

In the "Correspondence" Mr. E. J. Brook furnishes a
list of rare birds now in his aviaries, brought by Mr. (Jood-
fellow from New Guinea.

5. Bonhote on Migration,

[Migration Notes from North Holland. By J. Lewis Bonhote. Ornis,
1909, pp. 162 173.]

These Notes are the result of two visits made by our
fellow-member to Holland, the first in the last week of
August 1906, and the second for a month in the autumn of
1908. One of the North Sea islands was selected, and six
miles of sandy and muddy shore brought under observation.
A considerable number of species were noticed, but no great
"rushes" were chronicled, a fact possibly due to the
weather, which was summer-like, with light breezes.
Mr. Bonhote' s conclusions are as follows : — (1) That migra-
tion is usually undertaken in small parties rather than in
large flocks ; (2) that the number of species migrating on
any particular day varies inversely as the barometric
pressure ; (3) that migratory birds are excessively fat on
their departure, and thin on their arrival ; (4) that among
the Limicolse the balance of evidence is in favour of the
adults migrating earlier than the bulk of the young.

Recently published Ornithological Works. l'.'l)

6. Cory on the Birds of the Leeward Islands.

[The Birds of the Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. By Oharles B.
Cory, Curator of Department of Zoology: Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.
No. 157. ( >rn. Ser. Vol. i. No. 5, Chicago, 1909.]

With the assistance of his colleagues at the Field
Museum, Chicago, Mr. Charles B. Cory, who has laboured
so long and so well on the ornithology of the Antilles, has
been able to prepare an excellent summary of the present
state of our knowledge of the birds of the Leeward Islands.
Under this designation are included the islands called
Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Islas de Aves, Los Roques,
Orcliilla, Tortuga, Blanquilla, Los Hermanos, Testigos, and
Margarita. Besides the specimens obtained by the two
expeditions sent out by the Field Museum, other species
previously recorded from these islands have been included in
the list.

The islands are taken one by one, and after a short
introduction and a notice of previous authorities, a list of
species recorded as found on each is given. The islands lie
along the north coast o£ Venezuela, and the birds are nearly
all Venezuelan in form, although they have, in some cases,
become sufficiently differentiated to require (according to
the prevailing fashion) subspecific names. Mr. Cory now
gives such names to Dcndrceca ruficapilla ubscura (Los
Roques); Conurui aruginosus tortiigemis, Tiaris tortugensis,
and Ccertbu ferryi (Tortuga) ; Holoquiscalns orchillemis
(Orchilla) ; Conurus neuxenus and Platycichla venezuelensis
atra (Margarita).

As we have said, the birds of the Leeward group
are all Venezuelan or slightly modified Venezuelan forms,
the only characteristic Autillean form met with there being
Margarops fuscatus, which is "common in the gardens" on
Bonaire.

A table of the species and subspecies, shewing their
exact distribution, of the Leeward-Islands Birds is a useful
addition to this memoir, and an outline map gives the
exact position of the various islands.

200 Recently published Ornithological Works.

7. Dearborn on Birds from Guatemala.

[Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Guatemala. By Ned
Dearborn, Assistant Curator of Ornithology. Chicago, 1907. Field
Mus. of N. II. Publ. 125. Oru. Ser. Vol. i. No. 3.]

Mr. Dearborn bases his paper on three collections made
for the " Field-Museum " of Natural History, in Chicago,
and containing altogether 1187 specimens, which are referred
to 305 species and subspecies. The principal collection was
made by Mr. Dearborn himself in 1906. The author
commences by an exact list of the localities which he visited
in Guatemala, and devotes several pages to a description of
their physical peculiarities.

The labours of the late Osbert Salvin and others, as
explained in the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana/ have made
us well acquainted with the Ornithology of Guatemala.
Mr. Dearborn has, therefore, as was to be expected, found
few novelties in his series, and has described only four as
new : Saucerottea ct/anura guatemalae, Diylossa montana,
Regulus sutrapa clarus, and P lanes ticus tristis rubicundus.
The last-named is based on a single specimen — how can
anyone decide that it is not an individual variety?

Some short notes on the habits, exact localities, and other
peculiarities are added under each species.

8. Dcivar and Finn on the Making of Species.

[The Making of Species. By Douglas Dewar, B.A. (Cantab), I.C.S.,
F.Z.S., and Frank Finn, B.A. (Oxon), F.Z.S., M.B.O.O. London:
John Lane, 1909.]

This work, which contains an examination into the more
recent researches and theories of the cause or causes of
Evolution, has been prepared by an Indian Civil Servant,
Mr. Douglas Dewar, who has devoted his leisure time in
India to zoological study and observation, and by a well-
known writer of popular works of Natural History, Mr. Frank
Finn. The authors regard Evolution as a theory now
universally accepted, and devote most of their space to the
discussion of the various explanaticns which have been

Recently published Ornithological Works. 201

suggested as likely to bring about the changes in animals
and plants that have undoubtedly occurred.

The authors divide the Evolutionists of to-day into
three schools, which they terra the Neo-Lamarckian, the
Wallacei an, and the Neo-Darwinian. Of these the first,
represented by Cope, Spencer, Cunningham, Haeckel, and
Naegcli, do not believe that Natural Selection is the im-
portant factor in the Evolutionary process, and that acquired
characters can be and often are inherited. The Wallaceiaus,
represented by Weisraann, Poulton, and apparently by
Lankester, believe in the all-sufficiency of Natural Selection
to explain everything, and deny that acquired characters can
ever be inherited. The third school, the Neo-Darwiniaus,
to which the authors claim to belong, and in which they
include Bateson, De Vries, Kellogg, and T. H. Morgan,
steer a middle course, and, though still laying stress on the
great importance of Natural Selection, believe that there
are many other factors of importance to be taken into
consideration.

The book is illustrated by a number of uncoloured plates
to shew examples of phenomena among birds, such as
recognition-marks, mimicry, and sexual and seasonal di-
morphism. There is not much novelty in it, but it is worth
reading by those who are interested in the subject, as
containing a ma^s of information on the question of the
origin of species brought together from different quarters.
Birds are specially alluded to in the chapters on " Mu-
tatiou " and " Hybridism."

9. Dresser on Palaarctic Birds' Eggs,

[Eggs of the Birds of Europe, including- all the Species inhabiting the
'Western Pahearctic Area. By II. E. Dresser. Pts. XIX.-XX. Sep-
tember, 1909.]

Mr. Dresser is now fast approaching the termination of
his labours, though he finds that two more parts will be
necessary to complete this work, owing to an unexpected
accumulation of material during its progress, and more
particularly to new discoveries in Northern Asia. Several

202 Recently published Ornithological Works.

very important species find their places in the present instal-
ment, such as the Knot, of* which authentic eggs arc now
figured for the first time in Britain, though eagerly sought
for many years, the Curlew Sandpiper , of which the same
might have been said before Mr. Popham's journey to the
mouth of the Yenesei, and the Solitary Sandpiper. The
Knots' eggs Mere obtained by the Russian Polar Expedition,
and the present plate is a reproduction from the memoir of
that Expedition (in Russian), that of the Curlew Sandpipers"
eggs is from the same source, while those of the Solitary
Sandpiper arc figured from North Albertan specimens.
The excellent notes of Mr. Buturlin on. the birds of the
Russian Empire are even more interesting than usual in these
farts, and add greatly to our knowledge; of the range of
many forms in Asia, while the plates are excellent and give
an adequate idea of the variation in colour of the eggs.
though possibly those of the Knot will prove less uniform
than might be supposed from the specimens figured, which
were all taken in the same district.

The woodcuts of nests are not quite of the same merit:
some have come out badly, with the eggs almost white or
far too dark.

10. Dubois on Buceros sharpii.

[Comment on doil envisager le type <lu Buceros sharpii de Elliot.
Par le Dr. Alph. Dubois. Bull. Sue. Zool. de France, xxxiv. p. 129
(1909).]

In 1881 Dr. Dubois described and figured, under the
name Buceros ( Bycanistes) leucopygus, a llornbill, of which
two specimens had been obtained by BohndorfE in the
Nyam-Nyam district of Central Africa. Dr. Reichenow
has referred this species to li. sharpii of Elliot, and various
other authors have misplaced it. M. Dubois now explains
this at full length, and finds that leucopygus of Giebel
(Zeitsch. ges. Nat. xlvii. p. 73, 1876) is the correct specific
name of this llornbill, which is most nearly allied to
B. fistulator.

We shall be glad to know whether Mr. D. (>. Elliot agrees
with Dr. Dubois's views on this subject. Dr. Dubois states

Recently published Ornithological Works. 203

that />. sharpii, of which the typical .specimen is in the
British Museum, is merely a slight variety of a young male
B. fixtulator.

11. Elliot on the Species o/"Rheinardtius.

[Remarks on the Species of the Genus R/ieinardtius. By D. G. Elliot,
D.Sc, F.R.S.E., \-c. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. -'42 (1909).]

Mr. Elliot lias lately examined the famous tail-feather in
the Paris Museum upon which the name Rheinardtius ocellatus
was established, and has compared it with specimens of the
long tail-feathers of the birds from Aiinam which are usually
called by that name. Mr. Elliot doubts whether this identi-
fication is correct, because he tiuds certain differences (which
are carefully pointed out) between the typical feather and the
corresponding feather of the form from Annam. Mr. Elliot,
however, has omitted to mention that a " subspecies" of the
Annamese bird has lately been found in Pahang, far down
the Malay Peninsula, and described under the name R. ocellatus
nigrescens by Mr. Rothschild (Bull. B. O. C. xii. p. 55,
1902). It is possible, therefore, that the original tail-feather
may belong to this "subspecies" — at any rate, the comparison
should be made.

12. Grinnell on Three new Song-Sparrows.

[Three new iS'in^-Sparrows from California. By Joseph Grinnell.
Univ. of Cal. Zool. I'ubl. vol. v. no. 9.]

Mr. Grinnell is preparing a revision of the Western Song-
Sparrows (Melospiza), of which he recognises " seventeen
distinct races. }i Three of these are now described as
M. melodia maxillaris, 31. m. gouldi (revived name), and
M. m. sa/tonis.

13. Gtinnell on Birds from Alaska.

[Birds and Mammals of the 1907 Alexauder Expedition to South-
eastern Alaska. Univ. of Cal. Zool. Publ. vol. iii. no. 2. — Birds by
Joseph Grinnell.]

The "Alexander Expedition " of 1907 appears to have been
" got up/' equipped, and "led" by a lady — Miss Annie M.

204 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Alexander, — for the investigation of the Fauna of the Islands
of South-eastern Alaska, and to have been very successfully
carried out. The Expedition obtained 532 birds and 33 sets
of eggs, besides other objects, all of which have been
presented by Miss Alexander to the "Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology/' The exact localities visited are fully described
by Messrs. Stephens and Dixon and are shown on a map
of the Sitkan district of Alaska. The birds collected are
carefully described by Mr. Grinnell, the Editor of 'The
Condor/ — a very competent authority on the Avifauna of
the Western States, — and copious field-notes are furnished
from the note-books of the Naturalists of the Expedition.

Mr. Grinnell refers the 532 bird-skins to 99 species,
amongst which he describes the following as new : — Lagopus
a/exandra, L. dixoni, Bateo borealis alascensis, Picoides
americu a us fa mi pectus, Loxia curvirostra sitkensis, and Plancs-
ticus migratorius caurinus. The nomenclature and arrange-
ment of the ' Check-list ' are followed.

14. La Touche on the Birds in the Shanghai Museum.

[The Collection of Birds in the Shanghai Museum. By J. D. D.
La Touche. North China Branch R. Asiatic Society, xi. p. 69 (1909).]

The difficulty of keeping up a collection of birds in a
tropical climate is very obvious, but that it may be overcome
by well-applied energy we may see from Mr. La Touche's
report on the Shanghai Museum, of which Institution he has
had charge for two years. He found it in a sad state from
want of care, but has already renovated it to a great extent,
and evidently intends to persevere in his good work. There
is a mounted collection of Birds, now brought into good
order, and containing 571 specimens of 359 species. The
skin-collection contains 1120 specimens of 330 species.
The total number of Chinese species represented at Shanghai
is about 430. Among the mountain-birds of the province
of Fohkien are examples of such rarities as Drymochares
sinensis, Proparus guttaticollis, and Allotrius pallidus.
There are also specimens of such little-known birds as

Recently published Ornithological Works. 205

Pteriithius ricketti, Alcippe hueti, Stachyridopsis sinensis,
and Schamiparus superciliaris. Amongst recent additions is
recorded an example of Gould's Merganser (Mergus squa-
matus), of which there are only three specimens (including
the type) in the British Museum, and, we believe, none
elsewhere. A complete list of the names of all the species
in the Shanghai Museum is given.

15. Lodge on the Birds of Wild Europe.

[Bird-huntiny through Wild Europe. By II. B. Lodge. Loudon :
R. Culley, 1900. Pp. 1-333; 124 illustrations.]

Iu this book we have no need to descant upon the ex-
cellence of the photographs, as Mr. Lodge's skill in this
art is well-known to all our readers, but we wish in the
present case to call special attention to the scientific aspect
of the subject on which he writes, since it is much more
prominent than is usual in a popular work. The detailed
descriptions of the birds at their breeding-quarters, of
their nests and eggs, coupled with an admirable account
of the surroundings, and of the countries and peoples visited,
is such as to command itself to every Ornithologist, while
the fact that the bird-hunting was indeed in " Wild Europe,"
and the rarity of many of the species that came under
Mr. Lodge's observation, combine to impress us with the
scientific value of the letterpress. The difficulties he
surmounted can hardly be overrated, yet they were not
allowed to interfere with the success that was finally attained,
while the list of species at the end of the volume clearly shews
how great that success was.

Mr. Lodge first describes a visit to Southern Spain in
company with a fellow-member of the 13. O. U., easily

recognisable under the initial M ; he next gives an

account of journeys to Bosnia, Montenegro and Albania,
with a short stay, as an interlude, in Hungary; the chief
objects of his search being the breeding-places of the
Dalmatian Pelican and the Great White Heron, though
many other rare species were observed and photographed.
Finally, collections were made in the Dobrudscha, at the

206 Recent/// published Ornithological II ork's.

mouth of the Danube. Success was ultimately obtained in
all cases, while Birds-of'-Prey and marsh-breeding birds
were the most conspicuous companions of the author's
travels. No one who wishes to be well acquainted with
the habits of European birds, including many rare species
on the British list, should neglect to consult this
admirable bode.

10. Lonnberg on Birds front Transbaicalia and Mongolia.

[Notes on Birds collected by Mr, Otto Bamberg in Southern Trans-
baicalia and Northern Mongolia. By Einar "Lonnberg. Upsala and
Stockholm, 1909. (Arch. f. Zoologi, Bd. v. no. 9.)]

This is an account of the birds collected by Mr. Bamberg,
of Weimar, during an expedition made into Northern
Mongolia and the adjoining parts of Transbaicalia, and now
deposited, for the most part, in the Museum of Stockholm.
It commences with a list of the localities visited, which ;ire
illustrated by some nice photographs of the scenery, and
explained in descriptive notes. The localities are given in
the order in which they were visited, commencing with
Kjachta and concluding with Urga. The birds collected by
Mr. Bamberg consist of about 90 species and subspecies, and
in some cases are of considerable interest, such as Corvus
dauricus neglectus (cf. Salvadori, ' Ibis/ 1909, p. 131),
Garrvlus glandarius bambergi (subsp. now of the group of
G. brandti), Dendrocopus major mongulus (subsp. now),
Upupa epops saturata (subsp. now), and Macrorhamphus
taczanowskii (cf. Dresser, k Ibis,' 1909, p. 418), a male speci-
men of which "in full breeding-plumage" was procured
at Bura.

Mr. Lonnberg, we regret to observe, is another advocate
for changing old-established names, and wishes to call the
Spotted Flycatcher " Muscicapa ficedula," as being the
Motacilla ficedula of Linnaeus's tenth edition. But this
identification is doubtful, and we prefer Muscicapa grisola,
which is certain.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 207

17. Macpherson on the Gulden Eagle.

[The Home-Life of a Golden Eagle. Photographed and described by
II. I'.. Macpherson. London: Witherby £ Co., L909, pp. L-45, 32 pis.
5*. net.]

Mr. Macpherson here <jives us an exhaustive and most
excellent account of his observations at the eyry of a Golden
Eagle in the Grampians. To devote the whole of a hook to a
single species might seem, at first sight, unnecessary, but on
reading the letter-press we are bound to confess that in this
case the author has fully justified his action, and that there
is not a word which we would willingly have omitted, while
our own experiences, so far as they go, exactly tally with his.
From April 23rd, when the eggs were hard-set, Mr. Mac-
pherson constantly visited the nest until the young Eagle left
it, during a period of no less than eleven weeks, and some
idea of the tod involved in the undertaking may be gained
from considering the weather that usually prevails — and as
a matter of fact did prevail — at that time of year in the
corries of the Scottish mountains. The photographs are
most successful, and include excellent pictures of the cock,
the hen, and the young bird in all stages of growth.

18. North on Cinclosoma marginatum.

[Description of the Female with Nest and Eggs of the Cinnamon-
chested Ground-Thrush (Cinclosoma marginatum Sharpe). By Alfred
J. North, C.M.B O.U. Bee. Austr. Mus. vii. no. 4 (1809).]

The male of Cinclosoma marginatum was described by
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in 1883 from a skin obtained in
N.W. Australia. Mr. North now describes the female,
nest, and eggs obtained by Mr. C. dr. Gibson, Assistant
Geologist, at Will una, Western Australia, and adds notes
on the range, lusting, and eggs of the species. A photo-
graphic plate is given of the nest and eggs.

19. North on a new Acanthiza.

[Description of a new Species of Aeanthiza from Western Australia.
By Alfred J. North, C.M.Z.S. Vict. Nat. xxvi. no. 6 (1909).]

Ill a small collection of birds obtained in the vicinity of

208 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Lake Way, East Morrison District, Western Australia, and
sent to him for determination, Mr. North has found three
examples of an apparently new species of Acanthiza, which
he describes under the name A. whitlocki.

In the same collection Mr. North found specimens of
Cinclosoma marginatum, Acanthiza robustirostris, and Clima-
cteris svptrcilians, all ''interesting forms."

20. Report of the Zoological Society of Neiv York.

[Thirteenth Animal Eeport of the New York Zoological Society.
New York, 1909.]

As stated on the the titlepage of their Report, the worthy
objects of the Zoological Society of New York are to main-
tain a public zoological park, to preserve the natural Fauna
of their country, and to promote Zoology. The readers of
the Thirteenth Annual Report will easily settle how far the
founders of this great enterprise have carried out these
objects. It appears to us that at all events they made very
good progress in 1908. Let us see what has been done in
the Bird-department, which is ruled by Mr. C. William
Beebe — a name well known to many of us.

Mr. Beebe tells us that during the year 1908 the collection
of birds in the Zoological Park has increased both in species
and specimens. The two most important accessions were
from South America and Mexico. Mr. Beebe himself went
to Trinidad and Venezuela, and brought home upwards of
one hundred specimens, including representatives of sixteen
species new to the Collection. A large scries, containing
Tree-Partridges, Anis, Motmots, Kingfishers, and other
rarities, was obtained direct from Mexico. A number of
these had never been seen in captivity before, and the
study of their habits is yielding facts of great interest.

The Curator maintains that the Collection of living birds
at New York is now the first in the world as regards
number of specimens, and third in number of species.
The authorities in London and Berlin must look to their
laurels !

Recently published Ornithological Works. 209

21. Robinson on a new Flycatcher.

[On a new Species of Oyornis from the Mountains of the Malay
Peninsula. By H. C. Robinson. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vol. ii.
p. Ifi3 (1909).]

Cyomis peninsula) is, described as new in this paper, is
allied to 0. oatesi and C. vivida, but is considerably smaller.
A male and female were obtained in November 1908 at
Telom, on the boundary between Perak and Pahaug. Malay
States.

22. Robinson on the Mountain-birds of the Malay
Peninsula.

[The Birds at present known from the Mountains of the Malay Pen-
insula. By Herbert C. Robinson. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
vol. ii. No. 4, p. 1L'4.]

The energetic Director of the Museums of the Federated
Malay States now gives us a list of the birds found in the
central mountain-zone of the peninsula, where many inter-
esting discoveries have been lately made. His list is based
mainly on the very large amount of material now in the
Selangor Museum, which, after the elimination of duplicates,
contains over 3000 specimens of Malay birds.

Mr. Robinson commences his article with a short descrip-
tion of the various mountains of the Malay Peninsula which
have been explored — twelve in all. Although the localities
of these ranges are indicated and their approximate heights,
which in one case (Gunong Tabang) exceeds 7000 feet, are
stated, it would have been better to have added an outline-
map shewing their exact positions, as many of them are
not marked in ordinary atlases. Next follow the titles
of the papers previously published on this subject, Avhich
are ten in number. We then come to the List of the
Species of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula above
the height of 2300 feet, altogether 242 in number, which,
with very few exceptions, are represented in the Selangor
collection by recently collected specimens of undoubted
authenticity.

ser. ix. — vol. iv. p

210 Recently published Ornithological Works.

No new species are described in Mr. Robinson's article,
but good field-notes are given in every case, and several
very interesting forms are mentioned. Rheinhardtius nigres-
cens, the Malayan representative of the Ocellated Argus of
Tonkin, recently described by Dr. Hartert, was obtained by
Mr. Robinson on Gunong Tabau, but he does not believe
that it is entirely confined to the mountains. Hornbills are
numerous — six fine species occur in the .Malayan Hills.
Woodpeckers are also plentiful — the names of 17 species are
recorded. Abundant also are Muscioapidas and Pycnonotidae,
as in other parts of the Oriental Region. Tbe splendid
Hunting-Crow, Cissa robinsoni, originally described from a
single specimen, is now found to be numerous in the moun-
tains of Selangor, but is " very wild and hard to obtam."
The Malayan Bullfinch {Pyrrhula waterstradti) probably
occurs on all the higher mountains of Selangor, wherever
Vaccinium and Conifers are found.

A detailed summary concludes Mr. Robinson's valuable
paper; it gives full information as to the distribution of the
components of the upper Malayan Avifauna, which is com-
pared with that of Kina Rain, the highest summit in Rorneo.
Rut the Bornean mountain contains seven peculiar generic
forms, while the Malayan heights have none.

23. Salvadori on some Birds from Congo-land.

[Piccola Collezicne di I'ccelli del Congo, deseritta da T. Salvadori.
Auu. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 3, vol. iv. (1009).]

A small collection of birds from Congo-land, received by
the Museo Civico of Genoa, contained 30 specimens, which
are referred by Count Salvadori to 27 species. Of these
Dendropicns gabonensis, Lophoceros granti, and the very rare
Ilypargus dyboivskii are pointed out as being of special
interest.

24. Sassi on Birds from Papua and Northern Queensland.

[Bemerkungen zu den von E. Weiske in British Neuguinea und Nord
Queensland gesammelten Vogelbalgen. Von Dr. Moriz Sas.-i (Wien).
J. f. O., July 1909:]

It would appear that the collection of birds made bv

Recently published Ornithological Works. 211

E. Weiske in Papua (British New Guinea) and Northern
Queensland from 1895 to 1900 has been purchased by
Dr. Steindachner and presented to the Vienna Museum.
But we believe that specimens from the same collector had
previously gone e'sewhere. Dr. Sassi now gives us a list of
Weiske' s birds and refers them to 45 species. None are
described as new, but we see the names of such rare species
as Oreocharis arfaki and Paramythia montium in the list.
It would have been better to have kept the Australian birds
separate from those of New Guinea.

25. Shvfeldt on the Osteology of Birds.

[Osteology of Birds. By R. W. Shufeldt New York State Education
Department, Bull. 130. Albany, 1909.]

This ' Bulletin ' contains a series of articles by Dr. Shufeldt
on Accipitres, Gallinae, Anseres, and C'uccystes glaudarius,
with a bibliography of papers referring to the subject.
These have for the most part been separately published in
former years, but the illustrations are chiefly new and the
subject-matter is worked up afresh. The species treated
are chiefly North American, as might be expected ; but the
volume will be none the less useful on that account to our
readers, and evidently forms a fairly complete manual of the
Doctor's writings.

26. ' The South African Journal'

[The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union. Vol. y. No, '2
(Oct. 1909).]

The first paper in this number is by Mr. E. C. Chubb, on
birds collected between Bulawayo and theTegwani ltiver bv
Mr. R. Douglas. He records Buteo desertorum from South
Rhodesia for the first time, and gives notes on immature
examples of Numida coronata. The second paper, which
should be studied by those interested in the distribution of
South African species, is on birds observed during a journey
through Portuguese Nyassa-land in July and August, at au
average elevation of some 1500 feet. The writer, Major

p2

212 Recently Published Ornithological Works.

J. Stevenson Hamilton, Warden of the Transvaal Game
Reserve, found the avifauna similar to that of the Transvaal
Low Country, rather than to that of more northern districts.
A third paper consists of Notes from Cape Colony by Mr.
L. E. Taylor, and includes details of the nesting of various
species, such as Aquila verreauxi and Sula capensis, besides
observations on the distribution and capture of rare forms.
Next Mr. A. Haagner furnishes us with miscellaneous notes
from the Transvaal Museum, among which we may remark
that the writer considers Plectropterus niger inseparable
from P. yambensis, while he describes as new Bradypterus
congoensis from West Pondoland, a form akin to B. sylvaticus.
Lastly, Mr. F. Pym gives a lengthy catalogue of the birds of
the Kaffiarian frontier near Kingwilliamstown.

27. Spruce on the Migration of the IVood-Ibis.

[Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Audes. By Richard Spruce,
Ph.D. Edited by A. I J. Wallace. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co.,
1908.]

Although the late Dr. Spruce's Journals (recently edited by
Dr. Wallace) are, of course, mainly devoted to botany, there
are occasional references to birds in the narratives of that
great traveller and collector. Amongst these is an account
of the migration of the Wood-Ibis (Tantalus locu/a/or) as
observed by Dr. Spruce in several places between the
Amazon and Orinoco, which is of such interest that we
venture to reproduce it in this Journal : —

" The most remarkable migration that I have myself
witnessed in South America is that of the great Wood-Ibis
(Tantalus loculator), called ' Jabirii ' in Brazil, 'Ganau' in
Venezuela, between the Amazon and the Orinoco — a distance
of from 300 to 500 miles in a straight line, but a thousand
or more following the courses of the rivers. The migrations
are so timed that the birds are always on the one river or
the other when the water is lowest and there is much sandy
beach exposed, affording the greatest extent of fishing-
ground. In the years 1853 and 1854, when I was at San
Carlos del Rio Negro (lat. 1° 53^' S.), I saw them going

Recently Published Ornithological Works. 213

northward in November and returning southward in May,
and I had the pleasuie of having some of them stay to dine
with me. One of their halting places on their way to the
Orinoco was on islands near the mouth of the Casiquiari, at
only a few hours' journey above San Carlos. There I have
seen them roosting on the tree-tops in such long close lines
that by moonlight the trees seemed clad with white flowers.
They descend to the sandy spits of the islauds to fish in the
grey of the evening and morning, i. e. before betaking them-
selves to their eyrie and before resuming their journey on
the following day. The scarcity of fish in rivers of clear or
black water is well known ; and even were they more abun-
dant, this very clearness of the water would render it difficult
for fish-eating fowls to catch them unless when there was
little light. Hence, perhaps, the Ibis's choice of hours for
fishing; and the turbid water poured into the Rio Negro by
the Casiquiari dulls its transparency at that point, which
makes it eligible for a fishing station, leaving probably only
a single day's stage for the travellers to reach the Orinoco.
The Ibises, however, did not, as one might have supposed,
turn up the Casiquiari, but held right on to the north,
crossing the isthmus of Pimichin, and descending the Ata-
bapo to the Orinoco. Some of them, I was told, would halt
on the Guaviare, while others push on to the Apure ; the
former lot, however, are said to travel chiefly by way of the
Japura from the Amazon. Those that frequent the Upper
Orinoco return in May, and their halting-place near San
Carlos is not at the mouth of the Casiquiari, but on the
islands a day's journey below the village, so that they are at
that season less persecuted by the Indians. If they went all
the way clown the Rio Negro in May they would reach the
Amazon long before its beaches began to be exposed. But
it has been ascertained that they sojourn awhile on the Rio
Branco, where the beaches are earlier uncovered. Flocks
of Wild Ducks sometimes accompany the Ibises, and it is
quite possible that some of the smaller aquatic and riparial
Fowls make similar migrations.

" When the Ibises are roosting a shot or two from a gun

214 Recently Published Ornithological Works.

is enough to make the whole caravan take to flight and
remove to some distance. But the Indians of San Carlos
know better than to scare them away with firearms. They
get into their canoes a little after raid night, creep silently up
the liver, and under cover of the night disembark beneath
the trees where the Ibises are roosting. Then, when at
break of day the birds wake up and begin to stir, and to be
visible, the Indians pick them off with poisoned darts from
their blowing-canes in great numbers, before the bulk of the
flock takes alarm ; so that they mostly return to the villages
with great piles of dead Ibi>cs ; and, although this lasts only
two or three days, the quantity killed is so great that, what
with fresh and what with barbecued game, everybody feasts
royally for a fortnight; whereas throughout the rest of the
year the dearth of provisions exceeds what I have experi-
enced elsewhere in South America."

28. Whymper's ' Egyptian Birds.'

[Egyptian Birds, for tho most Tart situ in the Nile Valley. By
Charles Whymper. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1909. lvol.

8vo.]

Our associate Mr. Charles Whymper has produced a very
nice book, which will, no doubt, be in the hands of many of
the visitors who go up the Nile this winter. Selecting fifty
of the birds most commonly met with on the banks of the
great river, he gives us artistic drawings of them and accom-
panies them with well-written popular accounts of their
habits and manners. As stated by the author in his
" Foreword/' this does not claim to be a scientific work,
" it is meant for the wayfaring man who, travelling through
this ancient land, wishes to learn something of the birds he
meets with/' Mr. Whymper, therefore, does not interfere
with the labouis of several of our correspondents, who are
striving to attain a lull knowledge of the Egyptian Avifauna
in order to produce a complete account of it.

As will be noticed by those who inspect the volume, most
of the fifty species of which figures are given are well known

Letters, Extracts, and Xoles. 215

to British ornithologists. But they will be pleased with the
dainty figures and brilliant colours — in some cases, we may
perhaps say. a little too brilliant.

Among the strange forms introduced to ns we may call
attention to the Sand-Partridge {Ammoperdiw heyi), which
is a purely desert species. This, as Mr. Whymper says.
" is a most charming, lively little bird, bustling about. You
rarely see it for long. Even in January it still keeps in
coveys, running along in and out of the boulders, and very
quick and agile."

It was rather bold of Mr. "Whymper to figure the Shoe-bill
(Ba/ceniceps rex) in a book on Egyptian birds, its true home
being far away on the White Nile, but, at all events, we are
given correct figures of its grotesque attitudes, taken from
the specimens in the Zoological Gardens at Giza.

In concluding the author gives a list of the names of the
Egyptian birds known to him — 35G in all.

VIII. — Letters, Extracts, and Xotes.

We have received the following letters, addressed "To the
Editors of 'The Ibis ' » :—

Sirs, — I wish to bring to ycur notice that a shore time
a^o, in dealing with my specimens of the Mediterranean
Falcons {Falco pumcus and its nearly allied forms), I quoted
several books, amongst them the excellent work on the ' Birds
of Tunisia/ by the well-known ornithologist Mr. Whitaker,
who states that he did not include the Saker (Hierofalco
cherrug) for Tunisia*.

Afterwards I recollected that amongst the numerous
specimens of the Saker in my collection there was one that

* " I have never obtained or heard of the Saker Falcon having been
met with in Tunisia, but it may occur there occasionally as a straggler,
because examples of it are not unfrequently obtained in Italy, and
specimens are to be found in most museums of any importance in that
country " [Whitaker, B. of Tunisia, 1905, vol. ii. p. 138).

216 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

had been obtained in that country. On searching I found
it at once. It is a young specimen which I got, through
Mr. Blanc's kindness, about two years ago, and was labelled
by him as a " Limner/' October 1907, from Djebel Batteria
in North Tunisia.

Its description is as follows : —

Upper parts generally dark brown, some of the feathers
slightly shaded with greyish and with pale rufous edges,
which are more conspicuous on the feathers of shoulders,
rump, and upper tail-coverts; quills dark brown, partly
margined with huffy white towards the tip and barred with
white on the inner webs ; tail greyish brown, middle feathers
almost uniform, the lateral ones marked with buffy-white
oval spots on the outer web, which are rather more oval on
the inner ; head and nape buft'y white, with blackish central
streaks to the feathers ; cheek-stripe brown, very con-
spicuous ; chin white ; under surface white, with numerous
and broad stripes of dark brown, under wing-coverts brown
in the centre of the feathers, with broad white margins ;
cere and legs pale blue-grey ; iris brown.

Culmen 32 mm. ; wing 390 ; tail 260 ; tarsus 60.

I have no doubt as to the identity of the bird, but, in
the bibliography quoted, I was unable to find any infor-
mation relative to the presence of the Saker in Tunisia.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,
Ca' Oddo (Padua), Count E. Akkigoni Degli Oddi.

October 4th, 1909.

Sirs, — May I be permitted to offer a few remarks on
Mr. J. A. Bucknill's interesting paper on the Ornithology
of Cyprus in your lait number?

The name of the collector who furnished the material for
Ilerr A. M tiller's paper in the Journ. f. Ornith. for 1870
(p. 385) is Herr Gustav Schroder. He is still living, but is
no longer resident in Cyprus (p. 576).

Mr. Bucknill is mistaken in supposing that the eggs of
Sylvia melanothorax are still unknown, for Glaszner sent at

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 217

least two clutches of the eggs of this species, taken in 1906,
to the Trin» Museum, where I have examined them (p. 598).

The local race of the Tree-Creeper was not described by
Dr. Hartert as a subspecies of C. famifiaris, but under the
name of C. brachydactyla dorotliece (not dorothea) in the
Bull. B. O. C. xiv. p. 50. The Asia Minor form is also a
local race of the same species (p. 605).

Mr. Bucknill's supposition that Motacilla ficedvla of
Sibthorp is identical with the British Pied Wagtail is quite
untenable. In the first place, Sibthorp's observations were
made in 1787 and published in 1818, while the first attempt
to describe M. Ivgiibris was made by Temminck (who con-
fused it with M. lugens) in 1820. Moreover, the British
race is very unlikely to occur in Cyprus, as its ordinary
migration-route does not come within a thousand miles of
the island. One would naturally suppose " Motacilla
ficedula " to refer to the Pied Flycatcher, but Mr. Bucknill
includes that bird also among those identified by Sibthorp
(p. 607).

Clifton VicaMge, Yours &C,

Ashburne, Derbv.-hire, F. C. R. JoURDAlX.

Nov. 20th, 1909.

Sirs, — In 'The Ibis/ 1909, p. 705, when reviewing
Part V, of my book 'Die Vogel der paliiarktischen Fauna/
you have objected to my accepting the name Sylvia boriu
for the " Garden-Warbler " and that of Sylvia hortemis for
the " Orphean Warbler/' the latter having been used
erroneously for about a century for the " Garden-Warbler."'

It is generally acknowledged that we must use the oldest
names for all birds, and that erroneously applied names
must be changed. This is frequently done by ornithologists
in all countries, when writing on foreign and less known
birds, and everybody acquiesces in such a proceeding, but
when the same practice is followed in the case of "one of
our familiar birds/' objection is raised. This is, however,
inconsistent and unscientific, because the limit between a

218 Letters, Exti acts, and Notes.

familiar and an unfamiliar bird cannot be defined, and what
is coirect in one case must be right in the other.

However, about the necessity of correcting erroneous
names commonly used For birds one might differ, and,
knowing the views of the reviewer in 'The Ibis/ I should
not have taken the pains to write this letter. But the reviewer
makes erroneous statements and is therefore apt to mislead
those readers who are not in a position to investigate such
nomenclatorial questions themselves. The reviewer says
that the identification of Boddaert's Motacilla borin is un-
certain, and that the Motacilla hortensis of Graelin "has
been generally supposed to he the Garden-Warbler." These
statements are wrong, The case is as follows : —

Motacilla hortensis Gmelin, Syst. Xat. i. 1, p. 955 (178!)),
is taken from Brisson's and Buffon's description and
Daubenton's plate. The description of these authors an 1
the plate of Daubentou shew unmistakably the Orphean
Warbler; even Gmeliu's abridged diagnosis leaves no doubt
about this, especially his description of the tail with the
outer webs of the lateral rectrices white, a character peculiar
to the Orphean Warbler but not found in the Garden-
Warbler. The habitat given by Gmelin is France and
Italy! Latham and other ornithologists understood this
very well, and Latham therefore called the English variety
of the bird described by Buffon and Brisson (/'. e. the Garden-
Warbler) Sylvia .simplex. Unfortunately, however, there is
an older name for the Garden-Warbler, namely Motacilla
borin, of Boddaert. This name was given to the "Petite
Fauvette" of Buffon and Brisson figured on the plate of
Laubenton (PL Enl. 579), and referring undoubtedly to the
" Garden-Warbler " as distinguished from the " Fauvette,"
i. e. the Orphean Warbler. Moreover, it has not generally
been supposed that Gmeliu's Motacilla hortensis is the
Garden-Warbler. Seebohm (cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. pp. 1 1
and xiii) was very well aware of the facts, but he and
other ornithologists took quite a singular and high-handed
action in calling the Garden-Warbler " Sylvia hortensis
Bechstein '' instead of l< Sylvia hortensis Gmelin," thus

Letter*, Extracts, and Notes. 219

disregarding the principal rule of every code of nomen-
clature, viz.. that u name preoccupied in the same genus
cannot be used again.

I think it is unfortunate that ray reviewer did not inves-
tigate the points in question, but without regard to my
careful statements charged me with accepting " uncertain
names,-' a thing of which 1 disapprove as much as every-
body else.

Tring, Yours &c,

November L909. EllNST II aktkkt.

[We may venture to remark that, in our opinion, Motacilla
borin of Boddaert, is an uncertain name. Dresser refers
it (H. of Europe, ii. p. 38:5) to the Lesser Whitethroat
(Sylvia curruca ). — 1m>d.]

Sirs, — I wish to communicate to you the occurrence in
Italy of an interesting bird.

On May 10th, 1909, 1 received from Dr. Ccrio, along
with other small birds, several Wlieatears (Saxicola) that
had been captured in the island of Capri in the Gulf of
Naples. On examining these Whcatears " in the flesh " 1
was surprised to find amongst them an example of the
Desert Wheatear {Saxicola deserti) of Huppell. The speci-
men is a very fine adult male, in full plumage. It has been
sent for examination to Count Arrigoni Degli Oddi, who
fully confirms the correctness of my identification.

This is the third record of the occurrence of this " rara
avis " in Italy. The first was obtained in Sicily in 1891, as
recorded by Prof. Giglioli in his ' Avifauna Italica ' (p. 130).
This specimen is now in the Florence Museum. The second
was snared on October 3rd, 1905, near Como in Lombardy
(see Martorelli, Uccelli d'ltalia, p. 530), and is now in the
Museum of Milan ; and the third is the present specimen
■which is in my collection.

I am well aware that the Desert Wheatear has been
obtained in other parts of the continent of Europe on about

220 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

six occasions, and, what is more surprising, in the British
Islands and in Heligoland.

I am, Sirs, yours &c.
20 Via Pandolfma, Cecilia Picchi.

Florence, Italy.
November 17th,- 1909.

Heel-pads on Young Birds. — It lias been pointed out to
us that the existence of heel-pads in certain species of birds
that nest in hollow trees (see Gunther, Ibis, 189U, p. 411,
and Stonham, Ibis, 1909, p. 619) was well known to Nitzsch,
who described and figured this curious structure in his
' Pterylographie,' p. 134. Taf. v. Nitzsch says (Engl,
transl. p. 94j : —

"In Micropogon erythropygos (i. e , Trachyphonus mar-
garitatus) I found on the heel-joint a peculiar circlet of
acute tubercles, such as I have also detected in youug
Wrynecks."

These heel-pads have therefore now been detected in six
species of two families, namely : —

Pic i ii. v..
lynx torquilla.
Gecinits viridis.
Dendrocopus macei.
Brachypternus aurantius.

Capitonidje.
Cyanops asiatica.
Trachyphonti8 margaritatus.

There can be little doubt, we think, that the use of this
peculiar structure is to enable the young birds to ascend the
smooth interior of the holes in the trees in which they are
hatched. But it would be very desirable that the young of
other birds that breed in hollow trees should be examined
to ascertain whether they carry heel-pads or any similar
organs, and wre hope that some of our many correspondents
in various parts of the world will turn their attention to this
subject and let us know the result. — Edd.

The Lake- Xg ami Expedition. — Letters received from
Mr. Woosnam, dated October 1st, 1909. announce that the
party was still on the banks of Lake Ngami, and was doing

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 221

well with the fishes of the lake (see 'Ibis/ 1909, p. 719).
They had captured a young hippopotamus, and hoped to be
able to bring it home. They were just proceeding to form
a camp on an island some way out in the marshes in order
to explore fresh ground. The birds had been up to that
time rather disappointing; hardly any had heen seen that
had not been previously met with on the Molopo, and the
Mopaui forests had proved to be extraordinarily birdless.

The party expected to be leaving Lake Ngami about the
middle of November, and to travel slowly down the Botletli,
arriving home this month*.

The Museum Heineanum. — The celebrated collection of
birds at Halberstadt, which was formed in the last century
by the late Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine and is known
as the "Museum Heineanum," has been presented by
Herr A intra t P. Heine (the son of the founder) to the City
of Halberstadt. The collection is well known from the
catalogue of it prepared by Cabanis and Heine, which is con-
stantly quoted by writers on ornithology ; it is of great
scientific value from the large number of typical specimens
which it contains. A special building, adjoining the Civic
Museum of Halberstadt, lias been prepared for its reception,
and the new "Museum Heineanum " was opened to the
public with much ceremony on the 23rd of September last
(cf. Orn. Monatsb., November 1909).

The Food of British Birds. — At the Meeting of the British
Association at Dubliu in 1908 a committee was appointed,
on the recommendation of Sect. D, "to investigate the
Feeding-habits of British Birds by a study of the contents
of the crops and gizzards of both adults and nestlings, and
by the collation of observational evidence, with the object

* Since this paragraph was written we regret to say that the expe-
dition has come to an end, in consequence of the ill-health of Mr. Legge,
who has returned to England. Mr. Woosnam proposed to remain in the
Cape Colony for the present.

222 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

of obtaining precise knowledge as to the economic status of
many of our commoner birds affecting rural science" (Rep.
B. A. 1908, p. exxxii). Dr. Shipley, F.R.S., was appointed
Chairman and Mr. C. Gordon Hewitt Secretary of the Com-
mittee.

The subject is, no doubt, an important one, and, though
referred to more or less by all the many writers on British
Birds, still requires careful study by skilled enquirers.

The First Report of this Committee was read at the
recent meeting of the Association at Winnipeg, in Sect. D.
It states that it had been decided to " investigate, lirst, the
feeding-habits of the Rook, Starling, and Chaffinch," and
that a body of some thirty correspondents had been organized
in all parts of the kingdom to supply specimens to the
Secretary along with certain details. Several hundreds of
specimens had come in, and the contents of their gizzards
had been examined and tabulated.

We fear the Committee has a long and difficult task
before it, but wish it success. We venture, however, to
recommend them to study what has been already done
at Washington, U.S.A., in this branch of enquiry by
Dr. Merriam and his staff of assistants in the Agricultural
Department ; also to make themselves acquainted with the
proceedings of Dr. Herman and his fellow- workers in the
Officium Hungaricum Ornithologicum at Budapest.

The Fifth International Ornithological Congress. — We have
received a formal announcement (signed by Prof. Dr. Ant.
Reiehenow and Dr. L. Briihl) that, in accordance with the
arrangements recommended at the Fourth Meeting held in
London in 1903 (see ' Ibis/ 1905, p. 627), the Fifth Meeting
of the International Ornithological Congress will be held
at Berlin from May 30th to June 4th, 1910, with Prof.
Reiehenow as President and Dr. Briihl as General Secretary.
We trust that many British ornithologists will be able to
avail themselves of this excellent opportunity of visiting one
of the finest cities in Europe and of meeting their brethren

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 223

in science assembled from all parts of the world. We can
assure them that they will receive a hearty welcome and
learn much that is new to them.

The R.O.U. Expedition for the Exploration, of Central
Neiv Guinea. — We are glad to say that letters have been
received from several members of our New-Guinea Expedition
giving good accounts of its progress so far*. Messrs. Good-
l'ellow, Wollaston, Rawliugs, and Marshall, who left Mar-
seilles in the P. & O. S.S. ' Marmora ' on the 29th of October,
arrived at Singapore on November 20th, and at Batavia nine
days later. They were to start in a few days for Dobbo,
a much frequented trade-centre in the Aru Islands, well
known in former days to Mr. Wallace. Mr. Shortridge, just
T'cturned from a short expedition to Kangean Island, had
joined them at Batavia. Mr. Stalker, who had been in
Ceram, would either come to Batavia too, or go on direct to
the Ke Islands for the purpose of hiring native carriers, who
are usually to be met with there.

The party hoped to be able to land at the selected spot on
the south coast of New Guinea early in this month.

News of Mr. Bates. — Our excellent correspondent, Mr. Geo.
L. Bates, seems to be now quietly settled at Bitye, in
Southern Kamerun (see map, ' Ibis/ 1908, p. 558), where he
has a " rubber plantation " and collects birds. Writing on
October 21st, he says he is paying special attention to nestlings
and is sure there is much to be learned from their study, in
which we quite agree with him. He wishes to exchange
specimens with a Naturalist living in some adjoining locality
on the West Coast, so as to extend his knowledge of West
African Birds. Mr. Bates has recently described three new
species in the Bulletin of the B. O. U. (x.w. pp. 26-28)
as Mel'ignomon rohustus, Parisoma holospudium, and Pedilo-
rhynchus brevirostris.

* Cf. 'The Ibis,' 1909, p. 715.

22 i Letters, Extracts, and Notes,

The Birds of Gambia. — In 1901 we published in this
Journal an excellent article on the Birds of the Gambia
Colony drawn up by the late John S, Budgett (' Ibis/ 1901,
p. 481). Since then little ornithological news from the
Gambia has reached us. But we are pleased to see that in
< Bird-Notes/ the Journal of the " Foreign Bird-Club/'
edited by Mr. Wesley L. Page, Dr. E. Hopkinson, D.S.O.,
has commenced a series of papers on the " Birds of Gambia,"
with which he seems to have a good acquaintance from
personal observation (see 'Bird-Notes/ vol. viii. nos. 1-9).
Dr. Hopkinson begins with the Weavers, Finches, and
Starlings, and then goes on to other Passerine groups, giving
many interesting field-notes. Of the Great Black Ox-bird
of Senegal {Te.rtor ulbirustris) he writes : —

"Their nests arc very striking; large masses of twigs occu-
pied by several families, whose eggs are laid at the bottom of
tunnels driven into the mass of twigs which form the nest.
Whenever I have seen their nests they have been in large
trees growing in certain villages, never outside in the bush.
Sometimes in the upper part of a large cotton-tree are found
Marabout Storks nesting, while lower down are the dwellings
of the Ox-birds; the latter, although belonging to com-
paratively small birds, being larger and stronger than those
of the great Storks above them.

"The hen of the Ox-bird is exactly like the cock, but the
colour of the young is a rusty brown." — Edd.

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

No. XIV. APRIL 1910.

IX. — On the Birds of Northern Rhodesia and the Katang i
District of Cong ol and. — Part II. By S. A. Neave, M.A.,
B.Sc. Oxon., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.*

(Plate III. and Text-fig. 3.)

Faro. Prionopid^:.

257. Prionops talacoma.

Prionops talacoma Smith ; Neave, Memoirs & Proc. of
the Manchester Lit. & Phil. Society, vol. 51, pt. iii. p. 70.

No. 78. (J. Near Kambove, 4000 ft., March 10, 1907.

Bill black; feet salmon-orange; iris and wattles bright
sulphur-yellow.

This bird is common everywhere in the woodland in
parties of six or seven.

258, SlGMODUS TRICOLOR.

Sigmodus tricolor (Gray) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 71.

No. 93. ? ad. Dikulwe R , 4000 ft., March 16, 1907.

Bill crimson-scarlet, distal half orange-yellow; feet
scarlet; iris bright orange ; wattle red.

No. 94. S juv. Dikulwe R., March 16, 1907.

Bill brownish orange, tinted with dusky at tip ; feet
orange ; iris pale brown.

No. 614. £ . Luwingu, N. of L. Bangweolo, July 19,

1908.

* Continued from p. 155.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. Q

226 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Bill red, tipped with orange ; feet orange-scarlet ; iris
orange; orbit red.

This species closely resembles Prionops talacoma in its
habits, but is much less common.

Fam. LiANiiDiE.

259. Lanxus minor.

Lanius minor Gm. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 72.
No. 404. Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 16, 1907.
Bill black, greyish at base; feet black; iris dark brown.
This bird is to be seen every year, about October, in the
more open parts of the country.

260. Fiscus COLLARIS.

Fiscus collaris (L.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, iv. p. 284.

Lanius collaris Reich. Vog. Afr. ii. p. 607.

No. 244. $ . Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 20, 1907.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

No. 704. <J. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 8, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 767. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 12, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Not uncommon in the more open parts of the high plateau.
It usually sits on the top of isolated bushes, and is rather
wary and difficult to approach.

261. Enneoctonus collurio.

Enneoctonns collurio (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 72.

No. 411. <J ■ Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 26, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible whitish, tipped
brown ; feet dark olive-grey ; iris brown.

No. 427. S ? Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 31, 1907.

Bill black, base of lower mandible whitish ; feet dusky ;
iris brown.

This bird appears simultaneously with Lanius minor and
frequents the same open country.

262. Chlorophoneus nigrifrons.

Chlorophoneus nigrifrons Reich. Orn. MB. iv. p. 95 (1896);
Vog. Afr. ii. p. 560.

Ar. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 227

No. 43. $ . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill black ; feet lead-coloured ; iris red.

The only specimen seen. Shot in dense forest.

263. Chlorophonecjs chrysogaster.

Chlorophoneus chrysogaster (Swains.); Neave, loc. cit.
p. 73.

No. 44. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill black ; feet lead-coloured ; iris hazel.

No. 402. <J . Near Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 14, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris dark reddish
brown.

No. 532. S • Chambezi R., May 11, 1908.

Bill black; feet blue-grey; iris purplish brown.

This bird is comparatively uncommon in the high plateau
country, much more so in low ground such as in the Luangwa
Valley. It is usually to be seen hunting for insects among
the thickets on streams, banks, &c.

264. Dryoscopus cubla hamatus.

Dryoscopus cubla hamatus Reich. ; Reich. Vdg. Afr. ii.
p. 594.

Dryoscopus hamatus Neave, loc. cit. p. 73.

No. 42. <J. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 21, 1907.

Bill black; feet lead-coloured ; iris red.

No. 167. ? . Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 3, 1907.

Bill black ; feet lead-coloured ; iris orange-red.

No. 415. c? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 28, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris orange-red.

No. 461. Petauke, Luangwa Valley, 2400 ft., Jan. 10,
1908.

Bill dusky, greyish below ; feet blue-grey ; iris orange-
scarlet.

No. 483. S • Upper Luangwa Valley, 2500 ft., March 16,
1908.

Bill black; feet lead-coloured ; iris red.

Everywhere a common bird, occurring in every " bird-
party/' less often singly.

Q2

228 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

265. DRyoscopus mossambicus.

Dryoscopus mossambicus Fischer & Reichen. ; Neave, loc.
cit. p. 74.

No. 79. <?. Near Kambove, 4000 ft., March 11, 1907.

Bill black ; feet lead-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 314. S • Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 8, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris dark brc

No. 529. S • Chambezi R., May 8, 1908.

Bill black ; feet greenish grey ; iris reddish brown.

A common bird in thickets &c. on stream-banks, but much
more often heard than seen.

266. NlCATOR CHLORIS.

Nicator chloris (Linn.) ; Reich, loc. cit. ii. p. 554.

Nos. 168, 169. <J & ? . Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 4,
1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky grey; iris brown.

1 only met with this pair of birds, which were in some
dense bush. They appeared to have considerable variety of
notes, uttering at one time a highly ventriloquial clucking
sound, at others an apparently scornful laughing note.

267. POMATORHYNCHUS SENEGALUS.

Pomatorhynchus seneyalus (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 75.

No. 2. 3 . Near Kapopo, Upper Kafue, 4000 ft., Jan. 10,
1907.

Bill black ; feet greyish ; iris purplish grey.

No. 84. <J. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 15, 1907.

Bill black ; feet pale bluish grey ; iris violet.

No. 801. ? . Valley of Mansya R., Mpika Plateau, Oct.
29, 1908.

Bill black ; feet pale grey ; iris violet.

Not uncommon in pairs throughout the woodland country.

268. Pomatorhynchus australis congener.
Pomatorhynchus australis congener Reich. J. f. O. 1902,
p. 258 ; loc. cit. ii. p. 546.

No. 117. ? . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 28, 1907.
Bill black ; feet pale blue-grey ; iris reddish brown.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 229

No. 200. ? . Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 21, 1907.
Bill black ; feet pale bluish grey ; iris brownish purple.
This bird resembles the preceding in its habits, but is
much less common.

269. POMATORHYNCHUS ANCHIETjE.

Pomatorhynchus anchietce (Bocage) ; Reich, loc. cit. ii.
p. 553.

No. 35. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 16, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, greyish below ; feet olive-slate-
eoloured ; iris olive-brown.

No. 54. $ breeding. Kambove, Feb. 23, 1907.

Bill black; feet dusky grey; iris amethyst-pink.

No. 55. S imm. Kambove, Feb. 23, 1907.

Bdl brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dark grey ;
iris pinkish brown.

No. 393. S ad. Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill black ; feet greenish grey ; iris salmon-pink.

This bird differs somewhat in its habits from other species
of the genus. It usually frequents long grass on tlie edges
of patches of forest. It utters from time to time a few
notes of a singularly sweet tone.

270. NlLAUS NIGRITEMPORALIS.

Nilaus nigritemporalis Reich. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 76.

No. 516. <$ . Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., May 1, 1908.

Bill black ; base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet olive-
grey; iris dark brown.

This seems a rare bird. The few individuals that I have
seen formed members of a" bird-party/' and were silently
hunting through the trees for insects.

Fam. Parid^s.

271. Parus NIGER.

Parus niger Vieill. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 76.
No. 484. S • Upper Luangwa Valley, 2500 ft., March 17,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

230 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 485. J . Upper Luangwa Valley, March 27, 1908.

Bill and feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris dark brown.

This bird is common in the Luangwa Valley. It appears
to be replaced on the High Plateau west of the Mchinga
Escarpment by P. insignis.

272. Parus insignis.

Parus insignis Cab. ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, iv. p. 331.

Parus niger insignis Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 512.

No. 13. J . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 9, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris very dark brown.

No. 403. J . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 14, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 722. $ . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 14, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

This species is not uncommon on the High Plateau. It is
not so frequently seen forming one of a " bird-party " as
most of its allies.

273. Parus rufiventris.

Parus rufiventris Boc. ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 514.

Parus masukuensis Neave, loc. cit. p. 76.

No. 119. S . Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., March 28, 1907.

Bill black; feet bluish slate-coloured; iris grey.

No. 386. S • Lulua Post, Upper Lufupa R., 4500 ft.,
Oct. 5, 1907.

Bill black ; feet lead-coloured ; iris sulphur-yellow.

No. 420. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 30, 1907.

Bill black ; feet bluish grey ; iris dark olive- grey.

No. 526. <J . Chambezi R., 4000 ft., May 7, 1908.

Bill black ; feet bluish grey ; iris pale yellow, outwardly
brownish.

This bird is not at all uncommon. I once met with a
family of five individuals, but it more usually occurs singly
or in pairs forming members of a "bird-party."

274. Parus parvirostris,

Parus parvirostris Shell. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 77.
No. 29. <$ . Kambove, 4000 ft., Feb. 14, 1907.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanya District of Congoland. 231

Bill black ; feet leaden grey ; iris dark brown.
No. 545. ? . Upper Luansenshi R., north-east of Lake
Bangweolo, June 2, 1908.

Bill black ; feet bluish slate-coloured. ; iris brown.

275. Anthoscopus parvulus.

Anthoscopus parvulus Heugl. ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 528.

No. 641 . S ■ Lof u R., Tanganyika Plateau, Aug. 6, 1908.

Bill greyish horn-coloured ; feet dark slate-coloured ; iris
brown.

I met with a small party of these birds on one occasion
only. They were hunting for insects through the woodland
in company with some White-eyes.

Fam. Certhiid,e.

276. Salpornis salvadorii.

Salpornis salvadorii (Boc.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 507.

No. 5. ? , not breeding. Kansanshi, N.W. Rhodesia,
4500 ft., Jan. 28, 1907.

Bill dusky horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dusky brown ;
iris dark brown.

No. 21. <J ad. Karabove, 4500 ft., Feb. 11, 1907.

Bill dusky, paler below ; feet dark brownish ; iris dusky
brown.

No. 199. ? ad. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 21,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brown ; iris
brown.

This bird is by no means uncommon in the woodland of
High Plateau country. Singly or in pairs, it almost invari-
ably forms one of a bird-party. It creeps actively about the
trunks, searching for insects in the bark. It has a flight
rather like that of a Woodpecker.

Fam. Zosteropid.e.

277. ZOSTEROPS ANDERSSONI.

Zosterops anderssoni Shell. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 77.
No. 8. ? . Kansanshi to Kambove, Feb. 1, 1907.

232 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Bill blackish, base of lower mandible paler ; feet pale
slate-coloured ; iris red-brown.

No. 564. S ■ Luwingu, June 10, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible bluish grey ; feet pale
grey ; iris brown.

No. 520. ? . Chambezi R., May 5, 1908.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible bluish grey; feet bluish
slate-coloured; iris brown.

No. 683. <? . Lof u Valley, Aug. 26, 1908.

Bill black, base of lower mandible bluish grey ; feet pale
grey : iris brown.

278. ZOSTEROPS VIRENS.

Zosterops virens Sundev. ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 430.

No. 344. ? . Bunkeya, 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill dusky, base of lower mandible paler ; feet grey ; iris
yellow-brown.

No. 432. ? . Lufupa R., 3500 ft., Nov. 4, 1907.

Bill black, base of lower mandible grey ; feet silver-grey ;
tarsi olive-grey ; iris brown.

No. 677. c?. Kamboe, S. of Lake Tanganyika, Aug. 21,
1908.

Bill black ; feet bluish grey ; iris brown.

Fam. NectariniidjE.

279. ClNNYRIS CUPREUS.

Cinnyris cvpreus (Shaw) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 77.

No. 370. J juv. Plateau between Dikulwe and Lualaba R.,
4000 ft., Sept. 24, 1907.

Bill black; feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 392. S juv. Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 11, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 398. S ad. Lufupa R., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 799. S ad. Mpika Plateau, Oct. 27, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This is one of the most frequent of the larger Sun-birds. As
is the case with other Sun-birds, I think that there can be

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congo/and. 233

no doubt that this bird, having once acquired its breeding-
plumage, never again loses it, and that birds in partial
breeding-plumage are merely immature.

280. ClNNYRIS MICRORHYNCHUS.

Cinnyris microrhynchvs Shell. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 78.
No. 226. <$ juv. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 12,
1907.

Bill and feet black; iris dark brown.

281. ClNNYRIS LEUCOGASTER.

Cinnyris leucogastcr Vieill. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 79.
1 only met with this species in the Luangwa Valley.

282. Cinnyris falkensteini.

Cinnyris falkensteini Fischer & Reich.; Neave, loc. cit.
p. 79.

No. 60. S ad. Karnbove, 4500 ft., Feb. 25, 1907.
N Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 275. cJ art. Kambove, July 9, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 493. S ad. Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 12,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 599. c? ad. Chirui Isl., L. Bangweolo, July 5, 1908.

Nos. 654, 656. <?<?<?. Lofu R., Aug. 10, 12, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 676. <J. Lofu R., Aug. 17, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 763. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 9, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

A common High Plateau species.

283. Cinnyris iajdovicensis.

Cinnyris ludovicensis (Bocage) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 489.
No. 219. c? ad. Upper Lualaba R., 3800 ft., May 30,
1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 224. ? . Upper Lualaba R., May 31, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

234 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 804. <?. Lake Young, Oct. 31, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

A rather scarce species, only met with in woodland.

284. Chalcomitra gutturalis.

Chalcomitra gutturalis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 79.

No. 218. S • Upper Lualaba, 3600 ft., May 30, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

This bird, though not rare, is less common in the High
Plateau than in the Luangwa Valley, where it is abundant.
It is a very pugnacious bird, and I have frequently seen it
bullying smaller species, such as Anthothreptes hypodila.

285. Chalcomitra deminuta.

Chalcomitra deminuta Cab. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 80.

No. 41. <J . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 20, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 123. S ■ Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 30, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 164. (J imm. Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 2, 1907.

Bill black; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 261. S • Kambove, 4500 ft., July 1, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 533. S juv. Chambezi R., May 12, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 610, 623. ? S • Luwingu, July 17, 22, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

No. 626. ? . Upper Kalungwisi, July 27, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 658. S Juv- Lofu R> AuS- ia 1908-
Bill and feet black; iris brown.

Nos. 693, 697. <? ? ad. Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 4, 5,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

286. Chalcomitra kirki.

Chalcomitra kirki (Shell.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v.
p. 51.

No. 322. S . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 14, 1907.
Bill black ; feet black ; iris dusky.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 235

No. 469. ? . Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., Feb. 26, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 753. <$ juv. Luwingu, Sept. 26, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

287. Chalcomitra obscura.

Chalcomitra obscura (Jard.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 80.

No. 382. (J. Upper Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 2, 1907.

Bill black, basal third of lower mandible brownish yellow ;
feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 431. <J . Lufupa R., 3500 ft., Nov. 3, 1907.

Bill black, yellowish gape; feet black ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 651, 655, 669. £<?<?. Lofu R., Aug. 9, 10, 15,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This is another forest-species, frequently found in com-
pany with C. verticalis.

288. Cyanomitra verticalis.

Cyanomitra verticalis (Lath.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v.
p. 54.

No. 368. $ . Plateau between Dikulwe and Lualaba,
4000 ft., Sept. 24, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dull reddish brown.

No. 379. <J . Upper Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 2, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dull reddish brown.

No. 559. <J . Luwingu, June 9, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 616. <J. Luwingu, July 19, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

No. 624. $ . Chimpili Hills, July 25, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

No. 552. S juv. Luwingu, June 8, 1908.

Bill dusky, gape yellow ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 634. ? . Mporokoso, July 31, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 824. $ . Mansya R., L. Young, Nov. 5, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

236 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

This is essentially a forest-species, being not uncommon in
" Msitu." It does not, so far as I know, occur east of the
Mchinga Escarpment. It has a curious mewing note, con-
stantly repeated.

289. Anthothreptes longuemarii.

Anthothreptes longuemarei (Less.) : Neave, loc. oit.
p. 81.

No. 155. rf • S. Kaluli R., Lualaba R., 2500 ft., April 27,
1907.

Bill dusky brown ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 399. S . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 13, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 513. S • Champezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 30, 1908.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 561. <$ . Luwingu, June 9, 1908.

Bill dusky; feet black ; iris dark brown.

This bird occurs sparingly throughout the High Plateau
country. It is usually in small parties.

290. Anthothreptes hypodila.

Anthothreptes hypodila (Jard.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 81.

No. 225. ? . Kambove, 4000 ft., June 10, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 631. S- Upper Kalungwisi R., July 29, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 674, 675. <S ? . Lofu R., Aug. 17, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 682. S . Lofu R., Aug. 24, 1908.

Bill and feet black; iris dark brown.

Common everywhere, especially in low-lying river-valleys.

291. Anthothreptes ANCHiETiE.

Anthothreptes anchieta (Bocage) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 442.

No. 492. S ■ Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., April 11, 1908.

Bill black; feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 494. S • Chambezi Valley, April 12, 1908.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 237

No. 524. ? . Chambezi R., May 6, 1908.

Bill black; feet black; iris dark brown.

This bird occurs sparingly in pairs or small parties through-
out the High Plateau. I also saw an individual on my first
expedition in November, 1905, in the Southern Serenje
district.

Fam. MoTACILLIDiE.

292. MOTACILLA VIDUA.

Motacilla vidua Sundev. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 82.

No. 248. S • Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 21, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

Ubiquitous and very tame.

293. Motacilla clara.

Motacilla clara Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v. p. 140.
Motacilla longicauda Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 301.
No. 428. ? . Lufupa R., 3500 ft., Nov. 1, 1907.
Bill black; feet pale pinkish grey ; iris brown.
Only observed in the rocky bed of a small tributary of
the Lufupa R. It seems rather a shy bird.

294. Motacilla camtestris.

Motacilla campestris Pall.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 82.

Ray's Wagtail occurs during the rainy season in the
Luangwa Valley. 1 did not observe it on the High Plateau,
west of the Mchinga Escarpment.

295. Motacilla flava.

Motacilla flava L. ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v. p. 142.

Budytes flavus Reich, loc. cit. p. 303.

No. 594. S ■ L. Bangweolo, July 5, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

296. Motacilla borealis.

Motacilla borealis Sundev.; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v.
p. 143.

Budytes borealis Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 304.

No. 149. c? • Mazanguli, Lualaba Valley, 2700 ft., April
23, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible white, tipped with black ; feet
dusky ; iris brown.

238 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

297. Anthus trivialis.

Anthus trivialis (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 311.

No. 38. ? . Karnbove, 4500 ft., Feb. 17, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, whitish below ; feet pinkish brown ;
iris brown.

No. 68. <$ . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 28, 1907.

Bill dark brown, paler below ; feet pale pinkish brown ;
iris brown.

No. 454. (J . Serenje, N.E. Rhodesia, Dec. 20, 1907.

Bill brown, below brownish flesh-coloured, tipped brown ;
feet pale brownish flesh-coloured; iris brown.

Not uncommon in the rainy season.

298. Anthus leucophrys.

Anthus leucophrys Vieill. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 83.

No. 205. g . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 22,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; lower mandible yellow.

No. 323. (J . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 15, 1907.

Bill brown, lower mandible yellow, tipped with brown ;
gape yellow ; feet pale yellowish ; iris brown.

No. 324. $ . Bunkeya R., Aug. 15, 1907.

Bill brown, lower mandible yellow, tipped with brown;
gape yellow ; legs pale yellowish, feet darker; iris brown.
' No". 400. $ . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 13, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, paler below ; feet pale brownish, tarsi
paler ; iris dark brown.

No. 401. ? . Lufupa R., Oct. 13, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, paler below.

No. 525. $ . Chambezi R., 4C00 ft., May 6, 1908.

Bill horn-brown, base of lower mandible yellow ;• feet
yellowish brown, tarsi paler; iris brown.

No. 541. ? . Luena, E. of L. Bangweolo, May 28,
1908.

Bill brown, base of lower mandible and gape yellow ; feet
brownish yellow ; tarsi yellow ; iris brown.

A common species everywhere in the open country.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 239

299. Anthus nicholsoni.

Anthus nicholsoni Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 83.
The range of this bird does not appear to extend north of
the Congo-Zambezi watershed — on the western side, at least.

300. Anthus rufdlus.

Anthus rufulus Vieill. ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v. p. 148.

No. 141. <J . High Plateau between Dikulwe and Lualaba,
5500 ft., April 11, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, pinkish tipped with dusky below.

No. 434. S • Ruwe, 4500 ft., Nov. 7, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet dull orange-yellow ;
iris brown.

No. 586. ? . Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 24, 1908.

Bill horn-brown, basal half of lower mandible pinkish ;
feet pale pinkish brown ; iris brown.

No. 710. c? . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 9, 1908.

Bill dark brownish above, yellow tipped with brown below ;
feet dirty yellow, tarsi paler; iris dark brown.

No. 820. <J juv. Mansya R., L. Young, Nov. 8, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

This bird is not specially confined to open country, as it
perches a good deal on trees, and I have seen individuals in
comparatively dense woodland.

301. Macronyx ascensi.

Macronyx ascensi Salvad. ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v. p. 153.

No. 188. S • Tipper Lualaba R., 3400 ft., May 16, 1907.

Bill dark brown ; lower mandible bluish horn-coloured,
tipped with dusky ; feet and legs reddish brown ; iris dark
brown.

No. 549. S • Upper Luansenshi R., L. Bangweolo,
June 3, 1908.

Bill : upper mandible and tip of lower mandible black, rest
of lower mandible bluish grey ; feet pale yellowish brown ;
iris brown.

Not uncommon in pairs throughout the more open parts
' of the High Plateau.

240 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

302. Macronyx wintoni.

Macronyx wintoni Sharpe ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 325.

No. 701. ? . Kalungwisi R., 4000 ft., Sept. 7, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, lower mandible whitish ;
feet and tarsi brownish flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

Nos. 733, 734. ? $ . Chisinga Plateau, Kalungwisi dis-
trict, 4200 ft., Sept. 19, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, gape and lower mandible
whitish; feet pale pinkish brown ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 741, 742, 743. <J ? ? • Chisinga Plateau, Sept. 20,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pale
brownish; iris dark brown.

No. 805. <J . Near L. Young, Mansya R., Nov. 1,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brown ; iris
brown.

I found this beautiful Long-claw not uncommon on the
large open plains near L. Mweru and again near L. Young.
It never seems to perch on trees as M. ascensi does.

Fam. Alaudid^e.

303. Tephrocorys cinerea.

Tephrocorys cinerea (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, v.
p. 164.

Calandrella cinerea Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 377.

No. 202. S • Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 21, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, pinkish at base of lower mandible ; feet
brown ; iris brown.

No. 206. $ . Upper Lualaba, May 22, 1907.

Bill yellowish brown, lower mandible yellow, darker tip;
feet pale reddish brown ; iris brown.

No. 373. S • Plateau between Dikulwe and Lualaba Rivers,
4000 ft.

Bill, tip dusky, base pale whitish ; feet i greyish flesh-
coloured ; tarsi flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

I found this Lark in large flocks on the Upper Lualaba,
but did not meet with it elsewhere.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congolund. 241

304. MlRAFRA FISCHERI.

Mirafra fischeri (Reich.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 339.

No. 531. S- Chambezi R., May 11, 1908.

Bill blackish above, whitish below ; feet and tarsi flesh-
coloured ; iris golden brown.

No. 535. <$. Chambezi R., May 11, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured above, whitish below ; feet
pale flesh-coloured; iris brown.

I met with this bird sparingly on open spaces on the Upper
Chambezi River, but did not observe it elsewhere.

305. Mirafra nigricans.

Mirafra nigricans (Sundev.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 84.

No. 174. S- Busanga, Lualaba R., 2800 ft., May 9,
1907.

Bill dusky brown, whitish at base of lower mandible ; feet
pale yellowish brown; iris dark brown.

No. 412. J juv. Lufupa R., Oct. 26, 1907.

Bill dusky, gape cream-coloured ; feet pale flesh-coloured ;
iris olive-grey.

The last specimen is only placed provisionally under this
name. In size and general configuration it appears to be the
voung of this species, but the primaries are heavily marked
with rufous.

Fam. Fringillidjs.

306. Petronia petronella.

Petronia petronella Licht. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 84.

No. 112. ? . Dikulwe R., 5000 ft., March 24, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet grey ; iris
brown.

No. 241. Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 18, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet greyish
brown ; iris brown.

No. 270. (J . Near Kambove, 4000 ft., July 4, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dull grey ;
iris brown.

No. 388. ? . Lulua Post, W. Lualaba district, 4000 ft.,
Oct. 7, 1907.

SEK. IX. VOL. IV. |{

2 12 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Bill brownish lioru-coloured, paler below ; feet greenish
grey ; iris brown.

No. 468. Juv. Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., Feb. 26, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dark grey ;
iris brown.

No. 746. <$ . Machinga Plateau, Kalungwisi District,
Sept. 22, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below; feet dark greyish
brown ; iris brown.

No. 792. cJ. Lower Chambezi Valley, Oct. 25, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dusky
grey ; iris brown.

Almost ubiquitous in woodland, especially common in
hilly districts.

307. Passer diffusus.

Passer diffusus (Smith); Beich. loc. cit. p. 230.
No. 130. S • Dikuiwe 11., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.
Bill black; feet pale brownish ; iris chestnut-brown.
No. 235. J . Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 15, 1907.
Bill black; feet pale brownish; iris yellow-brown.
No. 478. ?. Upper Luangwa R., 2000 ft., March 11,
1908.

Bill black ; feet pale yellowish brown ; iris dark brown.
No. 482. cJ. Upper Luangwa R., March 14, 1908.
Bill black ; feet olive-yellow ; iris dark brown.

308. POLIOSPIZA MELANOCHROA.

Poiiospiza melanochroa Reich. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 86.

No. 242. <J . Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 19, 1907.

Bill brownish horn- coloured, paler below ; feet dusky
brown ; iris reddish brown.

This seems a scarce bird, perhaps partly from being so
inconspicuous. It seems commonest in woodland country.

309. POLIOSPIZA GULAKIS.

Poiiospiza gularis (A. Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 258.
No. 67. <J . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 28, 1907.
Bill horn-brown ; feet horn-brown ; iris brown.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 243

310. POLIOSPIZA ANGQLENSIS.

Poliospiza angolensis (Gm.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 253.

No. 208. <$. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 23,
1907.

Bill dusk j brown, lower mandible much paler ; feet reJdish
brown ; iris brown.

311. Serinus sharpii.

Serinus sharpei O. Neum. ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 266.

No. 40. <J ad. Kambove, Feb. 17, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet dusky; iris
brown.

No. 376. ? ad. Lufupa R., Oct. 1, 1907.

Bill yellowish horn-coloured; feet brown ; iris brown.

Nos. 568, 569. <J S • Luena, June 17, 18, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, yellowish below ; feet dark
brown ; iris brown.

No. 811. ? . Mansya R., near L. Young, Nov. 1,
1908.

Bill brownish yellow, lower mandible pale yellow ; feet
brown ; iris brown.

I found this bird widely but locally distributed.

312. Serinus icterus.

/Serinus icterus (Vieill.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 85.

No. 83. (J. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 15, 1907.

Bill horn-brown ; feet greyish brown ; iris brown.

No. 349. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, slightly paler below ; feet
brown ; iris brown.

No. 546, 547. $ ? . Upper Luansenshi R., June 3,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet greyish
brown; iris brown.

No. 579. ? juv. N. shore of L. Bangweolo, June 22,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet dusky ; iris reddish
brown.

244 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 649. ^ . Lofu R., Tanganyika Plateau, Aug. 8,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet greyish brown ; iris
brown.

No. 771. ? . East of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 15, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet and iris dark brown.

Occurs everywhere and is much the commonest species of
the genus in this region.

313. Serinus capistratus.

Serinus capistratus Finsch ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 273.

No. 64. <? . Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 28, 1907.

Bill horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pinkish brown ; iris
brown.

No. 245. J juv. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 21,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below; feet reddish
brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 351. <J. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 1, 1907.

Bill pinkish white ; feet pale brown ; iris brown.

Not uncommon in Katanga. I did not observe it in N.E.
Rhodesia.

314. Emberiza major.

Emberiza major (Boc.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 284.

No. 63. (J ? Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 27, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, paler below ; feet pinkish ; iris brown.

No. 74. ? . Kambove, March 4, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, lower mandible flesh-coloured, tipped
with horn-colour ; feet greyish flesh-coloured ; iris brown.

No. 135. <$ imm. Dikulwe R., April 2, 1907.

Bill horn-brown, paler below ; feet pinkish grey ; iris
dark brown.

No. 210. ? . Upper Lualaba R., May 23, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, lower mandible pinkish, tipped with
dusky ; feet pale brownish ; iris brown.

Not uncommon in Katanga ; never met with in Northern
Rhodesia.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 245

315. Emberiza flaviventris.

Emberiza jlaviventris (Vieill.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 86.

No. 184. <J. Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 14, 1907.

Bill dusky brown, lower mandible pink, tipped with dusky ;
feet pinkish brown ; iris brown.

No. 455. <$ juv. Serenje,4500 ft., Dec. 1907.

Bill blackish, brown below ; feet very pale grey; iris brown.

No. 563. ? Luwingu, June 10, 1908.

Bill dusky, pinkish below; feet greyish flesh-coloured; iris
brown.

No. 695. ? . K.alungwisi Valley, Sept. 4, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible
pinkish; feet brownish horn-colonred ; iris brown.

This little species is ubiquitous. It usually inhabits the
woodland and feeds on the ground.

316. Fringillaria tahapisi.

Fringillaria tahapisi (Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 289.

No. 176. £ . Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 10, 1907.

Bill above dusky brown, below bright yellow ; feet yellow-
brown, tarsi paler ; iris dark brown.

No. 374. Upper Lualaba R., 4000 ft., Sept. 26, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, base of lower mandible
yellowish; feet brown, tarsi paler; iris dark brown.

No. 515. Chambezi Valley, 4000 ft., May 1, 1908.

Bill brown above, yellowish below ; feet brownish, tarsi
paler ; iris dark brown.

No. 622. J juv. Luwingu, July 22, 1908.

Bill dusky, paler below ; feet pale greyish brown ; iris
dark brown.

The Rock-Bunting is not uncommon, especially on wooded
hill-sides. It usually selects the top of a tree from which to
give forth its broken song. I have also found it rather shy.

Earn. Ploceid,e.

317. Vidua serena.

Vidua serena (L.) : Neave, loc. cit. p. 87.

No. 191. S juv. Upper Lualaba R., May 17, 1907.

Bill coral-red ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.

246 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 464. S ad- Lusangazi R., Luangwa Valley, Jan. 16,
1908,

Bill coral-pink ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.
No. 511. <J juv. Chambezi Valley, April 23, 1908.
Bill black, gape white ; feet dusky ; iris dark brown.

318. Steganura paradisea.

Steganura paradisea (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 87.

No. 152, 183. $ in summer. Lualaba R., 2500-3500 ft.,
April and May 1907.

Bill black ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 189. S m winter. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft.,
May 16, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet greyish brown ; iris dark
brown.

No. 232. J in winter. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 13,
1907.

Bill dusky ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown.

A very dark specimen.

No. 607. J juv. Luena, July 14, 1908.

Bill dark brown ; feet greyish brown ; iris brown.

319. Penthetria ardens.

Penthetria urdens (Bodd.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 87.

No. 71. <$ in summer. Kambove, 4500 ft., March 1,
1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris dusky.

No. 124. ? in summer. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 30,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pinkish
brown ; iris brown.

No. 136. £ in summer. Dikulwe R., April 2, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dusky ; iris brown.

No. 254. $ in winter. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 25,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured; paler below ; feet pinkish
brown ; iris brown.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 247

This bird is widely distributed, though not usually very
common. I have more than once seen the males assist a
host of insectivorous birds in reducing the numbers of
swarming termites.

320. Penthetria hartlaubi.

Penthetria hartlaubi Bocage ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 88.

No. 371. c? in winter. Upper Lualaba It., 4000 ft.,
Sept. 24, 1907.

Bill, upper mandible brownish horn-coloured ; feet dark
brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 449. S in summer. Near Serenje, N.E. R., 4500 ft.,
Dec. 18, 1907.

Bill black, edges of both mandibles bluish white ; feet
black ; iris dark brown.

No. 453. ? in summer. Near Serenje, N.E. R., Dec. 20,
1907.

Bill pale brownish horn-coloured, slightly paler below ;
feet pale brownish ; iris brown.

No. 512. S i11 summer. Chambezi Valley, 3500 ft.,
April 25, 1908.

Bill black, lower mandible bluish white ; feet very dark
brown ; iris dusky.

No. 571. cf > winter. Luena, N.E. L. Bangweolo, June 17,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured above, blue-grey below; feet
dusky ; iris brown.

No. 575, 576. ? ? , winter. Luena, June 18, 1908.

Bill pinkish brown, paler below ; feet pale greyish horn-
coloured ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 612, 613. <? <J in winter. Luwingu, July 17, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet and iris brown.

No. 706. c?, intermediate. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 9, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet and iris
brown.

Nos. 754, 755. <$ <$ , intermediate. Near Luena, Oct. 3,
1908.

Bill dusky above, bluish white below ; feet and iris dark
brown.

248 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

This handsome Widow-bird is not uncommon on grassy-
plains and swamps on the High Plateau. The males are
very tame, but the females, especially at the breeding-season,
are very shy and difficult to obtain.

321. Penthetria albonotata.

Penthetria albonotata (Cass.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 146.

No. 458. S in summer. Petauke, 2100 ft., Jan. 8, 1908.

Bill pale bluish white ; feet dusky brown ; iris dark
brown .

No. 466. <$ in summer. Rukususi R., Upper Luangwa
Valley, 3000 ft., Feb. 17, 1908.

Bill blue-grey ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 628. <$ in winter. Upper Kalungwisi R., July 27,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pale brown ;
iris brown.

This bird is more widely distributed than either P. hart-
laubi or Urobrachya bocagii, and differs from those species in
occurring in the Luangwa Valley.

322. Pkntiiktriofsis macrura.

Penthetriopsis macroura (Gm.).

Coliuspasser macroura Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 138.

No. 85. S m summer. Dikulwe R., 3500 ft., March 15,

1907.

Bill black, lower mandible tipped with greyish horn-
colour ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 86. ? in summer. Dikulwe R., March 15, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pinkish
brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 87. <$ in summer. Dikulwe R., March 15, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible tipped with bluish horn-colour :
feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 215. S m summer. Upper Lualaba R.,vMay 28,
1907.

Bill black, lower mandible tipped with greyish horn-
colour ; feet black ; iris dark brown.

This bird was only met with in the Kambove district and
to the west of it. I never saw it in Northern Rhodesia.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 249

323. Urobrachya bocagit.

Urobrachya bocagei Sharpe ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 133.

No. 500. ? in summer. Nashinga swamp, Chambezi
Valley, 4000 ft., April 16, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pinkish
horn-coloured; iris brown.

No. 505. $ in summer. Nashinga swamp, Chambezi
Valley, April 17, 1908.

Bill bluish white; feet dusky brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 506. cf bi summer. Nashinga swamp, Chambezi
Valley, April 18, 1908.

Bill pale bluish white; feet black ; iris dark brown.

No. 711. S in winter. Kalungwisi R., Sept. 9, 1909.

Bill bluish grey, brownish around nostrils ; feet and iris
brown.

Nos. 794, 796. ? ? in winter. Lower Chambezi Valley,
Oct. 26, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet and iris
brown.

I found this rare Widow-bird not uncommon in swamps in
the High Plateau country, in the more northern portion of
N.E. Rhodesia. It frequently lives among reeds and
swamp-grasses at a very considerable distance from dry
land.

324. Pyromelana flammiceps.

Pyromelana flammiceps (Swains.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 88.

No. 88. S m summer. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 15,
1907.

Bill black; feet brown ; iris dark brown.

No. 89. ? in summer. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., March 15,
1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pinkish
bi*own ; iris brown.

325. Pyromelana nigrifrons.

Pyromelana nigrifrons Bohm ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 89.
No. 465. <$ in summer. Near Ft. Jameson, Jan. 18,
1908.

Bill black ; feet brownish pink ; iris dark brown.

250 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

326. Pyromelana xanthomel^ena.

Pyromelana wantkomel&na Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 89.

No. 489. '3 in summer. Upper Luangwa Valley, 3000 ft.,
March 29, 1908.

Bill, upper mandible black, lower white; feet dull brownish;
iris dark brown.

327. Pyromelana taha.

Pyromelana taha (Smith) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 114.
No. 312. ? ad. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 8, 1907.
Bdl brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet pale brown ;
iris brown.

328. Ploceipasser pectoralis.

Ploceipasser pectoralis (Peters) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 90.

No. 473. ? in summer. 1 Lundazi R., Upper Luangwa Val-

No.474. S in summer. S ley, 2000 ft., March 4, 1908.

Bill black ; feet greyish brown ; iris reddish brown.

This bird, so far as my experience goes, is rigidly confined
to "Mopane " forest in the Luangwa Valley. It is a grega-
rious and extremely noisy bird, building a very untidy grass-
nest, which is usually placed at the tip of a branch of Mimosa.

329. Quelea lathami.

Quelea lathami (Smith) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 90.

330. Quelea cardinalis.

Quelia cardinalis (Hartl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 91.
No. 487. <J in summer. Upper Luangwa Valley, 3000 ft.,
March 29, 1908.

Bill black ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.

331. Spermestes scutatus.

Spermestes scutatus Heugl. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 91.

No. 131. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible bluish white ; feet duskv ; iris
brown.

No. 255. S • Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 25, 1907.

Bill black, lower mandible whitish tipped with grey ; feet
dusky ; iris dark brown.

Nos. 256, 257. Imm. $ ? . Upper Lufira R., June 25,
1907.

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N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 251

Bill dusky brown, slightly paler below ; feet dusky brown ;
iris dark brown.

Nos. 751, 752. $ ? . Luwingu, edge of Chimpili Plateau,
Sept. 26, 1908.

Bill dusky, bluish white below ; feet dusky ; iris dark
brown.

Paludipasser Neave.
This new genus most nearly resembles Spermestes, but
differs chiefly in the character of the bill, which is much
shorter and more slender. The basal part of the culmen is
laterally compressed, forming a distinct keel, and, when viewed
from above, the nasal openings are exposed and conspicuous
and much more approximate than in Spermestes. The lower
mandible has a distinct angle near the distal extremity, much
as in Emberiza.

Text- fig. 3.

1,1a. Bill of Paludipasser loeustella,

■j, -J a. „ Spermestes scutatus.

Scale of figures -2..

332. Paludipasser locustella. (Plate III.)
Paludipasser locustella Neave, Bull. B. O. C. xxv. p. 25.
Nos. 542, 543. S juv. Upper Luansenshi R., N.E. of
L. Bangweolo, 4000 ft., June 1, 1908.

Bill dusky, gape pink ; feet pale brownish; iris brown.

,252 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

This extraordinary little bird inhabits a peculiar type of
marsh common in the neighbourhood of Lake Bangweolo
and well described by Livingstone as "sponges." These
areas are covered with fine wiry matted grasses to the depth
of some two feet. It is in this matted grass that P. locustella
lives in small flocks. Its flight is weak, seldom extending
more than a few yards, and reminded me of that of a locust.

333. Amauresthes fringilloides.

Amauresthes fringilloides (Lafr.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 92.
No. 178. S • Lualaba R., 3000 ft., May 10, 1907.
Bill black, lower mandible blue-grey tipped dusky ; feet
dusky grey; iris dark brown.

334. Lagonosticta niyeiguttata.

Lagonosticta niveiguttata (Peters) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 92.

No. 345. S • Bunkeya R-, 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill black, base of lower mandible blue-grey ; feet grey-
brown ; iris brown ; orbit blue.

This is not a High Plateau species, but frequents the low-
lying river-valleys in both the Congo and Zambezi basins.
It is usually to be found among the thickets on the edge of
forest, and is rather shy.

335. Laoonosticta brunneiceps.

Lagonosticta brunneiceps Sharpc ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 93.

No. 459. S ad. Petauke, Luangwa Valley, 2400 ft.,
Jan. 8, 1908.

Bill pink, culmen dusky ; feet pale brownish flesh-
coloured ; iris brown ; orbit pale yellow.

I only met with this species in the Luangwa Valley. It
seems to be replaced in the High Plateau by tlie larger
L. hamatocephala.

336. Lagonosticta harterti.

Lagonosticta harterti Shelley ; Sharpe, IIand-1. Birds,
v. p. 430.

Lagonosticta nitidula II art 1. ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 195.
No. 198. S ■ Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 20, 1907.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 253

Bill mauve-pink, culmen and gonys dusky ; feet dusky
brawn : iris dark brown.

No. 292. Boukeya R., 3000 ft., July 27, 1907.

Bill pinkish, culmen and gonys dusky ; feet dusky brown ;
iris dusky brown.

No. 293. S • Buukeya R., 3000 ft., July 27, 1907.

Bill pinkish, culmen and gonys dusky • feet dusky brown ;
iris dark brown.

No. 583. J • Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 24,
1908.

Bill dusky purple, reddish purple below ; feet dark brown ;
iris brown.

This is rather a shy bird, haunting thickets &c. much in
the way of L. niveiguttata.

337. Lagoxosticta h.ematocephala.

Lagonostictah(einatoce/j/iala~Neum.; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
v. p. 431.

No. 128. <J . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.

Bill bluish horn-coloured, tipped with dusky ; feet greyish
purple ; iris brown, orbit pink.

No. 148. <J ■ Kahili R., 3000 ft., April 20, 1907.

Bill bluish dusky, lower mandible blue-grey tipped with
dusky; feet dusky grey; iris dark brown; orbit red.

No. 274. ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 9, 1907.

Bill dusky grey, slightly paler below ; feet grey-brown ;
iris dark brown.

No. 588. ? . Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 26,
1908.

Bill dusky purplish; feet dark grey; iris dark brown.

No. 730. <S . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 16, 1908.

Bill dusky bluish ; feet dark grey ; iris brown.

No. 749. J1? Edge of Chimpili Plateau, Luwingu,
Sept. 24, 1908.

Bill dusky bluish ; feet brown ; iris dark brown, orbit
pale bluish.

A common and tame species, often seen feeding on bare
spots in native villages &c. with Estrilda angolensis.

254 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

338. Lagonosticta rhodoparia.

Layonosticta rhodoparia Heugl. • Neave, loc. cit. p. 93.

339. Hypoch.era codringtoni.
Hypochcera codringtoni Neave, loc. cit. p. 94.

340. Pytelia afra.

Pytelia afra (Gm.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 162.

No. 258. $ . Upper Lufira R., 3600 ft., June 26, 1907.

Bill dark brown, paler below ; feet greyish brown ; iris
reddish brown.

No. 268. S • Near Kambove, 4000 ft., July 4, 1907.

Bill red, base of upper mandible dusky ; feet light brown;
iris red.

No. 560. $ . Luwingu, edge of Chimpili Plateau, June 9,
1908.

Bill bi'ownish horn-coloured ; feet pale pinkish brown ;
iris reddish brown.

No. 608. ? juv. Near Luena, July 15, 1908.

Bill dark brown ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris
reddish brown.

This bird is usually found in pairs, feeding on the ground
in woodland country.

341. Hypochcera funerea.

Hypochmra funerea (de Tarrag.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 215.
No. 127. S ad. Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.
Bill white ; feet pale flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.
No. 129. S juv, Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 1, 1907.
Bill whitish ; feet flesh-coloured; iris brown.

342. Spor^eginthus subflavus.

Sporceginthus subflavus (Vieill.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 94.

I found this bird sparingly over a wide area. A specimen
shot on the Upper Lualaba R., May 16, 1907, was too much
damaged to be worth skinning.

343. ESTRILDA ASTRILDA.

Estrilda astrilda (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 94.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 255

344. ESTRILDA ANGOLENSIS.

Estrilda ango/ensis (L.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 95.

No. 308. ? ? Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 4, 1907.

Bill amethyst-pink, tipped and edged with dusky ; feet pale
brown ; iris red-brown.

No. 355. S • Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 2, 1907.

Bill lilac-pink, tipped with dusky ; feet greyish flesh-
coloured ; iris brown.

This little bird is ubiquitous over a wide area and is
extremely tame. It is almost domesticated in the villages,
obtaining most of its food from the refuse of the native
grain.

345. ESTRILDA PHCENICOTIS.

Urceginthus phoenicotis (Swains.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
v. p. 456.

Urceginthus bengalus (L.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 207.

Nos. 663, 664. <$ ? . Lof uValley, L. Tanganyika, Aug. 14 .
1908.

Bill pinkish lilac, tip and culmen dusky; feet pale brownish;
iris reddish brown.

This bird appears to replace E. angolensis in the Lower
Lofu Valley, S. of L. Tanganyika. I did not meet with it
elsewhere.

346. ESTRILDA MINOR.

Estrilda minor (Cab.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 180.
No. 311. ? Bunkeya R.; 3000 ft., Aug. 7, 1907.
Bill red ; feet dark brown ; iris brown.

347. Estrilda benguellensis.

Estrilda benguellensis Neum. Bull. B. O. C. xxi. p. 96
(1908).

No. 193. S ad. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 18,
1907.

Bill crimson ; feet dark brown ; iris red.

No. 243. ? ad. Upper Lufira R., 3500 ft., June 19,
1907.

Bill coral-red ; feet dusky brown ; iris red.

256 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

No. 629. ? . Upper Kalungwisi R., July 29, 1903.

Bill coral-red ; feet dusky ; iris orange-red.

I found this recently described species in several places,
It was always in large flocks, and frequented the reeds and
long grasses on river-banks in open parts of the country.

348. ESTRILDA PERREINI.

Estrilda perreini (Vieill.); Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 193.

No. 185. S • Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 14, 1907.

Bill bluish grey, tipped with dusky ; feet black; iris red-
brown.

No. 375. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 1, 1907.

Bill blue-grey, upper mandible tipped and edged with
black; feet black; iris dark brown.

No. 397. ? . Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 12, 1907.

Bill blue-grey, upper mandible tipped and edged with
duskv ; feet black; iris dark brown.

Only met with at Kambove and to the west of it.

349. Anaplectes rubriceps.

Anaplectes rubriceps (Sund.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 96.
Confined to the Luangwa Valley, where it is common.

350. Anaplectes melanotis.

Anaplectes melanotis (Lafr.); Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 26.

No. 387. £ . Upper Lufupa R., 4500 ft., Oct. 7, 1907.

Bill orange; feet pinkish brown; iris reddish brown.

No. 544. S juv- Upper Luansenshi 11., X. of L. Ban-
gweolo, June 2, 1908.

Bill salmon-orange ; feet pinkish brown ; iris reddish
brown.

This bird seems to replace A. rubriceps west of the
Mchinga Escarpment. It is, however, much scarcer, and
always seems to form one of a " bird-party " : it is the only
member of the Ploceidse that I have observed to do so.

351. Sycobrotus bi color.

Si/cobrotus bicolor (Vieill.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 34.
No. 166. (? ad. Lualaba R., 2500 ft., May 3, 1907.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 257

Bill blue-grey, distal halt" of upper inaudible dusky j feet
pinkish; iris red.

No. 343. S ■ Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill bluish grey, tip of upper mandible dusky ; feet pinkish
grey; iris red.

No. 346. S • Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 31, 1907.

Bill whitish, tip of upper mandible and nostrils dusky ;
feet pinkish grey ; iris reddish brown.

No. 680. S • Lofu Valley, Aug. 24, 1908.

Bill blue-grey, tip of culmeu dusky ; feet pinkish grey ;
iris dull red.

This is essentially a dense forest species. It is rather shy
and has an extremely harsh jarring note. I only met with it
within the Congo Basin.

352. SlTAGRA CROCATA.

Sitagra crocata (Hartl.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 96.

No. 30. $ juv. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 14, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, whitish below ; feet dull
greyish ; iris dark brown.

No. 197. S ad. Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 20,
1907.

Bill black ; feet dull greyish ; iris pale sulphur-yellow.

No. 262. ? ad. Kambove, 4500 ft., July 1, 1907.

Bill black, tip of lower mandible whitish ; feet grey ; iris
grey.

No. 332. S ad. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 21, 1907.

Bill black ; feet grey ; iris pale olive-brown.

No. 357. $ ad. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 5, 1907.

Bill black ; feet grey ; iris pale yellow.

This bird is common, but is not very often seen, as it
usually skulks among the thickets on river-banks.

353. Amblyospiza albifrons.

Amblyospiza albifrons (Vigors) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 98.

I did not obtain this species myself, but saw some living
specimens which had been obtained in the neighbourhood of
Ft. Jameson.

SER. IX. — VOL. IV. S

258 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

354. Hyphantornis nigriceps.

Hyphantornis nigriceps Layard; Neave, loc. cit. p. 98.

No. 140. <$ . Dikulwe R., 4000 ft., April 4, 1907.

Bill black ; feet brownish ; iris orange-scarlet.

No. 192. ? . Upper Lualaba R., 3500 ft., May 17, 1907.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brownish
flesh-coloured ; iris dark brown.

No. 321. S ad. Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Aug. 13, 1907.

Bill black; feet horn-brown ; iris red.

No. 589. ? . Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 28,
190*.

Hill brownish horn-coloured, paler below; feet brownish
pink ; iris scarlet.

No. 718. ? . Kalungwisi R., Sept. 11, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured ; feet pale brownish ; iris
reddish orange.

A common and universally distributed species, which nests
in large colonies in reeds on river-banks or on trees which
overhang the water.

355. Hyphantornis cabanisi.

Hyphantornis cabanisi Peters; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 73.
No. 151. cf . Mazanguli, mid-Lualaba Valley, April 24,
1907.

Bill black ; feet silver-grey ; iris pale sulphur-yellow.

356. Hyphantornis shelleyi.

Hyphantornis shelleyi Sharpe ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 98.

No. 457. S &d. (summer) . Petauke, Jan. 5, 1908.

Bill black ; feet reddish flesh-coloured; iris orange-red.

Not met with out of the Luangwa Valley, where it is local.
It is usually found in colonies, and nests in Mimosa-trees.
It is one of those Weavers which associate their nests with
those of the ferocious wasps of the genus Polistes.

357. Hyphantornis vitellina.

Hyphantornis vitellina (Licht.) ; Reich, loc. cit. iii. p. 81.
Nos. 595, 596. S ? • L- Bangweolo, July 5, 1908.
Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brown ;
iris — £ scarlet, ¥ brown.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 259

No. 783. ? . E. of L. Bangweolo, Oct. 20, 1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brown ;
iris dark brown.

I attribute these examples with some doubt to this species,
as they are more brightly coloured, especially as regards their
bright yellowish-green rumps. They may possibly represent
a new race of vitellina, but as all the specimens are in winter
plumage it is impossible to decide this point at present.
These birds were found haunting the large reed-covered
lagoons on Lake Bangweolo, often at considerable distances
from dryland. Their yellowish-green rumps were very con-
spicuous on the wing.

358. Hyphantornis xanthops.

Hyphantornis xanthops Hartl. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 97.

No. 17. S • Kambove, 4500 ft., March 2, 1907.

Bill black ; feet dull pinkish ; iris butter-coloured.

No. 354. ? . Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 1, 1907.

Bill brownish horn- coloured, paler below ; feet brown ;
iris olive-yellow.

No. 358. S ■ Bunkeya R., 3000 ft., Sept. 7, 1907.

Bill black ; feet brownish flesh-coloured ; iris pale
sulphur-yellow.

Nos. 573, 574. <$ <$ . Luena, N. L. Bangweolo, June 18,
1908.

Bill brownish horn-coloured, paler below ; feet brown ;
iris hazel.

No. 582. c? . Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 23,
1908.

Bill and feet brownish horn-coloured ; iris golden yellow.

359. Hyphantornis galbula.

Hyphantornis galbula (Riipp.) ? ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 97.

Fam. Oriolid^e.

360. Oriolus notatus.

Oriolus notatus Peters ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 99.
No. 154. S Juv- Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 3000 ft.,
April 27, 1907.

Bill dark reddish ; feet grey ; iris red-brown.

s2

260 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of

Andersson's Oriole is not uncommon in river-valleys, but
rare in the High Plateau country.

361. OfllOLUS LARVATUS.

Oriolus larvatus Licht. ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 99.
No. 90. Dikulwe E., 4000 ft., March 16, 1907.
Bill dull pinkish ; feet dusky ; iris blood-red.
No. 636. S • Mporokoso, July 31, 1908.
Bill reddish brown ; feet dark grey ; iris red.
The Black-headed Oriole is ubiquitous.

Fam. Dicruridte.

362. Dicrurus LUDWIGII.

Dicrurus ludwigii Smith ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 100.

No. 31. Kambove, 4500 ft., Feb. 14, 1907.

Bill black ; feet black ; iris yellow-brown.

No. 672. $. Lofu R., L. Tanganyika, Aug. 16, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris orange-red.

No. 713. Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 10, 1908.

Bill and feet blnck ; iris orange-red.

This bird, which is easily distinguished by its orange- red
iris, has much the same habits as its larger relative, but
seldom if ever ventures out of the dense bush on the banks
of streams &c. It is specially common in " Msitu/'

363. Dicrurus afek.

Dicrurus afer (Licht.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 100.
The common Drongo is ubiquitous.

Fam. EulabetidjE.

364. Lamprotornis mevesi.

Lamprotornis mevesi (Wahlb.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 101.

No. 475. £ . Lundazi R., Upper Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft.
March 4, 1 908.

Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.

This seems to be one of the birds peculiar to Mopane
Forest in the Luangwa Valley, where it is common. I never
met with it elsewhere.

365. ClNNYRICINCLUS VERREAUXI.

Cinnyricinclus verreauxi (Boc.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 101.

N. Rhodesia and the Katanga District of Congoland. 26]

No. 383. (J. Upper Lufupa R., 4000 ft., Oct. 3,
1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris sulphur-yellow.

No. 436. ? . S.E Katanga, 4000 ft., Nov. 26, 1907.

Bill black, gape yellow; feet dusky; iris sulphur-
yellow.

The latter specimen, though an undoubted female, has a
trace of the male's purple colour on the secondaries.

This is a migratory bird which seems to be present in the
country only from September to March or April.

366. Creatophora carunculata.

Creatophora carunculata (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds,
v. p. 517.

Perissornis carunculatus Reich, loc. cit. ii. p. 670.

No. 201. ? . Upper Lualaba, 3500 ft., May 21, 1907.

Bill flesh-coloured ; feet dirty flesh-coloured ; iris brown;
bare skin on sides of face yellow.

No. 584. ? . Chishi Island, L. Bangweolo, June 24,
1908.

Bill flesh-coloured, dusky over nostrils ; feet brownish
grey ; iris dark brown ; bare skin behind the eye pale
yellow.

367. Lamprocolius splendidus glaucovirens.
Lamprocolius glaucuvirens (Elliot) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 102.
No. 684. ? . Lofu Valley, Tanganyika Plateau, Aug. 26,

1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris creamy white.

Nos. 688, 691, <J <J . Lofu Valley, Tanganyika Plateau,
Aug. 26, 27, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris creamy white.

No. 717. <J. Kalungwisi Valley, Sept. 10, 1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris creamy white.

No. 807. Juv. Near L. Young, Nov. 1, 1908.

Bill dusky, the gape yellow; feet dusky; iris brownish.

This young bird has the whole of the under surface of a
chestnut-brown colour.

262 Mr. S. A. Neave on the Birds of N. Rhodesia.

This handsome Starling appears to be migratory and to
visit this part of Africa from October onwards. It is not
present in the country during the dry season. It is usually
to be found on fruit-trees in " Msitu."

368. Lamprocolius sycobius.

Lamprocolius sycobius Hartl.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 102.

No. 144. Kaluli R., Lualaba Valley, 3000 ft., April 18,
1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris red.

No. 145. S • Kaluli R., April 18, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris sulphur-yellow.

Xos. 263, 264. ? ? . Kambove, 4500 ft., July 2,
1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris orange-yellow.

No. 269. Kambove, 4500 ft., July 4, 1907.

Bill and feet black ; iris vermilion.

No. 488. ? . Upper Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., March 29,
1908.

Hill and feet black; iris orange.

No. 577. <$ . Luena, N.E. of L. Bangweolo, June 28,
1908.

Bill and feet black ; iris orange.

Fam. CoRViDiE.

3fi9. CORVULTUR ALBICOLLIS.

Corvultur albicollis (Lath.) ; Neave, loc. cit. p. 103.

This Crow occurs over a wide area, but is nowhere very
common. It frequents hilly country and is usually seen in
pairs.

.'^70. CORVUS SCAPULATUS.

Corvus scapulatus Daud.; Neave, loc. cit. p. 103.

This bird is very local, and seems, where it does occur, to
be more than half domesticated, as I have never seen it away
from the outskirts of native villages. It is enormously
abundant in the villages on the shores and islands of
Lake Bangweolo. It is extremely tame, and may be seen
perched on the roofs of the huts or on the ground within a
few feet of natives.

Mr. C. Chubb on the Birds of Paraguay. 263

X. — On the Birds of Paraguay. — Part II.
By Charles Chubb, Zoological Department, Brit. Mus. *

36. CONURUS LEUCOPHTHALMUS.

Psittacus leucophthalmus Mull. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 75
(1778).

Maracana verde Azara, Apunt. i. p. 415. no. eclxxv. (1802).

Conurus parvus (Bodd.) ; Hart). Ind. Azara, p. 17
(1847); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 25 (Lambare).

Conurus leucophthalmus Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx.
p. 187 (1891) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

a. ? imm. Sapucay, April 28, 1903.

Bill of a dirty cream-colour ; feet dirty greyish brown ; iris
red, tinged with yellow. Shot in monte.

This example answers well to Count Salvadori's description
of the young bird, having the bend of the wing yellowish
green, very little red on the under wing-coverts, and no
yellow or red on the thighs, which are green.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, April 20, 1903.

Bill dirty yellowish white ; tarsi and feet grey ; iris
reddish orange.

37. Pyrrhura chiripepe.

Chiripepe Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 429, no. eclxxxi (1805).

Psittacus chiripepe Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 301
(1817: ex Azara).

Conurus chiripepe Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 18 (1847).

Conurus vittatus (nee Shaw), Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
pp. 25, 121 (Lambare).

Pyrrhura vittata (part.) Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx.
p. 214 ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 140 (Lower Pilcomayo).

Pyrrhura chiripepe Salvad. Ibis, 1900, p. 668.

Pyrrhura vittata chiripepe Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 335.

a. S ad. Sapucay, September 30, 1902.

h, c. S ; d. $ ad. Sapucay, August 1904.

* Continued from p. 78.

264 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Bill horn-coloured, paler at base of lower mandible ; tarsi
and feet slate-coloured ; iris reddish brown.

This bird seems to be somewhat scarce in Paraguay and
was not, apparently, known to Azara.

[This species is met with occasionally in pairs or in small
groups o£ from four to six individuals, but is nowhere com-
mon throughout Central Paraguay ; it is essentially a forest-
loving bird, and I have never seen it on open lands. — W. F]

38. PlONOPSITTACUS PILEATUS.

Psittacus pileatus Scop. Ann. i. p. 32 (1769).

Maracana cabexa roxa Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 437. no.
cclxxxiv. (1805).

Psittacus erythrocephalus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxv. p. 372 (1817, ex Azara).

Pionopsittacus pileatus Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx.
p. 340 \ Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 336.

Prionopsittaca pileata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 122
(Paraguay).

«,&.(?? ad. Sapucay, August 17, 1904.

Bill grey ; tarsi and feet slate-coloured ; iris reddish
brown.

39. PsiTTACULA VIVIDA.

Psittacus passerina Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 150 (1776).

Lorito enano Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 463. no. eclxxxviii.
(1805).

Psittacula passerina (nee Linn.), Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 26 (Lambare) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx. p. 215 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

Psittacula vivida Ridgway ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv.,
p. 285, note (1908).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 11, 1903.

Bill pale ash-coloured ; tarsi and feet somewhat darker ;
iris brown.

b. £; c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 17, 18, 1904.

Bill greyish white ; tarsi and feet slate-coloured ; iris
brown.

These three examples are in fully adult plumage.

Birds of Paraguay. 265

[This species is resident in Paraguay, and is generally to
be met with in small flocks of from fifteen to twenty indi-
viduals. Their favourite haunts are clumps of low bushes
in the open camps, their plumage mingling so well with the
foliage that they are hard to detect until they fly screaming
away. Although the bird is so common, I know nothing of
its nesting-habits. — W. F.~\

40. CERYLE AMERICANA.

Alcedo americana Gm. Syst. Av. i. p. 451 (1788: Cayenne).

Martin-pescador verde obscuro Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 389.
no. ccccxxi. (1805).

Alcedo viridis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xix. p. 413
(1818, ex Azara).

Ceryle americana Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 23 (Lambaiv) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 131 (1892) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, April 19, 1903.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

41. Baryphthengus ruficapillus.

Tucano Tutu Azara, Apunt. i. p. 243. no. Iii. (1802).

Baryphonus cyanogaster Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi.
p. 317 (1818).

Priorities ruficapillus Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 4 (1847).

Momotus cyanogaster Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 255 (Paraguay)*

Baryphthengus ruficapillus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 22,
121 (Lambare) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 330
(189'-') ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 334 (Paraguay).

a, b, c. <$ ; d. $ ad. Sapucay, April, May, July, and
October 1902-04.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet purplish slate-coloured ; iris
ruby-brown.

These four specimens appear to be fully adult, being
uniform in colour above, but the cinnamon-rufous band on
the lower breast varies both in colour and extent.

[Resident, but not common. This is the Guiratoro
(Bull-bird), not so named on account of its voice, but on
account of its peculiar nesting-habits. Along the hills at

266 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Sapucay the presence of the bird is at once made known by
the enormous excavations, which often measure four feet
across, as if a bull in its rage had ploughed up the ground.
The entrance is funnel-shaped, and narrows to some six
inches in width, and thence has a depth of about eighteen
inches, the eggs being laid at the bottom. — W. F.~\

42. PODAGER NACUNDA.

Ibiyau nacundd Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 544. no. cccxii.
(1805).

Caprimulgus nacunda Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x.
p. 240 (1817) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20 (1847).

Podager nacunda Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 19 (Lambare) ;
Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 619 (1892) ; Oates, Cat.
Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 58 (1903) ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 332.

a. Ad. Sapucay.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet dirty horn-coloured ; iris golden
yellow.

One egg obtained at Sapucay, October 3, 1903, is
pinkish cream-coloured, mottled with reddish brown and
underlying spots of lavender-grey. It measures : Axis 1*35
inches ; diameter l-05.

Two eggs collected at Sapucay, October 14, 1903, are
cream-coloured, mottled with brown in greater contrast.
Axis 1-35 to 1*45 inches; diameter 0-9 to 095.

Two eggs procured at Sapucay, October 13, 1903, are
pinkish cream-coloured, heavily blotched with brown. Axis
145 inches; diameter 10.

[A rare bird throughout Central Paraguay. I have only
met with two specimens in eight years, but 1 know of
another which was shot at Asuncion.

Occasionally at night it will perch upon some of the tall
trees in the forest and give utterance to its peculiar cry,
almost like a human cry of pain, gradually falling and dying
away into silence.

The common Guarani name for the bird is " Guaimigue,"
which in Spanish means " que fue vieja," — an old woman

Birds of Paraguay. 267

transformed into the bird, which would account in a way
for the strange cry. It is resident, as I have heard its cry
in October and shot one specimen in November. — W. F.~\

43. Nyctidromus derbyanus.

Ibiyau Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 538. no. cccx. (1805).

Caprimulgus albicollis Vieill. (nee Gm.) Enc. Metli. ii.
p. 536 (1822 : Paraguay).

Nyctidromus albicollis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 120
(Paraguay) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 587, part.
(1892).

Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus Gould ; Hellmayr, Nov.
Zool. xii. p. 297 (1905) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 332.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, October 8, 1902. Iris dark brown.

b, c. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903. Feet dark horn-
coloured.

d, e. $ ? ad. Sapucay, March and June 1904.

Four clutches of eggs were collected during the month of
October 1903. They vary in ground-colour from greyish
pink to creamy, spotted and blotched with pinkish brown
and underlying marks of lavender-grey. The mea-
surements are: Axis 1*1 to 1"25 inches; diameter 0*85
to 0-9.

[A fairly common species at Sapucay, frequently met
with in the open glades and cattle-tracts in the forest.
The eggs, two in number, are laid on the bare ground,
but the bird will never rise unless almost stepped upon,
and its plumage is hard to detect in the lights and
shadows of the woods. — W. F.~\

4<4i. Caprimulgus parvulus.

Caprimulgus parvulus Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 22 (Santa
Fe, Rio Parana) ; Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 574
(1892) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 332.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 18, 1902.

Two eggs were obtained on the same date and another
clutch on October 12, 1903. They are pale cream-coloured,

268 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

blotched with brown and zigzag markings of the same
colour, and with underlying blotches of lavender-grey. The
measurements are: Axis 1*05 to l'l inches; diameter 08.

45. ChjBtura oxyura.

Vencejillo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 515. no. cccvii. (1805).

Hirundo oxyura Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 536
(1817 : ex Azara).

Acanthylis oxyura, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 19 (1847).

? Chatura andrei meridionalis Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Gcs.
Bayerti, viii. p. 150 (1908).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 26, 1901 .

I have not, so far, been able to identify this Swift quite
satisfactorily, as there are no specimens of any of the
South American species in the National Collection exactly
like it. It appears to me, however, that it is the bird men-
tioned by Azara and described later by Vieillot.

[In October 1901 I met with two specimens of this bird,
but know nothing more about it. — W. F.]

46. Chlorostilbon aureiventris.

Ornismya aureiventris D'Orb. et Lafr. Mag. de Zool. viii.
p. 28 (1838).

Chlorostilbon splendidus (nee Vieill.) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O.
1887, p. 18 (Lambare) ; Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 49
(1892).

Chlorostilbon aureiventris Hartert, Tierr., Trochilidae, p. 71
(1900) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. ii. p. 112 (1900).

a. S imm. Sapucay, April 7, 1904.

Bill black at tip, rosy pink at base ; tarsi and feet black ;
iris brown.

Mr. Foster says that he obtained this specimen near the
house in which he lived.

47. Hylocharis ruficollis.

Picaflores pecho de Canela Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 484.
no. ccxc, juv. (1805).

Picaflores cola de Topacio Azara, t. c. p. 485. no. ccxci.,
adult.

Birds of Paraguay. 269

Trochilus ruficollis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 362
(1817).

Chrysuronia ruficollis Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 18 (Lambare) ;
Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 251.

Hylocharis ruficollis Sharpe, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 110 (1900) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 332.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 24, 1904.

Bill rosy pink at base, black at tip ; feet black ; iris
brown.

[This species is fairly common throughout the district,
its small nest being usually suspended from a blade of
thatching-grass or a piece of string hanging from the roof
of a house; in fact, any place seems suitable for it.

Two eggs only are laid. This species is one of the early
breeders, incubation having been well advanced in one clutch
at the end of September. — W. F.~\

48. Thalurania eriphile.

Omismya eriphile Less. Suppl. Ois.-Mouches, p. 148, pi. 25
(1832 : Brazil)

Thalurania eriphile Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 80
part; Hartert, Tierr., Trochilidse, p. 86 part (1900) ; Sharpe,
Hand-list B. ii. p. 115 part (1900) ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 331.

Chlorostilbon cyanothorax Beitoni, A.ves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 59 (1901), cf. Ihering, 1. c.

Thalurania eriphile eriphile Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv.
p. 76 (1908).

a. J ad. Sapucay, March 31, 1904.. Wing 2*4 inch,
tail 1*6 inch.

Bill and feet black. Obtained in the neighbourhood of a
dwelling-house. This specimen is fully adult and in newly
moulted plumage. It agrees with the diagnosis of the
species given by Mr. Hellmayr (/. c).

Mr. Bertoni was the first to record this bird in Para-
guay, when he described it as a new species under the
title of Chlorostilbon cyanothomx (Aves Nuev. Parag. p. 59).
Dr. Ihering, however, is of opinion (/. c.) that it is identical
with Thalurania eriphile.

270 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

49. Trogon rufus.

Couroucou oranga Levaill. Courouc. et Tourac. part iii.
p. 14, pis. 7, 8, 15 (1806).

Trogon atricollis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 318
(1817 : interior of Guiana, Surinam, and Trinidad) ; Grant,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 455 (1892) j Sharpe, Hand-1. B.
ii. p. 148 (1900).

Trogon rufus Gm. ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 277 (1908).

a. J ad. Supucay, July 29, 1904.

Bill greenish yellow ; tarsi and feet slate-coloured ; iris
brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, August 19, 1904.
Bill yellowish green.

c. d. $ ad. Sapucay, September 2, 19, 1904.
This bird is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.
[Although not so common as the " Surucura/' this species

can still be met with occasionally in the large virgin forests
along the Cordilleras at Sapucay. I know nothing of the
nesting-habits. — W. F.~\

50. Trogon surrucura.

Surucud Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 373. no. eclxx. (1805).

Trogon surrucura Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 321
(1817 : ex Azara).

Trogon surucura Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 121 (Para-
guay) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 471 ; Sliarpe,
Hand-list B. ii. p. 149 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 334.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 10, 1904.
Bill pale slate-green ; iris brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, July 9, 1904.

Bill greenish grey ; feet slate-coloured ; iris brown.

[Resident and not uncommon in this district, and has
been met with close to Asuncion. It is by no means a shy
bird and can be approached very closely. When disturbed,
its flight is very slow and noiseless, not unlike that of an
Owl.

I once met with the nest of this bird in an ants' nest

Birds of Paraguay. 271

that had been built on the side of a tree, in the month
of November 1904. As this is one of the most difficult of
all birds to skin, the collector feels rather sorry than other-
wise when a specimen is met -with ; the skin is about as
tough as wet tissue paper, and the feathers fall out in large
clusters at the slightest touch. As may be imagined, the
patience of the collector is tried to the utmost before the
specimen can be put on one side as a good skin. — W. F.~\

51. COCCYZUS AMERICANUS.

Cuculus americanus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 170 (1766 :
Carolina) .

Coccyzus americanus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 133
(Buenos Ayres) ; Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 308
(1891).

a. ad. Sapucay, January 12, 1904.

Bill, lower mandible orange-yellow ; feet pale slate-
coloured ; iris brown.

This species does not appear to have been previously
recorded from Paraguay, though known from Argentina.
I have compared the specimen with others from North
America and find it to be identical both in measurements
and colour of plumage. It is fully adult and is moulting
its primary-quills and tail-feathers.

[A rare species with us here, inhabiting the large forests.
I cannot say with certainty whether it is resident or not.
— W. F.~]

52. Coccyzus melanocoryphus.

Ceniciento Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 368. no. cclxviii. (1905).

Coccyzus melanocoryphus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii.
p. 271 (1817) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 24, 121
(Lambare); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 307;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 7, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b. S ad. Sapucay, March 13, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet bluish slate-coloured.

272 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

There were previously no examples of this species in the
British Museum from Paraguay.

[By no means a common bird, but it can occasionally be
met with in the large forests. — W. F.]

53. PlAYA MACRURA.

Tingazu Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 353. no. eclxv. (1805).

Coccyzus macrocercus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii.
p. 275 part (1817).

Piaya macroura Gambel; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 24,
121 (Lambare) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

Piaya cay ana macroura Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1908,
p. 501 (Paraguay).

a. imm. Sapucay, November 19, 1902.

b, c. <J ad. Sapucay, March 1903.
d, e. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903.
f,g. S 2 ad. Sapucay, May 1903.

Bill pea-green ; tarsi and feet dark slate-coloured ; iris
crimson.

h. <$ ad. Sapucay, September 27, 1903.

[This species is the " Tingasu " of Azara, and is very
common in all the forests and woods, even in the vicinity of
Asuncion. It is a quiet, shy bird, slow in its movements,
and with a soft flight. Its long tail does not seem to in-
commode it in the slightest degree. The favourite perch is
close up against the trunk of a tree, its chestnut colour
assimilating well with the dark bark. I find it the most
parasite-infested of all the " monte " birds, and it seems
strange how it can tolerate the hundreds of creeping things
which make their appearance about the head and neck
after death. Without being absolutely sure, I think that
its nest is composed of strips of the thin inner bark of
trees and that two eggs are laid of a dull creamy-white
colour. — W. F.]

54. DlPLOPTERUS N.EVIUS.

Cuculus navius Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 170 (176G : Cayenne).
Chochi Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 359. no. eclxvi. (1805), adult.
Chirri Azara, t. c. p. 369. no. eclxix., juv.

Birds of Paraguay, .'i7.'>

Coccyzua chochi Vieill. N. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. iriii. p. 272,
adult (1817).

Coccyzus chiriri Vieill. t. c. p. 278, jur.

Diplopterus novius Berlepsch, .J. f. 0. 1887, p. 21 (Lam*

hair; ; Shell, v, Cat. B. Brit. MuB. x i x . p. 423.

Tapera ncevia Lonuberg, I his, 1903, p. 239.
a. Ad. Sapucay, July .".I, L904.

Bill, culmiual ridge blackish, buff at gape, lower mandible
rosy pink; tarsi and feet pale slate-blue j iris buff.

55. Deomococcys phasianellus.

Macropua phasianellus Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 53, pi. \lii.
(1824: Toiiantins and Solimoens rivers).

Dromococcyx phasianellus Shelley, Cat, B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 426 ; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii.
p. 600 (1906) ; [hering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

Geophilus jasigatere Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 43
( L901), =s Macropus phasianellus Spix, Richmond; Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. r,\ I (1908).

a. ,', ad. Sapucay, August 14, 1904.

Hill black above, purple at point and reddish at base below ;

tarsi and feel, brownish slate-coloured ; iris whitish brown.

This bird was originally described by Spix from Brazil,
and was not known to oeenr in Paraguay until Mr. Bertoni
(Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 43) recorded it ;is a new species
under the name of Geophilus jasigatere.

56. CROTOPHAGA MAJOR.

Crotophaga major Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. '.'AY.', (1788 •,
Cayenne;; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 17 (1847); Berlepsch,
J.f.O. L887,pp.23, L2] (Lambare'); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xix. p. 428 ; [hering, Revista Mus, Paulista, vi. p. 335
(1906).

Annd-guazu Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 348. no. eclxiv. (180.");.

a. c7, ad. Sapucay, December 31, \'.)U)i.

Iris yellowish white.

b. V ad. Ybytimi, February 8, L904.
Bill, tarsi, and feet black ; iris pea-green,

| A /are bird, only to be met with along the large water-
courses in the forests. W, I'. J

BER. IX.— VOL. IV. X

274 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

57. Crotophaga ani.

Crotophaga ani Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 154 (1766) ; Hartl.
Inch Azara, p. 17 (1847) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 23
(Lambare) ; Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 429; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

Ann6 Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 344. no. cclxiii. (1805).

a. S ad- Sapucay, March 27, 1903.
Bill, tarsi, and feet black ; iris brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, April 22, 1903.

c. ? ad. „ April 18, 1904.

The eggs of this species are pale blue, covered with a white
chalky substance. The measurements are : axis 1*2 to 1'4
inches ; diameter 0*9 to 1*05.

[Communal nest at an elevation of about 18 feet. A
number of the birds lay their eggs together until the nest is
often so full that many fall out.

The nest is often built in a palm (coco) and is impossible
to reach on account of thorns on the trunk of the tree.
Boys get the eggs by smashing the nest with stones ; they
fall out on to the grass and many are unbroken. I have
found parasitic eggs on two occasions, but I do not know the
parent. As many as twenty eggs are laid in one nest.

This bird is resident and common. — W. F.~\

58. GUIRA GUIRA.

Cuculus guira Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 414 (1788 : Brazil).

Piririgud Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 340. no. cclxii. (1805); Hartl.
Ind. Azara, p. 17 (1847).

Crotophaga piririgua Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 549
(1816, ex Azara).

Octopteryx guira Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 23 (Lambare).

Guira guira Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 433 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

A large number of the eggs of this species were sent,
collected during the months of October, November, and
January. They are deep blue in colour, with a network of
white chalky substance distributed irregularly over the
entire surface. A few are almost entirely without any chalky

Birds of Paraguay.

9.7K

matter, while others are nearly covered with it. The measure-
ments are: axis 15 to 1*75 inches; diameter 1*1 to 1*3.

[The nests were usually built in large trees standing
alone in the camp. Their presence was often made known by
some of the eggs falling to the ground, owing to the large
number laid in the nest, which is by no means fit to carry
them, as it is a loosely constructed affair.

The species is resident and common. This and the Croto-
phaya often commingle together in one flock, sometimes up
to fifty individuals.

The favourite hunting-ground is along the edge of the
monte and about open camp. — W . F.~\

59. Rhamphastus dicolorus.

Rhamphastos dicolorus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 152 (17GG :
Cayenne) ; Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 121 (Paraguay); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 133 ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 334.

Tucai Azara, Apuut. i. p. 239. no. li. (1802).

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 29, 1904.

Bill pea-green, with a yellowish tinge ; tarsi and feet sky-
blue ; iris greenish white.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 29, 1904.

c. J ad. „ August 17, 1904.

[A fairly common bird along the summit of the hills at
Sapucay, where it is generally met with in small flocks
of about half a dozen individuals. Noisy and pugnacious,
it seems to have things all its own way when feeding, no
other bird being allowed to approach.

Taken young these fine birds can be easily reared, and it
is amusing to see large dogs slink away Avhen a bird makes
a drive at them with the huge bill opened wide.

Their food is generally fruit, but I think that many cater-
pillars are devoured as well, and in captivity individuals
evince a decided partiality for meat.

Rhamphastus toco Gm. is not uncommon in the southern
part of the Republic, but seldom comes north through
Central Paraguay. In this district I have rarely met

t2

276 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

with it, although some years ago I found it common through
the orange-groves at Villa del Pelar, in the Province of
Neembucii. — W. F.]

60. Pteroglossus castanotis.

Pteroglossus castanotis Gould, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 119
(Brazil); Scl. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 140; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 335.

Pteroglossus attalorhynchus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 29 (1901) ; Ihering, 1. c.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 23, 1901.

[Another of the Toucans which is not at all uncommon
in this locality. The habits of this and the preceding species
appear to be about the same. — W. F]

61. Bucco CHACURU.

Chacuru Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 330, no. eclxi. (1805).

Bucco chacuru Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 239
(1816, ex Azara); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 23, 121
(Lambare) ; Scl. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 191 ; Oberh.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 127 (1902: Sapucay);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 334.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 26, 1902. Iris grey.

b. ? ad. „ December 3, 1902. Iris light brown.
c,d. J ? ad. „ April 17,22, 1904.

e,f. S ad- » June 5> 25» 1904*-

Bill bright orange-red, upper mandible black at tip; tarsi
and feet greenish ; iris dirty white.

[Resident and frequently met with along the forest-
streams, where the small crabs, and insects flying over the
surface of the water form its principal food. — IV. F.]

62. NoNNULA RUBECULA.

Bucco rubecula Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 51, pi. 39. fig. 1 (1824).

Nonnula rubecula Scl. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 200;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 334; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 598 (1906).

Microlrogon fulvescens Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,

Hirds of Paraguay. 277

p. 41 (1901), = Bucco rubecula Spix, Richmond, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 622 (1908).

a. cJ ad. Sapucay, December 3, 1902. Iris light brown.

b. S ad. „ April 28, 1904.

c. <J ad. „ May 3, 1901.

Bill black, greyish blue at base ; tarsi and feet greenish-
white.

d. e. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.
/. ? ad. „ July 2, 1904.
g, h. $ ad. „ August 1904.

[Resident and not uncommon in the neighbourhood of
Sapucay, but I have never met with it in other parts. It lives
in the depths of the large forests and is never found near the
edge. I have found beetles and crabs in the gizzard of this
species, but I know nothing of its nesting-habits. — IV. F.~\

63. COLAPTES CAMPESTRIS.

Carpintero campestre Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 311. no. ecliii.
(180 J).

I'icus campestris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 101
(1818, ex Azara).

Colaptes campestris Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 121
(Paraguay); Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 23;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 31, 1903.

b, c. S ? acl- Sapucay, April 19, 24, 1903.

Bill dark horn-coloured ; feet slate-coloured ; iris brown.
Shot in open camp.

64. Colaptes agricola..

Geopicos agricola Malh. N. Classif., Me*m. Acad. Metz,
1848-1849, p. 359.

Colaptes agricola Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 25 ;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 135 (Fortin Donovan).

a. S aa« Sapucay, April 20, 1903.

Bill horn -coloured; feet dirty slate-coloured ; iris brown.
Shot in open camp.

b. (J ad. Ybytimi, February 11, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet pale slate-green ; iris brown.

278 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

[Resident and common throughout Paraguay. Lives ex-
clusively on open lauds and rarely or never enters the woods.
Its food consists entirely of small ground insects, burrowing
wasps, larvae of flies, &c. It much prefers the clinging to
the perching position, its favourite places being solitary
dead trees.

This species is generally seen in pairs and often in small
flocks of from six to ten individuals. The flight is quick and
undulating, and its loud harsh cries can be heard a long
distance away.

In Central Paraguay the nest is invariably in a hole of
one of the dead trees and never in the bank of a stream.
The eggs, five to seven in number, are white and highly
polished.— W. F.]

65. Chloronerpes aurulentus.

Carpintero verde dorado Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 318. no. eclvi.,
male (1805).

Carpintero dorado pardo Azara, t. c. p. 320. no. eclvii.,
female.

Picus auratus Vieill. (nee Linn.), N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxvi. p. 70 (1818), ex Azara, no. eclvii., female.

Picas aurulentus Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 59. fig. 1 (1823 :
Paraguay and Brazil).

Chloronerpes aurulentus Bcrlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 120
(Paraguay) ; Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 79 ;
Ihering, Rcvista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 3, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured, lighter below ; feet olive-green ; iris
brown. Shot in monte.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, June 6, 1904.

Bill black, grey below ; tarsi and feet dry pea-green.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, August 19, 1904.

[This species is rare with us, and I know nothing about it.
It is to be met with only in the depths of the large forests. —
W.F.]

Birds of Paraguay. 279

66. Chrysoptilus cristatus.

Carpintero verdinegro Azara, Apimt. ii. p. 306. no. cclii.
(1805).

Picas cristatus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 98
(1818, ex Azara).

Chrysoptilus melanochlorus (nee Gm.), Hartl. Ind. Azara,
p. 16 (1847); Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 110;
lhering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333 (Paraguay).

a, b. ? ad. et imm. Sapucay, November 1902.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, December 1, 1902.

d. ? ad. „ April 19, 1903.

Bill black ; feet greenish yellow ; iris brown.

e. ? ad. Sapucay, May 7, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured ; feet dirty pea-green.

/. <J ad. Ybytimi, February 14, 1904.

g. ? ad. Sapucay, April 6, 1904.

h. (J ad. „ August 28, 1904.

The immature bird, obtained on November 9, has a small
bill. The nasal plumes, which are much more developed in
the young, appear to wear off in older specimens, leaving the
nostrils somewhat exposed. Throat dull white, streaked with
black, more pronounced in the old bird. The under surface
is dull greenish yellow, and the black markings are pear-
shaped. As the bird advances in age these blacK markings
become large rounded spots and the entire uuder surface,
including the throat, is rich golden yellow.

The feet of the young bird are pale horn-coloured in the
dried skin, in the adult they are dark lead-coloured.

[This species is resident and the most common of our
"Woodpeckers excepting Colaptes agricola ; it can be met
with in the small second-growth woods close to Asuncion.
Although it is common, I have never found its nest. — W. F.~\

67. Melanerpes candidus.

Picus candidus Otto, in Buffon's Naturg. Uebers. xii.
p. 251, pi. xxiii. (c. 1772).

Carpintero bianco y negro Azara, Apunt. ii. o. 315.
no. ecliv. (1805).

280 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Picus duminicanus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 72
(1818).

Leuconerpes candidus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 21
(Lambare) .

Melanerpes candidus Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 148; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. £ ad. Ybytimi, February 6, 1904.

b. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 22, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured above, slaty below ; tarsi and feet pea-
green ; iris white.

[This peculiar Woodpecker appears at very long intervals
at Sapucay, and always in flocks of from ten to fifteen
individuals, never alone. It has the reputation of living
principally upon bees and wasps, and breaking open the
nests, built in the trees, to get at the larvae — its gregarious
habits somewbat bearing out this statement. I met with
it during the month of January in a small wood some six
miles from Asuncion and have seen it in different months
of the year at Sapucay, but in the southern parts of the
Republic I never saw one. — W. F.~\

C8. Melanerpes flavifrons.

Carpintero vientre roxo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 316, no. eclv.
(1805).

Picus flavifrons Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 75
(1818: Brazil).

Melanerpes flavifrons Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 120
(Paraguay) ; Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 161 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. £ ad. Sapucay, November 29, 1902.

b. <J ad. „ May 30, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi and
feet greenish slate-coloured ; iris warm brown.

c. J1 imm. Sapucay, March 22, 1904.

d. ? ad. „ April 25, 1904.

e. $ ad. „ May 8, 1904.
/. c? ad. „ June 5, 1904.

g. ? ad. „ August 25, 1904.

Birds of Paraguay. 281

[This species is not uncommon in the large forests of
Central Paraguay. The Woodpeckers differ so slightly in their
habits that there is but little to say about them, unless their
nests are found. They are among the early breeders; I
found one nestling able to fly and in fairly advanced
plumage on the 5th of November, 1901. — W. F.~\

69. Veniliornis olivinus.

Picus olivinus Malh. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sc. Liege, 1845,
p. 67.

Cldoronerpes olivinus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 20, 120
(Lam hare).

Dendrobates olivinus Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit Mus. xviii.
p. 356; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 136 (Fortin Nueve).

Veniliornis olivinus Sharpe, Hand-list B. ii. p. 222 (1900) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. <J ad. Sapucay, October 29, 1902.

b. $ ad. „ March 28, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi and
feet dark slate-coloured ; iris brown.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 21, 1904.

d. S ad. „ May 5, 1904.

e. ? ad. „ June 8, 1904.
f,g,S;h. ? ad. Sapucay, July 2, 26, 1904.
i, k. $ ad. Sapucay, September 3, 7, 1904.

70. Veniliornis spilogaster.

Picus spilogaster Wagl. Syst. Av., Picus, sp. 59, p. 33
(1827 : Brazil and Paraguay).

Dendrobates spilogaster Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 358.

Veniliornis spilogaster Sharpe, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 222 (1900) ;
Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 128 (1902: Sapucay).

a, b. ? ad. Sapucay, April 5, 20, 1903.

Bill black above, whitish grey below ; feet slate-coloured ;
iris brown.

c. S imm. Sapucay, March 12, 1904.

d, e. 6 ? ad. „ May 2, 4, 1904.
/. ? ad. „ June 24, 1904.

282 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

[This species, although somewhat rare, can, in common
with all the Woodpeckers, be easily found when present,
on account of its tapping when in search of food.

Both this bird and V. olivinus inhabit the large dense
forests of Central Paraguay. It is harder to obtain than the
larger Woodpeckers, on account of its custom of keeping
among the higher branches of the trees. I have met with it
from March to September. — IV. F.]

71. Celeus kerri.

Celeus kerri Hargitt, Ibis, 1891, p. 605 (Rio Pilcomayo) ;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 136, pi. iii. (near Fortin Donovan).

Celeus lugubris Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 333.

a. ^ ad. Sapucay, November 15, 1902.
Iris dark crimson.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, December 1, 1902.
Iris ruby-brown.

c. ^ ad. Sapucay, March 27, 1903.

d. $ ad. „ May 8, 1903.

Bill light slate-coloured ; feet dull black; iris brown.

e. ? imm. Ybytimi, January 29, 1904.

Bill slate-coloured above, paler below ; tarsi and feet dark
slate-coloured ; iris brown.

/, g. S ? ad. Sapucay, August 17, 20, 1904.

[This is another of our rare Woodpeckers, whose favourite
haunts are the larger forests. The young, previous to their
first moult, are much lighter in colour, with the edges of the
feathers on the breast and belly tipped with rufous, while the
rufous bars across the primaries are much wider, and the
crest is fully half au inch shorter. The upper tail-coverts of
the immature bird are of an entirely dark chestnut, whilst the
adult bird has large black patches on each of these feathers,
the ground-colour of which is the same. — W. F.]

72. Campophihts robustus.

Carpintero y cuello roxos Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 301. no. ccl.
(1805).

Picus robustus Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10 (1823 : Bahia).

Birds of Paraguay. 283

Campophilus robustus Hard. Ind. Azara, p. 10 (181?) ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 120 (Paraguay) ; Hargitt, Cat.
13. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 477 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 333.

a. J ad. Sapucay, October 14, 1902.

b. <J ad. „ March 25, 1903.

Bill cream-coloured to grey at base, darker above; feet
dark slate-coloured ; iris yellow.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, May 6, 1903.

d. e. ? ad. „ July 17, 19, 1904.
/. J ad. „ September 3, 1904.

[Another of the large Woodpeckers, only to be met with
in the virgin forests. — W. F.~\

73. CEOPHIAEUS LINEATUS.

Picus lineatus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (1766 : Cayenne).

Carpintero negro Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 294. no. ccxlviii.
(1805).

Ceophhjcus lineatus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 23 (Lam-
bare) ; Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 508 ; Iheriug,
llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, May 2, 1903.

Bill dark grey above, light beneath ; tarsi and feet dark
slate-coloured; iris white.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 22, 1904.

c. ? ad. „ August 29, 1904.

[This species occurs in the same localities as C. erythrops,
but is much rarer. It can easily be distinguished, even in
the dim forests, by the white band down either side of the
wing-coverts. — W. F.]

74. Ceophiaeus erythrops.

Picus erythrops Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xl. p. 178 (1826).
Ceophlaius erythrops Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 512 ; Ihering, llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 23, 1902.

b. <J ad. „ May 4, 1903.

Bill dark grey above, pale below; tarsi and feet slate-
coloured : iris white.

284 On the Birds of Paraguay.

c. $ ad. Sapucay, March 14, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured above, grey below ; tarsi and! feet
slate-coloured ; iris orange-white.

d. ? ad. Sapucay, August 18, 1904.

c S ad. „ September 11, 1904.

Hill slaty horn-coloured above, whitish grey below ; tarsi
and feet slate- coloured.

Three eggs, obtained on the 23rd of October, 1902,
are glossy- or ivory-white in colour with a few dark raiuute
dots, and measure : axis 1*1 to 1*2 inches ; diameter 0"95.

[This fine species occurs all through Central and Southern
Paraguay and in the large forests is not uncommon, Owing
to the strength of this bird, its tapping can be heard at
a great distance, making it easy to secure specimens. — IV. F.]

75. Ceophlosus galeatus.

Picus galeatus Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi, 171 (1823 : Brazil).

Ceopliliriis galeatus Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 513 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 333.

Campejthilus ruffrons Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 49 (1901) ; teste Ihering, 1. c.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, July 7, 1904.
Bill whitish at point, grey at base.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, August 22, 1904.

Bill creamy grey ; tarsi and feet slate-coloured ; iris
reddish brown.

[Another of our very rare Woodpeckers, and I know
nothing much about it yet. — W. F.]

76. PlCUMNUS PILCOMAYENSIS.

Picumnus pilcomayensis Hargitt, Ibis, 1891, p. 606 (Rio Pil-
comayo) : Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 138 (Fortin Page).

Picumnus cirratus (nee Temm.), Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxv. p. 128 (1902 : Sapucay).

Picumnus cirrhatus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 334.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, December 9, 1902.

On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines. 285

b, c. <$ ? ad. Ybytirai, February 4, 7, 1904.

c£ . Bill black above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi and feet
slate-coloured.

? . Bill buff, black above ; tarsi and feet bluish slate-
coloured.

[This species is not uncommon through the large forests.
Its habits are slightly different from those of the Wood-
peckers proper, as it perches and hunts for food more along
the branches than on the trunks of trees. It is a very shy
bird and the slightest unusual rustling noise will at once
cause it to cease pecking, when owing to its small size it is not
easily discovered. It is protected by a particularly offensive
odour, such as arises from a place infested by cockroaches,
but much stronger ; this smell becomes less evident after the
bird is skinned, but often lasts for years.

The nest is a hole made in a tree to the depth of some six
or eight inches, two white eggs being laid ; there is no
lining other than the chips of wood. — W. F.~\

[To be continued.]

XI. — On the Monkey -eating Eagle of the Philippines
(Pithecophaga jefferyi*). By D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U.

(Plate IV. and Text-fig. 4.)

The acquisition, by the Zoological Society of London, of a
fine living specimen of the magnificent Monkey-eatin°-
Eagle, seems to present a fitting opportunity of collecting
together the few scattered notes that have been published
on this remarkable species, and of figuring it from life.
Pithecophaga jefferyi was described at the Meeting of

* Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vi. p. xvii
(1896) ; Ibis, 1897, p. 214, pi. v. ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 91 ; Meaorns,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xviii. p. 76 ; Clemens, Condor, ix. p. 92 •
McGregor, Philipp. Journ. Sc, Oct. 1907, p. 297.

286 Mr. D. Seth-Smith on the

the British Ornithologists' Club, held on December 16th,
1896, by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, who assigned it to a new genus,
which he considered to be most closely allied to Harpy-
halia'etus of South America. The type-specimen was obtained
by John Whitehead in the forests of Samar, during his
successful expedition to the Philippines of 1894-7.

During that naturalist's first expedition to the island in
1895 he failed to meet with this species, though he made a
fine collection of other birds, which were destroyed by fire on
board ship in Singapore. This great misfortune resulted in
his returning to Samar, where his loss was fully compensated
by the discovery of the extraordinary Pithecophaga in the
high forests which still remain on the Pacific Coast of that
island. " In these lofty forests," writes Mr. Whitehead,
" the Great Philippine Eagle has made his home, with no
enemies to trouble him. He is well known to the natives
as a robber of their poultry and small pigs, but chiefly
as a destroyer of monkeys, which are the only animals
sufficiently abundant in the forests to support such a large
bird."

Mr. Whitehead had noticed these large Eagles flying
along the edge of the forest, but had failed to secure a
specimen, until one morning his servant managed to put a
single buckshot from an old muzzle-loading gun into the
neck of a specimen as it settled on the top of a high tree.
Mr. Whitehead estimated the weight of this specimen at
between 15 and 20 lbs. At the collector's request the species
was named after his father, Mr. Jeffery Whitehead, by whose
generosity the expedition had been carried out.

The United States National Museum received a specimen
of Pithecophaga from Mr. Fletcher L. Keller, a hemp-planter
of Davao, Mindanao, which was the second example to reach
America, and the first authentic record of its occurrence in
Mindanao. This gentleman saw one in a collection of birds
in the Public Library of Minneapolis, U.S.A., and one in
Manila, but kuew of only five preserved specimens altogether.
Mr. Keller's specimen, a male, was taken near Davao on

Monkey -eating Eagle of the Philippines. 287

Sept. 3rd, 1904, and is said to resemble the type elosely but
to possess broader shaft-stripes to the feathers, giving the
head a darker colour than that described by Mr. Ogilvie-
Grant.

Capt. Joseph Clemens has published in the ' Condor ' a
photograph of a living specimen which he had kept in a
cage. It was brought into the market by the Moros, and
purchased by Lieut. Farrell of the 15th Infantry, U.S.A.
When a chicken was put into the cage it would take it when
hungry and eat it all, but otherwise only the entrails were
devoured. Unfortunately this bird broke its leg in trying to
force its way out of its cage, and had to be killed.

Capt. Clemens proceeds : " I have since skinued and have
in my collection another specimen, and in this one I found
a monkey, not yet digested. The paws were torn off and
swallowed whole, then the next joint, and so on. It was
eateu hair and all."

Mr. Richard C. McGregor refers to these two specimens iu
' The Philippine Journal of Science ' for October, 1907, and
to a third specimen procured by Mr. Ickis, Geologist of the
Bureau of Science, on May the 11th, 1907. This was
apparently the first that was recorded from the island of
Luzon. The head, one wing and one foot only were brought
to Manila.

The specimen which has recently come into the possession
of the Zoological Society of London was secured through the
untiring efforts of Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe, who has kindly
supplied me with the following notes on it from his note-
book of 1907.

" There are in the museums of Manila four mounted
specimens : — two belonging to St. Thomas' University — from
Mindanao and Samar ; and two in the museum belonging:
to the Jesuit Fathers, one of which has been exchanged witli
the Bureau of Science. Mr. McGregor also possesses the
head and feet of another specimen in spirit.

" After making inquiries as to which would be the most
likely place to find Pithecophacja jefferyi near Manila, for I

288 Mr. D. Seth-Smith on the

had onlv twelve days left before leaving the Islands, I was
recommended to try Antipolo and Bosoboso, a mountainous
district north-east of Manila.

" Aug. 10th, 1907. Left Manila for Antipolo.

" Aug. 11th. After breakfast walked some miles into the
surrounding hills — country not very promising, main range
of mountains probably ten miles off. Inquiries showed
Bosoboso impossible, as I had no camping outfit or
transport.

" Aug. 12th. Left early for San Mateo. Spent some
hours making inquiries and was advised to try Montalban,
the terminus of the Railway. A lovely spot and very
promising-looking mountains for Eagles. Inquiries from
natives as to prospect of finding large Eagles not promising,
unless I was prepared to go a journey of some weeks north-
wards, where they could find Eagles large enough to prey on
full-grown deer !

" 13th. Went with a guide to a canon about five miles
off, and followed the stream as far as we could get along it,
but saw nothing of interest. After resting awhile decided
to return home and climb to the mountains the following day.
Had not returned far, however, before 1 had the pleasure of
seeing two specimens of the much desired Eagle flying high
over mv head and close together. I watched them closely
until they eventually disappeared up the canon, passing just
over the tops of some small trees that were growing amongst
some rocks on a high projecting point in the bend of the

ravine.

"14th. Left very early and climbed with much difficulty
to the point over which the birds had passed the day before.
Waited until long past the time at which they had previously
passed, but no Eagles could be seen. As rain was falling
returned home disappointed.

" 15th. Very wet, mountains buried in clouds. Wet
season evidently commenced, so returned to Manila for
Hong-Kong.

" 16th. Made final plans with Padre F. Llanos and others
to secure me a specimen."

-

Monkey -eatin <j Eagle of the Philippines. 289

Mr. Willoughby Lowe afterwards received a letter from
Father Llanos, dated Jan. 12th, 1909, saying that at last a
specimen had been captured alive in Mindanao. It was
caught in a noose set by natives, a small pig having been
used as a bait. A second letter, dated May 3rd, 1909, stated
that the bird was doing well in a large cage and renewing
its tail-feathers.

On July 1 3th this Eagle left Manila for Liverpool in the
Spanish Mail Steamer ' Claudio Lopez y Lopez/ and was
fed on chickens during the voyage ; it duly arrived at the
London Zoological Gardens on the last day of August, 1909.
The Pithecophaga appeared to do well from the first,
readily taking newly-killed pigeons, which it seemed to
prefer to rabbits or other small mammals. Needless to say,
monkeys were not available as food.

On comparing the specimen with a Harpy Eagle in the
next cage, the points of difference that struck me most were
the much deeper and narrower bill, longer tail, and smaller
feet. It reminded me somewhat of a huge Goshawk.

Mr. Lowe tells me that these birds in a wild state are said
to utter a loud cry which can be heard at a considerable
distance ; but the captive specimen was never heard to utter
more than a very faint note.

On the 8th of February, 1910, this Eagle refused its food
for the first time, and on the following day looked decidedly
" out of sorts," though it was impossible to determine what
was wrong with it. It died three days later, the post
mortem revealing tuberculosis as the cause of death.

The atmosphere of London must be so very different from
the pure air of the mountainous regions where this species
has its home, that perhaps it is not surprising that it should
be susceptible to a disease which is all too prevalent in large
towns ; but the loss of this fine bird, the first of its kind to
reach any Zoological Garden, is very much to be regretted.
It is satisfactory to know that the specimen, which proved to
be a female, has been well mounted by Rowland Ward and is
now exhibited in the Natural History Museum.

Mr. Gronvold's excellent drawing from life (Plate IV.)
ser. ix. — vol. iv. u

290 On the Monkey -eating Eagle of the Philippines.

represents the bird in a very characteristic attitude and may
be compared with the plate in the ' Ibis ' for 1897, p. 214,
which was drawn from the type skin ; while the text-figure

Text-figr. 4.

Head of the Monkey-eating Eagle.

herewith, which shews a front view of the head with the ruff
extended, gives a very good impression of the extraordinary
appearance of the bird when viewed from the front at a
short distance.

On a Col I cell on of Birds made in N. Somaliland. 291

XII. — On a Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland
by Mr. G. W. Bury. By D. A. Bannerman, B.A.,
M.B.O.U.

The following paper is based on a collection of birds
obtained by Mr. G. W. Bury in Northern Somaliland.
Mr. Ogil vie -Grant had made arrangements that Mr. Bury
should investigate the high ranges behind Cape Guardafui,
making his way then by sea from Berbera to Bunder
Mureya, and thence striking inland to the high ground, but
unfortunately this plan had to be abandoned owing to
numerous difficulties, the Italian Government refusing to
grant him the necessary permission to land. Mr. Bury
therefore confined his labours to the country between Dubar
and Burao. The majority of the birds were obtained in the
Waghar district, which he made his head-quarters from the
end of June to November, 1905.

Below I have given a list of the localities which he visited,
together with the approximate dates and altitudes at which
birds were collected.

Dubar, 400 ft May and June, 1905.

Geloko, 3000 ft June and December 1905, and January

1906.
LibahRajaz, 3400 ft.)

Ragar, 4000 ft. I June, 1905.

Ragar Plateau, 4200 ft. 1

Waghar, 6000 ft , June to November, 1905.

Burao, December 1905 to June 1906.

Two new species were discovered, namely, a small Rail,
Sarothrura buryi Grant, from Dubar; and a new Flycatcher,
Muscicapa somaliensis Bannerman, from Wag liar and
Burao.

The great value of this collection lies in the fact that a
very large series of the birds was obtained in the hot
summer months — May, June, July, and August, when very
few collectors are in the field. Hence Mr. Bury secured
examples of many species in summer-plumage which the
British Museum did not possess before.

u 2

292 Mr. D. A. Baunerman on a

Throughout this paper Dr. Reichenow's work c Die Vogel
Afrikas ' is quoted as " Reich."

My sincere thanks are due to Mr. Ogilvie- Grant, of the
British Museum, for his kindness in allowing me to
work out this interesting collection, and for the great help he
has given me throughout; also to his attendant Mr. Wells
for much valuable assistance.

Family Sturm ni .

DlLOPHUS CAHUNCULATUS (Gmel.).

Perissornis carunculatus Reich, ii. p. G70 (1903).

a, /;.(??. Dubar, 10th & 11th June, 1905.

I ris pale brown ; bill horn-coloured ; upper mandible darker
than the lower; gape yellow; legs and feet grey with a
brownish tinge.

PlIOLIDAUGES LEUCOGASTER (Gm.).

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Reich, ii. p. 679 (1903).
a-e. cJ ? et c? imra. Dubar, 12th-30th May, 1905.
A female shot on the 28th of May had well-developed
eggs in the ovary.

One bird shot on the 26th of May is in the brown
plumage of the female, but the spots on the throat and
breast arc larger and darker.

Another shot on the 28th of May, and marked " male," is
also in plumage similar to that of the female, but has a
few irregular metallic feathers on the back and secondary
coverts.

An example shot on the 30th of May in the plumage of
the fully adult male is said by Mr. Bury to be a female, and
he notes that a the ovary contained unmistakable eggs."
If the sex of this bird has been correctly ascertained, and
the bodies have not been mixed in the skinning, it seems to
prove the correctness of the view held by some ornithologists,
that the adult female in North-East African birds becomes
metallic like the male. This is alluded to by Dr. Sharpe in the
' Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ' (xiii. p. 122).
It must be remarked that in many instances the sexes of

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somalita/id. 5293

the birds in the present collection have been wrongly-
ascertained by Mr. Bury, and therefore that no great reliance
can be placed on his determinations.

Lamprocolius chalybeus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).

Lamprocolius chalybaus Reich, ii. p. 687 (1903).

Lamprocolius chalybeus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 394.

a. <J ■ Dubar, 2nd July, 1905.

b-g. S ? et S imm. Waghar, 8th July-14th Oct., 1905.

Iris bright orange-yellow ; bill, legs, and feet black.

All the specimens from Dubar and Waghar have the
shoulder spot violet. In immature birds this shoulder spot
is much duller than in the adults.

Heteropsar albicapillus (Blyth).

Spreo albicapillus Reich, ii. p. 678 (1903).

Heteropsar albicapillus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 395.

a-d. <$ ? et imm. Waghar, 7th July-4th Nov., 1905.

e. S • Geloko, 6th Dec, 1905.

f-k. £ ? . Burao, 31st Jan.-23rd Mar., 1905.

Immature. Bill orange tipped with blue-black ; legs and
feet black.

Young birds procured in July and August have the
under parts as far as the belly light ashy-brown, the white
streaked feathers of the adult plumage making their
appearance subsequently.

Spreo superbus (Riipp.).

Spreo superbus Reich, ii. p. 674 (1903) ; Lort Phillips,
Ibis, 1898, p. 396.

a. <$ . Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

b-k. S ? • Waghar, 25th Aug.-4th Nov., 1905.

l-a'. S ? • Burao, 27th Dec, 1905-14th Jan., 1906.

Spreo shelleyi Sharpe.

Spreo hildebrandti shelleyi Reich, ii. p. 677 (1903).

a-k. S ? et <5 ? imm- Waghar, 30th June-lst Sept.,
1905.

/_m. ^ et c? imm. Burao, 8th Dec, 1905 -4th Mar.,
1906.

294 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Iris orange (male) ; pale yellowish -green (female). Bill,
legs, and feet black.

The British Museum contains two examples of this rare
Starling, — the type-specimen, an adult from Somaliland
collected by Mr. Lort Phillips, and an immature male from
Webbi Shebeyli procured by Mr. F. Gillett. Mr. Bury
obtained a small series of examples including three adults
and a number of immature specimens, which shew all the
changes in plumage from the very young bird, with the
breast-feathers brownish-buff streaked with dark brown, to
the adult.

Cosmopsarus regius Reichenow.
Cosmopsarus regius Reich, ii. p. 713 (1903).
a-q. $ ? . Burao, 5th Jan. -20th Mar., 1906.
A fine series of this splendid Starling, all in fully adult
plumage.

Amydrus blythi Hartl.

Amydrus blythi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 395; Grant,
Nat. Hist. Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri, p. 23 (1903).

a-f. S ? et <J ? imm. Dubar, 1st May-lst June, 1905.

g-n. (J ? et ? imm. Waghar, 10th July-28th Oct., 1905.

The immature female does not possess the grey head and
hind-neck of the adult, but resembles the adult male, lacking,
however, the marked purplish gloss on the feathers of the
head and back, while the breast is of a dull brown colour.

[Always seen in flocks feeding on wild figs ; the birds had
not paired on the 12th of May.— G. W. B.]

Buphaga erythrorhyncha (Stanl.).

Buphagus erythrorhynchus Reich, ii. p. 667 (1903).

a. $. Waghar, 15th July, 1905.

Family Dicrurid^e.

BUCHANGA ASSIMILIS (Bechst.) .

Buchanga assimilis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 396.
Dicrurus afer Reich, ii. p. 646 (1903).
a-b. <3 ? . Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

Collect on of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 295

c-n. £ ? et <J ? imm. Waghar, 2nd July-23rd Oct.,
1903.

o-p. S ? et $ imm. Burao, 17th Oct., 1905-22nd Jan.,
1906.

A curious light-coloured example shot on the 1st of
September has the plumage pale brown, the primary quills
and tail-feathers being of a soiled white. The bird is in
much worn plumage.

Family Ploceid.e.

ESTRILDA NIGRIMENTUM Salvad.

Estrilda nigrimentum Reich, iii. p. 190 (1904).

a. <$ . Waghar, 12th Aug., 1905.

Bill dark slate-coloured, black at the tip ; legs and feet black.

Granatina ianthinogastra Reichenow.
Urceginthus ianthinog aster Reich, iii. p. 211 (1904).
a-d. S ? • Waghar, 25th Aug.-8th Nov., 1905.
Bill and orbital circle vermilion; legs and feet black.

Anaplectes melanotis (Lafr.).
Anaplectes melanotis Reich, iii. p. 26 (1904).
a, b. S ? • Waghar, 30th June-23rd July, 1905.
Iris brown ; bill pale vermilion : legs and feet brown
washed with white.

Hyphantornis vitellina (Licht.).

Ploceus vitellinus Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 133 ; Reich, iii.
p. 81 (1904).

a, b. $ ? et S ? imm. Waghar, 14th-30th Oct., 1905.
c, d. <$ . Burao, 9th Dec, 1905, 21st Feb., 1906.

DlNEMELLIA DINEMELLI (RUpp.).

Dinemellia dinemelli Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 397 ;
Reich, iii. p. 7 (1904).

a. <?. Geloko, 6th Dec, 1905.

t-l $ $ et imm. Waghar, 30th June-ith Nov., 1905.

m-v. & ? . Burao, 6th Jan.-24th Feb., 1906.

On the label of a bird shot on July 27th at WTaghar,
Mr. Bury remarks " apparently just arriving from the plains
below."

2 90 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Family Fringillid^e.

Rhynchostruthus louis^ Lort Phillips.

Rhynchostruthus louisce Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 398,
pi. viii. ; Reich, iii. p. 280 (1904).

a-L <J ? • Waghar, 15th Aug.-28th Nov., 1905.

Bill dark slate-coloured ; legs and feet dark brown.

Mr. Bury obtained a small series of this fine Finch from
Waghar. In 1897 Mr. Lort Phillips found it in the same
locality, and single examples were also obtained by him from
the Sheihk Pass in 1895 and 1897. This species was fully
described and figured in the ' Ibis ' for 1898. Mr. Bury met
with this species singly ; it was feeding on the fruit of the tall
candelabra-cactus, where its sparrow-like attitude betrayed
it. In South Arabia the allied form R.percivali Grant (Bull.
B. O. C. xi. p. 30) was usually met with in flocks.

Petronia pyrgita (Heugl.).

Petronia pyrgita Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 397; Reich,
iii. p. 245 (1904).

a. S imm. Dubar, 26th May, 1905.

b-m. S ? et S ? imm. Waghar, 6th July-18th Dec, 1905.

o-p. £ ? . Burao, 10th & 30th Jan., 1906.

Passer castanopterus Blyth.

Passer castanopterus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 397 ;
Grant, Ibis, 1901, p. 624 ; Reich, iii. p. 242 (1904).

a, b. S ? • Dubar, 3rd & 8th June, 1905.

c. <$ . Waghar, 1st July, 1905.

d-u. S ? • Burao, 15th Dec, 1905-15th Feb., 1906.

Bill purplish horn-coloured ; lower mandible pale mauve :
gape yellow ; legs and feet pale horn-coloured or silvery grey.

The bird obtained ou the 3rd of June was the first
Sparrow of this species seen by Mr. Bury, so we may
conclude that it was not very plentiful in that locality. An
example labelled "male, Waghar, 1st July, 1905," is in
the plumage of a female, for which Mr. Bury first mistook
it, but he notes that on dissection the testes were plainly
visible.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 297

As the female of this species does not appear to have
been described, I add the following description : —

Adult female. Entire upper parts brownish-grey, the feathers
on the mantle tipped with blackish-brown ; a broad buff
superciliary streak ; under parts light yellowish white, washed
witli greyish on the throat and breast.

It most nearly resembles Passer yatei Sharpe, but lacks
the pronounced yellow band across the fore-neck. It is also
allied to P. cinnamomeus Gould, but in this latter species the
upper parts are much darker and the lower back is washed
with rufous.

Passer swainsoni (Riipp.).

Passer sivainsoni Reich, iii. p. 229 (1904).

a. £ . Dubar, 29th May, 1905.

POLIOSPIZA TRISTRIATA (Riipp.).

Poliospiza pallidior Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 398.

Poliospiza tristriata Reich, iii. p. 259 (1904).

a-m. <J ? et (J ? iram. Waghar, 1st July-31st Oct., 1905.

Iris brown ; bill horn-coloured ; legs and feet pale brown ;
toes dark brown.

Mr. Lort Phillips has separated the Somaliland bird from
P. tristriata under the name of P. pallidior, on the ground
that the tormer is very much greyer on the breast and sides
of the body ; he also mentions the dark colour of the bill as
a conspicuous character. I have compared the series of
birds obtained by Mr. Bury at Waghar with a series of
P. tristriata in the British Museum, and also with Mr. Lort
Phillips' examples from Somaliland, and I cannot see the
necessity of separating them under different specific names ;
the colour of the breast in at least two specimens procured
by Mr. Bury is exactly similar to that of an example from
Abyssinia, and though in some examples from Somaliland
the belly is certainly whiter than in birds from Abyssinia,
there are others from that country which shew as much
white on the lower surface as the type of P. pallidior.
Immature birds of both races are indistinguishable.

298 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Serinus maculicollis Sharpe.

Serinus maculicollis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 399 ;
Reich, iii. p. 269 (1904) .

a, b. $ et ? imm. Waghar, 19th Aug., 1905.

c. $ . Burao, 8th Jan., 1906.

Bill dark horn-coloured ; lower mandible lighter ; legs and
feet brownish slate-coloured.

Emberiza hortulana Linn.

Emberiza hortulana Reich, iii. p. 281 (1904).

a-h. S ■ Waghar, 25th Sept.-19th Oct., 1905.

Bill reddish-brown; legs, feet, and toes pale brown. All
the above-mentioned specimens, with one exception, have the
breast deeply streaked with dark brown.

Emberiza poliopleura Salvad.
Emberiza poliopleura Reich, iii. p. 286 (1905).
«, b. £ et $ imm. Waghar, 7th Aug.-17th Oct., 1905.
Upper mandible dark brown with a purplish tinge ; lower
mandible pale flesh-coloured ; legs and feet greenish-brown.

Fringillaria tahapisi (A. Smith).

Fringillaria tahapisi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 399 ;
Reich, iii. p. 289 (1904).

a-c. (J. Waghar, 6th July-6th Oct., 1905.

Fringillaria saturatior Sharpe.

Fringillaria saturatior Reich, iii. p. 292 (1904).

a-c. S ? • Dubar, 7th-8th June, 1905.

Mr. Bury notes that this Bunting was " always found
near water." It appears to be a slightly smaller and darker
form of F. striolata Licht.

F. striolata. F. saturatior.

Wing: 6 34 in., $ 34 in. | Wing: J 2'85-2'9in., $ 2-76-2-8 in.

Family Alaudid^:.

Mirafra gilletti Sharpe.

Mirafra gilletti Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401 ; Shelley,

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 299

B. Afr. iii. p. 35, pi. xv. fig. 1 (1902) ; Reich, iii. p. 333
(1904).

a. $ . Ragar plateau, 23rd June, 1905.

b. ? . Burao, 8th Feb., 1906.

Galerida cristata (Linn.).

Galerita cristata Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401.

Galerida cristata senegalensis (Mull.), Reich, iii. p. 359
(1904).

a-m. c? ? et (J ? imm. Waghar, 24th June-lst Dec,
1905.

Bill, upper mandible dark slate-coloured, lower mandible
bluish buff ; legs, feet, and toes pale buff.

These birds belong to the form which is known as
G. senegalensis.

Ammomanes akeleyi Elliot.

Ammomanes phcenicuroides Reich, iii. p. 357 (1904).

Ammomanes akeleyi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401.

a-c. S ? • Dubar, 31st May-2nd June, 1905.

d-g. S ? • Waghar, 15th Aug.-28th Aug., 1905.

Upper mandible pale slate- coloured; lower mandible pale
horn-coloured, orange-brown at the base ; legs and feet flesh-
or pale horn-coloured ; toes brown.

Family Motacillid^:.

Anthus trivialis (Linn.).

Anthus trivialis Reich, iii. p. 311 (1904).

a-f. g ? . Waghar, 22nd Sept.-6th Oct., 1905.

Anthus sordidus Riipp.

Anthus leucophrys sordidus Reich, iii. p. 318 (1904).

Anthus sordidus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 402.

a. cf • Ragar plateau, 23rd June, 1905.

b-c'. <$ ? et S ? imm. Waghar, 25th June-3rd Nov.,
1905.

Immature birds of this species have the feathers of the
upper parts black margined with sandy buff, very different

300 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

from those of the adult, which are nearly uniform greyish-
brown, margined with sandy buff. There can be no doubt
that these dark-backed birds are the young of the present
species, for A. sordidus is the only Pipit found in the island
of Sokotra, and there are quite young birds in the British
Museum Collection procured by Mr. Ogil vie- Grant, which
shew these characters plainly.

Anthus rufulus Vieill.

Anthus rufulus cinnamomeus Riipp., Reich, iii. p. 313
(1904).

a. <J . Waghar, 27th June, 1905.

Motacilla boarula Linn.

Motacilla boarula Linn., Reich, iii. p. 302 (1904) [part].
Motacilla melanope Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 401.
a. ? . Waghar, 1st Nov., 1905.

Family Nectariniid^e.

Nectarinia metallica (Licht.).

Hedydipna metallica Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404;
Reich, iii. p. 493 (1905).

a-c. S ? • Dubai, 11th May-31st May, 1905.

d. $ . Waghar, 8th Nov., 1905.

e-g. g et <$ imm. Burao, 1st March, 1906.

Mr. Bury notes that on the 11th of May this Sunbird
was " always to be seen in pairs, hunting for insects on the
wild figs."

Cinnyris habessinicus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).

Cinnyris habessinicus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 402.

a-t. <J $ et £ $ imm. Waghar, 2nd July -8th Nov.,
1905.

u. S • Burao, 30th Jan., 1906.

This is a very complete series obtained between the
months of July and November, and in January. All stages
of plumage between the immature and the adult are
represented.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somali I and. 301

Cinnyris osiris (Finsch) .

Cinnyris mariquensis osiris Reich, iii. p. 480 (1905).

a-d. <$ ? . Waghar, 20th Sept.-8th Nov., 1905.

e-l. <J $ et <J imm. Burao, 19th Jan.-22nd March, 1906.

Cinnyris albiventris (Strickl.).

Cinnyris albiventris Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 403 ;
Reich, iii. p. 471 (1905).

a-f. <J ? et <J ? imm. Waghar, 20th Oct.-9th Nov., 1905.
g-n. $. Burao, 15th Dec, 1905 -22nd Jan., 1906.

Cinnyris hunteri (Shelley).
Chalcomitra hunteri Reich, iii. p. 462 (1905).
a-n. $ ? et <$ imm. et <$ juv. Burao, 20th-22nd Jan.,
1906.

Anthothreptes orientalis (Hartl.).
Anthothreptes orientalis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404.
Anthreptes longuemarei (Less.), Reich, iii. p. 446 (1905).
a. <?. Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

Family ZosrEROPiDiE.

Zosterops abyssinica Guer.

Zusterops abyssinica Reich, iii. p. 435 (1905).

a-h. (J ? . Waghar, 6th June-20th Sept., 1905.

Family Parid^.

Parus thruppi Shelley.

Parus thruppi Shelley, Ibis, 1889, p. 406, pi. xi. fig. 2 ;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 404; Reich, iii. p. 517 (1905).
a-k. S ? • Waghar, 2nd July-18th Oct., 1905.
l-r. S ? • Burao, 15th Dec. 1905-lst Feb., 1906.
Bill black ; legs and feet pale slate-coloured.

Family Laniid^e.

Telephonus jamesi Shelley.

Telephonus jamesi Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 403, pi. x. fig. 2;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 405.

P omat or hynchus jamesi Reich, ii. p. 551 (1903).
a-e. S ? • Waghar, 25th July-13th Oct., 1905.

302 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Dryoscopus funebris (Hartl.).

Dryoscopus funebris Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 406.

Laniarius funebris Reich, ii. p. 574 (1903).

a. ? . Dubar, 28th May, 1905.

b-o. (J ? . Waghar, 29th June-30th Nov., 1905.

p-s. S ? • Burao, 23rd Feb.-29th Dec, 1906.

Iris pale blue ; bill black ; legs black ; feet black, washed
with grey.

[Found in dense bush ; it has a curious metallic gong-
like note.— G. W. B.~]

Dryoscopus vEthiopicus (Gmel.).

Dryoscopus cethiopicus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 405.

Laniarius at hiopicus Reich, ii. p. 577 (1903).

a-l. g ? et <$ 2 imm. Waghar, 27th June-30th Aug.,
1905.

Bill black, slate-coloured at the base of the lower mandibles
in the male; legs and feet pale slate-coloured.

Laniarius cruentus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).

Pelicinius cruentus Reich, ii. p. 570 (1903).

a-c. g $ et ? juv. Dubar, 21st May-5th June, 1905.

d-g. j ? et S ? imm. Waghar, 3rd Aug.-4th Sept.,
1905.

h-w. <$ ? . Burao, 11th Nov., 1905 -22nd March, 1906.

Mr. Bury obtained a very fine series of this Crimson-
breasted Bush-Shrike.

Laniarius appkoximans Cab.

Laniarius approximans Grant, Ibis, 1908, p. 287.

Malaconotus olivaceus hypopyrrhus Reich, ii. p. 602
(1903).

a. ? . Waghar, 30th Aug., 1905.

Iris pale yellow ; bill dark slate-coloured (almost black) ;
legs and feet pale slate-coloured ; toes dark slate-coloured.

This individual is an example of the race which Prof. Neu-
mann has separated from the East- African form (L. approxi-
mans) under the name of Malaconotus polio cephalus schoanus.
The difference is purely a matter of size, the wing of the
present specimen measuring 4"7 inches, whereas in the wing
of a typical Abyssinian bird it measures 4-2-4*3 inches.

Collection of Birds made in Northern SomaUland. 303

Lamarius ruficeps (Shelley).

Dryoscopus ruficeps Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 402, pi. x.
fig. 1.

Laniarius ruficeps Reich, ii. p. 585 (1903).
a-f. S ? . Burao, 15th-26th Feb., 1906.

Xilaus minor Sharpe.

Nilaus minor Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 479 ; Lort Phillips,
Ibis, 1898, p. 406 ; Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 641.

Xilaus afer minor Reich, ii. p. 540 (1903).

a. $ . Ragar, 22nd June, 1905.

b-i. S ? et <$ imm. Waghar, 23rd July-4th Sept.,
1905.

k-r. $ ? . Burao, 20th Jan.-17th March, 1906.

Iris very dark brown ; bill blue-black, base of lower
mandible slate-coloured ; legs and feet pale slate-coloured ;
nails black.

The female of Nilaus minor does not seem to have been
described. There is only one example marked as a female
in the British Museum Collection, namely one from the Athi
River, collected by Lord Delamere. Mr. Bury, however,
obtained several at Waghar and Burao.

I have compared these with the hen of N. capensis Shaw,
and beyond the difference in size, which, however, is most
conspicuous, I can find no other distinguishing feature.

The following is a comparative list of the wing measure-
ments of both birds : —

in.

Nilaus capensis from Damaraland 3-5

Nilaus minor from the Athi River 3'1

„ „ „ Burao 2'85-2'9

,, „ Waghar 29

Lanius collurio Linn.

Lanius collurio Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 471 (1902) ; Reich,
ii. p. 622 (1903).

a. cJ. Dubar, 11th May, 1905.

b-e. S ? et c? imm- Waghar, 26th Sept.-31st Oct.,
1905.

304 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Lanius isabellinus Hempr. & Ehrenb.
Lanius isabellinus Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 482 (1902);
Reich, ii. p. 624 (1903).

a-L £ ? . Waghar, 21st Sept.-26th Oct., 1905.

Lanius pallidirostris Cass.

Lanius pallidirostris Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 459 (1902) ;
Reich, ii. p. 620 (1903).

a. <J . Dubar, 3rd June, 1905.

Lanius antinorii Salvad.

Lanius antinorii Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 405 ; Grant,
Nov. Zool. ix. p. 463 (1902) ; Reich, ii. p. 614 (1903).

a-fm g j et £ imin. Dubar, 28th March- 13th June,
1905.

g-w. 3 ? et $ ? imm. Waghar, 26th June -30th Oct.,
1905.

x-q'. c? ? • Burao, 15th Dec, 1905 -22nd Jan., 1906.

The adult birds among the large series of specimens
collected by Mr. Bury shew little or no variation in the
markings of the wing- and tail-feathers.

Family Prionopid,e.

Prionops cristatus Riipp.
Prionops cristata Reich, ii. p. 530 (1903).
a-f. <? ? et tf imm. Burao, 17th Feb.-March, 1906.
Iris and orbital patch bright yellow ; bill jet-black ; legs
and feet coral-red ; toes slate-coloured.

EUROCEPHALUS RUEPPELLI Bonap.

Eurocephalus rueppelli Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 406.
Eurocephalus rilppelli Reich, ii. p. 526 (1903).
a. £ imm. Libah Rajaz, 21st June, 1905.
b-e. S ? et ? imm. Waghar, 7th Aug.-8th Nov.,
1905.
f-i. <$ ? . Burao, 6th Jan. -2 1st Feb., 1906.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somali land. 305
Family Sylvhd,e.

ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Beclist.).

Acrocephalus schcenobanus (Linn.); Reich, iii. p. 588 (1905).
a. $ . Dubar, 23rd June, 1905.

Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower mandible horn-
coloured ; legs and feet pale horn-coloured.

Acrocephalus turdoides (Meyer).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linn.); Reich, iii. p. 585 (1905) .
a. ? . Dubar, 11th May, 1905.

Iris pale grey ; bill and legs bluish horn-coloured ; feet
pale slate-coloured.

Daulias golzi (Cab.).

Mdongolzi Reich, iii. p. 787 (1905).

a. S ■ Waghar, 23rd Oct., 1905.

Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.).

Sylvia atricapilla Reich, iii. p. 650 (1905).

a. ? . Waghar, 18th Nov., 1905.

Bill very dark brown ; legs and feet pearl-grey.

Sylvia cinerea Bechst.

Sylvia cinerea Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 407.

Sylvia sylvia (Linn.), Reich, iii. p. 650 (1905).

a-k. $ ? imm. Waghar, 22nd Sept.-28th Oct., 1905.

Hypolais languida (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).
Hypolais languida Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 408.
Hippolais languida Reich, iii. p. 646 (1905).
a-f. <J ? . Waghar, 15th Aug.-20th Sept., 1905.
Upper mandible purplish-brown, lower mandible horn-
coloured ; legs and feet greyish-brown ; toes brown.

Calamonastes simplex (Cab.).

Calamonastes simplex Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 410 ;
Reich, iii. p. 573 (1905).

a. ? . Waghar, 27th Aug., 1905.

b. <?. Burao, 21st Feb., 1906.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. X

306 Mr. D. A. Banner man on a

Parisoma blanfordi (Seeb.)

Parisoma blanfordi Reich, iii. p. 522 (1905).

a-c. <$ et $ imm. Dubar, 31st May -6th June, 1905.

d-f. <J ? et S imm. Waghar, 6th July -28th Aug.,
1905.

A good series of this rare Warbler was procured by
Mr. Bury.

Parisoma boehmi Reichenow.

Parisoma bbhmi Reich, iii. p. 520 (1905).

a-k. S ? • Burao, 7th-22nd Jan., 1906.

Sylviella micrura (Riipp.).

Sylviella micrura Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 154 & 1907 p. 593 ;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409.

Sylvietta leucopsis Reich, iii. p. 629 (1905).

a. $ imm. Dubar, 7th June, 1905.

b-e. <? ? et (J imm. Waghar, 28th July-17th Oct.,
1905.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown, tinged with purple ; legs and
feet flesh-coloured.

Sylviella gaikwari Sharpe.

Sylviella gaikwari Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 47 (1901) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1901, p. 306 ; Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C. xxv.
p. 21 (1909).

Sylvietta gaikwari Reich, iii. p. 630 (1905).

a. ? ad. Burao, 22nd Jan., 1906.

The type-specimen, an adult male in the British Museum
Collection, obtained by Dr. Donaldson Smith at Ania, in
Northern Somaliland, was hitherto the only example known.
An adult female of this rare species was obtained by Mr. G.
W. Bury further east, at Burao, and I have thought it of
sufficient importance to describe it. This skin is in fine
condition, the feathers being freshly moulted and con-
siderably lighter in colour than in the type-specimen, the
wing of which measures 2*5 inches.

Adult female. Head, entire upper parts, and tail grey,
slightly tinged with olive; sides of the face and lores light

Collection of Birds made in. Northern Somaliland. 307

buff; eyebrows white; throat white; under parts whitish,
washed with buff on the flanks, becoming darker on the
thighs; under wing-coverts white tinged with buff; wiug
2*25 inches.

Dryodromas smithi Sharpe.

Dryodromas smithi Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. iv. p. xxix (1895) ;
Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409.

Apalis rufifrons (Riipp.), Reich, iii. p. 600 (1905).

a. S • Dubar, 4th June, 1905.

b-i. <$ ? et ? imm. Waghar, 25th July -20th Oct.,
1905.

k-m. S ? • Burao, 22nd Jan.-lst March, 1906.

Male. Iris pale brown, upper mandible brownish-purple,
paler at the base, lower mandible similar but paler; legs and
feet pale brown ; toes dark brown.

The series procured by Mr. Bury belongs to the southern
form which has been separated from D. rufifrons by
Dr. Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1895, p. 482). They have the outer
web of the outer tail-feathers white ; but very few have
white edgings to the wing-coverts and inner secondaries,
the immature birds shewing no trace of it ; no doubt the
white edges soon become worn. In the three examples from
Burao the chestnut on the head is very bright, and extends
onto the nape.

Apalis viridiceps Hawker.

Apalis viridiceps Hawker, Ibis, 1899, p. 71, pi. ii. fig. 1 ;
Reich, iii. p. 612 (1905).

a-e. <$ ? . Burao, 3rd Jan.-lst March, 1906.

Eremomela flavocrissalis Sharpe.

Eremomela flavicrissalis Reich, iii. p. 636 (1905); Lort
Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 409.

a-d. S ? • Waghar, 14th Aug.- 18th Oct., 1905.
e-k. S ? • Burao, 5th-20th Jan., 1906.

Camaroptera chrysocnemis Licht.

Camaroptera chrysocnemis Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901,
p. 648.

x2

308 Mr. D. A. Bannerraan on a

Camaroplera griseoviridis (v. Mull.), Reich, iii. p. 616
(1905).

Camaroptera brevicaudata Cretzschm., Lort Phillips, Ibis,
1898, p. 409.

a-e. S ■ Waghar, 22nd July-18th Nov., 1905.

Bill dark brown ; legs and feet brownish flesh-coloured.

This species has very properly been separated from
C. brevicaudata, the under parts being very much greyer
than in that species and only becoming white on the middle
of the belly.

Family Turdip.e.

Turdus LUDoviciiE Lort Phillips.
Merula ludovicia Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 410.
Turdus ludovicia; Reich, iii. p. 685 (1905).
a-g. $ $ et $ ? imm. Waghar, 10th July -4th Oct.,
1905.

MONTICOLA RUFOCINEREUS (RUpp.).

Monticola rufocinereus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 411;
Reich, iii. p. 697 (1905).

a-n. S ? • Waghar, 27th June - 28th Aug., 26th Oct.,
1905.

Monticola cyanus Linn.

Monticola cyanus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 411 ; Reich,
iii. p. 700 (1905).

a. S ■ Waghar, 31st Oct., 1905.

Monticola saxatilis Linn.

Monticola saxatilis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 410 ; Reich,
iii. p. 699 (1905).

a-c. S ? • Waghar, 21st Sept.-lst Nov., 1905.

RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS (Vieill.).

Ruticilla rufiventris Reich, iii. p. 781 (1905).

a. S ■ Burao, 21st Feb., 1906.

b-f. <$ 9 . Waghar, 20th Oct.-lst Nov., 1905.

Some of the males collected by Mr. Bury have the back

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 309

much greyer than in Indian examples of R. rujiventris, and
on turning up the feathers of the mantle we find no con-
cealed black subterminal portion : some Somaliland birds,
however, have black on the feathers of the mantle, and
others are not to be separated from specimens from India.
This difference does not appear to be seasonal.

Erythropygia hamertoni Grant.

Erythropygia hamertoni Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xix. p. 24
(1906).

a. S imm. Waghar, 12th Aug., 1905.

This rather remarkable form is fully described in the
Bulletin of the B. O. C. cited above. The type specimen
was procured by Captain A. E. Hamerton at Beira.

Erythropygia leucoptera (Riipp.).
Erythropygia leucoptera Reich, iii. p. 773 (1905) ; Lort
Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 410.

a-y. S ? • Burao, 20th Jan.-21st March, 1906.

Myrmecocichla lipura (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).

Cercomela lypura Reich, iii. p. 712 (1905).

«,£.(??. Dubar, 12th May-5th June, 1905.

c-p. S ? • Waghar, 2nd July-27th Oct., 1905.

A bird shot on the 27th of October is in very peculiar
plumage, the entire upper surface being grey and the tail light
brown, the feathers being so worn that they appear to be
barred with grey. The inner webs of the primaries are
light buff, and the outer webs of the secondaries are barred
like the tail. The entire under surface is white, washed with
pinkish- buff. This worn state of the plumage gives the bird
such a peculiar appearance that at first sight it might be
mistaken for a distinct species.

Saxicola ffiNANTHE Linn.

Saxicola oenanthe Reich, iii. p. 723 (1905).

a-c. S ? et $ imm. Waghar, 22nd Sept., 1905.

310 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Saxicola isabellina Cretzschm.

Saxicola isabellina Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 412 ; Reich,
iii. p. 721.

a-e. <$ ? . Waghar, 10th Oct.-3rd Nov., 1905.

Saxicola deserti Temm.

Saxicola deserti Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 413 ; Reich,
iii. p. 726 (1905).

a-f. S ■ Burao, 19th Jan.-22nd Feb., 1906.

Saxicola pleschanka (Lepech.).

Saxicola leucomela Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 165.

Saxicola morio Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 413.

Saxicola pleschanka Grant, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 256 (1900).

a-t. $ $ . Waghar, 10th Oct.-2nd Nov., 1905.

Saxicola vittata Hempr. & Ehrenb.

Saxicola vittata Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 658; Reich,
iii. p. 724 (1905).

Saxicola somalica Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 486.

a, b. S ? [ c? ]• Waghar, 24th Oct.-2nd Nov., 1905.

Two examples of this rare Chat in freshly-moulted winter-
plumage.

Saxicola phillipsi Shelley.

Saxicola phillipsi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 412; Reich,
iii. p. 724 (1905).

a. £ imm. Ragar, 22nd June, 1905.

b-s. S ? et (?? imm. Waghar, 23rd June-4th Nov.,
1905.

Pratincola MAURA (Pall.).
Pratincola maura Reich, iii. p. 734.
«,*.(??. Waghar, 22nd Sept. 1905.

Family TimeliidjE.

Crateropus smithi Sharpe.
Crateropus smithi Reich, iii. p. 664 (1905).
a-p. $ ? et £ $ imm. Waghar, 10th Julv-lst Nov.,
1905.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 311

Iris bright red or chestnut-brown ; bill blue-black ; legs
pale slate-coloured ; legs and feet black.

Argya aylmeri Shelley.

Argya aylmeri Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 404, pi. xi. fig. 1 ;
Reich, iii. p. 673 (1905).

a-f. S ? et $ imm. Burao, 1st Feb.-20th March, 1906.

This species was first described and figured from examples
procured by Mr. Lort Phillips in North Somaliland.

Family Pycnonotid,e.

Pycnonotus arsinoe (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).
Pycnonotus arsinoe Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 413.
Pycnonotus arsinoe somaliensis Reich, iii. p. 810 (1905).
a,b. S ? • Ragar, 22nd-23rd June, 1905.
c. ? . Dubar, 23rd May, 1905.

d-l. S ? et <$ juv. Waghar, 2nd July-23rd Oct., 1905.
m-r. S ? . Burao, 29th Dec, 1905, 2nd Jan.-23rd Feb.,
1906.

Bill jet-black ; legs and feet black.

Family Muscicapid^e.

Muscicapa grisola Linn.

Muscicapa grisola Reich, ii. p. 449 (1903).

a-g. S ? • Waghar, 6th Sept.-26th Oct., 1905.

Muscicapa atricapilla Linn.

Muscicapa atricapilla Reich, ii. p. 451 (1903).

a-b. <$ ? . Waghar, 16th Aug.-lst Sept., 1905.

The occurrence of this species in Somaliland is not noted
by Dr. Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1895), Mr. Lort Phillips (Ibis, 1896
and 1898), or by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant (Ibis, 1900).

Muscicapa somaliensis Bannerman.

Muscicapa somaliensis Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxv.
p. 20 (1909).

a-m. $ ? et ? imm. Waghar, 22nd June-lst Sept.,
1905. (Including the types of the species.)

312 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

This Flycatcher is very closely allied to M. grisola, L.,
but differs from that species in the following points : — The
entire upper parts are brown, the forehead and crown being
uniform and similar in colour to the back, not streaked with
dark brown as in M. grisola ; the lores and feathers in front
of the eye white ; the cheeks uniform pale brown ; the throat
white ; the chest indistinctly streaked with brown (not boldly
striated as in M. grisola) ; and the rest of the under surface
white. Iris dark brown ; upper mandible purplish-brown,
lower mandible pale purple ; legs, feet, and toes greyish-
brown.

Total length (average measurement of 12 specimens)
5 inches ; bill (from the base of the skull to the tip) 06 ;
wing 2'9 ; tail 2'5 ; tarsus 0'68.

Muscic.apa grisola. Muscicapa somalien&is.

Total length .... 5*4 inches.

Culmen 055 „

Wing 3-4 „

Tail 2-45 „

Tarsus 06

Total length. ... 5 inches.

Culmen 06 „

Wing 2-9 „

Tail 2 5 „

Tarsus 0-68 „

In all other respects the skins which I have examined are
similar to M. grisola, but the characters mentioned above
appear to be sufficient to separate them from that species.

ClttPTOLOPHA UMBRIVIRENS (Riipp.).

Cryptolopha umbrovirens Reich, ii. p. 463 (1903).

a, b. S • Waghar, 15th July-lst Nov., 1905.

Upper mandible dark purplish brown (almost black), lower
mandible pale horn-coloured ; legs and feet dark brown with
a slight greyish tint.

Batis orientalis (Heugl.).
Batis orientalis Reich, ii. p. 481 (1903).
a-m. S ? • Waghar, 23rd June-18th Oct., 1905.
n-q. J . Burao, 3rd Jan.-17th Feb., 1906.
Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet black.
[In one bird which was dissected the stomach was found
to contain a large number of ants. — G. W. B.~\

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 313

Terpsiphone cristata (Gmel.).

Terpdphone cristata Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 414.

Tchitrea viridis (Mull.), Reich, ii. p. 504 (1903).

a-i. <J ?etcJ imm. Waghar, 28th June-llth Aug., 1905.

Bradyornis pumilus Sharpe.

Brady ornis pumilus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 406.

Bradornis griseus Reich, ii. p. 438 (1903).

a. <$ . Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

b-L S ? • Waghar, 6th July-9th Nov., 1905.

m-x. <J ? . Burao, 13th Dec.-19th Jan., 1906.

In this series there seems to be a great diversity in the
size of the bill. In a specimen shot 6th July, 1905, the bill
measures only 0*45 inch, as compared with 0'6 in most of the
other examples.

Family Hirundinid^e.

CoTILK OBSOLETA (Cab.).

i'oti/e obsoleta Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 414.
Ripuria obsoleta Reich, ii. p. 398 (1905).
a. cS ■ Waghar, 6th July, 1905.

Hirundo jETHiopica Blanf.

Hirundo athiopica Reich, ii. p. 406 (1903).

a. <$. Waghar, 29th Sept., 1905.

b,c. ? . Burao, 8th & 10th Jan., 1906.

Family PicidjE.

Campothera nubica (Gmel.).

Campothera nubica Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 415.
Dendromus nubicus Reich, ii. p. 178 (1902).
a. S • Dubar, 4th June, 1905.
b-h. <$ . Waghar, 15th July-24th Oct., 1905.
i-t. S ? et S imm. Burao, 5th Jan.-lOth June, 1906.
Iris mauve (pinkish) ; bill rusty black ; legs and feet sage-
green washed with white,

314 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Dendropicus hemprichi (Hempr. & Ehrenb.).
Dendropicos hemprichi Reich, ii. p. 197 (1902).
Dendromus hemprichi Lort Phillips^ Ibis, 1898, p. 414.
a-h. $ ? . Waghar, 26th June-14th Oct., 1905.
i-t. <$ ? . Burao, 9th Jan.-30th June, 1906.
[A pair were shot tapping about on a giant Cactus. —
G. W. B.]

Thripias schoensis (Riipp.).

Mesopicus schoensis Reich, ii. p. 191 (1902).

a-l. <J ? • Burao, 7th Jan.-17th March, 1906.

Family Indicatorid/e.

Indicator major Steph.
Indicator major Reich, ii. p. 106 (1902).
a, b. S ? • Waghar, 30th June-lOth Aug., 1905.
Bill dark brown with a slight purplish tinge, lower
mandible lighter ; legs and feet black washed with white.

Indicator minor Steph.
Indicator minor Reich, ii. p. 110 (1902).
a. ? . Waghar, 10th Aug., 1905.

Bill dark slate-coloured (nearly black) ; legs and feet slate-
coloured.

Family Capitonid^e.

Trachyphonus margaritatus (Cretzschm.).

Trachyphonus margaritatus Reich, ii. p. 156 (1902) ; Lort
Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 415.

a-c. <$ $ et S imm. Dubar, llth-18th May, 1905.

d. 2 imm. Ragar plateau, 23rd June, 1905.

e-h <$ $ et S imm. Waghar, 23rd July - 6th Sept.,
1905.

[A most vociferous bird. — G. W. _B.]

Trachyphonus shelleyi Hartl.

Trachyphonus shelleyi Hartl. Ibis, 1886, pp. 105, 111,
pi. v.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 315

Trachyphonus erythrocephalus Reich, ii. p. 155 (1902)
[part] .

a-o. $ 2 . Burao, 14th Jan.-22nd March, 1906.

Dr. Reichenow has united T. shelleyi with T. erythro-
cephalus Cab., but the two are really very distinct species.
T. shelleyi is considerably smaller than T. erythrocephalus,
the wing of the former measuring 3-3'2 inches and of the
latter 3'9 inches. Moreover, T. shelleyi has much less crimson
on the cheeks and eyebrows as well as on the throat; whereas
T. erythrocephalus has the cheeks, eyebrows, and crown
almost entirely crimson, the bill much heavier and of a much
deeper red. T. versicolor Hartl., another allied form, differs
from both the above-named species in having the under tail-
coverts yellow, and from T. shelleyi in being much larger.

Trichol^ema blandi Lort Phillips.

Tricholama blandi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 415, pi. ix.
fig. 1 ; Reich, ii. p. 134 (1902).

fl_c. ^ 2 . Waghar, 10th-23rd Oct., 1905.

Family Cuculid^e.

COCCYSTES JACOBINUS (Bodd.).

Coccystes jacobinus Reich, ii. p. 78 (1902).

a. S . Dubar, 14th June, 1905.

b. S ■ Waghar, 4th Nov., 1905.

Coccystes glandarius (Linn.).

Coccystes glandarius Reich, ii. p. 81 (1902).

a. (J. Burao. 17th March, 1906.

Cuculus canorus Linn.

Cuculus canorus Reich, ii. p. 89 (1902).

a. S imm. Waghar, 18th Sept., 1905.

Centropus superciliosus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.),
Centropus superciliosus Reich, ii. p. 65 (1902).
o. (J. Waghar, 4th Oct., 1905.

316 Mr. D. A. Bannerraan on a

Family Musophagid^e.

ScHIZORHIS LEUCOGASTER (Rlipp.) .

Chizaerhis leucogastra Reich, ii. p. 33 (1902).
Schizorhis leucogaster Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 416.
a-f. S ? • Waghar, 24th June-23rd Aug. and 21st-26th
Oct., 1905.
g-i. (J ? . Burao, 5th Jan., 1905-13th Jan., 1906.

Family Coliid.e.

Colius macrurus (Linn.).
Colius macrourus Reich, ii. p. 210 (1902).
Colius macrurus Sclater in Wytsman's Gen. Av., Picariae,
pt. vi. Coliidse, p. 4 (1906).

a. S • Gcloko, 20th June, 1905.

b, c. $ . Waghar, 18th July, 1905.

d-l. S ? • Burao, 22nd Feb.-17th March, 1906.

Family Cypselid^e.

Cypselus affinis (J. E. Gray).
Apus affinis Reich, ii. p. 382 "(1902).
a. S • Dubar, 7th June, 1905.

Family Caprimulgid^e.

Caprimulgus inornatus Heugl.

Caprimulgus inornatus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 418;
Reich, ii. p. 360 (1902).

a,b. S 2 • Dubar, 10th May & June, 1905.

c_e. ^ ^ . Waghar, 24th June-18th July, 1905.

Bill fleshy pink, black at the tip; interior of the gape
dark flesh-coloured ; legs and feet sienna-brown washed with
white ; nails dark brown.

Family Meropid.*.

Melittophagus revoilii (Oust.).
Melittophagus revoili Reich, ii. p. 303 (1902).
a-e. <J ? . Burao, 5th Jan.-22nd Feb., 1906.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 317

Melittophagus sharpii Hartert.

Melittophayus cyanostictus (Cab.), Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 418 ; Reich, ii. p. 308 (1902) [part].

Melittophagus sharpei Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 672.
a-f. <J ? • Waghar, 4th Oct.-4th Nov., 1905.

Merops albicollis (Vieill.).

Aerops albicollis Reich, ii. p. 317 (1902).

a-c. S ? et $ imm. Dubar, 10th-19th May, 1905.

Family Upupid^e.

Upupa somaliensis Salvin.

Upupa somalensis Reich, ii. p. 335 (1902).

Upupa somaliensis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 417.

a,b. S ■ Waghar, lst-30th July, 1905.

c-e. £ . Burao, 5th Jan.-23rd Feb., 1906.

On July 30th, 1905, Mr. Bury found numbers of Hoopoes
in the Waghar Mountains ; no doubt they belonged to the
present species and to U. intermedia.

Upupa intermedia Grant & Reid.

Upupa intermedia Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 674.

a-c. S ? • Waghar, 26th July-2nd Sept., 1905.

d. S • Burao, 7th Jan., 1906.

These four examples, obtained by Mr. Bury, confirm
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's opinion that this is a distinct species
intermediate between U. somaliensis Salvin and U. indica
Reichenb. {cf. Ibis, 1901, p. 674).

Irrisor somaliensis Grant.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus (Lath.), Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 417.

Irrisor senegalensis somaliensis Reich, ii. p. 342 (1902).

a-y. S ? • Burao, 26th Feb.-20th March, 1906.

h-n. $ ? et $ imm. Waghar, 7th July-21st Oct., 1905.

Bill black ; legs and feet coral-red washed with white ;
toes black.

The two most adult male birds in the series (with the bill
measuring about 2"5 inches) have the basal part of the lower

318 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

mandible more or less scarlet. It has been suggested by
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, in speaking of the allied black-billed
species /. melanorkynchus (cf. Ibis, 1905, p. 210), that the
partly red bill may be a characteristic of the female sex, but
in the present instance both birds are said to be males. It
must be added, however, that no reliance can be placed on
Mr. Bury's determinations.

Rhinopomastus minor (Riipp.).

Rhinopomastus minor Reich, ii. p. 347 (1902) ; Lort Phillips,
Ibis, 1898, p. 417.

a-l. $ $ et ? imm. Burao, 7th Jan -22nd March, 1906.

m-y. S ? • Waghar, 23rd July-30th Oct., 1905.

Bill vermilion or reddish-orange ; legs and feet slate-
black.

The length of the bill varies greatly with age, likewise the
width of the white wing-bar, the oldest birds having the
narrowest mirror. The brown ends of the primaries denote
the adult female and young, the adult males having the
primaries greenish-black to the tip.

Family Bucerotid^e.

Lophoceros hemprichi Ehrenb.

Lophoceros hemprichi Reich, ii. p. 253 (1902).

a-h. $ 2 et $ imm. Waghar, 14th July-31st Aug.,
18th Sept. and 6th Nov., 1905.

Iris dark brown ; bill dull red with an orange tinge at the
base ; legs and feet black.

In the immature female the bill is black with the tip of
the lower mandible yellow ; legs dark slate-coloured.

In the adult female Mr. Bury notes that the throat-patch
is sulphur-coloured and scantily feathered, and that the
base of the upper mandible is yellow.

Lophoceros erythrorhynchus (Temm.).
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus Reich, ii. p. 262 (1902).
Lophoceros medianus Sharpe, Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898,
p. 417.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 319

a. <J. Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

b, c. <$ $ . Waghar, 26th Aug., 1905.
d. ? ■ Burao, 29th Jan., 1906.

Bill dark red, black near the base of the lower mandible ;
legs and feet black washed with white; throat-patch livid
flesh-coloured.

LOPHOCEROS FLAVIROSTRIS (Riipp.).

Lophoceros flavirostris Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1908, p. 417 ;
Reich, ii. p. 261 (1902).

a~9- & ? et <$ ? imm. Waghar, 29th June-lOth Aug.,
and 31st Oct., 1905.

h. (J . Burao, 22nd March, 1906.

Family Trogonid^e.

Hapaloderma narina (Steph.).

Apaloderma narina Reich, ii. p. 212 (1902).

a-d. S ? et c? imm. Waghar, 28th July-30th Aug.,
1905.

Iris dark brown ; bill yellowish-grey, canary-coloured a^
the gape, the upper mandible of the male being darker than
that of the female ; interior of the gape and palate flesh-
coloured ; orbital patch azure tinged with mauve close to the
eye ; legs and feet vandyke or pinkish-brown washed with
white.

Family Coraciid.e.

Coracias garrulus Linn.

Coracias garrulus Reich, ii. p. 217 (1902).

a. S • Waghar, 23rd Aug., 1905.

Coracias lorti Shell.

Coracias lorti Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 416; Reich, ii.
p. 225 (1902).

a-d. (J ? et $ imm. Waghar, 17th July - 29th Aug.,
1905.

e-i. <J ? . Burao, 15th Feb.-19th March, 1906.

3.20 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a

Coracias n.evius Daud.

Coracias navius Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 416 ; R ich.
ii. p. 225 (1902).

a-i. <J ? et <J ? imm. Waghar, 4th July-6th Sept.,
1905.

Family Psittacid^:.

PYOCEPHALUS RUF1VENTRIS (RUpp.) .

Poicephalus rufiventris Reich, ii. p. 15 (1902).

a-c. S ? • Waghar, 4th July-2nd Sept., 1905.

d-p. £ ? et 2 imm- Burao, 1st Jan.-21st March, 1906.

Family Bubonid^e.

Carine spilogastra (Heugl.).

Carine spilogastra Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 418.

Athene spilogaster Reich, i. p. 671 (1901).

a-d. (J ? . Burao, llth Dec, 1905-6th Jan., 1906.

e,f. & ? • Waghar, 2nd Nov., 1905.

Scops leucotis (Temm.).

Asio leucotis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 418 ; Reich, i.
p. 661 (1901).

a. 2 . Burao, 24th Feb., 1906.

Iris orange; bill greenish-grey, paler at the tip; feet
horu-coloured, nails dark horn-coloured.

Family Falconid^:.

ASTUR SPHENURUS (Rupp.).

Astur sphenurus Reich, i. p. 557 (1901).

a-d. S ? et $ ? imm. Waghar, 14th July-23rd Sept.,
1905.

e-g. S • Burao, 24th Feb.-21st March, 1906.

Iris flame-coloured ; bill dark slate-coloured ; cere orange ;
legs and feet orange ; nails blue- black.

Melierax polyzonus (RUpp.).

Melierax metabates (Heugl.), Reich, i. p. 544 (1901).

a. 2 imm. Geloko, 6th Dec, 1905.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 321

b. S • Burao, 24th Feb., 1906.

c. <$ . Waghar, 10th-30th Oct., 1905.

Iris raw sienna ; bill dark slate-coloured ; cere canary-
yellow ; legs and feet reddish-orange, nails blue-black.

Melierax gabar (Daud).

Micronisus gabar Reich, i. p. 565 (1901).

n-e. $ ? et (J ? imm. Burao, 9th Jan.-21st March,
1906.

Iris tawny-brown; cere pink or orange; billslate-colonred;
legs and feet orange.

Melierax niger (Vieill.).

Melierax niger Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 4.19 ; Butler,
Ibis, 1908, p. 419.

Micronisus niger Reich, i. p. 567 (1901).

a. $ ■ Waghar, 29th Nov., 1905.

Iris brown ; bill orange at the base, slate-coloured at the
tip ; legs and feet vermilion, toes blue-black.

Mr. Butler considers that this bird is merely a melanism
of M. gabar.

Buteo augur Riipp.
Bvteo augur Reich, i. p. 592 (1901).
a. S ■ Waghar, 6th Oct., 1905.

Iris dark brown; bill dark slate-coloured, cere orange ; legs
and feet orange, toes bluish-black.

Milvus /egyptius Gmel.

Milvus (Bgijptius Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 420; Reich.
i. p. 609 (1901).

a-d. S ? • Waghar, 18th Sept.-6th Nov., 1905.

Falco tanypterus Schl.

Falco tanypterus Reich, i. p. 626 (1901).

a. S . Dubar, 4th June, 1905.

b. (?. Burao, 21st March, 1906.

Iris brown; bill slate-coloured at the tip, shading to yel-
lowish-white at the base ; cere yellow ; legs and feet yellow,
mills blue-black.

SER. XI. — VOL. IV. Y

322 Mr. D. A. Banneru^n on a

Falco minor Bonap.
Falco minor Reich, i. p. 622 (1901).
a. J. Geloko, 6th Dec, 1905.

Bill pale slate-coloured; cere yellow ; legs and feet bright
yellow.

POLIOHIERAX SEMITORQUATUS (A. Smith).

Poliohierax semitorquatus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 420;
Reich, i. p. 645 (1901).

a. S • Geloko, 20th June, 1905.

b-d. 2 . Waghar, 24th Aug.-26th Oct., 1905.

e-a'. <$ ? . Burao, 3rd Jan.-21st Feb., 1906.

Iris brown ; cere cerise ; gape, nares, and orbital ring
vermilion j bill slate-coloured, dark at the tip ; legs and feet
coral-red, nails blue-black.

These little Falcons appear to be plentiful in North
Somaliland, judging from the large series which Mr. Bury
has obtained.

Cerchneis tinnunculus (Linn.).

Cerchneis tinnunculus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 420;
Reich, i. p. 641 (1901).

a-c. S 2 et $ imm. Waghar, 14th July-26th Aug.,
1905.

d, e. S et S imm. Burao, 23rd Feb.-20th March, 1900.

Bill pale slate-coloured ; cere dull yellow ; legs and feet
yellow washed with white ; toes blue-black.

Cerchneis saturata Blyth.

Cerchneis saturuta Sharpe, Hand-1. i. p. 277 (1899).

a-c. ? et d imm. Wagliar, 18th July-26th Aug., 1905.

Adult female. Bill slate-coloured; legs and feet orange;
nails bluish black.

The above-mentioned specimens were all procured on
the high ground at Waghar in company with examples
of C. tinnunculus. They are very dark birds and agree
perfectly with specimens from the Himalaya, Burma, &c.

Cerchneis fieldi Elliot.

Cerchneis fieldi Sharpe, Hand-1. i. p. 277 (1899).

u. 3 . Burao, 2nd March, 1906.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 323

A fine adult male of this very distinct form, which belongs
to the group of C. rupicola, and has the middle tail-feathers
barred with black.

Aquila albicans Riipp.

Aquila rapax (Temm.), Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 419 ;
Reich, i. p. 587 (1901).

Aquila albicans Sushkin, Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. 6 (1900).

a-d. <$ 2 • Waghar, 8tb-30th July and 2nd Nov., 1905.

e. $ . Burao, 26th Jan., 1906.

The specimens collected by Mr. Bury form part of the
material examined by Prof. Sushkin when preparing his
monograph on this group of Eagles. The birds represent
various interesting stages of plumage, and are a valuable
addition to the British Museum.

Family VulturidjE.

LOPHOGYPS OCCIPITALIS (Burch.).

Lophogyps occipitalis Reich, i. p. 514 (1901).

a. <$. Waghar, 29th Sept., 1905.

Iris brown ; bill pale brick-red, tipped with dark slate-
colour ; cere pale slate-coloured ; legs and feet pale pinkish-
flesh-coloured ; toes bluish-black.

Family Otidid,e.

LOPHOTIS GINDIANA (Oust.).

Lophotis gindiana Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 421.
Otis gindiana Reich, i. p. 253 (1900).
a. £ . Burao, 7th Feb., 1906.

Heterotetrax humilis (Blyth).
Otis humilis Reich, i. p. 251 (1900).
a. [ ? ]. Burao, 7th Feb., 1906.

This rare Bustard is a welcome addition to the British
Museum, where the species was very poorly represented.

y2

324 Mr. D. A. Banuermau on a

Family Scopid^e.

Scopus umbretta Gmel.

Scopus umbretta Reich, i. p. 353 (1901).

a. ? . Waghar, 6th Nov., 1905.

Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black.

Family (Edicnemid^e.

(Edicnemus affinis, Riipp.

(Edicnemus affinis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 421.
(Edicnemus capensis Licht. ; Reich, i. p. 198 (1900).
a. $ . Burao, 24th Feb., 1906.

Family CursoriidjE.

CURSORIUS SOMALENSIS Shell.

Cursorius gallicus somalensis Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 415.

Cursorius somaliensis Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 422.

Cursorius somalensis Reich, i. p. 154 (1900).

a. ? . Waghar, 30th Jan., 1906.

b-e. S ? • Burao, 9th Dec, 1905-22nd March, 1906.

Rhinoptilus hartingi Sharpe.

Rhinoptilus hartingi Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 421.
Rhinoptilus bisignatus hartingi Reich, i. p. 160 (1900).
a. $ . Ragar plateau, 23rd June, 1905.

Rhinoptilus cinctus (Heugl.).

Rhinoptilus cinctus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 421
Reich, i. p. 160 (1900).

a_y. ^ $ . Waghar, 5th Sept.-26th Oct., 1905.

Family Charadriid-e.

Stephanibyx coronatus (Bodd.).
Stephanibyx coronatus Reich, i. p. 180 (1900).
Stephanibyx coronata Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 422.

a. $ . Lebah Ragar, 21st June, 1905.

b. $ . Ragar plateau, 23rd June, 1905.
c-e. S ? • Burao, 9th and 12th Jan., 1906.

Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland. 325

Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.).

Tringoides hypoleucus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 4.23;
Reich, i. p. 224 (1900).

a. ? . Waghar, 10th Oct., 1905.

Family RallidvE.

Saurothura buryi Grant.

Saurothura buryi Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxi. p. 93 (1908).

a. ? . Dubar, 30th May, 1905. (Type of the species.)

This little Rail most nearly resembles the female of
S. elegans (Smith), but differs in having the middle of the
breast and the belly conspicuously white, with somewhat
faint transverse bars of dark brown. Total length ca.
(5 inches; wing 3*55 ; tail 1*5 ; tarsus l'l.

Mr. Bury mentions that this Rail was found along the
irrigation channels : on learning that it was certainly a
new species, he took special trouble to procure additional
examples, but never met with it again.

Family Columbid^e.

Vinago waalia (Gniel.).

Vinugo waalia Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 424 ; Reich,
i. p. 392 (1901).

a. S • Waghar, 9th August, 1905.

TURTUR SEMITORQUATUS (Rtipp.).

Turtur semitorquatus Reich, i. p. 409 (1901).
a. $ . Burao, 23rd March.

b-c. <$ et $ imm. Waghar, 14th & 15th July, 1905.
Iris golden yellow ; bill black ; legs dark brown, washed
with white.

Turtur sengalensis (Linn.).

Turtur senegalensis Reich, i. p. 406 (1901).

a. S • Dubar, 4th June, 1905.

Turtur roseogriseus (Sundev.).

Turtur roseogriseus Reich, i. p. 413 (1901).

a. <$ . Dubar, 3rd June, 1905.

326 On a Collection of Birds made in N. Somaliland.

(Ena capensis (Linn.).
(Ena capensis Reich, i. p. 429 (1901).
a. ? . Waghar, 28th July, 1905.

Bill dark brown; legs and feet mauve ; nails dark
brown.

Chalcopelia chalcospilus Bonap.

Chalcopelia afra Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 424 ; Reich,
i. p. 426 (1901).

a-f. S ? et ? imm- Waghar, 30th June -18th July,
1905.

Bill mauve, darker at the tip ; legs and feet mauve ; toes
blue-black.

In one male and four female specimens procured by
Mr. Bury the wing spots are golden green [= C. chalcospilus
Bonap. fide Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xii. p. 83 (1902)] . In the
sixth specimen, a male, the spots are partly purplish-blue
and partly golden green, but this change of colour is
obviously caused by exposure, for the purplish-blue portion
of each spot is the portion which is visible when the wings
are closed. C. delicatula Sharpe, from the While Nile,
appears to be synonymous with C. abyss'uiicus Sharpe, the
colour of the legs being much the same in both.

Family Pteroclid^e.

Pteroclurus exustus (Temm.).
Pteroclurus exustus Reich, i. p. 316 (1900).
a. $ . Dubar, 4th June, 1905.

Family PhasianiDjE.

Francolinus kirki Hartl.

Francolinus kirki Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 425 ; Reich,
i. p. 497 (1901).

a. £ . Libah Rajaz, 21st June, 1905.

b-e. $ et $ imm. Waghar, 12th Aug.-25th Sept.,
1905.

On some recently described Species of Calospiza. 3.2 7

Pternistes infuscatus Cab.

Pternistes infuscatus Lort Phillips, Ibis, 1898, p. 425.
Ptemistes leucoscepus infuscatus Reich, i. p. 455 (1901).
a. <$ . Waghar, 5th Sept., 1905.

NlIMIDA PTILORHYNCHA (Licht.).

Numida ptilorhyncha Reich, i. p. 415 (1901).
a. ? . Waghar, 5th Aug., 1905.

XIII. — Remarks on some recently described Species of
Calospiza*. By C. E. Hellmayr, M.B.CvU.

(Plate V.)

Since the publication of Volume xi. of the l Catalogue of
Birds iu the British Museum ' our knowledge of the brilliant
Tanagrine genus Calospiza has considerably advanced.
Twelve new forms have been added to the already long list
of species, and a good deal of fresh information about
the relations and geographical distribution of others has
been supplied by various authors. In f The Ibis ' for
1901, pp. 595-7, Dr. Sclater has given a short account of
C. margaritce Allen, C. Johanna Dalm., and C. emilice
Dalm., accompanied by coloured figures of the two latter
species taken from specimens in the Tring Museum.
C. margaritce belongs to the group of C. flava, and replaces
it in Matto Grosso (Chapada). Another race of the same

* Calospiza, G. R. Gray, List of Genera of Birds, 1840, p. 44 : type
C. tricolor (Gm.). Calliste Boie, 1826, et auct. (nee Callista Poli, 1791) ;
cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1895, pp. 251-2. [We do not
agree with Mr. Stone's view (op. cit.) that the similarity of " Calliste ''
of Boie to " Callista " of Poli precludes the usage of the former name. If
spelled correctly the terms are different, and moreover belong to different
branches of zoology, so that there is no chance of confusion. If we use
" Picus" and "Pica," why should we reject " Calliste" because it is so
like " Callista " ?- Edd.1

328 Mr. C. E. llellmayr on some

section was made known by Count Berlepsch as Calospiza
formosa sincipitalis (' Ornis/ xiv. Feb. 1907, p. 348j. The
type came from Leopoldina, a place on the Rio Araguaya,
in the Brazilian State of Goyaz, whence the Tring Museum
also received several examples through Mons. G. A. Baer.
In my report on M. Baer's collections * I have discussed,
at some length, the various geographical races of C. flava,
viz. : C. flava flava (Gm.), Bahia to Pernambuco ; C. flava
chloroptera (Vieill.), Sao Paulo and Paraguay ; C. flava
sincipitalis Berl., Goyaz ; C. flava margarita (Allen), Matto
Grosso.

About the two Colombian species described by Comte de
Dalmas I have to say a few words. Of (7. Johanna, the
Munich Museum has lately received an adult male, a female,
and a young bird, from the Province of Choco, Western
Colombia. This striking species is evidently confined to the
humid forests on the Pacific slopes of the Western Cordillera
in Colombia and North-western Ecuador |. C. emilice Dalm.,
which inhabits the same district, I have shown to be the true
( '. lavinia of Cassin, and I have, accordingly, proposed the
new name C. lavinia dalmasi for the Central American form %.
A third race of this group has been separated as C. lavinia
cara by Mr. O. Bangs in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xviii. 1905,
p. 155 (type from Ceiba, Honduras). It agrees with C. I.
dalmasi in coloration, but is larger, with a much longer and
more slender bill.

In 1901, Count Berlepsch descrihed Calliste sophia, two
specimens of which had been obtained by Mr. O. Garlepp at
Songo in the Yungas of Western Bolivia (Journ. f. Ornith.
1901, p. 83). Shortly afterwards Mr. Jean Kalinowski
forwarded a series from Marcapata, S.E. Peru, to the

* Novit. Zool. xv. 1908, pp. 26-28.

t L)r. Sclater ('Ibis,' 1901, p. 597) recorded two specimens from Oroya
and Rio Yiniuibare, Peru, P. Simons coll. This, however, was due to
some misunderstanding, for, as I am informed by Mr. C. Chubb, the
British Museum does not possess specimens of C. johannre, the two skins
mentioned being referable to Chlorochrysa fulgentissima Ohapm.

\ Revue Franc. d'Orn. ii. no. 11, March 1910, p. 162.

recently described Species of Calospiza. 329

Branicki Museum *. C. sophiee is a near ally of C. pulchra
Tsch.j though easily distinguished by the different colour of
the pileum, by having the chestnut of the throat somewhat
duller, and extended on to the chest, &c.

In the same year, Mr. Ridgway separated the Veraguan
form of C. florida, on account of its smaller size, more
yellowish-green colour, and the absence of the yellow occi-
pital patch in the male, under the name C. florida arcm
(Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 149). Judging from a single
specimen I consider it a fairly well-marked race.

The next year brought to light an interesting, though not
strikingly distinct form of the " C. flaviventris" group. Up
to that time we knew only three geographical races, to which
Count Berlepsch and Mr. Hartert then added a fourth,
Calliste mexicana f media (Novit. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 19 : type
from Maipures, Orinoco River). This subspecies, which in
the coloration of the lower parts is exactly intermediate
between ('. m. mexicana from Cayenne and Surinam, and
C. m. viei/l ti of Trinidad, inhabits the Orinoco valley from
the delta (Guancco) up to Maipures &c, the banks of its
southerly tributary, the Caura, as well as the western parts
of British Guiana. The well-known C. mexicana boliviano
(Bonap.) is the western and southern representative of this
section, being found in Eastern Colombia, Eastern Ecuador,
Peru, and Brazil south of the Amazons, down to Northern
Bolivia.

In 1903, Count Berlepsch pointed out that under Calliste
festiva two easily distinguishable races had been united by
ornithologists, calling also attention to the fact that the
name festiva had to give way to the previous term cyano-
cephala of Miiller. The typical C. cyanocephala cyanocephala
is shown to range from Santa Catharina north to Espiritu
Santo, while the specimens from Bahia (and Pernambuco)
■which differ in their smaller size, narrower orange spots to
the median upper wing-coverts, and especially in the much
clearer coral-red instead of deep scarlet sides of the head and

* Berlepsch & Stolzmann, ' Ornis,' xiii. pt. ii. 1906, p. 109.
f This specific name ou^bt to replace flaviventr is.

330 On some recently described Species of Calospiza.

nape, are provided with the new designation, C. cyanocephala
corallina (Orn. Monatsber. xi. p. 18).

In their joint paper on Kalinowski's Peruvian collections,
Count Berlepsch and Dr. Stolzmann discriminated C. ar-
genteafulvigula (type ex Tambillo, N. Peru), while C. a. viridi-
collis Tacz., from Huiro, is shown to be the same as the
birds from Central Peru, viz. C. a. argentea (' Ornis/ xiii.
part ii. 1906, p. 80).

Mr. Bangs, in 1908, distinguished C. gyroloides deleticia,
basing his description upon three adult birds taker, by
Mr. Mervyn G. Palmer at San Antonio, Western Colombia
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xxi. p. 160) . Its chief characteristic,
when compared with C. g. gyroloides (Lafr.), is the lack of
the bright yellow shoulder-patch. We have, in the Munich
Museum, a good series from various localities in the Western
Cordillera of Colombia, as well as several specimens from
Bio Lima and "Bogota," in all of which the lesser wing-
coverts are green, not bright yellow. Yet more information
about the ranges of the two races is required, for skins from
Paramba, N.W. Ecuador, Quito, and Chanchamayo, Central
Peru, agree with the Central American bird in the possession
of the yellow shoulder-patch !

The last addition to the genus Calospiza was made by
myself when, in 1909, 1 described C. palmeri as anew species.
This beautiful bird, of which a detailed description will be
found in the ' Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie/ no. 4, August
1909, pp. 49-50, was also discovered by Mr. Mervyn G.
Palmer, in October 1908, at Sipi, a place situated on the
river of the same name, in the province of Choco, Western
Colombia. C. palmeri agrees in general form and shape
of the bill with C. brasiliensis (Linn.), but is very unlike
it in coloration. In fact, it needs comparison only with
C. cabanisi (Scl.), from Western Guatemala, which, however,
differs in many important characters. The black on the
face is much less extended, being restricted to the lores and
a narrow line across the forehead and round the base of the
lower mandible ; the pileum is of a dull dark blue with the
bases of the feathers largely black ; the interscapular region

On the Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 331

is metallic grass-green ; the lower back and rump are dull
azure-blue instead of pale bluish grey; the sides of the head
and throat dingy bluish green instead of pure white ; the
remainder of the lower parts is bluish; white, more whitish in
the middle, decidedly tinged with bluish green on the flanks;
the feathers of the chest are black with the slightly attenu-
ated tips bluish white, but there is no trace of the golden
yellow tinge, so conspicuous a feature in C. palmeri ; the
lesser wing-coverts, bluish grey in the latter, are metallic
azure blue, more greenish blue at the tips, and shading into
violet towards the edge of the wing; the edges of the median
and greater wing-coverts, as well as those of the remiges
and rectrices, are dull azure blue in C. cabanisi, bluish grey
in C. palmeri. In the former the base of the lower
mandible is pale brown, while the latter has the bill entirely
black.

The type of C. palmeri (from which the figure (PI. V.) is
taken) is in the Zoological Museum of Munich.

XIV. — On the Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909.
By Joseph I. S. Whitaker, F.Z.S ., M.B.O.U.

The following notes are the results of an inquiry which I
have attempted to make regarding the exceptional, and, so
far as regards recent years, I may say unprecedented, invasion
of the Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) , which has
occurred during the past summer and autumn throughout
a considerable portion of Europe.. This inquiry, I may at
once observe, has no pretension to being a searching or
exhaustive one. It was, indeed, my original intention to
write of the Crossbill invasion so far as regards Italy alone,
but the consideration that it was a matter which concerned
the whole of Europe has induced me to extend, my remarks
to the wider sphere.

As in the case of Pallas's Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes para-
doxus), partial, although occasionally very considerable,
migrations of the Crossbill occur, from time to time, at

332 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

irregular intervals, varying greatly in their numerical import-
ance, as well as in their extension and duration. The
invasion of the past year, however, has been of such magni-
tude and so wide-spread that it cannot fail to have attracted
the attention of most ornithologists in our own country, as
well as abroad.

So far as I am aware, no Report of a comprehensive
nature, embracing the whole of the European Continent, has
as yet been published regarding this highly interesting
ornithological event, although I understand that at least one
such Report is in course of preparation on the Continent,
and we m;iy therefore shortly expect to be placed in possession
of full details and much valuable information on the subject.
Meanwhile I may say that some interesting local notes and
letters regarding the course and progress of the invasion have
appeared from time to time during the past few months, in
England as well as on the Continent, and some noteworthy
particulars have been obtained and recorded concerning it.

Foremost among these particulars, so far as relates to our
own country, may be mentioned those published in 'British
Birds/ and specially some notes by Mr. H. F. Witherby in
the November and December parts of that journal, the latter,
moreover, being accompanied by a series of maps, cleverly
drawn up by Commander Lynes, illustrating the extent and
progress of the invasion of Crossbills in the British Islands.
Letters have also appeared from time to time in the ' Field '
recording the occurrence of this species in various parts of
the United Kingdom and abroad *.

In Germany, as well as in Austro-Hungary, and generally,
I may say, throughout Central Europe, our brother orni-
thologists have not been idle in collecting notes and
information regarding the unusual appearance of Crossbills
in their respective countries.

In France an inquiry into the subject was opened in the
columns of the ' Revue franchise d'Ornithologie ' last autumn,
and some interesting information has been obtained.

* The details given in the 'Annals of Scottish Natural History' for
1909 and 1910 should also be consulted. — Edd.

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 333

In Italy articles and letters recording the extent and
progress of the Crossbill invasion in that country have been
published in the Journal ' Avicula,' in the ' Bulletin' of the
Italian Zoological Society, and in some local newspapers, and
further information, it is to be hoped, may still be forth-
coming, not only from that country, but also perhaps from
other parts of South Europe.

Before giving the statistics which I have been able to
obtain regarding the occurrence of Crossbills in various parts
of the Continent, I wish to make a few remarks of a
general character concerning the subject in question, and
specially with reference to the following points connected
with it, viz. : the cause which has determined or brought
about this erratic migration or wandering of the species ;
the country or countries from which the birds have chiefly
come ; and, lastly, the influence or governing force, if there
be any, which has regulated the course, expansion, and
duration of the migration.

Taking these points in the order above-mentioned, and
commencing with that of the cause of this unusual movement
on the part of a species not a true or regular migrant, the
reason which naturally first presents itself to one's mind is
that of a scarcity of food in the bird's habitual range ; and
this, I venture to think, is probably the right one.

The Crossbill, as is generally known, is at times a veritable
vagrant or gipsy among birds, as it has somewhat appro-
priately been styled, its roving on such occasions being
apparently influenced by alack of sufficient nutriment in the
northern coniferous forests which are its chief home ; and
this failure in its natural food-supply has probably been
the cause of the species wandering in the present, as it has
doubtless been in previous, instances.

The exceptionally severe weather that prevailed throughout
a considerable portion of the European Continent during the
previous winter and spring months probably interfered with
the development and ripening of the cones in the northern
pine and fir woods, and brought about this failure in the
bird's principal food.

334 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

Professor Robert Collett, of the Zoological Museum at
Christiania, in reply to my inquiry, has kindly written to me
on the point as follows : —

" For several years there has not been a good cone-year for
the spruce-fir in Norway, and the Crossbills have been very
scarce with us for several years. This summer we observed
small flocks of L. curvirostra in the beginning of July, not
earlier. In the course of the month they totally dis-
appeared, and we have not seen them since. They tried to
eat the young green cones of the Larches in the gardens.
I did not observe them in the forest, but heard that some
were seen there, but the flocks have never been great with
us this year. I should think that the wandering swarms
came from the east."

The tardy ripening, or even in some cases the absolute
lack, of the Crossbills' main sustenance was probably more
or less general last year, not only in Northern Europe, but
in the coniferous forests further east and south. Even from
Italy reports of the scarcity of fruit on the pine- and fir-trees
have been recorded. Prof. A. Bonomi, of Rovereto (Trent),
writes that in that district, owing to the tempestuous
weather experienced in the preceding spring, as he had him-
self ascertained by personal observation, the coniferous woods
were absolutely bare of fruit. Even so far south as Sicily
vegetation generally was in a most backward state last year,
owing to the severities of the previous winter and spring.

On the whole, there appear to be good grounds for sup-
posing that the Crossbills' food-supply was deficient last
year throughout the whole of the species' true habitat ; and
until some better reason can be assigned for it, 1 think we
are justified in considering that fact to be the reason of the
birds wandering from their home.

The theory of an unusually prolific breeding-season
having driven a considerable number of the birds to seek a
home elsewhere is hardly to be entertained, nor could it, I
may venture to think, suffice to account for the extra-
ordinary migration experienced last year.

With regard to the country or countries from which the

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 335

vast legions of Crossbills last year migrated and spread over
the greater part of Europe, appearing even in districts where
the species had rarely been observed before, it is difficult,
not to say impossible, to single out any one particular
locality as the base or centre of the movement. It is indeed
presumable, particularly bearing in mind its extent and
proportions, that this migration had its origin generally
throughout a large tract of country, the coniferous forests
of which had all been equally affected by the inclemency of
the past winter and spring. Under the circumstances, there-
fore, I think we may look upon the movement as having
originated throughout the entire northern portion of Europe,
and probably still farther eastward, possibly even as far as
Siberia.

The presence of occasional examples of the Two-barred
Crossbill (Loxia bifasciata) among the wandering flocks of the
commoner species, although not conclusive, would, point to
there having been at least some migration from the more
eastern portion of North Russia and probably also from
Asia.

The third point to which I have alluded, viz. the possi-
bility of a guiding influence which may have directed the
course and progress of the species' movements, is, no doubt, a
matter for conjecture. Has there been any such influence,
or have the birds, once started on their journey in search of
food, wandered at random from district to district, whither-
soever caprice may have taken them, and after exhausting
the supply of food in one locality, moved on to another,
until they found a fresh store ? The latter conjecture
is possible, and the fact of the birds remaining in certain
localities where food was abundant for a considerable length
of time is in favour of the argument ; but, on the other hand,
it seems hard to believe, and it is more natural, I think, to
suppose that, as in the case of ordinary or regular migration,
some instinct has guided the birds on their journey, and
brought them back again safely to their homes. It is pre-
sumable, at least, that most, if not all, the surviving
wanderers will eventually return to their native home, if they

336 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

have not already done so, and there find an abundant supply
of food awaiting them in the tardily ripened cones.

With regard to the extent of last year's migration, it may
be said to have embraced practically the greater part of
Europe, having reached southward as far as the Mediterra-
nean, expanding laterally on both sides, east and west,
almost as far, perhaps, as the limits of our Continent. The
migration does not appear to have extended to any part of
North Africa, although the Italian Islands in the Mediterra-
nean, and even Malta, were visited by the birds in considerable
numbers. Thinking it likely that some of the wanderers,
being so near the African coast, might have crossed over to
Tunis, I wrote to M. Blanc of that city in July and again
in October, inquiring if any Crossbills had been observed
there, but the reply on both occasions was in the negative-
Had any of the birds crossed over to Tunis I think that
they would not have escaped the notice of the sharp-
eyed Arab bird-catchers ; and they could hardly have been
confused with the local subspecies, L. curvirostra poliogyna,
which inhabits the higher mountains of the interior and
does not approach the coast.

Judging from the reports so far received, the migration,
although fairly general throughout Europe, seems to have
been more conspicuous in the central and eastern portion of
the Continent than further west, but, looking at the map, this
seems only natural. What at first sight strikes us as rather
remarkable is that the small islands, both those off our
Scottish coast, as well as those in the Mediterranean,
some of them particularly bare of vegetation, should have
been visited by the birds to the extent they have been. This,
however, is not so surprising as at first it would appear, for
naturally there is more concentration, and less diffusion, of
the arriving birds on the small islands than on the large, or
on the mainland, and they are less likely to pass unobserved
than when spread over a larger expanse of country.

Although met with in almost every description of country,
whether mountainous or plain, the pine and fir districts have
naturally attracted the wanderers more than others, and

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 190!). 337

held them for a, longer period. In those districts where food
has heen plentiful, and the birds have been unmolested, they
have settled down, and, in many cases, remained for a con-
siderable length of time. The ' Field ' of December the 4th
contains an interesting note recording the abundance of
Crossbills (L. curvirostra) in West Sussex and mentioning
the fact of a small party of the birds having daily, for the
space of two or three months, frequented and fed on the
cones of a large Douglas-fir at Leonardslee, under which
tree were to be seen quite five barrow-loads of stripped
cones lying in heaps ! The fir-tract of country in this
neighbourhood is ideal ground for the species, affording
abundant nutriment, and it is not surprising that the birds
should have chosen to linger there so long.

While on the subject of food, it may be observed that the
recent invasion has afforded interesting cases of Crossbills
feeding upon many substances which we should not have
imagined would enter into their diet, and which under ordinary
circumstances would probably not do so. In addition to the
seeds of all species of conifers indiscriminately, the birds have
been observed feeding on many kinds of orchard fruit, the
seeds of various grasses and low-growing plants, as well as on
the actual flowers of some plants and on the Aphid s of different
species. A correspondent writing from Lombardy comments
on the unusual spectacle of large flocks of Crossbills feeding
in the open fields in the neighbourhood of Como. As to
the duration of last year's Crossbill invasion, it may roughly
be calculated to have extended over a period of about six
months, having commenced in the spring and lasted until
the autumn, although a certain number of the birds appear
to have remained in some localities much later and even into
mid-winter.

As may be gathered from the recorded observations, there
seems also to have been a considerable variation in the
date of the first appearance of the Crossbills in different
countries, but this is not to be wondered at. Allowance must
be made for the probability, not to say the quasi-certainty,
of the first arrivals having passed unobserved in many

SER. IX. — VOL. iv. z

338 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

localities, aud generally for a lack of properly recorded
observations.

The following statistics which I have obtained regarding
last year's Crossbill invasion are fairly ample in some few
cases, but very meagre in others. Those from Italy I give
at greater length than those from other countries, from
which detailed reports have either already been published
or will probably be so shortly.

British Isles. — Judging from the statistics given in
< British Birds' (vol. iii. pp. 82, 123, 1G2, 190-194,
226-228), and from reports published in other periodicals
and newspapers, the Crossbill-invasion of 1909 was fairly
conspicuous throughout a considerable portion of our country,
the eastern, and more particularly the south-eastern counties,
as well as the small islands off the Scottish coasts, having
apparently been visited by the wranderers more than other
parts. The mainland of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the
extreme south-western portion of England appear to have
been the least visited by the Crossbill, although even from
these districts a few cases of its occurrence have been
reported, and no doubt many more have escaped notice
and remained unrecorded.

On the whole, it may be said that the wave of the Cross-
bills' erratic migration spread practically over the whole of
the British Islands, having been more marked in the eastern
than iu the western portion of the Kingdom.

The first arrivals of the bird appear to have been observed
towards the end of June, from which date onwards, through-
out the summer and autumn months, the species was met
with, in greater or lesser numbers, in most parts of our
country.

At Fair Isle the earliest arrivals were observed on the
23rd of June; the numbers of birds that swarmed on this
small island were very great, as many as 300 being seen
some days. The same may perhaps be said of the Shetlands
and Orkneys.

There can be no doubt whatever that, with the exception

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909 339

of a very few cases, all the Crossbills that have come to
our shores across the North Sea belong to the typical
continental form, L. curvirostra, or L. curvirostra typica
for those who adopt trinomials. Occasional examples of the
Two-barred Crossbill (L. bifasciata) have been met with
among the flocks of the commoner species, and a few spe-
cimens of this more eastern Crossbill are recorded as having
been obtained, notably at Fair Isle and in the Flannan Islands.

The greater number of the recorded occurrences of Cross-
bills in the British Isles having been carefully detailed in
' British Birds/ it is hardly necessary to recapitulate them
here.

France. — As was to be expected, last year's invasion of
Crossbills extended westward to France, although its ex-
pansion and numerical importance there were apparently
less considerable than further eastward and throughout the
Central European countries. It also seems to have been
somewhat more marked in the east of France itself than in
the west, but this perhaps is not surprising.

To the kindness of Dr. Louis Bureau, Director of the
Natural History Museum at Nantes, I am indebted for the
following interesting particulars regarding the occurrence of
the Crossbill in some of the French departments.

Cdte-d'Or. — According to M. Paul Paris, Crossbills were
first observed by him in this district about the middle of
August, and frequently after that date. On the 18th of
October he received an example of the species, in the flesh,
from Dijon.

Aube. — Crossbills are reported as having been observed in
this district about the end of August. Both here and in
Cote- d' Or the species is of irregular passage, and had not
been previously observed for three or four years.

Haute-Saone. — M. Paris received three examples, in the
flesh, from this district about the end of September, and saw
a flock of Crossbills settled on a fir-tree opposite the Autun
Museum on the 11th of October.

Haute-Marne. — M. Paris received an example from this
district on the 27th of October, from which date until the

z 2

340 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

end of November he says hardly a day passed without Cross-
bills being observed there.

Sarthe. — According to M. l'Abbe Lamoureux, many
Crossbills were observed in this district on the 8th and 9th
of July, a single individual of the species on the 20th of
September, and a few on the 14th of October.

Vendee. — M. Plocq reports having obtained an example of
the species near Roche-sur-You, and having observed small
flocks on passage in this district.

Loire-Iriferieure. — A nephew of Dr. Bureau obtained an
example out of a small party of the species that had remained
in the neighbourhood of Birochere, in this district, between
the 8th and 15th of August.

The ' Revue fraucaise d'Ornithologie } of Paris very
sensibly opened an inquiry last autumn regarding the recent
Crossbill invasion, and collected several interesting notes,
some of which are comprised in the remarks given above.

In the January (1910) number of that journal, a copy of
which has kindly been sent me by M. Louis Denise, M. P.
Daguin states that Crossbills had never been so abundant in
the Cote-d'Or as they were last autumn, and particularly in
the month of November, when the birds were to be observed
in large numbers in many localities of this department, and
particularly in the Chatillon-sur-Seine district.

M. Lomont reports Crossbills having been seen, in greater
or lesser numbers, at Manonville, Meurthe-et-Moselle,
between the 10th of July and the end of September, after
which date some were again observed on the 10th of October
and on the 15th of November.

M. Roger Reboussin mentions having seen a pair of Cross-
bills at Sarge (Loir-et-Cher) on the 13th of November.
Considerable numbers of the species are also reported as
having been observed in the neighbourhood of Cette in the
south of France.

Belgium. — Crossbills are reported as having been nume-
rous in several parts of this country during the past year, but
I have no special information on the subject. The species

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 341

is not a common one in Belgium, and is of irregular passage
there.

Netherlands and Denmark. — What I have just said
regarding Belgium will probably also apply to the Nether-
lands and Denmark.

Germany. — The recent invasion of Crossbills appears to
have been of considerable magnitude and to have spread
generally throughout the whole or greater portion of
Germany. According to reports published in the ' Ornitho-
logische Monatsberichte' and from information received from
other sources, large numbers of the species were observed in
many districts from the middle of June onwards throughout
the summer and autumn. Among such districts may be
specially mentioned the coast-regions of the North Sea,
Heligoland, the East Frisian Islands, Pomerania, Hanover,
Brandenburg, the Rhine Provinces, Saxony, Bavaria, Wiir-
temberg, and Baden. No doubt there have been other
districts and localities where the incursion has been very
noticeable, but detailed information concerning them, and
regarding the invasion generally, will probably be forth-
coming in later numbers of the above-mentioned journal and
in other publications.

Switzerland. — As regards Switzerland Dr. Goeldi, of Berne,
in reply to my inquiries, has kindly sent me a copy of a
paper by Dr. H. Fischer-Sigwart, of Zofingen, published in
the Verhandlungen of the Schweiz. Naturforsch. Gesell-
schaft for 1909, which contains an excellent account of the
invasion of the Crossbill into that country. It is sufficient
to say that in 1909 it was observed in many Cantons of
Switzerland, and in some places in large flocks. It is said
to have nested in July near Zofingen, and in other places.

Austria- Hungary. — The Crossbill invasion appears to have
been conspicuous throughout the greater portion of these
countries, and vast numbers are reported as having been
observed in many districts.

A report on the subject, published in the Hungarian
ornithological journal 'Aquila' for 1909, a copy of which

342 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

has been kindly sent to me by Dr. Otto Herman, gives some
interesting particulars regarding the incursion in Hungary.
After a few remarks of a general character and concerning
the occurrence of the Crossbill as a resident and breeding:
species in the Carpathian Mountains and in other parts of
the country, a list is given of the various localities from
which reports had been received, in response to the in-
vitation which had been issued by the Hungarian Central
Bureau for Ornithology. From these reports it is evident
that the recent invasion was on a vast scale in Hungary,
and that it extended generally throughout the country,
having commenced in June, reached its height in July, and
continued until the late autumn. With the exception of a
single specimen of the Two-barred. Crossbill (L. bifasciata),
obtained in the district of Arva, and a few other individuals
of that species reported as having been observed in the
vicinity of Zotyom, the wanderers appear to have all belonged
to the common species, L. curvirostra.

Allusion is made to the scarcity of cones on the pine- and
fir-trees in Hungary during the past season, and some
interesting information is given regarding the various sub-
stances, other than such cones, on which the Crossbills had
been observed feeding.

From Galicia, Bohemia, Salzburg, the Tyrol, and the Trent
districts, Crossbills are reported as having been observed as
more or less plentiful throughout the past summer and
autumn. In the last-named district the incursion seems to
have been particularly marked.

Prof. A. Bonomi, of Rovereto, writing in a local periodical
last June, reported eight individuals of the species as having
been seen at Madonna del Monte, near Rovereto, as early as
May 30, and alluded to the possibility of this being the
prelude to an abundant passage of the birds. He was not
wrong, for from that day forward the wandering Crossbills
continued to arrive in gradually increasing numbers, the
invasion at last assuming such proportions as to constitute a
veritable phenomenon.

In a paper on the subject, dated August the 12th, published

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 343

in the Italian journal ' Avicula/ Prof. Bonomi gives some
interesting particulars regarding the invasion, which he had
collected, from his friends in various parts of the Trent
district. According to his account, the birds not only-
visited the neighbouring woods, but invaded the village
gardens and orchards, even perching on the houses in some
cases. The poor birds, however, naturally remarkably tame
and confiding, seem to have met with scant hospitality, and
large numbers of them were killed or captured alive, over
500 individuals of the species having been sold one day at
Ronzo. Occasional examples of the Two-barred Crossbill
(L. bifasciata) appear to have been met with among the
flocks of the common species. From what Prof. Bonomi
says, no invasion of like proportions had ever been known in
those parts before, although the Crossbill appears to be in
the habit of visiting the district in certain numbers every
three or four years, and in the years 1889 and 1905 was
abundant. Prof. Bonomi alludes to the scarcity of cones on
the pine-trees in his neighbourhood, and adds that in some
districts the conifer forests were absolutely bare of fruit.

From a letter from Prof. Bonomi I learn that the passage
of Crossbills continued throughout the autumn.

Italy. — -The Crossbill invasion of 1909 was on a vast
scale, and, so far as can be remembered, of unprecedented
numerical importance throughout the greater part of the
country, exceeding in quantity all previous incursions of the
kind experienced of recent years. Not only has it spread
throughout a considerable portion of the peninsula, but it has
also extended to most, if not all, of the Italian islands, both
large and small, and even to Malta, which is considered as
part of the Italian zoogeographical region.

Naturally, some districts have been visited by the wandering
birds in greater numbers than others, owing to their being
situated on the direct line of flight, or for other reasons ; and,
naturally also, reports and observations from the more thinly
populated districts of the south of the peninsula have been,
fewer and more meagre than from many other parts ; but,
making due allowance for these circumstances, the invasion

344- Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

may be looked upon as having been fairly general throughout
Italy, with the exception of its extreme north-western
portion.

Somewhat unaccountably, and strange as it may seem,
Piedmont does not appear to have been visited by the Cross-
bills as other parts of the kingdom have been during the
past year. This is all the more surprising considering the
alpine character of its northern boundary and the large tracts
of fir-clad country it possesses. My personal experience,
however, confirms the general report, for during a period of
five weeks which I spent in the Val d'Aosta last summer,
although constantly on the look-out for birds, I never
once saw a Crossbill, nor could I learn of any having been
seen by others during that time. The species is, however,
said to be resident in some of the northern districts of Italy,
and I understand that it breeds in some parts of the Val
d'Aosta itself.

It has also been said to breed in some of the higher districts
of the Apennines, although hitherto this statement has, by
some authorities, been considered doubtful. There would^
however, appear to be unquestionable evidence of the bird
having bred during the past year in the provinces of Emilia
and Tuscany. One case of such breeding is recorded by Count
Filippo Cavazza, in the ' Bulletin ' of the Italian Zoological
Society for 1909, as having occurred, in May, in the gardens
of Prince Hercolani near Bologna; another instance has
kindly been notified to me by Count Arrigoni degli Oddi as
having occurred, also in the month of Mav, on an estate
belonging to the Marchesa Paulucci-Panciatichi, near
Vallombrosa.

To the eastward of Piedmont, and throughout the Italian
lake-district and the valley of the Ticino, the incursion of
Crossbills was very considerable, large numbers of the species
having: been observed in several localities from the middle of
June onwards until September.

So far as regards the remainder of Northern Italy, from
information which has kindly been communicated to me by
Professor Martorelli and Count Arrigoni, I gather that the

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 345

invasion of Crossbills 'was very noticeable throughout mauy
districts of Lombardy, Venetia, and Emilia during the months
of July and August, and that considerable numbers of the
birds were killed or netted during the latter month, when the
close season had expired. The height of the passage was
then past, however, and the number of fresh arrivals was
rapidly waning, although even throughout September and
October a few continued to be seen.

Out of a large number of Crossbills which had been netted
at Alzate, in the Brianza district, Prof. Martorelli mentions
having seen an example, a fine male, which in coloration and
marking answered to Schlegel's description of L. rubrifasciata,
but he seems to think that this may be merely the fully adult
form of L. bifasciata, of which species he had been given to
understand other examples had been captured in the Brianza
district.

In Milan and other Italian towns it has been a common
sight during the past summer and autumn to see Crossbills
in cages. Few species adapt themselves to confinement so
easily as the Crossbill does.

Count Cavazza, in the journal above mentioned, gives some
interesting particulars regarding the incursion of Crossbills
in the Emilian province, and more especially in the vicinity
of Bologna, where a few of the species, the vanguard of the
wanderers, appear to have arrived as early as the first
fortnight of April. These were followed by considerable
numbers towards the end of May, and by still larger numbers
about the middle of June, after which date the passage began
to diminish in intensity, although the birds apparently
established themselves in the pine-woods which are abundant
in that neighbourhood, and remained there for several
months.

Count Cavazza points out what is, no doubt, a noteworthy
feature in the recent Crossbill invasion, viz., the early date
of its commencement, for, as a rule, the irregular visits of
this species to Italy are effected during the late summer and
autumn months.

Speaking of the extraordinary tameness of the species, he

346 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

says that he had frequently known a shot fired at a party of
these birds perched on a tree, and some of their number
killed, without the survivors taking flight. What is still more
surprising, however, he states that he once saw some Cross-
bills feeding on a fir-tree which was being felled by the
woodcutters, and that on the branch on which the birds were
perched falling to the ground they followed it there and
continued their meal, in no way disconcerted.

In Liguria, according to Prof. Regalia, large numbers of
Crossbills were observed during the month of September,
and notably in the neighbourhood of Cornigliano and Sestri
Ponente. Further west, and along the Italian Riviera, the
species appears to have been abundant in the autumn, and
even as late as the end of October.

I am indebted to Signor Cesare Ragionieri, of Florence, for
some interesting notes regarding the incursion of Crossbills
in Tuscany and the Marche. The first arrivals in these
provinces appear to have been noticed about the middle of
July, and from that date onwards, until the end of August,
the passage of the birds continued more or less plentifully.
After that date it gradually decreased.

In the neighbourhood of Leghorn and Pisa, and along the
Maremmana coast, Crossbills were observed in extraordinary
n umbers throughout a portion of the summer and until the
beginning of October.

Signor Ragionieri speaks of the arrival of the birds in the
vicinity oL' Rimini, on the Adriatic coast, as being " simply
phenomenal/' and mentions the case of a local birdcatchcr
having snared no less than one thousand of them within the
space of about a month ! Although in some parts of the
country the close-time appears to have been respected, in
many others it was unfortunately not so, and vast numbers
of the poor birds consequently fell victims to the nets and
traps set for them, their excessive tameness rendering their
capture an easy matter.

Signor Ragionieri himself frequently observed the Cross-
bills arriving of a morning, in flocks of varying numbers,

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 317

and states that they always came from the south-east and
proceeded in a north-westerly direction.

Signor Coli, of the University of Rome, also alludes to the
great abundauce of Crossbills on the Adriatic coast, and
notably in the neighbourhood of Tronto and Ascoli-Piccno
in the Marche. According to information received by him,
the species was first observed in those districts early in June,
and continued in evidence there until the end of August,
after which date it was not often seen, although it did not
entirely disappear until October.

During the period that the birds remained in these localities
they toik up their quarters in some pine-woods, where they
congregated in large flocks of from 300 to 400 individuals,
sallying forth daily to drink at the water-courses made by the
country folk for the purpose of irrigation.

Throughout the province of Latium and the Roman
Campagua, as well as in the immediate vicinity of Rome
itself, Crossbills appear to have been frequently observed
during the summer months.

From the more southern provinces of the peninsula
reports regarding the recent invasion have been few and far
between, but, from personal inquiry, I have ascertained that
considerable numbers of Crossbills were observed in the
neighbourhood of Naples during the early summer, and it
is presumable that the same will have been the case generally
throughout the country still further south.

Around Bari, on the Apulian coast, the species is reported
as having been extraordinarily abundant on the 12th of July,
and it is also stated as having been numerous at Polignano
and Triggiano on the same coast.

In Calabria it is also reported as having occurred
abundantly, and particularly in the neighbourhood of
Cotrone, Catanzaro, and Reggio during the months of July
and August.

Coming now to the Italian islands, and commencing
with Elba, as having been the first in which the Crossbill
invasion of last year was observed — or, at any rate, from

348 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

which it was signalled, the news having been communicated
by a telegram from Portoferraio to a leading Roman news-
paper,— it would appear from articles published by Prof.
Giacomo Damiani in 'Avicula,' and in a local newspaper,
that the incursion was noticeable throughout the entire
island, commencing early in July and. continuing throughout
that month, although constantly and rapidly diminishing in
intensity. Prof. Damiani adds that a good many of the
birds reappeared about the middle of August, disappearing
again shortly afterwards. He further states that it was
twenty years since the species had been first observed by him
in Elba, and that he had never known anything to equal last
year's invasion.

From Corsica I have received no information on the subject,
but there can be little doubt that the invasion extended to
that island.

In Sardinia, according to information received from Sig.
P. Bonomi and other correspondents, large numbers of
Crossbills were observed in various parts of the island, and
particularly in the vicinity of Cagliari, during the summer
and autumn, and even as late as the month of October.

On the island of Capri, from information given me when
passing through Naples in July last, I ascertained that con-
siderable numbers of the species had been seen during the
first fortnight of that month. According to more recent
information received by Signorina Picchi, of Florence, the
species reappeared on the island of Capri in large numbers
in the mouth of August, but did not remain there long, which
is not surprising, considering the lack of trees on the island
and the persecution which the birds meet with there at the
hands of the natives.

In Sicily the Crossbill invasion was very noticeable in
various districts, and more especially in the north-western
portion of the island. Although numerically it was perhaps
less important than in some more northern countries, there
can be no doubt that a very large number of the birds reached
this southern latitude, and what is also very noteworthy is
that many of the birds continued to be observed in the

Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. 349

island until quite late in the year, some of them indeed
having actually been seen in the neighbourhood of Palermo
in January of the present year. As a rule, the very irregular
and fitful appearances of the Crossbill in Sicily occur during
the late summer and autumn months, and the species is not
seen there in winter.

The first arrivals of Crossbills in Sicily last year appear to
have been noticed early in July. One of my gardeners at
the Villa Malfitano, near Palermo, reported having seen some
of the species on the 3rd or 4th of that month. On the
10th of July I myself observed several Crossbills in my
garden, feeding on the pine-trees (Pinus maritimd) which
are plentiful there, and I secured a few specimens of them.
The birds were in small flocks of from half a dozen to twenty
individuals, young of the year predominating. On the 11th
of July some of the birds were again observed in my garden,
but in diminished numbers, and during the next few days the
species was only observed occasionally. During the first
fortnight of July the weather at Palermo was exceptionally
cool for the season, northerly or north-westerly breezes pre-
vailing most of the time. On the 10th of July the breeze
was particularly fresh.

According to information received from various sources,
Crossbills were seen in considerable numbers on the 10th
and 11th of July throughout the entire plain of Palermo, as
well as in the neighbouring districts. About that date they
appear to have also been observed in the vicinity of Trapani
and Marsala, whence examples of the species were for-
warded to me. Towards the end of July a good many
individuals were reported as having been seen at Syracuse,
as well as at Lentini and other localities on the east coast of
Sicily.

Later, during the month of August, fresh arrivals of
the species were observed throughout the plain of Palermo,
as also in the more inland districts of Corleone, San Giuseppe
d' Jato, and Piana dei Greci. Crossbills appear to have been
observed, at intervals, throughout the entire month of
August in the neighbourhood of Palermo.

350 Mr. Joseph I. S. Whitaker on the

In September they were absent, or, at any rate, I have no
note of any having been met with in Sicily during that month.
In October, however, they were again observed in consider-
able numbers near Palermo, several of the birds having been
seen in my garden between the 15th and 20th of that month.
No examples of the species having been observed in the
month of November, and the invasion having naturally been
supposed to have ended, it was somewhat of a surprise to
hear of fresh arrivals of Crossbills near Palermo towards
the end of December. According to information recently
received, I learn that a few Crossbills were seen in my
garden at the Villa Malfitano on the 29th of December, and
again on the 1st of January, and that several individuals of
the species had been observed, and examples obtained, in the
vicinity of Villa Grazia, near Palermo, on the 3rd of January,

1910.

Among the number of Crossbills which have been shot or
captured in Sicily during the recent invasion, so far as I am
aware, there have been none belonging to the Two-barred
species, L. bifasciata, or to any but the common form of
L. curvirostra.

On the small island of Ustica, about forty miles to the
north of Sicily, Crossbills were observed in July.

On the island of Favigrana, one of the group of the
yEgades, lying off the north-western corner of Sicily, large
numbers of Crossbills were reported as having been seen on
the 10th of July, and two examples of the species were sent
to me from that island a day or two afterwards. In August
the Crossbills appear to have again visited Favigrana in
considerable numbers.

Of the occurrence of the species in the island of Malta I
have received the following interesting particulars from
Mr. Henry Twelves : — " About the 9th of July last Crossbills
appeared in nights of about ten or fifteen each, and were
abundant for about a week on the north and east sides of the
island. They subsequently collected wherever pine-trees were
to be found. Many were trapped, some very young, and very
few males in full red plumage. Towards the end of August

I i rent I /was/ on of Crossbills in 1909. 351

very few remained. They seem to have reappeared in small
numbers in October. Northerly winds prevailed at the time
they arrived, and fresher than in former summers. Another
informant tells me that altogether about seventy must have
been trapped, and that it is about twenty-six years since
these birds last visited the island. Some attribute the
visitation to the extraordinary prevalence of strong northerly
breezes last summer."

From Greece and from countries lying to the eastward of
the Adriatic I have no information on the subject, but it is
very probable, I think, that the wave of the great Crossbill-
migration extended in this direction also.

In the neighbourhood of Constantinople, however, accord-
ing to information kindly given me by Colonel Elia, of the
Italian Embassy, and Mr. Eyres, our Consul General, it would
appear that nothing had been noticed in the way of any
unusual passage of the species during the past year.

Passing from the east to the extreme west of our Continent
I will conclude with

Spain unci Portugal. — From the scanty information so far
received from these countries, it appears to be uncertain
whether last year's invasion of Crossbills extended so far
west.

With regard to the former country, reading the account
given in 'British Birds' (vol. iii. pp. 192-193) of Crossbills
having been observed in Andalusia last July, I felt inclined
to believe that the incursion of the species from the north
had undoubtedly reached as far as that region, but a footnote
informed us that two specimens of the Crossbill met
with in Andalusia, which had been forwarded for identi-
fication, proved to be of the distinct Spanish form
L. curvirostra hispana, and that this incursion of Crossbills
into Andalusia had therefore no direct connection with the
irruption from Northern Europe.

So far as regards Portugal, the only information which I
have been able to obtain regarding the appearance of Cross-
bills last year in that country I owe to the kindness of
Mr. Wm. C. Tait and his brother, Baron Soutellinho, of

352 Obituary.

Oporto. According to Mr. Wm. Tait, the Crossbill is a rare
and occasional visitor in Portugal, merely appearing at
irregular intervals. He informs me that a few individuals
were observed in a garden near Oporto in November last,
and that a friend of his at Coimbra University, between
Oporto and Lisbon, had informed him that a large number
of Crossbills arrived there in October, some of the birds
being still in the neighbourhood at the time of his writing.
Unfortunately no specimens had been secured, and on
Mr. Tait writing to endeavour to obtain some, it was too
late, for the birds had all disappeared. This is to be
regretted, as it would have been interesting to have been able
to establish the identity of these birds, and to know whether
they formed part of the great invasion from North Europe,
or whether they belonged to the local Spanish form, which
is perhaps also resident in some parts of Portugal.

XV.— Obituary.

Dr. K. Bowdler Sharfe.

Richard Bowdler Sharpe died at Chiswick on the 25th of
December, 1909, at the age of sixty-two. To the general
public he was best known as the head of the Bird Depart-
ment of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington,
though, strictly speaking, this was not the official designa-
tion of the post which he so long occupied. To students
and fellow workers throughout the world he was much more
than this ; for his profession was his hobby, and he worked at
it with such unremitting energy and devotion as to distance
all competitors in the amount and quality of the scientific
work which he achieved. In his study of the vast collections
under his charge he acquired an unrivalled knowledge of the
bird-life of the world, estimated to include more than 18,000
species, almost any one of which he could name at sight, except
in the case of closely allied forms, which would necessitate
comparison with others. Further than this, he could tell

Obituary. 353

offhand the particular part of the world from which it came,
and approximately the limits of its geographical distribu-
tion. In addition, he could point out its characteristic habits,
its affinities, and peculiarities of structure in such a way as
to astonish those who came to him for information. It was
this unrivalled knowledge, aided by an extensive acquaint-
ance with the literature of his subject, that especially
qualified him for the preparation of the great work of his
life, the British Museum ' Catalogue of Birds/ completed
in twenty-seven volumes, with several hundred coloured
plates.

To appreciate how this came to be written we may glance
briefly at the events of his career which led up to it.
Eldest son of the late Thomas Bowdler Sharpe (whose
name was well known in the forties as the publisher of
'Sharpens London Magazine'), he was born in London on
the 22nd of November, 1847, and, after being educated
at Brighton, Peterborough (King's Scholar), and Lough-
borough Grammar Schools, entered the publishing house
of W. H. Smith and Son in 1863. In 1867, after a
year with the late Mr. Bernard Quaritch, he was appointed
Librarian to the Zoological Society of London, a post which
he occupied until 1872. With so good a zoological library at
his command, it was not surprising that his early taste for
natural history should have been fostered and developed,
and in the year 1871 he commenced to publish some of the
results of his studies in ornithology, which included a cata-
logue, extending to seventy-six octavo pages, of his private
collection of African birds, and a monograph (one of the
first of its kind) on that very attractive group of birds, the
Kingfishers. This was issued in quarto, with 121 beautifully
coloured plates by Keulemans, most of the figures being
of life size. If Sharpe had published no other work
than this it would have sufficed to establish his reputa-
tion as a scientific writer on birds ; but this was only the
beginuing of a long series of useful volumes which he was
destined to complete and give to the world in a form both
attractive and instructive. In that same year he cooperated

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 A

354 Obituary.

with Mr. H. E. Dresser in the commencement of a serial
work on the ' Birds of Europe,' which, after the appearance
of fifteen parts issued in their joint names, was completed by
Mr. Dresser alone. This work, as many of our readers will
know, is also in quarto, with fine coloured plates, and is so
highly esteemed that when a copy occurs for sale by auction
it usually fetches from .€40 to £50.

As the collection of African birds above mentioned
continued to grow in extent, it became evident to Sharpe
that the text-books on the subject were inadequate to
convey a proper idea of the richness of the African avifauna,
and accordingly we find him undertaking a new and revised
edition of E. L. Layard's well-known ' Birds of South Africa/
an excellent little manual at the time that it was written
(1867), but not illustrated, and needing the incorporation of
a great many species which have only come to light after
its publication. The new edition by Sharpe, which was
issued in parts between 1875 and 1884, formed, when com-
plete, a royal octavo volume of 890 pages, with a dozen
beautifully coloured plates. Meanwhile in 1872 he had
quitted the library of the Zoological Society to enter upon
his official duties as a Senior Assistant in the Department of
Zoology at the British Museum, a post which he held until
1895. when he was promoted to be Assistant Keeper of the
Department. From the date of his appointment in 1872 he
seriously took in hand the preparation of the much needed
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, and in two years
the first volume of it was completed and published by the
Trustees. Some idea of the magnitude of the undertaking
may be gained when it- is stated that this volume, the first
of twenty-seven, contained nearly 500 pages, with fourteen
coloured plates. Of the twenty-seven volumes of the great
Catalogue Sharpe himself wrote eleven whole volumes
besides portions of three others, and edited or assisted in
the preparation of the remainder, which were undertaken
by other specialists. Naturally the production of so long a
series extended over several years, and, as if that were not
work enough to occupy his daily thoughts, he found time
before and after official hours to write and publish several

Obituary. 355

other works of importance, as well as sections or parts of
general works that were then in progress. Thus in 1875
appeared his section on " Birds " which formed part of the
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.Ss. ' Erebus' and 'Terror/
under the command of Capt. Sir James Clark Ross, R.N., and
his treatise on the class Aves in ' Cassell's Natural History/
which was edited, in six volumes, by Professor P. Martin
Duncan. Then came his Monograph on the Swallows,
commenced with C. W. Wyatt in 1885. Between 1875
and 1888, after the death of John Gould, extraordinary as it
may appear, he actually found time to complete the beautiful
folio works which Gould had left unfinished, such as ' The
Birds of Asia/ 'The Birds of New Guinea/ and the Mono-
graphs on the Trogons, the Humming Birds, and the Pittas
or Ground Thrushes — all admirably worked out on the lines
indicated by Gould. Similarly in the case of Seebohm's
'British Birds' Eggs/ the plates of which had been prepared
but the text was unwritten at the time of Seebohm's death in
November 1895, Sharpe came to the rescue and completed
the work, which was published in 1896. This was, perhaps,
the least satisfactory of all his publications ; for, in the first
place, he was handicapped by the fact (as stated in the
Preface) that Seebohm " had planned out and settled the
order of the plates," with the result that he had to adopt a
most confusing classification which he could not approve ;
and, in the next place, he himself had not paid such close
attention to British Oology as would enable him to do
justice to the subject. The coloured plates are for the most
part excellent, but the text was not up-to-date, even at the
time it was written.

For several years, as recorder of the Class Aves, Sharpe
undertook and accomplished an extraordinary amount of
work for the ' Zoological Record/ which earned for him the
universal appreciation and gratitude of ornithologists. Of
his more popular publications mention should be made of
the four small octavo volumes on ' British Birds ' which he
contributed to Allen's ' Naturalist's Library ' (1894-97), and
his ' Sketch-Book of British Birds/ with coloured figures in
the text, published in 1898 by the S. P. C. K. In the same

2a 2

356 Obituary.

year appeared his ' Wonders of the Bird World/ containing
the gist of the popular lectures given by him in different
parts of the country, which, illustrated by lantern-slides
designed by Keulemans, never failed to delight large
audiences.

Nor should we omit to notice here his edition of White's
' Selborne/ which appeared in two volumes in 1900. His
knowledge of the locality, where at one time he had a
residence, and the ornithological observations which he made
there, enabled him to supply many editorial notes of interest.
For his sake, it is to be regretted that this work is disfigured
by a number of full-page plates which are anything but
artistic, and in many cases are grotesque. For this ill-
fortune, however, he was not responsible.

To give here a list of the numerous papers contributed
by Sharpe to scientific periodicals would be impossible in
the space at my disposal. Suffice it to say that in the pages
of the ' Ibis,' the ' Journal of the Linnean Society,' the
' Proceedings of the Zoological Society/ the ' Annals and
Magazine of Natural History/ and even in foreign publica-
tions, such as the 'Bulletin' of the Zoological Society of
France, and the ' Mittheilungen ' of the Royal Zoological
Museum of Dresden, as well as in the ' Notes from the
Leyden Museum/ will be found an extraordinary number of
contributions from his pen, many of which are of con-
siderable scientific importance.

Reference to ' The Ibis ' recalls the fact that Sharpe
was elected a member of the British Ornithologists' Union
in 1871, from which date to the time of his death he
was one of the most active and energetic supporters of its
objects, as well as one of the most frequent contributors to
' The Ibis/ The British Ornithologists' Club, to which
only members of the Union are eligible, may be said to
have been founded by Sharpe, for it was at his instigation
and encouragement that they perceived the advantages that
would arise from evening meetings, held once a month, for
the discussion of subjects of general interest in the bird-
world, and the exhibition of rare or little-known specimens

Obituary. 357

from all parts of the globe, a record of the proceedings
being subsequently printed in the ' Bulletin' of the Club.

Although Dr. Sharpe had not much leisure for foreign
travel beyond an occasional trip to Paris or Berlin, or an
autumn holiday in Norway, his official position once enabled
him to undertake a notable journey to India for the purpose
of superintending the package and transport of a valuable
collection of birds and mammals which (on the condition of
his taking charge of it) had been presented to the British
Museum by Mr. A. O. Hume, of Simla. Accordingly Sharpe
went out to arrange for its safe dispateh to London, a
matter of no slight difficulty, seeing that it contained
no less than 63,000 birds, 18,500 eggs, and 500 mammals.
This incident recalls the fact that in several other instances
the Nation has been indebted to Dr. Sharpe for most valuable
collections presented to the Museum more or less through
his instrumentality. To quote from his address as President
of the Fourth International Ornithological Congress, held in
London in June 1905, the following lines will shew how
enormously the collections under his charge at the Museum
were increased during his term of office : " It has been up
to the present time (1905) impossible to prepare an exact
estimate of the number of birds and eggs in the British
Museum ... At the lowest computation the specimens
must number 400,000, and at the time when I assumed
office in 1872 a liberal estimate of the collection of birds
and eggs would be 35,000 : it probably did not exceed
30,000."

The services thus rendered to science by Dr. Sharpe, in
the care of and enormous increase to the collections under
his charge, in the valuable Catalogue of Birds already referred
to, besides a subsequent ' Hand-list of Birds ' in five volumes,
and in the numerous monographs and papers of importance
which were independently published by him, are such as
have never been achieved by one man in his lifetime, and in
the opinion of his fellow workers, who are best qualified to
express their views on the subject, some adequate recognition
of such services by the Treasury on the recommendation of

358 Recently published Ornithological Works.

the Trustees of the British Museum should long ago have
been bestowed on him.

It remains to add that Dr. Sharpe was an honorary LL.D.
of the University of Aberdeen, a Fellow of the Linnean and
Zoological Societies, a Member of the British Ornithologists'
Union, and a recipient of the gold medal for Science,
bestowed on him in 1891 by H.I.M. the Emperor of
Austria. J. E. H.

XVI, — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
[Continued from p. 215.]

29. 'Annals of Scottish Natural History.'

[The Annals of Scottish Natural History. A Quarterly Magazine,
with which is incorporated 'The Scottish Naturalist.' Edinburgh:
October 1909-January 1910.]

The October number contains the report on Scottish
Ornithology for 1908 by Mr. J. Paterson, wherein he calls
attention to a remarkable period of arrested migration of
birds in April, followed by an inrush at the end of that
month and in the early days of May. Fair Isle has again
proved its excellence as an observatory, and furnished the
second British example of the Subalpine Warbler, as well
as what was supposed to be the first record for the kingdom
of Eversmann's Willow-Warbler, while Savi's Warbler, the
Icterine Warbler, the Alpine Accentor, and the Red-throated
Pipit were new to Scotland. Careful observation at the Isle
of May also resulted in the capture of a Scarlet Grosbeak,
but this was a small matter compared with the occurrence of
a new British bird on the same island on October 19th, 1909,
as recorded by Misses Baxter and Rintoul in the January
number. This was Saxicola pleschanka (= S. morio), of
which a female of the white-throated form in autumnal
plumage was secured and submitted to Mr. Eagle Clarke
for inspection : it is now described, with a coloured plate.
Further notes on the Isle of May are contributed by the
two excellent observers already mentioned, who record at least

Recently published Ornithological Works. 359

ten male and female examples of the Yellow-browed Warbler,
three Shore Larks, two Little Buntings, a Barred Warbler,
a Scarlet Grosbeak, and a Red-breasted Flycatcher. They
consider that they obtained very good results on the whole,
though birds were somewhat scarce.

In both October aud January Mr. Eagle Clarke contributes
articles on the recent remarkable immigration of Crossbills
to Britain, which are of much interest : in October we have
a notice of Sabine's Gull from Shetland, in January records
of two forms of Redpoll, the Northern Bullfinch and Teng-
malm's Owl from the same islands, and also of two Yellow-
browed Warblers from East Ross-shire, these being the first
known to have occurred on the Scottish mainland.

30. 'Avicultural Magazine?

[Avicultural Magazine. Series iii. Vol. i. Nos. 1-4. November 1909-
February 1910.]

This magazine continues to flourish under its new editor
Mr. Frank Finn, and there seems to be no lack of contributors,
most of them well known to its readers. Taking the more
general articles in order, we have Mr. Seth Smith continuing
his reminiscences of his trip to Australia with an account
of the National Park in New South Wales, its Lyre-Birds,
Satin Bower-Birds and other uncommon species. The
Duchess of Bedford writes on the rare Cranes and other birds
nesting at Woburn, and notes that Pekin Robins and some
other species have bred in a wild state in the Park ; Col.
Momber discusses the morals of Birds, while Mr. Butler
follows with an article on the same subject ; and the former
also contributes a pleasant paper on the birds of the Riviera.

As regards particular genera or species Mr. Astley discusses
Agapomis taranta (col. pi.) ; Mr. Denman describes the
displays of Rhino chetus jubatus (pi.) and different forms of
Hangnests. Mr. C. B. Smith sends notes on the habits of
Strepsilas interpres and Arboricola ; Dr. Butler writes on the
genus Nymphicus; Messrs. Silver and Scherren on the Dart-
ford Warbler; and Mr. Newman on Turtur decipiens.

Of species bred in captivity we have Chalcopsittacus ater

360 Recently published Ornithological Works.

(Mr. Brook), Hyphantornis spilonotus (Mr. Holden), Or-
tygospiza polygona (Mr. Phillipps), Guiraca cyanea and Cher a
progne (Mr. Teschemaker), and Chrysotis bahamensis (Mr.
Bonliote) ; while Mr. Hopkinson gives an account of
Pyocephalus fuscicollis both in captivity and in the wild
state in West Africa.

Finally, Major Jones describes the "eclipse plumage" of
the female of Casarca variegata of New Zealand, Mr. Astley
writes on a cross between the Australian Crimson and Star
Finches, and the Editor contributes further notes on Indian
Birds, and on two of the Jnatida.

31. Dawson and Boivles on the Birds of Washington.

[The Birds of Washington : a complete scientific and popular account of
the 372 Species of Birds found in the State. By William Leon Dawsou,
A.M., B.D., of Seattle, assisted by John Hooper Bowles of Tacoma.
Two Vols. 4to. Seattle: The Occidental Publishing Co., 1909.]

Two handsome quarto volumes, which have lately reached
us, contain a well written and profusely illustrated account
of the birds of the State of Washington. This is one
of the Pacific States occupying a large area (more than
twice the size of Ireland) in the extreme North-western
corner of the Great Republic, and is of special interest to
Englishmen, as being closely adjacent to British Columbia,
which it borders on the south. In fact we suspect that the
Avifauna of the State of Washington and of that part of the
Dominion of Canada called " British Columbia " are nearly
identical, and as, so far as we know, there is no special work
on the birds of British Columbia, we ought to thank our
American friends very much for preparing this excellent
treatise on the birds of the adjoining and similar district.

The two volumes, as we have already said, are " pro-
fusely illustrated." More than three hundred "original
half-tones" of birds and their nests, eggs, and favourite
haunts, chiefly derived from photographs taken by the authors
themselves or their friends, ornament these pages, besides
many other drawings in the text and a series of coloured
plates prepared by Mr. Allan Brooks. The last named are,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 361

in some cases, perhaps a little too gaudily coloured, but the
numerous figures in the text are mostly excellent, and render
the work quite a picture-book. The paper and print are like-
wise of first quality, and it is obvious that no pains or expense
has been spared to make the book as complete as possible.

After a short preface Messrs. Dawson and Bowles pass
on to the histories of the 372 birds which they recognise
as belonging to the Avifauna of the State of Washington.
They waste no space in synonyms, but unhesitatingly accept
the nomenclature of the American Check-list. But we are
glad to see that they do not follow its lead in commencing
with the lowest forms of bird-life, but revert to the ordinary
practice of beginning at the top of the tree and descending
gradually to the bottom. Subspecies are liberally admitted,
and in fact treated as of exactly the same rank as the well-
marked species, though when it comes to distinguishing-
one Crow from another by its " clearer voice " we are apt
to become a little sceptical as to any real subspecific
difference.

.Full details respecting the habits and customs of each
species follow the technical descriptions, and the ranges
in the State as well as the " General Ranges " are dis-
tinctly stated. But we regret that no map has been added
to the work. Some ignorant people may happen not to
know where the "State of Washington" is, and a map
supplemented by a description of the physical features of
this somewhat remote part of the Great Republic would give
them valuable information.

32. Ghigi on the Silver-Pheasants.

[Richerche di sistematica speriruentale sul genere Gennceus Wagler.
Memoria del Prof. Alessandro Ghigi. Mem. It. Accad. Sc. Bologna, Ser. 6,
Tom. vi. Bologna, 1909.]

This memoir treats of the Pheasants of the genus Gennaus
of Wagler — one of the five genera into which the old genus
Euplocamus has been divided. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the
' Catalogue of Birds ' recognised eight species of this group,

862 Recently published Ornithological Works.

which Prof. Ghigi now increases to twenty-six (!) based
principally on additions recently made by Mr. Oates*. We
may venture to express our doubts whether these species,
some of which are based upon very slight characters, are
really tenable.

Prof. Ghigi adds chapters on supposed hybrids between
the different species, which appear to breed together without
any difficulty, and on the distribution of these Pheasants
in China, Burma, and Siam, illustrating his essay by an
outline map (p. 32).

33. Grinnell on a new Caw-bird.

[A new Cow-bird of the genus Molothrus, with a Note on the probable
relationships of the North American forms. By Joseph Grinnell. Uni-
versity of California Publ. in Zool., viii. p. 275.]

Mr. Grinnell separates, under the name Molothrus ater
artemisia, the form of Molothrus found in the " Upper
Sonoran and Transition zones of the Great Basin Region of
the Western United States " from M. ater of the Eastern
States, as being somewhat larger and having "a proportionally
longer and more slender bill, similar to that of M. a.
obscurus." Outline drawings are given of the bills of the
three subspecies.

34. Hartert on new African Birds.

[On some recently discovered African Birds. By Ernst Hartert, Ph.D.
Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 333 (1909).]

Africa has not yet ceased to produce marvels, at least in
Bird-life, and these marvels not unfrequently find their way
to Tring, where there are Ornithologists ready to describe
them. Dr. Hartert now gives us further information about
Xenocopsychus ansorgei (from Mossamedes), Graueria vittata
(from Baraka in Congoland north-west of L. Tanganyika),
Diaphoroj/h'jia graueri (from the forests west of Lake Albert-
Edward), and Lioptilus rufo-cinctus (from the forest south-east

* See below, p. 367.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 363

of Lake Kivu), all of which are figured by Keulemans after
having been previously characterized in the Bull. B. O. C.
He also records the receipt of additional examples of
Laniarius graueri and L. rubiginosus rudolphi.

35. Hartert and Venturi on Argentine Birds.

[Notes sur les Oiseaux de la Republique Argentine. Par E. Hartert
et S. Venturi. Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 160 (1909). J

The collection made by M. Venturi, of Buenos Ayres, in
various parts of the Argentine Republic, and acquired by the
Tring Museum, contains 1115 bird-skins and several thousand
eggs. The species have been determined by Mr. Hartert,
while M. Venturi has supplied abundant field-notes. The
authors have not attempted to make a complete list
of Argentine birds, but treat only of the specimens in
M. Venturis collection and in seven other Argentine collec-
tions in the Tring Museum. Nevertheless there cannot be
very many species omitted, because 509 species and subspecies
are enumerated, and Sclater and Hudson's ' Argentine
Onithology ' contains only 434 species. The series of
interesting field-notes by M. Venturi have been translated
from the original Spanish into French, while Dr. Hartert
supplies the scientific remarks. The following species and
subspecies are described as new : — Cistothorus platensis
tucumanus, Anthus hellmayri, Phrygilus alaudinvs venhirii,
Leptasthenura agithaloides berlepschi, Sipto7'nis steinbachi,
Picumnus cirrhatus tucumanus, Merganetta berlepschi,
Columba picazuro boliviana, and Nothura salvadorii.

Seventy excellent figures of eggs on two plates accompany
the text. The field-notes on the parasitic Cow-birds (Molo-
thrus, p. 184) are of special interest.

36. Howard's c British Warblers.'

[The British Warblers: A History with Problems of their Lives.
By H. Eliot Howard. Part 4. London : R. H. Porter, 1909.]

The fourth part of Mr. Howard's excellent monograph of
the British Warblers now lies before us, and we are once

364 Recently published Ornithological Works*

more struck by the exceptional beauty of the plates and the
thorough treatment of the habits of the species. How
thorough this is may be judged from the fact that the letter-
press deals with but four species and that the Whitethroat
alone occupies twenty-three pages, the Lesser Whitethroat
twenty. Of the Siberian Chiff chaff (Phylloscopus tristis) and
the Greenish Willow-Warbler (P. viridanus), which do not
breed in Britain, only the description and distribution are
given, in accordance with the scheme of the work. Among
the many points of interest may be mentioned the account
of the difference in the songs of various species in different
localities, the behaviour of the Lesser Whitethroat when its
young are in danger, and several curious habits of the
Common Whitethroat, such as the building of extra and
useless nests, the habit of removing or even swallowing
small leaves dropped into the structure, and so forth ; but it
will be evident that these do not represent a tithe of the total
information. Coloured plates are given of all the species,
and plain plates in the case of the two first-named, to exhibit
particular attitudes ; but the plate of eggs which is the
frontispiece to this Part is perhaps most striking of all, and
gives figures of a well chosen series with admirable fidelity.

37. Migration-Report of the B. 0. C.

[Reporton the Immigrations of Summer Eesidents in the Spring of 1908;
also Notes on the migratory movements and Records received from
light-houses and light-vessels during the autumn of 1907. By the
Committee appointed hy the British Ornithologists' Club. Bull. B. 0. C.
vol. xxiv. Nov. 1909 ; 235 pp.]

The third Report of the Committee of the B. O. C. on
Migration has increased in size to a volume of 235 pages.
Besides the ordinary reports on the scheduled species in the
Spring of 1908, each of which is illustrated by a map, notes
are given on the migratory movements observed during the
previous autumn. Some of these are of considerable in-
terest, for example those of the Blackbird {Turdus merula),
which is usually considered a very stay-at-home species.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 365

Yet we learn that in the autumn of 1907 migratory flocks
of this bird were noted at many of the light-houses on the
east coast, and at St. Catherine's, I. of W. It may be
presumed, however, that these were all strangers from the
far north, and not deserters from our English gardens, where
they seem to be as numerous in winter as in summer.

The list of Light-houses and Light-vessels on which
observations were made should have been accompanied by a
map, as is always the case in the Danish Report. The exact
situation of many of them is unknown (except, perhaps,
to special students of migration), aud to the names of the
meritorious Observers their addresses, surely, should be added,
unless the Observers object.

With these slight exceptions we fully approve of the third
report of our Migration Committee and thank them for their
good work.

38. Nicholson on the Distribution q/Macronyx.

[The Geographical Distribution of Birds. I. Genus Macronyx Swainson.
By Francis Nicholson, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Manch. Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc.
53. 1909, No. 24.]

This is the first of a proposed series of papers on the
distribution of Pipits and Wagtails, which the author has
studied for several years. Of the purely Ethiopian genus
Macronyx 9 species are allowed, while their exact distribution,
so far as it is yet known, is set forth and further elucidated
by two coloured plates. The most widely spread species is
M. croceus, which is found in West, East and South Africa,
but others are confined to quite limited localities.

39. Nicoll's ' Three Voyages of a Naturalist*

[Three Voyages of a Naturalist, being an Account of many little-known
Islands in Three Oceans visited by the 'Valhalla' R.Y.S. By M. J.
Nicoll, M.B.O.U. With an Introduction by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of
Crawford, K.T., F.R.S. Second Edition: Witherby & Co., 1909.
(7/6 net).]

We are much pleased to receive a copy of a second edition
of Mr. Nicoll's well illustrated and instructive work, which
has already been described in our notice of the first edition

3G6 Recently published Ornithological Works.

(Ibis, 1908, p. 533) but well deserves further mention. Mr.
Nicoll had great, in fact almost unequalled opportunities,
no doubt, but he did not fail to make good use of them.
In the new edition a few corrections have been made, and
special attention is called to the remarks about Easter
Island in the first edition. It appears that the " mystery of
the Pacific" had inhabitants on it when first discovered,
but of what race they were is a question not likely to be
solved. There is one Land-bird to be found there, probably
of a new species, but it would be a long way to go for it —
some 2300 miles from the coast of Chili !

We hope that Mr. Nicoll's second edition will soon be
exhausted and a third edition called for.

40. Nicoll on Birds observed in the Giza Zoological Gardens.

[Additions to the List of Wild Birds which have visited the (iiza
Zoological Gardens. By Michael J. Nicoll, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. (Reprinted
from the Cairo Scientific Journal, No. 37, Vol. Hi., October 1909.)]

In a former paper (cf. ' Ibis,' 1909, p. 543) Messrs. Flower
and Nicoll gave us a List of the wild birds that had been
obtained or observed in the Zoological Gardens at Giza near
Cairo during the past ten years — 156 species in all — a
wonderful number for so small and frequented an area.
Mr. Nicoll now records the visits of 16 more species to this
much favoured locality, among which we find the name of
the Ortolan (Emberiza hortulana), the Wood Sandpiper
[Totanus gi lareola) , and the Senegal Thick-knee ((JSdicnemus
senegalenis). According to the writer's views there are two
Hoopoes in Egypt. Besides the common form (Upupa
epops typica), which passes through on migration, there is
another form (Upupa epops major) resident in Lower Egypt,
which is distinguished by its larger size and longer bill.

To his list of new additions Mr. Nicoll appends some notes
and corrections on species included in the original list.
Amongst these are remarks on Sylvia subalpina albo-striata
and Prinia gracilis striata, two newly resuscitated sub-
species.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 367

41. North on the Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds.

[Nests and Eggs of Birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania.
By Alfred J. North, C.M.Z.S. Vol. ii. Part 3. Sydney, 1909.]

With much pleasure we record the issue of another Part
of Mr. North's meritorious work on the nests and eggs of
Australian Birds, which is continued in the same style as the
preceding Parts *, and concludes the second volume. It
contains an account of the remaining families of the Passeres,
and of the first portion of the Picarians. As in the former
Parts a description of every species is given, besides ample
details concerning the nesting and eggs, while numerous good
photographic illustrations are introduced in the text. The
eggs of many little-known birds are figured in the plates,
including those of all the three known species of Lyre-bird
(Menura).

42. Oates on new Burmese Pheasants.

[On some new species of Silver-Pheasants. By E. W. Oates. Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v. p. 162 (1910).]

Mr. Oates describes three " new species" of Silver-
Pheasants from various districts of Burma — Gennceus atla/ji,
G. haringtoni, and G. granti. Mr. Oates should consult
Prof. Ghigi's paper on the same subject (see above).

43. Report of the South African Locust-Bureau.

[Third Annual Report of the South African Central Locust Bureau.
Edited by Chas. P. Lownsbury, Govt. Entomologist to the Cape of Good
Hope. 8vo. Cape Town, 1909. 68 pp.]

As in other arid and semi-arid districts of the world, so in
South Africa the " plague of locusts " is a source of constant
injury and loss to the agriculturist. In order to coordinate
the work of combating this plague and to secure common
action in the agencies and methods employed, the various
Governments of South Africa (not only those of the British
Colonies but also those of German South-West Africa and
* See ' Ibis,' 1908, p. 189, and 1907, p. 359.

368 Recently 'published Ornithological Works.

Mozambique) have combined to form a common Bureau
with head-quarters at Pretoria, and this is their third Annual
Keport.

Various means have been employed for the purpose of
destroying the swarms of these terrible insects but, so far as
one can judge from the Report, the most efficacious agencies
for this purpose are locust-eating birds.

The leading Locust-birds are undoubtedly the White Stork
(Ciconia alba) and the Pratincole (Glareola melanoptera),
which are generally known in South Africa as the Greater
and the Smaller Locust-bird.

Other birds which devour large numbers of Locusts are
the Kestrels (Tinnunculus naumanni, T. rupicola, and T. rupi-
coloides) and the Kite (Milvus agyptius), while the White-
bellied Stork (Abdimia abdimii), though a somewhat rare
species, ranks very high in favour.

Starlings of all kinds, especially the Wattled Starling
(Dilophus carunculatus *) , Guinea Fowls, and Francolins
assist in the work of destruction.

The reports of the Committee urge the importance of
the most careful protection by law of all the Locust-eating
birds throughout South Africa, and insist that the laws on
this subject, when enacted, should be strictly enforced.

44. Sharpt's Hand-list of Birds, Vol. V.

[A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. (Nomenclator
Avium turn fossilium turn viventium.) By R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D.,
Assistant Keeper, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Volume V.
London, 1909.]

In January 1904, we wrote a notice of the fourth volume
of Sharpens ' Hand-list.' Most fortunately for the progress
of our Science, Sharpe lived to complete this important
work by the issue of the fifth and last volume, which is now
before us. The Hand-list was planned and commenced in
1898, and the first volume published in 1899, so that it
has occupied ten years of hard labour, having been composed

* See Sclater & Stark, B. S. Afr. i. p. 24.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 369

and written amid the pressure of other official work in the
author's " private time."

In his preface to the present volume Sharpe makes
the following out-spoken statement of his views on the
new system of "trinomials," which deserves attention, even
if it may be not quite agreeable to the new school of
Systematists.

" Some exception has been taken to my recognition as
species of all the forms described as subspecies or races with
trinomial names. My views on this subject have often been
stated, and as for trinomials I look upon the system as de-
structive. I consider that the burden imposed upon Zoologists
who follow this method for the naming of their specimens
will become too heavy, and that the system will fall by its
own weight. That races or subspecies of birds exist in
nature no one can deny, but, to my mind, a binomial title
answers every purpose/'

In the preface to the fifth volume of Sharpe's ' Hand-list '
the total number of the known species of Birds is calculated
as 18,939, and the genera as 2,810. In 1871 when George
Robert Gray finished his ' Hand-list ' he admitted 2,915
genera and 11,162 species.

Having begun with the lowest birds — an arrangement
which we by no means approve of — Sharpe has placed what
he considered to be the most highly organized birds in his
last volume. The series of Acromyodians, to which it is de-
voted, is concluded by the Corvidae and their allies ; these,
following Newton and Parker, Sharpe considered to be the
most highly developed of the Class of Birds, though the
reasons for assigning to them this high position have never
been very clearly explained.

In concluding this short notice of one of the most im-
portant works in our branch of Zoological Science that has
lately appeared, we need hardly enlarge on its value to the
systematic worker who wants to find his references easily.
There is an Index to every volume except the first. But
there ought also to be a General Index to all the five volumes.

SER. IX. — VOL. iv. 2 B

370 Recently published Ornithological Works.

This would render the work much more generally useful,
especially as the present indexes are not always quite reliable-
A critical correspondent has favoured us with a list of
34 generic names which are used in one or more of the
27 volumes of the British Museum l Catalogue of Birds/ but
are not to be found in any of the Indexes of the ' Hand-list.'
As it may be useful to some workers we subjoin the list.

List of Generic Names quoted in the 'Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum,' hut not mentioned in the Indexes to the
' Hand-list.'

Aptornis, Arinia, Atrichia, Cassicus, Certhiola, Cerorhyncha, Ohauna,
Chirocylla, Chloris, Cichlopsis, Cymodroma, Dissura, Doleromyia,
Eucorystes, Klais, Lepidolarynx, Melanobucco, Microglossus,
Monacha, Myiodioctes, Nyroca, Ortyx, Oxyrhamphus, Palarnedea,
Perissoglossa, Phonipara, Picathartes, Pinarolsema, Procnopis,
Pteroclurus, Scotornis, Sphenoproctus, Stellula, Trichostoma.

We may also remark that it would have been much better
to have put the Family Names in the running titles of the
volumes instead of the useless repetition of " Genera and
Species of Birds " throughout.

45. Van Oort on the Gerygone and Eurylaemus of Java.

[Note XIII. On Gerygone and Eurylaimus Species from Java and
Sumatra. By Dr. E. D. Van Oort. Notes Leyd. Mus. xxxi. p. 207.]

The examination of recently received specimens from Java
has convinced Dr. Van Oort that the Gerygone and Eury-
Id'inus of that island shew slight differences from their
representatives in other parts of the Eastern Archipelago.
He therefore proposes to separate the Javan form of the
first species under the name Gerygone modigliani jacudsoni
and to restrict the name Eurylcemus javanicus to the Javan
form of the second species, calling the form from Sumatra,
Banka, Biliton, Borneo, and Malacca Eurylcemus javanicus
harterti.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 371

46. Van Oort on Birds from the Netherlands.

[Note XIV. Report on Birds from the Netherlands received from
1st Septemher 1908 till 1st September 1909. By Dr. E. 1). Van Oort.
Tom. cit. p. 211.]

Dr. Van Oort is engaged in the praiseworthy task o£
forming a collection of the birds of Holland for the Leyden
Museum. In this memoir he reports a year's progress,
during which he has acquired 675 skins. Among these there
are examples of two species new to the Collection — Megalestris
skua and Serinus serinus. Fourteen other important species
are stated to have received additional representatives.

47. Van Oort on a new Parrot.

[Note VI. On a new form of the Genus Psephotus. By Dr. E. D.
Van Oort. Op. cit. xxxii. p. 71.]

A "subspecies" of Psephotus chrysopterygius, described
as P. c. blaauivi, is based on a specimen received from
Mr. Blaauw, who has other living examples of the same
form in his Aviaries. They are believed to have come from
Port Darwin, North Australia.

48. Van Oort on Birds from Southern and South-western
New Guinea.

[Nova Guinea. Resultats de l'Expedition scientifique Ngerlandaise a,
la Nouvelle-Guinee. Vol. ix. Zoologie, Livr. i. Dr. E. D. Van Oort.
Birds from South-western and Southern New Guinea. Leiden : Brill,
1909.]

This interesting memoir gives us an account of the col-
lection of birds recently made by Mr. Koch and Dr. H.
A. Lorentz on the coast of southern and south-western New
Guinea. In 1907, Dr. Lorentz obtained a good series of
about 480 skins, principally at various stations on the Noord
River, which was ascended to a height of more than 2,500
metres. He also visited Merauke, near the southern-
most point of Dutch New Guinea. Both these localities are
shown in Stanford's map of New Guinea (Compendium of

2 b2

372 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Geography, Australasia, ii. p. 37G) and an outline sketch of
the North River is given in Dr. Van Oort's article.

Altogether about 170 species are enumerated in the
present memoir, and the dates and localities of every specimen
are exactly set forth, with critical notes when required. The
greater number of the birds are old friends, but two species
and six subspecies are described as new — namely, Clytoceyx
rex imperator, Arses telescophthalmus harterti, Sericornis
arfakiana nouhuysi, Malurus lorentzi, Pitohni (scr. Rhectes)
aruensis nigropectus, Pitohui incertus, Ptilotis erythropleura
lorenzi, and Entomyza cyanotis griseigularis. The prizes of
the collection are two adult males of Xanthome lus ardens, of
which only the imperfect typical specimen, now at Genoa,
was previously known. This gorgeous bird is now well
figured (Plate iii, p. 100). A text-figure (p. 105) represents
the extremely remarkable convolutions of the trachea in
Manucodia atra and Phony gama keraudreni.

49. Woosnam's Itinerary of the Ruwenzori Expedition,

[Zoological Results of the Ruwenzori Expedition, 1905-1906.
Itinerary. By R. B. Woosnam. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. xix.
Part i. 20 pp. 4to.]

The Zoological Society of London, always in the front
when good scientific work is to be done, has, as has been
already announced, undertaken the publication of the
zoological results of the Ruwenzori Expedition of 1905-1906,
and has appropriated the nineteenth volume of their quarto
Transactions to this purpose. In accordance with the
traditions of the Society there can be no doubt that this task
will be thoroughly well performed, nor will there be any
delay in its execution, as the first Part of the work is now
before us.

After a short preface by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, who,
as we all know, was not only the originator and organizer
of this successful enterprise, but also raised, among his
many friends, the funds required for its accomplishment, we
find an excellent and well-written " Itinerary " of the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 373

Expedition, prepared by its leader, Mr. R. B. Woosnam.
As this Itinerary contains some good general remarks on
the birds of Ruwenzori, we may fairly claim it as an ornitho-
logical publication which deserves notice in 'The Ibis/
although the special memoir on the birds collected during the
expedition (prepared by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant) has not yet been
issued.

We need not on the present occasion follow Mr. Woosnam
in his narrative of the journey to Ruwenzori, nor is it
necessary to refer to his excellent disquisitions on the Clouds,
Glaciers, Rainfall and other physical features of this remark-
able elevated ridge between Lake Albert and Lake Edward.
But we wish to call the reader's attention to the author's
division of Ruwenzori into six zones, characterized mainly
by the leading features of their vegetation, and to his lists of
the principal forms of bird-life met with in each zone. The
zones are named : (1) The ' Grass-zone' (3,000 to 6,500 ft.) :
(2) The ' Forest-zone' (6,500 to 8,500 ft.), in both of which
animal life is abundant : (3) The ' Bamboo- zone,' where the
impenetrable jungle renders it less numerous, but which is
the abode of Johnston's Touraco (Gallirex johnstoni) : (4)
The Tree-heath and Moss-zone, the home of the Alpine
Flycatcher (Cryptolopha alpina) and Stuhlmann's Sun-bird
(Cinnyris stuhlmanni) , which is entirely confined to a belt
between 10,000 and 11,000 ft.: (5) The Senecio- and
Lobelia-zone (12,500 to 14,500 ft.), in which seven Birds
are named as indigenous. Amongst these the gorgeous
and absolutely peculiar Sunbird Nectarinia dartmouthi is
extremely plentiful.

In the Snow-zone (above 14,500 ft.) no Mammals or Birds
are met with. No Palsearctic forms of Bird-life are found on
Ruwenzori, but there are many Alpine genera of Plants.

Full details about the Bird-life on Ruwenzori will, no
doubt, be given in Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's memoir on the birds
collected during the Expedition, to the appearance of which
we look forward with great interest.

374 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

XVII. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

We have received the following letters addressed " To the
Editors of ' The Ibis ' " :—

Sirs, — I thank you for your kind inquiries in regard to
our new Californian Museum. The following information in
regard to it you are welcome to use as you please.

About two years ago Miss Annie M. Alexander, of Oak-
land, agreed to give $7,000 yearly for seven years to equip
and maintain a " Museum of Vertebrate Zoology/' on con-
dition that the Regents of the University should provide a
suitable building. The plans for the building as finally
determined upon, with its equipment, called for about
$14,000.

The building, now completed, stands north of California
Field and adjoins on the east the new fertilizer Control
Laboratory. Externally it is a rectangular structure one
hundred and five feet long by fifty feet wide, covered with
corrugated galvanized iron. Within, the southern portion
of the ground floor has been built as an exhibition hall, fifty
feet by seventy-five feet, open to a skylight in the roof above,
with a gallery on all sides twelve feet in width at the second
floor level. In this hall will be mounted a number of groups
of large Californian mammals, arranged in semblance to
their natural surroundings, with backgrounds painted by
Carlos Hittell, the San Francisco artist. The groups are
now- being made by Mr. John Rowley, formerly taxidermist
of the American Museum of Natural History in New York,
employed here for this purpose by the managers of the
Alexander fund. The groups when completed will stand
behind plate glass under the light, so that visitors will see
them from beneath the gallery. In this way the best
possible advantage will be taken of the lighting effects, as
there will be no reflection from the glass of the cases.

In the gallery, on the second floor, are to be arranged the
storage-cases of research-collections, and perhaps later on a

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 375

few small groups for exhibition. The storage-cases are air-
tight zinc-lined cabinets of sliding trays in which dry
specimens can be kept safe from moisture and from insect
pests, and can be fumigated when necessary. These rows of
cases, known as " zincs," are a characteristic feature of the
new museum's equipment, there being already thirty-seven
of them in use.

The research-room faces the north and east. Wide tables
are built along the north end of the room under the windows,
to hold trays taken from the storage-cases for purposes of
study. On the other side of the building, facing north and
west, is the library and study, which is also the office of the
Director and of the Curators. The book-shelves in this room
contain a number of necessary reference books and the
bound files of collectors' field-notes. There is also a map-
rack for records of research in distribution of species and its
causes.

The collections in the museum contain notably a large
series of bears, including skins, skulls, and complete skeletons,
chiefly from Alaska, gathered from various sources by
Miss Alexander and donated to the museum. There is also
a complete representation of the two Californian species of
sea-lions, about twelve specimens of each, and an example of
the Alaskan moose, which, as regards size, is among the
record specimens of a species normally much larger than that
found in Maine and the British provinces.

Of birds over twelve thousand specimens belonging to the
museum have already been catalogued. Of small mammals
over nine thousand have been catalogued. There are about
two thousand reptiles and batrachians catalogued. In
addition to the specimens which are the property of the
museum, there are several private collections on deposit,
notably the Grinnell collection of eight thousand birds, and
the Swarth and Morcom bird-collections, of about four
thousand specimens each. The University's collections are
chiefly the result of Miss Alexander's expeditions; only
about 1300 specimens belonged to the University previously.

376 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

The activities of the Museum staff have been largely
devoted to the direction of collecting expeditions. In 1907
and 1908 Miss Alexander personally conducted expeditions to
Alaska. The results of the expedition of 1907 have recently
been published in the series of University of California
Publications in Zoology. During the summers of 1908 and
1909 five collectors were at work in different fields under
the direction of Mr. Grinnell.

The museum aims at becoming the ceutre for the systematic
study of the birds, mammals, and reptiles of the Pacific
Coast. The Collections of the Biological Survey in Washing-
ton are vastly larger, even with regard to Pacific Coast forms,
but of course are not available for study in this part of the
country.

The staff of the museum consists of Mr. Joseph Grinnell,
formerly of the Throop Polytechnic Institute of Pasadena,
Director; Mr. Harry S. Swarth, curator of birds; and
Mr. W. P. Taylor, assistant curator of mammals. Mr.
Edmund Heller, appointed curator of mammals, is at present
on an indefinite leave of absence, with the Smithsonian
Institution's expedition to Africa under Colonel Roosevelt.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,

Berkeley, California, Joseph Grinnell.

December 17th, 1909.

Sirs, — I wish to congratulate you on Dr. Sclater's article
{' Ibis,' 1909, p. 347) on the practice of attaching " authori-
ties " to the scientific names of animals. This practice has
for many years seemed to me an absurd contradiction to the
principle of Binomial Nomenclature. If it be once admitted
as necessary there can be no reason for changing a specific
name when it has been already used for another species of the
same genus. If it be once granted that a species should be
called " rufus Smith " and not simply " rufus" there can be
no reason for changing a specific name when it has already
been used for another species of the same genus. The
different " authority " would be sufficient to distinguish them.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 377

All the efforts to eliminate double names in the same genus
have no reason unless your contention be accepted.

I only regret that you have not given your protest to
zoologists at large instead of confiding it to the readers of an
ornithological periodical.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,
Concilium Bibliographicum, N. H. FlELD.

Zurich, 28.U0.

The B.O.U. Expedition for the Exploration of Central
New Guinea. — In our last number (above, p. 223) we ex-
pressed a hope that the B.O.U. Expedition under the leader-
ship of Mr. Walter Goodfellow would be able to land on the
south coast of New Guinea and commence work early in
January last. We are now able to state that the party left
Dobbo on January the 3rd, in the Dutch steamer ' Nias/
and reached the mouth of the Mimika River two days later.
A base-camp was established on the 5th near a village called
Wakatimi, about 12 miles up the river, and the stores were
disembarked. The natives were very numerous but quite
friendly. On January the 9th Mr. Stalker, who had gone
into the bush unattended, was reported as missing. We
very much regret to say that further intelligence has arrived
that after several days of anxious search his dead body was
found in the river, but no details have been received as to
how it got there.

The news was received by telegram from Batavia on
February 1, and had probably been forwarded by steamer
from the Aru Islands. With this telegram Mr. Ogilvie-
Grant received a long letter from Mr. Stalker, written from
" Amboina, December 24, 1909." In this he stated that he
had been successful in engaging the services of 150 carriers,
and was expecting the arrival of Mr. Walter Goodfellow, the
leader of the expedition, in a few days. He also mentioned
the dispatch of various cases containing collections of mam-
mals and birds, &c, which have been procured in Central
Cerarn, and are likely to prove of great interest.

378 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Mr. Stalker left England about a year ago, and proceeded
to the Am Islands to obtain living examples of Birds-of-
Paradise for Sir William Ingram. It had been arranged
that, after completing this engagement, he should join the
other members of the British Ornithologists' Union Expedi-
tion, filling up his time until their arrival by collecting
natural-history specimeus and by making the preliminary
arrangements for transport in New Guinea. His letter,
mentioned above, states how usefully he had employed his
time in carrying out his instructions. Mr. Stalker had
already had considerable experience of life in New Guinea,
having spent several years (between 1904—6) at the gold
mines on the Mambare River, in the northern part of the
British territory. It was then that he first began to collect
specimens forthe Natural History Museum. Subsequently, at
the suggestion of Mr. Oldrield Thomas, who had discovered
his great ability in trapping and preparing mammals, he
was sent by Sir William Ingram and Mr. Forest to
Alexandra, in the northern territory of South Australia, and
in 1907 to Inkerman, in East Queensland. In both these
places he did admirable work, and formed fine collections of
mammals, which were presented by his patrons to the Natural
History Museum. In 1909, in company with Mr. C. K.
Horsbrugh, he again visited British New Guinea and the
Aru Islands on behalf of Sir William Ingram, and was
successful in bringing back a large number of living Birds-
of- Paradise, including a male of the beautiful Blue Bird-
of-Paradise (Paradisornis rudolphi), which had not previously
been brought to Europe alive. Early in 1909, after a short
stay in England, he again started on the present undertaking,
when he so unfortunately lost his life. Mr. Stalker was
quite a young man — only thirty-one years of age — having
been born on January 17, 1879, and it is sad to think that
the successful career of this talented naturalist should have
been terminated so early and in so tragic a manner.

Lorentz'sNew Guinea Expedition. — We learn from 'Nature '
of February 17 (vol. 82, p. 464) that a telegram has been

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 379

received from Mr. H. A. Lorentz, stating that his expedition
into Central New Guinea from the South Coast has been
successful. Mr. Lorentz's party readied the snow-capped
range which had previously only been dimly perceived from
a distance. He has climbed up to these Alpine regions,
and has discovered glaciers at an altitude of 15,000 feet.
We shall, no doubt, soon receive further particulars. Mr.
Lorentz's route was, we believe, up the North River, as on
his former Expeditions.

New Ornithological Expedition to Mongolia. — Mr. Douglas
Carruthers has organized a new expedition in which, in con-
junction with his friends Mr. J. H. Miller and Mr. M. P.
Price, he will traverse North-Western Mongolia, and make a
collection of its birds and other natural objects. The pro-
gramme is to take the Siberian Railway as far as Krasnoyarsk,
and thence go by steamer up the Yenesei to the Russian
settlement of Minusinsk. At this place the expedition will
be fitted out, and proceed southwards over the frontier into
Chinese territory. The early spring and summer will be
devoted to working the upper sources of the Yenesei River
for zoological and botanical purposes. This region is chiefly
mountainous and heavily forested.

From Kobdo, which is situated to the south-west of the
basin of the Upper Yenesei, a zigzag journey will be made
through Dzungaria to Kuldja in the neighbourhood of the
Tian-shan Mountains. This route will lead over many
successive self-contained basins, with alternate desert and
mountain-ranges. After this, plans will be dependent upon
time and circumstances, but Mr. Carruthers hopes to turn
south-eastwards, and, after wintering in the Tarim basin, to
push on in the spring into the Chinese provinces of Kansu
and Alashan. Mr. Miller and Mr. Carruthers will divide the
labours of collecting animals, while Mr. Price will undertake
the botany and forestry. The expedition, which has just
started, will probably be away about a year or fifteen months.

380 Letters, Extracts, and Notes,

A new Gigantic Fossil Bird. — We learn from the last
number of 'The Condor,' vol. xii. p. 52, that a new gigantic
fossil bird has been discovered in the asphalt-beds near Los
Angeles, and described by Mr. Love Holmes Miller. The
species is new, as well as the genus, and has been named
Teratornis merriami, in honour of Professor John C. Merriam
of the University of California, through whose efforts the
fossil-beds of Rancho la Brea have been brought to the
attention of palaeontologists.

The description is based on coracoids, sternum, and a
nearly complete skull. The fragments so far secured re-
present at least four individuals. The bird is probably
related to the American Vultures (Cathartidae), and was of
enormous size, much greater than that of any existing flying
bird. Since the limb-bones and feet are still unknown, final
conclusions as to its relationship must be postponed ; but it
appears probable that a new family will have to be established
for it.

In the same beds are found remains of some extinct
Mammals (Smilodon and Paramylodori) of Pleistocene Age.

The Bangs Collection of American Birds. — As we learn
from the ' Museums Journal' (vol. ix. p. 328), the private
collection of birds belonging to Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs,
containing approximately 24,000 skins, has been acquired
by the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.
The specimens are mostly from North and Central America
and the northern part of South America, and comprise the
types of the many new species and subspecies recently
described by Mr. O. Bangs, whose numerous memoirs have
been frequently noticed in this Journal of late years. We
congratulate the authorities of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology on having obtained such a valuable addition to their
Bird-collection.

The Rhodesia Museum, Buluwayo. — We are much pleased
to hear that the Directors of the British South Africa Com-
pany have granted a piece of land at Buluwayo for the site

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 381

of a new museum, and that the Beit Trustees have given
£2,500 towards the erection of the buildings. There is, we
believe, a good local collection of birds already in existence,
and we are sure that Mr. E. C. Chubb, the Assistant-Curator,
will lose no opportunity of adding to it. He has already sent
us an article on the birds of the surrounding district (see
'Ibis,' 1903, p. 140), and will, no doubt, favour us with
further communications, when convenient.

A Present to the B. 0. U. — At the Ninth Annual Session
of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, held at Adelaide
on September 30th, 1909, it was proposed by Mr. A. J.
Campbell, seconded by Mr. Charles Barrett, and resolved,
that copies of the cinematograph-films depicting the bird-
life of the expedition of the A. O. U. to the islands of
Bass' Straits in 1908 be sent to England as a present to the
British Ornithologists' Union. It is hoped that they may
arrive in time to be exhibited at the joint meetiug of the
B. O. U. and B. O. C. on May 25th.

The Destruction of Birds in the Riviera. — In the last
number of the f Avicultural Magazine ' (ser. 3, vol. i. p. 125),
Lt.-Col. Momber writes as follows on the treatment of birds
in the Riviera : —

" The excessively ornithophagous proclivities of the South-
erners are a heavy set-back to the advantages lavished by
nature on the Riviera. Every one shoots, nothing is spared,
and the corpses of the daintiest songsters — Goldfinches,
Siskins, Robins, Warblers — hang in bunches in the town
markets.

" In Italy, the protective laws are still embryonic and
seldom enforced; offenders are leniently dealt with, and
illegal practices prevail. In general, wholesale methods of
bird-catching are prohibited in Liguria; it is mainly in the
provinces of Como and Piedmont that the gardens of death
flourish, the terrible roccolo and passata. But the popular
amusement of besetting with bird-limed grapes the streams
in dry weather is indulged in despite the law, and is singularly

382 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

destructive and wasteful, for all the birds of the district get
limed and many are not even bagged, but flutter away to die
a lingering death.

" If proof were needed of the deep-rooted passion for bird-
hunting of the Italians, it could be found in the fact that in
U.S.A. the Audubon Societies find it necessary to disseminate
leaflets among the Italian immigrants, printed in their
tongue, exhorting them to respect the laws and customs of
their new country, and to refrain from destroying that which
is beautiful as well as profitable.

11 These habits are less surprising in a newly united kingdom
such as Italy, still tinged with mediaevalism and the traditions
of many formerly separate small States, than in France.
For France signed the International Convention of 1902,
and thus is accredited with the perspicacity and aesthetic
development which are inseparable from an intelligent and
humane protection of natural objects. But, after giving it-
self the sound and sufficient laws of the Convention, as now
in force in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Hungary,
and after appointing a day for these enactments to take effect,
the French Chamber, by a large majority in November 1906,
passed an ' indulgence decree ' suspending sine die the
application of the laws, and upholding the old order of things.
This means an annual issue by Prefects of Departments
of regulations relating to game and birds, and the old
systematic war of extermination carried on indefinitely.
It is a poignantly ridiculous condition of affairs, until one
remembers the political corruption and favouritism that lie
at its root, and the steady diminution of bird-life it causes.
Then it becomes deplorable."

Hungarian ringed Storks in South Africa. (Marked in
Hungary by means of numbered aluminium rings.)

1. Marked on July 10, 1908, ring no. 209, at Hidveg,
45° 50' N. Lt., 43° 15' E. Lg. Killed on January 30, 1909,
at Seaforth, Himeville, District Polela, Natal, about 30° 0' S.
Lt., 48° 0' E. Lg. Distance about 8600 kms. Reported by
Mr. Peter MacKenzie in 'Times ' issue of March 3, 1909.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 383

2. Marked on June 26, 1909, ring no. 1415, at Bogy din,
45° 25' N. Lt., 36° 45' E. Lg. Killed on November 22, 1909,
at Lake Banngher, Ermelo district, Transvaal, about 26° 30'
S. Lt., 48° 0' E. Lg. Distance about 8100 kms. Reported
by Mr. E. Pearce in East London Daily Dispatch,
December 1, 1909, and Mr. H. Meyer in De Volkstem of
December 6, 1909.

3. Marked on June 26, 1909, ring no. 1432, also at
Bogi/dn. Killed on November 28, 1909, at Glencoe Junction,
Natal, about 28° 20' S. Lt., 48° 0' E. Lg. Distance about
8300 kms. Reported by Mr. George E. Matthews.

4. Marked on July 5, 1909, ring no. 2034, at Rakamaz,
48° 10' N. Lt., 39° 10' E. Lg. Killed on December 14,
1909, at Lehloemjas, Morija, Basutoland, about 29° 40' S. Lt.,
45° 30' E. Lg. Distance about 8750 kms. Reported by
Mr. Miles Capstiek, Jr.

5. Marked on July 13, 1909, ring no. 2298, at Rety
45° 50' N. Lt., 43° 40' E. Lg. Killed on December 1909 at
SeneJcal, Orange River Colony, about 28° 20' S. Lt., 27° 30'
E. Lg. Distance about 8500 kms. Reported by Mr. P.
Stahl.

Issued at the Royal Hungarian Central Bureau for Ornithology,
Budapest, Hungary, on January 20, 1910.

The Pre-Nuptial Plumage of the Sanderling. — At the
meeting of the British Association at Winnipeg last year,
Dr. C. J. Patten read a paper on the pre-nuptial plumage of
the Sanderling (Catidris arenaria), of which the following
is an abstract : —

It may be well to state very briefly what led up to this
investigation. Repeated observations on the Sanderling
during its vernal migration shew that the species occurs in
varying numbers throughout the breeding-season on different
parts of the British coast. A certain proportion of the
migrants, pushing northward, appear to sojourn with us
during the summer. These birds, while assuming what
might easily be mistaken for the nuptial plumage, shew no
evidence that they remain to breed, for the flocks keep to

384 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

the coasts and do not split up into pairs. Based upon the
above data I have elsewhere put forward the hypothesis that
the birds were immature (vide ' Naturalist/ 1909, pp. 84, 85).
Here I hope further to strengthen this hypothesis by direct
objective evidence obtained from an examination of the
plumage-markings. The rich variegated markings of chest-
nut, brown, and black, which appear on the head, neck,
breast, back, and wings, are found in the summer plumage
in Sanderlings in all ages, after the first winter plumage.
It is generally known as the nuptial plumage. When, how-
ever, the tertials of those birds which tarry with us till late
June, July, and the beginning of August are examined, it may
be noticed that they, like the tertials of the first winter
plumage, are relatively short, the longest not reaching to the
tip of the fourth primary feather, the wing being folded in
the natural position. By far the majority of Sanderlings
which I have collected in late spring and summer have short
tertials, and to such plumage I give the name of pre-nuptial,
from its close resemblance to the true nuptial plumage which
it precedes. But a few specimens collected towards the end
of April and in early May, from small flocks, shewed on
examination to have longer tertials which reached halfway
between the tip of the fourth and third primary , and in some
cases almost to the tip of the third primary. Such birds, I
believe, have assumed the adult nuptial plumage of the second
or subsequent springs. This plumage follows the plumage
of the second or subsequent winters, in which the long ashy-
grey tertials are easily distinguishable from the darker
shorter ones of the first winter plumage.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. — We are
requested by the Secretary to state that the Annual General
Meeting, for 1910, of the British Ornithologists'' Union will
be held at the Zoological Society's Offices, 3 Hanover Square
(by permission), on Wednesday, May 25th, at 5.30 p.m. The
usual dinner after the meeting will take place, in conjunction
with the monthly meeting of the British Ornithologists'
Club, at Pagani's Restaurant, 42 Great Portland Street,
at 7 p.m.

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

No. XV. JULY 1910.

XVIII. — On the Ornithology of Cyprus. — Part III.
By John A. Bucknill,M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.*

Since the publication of the two prior instalments of this
paper my attention has kindly been drawn by Victor, Ritter
von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, to a not unimportant article
on Cypriote Ornithology which seems to have hitherto
escaped notice. This article is by Herr G. Schrader and
appeared in the ' Ornithologisches Jahrbuch ' of December,
1891. It forms the second part of a paper entitled ' Orni-
thologische Beobachtungen auf meinen Sammelreisen/ and
purports to give an account of the birds observed and taken
by the author during a visit to Cyprus between October 3rd,
1876, and April 3rd, 1878.

It appears fairly clear from certain of the data that
the author must be the collector whose consignments were
despatched to Schliiter, while some of them were examined
by Herr August Miiller, who published his account of them
in 1879 (vide ' The Ibis/ 1909, p. 576). Schrader's paper
mentions 146 species, and it is somewhat remarkable that he
includes several birds which apparently did not reach Miiller
and which have not been recorded from the island by any
other observer.

* Continued from above, p. 47. The numbers in front of the names
are those of Dresser's ' Manual of Palfearctic Birds.'

SER. IX. — VOL. IV. 2c

386 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

I have thouglit it best to incorporate iu this — the third
and last instalment of ray paper such of Schrader's notes as
can conveniently be included, and have added short parti-
culars of the few species for the addition of which to the
Cypriote list he is solely responsible, and which would in
ordinary sequence have appeared in the two prior parts.

The remarks in Schrader's paper, which are interesting
and useful, do not bear evidence of close accuracy, but
contain several obvious mistakes and a certain amount of
information the correctness of which I am inclined to doubt.

776. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.).

Sibthorp included the Cormorant iu his list as Pelecanus
carbo and it reappears in Unger and Kotschy's as Carbo
Cormoranus Meyer. Schrader states that it sometimes
appears in winter.

No specimens were obtained by Lord Lilford or his col-
lectors, though Guillemard mentions " a pair of Cormorants "
which he watched through his telescope off Cape Gata. Lord
Lilford was inclined to think that the Shag was the only
species of this genus to be found in Cyprus, but Madarasz
rightly points out that the Cormorant is not an improbable
winter visitor. The only specimen obtained up to the
present of which I am aware is a female taken by Glaszner
on November 16th, 1902, near Larnaca and despatched to
Madarasz. Horsbrugh and I saw an old male on the wing
close to the pier at Limassol on February 8th, 1910, and
two days later Horsbrugh noticed four or five at Cape Gata.

781. Phalaciiocorax graculus (Linn.).

The Shag is a resident and breeds, though not in any large
numbers, in a few suitable places round the coast. It is
sometimes seen on the fresh-water reservoirs.

Lord Lilford occasionally observed it in pairs or singly
off the south coast in April or May, 1875, and through Guil-
lemard received from Capt. (now Sir Arthur) Young — then
Commissioner of Famagusta — in January 1889, an immature
specimen. I heard of it near Kyrenia at the end of October
1908, from Major Bolton, Commissioner of that District ;

Ornithology of Cyprus. 387

and on November the 23rd, 1908, Mr. Jebb shot an immature
bird at Kouklia reservoir. Mr. Nicolls found it nesting in
small numbers on the Klides Islands at the extreme north-
east point of Cyprus, and Horsbrugh on the 25th of April,
1909, discovered about fifteen pairs breeding on an islet
close to Kyrenia and shot an immature male.

785. Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn.

Guillemard in his list of Cypriote birds compiled in con-
junction with Lord Lilford for the use of the latter in his
' Ibis ' paper, states that " both species " of Pelican occur in
Cyprus. Schrader states that he once, in November, saw a
single specimen on a small lake.

Lord Lilford thought that the Roseate Pelican was at
least as common as the Dalmatian in Cyprus, and was
assured by the peasants that the " Ass-headed Swans "
visiting the salt-lakes in winter were as white as the snow
on Troodos. However, I am not aware that any specimen of
the Roseate species has been actually obtained, though
' Pelicans ' are common on the salt-lakes in the winter
months and are sometimes seen on the freshwater reservoirs.

787. Pelecanus crispus Bruch.

Lord Lilford refers under the heading of the Dalmatian
Pelican to Tristram's remarks in Dresser's ( Birds of Europe '
vol. vi. p. 200 {vide infra).

Guillemard includes the bird, as before stated, in his rough
list, though he mentions neither of the two species in his
* Ibis ' articles.

Dresser in his ' Manual of Palaearctic Birds,' vol. ii. p. 563,
describes the plumage of this bird from an adult male taken
at Limassol in 1863, which was in Canon Tristram's collec-
tion, but I do not notice any " remarks " by the latter in the
text of Dresser's larger work.

Glaszner on November the 14th, 1908, shewed me an imma-
ture bird taken at the Larnaca salt-lake and had another
brought to him in the flesh from the same locality on the
previous day. On the 23rd of the same month Mr. Jebb

2c2

388 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

sent me another nearly mature bird which he had shot, at the
Kouklia reservoir on that day.

788. Ardea cinerea Linn.

I am not aware that the Grey Heron — or indeed any
Heron — breeds in Cyprus, but this fact is probably due to
the absence of suitable situations.

Herons are, therefore, practically unknown in the island
except as migrants in spring and autumn, though a few
probably remain during the winter. The present species
was recognised by Sibthorp. Lord Lilford and his col-
lectors do not seem to have obtained a specimen, but the
former states that the bird is occasionally observed though
not abundant, and Guillemard noticed it near Larnaca in
early April, 1887. Schrader met with it not uncommonly
on the spring migration. Glaszner sent Madarasz a speci-
men taken on June the 30th, 1901, from which the latter
surmises that this species breeds in the island.

Mr. Jebb found three birds at Acheritou on August the
30th, 1908; Horsbrugh saw two on March the 23rd, 1909,
and a single individual six days later at the same place, while
he obtained with Mr. Baxendale a very juvenile specimen near
Papho on May the 23rd ; they also saw a single bird on the
sea-shore near Famagusta on January the 11th, 1910, and
four days later Mr. Baxendale and I observed another on
the freshwater lake not far from the same town. We also
found many later in the spring in the same locality.

789. Ardea purpurea Linn.

The Purple Heron is also in Sibthorp's list. Lord Lil-
ford found it very common in the marshes in April and May
and frequently noticed it in the wheat-fields. Schrader met
with it on the spring migration, and Midler mentions an adult
pair taken in the spring. Guillemard obtained an example
at the very end of March 1888, near Larnaca. This species
does not seem to have been met with by Glaszner.

Horsbrugh found it in some numbers at the Acheritou and
Kouklia reservoirs from March the 28th to April the 20th,

Ornithology of Cyprus. 389

1909, and obtained several specimens, while on May the 9th of
the same year he observed a skin hanging np in the Mukhtar's
house at Kambos, in the hills, which he was informed was that
of a bird shot not long before in the neighbourhood. We also
obtained it in early April 1910 at the Famagusta reservoirs.

791. Ardea alba Linn.

Sibthorp includes the Great White Egret or Heron in his
list and writes in his journal that he shot a specimen near
Famagusta on the morning of April 18th (1787).

Lord Lilford and his collectors did not meet with it, but
the former was told by his Spanish companion, who was well
acquainted with all the common marsh birds of Andalucia,
that he had seen on April the 15th (1875) at the Limassol
salt-lake three snow-white Herons at least twice the size of
the Little Egret, with which he was very familiar.

Schrader writes that it occurs, but very rarely, on mi-
gration.

I am not aware of any other local record.

794. Ardea garzetta Linn.

Lord Lilford frequently met with the Little Egret and
obtained it in the south of Cyprus, while he noticed one
flying over his yacht in Episkopi Bay on April the loth, 1875
— the day he arrived at the island. Schrader states that it
arrives about March the 23rd on passage but is very rare,
(jruillemard seems only to have noticed it near Famagusta
on April the 26th, 1887.

Several " pure white small Herons " were reported on
April the 28th, 1909, from the Acheritou reservoir by Mr. A.
Douglas, which most probably belonged to this species.

795. Ardea ibis Linn.

Ardea bubulcus Audouin, B. O. U. List, p. 109.

The Buff-backed Heron was thought by Lord Lilford to be
the most common member of the genus Ardea met with by
him in Cyprus during his visit, and he mentions that his yacht
was " boarded " by three shortly after the island had been
sighted, on April the 14th (1875). Schrader observed this

390 Mr. J. A. Buckuill on the

species on April the 27th and again in August, 1877 ; Miiller
mentions an adult male taken in spring ; Guillemard came
across the bird in early April 1888, near Larnaca, and at the
end of that month near Famagusta ; Glaszner sent Madarasz
three examples obtained in the latter half of the same
mouth.

797. Ardea ralloides Scop.

Lord Lilford found the Squacco Heron tolerably frequent
during his visit; Schrader observed some on September
the 11th, 1877; Miiller records an adult pair taken in spring ;
Guillemard met with the bird in precisely the same
localities and on the same dates as the preceding species,
and Glaszner sent two males to Madarasz taken near Larnaca
on April the 10th and May the 6th. I received a male from
Mr. Barrett shot at Athalassa near Nicosia on March the
24th, 1909. Horsbrugh met with a few birds at Acheritou
during his stay and obtained a male on the 9th and another
on the 10th of April (1909). Mr. A. Douglas sent me a fine
male, shot at the Acheritou reservoir, on May the 7th, and
Mr. Baxendale came across two individuals near Papho
about the same date.

800. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.).

The Night Heron was observed by Sibthorp. Lord Lilford
did not think it very abundant, but saw it on several
occasions and obtained it at Limassol. Schrader noticed
it on March the 10th, but thought it rare. It does not appear
to have been mentioned by Guillemard in his ' Ibis ' articles ;
but Glaszner sent to Madarasz four specimens taken near
Larnaca in March, April, and May, and shewed me a male
in his possession from the same neighbourhood. Horsbrugh
obtained an immature male at Kouklia reservoir on April the
9th, 1909; an adult male frequented the large tank (which
contains many fishes) in my garden at Nicosia for some hours
on April the 13th in the same year; Mr. Baxendale and
Horsbrugh shot a very juvenile specimen on May the 23rd
in some reed-beds near Paphos, and the former secured a
fine young male out of a flock of six near the same place
on October the 8th.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 391

803. Ardetta minuta (Linn.).

The Little Bittern was also recognised by Sibthorp. Lord
Lilford thought it common at the latter end of April and
beginning of May, and believed that it bred in a certain
locality near Limassol as well as in other parts of the island.
Schrader met with it in small numbers at the end of April
and at the end of August, 1877. It was noticed by
Gnillemard on May the 20th, 1888, near Famagusta, and
Glaszner shewed me a male obtained near Larnaca on
May the 4th, 1905. Mr. Baxendale sent me up one which he
had shot near Papho on April the 20th, 1909 ; Mr. C. Noble,
with Horsbrugh, observed a specimen on a little marsh near
Karavostasi on May the 9th, 1909, and on May the 18th the
latter found what he thought was probably a nest of this
species in a large bush overhanging a stream in the Papho
district. Mr. G. F. Wilson secured a female at Larnaca on
October the 17th. This species is evidently a visitor at the
migration seasons, and perhaps occasionally nests in Cyprus.

807. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).

The Bittern was obtained by Guillemard once only, namely
near Famagusta on May 20th, 1888. Glaszner sent a male to
Madarasz, taken on November the 29th, 1902, and shewed me
a female obtained near Larnaca on January the 24th, 1905.
The bird is known to Mr. Nicolls as an occasional winter
visitor, and he shot three in a very secluded marsh in the
Famagusta district on March the 14th, 1908. Mr. Baxendale
shot two at Avgasida Marsh on December the 26th, 1909 ; a
female on January the 12th, and a male on February the
20th, 1910, all in the Famagusta neighbourhood. Captain F.
W. Wright, of the Army Service Corps, sent to Horsbrugh a
fine female shot at the Limassol salt-lake on February the
13th, 1910.

809. Ciconia alba Bechst.

The White Stork is not a common visitor on its spring
and autumn migrations, though it is incorrect to assert, as
has been recently done, that it never occurs in the island.
Still, there can be no doubt that its main line of migration

392 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean follows the coast
of the Levant. I should think that it is extremely probable
that the birds " not unlike ducks, but with a pointed beak,
which eat the locusts and thus lessen their ravages," referred
to by Cornells van Bruyn in 1683, as from time to time
visiting Cyprus, were of this species. Lord Lilford observed
a large flock coming in to land from the south near Galino-
porni in the extreme north-east of the island on April 26th,
1875. Schrader states that he saw the nest in ^Nicosia, but
I have hardly any doubt that this is a mistake. Miss Bate
observed three birds on October 27th, 1901, near Kouklia
reservoir, standing in some cotton-fields, and Horsbrugh,
on the 30th March, 1909, saw a single individual at the same
place. This species does not seem to have been met with
by any one else.

812. Platalea leucorodia Linn.

Schrader states that the Spoonbill is occasionally met
with, and Miiller mentions an adult male taken on Novem-
ber 1st (1877-8). I am not aware of any other record of
its having been obtained in the island, but Mr. A. K. Bovill
informs me that it has been observed near Famagusta.

818. PLEGAnis falcinellus (Linn.).

The Glossy Ibis was not identified with certainty by Lord
Lilford on his visit to the island, but there is no doubt that
it is a regular and not very uncommon visitor on its spring
and autumn migrations. Schrader writes that he observed
several flights in April and August, 1877. Miiller mentions
an adult pair obtained in spring; Sir Samuel Baker, who
visited Cyprus in 1880, records shooting an example on the
freshwater lake near Famagusta ; Guillemard, on his first
visit, found small flocks of a dozen or fifteen individuals near
Larnaca in mid-April, while he records the bird as numerous
near Famagusta at the beginning of the same month in 1888,
and obtained specimens. Horsbrugh saw about a dozen
on the 9th of April, 1909, at the Acheritou reservoir, and
obtained from there through Mr. Douglas a fine male and
female on the 19th of the same month.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 393

819. Phosnicopterus roseus Pall.

The Flamingo is a common visitor in the winter to the
large salt-lakes of Limassol and Larnaca, and, although
records of its having been shot are rare, owing to its wary
habits, it can be observed at times in very large numbers.
Lord Lilford received a specimen from Pearse, without data,
but killed, no doubt, near Larnaca, in the winter of 1878-9,
but the bird does not seem to have been obtained by
Guillemard or Glaszner. Schrader regarded it as an
extremely rare bird of passage only. It is very well
known, however, to the residents in the two towns above-
mentioned, and I have a note of a slightly wounded indi-
vidual being taken alive during the spring of 1909 on the
Limassol Lake. Passing through Larnaca in the first days
of March 1909, Horsbrugh noticed large numbers at the
salt-lake there. I have no note of an occurrence at the fresh-
water reservoirs, but Mr. Greenwood informs me that at Papho
he has seen several killed by flying against the lighthouse.
Mr. Michell, the Commissioner of Limassol, informs me that,
though extremely common, they almost invariably keep
towards the centre of the lake, well out of gun-shot. In
January 1910, Horsbrugh and I found a flock of some four
hundred at the Larnaca salt lake, and Mr. T. Greenwood
kindly obtained for us two fine mature and two immature
specimens, one of the latter being alive and living for some
time in captivity. In February 1910, at Limassol salt-lake,
Horsbrugh also met with very large flocks.

820. Anser ferus Schaeff.

It is, perhaps, convenient here to make a few observations
upon the Anatidaj in general in relation to the island.

About the middle of October large flights of Ducks com-
mence to arrive in Cyprus ; many almost immediately pass
further south, but some establish themselves on the lakes,
reservoirs, and other suitable localities for the winter. As
the weather grows colder in the north more and more stream
in, accompanied by Geese and sometimes by Swans, and from
.November until the return migration — which takes place in

394 Mr. J. A. Buckuill on the

March and April — is over, huge numbers of birds of this
Family may be observed on the larger sheets of water. In
the spring these winter residents, joining ranks again with
the army now moving north, soon disappear, and in June,
July and August it would puzzle most people to find a single
Duck in the island. It may seem remarkable that so very
few remain during the summer, but the fact is that there
are no very suitable localities for Ducks to breed in; the
freshwater reservoirs and lakes are, as a rule, dry, either from
drainage off of the water or from natural causes, and their
banks are bare and afford little, if any, suitable cover ; the salt-
lakes are no better than a slush of brine, and the streams,
with very few exceptions, are exhausted or diverted at the
higher levels for domestic or agricultural purposes. An
interesting document kindly placed at my disposal by Mr.
Michell, the Commissioner of Limassol, well exemplifies the
disappearance of water-fowl in summer : it is a daily record
for nearly a year (from March lOth-November 20th, 1908) of
the birds observed at the great Limassol salt-lake, kept, at
request, by the salt-guard, an intelligent Cypriote minor
official. Out of hundreds of entries, most of which relate to
Swans, Geese, Ducks, and Cranes, the last summer note is
on June 8th " a very few ducks/' and from thence onward,
with the one exception of July 18th, " four ducks," there is
no record of any of the Anatidae until September 18th when
"ducks" again appear in the journal, and continue daily
to the conclusion of the diary.

Some of the local Greek names used by this official —
the record being kept in Greek — are rather unintelligible,
but "TJairripes" " BaPj3aP6XV^/' " Tepavoi," ""Emires,"
" KovftovSe?;' "OpTUKia," " Tle/caT^ves," and " MeXiaao-
(pujoi" are easily recognisable as "Ducks/' "Wild Geese,"
" Cranes," " Hoopoes," " Wild Swans," " Quails" "Snipe,"
and " Bee-eaters."

Notwithstanding the great abundance of the Duck tribe
in winter, definite records of the rarer species have been,
hitherto, meagre. Sibthorp mentions the Mallard, the Gar-
ganey, and another species unknown to him which he called

Ornithology of Cyprus. 395

"Anas cypria." Unger and Kotschy add the Grey Lag
Goose only. Lord Lilford identified none except the Marbled
Duck, while Pearse did not send him a single specimen.
Schrader, however, mentions the Mute Swan, Common and
Ruddy Sheldrake, Shoveler, Pintail, Wigeon, Teal, and
Tufted Duck, in addition to those already recorded. Miiller
changes Sibthorp's and Unger and Kotschy's Garganey to
the Teal (very likely correctly). Glaszner, at any rate up
to the appearance of Madarasz's paper in 1904, had sent
the latter nothing but the Teal. Guillemard added the
Gadwall, Pochard, White-eyed Duck, and Scoter.

Our own records have, I am glad to say, amplified and
confirmed previous observations very considerably.

The Grey Lag Goose is a winter visitor in considerable
numbers, particularly in severe weather. It was first men-
tioned by Unger and Kotschy, and is stated by Schrader to
occur in small numbers in winter on the lakes. Miiller
refers to a young male shot on November 25th ; Guillemard
mentions having seen " Geese " near Larnaca on one
occasion, but does not seem to have ever identified any.
On November 17th, 1907, and in January 1908, I saw
at the reservoirs between two and three hundred Geese
which were probably chiefly of this species. On the 21st
of November, 1908, Mr. Jebb reported their appearance
in the same locality again. In December 1908, a large
flight visited the estuary of a river near Papho, and Hadji
Dimitri — an excellent sportsman, and Mukhtar of a village
called Kouklia — obtained four at one shot, and sent them to
Mr. T. Greenwood. One of these was given to Mr. Baxen-
dale, who also at about the same time saw a wounded
bird, no doubt from the same gaggle. Mr. Nicolls, in
the middle of February 1909, shot another at Acheritou, but
on Horsbrugh's arrival at the reservoirs on March the 23rd
all the Geese had disappeared. Wild Geese occur also in
considerable numbers on the salt-lakes, but they are only
differentiated by the salt-guard who kept the diary, as
"Black" and "White-spotted/' However, even from this
meagre detail, one can gather quite clearly that no Geese

396 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

are to be found there after the beginning of April, while
they do not re-appear until the beginning of November.

821. Anser fabalis (Lath.).

Anser segetum Gmelin, B. O. U. List, p. 1 15.

Although the Bean Goose is probably not an infrequent
visitor to the island in winter, it has hardly ever been
identified. Mr. Nicolls obtained a single specimen in
December 1904, near Famagusta. I stalked and shot at a
solitary bird on the 7th of December, 1908, in the marsh
on the coast at Morphou, and as it was in an open flat, and I
had it under observation at a range of about sixty yards with
my glasses for quite twenty minutes, vainly watching for it
to walk closer to the rushes in which I was concealed, there
could be no doubt as to its identity. It came in from the
sea, there being a strong gale blowing at the time, and when
1 shot at it, disappeared inland.

829. Branta bernicla (Linn.).

Bernicla brenta, B. O. U. List, p. 117.

Black Geese, some of which are certainly Brent, visit the
waters of Cyprus in some numbers during the winter, and
the salt-guard's diary at Limassol Lake contains numerous
entries between November and March of " ^ve? jxavpot."
Cobham, in his ' Hand-book of Cyprus,' 1907, states that
this species is to be seen in the marshes in the winter. My
only definite record, although I have more than once seen
parties of Geese at a distance on the sea which I have very
little doubt were Brent, is of a specimen which was shot at
Kyrenia in December 1908, aud identified by Major Bolton,
the Commissioner of that district, who is well acquainted
with the species.

836. Cygnus olor (Gmel.).

Wild Swans regularly visit the reservoirs and salt-lakes
in winter, but not, as a rule, in any numbers. Schrader
states that he met with two birds of this species in the
winter of 1876-7 near Larnaca. The salt-guard's diary
contains notes of two Swans which seem to have frequented

Ornithology of Cyprus. 397

the Limassol Lake from March the 10th to the 26th, while
on the 5th of November, 1908, sixteen Swans were observed at
Acheritou ; one of these was shot at Kouklia, and, judging
from the description given to me, was probably an immature
bird of this species. Swans were also seen on the reservoirs
in 1909, but the only definitely identified specimen which, so
far as I am aware, has been recorded, is one of the Mute
Swan, obtained by Guillemard in mid-April, 1887, on a lake
near Larnaca, out of a party of three, which he had seen at
that place on several occasions.

It is said that the Mute Swan was introduced into England
by Richard Cceur-de-Lion by specimens sent from Cyprus,
but I do not know on what authority the story rests.

Chenalopex iEGYPTiACus (Linn.).

I am not at all sure what business the Egyptian Goose
has in Cyprus, but I am not aware that it is kept in captivity
in the island. During the past four years two or three have
regularly haunted the water courses near Nicosia, arriving
in the first days of December and leaving about the first
week in March. The dates of arrival and departure have
been carefully kept by Mr. G. F. Wilson, and are as
follows : —

Arrival.
2 December, 1906.
1 „ 1907.

29 November, 1908.

Departure.
3 March, 1907.
15 „ 1908.
7 ,', 1909.

They are very wary.

On April 8th, 1909, Horsbrugh, who is well acquainted
with the bird in South Africa, saw two at the Kouklia
reservoir which he identified with absolute certainty.

839. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel.).

The Common or Burrow Sheldrake is a winter visitor,
though apparently not abundant. It is mentioned by
Schrader as occurring in small flights in winter.

Guillemard met with it near Famagusta at the beginning
of February 1887, and obtained it at Kouklia marsh at the
end of that month. Mr. Nicolls has shot it at Acheritou

.'398 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

once or twice in winter, but otherwise none of us have come
across it yet.

840. Tadorxa casarca (Linn.).

Lord Lilford did not meet with the Ruddy Sheldrake
himself, but was positively assured that it bred in the Papho
district. Schrader states that it occurs in winter and is
rather more common than the preceding species. Guille-
mard, who states that it is not an uncommon bird in
Cyprus, met with it in a marsh in Avgasida, not very far
from Salamis, on about the 9th of March, 1888, and after-
wards obtained it through his "shikari" in the Famagusta
marshes.

Mr. T. Greenwood sent me a fine female shot near Larnaca
on February the 24th, 1910.

842. Anas boscas Linn.

The Wild Duck or Mallard is a very common winter
visitor, and, though occurring in large flocks on the big
sheets of water, is well enough scattered over the smaller
waters to offer more chances of sport than any other Duck,
except perhaps the Teal : a very few undoubtedly stay
all the summer.

844. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.).

Up to the present the Gadwall has been included in the
list solely on account of its name being written by
Guillemard in the rough catalogue compiled by him in
conjunction with Lord Lilford for the latter's use, but
Lord Lilford did not meet with it, and no specimen was
obtained by Guillemard, who does not mention it in his
' Ibis ' articles.

In the middle of February 1909, Mr. Nicolls shot a
single specimen at Acheritou. Horsbrugh found three or
four couples — paired — at the end of March 1909, at the
same reservoir, and on the 23rd obtained a fine male there.

845. Spatula clypeata (Linn.).

The Shoveler is not at all an uncommon winter visitor.
Schrader, however, called it uncommon. Guillemard met

Ornithology of Cyprus. 399

with it on a lake near Famagusta in early February,
1888, at Kouklia marsh at the end of the same month,
and again as late as May the 20th in the same year, close
to Famagusta. Mr. Jebb noted its first arrival at the
reservoirs on October the 6th, 1908, when he obtained four
specimens ; it has frequently been shot during winter by
Mr. Nicolls and other sportsmen, and at Acheritou, at the
end of March, Horsbrugh noticed some twenty couples —
paired — and shot several specimens. During December
1909 and January 1910, Mr. Baxendale, Horsbrugh and I
obtained quite a number of examples from various localities.

846. Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetr.).

Sibthorp included in his list an unidentified species
under the name Anas cypria and gave as its local name
the Greek " Tlairepo ■^rupo.1''

Lord Lilford stated that he had some reason to believe
that this name (which appeared unaltered in Unger and
Kotschy's list) was intended to refer to the Marbled Duck ;
but no reason is given for this view and I. regret that I
can find nothing definite to support it. However, Lord
Lilford recognised a small flight of Marbled Duck on the
shores of Episkopi Bay on April 15th, 1875, and his yacht-
captain shot a female near Limassol early in May, which
evidently had a nest. Guillemard obtained this duck near
Larnaca on April the 8th, 1888, and took its nest and eggs
near Famagusta later in the same year. The only personal
record I have concerning it is that I bought three
examples in Limassol bazaar on February the 9th, 1909.

848. Querquedula circia (Linn.).

Sibthorp included the Garganey in his list, and it re-
appeared in that of Unger and Kotschy. Miiller, perhaps
rightly, replaced it by the Teal. Guillemard, who met
with it at the beginning of April near Famagusta, regarded
it as fairly common, though a migrant on passage only.
At the end of March and beginning of April, 1909,
Horsbrugh found a few pairs at both the Acheritou and
Kouklia reservoirs, and obtained specimens in both localities,

400 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

850. Nettion crecca (Linn.).

Querquedula crecca, B. O. U. List, p. 127.

The Teal is an abundant winter visitor, arriving towards
the middle of October and leaving towards the end of
March or beginning of April. It occurs in large flocks
on the big sheets of water, but is also well distributed in
other suitable localities. During his visit to the reservoirs,
at the end of March and beginning of April, 1909, Horsbrugh
found the Teal the most common Duck and still in small
parties.

853. Dafila acuta (Linn.).

The Pintail is a common winter visitor. Schrader, how-
ever, described it as rare. It was met with by Guillemard
on a lake close to Famagusta in early February 1888, and at
the end of the same month at Kouklia marsh. It has often
been shot in winter by Mr. Nicolls and others. A large
flight was noticed by Mr. T. Greenwood at Papho on March
the 6th, 1909, and a day or two afterwards he obtained an
individual which, being only winged, he kept in captivity for a
long time ; he informs me that this was a migrating flock,
and that the birds are never seen in that neighbourhood for
more than a few days at these seasons. At the end of March
Horsbrugh found the Pintail fairly numerous at Acheritou
and Kouklia reservoirs and, as a rule, paired ; he noticed
at the former water some fifteen or twenty couples, and
at the latter only three or four pairs. During December
1909, and January and February 1910, Mr. Baxendale,
Mr. Nicolls, Horsbrugh and I obtained several specimens.

854. Mareca penelope (Linn.).

The Wigeon is in my opinion undoubtedly the most
abundant Duck that visits the island. It is an
exceedingly common winter guest, and forms a large
proportion of the birds which fall to the gun near the
reservoirs and lakes. Schrader refers to it as an uncommon
winter migrant. Guillemard came across it in early
Januarv, 1888, near the Limassol salt-lake, and near

Ornithology of Cyprus. 401

Famagusta in early February. From the first snap of
coldish weather up to at any rate the beginning of March,
thousands are to be seen at Acheritou and Kouklia. On
November the 17th, 190/, at Kouklia, and on January the
15th, 1908, at Acheritou, I must have seen, at a \evy moderate
estimate, five thousand in the air together, but except for
an occasional chance shot they are usually unapproachable.
In the marshy ground near the salt-lakes, and where there is
some cover, very fair bags are sometimes made. Horsbrugh
at the end of March, 1909, found very few remaining
on the reservoirs, only about six pairs. I have frequently
bought examples of this species in the markets, and it is
well known to all local sportsmen.

857. tEthyia ffrina (Linn.).

Fuligula ferina, B. O. U. List, p. 130.

The Pochard is a tolerably common winter visitor
but is, no doubt, not distinguished from the Wigeon
by most local sportsmen. It was not mentioned by
Guillemard in his 'Ibis' articles, but he brought back a
female taken near Famagusta on March 16th, 1888.
Mr. Nicolls tells me that he has obtained it ou the
reservoirs in winter ; and Horsbrugh, at the end of March
1909, found it in fair numbers at Acheritou and Kouklia,
noticing about twenty-five couples in all — paired — and
obtaining several specimens. I shot an old male at Kouklia
on December the 27th, 1909, out of a flock of twelve, and on
the 17th of January, 1910, Mr. A.Douglas sent Mr.Baxendale
another drake shot at Acheritou on the previous day.

859. iETHYiA fuligula (Linn.).

Fuligula cristata, B. O. U. List, p. 129.

The Tufted Duck is a common winter visitor. Schrader
states that it is uncommon. Miiller mentions a young male
taken on October the 28th. Guillemard seems only to have
once come across the bird, obtaining it in Kouklia marsh
in the beginning of March 1888 ; but it is well enough
known to, and sometimes shot, by Mr. Nicolls and other
sportsmen on the reservoirs.

SER. IX.— VOL. IV. 2 D

402 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

I bought a male and two females in the Larnaca market
on November the 6th, 1908 ; Mr. Nicolls shot a male at
Acheritou in mid-February, 1909, and from the 23rd of
March till the 2nd of April, when he left the neighbourhood,
Horsbrugh saw quite a number on the Acheritou and
Kouklia reservoirs, chiefly in pairs ; he counted about
fifteen couples at the former place and six pairs at the
latter, and obtained several birds on both sheets of Avater.

We have shot several specimens this winter (1909-1910).

860. jEthyia nyroca (Giild.).

Nyroca ferruginea, B. O. U. List. p. 130.

Guillemard seems only to have met with the White-eyed
Duck once, when he obtained it in Kouklia marsh in the
beginning of March 1888, apparently at the same time as
the preceding species. It is. however, evidently not un-
common, as we obtained several specimens during the
winter ; a female bought in the Famagusta market on
January 19th ; a female shot by Mr. A. Douglas at
Acheritou on the 21st; a pair shot by Mr. Nicolls at
Acheritou on the 23rd ; a female bought in the Famagusta
market on February 1st; and a male was seen by Horsbrugh
at Limassol salt-lake on February 5th, 1910. We shot
both varieties of the female.

862. Clangula glaucion (Linn.).

I am pleased to be able to add the Golden-Eye to the
list of the Ducks of Cyprus.

Horsbrugh obtained a female at Kouklia reservoir on
April 9th, 1909. It appeared to be in transition plumage,
and at first puzzled us, but was subsequently identified by
the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe.

869. G^DEMIA NIGRA (Linn).

At the end of March 1888, Guillemard saw a Scoter,
which he was almost certain was of this species, near the
sea not far from Famagusta. Madarasz, however, considers
that it was probably the Velvet Scoter (CEdemia fusca).

On February 7th, 1908, I saw three Scoters at the mouth
of a small river near Papho, but they were too wary for

Ornithology of Cyprus. 408

me. I know of no specimen of any Scoter having been
actually shot.

883. COLUMBA L1VIA Bonn.

The Rock-Dove is a common resident in suitable localities.
Where the cliffs are high by the sea it occurs in large
numbers, as well as inland amongst the mountains, while
even in convenient places in the plains it may frequently
be seen.

We took a pair of fresh eggs as early as March the 20th,
but I have notes of eggs as late as May the 7th. This
Pigeon nests in Cyprus iu ancient ruined vaults, and even
in old deep-cut wells.

887. Columba cenas Linn.

The status of the Stock-Dove in Cyprus is very un-
satisfactory. Sibthorp did not include it in his list, though
he did catalogue the Rock-Dove as Columba rupestris.
Unger and Kotschy refer to C. arnas Linn., and not to
C. rupestris, but I have little doubt that this is merely
a case of intentional change of nomenclature and not of
substitution. Miiller, who received specimens and eggs of
the Rock-Dove only, points out, for reasons which he gives
in some detail, that it is clear that by the C. cenas of Unger
and Kotschy is meant the Rock-Dove.

The only record of the Stock-Dove in Cyprus of which
I am aware is that of Lord Lilford, who states that he
saw a pair of these birds near Trikhomo; but he adds that
as they were some way off it is possible that they were
Wood-Pigeons.

892. Columba palumbus Linn.

The Ring-Dove or Wood-Pigeon was mentioned by
Sibthorp, but was not observed by Lord Lilford. Guillemard,
however, met with it in June 1887, and January 1888,
though he writes of it as if it appeared to be uncommon.
Glaszner does not seem to have sent Madarasz any
specimens. I have found this bird quite common on the
southern range, where, as probably in some other wooded
districts, it is a resident, though according to my observations

2d 2

404 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

its numbers are somewhat increased by winter visitors which
arrive in the autumn. I found a good many on my arrival
at the Troodos summer-station in the beginning of July,
and they arc sufficiently numerous to afford a little sport.
In May and June Horsbrugh came across this species fairly
frequently in his tour through the hills and obtained several
specimens. I have examined the crops of over a dozen,
shot during August and September, and found the contents
to consist largely of the seeds of the coniferous trees with
which the southern range is covered, but also some
barley.

895. Turtuk communis Sclby.

The Turtle-Dove is a very abundant visitor on the spring
and autumn migrations, and a considerable number —
though small compared with the large numbers of birds
of passage — remain for the summer, and nest in the
mountains. The spring migration commences about mid-
April and lasts approximately a month ; the autumn •
movement takes place from towards the end of August
till the commencement of October. In some years the
bird occurs in enormous numbers ; Lord Lilford considered
it more abundant in Cyprus than in any other part of
the world which he had visited, and Guillemard records
a single flock of six or seven hundred. I found some
numbers on Troodos on my arrival there on July 1st, 1908,
and from that locality Mr. Nicolls sent me fresh eggs
taken on June 10th, 1909. The bird was included in
Sibthorp's list. In mid-September, during the migration,
I have seen dozens exposed for sale, both dead and alive,
in the Limassol bazaar : they are both shot and " limed "
for the table.

899. Turtur decaocto (Frivaldsky) .

The Collared Turtle-Dove was included by Sibthorp in
his list. Lord Lilford noticed one or two individuals in
the streets of Larnaca, and it seems to have been observed
by Guillemard.

There are always a few to be seen in the town of Nicosia,

Ornithology of Cyprus. 405

where I find they are very familiar and tame, frequenting
the old secluded Turkish gardens of which so many exist
inside the walls. Mr. G. F. Wilson informs me that this
species occurs in other towns in the island. It is certainly
a resident, but in Cyprus, as I understand is the case in
other places, seems to dwell only in inhabited areas in an
almost semi-feral state.

900. Turtur senegalensis (Linn.).

Horsbrugh and I found the Senegal Turtle-Dove in
small numbers — in parties of three or four — on the
Government farm at Athalassa, near Nicosia, at the
beginning of May 1909. The locality is covered with
young wattle and eucalyptus trees, and is well suited to
the bird's habits. Perhaps I need hardly add that after
five years' residence in Pretoria I am most intimately
acquainted with this species, and as Horsbrugh knows it
in South Africa as well as I do, there could be no possible
doubt as to its identity.

904. Pterocles arenarius (Pall.).

It is unfortunate that, though Sand-Grouse are at
times abundant in the Mesaoria plains, very little is yet
known as to the number of species which actually visit
or live in the island. Sand-Grouse are well known to the
English sportsmen in Cyprus. They are extremely wary and
shy, but a few are bagged every year in the autumn.

Mr. G. F. Wilson, who has shot a large number, considers
that three species of Pterocles occur in Cyprus : no doubt
P. arenarius and P. alchata, and perhaps P. exustus, though
until further definite information is forthcoming it is, of
course, impossible to speak with certainty, except as to the
two former species.

I have, hitherto, only been able to identify the Black-
bellied Sand-Grouse (P. arenarius). Miss Bate procured
an immature male in the Nicosia bazaar in November 1901,
and picked up some feathers belonging to this species in
the plains not far from that town. Mr. G. F. Wilson has
lent me two eggs, taken a few years ago in the Mesaoria,

406 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

which, after a careful comparison with others at the South
Kensington Museum, I am quite satisfied are those of this
species. Horsbrugh identified one male and two females taken
in the island, and kept in captivity by Mr. T. Greenwood, as
P. arenarius. I gather from Mr. G. F. Wilson that this
is the species generally met with, that it is partially resident
throughout the year, and that the numbers of the resident
Sand-Grouse appear to be augmented considerably by
migrants in autumn and probably in spring. A flock of
some twenty or more individuals frequented at evening a
lake about five miles from Nicosia, and on November the 26th,

1909, Mr. G. F. Wilson shot a fine female which was scut lo
me for identification. Mr. Baxendale on January the 20th,

1910, obtained three live specimens — two hens and a cock —
from the Mukhtar of Vatili, a village between Nicosia and
Famagusta ; they were quite tame and had been taken by him
as young chicks and fed and reared with his poultry. He
added that the bird breeds annually near his village in small
numbers and lays two eggs.

906. Pterocles alchata (Linn.).

Sibthorp in his Journal writes, " May 3rd (1787) near
Hagios Georghioos . . . (on the flats between Laruaca and
Famagusta) our chasseur shot a very rare bird of the Tetrao
kind, T. alchata, called by the greeks ' TraphaXos' ; this is
a bird of passage visiting the island in the spring and retir-
ing in the autumn ".

To the above I can add nothing at present of any value
except that Mr. G. F. Wrilson identifies one of the three
species which he distinguishes when shooting as the Pin-
tailed Sand-Grouse.

908. Pterocles exustus (Temm.).

The Singed Sand-Grouse is perhaps the third species
believed to visit or occur in the island. I have as yet no
definite record of its having been obtained, but Cobham in
his c Hand-book of Cyprus ' 1907, states that this is probably
one of the species which is found in the island.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 407

911. Phasianus colchicus Linn.

References to the Pheasant in Cyprus are made by the
mediaeval writers, but it has long ago disappeared. Mariti, a
most reliable and accurate author, who was acquainted with
both Partridges and Francolins, writing towards the end
of the 18th century, states that Ci pheasants, which abounded
in Cyprus even after its unhappy absorption in the Ottoman
Empire, have all been exterminated."

An attempt made very shortly after the British occupation
to re-introduce Pheasants by Lord John Kennedy and
Captain A. S. Stevenson was not a success, though the
birds were turned down at Aghirda Wood in the Kyrenia
district, probably as suitable a locality as there is in the
island. Through the kindness of Mr, W. Fremlin we have
this year been able to make another attempt at the introduc-
tion of Pheasants. Horsbrugh brought out in January
twenty-eight birds, which have been distributed in two
centres and some of which are, at present, doing very well.

947. Caccabis chucar (Gray).

The Chukar Partridge is a resident, and the only Part-
ridge which occurs in Cyprus. The introduction of modern
weapons of precision in large numbers has, within the last
twenty years, caused a very marked decrease in the abund-
ance of the species. From early accounts it must have been
exiremely numerous. At present, though found in all parts
of the island, it is only in a few secluded localities that
a bag of eight or ten brace may be confidently expected.
Though mercilessly pursued it is so wary a bird and so well
accustomed to take care of itself, that it is in little danger
of extermination. It is, notwithstanding the law, by no
means an uncommon practice for the peasants to utilize the
eggs of this bird for making " Easter " cakes or omelettes,
but I am glad to say that the offenders, when discovered, are
now promptly prosecuted. It is a good bird on the table
with a well marked flavour of its own. It nests during
April and May and lays sometimes as many as sixteen eggs ;
the average size of twelve was 1*53 X 118 inches.

408 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

This Partridge thrives well and breeds in captivity. It is
a very common cage-bird in the bazaars, and becomes
extremely tame.

In 1883 an attempt was made by Mr. J. P. Middleton to
introduce the English species, Perdix cinerea. A few pairs
were turned down in standing barley at Kolossi farm, near
Limassol, but the experiment was not a success, and their fate
is a mystery.

952. Francoljnus vulgaris Steph.

The Francolin is described from Cyprus as early as 1738,
by Dr. Pococke, and is referred to at some length by
numerous writers.

It is therefore unnecessary to say more than that it is a

resident, and, except in a few remoter localities such as the

Papho and Karpas districts where there is ample cover, is now

by no means common. It is, unfortunately for itself, not a

wary bird and. very easy to shoot, and, in consequence, although

protected by law entirely until 1911 it still, it is to be feared,

frequently falls a victim to unscrupulous gunners. It need

hardly perhaps be stated that it is far less abundant than it

was forty or fifty years ago. It is, however, still well known

to all local sportsmen, and I think that, on the whole, the

protection supposed to be afforded to it by the law has

not been altogether without effect. When shooting in the

Papho district in the autumn of 1908 I saw as many

as a dozen individuals in a day. It nests in late April,

May and early June, and I have notes of clutches of from

eight to eleven eggs from April the 24th to June the 4th.

I am told that it is an excellent table bird. The mention

of the occurrence of the " Ptarmigan " in Cyprus by an

anonymous writer in < The Field ' of April the 27th, 1889,

is obviously a mistake for " Francolin."

958. Coturnix communis Bonnaterre.

The Quail has been well known in Cyprus for centuries
and is constantly referred to by mediaeval writers.

It is at the present day a regular visitor in some numbers
on its spring and autumn migrations, and, whilst a few

Ornithology of Cyprus. 409

probably nest annually in the island, more — often a fair
sprinkling — remain throughout the winter. But in Cyprus,
as in other places, the number of visitors is extremely vari-
able : in some years very fair sport can be ohtained during
the autumn, whilst in others the bird is noticeably scarce.

Lord Lilford found " very great numbers " in the middle
of April, 1875, in the Famagusta neighbourhood, and he was
told that the vernal migration was a normal one ; on the
other hand, Guillemard states that he did not see more than
a dozen during his two visits in 1887 and 1888 — a period
which included two spring seasons. During the early
influx, the growing and standing crops, and the fact that it is
then the close season for shooting, no doubt hide its numbers;
but even in the autumn there has been of late years, as
I am informed, no great inrush such as is regularly met
with on many parts of the Mediterranean littoral. Twenty
couple would be an excellent bag in Cyprus ; and I am
inclined to think that, at any rate as a rule, the island
receives only outliers of one of the vast streams which
annually move north and south.

The spring migration commences at the end of March,
but the migrants have passed by the end of April : the
return passage takes place at the end of August and during
September and October.

With regard to the breeding of this species in the island,
Muller mentions two clutches of eggs, one of thirteen taken
on April the 10th, and the other of ten on May the 15th.
I have notes of its occurrence in every month of the year,
and in July 1908, Mr. G. F. Wilson found very young birds
near Nicosia : its nesting is also well known to other English
sportsmen. As to its being a winter visitor my own notes
are voluminous and conclusive, and I have eaten the bird
in November, December, and January : nine were shot by a
gentleman at Famagusta on January the 10th, 1909.

The best bag I have heard of since I have been in the
island is ten and a half couple by Messrs. T. Greenwood
and Baxendale at Papho on October the 11th, 1908.

In the autumn the Quail feeds very greedily on sesame

410 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

seed, with which one finds the crop crammed. It need
perhaps hardly be added that this species does not frequent
the hills.

984. Rallus aquaticus Linn.

Lord Lilford found the Water-Rail not uncommon in
suitable localities, and Guillemard observed a number near
Larnaca at the beginning of February. Schrader states that
it occurs rarely in winter. Glaszner sent a good many speci-
mens to Madarasz, taken near Larnaca in October, November,
December, and January. I shot a female at Morphou on
December the 12th, 1901, and saw another at Papho on
February the 7th of the same year. Mr. Baxendale obtained
three at Avgasida marsh on December the 26th, 1909;
Mr. G. F. Wilson shot a male near Nicosia on Jauuary the
9th, 1910 ; and 1 have notes of other specimens during this
winter.

It is apparently only a winter visitor, but its skulking
habits prevent it from being very often noticed.

986. Porzana maruetta (Leach).

Lord Lilford found the Spotted Crake in abundance in
every likely spot which he hunted up with his dogs in
April and early May, and had no doubt that it bred in the
island, though he did not discover the nest. Schrader met
with it in October in the marshes. Miiller refers to four
adult males taken on November the 11th and 13th. I do
not find any mention of the bird by Guillemard, and
Glaszner does not appear to have forwarded it to Madarasz.
Mr. Baxendale sent me a single specimen taken at Papho on
March the 7th, 1909 ; Horsbrugh shot a male at Acheritou
reservoir on March the 31st, and saw another at Karavostasi
near Morphou Bay on May the 7th of the same year.
Mr. Baxendale shot an adult male near Papho on October
the 3rd, 1909, and we obtained some examples early in April
1910, on the freshwater lake at Famagusta.

It is no doubt mostly a bird of passage, but probably
some individuals nest and some remain during the
winter.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 411

987. Porzana bailloni ( Vieill.) .

Lord Lilford shot an adult female Baillon's Crake near
Larnaca on April the 19th, 1875. Glaszner sent Madarasz
a male taken at the same place on November the 8th, 1901.
I had a bird of this species brought to me alive on April
the 4th, 1909, which had been captured near Pera, about ten
miles from Nicosia. From April the 1st, 1910, onwards,
Messrs. Baxendale and Horsbrugh obtained several at the
Famagusta marshes. Possibly it is a resident, but I am
disposed to regard it as a visitor on the migrations and
in winter.

989 PoHZANA PARVA (Scop.).

Guillemard observed the Little Crake near Larnaca in early
February 1887, and shot a specimen near the same place on
April the 7th in the following year. Messrs. Baxendale and
Horsbrugh found it quite abundant at the Famagusta lakes
at the end of March and beginning of April, 1910, and
obtained over a dozen specimens. It is a visitor at the
seasons of migration and perhaps in winter.

993. Crex pratensis Bechst.

The Corn-Crake or Land-Kail was included in Sibthorp's
list, but was not met with by Lord Lilford. Schrader refers
to it as a spring and autumn migrant. Guillemard heard it
once on March the 6th, 1888, and Glaszner sent a female to
Madarasz taken on August the 27th, 1901, near Larnaca.
Mr. G. F. Wilson records an example shot near Nicosia in
mid-September, 1908; I flushed ouewhen shooting nearPapho
close to the sea on September the 21st ; Mr. G. F. Wilson
himself shot one at Nicosia on October the 10th and
Mr. Baxendale another at Papho on October the 19th — all
in 1908.

I have never heard its cry in Cyprus, and I believe that it
is only a spring and autumn migrant or an occasional visitor.

998. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.).

The Water-hen or Moor-hen is another species which was
recognised by Sibthorp.

Lord Lilford called it " common in all suitable localities,"
but I can only find one record by Guillemard, namely whei'e

412 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

lie describes shooting a specimen near Larnaca in early April,
1887. Glaszner sent Madarasz three examples taken near
the same place in November and December. I have a note
of seeing one taken alive in the autumn of 1908, in Limassol
district ; Mr. Baxendale has frequently met with and shot
the bird near Papho in winter. Horsbrugh found a few at
Kouklia reservoir near Famagusta in early April, 1909, and
obtained specimens there ; I had a male brought to me
alive on April 12th, taken near Nicosia, and another sent to
me from Acheritou reservoir on May 1st; Horsbrugh also
saw an individual near Papho on May the 23rd — all in 1909.
This species is probably a partial resident, but mainly a
visitor on the migrations and in winter.

999. Fulica atra Linn.

It seems curious that the Coot should have escaped notice
until Pearse sent specimens to Lord Lilford, who did not
himself meet with the bird. But Schrader states that the
Coot is found from the end of October until the end of
February on the marshes and lakes of the island. Guillemard
does not mention it, but seems to have shot one at Famagusta
in March. Glaszner sent a male to Madarasz from Larnaca,
taken in October.

Lord Lilford was told that this species abounded on the
fresh and salt water lakes in winter. Whether it used to be
as common as it is now, I should greatly doubt, but the
establishment of the large freshwater reservoirs in the
Famagusta district has created for this — and other aquatic
birds — an ideal resort as long as there is water. In October
1901, Miss Bate saw the Kouklia reservoir crowded with
Coots, and was told that they nested in the corn-fields round
the edge of the water and that the peasants collected great
quantities of eggs for food. I have seen them in thousands in
the winter at both Acheritou and Kouklia, where they breed in
summer whenever the water is not run off, but they naturally
leave these localities and the island when the waters are
dried up or drained off, as was the case in 1908 and 1909.

The Coot may also be found on the salt-lakes.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 413

1001. Grus communis Bechst.

Large flights of the Common Crane cross over the island
at the spring and autumn migrations and are a very
familiar sight : the spring movement takes place from the
middle to towards the end of March: the autumn flight from
towards the end of August to about the middle of September.
Large numbers sometimes alight, hut the bulk pass high in
the air. A few frequent the marshes during the cold season,
and I have notes of having seen small flocks of from a dozen
to twenty individuals throughout the winter months crossing
the Mesaoria plain from the Famagusta to the Morphou
marshes. On January 15th, 1908, I saw and unsuccessfully
stalked two on the Acheritou reservoir.

This species appears to have been first recorded by Lord
Lilford.

1007. Grus virgo (Linn.).

The Demoiselle Crane is a regular spring and autumn
migrant, hut has not very often been definitely recorded,
owing no doubt to the difficulty with which these birds can
be approached. Lord Lilford met with a flock of some thirty
near Larnaca in the middle of April ; and Guillemard, who
only found the head of a specimen on a cottage door during
his first visit, subsequently observed its arrival in the same
neighbourhood and obtained it at the beginning of April.
It appears to stay only some two or three weeks. From
observations taken at Limassol it would seem to arrive at the
very end of March and return in mid-September and the
beginning of October.

1010. Otis tarda Linn.

The casual references to Bustards which may be found in
several accounts of Cyprus do not in general trouble to
specify the species. Lord Lilford, however, gathered from
what he was told in the island that the Great Bustard was a
casual and somewhat uncommon visitor to the Mesaoria plain.
Guillemard received similar information, and was informed
by Mr. King, then (in 1887) Commissioner of Nicosia, that

414 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

on one occasion he had a recently killed specimen brought
to him. Mr. T. Greenwood, who has had a very long
experience as a sportsman in Cyprus, tells me that he met
with this bird very rarely near Famagusta ; and Mr. G. F.
Wilson has seen one only, namely on January the 29th,
1905, on the Mesaoria plain not very far from Nicosia.

I am not aware that any local specimen yet obtained has
been properly identified as Otis tarda, but I think that there
can be little doubt that the species is an occasional straggler
to the island.

1012. Tetrax campestkis Leach.

Otis tetrax Linn., B. O. U. List, p. 154.

The Little Bustard is a rare winter visitor. Lord Lilford
thought he saw a small flock near Famagusta, but was at
too great a distance for positive identification. Schrader
states that he obtained a single specimen in November.

Miiller mentions a young male from the island, and
Guillemard heard of the bird being sometimes exposed for
sale in the Nicosia market. Mr. T. Greenwood informs me
that he has shot examples of this species in winter, on several
occasions. Mr. Baxendale obtained two individuals from a
party of three close to Papho on December the 18th, 1908,
and on January the 1st, 1910, bought a specimen in the
Famagusta bazaar. Lord Lilford was informed that the
Little Bustard bred in the corn-lands in the island, but, so
far as I can ascertain, it is only known to the people in
Cyprus as a winter visitor.

1014. Houbara macqueeni (Gray & Hardw.).

A few years ago a single specimen of Macqueen's Bustard
was taken alive in the island and kept for some weeks in
captivity by Mr. A. Artemis of Nicosia. I am informed that
it was identified by Mr. Templer (then King's Advocate of
Cyprus), who was a competent ornithologist. I confess that
I should have thought it much more likely to have been
H. undulata (Jacq.), the Houbara Bustard, which species I
should not be at all surprised to find also locally confused
with Otis tarda.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 415

1015. (Edicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmel.).

The Stone Curlew is tolerably common in the plains and
is, at any rats in some numbers, resident.

Sibthorp obtained it in May ; Lord Lilford found it
common in all suitable localities during his visit and believed
it to be a permanent resident: Schrader states that it can be
found singly throughout the year: Miiller mentions a male
taken in January ; Guillemard met with it in May and June ;
Glaszner at the end of August. Mr. Baxendale has had it
under his observation in the Papho district during prac-
tically the entire year, and I have had specimens sent to me
in March from Athalassa and in May also from the Nicosia
neighbourhood. Mr. G. F. Wilson, who has frequently shot
it, tells me that he has met with it in August, September, and
January, and that young birds have been obtained in August,
so that there is little doubt as to its breeding locally. It
was also noticed by Horsbrugh in May, and he saw a flock
of about twenty at Famagusta on January the 13th, 1910.

1016. Glareola pkatincola (Linn.).

Probably the " birds not unlike plovers," which appeared
upon the procession of the holy picture from the Kykko
monastery and " swooping down upon the locusts devoured
great quantity," as mentioned by Cornelis van Bruyn, a
Dutchman who visited ' Cyprus in 1683, were Pratincoles.
Van Bruyn states that these birds " had never been seen
before nor were ever seen again, but the Pasha had forbidden
them to be killed, under pain of death."

Sibthorp, who includes this species in his list, speaks of
it in his Journal as a summer visitor. Lord Lilford found it
very abundant about the beginning of May and stated that
he felt no doubt that it bred in the island. Schrader states
that it occurs in small flocks at the migration seasons only.
Guillemard met with numbers at Morphou towards the end
of May 1887. Glaszner does not appear to have sent it to
Madarasz. None of our party came across this bird in the
spring of 1909, but, though it can no longer count on finding
flights of locusts in Cyprus, the island is well within its

416 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

summer range, and I should expect to find it a more or less
regular summer visitor.

1020. Charadrius pluvialis Linn.

Tlie Golden Plover seems to have been recorded hitherto
only by Guillemard, who mentions obtaining it at Avgasida
marsh in early March, 1888.

As a fact this species is a tolerably common winter visitor
and well known to all local sportsmen. According to
Mr. G. F. Wilson the Golden Plover seems to arrive slightly
before the Lapwing and stays a little later. It appears
about the beginning of November and often consorts with
the flocks of the Lapwing : it leaves the island in the early
part of March. On November the loth, 1908, 1 saw a small
flock of about twenty individuals near the river, close to
Nicosia, and on December the 19th, 1908, and January the
10th, 1909, Mr. G. F. Wilson kindly brought me male speci-
mens in the flesh, which he had obtained when shooting in the
same neighbourhood. He regards it as nearly as common
as Vanel/us vulgaris. This winter (1909-10) I purchased a
dozen or more at different times in the Nicosia bazaar.

1022. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.).

Sibthorp included in his list Tringa varia, which is
certainly a Linnsean name for the Grey Plover, but it was
omitted by Unger and Kotschy, and does not seem to have
been recorded by any other observer hitherto.

According to Mr. G. F. Wilson the Grey Plover is a rare
winter visitor : he has, in the course of several years, only
obtained it twice, namely on December the 20th, 1903, and
December the 1st, 1907 — on both occasions near Nicosia.

1024. .ZEgialitis geoffroyi (Wagl.).

The only definite records in Cyprus of the Greater Sand-
Plover of which I am aware are by Guillemard, who shot a
male commencing to assume summer plumage at the
Limassol salt-lake on March the 10th, 1887, out of a small
flock of six or seven birds, and by Mr. Baxendale, who shot
a female near Famagusta on March the 11th, 1910.

Ornithology of Cyprus, 417

1028. ^Egialitis camtiana (Lath.).

The Kentish Plover was first noticed by Lord Lilford,
who found it more or less abundant and states that it breeds
in Cyprus. Schrader wrote of it as an uncommon winter
visitor. Guillemard met with it at the end of April near
Famagusta, and Glaszner sent to Madarasz three examples
taken in January and March. Horsbrugh obtained a speci-
men at Acheritou on April the 9th, 1909, and Mr. Baxendale
another at Famagusta on January the 12th, 1910.

Lord Lilford thought that this species was perhaps more
abundant than either of the two following. It is probably
a resident.

1029. iEGiALins hiaticola (Linn.).

The Ringed Plover was included by Sibthorp in his list,
and Lord Lilford found it at the time of his visit more or
less frequently. Schrader speaks of it as a winter visitor.
Guillemard met with this species at the Limassol salt-lake
in early March, near Famagusta at the end of April, and
near Larnaca at the end of January. Glaszner has taken it
in the latter month, and also in September.

Horsbrugh obtained it at the reservoirs at the end of
March, and he and Mr. Baxendale shot several in the Papho
district between the 19th and 24th of May, 1909. It is a
spring and autumn migrant and a winter visitor.

1032. vEgialitis curonica (Gruel.).

Lord Lilford discovered the Little Ringed Plover more or
less frequently during his visit, and Muller records an adult
male obtained in spring. Guillemard met with it at the
Limassol salt-lake in early March, and on the 26th of April
near Famagusta. Glaszner sent Madarasz specimens
obtained near Larnaca in March and April. Mr. Baxendale
obtained the bird at Papho in May 1909. It is certainly a
visitor on its migrations, and perhaps a partial resident.

1035. Eudromias morinellus (Linn.).
I am pleased to be able to add the Dotterel to the Cypriote
list. T bought a single female along with five Golden Plovers

SEtt. IX. — VOL. IV. 2 E

418 Mr. J. A. Buoknill on the

on December the 15th, 1909, in the Nicosia bazaar, for
twenty piastres.

1037. Hoplopterus spinosus (Linn.).

The Spur-winged Plover was met with by Sibthorp, who
mentions in his Journal having shot a specimen flying near
his vessel when lying off the island in early April (1787).
Lord Lilford obtained one example near Limassol — out of the
only two seen by him during his visit — on May the 8th.
Pearse obtained specimens : Schrader states that he only pro-
cured one and that in November : and Muller records a single
immature example. Guillemard seems to have but once met
with the bird, shooting it at Avgasida marsh in early March.
Glaszner obtained a male on April the 10th, 1902. It is
known to Mr. Nicolls and other English sportsmen; and
Horsbrugh came across a few at the Aeheritou reservoir
between the 24th of March and the 10th of April, 1909, and
obtained several specimens. Mr. Nicolls states that, in some
seasons, when the height of the water has been favourable,
it has nested at the reservoirs. It is anyhow a spring and
autumn migrant.

1042. Vanellus vulgaris Bechst.

Schrader states that the Lapwing occurred in winter in
small flocks ; but Guillemard, though he met with one flock
between Nicosia and Larnaca at the end of February, 1887,
and two or three large flights near Famagusta at the end of
January in the following year, does not seem to have thought
it very common. Glaszner has obtained a few in the latter
month. The Lapwing, at the present time, is an abundant
winter visitor, arriving towards the middle of November
(though some are occasionally noticed in October) and
leaving towards the middle of March. It is well known to all
the local sportsmen, while I have met with it in considerable
numbers in the cold weather on marshy ground in all parts
of the island, and have shot several specimens.

1044. HjEMatopus ostralegus Linn.

Sibthorp in his Journal mentions that on April the 1 7th

Ontitholuyy of Cyprus. 419

(1787) lie shot on the beach near Armidia (Orniidhia, not lar
from Larnaca) a bird of this species. This is the only record
of the Oyster-catcher in Cyprus with which I am acquainted.
The species has been included hitherto by the other writers
solely on account of its mention in Unger and Kotschy's
list, doubtless copied from Sibthorp. The origin of the
record is as given above.

1046. Recurvi rostra avocetta Linn.

The Avocet is another pleasing addition to the Cypriote
list. A pair were seen at Larnaca salt-lake at the end of
December 1909, and a male bird captured was kindly sent
to me alive by Mr. W. J. Ansell, I.S.O.

1047. Himantopus CANDIDUS Bonnat.

The Black-winged Stilt was another species included by
Sibthorp in his list. Lord Lilford found it common in May
about the freshwater marshes, and Guillemard met with it
in some numbers near Larnaca in early April, 1887, and
near Famagusta at the end of May, 1888.

It seems to have been accidentally omitted by Madarasz
from his paper, ' Ueber die Vogel Cyperns.'

The Black-winged Stilt is a regular visitor on the spring
and autumn migrations, and would no doubt nest in the
island every summer if conditions were suitable. Mr. Nicolls
informs me that since 1904 he has seen these birds every
spring at the Acheritou reservoir, sometimes in fair numbers,
i. e. ten or a dozen pairs. Once or twice — notably in 1905 —
when the water was maintained at a height which exposed
several small islets, they bred in company with a few pairs
of the Common and Lesser Terns and of the Spur- winged
Plover. In May 1905, Mr. Nicolls collected there a number
of eggs, two of which are now in the possession of the Cyprus
Natural History Society. In the spring of 1909 Horsbrugh
found the Stilt in plenty at Acheritou, from the 23rd of
March till the 5th of April, and obtained a good series. There
were probably thirty pairs, but they were seen in flocks of
from six to twenty or thirty individuals : they did not nest,
as the water was practically all drained off by early May.

2e 2

420 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

I have no definite note of the date of the return migration,
nor have I heard of the bird being observed in winter.

1050. Scolopax rusticula Linn.

The Woodcock is an abundant winter visitor. Mariti
(1760-71) writes of it as one of the commonest birds iu the
island and much prized for food. In 1814 an officer in the
East India Company's Service visited the island in January
and writes of its abundance. It was not met with by
Sibthorp, as at the time of his visit it would have gone north,
and consequently its name did not appear in Unger and
Kotschy's list, nor does Miiller mention it, though Schrader
speaks of it as a fairly common winter visitor. It was of
course not seen by Lord Lilf ord, but he was told that forty
couple had been shot in the Papho district by two English
officers. No such bag can be expected — at any rate in one
day — at the present time, but the bird arrives in considerable
numbers at the beginning of November and leaves in early
March ; bitter weather on the Karamanian mountains,
will cause, as a rule, a marked increase in the numbers
at any time during the winter. It frequents the wooded hill-
sides and is often shot close to, or even in the gardens of the
towns. In the Karpas, the Papho district, and at Aghirda
wood near Nicosia excellent sport may still be had, but ten
couple to two guns in a day's march would be the utmost to
which any one may reasonably look forward.

1052. Gallinago major (Gmel.).

The Great or Double Snipe is a winter visitor, but is with-
out doubt constantly confused with the Common Snipe.
Indeed it does not seem to be, at the present time, known
to the local sportsmen. It appears to have been first noticed
by Lord Lilford (as the Scolopax media Steph. of Unger and
Kotschy's list is obviously a substitution for the Scolopax
gallinago of Sibthorp and is re-rendered by Miiller as Telma-
tias gallinago Boie) : he procured several specimens near
Larnaca in the third week in April. Guillemard obtained
others, and found it not uncommon in the marshes near
Famagusta as late as the end of May. 1887. No example

Ornithology of Cyprus. 421

of this species seems to have been sent to Madarasz by
Glaszner. Though I have shot a good many Snipe in the
island, I have not as yet come across it. On the 26th of
January, 1908, Mr. Nicolls and I, together with another gun,
obtained 99 Snipe at Morphou marsh, but amongst them
there was neither a Great nor a Jack Snipe !

1053. Gallinago coslestis (Frenzel).

The Common or Single Snipe is a very abundant winter
visitor to Cyprus, and is frequently mentioned by writers
from the sixteenth century onwards. From a careful series of
observations by Mr. G. F. "Wilson, and from the experience
of myself and others, it is clear that the first Snipe arrive on
their southerly migration at the end of August : most of
these are birds of passage, but the migration continues, as the
weather north becomes colder, until about the end of October
or beginning of November, when the marshes are at their
best for autumn shooting. Good sport may be enjoyed
throughout the winter, particularly when wintry weather
on the mainland from time to time drives over a fresh
supply of birds. At the end of February and beginning of
March the northerly movement takes place, and the spring
sport is then at its height. By the end of March the
vast majority have gone, but without doubt a few remain
during the summer. Mr. Jebb, when stationed near the
reservoirs in the summer of 1908, had perhaps a dozen
under obsevation throughout the whole of that period, but
did not find a nest. Fifty couple to two guns in a day is
the Snipe shooter's ambition in Cyprus, but I am not sure
that it has been quite attained.

1058. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.).

Limnocryptes gallinula, B. O. U. List, p. 167.

The Jack Snipe is a common winter visitor, but not so
abundant as the preceding species. It does not, however,
arrive till the end of October or beginning of November,
and has, as a rule, left by the middle or end of March,
though, of course, individuals are occasionally met with
in April. Guillemard, on the only occasion on which he
mentions it, obtained a single specimen on the 16th of that

422 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

month. It appears to have been first noticed by Lord Lilford,
who saw only a few, but Miiller suggests that this species
was probably intended by the " Scolopax cyprius " mentioned
in Sibthorp's list and copied by Unger and Kotschy, though
for my own part I consider that the Romaic name
" TpoXovpiSa Tr)s daXdaar)? " given by Sibthorp certainly
does not refer to this bird, but more probably to Sandpipers
generally.- The proportion of Jack to Common Snipe which
is obtained when shooting varies very much : on November
the 16th, 1907, out of twenty-nine birds no less than twenty
were Jacks ; on January the 26th, 1908, out of ninty-nine
there was not one ; on December the 7th, 1908, out of
seventeen only two.

1065. Tringa alpina Linn.

The Dunlin was in Sibthorp's list. Lord Lilford found it
in small number* on the sandy shores near Famagusta and
Limassol in April and May. Schrader states that it is a
winter visitor. Guillemard obtained it near Famagusta in
the middle of May, 1888, and Glaszner sent six examples to
Madarasz, obtained near Larnaca in September, November,
and December. It is a spring and autumn migrant and
winter visitor.

1067. Tringa minuta Leisl.

The Little Stint is a visitor on its spring and autumn
migrations and probably a few birds remain in the island in
the winter. Schrader refers to it as a winter visitor ; Pearse
obtained a female at Larnaca on October the 1st, 1878;
Miiller records three adult males procured on January the
4th, February the 9th, and February the 23rd ; Guillemard
took one near Famagusta on May the 21st, 1888; Glaszner
a female near Larnaca on October the 28th, 1901 ; Mr. Baxen-
dale and Horsbrugh each shot a specimen near Kouklia
(Papho district) on May the 23rd, 1909; and Mr. G. F.
Wilson shot two males and one female on October the 10th
in the same year near Nicosia.

1072. Tringa subarquata (Giild.).

The Curlew Sandpiper or Pigmy Curlew was one of Unger
and Kotschy's additions to Sibthorp's list, but was possibly

Ornithology of Cyprus. 423

intended to represent the latter's Tringa varia, as those writers
omit the Grey Plover, and " JErolia varia " Vieill. was
then a recognised synonym for the species now under con-
sideration. However, the Curlew Sandpiper was not met
with again until Glaszner sent Madanisz two females taken
near Larnaca on September the 2nd, 1902. I shot a male in
winter plumage in Morphou marsh on December the 12th,
1908; Horsbrugh obtained another in full breeding dress on
May the 20th, 1909, and Mr. Baxendale a female on the 24th
of the same month, both not far from Papho. This species
is no doubt a visitor at the seasons of migration, and a
few individuals remain in the island during the winter.

1078. Calidris ARENARiA(Linn.).

Pearse sent Lord Lilford a male of this bird in winter
plumage taken near Larnaca on October the 1st, 1888. I
know of no other record.

1080. Machetes pugnax (Linn.).

The Ruff was included in Sibthorp's list. Lord Lilford
speaks of it as not uncommon on the vernal migration, and
Guillemard met with it on both his visits ; at the end of
March, 1887, he obtained a male in immature or non-breeding
plumage near Limassol out of a small flock of eight or ten,
while he secured a specimen at Kouklia marsh on February the
27th, 1888, and a male in full breeding plumage on May the
the 20th near Larnaca. Glaszner sent to Madarasz a female
from near the latter place, shot on March the 7th, 1901.

The edges of the Famagusta reservoirs are evidently a
favourite resort of this bird, as Horsbrugh in 1909 found it
quite abundant there from the 23rd of March till he left the
vicinity on April the 8th. He obtained a good many speci-
mens, and on March the 24th saw at Acheritou a flock of quite
sixty. None of the birds which he obtained exhibited more
thau slight traces of breeding plumage. The Ruff is evidently
a fairly common visitor in spring and autumn.

1083. Totanus calidris (Linn.).

The Redshank was included by Sibthorp in his list, but
was apparently omitted by Unger and Kotscliv.

424 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

Lord Lilford found it exceedingly common in April 1875,
especially near the Larnaca salt-lakes. Schrader writes of
it as a winter visitor. Guillemard only mentions it once,
when he met with a stray specimen near Limassol in early
March, 1887. Glaszner sent Madarasz a female taken on
November the 5th, 1903, near Larnaca. The Redshank is, I
believe, not at all uncommon in winter and at the seasons
of migration, and I think forms no small proportion of the
flocks of Waders sometimes observed near the reservoirs.
Mr. Nicolls informs me that he has shot the bird more than
once in the island. Mr. Baxendale obtained a female from
Acheritou on January the 12th, 1910, and a few days later
Horsbrugh met with several individuals at the Larnaca salt-
lake.

1084. Totanus ruscus (Linn.).

A female Spotted Redshank was shot by Lord Lilford in a
marsh near Larnaca on April the 21st, 1875. Mr. Baxendale
shot a female near Faraagusta on March the 11th, 1910.
1 know of no other local records. This is, no doubt, an
uncommon spring and autumn migraut but it is easily
overlooked.

1085. Totanus glottis Naum.
Totanus canescens, B. O. U. List, p. 177.

Lord Lilford found the Greenshank not uncommon in
the swampy plains westward of Salamis in April — not in
flocks but singly or in couples — probably pairs. Apparently,
either Pearse or Guillemard obtained specimens, but the
latter does not mention the species in his i Ibis ' articles.
Mr. G. F. Wilson shot a male at Pyroi, near Nicosia, on
October the 3rd, 1909. No doubt it is solely a visitor in
spring and autumn, a few, perhaps, wintering in the island.

1087. Totanus stagnatilis Bechst.

As " Totanus stagnalis (!) Bechst." the Marsh-Sandpiper
is one of Unger and Kotschy's additions to Sibthorp's list;
but there are, of course, no data given. However, Lord
Lilford received, without particulars, through Guillemard, in
January 1889, a single specimen which had been obtained
by or through Captain (now Sir Arthur) Young, at that time

Ornithology of Cyprus. 425

Commissioner of Famagusta, and Glaszner sent a female to
Madarasz taken near Larnaca on April the 20th, 1903. I
have no knowledge of any other occurrences, but assume that
the bird is an occasional spring and autumn migrant.

1089. Totanus ochropus (Linn.).

Helodromas ochropus, B. O. U. List, p. 174.

Lord Lilford met with the Green Sandpiper frequently, on
muddy ground, in April and May. Guillemard mentions
obtaining a specimen towards the end of February, 1887,
near Famagusta, and, according to Lord Lilford, brought
back others shot in March on both his visits. Mr. G. F.
Wilson shot a male at Pyroi on September the 26th, 1910.
It is, no doubt, only a visitor on migration and in winter.

1091. Totanus glareola (Gmel.).

Lord Lilford found the Wood Sandpiper common in May,
particularly near Limassol, and observed a pair which he was
convinced had a nest. Schrader mentions meeting with it
in January and speaks of it as common. Guillemard does
not mention it in his ' Ibis ' papers, but either he or Pearse
seems from Lord Lilford's account to have obtained it.
Glaszner sent Madarasz two specimens taken in early April
near Larnaca, and Horsbrugh obtained a female near Papho
on May the 20th, 1909. I am inclined to think that this
species is only a visitor in winter and on the migrations.

1092. Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.).
Tringoides hypoleucus, B. O. U. List, p. 173.

Lord Lilford found the Summer Snipe or Common Sand-
piper very frequently in April and May on almost all parts
of the coast visited by him. Guillemard does not refer to it,
but he or Pearse seems to have obtained the bird. Glaszner
does not appear to have sent it to Madarasz. Mr. Baxendale,
Horsbrugh and I have met with it fairly often. I obtained a
male at Acheritou on January the 15th, 1908 ; Mr. Baxendale
another at Papho on October the 11th ; from May the 2nd
to May the 20th, 1909, we obtained several specimens both
near Nicosia and in the Papho district. It is probably only a
visitor on the migrations and in winter.

426 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

1101. Limosa belgica (Gmel.).

Limosa agocephala, B.O.U. List, p. 178.

Lord Lilford felt little doubt that he had seen the Black-
tailed Godwit near Famagusta, but was unable to identify
it positively. Schrader states that it is a winter visitor.
Guillemard in early March, 1888, obtained specimens on
the marsh (now a reservoir) at Kouklia between Nicosia
and Famagusta. Horsbrugh obtained a female in partial
breeding plumage on the bank of the same place on April
the 8th, 1909. It is, no doubt, a visitor at the migratory
seasons and perhaps in winter.

1104. Numenius phjEopus (Linn.).

Guillemard mentions meeting with " a species of Whim-
brel" near Famagusta on the 26th of April, 1887, and
obtained a " Whimbrel " at Kouklia marsh on the 26th of
February, 1888, but it was unfortunately eaten by a cat !
Though there seems no reason why this species should not
occur on migration or in winter in the island, Lord Lilford
thought it probable that the bird obtained by Guillemard
was iV. tenuirostris.

1106. Numenius tenuirostris Vieill.

The Slender-billed Curlew is no doubt a regular visitor at
the migrations and probably in winter. Lord Lilford saw,
during his visit, great numbers of birds, which he took to
belong to this species, near Larnaca and Limassol, but was
never able to approach them closely enough for absolute
certainty of identification. Sir Samuel Baker mentions that
on his visit in 1880 he shot a "small species of Curlew."

1107. Numenius arquata (Linn.).
Numenius arquata, B. O. U. List, p. 179.

The Common Curlew was included in Sibthorp's list and
was observed in great numbers by Lord Lilford in April at
the Limassol salt-lake, and later in other localities. Schrader
states that it arrives at the beginning of September and
stays till the end of February, and there is no doubt that it
is a regular visitor on the migrations and in winter. I saw

Ornithology of Cyprus. 427

numbers of Curlews when shooting at Morphou marsh on
January the 26th, 1908, and also on the ooze beds in Fama-
gusta Harbour on January the 29th, 1909, while the bird is
well known to the English sportsmen. Mr. Jebb recorded its
first arrival at the reservoirs on September the 4th, 1908 ;
Mr. Bovill observed several near Salamis in mid-November
of the same year. Horsbrugh on the 30th of March, 1909,
saw about a dozen at Kouklia reservoir, and three on April the
5th at Acheritou. On January the 13th, 1910, Mr. Baxendale
saw seven near Famagusta, and on the following day a male
was brought in to him by a native sportsman which I
personally identified. I have no doubt whatever that the
birds seen by myself and Horsbrugh were not N. tenuirostris.

1110. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.).

Schrader states that the Black Tern may be seen on its
autumnal migration. Guillemard observed it, apparently in
some abundance, near Famagusta towards the end of May,
1888, and obtained it there. I know of no other record, and
the bird is probably only a visitor on passage.

1111. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz).

Lord Lilford found the White-winged Black Tern very
abundant, arriving about the middle of May : he first noticed
it near Papho, while Guillemard found it common near
Famagusta in 1888. Glaszner sent to Madarasz a specimen
taken near Larnaca on May the 19th, 1901, and Mr. Baxen-
dale shot another on June the 13th, 1909, near Papho. It is,
so far as has been at present ascertained, only a visitor to
Cyprus on migration.

1114. Sterna fluviatilis Naum.

Lord Lilford found the Common Tern not uncommon on
the coast in the Famagusta district in April and May, and
Guillemard obtained it in mid-February, 1888.

I met with this species in fair numbers at Acheritou
reservoir on January the 25th, 1908, and Mr. Nicolls, in May
1905, found it nesting at that place and took the eggs.

428 Mr. J. A. Buckuill on the

It is evidently to be found round and on the island at all
seasons of the year, but chiefly at the times of migration.

1119. Sterna caspia Pall.

Lord Lilford identified two Caspian Terns near Limassol
early in May, 1875, and had little doubt that he had seen the
species elsewhere on the coast on other occasions. Guille-
mard saw it near Famagusta on April the 26th, 1887, and
Horsbrugh observed a pair at Acheritou reservoir on April
the 9th, 1909. So far, it only appears to have been noticed
at the migration seasons.

1121. Sterna anglica Montagu.

The Gull-billed Tern is stated by Schrader to occur on the
autumnal migration. This is not at all improbable, though
the species has not been recorded by any other observer.

1122. Sterna minuta Linn.

The Little Tern is the only Tern mentioned by Sibthorp.
Lord Lilford found it not uncommon on the sea-coast near
Famagusta and Salamis in April and May, and Guillemard
on the 26th of the former month obtained it in the same
neighbourhood. Mr. Nicolls found a few pairs nesting in
May 1905 at Acheritou reservoir, and obtained the eggs; but
in that summer the state of the water there was exceptionally
favorable for the nidification of aquatic birds, and this Tern
is evidently usually only a visitor at the migrations and,
perhaps, in winter.

1133. Larus ridibundus Linn.

The Black-headed Gull was mentioned by Sibthorp, but
was not observed by Lord Lilford or his collectors. Schrader
met with it, apparently commonly, in October. Miiller
mentions four examples (one adult male and three females)
taken on December the 16th and 17th, and on February the
]st and 14th respectively. Glaszner sent two females to
Madarasz, obtained near Larnaca on February the 2nd, 1901,
and November the 19th, 1902. So far as I am aware, the bird
is onlv a winter visitor.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 429

1135. Larus melanocephalus Natterer.

The Adriatic Gull was frequently seen and heard by Lord
Lilford between April the 16th and 21st near Larnaca, and
on the 22nd a vast flock of some thousands were found
by him at Famagusta in the inner harbour, more being
met with higher up the coast on the following day ; they
were not, however, seen again. Schrader states that he
only saw a single specimen. Guillemard came across an
enormous pack between Larnaca and Famagusta in mid-
April, 1 887, and rather later in the month observed the bird
at Famagusta. Lord Lilford judged, no doubt correctly,
that this species was merely a passing visitor to Cyprus on
migration.

1139. Larus minutus Pall.

The Little Gull was included in Sibthorp's list, but
omitted by Unger and Kotschy in theirs. Schrader writes
that he, on one occasion in winter, saw a few on a small
lake near Larnaca. Guillemard, who makes no reference to
this species in his ' Ibis ' papers, brought Lord Lilford two
females in immature plumage, obtained on February the 13th
and 22nd, 1888, at Famagusta and Kouklia marsh respec-
tively. It is a winter visitor only.

1140. Larus canus Linn.

The Common Gull was recorded by Sibthorp, but does
not seem to have been met with by Lord Lilford or his
collectors. Muller, however, records an adult male obtained
on January the 30th, and Glaszner sent Madarasz six speci-
mens taken in the same month. It is a winter visitor only.

1141. Larus gelastes Thienem.

The name of the Slender-billed Gull was included by
Guillemard in the rough list prepared for Lord Lilford's use,
but the former does not mention the species in his ' Ibis '
papers, and did not obtain a specimen.

I am not aware of any other record from Cyprus.

1145. Subsp. Larus cachinnans Pall.

The Yellow-legged Herring Gull was often met with by

430 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

Lord Lilford, though he did not regard it as abundant.
Muller mentions the receipt of five clutches of the eggs of
this bird taken on April the 28th, and states that, according
to the collector, the species built on the roofs of houses !
Guillemard refers to having seen it near Limassol in
January, 1888, and Madarasz, who makes a mistake in
writing that the species was ignored by Lord Lilford,
received several examples from Glaszner, obtained in
September and January. In our experience the coasts of
Cyprus are singularly devoid of Terns and Gulls, but this
species may usually be noticed, and I have no doubt that it
breeds in a few localities and that some birds are resident. I
have notes of its occurrence on various parts of the coast and
at the reservoirs in January, February, April, and May ; on
the 6th of May, 1909, I received an adult male from
Acheritou ; Horsbrugh found the bird, evidently nesting,
in small numbers at Kyrenia at the end of April, and near
Papho in the middle of May, and in February 1910 obtained
several specimens at Limassol.

I have never personally heard of its building its nest on
house-tops, as mentioned by Muller.

1147. Larus fuscus Linn.

The Lesser Black-backed Gull was found commonly by
Lord Lilford on the coasts in April and May, and all the
specimens seen and obtained by him and his collectors —
though the bird is not mentioned by Guillemard in his
' Ibis ' papers — were in full adult plumage. Glaszner sent
Madarasz an old female, assuming breeding plumage,
obtained at Larnaca on April the 2nd, 1902. There is no
reason why this bird should not be a resident in Cyprus and
it very likely is so, but I am not aware of its having as yet
been actually found nesting in the island.

1150. Larus marinus Linn.

The Greater Black-backed Gull was included in Sibthorp's
list. Guillemard noted in the rough list referred to previously
the words " adult, Famagusta Lake."

Ornithology of Cyprus. 431

I know of no other record, and in any case it is only likely
to be a rare winter visitor.

1158. Procellaria pelagica Linn.

Glaszner sent to Madarasz a single male obtained near
Larnaca on March the 13th, 1903. This is the only record
I know of from Cypriote waters.

1168. Subsp. Puffinus yeikouanus (Acerbi).

Sibthorp includes in his list Procellaria puffinus, which
is, of course, a Shearwater. Unger and Kotschy omit
Sibthorp's name, but insert Puffinus major Faber, which is
the Great Shearwater. It is possible, however, that the
later authors intended to refer to P. major Hewitson, nee
Temm., a synonym of P. kuhli Boie — the Mediterranean
Shearwater. In any case the Shearwater referred to by
Sibthorp no doubt belonged to the form P. yeikouanus.

Lord Lilford noticed some numbers of a small Shearwater,
which he did not definitely identify, off the west coast of
Cyprus in May 1875, and, as Madarasz points out, these,
without doubt, would be P. yeikouanus.

[1169. Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly).

The Great Shearwater is undoubtedly referred to by
Unger and Kotschy in their list as P. major Faber, but the
name must be either a complete mistake or explicable as
referable to the preceding species. The Great Shearwater
has no business in Cyprus waters.]

1171. Puffinus kuhli (Boie).

The Mediterranean Shearwater was, possibly, incorrectly
referred to in Unger and Kotschy's list under the name
P. major Faber.

Lord Lilford observed a large Shearwater once or twice
off the south coast of the island ; there can be little doubt
that it belonged to this species.

1215. Podicipes auritus (Linn.).

Sibthorp included this species in his list under the desig-
nation Colymbus auritus, but, as that Linnaean name might

432 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the

have meant either the Sclavonian or the Eared Grebe, it
is impossible to say definitely to which species he intended
to refer. Unger and Kotschy, however, gratuitously omit
the species altogether and, if Sibthorp referred to the
former of the two birds, there is, so far as I am aware, no other
record of it from Cyprus. Having been omitted by Unger
and Kotschy from their list, it was, consequently, never
mentioned by any of the later writers.

1216. Podicipes nigricollis E. L. Brehm.

Subject to what has been stated with regard to the pre-
ceding species, there has hitherto been no record of the
Eared or Black-necked Grebe from Cyprus. However,
since the establishment of the large freshwater reservoirs,
Mr. Nicolls has been aware that a large Grebe frequented
these waters. Horsbrugh, on his visit to the reservoirs, at
the end of March and beginning of April, 1909, found
this species in some numbers, both at Acheritou and
Kouklia, and obtained several specimens, none of which,
however, shewed any but the slightest trace of breeding
plumage. From the latter place he sent to me at Nicosia
a male which lived for some time on a large tank in my
garden. When the water was drained off at Acheritou
towards the end of April, all the water-birds, of course, left ;
but I have no doubt that at Kouklia reservoir, which is
more reedy, and is emptied later than Acheritou, this species
would nest, provided that the conditions remained suitable.
Indeed, I found, on visiting Kouklia on December 27th,
that quite a large number of these Grebes were on the
water and had evidently, from what Mr. Nicolls tells me,
been there the whole winter. I counted over twenty.
I think that this may be regarded as a " would-be " resident,
and no doubt is to be found on the reservoirs so long as
there is ample water.

1217. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunstall).
Tachybaptes fluviatilis, B.O.U. List, p. 204.

Schrader states that the Little Grebe is a rare winter visitor,
and Guillemard also regarded it as a rarity, only obtaining

Ornithology of Cyprus. 433

one specimen on April the 26th, 1887, near Famagusta, and
another in mid-March, 1888, at Avgasida marsh, (xlaszner
sent a male to Madarasz, taken near Larnaca on October the
1st, 1901 . The freshwater reservoirs have, however, provided
anew and ideal resort for this species in the island, and in the
spring of 1901, from the 23rd of March till the 9th of April,
Horsbrugh found numbers (perhaps fifty or sixty in all) at
both Acheritou and Kouklia. He obtained several specimens
— one alive, which I kept on the large tank in my garden at
Nicosia for some time, till it sought less safety in flight.

At Acheritou the birds began to nest about the 6th of
April, but I heard later that owing to the drainage of
the water they all left about the beginning of May. This
species may not unfairly be regarded as a partial resident,
its migration being due, in a large degree, to adverse local
conditions. In January 1910, 1 observed numbers at Kouklia
and on the freshwater lake near Famagusta, and in February
Horsbrugh also met with the bird at the Limassol salt-lake.

Addenda.

Six of the species tabled below are included by Schrader in
his paper in the ' Ornithologisches Jahrbuch ' (December,
1891), but have never been mentioned by any other
observer. Amongst the birds seldom recorded from Cyprus
Schrader mentions the Hobby, Pallid and Montagu's
Harriers, Barn Owl, Rose-coloured Pastor, Blue Titmouse
(probably in error), Palestine Bulbul, Redwing, Ortolan, and
Greenfinch.

158. Hypolais olivetorum (Strickl.).

It is stated by Schrader that the Olive-tree Warbler comes
to the gardens at the beginning of April, but is much rarer
than H. pallida, the Olivaceous Warbler. This is possibly a
trustworthy record.

219. Accentor modularis (Linn.).

Schrader states that the Hedge-Sparrow is seen singly in
winter. No one else has recorded the bird from Cyprus, and
I am inclined to think the account is an error.

SER. IX.— VOL. iv. 2 F

434 Mr. J. A. Bucknill on the Ornithology of Cyprus.

289. Tichodroma muraria Linn.

Schrader states that he once saw a pair of Wall-Creepers,
and obtained one of them on the rocks near the mon-
astery at Stavrovouni in the Larnaca district.

It is hardly possible that any error could be made with
regard to this very striking bird and the locality is one well
suited to this Creeper's requirements.

338. Lanius excubitor Linn.

Schrader states that he observed some specimens of the
Great Grey Shrike at the end of August which he thought
were on migration. This is probably a mistake and the
birds seen by Schrader were more likely to have been
L. minor, to which Schrader does not refer.

379. Muscicapa collaris Bechstein.

Schrader mentions seeing some on April the 14th, 1877.

Horsbrugh obtained a fine male of the White-collared
Flycatcher in a small plantation near Famagusta on April the
13th, 1910, and two days later Mr. Baxendale shot a second
in his garden at the same place.

529. Emberiza cia Linn.

Schrader writes that the Meadow Bunting arrives about
March the 12th and stays till the end of September, but is rare.

This is possibly a correct record.

737. Aquila chrysaetus (Linn.).

Schrader writes that he saw the Golden Eagle several
times near Papho, but I have little doubt that the species
observed was really A. heliaca, the Imperial Eagle.

I have also to add : —

94. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.).

A pair of Red-spotted Bluethroats frequented the fresh-
water lake at Famagusta after the end of January 1910.
Mr. Baxendale secured the female on March the 27th and
the male — a superb specimen — on the 31st. This species
is probably a rare winter visitor.

877. Erismatura leucocephala (Scop.).

A small party of the White-headed Duck frequented
Kouklia reservoir at the end of April, and Mr. Baxendale
secured two males on May 4th, 1910, through Mr. A.
Douglas.

Ibis. 1910.P1.VI.

West,Newma.Ti imp.

OTHYPHANTES BATE SI d & 9

Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on a rare Weaver-bird. 435

1213. PoDICIPES CR1STATUS (Liutl.).

At least six pairs of Great Crested Grebes nested this
spring on Kouklia reservoir. I obtained the first eggs on
May the 6th from Mr. A. Douglas.

XIX. — Note on a rare Weaver-bird (Othyphantes batesi).
By W. R. Ogilvte-Grant, M.B.O.U.

(Plate VI.)

This very handsome species of Weaver-bird was described
by the late Dr. Bovvdler Sharpe as Othyphantes batesi from
a female procured by Mr. G. L. Bates on the River Ja,
Cameroon (cf. Ibis, 1908, p. 318). The type-specimen,
which bears the collector's number 1372, has the cheeks olive-
yellow mixed with black, and is evidently not quite mature.
Subsequently the same collector forwarded to the British
Museum an adult male bird, shot at Kumangola, River Ja,
which he believed to be referable to the same species, and
Dr. Sharpe exhibited it as such [cf. Bull. B. O. C. xxv. p. 41
(1909)].

Mr. Bates's description is as follows : —

"Adult male. — Somewhat resembles the male of Sitagra
brachyptera (Swains.), from which it differs chiefly in having
the crown and entire sides of the head chestnut and in lacking
the black patch behind the eye, while the upper parts are
darker olive-green. The chin is chestnut and the yellow of the
under parts commences directly below the black throat. Iris
dark brown ; bill black ; feet bluish-grey. Total length about
55 inches; culmen 0"7; wing 2*85; tail 1'85; tarsus 075.

" Hab. River Ja, Cameroon, 17th November, 1908."

The types-pecimen, as already stated, is not quite mature,
and Mr. Bates informs us that in the fully adult female
the " sides of the head are perfectly black/' In the type-
specimen the bastard primary is longer than in the adult
male and measures 105 inch, as compared with 0'7 inch, but
this, no doubt, is also a sign of immaturity.

The lower figure in Plate VI. represents the not quite
adult female and the upper figure the adult male.

2f2

436 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

XX. — On the Birds of the Zarafschan Basin in Russian
Turkestan. By Douglas Carruthers, F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U.

(Plates VII. & VIII.)

The Russian possessions in Central Asia are very little
known to Englishmen, and although a few travellers
annually visit the Tian Shan mountains, their object is
solely sport. I cannot find that any of them have added
to our knowledge of the ornithology, or have made sys-
tematic collections of the fauna of that part of Central Asia.
The region known, somewhat vaguely, by the name of
Russian Turkestan (see Map, PI. VII.), is situated north of
Afghanistan and Chinese Turkestan, being bordered on the
west by the Oxus and the Sea of Aral and on the east by
Dzungaria, or western Mongolia. In this region I include
the " protected native-state " of Bokhara, for it is a part of
Russian Turkestan in everything but name.

This immense tract of country has been fairly well
worked by Russian naturalists, such as Severtzoff, Prjevalsky,
Fedchenko, and Zaruduy. Their labours, however, seem to
have been confined chiefly to Central and North-eastern
Turkestan, in the regions most wealthy in bird- and animal-
life, such as the forest-covered Tian Shan mountains and
their outlying ranges. South-western Turkestan seems to have
been somewhat neglected. I find a considerable difference
between the fauna of North-western Turkestan and of the
South-western district. The whole region might, indeed, be
divided into two faunistic zones, namely — Turkestan north
of the Syr Daria and the Ferghana, and the district lying
south of this boundary, which is composed of the Zarafschan
Basin and the Khanate of Bokhara. The former has a
typical Central-Asiatic fauna, whilst the fauna of the latter
belongs rather to Afghanistan.

As regards the flora the districts are equally distinct.
The northern region is remarkable for its luxuriance, its
dense forests of conifers, and its heavy rainfall, whilst the
southern has a comparatively small rainfall and consequently
the vegetation is very poor, except in the oases. Forests

IB1S.1910.P1.VU.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 437

are conspicuous by their absence, except for small groves
of junipers at a high altitude in the mountains.

When I journeyed out to Turkestan in 1907, I intended
to devote a year to this southern district, and to make a
collection of birds from the low sandy deserts of Bokhara
up to the high ranges that form the western declivities of
the Pamirs.

I travelled by way of St. Petersburg, Moscow and
Orenburg, through Russian Turkestan to Samarkand. At
this town I made my headquarters, for it was situated on
the middle portion of the Zarafschan River, and the desert
and high mountains were equally withiu reach of it.

Here I met Mr. W. R. Rickmers, whose knowledge of
Bokhara and whose travels in these countries are well known,
and with whom I was engaged to travel. But, unluckily, in
the end he was unable to accompany me, or to make any
long journeys, so that most of my excursions were undertaken
alone, and my labours were confined to the Zarafschan
Valley. However, by making a systematic collection along
the whole course of the Zarafschan I was able to get a very
good idea of the ornithology of the whole district.

The Zarafschan is a typical river of Inner Asia. Having
its source in the immense glaciers in the mountain-mass
north-east of the Pamirs and flowing for two hundred miles
through rugged mountain scenery, it at last reaches the
open plain. Here, when set free from its mountain-home,
it waters a wide valley — the Vale of Samarkand, and further
out on the plain it creates the fertile area that surrounds
Bokhara. Further still, having been deprived of most of its
water for irrigation purposes, it flows on as a little stream
into the sand-dunes, forms a swamp, and gradually evaporates.
In its whole course it has a length of four hundred miles
and its basin is self-contained.

The variety of scenery, of altitude, of climate, and con-
sequently of flora and fauna, that such a valley presents,
made it well worth a year's work. The climate is naturally
one of extremes, in a region so far removed from the ocean.
The winters are exceedingly cold, and bitter winds sweep

438 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

across the steppes. Spring comes suddenly, and during
this season most of the rain falls ; in summer the climate is
hot, but dry and invigorating.

The yearly rainfall varies from 97*1 mm. near the Sea of
Aral to 3377 mm. at Samarkand. On the high plateaux the
rainfall is again very small : the Pamirs have a yearly fall
less than that of the Aral basin.

The altitude varies from 200 feet above the sea-level on
the Bokharan Steppe to 20,000 feet on the ranges of
Eastern Bokhara. But the life-zone ends at about 15,000
feet, -which is the height of the average snow-line.

As regards physical features, on the low country we
have an area of sand-dunes of the most utter desolation
where no life exists, as well as an area of tamarisk and
scrub - covered sand-hills and tamarisk-swamp. Above
this is the hard steppe which runs from 500 feet up to
4,000 feet. These high steppes are a peculiarity of Asiatic
scenery.

The cultivated area is confined to a district between 200
feet and 3,000 feet. Of course cultivation does exist at a
higher altitude ; orchards are to be seen high up the moun-
tain valleys, and barley is grown as high as 8,000 feet, but
the main area, where the large towns are situated and the
vast proportion of produce is raised, lies at about 2,000 feet,
where the rivers leave the mountains and render irrigation
possible. This region includes practically the whole of the
tree-area, there being no true forests.

The remaining half of the region is composed of moun-
tain-ranges, very difficult of access. Out of the Bokharan
steppes rise the immense ranges of Hissar and Turkestan,
which border the Zarafschan on the north and south. The
mountains might be divided into three areas — the low, rocky,
barren, desert-ranges from 2,000 feet to 0,000 feet, the bush-
clad or juniper forest area from 7,000 to 9,500 feet, and lastly
the alpine region above 10,000 feet, varying up to 15,000 feet
according to the snow-line. The juniper forest is confined to
the area between 7,500 feet and 9,500 feet, and holds perhaps
the most interesting fauna, the birds being mostly peculiar to

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 139

the forest-zone and typical of the high mountain-ranges of
Central Asia.

A country thus situated midway between the Indian region
and Siberia is naturally crossed in spring and autumn by a
very large number of migrants. The resident birds in the
Zarafschan Valley are comparatively rare ; the majority are
summer visitors from Afghanistan and India, but of the
summer visitors some few go further north to breed, and
only pass and repass the Zarafschan Valley. A smaller
number still are winter visitors from Siberia. These consist
mostly of waders and water- fowl, besides the Grey Crow and
the Black-throated Thrush. The strongest wave of migra-
tion in spring takes place between the 28th of April and the
5th of May.

Arriving in Samarkand on the 1st September, 1907, I was
in time to watch the autumnal migration and to obtain
some of the common resident birds. As the winter advanced
bird-life became very scarce in the cultivated area along the
middle course of the Zarafschan. By the 1st of November
the migration was over, and all the summer birds had
passed south. The mountain region being closed during the
winter, I devoted myself to mammal and bird collecting on
the low deserts, west of Bokhara. Here there was a plentiful
supply of ducks, geese, and waders, as well as of pheasants.
Incredible numbers of wild-fowl assemble on the small lakes
of the steppe during the winter, and good shooting is to be had.

Spring came early and with a rush. I met the northern
migration at the lowest altitude, making a large collection
at 2,000 feet, and then gradually moving up higher as the
summer advanced. By doing this I caught all the summer
visitors in their breeding haunts. By the middle of May 1 had
finished the desert and the steppe-region, then a month was
devoted to the cultivated areas at 2000 feet and the rocky
foot-hills up to 7,000 feet. During this month the bulk of
my collection was made.

In the middle of June I started work on the high moun-
tains, and made a large collection in the Hissar range which
borders the Zarafschan Valley on the south. On this range

440 Mr. Douglas Carrutliers on the

in the month of June, bird-life did not extend to above
10,000 feet.

After this I made a journey to the plateaux of Arpa
and Ak-sai, which are situated between the Pamirs and the
Tian Shan. The Pamirs themselves are closed to travellers,
and the only other locality that seemed to offer the same
conditions and to contain the same fauna was this plateau
district, situated north of Kashgar.

However, I did little collecting there, as bird-life was
very scarce indeed, and the few birds met with were in
full moult. But I saw sufficient to induce me to suppose
that immediately north and north-east of the Ferghana and
Pamirs, there is a very different fauna.

It is not necessary to give an itinerary, but I may say
that I spent twelve months in the valley of the Zarafschan,
moving up and down and making collections at the same
places in different seasons. The whole series was composed
of about 600 specimens, 523 of which have been purchased
by the Trustees of the British Museum. These include
examples of 147 species. A certain number of large and
common birds 1 did not collect and a few rare ones 1
saw but never obtained. Notes on these are included as
an appendix.

My best thanks are due to Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and Mr.
Wells at the Natural History Museum, for their kindness
in helping me to work out the collection and in identifying
the specimens.

1. CORVUS CORN IX.

Corvus comix Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 31.

? . Samarkand. 27 Oct., 1907. No. 126.

? . „ 17 Dec, 1907. No. 235.

A winter visitor only. The Hooded Crows arrive in the
Zarafschan Valley from the north at the end of October.
As the winter advances they increase in numbers, until the
first week in April, when they suddenly begin to go north
again. By the 10th of April there was not one to be seen
anywhere.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 411

2. CORVUS FRUGILEGUS.

Trypanocorax frugilegus Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 9.

<?. Samarkand. 6 Nov., 1907. No. 159.

$ . „ 29 Oct., 1907. No. 142.

A common resident in the cultivated districts, which breeds
at 600 ft. above the sea-level in the groves of birch-trees, the
nests being sometimes placed only 20 ft. from the ground.

3. CORVUS COLLARIS.

Corvus collaris Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 27.

c?. Samarkand. 10 Sept., 1907. No. 21.

S . „ 25 April, 1908. No. 382.

? . „ 22 Dec, 1907. No. 250.

An exceedingly common resident. My specimens evi-
dently belong to the white-collared race of C. rnonedula, but
the intensity of the white on the collar is very variable.

4. Pica leucoptera.

Pica leucoptera Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 06.

c?. Samarkand. 11 Oct., 1907. No. 63.
?. „ » No. 62.

? . „ 7 Oct., 1907. No. 57.

This is one of the commonest and most conspicuous birds
in Turkestan. All over the cultivated districts, from 300 ft.
up to 3000 ft., it is very numerous ; at a higher altitude it
becomes scarce. But I have seen it right up to the snow-
line at 10,000 ft. in June, and it has been recorded on
the Pamirs by Severtzoff. In habits it is very different
from the European Magpie, the Turkestan bird being very
tame and confiding, and always to be seen amongst the
native houses and even in the bazaars of the towns.

They breed early ; the young being fully fledged on the
30th May.

The amount of white on the wings, by which this bird is
distinguished from P. 7'ustica, is very variable. No. 57
has much white, there not being more than 0'2 in. of
black at the tips of the quills, while Nos. 62 and 63 have
as much as 0-5 in. and 0*6 in. of black at the tips, with a
correspondingly less amount of white.

442 Mr. Douglas Carrnthers on the

5. Pyrrhocorax alpinus.

Pyrrhocorax alpinus Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 149.

J . Hissar Mts. 24 June, 1908. Nos. 602, 603.
?. „ „ No. 601.

The Alpine Chough is very common at 0000 ft. in the
Hissar Mts., but was never seen below 8000 ft.

Severtzoff mentions that the Common Chough (P. gra-
culus) is found in this district and in the Pamirs, but I never
came across it. The northern range of P. alpinus is termi-
nated by the Tian Shan Mts., but P. graculus extends
further north into Siberia.

6. Sturnus purpurascens.

Sturnus purpurascens Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 37.

S . Samarkand. 29 April, 1908. No. 384.

S . Bokhara. 1 t March, ] 908. Nos. 282, 286, 287, 288.

Imm. <J • Samarkand. 17 Nov., 1907. No. 187.

Imm.cJ. „ 29 Oct., 1907. No. 132.

A resident in the cultivated lands; assembling in very
large flocks in October, and roosting in the reed-beds that
border the Zarafschan.

Although Severtzoff mentions S. vulgaris as wintering in
the Zarafschan district, I never obtained it.

7. Pastor roseus.

Pastor roseus Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 63.

tf. Samarkand. 29 April, 1908. No. 381.

1 obtained only one example of the Rose-coloured Starling,
which was in a flock of Common Starlings. But when the
locusts appeared in the neighbourhood of Samarkand large
flocks of these birds were also to be seen preying on the
locusts.

Severtzoff mentions that he observed large flocks of Pastor
roseus suddenly appearing in the neighbourhood of Kara-
Kul, on the Pamirs, following flights of locusts.

8. Ortolus galbula.

Oriolus galbula Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 191.
<J. Samarkand. L2 Sept., 1907. No. 37.

Imm. J. Samarkand. 13 Sept., 1907. No. 39.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 443

? . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 492.

Iram. ? . Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 8.

This is a summer migrant, arriving at the end of April,
and breeding in May in the cultivated areas up to an altitude
of 3000 ft.

This is the common Oriole of Turkestan, Oriolus kundoo
being much more rare.

9. Oriolus kundoo.

Oriolus kundoo Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 194.
<$ . Samarkand. 6 May, 1908. No. 421.
Out of a large number of Orioles collected, only one proved
to belong to this species, all the others being Oriolus galbula.

10. Emberiza miliaria.

Miliaria miliaria Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 552.
cJ. Samarkand. 3 Jan., 1908. No. 261.
A rare bird in this country. I obtained only one example
during the year.

11. Emberiza luteola.

Emberiza luteola Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 506.

<J. Samarkand. 3 May, 1908. Nos. 409, 410, 411, 412.
? . „ „ No. 413.

This Bunting arrives in great numbers during the first
week of May. In the summer it is one of the most con-
spicuous birds of the cultivated area, between 2000 ft. and
3000 ft.

12. Emberiza hortulana.

Emberiza hortulana Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 530.

<J . Samarkand. 19 April, 1908. Nos. 349, 350.

? . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 472.
A summer migrant, arriving in April, and found as high
as 6000 ft.

13. Emberiza buchanani.

Emberiza buchanani Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 533.
<J. Samarkand. 1 May, 10 May, 1908. Nos. 391,
446, 447.

444 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

£ . Samarkand. 1 June, 1908. No. 50?.
(Sex doubtful). Samarkand. 1 May, 1908. No. 392.
This is a summer migrant to the rock-country between
3000 ft. and 5000 ft. It is never found above 6000 ft.

14. Emberiza leucocephala.

Emberiza leucocephala Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 549.
? . Samarkand. 25 Oct., 17 Nov., 1907. Nos. 123,
124, 190.

15. Emberiza stewarti.

Emberiza stewarti Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 547.

(J. Samarkand. 10 May, 1938. No. 445.

$. „ 3 May, 1908. Nos. 406, 407.

(Sex doubtful). Samarkand. 3 May, 1908. No. 408.

<£. Samarkand. 1 June, 1908. No. 501.

Found in fair numbers, in summer, in the rocky foot-hills
between 3000 ft. and 5000 ft., but never ascending above
6000 ft.

16. Emberiza cia.

Emberiza cia Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 537.

<?. Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 373, 374, 375,
376, 377, 378.

<J. Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. No. 541.

This Bunting arrives in great numbers in mid-April, and is
common at 5000 ft., but does not descend lower. I also found
it at 10,000 ft. It breeds at a higher level than any other
species of the genus : I obtained it nesting at 9000 ft. in June.

17. Emberiza schosniclus.

Emberiza schceniclus Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 480.

S . Bokhara. 19 March, 1908. No. 299.

<$ (winter plumage). Bokhara. 7, 14 Nov. and 4 Dec,
1907. Nos. 167, 173, 210.

(J ? (winter plumage). Samarkand. 19 Dec, 1907.
Nos. 241, 243.

$ . Bokhara. 14 Nov., 4 and 8 Dec, 1907. Nos. 174,
209, 216.

A common winter visitor to the tamarisk-jungles and

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 445

reed-beds along the Zarafschan River, from 200 ft. to
2000 ft. After the middle of March I never saw any
of these birds, but during the winter they were exceedingly
common.

18. Carduelis major.

Carduelis major Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 189.
<J. Samarkand. 10 Feb., 1908. No. 276.
This specimen belongs to the large race of the species,
having a wing-measurement of 3*5 in.

19. Carduelis caniceps.

Carduelis caniceps Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 189.

(J . Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. Nos. 584, 585.

? . Samarkand. 11 June, 1908. No. 265.

This species seems to be confined to the mountainous
country. I only found it above 5000 ft., and as high as
9000 ft. in the Hissar Mts.

20. Serinus pusillus.

Serinus pusillus Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 373.

$ . Hissar Mts. 14-20 June, 1908. Nos. 535, 549, 550,

551.
? . „ „ 14-20 June, 1908. Nos. 527, 547, 548.

This is a very common bird at 9500 ft. in the hill-country.
It searches for food in large flocks on the alpine meadows,
and breeds in the juniper-groves. The nest is placed on a
branch about twelve feet from the ground, and is made
entirely of the bark of the juniper, lined with wool and hair.
On the 14th of June the females were sitting ; four eggs,
apparently, make a full clutch.

These birds are very tame, and were often to be seen
sitting on the guy-ropes of my tent; when I took their eggs
they fearlessly attacked me.

21. ACANTHIS FRINGILLIROSTRIS.

Acanthis fringillirostris Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 244.

<J ? . Eastern Ferghana. 28 July, 1908. Nos. 532, 533.

This was one of the few birds in my collection obtained

446 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

outside the Zarafschan Valley. I saw a few at 4000 ft. on
the western declivities of the Ak-sai Plateau, which is the
extreme south-west corner of the Tian Shan Range.

22. ACANTHIS BREVIROSTRIS.

Acanthis brevirostris Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 238.
S . Samarkand. 3 Jan., 1908. No. 263.
Small flocks of this bird were seen on one occasion on the
open steppe in mid-winter.

23. MYCEROBAS CARNE1PES.

Pycnorhamphus carneipes Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 47.

<J. Hissar Mts. 18 June, 1908. No. 563.

$. „ 18-23 June, 1908. Nos. 564, 565, 594.

This is a rare bird in the Zarafschan district, chiefly on
account of the absence of forests. At 9500 ft. there were
a few to be found in the juniper-groves. They were exceed-
ingly wild and shy. On the wing they resemble a Hawfinch
in flight.

24. Passer indicus.

Passer indicus Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 311.

<J . Samarkand. 3 May, 1908. Nos. 414, 415, 416.

The distribution of this House-Sparrow in TurKestan is
interesting. Formerly it was only found along the Post-
roads, the common House- Sparrow of the towns being Passer
montanus. But, apparently, P. indicus is extending its range
and will perhaps eventually drive out P. montanus. P. indicus
is now to be seen in the towns mixed up with flocks of
P. montanus.

In out-of-the-way mountain valleys P. indicus breeds in
the trees, but in villages where P. montanus is absent, it
utilises the native houses.

25. Passer montanus.

Passer montanus Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 301.

£ . Samarkand. 4 Nov., 1907. No. 155.
Imm. <? ■ Samarkand. 11 Sept., 1907. No. 32.
Imm. (sex doubtful). Samarkand. 11 Sept., 1907. No. 33.

? . Samarkand. 30 Oct., 4 Nov., 1907. Nos. 149, 154.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 417

This is the common House-Sparrow of Turkestan. It is
abundant in the towns of the cultivated area.

26. Passer hispaniolensis.

Passer hispaniolensis Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 317.

cJ. Bokhara. 4, 8 Dec, 1907. Nos. 202,217, 219, 221.

S . „ 14 Nov., 1907. No. 182.

?. „ 4, 8 Dec, 1907. Nos. 203, 201, 222,

223, 224.
This Sparrow is resident in the reed-beds of the lower
Zarafschan Valley at 200 ft.

27. Passek ammodendri.

Passer ammodendri Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 337.

(J. Bokhara, 14 Nov., 1907. No. 181.

1 never visited the saxaul forests on the sand-wastes of
Transcaspia, so I never met with the Saxaul Sparrow in its
true haunts. This single specimen I obtained on the lower
Zarafschan, out of a flock of P. hispaniolensis.

28. Petronia stulta.

Petronia petronia Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 289.

<J . Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 361, 362, 363.

Large flocks of these birds haunt the country just below
the snow-line, moving higher up as the snow melts.

The testes of these specimens were much enlarged, and
the birds are probably early breeders.

29. MONTIFRINGILLA ADAMSI.

Montifringilla adamsi Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 261.

J . Ak-sai Plateau. 20 Aug., 1908. No. 607.

I obtained one example of Adams' Snow-Finch at a height
of 12,000 ft. on the Ak-sai Plateau, at the extreme south-
west corner of the Tian Shan. The birds were very common
there, and in every stage of plumage. But I have also seen
them at 5000 ft. on the Hissar Mts. during a very cold spell
in mid-winter.

The Ak-sai Plateau is, probably, the northern limit of

M. adamsi. Severtzoff does not mention it at all in his

Fauna of Turkestan,' Cashmere and Tibet being the true

448 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

habitat of this Snow-Finch. But the bird which Severtzoff
obtained in the Pamir, and which he designates as Monti-
fringilla aljricola, probably belongs to this species.

30. MONTIFRINGILLA SORDIDA.

Montifringilla sordida Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 266.

<J . Hissar Mts. 14, 18 June, 1908. Nos. 526. 539,
553, 554.

$ . Hissar Mts. 16 June, 1908. No. 555.

This Finch is found in large flocks along the edge of the
snows at 10,000 ft. in June.

31. Fringilla montifringilla.

Fringilla montifringilla Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 178.
? . Samarkand. 14 Dec, 1908. No. 233.
Only one example of the Brambling was obtained, at
5000 ft. in the hills near Samarkand.

32. Carpodacus erythrinus.

Carpodacus erythrinus Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 391.

<J. Samarkand. 30 April, 3 May, 1908. Nos. 387,
396, 401.

? . Samarkand. 29 April, 6 May, 1908. Nos. 383,
402, 438.

? . Samarkand. 10 Sept., 1907. No. 26.

A summer migrant, arriving in great number the first
week in May, but going further north than the Zarafschan
Valley to breed.

33. Carpodacus grandis.

Carpodacus grandis Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 404.

<J. Hissar Mts. 16-20 June, 1908. Nos. 546, 552,
561.

<J . Samarkand. 10 Feb., 1908. No. 274.

? . Hissar Mts. 18-20 June, 1908. Nos. 510, 515,
551, 560.

This species is resident in the juniper-forests at 9000 ft.,
where it breeds in the middle of June. In hard weather
during the winter it occasionally descends as low as 2000 ft.
in the cultivated area.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 119

34. Rhodopechys sanguixfa.

Rhodopechys sanguined Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 280.

<? . Hissar Mts. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 366, 367.

?. „ „ No. 368.

Found, rarely, on the edge of the snow at 7000 ft. A very
shy wild bird, with a curious flight, somewhat like that of a
Woodpecker.

35. Erythrospiza mongolica.

Erythrospiza mongolica Sharpe, Cat. B. xii. p. 287.
<J . Samarkand. 12, 14 April, 1908. Nos. 331, 337.
? . „ 27 Oct., 1907. Nos. 129, 130.

This is a somewhat rare bird, chiefly haunting the lo<"ss
ravines, but also found at 5000 ft. in the rock-country.

36. Otocorys albigula.

Eremophila alpestris albigula Hartert, Vug. Pal. Fauna, i.
p. 262.

c? . Hissar Mts. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 372, 369.

S . „ 24 June, 1908. No. 599.

? . „ 25 April, 1908. Nos. 370, 371.

This species is only found above 7000 ft. in the mountains,
frequenting the alpine pastures just below the snow.

37. Melanocorypha bimaculata.

Melanocorypha bimaculata Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 555.
<J. Samarkand. 10-28 May, 1908. Nos. 442, 413,

499.

This summer migrant to the Zarafschan Valley arrives
during the first week in May in the neighbourhood of Samar-
kand, and breeds in the corn-fields. It is a very local bird,
and appears to be confined to the cultivated area at about
2000 ft.

38. Alauda cantarella.

Alauda arvensis cantarella Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, i.
1905, p. 246.

<J . Samarkand. 27 Oct., 1907. Nos. 127, 128.
? . „ 23 Sept., 1907. No. 48.

Sex doubtful. Bokhara. 14 Nov., 1907. No. 177.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 G

450 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

All the Common Skylarks were winter visitors in Zaraf-
schan. In the summer their place was taken by great
numbers of Indian Skylarks, which come north to the
Zarafschan Valley to breed. All my specimens belong to
the " mealy form/'

39. Alauda inconspicua.

Alauda gnlgula inconspicua Hartert, Vug. Pal. Fauna,
i. p. 249.

S . Bokhara. 18-20 May, 1908. Nos. 479, 458, 487.

This Lark is a summer visitor to the low steppe, breeding
in the cultivated lands at 200 ft. I never found it higher up
than 1000 ft.

40. Galerida magna.

Galerida cristata magna Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, i.
p. 235.

S. Samarkand. 17 Nov., 22 Sept., 1907. Nos. 191, 46.

? . „ 18 Nov., 23 Sept., 1907. Nos. 197, 50.

All the Crested-Larks that I collected belong to the large,
pale race called G. magna by Hume. My specimens agree
with those in the British Museum from Kashgar and
Tashkent.

41. Calandrella brachydactyla.

Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla Hartert, Yog.
Pal. Fauna, i. p. 215.

S . Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 364, 365.

<$. Bokhara. 20-22 March, 1908. Nos. 309, 474, 308,

310.
? . „ 22 March, 1908. No. 311.

42. Calandrella pispoletta.

Calandrella pispoletta Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 587.
S. Bokhara. 14 Nov., 1907. Nos. 178, 179.
This specimen belongs to the pale race of the species from
the Oxus deserts.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 451

43. Calandrella leucoph^ea.

Calandrella leucophaa Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, i. p. 219.

? . Bokhara. 14 Nov., 1907. No. 180.

This desert form of C. pispoletta is a somewhat rare bird.
My specimen agrees exactly with those that Severtzoff ob-
tained in the same district. The outer tail-feathers are pure
white, except for a dot at the base of the inner web, which
distinguishes it from C. adamsi.

44. MoTACILLA ALBA.

Motacilla alba Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 464.
<J. Bokhara. 24 March, 1908. No. 323.
c? imm. Samarkand. 18 Oct., 1907. No. 88.
? imm. „ 14 Sept., 18 Oct., 1907. Nos.

43, 89.

45. Motacilla personata.

Motacilla personata Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 479.
<J. Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. No. 353.
$ imm. Samarkand. 4 Nov., 1907. No. 153.

46. Motacilla melanope.

Motacilla melanope Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 497.

$ . Samarkand. 3 May, 25 April, 1908. Nos. 403, 356.

<J imm. Samarkand. 21 Oct., 1907. No. 97.

47. Motacilla feldeggi.

Motacilla feldeggi Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 527.

<J. Bokhara. 22 March, 1908. Nos. 315, 317.

<j. „ 18 May, 1908. No. 459.

$ imm. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1908. No. 6.

This is a fairly common bird in the marshlands of the
lower Zarafschan. Flocks of these Wagtails are often to be
seen following the droves of sheep and feeding amongst
them. Thy are summer migrants to the Zarafschan Valley.

48. Anthus trivialis.

Anthus trivialis Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 513.
<J. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 11 Oct., 1907. Nos. 4, 58.
<j. „ 14 April, 1908. No. 339.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 2.

2 a 2

452 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

49. Anthus spipoletta.

Anthus spipoletta Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 593.
<J. Samarkand. 18 Nov., 1907. No. 196.
S. Bokhara. 4 Dec, 1907. No. 211.

50. Anthus campestris.

Anthus campestris Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 569.

<? . Samarkand. 1 May-10 May, 1908. Nos. 448, 389,

390.
S . „ 24 Oct., 1907. No. 117.

51. Certhia himalayensis.

Certhia himalayensis Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 327.

(?. Samarkand. 21 Nov., 1907. No. 198.

<J. Ilissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. No. 568.

? . Samarkand. 22 Dec.-2 Feb., 1907-8. Nos. 270,
251.

The Tree-Creeper is a rather rare resident in the Zaraf-
schan Valley. It breeds at 9000 ft. in the juniper-groves
and descends to the cultivated area around Samarkand in
the winter.

This is a Himalayan bird which extends as far north as
the Zarafschan, but no further, north of this its place being
taken by C. familiaris. According to their locality, my
specimens ought to belong to the north-western race of
C. himalayensis, named by Severtzoff C. tceniura, distinguished
by its greater size, paler upper parts and whiter under parts.
But my specimens agree exactly in colour and in size with
birds from Kohat and Astor, and do not come up to the
measurements of specimens from Samarkand in the British
Museum.

The culmens vary between '7 and *9 inch, and the wing
measurements vary between 2'6 and 2*7 inches.

52. TlCHODROMA MURARIA.

Tichodroma muraria Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 331.
S . Samarkand. 23 Oct., Nov., 1 Jan., 1907-8. Nos.
107, 134, 201, 259.

Birds of the Zarafschaii Basin. 453

The Wall-Creeper is very common in the plains of Samar-
kand and in the rocky foot-hills in winter : it is much less
often seen in summer.

53. SlTTA TEPHRONOTA.

Sitta tephronota Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, x.
p. 450.

S . Hills near Samarkand. 11-15 Oct., 1907. Nos. 76,

77.
<J. ,, „ „ 25 April, 1 June, 1908.

Nos. 357, 503, 504.
? . „ „ „ 19 April, 1908. No. 345.

? . Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. No. 587.
Sex doubtful. Hills near Samarkand. 15 Oct., 1907.
No. 76.

This Nuthatch is a very common resident in the rocky
foot-hills between 3000 and 7000 ft., but rarely goes above
this altitude. On one occasion I found it at 8000 ft. It
breeds at the end of April.

54. Regulus himalayensis.

Regulus himalayensis Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 81.

S . Samarkand. 4 Nov.-19 Dec, 1907. Nos. 185, 156,
157, 236.

? . Samarkand. 16 Nov.-19 Dec., 1907. Nos. 186, 237.

This Gold-Crest is a winter visitor to the Vale of Samar-
kand ; its summer haunts are probably the forests of the
Tian Shan Mts.

55. Leptopoecile sophi^.

Leptopmcile sophice Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 86.

c? • Hissar Mts. 14-24 June, 1908. Nos. 530; 572, 573,
574, 583.

? . Hissar Mts. 18 June, 1908. No. 538.

This bird is peculiar to the juniper-groves at 8000 and
9000 ft. in the mountains, and is generally found in small
flocks.

It must breed very early, for on the 18th of June the
young were fully fledged and flying about. I could not

.J54 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

obtain any very good specimens owing to the fact that
all the birds were either young or in full moult.

This is a Cashmere species, ranging into Turkestan as far
as the Tian Shan Mts.

56. Parus bokharensis.

Parus bokharensis Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 16.

<J . Samarkand. 9-13 Sept., 1907. Nos. 15, 21, 22, 40.
?. „ 10-14 Sept., 1907. Nos. 23, 42.

This Tit is a very common resident in the cultivated areas,
not going above 4000 ft. It has a great variety of notes.
On the 30th of May, I found a nest of young birds in a hole
in a poplar tree only one foot above the ground. This large
race of Parus cinereus has a total length of from 5*7 to
6 inches, and a wing-measurement varying between 26 and
2*75 inches.

57. Parus flavipectus.

Parus flavipectus Gadow, Cat. 13. viii. p. 11.
<J. Samarkand. 28 Dec, 1907. No. 256.
<J. „ 25 Jan., 1908. No. 268.

? . „ 28 Dec, 1907. Nos. 257, 258.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 25 Jan., 1907. No. 269.
A somewhat rare resident in the cultivated regions,
generally seen in small flocks of five or six individuals.

58. Parus rufonuchalis.

Parus rufonuchalis Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 29.
<?. Hissar Mts. 14-23 June, 1908. Nos. 528, 537,
582.

? . Hissar Mts. 14-18 June, 1908. Nos. 529, 536.
This Tit is peculiar to the juniper-forests from 8000 to
9000 ft. in the Hissar Mts., never descending lower. It is
a very silent bird for a Tit, and its note, when uttered, is
very soft and weak. The specimens were in full moult and
the young were fledged.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 455

59. Lanius leucopterus.

Lanius leucopterus Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 455.
(J. Samarkand. 26 Dec, 1907. No. 255.

60. Lanius homeyeri.

Lanius homeyeri Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 454.
? . Bokhara. 24 March, 1908. No. 320.
? iram. Bokhara. 4 Dec, 1907. No. 205.
$ imm. Samarkand. 3 Jan., 1908. No. 260.

61. Lanius dealbatus.

Lanius dealbatus Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 458.
? imm. Bokhara. 24 March, 1908. No. 321.

62. Lanius minor.

Lanius minor Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 470, Dec. 1902.

<?. Samarkand. 1 June, 1908. Nos. 510, 511, 512.
? . „ 10 May, 1908. No. 439.

This is a summer migrant, arriving during the first week in
May in large numbers. It breeds in the cultivated area in
June.

63. Lanius collurio.

Lanius collurio Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 471, Dec. 1902.

S . Bokhara. 15-20 May, 1908. Nos. 491, 456.

<J imm. Samarkand. 8-11 Sept., 1907. Nos. 7, 11.

? . Bokhara. 15 May, 1908. No. 457.
A summer migrant, commoner on the steppe at 600 ft. than
in the cultivated area (2000 ft.).

64. Lanius phosnicuroides.

Lanius phcenicuroides Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 12.
<J . Samarkand. 6 May, 1908. No. 422.
$ jr. „ 15 Oct., 1907. No. 69.

65. Lanius erythronotus.

Lanius erythronotus Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 477.

<J ? . Samarkand. 1 June, 1908. Nos. 514, 515.

A summer migrant to the cultivated area only; not to be
met with on the open country.

In the first week in June these birds were laying. Their
nests were built in the poplars, about thirty feet from the

456 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

ground, and were made of fresh green grass and moss. In
the nests I found all sorts of odds and ends such as bits of
string and cloth and sheeps' wool.

66. Sylvia cinerea.

Sylvia cinerea Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 8.
<J . Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 5.
S . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 473.
?. „ „ No. 476.

67. Sylvia affinis.

Sylvia affinis Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 19.

<J . Samarkand. Sept. 1907. Nos. 3, 31.

<J. „ May, 1908. Nos. 397, 431.

$ . „ Sept. 1907. No. 12.

? . „ May, 1908. No. 432.

68. Sylvia minuscula.

Sylvia minuscula Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 20.
<J . Bokhara. 23 May, 1908. No. 319.
? . Samarkand. 3 May, 1908. No. 401.

09. Sylvia nana.

Sylvia nana Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p 26.

$. Bokhara. 14-23 March, 1908. Nos. 283, 318.

This little Warbler is found on the low-lying deserts of
Bokhara in small numbers. It is a summer migrant, arriving
early in March.

70. Phylloscopus tristis.

Phylloscopus tristis Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 63.
<J. Samarkand. 11 Oct., 1907. No. 60.
S. Samarkand. 5-19 April, 1908. Nos. 325, 326,
327, 328, 351.

? . Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. No. 145.
? . „ 6 May, 1908. No. 433.

71. Phylloscopus humii.

Phylloscopus humii Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 67.
S . Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. No. 146.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 457

(J . Hissar Mts. 14 June, 1908. No. 534.

? . „ 18, 20 June, 1908. Nos. 562, 560.

I found this bird breeding at 9500 ft. in the juniper-groves
of the Hissar Mts. The nest was domed and was made of
grass, without any lining except a few hairs. It was placed
on the ground under a small bush. On the 19th of June
the full clutch of five eggs was hard-set.

72. Phylloscopus viridanus.

Phylloscopus viridanus Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 44.

J. Samarkand. 4 May, 1908. No. 420.

S . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. Nos. 477, 478, 498.

73. Phylloscopus occipitalis.

Phylloscopus occipitalis Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 50.
S . Hissar Mts. 23 June, 1908. No. 593.

74. HYPOLAIS RAMA.

Hypolais rama Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 84.
<?. Samarkand. 6 May-5 June, 1908. Nos. 427, 506,
517, 520, 521, 522.

<$. Bokhara. 18-20 May, 1908. Nos. 463, 461, 465,
466, 481, 485.

? . Samarkand. 6 June, 1908. No. 523.
? . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. Nos. 482, 486.
This is one of the commonest Warblers in the low tamarisk
jungles, and in the cultivated valleys up to 2000 ft.

75. Hypolais caligata.

Hypolais caligata Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 85.
? . Bokhara. 18-28 May, 1908. Nos. 462, 500.
<J . „ 20 May, 1908. No. 475.

This is a summer migrant to the low deserts, found in very
barren localities.

76. Aedon familiaris.

Sylvia familiaris Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 36.
<J. S.W. of Bokhara. 18-20 May, 1908. Nos. 461,
469, 470, 471, 483, 484.

? . S.W. of Bokhara. 18 May, 1908. No. 460.

458 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

This bird arrives in great numbers on the Bokharan deserts
in the middle of May. It does not seem to extend above
1000 ft., but is very numerous on the tamarisk-covered
sand-hills at 200 ft.

77. ACROCEPHALUS AGRICOLA.

Acrocephalus agricola Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 106.
? . Samarkand. 6 May, 1908. No. 426.
A summer migrant to the cultivated areas.

78. Acrocephalus dumetorum.

Acrocephalus dumetorum Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 104.

cJ . Samarkand. 6 May-4 June, 1908. Nos. 424, 425,
449, 516.

? . Samarkand. 6 June, 1908. No. 524.

This is a summer migrant to the cultivated valleys at
2000 ft.

79. MoNTICOLA SAXATILIS.

Monticola saxatilis Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 313.
<?. Samarkand. 19 April, 1908. No. 344.
$ . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 494.
This summer migrant arrives in the first week of May.

80. Monticola cyands.

Monticola cijanus Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 316.
cJ . Samarkand. 10 May, 1908. No. 440.
$ . „ 10 May, 1908. No. 441.

A summer migrant, arriving during the first week in May.

81. Turdus VISCIVORUS.

Turclus viscivorus Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 194.

? . Samarkand. 6 March, 1908. No. 278.

? . Hissar Mts. 24 June, 1908. No. 600.

'I he Missel Thrush is very rare in the Zarafschan Valley.
It breeds at 9000 ft. in the Hissar Mts., building its nest in
the juniper trees. On the 24th of June the birds were
feeding their young.

82. Turdus pilaris.

Turdus pilaris Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 205.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 459

<$ . 100 miles north of Samarkand. 3 Jan., 1908. No.
2G2.

A rare winter visitor to Zarafschan.

83. TURDUS ATRIGULARIS.

Tardus atrigularis Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 267.

S. Samarkand. 6 Feb., 1908. No. 272.

<? • „ 7 Oct., 1907. No. 54.

<?. „ 25 Oct., 1907. No. 121.

cJ. „ 11 Oct., 1907. No. 64.

9 . „ 2 Feb., 1908. No. 271.

This Thrush arrives in the Zarafschan Valley in immense
numbers during the month of October. It is fairly common
all the winter in the cultivated areas, but by the end of
February the birds have left on their northern migration.
Although many winter in the neighbourhood of Samarkand,
the majority pass further southwards. The strongest
migration across the valley takes place during the middle of
October, southwards ; and during the middle of March,
northwards.

84. TURDUS MERULA.

Merula merula Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 235.

<$ . Samarkand. 1G Nov., 1907. No. 184.

c?. „ 22, 26 Dec, 1907. Nos. 252, 251,

The Blackbird is rare in the cultivated districts and I
only saw it in winter. Severtzoff mentions it as breeding in
the northern part of Turkestan, and these are probably the
birds that winter in the Zarafschan Valley. The wing-
measurements are remarkably long, namely, 5-38, 5*25, and
5-20 inches.

85. Accentor atrigularis.

Accentor atrigularis Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 656.

$ . Samarkand. 18 Jan., 6 Feb., 1908. Nos. 266, 273.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 18 Jan., 1908. No. 267.

I only once came across this Accentor, during a very hard
spell of snowy weather in January. The birds were feeding
on the ground in a poplar grove, when I shot them.

460 Mr. Douglas Carrutliers on the

86. RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.

Ruticilla rufiventris Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 342.
$ . Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. No. 358.
$ . Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. Nos. 543, 542.
S imra. Samarkand. 23 Oct., 1907. Nos. ] 11, 109, 110.
? . Samarkand. 15-23 Oct., 1907. Nos. 113, 95, 75,
112.

Common on the rocky foot-hills of Zarafschan, and breeding
at 9000 ft. in the Hissar Range.

87. Ruticilla erythronota.

Ruticilla erythronota Seebohm, Cat. B. v- p. 348.
<J. Samarkand. 19 Oct., 1907. No. 91.
$ . „ 21-22 Oct., 1907. Nos. 105, 96.

? . „ 6 March, 1908. No. 277.

88. Ruticilla c^eruleocephala.

Ruticilla cceruleocephala Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 353.

<J. Hissar Mts. 14-24 June, 1908. Nos. 570, 571,
525, 569, 544.

? . Hissar Mts. 16-20 June, 1908. Nos. 558, 567.
This is a common bird in the juniper-forests from 9000 to
9500 ft. in the Hissar Mts. It breeds in June, making a nest
of grass on the ground, under the stump of a tree, composed
of grass and moss, lined with a few feathers. The birds were
sitting on eggs on the 18th of June. They appear to keep
entirely to the forests, where they haunt the thickets, and are
not to be met with on the open rocky slopes.

89. Daulias hafizi.

Erithacus golzii Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 297.

cJ. Samarkand. Sept. 1907. Nos. 13, 36.

<$ . „ 6 May, 1908. No. 429.

? . „ 9 Sept., 1907. No. 19.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 6 May, 1908. No. 428.

This bird arrives at the end of April in the Samarkand
district, but apparently breeds only at a slightly higher
altitude. In June there were no Nightingales singing in the
neighbourhood of Samarkand, but in the higher part of the
Zarafschan Valley at 4000 ft. there were many.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 461

90. Cyanecula suecica.

Erithacus caruleculus Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 309.
c?. Samarkand. 11 Oct., 1907. No. 59.
S imm. Samarkand. 7 Oct., 1907. No. 53.
? imm. ,, 15 Oct., 1907. No. 73.

?. Samarkand. 18 April, 1908. No. 343.
This bird passes through the Zarafschan Valley on its
spring and autumnal migrations.

91. PRATINCOLA MAURA.

Pratincola maura Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 188.

<? . Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. Nos. 359, 360.

S . „ 6 May, 1908. No. 430.

S imm. Samarkand. 14 Sept., 1907. No. 44.

S imm. „ 18 Nov., 18 Oct., 1907. Nos.

195, 86.
? . Samarkand. 18 Oct., 1907. No. 87.
? . „ 3 May, 1908. No. 405.

A summer migrant, and fairly common up to 4000 ft.

92. Saxicola (enanthe.

Saxicola (enanthe Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 391.

S . Hissar Mts. 24 June, 1908. Nos. 605, 606.

The only occasion on which I found the Common Wheatear
was at a height of 9000 ft. in the Hissar Mts., where it
was evidently breeding.

93. Saxicola isabellina.

Saxicola isabellina Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 399.

<J . Samarkand. 18 Oct., 1907. No. 85.

S • Bokhara. 22 March, 1908. No. 314.

cJ . Hissar Mts. 24 June, 1908. No. 598.

c?. „ 24 June, 1908. No. 597.

? . Bokhara. 22 March, 1908. No. 313.

? . „ 14 March, 1908. No. 284.

? . Samarkand. 18 Oct., 1907. No. 84.

? . Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. No. 556.

?. Samarkand. 15 Oct., 1907. No. 72.

The common Wheatear of the Zarafschan Valley is

462 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

S. isabellina. S. tenant he was only obtained high up in the
mountains. S. isabellina is common from the Bokharan
deserts, at an altitude of 500 ft., up to the Samarkand steppe
at 2500 ft. I also found it breeding in small numbers at
9500 ft. in the Hissar Mts.

SevertzofF mentions that he found S. isabellina common in
the high Pamirs, where it bred.

It is a summer visitor to the Zarafschan Valley, arriving
in mid-March.

94. Saxicola morio.

Saxicola morio Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 372.

J . Samarkand. 19 April, 1908. No. 318.

S. „ 12 April, 1908. Nos. 333, 331, 335.

S . Bokhara. 14 March, 1908. Nos. 289, 290.

<?. „ 24 March, 1908. No. 322.

S . Samarkand. 25 April, 1908. No. 379.

<j . „ 19 Oct., 1907. No. 93.

j. „ 25 Oct., 1907. No. 120.

<?. „ 23 Oct., 1907. No. 114.

? . „ 19 Oct., 1907. No. 94.

? . „ 15 Oct., 1907. No. 70.

? . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 480.

? . Samarkand. 10 May, 1908. No. 444.

The commonest Chat in the Zarafschan Valley is S. morio.
Arriving in mid-March on the lower deserts and in April on
the higher country, it breeds in localities varying from 500
to 4000 ft. in altitude. I have rarely seen it as high as
8000 ft.

On the 10th May I took a nest of this Chat, at 4000 ft.
on the hills near Samarkand. The nest was placed under a
rock, and was made entirely of grass, lined with hair. These
Chats pass southwards during October in great numbers.

95. Saxicola opistholeuca.
Saxicola opistholeuca Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 376.
<J . Samarkand. 1 May, 1908. No. 388.
A very rare bird in these regions. I only saw two speci-
mens during the whole year.

Birds of the Zarufschan Basin. 463

96. Saxicola finscht.

Saxicola finschii Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 388.
? . Samarkand. 12 April, 1908. No. 332.
? . „ 1 May, 1908. No. 393.

A summer visitor. It breeds in the hills near Samarkand
at 3000 ft.

97. Saxicola deserti.

Saxicola deserti Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 383.

<$ . Bokhara. 22 March, 1908. No. 312.

t?. „ 21 March, 1908. No. 302.

<?. „ 21 March, 1908. No. 301.

<$ . „ 21 March, 1908. No. 300.

<J. Samarkand. 19 Oct., 1907. No. 92.

? . Bokhara. 21 March, 1908. No. 303.

?. Samarkand. 11 Oct., 1907. No. 68.

A summer migrant to the Zarafschan Valley, arriving
suddenly on the lower deserts in great numbers in the
middle of March.

98. ClNCLUS LEUCOGASTER.

Cinclus leucogaster Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 314.

? . Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. Nos. 136, 135.

? . „ 14 Dec, 1907. Nos. 230, 229, 232,

228.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. No. 137.

This is the common Dipper of the Zarafschau Valley
between 2000 and 5000 ft. Below 2000 ft. there are no
Dippers at all, and above 5000 ft. the Brown Dipper takea
its place. They are chiefly to be found on the highest
portions of the little mountain torrents, and not on the
larger rivers. They are most common at 4000 ft.

99. Cinclus asiaticus.

Cinclus asiaticus Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 314.
? imm. Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. No. 586.
The common Dipper of the higher mountains is C. asiaticus

464 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

ranging; from about 4500 to 9000 ft. In June there were
any number of young birds about, so much so that it was
difficult to find any old ones.

100. Troglodytes pallidus.

Anorthura pallida Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 273.

<J. Hills near Samarkand. 25 Oct.-19 Dec, 1907.
Nos. 106, 118, 144, 239.

? . Hills near Samarkand. 22 Oct. - 19 Dec, 1907.
Nos. 102, 103, 119,238,240.

This Wren is most common in the rocky mountain-gorges
in very barren country ; but it is occasionally found in the
reed-beds of the Zarafschan River.

101. Myiophoneus temmincki.
Myiophoneus temmincki Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 7.

<J . Hissar Mts. 20, 23 June, 1908. Nos. 590, 589.

$ . „ 23 June, 1908. Nos. 591, 595.

? . Samarkand. 15 Oct., 1907. No. 79.

The Himalayan Whistling Thrush is found somewhat
rarely in the steep gorges of the Hissar Range. 1 have seen
it as low as 3000 ft., but it usually haunts the torrents and
ravines at about 7000 ft. It nests in the cracks of the
rocks, and by June 20th the young are fully fledged. The
male bird has a most curious little warble, not unlike that
of a Blackcap.

Severtzoff records this bird as far north as the Tian Shan
Mts.

102. MUSCICAPA GRISOLA.

Muscicapa grisola Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 151.

<J. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 11.

Sex doubtful. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 1.

A summer migrant, arriving during the middle of May.

103. Muscicapa parva.

Muscicapa parva Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 161.

<j . Samarkand. 10 April, 1908. Nos. 329, 330.

A rare bird and not often met with in this district.

Birds of the Zarafschan Bust it. 465

104. COTILE RUPESTRIS.

Cotile rupestris Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 109.
c? . Samarkand. 19 April, 1908. Nos. 346, 347.
Small flocks of this Swallow are found very locally iu the
mountains at about 6000 ft.

105. Dendrocopus leucopterus.

Dendrocopus leucopterus Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 215.

S . Samarkand. Oct., Dec, 1907. Nos. 138, 148, 253.
? . „ Oct., Nov., 1907. Nos. 147, 150, 151,

152.

This Woodpecker is a common resident in the cultivated
area from 600 to 3000 ft., and is especially numerous at
2000 ft. The numbers that inhabit the Vale of Samarkand
are greatly increased during the winter months. Probably
the winter visitors are those that naturally range over
northern and north-eastern Turkestan, but, finding the
winters too severe there, come south to the sheltered
Zarafschan Valley.

106. Iynx torquilla.

lynx torquilla Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 560.
? . Hissar Mts. 25 April, 1908. No. 380.

107. CUCULUS CANORUS.

Cuculus canorus Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 245.

<J . Samarkand. 6 May, 1908. No. 436.

? . „ 6 May, 1908. No. 437.

The Common Cuckoo arrives in the first week in May,
and is very common during the summer all over the culti-
vated region.

108. Caprimulgus europ^eus.

Caprimulgus europceus Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 526.

S . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 489.

S imm. Bokhara. 14 Nov., 1907. No. 171.

109. Upupa epops.

Upupa epops Salvin, Cat. B. xvi. p. 4.
? . Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 14.
This Hoopoe is very common in spring and summer, and
ser. ix. — vol. iv. 2 u

466 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

breeds in the holes of the walnut trees. In winter the vast
majority go south, but I observed a few in Samarkand on
the 29th of January, when snow was on the ground.

110. Merops apiaster.

Merops apiaster Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii. p. 63.
$ imm. Samarkand. 15 Sept., 1907. No. 45.

The Bee-eater arrives during the first week in May : the
majority pass the Zarafschan Valley and go further north
to breed, but some remain.

111. C()RACIAS GARRULUS.

Coracias garrulus Sharpe, Cat. 13. xvii. p. 15.
? . Samarkand. 1 May, 1908. No. 395.
Rollers begin to arrive on the 1st of May, and are very
common all the summer. They breed in the loess cliffs.

112. Alcedo ispida.

Alcedo ispida Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii. p. 141 .

<J. Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. No. 141.
? . „ 29 Oct., 1907. No. 133.

This Kingfisher is common on the Zarafschan River itself
at about 2000 ft., and also on the small mountain streams
up to 4500 ft.

113. Cypselus melba.

Micropus melba Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 439.
? . Samarkand. 3 May, 1908. No. 400.

This Swift is a summer visitor, arriving in Samarkand in
great numbers on the 2nd of April. Here they haunt the
ruined mosques and madresahs, where they breed. They
also breed at 4000 ft. in the neighbouring hills, early in May.
By the 6th of November they have all gone south again.

114. AsiO ACCIPITRINUS.

Asio accipitrinus Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 234.
<$ . Samarkand. 22 Dec, 1907. No. 249.
S . Bokhara. 4 Dec, 1907. No. 208.
This Owl is a common bird in the tamarisk-covered sand-
duncs of Bokhara during the winter.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. -1(57

115. Athene bactriana.

Athene bactriana Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 137.

<?. Samarkand. 23, 24 Oct., 1907. Nos. 108, 116.

<? . „ 19 Dec, 1907. No. 245.

c? . „ 14 April, 1908. No. 338.

This is a common bird on the barren foot-hills, but I
only observed it from 1000 to 3000 ft. All my specimens
have the legs and toes densely feathered to the base of the
claws.

116. Scops brucii.

Scops brucii Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 62.

<J. Samarkand. 8 Sept., 1907. No. 10.

A rare resident in the cultivated region, wherever there
are groves of trees.

Severtzoff does not mention this very well-defined sub-
species of Scops giu.

117. Circus cyaneus.

Circus cyaneus Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 52.
<$. Bokhara. 14 Nov., 1907. No. 172.
? „ 19 March, 1908. No. 304.

118. BUTEO FEROX.

Buteo ferox Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 176.

<J. Samarkand. 15 Oct., 1907. No. 80.

The autumnal migration of Birds-of-Prey is very noticeable
in the Zarafschan Valley. In October large numbers pass
over, going southwards.

119. ASTUR RADIUS.

Astur badius Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 109.

cJ. Samarkand. 9 Sept., 1907. No. 17.

<$ imm. Samarkand. 1 May, 1908. No. 398.

? . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 493.

This is the commonest Sparrow-Hawk of the country,
being found wherever the cultivation includes groves of trees
and thickets. It breeds in May as low as 600 ft. The
natives train Sparrow-Hawks, chiefly in order to fly at
Quails. But I cannot decide whether it is this species

2h2

4G8 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

or A. nisus that they use. Very probably it is this species,
for it is an even more courageous bird than the Common
Sparrow-Hawk.

120. Accipiter NISUS.

Accipiter nisus Sharpe, Cat. B i. p. 132.
<J. Samarkand. 12 April, 1908. No. 336.
This species is much more rare than Astur badius in the
Zarafschan Valley.

121. Pernis apivorus.

Pernis apivorus Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 314.
(J. Samarkand. 19 Oct., 1907. No. 90.
This is, apparently, a rare bird in Central Asia. Severt-
zoff only records one specimen.

122. MlLVUS MIGRANS.

Milvus korschun Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 322.
? . Samarkand. 14 April, 1908. No. 342.
This is a common bird around the native towns, in the
cultivated districts.

123. Falco subbuteo.

Falco subbuteo Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 315.
? . Samarkand. 12 Sept., 1907. No. 38.
The Hobby is a summer migrant in the Zarafschan.

124. Falco cenchris.

Cerchneis naumanni Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 437.

<$ . Samarkand. 1 May, 1908. No. 394.

J iram. Samarkand. 11 Sept., 1907. No. 29.

This Kestrel is exceedingly common in spring on the
migration, but few remain to breed. It first appears in
mid-April.

125. Anser rubrirostris.

Anser rubrirostris Salvad. Cat. B. xxvii. p. 91.
$ . Bokhara. 6 Dec, 1907. No. 213.

These Geese are winter migrants to the lakes formed by
the Zarafschan in the Bokhara steppes. They congregate in
enormous numbers, but have all left by the 20th of March.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 469

Bill bright pink, horny-nail white, base of lower mandible
paler, base of bill orange-red.

126. Nettion crecca.

Nettion crecca Salvad. Cat. B. xxvii. p. 243.

<J . Bokhara. 18 March, 1908. No. 298.
$ . Samarkand. 18 Oct., 1907. No. 83.

The Teal is a winter visitor to the Zarafschan, but also
passes the lower course of the river in mid-March in large
flocks migrating north. Incredible numbers collect on the
small lakes of the steppe at night.

127. MARECA PENELOPE.

Mareca penelope Salvad. Cat. B. xxvii. p. 227.

<J. Bokhara. 24 March, 1908. No. 324.

? . Samarkand. 30 Oct., 1907. No. 133.
This a winter migrant to the Zarafschan River.

128. FULIGULA PERINA.

Nyroca ferina Salvad. Cat. B. xxvii. p. 335.

<J . Bokhara. 18 March, 1908. No. 296.
? . „ 18 March, 1908. No. 297.

The Pochard passes the lower Zarafschan in immense
numbers on its northward migration in the middle of
March.

129. Mergus albellus.

Mergus albellus Salvad. Cat. B. xxvii. p. 461.
? . Bokhara. 4-8 Dec, 1907. Nos. 206, 225.
The Smew is very common on the lower Zarafschan in
winter.

130. iEGIALITIS CURONICA.

jEgialitis dubia Sharpe, Cat. B. xxiv. p. 263.
<J . Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 495.

131. TOTANUS OCHROPUS.

Heludromus ochropus Sharpe, Cat. B. xxiv. p. 437.
? . Samarkand. 18 Nov., 1907. No. 194.

132. Larus riuibundus.

Larus ridibundus Saunders, Cat. B. xxv. p. 207.

<$. Bokhara. 14, 22 March, 1908. Nos. 281, 316.

470 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on the

o1

133. Sterna anglica.

Gelochelidon anglica Saunders, Cat. B. xxv. p. 25.
<?. Bokhara. 15 May, 1908. No. 451.
? . „ 18 May, 1908. No. 468.

This Tern breeds on the lower Zarafschan.

134. Sterna minuta.

Sterna minuta Saunders, Cat. B. xxv. p. 116.
<J. Bokhara. 20 May, 1908. No. 497.

135. Rallus aquaticus.

Rallus aquaticus Sharpe, Cat. B. xxiii. p. 20.
<?. Samarkand. 19 Dec, 1907. No. 244.

136. PORZANA PUSILLA.

Porzana pusilla Sharpe, Cat. B. xxiii. p. 106.
S imrn. Samarkand. 29 Oct., 1907. No. 139.
This is a young bird, lacking all the slate-colour on the
under parts.

137. Columba intermedia.

Columba intermedia Strickl.; Salvad. Cat. B. xxi. p. 259.

<J. Samarkand. 17 Nov., 1907. No. 193.
? . Hissar Mts. 23 June, 1908. No. 581.

This Pigeon is common in the foot-hills and loess cliffs.
It is numerous at about 2000 ft., but occasionally goes up
to 9000 ft. Above this its place is taken by C. rupestris.

138. Columba rupestris.

Columba rupestris Salvad. Cat. B. xxi. p. 250.
<J. Hissar Mts. 20 June, 1908. Nos. 575, 576.
? . „ 20 June, 1908. Nos. 577, 578.

This Pigeon is peculiar to the mountain ranges, from
8000 to 10,000 ft.

139. TURTUR COMMUNIS.

Turtur communis Salvad. Cat. B. xxi. p. 397.

<J . Samarkand. 4 June, 1908. No. 519.

S . Bokhara. May, 1908. Nos. 453, 454, 488.

This Dove is a summer migrant to the Zarafschan Valley,
ranging from 600 ft. up to 4000 ft. The first arrivals
take place during the first week in May.

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 471

140. TURTUR FERRAGO.

Turtur f err a go Salvad. Cat. B. xxi. p. 401.

c?. Hissar Mts. 24 June, 1908. Nos. 579, 596, 604.

This Dove takes the place of T. communis in the high
mountains. It is confined to an area of from 8030 to
10,000 ft.

141. TURTUR CAMBAYENSIS.

Turtur cambayensis Salvad. Cat. B. xxi. p. 452.

<$ . Samarkand. Sept., Oct., Nov., 1907. Nos. 34,65,188.

? . „ Sept., Nov., 1907. Nos. 35, 189.

A common resident in the cultivated regions from 600 ft.
to 3000 ft. It is very tame and confiding, and is always to
be seen in the courtyards of the native houses.

Severtzoff only mentions Turtur senegalensis, but all my
specimens belong to the nearly allied T. cambayensis, having
the rump like the back — earthy-brown. Numbers 34 and
65, however, have the rump partly earthy-brown and partly
bluish.

142. Pterocles arenarius.

Pterocles arenarius Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. xxii. p. 19.
<J . Samarkand. 21 Nov., 1907. No. 199.
? • „ No. 200.

This Sandgrouse is common on the steppes from 600 ft. up
to 2500 ft.

143. Pterocles alchata.

Pteroclurus alchata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. xxii. p. 7.

$ . Samarkand. 30 April, 1908. No. 385.
? . Bokhara. 22 March, 1908. No. 305.

In spring I saw incredible numbers of the Pin-tailed
Sandgrouse passing Bokhara as if on migration. For manv
days immense flocks of these birds crossed overhead con-
tinually, going in a south-easterly direction.

It appears that the Karshi steppes, S.E. of Bokhara, are
the first to become green in the spring, and thither the
native shepherds drive their valuable flocks of Kara-Kul or
' Astrakhan ' sheep. It seems that the Sandgrouse also

17 '

Mi. I lougla ( .hi ntbi i "" il"'

1,1 i Id good i'.,.,.i t hftl In to be obtained i In re al in

- , I I ■ l I,. I. , .111(1 mil- I ..I i I III I 1 1 « I ll'Hll III' |,H,I <• llUI I ll- I I / in 'I

I'oodli • ■ i,i ppi

mi : . . in- H ,\ in i- -i- I,-, '

.:,/,, h,, rir . /,,,,,,,/,,.„. Ogil ie«Orant, Ciil 13 " p '

.: r. ,i ii.ii.,. in... IPO! Wo 'i '

'lln-i species ia found In immense numbers, ftl certain

|| i -,n .,n I \,<- \<r.\ ■■ 1 1 |.|,c -. I I (|.,< 1 1 ■ , I .i |,|,< -i i I ., I i i «| 111 nl.

tin high) i stcppi '...ll. , i( lih< I* tar octet artmarlut

I i... rn -mi 'ii- i ii ici (Plate v ill)

r/i, ,'(/,n in : ii,i//,iiiii,ii-i Ogilvii Grant, Cat, I' iii

Bokhara 18 M ly, 1908, I Fo i'".

,( ,, i -i , 1008 No .i

,( Samarkand II Od . 1907. No. *,,

,( Bol han 16 Nor., 1005 No 161 , 168, 164
16 N'. ,1905 No 162

Tin- 1 ■-. > < Hi ni . .,i.,ni. . I ir- hi . from -a in. 1 1 the accompanying
plati M'l v 1 1 1 i i inli ii u;i: drawn bi Majoi Joni . to
u horn in v bi i i han l an dud

'I in- i'i i , |" . ii Ii.ii to tin icll contained basin ol I he

/ 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 Hi vi i . i i ., 1 1 1 1 1 1 w 1 1 < 1 1 \ i i 1 1 , , i , i r jungle, both i 1 1
ii,. cultivated area find in tin tnmari k iwarapi, li ii
ni,, i ii ,1 in. i , ,u on il" I"" i \\ portion ol 1,1m river, i pecially
u in h it form i ninii iii . and iramp in M n i'..,i haran
,i, iii 1 1 rangi - as fai eait at Samarkand "i S2000 fl .

Tin /, ii ii -. 1 1 hi I- , i ii contained bn in, and the l'h< manti
rn. oonflnod to thl rivci valley, nol beiuu, able i" wonder

nnil mux uilli \\\" I '.I lln dm , .,i lln : ., hum Vnll.

Although 'i" /'i'i ii han approa< hi to within thirty or
Poi i y mill i ol i he Oxu pet 1 hoic thii ty mill foi m an
iiiij.n ,i i,i. Ii.ii i H i .,1 barren sand duneii

in M ii y nnil Juni these bird i lose moil ol the vinous
tinge on iii.- in. ' i and abdomen, and the upper parts
1,,-ciiiiii- very pan nnd ' wn bed out, tin mai ;iui to the
I, .ii, i, being pale bull instead oi n rich golden ooppci
. . iii ,ui

IBIS, 1910. PI. VIII.

Andre & Sleigh, Ltd

PHASIANUS ZERAFSHANICUS, $ & $

Birds of the Zarafschan Basin. 473

146. Tetraogallus himai.ayensis.

Tetraogallus himalayensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. xxii.
p. 106.

S . Hissar Mts. 1 May, 1908. No. 399.

The Himalayan Snow-cock extends into the Hissar
mountains and is to be found in fair numbers within a few
days' journey of Samarkand. This is probably their most
westerly range, and they do not descend below 10,000 ft. in
summer.

The Snow-cock is highly prized by the natives of
Turkestan as a fighting bird. Cock-fighting is one of their
chief pastimes, but Quails, Chucar Partridges, and even
Snow-cocks are also employed.

Its native name is ' Ulah.'

147. Caccabis chucar.

Caccabis chucar Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. xxii. p. 113.

S . Samarkand. May, 1908. Nos. 417, 418.

$ . „ May, 1908. No. 419.

Wherever there are rocky hills, from 1000 up to 10,000 ft.,
the Chucar Partridge is found in great numbers.

Having collected specimens of C. chucar in different
localities, from, the low, hot, Dead Sea basin at 1300 ft.
beloio the level of the ocean, up to 10,000 ft. above in Central
Asia, 1 have not been able to notice any constant variation,
either in plumage or size, in birds from the different
altitudes.

These specimens are of the light variety, being found on
barren rocky hills, and probably correspond with the Af-
ghanistan and Persian forms rather than with those of the
Himalayas and Tian Shan.

Appendix.

Examples of" the folio wing birds were obtained in the
Zarafschan Valley, and the species were determined, but the
specimens were not brought home.

1. Corvus corax Linn.
Samarkand. 22 Oct., 1907.

474 On the Birds of the Zarafschan Basin.

2. Ampelis garkulus Linn.
Samarkand. 5 Feb., 1908.

3. Ligurixus chloris (Linn.).
Samarkand. 4 March, 1908.

4. Melanocorypha yeltoxiexsis Forst.

Large flocks of this Lark were observed near the Sea of
Aral in August.

5. Hiruxdo rustica Linn.

Arrives in Samarkand in the middle of April. A summer
visitor only.

6. Cypselus apus (Linn.).

7. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.).

8. Neophrox percxopterus (Linn.).
Common round Samarkand.

9. Gypaktus barbatus (Linn.).

Hissar Mts. Not seen lower than 7000 ft.

10. Aquila chrysaetls (Linn.).
Samarkand. 11 Jan., 1908.

11. Falco cherrug Gray.
Samarkand. 15 Dec, 1907.

12. Bubo turcomaxus Eversm.

On several occasions I heard Eagle Owls at night in the
hills near Samarkand, and once I saw a pair on the tamarisk-
covered sand-hills between Bokhara and the Oxus. Accord-
ing to Severtzoff they range from the Bokharan deserts up
to the Pamirs.

13. PHffiXICOPTERUS roseus Pall.
Samarkand. 4 Nov., 1907.

14. Axas boscas Linn.

Bokhara. 4 Dec, 1907. Very numerous in winter.

15. Ardea alba Linn.
Samarkand. Nov., 1907.

On Birds from the Dead Sea and Arabia. 17.")

16. Nycticorax griseus Linn.
Samarkand. 7 June, 1908.

17. Botauris stellaris Linn.
Samarkand. 19 Dec, 1907.

18. Ciconia alba Bechst.

This is a summer migrant to the Zarafschan Valley, where
it breeds in May, building in the trees and on the minarets
and domes of the mosques.

19. ToTANUS CALIDRIS Lillll.

Samarkand. 10 Oct., 1907, and 7 June, 1908.

20. Gallinago cqslestis (Frenzel).
Samarkand. 25 Oct., 1907.

21. Otis tarda Linn.

Bokhara. 7 Nov., 1907. A winter migrant.

22. COTURNIX COMMUNIS Boilll.

A very common summer visitor, but occasionally met with
also in winter. The birds are captured in great quantities
b) the natives, and used for fighting purposes.

XXI. — On a Collection of Birds from the Dead Sea and
North-western Arabia, with Contributions to the Ornithology
of Syria and Palestine. By Douglas Carruthers,
F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U.

(Plate IX. and Text-figure 5.)

During the journeys which I made in the early part of 1909
to the Dead Sea, the uplands of Moab, and the deserts of
IS orth- western Arabia, I formed a small collection of birds,
and made a certain number of notes on the ornithology of
these little-known countries. Scarcely any work has been
done in these districts since Tristram's day, and the range
of his explorations extended no further than the Land of
Moab. Indeed, I cannot find that any ornithologist has
penetrated into the country lying to the south-east, towards
the Hedjaz provinces of Arabia.

476 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

The region that I traversed (see Map, Plate IX.) comprised
the low, hot depression that holds the Dead Sea and sinks to
1300 ft. below the level of the Mediterranean, the extremely
rocky precipitous declivities of the Moab Plateau, which form
the eastern wall of the depression, the rolling uplands of Moab,
which afford a certain amount of pasture, and, lastly, the
inner deserts (the stony Hammad and the sandy Nafud)
which stretch into the very heart of Arabia.

The vegetation of these different zones varies a great deal.
In the Dead Sea Basin it is of almost tropical luxuriance ;
in many places palms, oleanders, and acacias form an
impenetrable jungle. In the Ghor es Sarfeh, at the south
end of the Dead Sea, there is an especially dense jungle
of thorn-scrub, tamarisk, and a tall grass (Saccharum
a>gyptiacum). The wadis that drain into the Dead Sea are
also full of growth, but the hills are generally very
barren.

The Moab Plateau affords fairly good pasturage for flocks
and herds, and is inhabited by a considerable variety of
birds and mammals, while the inner deserts are much more
sterile and almost uninhabited. The north-western portion
of Arabia is composed of limestone steppes, sand-dunes,
barren rocky hills, and a few isolated oases.

The altitudes of these different localities vary from
— 1292 ft. (below the level of the ocean) in the Dead Sea
Basin to 4-3000 ft. on the Moab Plateau. The greater
part of N.W. Arabia has an altitude of over 2000 ft.

The great trench which holds the Jordan River and the
Dead Sea, being one of the most remarkable physical features
in the world, contains an interesting fauna.

The Moab Sparrow (Passer moabiticus), for instance, is
not only confined to this limited region, but is only found
in three little isolated areas of jungle at the most southern
and lowest portion of the Depression. This is also the only
locality in the Palaearctic Region where a species of the
genus Cinnyris occurs (C. osea), which shews the affinities
of the fauna of Palestine to that of the Ethiopian Region.
This bird, however, seems to have extended its range out of

from the Dead Sea and Xorth-western Arabia. 177

the Depression to the coast-region, where it is found from
Jaffa to Beirut.

Other remarkable birds, typical of the vicinity of the
Dead Sea, are the Fan-tailed Raven (Corvus affinis),
Tristram's Grackle (Amydrus tristrami), the Palestine
Bush-Babbler {Argya squamiceps) , and the Chat- Robin
(Cercomela melanvra).

In January 1909 I made a collection at the Oasis of
Tebuk and in the surrounding district. During February
and March I travelled over the country which extends from
the Dead Sea south-eastwards to the borders of Nejd in
Central Arabia. This land was, of course, very poor in
bird-life, but two especially interesting observations were
made, namely, the occurrence in N.W. Arabia of the Ostrich
and of a peculiar Lark (Ammomanes saturatus), the latter
having hitherto only been recorded from Abyssinia and
Southern Arabia. Travel in this region was extremelv
hazardous, and necessity forced me to journey fast from
well to well; thus collecting was almost impossible. Manv
of the specimens which I preserved were skinned as I rode
along on camel-back.

After my return from the desert-region, a journey was
made on foot over the rough country that borders the Dead
Sea on the east. The hot-springs of Callirhoe in the Wadi
Zerka Main were visited, the Wadis Beni Ham mad, Numeira,
and Hessi were explored, and the jungle-covered shores of
the sea itself, at Ghor el Mezreh and Ghor es Sarfeh, were
fairly well worked.

The return journey led, via Kerak and Madeba, to Salt,
and thence, via the Jordan Valley, to Tiberias and Damascus.

This collection was made expressly for the museum of the
American College in Beirut, and I should advise any
member of the British Ornithologists' Union who happens
to pass through Syria to make a point of visiting that
museum, where he will find a very representative collection
of the fauna of Syria and Pah s:ine.

The following list of birds contains the names of those
which I obtained on these journeys. Specimens of most of

478 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

thetn were collected and preserved, but in a few cases they
were only " observed." References to Tristram's 'Fauna
and Flora of Palestine ' are added, and quoted as " Tristram,
Pal."

There are 54 species enumerated in my List and 4 others
in the Appendix. Of these, five are not included in Tristram's
work, namely, Ammomanes cincturus, A. saturatus, Lanius
dealbatus, Parus cceruleus, and Porzana bailloni.

1. CORVUS AFFINIS.

Coi'vus af/inis Tristr. Pal. p. 76; Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 46.

a. <$ . Wadi Beni Hammad, E. of Dead Sea. 29 April,
1909.

b. ? . Wadi Numeira, E. of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.
The Fan-tailed Raven is confined, in Palestine, to the

Dead Sea region. It is fairly common in the ravines on the
eastern side of the Depression, where I have seen a flock of
no less than eight together. The birds are also occasionally
seen in company with Common Ravens, but are easily
distinguished from them by their short, rounded tails,
which are very noticeable. They have, moreover, a very
different and much more musical cry. I found them nesting
on the 28th of April.

2. CoRVUS COLLARIS.

Corvus monedula Tristr. Pal. p. 75.

Colmus collaris Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 27.

Jackdaws were very common in the declivities of the
Moab Plateau. All the specimens I obtained seemed to
belong to the white-collared race of Corvus monedula.
Tristram also noted this, but did not give specific value to
the white-collared variety.

3. Amydrus tristrami.
Amydrus tristrami Tristr. Pal. p. 74.
Hagiopsar tristrami Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 168.

a. <J ', b. ? . Wadi Hessi, S.E. of Dead Sea. 2 May,
1909.

Large colonies of these birds haunt the rock-gorges in

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 479

the wadies that run into the Dead Sea from the east. These
specimens were obtained at 1000 ft. below the level of the
Mediterranean.

4. Petronia stulta.

Petronia stulta Tristr. Pal. p. G8 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. xii.
p. 289.

a. <$ . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 24 April, 1909.

This bird is fairly common in the rock-country near the
Dead Sea, but does not extend far into Arabia proper.

5. Passer moabiticus.

Passer moabiticus Tristr. Pal. p. 68 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. xii.
p. 321.

a-c. S • South end of Dead Sea. 3 May, 1909.

d-f. ?. „ „ 2&3May, 1909.

This handsome Sparrow is peculiar to the southern coast
of the Dead Sea Depression, and, so far, has only been
recorded from three localities, namely, at two spots on the
S.W. shore, and again in the reed-beds at the S.E. corner
of the Sea. Its range is therefore extremely limited.

I found it breeding in some numbers in the jungle that
surrounds the mouth of Wadi el Hessa, in the Ghor es
Sarfeh. This jungle borders the Dead Sea on the extreme
south-east, and is composed of tamarisk and tall reeds
which grow to a height of 15 ft. The Sparrows were not
numerous, and were very shy and wild. Their note is sparrow-
like, but easily distinguished from that of any other Sparrow.
The nests were built at a height of from six feet to twentv
feet above the ground, and were placed in the branches of
the tamarisk. In the wet swampy places, where men
could not walk, the nests were placed low down, but on
the hard ground they were built in the topmost slender
twigs of the trees. The nests themselves (see text-fi°\ 5
p. 480) were large structures made of thorny twigs, interwoven
very firmly, and the entrance-hole at the top was completely
covered over; in fact, no entrance-hole could be distinguished
even at close quarters. Inside, the nest was very deep and

480

Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

thickly padded with the " down " of the tall grass Saccharum
cegyptiacum, aud occasionally with feathers.

These nests were not built in large colonies, but there
were generally three or four placed together.

Text-fi<?. 5.

Nest of Passer moabiticus.

During the first week in May most of the nests contained
the full clutches of eggs, which appeared to be only four in

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 481

number. But during that week I also noticed some birds
building their nests, the males and the females alike taking
part in the work.

Out of the numerous clutches of eggs that I took, it was
noticeable that three of the same clutch were always alike,
whilst the fourth was always different. They measured from
1-9 to 21 by 1*3 inches.

6. Erythrospiza githaginea.

Erythrospiza githaginea Tristr. Pal. p. 70 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xii. p. 284.

a. <$ ; b, c. ? ; d. Sex doubtful. Tebuk, N.W. Arabia,
1 Jan., 1909.

Large flocks of these Desert Bullfinches used to come to
drink at the water-holes near the Oasis of Tebuk.

7. Emberiza hortulana.

Emberiza hortulana Tristr. Pal. p. 71 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xii. p. 530.

a, $ . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 24 April,
1909.

8. Al^EMON DESERTORUM.

Certhilauda alaudipes Tristr. Pal. p. 77.

Alcemon desertorum Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 519.

a. ?;*.<?. Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 2 Jan., 1909.

This is a somewhat rare bird. I only saw it on two
occasions during a journey of many hundreds of miles.
The two localities were at the Oasis of Tebuk and on the
confines of the Nafud Sand-desert.

9. Otocorys bilopha.

Otocorys penicillata Tristr. Pal. p. 81.

Otocorys bilopha Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 537.

A few examples of the Algerian Shore-Lark were seen,
and one was obtained near a well between the Oasis of Teima
and Jauf in North-western Arabia.

10. Melanocorypha calandra.

Melanocorypha calandra Tristr. Pal. p. 81 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xiii. p. 551.

SER. ix. — VOL. iv. 2 1

482 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

a. <$ . Madeba, E. of Dead Sea. 22 April, 1909.
Very common in spring and summer on the corn-lands
of Moab.

11. Calaxdrelt.a brachydactyla.

Calandrella brachydactyla Tristr. Pal. p. 80; Sharpe,
Cat. B. xiii. p. 580.

a. S • Madeba, E. of Dead Sea. 22 April, 1909.

12. AMMOMANES DESERTl.

Ammomanes deserti Tristr. Pal. p. 79.
Ammomanes deserti isabellina Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i.
p. 223.

a. ? . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 25 April,
1909.

b. ? . Tebuk, Hedjaz Railway. 1 Jan., 1909.

Fairly common wherever there are rocky hills in desert
regions.

13. Ammomanes cixcturus.

Ammomanes cinctura Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 044.
a, b. g . South end of Dead Sea. 1 May, 1909.

c. Sex doubtful. Teima, N.W. Arabia. 1 March, 1909.
Tbe occurrence of tliis Lark in the Dead Sea Basin makes

an addition to the list of Palestine birds. It is easily
distinguished from Ammomanes deserti by the black edging
to the tail.

14. Ammomanes sati katus.

Ammomanes saturatus Grant, Nov. Zool. vol. vii. 1900,
p. 249.

a. $ ; b. $ . Tebuk, Hedjaz Railway. 4 Jan., 1909.

This specimen agrees with those obtained in Southern
Arabia by the Percival-Dobson Expedition. Mr. Percival
states that it is essentially a hill-bird, and is never seen
on the plains ; but I found it on the northern deserts far
away from any hill-country.

As this species has been hitherto only recorded from
Abyssinia and S. Arabia, the extension of its range north-
wards, as far as the Land of Midian, is of interest.

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 483

15. ClNNYRIS OSEA.

Cinnyris osea Tristr. Pal. p. 63 ; Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 53.

A few specimens of this Sun-bird were observed in the
Ghor es Sarfeh at the south end of the Dead Sea.

The range of this species is greater than was first believed
by Tristram, who recorded it only from the Jordan De-
pression and from near Mount Carmel. Dr. Merrill (see
' Ibis/ 1903, p. 326) widened the range to include Jaffa,
whilst I have obtained it as far south as Petra, between
the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akaba, and as far north as
the coast-town of Beirut in Syria. The following authentic
cases of its occurrence so far north are of interest.

S . Beirut, Syria. 8 Sept., 1877.
? . „ „ 27 Nov., 1880.

$ . Alma, S. of Tyre. 5 April, 1904.

The last specimen I obtained myself ; the others are in
the collection of the American College, Beirut.

16. Parus major.

Parus major Tristr. Pal. p. 52 ; Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 19.

The Great Tit was observed on one occasion in the Wadi
el Wali, east of the Dead Sea, on the 28th April, 1909. At
that season the young were fully fledged.

17. Lantus minor.

Lanius minor Tristr. Pal. p. 58 ; Gadow, Cat. B. viii.
p. 235.

a. S • South-eastern shore of the Dead Sea. 1 May, 1909.

18. Lanius dealbatus.

Lanius dealbatus Grant, Nov. Zool. vol. ix., Dec. 1902,
p. 458.

a. (J . Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 2 Jan., 1909.

19. Sylvia conspicillata.

Sylvia conspicillata Tristr. Pal. p. 40 ; Seebohm, Cat. B.
v. p. 22.

a,b. S ■ Wadi Mojib, E. of Dead Sea. 29 April, 1909.

The Spectacled Warbler was occasionally met with in the
scrub on the open desert and in the dry wadis.

2i2

484 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

20. Sylvia orphea.

Sylvia orphea Tristr. Pal. p. 41 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 14.

a. S. Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 27 April,
1909.

21. Sylvia rueppelli.

Sylvia rueppelli Tristr. Pal. p. 42; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 12.

A few specimens of BiippelPs Warbler were observed in
the fruit-trees of the Oasis of Teima on February the 22nd.

22. Hypolais pallida.

Hypolais pallida Tristr. Pal. p. 45 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 82.

a. S • Wadi Zerka Main. 25 April, 1907.

Very common in the oleander groves in the gorges on the
east of the Dead Sea.

23. Aedon galactodes.

Aedon galactodes Tristr. Pal. p. 46; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 34.

a. <J. Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 27 April,
1909.

b. S • S. end of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.

24. Acrocephalus phragmitis.

Acrocephalus phragmitis Tristr. Pal. p. 48; Seebohm, Cat.
B. v. p. 91.

a. S • Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 25 April,
1909.

25. SCOTOCERCA INQUIETA.

Drymceca inquieta Tristr. Pal. p. 50.
Scotocerca inquieta Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 213.

a. $ . Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 2 Jan., 1909.

b. $ . Wadi Mojib, E. of Dead Sea. 29 April, 1909.

c. ? . Tebuk, N.W\ Arabia. 2 Jan., 1909.

d. <J . Wadi Numeira, E. of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.
Fairly common in the scrub on the open desert and in the

broken country near the Dead Sea.

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 485

26. Drymceca lepida.

Bumesia lepida Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 211.

a. £ . South end of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.

b. £ . South-east shore of Dead Sea. 1 May, 1909.

c. £ . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 25 April,
1909.

d. ? . South end of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.

These specimens undoubtedly belong to the Indian form
of Drymceca gracilis, which is the common Wren-Warbler of
the maritime plain of Syria and Palestine. Drymceca lepida
has not been recorded before from these localities, but its
occurrence is not unexpected, for it has been obtained in
Egypt and at Fao on the Persian Gulf.

27. Argya squamiceps.

Argya squamiceps Tristr. Pal. p. 49 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. vii.
p. 395.

a. $ . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 24 April,
1909.

b, c. ? . South end of Dead Sea. 1-6 May, 1909.
d. ? . Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 2 Jan., 1909.

This Babbler is very common in the wadis on the east
side of the Dead Sea, and is also found sparsely throughout
North-western Arabia.

28. Cercomela melanura.
Cercomela melanura Tristr. Pal. p. 35.
Myrmecocichla melanura Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 360.

a. £\b. ?. Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 27 April,
1909.

Apparently the range of this Chat-Robin in Palestine is
confined to the rocky gorges in the Dead Sea Depression,
where it is most numerous about ocean-level, and does not
seem to descend further into the Depression. At this alti-
tude the birds breed early, and by the middle of April the
young are fully fledged.

29. Saxicola morio.

Saxicola leucomela Tristr. Pal. p. 35.
Saxicola morio Seebohm, Cat. B. v. p. 372.

486 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

Of this species one specimen was obtained and a few
others observed at the well of Mghairah, between the Oasis
of Tebuk and Jauf in North-western Arabia.

30. Saxicola leucopyga.

Saxicola leucopyga Tristr. Pal. p. 35 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 374.

a. <$ ; b. ? imm.; c. $ . Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 1 Jan.,
1909.

d. <J. Wadi Numeira, E. of Dead Sea. 6 May, 1909.

A few of these Chats (both immature with black head
and adult with pure white crown and nape) were to be
seen haunting the scrub near a well in the open deserts
south of Tebuk. I afterwards found a few in the gorges on
the east side of the Dead Sea, but they were nowhere
numerous.

31. Saxicola melanoleuca.

Saxicola melanoleuca Tristr. Pal. p. 33 ; Seebohm, Cat. B.
v. p. 385.

a. S • Belka, E. of Dead Sea. 8 Feb., 1909.

32. Saxicola mossta.

Saxicola moesta Tristr. Pal. p. 34 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 382.

a. S • 150 miles S.E. of Dead Sea. 8 Feb., 1909.

33. Saxicola deserti.

Saxicola deserti Tristr. Pal. p. 33 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. v.
p. 383.

a. S ■ Tebuk, N.W. Arabia. 6 Jan., 1909.

34. Pycnonotus xanthopygus.

Pycnonotus xanthopygus Tristr. Pal. p. 57 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
vi. p. 135.

a. J. Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 27 April,
1909.

This is a rather rare bird in the country east of the Dead
Sea and the Jordan Depression. It descends to the lowest
part of the Depression, being found in the Ghor el Mezreh
(-1280 ft.).

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 487

35. HlRUNDO RUSTICA.

Hirundo rustica Tristr. Pal. p. 61 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. x.
p. 128.

A few Swallows were observed as early as the 16th of
February in the desert, near the Oasis of Teima.

36. Denurocopus syriacus.
Picus syriacus Tristr. Pal. p. 85.

Dendrocupus syriacus Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 225.

a. S • Wadi Wali, E. of the Dead Sea. 28 April, 1909.

I saw only a few of these Woodpeckers in the steep gorges
that furrow the declivities of the Moab Plateau. Tristram
mentions that they never descend into the Jordan Valley, so
it is worthy of notice that this specimen was obtained in the
Dead Sea Depression just below ocean-level.

37. Cypselus affinis.

Cypselus affinis Tristr. Pal. p. 83 ; Hartert, Cat. B. xvi.
p. 453.

In the Oasis of Teima, in N.W. Arabia, I observed two or
three examples of the White-rumped Swift in Feb. 1909.

38. Caprimulgus europ^eus.

Caprimulgus europcp.us Tristr. Pal. p. 84 ; Hartert, Cat. B.
xvi. p. 526.

a. ? . Dead Sea Depression. 2 May, 1909.

39. Upupa epops.

Upupa epops Tristr. Pal. p. 89 ; Salvin, Cat. B. xvi. p. 4.
A single Hoopoe was observed on the barren desert north
of the Oasis of Teima on the 18th of February.

40. Merops persicus.

Merops persicus Tristr. Pal. p. 88 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii.
p. 66.

a. ? . South shore of Dead Sea. 1 May, 1909.

b,c. «J. „ „ 6 May, 1909.

d. ? . „ „ 8 May, 1909.

The Blue-cheeked Bee-eater was only seen in the southern
part of the Dead Sea Depression, in the Ghor el Mezreh and

488 Mr. Douglas Carruthers on Birds

the Ghor es Sarfeh. During three seasons in Syria and
Palestine this was the only locality where I came across it.

41. Halcyon smyrnensis.

Halcyon smyrnensis Tristr. Pal. p. 87; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xvii. p. 222.

This is a common bird on the mountain-torrents that flow
into the Dead Sea from the east, where it feeds on the
shoals of fish that inhabit all those streams.

I never saw the Pied Kingfisher in the vicinity of the Dead
Sea, but on the Upper Jordan and on the Sea of Tiberias
Ceryle rudis is the commoner bird and Halcyon smyrnensis
the rarer.

42. CURSORIUS GALLICUS.

Cursorius gallicus Tristr. Pal. p. 128 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
xxiv. p. 34.

a. ? . Teima, N.W. Arabia. 28 Feb., 1909.

This bird was seen on the deserts near the Oases of Tebuk
and Teima.

43. ScOLOPAX RUSTICULA.

Scolopax rusticula Tristr. Pal. p. 132 ; Sharpe, Cat. E.
xxiv. p. 671.

I saw the Common Woodcock on one occasion in the Oasis
of Teima.

44. TURTUR COMMUNIS.

Turtur communis Tristr. Pal. p. 120; Salvadori, Cat. B.
xxi. p. 396.

This Dove is very common in the oleander groves in the
declivities of: the Moab Plateau.

45. Pterocles arenarius.

Pterocles arenarius Tristr. Pal. p. 122 j Grant, Cat. B.
xxii. p. 18.

Large flocks of this Sandgrouse were observed in the Belka
country in the Land of Moab, but during my three hundred
miles' journey to the south-east of that district I never saw
any of this species.

from the Dead Sea and North-western Arabia. 489

46. Pterocles senegallus.

Pterocles senegallus Tristr. Pal. p. 122 ; Grant, Cat. B.
xxii. p. 14.

At one place in N.W. Arabia, where there was water near
the surface, I saw countless numbers of Senegal Sand-
grouse. This was at a well between the Oasis of Tebuk
and Jauf.

47. Caccabis chucar.

Caccabis chucar Tristr. Pal. p. 123 ; Grant, Cat. B. xxii.
p. 113.

a. S • Wadi Mojib, E. of Dead Sea. 29 April, 1909.

The Chucar Partridge is found in great numbers in the
rough hill-country on the east of the Dead Sea and through-
out N.W. Arabia wherever there are hills. On the 27th of
April the young were hatched, but the old birds still kept in
large coveys and were seldom seen in pairs or singly.

The common native name for the Chucar in Syria is
" Hajal," but in the country east of the Dead Sea it is called
" Shinnar," whilst the little Sand-Partridge, which is unknown
in Syria, is called by the name of " Hajal."

48. Ammoperdix heyi.

Ammoperdix heyi Tristr. Pal. p. 123 ; Grant, Cat. B. xxii.
p. 125.

a, b. S • Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 25 April,
1909.

c. ? . Wadi Zerka Main, E. of Dead Sea. 27 April, 1909.

d. ? . S.E. shore of Dead Sea. 1 May, 1909.

Hey's Sand-Partridge is common in the Jordan Valley and
Dead Sea Depression. It is seldom met with above — 500 ft.
Its northward range is limited by the region of Beisan,
about fifteen miles south of the Sea of Tiberias.

In the Arabian deserts I also found it wherever there were
hills, and there it lived at a higher altitude.

The birds breed early in May, and it is noteworthy that
even whilst breeding they still retain the habit of going in
coveys rather than in pairs. Sometimes they are to be seen
in company with the Chucar Partridge.

490 On Birds from the Bead Sea and Arabia.

49. Struthio camelus.

Struthio camelus Tristr. Pal. p. 139; Salvadori, Cat. B.
xxvii. p. 572.

This Ostrich was observed in one locality in N.W. Arabia,
namely in the Wadi Hidrij, a hundred and twenty miles
south-east of the Dead Sea. I chanced to ride up to some at
fairly close quarters in the rolling black-stone desert, called
Ard-es-Suwan by the Beduin. Further to the south-east 1
occasionally saw traces of them, and on the western sand-
dunes of the Nafud I found broken eggs. I also saw their
tracks close to the Mecca Railway near the Oasis of Tebuk.
I should say that this railway marks the extreme western
range of the Ostrich in Arabia. Northwards they do not
extend beyond the 31st parallel, and they do not pass into
the Syrian Hamad.

Appendix.

Specimens of the four species in the subjoined List were
not obtained on this journey, but their names are of interest
as being new to the List of Syrian Birds. There are examples
of them in the Museum at the American College in Beirut.

The main authority on the Ornithology of Syria and
Palestine is, of course, Canon Tristram's ' Fauna and Flora
of Palestine/ This was supplemented by Dr. Merrill's notes
published in 'The Ibis' in 1903 (p. 324). In April 1906,
an account of my own collection in Syria was published by
Dr. Sclater in this Journal (p. 307) ; and these few additions
bring the ornithology of the region up to date.

1. Parus ceruleus.

Parus cceruleus Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 12.

(?. Damascus. 17 Sept., 1904.

cT . „ 18 Sept., 1904.

<? . „ 20 Sept., 1904.

The Blue Tit is resident in the cultivated area round
Damascus ; but it seems to have been overlooked, for it has
never been recorded hitherto from Syria.

On Birds from the Caspian Sea. 491

2. SULA BASSANA.

Sula bassana Grant, Cat. B. xsvi. p. 425.

Beirut, Syria. 1 March, 1891.

The occurrence of the Gannet at the eastern end of the
Mediterranean Sea is of interest. The nearest locality from
which it has been recorded hitherto is the north-west coast
of Africa.

A single example was obtained by Prof. A. E. Day, of the
American College at Beirut. It is an adult female in fine
plumage.

3. PUFFINUS KUHLI.

Puffinus kuhli Salvin, Cat. B. xxv. p. 375.
?. Beirut, Syria. 11 April, 1878.
? . „ „ 22 May, 1878.

The Mediterranean Shearwater is not recorded by Tristram
in his ' Fauna of Palestine/ but I find that he mentions
it in his notes on the Ornithology of Palestine in the ' Ibis
of 1868 (p. 331), under the name of Puffinus barolii.

4. PoRZANA BAILLONI.

Porzana bailloni Sharpe, Cat. B. xxiii. p. 103.
Karyateiu, Syrian desert. 3 March, 1905.
Tristram did not obtain this bird in Syria or Palestine,
but suspected its occurrence.

XXII. — On a Collection of Birds from the South Coast of
the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. By Harry
P. Witherby, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by
R. B. Woosnam, M.B.O.U.

This second collection of birds made by Mr. R. B. Woosnam
in Persia has been presented, like the first (see ' Ibis/ 1907,
p. 74 et seqq.), to the British Museum by Colonel A. C.
Bailward, with whom Mr. Woosnam travelled. I am again
much indebted to the authorities of the British Museum for
allowing me to work out this collection — a task which has
interested me greatly.

492

Mr. H. F. Witherb v on Birds from the

The journey undertaken by Col. Bailward and Mr. Woosnam
on this occasion was made between February 12th and
May 20th, 1907. They proceeded along the south coast of
the Caspian Sea from Resht to Bundar Gez on Asterabad
Bay, thus passing through the provinces of Gilan and
Mazandaran. From Bundar Gez they struck south across
the Elburz Mountains to Tehran, passing Mount Demavend.
From Tehran they proceeded along the highroad back to
Resht, down the great valley of the Sufid Rud.

The collection is especially interesting as shewing a very
sharp distinction between the Avifauna of the Persian
Plateau and that of the Caspian Provinces. Although this
distinction was clearly pointed out by Blanford (in his
* Eastern Persia '), it is, nevertheless, still more clearly
demonstrated by a deeper study of nearly allied races.
Taking the more sedentary birds, we find the following
closely allied forms divided by the Elburz Mountains : —

Caspian Rkgion.
Syrnium aluco aluco.
Dendrocopus major palzami.
Dendrocopus minor danfordi.
Gecinus viridis viridis.
Cinclus cinclus caucasicus.
Sitta europcea ccesia.
Sitta neumayeri neumayeri.
Parus major major.
Pants lugubris hyrcanus.

Persian Plateat.
Syrnium aluco sancti-incolai.
Dendrocopus major syriacus.
Dendrocopus minor morgani.
Gecinus viridis innominatus.
Cinclus cinclus persicus.
Sitta europcea persica.
Sitta neumayeri tschitscherini.
Parus major blanfordi.
Parus lugubris dubius.

A number of European birds also migrate to the Caspian
provinces in winter, and do not seem to penetrate the
mountain - barrier, while the generally more European
character of the birds of this region as compared to those of
the Plateau is very marked.

As to where the dividing-line lies, Mr. Woosnam remarks :
" So soon as the northern afforested slopes of the Elburz
range are passed we come quite suddenly into the dry
barren rocky country typical of the central and southern
plateau of Persia. Immediately all the plateau birds so
familiar in the Zagros Mountains and elsewhere appear/'

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 493

This is interesting confirmation of Blanford's definition of
the Caspian region as ending with the forest on the slopes
of the Elburz Mountains. It would thus seem that climatic
conditions and consequent changes in environment are
responsible for the division rather than the actual mountain-
barrier.

In the following pages I have referred to Blanford's
'Eastern Persia/ vol. ii. as B. for the sake of brevity, and in
the same way my articles in the 'Ibis' for 1903 and 1907
are referred to as W. 1903 and W. 1907. An asterisk
prefixed to either of these initials indicates that no specimen
of the bird in question was obtained.

Falco jEsalon Tunstall. [*B. 105.]

<J . March 22, south coast, Caspian Sea.

This specimen is very pale and has very few stripes on the
breast.

The Merlin does not appear to have been recorded hitherto
from Persia. It is probably only a winter visitor to the
northern parts of that country.

Accipiter nisus (L.). [B. 109. W. 1907, p. 77.]
$ . Feb. 16, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" A few Sparrow-Hawks were seen in the forests of
Mazandaran, but this was not at all a common bird." —
R. B. W.

Scops giu (Scop.). [B. 115. W. 1903, p. 560]

Three in May from the Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt.

7000 ft.) .

" Not seen on the north side of the mountains." —

R. B. W.

Syrnium aluco aluco (L.). [W. 1903, p. 560.]

<$ . April 5, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" The only specimen seen ; we never heard them at
night."— R.B.W.

This is a dark brown example with scarcely any rufous,
and is much striated on the breast and particularly dark on
the nape and mantle. It is thus very different from the
pale and faintly marked Tawny Owl which I obtained in

494 Mr. H. F. Witherhy on Birds from the

S.W. Persia, and which has been separated by M. Zarudny
under the name of Syrnium sancti-nicolai (Orn. Monatsb.
1905, p. 49).

The Tawny Owl seems a rare bird in Persia.

Asio accipitrixus (Pall.). [*B. 116. *W. 1903, p. 560;
1907, p. 77.]

$ . March 12, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Quite common on the low ground near the coast ; we
often put up five or six at one spot." — R. B. W.

Alcedo ispida bengalensis (Tacz.).

<$ . Feb. 23, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Not uncommon in Mazandaran and to be seen in the
gardens of Tehran ; the only species of Kingfisher observed." — ■
R. B. W.

This specimen, owing to its small size (wing 73 mm.),
must be referred to this form, although it is curious that
according to Blanford the Kingfisher of the Persian Plateau
appears to be of the typical form.

Coracias garrulus L. [B. 125. W. 1903, p. 559;
1907, p. 78.]

A male from the Elburz Mts. (near Demavcnd, alt. 7500 ft.) ,
on April 28.

" Plentiful round Tehran ; we were probably too early for
them on the north side of the mountains." — R. B. W.

Picus martius L.
? . Feb. 27, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" A single pair was seen, but afterwards we several times
heard a note which we thought might have been that of this
species."— R.B.W.

The Black Woodpecker does not appear to have been
recorded previously from Persia, although its presence in the
Caspian Provinces is not unexpected.

Dendrocopus major pozlzami (Bogd.).
Four from the S. coast of the Caspian Sea in February.
" Very plentiful throughout the wrooded country both on
the plain and in the hills." — R. B. W.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 195

Dendrocopus major syriacus (H. & E.). [B. 130.
W. 1903, p. 554; 1907, p. 79.]

A male from Tehran in April.

In Persia this form appears to be confined to the Plateau,
and is replaced in the Caspian forests by the dark-breasted
D. m. pcelzami. Mr. Woosnani says (in lift.) that a Great
Spotted Woodpecker was to be found high up in the
mountains, but as he obtained no specimens it is impossible
to say exactly where is the dividing-line of the two forms.

Dendrocopus minor danfordi (Harg.).

3 . Feb. 23; ? . March 29, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" The only two seen, but probably not rare in the Mazan-
darau forests." — R. B. W.

These agree well with the type and are unlike the Lesser
Spotted Woodpecker of S.W. Persia (cf. ' Ibis,' 1903, p. 555),
which has been separated by M. Zarudny and Baron London
under the name Dendrocopus minor moryani (Ornith. Jahrb.
xv. 1904, p. 227).

Gecinus viridis viridis (L.).

Four from the S. coast of the Caspian Sea in February
and March.

" Many were to be seen and they were still more often to
be heard in the forest, but they were not so numerous as the
Great Spotted Woodpecker, and in the mountains only a few
were noticed." — R. B. W.

These are typical examples of the Green Woodpecker and
are dark and richly coloured compared to the pale G. v. in-
nominatus of the Plateau (cf. ' Ibis/ 1907, p. 79).

Lanius excubitor homeyeri Cab.

Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 420.

$ . March 30, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

This is a pale form of L. excubitor.

The Great Grey Shrikes which I obtained in S.W. Persia
(cf. c Ibis/ 1903, p. 533) have been determined by Dr. Hartert
as follows : — ^ Kazerun, March 31, and J Konar Takhta,
March 28, as L. e. aucheri : <$ Bushire, March 22, and $
Nudan, April 16, as L. e. pallidirostris.

49G Mr. IT. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Lanius minor Gm. [B. 137. W. 1903, P. 534 ; 1907,
p. 80.]

? . May 6, Elburz Mts. (alt. 6500 ft.).
£ . May 18, S. coast, Caspian Sea (Kesht).

Lanius collurio L. [*B. 137. W. 1903, p. 534 ; 1907,
p. 80.J

? . May 6, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 6000 ft.).

? . May 15, Elburz Mts. (near Resht, alt. 500 ft.).

£ . May 20, S. coast, Caspian Sea (Resht).

" On our return to Resht, Red-backed Shrikes were otten
met with among the patches of bush and scrub near the
coast. A few were seen at Tehran." — R. B. W.

The Red-backed Shrike is rare in Southern Persia.

Muscicapa atricapilla L. [B. 143. W. 1903, p. 552;
1907, p. 81.]

S ? . April L5, Tehran (alt. 4600 ft.).

" A single pair in a garden, where they were evidently
going to breed. None were seen on the north side of the
mountains."— R. B. W.

These birds perhaps belong to the form M. a. semitorquata,
but the skins are indifferent and they bear none of the
characters of M. a. semitorquata distinctly. The outer pair of
tail-feathers of the male have the outer webs white, but there
is only a very narrow edging of white on their inner webs.
The second pair are white on the outer webs except for half
an inch at the tip. The white " collar " does not appear to
come further round the back of the neck than in many
examples of typical M. atricapilla, but the white spot on the
primaries is rather distinct.

The example obtained by me at Bushire, which I called
M. atricapilla ('Ibis/ 1903, p. 552), is an undoubted specimen
of M. a. semitorquata.

Muscicapa parva (Bechst.). [B. 144.]
? . May 16, S. coast, Caspian Sea (Resht).
" The only one seen ; shot in a dense part of the forest." —

R". b. w.

( 'axpian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 497

Pratixcola rubicola maura (Pall.). [B. 145. W. 1903,
p. 547 ; 1907, p. 81.]

<J . April 20, Elburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt. 7500 ft.).

Pratixcola rubetra (L.). [*B. 140.]
$ . May 20, S. coast, Caspian Sea (Resht).

This specimen appears to me to be of the typical form.

P. r. noskte Tschusi (Orn. Jahrb. xiii. 1902, p. 234) from
the Caucasus is perhaps rather a doubtful form.

In Persia the Whinchat seems to be confined to the
northern provinces.

Saxicola (enanthe (ENAnthe (L.). [B. 140. W. 1903,
p. 540 ; 1907, p. 81.]

Four from the Elburz Mts. in April, and one from the
S. coast of the Caspian in May.

All the Common Wheatears from Persia that I have
examined are of the typical form.

Saxicola isabellixa Cretzschm. [B. 147. W. 1903,
p. 540; 1907, p. 81.]

Two males. April 14, Elburz Mts. (south, side, alt.
5000 ft.).

Saxicola occidentalis melanoleuca (Giild.). [B. 150.
W. 1903, p. 545; 1907, p. 82.]

Six specimens in April and May from the Elburz Mountains,
both on the south side and also near Resht (alt. 400-5000 ft.).

Although Blanford considered this a rare "Wheatear in
Persia it is evident from my own and Mr. Woosnam's former
collection that it is fairly evenly distributed over the west
and north of the country.

Saxicola chrysopygia (De Fil.). [B. 151. W. 1903,
p. 544; 1907, p. 83.]

Four males from the north side of the Elburz Mts. (alt.
3000-8000 ft.) in April, and three specimens from the south
side (alt. 5500-0000 ft.) in April and May.

"This Wheatear was met with so soon as we passed
through the afforested slopes of the north side of the Elburz

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 K

498 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Mountains. It was a common bird and was found so low as
3000 feet."— R. B. W.

It is interesting to find this Wheatear in the north of
Persia at lower altitudes than it seems to affect in the south,
where Mr. Woosnam and I never met with it below
9000 feet, and then but rarely.

Monticola cyanus (L.). [B. 155. W. 1903, p. 550;
1907, p. 83.]

Threes from the Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 5000-8000 ft.)
in April.

Monticola saxatilis (L.). [B. 156. W". 1903, p. 550;
1907, p. 83.]

One from the Elburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt. 8000 ft.)
on April 20.

TuitDUS MERULA ATERRIMA Mad.

$ ? . March 29 & 31, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

$ ? , April 22, £ ? , May 4, Elburz Mts. (north side).

" Not uncommon on the afforested parts of the mountains
and lower foot-hills ; most plentiful in the oak woods at
about 4000 feet."— R. B. W.

I have submitted the specimens to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr,
who iuforms me that he considers them to belong to this
form, which was described from the Caucasus. The females
are more rufous on the upper breast and the males are blacker
than in T.m. sijriacus, the form found in South-west Persia.
The wings measure : — ? , 119-127 mm. ; $ , 127 mm.

Turdus musicus musicus L. [B. 156. W. 1903, p. 551 ;
1907, p. 83.]

cJ, March 1, <?, March 6, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Song-Thrushes were common all the way along the coast,
especially in the pomegranate jungles, where they were
feeding upon a large snail which infested the bushes. We
did not see any Song-Thrushes in the mountains." — R.B.W.

These examples are not quite so pale as those from Southern
Persia.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. \\)9

Turdus viscivorus L. [*B. 157.]
? . Feb. 24, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Mistle-Tiirushes were seen here and there all the way
from Rcsht to Bundar Gez, and one specimen was shot in a
garden at Tehran. They were not met with in the
mountains."— 11. B. W.

Turdus iliacus L. [*B. 157.]
£ . March 15, S. coast, Caspian Sea.
"A few small restless flocks were seen at Meshed-i-Ser,
hut none elsewhere." — R. B. W.

Turdus pilaris L.

? . March 12, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

"Two or three Fieldfares were seen at Meshed-i-Ser on the
same ground as the Redwings." — R. B. W.

The Fieldfare does not appear to have been previously
recorded from Persia.

Turdus atrigularis Temm. [B. 158.]

£ . March 30, S. coast, Caspian Sea.
? . April 15, Tehran (alt. 4600 ft.).

From Mr. Woosnam's notes this species appears to
be very rare. Dr. Blanford found it common in winter in
Baluchistan, while it was met with by Mr. Cumming
at Bushire in February and March (cf. * Ibis/ 1886,
p. 495).

Erithacus rubecula hyrcanus Blanf. [B. 160. W.
1907, p. 84.]

<$ S . March 27 & 28, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

'* A few Robins were seen all along the afforested parts of
the Caspian coast." — R. B. W.

Although Mr. Woosnam met with this Robin in the south
of Persia in some numbers in March, yet it is found at the
same time of year far to the north in its breeding-grounds,
which is rather puzzling. Dr. Blanford considered it a
North Persian bird. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe recorded it from
Fao in October and November.

2k2

500 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Ruticilla phcenicurus (L.). [B. 163. W. 1903, p. 547;
1907, p. 81.].

?. April 15, Tehran. <? . April 28, Elburz Mts. (De-
mavend, alt. 6000 ft.) .

RuTrciLLA rufiventris (Vieill.) . [B. 163. W. 1903,

p. 548.]

<J. April 11, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000 ft.).

Ruticilla titys (Scop.). [B. 166. W. 1907, p. 85.]
Three specimens, April 10 & 12, Elburz Mts. (north side,

alt. 5000 ft).

" Not a common bird, but seen also among the deep snow

at 9000 feet, where it was apparently quite happy." —

R. B. W.

Philomela luscinia luscinia (L.).

S . May 6, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 7000 ft.).

This is undoubtedly an example of the western form of
Nightingale, and its occurrence so far south-east, especially
in May, is most remarkable. Dr. Radde (' Ornis Cau-
casica,' p. 246, footnote) has stated his belief that its
reported occurrence in the Caspian region was a mistake.

Sylvia orphea jerdoni Blyth. [B. 172. W. 1903,
p. 541 ; 1907, p. 86.]

<$. May 15, Elburz Mts. (near Resht, alt. 500 ft.).

The eastern race of the Orphean Warbler is by no means
a well-marked form. In this specimen the bill is no longer
than that of the typical form ; but perhaps the best distinction
is in the colour of the flanks, which are never pinkish buff
as in the Western European bird.

Sylvia atricapilla (L.). [*B. 174. W. 1903, p. 540;
1907, p. 86.]

$ d . March 4 & 11, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

S ? . April 20, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 7500 ft.) .

S. May 15, Elburz Mts. (near Resht, alt. 500 ft.).

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 501

Sylvia communis icterops Menetries (cf. Hartert, Vog.
pal. F. p. 587).

Sylvia cinerea Bechst. [B. 174. W. 1903, p. 511 : 1907,
p. 86.]

<? c?- May 1,*) ,

? May 15 J Elburz Mts- (n°rth side, alt. 500-7000 ft.).

The males are much greyer and not so brown on the
upper side as those of the typical Whitethroats, while the
edges to the secondaries and greater wing-coverts are of a
paler, less rufous brown ; the female is pale brown on the
upper side. The measurements of both sexes are larger.
The two specimens procured by me in Fars also agree with
this race.

Sylvia mystacea Menetr. [W. 1903, p. 539; 1907,
p. 86.]

Sylvia rubesceyis B. 177.

c?. March 18, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

c? . April 6, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 2000 ft.).

" Seen for the first time on March 18th, and found again
quite numerously among the oak-scrub valleys at 4000 feet
on the north side of the mountains." — R. B. W.

Phylloscopus collybita tristis Blyth. [B. 180.]

$ ? . March 1, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

? . April 18, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 6500 ft.).

Blanford obtained the Siberian Chiffchaff only in Baluch-
istan, and it does not appear to have been recorded before
from North Persia. Mr. Woosnam notes that ChifFchafts
were first seen f ' at Resht in the first week of February, when
there were at least two feet of snow on the ground," and
afterwards throughout the whole journey.

It would seem, therefore, that the bird spends the winter
in North Persia.

Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.). [B. 180. W.
1903, p. 539; 1907, p. 87.]

<J . May 4, Elburz Mts. (alt. 7000 ft.).
d . May 16, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

502 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Hypolais pallida (H. & E.). [B. 187. W. 1903, p. 541 ;
1907, p. 88.]

$ . May 6, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 6500 ft.).

ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS ZARUDNYI Hartei't, Bull.

B. O. C. xxi. p. 26.

c£ (wing 96 mm.); £ (wing 98 mm.); J1 (wing 99 mm.);
? (wing 96 mm.); May 20, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Very common in May in the dense reed-beds." —
R. B. W.

These are undoubtedly breeding birds. Compared to
the typical western form they are paler and less rufous on
the upper and less buff on the under side. The bird obtained
by Mr. Woosnam at Ahwaz (cf. Ibis, 1907, p. 88) in Persian
Mesopotamia is, however, of the western form.

Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.). [B. 197. W. 1903,
p. 543; 1907, p. 88.]

S . May 15, Elburz Mts. (near llesht, alt. 500 ft.).

Acrocephalus schcenobjenus (L.). [B. 199.]
Four specimens from the S. coast of the Caspian Sea, from
May 16 to 20.

Blanford quotes Menetries as the only authority for the
occurrence of the Sedge-Warbler in Persia. Mr. Woosnam
has no notes as to whether this and the preceding species
were likely to be breeding. Mr. Cumming thought that the
bird was a resident at Fao (<f. Ibis, 1886, p. 481).

Cettia cetti (Marm.). [B. 200. W. 1903, p. 536;
1907, p. 88.]

£ . March 18, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

c?. May 4, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000 ft.).

" I heard Cetti's Warbler once or twice about the middle
of March among swampy thorn-thickets and reeds, and
often high up among the mountains, where it was always in
the course of some stream." — R. B. W.

The specimen of March 18 is moulting its contour feathers
but not the quill feathers of the wings or tail.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 503

Accextor ocularis Raddc. [W. 1907, p. 88.]

Accentor jerdoni (nee Brooks). [W. 1903, p. 544.]

(? (J ?. April 20,") Elburz Mts. near Demavend (alt.

(J S • May 4, J 8000-9000 ft.).

S c?. April 30, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000ft.).

" Quite common around the lower slopes of Mt. Dema-
vend and seen so low as 8000 ft." — R. B. W.

In the female the pectoral band is not so bright as in the
male, and the crown of the head is not nearly so dark.

Accentor modularis blanfordi Zar. [B. 202.]
$ . March 6, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Only met with in the low country or the north side of
the mountains." — R. B. W.

I think there is little doubt that this specimen belongs to
the form described from the country to the south-west of
Ispahan by M. Zaiudny (Orn. Monatsb. xii. p. 164), and
from the same district by Blanford under the name of
A. rubidus, Temm. & Schl., var. (' Eastern Persia/ vol. ii.
p. 202). The wing-formula in this specimen is similar to
that of the British Hedge- Sparrow {A.m. Occident alls) } the
2nd primary being very slightly longer than the 7th and
considerably shorter than the 6th. The whole of the
upper parts of the bird are paler, and the head and neck
are greyer than in the typical form ; the dark portions of
the feathers of the mantle are smaller and distinctly less
dark, while the rump and upper tail-coverts are more greyish-
brown and not so rufous ; the greater and median wing-
coverts are tipped with white, not buff. The specimen is,
however, much worn.

Cinclus cinclus CAUCASicus Mad. [W. 1907, p. 90.]

$ <J . April 22 & 24, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 3000 ft.) .

This is the form of the Dipper found in Asia Minor and
the Caucasus.

" Dippers were seen frequently on the lower streams in
the Elburz up to about seven or eight thousand feet, but, as
usual, they were almost impossible to pick up when shot."
— R. B. W.

504 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Cotile riparia (L.). [B. 216. W. 1903, p. 553 ; 1907,
p. 90.]

g $ . May 20, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

Cotile rupestris (Scop.). [B. 216. W. 1903, p. 553 ;
1907, p. 90.]

? . April 20, Elburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt. 7000 ft.).

Troglodytes parvulus Koch. [B. 222.]

$ . March 2, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Seen throughout the forest country, on the plains, and
on the mountains." — R. B. W.

I cannot distinguish any difference between this specimen
and typical examples. The specimen which Mr. Woosnam
obtained at Sumela in 1900 (cf. Ibis, 1907, p. 92) is worn
and no doubt bleached, and it is impossible to judge
from an examination of these two skins whether or not
T. p. hyrcanus Zar. & Loud. (On. Monatsb. 1905, p. 106),
which is supposed to inhabit the Caspian region, is a valid
form.

SlTTA EUROP^A CJESIA Wolf. [B. 223.]

c? $ . March 28 & 29, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" No Nuthatches were met with in the swampy alder-
forests along the coast, but several were seen in the dry
beech and hornbeam cover on the foot-hills, and they are
probably numerous all along the afforested north side of the
Elburz."— E. B. W.

The*e Nuthatches are very different from the pale form of
the Plateau (S. e, persica), and they appear to me to re-
semble in every way typical S. casia. They have neither the
short bill nor the white eye-spot of S. e. caucasica, while in
S. rubiginosa Tsch. & Zar. (Orn. Jahrb. 1905, p. 140) the
under side is stated to be brighter than that of S. casia, but
this is not so in these specimens nor is the bill longer. The
character of the length of the first primary given for
S, rubiginosa is quite useless, as this varies greatly in
individuals.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 505

SlTTA NEUMAYERl NETJMAYERI Micliall. [W. 1907, p. 91.]

<$ <$ . April 8,1 Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 5000-
<J . May 5, J 7000 ft.).
These are typical examples.

Parus major major L. [W. 1907, p. 93.]

Three males and two females, March 4-6, S. coast, Caspian
Sea.

" Plentiful throughout the afforested region." — R. B. W.

I cannot distinguish between these specimens and a good
series of typical Great Tits. All the characters pointed out
by M. Zarudny and Baron Loudon as distinguishing their
P. m. caspius (Orn. Monatsb. 1905, p. 108) are variable
when a large series is examined.

Parus major blanfordi Prazak. [W. 1907, p. 93.]
? . April 20, near Tehran (alt. 7000 ft.).

This specimen is distinct from those from the Caspian
region, and compares well with others from the Plateau.
The type of this race was from Tehran.

Parus ater phosonotus Blanford. [B. 228.]
? ? . Feb. 19,

, S. coast, Caspian Sea.
$ . March 28, J F

$ . April 22, 1 Elburz Mts. (north side, alt.4000-7000 ft.).
<J. May 4, J ;

" Not very common." — R. B. W.

These specimens compare well with Blanford's type except
that they are rather more greenish and less rich brown on
the back, but the type-specimen is in very fresh plumage, and
this may account for the slight difference. I do not think
that this Tit has been found in South-west Persia since
Major St. John obtained those from which the form was
described. Is it possible that some mistake was made in
the locality and that this race is not found in the south-
west of Persia ?

Parus lugubris hyrcanus Zar. & Loud. Orn. Monatsb.
1905, p. 76.

S ? . May 1, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 7000 ft.).
" Two or three pairs seen in the oak woods. " — R. B. W.

506 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

Compared with examples of typical P. lugubris these
specimens are shorter in the bill and tail. They measure: —
tail 53-54 mm. against 60-63 in typical specimens ; bill
(from nostril to tip) 7 mm. against 9 mm. in typical speci-
mens. The rust-colour of the stomach (cf. Orn. Monatsb.
1905, p. 76, & Vog. pal. F. p. 369) is not present in these
examples.

PaRUS CffiRULEUS CffiRULEUS L. [*B. 231.]

Two males and three females, February and March, S.
coast, Caspian Sea.

S . April 6, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 5000 ft.)

" Seen throughout the forests both on the plain and on
the hills."— R. B. W.

Although in some of these specimens the yellow of the
under side is rather dull, I think they must certainly be
referred to the typical form and not to P. c. persicus, which
seems confined, like P. m. blanfordi, to the Plateau.

ACREUULA CAUDATA TEPHRONOTA GUuthei'. [B. 231.

W. 1903, p. 529 ; 1907, p. 94.]

? . Feb. 16, ■) .

yr i nc r S. coast, Caspian bea.
<$ . March 28, J r

" Not uncommon all along the south coast of the Caspian
and upon the forest-clad hills on the north side of the Elburz.
The remains of a new nest were seen on March 26th/' —
R. B. W.

These examples agree exactly with the type of the species.

Anthoscopus macron yx (Severz.).

? ? . March 16, "1 n • e

> S. coast, Caspian bea.

<J . May 20, J L

" A few of these little Tits were seen at Ferahabad in a
dense reed-bed, where they were very busy among the bottoms
of the reeds. I saw them only here and once again in the
reeds of the lagoon at Resht." — R. B. W.

The male is rather small in the wing, measuring 54 mm.
as compared to 59 and 57 in specimens from Syr-Darya,
58 in one from Gjaz, and 56 in another from N.W. Turk-
estan. The females measure 52 and 53 mm. The male is

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 507

rather grey on the throat, but I think that this is clue to wear.
It is curious that this species should occur so far west as the
Caspian region, where the birds seem to be generally much
like western forms.

Regulus cristatus cristatus Koch. [W. 1907, p. 94.]

£ . Feb. 24, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Only seen on two or three occasions along the coast of
the Caspian."— R. B. W.

The Goldcrest does not appear to have been recorded
previously from Persia.

Motacilla alba L. [B. 232. W. 1903, p. 528; 1907,
p. 94.]

£ <$ . March 5 & 22, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

These specimens are I think typical M. alba and not
M. a. dukhunensis, but they are in full moult, and the new
feathers are very little grown. They have very little white
on the wings. It may be noted that the tail-feathers are
moulting as well as the contour feathers.

Motacilla flava borealis Sund.

Two males, May 18, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Flocks of many hundreds of Wagtails and other birds
were to be seen at this date on the cow-grass and marshland
near the coast at Resht." — R. B. W.

The bird described by Blanford (p. 233) under Budytes
flavus, from Ispahan, was, I expect, a specimen of this form.

Motacilla campestris Pall.
$ . May 18, S. coast, Caspian Sea (Resht).

Motacilla boarula boarula L. [W. 1903, p. 527 ;
1907, p. 95.]

S . April 18, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran).

Anthus trivialis (L.). [B. 235. W. 1903, p. 528;
1907, p. 95.]

Two males, May 1, Elburz Mts. (alt. 7000 ft.).

" Tree-Pipits were not uncommon among the oak-scrub
at 7000 feet and at ere breeding on May 1st." — H. B. \Y.

508 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds f rum the

Anthus pratensis (L.). [B. 236.]

Three examples, March 1, 15, & 25. S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" A good many were seen in Mazandaran ; they were
especially numerous on the flat grassy plain around Aster ab ad
Bay."— R. B. W.

Elsewhere in Persia the Meadow-Pipit seems very rare or
absent.

Anthus campestris (L.). [B. 237. W. 1903, p. 528 ;
1907, p. 96.]

Three specimens, April 20, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt.
8000 it.).

Alauda arvensis cinerea Ehmcke. [B. 239. W. 1903,
p. 526; 1907, p. 96.]

Fo\ir examples in March, S. coast, Caspian Sea.
<J. April 11, Elburz Mts. (alt. 8000 ft.).
"Not very numerous." — R. B. W .

Galerida cristata magna Hume. [B. 240. W. 1903,
p. 525; 1907, p. 96]

S ? . April 14, Elburz Mts. (south side, alt. 5000 feet).

Otocorys alpestris penicjllata (Gould). [B. 240. ^ .
1903, p. 527; 1907, p. 97.]

<? ? . April 11, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000 ft.).

Calandrella bracfydactyla (Leisler). [B. 242. W.
1903, p. 525 ; 1907, p. 97.]

S . April 18, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 5000 ft.).

Melanocorypha calandra calandra (L.).

<£. March 25, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

" Not seen on the low wet country near the coast, but a
few were met with on the lowest undulating slopes of the
hills, where a little barley was being cultivated." — R. B.

This specimen agrees well with the typical form and is
much greyer than M. c. psammochroa (cf. Ibis, 1907, p. 98).
Specimens in the British Museum from Bushire and "Persia"
also appear to belong to the typical form, which may visit
this country on migation.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. .";()!)

Melanocorypha bimaculata (Menetr.). [B. 244. W.

1903, p. 5.26; 1907, p. 98.]
c?. April 15, Tehran.

Frixgilla ccelebs L. [B. 247. W. 1907, p. 99.]

c? . Feb. 18, •) G . n . o

> b. coast, Caspian Sea.
? . March 4, J ' ■ t

" Chaffinches were extraordinarily numerous at Resht in

February and all along the coast, but they became much

scarcer towards the east and around Asterabad Bay, and in

the forest near Bandar Gez there were very few. They

were seen in the forest on the hills up to about 6000 feet.

On our return to Resht in May scarcely a Chaffinch was to

be met with."— R. B. W.

FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA L. [*B. 247.]

? . Feb. 18, -

? . March 11,

S. March 16,

? . March 18».

" Bramblings were seen in small numbers, but nowhere
very numerous, in the more open places along the coast,
generally in company with flocks of Chaffinches. They all
seemed to have departed north by the time we returned to
the coast in May."— R. B. W.

These are typical examples of the Brambling, the
occurrence of which in Persia seems to have been previously
uncertain. The birds are no doubt winter migrants to the
Caspian region.

Ligurinus chloris (L.). [*B. 247. W. 1907, p. 99.]

" * * ' > S. coast, Caspian Sea.

? . March 25, J

(J. May 15, Elburz Mts. (near Resht).

" Very few Greenfinches were seen." — R. B. W.

These are rather brightly coloured, but they are not so
small as L. chloroticus, which does not appear to occur in
Persia.

► S. coast, Caspian Sea.

510 Mr. II. F. Withcrby on Birds from the

Chrysomitris spinus (L.). [B. 247.]

<$ . Feb. 13, ) g coast Ca ian Sea>

S . Feb. 19, i

" Siskins were plentiful near Resht in February and were
met with for some way along the coast, but became scarce as
we went eastwards and were not seen east of Mashed-i-Ser,
which was reached on March 3rd." — R. B. W.

Montumuxgilla alpicola (Pall.). [B. 248. W. 1903,
p. 524 ; 1907, p. 99.]

Two males, April 20, ELburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt.
8600 ft.).

Carduelis carduelis.

<$ . April 2, S. coast, Caspinn Sea.

This bird is remarkably like the specimen obtained by
Mr. Woosnam in 1905 at the Diz River in South-west Persia
— a bird which puzzled me greatly (cf. Ibis, 1907, p. 99).

The measurements of the two birds are practically identical
and their coloration is similar. I think that they must both
be referred to typical C. carduelis, and it must be supposed
that they were both migrants from the north.

Carduelis carduelis minor Zarudny, Orn. Monatsb. xiv.
p. 47.

Carduelis elegans major (nee Tacz.), Witherby, Ibis, 1903,
p. 521.

$ . March 14, S. coast, Caspian Sea.

Compared with my specimens from South-west Persia,
this bird is slightly darker, but it is of the same tone of
colour and of the same measurements, and I think that it is
undoubtedly of the same form as the plateau bird, but slightly
less bleached.

LlNOTA CANNABINA FRING1LLIROSTRIS Bp. & Schleg. [W.

1903, p. 521 ; 1907, p. 101.]

Two examples, March 25, south coast, Caspian Sea.

S. April 8 lEiburzMt (north side).
cJ . April 28, J v ;

"Not at all common and seldom seen throughout the
journey."— R. B. W.

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 511

Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). [B. 250. W. 1907,
p. 101.]

Four males, May 4 & 6, Elburz Mts. (north and south
sides, alt. 6500 ft.)-

" A few seen in the oak-scrub at from six to seven thousand
feet, but they were uncommon and very shy and difficult to
obtain, although the loud shrill whistle of the male, uttered
from the top of a bush, at once attracts attention to the bird,
even at a distance. They were breeding in May." — R. B. W.

Rhodopechys sanguinea (Gould). [B. 252. W. 1907,
p. 102.]

3 $ . April 30, Elburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt.
8000 ft.).

These specimens, as well as those of the last species, are
of a more greyish pink and much less brilliant than are birds
later on in the summer. The rami only of the feathers are
pink while the radii are grey or white, and the wearing off of
the grey radii makes the pink shew up brilliantly, exactly as
it does in the Linnet.

Serinus pusillus (Pall.). [B. 250.]

(?(?<$?. April 8,-)

(J. April 21, [-Elburz Mts.

$ . April 28, )

" Very plentiful in the lower non-afforested valleys of the
north side of the mountains and seen up to 8000 feet. The
birds were in large flocks near Aliabad in the Herhaz
valley."— R. B. W.

Pyrrhula pyrrhula caspica Witherby, Bull. B. O. C.
xxiii. p. 48.

S . Feb. 21, Surdabend ; <? . Feb. 25, Alumdeh, south
coast, Caspian Sea.

" Bill black ; feet and iris dark brown. Only a few Bull-
finches were seen. They were usually amongst the strips of
box-wood near the shore." — R. B. W.

As already stated (Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. p. 48) the under
parts of this Bullfinch are brighter and redder (i. e. less

512 Mr. H. F. Witherby on Birds from the

pink) than in any other form of Pyrrhula, The colouring
of the upper side is of a purer and bluer grey than that of
P. p. pyrrhula. In measurements they are slightly larger
than P. p. europcea and considerably smaller than P. p.
pyrrhula and P. p. rossikowi. The wing in one specimen
measures 87 and in the other 84 mm.

COCCOTHRAUSTES COCCOTHRAUSTES. [*B. 254.]

" * ' ' > south coast, Caspian Sea.

? . Feb. 19, J l

" Bill light horn-coloured ; feet pale flesh-coloured ; iris
light greyish brown. A good many Hawfinches were seen
along the coast and they were extremely plentiful at one or
two places, frequenting the mulberry plantations and alder
and elm forest. A few were seen in the forest on the lower
foot-hills. They seemed to have entirely disappeared by May.
None were met with on the south side of the mountains." —
R. B. W.

I should have ventured to separate these Hawfinches as a
distinct geographical form, but that Mr. Woosnam did not
find them breeding, and the birds which he obtained appeared
to be migrants from elsewhere.

As compared to typical birds the male is altogether paler,
has no rufous tint on the upper side, and has the forehead
whitish buff, while the upper tail-coverts are yellowish brown
with no trace of chestnut, and the under side is paler. The
females are slightly greyer and less brown on the head, with
the forehead and upper tail-coverts conspicuously paler. The
measurements of the wings are large, that of the male being
109 mm. and these of the females 106 and 104 mm. In
coloration the birds are much like C. c. japonicus, but they
have white wing-coverts not tipped with ashy and the
measurements are larger. C, c. humii is easily distinguished
by the yellowish-brown colour of its under side.

Passer domesticus indicds Jard. & Selby. [B. 254. W.
1903, p. 523; 1907, p. 102.]

March and April, south coast, Caspian Sea.

Caspian Sea and tin' Elburz Mountains. ol3

Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus Tschusi. | W.
1907, p. 102.]

Passer salicarius (Vicill.). [B. 255. W. 1903, p. 523.]

A number of specimens were obtained in March and April,
on the soutli coast of the Caspian Sea.

"The Spanish Sparrow was first met with at Meshed-i-Ser
and afterwards was frequently seen, while in the country
round Bandar (iez, Barfarush, and Armol it was numerous. "
R. B. W.

One specimen is a cream-coloured albino with only the
faintest markings on the wing-coverts.

Passer montanus (L.). [*B. 255. W. 1907, p. 102.]
March and April, south coast, Caspian Sea.
" Tree-Sparrows were extremely local. In some districts
they were more numerous than any other Sparrows, and then
they would not be seen for several days' march. We first
saw them near Sari, while at Barfarush they were in complete
possession of the town, so far as the Sparrow-world was con-
cerned. We never saw them on the coast, but they were
observed high up the mountains (7000 or 8000 feet). They
had newly-hatched young at Barfarush on April 4th." —
R. B. W.

Petronia petronia intermedia Hartert. [W. 1907,
p. 102.]

Petronia stulta (Scop.). [B. 255. W. 1903, p. 522.]
? . April 11, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000 ft.).
£ . May 6, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 6500 ft.)

Embeuiza citrinella erythrogexys Brehra.

(Cf. Hartert, Yog. pal. Fauna, p. 169.)

Emberiza citrinella L. [B. 257.]
? . March 9, Meshed-i-Ser, south coast, Caspian Sea.

" Very few seen, and those only in the scrub-country near
the coast, at the east end of the shore/' — It. B. W.

As compared to typical West European birds, the mantle
is less brown, the edgings to the feathers being greyish

SER. ix. — VOL. iv. 2 L

514 Mr. H. F. TVitherby on Birds from the

brown, the wing-coverts also are edged with greyish white
instead, of buff, and the yellow of the breast is paler. The
wing measures 84 ram.

Emberiza miliaria Linn. [B. 257. TV. 1903, p. 520 ;
1907, p. 103.]

March, south coast, Caspian Sea.

Emberiza cia par Hartert, Yog. pal. Fauna, p. 184.

Two females, March 18, south coast, Caspian Sea.

Three males and one female, April, Elburz Mts. (north
side, alt. 2000-8000 ft.).

" Common around Ferahabad in the middle of March, but
not seen until then." — R. B. W.

These examples belong to the paler and larger form of the
Meadow-Bunting described by Dr. Hartert.

The wings measure : — males 90, 88, 86 mm. ; females 81
and 79 mm.

Emberiza buchanani Blyth. [W. 1907, p. 103.]

Emberiza huttoni Blyth ; [B. 258].

<J. May G, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 9000 ft.).

Emberiza iiortulana L. [B. 259. W. 1903, p. 520 ;
1907, p. 103.]

<$ <J . April 20, Elburz Mts. (near Demavend, alt. 8000 ft.).
? . May 15, Elburz Mts. (near Resht, alt. 500 ft.).

Emberiza melaxocephala Scop. [W. 1903, p. 520;
1907, p. 104.]

Euspiza melanocephala (Scop.) ; [B. 260].

S . May 6, Elburz Mts. (near Tehran, alt. 6000 ft.).

" Not uncommon around Tehran and in the lower valleys
on the south side of the mountains." — R. B. W.

Emberiza schosniclus tschusii Reiser & Almasy.
(C/. Hartert, Yog. pal. Fauna, p. 198.)
Three males and three females, March 1-11, south coast,
Caspian Sea.

The upper side of this form is greyer and less buff than

Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. 515

that of the typical race, the edgings of the feathers being
greyish white instead of buff ; the under side is of a purer
white

" These Buntings were found in thousands all along the
coast in February aud March ; but by May, when we
returned to the coast, not one was to be seen." — R. B. W.

Emberiza pyrrhuloides pyrrhuloides Pall.
? . March 10, Ferahabad, south coast, Caspian Sea.
" The only one seen."— R. B. W.

Pica pica bactriaxa Bp.

Four males, March 10 and 12 and April 2, south coast,
Caspian Sea.

" The Magpie is one of the commonest birds of the South
Caspian coast. At Resht it frequented the dense reed-beds
around the lagoons a great deal. It was seen also at the
villages high up in the mountain-valleys." — R. B. W.

The specimens no doubt belong to this form. They
have conspicuous white rump-bands and the wing-feathers
have only a very narrow band of black. Their wings are
large, measuring : — 205, 203, 195, and 193 mm.

Corvus cornix sharpii Oates. [W. 1903, p. 518 ; 1907,
p. 105.]

Corvus cornix L. ; [B. 262].

Two males, March 31, south coast, Caspian Sea.

" Numerous."— R. B. W.

Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.). [B. 264. *W. 1903,
p. 517.]

$ . April 11, Elburz Mts. (north side, alt. 8000 ft.).

Garrulus glandarius hyrcanus Blauf. [B. 265.]
Three males, Feb. 21 and March 28, south coast, Caspian

Sea.

" Plentiful throughout the forest-country at the foot of

the hills ; a few were seen in the forest on the mountains as

high up as about 6000 feet, but unfortunately none were

obtained."— R. B. W.

2l 2

516 On Birds from the Caspian Sea.

Sturnus vulgaris caucasicus Lorenz. [ YV. 1903, p. 519;
1907, p. IOC]

Sturnus vulgaris L. ; [B. 266].

Two males, March 6 and 12, south coast, Caspian Sea.

"Plentiful at Meshed-i-Ser, but not very numerous in
Mazandaran at the time of year we were there." — R. B. W.

Pastor roseus (L.). [*B. 267 ; W. 1907, p. 106.]

<$ . May 20, south coast, Caspian Sea.

" Large flocks at the date of this specimen on the low-
lying grass- and marsh-land near the coast at Resht." —
R. B. W.

Columba palumbus L. [*B. 269. W. 1907, p. 107.]

Columba palumbus easiotis, nee Bp. [W. 1903, p. 567].

$ . March 18, south coast, Caspian Sea.

" Several large nocks of Wood-Pigeons were seen at Fera-
habad and a few at other points along the coast. They were
met with again in the oak forest on the hills at 4000 feet,
but were not numerous." — R. B. W.

Phasianus persicus Severtz.

One male and three females, March 6-12, Meshed -i-Ser,
south coast. Caspian Sea.

Phasianus talischensis Lorenz.

d . Feb. 16, Miandeh, south coast. Caspian Sea.

" Pheasants were found all along the coast in the swampy
forest and bramble-thickets and in the drier pomegranate-
scrub nearer the beach. In the mountains we heard of them
as high as 2000 feet, and in some places they doubtless follow
the forest up very much higher. They were nowhere plenti-
ful and were always difficult birds to get, owing to the almost
impenetrable thorn- and bramble-jungle which forms the
undergrowth in nearly all the forest on the plain. These
thickets, however, serve very effectively in lieu of gamekeepers
to preserve the birds — the Persians themselves call them
' the guardians of Mazandaran.' Without them the Pheasant
would soon be a very rare bird in the district, owing to the
ceaseless persecution of the local ' shikarchis/ We noticed

Mr. C. Chubb on the Birds of Paraguay. 517

that these Pheasants got up with much less noise than
English birds, and that the cocks never uttered the least
cackle when rising and were only very rarely heard to crow —
and then very feebly — on going to roost. In February
and March they were feeding largely on the dry seeds from
the fallen pomegranates." — R. B. W.

Rallus aquaticus L. [B. 288. *W. 1903, p. 567.]
S S • Feb. 19 and 24, south coast, Caspian Sea.
" Plentiful in the swampy forest and along the numerous
small streams and marshes/' — R. B. W.

Lakus minutus.

Four males, Feb. 26 and March 4, south coast, Caspian
Sea.

" To be seen all along the sandy coast of the Caspian as
well as on the larger lagoons and marshes a little way inland ;
they did not, however, spend the night on the inland lagoons,
but were to be seen late in the evening flying out to sea in
small parties." — R. B. W.

XXIII. — On the Birds of Paraguay. — Part III. By Charles
Chubb, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department,
British Museum*.

Family CoNOPoPHAGin.E.

77. CONOPOPHAGA ANOMALA.

Ceraphanes anomalus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 115.

Conophaga lineata (nee Wied), Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 331.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, November 16, 1902.

b. S ad. „ April 13, 1904.

Bill black above, cream-coloured below ; tarsi and feet
yellow, greenish at base ; iris brown.

* Continued from above, p. 285.

518 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

c. 3 ad. Sapucay, May 1, 1901.

d, e,f. (J ad. Sapucay, June 1-20, 1904.
g. <$ ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

Compared with the series of C. lincata from Brazil, in the
British Museum, the Paraguayan bird is less rufous above and
more inclined to olive, the rufous of the throat and chest
is much paler, and the white on the middle of the abdomen
more extended. The under tail-coverts shew scarcely any
trace of rufous, which is conspicuous in the Brazilian species.
I agree, therefore, with Mr. Bertoni that it is a distinct
form. Total length 5*3 inches; culmen 0*65 ; wing 2'8;
tail 1*9; tarsus 1*1.

[This species is not an uncommon bird in the locality, but
I have never yet met with a female specimen. I must have
skinned quite a dozen at one time or another, but not a
single female among them. It is true that I have generally
shot them during the winter months, but even then the
female must have been in the locality. A ground-feeder, it
can generally be found by the rustling of the dead leaves on
the ground, in this way locating itseli'. — //'. F. \

78. CORYTHOPIS CALCARATA.

Myiothera calcarata Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. iii. p. 1101
(1831); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 615
(1908).

Corythopsis calcarata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 335
(1890) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 331 (Paraguay).

Hyhcentrites ambulator Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 126.

a. £ ad. Sapucay, September 28, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b, c. S ? ad. Sapucay, October 4, 27, 1902.
d. S ad. Sapucay, November 30, 1902.
e,f. ? ad. „ March 23, 24, 1904.

g. £ ad. „ August 7, 1904.

Bill light horn-coloured above, creamy buff below; feet
bluish, tinged with very light horn-colour ; iris brown.
These examples agree in every respect with the series in

Birds of Paraguay. 519

the National Collection from Brazil. I do not consider that
the bird described by Mr. Bertoni is separable from C. cal-
carata (Wied).

[Like the preceding species this has the custom of feeding
on the ground, the scratching of the dead undergrowth
attracting one's attention. It is not so common as Conopo-
phaga anomala, but specimens can usually be met with
when looked for. — W. F.~]

Family Formicariidve.

79. Thamnophilus guttatus rodriguezianus.

Tkamnophilus rodriguezianus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 137.

"Hypoedalius guttatus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 330 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 20, 190.2.
Iris light brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, November 21, 1902.

c. <S ad. „ April 19, 1904.

ch e- 6 '■> f, ff> h. ? ad. Sapucay, July 4-25, 1904.

i, k. <$ ad. Sapucay, August 27, 28, 1904.

Bill black above, on ridge, gape, and lower mandible grey;
tarsi and feet pale slaty blue.

/. S ad. Ibitimi, February 8, 1904.

Bill black above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi and feet
bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

Having compared these examples with a series of twenty-
five of T. guttatus from Brazil, I find that the Paraguay bird
has the fulvous on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
paler and more restricted, giving the bird a whiter appear-
ance, this is more especially marked in the male. Total
length 8 inches ; culmen l-05 ; wing 34 ; tail 4-8 ; tarsus
1*2. I can only regard this form, however, as a subspecies
of T. guttatus.

[This species is fairly common throughout the country.
A lazy slow-flying bird, it can be approached quite closely
before flying away, and even then its flight is only for a
short distance. — W. F.]

y

520 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

80. TlIAMXOPHILUS C.ERULESCE.VS.

Bat am negro y aplamado Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 199. no. ccxiii.

(1905)= «?.

Batara par do dorado Azara, torn. cit. p. 20.2. no. ccxiv.

Thamnophilus carulescens Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii.
p. 311 (1816: Paraguay) = J ; Berlepscb, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 119 (Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 200 ;
Sharpe, Hand-list B. iii. p. 14 (1901).

Thamnophilus auratus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii.
p. 312 (1816 : Paraguay) = ? .

Thamnophilus ochrus Oberholser. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, xiv. p. 188 (1901 : Sapncay) .

a. S ad. Sapucay, October 15, 1902.

ft, c, d. <J; e,f,g. ? ad. Sapucay, November 8-28, 1002.

h. (J; *. ? ad. Sapucay, .March 17-31, 1903.

Bill black above, lead-coloured below : feet bluish lead-
coloured : iris brown.

k. S; '■ ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

m. $ ad. Sapucay, February 26, 190 i.

n. ? ad. „ March 1904.

o. $ ad. „ August 26, 1901.

[Another of our very common wood-birds. It can be
met with in considerable numbers in all parts of the country
throughout the year. — W. F.~\

81. Thamnophilus radiatus.

Batara listado Azara. Apunt. ii. p. 196. no. ccxii. (1805).

Thamnophilus radiatus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii.
p. 315 (1816 : Paraguay) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 17,
119 (Lam bare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 210;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. v. p. 117 (1893: Paraguay);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 330 (Paraguay).

a, b. J ? ad. Sapucay, March 18, 1903.

Tarsi and feet light blue-grey ; iris light buff.

c. ,1 imm. Sapncay_, April 19, 1903.

Bill black above, slate-coloured below : feet light bluish
slate-coloured ; iris yellowish-white.

Birds of Paraguay. 521

82. Dysithamnus mentalis.

Myothera mentalis Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 171). fig. 3 (1823 :
Brazil).

D'jsithamnus mentalis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 221
(1890) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. v. p. 118 (1893: Matto
Grosso); Salvad. Boll. Mus. Torino, xv. n. 378, p. 18 (1900:
Paraguay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 330 (Para-
guay).

Thamnophilus flavescens Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 136.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, October 28, 1902.

b, c. S ? imm. Sapucay, November 2;), 29, 1902.
(I. J ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

Bill black above, dark slaty below ; feet yellowish grey ;
iris brown.

e. ? imm. Sapucay, May 4, 1903.

/, g. J ? imm. Sapucay, March 9, 31, 1904.

//, i, k. <$ ; I, m. ? ad. Sapucay, April 9-30, 1904.

n, u. $ 2 ad. Sapucay, May 1, o, 1901.

Mr. Bertoni has described this species as a new form under
the name of Thamnophilus jlavescens. This large series,
however, agrees with Temminck's description and plate of
D. mentalis, and also with the series in the collection of
the British Museum. I agree, therefore, with Dr. Ihering
in placing Thamnophilus flavescens of Bertoni as a synonym
of the present species.

[This species, like the last, is very abundant through the
whole of Central and Southern Paraguay. — W. F.~\

83. Herpsilochmus rufi.marginatus.

Myothera rii-fimarginatus Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 132. fig. 1
(1823 : Brazil); Richmond, Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 605
(1908).

Herpsilochmus rujimarginatus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 247 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 330
(Paraguay).

Dendrocecia erythroptera Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 138.

522 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, November 21, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b, c. <J ? ad. Sapucay, March 5, 31, 1901.
cl-h. <J ? ad. „ April 4-22, 1904.
i. ? ad. Sapucay, May 8, 1904.

These specimens agree very well with Temminck's descrip-
tion and figure of H. rufomarginatus, and also with the
examples of the species in the collection of the British
Museum. I agree, therefore, with Dr. Ihering and Mr.
C. W. Richmond that Dendrooecia erythroptera of Bertoni
must be placed as a synonym of the present species.

[Like the preceding and about as abundant. — IV. F.~\

84. FOEMICIVORA MALURA.

Myothera malura Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 353. figs. 1 & 2
(1825 : Ypanema).

Furmicivora malura Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 254;
Sharpe, Hand-list B. iii. p. 26 (1901).

This specimen agrees very well with Temminck's figure,
and also with another example in the National Collection
from Ypanema, collected by Nattercr. The species is new
to the avifauna of Paraguay.

85. Cham^esa brevicauda.

Turdus brevicaudus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. xx. p. 239
(1818: Brazil).

Chamcesa brevicauda Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 307.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 10, 1904.

Bill, tarsi, and feet pale pink ; iris brown.

This example is identical with others in the National
Collection from Eastern Brazil, and the species is recorded
here for the first time from Paraguay.

[A rare bird with us, living solitary in the large forests.
In habits this species is identical with the Thrushes,
and in the dim light and thick undergrowth of the woods it
is not easily to be distinguished from them. — W. F.]

Birds of Paraguay. 523

Family Dexdrocolapti d.e.

86. FURNARIUS RUFUS.

Merops rufus Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 465 (1788 : Buenos
Ayres).

Hornero Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 221. no. ccxxi. (1805).

Furnarius rufus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 116
(1817: Paraguay); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 119 (Para-
guay); Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 134 (Sapucay);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 22, 1904.

Two clutches of eggs were sent, which are glossy white
and measure: axis 1 • 1—1*15 inch; diameter 08-0'85.

According to Mr. Foster this bird is resident and common
in the vicinity of Asuncion, but comparatively scarce in the
heavily wooded parts of the country.

87. LOCHMIAS XEMATURA.

Myiothera nematura Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 43 (1823 :
San Paulo) ; Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 614
(1908).

Lochmias nematura Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 132 (Pa-
rana); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 28 (1890); Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327 (Paraguay).

Hydrolegus silvestrianus, Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 74.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 4, 1903.

Bill black above, lighter below; tarsi and feet light brown;
iris brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, March 27, 1904.

c. £ ad. „ June 25, 1904.
Bill blackish; tarsi and feet pale brown.

d. <?j e,f. ? ad. Sapucay, July 10-28, 1904.
g. ? ad. Sapucay, September 8, 1904.

The specimens enumerated above are identical with others
in the National Collection, from Brazil. I have, therefore,
followed Dr. Ihering and Mr. C. W. Richmond in placing

524 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Hydroleyus silvestrianus of Bertoni as a synonym of the
present species.

[This strange bird is resident and not uncommon in this
district. It can only be met with along the forest streams.
Its food consists exclusively of the water insects and possihly
spawn of fish and frogs. It invariably stands on the stones
in the water, and at times even when the water is over the
top.— W. F.]

88. Synallaxis ruficapilla.

Synatlaxis ruficapilla Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii.
p. 310 (1819 : Brazil) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 38 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay) ;
Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 593 (1908).

Synallaxis (Barnesia) cururuvi Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 76.

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 25, 30, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured above, greyish below ; tarsi and feet
greenish ; iiis light brown.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, July 17, 1901.

The examples from Paraguay agree in every respect with
those in the National Collection from Brazil, whence the
species was described. I agree, therefore, with Dr. Ihering
and Mr. C. W. Richmond in considering S. (Barnesia) curu-
ruvi of Bertoni as a synonym of this species.

[I have met with this species feeding on the ground in
the forests at Sapucay. — TV. F.~\

89. Synallaxis frontalis.

Chicli Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 266. no. cexxxvi. (1805).

Synallaxis frontalis Pelz. Sitz. Ak. AVien, xxxiv. p. 117
(1859) ; id. Orn. Bras. p. 35 j Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 14
(Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 39; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Munchen, xxii. p. 631.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1, 1901.

Bill blackish above, grey below; tarsi and feet yellowish
horn-coloured; iris very light brown.

[A very rare bird m ith us here, inhabiting- the large
montcs. — W. F.~\

Birds of Paraguay. 525

90. Synallaxis spixi.

Synallaxis spixi Sclater, P. Z. S. 185G, p. 98 (Brazil) ;
Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 132 (Minas and S. Brazil to
Buenos Ayres) ; Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv.
p. 134 (1902: Sapucay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 42 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay) ;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen. xxii. p. 631.

Synallaxis furvicaudatus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 76.

a. J1 ad. Sapucay, June 29, 1904.

Bill black above, greyish below ; tarsi and feet bronze-
green ; iris light brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, August 29, 1904.

I have followed Dr. Ihering in placing S. furvicaudatus
of Bertoni as a synonym of the present species, as the
specimens from Paraguay are identical with others from
Brazil.

91. Synallaxis albescens.

Synallaxis albescens Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 227. fig. 2
(1823: Brazil) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 132 (Mendoza
and Buenos Ayres to Central Brazil); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 43.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, June 19, 1904.

Bill dark horn- coloured above, pinky-grey below ; tarsi
and feet dry pea-green ; iris light brown.

This species appears to be new to the avifauna of Paraguay,
although it has been recorded from the Argentine.

92. Synallaxis cinerascens.

Synallaxis cinerascens Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 227. fig. 3
(1823 : Brazil) : Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 48.

a. £ ad. Sapucay, July 20, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet light horn-coloured with a
greenish tinge; iris reddish brown.

This example is identical with others from Ypanema and
Rio Grande do Sul. The species has not been previously
recorded from Paraguay.

526 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

93. Synallaxis cinnamomea russeola.

Cinnamon Creeper Lath. Gen. Syn. i. part 2, p. 710
(1782: "In British Museum").

Certhia cinnamomea Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 480 (1788).

Anegadizo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 262. no. ccxxxiii. (1805).

Sylvia russeola Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 217
(1817); id. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 463 (1820: Paraguay).

Synallaxis cinnamomea Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 15
(Lambare); Sclatcr, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 50; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay).

Synallaxis cinnamomea russeola Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad.
Wiss. Munchen, xxii. p. 630.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 7, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet dark slate-coloured ; iris whitish.

b. S ad. Sapucay, July 30, 1904.

94. Synallaxis phryganophila.

Horqueta tricolor Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 255. no. cexxix.
(1805).

Sylvia phryganophila Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi.
p. 207 (1817: Paraguay).

Synallaxis phryganophila Berlepsch, J.f. O. 1887, p. 119
(Paraguay); Sclater, Cat. B. Bfit. M us. xv. p. 57 ; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 177 (1903); Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 17, 1902.

b. £ juv. Sapucay, March 25, 1903.

Upper mandible black, lower mandible, tarsi, 'and feet
pale greyish blue ; iris dull white.

c. d. $ ? ad. Sapucay, June 21, 30, 1904.
e. $ ad. Sapucay, September 8, 1904.

Three e^gs — pure white and unspotted — collected on
October 17, 1903. Measurements : axis 0-8 to 085 inch ;
diameter 0*6. Incubation well advanced.

[This bird is resident, but rare. The nest is usually built
in a solitary tree on the open camp and is quite a large affair,
measuring some nine inches in diameter. It is constructed
of thin sticks and lined with leaves, while it is easily

Birds of Paraguay. 527

discovered, owing to its being placed in a tree with very thin
foliage. Six eggs form a full clutch.

The bird feeds on the ground ; its food consists of small
insects which abound in the long grasses about low swampy
places.— W. F.]

95. Anumbius anumbi.

Anumbi Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 226. no. ccxxii. (1805).

Furnarius anumbi Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 117
(1817 : Paraguay).

Anumbius anthoides D'Orb. et Lafr., Syn. A v. 2. p. 17
(1838: Corrientes),

Anumbius acuticaudalus Burm. J. f. O. 18G0, p. 250
(Parana); Sclater, Cat. Araer. B. p. 154 (1862: Parana) ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 119 (Paraguay); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 75 (part.) ; id. & Salvia, Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 64, part. (Paraguay).

Anumbius anumbi Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista vi.
p. 328 (Paraguay).

Sphenopyga anumbi Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 29 (1859).

a. <$ imm. Sapucay, November 30, 1902.

b, c. S ? ad. Sapucay, August 16, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured, pinkish grey below ; feet pale greenish
flesh-coloured ; iris light reddish brown.

Five eggs, collected October 16, 1903, are pure white and
measure: axis TO inch ; diameter 0*65.

These examples evidently belong to the true Furnarius
anumbi of Vieillot, whose description was founded on the
Afiumbi of Azara. They differ from the majority of the
more southern examples in the ashy grey upper surface
instead of rufous brown, and the dull white of the under
surface, instead of deep isabelline or fulvous. There are two
specimens in the collection of the British Museum obtained
by Burmeister on the Parana, which belong to the pale
Paraguayan form, and two from Espartillar, Argentine,
collected by Mr. A. H. Holland, which must also be asso-
ciated with the northern bird.

1 would suggest, therefore, that the Paraguayan race bear

528 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

the title of Anumbius anumbi, and, as there is no particular
locality mentioned by Lesson in hi3 description of A. acuti-
caudatus, that the southern form be called A. anthoides.

Anumbius anthoides.

? Anthus acuticaudatus Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 424 (1831).

Anumbius anthoides D'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. 2, p. 17
(1837) ; D'Orb. Voy. Amor. Merid., Ois. p. 252 (1835-1844).

Synullaxis major Gould, Voy. Beagle, Zool. Birds, p. 76,
pi. 22 (1811 : Maldonarlo).

Anumbius acuticaudatus Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 212, part.
(1850) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 141 (Cbnchitas) ; iid.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 64., part. (1873: Arg. Rep.); Sternb.
J. f. O. 1809, p. 265 (Buenos Ayres) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1877,
p. 181 (Buenos Ayres); White, P.Z. S. 1882, p. 612 (Salta and
Flores); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 281 (Uruguay) ; Sclater &
Hudson, Argent. Orn. i. p. 189.

96. Phacelodomus kuber.

Anumbi roxo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 217. no. ccxx. (1805).

Furnarius ruber Vieill. N. Diet, d'ilist. Nat. xii. p. 118
(1817: Paraguay).

Phacelodomus rufipennis Sclater, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 33
(Bolivia) ; id. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 83, pi. v.

Phacelodomus striaticeps Kerr (nee D'Orb. & Lafr.), Ibis,
1892, p. 132.

Phacellodomus ruber Menegaux & Hellm. Mem. Soc.
d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix. p. 84 (1906: Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 20, 1902.

Iris brown.

This specimen is identical with the type of P. rufipennis
from Bolivia.

97. AUTOMOLUS LKUCOTHTHALMUS BERGIAXL'S.

Anabates leucophthalmus VVied, Reise Bras. ii. p. 141
(1821 : Brazil).

Automolus leucophthalmus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 95 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay).

Phacellodomus bergianus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 78.

Birds of Par ay nay. 529

a. 3 ad. Sapucay, November 23, 190.2.

b. ? ad. „ March 30, 1903.

c. d. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, July 6, 27, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, greenish below ; tarsi and feet
yellowish bronze-green ; iris white.

e. $ ad. Sapucay, September 1, 1901.

Having compared these examples from Paraguay with a
series of eleven others from Brazil, I have come to the
conclusion that the Paraguayan bird is paler above, and tlie
chestnut tail not so intense in colour, while the under surface
presents a whiter appearance. I would suggest, therefore,
that it be regarded as a subspecies under the name of
Automolus leucophthalmus beryiaaus.

[A rare forest bird with us here. — W. F.~\

98. Philydor rufus.

Dendrocopus rufus Vicill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 1 19
(1818: Brazil).

Philydor rufus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.xv. p. 79 (1890) ;
Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 133 (1902 : Sapucay) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay);
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 625.

a. 3 ad. Sapucay, November 28, 1902.

Bill horn-coloured above, paler below ; tarsi and feet
yellowish bronze-green; iris brown.

b. (J ad. Sapucay, February 16, 1904.

c. d. 3 ad. Sapucay, March 10, 1901.
e,f $ ? ad. Sapucay, June 30, 1904.
y. 3 ad. Sapucay, July 24, 1904.

[A rare bird with us here. — W. F.~\

99. Philydor lichtensteini.

Philydor lichtensteini Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 29
(1860 : Brazil) ; Berlepsch & Hellmayr, J. f. O. 1905, p. 31
(Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 28, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, February 16, 1904.

c. d. c? ad. Sapucay, March 10, 11, 1904.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 M

530 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Bill black above, grey below ; tarsi and feet bronze-green ;
iris brown.

e. c? ad. Sapucay, July 24, 1904.

[This species is resident but not common in the forests
of this district ; I have met with it during the months
February, March, April. — W. F.]

100. Philydor atricapillus.

Anabates atricapillus Wied, lleise Bras. ii. p. 147 (1821 :
Rio Catole, Southern Bahia).

Philydor atricapillus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 96 ;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 025.

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

c, d, e. <$ ; f. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

These examples are identical with others from Eastern
Brazil in the collection of the British Museum. The species
has not been previously recorded from Paraguay.

[Resident and not uncommon through the Central districts
of Paraguay. — W. F.]

101. ANABAZENOPS AC1UTI s.

Anabazenops acritus Oberh. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
xiv. p. 187 (1901 : Sapucay).

Xenicopsis acritus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 328 (Paraguay).

a, b, c. ? ; d. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 1903-0 1.

e,f. S ad. Sapucay, April 21, 1904.

g. S ad. Sapucay, May 4, 190*.

h. S ad. „ June 18, 1901.

[This species is resident and not uncommon through the
central parts of the country. — W. F.~]

102. Xenops rutilus.

Xenops rutilus Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 17 (1823: Bahia);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. Ill; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 328 (Paraguay).

Xenops argobronchus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 75.

a. S ad. Sapucay, March 18, 1904.

Birds of Paraguay. 531

Bill black above, cream-coloured below; tarsi and feet
dark slate-coloured ; iris brown.

b, c. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, July 3, 20, 190 1.

These specimens agree in every respect with others, in the
British Museum series, from various parts of South America.
I have, therefore, followed Dr. Ihering in placing X. aryo-
bronchus Bertoni as a synonym of the present species.

[This peculiar little bird is rare with us. All these
S. American Creepers are so much alike in their habits that
little can be said about any one in particular. — W. F.~\

103. SCLERURUS SCANSOR.

Oxypyga scansor Menetr. Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. (6)
i. p. 520, tab. xi. (1835 : Rio de Janeiro).

Sclerurus umbretta (nee Lichtenstein) Berlepsch, J. f. ().
1887, p. 132; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 329
(Paraguay).

Geooecia orryctera Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 79 ;
cf. Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. Gil (1908).

Sclerurus caudacutus scansor Hellm. Nov. Zool. xiv.
p. 58 (1907).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 9, 1904.

b, c. <$ ad. Sapucay, July 3, 27, 1904.

I agree with Dr. Ihering and C. W. Richmond in uniting
Geowcia orryctera of Bertoni with the present species, as the
specimens recorded above are identical in every respect witli
others in the National Collection from E. Brazil.

[One of our very rare forest birds. Its habits are very
similar to those of the Thrushes. It lives entirely upon the
ground in the deepest and gloomiest parts of the forest. It
is not by any means shy, and if not startled will feed close
up to the observer. — W. F.~\

104. SlTTASOMUS ERITHACUS.

Dendrocolaptes erithacus Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl. 1820,
p. 259, pi. i. fig. 2 ; id. Verz. Doubl. p. 17 (1823 : San
Paulo) ; Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 585
(1908).

532 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Sittasomus erithacus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 132 ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 119; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 329 (Paraguay).

Acanthurus microrhynchus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 79.

a,b. ? ; c. $ ad. Sapucay, March 7, 27, 1901.

Bill black above, dark slate-coloured below; tarsi aud feet
dark slate-coloured ; iris brown.

d, e. $ ? ad. Sapucay, April 4, 19, 1904.

These five examples agree perfectly well with S. erithacus
of Lichtenstein, and I see no reason for upholding Acanthurus
microrhynchus of Bertoni as a separate species.

[A rather common bird with us; it can be met with in
all the large forests, although not common in the smaller
woods.— W. F.]

105. XlPHOCOLAPTES ALBICOLLIS PARANENSIS.

Dendrocopus albicolUs Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi.
p. 117 (1818: Brazil).

Xiphocolaptes albicolUs Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 132
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 142; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 329 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. "Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 631.

Xiphocolaptes paranensis Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 68.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, August 31, 1904.

Bill black ; tarsi and feet olive-green ; iris reddish brown.

This individual specimen is somewhat darker in colour
above and below than those in the National Collection, and
the rufous of the wings and tail is also deeper in colour. It
may, therefore, be regarded as a subspecies under the name
of X. albicolUs paranensis.

[A very rare bird with us here. — W. F.~\

106. Xiphocolaptes major.

Irepadore grande Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 277. no. ccxli. (1805).
Dendrocopus major Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 118
(1818: Paraguay).

Birds of Paraguay. 533

Xiphocolapt.es major Berlepscli, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 15, 119
(Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xr. p. 145 (1890) ;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 133 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 329 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 14, 1902.

b. S ad. „ May 5, 1903.

c. ? ad. „ January 16, 1904.

d. S ad. „ July 2, 1904.

Bill grey, blackish at point; tarsi and feet greenish; iris
brown.

e. ? ad. Sapucay, August 17, 1904.

A clutch of three eggs, pure white, measure : axis 1*4
inch ; diameter 1*05.

[This species is fairly common through the central parts
of the country where there is heavy timber. — W. F.~\

107. PlCOLAPTES FUSCUS APOTHETUS.

Dendrocolaptes fuscus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat xxv.
p. 117 (1818: Brazil).

Picolaptes tenuirostris Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 151.

Picolaptes tenuirostris apothetus Oberholser, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xiv. p. 188 (1901 : Sapucay) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 329 (Paraguay).

Picolaptes koeniswaldianus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 73.

Picolaptes fuscus Menegaux & Hellm., Mem. Soc. d'Hist.
Nat. d'Autun, xix. p. 113 (1906).

a. <J ad. Sapucay, April 21, 1903.

Bill black above, pinkish white below; tarsi and feet
bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

b-e. (J; /. ? ad. Sapucay, July 3-8, 1903.

These examples are slightly smaller than specimens from
Brazil, as will be seen by the following dimensions : average
measurements of Paraguayan birds : wing 2-9-3*0 inches,
tail 2-3-2-65, culmen l'05-l'l; Brazilian birds: wing
3-15-3-5 inches, tail 2-55-2*95, culmen T05-1-2.

534 Mr. C. Chubb on the Birds of Paraguay.

I agree with Mr. Oberholser in making this form a sub-
species of P.fuscus (Vieill.). P. koeniswaldianus Bertoni can
only be regarded as a synonym of the present species, as
suggested by Dr. Ihering.

108. PlCOLAPTES ANGUSTlltOSTRIS.

Trepadore comun Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 279. no. ccxlii.
(1805).

Derulrocopus angustirostris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxvi. p. 116 (1817 : Paraguay).

Picolaptes angustirostris Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 15,
119 (Lambare); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 155.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, March 10, 1904.

Bill pinky horn-coloured; tarsi and feet slate-coloured;
iris brown.

b. <$ ad. Sapucay, June 11, 1904.

Bill creamy grey ; tarsi and feet greenish slate-coloured.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, August 26, 1904.

109. Dendrocolaptes picumnus.

Dendrocolaptes picumnus Licht. Abb. Akad. Berl. 1820,
p. 202 (Brazil) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 170 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 329.

Dendrocolaptes tarefero Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 69.

a, b. S ad. Sapucay, April 2, 21, 1903.

c. S ad. Sapucay, March 8, 1904.

d,e. (J; /. ? ad. Sapucay, April 7, 19, 30, 1904.

Bill black; tarsi and feet old-bronze coloured; iris brown.

g, h. S ad. Sapucay, May 2, 8, 1904.

These examples belong to the Brazilian form with the deep
chestnut-coloured wings and tail. I can only regard
D. tarefero of Bertoni as quite inseparable from this
species.

[To be continued.]

Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. 535

XXIV. — Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting of the
British Ornithologists'' Union, 1910.

The Animal General Meeting of the British Ornithologists*
Union for 1910 was held at the house of the Zoological
Society of London, 3 Hanover Square (by permission), on
May 25th. The Chair was taken by the President, Dr. F.
DuCauc Godman, F.R.S.

The Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were
read and confirmed.

The Report of the Committee, which was then read,
announced the continued prosperity of the Union during
the past year. The Annual Volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1909
(the fifty-first of the whole and the third of the Ninth
Series) had been edited by Dr. P. L. Sclater, D.Sc, F.R.S.,
and Mr. A. H. Evans, M.A. It contained 741 pages and
was illustrated with 8 coloured plates, 2 maps, and 11 text-
figures.

The Jubilee Supplement Volume had also been published
early in the year. It contains 268 pages and is illustrated
with 43 photographic plates and one facsimile plate.

With much regret the Committee reported the deaths of
the following Members since the last Annual Meeting : —

A. Y. Lethbridge, P. D. W. Newcome, Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe, Thomas Southwell, Dr. E. P. Wright, and Dr. H. H.
Giglioli.

The following gentlemen had resigned : — Hon. Ian M.
Campbell, Col. W. H. M. Duthie, E. W. II. Holdsworth,
R. S. Keep, H. H. J. Nicholls, Robert Service, and Colin
West ; and the names of Major Cliarles Donovan and K. C.
Macdonald had been removed from the List of Members
under Rule 6.

At the date of the Meeting the Union consisted of 424
Ordinary Members, 3 Extra-Ordinary, 9 Honorary,9 Colonial,
and 20 Foreign Members.

The Statement of Accounts for the year ending December
31st, 1909, was then submitted and approved, and a vote of
thanks was accorded to Mr. H. E. Dresser, the Auditor.

536 Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U.

The Meeting then proceeded to elect the Officers for the
ensuing year, and it was announced that Dr. F. DuCane
Godman, F.R.S., had been re-elected President, and Mr. J.
Lewis Bonhote, M.A., F.L S., Secretary; also that Mr.
Edward Bidwell had been elected a Member of the Com-
mittee in the place of Mr. Ernest Gibson, who had retired
by rotation.

The following thirteen gentlemen were then balloted for
and elected Ordinary xMembers of the Union : — Lt.-Col.
Hubert F. Barclay, Dursley, St. Albans; Harry Beeston,
Sutmymcad, South Street, Havant ; The Lord Brabourne,
19 Curzon Street, W. ; Charles Chubb, British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. ; Charles P. Conigrave,
F.R.G.S., W. Australian Museum, Perth, W. Australia;
Cecil Bodcn Kloss, F.Z.S., F.R.A.I., Curator of the Perak
State Museum, Taiping, Federated Malay States; T. Hastings
Lees, M.A., 4 Osnaburgh Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. ;
Herbert W. Murray, The Old House, Epsom ; Sir Arthur
\Y. Riicker, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., 75 Victoria Sheet,
S.W.; Harold Bussell, F.Z.S., 16 Beaufort Gardens, S.W. ;
Edward F Stanford, Cumberland House, Kensington Court,
W. ; Herbert Stevens, North Lakhimpur P.O., Upper
Assam, India; Dr. Robert A. Logan van Someren, Uganda
Medical Staff, Kyetumi, Uganda.

The following four ladies were elected Honorary Lady
Members :— H.G. The Duchess of Bedford, F.Z.S., Woburn
Abbey, Woburn, Beds. ; Miss Dorothea M. A. Bate, Wyseby,
Eccleiechan, N.B. ; Mrs. Margaretta Louisa Lemon, F.Z.S.,
Hillcrest, Redhill, Surrey; Miss Emma Louisa Turner,
F.Z.S., Upper Birchetts, Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells.

Mr. James H. Fleming, of Toronto, u as elected a Colonial
Member of the Union.

Dr. Sclater then moved the following resolution, which
was seconded by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant and unanimously
agreed to : —

"That the Members of the British Ornithologists'
Union have received with great grief the news of the
death of their fellow-Member, Mr. Boyd Alexander,

Biographical Notice of the lute Prof. Giglioli. 537

and wish to record their sense of the severe loss which
the science of Ornithology has thus experienced.

"That the Secretary be requested to express to Col. B.

F. Alexander, and other relatives of Mr. Boyd Alexander,

full sympathy with them in the sad loss they have

suffered."

A vote of thanks to the Zoological Society of London for

the use of their rooms was unanimously passed and the

Meeting adjourned.

After the Meeting the joint Dinner of the British
Ornithologists' Union and the British Ornithologists' Club
was held at Pagani's Restaurant, Great Portland Street,
and attended by 47 Members and Guests.

XXV. — Biographical Notice of the late Professor Giglioli.
By Joseph I. S. Whitaker, M.B.O.U.

The close of the year 1909 will be sorrowfully remembered
by Ornithologists, and in particular by our Brethren of
the British Ornithologists' Union, for the sad loss of two of
its most prominent and distinguished members.

With the death of Prof. Henry Hillyer Giglioli on the
16th December, and that of Dr. Richard Bowdler Sharpe on
the 25th December, 1909, two brilliant careers in the
Ornithological World have been brought abruptly to an end,
and two life-long records of industrious and indefatigable
work in the cause of science have suddenly been arrested.

The results of such work, self-imposed and self-denying
toil, but undoubtedly a labour of love in both cases, have
fortunately been specially rich and full of the highest interest
and intrinsic value to our beloved branch of science, and the
good deeds that have been accomplished by the two eminent
men who have so recently been taken from our midst, while
yet in the full vigour of manhood, will live for ever, though
the authors are no more.

The knowledge, nay, the mere thought, of this will
assuredly be of comfort to the bereaved relatives and

538 Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli.

personal friends whom our late members have left behind
them, while the unanimous expression of sympathy and
esteem evinced by their numerous acquaintances and
admirers in the world of science will also tend, in some
measure, to mitigate the grief which must be felt at their
loss.

To the rising generation of workers in the field of
Ornithology the precious heirloom which has been left us by
Giglioli and Sharpe in their numerous published writings
will be an inestimable boon, and should serve as an en-
couragement and incentive to further and redoubled efforts
on their part, in striving to follow the footsteps of the
two great men who have gone before them.

In referring to the loss of both of our late members, and
coupling their names together, as I have done, I am perhaps
going beyond my province, but the sad coincidence of
their having been taken from us within so short a time of
each other, added to the friendship and esteem that I have
personally entertained for both, must be my excuse for so
doing, if I have erred in this respect.

Meanwhile I gratefully beg to express my recognition of
the compliment paid me by the Editors of ' The Ibis ' iti the
request that I should write a biographical notice of Professor
Giglioli, a charge which I have the more willingly accepted,
as affording me an opportunity of rendering a slight tribute
to the memory of my late dear friend.

Professor Henry Hillyer Giglioli was born in London on
June 13th, 1845. His father, Dr. Giuseppe Giglioli of
Brescello-Emilia, one of the plucky little band of Italian
political exiles who sought and found a temporary home in
our country, on leaving Italy, first settled in Edinburgh, and
later on went to London, where he married an English lady,
Miss Hillyer. I may here observe that Giglioli, although a
staunch and patriotic Italian, was always proud of his
English descent, while Eugland, as well as Italy, has had
reason to be proud of him.

In 1848 the Giglioli family returned to Italy, and here

Biographical Notice of the lute Prof. Giglioli. 539

Henry received his early instructions at Genoa and Pavia.
Iu the year 1861, on his father being appointed to a
professorship at Pisa, under the new Italian Rule, young
Giglioli, then sixteen years of age, was sent by the Italian
Government to study in London, and selected, the School
of Mines for that purpose, as having thej most able
lecturers of the day. During the three years he spent in
London he made good use of his time, acquiring the solid,
grounding which formed the basis of the profound scientific
knowledge which was to serve him so well in after years.
Attending most of the important scientific meetings and
lectures in London, notably those given by Huxley, whose
work on Comparative Anatomy he afterwards translated into
Italian, Giglioli lost no opportunity of improving his mind,
and, at the same time, of cultivating the acquaintance of the
best Naturalists and other eminent men of the day, such as
Darwin, Owen, Wallace, Lyell, Tyndall and Hooker. Among
his more intimate friends, besides Huxley, may be mentioned
the two Lankesters, Forbes, Sclater, Sharpe, Giinther,
Seebohm, Swinhoe and Yule.

I have before me, at the present moment, an interesting
little document, kindly placed at my disposal by Madame
Giglioli, which shows the keen interest in Natural Science
evinced by Giglioli and some of his friends even at a very
early age. The document, which bears the emblem of a
triangle, with the three words Truth, Love, Perseverance
inscribed within it, followed by the names of fifteen great
Naturalists and men of Science, enumerates the " Articles of
Faith " binding upon those belonging to a brotherhood
formed for the advancement of Natural Science. It is undated,
but must have been drawn up between 1861 and 1861, and
is signed by Edwin Ray Lankester and Henry Giglioli.

It may at once be stated that Giglioli was not only a good
Ornithologist, but also a first-class all-round Zoologist,
besides being distinguished in other branches of Science,
but of this more anon.

From London Giglioli proceeded to Pisa in order to
complete his studies, and in 1864 took his degree at the

540 Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli.

University of that town. The following year he had
the great grief of losing his father, to whom he was much
attached.

In 1865 Giglioli was appointed assistant Naturalist, under
Prof. De Filippi, to the expedition, fitted out chiefly for the
purpose of scientific research, which was being despatched
by the Italian Government in the war-ship ' Magenta/ De
Filippi unfortunately dying of cholera during the voyage,
Giglioli was left in sole command of the expedition at the
early age of 22, but, with his usual energy and resourceful-
ness, succeeded in carrying out his wrork most satisfactorily,
and returned in three years' time, after having circum-
navigated the globe. A full account of this expedition
was published by Giglioli in 1876, in a volume of 10 10 pages,
illustrated by numerous plates and maps. Various other
papers treating of the scientific results obtained during this
voyage were published by him at different times, among
others one in 'The Ibis/ under the title of " Some new and
little-known Birds collected during a Voyage round the
World/'

In the year 1869 Giglioli w-as appointed Instructor in
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates at the
Royal Institute of the Higher Studies in Florence, a post
which he occupied uninterruptedly — it is needless to say with
what measure of dignity, honour and success — for forty years,
or until the day of his death. In 1874 he was named
Ordinary Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of
Vertebrates at the Royal Institute, and assumed the direction
of the Florence Zoological Museum. In 1871 Giglioli
married Signorina Casella, a lady of distinguished Lombard
family, and exceptionally gifted, whose loving devotion and
solicitous interest, one may almost say co-operation, in her
husband's work, were at times of great service to him.
Three children were born of this union, two sons and a
daughter. The elder of the sons, Odoardo, has a Govern-
ment post as Inspector of the Art Galleries in Florence ; the
second, Guido, has qualified at our English Royal College
of Physicians, in addition to taking his Italian degree, and

Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli. 541

is practising as a physician iu Florence. The daughter is
married and resides in Genoa.

Shortly after his appointment to his important post at the
Florence Institute, Giglioli settled down to steady zoological
work, chiefly, as was natural, cabinet work, although he also
found time to make occasional zoological expeditions, for
which his early training as a field-naturalist eminently
qualified him. Among the more important of these expedi-
tions may be mentioned those to the Italian islands and
to the shores of the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas, as well as
one in Hungary and two in Corsica.

In 1876 Giglioli laid the foundation of the fine collection
of Italian vertebrate animals, now the pride of the Florence
Zoological Museum. It had been his original intention to
confine this collection to birds alone, but he was eventually
induced to extend it to the entire vertebrate fauna. The
need of such a collection in Florence had hitherto been sadly
felt, and to its formation Giglioli devoted himself heart and
soul, personally superintending the preparation and mounting
of the specimens, and sparing no effort to make it as perfect
as possible. The collection is, in fact, undoubtedly the
most complete of its kind in Italy, and probably of any
National collection elsewhere. It contains in all 34,200
specimens of Italian Vertebrates, representing 1232 species
the Ornithological section comprising 4296 specimens, repre-
senting 488 species. These are all beautifully mounted and set
up, some by Prof. Magnelli and others by Sigr. Vincenzo
Squilloni, both able taxidermists at the Florence Museum.
Magnellr's zeal and co-operation were of the greatest service
to Giglioli in the early stage of the formation of the collec-
tion. During the course of the past year it has very rightly
been decided that this collection should bear its founder's
name, and in future be known as the Giglioli Collection.
The official announcement of this resolution was to have
been made on the occasion of the Jubilee to have been held
in December last, but the information was privately communi-
cated to Giglioli shortly before his death, and gave him much
pleasure.

542 Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli.

The official announcement has since been made at a com-
memoration of the late Prof. Giglioli, held at the Florence
Museum on February 2nd of this year.

Between 1881 and 1883 Giglioli was appointed by the
Italian Government to undertake three separate deep-sea
explorations in the Mediterranean, and carried out the work
most efficiently on board the R.S. 'Washington/ The
scientific results obtained during these explorations were
published in due course, and the fact of the existence of an
abysmal Mediterranean Fauna was made known for the first
time, some important discoveries being recorded in the way
of new genera and species of fishes, brought to the surface
from a depth of 3632 metres. The existence of a deep-sea
fauna in the Mediterranean had previously been doubted,
and even denied by some competent authorities, in con-
sequence of the negative results obtained from the dredging
that had been carried out by English and French expeditions.

In 1884 Giglioli attended the first International Ornitho-
logical Congress, held at Vienna, as the representative of
Italy, a capacity in which he was present at all subsequent
meetings of the kind held in Europe, viz. at Budapest in
1891, at Paris in 1900, and in London in 1905. He also
represented Italy at the International Conference held in
Paris in 1895 for the Protection of Birds. In addition to
these as delegate of the Italian Government, he attended
various other international and local congresses, Geographical
and Ethnological as well as Zoological ; in fact there were few
scientific meetings of any importance at which Giglioli was
not present. Quite recently he was called to Rome, to
give his opinion with regard to the new Game Laws that
the Government proposes passing in Italy.

In 1885, after the Vienna Ornithological Congress, at
which meeting it had been decided that each State should
institute an ornithological enquiry throughout its dominion,
Giglioli was charged to carry out that for Italy, the results
bein°- published four years later in an important work of over
700 pages, entitled " Report on the results of the Ornitho-
logical Enquiry in Italy : Part I. — Avifauna Italica." This

Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli. 5 13

was followed, in 1890, by another volume of equal propor-
tions styled " Part II. — Local Avifaunas/' and the year after
(1891) by a third volume "Part III.— Notes of a General
Character." A previous work on the Italian Ornis had been
published by Giglioli in 1886; and so recently as 1907
another important work on the subject was produced by him,
under the same title of " Avifauna Italica." These five
volumes on the Birds of Italy are among the more important
of his ornithological publications, and contain much valuable
information. Besides these Giglioli wrote the letterpress of
the illustrated work brought out by Signor Alberto Manzella
under the title of " Iconografia dell' Avifauna Italica/' a
work issued in parts and not yet completed.

Among his other Zoological publications may be mentioned
a Manual, in two volumes, on the Zoology of Vertebrates,
and an important work, published in conjunction with Prof.
A. Issel, under the title of " Pelagos," which treats of
pelagic life and submarine exploration.

Giglioli was also a contributor to various zoological
journals and periodicals, both in Italy and elsewhere, our
own journal 'The Ibis' being among the number, as were
also ' Nature ' and ' The Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London.' His first contribution to 'The Ibis'
dates so far back as 1863.

Shortly after the completion of his work in connexion
with the Ornithological Investigation, Giglioli was charged
with the exploration of the coral-reefs and sponge-banks
around the coasts of Sicily and the small island of Lampe-
dusa, an undertaking which he discharged with his usual
keenness and activity, obtaining as a result information of
considerable value to science as well as to commerce.

The last ten years of his life were much taken up with work
arising from his numerous Government appointments, and
particularly those in connexion with the Italian Fisheries. As
President of the Royal Consultative Commission for Fisheries,
and as President of various local committees appointed for the
study and regulation of the fisheries of the Italian lakes, and
the settlement of questions arising out of the right of other

514 Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli.

States to participate in such fisheries, Giglioli's time was
fully occupied. Indeed it is surprising how, with so much
outside work in addition to his every-day Museum duties — for
these he never neglected — he yet found time to write so much
as he did. During the last two years he was also occupied
on a work which would probably have proved of the greatest
value, being a descriptive Catalogue of the Vertebrates of
the Florence Museum. Unfortunately it is far from being
completed.

In the early part of this notice I have alluded to Giglioli as
being not only a good Ornithologist, but also a first-class all-
round Zoologist. I may now add that although Ornithology
was his favourite branch of Zoology, he was quite competent
in other branches as well, and as an Ichthyologist he was
undoubtedly one of the best authorities in Europe.

A strict binomialist and non-splitter, he entertained very
decided views on the subject of nomenclature, and did not
hesitate to express them should occasion require it. He
was, however, willing to accept triuomialism in the case of
well-defined subspecies or geographical races, provided that
this was applied solely to such subspecies or races, and not
to what he called the mother-species as well. This is, more
or less, in accordance with the ideas expressed by me in my
work on Tunisian Birds.

As an Anthropologist and Ethnologist Giglioli bore a high
reputation, and in addition to being Vice-President of the
Italian Anthropological Society, he was an Honorary Fellow of
our own Royal Anthropological Institute, as well as of other
similar Societies on the Continent. His literary contribu-
tions to the Italian ' Archivio d'Antropologia e FEtnologia '
were many and varied, while he also wrote occasionally for
the London periodical ' Man ' and the Leiden c Intern.
Archiv fur Ethnographie."

An interesting work was published by Giglioli in 1901
entitled " Material for the Study of the Stone Age from
Prehistoric down to Modern Times. " He devoted himself
more especially to the study of prehistoric and aboriginal
races, as well as of little-known and uncivilized modern

Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli. 545

tribes. In the course of this study he succeeded iu forming
a most valuable and interesting private collection of pre-
historic implements and weapons of primitive and savage
warfare. This collection is most carefully and admirably
arranged, and, whatever may be its ultimate destination, it is
sincerely to be hoped that it will be preserved intact and not
broken up. Giglioli was also a Geographer of no mean
merit, and represented his country at all the International
Geographical Congresses that have been held of late years.
He was a constant contributor to the Bulletin of the
Italian Geographical Society, of which he was an Honorary
Member. Among his other publications may be mentioned
his translation into Euglish of Beccari's " Wanderings in the
Great Forests of Borneo/' a volume of 450 pages, which was
very favourably reviewed by 'The Athenaeum/ and, what
pleased Giglioli greatly, was pronounced to have been written
" with great mastery of the English language."

Giglioli was indeed a man of wonderful versatility and
general qualifications, and, at the same time, most thorough
and painstaking in all he undertook to do. His capacity for
work was prodigious, as shown by the long list of bis
published writings, the collections he formed, the many
zoological explorations carried out by him, and the number-
less scientific meetings he attended, and all this over and
above his ordinary Professorial and other work. In no way
exhausted by his day's labours at the Museum, it was his
habit to work far into the night at home.

Notwithstanding his many and varied occupations, how-
ever, Giglioli always found time to give a helping hand to
any of his pupils, or to young struggling students who might
be in want of his assistance, and was invariably kind and
sympathetic with them, as well as considerate in the way he
helped them. For this reason he was naturally very popular
and much beloved by them, as indeed he was by all those
who knew him well, and had the opportunity of appre-
ciating his many sterling qualities. Few men perhaps
have ever had such a gift of making and of retaining
friends as Giglioli had. His geniality formed an irresistible

SER. ix. — vol. jv. 2 N

546 Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli.

attraction, while the wonderful freshness of youth, which he
retained to the last, coupled with his bright intelligence and
cheery voice and manner, captivated and held one a willing
prisoner. For those who knew him intimately, moreover, he
had the additional great charm of loyalty and sincerity, and
was a true friend on whom they knew they could rely.
His personality was considerable, and was repeatedly called
into evidence, both at home and abroad, during his long
tenure of office.

Although by reason of his qualifications in many ways
eminently fitted for a public life, Giglioli cannot be said to
have courted notoriety, but, on the contrary, being naturally
of a happy and contented disposition and wrapped up in his
work, wdiich was at the same time his pleasure, he seems
rather to have avoided it, and to have sought retirement
so far as was compatible with the position he occupied. He
was indeed probably only too thankful when an opportunity
presented itself for a little quiet work in his comfortable
study at the Natural History Museum, surrounded by his pet
collections. Here I used frequently to pay him a visit, and
after a friendly, and to me always an interesting and in-
structive chat, we used often to leave the Museum together
and walk into the town, as far as the Vieusseux Library, to
which Giglioli was wont to resort at the close of the day's
work, in order to read the newspapers, the only relaxation
he allowed himself.

During my annual visits to Florence he was always
particularly kind in placing his library at my disposal,
lending me any books I might wish to consult, and generally
rendering me any service in his power.

I was looking forward to meeting him again last autumn,
but was unfortunately prevented from leaving England as
early as usual, and towards the end of November I received
a letter from him — his last to me — in which, after deploring
the reason of my delayed arrival in Florence, he expressed the
hope that we should meet there before the 20th of December.
This was the date fixed for the celebration of the fortieth
anniversary of Giglioli's call to the Cathedra of Zoology and

Biographical Notice of the late Prof. Giglioli. 547

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates in Florence, and
preparations had been made for a solemn and imposing
ceremony in his honour. It was intended to be a public
manifestation of the high esteem and affection in which he
was held by his many friends and pupils, and an Album was
to have been presented to him on that occasion containing
the signatures, accompanied in many cases by the photo-
graphs, of his well-wishers. The importance of the ceremony
was to have been still further enhanced by the King of Italy
choosing this occasion to confer upon Giglioli the high
distinction of " Grande Ufficiale della Corona d'ltalia," as a
token of his esteem, and in further recognition of Giglioli's
important services to the State for so many years. The
decree conferring this distinction was actually signed bv the
King on the very day of Giglioli's death, as it had been
intended to reach him before the date fixed for the Jubilee.
The irony of Fate decreed it otherwise, however, and the
bright festival, so joyfully looked forward to, was suddenly
changed into sorrow and mourning.

Among the honorary distinctions conferred upon Giglioli,
other than the above-named, may be mentioned those of
Commander of the Italian Order of St. Maurice and St.
Lazarus, Commander of: the Crown of Italy, Commander of
the Order of Francis Joseph of Austria, and of that of the
" Merite Agricole " of France, Officer of the Order of the
Rose of Brazil, and of Public Instruction in France.

Besides being an active or Honorary Member of numerous
scientific Societies and Committees in his own country,
Giglioli was an Honorary Member, or Fellow, of various
Societies and Institutes in other European States, as well as
in North and South America and in New Zealand. In
addition to being an Honorary Member of our British
Ornithologists' Union, he belonged to our Zoological Society
of London, our Royal Geographical Society, and to the
Royal Anthropological Institute.

Although most of Giglioli's old friends in England are,
alas, now no more, there are still a few left who will retain
a lively and pleasing recollection of him and regret his loss.

2n 2

548 Recently published Ornithological Works.

In Italy, needless to say, apart from his family Giglioli has
left many who will mourn him deeply, and find it difficult, not
to say impossible, to fill the void which his death has created
in their lives. By them, and particularly by his pupils, so
devoted to their " caro Professore/' the period of friendship
and connexion with him, long or short as it may have
been, will be treasured as a bright landmark in their lives,
and one on which they can always look back with pleasure.

To his sadly stricken family, while offering my deepest
sympathy in their bitter affliction, I can only express the
hope that Time, the great healer, will gradually assuage
their grief, and eventually restore to their midst the peace
of mind so suddenly snatched from them. When this may
happily have come about, and their thoughts are able to
revert calmly to the past, it will be with a sense of well-
justified pride and satisfaction that they will review the
great results of the life which was so nobly spent in the
cause of Science, and realize that truly such a life has not
been lost.

XXYI. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
[Continued from p. 373.]

50. Bear/fort on Birds from Dutch New Guinea.

[Birds from Dutch New Guinea. By J )r. I.. F. de Beaufort. Iiesultats
de l'Expgdition scientifique Neerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinee en 1903
sous les auspices de Arthur Wichmann. Vol. V. Zoologie, Livr. iii.
Leyden, Brill, 1909, pp. 389-420.]

The collection of birds described in this memoir was made
by the author and Mr. H. A. Lorenz during the Dutch New
Guinea Expedition of 1903, under the leadership of Prof.
Arthur Wichmann. The greater part of it was formed at
Humboldt Bay on the north coast, where the expedition
remained four months, but some of the birds were obtained
at various localities in the Bay of Geelvink and other
places.

At Humboldt Bay, the headquarters of the expedition

Recently published Omitholoyical Works. 5 19

were on au elevated sand-bank, where Casuarinas and
Rhizophores were growing. Here Art ami and Rhipidura
tricolor were constant visitors to the trees, while some
species of Plilotis were also very common. On the sandy
sea-sliorc the voice of Corvus orru was often heard, and
Tringoides hypoleucus was abundant.

After some preliminary remarks, in which the diversity
of ornithologists' views and practice as regards sub-species
are deservedly commented upon, the author gives a list of the
149 species of which examples were obtained. One "sub-
species " — Lorius cyanauchen viridicrissalis — is described as
new, while two others are doubtful. Most of the specimens
belonged to well-known Papuan species, but Munia spectabilis,
a Finch, previously only obtained in New Britain, was met
with near Lake Sentani on the north coast. The exact
localities of all the specimens are stated. Examples of nine
species of Birds-of-Paradise wrere secured. At Humboldt
Bay, Paradisea minor jinschi was very common, but males in
full dress could only be obtained inland, those on the coast
having been all shot off !

51. Beebe on the Hoatzin.

[Ecology of the Hoatzin. By C. William Beebe. Zoologica, vol. i.
No. 2. New York, Dec. 1909.]

The New York Zoological Society has started a new
periodical, called ' Zoologica/ of which four parts relating
to birds are now before us. All are by the same gifted
author, whose name is well-known to us, and are based on
the results of his own recent work.

The Hoatzin is one of the most anomalous members of
the Class of Birds, and additional information concerning
it, especially as regards its habits and mode of life, are very
welcome. We have also in Mr. Beebe's article a complete
resume of all that was previously known of this strange fowl.

Mr. Beebe met with the Hoatzin on the River Guarapiche,
in South-eastern Venezuela, in March 1908, and on the
Aburi River in British Guiana in April 1909, and had good
opportunities of observing its curious habits, which he

550 Recently published Ornithological Works.

describes at full length, and illustrates by a series of photo-
graphic figures. He concludes his article with a useful list
of authorities, amongst which will be found the names of
Huxley, Parker, and Garrod. The exact distribution of this
reptilian Bird (as it has been appropriately termed), so far
as it is known, is clearly shown in a map (p. 49).

52. Beebe's Ornithological Reconnaissance in Venezuela.

[An Ornithological Reconnaissance of North-eastern Venezuela. By
C. William Beehe. Zoologica, vol. i. No. 3. New York, 1909.]

In February 1908 Mr. and Mrs. Beebe left New York for
Trinidad, and proceeded thence across the Gulf of Paria to
the opposite coast of Venezuela. Here they disembarked
at Guanco, the shipping port for the products of the groat
pitch-lake of La Brea. Mr. Beebe describes the large
mangrove-forest which borders the Venezuelan coast and
the peculiar characters of its flora and fauna, and gives us
a corresponding account of the upland forest and the
country round the pitch-lake. After twenty days of diligent
collecting in these two districts, Mr. and Mrs. Beebe re-
turned to New York with their spoils.

The classified list of the birds observed on this occasion
contains for the most part the names of well-known species,
and on many of them interesting field-notes are given. The
great Tinamou (Tinamus tao) was detected breeding and
its shining blue eggs were obtained. The nest of an Amazon
Parrot was discovered. The remarkable calls of Nyctibius
jamaicensis and Taper a (scr. Dipt opt erus) navia were noted.
The tunnel-nest formed by a Jacamar (Galbula ruficauda)
was explored and its eggs taken. The curious companionship
of the colonies of the Yellow-backed Cassique {Cacicus
persicus) with venomous wasps is described at full length.
Similar instances of the " communal guardianship " are well
known, but the subject is one of intense interest.

During their short stay of twenty days in the mangrove-
swamps and coastal forest 138 species of birds were identified,
and of these 22 were found breeding. This was not bad
work in a tropical country.

Recently published Ornithological II orkt. 55]

53. Beebe on the Tail-feathers of the Motmots.

Racket-formation in the Tail feathers of the Motmots. By C. William
Beebe, Zoologica, vol. i. No. 6. New ¥ork, L910.]

.Mr. Beebe discusses the curious question as to how and
why the tail-feathers in the Motmots become spatulate.
Thai the bird at Least in some eases — assists in the process
is certain, for it has been "caught in the act" by such
trustworthy observers as Waterton, Salvin, and Bartlett.
Moreover, Mr. Beebe has a living bird that performs the
operation every year. But the object of this habit is still
quite unknown. Mr. Beebe is of opinion that a certain
definite portion of the central rectrices of the Motmot " lias
a decided degeneration/1 so that when the bird preens its

feathers the barbs and barbules of tliis portion come easily

away. This may be true, but why does the "degeneration "
take place'.-' As Mr. Beebe confesses, we cannot tell. But
his experiments on the tail-feathers of liis Motmot are wi II
worthy of studj .

5 I . Beebe on Supernumerary Toes in Hints.

[Three Ca ee of a Supernumerary Toe in the Broad-winged Hawk,
Buteo brachyptertiB. By 0. William Beebe. Zoologica, vol. i. No, 6,

Mr. Beebe describes, and illustrates by photographic
plates, three instances of an extra toe being present in
specimens of Buteo brachypterus. It is certainly remarkable
that this abnormality should occur in three individuals
obtained in widely different Localities.

55. Clark on the Birds of the North Pacific.

[The Birds collected and observed during the Cruise of the U.S.
Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross ' in the North Pacific Ocean and in the
Bering, Okhotse, Japan, and Ea tern Seas from April to December 1906.
By Austin Hobart Clark. From the' Proceedings ' of the U.S. National
Museum, vol. xx.wiii. pp. l'.V7I i\'>\U).

In 1900 Mr. Clark accompanied, as ornithologist, the
cruise of the U.S. Fisheries Steamer 'Albatross' in the
North Pacific. The route out was made by the Aleutian

55.2 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Islands, Kamchatka, and the Kurilc Islands to Japan, and
the return voyage by Honolulu. Mr. Clark has already
described the novelties of bird-life met with during the
voyage (see Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxii. p. 467, and 'Ibis/
1907, p. 641), and the present paper gives an account of
the expedition and its results.

Mr. Clark's list contains the names of about 190 species,
amongst which are those of many rare marine birds from
the North Pacific coasts, especially Alcidae, while some
interesting observations were made on their habits. But no
list is given of the specimens actually obtained, and in many
instances the species are only noted as seen. Such is the
case with the great Sea-Eagle Haliaetus pelagicus, which
is believed to have been seen near Unalaska, and the Great
Black Woodpecker (Picus martins), a single specimen of
which was observed near Korsakoff, Sakhalin.

The question of the American subspecies of Lagopus
lagopus is discussed at some length.

56. Chapman's Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist.

[Camps and Cruisns of an Ornithologist. By Frank M. Chapman.
With 250 photographs from Nature by the Author. 1 Vol. 8vo.
432 pp. New York.]

Mr. Chapman is, in onr opinion, a very fortunate man.
To have gone on so many " cruises " and to have made so
many " camps " does not fall to the lot of all his ornitho-
logical brethren, and we are quite sure that, although there
may have been some little mishaps in his various expeditions,
he is well pleased with their general results, of which he now
gives us a most interesting account.

As many of our readers may be aware, Mr. Chapman is
the Curator of Ornithology in the "American Museum of
Natural History" in New York. For the last seven years
he has devoted his time, during the nesting-season, to the
collecting of specimens and to making field-studies and photo-
graphs of certain birds on which a series of what is called
" Habitat-groups " for the Museum may be based. In a
previous notice of one of Mr. Chapman's papers (see ' Ibis/

Recently published Ornithological Works. 553

1909, p. 510) we have fully explained the nature and plan
of these " Habitat-groups," which have been most favourably
reported upon by all those who have been fortunate enough
to see them. We have now before us a volume which
contains what may, we suppose, be called the "evidence"
upon which the "Habitat-groups" have been formed. Mr.
Chapman, who is by no means inclined to hide his light
under a bushel, has already published some of his pieces of
"evidence" in 'The Century/ Scribner's 'Country Life,'
and other serials, but now presents us with a connected
account of his adventures in search of "bird-life," which
cannot fail to interest all bird-lovers, and specially those of
his own country. Mr. Chapman divides his subjects accord-
ing to the localities visited. After an introduction, in which
he treats of the umbrella required to conceal the photographer
from the ever-wary bird, he gives us chapters on the " Bird-
life" of the Atlantic coasts and islands, the Bahamas,
California, and Western Canada, and of his adventures met
with in visiting these widely different scenes. It is difficult
to pick out the most interesting birds which he has studied,
but the Flamingos of the Bahamas, the Water-Turkeys of
Florida, and the Skimmers of Cobb's Island are perhaps
of special interest. We will ask our ornithological friends
to read the volume for themselves, and we are sure that they
will be pleased with it, even if they know little of American
bird-life. It is very fully illustrated by 250 photographs,
" taken from Nature by the author," which do him great
credit.

57. Cory on the Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin.

[The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. By Charles B. Cory. Chicago,
U.S.A., 1909. 8vo. 764 pp.]

Settled at Chicago, as Head of the Department of Zoology
in the great Field Museum of Natural History, Mr. Cory has
turned his attention to the birds of Illinois and Wisconsin,
which have already been the subject of his study in the
' Birds of Eastern North America.'

554 Recently published Ornithological Works.

The first portion of the present book (274 pages) eontains
a series of " keys " to the genera and species, which are
practically the same as those which first appeared in the
above-mentioned work. They are intended to enable the
enquirer to identify any bird without much trouble, and
seem to be well devised for that purpose, though the system
suggested is somewhat novel. The second part contains
descriptions of the 398 species of birds which are known
to occur in the two States of Illinois and Wisconsin. It
also gives an account of their nests and eggs, so far as they
are known, and of their geographical distribution, together
with more or less brief biographical notes.

The arrangement employed is that of the American
( Check-list/ though we observe that several " improve-
ments" on it are introduced. For instance, " Dumetella"
(p. 265) is substituted for " Galeoscoptes" ; but we are not
informed who is the authority for this emendation, or the
reason for it. Again, we regret to see that our old friend
" Trochilus" of Linnseus is to be superseded by Archilochvs !
This, we are told, is the dictum of the Committee of the
A. O. U. on nomenclature, but the reason for the change is
(perhaps prudently) omitted.

A great number of text-figures, mostly excellent, illustrate
Mr. Cory's work, and, together with the "keys," will render
it useful to the student. At the same time, we fear that the
great weight of the volume (caused by the heavy paper on
which it is printed) may somewhat interfere with its sale.

58. Hartert on the Birds of Hainan.

[The Birds of Hainan. By Ernst Hartert, Ph.D. Novitates Zoolopicse,
xvii. p. 180 (1910).]

After a short disquisition on previous work on the birds
of Hainan, which was commenced by Swinhoe in 1868, and
continued by Whitehead, who lost his life in its dangerous
climate, Dr. Hartert proceeds to give us a complete account
of the series of specimens formed by a Japanese collector,
" Katsumata," who was sent to the island by Owston, of

Recently published Ornithological Works. 555

Yokohama, at the request of Mr. Walter Rothschild. The
" plums" of Katsumata's collection, seven in number, were
described by Mr. Rothschild in 1893, and fourteen more new
forms are differentiated in the present article, the completion
of which has been delayed by more pressing engagements.

Including those that have been mentioned by previous
authorities, Dr. Hartert registers 281 species and sub-species
as appertaining to the Avifauna of Hainan. Mr. Ogilvie-
Giant (P. Z. S. 1900, p. 457) made the number of species 239,
but, like a wise man, he did not count sub-species.

The species and subspecies of Hainan named for the
first time in the present article are : — Turtur chinensis
hainanus, Glaucidium cuculoides persimile, Ceryle rudis in-
signia, Rhopodytes tristis hainanus, Iyngipicus scintilliceps
swinhoei, Gecinus chlorigaster longipennis, Graucalus macei
larvivorus, Turdinulus roberti hainanus, Proparus brunneus
argutus, P. nipalensis rufescentior, Turdus citrinus aurimacula,
Phylloscopus godsoni, Acridotheres cristatellus brevipennis,
and Dendrocitta sinensis insula. Besides these, Dr. Hartert
describes a new Accipiter virgatus confusus from the Philip-
pines, and Pycnonotus sinensis formosce from Formosa. The
most remarkable birds of Hainan are perhaps the three
Gallinse, Arboricola ardens (see Styan, 'Ibis/ 1893, pi. xii.),
of which Katsumata first procured adult specimens of both
sexes, the splendid Polyplectron katsumata (which Dr. Hartert
wishes to degrade into a subspecies!), and the beautiful Silver
Pheasant of the island (Gennaus whiteheadi) , besides such
fine birds as Nycticorax magnijica and Cissa katsumata. But
the mountains of Hainan do not rise high enough to
attract the Palsearctic forms which are found on the higher
elevations of the Philippines and Formosa.

59. Hellmayr on the Manikins.

[Genera Avium, conducted by P. Wytsman. Part IX. Passeres,
Fam. Pipridse, by C. E. Hellmayr. 31 pp., 3 col. plates. Price 13s.
Brussels, 1910.]

After a long quiescence we are much pleased to receive

556 Recently published Ornithological Works.

some more parts of this work, which may be said to be well
planned but rather slowly executed. Part 9 *, recently
received, is devoted to the Pipridse, a well-known Neotropical
family of Dentirostral Oligomyoclan Passeres, generally of
small size and of very brilliant colouring in the male sex.
The author, who is well acquainted with his subject and the
latest literature on it, recognises 20 genera as appertaining
to the Pipridse, and gives us excellent ■'' keys " to the species
of each genus. The largest is typical Pipra with 29 species
and sub-species. The rarest species is Sapayoa (enigma, based
on a single specimen in the Tring Museum.

Three well-drawn coloured plates illustrate this excellent
memoir.

60. Macoun's Canadian Birds.

[Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Jiv John Macoun and James M.
Macoun. 1 Vol. 8vo. 761+xviii pp. Ottawa, 1909.]

This is a reprint, with corrections and additions, of
Mr. J. Macoun's ' Catalogue of Canadian Birds/ which was
published in three parts in 1900-4 f. In addition to the
Dominion of Canada, the authors have included in the
present edition notices of the birds of Newfoundland, Green-
land, and Alaska, as Nature is not limited by political
divisions. The classification and nomenclature adopted are
nearly those of the American ' Check-list.' The species
included in the list are 768. The greater part of the new
material of the present edition has been written by Mr. J.
M. Macoun. In the case of the first edition of this useful
work, we are told that the stock was exhausted almost
immediately after publication. In consequence of the rapid
augmentation of the population of Canada now going on,
we cannot doubt that the same will be the case with the
present edition.

* See ' Ibis,' 1907, p. 566, for notice of Tarts 6, 7, 8.
f See ' Ibis,' 1905, p. 281.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 557

61. North on the Large-tailed Grass-Wren.

[On the Nest and Eggs of the Large-tailed Grass-Wren [Amytis
macrurus Gould). By Alfred J. North, C.M.B.O.U. Vict. Nat
February 1910;]

Mr. North describes and figures the nest and eggs of
Amytis macrurus from specimens obtained near Kalgoorlie,
Western Australia, and adds interesting particulars about
its habits as observed by his correspondent Mr. Gibson.

6.2. Ogilvie-Grant on the Birds of the Ruwenzori Expe-
dition.

[Ruwenzori Expedition Reports. 16. Aves. By W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Trans. Zool. Soc. six. Part 4.]

In our last number (see above, p. 372) we noticed
Mr. Woosnam's interesting itinerary of the Ruwenzori
Expedition and his proposed division of that mountain-mass
into six zones, distinguished by their principal features of
vegetation and their leading forms of bird-life. We have
now before us Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's complete account of the
birds collected during the Expedition ; it is contained in
the fourth part of the nineteenth volume of the Zoological
Society's quarto ' Transactions,' and is illustrated by ten
coloured plates.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant commences his introduction by remark-
ing that of the collections made by the Expedition probably
none is so nearly complete as that of the birds. This is
mainly due to the fact that four of its members were
specially interested in Ornithology, and made great efforts
to obtain examples of every species that was met with.
These exertions resulted in the acquisition of specimens of
385 species, of which, so far as our present knowledge
extends, 20 are found only on Ruwenzori and on the
Mufumbiro Volcanoes, and 96 more in the Ruwenzori
district at lower levels and on the great central chain of the
adjoining lakes. On the whole, 27 new species were dis-
covered by the Ruwenzori Expedition.

Another noticeable feature in the Ruwenzorian Ornis is

558 Recently published Ornithological Works.

the presence of 91 West- African species. It is evident that
these have extended their range through the wood-region of
the great Congo Valley, and so have become mixed with the
Eastern forms.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant deals with these 385 species in syste-
matic order, giving the necessary references, a list of the
specimens and their exact localities, and the field-notes of
the collectors, distinguished by their initials. Critical
remarks on the nomenclature and on the allied species
are added when required. We are pleased to see that our
author has not fouud it necessary to use trinomials in any
case in this long list of names.

The extraordinary noise made by the Broad-billed Fly-
catchers of the genus Smithomis, first described by Mr. Bates
as heard in Cameroon, was also noted by Mr. Woosnam,
who calls it " the most remarkable note of a bird that he bad
ever heard" (op. cit. p. 401). It is a "kind of jar, some-
thing like the sound made by the Greater Spotted Wood-
pecker when hammering on a dead branch/' Mr. Woosnam
mentions it as occurring in the case of three different species
of the genus — Smithomis camerunensis} S. rvfolaterulis, and
S. sharpei.

Only one new species appears to be first described in this
memoir. This is Cinnyris kempt (op. cit. p. 329). The
others were all shortly characterised in different numbers of
the Bull. B.O. C.

The following 28 birds are beautifully figured in the
plates which accompany this memoir : —

Malimbus fogani, Spermospiza poliogenys, Pyromelana
crassirostris , Neisna nyansoe, Nesocharis unsorgii, Crypto-
spiza salvadorii, Pytelia belli, Nectarinia dartmouthi, Crypto-
lopha aljjina, Pholidornis denti, Anthoscopus roccatii, Sylviella
denti, Anthns leggei, Erythrocercus covgicus, Apalis a finis,
Apalis denti, Apalis ruwenzorii, Alethe woosnami, Alethe
carruthersi, Bradypterus alfredi, Cossypha archeri, Brady-
pterus barakce, Phyllanthus czarnikvwi, Bleda woosnami,
Trochocercus bedjordi, Butis diops, Chloropeta gracilirostris,
and Tarsiger ruwenzorii. Plate xix. is devoted to the eggs

Recently published Ornithological Works. 559

of 24 species. The plates have been drawn by Gronvold
and chromo-lithographed by Green.

The " pick " of the new species of Rnwenzori is, we should
say, the large Sun-bird Nectarinia dartmouthi, named after
the Earl of Dartmouth, who was a most liberal supporter of
the Expedition. This beautiful creature is found only on
Ruwenzori, where it frequents the Lobelia- and Groundsel-
Zone from an elevation of 12,500 up to 14,500 feet. In
the early morning, when the sun shines, this tract seems
alive with the birds, which appear to feed entirely upon
the Lobelia blossoms. It seems to be rather remarkable
that no truly arctic form of bird-life was met with on
Ruwenzori.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant not only invented the idea of the
Ruwenzori Expedition, but procured the necessary means
among his friends to execute it and selected the best
persons to carry it out. He has now further increased the
gratitude due to him from naturalists by this excellent
memoir on its results as regards the Class of Birds.

63. Py craft on the Anatomy of Bradypterus.

[On some Points in the Anatomy of Bradypterus cinnamomeus. By
W. P. Pycraft, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. Part 4, p. 454
(1910).

We are always glad to receive a contribution (however
small) from Mr. Pycraft' s large stock of knowledge of the
structure of birds, but are rather at a loss to understand why
he should have been set to work on this Bradypterus, which
offers few, if any, very striking peculiarities, and of which
there is only one specimen available.

The pterylosis of this bird is figured and some of the
muscles of the wing and leg are described, but " without
material for comparison," we are told, it is not possible to
say anything definite as to the exact position of Bradypterus.
It is, however, we suppose, a true Passerine form with feeble
powers of flight, as shown by its short wing and the shallow
keel of the sternum.

560 Recently published Ornithological Works.

64. Robinson on rare Birds in the Malay Peninsula.

[Notes on Birds new to, or rare in, the Malay Peninsula. By Herbert
C. Robinson. Journ. Fed. Mai. States Mus. vol. iv. p. 129.]

Since the publication of Mr. Robinson's Hand-list of the
Birds of the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra
(see ' Ibis/ 1908, p. 379) specimens have come to hand con-
cerning which he thinks some details may be of interest.
These relate to Columba punicea, C. grisea, Porzana auri-
cularis, Gallinago megala, Dissura episcopus, Herodias alba,
Ardeola bacchus, Ardetta pulchra, Botaurus stellaris, Asar-
cornis leucoptera, Circus melanoleucus, Spizaetus nepalensis,
and Baza jer do hi.

65. Rothschild and Hartert on Eagle-Oivls.

[Notes on Eagle-Owls. By the Hon. Walter Rothschild and Ernst
Hartert. Nov. Zool. xxvi. p. 110.]

The authors have been studying the Eagle-Owls allied to
Bubo ignavus, and give us the results of their investigations.
They recognise seven subspecies of this form, of which Bubo
bubo hispanus (from Spain), B. b. interpositus (from Cilicia),
and B. b. aharonii (from Palestine) are now described as
new. They are not acquainted with B. b. nikolskii of
Zarudny, from West Persia, said to be allied to B. b. turco-
manus, but smaller. Buho ascalaphus is reduced to a sub-
species of B. ignavus.

66. Salvadori on Parrots.

[Genera Avium, conducted by P. Wytsinan. Part XI. Psittaci,
Fam. Loriidse, by T. Salvadori. 20 pp., 6 col. plates. Price £1 7*. 2d.
Brussels, 1910. — Part XII. Psittaci, Fam. Cyclopsittacidae, by T.
Salvadori. G pp., 2 col. plates. Price 6s. Brussels, 1910.]

We are glad to find the veteran author of these two
memoirs at work again on one of his favourite subjects.
These articles relate to the brush-tongued Loriidse — a very
well-marked family of the Psittacine order, and to the Cyclo-
psittacidre — a small but peculiar group established in the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 561

Catalogue of Birds in 1891, the distinctive characters of
which are not so strongly marked.

The Lories, as will be at once evident on inspection of the
six coloured plates that illustrate Count Salvadori's memoir,
are one of the most brilliant groups of birds, and clad in
scarlet and blue of various shades. As in the ' Catalogue,'
the author divides them into 14 genera, and gives " keys "
to the species of every genus, so that they can, in most
cases, be easily determined by their most salient characters.
About 90 species are recognised, spread over the Avhole
Australian Region except New Zealand, but most abundant
in New Guinea and Australia. One species (Psitteuleles
johnstonia) , strangely enough, has passed out of Australian
limits and taken up its abode in the mountains of the
Philippine Islands *.

The Cyclopsittacidae, which form the subject of the
twelfth part of the f Genera Avium/ are characterised by
the abseuce of the transverse ridges on the under surface of
the upper mandible. They contain two genera only —
Neopsittacus and Cyclopsittacus, both confined to the Austro-
Malayan Subregion. The former genus contains 4 species
and the latter 19. Some of them are well figured in the
two accompanying plates.

We think that Mr. Wytsman would do well to " hurry
up" his assistant ornithologists, who have only supplied
him with twelve parts in five years !

67. Sclater on the Jacamars.

[Genera Avium, conducted by P. Wytsman. Part X. Picarice,
Fam. Galbulidse, by P. L. Sclater. 7 pp., 1 col. plate. Price 3s. 8d.
Brussels, 1909.]

The Neotropical Family of Jacamars, as explained in the
introductory remarks to this memoir, has occupied Sclater's
attention for many years. In 1882 he published a
monograph of them and of the allied family of Puff-

* Cf. Goodfellow, Avicult. Mag. iv. p. 83, pi.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 O

5G2 Recently published Ornithological Works.

birds (Bucconidae), illustrated by coloured plates drawn by
Keulemans. In 1891 he prepared the article dealing with
the Jacamars published in the nineteenth volume of the
' Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum/ The present
memoir follows strictly the arrangement and nomenclature
of the last-named work with a few necessary corrections
and additions.

Sclater divides the Jacamars into two subfamilies — the
Galbulina and the Jacameropinai. The typical Jacamars
are arranged in five genera, while of the subfamily Jaca-
meropiiHE only one genus containing a single species is
known.

The memoir is illustrated by a coloured plate, in which
figures of both sexes of Galbula pastaza are given and various
details about other species.

68. Sclater on I he Birds of Jamaica.

Revised Lisl ofthe Birds of Jamaica. By P. L. Sclater, D.Sc, I'M:. S.
Handbook of Jamaica, L910, p. 596. Kingston, Jamaica, 1'JlO.]

In 1881 the brotheis Alfred and Edward Newton prepared
a List of the Birds of Jamaica as then known to them, and
published it in the ' Handbook of Jamaica' for that year.
The Handbook for L881 and the List have been long out of
print, and Sclater, who visited Jamaica last year, was re-
quested to prepare a new List for publication in the Hand-
book of thi' present year. This he consented to do, and the
result is now before us.

The 'Revised List' follows the order and arrangement
of the former List very closely, only necessary alterations
having been made. But two small additions are that the
" habitat " and range of every species is stated, and that a
few remarks on the general character of the Jamaican avi-
fauna are appended.

According to the ' Revised List,' the ornis of Jamaica
contains 194 species, of which (J{) are constant residents,
52 arc winter visitors, and 43 are occasional visitors. The

Recently published Ornithological Works 5G3

number of species of birds actually restricted to Jamaica
La l'l, and 9 of these species belong to genera not met with
elsewhere.

G9. Scott on a new Ibyctcr.

[An apparently now Carrion-Hawk of the Genus Ibycter. By W. E.
itt. Auk, xxvii. p. I

Mr. Scott describes, as Ibycter circumcinctus, an appa-
rently new Carrion-Hawk. The type specimen, now in the
Princeton University Museum, was obtained in the territory
of Chubut, Patagonia, in February 1896.

70. Scott and Sharpe on Patagonian Birds.

| Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-
. J. B. Hatcher in charge. Edited by William B. Scott. Vol. II.

Ornithology. Part II. Procellariidoe — Charadriidse. By William Earle
Dodge Scott associated with It. Bowdler Sharpe. Princeton, N.J. 4to.
Pp. 113-344.]

In 1895 (see 'Ibis,' 1895, p. 130) we gave a notice of the
issue of the first part of Mr. W. E. D. Scott's work on the
' Birds of Patagonia ' and an account of its origin and pro-
posed scope. The further progress of this work has been
retarded — mainly, we believe, by Mr. Scott's uncertain
health ; but the second portion is now before us, and the
conclusion, we are told, will not be long delayed.

The present instalment contains an account of the Pata-
gonian Petrels and other families (according to Sharpe's
arrangement) up to the Charadriidse. It will be observed
that in many cases we are told that the Princeton
Expeditions did "not procure" specimens of the species
referred to, but that the descriptions and figures have been
based upon the series in the Natural History Museum,
South Kensington, where the author worked for some
months and received valuable assistance from the late
Dr. Sharpe.

561 Recently published Ornithological Works.

71. Sharpe en the Ornithological Literature o/1908.

[Zoological Record, Vol. x\v. (1908). Aves, by 11. Bowdler
Sharpe, LL.D. London : Harrison & Sons. 8vo. 148 pp. Price 6s.]

This is the section relating to Birds of the 45th volume of
the 'Zoological Record/ and at the same time, according to
the new arrangement, forms part of the ' Seventh Annual
Issue of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature/
It has been compiled, like the preceding records of the
Class "Aves/' by the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, and was one
of the last pieces of work that our laborious friend lived to
complete.

The " Aves " of the ' Zoological Record ' is well-known to
ornithologists, and is, in fact, an absolute necessity to all
naturalists engaged in work on birds. They cannot do
without it, and the facility of obtaining it in a separate form
for the small price of 6s. lias been a great boon to them.

The general arrangement of the ' Record ' for 1908 is the
same as that of the previous year"-, but the "Titles "—that
is, the names of the books and papers examined — are, as
usual, more numerous (1949 for L908 against L 7 16 for 1907),
so that the labour of compilation increases every year.

We are happy to say. however, that an ornithologist has
been found who is willing to take up this heavy task.
Mr. W. L. Sclater, now sit tied in London, is engaged in
pn paring the report on " Aves " for the ' Zoological Record '
of 1900.

72. Ticehurst on Kentish liirds.

1 \ History of the Birds of Kent. By Norman F. Ticehurst. With
24 plates and a map. London, L909. Witherhy & Sun. Pp. i hi,
1-557.]

We have now received a copy of Dr. Ticehurst's long-
expected work on the Birds of Kent, a county specially
interesting to ornithologists for historical as well as other

* See < Ibis,' 1900, p. 257.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 565

reasons. Not only is it the nearest point to the Continent
and in the direct course of the migration of many species,
but it is well known to receive constant visits from others
which stray from their normal routes, while in several cases
the first British specimens on record have been obtained
within its limits. The Dartford Warbler, the Cream-
coloured Courser, the Kentish Plover, and the Sandwich
Tern are cases in point, and for these the author has given
us reproductions of the original plates of Pennant, Latham,
Lewin, and Boys respectively.

Kent is so bountifully supplied by Nature with woods and
marshes suitable for breeding-sites that a rich avifauna is the
natural result, while its chalk cliffs and the vast expanse of
shingle at Dungeness are a still further attraction to birds.
The Bearded Tit, Haven, Chough, and Kite no longer nest
within its boundaries, but the Blue headed and Grey-headed
Wagtails have been proved to do so, and the rarer Ducks,
such as the Gargancy, are perhaps increasing in numbers.
The book itself, however, must be consulted for the long
series of birds of all descriptions which the careful investi-
gation of Dr. Ticchurst and his helpers have enabled them
to include within its pages, and we strongly recommend all
our readers to consult for themselves this accurate and well-
written account of a most interesting county.

Not the least important feature of the work is an ex-
cellent Introduction, dealing with the physical features of
the district, the bird-collections to be found there, and the
migratory movements of the various species. The last-
named subject is, moreover, repeatedly under discussion
throughout the volume, and is evidently one of the chief
objects with which it has been written.

The illustrations are good and well suited to the letter-
press, while two maps of the county are given — one topo-
graphical and the other geological.

The classification used is based on that of Howard
Saunders, but where Dr. Hartert has distinguished a
British from a continental form, his views have been
adopted.

5G6 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

XXVII. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

We have received the following letters addressed " To the
Editors of 'The Ibis ' " :—

Sirs, — I think the: following observations may interest
your readers.

On Saturday, April 19th, at 3 p.m., I noticed an extra-
ordinarily large flight of birds coming towards my camp
from the other side of the Red Sea. Their course was
N.N.E. ; my camp being situated on the shore of the Sea in
hit. 29° 5' N., long. 30° 4' 15'' B.

On the closer approach of the birds I found that they
were Storks in a rather exhausted condition, in flocks of
500 or GOO birds each. They were flying at a height of
about 70-7"; feet above the sea. Immediately on its arrival
each company soared up high in the air in a kind of spiral
column, presumably to spy out the land, and finding no
water (the nearest well was some fourteen miles distant)
continued their course in a N.E. direction across the desert.
This went on until 5.30 p.m.

I instructed some members of my staff to try to make a
rough estimate of the numbers in the Socks, and on com-
paring notes we found that each detachment seemed to
consist of about 550 birds, and that no fewer than 17 de-
tachments had arrived, and. alter performing their spiral
evolution, had continued their journey to the north-east.

Can you give me any explanation as to where this
enormous array of birds (about 30,000) came from and
whither they were going ?

Yours &c.,
Jebel Tanka, Robert H. Mackenzie

by Abu Zenima, {Mining Engineer).

Eastern Desert, Sinai.

[The birds were, no doubt, White Storks (Ciconia alba) on
their return journey northward to breed in Europe and Asia,
but their congregation in such enormous numbers is, we
believe, a fact that has not been previously recorded. — Edd.]

Letters, Extracts, and Xt>tes. 507

Siks, — In his paper on a collection of Birds made in
Northern Somaliland, Mr. D. A. Banner man makes the
remark (p. 297) that the female of Passer castanopterus does
not appear to have been previously described. Mr. Bannerman

seems not to have consulted a paper of mine ('Ibis/ 1905,
p. 509) on a most interesting collection made by Captain
A. E. Hamerton in the same country, in which a description
of the female of this species was given (p. 518).

Yours fee,
326 High Holhorn, JI. p. WlTHERBY.

London, W.< '.
May 11th, 1910.

Siks,— In the « Ibis' of April 1910, vol. iv. p. 359, it is
stated of two Yellow-browed Warblers (Phylloscopns */>//</•-
ciliosus) from East Ross-shire that they are "the first known
to have occurred on the Scottish mainland." May I point
out that these birds were recorded in the 'Annals of Scottish
Natural History/ 1910, p. 55, as " the first record for the
autumn of the occurrence of this interesting migrant on the
mainland of Scotland," and that the first actual record of
the Yellow-browed Warbler on the mainland of Scotland,
as also its first occurrence in spring in the British Isles,
were recorded in the f Annals of Scottish Natural History/
1909, p. 183. The date of this interesting occurrence was
April 11th, 1909, near Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.

Yours &c,
Oapenoch, Thoruhill, Hugh S. Gladstone.

Dumfriesshire.
May 30th, 1910.

Sirs,— On the 28th of April last an example of the
Senegalese Sand-Grouse (Pterocles senegalus) was obtained
at Santa Croce Camarina in the province of Syracuse, and
was forwarded to me in the flesh.

The specimen in question, an adult female, when shot,
was in company with another individual of the same species,

5G8 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

presumably its mate, on some rough uncultivated land,
and a very high wind from the east was blowing at the
same time.

For this interesting addition to my Collection and for the
particulars concerning its capture I am indebted to the
kindness of the Marquese Arezzo and his son the Duca di
Celano, large land-owners in the above-mentioned district.

1 believe this to be the first recorded instance of the
occurrence of this bird not only in Italy, but in Europe.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,
Villa Malfitano, Joseph I. S. Whitaker.

Palermo, Sicily.
June 2nd, l!)10.

[We believe that Mr. Whitaker is quite correct in stating
that the Senegalese Sand-Grouse has not been previously
recorded in Europe. It is, however, well known in Algeria
and Tunis, see Whitaker's ' Birds of Tunisia/ vol. ii.
p. 210.— Edd.]

Death of Lieutenant Boyd Alexander. — Most of our friends
will already be acquainted with the sad news of the death
of Lieutenant Boyd Alexander, who was killed on April
the 2nd in a skirmish with the natives at Xyeri, some 60 or
70 miles to the north-east of Abeshr, the capital of Wadai,
while endeavouring to force his way from Lake Chad into
the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. We hope to be able to give
some account of the life and work of this great Explorer
and Naturalist in our next number.

A rare Jay in Berlin. — It appears from a notice in
' The Field' (vol. cxv. p. 779) that a living example of the
rare Jay, Garrulus 1'nlthi, of the Loochoo Islands, has been
lately received by the Zoological Garden of Berlin. This
Jay was first described by Bonaparte in 1850, and was
beautifully figured by Wolf in the Zoological Society's
' Proceedings ' (1850, p. 80, pi. xvii.) from a single specimen
in the collection of Prof, vau Lidth de Jeude, of Utrecht.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes* 5(5!)

The bird was stated to be from Japan, but was sought for
iti vain by all subsequent collectors until 1904, when, as
announced in this journal*, it was rediscovered in one of
the islands of the Loochoo group by the collectors of
Mr. Alan Owston, of Yokohama.

New Birds at the Zoological Society's Gardens. — In the
Report of the Council read at the Anniversary Meeting
of the Zoological Society on April 29th, it was stated
that living examples of the following twelve species new to the
Collection had been received during the year 1909 : —
Pomatorhinus erythragenys (from India), Crypsorhina varidns
(from Java), Hamatopus palliatus (from Jamaica), Ostinops
viridis (from Venezuela), Manucodia atra (from the Aru
Islands), Melanerpes superciliaris (from Cuba), Trachyphonus
cafer (from South Africa), Ens cyanogenis, Trichoglossus
nigrigularis, and Aprosmictus cyanopterus (from New Guinea),
Agapornis nigrigenis (from Rhodesia), and Speotyto hypogaa
(from Venezuela).

Neiv lc British Birds.'' — In ' British Birds' for April last
three additions to our avifauna are announced — Locustella
lanceolata, Totanus stagnatilis, and Lanius senator badius.
Totanus stagnatilis is a well-known species on the Con-
tinent, but no certainly authenticated British specimen
existed in any collection. Lanius senator badius is a
mere sub-species of the Woodchat [Lanius pomeranus),
which, until lately, wTas believed to be found only in Corsica
and Sardinia.

But Locustella lanceolata is quite a good species, nearly
allied to our Grasshopper Warbler (L. ncevia). It is remark-
able that when Seebohm wrote the fifth volume of the
'Catalogue of Birds' in 1881 there was not a single
example of this bird in the British Museum. Now, we
are glad to say, there are in the National Collection upwards

* 'Ibis,' 1905, p. 288.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 P

570 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

of 50 skins from various localities, which well illustrate its
wide geographical range, namely : —

Santander, Spain [Irby, 26th June, 1876).

Lake Baical (Dyboivski).

Lower Pegu (Oates, Oct.-Felx).

South Tenasserim (Damson, Dec-April).

Malacca (Dr. Maingay).

Andamans ( Wimberley, Dec).

Labuan {Everetl).

Manilla (Maitland Heriot).

Amoy, May; Chefoo, May; Canton, Oct. (SwinJioc).

Chinkiang, May (Rickett).

S. Yezo, Japan, August.

To these localities we may add Heligoland (see J. f. O. 1910,
p. 415) and Hainan (Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 229).

The B.O.U. Expedition for the ExjAoration of Central
Neiv Guinea *. — The last letters from Mr. Goodfellow are
dated on April 3rd from Dobo, Aroo Islands. He was then
on his way back from Amboina, where lie had been obliged
to go to hire some additional carriers ; he had engaged
twenty-four men from Banda, who seemed likely to do well.
The " base-camp" of the Expedition had been removed from
Wakatimi up the valley of the Mimika to Toupoue, a village
about six miles from the mountain-range, where a new store-
house had been built, and the natives were quite friendly.

The Gurkhas had cut a road for some miles up the
mountain, by which Mr. "Wollaston and Capt. Bawling had
reached a considerable altitude. During their ascent an
important discovery was made — that at an elevation of about
2000 feet there existed a tribe of pygmies, of which the average
height was about 4 feet 3 inches. It had been generally
supposed that there were no dwarf races in the Papuan Sub-
region.

Mr. C. II. B. Grant, a well-known collector, has been
sent out by the Committee to replace Stalker (whose unfor-
tunate death has been already reported*); he. left England
on June 18th for Singapore.

* See above, p. 377.

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

No. XVI. OCTOBER 1910.

XXVIII.— On the Birds of Paraguay.— P&rt IV. By
Charles Chubb, P.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Depart-
ment, British Museum *.

Family Tyraxnid.k.

110. T.ENIOPTERA NENGETA.

Lanius nengeta Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 135 (17G6: Brazil).

Pepoazd Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 1GG. no. cei. (1805).

Tyr annus pepoaza Vieill. N. Diet. cTIIist. Nat. xxxv. p. 91
(1819: Paraguay).

Tcenioptera nengeta Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 12, 117
(Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 11 (1888) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay) ;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinclien, xxii. p. 649
(1906).

«,£.(?? ad. Sapucay, April 21, 23, 1903.

Bill and feet black ; iris pinkish white.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, May 7, 1903.

d. ? ad. „ April 18, 1904.

e. S ad. „ June 23, 1904.
f,g. $ ? . „ July 30, 1904.

These individuals agree with the large series in the
British Museum. The grey on the under surface appears to
be darker and more extended on specimens collected in the

* Concluded from above, p. 534.
SKR. IX. VOL. IV. 2 Q

572 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

month of April, and wears off again almost to a band on
the breast in July. The upper surface is also darker in
April, including the black at the base of the tail and the
ends of the primaries.

Three eggs, collected on October 16, 1903, are pinky
white to rich cream-coloured with large sepia-brown blotches,
mostly at the larger end, and underlying spots of lavender-
grey. Axis r05-l*15 inch ; diam. 085.

[This species is resident, but not common, in Paraguay.
As it is a camp-loving bird and is usually perched upon some
conspicuous post or dead tree its presence is easily detected,
and its white-barred wings serve to identify it when in flight.
During the breeding-season individuals are to be met with in
pairs, but the rest of the year they are solitary. Although
they undoubtedly nest here, I know nothing of their
breeding-habits. — TV. F.~]

111. TvENIOPTERA IRUPERO.

Pepoazd irupero A zara, Apunt. ii. p. 171. no. cciv. (1805).

Tyr annus irupero Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 92
(1819: Paraguay).

Tanioptera irupero Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 12
(Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 13; Ihcring,
Ilevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Munchen, xxii. p. 536 (1906).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, June 11, 1904.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, August 23, 1901.

[This is one of our rare Paraguayan birds and is only to
be met with in swampy districts which border on the forest.
A lonely tree of low growrth is the most favourite perch of
this bird, the white plumage making it visible at a consider-
able distance. It is generally safe from the hunter, as the
impassable swamps in which it lives are wisely avoided. The
only time when it is possible to shoot it is in the early
morning, when it first leaves the shelter of the forest and
being hungry is somewhat more careless than during the rest
of the day.— JV. F.]

Birds of Paraguay. 573

112. Alectrurus risorius.

Cola rarapardo y bianco Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 2 1 1. no. ccxxvi.
(1805).

Le guira-yetapa Vieill. N. Diet. cl'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 409
(1819: Paraguay).

Muscicapa risora Vieill. Gal. des Ois. i. p. 209, pi. exxxi.
(1825 : Paraguay).

Alectorurus guira-yetapa Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay).

Alectrurus risorius Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x'w. p. .39 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 32 I.

a, b. ? ad., <£ imra. Sapucay, April 17, 1903.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 22, 1904.

d. S ad. „ June 6, 1901.

113. Cybernetes yetapa.

Yiperu Azara, Apunt. i. p. 322. no. lxxv. (1802).

Muscicapa yetapa Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxi. p. 4G0
(1818 : Paraguay).

Cybernetes yetapa Berlepscli, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 40 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

Gubernetes yetapa Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss.
Miinclien, xxii. p. 647 (1906).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 16, 1902.

b, c. ? ad. „ May 3, G, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured ; feet black ; iris brown.

rf, e. cf ? ad. Sapucay, July 17, 19, 1904.

[Resident, although nowhere common. It is very widely
distributed through Central Paraguay, its favourite haunts
being the low swampy grounds surrounded by forest, where
there is an abundance of insect life. Like Tanioplera
irupero, the usual perch is some of the low swamp trees.
It is generally found in pairs throughout the year, and I have
never met with larger numbers. Its food consists of insects,
which are captured on the wing.

This bird is the true u Guira yetapa," as it remains with us
all the year round, whereas the Scissor-tail, (< Milvulus

2q2

s

574< Mr. Charles Chubb on the

tyr annus," is partially migratory and is seldom met with
during the winter months. The nest is built in a dense
matted clump of swamp grass, and three eggs is a full
clutch.— W. F.]

114. SlSOPYGIS ICTEROPHRYS.

Suiriri obscuro y amarillo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 118.
no. clxxxiii. (1805).

Muscicapa icterophrys Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi.
p. 458 (1818 : Paraguay).

Sisopygis icterophrys Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 41 j Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a, b. £ ; c. ? ad. Sapucay, June 7, 17, 1904.

d. ? ad. Sapucay, July 17, 1904.

e. ? ad. „ August 7, 1904.

[Resident and not uncommon, it can only be met with
along the edge of the woods which border the swampy parts
and in the thick tangled masses of water-plants. — W.F.~\

115. Cnipolegus cyanirostris.

Suiriri negro pico celeste Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 116, S
(1805).

Suiriri cabeza y rabadilla de canela Azara, t. c. p. 109, ? .

Muscicapa cyanirostris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi.
p. 447, £(1818: Paraguay).

Muscicapa rujicapilla Vieill. t. c. p. 459, ? (Paraguay).

Cnipolegus cyanirostris Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 46;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a, b. <$ ; c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1904.

d. $;e,f. ? ad. „ May 1904.

g, h, i. £ ; k-n. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

o. £ juv. Sapucay, August 13, 1904.

/>. $ ad. ,, September 1, 1904.

[This species is resident and not uncommon. I have met

with it both in the large forests and on open camp lands ; it

seems to be at home everywhere. Like most of the solitary

birds there appears to be nothing in particular to note about

Birds of Paraguay. 575

it. A nest was taken from a banana plantation, where it had
been neatly woven into one of the leaves; but even in this
unusual place it was not free from the parasitic birds, as two
eggs had been laid almost exactly resembling the eggs of the
legitimate owner. — W. F.]

116. Cnipolegus stkiaticeps.

Muscisaxicola striaticeps Lafr. et D'Orb. Syn. Av. i., Mag.
de Zool. 1837, p. 06 (La Paz, Bolivia).

Cnipolegus cinereus Sclater, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 58 (Corumba,
Upper Paraguay) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 131 ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 47.

Knipolegus striaticeps Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. pp. 3)8,
319 (1906).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 25, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, slaty below ; tarsi and feet
black ; iris red.

117. LlCHENOPS PERSP1CILLATA.

Motacilla perspicillata Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 969 (1788 :
La Plata).

Suiriri chorreado Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 117. no. clxxxii., ?
(1805).

Pico de plata Azara, t. c. p. 25. no. cexxviii., $ .

Lichenops perspicillata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 48; Ihcring,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a, b. ? ad. Sapucay, May 5, 6, 1904.

c, d. $ \e,f. ? ad. Sapucay, June 9-21, 1904.

g. $ imm. Sapucay, July 30, 1904.

[This species is resident and fairly common in Paraguay,
its favourite perch being one of the branches projecting
over the roads through the forest : from this point of
vantage it is very conspicuous to any person, the bright
yellow bill and fleshy circle round the eye and also the white-
tipped wings attracting the eye at once. It is solitary except
during the nesting-season, when the birds are occasionally
seen in company. — W. F.]

576 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

118. COPURUS COLONUS.

Colon Azara, Apuut. ii. p. 114. no. clxxx. (1805).

Muscicapa colonus Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxi. p. I IS
(1818 : Paraguay).

Copurus colonus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117 (Paraguay) ;
Sclater, Cat. 1?. Brit. Mus. xir. p. 50; Oberh. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. x\v. j). 189 (190.2: Sapucay); Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr, Abhandl.
Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 645.

a. cj ad. Sapucay, November 7. 1002.

b. ? imm. „ February 2 l, 1904.

c. 9 ad. „ March 27, 1003.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

d. V ad. Sapucay, April 27, 1904.
e,f. S ? ad. Sapucay. May 5, (5, 1904.
(j. S ad. Sapucay, June 13, 1003.

[Resident but not common, it can at times be met with
along the clear cattle-tracts of the woods. The long tail-
feathers appear on the young bird about the end of July or
early in August. — //". F.~]

110. Machetornis aixosA.

Suiriri Azara, A.punt. ii. p. 1 18. no. exevii. (1805).

Tyrannus rixosus Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxv. p. 85
(1819 : Paraguay).

Machetornis rixosa Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 12 (Lam-
bare); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 52; Oates, Cat.
Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 189, pi. 4. fig. 5 (1003) ;
Muring, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay);
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. "Wiss. Mi'inchen, xxii. p. 648.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, dune 0, 1903.

b. S ad. Ybitimi, January 31, 1001.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, July 10, 1004.

An egg, obtained on October 11, 1003, has the ground-
colour grey with blackish spots, blotches, pcncilliugs, and
underlying spots of lead-grey, distributed over the entire
surface. Axis TO inch; diam. 0 6.

[Resident and common. Nest usually built in a hole in a

Birds of Paraguay. 577

tree. Three eggs appear to be a full clutch, but at times a
parasitic egg is laid with the others; in fact, in one case the
parasitic e^g was laid before the proper bird had had a chance
to lay at all.— W. F.]

120. Platyrhynchus platyrhynchus.

Broad-billed Tody Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 664 (1782 :
Museum of the Prince of Orange).

Todus plalyrhynchos Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 446 (1788), ex
Lath.

Todus rostratus Lath. Ind. On. i. p. 268 (1790).

Platyrhynchus rostratus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 65.

Platyrhynchus platyrhynchus Sharpe, Hand-list B. iii. p. 100
(1901).

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, September 9, 1904.

This example is identical, both in colour of plumage and
measurements, with others in the British Museum series, from
Brazil.

The species is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

[I have only met with one specimen of this bird and know
nothing about it. — W. F.]

121. Platyrhynchus mystaceus.

Bigotillos Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 93, no. clxxiii. (1805).

Platyrhynchus mystaceus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii.
p. 14 (1819: Paraguay); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 67 ; Ihering,
Bevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a. S ad. Sapucay, October 25, 1902.

b, c. S ? ad. Sapucay, March 1903-04.

Feet transparent pinky white with veins shewing through ;
iris brown.

d, e. $\f,g. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

h. $ ad. Sapucay, May 7, 1904.

i. <J ad. „ June 2, 1904.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the large
forests of the district. Like dozens of others of our monte
birds its principal occupation is catching flies, and in this it

578 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

is very expert, its small size giving it a decided advantage in
the matted undergrowth in which it lives. — W. F.~]

122. EUSCARTHMUS MARGARITACEIVENTER.

Tachuri par do vientre de perla Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 90.
no. clxxii. (1805).

Todirostrum margaritaceiv enter D'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av.,
Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 46 (Bolivia).

Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
pp. 12, 117 (Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 80;
Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 139 (1902 : Sapucay);
Ihering, llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, March 20, 31, 1903.

Bill dark brown ; feet pinky slate-coloured ; iris brown.

c, d, e. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 17-31, 1904.

/. S ad. Sapucay, April 6, 1904.

g. $ ad. „ June 8, 1904.

[Resident and not uncommon in the forest at Sapucay. —
W.F.]

123. Euscarthmus gularis.

Tachuri cabeza de plomo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 86. no. clxix.
(1805); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 355 (1819).

Muscicapa gularis Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 167. fig. 1 (1823:
Brazil).

Euscarthmus gularis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 81; Ihering,
Re vista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a. <J ad. Sapucay, October 20, 1902.

b. S ad. „ April 27, 1904.

c. J ad. „ June 25, 1901.

[A rare forest bird in this locality. — W.F.]

124. Orchilus auricularis.

Platyrhynchos auricularis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii.
p. 16 (1818 : Brazil).

Orchilus auricularis Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 131
(Mendoza : South Brazil) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 88; Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 138 (1902:
Sapucay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324.

Birds of Paraguay. 579

a, b,c. ? ; d. <J ad. Sapucay, April 16-30, 1904.

e. ? ad. Sapucay, May 2, 1904.

Four of these examples are quite identical with others in
the National Collection from Brazil, while the fifth is
inclining to " Canary " yellow above and below. However,
this can only be regarded as a very pale variety.

[This peculiar little bird is resident and is only met
with where the woods are densest and darkest. It is very hard
to detect, owing to its small size and the length of time it will
remain motionless in one position. The sex can only be
distinguished by dissection. — W. F.]

125. PHYLLOSCARTES VENTRALIS.

Muscicapa ventralis Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 275. fig. 2
(1824 : Brazil).

Phylloscartes ventralis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 131
(S. Brazil) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. xiv. p. 92.

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, March 19, 31, 1904.

Bill black above, flesh-coloured below ; tarsi and. feet
purple slate-coloured.

c. $ ad. Sapucay, April 18, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured, paler below at base; tarsi and
feet purple slate-coloured ; iris brown.

These examples are identical with the single specimen in
the National Collection. The species is new to the avifauna
of Paraguay.

[There are quite a dozen species of these birds somewhat
like one another and hard to separate in the dim lights and
shades of the forest. Their habits differ but slightly, so there
is very little to say about them unless the nest can be
discovered. — W. F.~\

126. Habrura pectoralis.

Peccho amarillo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 80. no. clxv. (1805).
Sylvia pectoralis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 210
(1817 : Paraguay).

Hapalocercus pectoralis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117
Paraguay).

580 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Habrura pectoralis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 96 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).
a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 18, 1904.
[I have only met with one specimen. — TV. F.~\

127. CULICIVORA STENURA.

Mvscicapa stenura Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 167. fig. 3
(1823: Brazil).

Culicivora stenura Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 131
(Missiones and Matto Grosso) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 97.

a. S ad. Sapucay, March 24, 1903.

b, c. cJ ad. „ July 24, 27, 1903.
d, e. S ? ad. „ August 16, 1904.

This appears to be the first record of the species from
Paraguay.

[Resident but very rare. — W. F.]

128. POGOXOTRICCUS EXIMIUS.

Muscicapa eximia Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 144. fig. 2
(1823 : Brazil).

Pogonotriccus e.cimius Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 98; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Para-
guay).

Hapalocercus albifruns Bertoni, Avcs Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 121.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 15, 1902.

b. S ad. „ .March 23, 1903.

Bill, upper mandible black, lower mandible pinky horn-
coloured ; feet light slate-coloured; iris ruby-brown.

c. d. S ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

Bill horn-coloured, paler below ; feet bluish slate-coloured ;
iris brown.

e. ? ad. Sapucay, April 27, 1903.

Bill black above, cream-coloured below.

/, g. ? ad. Sapucay, July 6, 7, 1901.

Mr. Bertoni was the first to record this species from
Paraguay ; he described it as new to science uuder the name
of Hapalocercus albifrons. On comparison of these examples

Birds of Paraguay. 581

with specimens in the National Collection, however,
1 find that they are identical with Pogonotriccus eximius of
Temminck, as Dr. Ihering has already suggested.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the forests
of this district.— W. F.]

129. Serphophaga subcristata.

Contramaestre copetillo ordinario Azara, A punt. ii. p. G6-
no. clx. (1805).

Sylvia subcristata Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 229
(1817 : Paraguay).

Serphophaga subcristata Berlepsch, J. f . O. 1887, p. 117
(Paraguay); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. j>. 102;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 325 (Paraguay).

a. S ad. Sapucay, May 31, 1901.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 6, 1904.

[This tiny Tyrant-bird is by no means common in our
woods, although widely distributed through the country.
In the dim lights of the large forests it is very hard to
distinguish it from Ornithion obsoletum, which occurs much
more frequently with us. — TV. F.~\

130. MlONECTES RUFIVENTRIS.

Mionectes rufiventris Cab. in. Tsch. Fauna Peruana, Orn.
p. 148 note (1846: Brazil); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 114; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 325 (Para-
guay).

Hemitriccus barberence Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 124.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 11, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, pale buff at base of lower
mandible ; tarsi and feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, June 17, 1904.

These two individuals are identical with others from
Brazil, in the British Museum series. I agree, therefore,
with Dr. Ihering that Hemitriccus barberence of Bertoni
should be placed as a synonym under the present species.

58.2 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

131. Leptopogon amaurocephalus.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cab. Archiv Naturg. 1847,
p. 251 (Brazil) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 117.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus icastus Oberholser, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xiv. p. 187 (1901 : Sapucay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 24, 1902.

h, c. ? ad. „ November 20, 28, 1902.

d. ? ad. „ March 26, 1903.
Bill and feet black; iris brown.

e. ? ad. Sapucay, March 28, 1903.

Bill black, cream-coloured at base of lower mandible ;
feet bluish horn-coloured.

/. S ad. Sapucay, March 18, 1904.

//, h. $; i. ? ad. Sapucay, April 28-30, 1904.

k, I. S ? ad. Sapucay, May 2, 3, 1904.

I have compared this series with an equal number of
L. amaurocephalus Cab. from various localities, in the
.British Museum, but fail to find any characters by
which to distinguish the Paraguay bird from the present
species. I have therefore treated L. amaurocephalus icastus
Oberh. as a synonym of the present species.

[This species is resident and can generally be met with
throughout the wooded districts. — W. F.]

132. Capsiempsis flaveola.

Muscicapa flaveola Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 56 (1823 :
Bahia).

Copsiempis flaveola Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 120.

Capsiempis flaveola flaveola Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad.
Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 615.

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

Bill and feet black; iris brown.

These two individuals are identical with others, in the
National Collection, from Brazil. This is the first record
of the species from Paraguay.

[This is another of our rare Tyrant-birds. — W. F.~\

Birds of Paraguay. 583

133. Ph.eomyias murina.

Platyrhynchus murinus Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 14, tab. 16.
fig. 2 (1825).

Phceomyias murinus Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss.
Miinchen, xxii. p. 616 (1906).

Myiopatis semifusca Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 123
(part.).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, September 13, 1901.

Bill blackish, buff at base of lower mandible; iris brown ;
tarsi and feet blackish.

134. Phillomyias vibescens.

Muscicapa virescens Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 275. fig. 3
(1824: Brazil).

Phyllomyias virescens Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 105 (1871) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 121 note; Berl. et llcllni.
J.f. O. 1905, p. 25; Sharpe, Hand-list B. iii. p. 118 (1901).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, May 8, 1903.

b, c. S ad. „ April 6, 26, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured above, dirty buff below ; tarsi and
feet black ; iris brown.

d, e. $ ad. Sapucay, July 17, 26, 1904.

This species is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

[This species is resident and one or two individuals can
generally be met with in a day's hunting. — W. F.~\

135. AcROCHOKDOPUS SUBVIR1DIS.

Phyllomyias subviridis Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 105 (1871 :
Rio Janeiro ; Ypanema; Curytiba).

Phyllomyias burmeisteri Sclater (uec Cab. et Hein.), Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 122.

Acrochordopus subviridis Berlepsch & Hellmayr, J. f. O.
1905, p. 26.

a. S a(i- Sapucay, March 23, 1904.

Bill black above, buff below ; tarsi and feet black ; iris
brown.

b, c. <$ ; d. ? ad. Sapucay, June 190^.
e.f. J ? ad. Sapucay, July 15, 27, 1904.

This distinct genus and rare species is new to the avifauna
of Paraguay.

584 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

136. Ornithion obsoletum.

Tachuri rey Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 72. no. clxi. (1805).

Muscicapa obsoleta Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 275. fig. 1
(1824: Brazil); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv.
p. 638 (1908).

Ornithion obsoletum Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 127; Ihering,
Bevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 325 (Paraguay).

Rengerornis leucophthalmus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 124 (1901).

Ornithion obsoletum obsoletum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv.
p. 44 (1908).

a. $ ad. Ybitimi, February 11, 1904.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, March 23, 1904.
c,d. S ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.
e. ? ad. Sapucay, June 7, 1904.

/. (J ad. „ July 18, 1904.

g. ? ad. „ September 1, 1901.

Bill horn-coloured above, buff below at base; feet slatc-
colourcd ; iris brown.

The examples enumerated above are identical with the
series in the British Museum from Brazil. I agree, there-
fore, with Dr. Ihering and Mr. C. W. Richmond that
Rengerornis leucophthalmus Bertoni is inseparable from the
present species.

[Resident and not uncommon in the central parts of
Paraguay, although I never met with it through the southern
provinces. — W. F.~\

137. Elainia viridicata.

Contramaestre par do verdoio corona amarilla Azara, Apunt.
ii. p. 57. no. clvi. (1805).

Sylvia viridicata Vieill. N. Diet, d'lli^t. Nat. xi. p. 171
(1817 : Paraguay).

Helinaa viridicata Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 11 (1847).

Ekenia viridicata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; id. Proc. 4th Intern. Orn. Congr., ' Ornis/ xiv.
p. 4*25 (1907).

Birds of Paraguay. 585

a, h. S ? ad. Sapucay, November 6, 28, 1902.

c-g. S ad. „ March 10-27, 190-L

Bill horn-coloured above, reddish below; feet very dark
slate-coloured ; iris pale brown.

//, i. $ ? ad. Sapucay.

[I do not know positively whether this species is resident
or not. It certainly occurs here during March, which is
almost enough to establish its permanent residence. — //'. F~\

138. Elainia parvirostris.

Elainea parvirostris Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 107, 178 (18GH).

Elainea albiceps Berlepsch (nee auct.), J. f. O. 1887, p. 12
(Lambare); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 141; Ihering,
llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. ]). 325 (Paraguay).

? Elainea arechavaletce Bertoni, Avcs Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 119.

Elainia parvirostris Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn.
Congr., 'Ornis/ xiv. p. 412 (1907).

a-e. cJ; /. ? ad. Sapucay, October 11-30, 1902.

[This species is resident and fairly common through the
forest district of Central and Southern Paraguay. — W. F.]

139. Elainia flavogaster.

Pipra flavogaster Thunb. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. viii.
p. 286 (1822: Brazil) ; Lonnb. Ibis, 1903, p. 241.

Elainea pagana (Licht.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 137 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 325
(Paraguay).

Elainea pagana pagana Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv.
p. 137 (1902: Sapucay).

Elainia flavogaster Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn.
Congr., ' Ornis/ xiv. p. 381 (1907).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 25, 1902.

Bill dark horn-coloured above, pinkish on lower mandible1 ;
tarsi and feet black ; iris brown.

b. ? ad. Sapucay, December 3, 1902.

c. ? ad. „ March 19, 1903.
Bill and feet dark brown ; iris brown.

580 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

d. S> e)f- ? ad' Sapucay, June 6-19, 1904.

g. ? ad. Sapucay, July 18, 1904.

h. <$ ; i, k, I. ? ad. Sapucay, September 3-13, 1904.

[This species is resident and quite the commonest of all
the genus. The nest is one of the most lovely things
imaginable, formed of moss and bound together with spider-
webs ; two eggs only are laid, and nesting goes on until
quite late in the season. — W. F.~]

140. Elainia mesoleuca.

Elainea nasoleuca Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. CO
(1859) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 153.

Elainia mesoleuca Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn.
Congr., 'Ornis/ xiv. p. 414 (1907).

a, b. <J ? ad. Sapucay, March 18, 31, 1904.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 29, 1904.

d. ? ad. „ May 8, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured above, pinkish below at base ; tarsi and
feet black ; iris brown.

141. Elainia caniceps.

Tyrannula caniceps Swains. B. Brazil and Mexico, pi. 49
(1841: Brazil).

Elainea caniceps Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 151.

Myiopagis caniceps Sharpe, Hand-list B. iii. p. 117 (1901);
Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 137 (1902 : Sapucay) ;
Ihcring, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 325 (Paraguay).

Elainia caniceps Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn. Congr.,
'Ornis/ xiv. p. 422 (1907); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 45
(1908).

Elainea taczanoivskii Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 137 (Bahia) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 144.

Elcenia cinerea taczanowskii Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern.
Orn. Congr., 'Ornis/ xiv. p. 433 (1907;.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, April 29, 1904.

Bill and feet black ; iris light brown.

b-e. c? ; /. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

Iris brown with whitish outer circle.

g. <$ ad. Sapucay, August 20, 1904. Iris whitish.

h. £ ad. Sapucay, September 12, 1904.

Birds of Paraguay. 587

142. Suiriri SUIRIRI.

Suiriri ordinario Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 111. no. clxxix.
(1805).

Muscicapa suiriri Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 487
(1818 : Paraguay).

Empidagra suiriri Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) j Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 154.

Suiriri suiriri Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 136
(1902 : Sapucay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326
(Paraguay).

a, <$ ad. Sapucay, December 2, 1902.

b, c. ? ad. „ May 1903-04.

Bill and feet black ; iris reddish brown.
d> e,f- S; g-l- ? ad. Sapucay, June 2-21, 1901.
[Resident aud fairly common throughout Paraguay. —
W.F.]

143. LEGATUS ALBICOLL1S.

Suiriri chorreado sin roxo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 123.
no. clxxxvi. (1805).

Tyrannus ulbicollis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv.
p. 89 (1819 : Paraguay).

Legatus albicollis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 155 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay) ; Berlepsch,
Proc. 4th Intern. Orn. Congr., ' Ornis,' xiv. p. 474
(1907).

a, b. $ ad. Sapucay, October 8, 13, 1902.

c, d. ? ad. „ November 6, 8, 1902.

e, f. <$ ad. et imm. Ybitimi, February 6, 12, 1904.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

g, h. $ ad. Sapucay, March 12, 20, 1904.

[I do not know whether this species is resident or not, as
I have only noticed it during February and March. It can
usually be met with along the forest streams. — W. F.~\

144. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens.
Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 10,

pi. 12. fig. 1 (1825 : Rio Janeiro, Pianhy, and River
ser. ix. — vol. iv. 2 R

588 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Amazon) ; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen,
xxii. p. 643 (1906).

Rhynchocychis sulphurescens Berlepscb, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 131 (Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 168;
Oberh. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 136 (1902 : Sapucay) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 324 (Paraguay).

a. <§; b, c. ? ad. Sapucay, Marcb 7, 27, 1904.

Bill black above, cream-coloured below; tarsi and feet dark
slate-coloured ; iris brown.

d, e. ? ad. Sapucay, April 18, 30, 1904.

/. ? ad. „ July 28, 1904.

g. ? ad. „ August 30, 1904.

These seven individuals are perfectly identical -with
others, in the British Museum, from Brazil and other
localities.

[This species is common throughout Central Paraguay
wherever there are large forests. I do not think there
is anything peculiar about it which does not apply to
many others of the same family. I have noticed that its
favourite hunting-ground is along the banks of the forest
streams, but that is the favourite place of other birds which
catch flies on the wing. The nest is a wonderful purse-
shaped affair some seven inches in length, the entrance
leading from below upwards. Suspended as it is from
the extreme tip of a slender branch and overhanging a
stream it is safe from everything but men, and possibly for
this reason the species is so common. All the birds which
build in the forks of trees or along the larger branches must
pay a heavy toll annually to the numerous snakes, opossums,
&c. which inhabit the woods. — W. F.~\

145. Hhynchocyclus grisescens, sp. nov.

Allied to R. sulphurescens, but differs in being olive-grey
above instead of green ; the head somewhat darker and
inclining to lead-colour ; tail-feathers pale brown, edged with
whitish; quills also pale brown, margined with olive-grey.
The two bars on the wings, formed by the margins of the
median and greater coverts, are white instead of yellow ;

Birds of Paraguay , 589

the throat and chest olive-grey, not yellow; the middle of the
abdomen whitish, in place of yellow ; the under tail-coverts
buff towards the ends ; the under wing-coverts white instead
of yellow. Bill black above, greyish white below ; tarsi and
feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown. Total length
5 2 inches; culmen 0'6 ; wing 2*55 ; tarsus 0*8.
a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 29, 1903.

146. CONOPIAS TRIV1RGATA.

Muscicapa trivirgata Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. iii. p. 871
(1831 : Bahia).

Conopias trivirgata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 173;
Ihering, llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

Myiarchus stauffenbacherianus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 117.

a. $ ad. Sapucay, October 6, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b, c. $ ad. Sapucay, July 18, 20, 1904.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

d. ? ad. Sapucay, August 3, 1904.

e, f. ? ad. Sapucay, September 1, 9, 1904.

These specimens are identical with others from South-
east Brazil in the National Collection. I do not, therefore,
see any reason for upholding Myiarchus stauffenbacherianus
Bertoni, and have placed it as a synonym of the present
species, as suggested by Dr. Ihering.

[This species is resident but rare. It can only be found
in the large forests of the district : I have never met with
it elsewhere. Like most of the larger Tyrant-birds of the
montes, the open tracts are its favourite places, where
flight is possible after insects without too much care being
necessary to avoid obstacles. — W. F.~\

147. PlTANGUS BOLIVIANUS.

Bienteveo 6 puitagud Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 157. no. cc,
(1805).

Saurophagus bolivianus Lafr. Rev, Zool. 1852, p. 463
(Chuquisaca, Bolivia).

2r2

590 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Pitangus bolivianus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 177.

Pitangus suJphuratus bolivianus Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

a. <§ ad. Sapucay, May 1, 1903.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

A clutch of three eggs, collected on October 11, 1903, are
cream-coloured, with dark brown and black spots sparsely dis-
tributed over the greater part of the surface, but clustered
more thickly at the larger end, where they form an indistinct
zone. Axis 1*05 to 1*1 inch; diam. 0*8 to 0*85.

A second clutch, of three, obtained on November 16,
1903, are smaller and more elongated in form, with scarcely
any spots beyond those at the larger end, where they form
quite a thick zone. Axis 105 to 1*1 inch; diam. 0'7
to 0-75.

[Resident and fairly common throughout Paraguay.
There is very little to add to the knowledge of this well-
known bird. — W. F.]

148. SlRYSTES S1BILATOR.

Pitador Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 135. no. cxci. (1805).

Muscicapa sibilator Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi.
p. 457 (1818: Paraguay).

Sirystes sibilator Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 181 ; Oberh.
Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 136 (1902: Sapucay); Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay) .

a,b. S ? ad. Sapucay, April 11, 30, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured ; feet dark slate-coloured, almost black ;
iris brown.

c. d, e. ? ad. Sapucay, March 24-30, 1904.

Two of the females have rufous margins to the outer
greater wing-coverts and a certain amount of yellow wash
oa the under surface, while a third female has more yellow
below but no rufous on the greater coverts. The latter
colour I imagine to be an indication of immaturity.

[Auother of our common birds. Its favourite haunts are

Birds of Paraguay. 591

in the low trees bordering the small streams flowing through
the open camp-lands. It feeds generally upon the insects
flying over the water. — W. F.~\

149. Empidomax bimaculatus.

Mnscipeta bimaculata d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 48 (Tungas, Bolivia).

Empidonax bimaculatus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118
(Paraguay); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 2:24 ; Iheriug,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

Empidochanes fuscatus bimaculatus Berlepsch & Hellmayr,
J. f. O. 1905, p. 22; Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn.
Congr., 'Ornis,' xiv. p. 480 (1907).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 21, 1902.

b. Imm. „ March 29, 1903.

c. S ad. Ybitimi, February 7, 1904.
d-i. $ ad. Sapucay, August 6-30, 1904.
k-n. S ? ad. „ September 2-12, 1904.

The young bird differs from the adult in being pale rufous
brown above instead of olive-brown ; the head and sides of
the face are cinnamon-rufous, somewhat paler on the latter ;
the throat and chest similar in colour washed with yellow, the
remainder of the under surface is yellowish; the wing-coverts,
inner secondaries, and tail-feathers are broadly margined
with rufous instead of buff as in the adult.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the wooded
districts of Central Paraguay. A lover of the gloomy thickets
of the forest, it is never met with in the open parts, but
seems to delight in the tangled undergrowth and low-
growing trees, undoubtedly finding this a profitable hunting-
ground. — W. F.]

150. Empidonax euleri.

Empidochanes euleri Cab. J. f. O. 1868, p. 195 (Canta-
galla, Rio Janeiro) ; Berlepsch & Hellmayr, J. f. O. 1905,
pp. 21, 22 ; Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn. Congr.,
'Ornis,' xiv. p. 480 (1907).

Empidonax bimaculatus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv,
p. 224, part.

592 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

a, b. S ? ad. Sapucay, August 14, 28, 1904.
c? . Bill black above, pinkish below ; feet brown ; iris
brown.

151. Myiodynastes solitarius.

Subiri chorreado todo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 145. no. cxcvi.
(1805).

Tyrannus solitarius Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv.
p. 88 (1819: Paraguay).

Myiodynastes solitarius Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 18, 118
(Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 185 ; lhering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, October 17, 1902.

b, c. S ad. „ November 14, 29, 1902.
d, e. $ imm. „ February 15, 19, 1904.

/, g, h. S $ ad. et imm. Ybitirai, February 2, 3, 1904.

d . Bill black to horn-coloured below ; tarsi and feet dark
slate-coloured.

i. S ad. Sapucay, September 13, 1904.

These specimens appear to be quite identical with a series
of twenty-one examples in the National Collection from
various localities in South America.

The young bird is distinguished from the adult by the
rufous margins to the feathers of the crown and the sulphur
or orange bases to the feathers of the head, also by the
rufous margins to the upper wing-coverts.

[This species is resident, but not common. The haunts
of these birds are invariably along the forest-streams. I
have never seen them in the open, and I know nothing
more about their habits. — W. F.]

152. Megarhynchus pitangua.

Lanius pitangua Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 136 (1766 : Brazil).

Neifiei Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 155. no. excix. (1805).

Megarhynchus pitangua Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 12,
118 (Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 189;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, October 27, 1902.

b. <J ad. „ November 15, 1902.

Birds of Paraguay. 593

c. £ ; d, e. $ ad. Sapucay, April 6-18, 1902.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

/, g. $ ad. Sapucay, May 5, 1903.

Four of the above-mentioned individuals are more or less
immature, judging from the rufous margins on the upper
wing-coverts and primaries.

A young bird, in the British Museum, is distinguished
from the adult more particularly by its brown upper surface,
though it is blackish on the crown, and the feathers are
everywhere margined with rufous ; there is no trace of any
yellow or orange to the bases of the feathers on the head,
the yellow of the under surface is paler and more inclining
to sulphur-yellow.

Three eggs, collected November 25, 1902, are creamy
white blotched and streaked with brown, particularly at the
larger end, and shew underlying spots of lead-grey. Axis
1-05-1-1 inch; diam. 0'8.

The nest is loosely constructed of white grass with a few
pieces of creeping plants interwoven.

This bird is resident but not common, according to
Mr. Foster.

153. Pyrocephalus rubineus.

Muscicapa rubineus Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 42 (1783).

Churrinche Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 105. no. clxxvii. (1805).

Platyrhynchus coronata Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 840
(1823).

Pyrocephalus rubineus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 211 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

a,b. $ ; c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 18, 24, 1903.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

d. S ad. Sapucay, May 3, 1903.

e-i. <$ ad. et imm. Sapucay, April 6-21, 1904.
k, I. ? ad. Sapucay, April 6-21, 1904.
m. ? ad. „ September 3, 1904.

This series shews almost every gradation of plumage
from the young male to the adult bird. The female is

594 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

distinguished by the absence of red in the plumage and
by the yellow tufts on the lower flanks.

[I could not say positively whether this species is with
us all the year round, as it is more of an open camp bird
than a forest lover. In the neighbourhood of Asuncion it
is much more common than at Sapucay. I have met with
it from September to April, but whether it remains on the
open lands during the eold months of winter I do not feel
sure enough to say, but I think it very probable it only
seeks the shelter of the forest at that period and is not
migratory. — W. F.~\

154. Empidociianes fuscatus.

Muscipeta fuscata Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. iii. part 2,
p. 902 (1831: Rio Janeiro).

Empidochanes fringillarius Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 116 (1871 :
Sabitiba; Rio Janeiro; Ypanema) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 216.

Empidochanes fuscatus Berlepsch & Hellmayr, J. f. O.
1905, p. 21 ; Berlepsch, Proc. 4th Intern. Orn. Congr.,
'Ornis/ xiv. p. 480 (1907).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 18, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ March 19, 1903.

Bill and feet light purple-brown; iris brown.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, April 6, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured, lighter below ; feet purplish slate-
coloured ; iris light brown.

These specimens are identical with others, in the National
Collection, from Matto Grosso and South-eastern Brazil.

155. Myiochanes cinereus pileatus.
Plctyrhynchus cinereus Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 11, pi. 13.

fig. 2 (1825 : Amazon Forests errore !).

Myiochanes cinereus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 245;
Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. "Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 645
(1906).

dntopus pileatus Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 21
(1885).

Birds of Paraguay. 595

Blacicus pileatus, Oberholser, op. cit. xxv. p. 135 (1902 :
Sapucay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, April 27, 1901.

b, c. <J; d. ? ad. Sapucay, July 5-30, IDOL
e,f- S; ff,h. ? ad. „ August 4-30, 1904.

c? . Bill black above, creamy buff below; feet black.

These examples are paler iu colour both above and below,
and thus differ from M. cinereus in being dark ashy grey on
the upper surface tinged with olive instead of blackish
grey ; the head is sooty brown, not black, the colour not so
sharply defined as in M. cinereus. Under surface ashy grey,
washed with yellow on the abdomen, instead of dusky grey.
Total length 5'6 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 29, tail 25,
tarsus 055.

156. Myiarchus ferox.

Muscicapa ferox Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 93i (1788:
Cayenne).

Suiriri pardo amarillo mayor Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 140.
no. exciv. (1805).

Myiarchus ferox Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 253 ;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 130 (Lower Pilcomayo) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

Myiarchus cantans Pelz. ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118
(Paraguay).

a. (J ad. Sapucay, October 18, 1902.

b-e. S ad. „ November 6-27, 1902.

/. $ ad. „ December 8, 1902.

g-k. cJ ? ad. et imm. Sapucay, April 7, 8, 1903.

/, m, n. $; o. Ad. Ybitimi, February 7, 9, 1904.
p, q. (J ? ad. Sapucay, February 16, 1904.

r. (J ad. Sapucay, March 5, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured ; feet black ; iris brown.

s. $ ad. Sapucay, October 9, 1904.

[This bird is resident and common. The nests differ
considerably : one may be made only of fine roots and
grass, whilst another may be constructed with short
hairs from animals. In the bottom of the nest are

596 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

generally a few scales from the tarsi of birds or skins of
snakes. All the nests that I have met with have been in holes
of fencing-posts or in trees ; in fact the nest would fall to
pieces in any other situation, owing to the loose manner in
which it is built. — W. F.]

157. Empidonomus varius.

Suiriri chorreado debaxo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 125.
no. clxxxvii. (1805).

Muscicapa varia Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 459
(1818: Paraguay).

Empidonomus varius Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 265 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 654 (1906).

a. S ad. Sapucay, March 12, 1904.

Bill black above, reddish brown below ; feet black ; iris
brown.

158. Tyrannus melancholicus.

Suiriri-guazu Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 152. no. exeviii.
(1805).

Tyrannus melancholicus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxxv. p. 48 (1819 : Paraguay) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
pp. 13, 118 (Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 273 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326
(Paraguay) ; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen,
xxii. p. 617.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 8, 1902.

b, c, d. ? ad. et imm. Sapucay, March 1903-04.
e. ? imm. Sapucay, April 5, 1904.

[This species is common throughout Paraguay. It is
generally to be met with along the watercourses in the open
camp lands. The nest, as a general rule, is built in some of
the low trees bordering these streams and in a very exposed
position ; the result of this is that parasitic birds find the
nest a very convenient receptacle, and take full advantage
of it, this species and Milvulus tyrannus being the most
common victims. — W. F.]

Birds of Paraguay. 5'J7

159. MlLVULUS TYRANNUS.

Muscicapa tyrannus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 325 (1766:
Surinam).

Tixereta Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 130. no. cxcii. (1805).

Tyrannus violentus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv.
p. 89 (1819 : Paraguay) .

Milvulus tyrannus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 277 ;
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 130 (Fortin Page).

Milvulus tyrannus violentus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
pp. 13, 118 (Lambare).

Muscivora tyrannus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 326 (Paraguay).

a, b. S ? ad. Sapucay, November 17, 26, 1902.

c. ? imm. Sapucay, March 24, 1903.

d. <$ ad. Sapucay, September 11, 1904.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

A clutch of three eggs, collected November 13, 1903, are
pale cream-coloured with chestnut spots and blotches, more
thickly grouped round the larger end, and underlying spots
of lilac-grey. Axis 0*85 inch ; diam. 0'65.

This bird, according to Mr. Foster, is resident and
generally distributed in the open country.

Family Oxyrhamphid^e.

160. OXYRHAMPHUS FLAMMICEPS PARAGUAYENSIS, SUDSp. n.

Oxyrhynchus flammiceps Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 125
(1823: Brazil).

Oxyrhamphus flammiceps Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 281.

a. S ad. Sapucay, May 5, 1903.

b. ? ad. „ October 22, 1902.

Iris very light brown with a touch of orange.

c. d. $ ad. Sapucay, June 5, 10, 1904.

e. S ad. „ July 6, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi
and feet pale bluish ; iris orange-buff.
/, g, h. ? ; i. <$ ad. Sapucay, August 24-31, 1904.
k. ? ad. Sapucay, September 1, 1904.

598 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Having compared these specimens with the series in
the British Museum, I find them to be of a deeper coloured
green on the upper parts, the red on the middle of the
head being darker in colour, and the yellow of the under
surface brighter. Bill dark horn-coloured above, slate-
coloured below; tarsi and feet pale bluish ; iris orange-buff.
Total length 7*4 inches ; culmen 0*7 ; wing 3*9 ; tail 2*85 ;
tarsus 0-85.

I propose, therefore, that this form be separated as a
subspecies under the title 0. flammiceps paraguay crisis.

[This species is resident throughout Central Paraguay.
Its favourite haunts are the large forests. It is a powerful
bird in flight. I have never been able to find out what its
food consists of, as it resents intrusion and is difficult to
approach. It is necessary to shoot it at sight without
waiting to make observations, as the slightest rustle frightens
it away. It is never to be met with in the vicinity of the
large towns. With regard to its habits there is but little
to say, as I have never succeeded in finding the nest,
neither have I ever seen two of the birds together, although
nothing much could be learnt from that, as the male and
female are similar. — W. F.~\

Family PiPRiDiE.

161. PlPRITES CIILORIS.

Pipra chloris Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 172. fig. 2 (1823 :
Brazil).

Piprites chloris Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 284.

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 31, 1903.

b. ? ad. „ April 24, 1904.

c. d, e. ? ; /, g. $ ad. Sapucay, June 20, 23, 1901.
Bill dark horn-coloured above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi

and feet slate-coloured ; iris brown.

h. ? ad. Sapucay, July 7, 1904.

The individuals enumerated above are similar to Tem-
minck's figure, and also with the specimens in the National
Collection.

The species is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

Birds of Paraguay. 599

[This bird is resident and by no means uncommon in
the large forests of Central Paraguay. It is another of those
birds which it is difficult to find out anything of their habits.
The forests here, at Sapucay, extend for miles in one dense
tangled mass of vegetation, and the conditions under which
the birds are met -with are so different that it is hard to
decide whether their presence is natural or accidental. —
W. F.]

162. Chiroxiphia caudata.

Pipra caudata, Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Misc. v. pi. 133
(1 791 : warmer parts of South America) .

Pico cola de pala Azara, Apunt. i. p. 425. no. cxii. (1802).

Pipra longicauda Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xix. p. 1G3
(1818: Paraguay).

Chiroxiphia caudata Bcrlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 118
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 310 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, v. pi. xi. fig. 6 (egg), id. vi. p. 326 ;
Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 217, pi. vi. fig. 3.

a, b. ? ad. Sapucay, October 25, 29, 1902.

c, d. <$ ; e. $ ad. Sapucay, November 8, 18, 1902.
/, g. <J ad. Sapucay, December 2, 10, 1902.

h. £ ad. Sapucay, April 21, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, mauve below ; feet purplish pink ;
iris brown.

i. $ ad. Sapucay, March 10, 1904.

k. <$ ; I, m. ? ad. Sapucay, May 1903-04.

n-q. S ad. et imm. ; r-v. ? ad. Sapucay, June 2-24,
1904.

w, x. <$; y, z. ? ad. Sapucay, July 9-30, 1904.

a'-f. 3 ad. et imm. ; g'. ? ad. Sapucay, August 6-29,
1904.

h'. ? ad. Sapucay, September 8, 1904.

This series contains six immature males, which shew a
gradation of plumage from the young ; they only differ
from the female when they commence to shew red at the
base of the feathers on the crown ; this increases in bright-
ness until the scarlet cap of the adult male is attained ; the

600 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

throat is more or less golden olive at first, as are also the sides
of face and hind-neck ; these parts become black as soon as
the red on the head is fully developed. The blue of the body
appears to be the last portion to change before the fully
adult male plumage is completed.

Two eggs, taken November 19, 1902, are cream-coloured,
with spots and blotches of pale chestnut and underlying
blotches of lilac formed into an irregular zone chiefly round
the larger end of the egg. Axis 0*85 inch ; diameter 0'65.

[This species is resident and about the most common of
all our monte birds : its light blue body and red crest
making it visible at a long distance, the green female being
almost as plentiful. Occasionally a female may occur with
the red crest also, though not so fully developed as in the male
bird it is true, but quite enough to make it distinguishable.
I am positive that this is correct ; they are not young birds,
because the blue body and black neck-feathers all develop
together ; the female birds to which I refer were fully adult
with the ovaries quite large and distinct. — W. F.~]

163. PlPRA tfASCJICAUDA.

Pipra fas data d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de Zool.
1837, p. 38 (Yuracares, Bolivia) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 131 (Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xiv. p. 294.

Pipra fasciicauda Ilellmayr, Ibis, 1906, p. 9.

Pipra fasciicauda fasciicauda Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv.
p. 54 (1909).

a. S ad. Sapucay, May 27, 1904.
Bill and feet purplish red ; iris white.

b. $ ad.; c, d. $ imm. Sapucay, June 9-22, 1904.
e, f. $ ad. et imm. Sapucay, August 18, 1904.

The young male is almost identical with the female in its
first plumage, and the first appearances of the male dress
may be seen on the chin and throat, where it becomes deep
orange-yellow.

[A rare bird with us, the colour of the male marks it at
once as a tropical species, although I have met with it
during May and in fairly cold weather also. — W. F.~]

Birds of Paraguay. 601

164. SCOTOTHORUS UNICOLOR.

Muscicapa virescens Wied (nee. Termn.) Beitr. Naturg.
Bras. iii. p. 802 (1831 : Bahia).

Heteropelma virescens (nee Temm.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 321.

Scotothorus unicolor (Bonap.), Hellmayr, Wytsman, Gen.
Av. Part 9, p. 27, pi. i. fig. 7 (1910).

a,b. S ? ad. Sapucay, June 20, 30, 1904.

c, d. $ ad. „ July 9, 18, 1904.

€>f}ff- <$'•> h. ? ad. Sapucay, August 6-29, 1901.

i. $ ad. Sapucay, September 2, 1904.

The only difference that I observe in this series is in the
colour of the under tail-coverts, which varies from olive-green
to rust-brown ; but there are scarcely two specimens with
the same shade of colour, so that this cannot be regarded as a
character. The measurements are the same as of others in
the National Collection from S.E. Brazil.

The species is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

[This bird is resident but not common, inhabiting the
large forests only. — TV. F.~]

Family Cotingid^e.

165. TlTYRA BRASILIENSIS.

Caracterizado bianco cabos negros Azara, Apunt. ii.
p. 176. no. ccvii. (1805).

Psaris brasiliensis Swains. Anim. Menag. p. 286 (1837 :
Northern Brazil).

Tityra brasiliensis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 13, 118
(Larobare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 329; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr,
Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Munchen, xxii. p. 667 (Paraguay).

a, b. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, November 17, 1902. Iris light
brown.

c, d. $ ; e-i. $ ad. Sapucay, March 1904.

k, I. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

Bill black above, pale slate-coloured below ; naked skin
round eyes and base of bill purplish red ; tarsi and feet pale
slate- coloured ; iris brown.

602 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

The tail, in this series, is uniform black with a trace of
white at the extreme base.

[These birds appear during the month of March and
by the end of April have left us. I have always thought
this very strange, and have watched carefully in the hopes
of finding their haunts during the other months of the
year. Among the examples secured were a few immature
males still in the female plumage, which leads me to believe
that they breed in this country, but where they go to
afterwards" is a mystery.

In this district there are all the conditions imaginable —
dense forests with numerous streams, a low range of hills of
some nine hundred to a thousand feet in elevation, and
level cattle-breeding lands in the north ; yet in spite of all
these varied localities these birds disappear entirely.

166. TlTYRA INQUISITOR.

Lanius inquisitor Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 50 (1823 : San
Paulo).

Tityra inquisitor Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 132 (Para-
guay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 331 ; Ihering,
Hevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327 (Paraguay).

Tityra atricapilla Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 109.

a, b. <$ ; c-f. $ ad. Sapucay, March 1901.

ff-k. $ ; I, m. ? ad. ,, April 1901<.

n. 3 ad. Sapucay, September 1901.

These individuals agree perfectly with the series in the
British Museum. The white at the base of the tail-feathers
is much more extended than in T. brasiliensis, reaching some
distance from the base along the margin of the inner webs.

[These birds are very numerous during the months of
March, April, and the early part of May, and I have obtained
one example in September; in the remaining months of the
year they are among the rarest species. I have observed
them most frequently along the water-courses in large
forests, but have not yet found them breeding. — W. F.~\

167. Hadrostomus rufus.

Caracterizado canela y corona de pizarra Azara, Apunt.
ii. p. 181. no. 208, ? (1805).

Birds of Paraguay. 603

Caracterizado canela y cabeza negra Azara, t. c. p. 182.
no. 209, S juv.

Tityra rufa Yicill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 34-7, ?
(1816: Paraguay).

Tityra atricapilla Vieill. t. c. p. 347, £ juv.

Hudrostomus atricapillus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 13,
118 (Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 333.

Platypsaris atricapillus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 327 (Paraguay).

Hadrostomus rufus Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss.
Munchen, xxii. p. 669.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 27, 1902.
Iris light brown.

b. <$ ad. Sapucay, April 2, 1903.

Bill black, lower mandible dark slate-coloured ; feet very
dark slate-coloured, almost black ; ii'is brown.

c. ? ad. Ybytimi, February 1904.

Bill black; feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

d. $ ad. Sapucay, March 5, 1904.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

168. Pachyrhamphus castaneus.

Tityra castanea Jard. & Selby, 111. Orn. i. pi. x. (1827).

Muscipeta aurantia Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 911
(1831).

Pachyi-hynchus ruficeps Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 288
(1837).

Pachyrhamphus rufus Berlepsch (nee Bodd.), J. f. O. 1873,
p. 264; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 343 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327 (Paraguay).

Hadrostomus borellianus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 108.

Pachyrhamphus castaneus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 57
(1909).

a,b. <J ? ad. Sapucay, July 28, 1904.

Bill blackish above, slate-coloured below ; feet dark slate-
coloured ; iris brown.

c. S ad. Sapucay, July 28, 1904.

d. S ad. „ August 6, 1904.

ser. ix. — vol. iv. 2 s

604 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

This bird was first recorded from Paraguay by Mr. Bertoni,
who described it as new to science under the name of Hadro-
stomus borellianus. The above-mentioned examples, however,
agree perfectly with other specimens of Pachyrhamphus
castaneus in the National Collection from various localities.
I agree, therefore, with Dr. Ihering in placing Mr. Bertoni's
name as a synonym of the present species.

[This species is undoubtedly resident though rare, and can
at times be met with in the vicinity of the water-courses in
the large forests. — W. F.J

Pachyrhamphus castaneus intermedius.

Pachyrhamphus intermedins Berlepsch, Orn. Ceutralbl.
1879, p. 63 ; id. J. f. O. 1879, p. 208.

The two specimens recorded from Sarayacu, Ecuador,
collected by Buckley, are distinguished from P. castaneus
by the much darker chestnut of the head and back and the
brighter cinnamon-rufous of the under surface. Total length
52 inches, culmen 0 6, wing 3'35, tail 2*1, tarsus 075.

Mr. C. E. Hellmayr suggests that these may belong to the
form described as P. intermedins by Count von Berlepsch
from Venezuela, to which I agree.

169. Pachyrhamphus viridis.

Caracterizado verde y corona neyra Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 184.
no. 210 (1805).

Tityra viridis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 348
(1816: Paraguay); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv.
p. 593 (1908)

Pachyrhamphus viridis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 14,
118 (Lambare) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 338;
Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 202, pi. vi.
fig. 5 (1903) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327
(Paraguay).

Berlepschia chrysoblephara Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 114.

a. £ ad. Sapucay, March 20, 1904.

Bill and feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

Birds of Paraguay. 605

b. S ad. Sapucay, April 30, 1904.

Bill light horn-coloured above, cream-coloured below.

c. ? ad. Sapucaj, June 10, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured, lower mandible slate-coloured ;
iris brown.

d. e. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, July 31, 1904.

Bill slate-coloured, the extreme tip blackish ; feet slaty-
blue ; iris light brown.

/. $ ad. Sapucay, August 29, 1904.

Bill and feet slate-coloured ; iris reddish brown.

cj. ? ad. Sapucay, September 12, 1904.

Bill blackish above, lower mandible slate-coloured; feet
slate-coloured ; iris brown.

Three eggs, collected on October 12, 1903, are lilac-brown
with darker brown markings, which are confluent at the
larger end, and measure : axis 0'8 inch ; diameter 0*6.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the woods
at Sapucay. I have met with it during most months of
the year ; it favours the clearer part and the edges of the
forests. I have found it, occasionally, in the open. — W. F.~\

170. Pachvrhamphus polychroptertjs.

Platyrhynchos polychropterus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxvii. p. 10 (1818).

Pachyrhamphus polychropterus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 345 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 327
(Paraguay) ; Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 600
(1908).

Climacocercus cyanocephalus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 112.

Pachyrhynchus polychropterus Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad.
Wiss. Miinchen, xxii. p. 666.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 17, 1902.

b. <J ad. „ February 27, 1904.

Bill black, lower mandible dark slate-coloured ; feet black ;
iris brown.

c. d. ? ad. Sapucay, March 1904.

One of the female specimens is in worn plumage and shews
a good deal of grey, with streaks of yellowish, on the under

2s2

606 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

surface, the sides of face and ear-coverts are pure grey, the
top of the head exhibits a certain amount of grey more or
less mixed with olive-brown.

171. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus.

Lanius atricapillus Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1788 :
Surinam).

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 347.

a. $ imm. Sapucay, March 15, 1904.

Bill black, white at extreme tip ; tarsi and feet slate-
coloured ; iris brown.

I consider this specimen to be a young male in first
plumage, as the measurements agree with those of the adult
of that sex, but the general appearance is more like that of
the adult female.

172. Casiornis rufus.

Batara roxo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 212. no. ccxviii.
(1805).

Thamnophilus rufus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 316
(1816 : Paraguay).

? Muscicapa rubra Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 457
(1818: Paraguay).

Casiornis rubra (Vieill.) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 119
(Paraguay) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 365 ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 326 (Paraguay).

Casiornis rufa rufa Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 56
(1909).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, May 9, 1902.

Bill pinky cream-coloured at base of upper and lower
mandibles, black at tip ; tarsi and feet very dark slate-
coloured; iris brown.

b. <$ ad. ; c. ? imm. Sapucay, March 1904.
d. ? ad. Sapucay, September 3, 1904.

[This species is resident and common throughout Para-
guay. The borders of woods and even open lands form its
hunting-ground. — W. F.~\

Birds of Paraguay. 607

Family Hiiiundinid^e.

173. Tachycineta leucorrhoa.

Golondrina rabadilla blanca Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 509.
no. ccciv. (1805).

Hirundo leucorrhoa Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 519
(1817: La Plata; Paraguay); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 114 (Paraguay).

Tachycineta leucorrhoa Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 114
(1885) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318
(Paraguay).

a. <$ imm. Sapucay, April 5, 1904.

[I have paid very little attention to the Swallows, and
cannot say with certainty anything about this bird. —
W. F.-]

174. Progne domestica.

Golondrina domestica Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 502. no. ccc.
(1805).

Hirundo domestica Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 520
(1817 : Paraguay).

Progne domestica Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 177.

Progne chalybea domestica Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
pp. 5, 114 (Lambare) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 318 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, August 24, 1904.

[This species arrives here about the middle of August,
but owing to the scarcity of nesting-places the number is
always limited to thirty or forty individuals. Five eggs
appear to be a full clutch. The birds migrate from here
about the end of February or early in March. — W. F.]

Family Muscicapib^e.

175. POLIOPTILA LACTEA.

Polioptila lactea Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 453
(1885 : South America) ; id. Hand-list B. iii. p. 242 (1901);
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 316 (1906).

Polioptila melanocephala Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 143.

608 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

a. S ad. Sapucay, April 8, 1904.

Bill black, slate-coloured below ; iris brown.

b, c. £ ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

Bill black ; feet very dark slate-coloured.

d. ? ad. Sapucay, July 26, 1904.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

The addition of these examples to the British Museum
was very welcome, as the exact habitat of the species was
previously unknown.

[This species is one of our very rare "monte" birds. I
know nothing whatever of its habits. — W. F]

Family Mimid^e.

176. MlMUS TRIURUS.

Calandria tres colas Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 237. no. ccxxiv.
(1805).

Turdus triurus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 275
(1818: Paraguay).

Mimus triurus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 342 (1881);
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 113 (Paraguay) j Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 317 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, July 31, 1904.

Bill, tarsi, and feet black ; iris whitish.

The amount of white on the secondaries appears to vary
a great deal. In this particular individual the dark pattern
is the predominating colour, while many others in the
British Museum have the secondaries nearly pure white.

[This species is rare with us here in Paraguay. I have
only seen it about half a dozen times in as many years, and
know practically nothing of its habits. — W. F]

Family Turdid;e.

177. Merula albicollis paraguayensis, subsp. nov.
Turdus albicollis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 227

(1818 : Brazil) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 209
(1881) ; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. AViss. Miinchen, xxii.
p. 618 (1906).

Birds of Paraguay. 609

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, April 19, 1903.

b. ? ad. „ May 25, 1903.

c. $ ad. „ June 12, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, buff below ; feet pale horn-
coloured ; iris pale brown.

d. e- S ; /• ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

Compared with the series in the collection of the British
Museum, I find these examples to differ from the true
M. albicollis Vieill. in being olive-brown above instead of
rufous brown, while the grey band across the throat is
paler and narrower, and the white on the middle of the
abdomen more extended, imparting a whiter appearance.
Bill blackish above, yellow below ; tarsi and feet hazel-
brown ; iris brown. Total length 9*9 inches, culmen 09,
wing 4'3, tail 34, tarsus 1"2.

I propose to separate this race under the name of M. albi-
collis paraguayensis.

[This bird is resident and not uncommon with us.
The large forests and the densely wooded hills of the
locality afford a perfect home for it. I have nothing to
add respecting the habits of these well-known birds. The
habits of the four Thrushes which occur with us are so
much alike that it is scarcely worth while to separate
them in the description — even the nest and eggs cannot be
identified, unless the parent bird is shot on the nest. —
W. F.]

178. Merula albiventer.

Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, £ , tab. lxix.
fig. 2 (1824 : Minas Geraes and Para) ; Seebohm, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. v. p. 216 (1881) ; id. Monogr. Turd. i. p. 257,
pi. 59 (1898) ; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Munchen,
xxii. p. 618 (1906) ; id. Nov. Zool. xv. p. 15 (1908).

Merula albiventer Sharpe, Hand-1. B. iv. p. 125 (1903) ;
Ihering, Kevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 316 (Paraguay).

Turdus metalophonus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 147.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 17, 1902.

b. o ad. „ November 30, 1902.

610 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

c. $ ad. Sapucay, June 11, 1903.

d. ? juv. Ybytirni, January 29, 1904.

I have compared these examples with thirty- five others
in the National Collection, from Colombia, Guiana, and
Brazil, and find that they differ slightly in having the entire
upper surface rufous olive-brown, brighter on the wings,
while the under parts are slightly more rufous. They do
not shew any tendency to the grey on the head, hind-neck,
and upper tail-coverts seen in the majority of the series
mentioned above. I do not, however, regard these minor
details as of specific value, and have followed Dr. Ihering
in placing T. metalophonus Bertoni, as a synonym of the
present species.

Two eggs, collected on October 27, 1903, are bluish-white,
blotched and spotted with pale chestnut over the entire
surface. In one of the specimens the chestnut is confluent
at the larger end. Axis 1*1 inch ; diameter 075.

179. Merula rufi venter.

Zorzal obscuro y roxo Azara, Apunt. i. p. 336. no. lxxix.
(1802).

Tardus rvfiventris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 226
(1818 : Brazil) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 113 (Paraguay) ;
Hellmayr. Abhandl. Akad, AViss, Muncheu, xxii. p. 617
(1906).

Merula rufiventer Sharpe, Haud-1. B. iv. p. 121 (1903) ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 316 (Paraguay).

a. $ juv. Sapucay, December 25, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ March 26, 1903.

Bill olive-green above, somewhat lighter below, a yellowish
stripe along the junction of each mandible ; feet pinky horn-
coloured ; iris brown.

c. cf ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

Bill yellowish green ; iris warm brown.

d. £ ad. Sapucay, March 24, 1904.

e. <$ ad. „ May 7, 1904.

Two eggs (October 11, 1903) are pale blue with lilac spots
much more thickly at the larger end, where they are formed

Birds of Paraguay. 6 1 1

more or less into a zone : axis 1*2 inch, diam. 085. The
second egg is paler blue and much more thickly spotted and
blotched with chestnut, becoming more dense towards the
large end, which is almost entirely covered : axis 1*25 inch,
diameter 0*85.

[The best singing bird in Paraguay. Nest firmly con-
structed of grass and mud, usually built in the fork of a tree
at an elevation of from 12 to 18 feet from the ground in dense
part of forest; 3-4 eggs in the clutch. The bird leaves the
nest when any person is passing, making its discovery easy.

There is no possible way of distinguishing the eggs and
nest of this bird from those of M. leucomelas or M. alb iv enter
other than by shooting the bird on the nest, as their nesting-
habits are identical.

This bird is resident and very common, living in the large
forests and searching for food on the ground. — W. F.~\

180. Merula amaurochalina.

Turdus amaurochalinus Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 5 (1850 :
Brazil); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 113 (Paraguay);
Hellmayr,Abbandl.Akad.Wiss. Miinchen, xxii.p. 618(1906).

Merula amaurochalina Sharpe, Hand-1. B. iv. p. 124 (1903).

Turdus leucomelas Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 213 ;
id. Monogr. Turd. i. p. 235, pi. 53. fig. 1 (1898).

a. $ ad. ; b, c, d. ? ad. et imm. Sapucay, April 1903.

e. $ imm. Sapucay, May 8, 1903.

Bill yellowish horn-coloured ; feet horn- coloured. ; iris
brown.

/. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 30, 1904.

g, h. £ ; i. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1904.

Two eggs obtained on December 23, 1902, are pale blue
with chestnut-brown spots and blotches, which become
confluent at the larger end, and underlying spots of lilac-
grey. Axis 1"15 inch; diameter 09.

Two eggs taken on October 3, 1903, are pale blue, sparsely
spotted and blotched with pale chestnut, more thickly at the
larger end, but the spots are not confluent. Axis l-05-l'l
inch ; diameter 0'8.

01 2 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Family Vireomid^e.

181. VlREO CHIVI.

Goviero Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 34. no. clii. (1805).

Sylvia chivi Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 174 (1817 :
Paraguay).

Vireo chivi Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 295 (1883) ;
Sharpe, Haud-list B. iv. p. 248 (1903); Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318 (Paraguay) ; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.
xv. p. 22 (1909).

Vireosylvia chivi Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 5, 114
(Lambare); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 123 (Lower Pilcomayo).

a, b. ? ad. Sapucay, October 1902.

Iris light brown.

c. <J ad. Sapucay, March 29, 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, pale blue below ; tarsi and feet
pale blue.

d, e,f. ? ; g. £ ad. Sapucay, March 1904.
h, i, k. d; I. ? ad. ,, August 1901.
to. $ ad. Sapucay, September 1, 1904.

These examples appear to be all fully adult, and differ
from each other only in the under tail-coverts, which are
bright sulphur-yellow in some to almost white in others; the
under wing-coverts vary in a similar manner.

The wing-measurements of the males are 2,8-3,0 inches,
females 27-2"95.

[This species is quite common in wooded districts and has
rather a pleasing call, with which different individuals answer
one another. It is in this way that specimens of the bird can
be most easily procured ; its habits of living in the thick
parts of the trees, hidden in the foliage, would otherwise
make it difficult to find, Mere it not for its call. — W. F.'\

182. Cyclorhis wiedi.

Cyclorhis wiedi Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 74, 137, 138 (1868 :
Mattogrosso : Parana) ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 88 ; Sharpe,
Hand-list B. iv. p. 258 (1903).

Cyclorhis ochrocephala Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxv. p. 140 (1902 : Sapucay); Thering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 318 (Paraguay).

Birds of Paraguay. G13

a. $ ad. Sapucay, April 21, 1904.

b. ? ad. „ June 2, 1904.

c. d. S ad. „ July 1904.

e. S ad. „ August 12, 1904.

Bill pinkish horn-coloured, paler below ; tarsi and feet
pale slate-blue; iris red.

[Resident and not uncommon in wooded districts; a
lively species, not at all concerned when watched, which will
let the observer approach closely without flying away. The
customs of all these birds are so much alike that it is hard
to decide what are peculiar to any one species. — W. F.~\

183. Pachysylvia pcecilotis.

Hylophilus poecilotis Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 173. fig. 2
(1823: Brazil); Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 308
(1883).

Pachysylvia poecilotis Sharpe, Hand-list B. iv. p. 254
(1903) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318 (Para-
guay).

Serpophaga sinnamocephala Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 125.

a, b. $ ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

c. S ad. Sapucay, April 30, 1904.

Bill pinky horn-coloured above, grey below ; tarsi and
feet pale bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

d. $ ad. Sapucay, June 6, 1904.
e,f. ? ad. „ July 1904.

Although Temminck's figure is by no means a good
representation of the bird, there can be no doubt whatever
that it was intended for this species.

The specimens sent by Mr. Foster are absolutely identical
with others, in the collection of the British Museum, from
South-east Brazil, and we are of opinion that the bird
described by Mr. Bertoni belongs to the present species, as
is suggested by Dr. Ihering.

[This species is resident but not common throughout the
heavily wooded region of Central Paraguay. A quiet shy
bird, this may account in a way for its apparent rareness. —
W. F.]

614 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Family Troglodytid.e.

184. Troglodytes musculus guarixa.

Troglodytes musculus Nauru.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus,
vi. p. 255 (1881) ; id. Hand-list B. iv. p. 88 (1903); Ober • .
holser, Proc. U S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 140 (190jf : Sapucay) ; M
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 317 (Paraguay). C

Troglodytes furvus Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 113 (Para-
guay).

Troglodytes musculus musculus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxvii. p. 202 (1904 : Paraguay).

Troglodytes musculus guarixa Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv.
p. 18 (1908).

a, b. <$ ad. Sapucay, October 1902.

Iris light brown.

c. $ ad. Sapucay, November 22, 1902.

d. ? ad. „ December 10, 1902.

e. ? ad. ,, March 4, 1901.

Bill horn-coloured, lower mandible paler; feet light
pinkish horn-coloured; iris brown.

Six eggs, collected on October 8, 1903, are pinky white in
colour, minutely dotted with a deeper tint, which become
much more dense and darker in colour at the larger end,
where it forms a zone. Axis 0'7 inch ; diameter 0"55.

A second clutch, obtained on November 16, 1903, is similar
as regards measurements, but darker in colour, and the
markings more evenly distributed over the entire surface.

[Resident and common through the central and southern
parts of Paraguay. It nests in any suitable place, but
usually in a hole. A favourite material for lining the nest
appears to be the scales from the leg of a fowl or the skin of
a snake. Two broods are hatched during the breeding-
season, and I am of opinion that on some occasions there
are three. — W. F.~]

Family Motacillidje.
185. Anthus lutescens.

Anthus lutescens Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vii. p. 343
(1855 : Brazil) ; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 307 (1906).

Birds of Paraguay. 615

Anthus rufus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 606 (1885).

Anthus parous Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 130 (Para-
guay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, June 19, 1904.

Bill dark horn-coloured, lower mandible pinkish; iris
brown.

Family Mniotiltice.

186. Basileutertjs leucoblepharus.
Contramaestre Azara, Apuut. ii. p. 40. no. cliii. (1805).
Sylvia leucoblephara Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi.

p. 206 (1817 : Paraguay).

Basileuterus leucoblepharus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x.
p. 400 (1885) j Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 114 (Paraguay) ;
Iheriug, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318 (Paraguay).

Basileuterus leucoblepharus calus Oberholser, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xiv. p. 188 (1901 : Sapucay) ; id. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 141 (1902).

a, b. ? ad. Sapucay, October 1902.

Bill black ; feet buff; iris light brown.

c. £ ad. Sapucay, November 28, 1902.

d, e. ? ad. „ March 1903-04.

/, g, h. ? ; i. £ ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

Feet pinkish yellow.

k. <$ ad. Sapucay, May 7, 1904.

/. ? ad. „ June 30, 1904.

m. S ad. „ August 22, 1904.

[This species is resident and fairly common through the
thickly wooded parts of the country, living entirely on the
ground. Tt is a matter-of-fact little bird taking no notice of
anyone, busy with its own affairs, and will feed right up to
the feet of the observer if he will but remain quiet. — TV. F.~\

187. Basileuterus auricapillus.

Contramaestre coronado Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 44. no. cliv.
(1805).

Setophaga aurocapilla Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 293
(1837: Brazil).

616 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Basileuterus auricapillus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x.
p. 393; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 114 (Paraguay) ; Kerr,
Ibis, 189.2, p. 123 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; Oherholser, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 141 (1902: Sapucay); Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 10, 1902.

b, c. S ad. >> December 1902.
d, e. S ad. „ February 1904.
/. S ad. „ March 16, 1904.

Bill horn-coloured, lighter below ; tarsi and feet yellowish
horn-coloured ; iris brown.

g. ? ad. Sapucay, April 9, 1903.

h, i. ? ad. „ July 1904.

I do not observe, in comparing this series of individuals,
that they ai'e darker above, but notice that the under surface
is brighter and clearer yellow.

Having taken the wiug-measurements of the entire series
in the collection of the British Museum, I find that the
northern form from British Guiana, Trinidad, aud Colombia
is slightly larger.

[This species is fairly common throughout Paraguay.
There is nothing peculiar about its habits. — W. F.~\

188. PARULA P1TIAYUMI.

Pico de punzon celeste de pecho oro Azara, Apunt. i. p. 421.
no. cix. (1802).

Sylvia pitiayumi Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 276
(1817 : Paraguay).

Parula pitiayumi Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 259,
pi. xi. fig. 1 (1885).

Cornpsothhjpis pitiayumi Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 113
(Paraguay); Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 318
(Paraguay).

Com psothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi Oberholser, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 143 (1902).

a. S imm. Sapucay, February 3, 1904.

b, c. S ? ad. „ March 1903.

Birds of Paraguay. G17

Bill black above, yellow below ; feet buff ; iris brown.

d-h. ? ad. Sapucay, 1903-04.

Bill horn-coloured above, buff below ; feet yellowish
horn-coloured.

i, k. $ ad. Sapucay, May 1904.

/. $ ad. „ August 28, 1904.

The female differs from the male chiefly in its slightly
smaller size and in the absence of the black on the lores and
the ring round the eye.

[This species is resident and can be found in all the
forests, even close to Asuncion. It is a pretty little bird,
quick and lively in its movements, and by no means shy. I
have met with it during most months of the year, but I have
never been able to discover its nest. This is not to be
wondered at when one looks over the hundreds of square
miles of forest ; it seems well-nigh impossible to find any
nest at all., particularly one belonging to a not very
abundant species. — W. F.~\

189. Geothlypis velata.

Contramaestre verde pecho de oro Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 54.
no. civ. (1805).

Sylvia velata Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 22, pi. lxxiv.
(1807).

Geothlypis velata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 3C3,
pi. ix. fig. 5.

Geothlypis canicapilla (Swains.) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 114 (Paraguay).

Geothlypis aquinoctialis velata Oberholser, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 142 (1902).

a, b. $ ? ad. Sapucay, November 1902.

c, d. S ; e. ? ad. „ March 1904.

f,g. S I ad. „ April 1903.

Bill black above, lighter below ; feet pinky light brown ;
iris brown.

h} i, k. (J ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

/. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1, 1904.

Three eggs; collected on November 13, 1904, have the

618 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

ground-colour white, dotted and blotched with chestnut-
brown, clustered more particularly round the larger end,
where it forms an irregular zone ; the underlying spots are
paler and more of a lilac colour. Measurements : axis
0'7 inch ; diameter 055.

[Nest built in tangled undergrowth in monte, elevation of
about six feet, and constructed of loose soft swamp-grass in a
dry state ; three eggs in clutch. This species is by no means
uncommon. Resident and generally distributed. — W. F.~\

Family Cozrebid^:.

190. Dacnis cayana.

Motucilla cayana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 336 (17GG :
Mexico).

Pico de punzon celeste y negro Azara, Apunt. i. p. 408.
no. ciii. (1802).

Dacnis cayana Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 19
(1886) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319 (Para-
guay)-

Dacnis cyanomelas (Gm.) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 114
(Paraguay).

Dacnis cayana cayana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 26
(1909: Goiaz).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, December 2, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ March 16, 1904.

c. d, e. S; f,g, h. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

Bill horn-coloured ; feet pale pinkish horn-coloured ; iris
ruby-brown.

i. <$ ad. Sapucay, May 29, 1904.

k—q. J1 ad. et imm.; r. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

s. <$ imm.; t. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

u, v. S ? ad. Sapucay, August 1901.

Having compared this series of ten male specimens with
forty-seven others, in the National Collection, from various
localities throughout the known range/ 1 have come to the
conclusion that the so-called Dacnis cayana is divisible into
four races or subspecies : —

Birds of Paraguay. 619

(1) D. cay ana ultramarina Lawr., from Eastern Nicaragua to
Panama, which is distinguished by its more blue appearance.
(2) D. cayana glaucogularis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, from
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, which differs in
having more green on the throat. (3) D. cayana cayana, from
Guiana and Trinidad, which is rather smaller in size, with a
somewhat larger black patch on the throat. (4) D. cayana
paraguay ensis, from Paraguay, Matto Grosso, and S.E. Brazil,
distinguished by its larger size and large black throat-patch.

The specimens from Chiriqui, whence Mr. Bangs described
D. cayana callaina, are very similar to D. cayana glauco-
yularis and scarcely to be distinguished from that race.

[Resident and fairly common in the large forests of this
district. I have at times met with it on the very edge of
the woods. It is very hard to find out anything positive about
our Paraguayan wood-birds. The montes are so dense and
gloomy that in the first place it is difficult to see them, and
then when disturbed a flight of a few yards will take them
beyond the vision of the hunter. The woods are so thick
and tangled with fallen trees, where the vines bind all to-
gether into one almost impassable mass, that it is impossible
to follow a bird for any distance, and the mere fact of
breaking through the undergrowth would frighten it into
silence, while without movement on the part of the birds it
is quite hopeless to try and distinguish them in the changing
lights and shadows of the forest. The only hope is to
remain perfectly motionless, when first one and then another
will betray its presence by some movement. — W. F.~\

191. Dacnis speciosa.

Pico de punzon verde bianco cabeza celeste Azara, Apuut
i. p. 416. no. cvi., female (1802).

Pico de punzon azul y bianco azulejo Azara, torn, cit
p. 418. no. cvii., young female.

Sylvia speciosa Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. iii. p. 708 (1831 :
Bahia) .

Dacnis speciosa Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 26 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 114 (Paraguay).

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 T

620 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Ateleudacnis speciosa Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxv. p. 140.

a, b. <$ ad. Sapucay, March 1904.

c, d, e. S ? ad. et imm. Sapucay, April 1903.

/, g. $ ad. ; h, i. ? ad. „ July 1904.

k, I. $ ? ad. Sapucay, August 7, 1904.

Bill black above, paler below at base ; tarsi and feet
purplish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

[A rare but resident bird with us in this district. A
pair were shot together in the month of August, so they
are probably among the early nesters. They inhabit the
large forests and never go on to the open camp. 1 know
nothing of the nesting-habits. — W. F.~\

Family Procniatid^e.

192. Procnias viridis.

Procnias viridis Tllig. ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. p. 70
(1889) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. v. p. 353 (1909).

Procnias carulea Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 243 ; id. J. f. O.
1887, p. 130; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319
(Paraguay).

Procnias tersa Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 50 (1886).

( helidorhamphus orhycterus Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Para-
guay, p. 102.

Tersina carulea Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv.
p. 598 (1908) .

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 20, 1902.

Family Tanagrid^e.

193. Chlorophonia chlorocapilla.

Tanagra viridis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 426
(1819 : South America).

Chlorophonia viridis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 54 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p, 130 (Paraguay) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319 (Paraguay).

Chlorophonia chlorocapilla Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxv. p. 144 (1902).

Birds of Paraguay. 621

Chlorophonia viridiceps Sharpe, Hand-list B. v. p. 30-4
(1909).

a. ? imm. Sapucay, February 28, 1904.

b, c, d. S ad. „ June 1904.

e,f. ? ; g. $ ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

h. $ ad. Sapucay, August 1904.

i, k. <J ? ad. „ September 3, 1904.

cJ . Bill black above, grey below; tarsi and feet purplish
brown ; iris brown.

[ Rather a rare bird with us here in Paraguay. I have
met with it during the mouths of February, June, July,
August, and September. Since it is met with as early as
September and remains as late as February, I should be
inclined to consider it resident. — W. F.]

194. EUPHONIA SERRIROSTRIS.

Euphonia serrirostris d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 30
(1837) ; d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. p. 267, pi. xxi.
figs. 2, 3 (Santa Cruz, Bolivia).

Euphonia chlorotica (part.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p 64.

Euphonia chlorotica serrirostris Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 6 (Lambare) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista_, vi. p. 319
(Paraguay).

a. £ ad. Sapucay, November 16, 1902.

195. Euphonia violaceicollis.

Acroleptes violaceicollis Cab. J.f. O. 1865, p. 409 (Brazil).
Euphonia chlorotica (Linn.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xi. p. 64 (part).

a. £ ad. Sapucay, February 27, 1904.

Bill black above, dark slate-coloured below ; tarsi and feet
black ; iris brown.

b. S imm- Sapucay, March 23, 1904.

c. S; d, e. ? ad. Sapucay, April 8, 1904.
f,g. S; h,i. ?ad. „ ' July 1904.

k. S; l,m. ? ad. „ August 26, 1904.

n. <3 ad. Sapucay, September 7, 1904.

2t2

622 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

This species appears to be new to the avifauna of Para-
guay.

[These birds are undoubtedly resident with us, as I have
obtained specimens from February to September. They live
in the tops of the tallest trees and are hard to shoot, owing
to the difficulty of seeing them. — W. F.]

196. EUPHONIA VIOLACEA AL'RANTIICOLLIS.

Tanagra violacea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 314 (1766 : Brazil).

Euphonia violacea Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 74 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319 (Paraguay).

Euphonia auranliicollis Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 94.

a. <$ imm. Sapucay, March 22, 1904.

b. S ad. „ April 23, 1903.

Bill black above, dark slaty below ; tarsi and feet dark
slate-coloured; iris brown.

c. $ imm.; d. ? ad. Sapucay, May 1904.
e~y- <$', h, i. ? ad. ,, June 1904.

L <J ad. Sapucay, July 29, 1904.

/, m. $ ad. „ August 1904.

n. ? ad. „ September 12, 1904.

Having compared this series with a large number of both
males and females of this bird in the collection of the British
Museum, I find that the Paraguay form is slightly larger
than that of Guiana ( $ , wing 2*4 to 2*6 inches ; ? , 2*4 to
2*55), with less violet colour in the plumage and more
bottle-green. I agree, therefore, in the separation of the
northern and southern forms as suggested by Mr. C. E.
Hellmayr (cf. Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 356 ; xiv. p. 6).

[This bird is also resident. I have met with it during
every month from March to September, and it is then too
late for migrating. The habits of all the birds of this genus
are similar, the fruit of the Palo bianco attracting them
day after day to the same locality, and in the morning when
hungry they are more careless and may be shot. I have
never found the nest of a single species of this group, and
know nothing about their nesting-habits. — W. F.~\

Birds of Paraguay. 623

197. EUPHONIA PECTORALIS.

Pipra pectoralis Lath. Ind. Orn., Suppl. p. lviii (1801 :
Brazil) .

Euphonia pectoralis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 80 ;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319 (Paraguay).

Euphonia berlepschiana Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 98.

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 29, 1904.

b, c. (J ad. „ July 1904.

Bill black above, grey below, black at tip ; tarsi and feet
dark slate-coloured ; iris brown.

These examples are identical with others in the National
Collection from Brazil. I agree, therefore, with Dr. Ihering
in uniting E, berlepschiana of Bertoni with the present
species.

[A very rare bird; one was shot while feeding on the
fruit of the Palo bianco in July 1904 and another during
March of the same year. — W. F.~\

198. Euphonia nigricollis.

Lindo azul y oro cabeza celeste Azara, Apunt. i. p. 390.
no. xcviii. (1802).

Tanagra nigricollis Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii.
p. 412(1819).

Euphonia nigricollis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 61 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 114 (Paraguay) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 319 (Paraguay).

a, b. $ ? ad. Sapucay, April 1904.

c, d. $ ; e. ? ad. Sapucay, May 1904.

f.g. S; h,i. ? ad. „ June 1904.

S . Bill black above, grey below ; tarsi and feet purplish
slate-coloured ; iris brown.

This species appears to me to be divisible into three races —
Paraguay form, Ecuador form, and Guiana form. The male
examples from Paraguay are of a darker orange-colour on the
under surface ; E. nigricollis nigricollis, the northern or Guiana
form, is of a somewhat paler orange-colour below, being in-
termediate between E. nigricollis nigricollis and E. nigricollis

624 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

pelzelni of Berlepsch, which latter is the Ecuador race. This
may be called E. nigricollis intermedia. It should be men-
tioned, however, that the Guiana form occurs also in Peru.

[Another of our rare birds which I have met with only
during April, May, and June. — W. F.~]

199. PlPRIDEA MELANONOTA.

Pico de punzon azul y canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 413.
no. civ. (1802).

Tanagra melanonota Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii.
p. 407 (1819: Brazil).

Pipridea melanonota Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 92 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 114 (Paraguay) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320 (Paraguay).

a, b. S ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

<$ . Bill black above, slate-coloured below ; tarsi and feet
black ; iris brown.

c, d, e. <$ ; f,g. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

h,i. S; M- ? ad. „ July 1904.

m, n, o. d ; p. $ ad. „ August 1904.

There are specimens in the British Museum from Ecuador
which are darker on the upper back than P. melanonota, and
pale buff or cream-coloured on the under surface, instead
of cinnamon rufous as in that species. Total length 5"0
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*2, tail 2 0, tarsus 0'7. This form
appears to be P. melanonota venezuelensis, Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 92 part. (Hellmayr in litt.).

[This species is resident, and owing to its quick flight and
loud chiriping can generally be secured, as it so foolishly
makes its presence known to all the world. The female is
more shy, apparently much scarcer. This bird is only met
with in the large forests and never near the edge. — W. F.~\

200. Calospiza pretiosa.

Lindo precioso Azara, Apunt. i. p. 381. no. xcv., <$
(1802).

Lindo verde f rente de canela Azara, torn. cit. p. 388. no.
xcvii., ? .

Birds of Paraguay. 625

Callispiza preciosa Cab. Mus. Heiu. i. p. 27 (1850 :
Rio Grande).

Calliste pretiosa Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 114 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115 (Paraguay).

Calospiza pretiosa Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 320 (Paraguay).

tt-e. S \ f-h. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1901.

i, k. £ ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

Bill blackish, paler at base below ; tarsi and feet dark
brown ; iris brown.

[I could not say positively whether this species is resi-
dent in Paraguay or not, as I have only met with it during
the months of June, July, and August. The male is much
more common (or careless) than the female, but the pro-
portion of males to females is very badly balanced. The
large forests are the only places in which they can be met
with. I have never found the nest. — W. jP.]

201. Calospiza flava chloroptera.

Lindo hello Azara, Apunt. i. p. 387. no. xcvi. (1802).

Tanagra chloroptera Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii.
p. 407 (1819: Brazil).

Tanagra formosa Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 407
(1819 : Paraguay).

Calospiza flava chloroptera Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 27
(1908).

a. (J ad. Sapucay, May 4, 1903.

Bill black above, grey below ; tarsi and feet dark slate-
coloured ; iris brown.

h. ? ad. Sapucay, June 3, 1904.

c. $ ad. „ September 13, 1904.

[A very rare bird indeed ; I know nothing positive about
W.—W. F.]

202. Tanagra sayaca.

Tanagra sayaca Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 316 (1766 : Brazil) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 158 ; Berlepsch, J. f. O.
1887, pp. 6, 115 (Lambare', nest and eggs) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320 (Paraguay).

626 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Lindo saihobi Azara, Apunt. i. p. 370. no. xcii. (1802).

«,£.(?? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

$ . Bill horn-coloured above, slate-coloured below ; feet
bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown. [Shot in a banana
plantation.]

c. S ad. Sapucay, July 31, 1904.

Three eggs, collected on October 8, 1903, are greenish
white in colour, heavily blotched with brown and with smaller
markings of pale lilac. Axis 0'9-l*0 inch; diameter 0*65.

Two eggs, obtained on November 7, 1902, are similar in
colour, but not so heavily blotched. Axis 08-1 *0 inch;
diameter 0'65.

Mr. Foster was very strongly of opinion that the specimens
enumerated below belonged to a different species from
T. sayaca, as he found that both forms bred in the same
district. It may be, of course, that the bird does not put
on the full-plumaged dress until the second year, which
■would account lor its breeding in the so-called immature
plumage.

a. <$ imm. Ybytimi, January 31, 1904.

b. ? imm. Sapucay, March 30, 1904.

c. d. ? ad. „ April 18, 20, 1904.
e. S ad. „ May 8, 1904.

/. ? ad. „ June 21, 1904.

g. ? ad. „ August 30, 1904.

[This bird is resident and generally distributed. Nest
firmly constructed of moss and twigs lined with fine grass.
Three eggs form a clutch. I am of opinion that the birds
pair for life, as the same nesting-place is used year after year ;
a solitary tree is selected when possible ; one brood only is
re?red in a season. — W. F.]

203. Phohnicothraupis rubica.

Habia roxiza Azara, Apunt. i. p. 351. no. lxxxv. (1802).

Saltator rubicus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 107
(1817 : Paraguay.)

Phcenicothraupis rubica Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 196; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115 (Paraguay);

Birds of Paraguay. 627

Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 143 (1902 :
Sapucay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320
(Paraguay).

a, b, c. £ ? ad. Sapucay, September 26, 1902.

cJ. Bill blackish; tarsi and feet pale shining horn-
coloured; iris brown.

d. <$ ad. Sapucay, November 22, 1902.

e. S ad. „ April 1904.
/. <J ad. „ May 5, 1904.
g. ? ad. „ June 6, 1904.

h, i. £ ; k, I. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.

m-p. c? ad. etimm. „ August 1904.

The first plumage of the young male is similar to that of
the female, but slightly darker, and the first indication of the
sexual difference is seen in the brighter and more orange-
coloured feathers of the crest, also in the golden-brown
feathers of the chin and throat.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the large
forest. The few notes it utters are loud and distinctive, and
serve to make its presence known, as it is not shy. It is
solitary except during the breeding-season, when it is met
with in pairs. — TV. F.]

204. Tachyphonus coronatus.

Tordo coronado y negro Azara, A punt. i. p. 328. no. lxxvii.
(1802).

Agelaius coronatus Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 711 (1822 :
Paraguay) .

Tachyphonus coronatus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xi
p. 213.

Tachiphonus coronatus Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 320 (Paraguay).

a. cJ ad. Sapucay, October 8, 1902.

b, c. S imm. Sapucay, April 1903.

Bill black, paler below at base ; feet black ; iris ruby-brown.
d, e. S ? ad. Sapucay, May 1903.
/-/. S ? ad. „ June 1904.

m. <$ ad. „ July 2, 1904.

628 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

[I have met with this species only during the months of
June and July, and therefore cannot say whether it is resident
or not. It is generally found along the borders of the
forest, where the swampy ground comes close up to the
edge. — W. F.]

205. Trichothraupis melanops,

Lindo pardo y canela alas y cola negras Azara, Apunt. i.
p. 396. no. c, ? (1802).

Lindo pardo copete amarillo Azara, torn. cit. p. 398.
no. ci., $ .

Muscicapa melanops Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi.
p. 452 (1818: Paraguay).

Tachyphonus quadricolor Vieill. op. cit. xxxii. p. 359
(1819: Brazil).

Trichothraupis quadricolor Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 220 (1886) ; Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv.
p. 143 (1902 : Sapucay).

Trichothraupis melanops Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115
(Paraguay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320
(Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, October 15, 1902.

b, c. $ imm., $ ad. Sapucay, March 1903.
Bill and feet bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

d-m. <$ ad. et imm. ; n-r. $ ad. Sapucay, April 1903-04.

s-t. S ? aQ- Sapucay, May 1903.

The young male is similar to the female, but distinguished
by the vertical yellow crest, which is obscurely shown
compared with that of the adult bird.

[This species is resident and common everywhere, even in
the small montes of second growth close to Asuncion — in
fact, it appears to be one of the most abundant of our forest-
birds. 1 have met with it in flocks of from six to a dozen
individuals. — W. F.~\

206. Pyrrhocoma ruficeps.

Tachyphonus ruficeps Strickland. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist,
xiii. p. 419 (1844: Brazil).

Birds of Paraguay. 629

Pyrrhocoma rufceps Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 196
(1882) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 222 (1886) ;
Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 144 (1902:
Sapucay); Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322
(Paraguay).

a-d. $ ad. etimm. ; e,f. $ ad. Sapucay, April 1903-0 I.
$ . Bill black above, cream-coloured below ; feet dark
slate-coloured ; iris brown.

g, h. ad. et imm.; i. ? ad. Sapucay, May 1904.

k, I. <$ ; m. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

n, o,p, q. $ ad. et imm. Sapucay, July 1904.

The young male in its first plumage is like the female, and
the first appearauce of the male attire is shown by the grey
on the abdomen, by a few chestnut-coloured feathers on the
throat, and by the appearance of slate-grey on the scapulars.

[Another species which is by no means uncommon in the
dense forests of the Central region of Paraguay. J have
never met with it in the southern provinces, but here it is
quite at home. A quick able bird, its dark plumage would
be a good protection if it could only keep quiet for a time,
but that seems impossible, and the result is that it can easily
be shot.— W. F.]

207. Nemosia pileata paraguayensis, subsp. n.

Tanagra pileata Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 45 (1783) [ex
d'Aubent. Tangara a co'effe noire, de Cayenne, pi. 720. fig. 2,
male].

Pico de punzon negro azul y bianco Azara, Apunt. i. p. 414.
no. cv., S (1802).

Pico de punzon azul y bianco Azara, torn. cit. p. 423.
no. ex., ? .

Nemosia pileata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 223;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 7, 115 (Lambare) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, March 18, 1903.

b. $ ; c, d. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

^ . Bill black ; tarsi and feet orange ; iris yellow.
e. S ad. Sapucay, May 2, 1904.

630 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

The specimens from Paraguay are similar in colour
of plumage to those of N. pileata Bodd. from Guiana, but
differ in that they are larger in every respect. Total length
56 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*05, tail 20, tarsus 0*75. I
propose, therefore, that the Paraguay form be designated
Nemosia pileata paraguayensis.

[This species is by no means common. I know nothing
special about its habits. — W. F.~]

208. Nemosia fosteri.

Nemosia fosteri Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xv. p. 96
(1905) ; id. Hand-list B. v. p. 396 (1909).

a-e. <? ad. et. imm.; f-i. ? ad. Sapucay, March 1903-04.

k, I. (J ad.et imm.; m-p. ? ad. Sapucay, April 1903-01.

£ . Bill horn-coloured above, orange below ; tarsi and
feet dark slate-coloured ; iris brown.

q. <J ad. Sapucay, May 5, 1904.

r. S imm. „ June 20, 1904.

Male. The chief differences which distinguish Nemosia
fosteri from N. guira are the wide yellow superciliary streaks
and frontal band, the deeper-coloured chestnut on the upper
breast and lower back, and the more yellow abdomen ; the
under tail-coverts of the type are tinged with chestnut.
Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2'75, tail 22,
tarsus 0*7.

Female. Olive-yellow above, slightly more yellow on the
upper tail-coverts; under surface pale yellow, including
the under tail-coverts; sides of body and flanks inclining
to grey; under wing-coverts white. Total length 50 inches,
culmen 0*6, wing 2*45, tail 1*95, tarsus 0-7.

Young male in first plumage. Like the female, but brighter ;
the first appearance of the male dress may be recognised by
the tinge of chestnut on the breast and lower back, and also
by the mixture of black feathers on the throat.

[This species is not uncommon in the dense forests of
the district, its bright yellow body and black head making
it very conspicuous. It is a lively and restless bird and not
by any means shy. The males and females are fairly well
balanced in number, but I have never seen them together. —
W. F.]

Birds of Par ay nay. 031

209. Arremon polionotus.

Arremon polionotus Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 488 (1850 :
Corrientes) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 278; Ber-
lepsch, J. £. O. 1887, p. 115 (Paraguay) ; Ihering, Re vista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 320 (Paraguay); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.
xiii. p. 311 (1906).

Arremon callistus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
xiv. p. 188 (1901: Sapucay); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv.
p. 145 (1902) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. v. p. 334 (1909).

Arremon polionotus polionotus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii.
p. 311 (1906: Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, August 18, 1904.

Bill blackish above, deep orange-red below ; tarsi and feet
pale brown ; iris brown.

According to Mr. Foster, this is a very rare bird at
Sapucay.

210. Cissopis MAJOR.

Cissopis major Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 144 (1851 : Brazil) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 300; Berlepsch, J. £. O.
1887, p. .130 (Paraguay); Ihering, Eevista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 320 (Paraguay); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxxv. p. 594 (1908).

Brachyrhamphus elegans Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay,
p. 46 (1901).

a, b. $ ? ad. Sapucay, July 21, 1904.

Bill and feet black ; iris golden yellow.

The individuals received from Paraguay are quite similar
to examples of Cissopis major Cabanis. I have, therefore,
followed Dr. Ihering and Mr. C. W. Richmond in uniting the
Brachyrhamphus elegans of Bertoni with the present species.

[A very rare bird with us here. I have only met with
it twice during my stay in Paraguay. — IV. F.~]

211. GUIRACA CYANEA.

Loxia cyanea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 303 (1766).

Pico grueso azulejo Azara, Apunt. i. p. 438. no. cxviii.
(1802).

Guiraca cyanea Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115 (Paraguay) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 71 (1888).

632 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Cyanocompsa ci/anea Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 321 (Paraguay).

Cyanocompsa sterea Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxv. p. 146 (1902: Sapucay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, May 30, 1903.

b. ? ad. „ June 26, 1904.

c. d, e. <J ad. et imm. ; /, g. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.
h, i. <$ ad. et imm. Sapucay, August 1901.

Having compared this series with more than forty other
individuals of Guiraca cyanea in the British Museum, I
find the specimens to be identical. There appears to be no
evidence, therefore, to support the validity of Cyanocompsa
sterea Oberholser. The size of the bill is, without doubt,
a variable character in this species, as even two of the
immature male specimens from Paraguay shew considerable
variation from each other, and there are many instances of
this kind in the large collection which I have consulted.

[The young males of this species do not change to full
adult male plumage until the autumnal moult of the second
year after birth. That is to say, the birds are some eighteen
months old before assuming the full adult plumage. — W. F. |

212. Guiraca glaucocyerulea.

Pico grueso azul Azara, Apunt. i. p. 440. no. cxix. (1802).

Pyrrhula gluucocarulea d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag.
de Zool. 1837, p. 85 (Maldonado) ; d'Orb. Voy. Amer.
Merid., Ois. pi. 50. fig. 2.

Guiraca glaucoceerulea Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115
(Paraguay) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 75.

Cyanoloxias glaucocarulea Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxv. p. 146 (1902: Sapucay); Ihering, Revista Mas.
Paulista, vi. p. 321 (Paraguay).

a. J ad. Sapucay, September 28, 1902.

b. <$ imm. Sapucay, March 26, 1903.

Bill black, dark slate-coloured below ; feet black ; iris
brown.

c-h. <$ ad. etimm.; i. $ ad. Sapucay, June 1903-04.
k, I, m. c? ad. et imm.; n. ? ad. Sapucay, July 1904.
o, p. £ ; q. ? ad. Sapucay, August 1904.
r. £ ad.; s. S imm. Sapucay, September 1904.

Birds of Paraguay. 633

Adult female. General colour of the upper parts brown,
somewhat paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts blackish with rufous margins ; quills and tail-feathers
blackish brown; entire under surface rufous brown, some-
what paler on the throat and middle of abdomen ; bill
blackish above, pinkish grey below; tarsi and feet very dark
brown ; iris brown. Total length 5*6 inches, culrncn 045,
wing 2-75, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-8.

[This species, like G. cyanea, I have met with during the
months May to September. Its habits are also similar, so
far as I know at present, and the same remarks about the
plumage apply to this bird. — W. F.]

213. Sporophila melanocephala.

Pico grueso cejita blanca Azara, Apunt. i. p. 448 no. exxiv.
(180.2).

Coccothraustes melanocephala Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xiii. p. 542 (1817: Paraguay).

Spermophila melanocephala Sliarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 118 ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125 (Fortin Page).

Sporophila melanocephala melanocephala Hellmayr, Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1904, p. 533.

Sporophila melanocephala Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi. p. 321 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, June 11, 1904.

Bill and feet dark horn-coloured ; iris brown.

h, c. ? ad. Sapucay, August 1904.

Bill and feet dark vandyke-brown.

d. ^ ad. Sapucay, September 6, 1904.

Bill blackish brown ; iris brown.

The female is distinguished from the male chiefly by the
absence of the black on the head, sides of face, and collar
on the fore-neck, also by the absence of the rufous collar
on the hind-neck. Total length 4'9 inches, culmen 0'4,
wing 235, tail 2"1, tarsus 0*65.

[A very rare bird with us, although I have seen one in a
cage at Asuncion. It had been caught in the Chaco close to
Asuncion, and was offered for sale in the market there. It

634 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

was purchased by a lady "who declined to part with it. I
always considered this species as one of our rare birds and
was rather keen on acquiring it. — W.F.~]

214. Sporophila pileata paraguayensis, subsp. nov.
Male. Allied to S. pileata, but differs in having the

entire upper surface, except the black head, olive-brown or
ashy brown instead of pinkish buff, the under parts pearly
white including the under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts,
instead of rosy buff. Total length 42 inches, culmen 0*35,
wing 2*15, tail 155, tarsus 06.

Female. Yellowish brown above, somewhat paler on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; under surface ochreous buff;
under wing-coverts white. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen
0*3, wing 1*95, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*55.

a. <? ad. Sapucay, March 24, 1903.
Bill black; feet black; iris brown.

b. $ ad. Sapucay, March 25, 1903.

Upper mandible horn-coloured, lower mandible cream-
coloured ; feet horn-coloured ; iris brown.

c. S imm. Sapucay, March 23, 1904.

Bill black, lower mandible horn-coloured ; feet black ; iris
brown.

215. Sporophila hypoxantha.

Pico grueso pardo y canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 445.
no. exxii. (1802).

Sporophila hypoxantha Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 150, note
(1851: Montevideo); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 7,115
(Lambare) ; Hellmayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1904,
p. 527 ; Ihering, Bevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 321 (Para-
guay).

a. £ ad. Sapucay, March 21, 1904.

Bill and feet very dark horn-coloured.

216. Sporophila ruficollis.

Sporophila ruficollis Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 150, note, ex
Licht. (1850).

Spermophila ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 140.

Birds of Paraguay. ChV>

a. J iram. Sapucay, March 21, 1904.
Bill horn-coloured, lower inaudible lighter ; feet black ;
iris brown.

[Shot in the open camp. — W. F.]

218. Sporophila c.erulescens.

Pico grueso gargantilla Azara, Apunt. i. p. 452. no. cxxv.
(1802).

Pyrrhula c amies cens Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1022
(1823: Brazil).

Sporophila carulescens Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 115
(Paraguay).

Spermophila ccerulesceiis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 126.

a, b, c. <$ ad. et imm. Sapucay, October 1902.

d. $ ad. Sapucay, February 2, 1904.

e,f. S ? ad. „ March 1903-04.

g. ? ad. „ May 4, 1904

h. S ad. „ June 17, 1904.

i. S ad. „ July 17, 1904.

k. <£ ad. „ September 1, 1904.

Bill pale grey ; feet and toes dark brown ; iris brown.

[This species is resident with us, but is by no means
common. It is generally to be met with in the scrubby
growth along the banks of the small streams flowing
through the open camps, where there is an abundance of
small seeding plants. It must nest in the matted tufts of
grass, as it is always to be found in the open, but I have
never met with the nest. — W. F.]

219. Chrysomitris icterica.

Gafarron Azara, Apunt. i. p. 483. no. cxxxiv, (1802).

Fringilla icterica Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 26 (1823 : Sao
Paulo, Brazil).

Chrysomitris icterica Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 116
(Paraguay) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 217.

Spinus icterica Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322
(Paraguay) .

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 U

636 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Spinus ictericus campestris Hellrnayr, Abhandl. AkacT. \\ iss.
Miinchen, xxii. p. 680.

a, b. S ad. Sapucay, July 29, 1904.

Bill, tarsi, and feet blackish ; iris brown.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, August 18, 1904.

These individuals, which are in fully adult plumage, agree
both in measurements and colour of plumage with the series
in the National Collection.

[This species is very rare with us here in Paraguay, and
I am not acquainted with its habits. — W. F.~\

220. Sycalis pelzelni.

Chuy Azara, Apunt. i. p. 479. no. cxxxiii. (1802).

Sycalis pelzelni Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 42 (Cuyaba) ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 10, 116 (Lambare) ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 380; Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxv. p. 146 (1902 : Sapucay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a. c? ad. Ybytimi, January 31, 1904.

b. S ad. „ February 9, 1904.

c. d, S ad. ; e,f, g. ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

<$ . Bill, tarsi, and feet light pinky horn-coloured ; iris
brown.

h. $ ad. Sapucay, July 29, 1904.

i, k. ? ; /. S ad. Sapucay, August 1904.

m, S ad. Sapucay, September 6, 1904.

The two specimens from Ybytimi obtained in January and
February are in very worn plumage, and have evidently just
passed through the breeding-season. The collector has sexed
them both as males, but I am of opinion that the example
obtained in January is a female; he has also marked them
both as immature, which must be a mistake, of course.

[This species is resident and fairly common through the
open camp lands. It is exclusively a ground-feeder. I have
not found the nest yet, as the dense matted grasses, some-
times brea3t high, form excellent cover for the birds, and
their only enemies would be snakes and small ground
mammals. — W. F.]

Birds of Paraguay. 637

221. Myiospiza manimbe.

Man.imheAza.ra., Apunt. i. p. 525. no. cxli. (1802).

Fringilla manimbe Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 25 (1823 : Bahia).

Coturniculus manimbe Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 9, 116
(Lambare).

Ammodromus manimbe Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 691.

Myiospiza manimbe Oberholscr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxv. p. 146 (1902 : Sapucay) ; Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay) • Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii.
p. 353 (1906).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, November 21, 1902.

b. $ ad. „ December 2, 1902.

c. Juv. „ February 16, 1904.

d. Juv. „ March 22, 1904.

e. f. S ad. „ June 1904.

Bill blackish above, pinky grey below ; tarsi and feet pale
horn-coloured ; iris brown.

The young bird in March has blackish spots on the lower
throat, breast, and sides of body; the feathers of the back
and wings are black with paler margins.

[The habits of this species are so similar to those of
Brachyspiza pileata, except that the former nests in the
grass and low shrubs more than about houses, that what
applies to the one would also serve for the other. — W. F.]

222. Brachyspiza pileata.

Emberiza pileata Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 23 (1783).

Chingolo Azara, Apunt. i. p. 492. no. cxxxv. (1802).

Zonotrichia pileata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 9, 116
(Lambare) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 610.

Brachyspiza capensis capensis Oberholser, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxv. p. 146 (1902 : Sapucay).

Brachyspiza capensis Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi.
p. 322 (Paraguay).

Brachyspiza pileata Sharpe, Hand-1. B. v. p. 309 (1909).

a. J1 ad. Sapucay, September 26, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ April 28, 1903.

2u2

638 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Bill horn -coloured above, lighter below ; feet pinky horn-
coloured; iris brown.

c. ? ad. Ybytimi, January 31, 1904.

d. S ad. „ February 0, 1904.

e. <J ad. Sapucay, June 22, 1901.

Three of these individuals are in full winter plumage,
while those from Ybytimi are young birds in their first
plumage, being thickly spotted on the breast and sides of
body; the grey on the middle and sides of the head in the
adult is here replaced by whitish and blackish lines ; the
chestnut collar on the hind-neck of the adult is absent in
the young.

[Neatly constructed nest, lined with horse-hair, in low-
grown tree (occasionally but rarely on the- "round), elevation
about five feet. Male and female both incubate. I shot
a male bird once just as it left the nest. Three eggs form
a clutch. On one occasion I removed the second egg as
soon as it was laid ; in this manner the bird was induced to
lay four eggs and then the nest was deserted. — W. F.]

223. CoRYFHOSPIZA ALBIFRONS.

Cola aguda vientre de canela Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 2G3.
no. cexxxiv. (180.*) .

Sylvia albifrons Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xi. p. 276
(1817 : Paraguay).

Donacuspiza albifrons Berlepsch, J. f . O. 1887, p. 116
(Paraguay ).

Coryphospiza albifrons Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 766; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a. <$ ad. Sapucay, October 16, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ May 4, 1904.

[This is a very rare bird in the neighbourhood of
Sapucay. — W. F.]

224. CORYPHOSPINGUS CR1STATIS.

Fringilla cristata Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 926 (1788:
Cayenne).

Ardguird Azara, Apunt. i. p. 499. no. exxxvi. (1802).

Birds of Paraguay. 639

Coryphospingus cristatus Bcrlepsch, J. f . O. 1887, pp. 9,
1 16 (Lambare) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 803.

a, b. J ? ad. Sapucay, October 1902.

c, d. <J ad. „ November 1902.

e,f. S ad. „ December 1902.

g. ? imm. Ybytimi, January 29, 1904.

Ii, i. S ad. Sapucay, April 1904.

k, /. c? ? ad. ,, .May 1904.

Three clutches of eggs, obtained in October and November,
are pure white in colour, and measure : axis 0-7-0-8 inch ;
diameter 0*55.

[Male bird very common, female rare and hard to
secure. Both incubate, and I fancy the male does most of
the work, as it is more often shot on the nest than the female.
They must bring out two broods or more, as they are
amongst the earliest and latest breeders. The nest is usually
built on some low-growing shrub, not more than four feet
from the ground ; no particular locality is chosen, any place
seems to suit. — TV. F.~\

225. Haplospiza unicolor.

Haplospiza unicolor Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1 17 (1850: Rio
Grande do Sul), ex Licht. Mus. Berol. ; Berlepsch & lbering,
Zeitschr. Ges. Orn. ii. p. 123, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2, <£ ? (1885 :
Bio Grande do Sul) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 626.

a. S imm. Sapucay, July 6, 1904.

This individual, which I imagine to be a young bird, is
uniform olive-brown above, the primary-coverts and qudls
being dark brown with paler edges, the greater coverts also
shewing paler margins ; under parts similar in colour, but
everywhere streaked with whitish ; under wing-coverts pale
grey ; under tail-coverts isabelline grey. Total length
5*0 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*45, tail 1*85, tarsus 0'75.

The species is new to the avifauna of Paraguay.

226. POOSPIZA MELANOLEUCA.

Chipiu negro y bianco Azara, Apunt. i. p. 532. no. cxliv.
(1802).

640 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Emberiza melanoleuca d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 82 (Chiquitos, Bolivia).

Poospiza melanoleuca Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 116
(Paraguay) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 638;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Ybytimi, January 29, 1904.

Bill, tarsi, and feet black ; iris brown.

[This bird, which is very rare, inhabits open camps. —
W.F.]

* 227. Poospiza njgrorufa.

Chipiu negro y canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 527. no. cxlii.
(1802).

Emberiza nigrorufa Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av., Mag. de Zool.
1837, p. 81 (Paraguay : Sta. Fe Parana).

Pijnlo personata Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 311 (1838 :
Brazil).

Poospiza nigrorufa (Lafr. et d'Orb.) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O.
1887, p. 116 (Paraguay).

Poospiza personata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 640;
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a, b. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

c. ? ad. Sapucay, August 18, 1904.

On comparing these specimens with the series in the
British Museum, I find that the individuals from Uruguay
and Lomas de Zamora (seven in number, six of which are
males and one female) have longer wings and measure from
26 to 2*75 inches ; while thirteen others, nine of which are
males and four females, from Mendoza, Rio Negro, Pata-
gonia, Punta Lara, Cio Lijan, Conchitas, Belgrano, Ajo, and
Paraguay, only measure 2*35 to 2*5 inches.

228. Paroaria cucullata.

Loxia cucullata Lath. Iud. Orn. i. p. 378 (1790 : Brazil).

Crcstudo roxo Azara, Apunt. i. p. 461. no. cxxviii. (1802).

Paroaria cucullata Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 116
(Paraguay) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 809, pi. xvi.
fig. 1 ; Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322
(Paraguay).

Birds of Paraguay. 641

a,b. <$ ? ad. Sapucay, June 22, 1904.

[This species is rare throughout the wooded parts of the
country, becoming more abundant the farther south one goes.
The specimens offered for sale as cage-birds in the markets
here are generally caught on the chaco in the vicinity of the
mouth of the river Pilcomayo. — W. F]

229. Embernagra platensis.

Emberiza platensis Gra. Syst. Nat. i. p. 886 (1788 : La
Plata).

Habia de bauado Azara, Apunt. i. p. 363. no. xc.
(1802).

Embernagra platensis Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 10,
] 16 (Lambare) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 758 •
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 16, 1902.

b. ? imm. „ November 17, 1902.

c. ? ad. „ March 22, 1903.

Bill black above, reddish orange below ; feet pinkish
horn-coloured ; iris brown.

d. $ ad. Sapucay, April 19, 1903.

e. (J ad. „ May 23, 1903.

[This bird is resident and in the low swampy grounds
fairly common, but seldom to be met with in any other
locality. The nest is built in a tuft of grass, but even
there the parasitic birds find it out ; three eggs usually form
a dutch.— W. F]

230. Emberizoides herbicola.

Cola aguda encuentro amarillo Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 257.
no. ccxxx. (1805).

Sylvia herbicola Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 192
(1816 : Paraguay).

Emberizoides sphenurus Berlepsch (nee Vieill.), J. f.O.
1887, p. 116 (Paraguay).

Emberizoides herbicola Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 769.

642 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

Emberizoides macrourus herbicola Ihering, Revista Mus.
Paulista, vi. p. 322 (Paraguay).

a. $ ad. Sapucay, November 16, 1902.

b,c. S ad. „ March 1903.

Bill horn-coloured above, cream-coloured to yellow below
at base ; feet pale pinkish brown ; iris brown.

d. S ad. Sapucay, April 23, 1903.

e,f. £ ? ad. Sapucay, June 1904.

[Resident and generally distributed, although nowhere
common ; met with along the edge of swamps and in low
camp grounds. Nest placed in thick clumps of matted grass,
but is frequently discovered by parasitic birds, as most nests
contain one or more of their eggs. Three eggs usually form
a clutch.- W. F.]

231. PSEUDOLEISTES GUIRAHURO.

Guirahuro Azara, Apunt. i. p. 291. no. lxiv. (1802).

Agelaius guirahuro Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 545 (1819 : Paraguay).

Pseudoleistes guirahuro Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 353 (188G) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117 (Paraguay);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

a. S ad- Sapucay, November 23, 1902.

b. ? ad. „ March 27, 1904.

c. S ad. „ April 27, 1903.

d. e. S ad. „ May 1903.

[This bird is resident and common, living together in
flocks of from ten to thirty individuals, and, next to Turdus
rufiventris, is one of our best singers. The nest is very
difficult to find, owing to the care taken by the bird to
conceal it in some swamp, where it is quite hidden under
the large masses of grass. — W. F.~\

232. Ageljjus ruficapillus.

Tordn corona de canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 315. no. lxxii.
(1802).

Agelaius ruficapillus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 536 (1819: Paraguay).

Birds of Paraguay. 643

Agelams ruficapillus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 347 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 1 16 (Paraguay) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

Agelceus rujicollis Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, p. 81.

a. $ imm. Sapucay, April 17, 1903.

The following is a description of the young, and only,
example sent : — The feathers of the forehead and crown
chestnut; hinder crown and nape more or less mixed with
golden buff like the sides of face and ear-coverts ; throat as
well as the breast and abdomen of a similar colour, but paler
and shewing blackish streaks ; on the throat a few spots of
chestnut, on the breast and sides of the body a few dark
blue-black feathers are appearing; vent, thighs, and under
tail-coverts blackish brown ; feathers of the back and wing-
coverts black with brown margins, imparting a scolloped
appearance ; quills dark brown with paler edgings ; tail-
feathers black. Bill black above, paler below ; tarsi and
feet black ; iris brown. Total length 65 inches, culmen 0'7,
wing 3-45, tail 2*35, tarsus 115.

233. Agel^us cyanopus.

Tordo negro y vario Azara, Apunt. p. 313. no. lxxi. (1802).

Agelaius cyanopus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 552 (1819: Paraguay).

Agelceus cyanopus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 344 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 11, 116 (Lambare) ; Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

a. S imm. Sapucay, March 17, 1904.

Male immature. Head and hind-neck black, with olive-
brown margins to the feathers ; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts black ; mantle, scapulars, and greater coverts black,
with dark chestnut edges to the feathers ; lesser and median
wing-coverts black, margined with olive-brown like the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; primary and secondary
quills dark brown with paler edgings ; tail-feathers black ;
under surface fulvous yellow, paler on the vent, and streaked
with black, more broadly on the sides of the body ; under tail-
coverts black, fringed with dull yellow; under wing coverts

644 Mr. Charles Chubb on the

dull yellow, more or less mixed with black. Bill, tarsi, and
feet horn-coloured ; iris brown.

234. MOLOTHRUS BONARIENSIS.

Tanagra bonariensis Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 898 (1788 :
Buenos Ayres).

Molothrus bonariensis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 325 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 116 (Paraguay) ; Ihering, Revista
Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

a. $ imm. Ybytirai, February 8, 1904.

b. g ad. Sapucay, August 25, 1904.

c. d. $ ; e. $ ad. Sapucay, September 9, 1904.
[Resident and not uncommon throughout Paraguay, but

not common enough to teach us anything about its parasitic
habits. I believe that it lays in the nest of the Seissor-tail. —
W.F.~\

235. Molothrus brevirostris.

Icterus brevirostris d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de
Zool. 1838, ii. p. 7 (Maldonado ; Corrientes ; Argentina) ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 10, 116 (Lambare) ; Ihering,
llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1866, p. 23 (Buenos Ayres) j Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xi. p. 338.

a. cT ad. Sapucay, October 25, 1902.

b. £ imm. Sapucay, April 30, 1904.

c. d, e. $ ad. Sapucay, June 1903-04.

[Like the preceding species, this is not common enough
to enable us to learn anything about its peculiar habits. —
W. F.]

236. Icterus pyrrhopterus.

Tordo negro cobijas de canela Azara, Apunt. i. p. 318.
no. lxxiv. (1802).

Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.
p. 543 (1819: Paraguay).

Icterus pyrrhopterus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 368 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 11, 117 (Lambare) ; Ihering,
llevista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

Birds of Paraguay. 645

a, b. S ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

Bill black ; feet dark bluish slate-coloured ; iris brown.

c. $ ad. Sapucay, June 13, 1903.

d. ? ad. „ July 21, 1903.

e. ? ad. „ August 14, 1904.

[This species is resident and not uncommon in the district.
It is a forest-loving bird and is very rarely met with in
the open except during planting-time, when the newly turned
earth evidently attracts the bird in search of iusects. —
W. F.~]

237. Aaptus chopi.

Chopi Azara, Apunt. i. p. 282. no. lxii. (1802).

Agelaius chopi Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 537
(1819: Paraguay).

Aphobus chopi Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 405 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 117 (Paraguay).

Aaptus chopi Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323
(Paraguay).

a, b. $ ; c, d. £ ad. Sapucay, April 1903.

Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

e,f. S ad. Sapucay, May 1903.

g. £ ad. „ June 12, 1903.

[This species is common and resident in Paraguay, where
it is the special aversion of the agriculturist, owing to the
impudence with which it digs up the maize as soon as the
leaves shew above the ground. In this way a flock will, in
a day or so, utterly destroy a large field of corn, unless
it is very carefully watched. The birds are so used to being
frightened away that they go only to the edge of the forest.
The Paraguayan is too poor to be able to shoot, and well the
birds know that no harm can come to them for trespassing,
while at times the damage done is considerable; between
locusts and Chopis the poor planter has a bad time of it.
Cyanocorax cceruleus is as impudent and daring as the Chopi,
and both are so common that planting is not one of the
easiest things imaginable. — W. F.]

'{

616 Mr. C. Chubb on the Birds of Paraguay.

238. Cyanocorax chrysops.

Acahe Azara, Apunt. i. p. 253. no. liii. (1802).

Pica chrysops Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 124
(1818: Paraguay).

Cyanocorax chrysops Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 120
(1877); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117 (Paraguay);
Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, April 18, 1904.

Eight clutches of eggs, which vary from two to four in
number, collected during the month of October, are usually
drab-colour with brown spots, more thickly massed at the
larger end, where they form a zone ; the underlying spots are
1 sad-grey. The measurements vary : — axis 1 15 to 1*4 and
diameter 0*85 to 095 inch.

[This species is common and resident. It is one of the
most impudent of all the birds and the greatest pest to the
agriculturist ; it will at times follow the native Paraguayan
and dig up the grains of maize as soon as they are planted.

The easiest way to secure a number of individuals is to
wound one slightly and make it cry out, then all the other
birds within a wide area will come to assist their companion,
almost attacking the hunter in their anger. The nest is not
to be distinguished from that of C. cceruleus, but the eggs,
although the same in number and size, arc differently marked.
— //'. F.]

239. Cyanocorax ceruleus.

I'rraca celeste Azara, Apunt. i. p. 259. no. lv. (1802).

Pica car u lea Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 126
(1818 : Paraguay).

Cyanocorax cceruleus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 126 ;
Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 117 (Paraguay); Ihering,
Revista Mus. Paulista, vi. p. 323 (Paraguay).

a. ? ad. Sapucay, October 18, 1902.

b. S ad. „ March 27, 1904.

c. S ad. „ April 17, 1904.

d. e. S ; /• ? ad. Sapucay, May 1903 04.
cJ . Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

Mr. T. Carter on some Birds of Western Australia. 647

Two eggs, collected on October 11, 1903, are pale blue,
blotched with brown and with underlying spots of lilac-
grey. Measurements : axis 1*3 inch ; diameter 085.

Two eggs, collected on October 2, 1903, are similar in
ground-colour, but with the brown spots larger and much
more pronounced. Axis 1*25-1*35 inch • diameter 0*9.

[This bird is also resident, but not common; it is one of
the earliest breeders. The nest is built some fourteen to
eighteen feet from the ground in the dense forest. Five
eggs are a full clutch. — W. F.~\

XXIX. — Remarks on some Birds of Western Australia.
By Thomas Carter, M.B.O.U.

I propose to make a few remarks upon Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's
paper on a collection of Birds from Western Australia
which was published in 'The Ibis' for 1909, p. 650, and
1910, p. 156.

I may mention that I take a peculiar interest in this
collection, as in 1903 I went to England, intending to stay,
and took with me a collection of about five hundred bird-
skins from Western Australia. My doctor, however, advised
me not to risk remaining in England for the winter, so
I offered the collection to the authorities of the British
Museum, on their own terms ; but it was refused and went
to the Tring Museum. In the collection were skins of many
species now described as new by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant. The
last time I saw the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in 1909, almost
the last words he said to me, and reiterated, were how much
he regretted that they had not taken my collection when it
was offered.

1. Corvus coronoides Vig. & Horsf.

The White-eyed Crow is very common from the Gascoyne
River to the North-West Cape. Some, shot by me at
various dates between December and April, had the irides
partly hazel and partly white, in the transition - stage

G18 Mr. Thomas Carter on some

from the hazel of the immature to the white of the adult.
On July 18th, 1900, I noted that the irides of an almost
fully fledged young bird in the nest were slate-blue in
colour. As neither of the parent birds was secured, it is
possible that the nestling was a Corvus bennetti.

Corvus bennetti was recorded by me as occurring at
Point Cloates in N.W. Australia, in the ' Emu/ vol. iii.
p. 212.

2. Zon\eginthus oculatus Quoy & Gaim.

Mr. Shortridge states that the Red-eared Finch does not
occur inland, but I found it plentiful at Balbarrup in the
south-west, a distance of thirty-five miles from the nearest
coast in February 1910.

3. ACAXTHOCH.ERA CARUXCULATA (Lath.) .

Mr. Shortridge remarks that the Red Wattle-bird " is rare
in the coastal district of the extreme south-west, where its
place is taken by Anellobia lunulata." 1 have found the Red
Wattle- bird plentiful from Albany to the Vasse River all
along the south-west coast, in the very months when Mr.
Shortridge found it to be rare.

4. Meliorxis loxgirostris (Gould).

The Long-billed Honey-eater occurs very plentifully round
Broome Hill, which is about eighty-five miles inland.
Beverley, where Mr. Shortridge found it "not common/'
is about seventy miles inland.

5. Meliorxis mystacalis Gould.
Meliornis mystacalis Mathews, Handlist, p. 98.

Mr. Shortridge, who collected a remarkably good series
of birds from the various localities that he visited, has
missed this handsome species, which occurs near Albany.
I also secured specimens of it at Perth and near Broome
Hill.

6. Ptilotis orxata Gould.

Mr. Shortridge remarks that the Graceful Honey-eater
was not observed in " the coastal district to the south of

Birds of Western Australia. 649

Brookton." The township of Brookton is about twenty
miles south of Beverley, and is about seventy-five miles
from the coast, Beverley being about seventy. Yet when
speaking of Meliornis longirostris he writes : " It occurs as
far inland as Beverley."

The Graceful Honey-eater is one of the commonest species
round Broome Hill (which is about a hundred and twenty
miles south of Brookton), certainly by far the commonest
of the Honey-eaters. It also occurs plentifully forty miles
south of Broome Hill, and is to be found wherever the White
Gum {Eucalyptus redunca) grows.

7. Ptilotis sonora Gould.

This Honey-eater occurs plentifully, as far, at least, as
the North-West Cape, which is nearly three hundred miles
further north than the Gascoyne River (see ( Emu/ vol. iii.
p. 93).

8. Certhionyx occtdentalis Grant.
Certhionyx occidentalis Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 658.
Without having seen the single skin upon which Mr.

Ogilvie-Grant has founded this new species, it appears to
me that he has separated it from C. variegatus on very slight
grounds. The skin from the North-West Cape referred to by
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant as that of " A. G. Campbell " was collected
by me. Mr. Shortridge found the last-named species to be
rare round Carnarvon. In my notes on "■ Birds occurring
in the Region of the North-West Cape w (' Emu/ vol. iii.
p. 92) it is mentioned by me (under the name of Entomo-
phila leucomela) as being one of the commonest winter
visitors on the coast and inland, appearing as soon as the
winter rains commence. Perhaps it was a dry season when
Mr. Shortridge was on the Gascoyne River (for which
Carnarvon is the post-town).

9. Glycyphila subocularis Gould.

Neither Dr. Hartert nor Mr. A. J. North recognise this
as a good species. The Brown Honey-eater (Glycyphila
ocularis) occurs regularly at Broome Hill (eighty-five miles

650 Mr. Thomas Carter on some

inland). Mr. Shortridge states that G. subocularis does not
extend inland.

10. AcANTHORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Gould).

Mr. Shortridge's field-note states that "The Western
Spine-billed Honey-eater was observed as far north as
Beverley and Perth, but it did not extend inland" [my
italics], yet he speaks of Meliornis longirostris and other
species as occurring as far inland as Beverley. Anyone
r.ot well posted up in West Australian geography must
be puzzled as to whether Beverley is on the coast or
inland.

11. Pardalotus punctatus (Shaw & Nodd.).

I have observed and shot specimens of the Spotted
Diamond bird in " Marlock " scrub, fully eighty miles from
the coast.

12. Zosterops gouldi (Bonap.).

The range of the Green-backed White-eye extends to Point
Cloates and most probably further north (' Emu/ vol. iii.
p. 91).

13. Zosterops siiortridgii Grant.
Zosterops shortridgii Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 663.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant describes this new species also from a
single specimen, not very much material upon which to
work in such a difficult genus as Zosterops. Possibly
he was under the impression that it is an insular form,
but this it cannot be, as Rabbit Island, where the bird
was obtained, is only separated from the mainland by a
channel about two hundred yards in width, broken into
three by two rocky islets, so that a bird of very weak flying
power could easily cross it. Rabbit Island (called "Mistaken
Island" on some maps) is about a hundred and fifty acres
in area. I thoroughly searched it in March last, being on it
all day, and to my disappointment never saw a Zosterops :
the only land-birds observed were Halcyon sancius, Acanthi z a
apicalis, and Eopsaltria georgiana. The bird described as new
bv Mr. Ogilvie-Grant must have come from the mainland,

Birds of Western Australia. 651

and if it is a distinct species it appears remarkable that
Mr. Shortridge did not procure more specimens when he
was camped at 15ig drove (apparently for some time), as
that locality is on the mainland and barely three miles 1'roni
Rabbit Island. I myself have collected along- the mainland
coast opposite Rabbit Island on many occasions.

14. Zostekops B ALSTON I Grant.

Zosterops balstoni Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 663.

The pair of skins referred to by .Mr. Ogilvie-Grant as
'• procured at North-West Cape, A. G. Campbell" were shot
by me, and apparently the bird I mentioned as Z. lutea
(' Emu/ vol. iii. p. 91) was Balston's White-eye. This
species usually occurs in the mangroves, but in the winter
months flocks of considerable size leave their shelter and
Feed on the scrubby coast sand-hills and more open country.
In February 1900, a male bird shot in the mangroves near
the North-West Cape was apparently breeding there.
Probably the nest and eggs, described in the 'Victorian
Naturalist/ vol. xviii. p. 31, as those of Zosterops lutea are
referable to Z. balstoni ('Emu/ vol. ii. p. 49).

lu. Climacteris wellsi Grant.

Climacteris wellsi Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 664.

Although Tree-Creepers were never observed near Point
Cloates — there being no timber within a radius of thirty miles,
and very little there — l found an egg sixty miles inland
(south-east) from that place, which, being unknown to me,
was forwarded to Mr. A. J. Campbell for identification. He
replied that there was no doubt that it was that of a Tree-
Creeper, and asked me what species occurred in the locality.
The egg was placed in a small hollow in a stunted tree about
four feet from the ground, and seemed to have been forsaken
on account of rain-water having entered and lodged in the
nest. There is little doubt that it was an egg of C. ivellsi.

-'Ob

16. Neositta pileata (Gould).

The Black-capped Tree-Runner was seen and secured by
me on several occasions about forty miles inland from Point

SEB. IX. VOL. IV. 2x

652 Mr. Thomas Carter on some

Cloates in stunted timber ('Emu/ vol. iii. p. 91). This
extends its range about two hundred miles north of
Mr. Shortridge's observations.

17. Pachycephala oilberti Gould.
Pachycephala gilberti Math. IIand-1. p. 8G.

Gilbert's Thickhead is an interesting species which occurs
rather numerously about this district, but apparently did

not come under Mr. Shortridge's notice. It is, however, a
bird that may easily be overlooked, unless attention is
attracted by its loud and peculiar notes.

18. Gv.MXOKIJINA LEUCONOTA Gray.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant ascribes the "Magpies" procured by
Mr. Shortridge in the South-west and Central inland
districts to G. leuconota, thereby differing in opinion from
such sound naturalists as Campbell, Hall, and Milligan,
who have studied the question of the West Australian
Magpies closely. There is no doubt a great deal yet to be
learnt respecting the various stages of plumages.

19. Artami s person \ n s Gould.

Mr. Shortridge says the appearance of the Masked
Wood-Swallow in the south-west is very uncertain. My
experience of this species, both in the north-west and
south-west, is that it is usually seen during spells of dry
hot weather with an east wind.

20. Artamus cinereus Vieill.
Artamus cinereus Math. Hand-1. p. 84.

It seems curious that the Grey-breasted "Wood- Swallow,
the most typical West Australian form of this genus, was
not noted by Mr. Shortridge. It occurs in the Gascoyne
and north-west districts in great numbers, usually in the
winter months, when it breeds freely.

21. Stipiturus malacurtjs (Shaw).

The Emu-Wren does not always reside in swampy flats,
as I have seen and shot specimens on the dry open sand
plain to the east of both Busselton and Broome Hill.

Birds of Western Australia. 653

22. Malurus splendens (Quoy & Gaim.).

Mr. Shortridge " did not meet with tliis species in
Albany," although it is fairly plentiful around that district.
I should say that it is considerably more numerous than
M. elegans. It is not uncommon in the Broome Hill district
and still further to the eastward.

23. Malurus leucopterus Quoy & Gaim.

I agree with Mr. North and Mr. Ogilvie-Grant that it is
doubtful whether this species and M. leuconotus are distinct.
When residing at Point Cloates, where M. leucopterus was
plentiful, I found birds that might have been ascribed to
M. leuconotus. The appearance of more or less white
depends a good deal upon the making of a skin.

24. Malurus bernieri Grant.

Malurus bernieri Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 676, pi. ix. fig. 2.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant remarks that it is curious that two
skins of this new species, procured in June and July, were
in summer plumage. Perhaps they are late breeders.
I saw the young of M. leucopterus still in the nest on
December 8th, 1898 at the North- West Cape, and the
young of M. splendens in the nest at Busselton, early in
January 1888.

25. Malurus pulcherrimus Gould.

On August the 28th, 1908, I shot two females and a male
of the Blue-breasted "Wren" near Broome Hill which were
still partly in summer plumage, when the bulk of birds here
were in il full-breeding " plumage.

26. Sericornis maculata Gould.

The Spotted Scrub- Wren occurs on the Pallenings River
at a spot fully ninety miles inland. Mr. Shortridge says " it
does not extend its range far inland." I have specimens
that vary considerably in the colour and markings of the
under parts.

27. Sericornis balstoni Grant.

Sericornis balstoni Grant, Ibis, 1909, p. 677, pi. ix. fig. 1.

In his description of this new species Mr. Ogilvie-Grant

has not stated in what particulars it mainly differs from

2x2

65 ! Mr. Thomas Carter on some

S.maculata. It would be difficult to distinguish between the
two species by merely reading his description of S. balstoni
and that of Mr. A. J. North's S. maculata.

28. ACANTIIIZA UROPYGIALIS Gould.

Mr. Shortridge states : " The Chestnnt-rnmped Tit is the
only species that occurs so far north as the Gascoyne River,
where, however, it is rare." I found it not uncommon in
the scrub inland from Point Cloates, two hundred miles
further north ('Emu/ vol. iii. p. 37).

29. Rum dura tricolor (Yieill.).

The Black-and- White Fantail does occur at Albany, but
it is very seldom seen there. Mr. Shortridge says it " does
not occur/''

30. Smicrornis brevirostris Gould.

Mr. Shortridge says that the Short-tailed Tree-Tit occurs
as far south as Wagin. It is not uncommon round Broome
Hill, forty-four miles further south.

31. PeTROBCA CAMPBELL! Sharpc.

Both Petrosca campbelli and P. goodenovii are found in
the Mroome Hill district. 1J. goodenovii occurs regularly in
the winter months right down to the beach from Carnarvon
to the X.W. Cape.

32. Halcyon sanctus Vig & llorsf.

Mr. Shortridge says that "the Sacred Kingfisher is said
to occur as far north as Houtmans Abrolhos." I have shot
specimens at Point Cloates, and it occurs all through West
Australia within a certain radius of the coast (see 'Emu/
vol. ii. p. 50).

33. Dacelo cervina Gould.

Mr. Shortridge says " the Fawn-breasted Kingfisher was
plentiful on the Gascoyne River and extended as far north
as Murchison." The Gascoyne River is from a hundred and
fifty to two hundred miles to the north of the Murchison
River, running roughly parallel to it.

34. Melopsittacus undulatus Shaw.

Mr. Shortridge states that " the Warbling Grass-Parakeet

Birds (if Western Australia. 655

is never found in the extreme south-west." In 1907 and
L908 there were great numbers of these birds breeding round
Broome Hill, which is certainly within the S.W. corner.

35. Barnardius semitorquatus.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant states that both this species and
II. zonarius occur at Beverley, and so they do at Broome Hill,
where intermediate forms have caused me much perplexity.
A large series of skins from various localities is required to
form a definite conclusion respecting- them. Observing the
changes of plumage in caged birds would also be of great
assistance.

:)(). Platycercus xanthogenys Salvad.

It is exceedingly in t Testing to have tins species confirmed
from a definite locality. I have not seen Dr. Ilartert's de-
scription of the specimens in the Tring .Museum, and have
often wondered why none had been obtained around Broome
Hill, which is situated between Beaufort River and Cran-
brook. P. icterutis is very common in that district, and I
have observed many birds with feathers on the back margined
broadly with red, and still more so on the rump and upper
tail-coverts. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant surmises that Beaufort and
Cranbrook are in West Australia. Good maps of this Colony
can be secured gratis, on application to the Agent-General
in Victoria Street, and a little study of thern would have
proved that his surmise is correct. The Beaufort River is
a little to the south and west of Wagin, and is a tributary
of the Blackwood River. Cranbrook is a township on the
Great Southern Railway, eighty miles south of Wagin and
seventy miles north of Albany.

37. Cacatua gymnopis Sclater.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant says that the occurrence of this species
in the western division of West Australia shews a considerable
extension of its range. It was known to occur in the interior
of Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia, and
possibly in North-western Australia. Apparently Mr. Ogilvie-
Grant is not well posted in the literature of West Australia

C56 Mr. Thomas Carter on some

or he would not have supposed that his is the first record
of the occurrence of the Bare-eyed Cockatoo in this State.
It is the common Cockatoo of the North-west, and was
recorded as occurring there twenty-three years ago : see Proc.
Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. iii. p. 4 (Campbell) ; ' Emu/ vol. i. p. 25
(Campbell) ; 'Emu/ vol. iii. p. 171 (Carter) ; 'Emu/ vol. ii.
p. 62 (Hall) ; 'Hull's Key/ p. 62; 'Emu/ vol. iv. p. 38
(Kilgour); Nov. Zool. xii. p. 211 (Hartert). Rather curiously
Mr. Mathews in his f Handlist ' has not given West Australia
as one of the States where it occurs. C. gymnojiis seems to
be very close to C. sangninea.

38. Circus assimilis .laid. & Selby.

Mr. Shortridge says: " The Allied Harrier is probably less
numerous than C. gouldi in the south-west." If it occurs
at all in the south-west it must be very rarely, as I have
never yet seen one in that part, but 1 found that it was
plentiful in the north-west (' Emu/ iii. p. 31).

39. Plotus Nov.E-HOLLAxni.i; Gould.

The Darter is certainly seldom seen in the west or south-
west districts. During my twenty-four years' residence in
West Australia only two occurrences have come under my
notice, one at Point Cloates, the other on the Pallennp River
in the extreme south.

40. Nettion gibberifrons S. Mull.

It seems very curious that there is still so much doubt as
to whether Nettion gibberifrons and N. castaneum are two
distinct species or not. My experience is that N. gibberifrons
is a freshwater Duck. I have seen great numbers both in
the north-west and south-west, as it is a common species,
and, if the green head and neck are ever assumed, the birds
must breed freely in immature plumage. I have seen scores
of birds on swamps and pools around which were many nests,
and have shot many male birds, undoubtedly breeding, that
had no trace of a gieen head or neck, but have seen only one
place where N. castaneum occurs, namely, in a mangrove
creek (sea-water) near the North-West Cape many miles from

Birds of Western Australia. V,~)7

any fresh water, where there were usually numbers of this
handsome Duck. On one occasion I shot and skinned a
young male that had no green on the head and neck, but
hud the rich chocolate-brown on the breast, and I shot and
dissected an undoubted female that had a most pronounced
glossy green head and neck and red-brown breast. In my
paper " Exploration of North-West Cape/' ' Emu,' ii. p. 81,
line 13, the word not was unfortunately printed instead of
most, through a printer's error.

41. Eupodotis australis (J. E. Gray).

Mr. Shortridge states that " the Australian Bustard is
less abundant in the S.W.and docs not extend to the coast."
It certainly occurs regularly within a mile or two of the
coast from a few miles northof the Swan River to the N.W.
Cape. At Point Cloates I. have often seen it on the beach.

42. BURHINUS GilALLARJUS (Lath.).

Mr. Shortridge states that " the Southern Stone-Plover is
known as the 'wheelo' among the colonists." They usually
call it a Curlew. According to my experience, u wheelo " is
the aboriginal name. Most probably the Stone-Plover that
Mr. Shortridge saw about Carnarvon and Bernier Island was
Orthorhamphus magnirostris.

43. Orthorhamphus magnirostris Yieill.

This species occurred and bred regularly about the North-
West Cape, but I never observed it south of Point Cloates.
It would be interesting to record it outside the Tropics.

44. Zonifer tricolor (Vieill.).

Mr. Shortridge says " the Black-breasted Plover is a
regular migrant round ' Cape ' York." Probably he means
the town of York, which is about forty-five miles east of
Perth in West Australia. It is a "far cry" from there to
Cape York (roughly about 2200 miles).

45. H^matopus longirostris Yieill.

Mr. Shortridge remarks that this species appeared to be
" a less robust bird than H. fuiiginosus, as it was rarely

G58 Mr. T. Carter on some Birds of Western Australia.

found on the windward side of the island " (Bernier Island).
I have never been on this island, but the windward (west)
side is most probably rocky, and H. fuliginosus is not in-
frequently seen on a rocky coast, whereas //. longirostris
seems to prefer a sandy beach (see 'Emu/ vol. iii. p. 175).
Last March I watched a pair of Sooty Oyster-catchers busily
feeding on the south side of Rabbit Island (near Albany)
which is almost all rocky "round.

46. CESTRELATA MACROPTEK.V Smith.

Mr. Sliortridge was fortunate in meeting with this species
breeding on Rabbit Island, as I believe that it has not
previously been recorded in West Australia. When I was
on this island all the numerous nesting- burrows oL' Little
Penguins were; empty, the eggs having been robbed or the
young having left the nests.

47. Podicipes NOV .r.-uoi.i.\\ni i: Stcph.

This is a regular breeder at Broome Hill, there being a
nest every year on nearly all my stock-tanks. Mr. Sliortridge
says that it is an uncertain visitor.

48. Pi II ims CARNEIPES GrOuld.

This appears to be the commonest species of Petrel breed-
ing on the neighbouringisland of Brealesea (5| miles distant),
whence I have procured birds and eggs.

49. Synozcus sokdidus Gould.

The Drown or Swamp Quail occurs rather commonly
round Albany, but this species seems to have escaped the
keen observation of Mr. Shortridge.

In conclusion, I may say that in a paper of such importance
as this the geographical part should, in my opinion, have been
made as accurate as possible, while the localities mentioned
should have been clearly and simply defined. How many
readers are aware that the first ten places mentioned on
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's list are within a radius of twelve miles
from Albany? The whole list of localities would have been
mere conveniently arranged for reference if they had been
bracketed under the four heads of, say, Albany, Beverley,
Inland Central, and Gascoyne.

On Birds from the Malay Peninsula. G50

XXX. — On Birds from the Northern Portion of the Mala;/
Peninsula, including the Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ;
with Notes on other rare Malayan Species from the Southern
Districts. By Herbert 0. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
Director of Museums, Federated .Malay States, and Cecil
Boden Kloss, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Curator, Perak State
]\1 useum.

(Plate X. and Text-fig. G.)

The collections of which an account is given in the present
paper have in the main been obtained during the past two
years in the northern portion of the peninsula, in part by
ourselves and Mr. Seimund, and in part by native collectors
attached to the Museums of the Federated Malay States, our
ordinary duties not permitting any very continuous periods
of field-work.

In view of the fact that no connected account has ever
appeared of the birds of the districts in which we collected,
we have thought it of interest to prepare a full list of all
species obtained by us, specimens of which are preserved
either in the Selangor and Perak Museums or, in a consider-
able number of cases, in the Natural History Museum, South
Kensington.

In some few instances, on account of the special interest
attaching to them, birds are mentioned which have not, as
yet, been met with in the area covered by the present paper,
but to these no serial number is attached.

It will be seen that the list contains some 270 species
only, but it will probably be found ultimately that some four
hundred or more are represented in the area treated of.

Our own collections were formed in very circumscribed
localities, while our collectors were only in the country for
between two and three months, and for various reasons did
not spend more than a very small proportion of this period at
any elevation on the hills, which were found to be singularly
unproductive. Several species, therefore, obtained by other
collectors in adjacent districts, or which might reasonably be
expected to occur, have not as yet been procured, though it is

660 Messrs. Ilobinson and Kloss on Birds from the

hoped that a projected expedition to the hills of Lakon will
shortly explore the only promising district on the map of the
peninsula which is still a terra incognita to the ornithologist.

Though, as mentioned above, the northern Malay Peninsula
is but slightly represented in ornithological literature, collec-
tions of very considerable magnitude have been made within
its limits ; but, with one exception, no connected account of
any of them has as yet appeared. It was not therefore to be
expected that any actual novelties would be procured, and,
as a matter of fact, the only new form described by us is
a species of Myiophoneus, somewhat closely allied to those
occurring both to the north and south of it.

The earliest specimens obtained from this area are probably
those of Cantor, which passed with the collections of the
Indian Museum to the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington. In the middle of the last century, however,
before the importance of locality was recognised, Cantor, like
other naturalists, paid but little attention to the exact places
of origin of his specimens, and as a result many of his
acquisitions, now assigned to " Penang," where he was sta-
tioned, were certainly not obtained on that island, but were
probably derived from native correspondents or hunters who
secured them in the adjacent native states of Perlis and
Kedah.

About 1876 Allan Hume turned his attention to the Malay
Peninsula, and in the course of the succeeding five years
accumulated an enormous mass of material throughout the
entire length of the western Malay Peninsula, from the
Tenasserim border to Singapore. The work was carried out
by Davison and Darling, assisted by a considerable staff of
natives, and so thoroughly did they accomplish it that to
this day hardly a single species has been secured within the
area covered by them which they had not also obtained.
In their day the Pax Britannica was hardly an accomplished
fact in the Peninsula, and they were therefore unable to
penetrate into the more inland districts or to the mountains
of the interior, whereas these localities have yielded a con-
siderable crop of novelties to later explorers, of whom

Northern Portion of the Mala;/ Peninsula. 661

Mr. Leonard Wray, the first Curator of the Perak Museum,
deserves special mention.

In 1882 a paper was published on the Ornis of the Island
of Salanga, also known as Tongka or Junk Zeylon, which
must not be confused with the State of Selangor in the south
of the Peninsula. This paper, which added little to our know-
ledge and contains numerous incorrect identifications, is duly
mentioned in the synonymy.

From 1882 onwards the northern Malay Peninsula was
left severely alone by the ornithologist until 1896, when the
native State of Trang was visited by the famous American
collector and naturalist, Dr. W. L. Abbott, of Philadelphia.

Dr. Abbott speut some considerable time in Trang during
the years 1896 and 1897 and also in 1899, and in addition to
forming a collection of mammals, which was the starting-
point of the reinvestigation of that section of the Malayan
fauna from a modern standpoint, he got together a series
of over three thousand bird-skins. A few species have been
described from this magnificent collection by Dr. C. W. Rich-
mond and other specimens have been mentioned, but it is
extremely unfortunate that no full account of it has as yet
appeared, as, from information kindly supplied to us by
Dr. Richmond, it is evident that it contains material of veiy
great interest, including examples of several species not
hitherto recorded from the Peninsular area.

It was largely with a view to securing examples of species
which we knew Dr. Abbott had obtained in Trang, but which
were desiderata to the local collections, that we decided to
work that State, which had remained unvisited by a collector
since 1900, though in 1902 Dr. Annandale passed through
it from the eastern side and noted a few interesting birds,
notably the Wood-Duck, Asarcor?iis leucoptera.

The following papers deal directly with that district, but,
except in a few instances, we have not quoted them, but have
confined the synonymy to a reference to the ' Catalogue of
Birds' and to a recent paper by one of us which is quoted
throughout as " Robinson " : —

662 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

Hume. — A first tentative List of the Birds of the Western Half of the

Malay Peninsula. Stray Feathers, viii. pp. 37, 72, 151-163 (1879) ;

id. op. cit. ix. pp. ? 103-133 (1880).
Mullek. — Die Ornis der Insel Salanga. Journal fur Ornithologie, 1882,

pp. 353-448.
Richmond.— Description of Three new Birds from Lower Siam :

jEthopyga anomala, Criniger sordidus, Turdinulus granti. Proc.

U.S. Nat. ftlus. xxii. pp. 319-321 (1900).
Richmond. — Description of Two new Birds from Trang, Lower Siam :

Stachyria ehrysops, Oreocincla horsfieldi offinis. Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, pp. 157, 158 (1902).
Robinson. — The Birds at present known from the Mountains of the

Malay Peninsula. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. ii. pp. 1G4-222

(1909).

With very few exceptions the birds with which this paper
deals were all obtained on the western side of the Malay
Peninsula, southwards from the State of Trang, to the mouth
of the Kedali River in the State of the same name, about
thirty miles north of Peuang, and including the islands of
Pulau Langkawi and Terutau about seventy-five miles north
of Penang and seven or eight miles west of the peninsular
coast. We have given a brief account of the general
characters of each collecting -station, which may be of
interest as explaining the type of fauna met with, and have
added the dates at which we visited each station, the season
in the north of the peninsula being a much more important
factor in the distribution of the bird-population than it
appears to be in the central and southern sections.

As many of the places mentioned are hardly to be found
on anv ordinary atlas, the Editors have kindly allowed us to
supply an outline map of the Peninsula (text-fig. 6, p. 663),
indicating the majority of the States and the general natural
and political features of the country, the latter of which have
been much modified by the Anglo-Siamese treaty of 1909.

Starting from the south the first locality from which we
have obtained specimens dealt with in the present paper is
Kuala Kedah, the mouth of the Kedah River, the word
" Kuala " being the Malay for the mouth of a river or,
equally, for the confluence of two streams.

This localitv was visited by Mr. Seimund and myself

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. 603

Text-fie. G.

101 toa

f ftihrnt..

Go7o1i.R

Sketch-map of the Malay Peninsula,

GG4< Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

towards the end of November 1907, on our way to Alor
Stab, the capital of the State, which is situated some few
miles upstream. The river here flows through flat and
highly cultivated country, and embouches on a very shallow
sea — so shallow that vessels drawing more than ten or eleven
feet of water cannot enter the river at any state of the tide.

The shore on each side of the river-mouth is fringed by
very extensive mud-flats, which were frequented at the time
of our visit by considerable numbers of shore-birds of several
species. Mr. Seimund obtained a considerable number which
are noted in the systematic list, but amongst those not secured
were observed Pelicans, probably Pelecanus pkilippinensis ,
the Smaller Adjutant {Leptoptilus jav aniens), the White Ibis
(Ibis melanocephala) , and the exceedingly rare Pseudotantalus
cinereus, which we have come across on several occasions all
along the peninsular coast, but of which we have succeeded
in obtaining only one specimen.

Pulan Paija. — This island is one of a small group a few
miles south of Langkawi, between that island and Kuala
Kedah. We landed on it for a few hours in December 1907.
It is of small size, of no great elevation, and is covered with
the usual low jungle. We obtained nothing of any interest
on it, only the inevitable Koel (Eudynamis honor at a) and
the Drongo Cuckoo (Sumiculus lugubris).

Pulau Langkawi, which we visited for a few days in
November and December 1907, and on which our collectors
spent more than a month at the commencement of 1909, is
a large island with a maximum length east and west of about
twenty miles and a breadth of about ten in a north-and-south
direction. The coast is, however, much indented, and there
are innumerable off-lying islands ranging in size from the
merest rock to one, like Pulau Dayang Bunting, some ten
or twelve miles in extent.

The island is extremely rugged in character, though in the
neighbourhood of the two principal villages, Kwah and
Kuala Malacca, there are considerable areas of flat land
devoted to orchards and to the growing of rice. There is
also a good deal of cultivation on the north coast, which we

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. GG5

did not ourselves visit, but where our collectors stopped for
some time. Elsewhere the country is very mountainous, the
highest hill, Gunong Raya, rising to nearly three thousand
feet, while there is a range of precipitous mountains in the
north-west corner well over two thousand feet.

The geological formation is in the main limestone, though
schists and probably granites occur. In many places the
rocks come sheer down into the water and are much under-
cut hy the waves, forming small caves and recesses overhung
by the most luxuriant vegetation. The flora of the island is
very peculiar and markedly different from that of the more
southern parts of the Peninsula and is extremely rich in
orchids, among which may be mentioned a very beautiful
C\ pripedium, snow-white in colour (Cypripedium niveum). A
handsome yellow Balsam (Impatiens mirabilis) is also met
with here.

Being separated from the mainland by a strait only some
ten miles in breadth, which nowhere exceeds ten fathoms in
depth, neither Langkawi nor Terutau harbour any peculiar
species of birds, though a Hawk (Spizaetus nipalensis) was
obtained which has not as yet occurred on the adjacent main-
land. The mammals, however, shew a slight amount of
differentiation from the continental forms and have therefore
attained the honour of names of their own. Of these the
most interesting perhaps is a small Pig (Sus jubatulus Miller),
which is very abundant and causes much damage to the rice-
fields and plantations.

One of the most famous features of the Langkawi group is
a lake of fresh water some forty or fifty feet deep, which is
found on one of the smaller islands to the south-west. It
is an almost circular piece of water perhaps a quarter or a
third of a mile in diameter, lying in a cup-shaped hollow
at the top of a small hill, and probably owes its origin to the
subsidence of the roof of one of the caves with which the
limestone formation is always honeycombed. The water is
of a translucent milky-blue, contrasting well with the deep
green of the jungle by which the lake is surrounded, and
making a scene of extreme beauty, which is worth travelling

GGO Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

far to see. The floor of the lake must be some considerable
height above sea-level, at least forty or fifty feet, but we had
no means of ascertaining this with any exactitude. The lake
is said to be inhabited by a white crocodile, which is, however,
of benignant disposition and does not attack human beings.

Terutau lies north of Langkawi, from which it is separated
by a channel about four miles in minimum breadth. In area
it is considerably smaller than Langkawi, being roughly
about sixteen miles long by about four in maximum breadth,
the longer axis running north and south. Its surface is
extraordinarily rugged and there is little or no cultivation on
it, and but few permanent inhabitants, the majority being
merely fishermen, who visit the island for the six months'
calm season and live in one or two sheltered bays on the
east coast.

The west coast, exposed as it is to the full force of the
S.W. monsoon, is quite uninhabited. At the south end of
the island the coast is sandy and fringed with Sheoaks or
Casuarinas, but on the east, where the sheltered waters permit
the growth of mangroves, it is muddy, while the west is almost
sheer rock. Like Langkawi, Terutau is mostly clothed with
thick jungle to the summit of the highest hills, which are
slightly lower than those of the first-mentioned island, but on
the cast side there is a small extent of open ground which is
pastured by buffaloes brought over from the mainland. They
are now almost feral. We stopped at the south end at Telok
I dang, or Prawn Point, for a day or two in December 1907,
and also for a few days at a small but excellent anchorage on
the east side marked on the charts as " Wanderer Bay."
Our collectors also stopped at the same localities for nearly
a month in March 1909.

The birds of Terutau are identical with those of Langkawi,
but the mammals are slightly different, the larger Mouse
Deer, as is very often the case with the insular forms,
especially presenting a marked change in coloration, while
the common Palm-Squirrel is also distinct. In addition the
island boasts of several Rats, a peculiar Porcupine, and a large
Flying-Squirrel which we were not so fortunate as to obtain,

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. G67

though we secured examples of a new species of another
genus of the latter group.

At the time of our visit both islands were under the
suzerainty of Siam, Langkawi belonging to the vassal State
of Kedah, while Terutau was under Setul.. The inhabitants
of Langkawi were almost exclusively Malay, while those of
Terutau were mainly Siamese, or rather Sam-sams, a mixed
race of Malay and Siamese origin, speaking the latter language.
Both islands are visited during certain seasons by the Orang
Laut, or Sea Gypsies, a people akin to, if not identical with,
the Selungs of the Mergui Archipelago, who frequent the
coast as far north as those islands. These people, however,
are more commonly found on the Butang Group, which lies
about twenty miles to seaward of Terutau and is otherwise
uninhabited. We were not so fortunate during the brief time
at our disposal as to meet with any of these interesting folk.

Since the date of our visit Langkawi, as part of Kedah,
has passed under the protection of Great Britain by the
Anglo-Siamese treaty of 1909, while Terutau, as an island
frequented by Siamese-speaking people, still remains an
intrinsic part of the Siamese dominions.

We left Penang for Trang on November 25th in a small
and crazy Chinese steamer, much overloaded with material
for the railway now under construction from the port of
Trang across the Peninsula to join the main line from
Singapore to Bangkok, as provided by the Anglo-Siamese
Treaty. After a brief stop at two small ports in the State of
Perlis, Lunghu and Sungei Opis, which are mainly concerned
with the shipment of pepper, we arrived at the mouth of the
Trang River about 5 p.m. on November 26th. The navigation
along this coast is exceedingly intricate, no charts being at
present in existence, and within the last few months several
wrecks have taken place, sunken rocks and shoals being very
numerous. The scenery is extremely picturesque, as the
course lies through an archipelago of lofty limestone islands
of strange outline, covered with rich vegetation and fringed
with white coral beaches. Arrived at the river's mouth, we
promptly stuck on the bar, but as the tide was rising soon

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 Y

668 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

got off and proceeded up the river in the dusk. We arrived
at the wharf in the dark, while the rain, which had been
falling more or less ever since we had left Penang, settled
down into a regular downpour. By some misunderstanding,
the Siamese official who had been detailed to await our
arrival was not in attendance, and it was some considerable
time before we could find a roof to cover us, and then only
owing to the kindness of the resident Railway Engineer,
Mr. Knight, into whose house we burst somewhat un-
ceremoniously.

Kantan, as the port of Trang is called, is a place of recent
origin and owes its existence entirely to the fact that it is the
furthest point up the Trang River which can be reached by
the coastal steamers, and that it has, therefore, been selected
as the Siamese official headquarters. At present it consists
merely of the residences of the Governor and other officials
and the various government offices, but in the near future it
is destined to be a place of considerable importance, as the
terminus of a railway which will shorten the distance between
Europe and Bangkok by four or five days. The country
round is, from the cursory view we had of it, uninteresting,
consisting mainly of rice-fields and plains of coarse grass,
with here and there low hills covered with secondary jungle.

Next day we interviewed the Governor's deputy and
received numerous documents in Siamese, armed with which
we started off up stream in a steam launch, even more crazy
and ancient than the coaster that had brought us from Penang.
After about three hours' laboured progress, partly up river
and partly through canals cut across the bends, we arrived
at a collection of huts and shops at the termination of a road.
Here we transferred ourselves into gharries, and our belong-
ings and servants into bullock-and-buffalo carts, and rattled
off along a very fair road through the town of Tap-tien and
for about three miles on the other side to a park or botanical
garden, the property of the Governor, in which was a large
house built some years ago for the accommodation of the
King of Siam. There was also a very comfortable wicker
rest-house, in which, after some argument with the guardians,
we installed ourselves.

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. 669

It had been raining hard ever since we arrived in the State,
and it continued to rain for the next three days, much to our
disgust, as we had nothing to do but watch the waters rise
steadily in the rice-fields, rendering it quite impossible for us
to travel on to our destination in the interior. The country
round being covered with highly cultivated rice-fields,
pepper-gardens, or orchard-laud, was most uninviting, and
yielded nothing of interest, though the common birds were
different from those found in similar situations in Perak and
Selangor. The Governor of the State, who had been apprised
of our intended visit from Bangkok, but who was absent at
the time of our arrival, returned to meet us, but the floods
were so high that his motor-car had to be wheeled along
the road by a squad of forty coolies. When he turned up,
however, be proved most courteous and obliging, putting
his country-house at Chong, our destination, at our disposal,
and assigning another very comfortable house for the use of
our collectors.

We eventually arrived at Chong, distant twelve or fourteen
miles from Tap-tien, along a road which had been originally
excellent but was now much damaged by the floods. It
passed through very extensive padi-fields, in which much of
the rice had been drowned out and would have to be re-
planted, and through pepper plantations and orchards, but as
the road approached Chong we arrived at more undulating
land, largely covered with secondary jungle. There were
precipitous limestone hills in the distance, while to the north
and south appeared hills of more considerable elevation up
to 3000 or 4000 feet in height, forming the main dividing-
range of the Peninsula or spurs of that range.

Chong itself, is a country-seat of the High Commissioner
of the Monthon Puket and his subordinate, the Governor of
Trang, who is his nephew. There is a large and comfortable
plank house here which had been recently occupied by the
Crown Prince of Siam. It was painted in broad vertical stripes
of red and white, presenting a somewhat bizarre appearance.
It was situated on a small hill in the centre of a large park,
originally jungle, from which all the undergrowth had been
removed, leaving only the larger forest trees, while the hill

2v2

670 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

on which the house itself stood was terraced. The grounds
were maintained in excellent order by a gang of short-
sentence convicts, on whom imprisonment did not appear
to press very hardly.

This park proved an excellent collecting-ground for birds,
especially for Bulbuls, Honeysuckers, and Flowerpeckers,
which seemed to concentrate on the isolated trees growing
there ; so that they could be easily shot, and, what was more
important, could be retrieved with much greater ease than
in heavy jungle. Game, too, was abundant in the vicinity,
and on one occasion a Kyang (Cervulus muntjac) strolled
across the lawn with a pack of convicts in hot pursuit.

Hard by is one of the most famous waterfalls of the
Peninsula, the Trang River falling over a broad shelf of rock
for a perpendicular distance of about forty feet. The fall is
not vertical, and the scene embowered in heavy jungle on
both sides is one of extreme beauty.

Chong is actually at the foot of the main range, and
a walk of six or seven miles along the road, excellently
engineered but now largely destroyed by heavy rains and
landslips, leads to the summit of the pass, which cannot
exceed four or five hundred feet, dividing the State of Trang
from the East Coast State of Patelung. The road at the
summit passes through a narrow defile, which is guarded by
a heavy loopholed timber fence and gate. A long day's
journey brings the traveller to the Lower Patelung, and
to the Inland Sea, but the route, which we have not as yet
traversed, has been described by Annandale.

During our stay at Chong we ascended a mountain in the
vicinity probably about 3000 feet in height, and obtained
an excellent view of the higher mountains of Lakon to the
north, which are over 5000 feet and as yet entirely un-
explored. The hill we visited was, however, very unproductive
in birds and yielded only one of any interest, viz. Stachyris
davisoni.

After our departure from Chong our collectors visited
several localities in the N.E. portion of the State towards
Lakon, but for various reasons were unable to ascend any of

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. 671

the hills. They obtained a considerable number of birds,
but devoted themselves chiefly to mammals, of which they
procured some very interesting specimens, including a new
and very large species of Hog Badger (Arctonyx dictator),
a white Leaf- Monkey, and a large series of a stump-tailed
Macaque, which will not improbably prove to be new to
science.

In conclusion, we must express our gratitude to the
Siamese authorities, both in Bangkok and Trang, for permis-
sion to collect, and for facilities in the way of transport and
permission to use the Government rest-houses, and more
especially to the Governor of Trang and the District Officer
of Chong.

Our thanks are also due to H.E. Sir John Anderson,
G.C.M.G., High Commissioner of the Federated Malay
States, who kindly obtained for us the requisite permission
from the Siamese authorities, and to Sir William Taylor,
K.C.M.G., Resident General, Federated Malay States, and
Mr. E. W. Birch, C.M.G., Resident of Perak, for permission
to travel outside the limits of our respective districts.

List of Species.

Phasianid.e.

1. Caloperdix oculea.

Caloperdix oculea (Temra.) ; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
xxii. p. 222 (1893).

This Jungle-Partridge is extremely rare in collections, and
a female from Lam-ra, in the interior of Trang, is the only
specimen that appears to have been obtained in the Peninsula
during the last twenty-five years, with the exception of some
collected by Dr. Abbott, also in Trang, which are now in the
United States National Museum.

Practically nothing is known of the habits of the bird,
except that it is an inhabitant of low- country jungle. It is
evidently commoner in South Tenasserim and the north of
the Malay Peninsula than it is in the south, as there are no
examples of the species in the museums of Taiping, Kuala
Lumpur, and Singapore.

67.2 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

2. Pavo muticus.

Pavo muticus Linn. ; Graut, torn. cit. p. 371.

The collection includes three Peacocks from the interior
of Trang.

The distribution of the Peacock in the Malay Peninsula
is very curious. In suitable localities it appears to be
common on both sides of the northern portion of the Malay
Peninsula as far south as Kedah on the coast of the west
side, and to extend down the Perak Eiver nearly as far as
Kuala Kangsar, the native capital of the State of Perak.
"With the exception of one dubious record from the borders
of Selangor and the Negri Sembilan, it is not known with
certainty from any other portion of the western slope of the
Peninsula, for we regard the locality "Malacca" attached
to specimens in the British Museum as entirely indefinite.
On the eastern side the Peacock extends further south, and
is known with certainty throughout Pahang, and probably
occurs in North-eastern Johor in the Endau River basin.

In the Malay Peninsula these birds are not particularly
shy, for they are hardly ever interfered with. Their favourite
haunts are the courses of the larger rivers, and in the early
morning they are often to be seen on the sand-banks of the
Pahang River, while they lie up for the heat of the day in the
thick vegetation that borders its banks and roost at night in
the lofty trees.

3. Gallus bankiva.

Gallus y alius Linn. ; Grant, torn. cit. p. 344.

Jungle-fowl were evidently fairly common in Trang on
the little jungle-clad hills rising from the rice-fields, whence
our men obtained several specimens. Most of the southern
Malayan Jungle-fowl have the lower half of the ear-lappet
whitish, but in these specimens the lappet is entirely red.

TrERONIDjE.

[Sphenocercus seimundi. (Plate X.)
Sphenocercus sp., Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. ii. p. 168 (1909).

Sphenocercus seimundi Robinson, Bull. B. O. C. xxv. p. 98

(1910).

Northern Portion of the Malay Peninsula. f>73

This hanisome Green Pigeon is very distinct from any
species hitherto described, being most closely allied to &. oxy-
iirns (Temm.) from the mountains of Sumatra, with which
it agrees in having the bare space round the eye extending
to the base of the bill. This character does not occur in any
other member of the genus except in S. apicicauda, these
two being also the only species that have sharply pointed
tail-feathers.

From S. oxyurus the present form differs in having the
wing-coverts edged with yellow, from S. apicicauda by its
less acuminate tail-feathers, much darker coloration, and
the presence of maroon shoulder-patches in the nude, and
from both species by its yellow and green, not cinnamon or
chestnut, under tail-coverts. From <S. robinsoni Grant, the
other Peninsula species, it is at once separated by its pointed
tail and naked lores, and from every species of the genus by
its pure white belly.

Since the description of this fine species three more
specimens, two adult males and a female, have been collected
by our Dyaks in the same locality as the type, Semangko
Pass, Selangor Pahang-border, about 2700 ft., where we have
frequently seen the bird, but under conditions that generally
rendered it impossible to obtain it.]

4 BuTRERON CAPELLII.

Butreron capellei (Temm.) ; Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
xxi. p. 32 (1893) ; Robinson, p. 168.

Lay Song Hong, Interior of Trang, January 1910.

This large Green Pigeon, though fairly common in the
Peninsula, is not so well known as the species of Osmotreron,
and does not afford the same amount of sport. It occurs in
the interior of the country, nearly always in very high forest,
and feeds on very lofty trees, so that it is generally rather
difficult to get.

It is usually met with in very large flocks, and on one
occasion, near Selama in North Perak, we came across one
that at the lowest estimate must have numbered two or three
hundred individuals.

674 Messrs. Robinson and Kloss on Birds from the

5. Treron nipalensis.

Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p. 31 ;
Robinson, p. 169.

Fairly common everywhere, though less so than Osmo-
treron vernans and O. olax, and not forming flights to the
same extent as those species. Numerous in Trang and
also in Terutau.

6. OSMOTRERON BICINCTA.

Osmotreron bicincta (Jerd.) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p 57.

Exceedingly rare in the Peninsula, though sporadically
distributed, being recorded from Salanga (Tongkah), Kuala
Selangor, and Malacca. In Trang a single specimen was
obtained by our collectors.

The single bird we ourselves obtained was shot out of a
flock of 0. vernans at Kuala Selangor on the Selangor coast
in December 190-t.

7. OSMOTRERON VERNANS.

Osmotreron vernans (Linn.) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p. 60.

This, the commonest Green Pigeon in the Peninsula, is
found everywhere throughout the country except in thick
jungle and on the mountains.

8. Myristicivora bicolor.

Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p. 227.

The White Nutmeg-Pigeon, the rawa of the Malays, like
the other species of the genus, is rarely found except on
small islands or among the mangroves in the immediate
vicinity of the coast. On the small islands in the Straits of
Malacca, notably Pulau Jarak, and on others on the east
coast of Pahang, it is extremely common and affords very
good sport, though for the table the bird is usually tough
and tasteless. It was met with, though sparingly, on some
of the outlying islands of the Langkawi group in February
1909.

COLUMBID^.

9. CoLUMBA PUNICEA.

Columba punicea (Blyth) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p. 306.

A female specimen obtained on the hills of Pulau Terutau

Northern Portion of t lie Malay Peninsula. 075

is the most southerly record for this species, which has not
hitherto been found south of the island of Tongkah or Sa-
langa, whence there are three specimens collected by Darling
in the British Museum.

10. TURTUR TIGRINUS.

Twrtur tigrinus (Temm. & Knip); Salvad. torn. cit. p. 11).

Exceedingly common in open spaces throughout the Penin-
sula, but perhaps rather more abundant in the north, where
there is a greater extent of suitable country.

11. Chalcophaps ixdica.

Chalcophaps indie a (Linn.); Salvad. torn. cit. p. 514.

Another bird which is exceedingly numerous in all jungle
except that of the swampy coastal tract, ascending the
mountains to over 5000 feet.

The " apunai tana/' as it is called by the Malays, is much
trapped with the aid of a bamboo call-pipe, and is sometimes
brought into the towns in large numbers for sale as food.

CaLOSNAS XICOBAR1CA.

Calvenas nicobarica (Linn.) ; Salvad. torn. cit. p. 615.

The Nicobar Pigeon is a migratory bird in the Straits of
Malacca, and is apparently found on several islands, but
only during the winter months.

We obtained specimens on Pulau Jarak in December
1904. Seimund met with it, though he failed to secure
specimens, on Pulau Rumbia, one of the Sembilan Islands,
in March 1909, and one of us spent a long and sultry after-
noon stalking an old cock bird on a small but very steep
islet in Wanderer Bay, Terutau, in December 1907. The
old fellow was so wary that we only caught an occasional
glimpse of his white tail, and never got a shot at him.

The species is probably found on Pulau Pisang, betweeu
Malacca and Singapore, but no specimens have been actually
obtained from there, though we have had accounts of a
wonderful " merpati mas'" or "golden pigeon/' which has
been killed by flying into the lighthouse.
[To be continued.]

676 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

XXXI. — On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. A. B. Percival
in British East Africa. By D. A. Bannerman, B.A.,
M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by the Collector.

(Plate XL)

The present paper is based on a collection of birds which
was formed by Mr. Arthur Blayney Percival (Game-Ranger
to the Protectorate) in British East Africa, during the years
1900-1903, and presented to the British Museum. The
collection, though a small one, is of special interest from the
fact that it was chiefly made in the coastal districts, whence
comparatively few specimens have hitherto been received.
A few birds were also obtained at various points along the
railway between Mombasa and Nairobi, and in the neighbour-
hood of Mount Kilimanjaro ; likewise some at Shimoni, Taka-
ungu, and Malindi: the three last-named are places situated
on the coast-line, Malindi being some fifty miles north
of Mombasa. Unfortunately, Mr. Percival obtained only
a small series of each species, and it is to be regretted that
in many instances the sex was not determined.

Only onespecies — a Bulbul ( < 'hlorocichlapercivali) — proved
to be new in Mr. Percival's collection, and this has already
been described by Dr. Neumann ; but several rare birds, not
previously represented in the Natural History Museum, are
also included. Among the more interesting species may be
mentioned Pytelia nitidula, which is here figured for the
first time from specimens in Mr. F. J. Jackson's collection ;
the curious Golden Pipit, Tmetothylacus tenellus, of which
]\Ir. Percival obtained a small series ; Macro sphenus kretsch-
merij hitherto unrepresented in the National Collection ;
and the extremely rare Fan-tailed Warbler, Cisticola picti-
pennis, from the Kikuyu Forest.

In the following itinerary will be found a list of the
localities visited by Mr. Percival, with the months in which
the birds were collected : —

Birds from British East Africa.

677

Mombasa. Coast of British East Africa. Aug., Sept., Oct. (1900); May

(1903).

Takaunyu.

Tangftniko.
Malindi.

Umtundea.
Shimoni.
Lake Nalvasha.
Lake Xjiri.
Tsavo Swamp.
Kikuyn Forest.

British East Africa.

Nov., Dec. (1900) ; Jan., 1-Vb.,
March, April (1901J.

Feb. (1901).

Feb., March (1901).

March (1901).

May, June (1901).

Nov. (1901).

Jan. (1902).

Feb. (1902).

March, April, May, June, July
(1902).

April, May, June (1902).

Jan., Feb., March (1902).

Feb. (1902).

Nairobi. „ ,, „

Mt. Kilimanjaro. German East Africa.
M'buffuni. „ „ „

Throughout this paper I have quoted Dr. Reichenow's
work ' Die Ybgel Afrikas ' as " Reich." and Captain
Shelley's ' Birds of Africa ' as " Shelley, B. of A."

"Where Mr. Percival has supplied field-uotes 1 have placed
them in square brackets aud appended his initials.

My most grateful thanks are due to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant, for his invaluable help and advice, and also to
his attendant, Mr. Wells, for the many services which he has
rendered me.

1. Pholidauges verreauxi (Finsch & Hartl.).

Cinnyricinclus verreauxi Reich, ii. p. 080.

a. Inim. Mombasa. (No. 37.)

[Common on the mainland. The males were outnumbered
by the females by four or five to one. Up country it was
rare.— A. B. P.]

2. Lamprocolius chalybeus (Hempr. & Ehr.).
LamprocoUus chalybeus Reich, ii. p. 687.

a. Ad. Nairobi. (No. 246 a.)

3. BUPHAGA ERYTHRORHYNCHA (Staill.).

Buphagus erythrorhynchus Reich, ii. p. 6Q7.

a. <$ . Mombasa, 'dUt Aug., 1900. (No. 9.)

[This Ox-pecker was not very common on the coast. It is

678 Mr. D. A. Baunerman on a Collection of

very injurious to cattle and donkeys, as it rips up sores and
old wounds. — A. B. P. ]

4. BUCHANGA ASSIMELIS (Beclist.).

Dicrurvs afer (Licht.) ; Reich, ii. p. 646.

a. <$. Tsavo Swamp, 15th Feb., 1902. (No. 245.)

5. Oriolus rolleti Salvad.

Oriolus larvatus rolleti Reich, ii. p. 659.

a. Ad. Takaungu, Feb. 11)01. (No. 130.)

6. Vidua hypocherina Verr.
Vidua hypocherina Reich, iii. p. 21G.

a. [<?.] Mt. Kilimanjaro, 18th Jan., 1902.

This specimen is almost in adult plumage, but it still
retains a lew brown Heathers on the mantle and back.

7. Vidua principalis (Linn.).

Vidua serena (Linn.) ; Reich, iii. p. 217.
a S ■ Takaungu.

b. Jr. Nairobi, 2<Sth May, 1902. (No. 281.)

The specimen obtained at Nairobi is of particular interest
as it is in the uniform brown plumage of the young bird.
It is the only example in this state in the Natural
History Museum.

8. Dbepanoplectes jacksonj Sharpc.
Drepanoplectes jacksoiii Reich, iii. p. 143.

a,b. <J. Nairobi, 24th and 28th May, L902. (Nos.286,
287.)

[During the breeding-season the male of this species
performs a peculiar nuptial dance, leaping about a foot into
the air and dropping back to the ground with the wings and
tail raised. Time after time this performance is repeated
until the grass is broken down in a circle, only a tuft being
hit m the middle.— A.B.P.]

9. Urobrachya zaxziijarica Shelley.

Urobrachya zanzibarica Shelley, B. of A. iv. p. 64 (1905).
«. <$ . Takaungu, 1st Dec, 1900.

Urobrachya zunzibaiica Shelley is distinguished from
U. hildtbrandti Sharpe by having the greater wing-coverts

Birds from British EaU Africa. (!?'.)

almost entirely black, whereas in the latter species they are
almost entirely chestnut.

[This Weaver was found in the open spaces in the bush,
usually near swamps. It was plentiful on the road to
Shimoni, south of Mombasa. — A. B. P.~\

10. Pyromelana flam mice ps (Swains.).
Pyromelana flammiceps Reich, iii. p. 118.

a, b. J iuim. Takaungu, 25th March and 1st April.
(No. 172.)

c. 1mm. Mombasa.

11. Pyromelana xaxthomelas (Riipp.).
Euphctes xanthomelas Reich, iii. p. 128.

a. <$ . Nairobi. (No. 297.)

b. hum. Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902. (No. 339.)
Iris dark brown; bill horn-coloured ; legs dark brown.

12. Q'JELEA /ETIIIOI'ICA (SlUldcV ).

Quelea sanguinirostris cethiopica Reich, iii. p. 109.

a, b. [cf]?. Near Mt. Kilimanjaro, 20th Feb., 1902.
(Nos. 247 & 248.)

From Mr. PercivaPs notes it appears that this species was
decidedly scarce. The specimen (no doubt a male) which
Mr. Percival procured on Mt. Kilimanjaro is an example of
Dr. Reichenow's Q. intermedia. This form according to Capt.
Shelley (B. of A. iv. p. 115) is probably a cross between
Q. quelea and Q. atkiopica, both of which range into the
Great Lake district of Central Africa.

13. Spermestes nigriceps Cass.
Spermestes nigriceps Reich, iii. p. 153.

a. ? . Shimoni, 19th May, 1901.

b. Kikuyu Forest, 80th June, 1902. (No. 350.)
Bill slate-coloured ; legs and feet dark brown.

[This little Weaver-Finch was almost always seen in flocks,
some of which were of considerable size. They were more
common round Mombasa in the grass-country than at
Shimoni. One was seen collecting grass for its nest in
March.— A. B. P.]

680 Mr. D. A. Banncrman on a Collection of

14. Lagonosticta niyeo-guttata (Peters).
Hypargos niveoguttatus Reich, iii. p. 157.

a, b. <J. Takaungu, 28th March, 1901. (No. 150.)

c, d. ? . Mt. Kilimanjaro, 8th Feb. to 9th March, 1902.
(Nos. 227 & 228.)

Bill and feet slate-coloured; wattle round the eye very
faint blue.

[Not uncommon in the thick bush, but difficult to obtain,
as it can only be seen when at close quarters. It comes to
the paths, after rain, to drink. — A. B. P.]

15. Lagonosticta brunneiceps Sharpe.

Lagonosticta brunneiceps Reich, iii. p. 1!H>.
a, b. S- Takaungu, March 1901. (Nos. 113, 11 1.)
c, d. M'buguni, 6th Feb., 1902. ( Nos. 224, 225. )
[This was the commonest \Yaxbill ; it was usually found
in pairs, but sometimes in small flocks of ten or a dozen
individuals. Even then the birds were together in pairs. —
A. B. P.]

L6. AMADINA ALEXANDER] Neum.

Amadina fasciata alewanderi Neum. Bull. B. O. C. xxiii.
p. 43 (1908).

Amadina fasciata Reich, iii. p. 14G (part.).

u-c. S ? • Near Mt. Kilimanjaro, 18th Jan., 1902.

These specimens are all typical examples of Amadina
ahxandcri. Professor Neumann has renamed A. sudanensis
Alexander as A. f. alexanderi.

[All these birds were obtained out of one flock at a pool
of fresh water about fifty-five miles north of Kilimanjaro ;
this was the only water to be found for miles, and thousands
of birds came there to drink, including Sand-Grouse, Pigeons,
Guinea-fowl, &c. — A. B. P.~\

17. Pytelia afra (Gmel.).
Pytelia afra Reich, iii. p. 162.
a. Ad. Mombasa, Oct. 1900.

[This specimen was shot out of a flock met with at a lake
near Mombasa. — A. B. P.]

Ibis.1910.Pl.XI.

H.Gronvold del. West,Newman imp.

PYTELIA NITIDULA.

Birds from British East Africa. 681

18. Pytelta nitidula. (Plate XI.)

Estrelda nitidula Hartl. Ibis, 1865, p. 269 [Natal].

Hyparyos nitidulus Shelley, B. of A. iv. p. 242 (1905).

a. [J] imm. Mombasa, Oct. 1901.

The British Museum possesses an immature male of this
very rare species procured at Durban by Gordge, which is,
no doubt, a typical example of P. nitidula (Hartlaub).
This specimen is apparently of the same species as the bird
procured by Mr. Percival at Mombasa, but the latter is much
more nearly mature. In Mr. Jackson's collection there are
four examples of the same species obtained at Entebbe and
Marsabit, including an adult pair and two immature birds.

The evidence before us seems clearly to indicate that the
East African examples are of the same species as the bird
from Natal, but without adult specimens from the latter
locality for comparison it is impossible to be quite certain on
this point.

The description of the adult male and female is as
follows : —

Adult male. — Closely allied to P. schlegeli Sharpe, from
West Africa, but with a less robust bill and a straighter
culmen : the scarlet area round the eye and on the throat is
much less intense in colour and much more restricted, and
there is only a wash of scarlet on the olive-green chest,
whereas in P. schlegeli the chest is mostly vermilion. The
colour of the upper parts is dull olive, not golden-olive.
The bill in dried skins appears to be nearly uniform black,
only the tip of the lower mandible being reddish ; in
P. schlegeli the bill is bluish at the base, and the tips of both
mandibles as well as the greater part of the lower are rose-
colour.

Total length 4 inches ; wing 2'0 ; tail 14 ; tarsus 0'6.

Adult female. — Differs from the male in having the lores
and the area round the eyes, as well as the chin and throat,
light cinnamon, the middle of the chest and breast being of
the same colour ; the under tail-coverts are pale yellowish-
buff, instead of olive-green.

Total length 4'0 inches; wing 2"0 ; tail 1*2 ; tarsus 0*6.

682 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

The immature male resembles the female, but the entire
under parts are greyish, washed with olive on the chest
and sides, and there are one or two rather faintly marked
twin-spot feathers visible on the middle of the breast and
belly.

I may here remark that, as pointed out by Captain Shelley
[Bull. B. O. C. xiv. p. 30 (1903)], Hartlaub, in addition to
the Estrelda nitidula mentioned above, described an entirely
different bird under the name Lagonosticta nitidula [Bull.
Mus. Belg. iv. p. 145, pi. iv. fig. 2 (1886)]. Capt. Shelley
has renamed the latter bird Hypargus harterti, but as the two
species belong to totally different genera both Hartlaub's
names ought to be retained. The character said to dis-
tinguish the genus Hypargus from Pytelia and Lagonosticta
is the attenuated extremity of the first primary quill.

19. Neisna kilimensis Sharpe.
Neisna kilimensis Reich, iii. p. 205.
a. Ad. Nairobi, 20th May, 1902.

20. EsTRILDA .MINOR (Cab.).

Estrilda astrild minor Reich, iii. p. 180.

a. Imm. Nairobi, 28th May, 1902. (No. 215.)

21. Sycobrotus insignis Sharpe.
Ploceus insignis Reich, iii. p. 36.

a. [ ? ] ad. Nairobi, 3rd June, 1902. (No. 298.)

b. [ ? ] ad. Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902. (No. 340.)
This species was originally described by Dr. Sharpe

from a female obtained on Mt. Elgon by Mr. F. J. Jackson
('Ibis,' 1891, p. 117, pi. v. fig. 1). The type-specimen in
the British Museum has the yellow on the under parts con-
tinued on to the throat, as is also the case in a second female
from Nandi obtained in June by Mr. Percival. In both these
examples the throat is black. This appears to me to be the
fully adult plumage. In a male, obtained at Eldoma Ravine
in May, the feathers on the throat are black edged with
yellow, shewing an intermediate stage of plumage.

Birds from British East Africa. 683

22. Melanhyph antes melanoxanthus Cab.
Ploceus melanoxanthus Reich, iii. p. 42.

a, b. S ? • Mombasa, 26th Aug. and Oct. 1900. Nos. 8
&40.

This Weaver-Finch extends its range across Africa from
Mombasa on the east coast to Landana on the west, where the
nearly allied species M. nigricollis is found. It is distinguished
from the latter by having the upper tail-coverts black instead
of olive-green.

[These were solitary birds inhabiting low thick bushes :
they were very noisy and inquisitive. — A. B. P.]

23. Heterhypiiantes reichenowi (Fischer).
Ploceus reichenowi Reich, iii. p. 38.

a-e. S ? et imm. Kikuyu Forest, 29th March to 30th
June, 1902. (Nos. 354 & 360.)

21. Hyphantornis bojeri (Hartl. & Finsch).
Ploceus bojeri Reich, iii. p. 92.

a. S . Takaungu, 26th March, 1901.

b. Imm. Mombasa.

The immature bird has the upper mandible dark horn-
coloured and the lower mandible yellow.

[This was the commonest Weaver-bird on the coast ;
hundreds used to nest in the garden of the Mombasa Club. —
A. B. P.]

25. Hyphantornis spekii Heugl.
Ploceus spekei Reich, iii. p. 65.

a. [J.] Kikuyu Forest.

26. Hyphantornis xanthops Hartl.
Ploceus xanthops Reich, iii. p. 88.

Hyphantornis xanthops Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 278
(1910).

a. Kikuyu Forest, 1st July, 1902. (No. 383.)

27. Passer gongonensis Oustalet.
Passer gongonensis Reich, iii. p. 229.

Passer crassirostris Shelley, B. of A. iii. p. 255 (1902).
a. Takaungu, March 1901. (No. 120.)

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 2 i

684 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

b. Nairobi, 10th April, 1902. (No. 276.)

Besides the characters mentioned by Captain Shelley,
P. gongonensis is distinguishable from P. diffusus by not
possessing the white chin of the latter species.

[At Takaungu this Sparrow was very common in the
gardens; it was plentiful also at Nairobi, but very wary. —
A.B.P.]

28. Serinus citrinelloides (Riipp.).
Spinus citrinelloides Reich, iii. p. 274.

a. Imm. Kikuyu Forest, 1st July, 1902.

In this specimen, which is no doubt quite a young bird,
the feathers on the chin are yellow, and not dusky green as
in the mature bird.

The species ranges from Abyssinia to Nyasaland.

29. Emberiza plaviventris Steph.
Emberiza fiaviventris Reich, iii. p. 281.
a. Nairobi, 28th May, 1902. (No. 292.)

30. Mirafra fischeri (Reich.).
Mirafra fischeri Reich, iii. p. 339.
a. Mombasa.

[This Lark was common on the mainland near Mombasa.
It makes a curious noise with its wings every now and then
as it flies along.—./. B. P. |

SI. Mirafra cantillans Blyth.

Mirafra canlillan.s Grant, Nov. Zool. vii. p. 248 (1900);
Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 028; Shelley, B. of A. iii. p. 64
(1902) ; Reich, iii. p. 335.

a. ?. M'buguni, 6th Feb., 1902.

This specimen undoubtedly belongs to M. cantillans, and
is similar in plumage to a bird obtained at Filwa, S. Abys-
sinia, by Mr. A. E. Pease. I can find no record of this species
having been obtained so far south as M'buguni. In his notes
M r. Percival menl ions thai M'buguni is south of Kilimanjaro.

32. MoTACILLA CAMPKSTRIS Pall.

Budytes campestris Reich, iii. p. 30(1.
a. Takaungu, 1st April, 1901.

Birds from British East Africa. G85

33. Anthus rufulus (Vieill.).

Anthus rufulus cinnamomeus Reich, iii. p. 313.

a. £. Takaungu, Dec. 1900.

b. Ad. Takaungu, 30th March, 1901. (No. 161.)

3k Anthus trivialis (Linn.).

Anthus trivialis Reich, iii. p. 311.

a. Ad. Kikuyu Forest, April 1902. (No. 272.)

35. Tmetothylacus tenellus (Cab.).
Anthus tenellus Shelley, B. of A. ii. p. 326.
Tmetothylacus tenellus Reich, iii. p. 325 ; Jackson, Ibis,

1905, p. 104.

a-d. S vix ad. et ? imra. Tsavo Swamp, 15th Fub., 1902.
(Nos. 241, 212, 243, 211.)

e. Imm. Nairobi, 5th June, 1902. (No. 303.)

This rare and interesting Pipit Avas met with by
Mr. Percival near the Tsavo River, and one example was
obtained at Nairobi. Nos. 241 to 243 are males, and are
moulting into the adult plumage ; the two others are quite
young birds.

[Very common at one place near the Tsavo River; in
flight the yellow of the wing is very conspicuous. The
young bird marked No. 303 flew into my house at Nairobi.
"—A. B. P.]

36. Macro nyx croceus (Vieill.).

Macronyx croceus Reich, iii. p. 321 ; Grant, Trans. Zool.
Soc. xix. p. 314 (1910).

a. Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902.

This is a very fine adult bird, with only a narrow shaft-
streak of black immediately below the black gorget.

37. Nectarinia reichexowi Fisch.
Drepanorhynchus reichenowi Reich, iii. p. 504.

a-e. [ <J ? et J $ imm.] Nairobi, 27th & 28th June,
1902.

[I did not observe examples of this species until June, but
during that month it was plentiful, though in poor plumage.
— A. B. P.]

»> 7 *>

686 Mr. D. A. Bannerraan on a Collection of

38. Nectarixia kilimensis Shelley.

Nectarinia kilimensis Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 31
(1910).

a, b. [S ?•] Kikuyu Forest, 29th March, 1902. (No.
352.)

c-e. [ <$ $ .] Nairobi, 27th to 29th June, 1902. (Nos.
313, 330, 337.)

[This is the commonest Sunbird in this part of East
Africa.— A. B. P.\

39. Cinnyris gutturalis (Linn.).
Chalcomitra gutturalis Reich, iii. p. 464.

a. S vix ad. Mombasa, 2nd Sept., 1900. (No. 19.)
b-d. ? et <$ imm. Takaungu, Dec, Jan., and March.
(Nos. 52, 53 & 55.)

The bird which Mr. Pcrcival obtained at Mombasa (No. 19)
has almost assumed adult plumage, the feathers on the
margin of the breast are edged with white, and the black
feathers on the belly and flanks are irregularly tipped with
white and pale buff, giving it a mottled appearance : the
greater wing-coverts are also light buff.

[This was the common Sunbird of the coast, and was very
plentiful in the months of December and January, after
which its numbers slightly diminished. It frequented
the flowers of the Papai trees growing close to my house,
and seemed quite fearless, even venturing into the middle of
the town. In December there were many males in changing
plumage, but these disappeared later. — .1. B. P.]

40. Cinnyris microrhynchus Shelley.
Cinnyris microrhy?ichus Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix.
p. 327 (1910).

a. S vix ad. Mombasa, 20th Sept., 1900. (No. 36.)

b. S- Takaungu, 31st March, 1901. (No. 168.)

In his paper quoted above, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant notes the
strange differences in plumage of the male examples which
he received from Ruwenzori, especially in the colour of the
under tail-coverts. In the two male birds in Mr. Pereival's
collection this difference in colour is also borne out. A

Birds from British East Africa. 687

fully adult male (No. 168) has the under tail-coverts brilliant
metallic blue ; the wing of this bird measures 225 inches :
the other specimen, which is not quite adult, has the under
tail-coverts tipped with metallic green ; the wing of this bird
measures 2'2 inches.

[Rare ; only two seen anywhere on the coast. — A. B. P.]

41. Cinnyris kirki Shelley.
Chalcomitra kirki Reich, iii. p. 460.

«, b. $ et imm. Takaungu, 22nd & 24th March, 1901.

(Nos. 57, 109.)

c. [<$ ] ad. Kikuyu Forest, 1st July, 1902. (No. 371.)
[Somewhat rare on the coast, mostly seen near Mombasa ;

scarce at Nairobi. — A. B. P.]

42. Cinnyris falkensteini Fisch. & Reich.
Cinnyris venustus falkensteini Reich, iii. p. 474.
Cinnyris falkensteini Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 325

(1910).

a, b. J. Nairobi, 29th May and 29th June, 1902.
(Nos. 240 & 335.)

c. $. Base of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 23rd Jan., 1902.
(No. 222.)

The adult male which Mr. Percival obtained at the foot
of Mt. Kilimanjaro has the belly and flanks very much more
orange-yellow than is the case with the Nairobi birds.

[Common on Kilimanjaro and in the Kikuyu Forest. —
A. B. P.]

43. Anthothreptes zambesianus Shelley.
Anthothreptes zambesiana Grant, Ibis, 1908, p. 286.
a, b. [(??.] Mombasa, Sept. 1900. (No. 20.)

c. <J . Takaungu, 24th March, 1901. (No. 59.)

d, e. [<J ? •] Kikuyu Forest, 26th to 29th June, 1902.
(Nos. 342 & 346.)

[Common on Kilimanjaro and at the edge of the Kikuyu
Forest. It was also fairly plentiful at Takaungu.— A. B. P.]

44. Parus albiventer Shelley.
Parus albiventris Reich, iii. p. 514.

a. <J. Nairobi, 27th June, 1902. (No. 331.)

688 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

b. [ ? ?] Kikuyu Forest, 1st July, 1902. (No. 370.)
The male bird from Nairobi is in a very worn condition,
■while the example from the Kikuyu Forest, which is probably
an adult female, is in freshly moulted plumage.

[These Tits were met with in the open parts of the forest.
—A. B. P.]

45. Telephonus erythropterus Shaw.
Pomatorhynchus seneyalus Reich, ii. p. 547.
Telephonus erythropterus Shaw ; Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc.

xix. p. 337 (1910).

a. <$ . Takaungu, 1st April. (Xo. 162.)

The specimen has the continuous buff eyebrow-stripe
characteristic of this form.

[Common all along the coast. At Mombasa, Shimoni,
and Takaungu it was found in the more open bush, and
frequented the native gardens. At Nairobi it was rare. —
A. B. P.]

46. Lanius caudatus Cab.

Lanius caudatus Reich, ii. p. 613 ; Grant, Nov. Zool. ix.
p. 468.

a. [ ? .] Mombasa, 8th Sept., 1900. (No. 6.)
&.[?.] Malindi, 21st Feb., 1901. (No. 65.)
The specimens of these fine Shrikes are both in the freshly
moulted plumage of the adult female, the sex of the bird ob-
tained at Mombasa (marked male) having doubtless been
wrongly determined. As Mr. Ogilvie-Grant points out in
his paper, the adult female in freshly moulted plumage
differs from the male in having a large patch of dark chestnut
feathers on each side of the body.

[I found these Shrikes very common on the telegraph-
wires near Malindi. At one spot I noticed fully fifty of
them perched on the wires within a distance of three
hundred yards. On the mainland, near Mombasa, they
were scarce, and at Takaungu none were observed. They
seem to prefer fairly open country, and to keep in small
parties of from six to ten. — A. B. P.J

Birds from British East Africa. 689

47. Lanius hume kalis Staul.

Lanius humeralis Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 466 ; Reich, ii.
p. 609.

a. [ ? .] Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902. (No. 333.)

The only example of this Shrike obtained by Mr. Percival
is a female in very worn plumage. The under parts are
strongly tinged with smoky brown and the tail is in a very
worn condition, but the broad white tips to the outer tail-
feathers seem to distinguish this species from Lanius smithi
Fraser.

[This is the commonest Shrike here ; it breeds in the
thick thorn bushes. — A. B. P.]

48. Lanius collurio Linn.

Lanius collurio Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 471 ; Reich, ii.
p. 622.

a. cJ. Takaungu, April 1901. (No. 167.)

This specimen has the back very dark chestnut.

[A few only were seen before March, but during that
month they became numerous on their migration northwards.
At Nairobi from the middle of March to the beginning
of May they were common. The last one was seen on
May 20th.— A. B. P.]

49. Laniarius quadricolor Cassin.

Laniarius quadricolor Cassin, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1851, p. 245.
Chlorophoneus quadricolor Reich, ii. p. 566.

a. Ad. Malindi, 28th Feb., 1901. (No. 124.)

b. Ad. Takaungu, 15th March, 1901. (No. 123.)

In the adult male the basal portion of the central tail-
feathers is olive-green, the remainder being black, but the
bases of the outer webs of the outer tail-feathers are strongly
washed with olive-green.

The adult female differs from the male in having the tail-
feathers entirely green and in lacking the broad black band
across the chest, which is indicated only by a few of the
feathers being narrowly tipped with black.

An apparently immature female in the British Museum has
the throat yellow and only the tips of the feathers scarlet

690 Mr. D. A. Barmerman on a Collection of

there is no black band across the chest ; the two central
pairs of tail-i'eathers are olive-green, and the remainder
black, the outer vebs being washed with olive.

The immature females are similar to the immature males,
but have the tail-feathers entirely green.

A specimen in the British Museum from Durban has
nearly assumed the plumage of the adult male, but the tail
is almost entirely green, only the under surface of the
feathers being edged with black.

Mr. Percival's birds, from Mombasa and Malindi, as well
as a third specimen from Mombasa in the Museum, have the
throat of a much deeper scarlet than the birds from Natal,
and have much more black on the feathers of the tail ; they
are altogether richer in colour. But this is also shown in
a specimen obtained in Portuguese East Africa by Mr. Claude
Grant, so that the dark birds are not confined to the north,
as I had at first supposed.

50. Dryoscopus sublacteus Cassin.
Laniarius sublacteus Reich, ii. p. 570.

a-c. J et ? imm. Takauugu, March to 1st April, 1901.
(Nos. 105, 110, 170.)

[This Mas the commonest Bush- Shrike on the coast.
It was found everywhere in the thick bush. The native
name lor this species was "Belgapal." — A. B. P.]

51. Dryoscopus punebris Haiti.
Laniarius fun ebris Reich, ii. p. 574.

a. ? . Mt. Kilimanjaro, 18th Jan., 1902. (No. 214.)

52. Dryoscopus suahelicus Neumann.

Dryoscojms cubla suahelicus Neumann, J. f. O. 1899,
p. 414.

Dryoscopus cubla hamatus Reich, ii. p. 591.

a, b. <$ ¥ • South of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902.
(Nos. 231, 232.)

53. Dryoscopus salim^e Finsch & Hartl.
Dryoscojms salima? Neumann, J. f. O. 1899, p. 415.
Dn/oscopns affinis Reich, ii. p. 590.

Birds from British East Africa. 691

a, b. S ? • Takaungu, Feb. 1901. (No. 117.)
[Common all along the coast. — A. B. P.]

54. Nicator gularis Finsch. & Hartl.
Xicator gularis Reich, ii. p. 555.

a. Ad. Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902. (No. 23 1.)

55. Nilaus minor Sharpe.
Nilaus afer minor Reich, ii. p. 5 10.

Nilaus minor Rannerman, Ibis, 1910, p. 303.

a. (J. Foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 21st Jan., 1902. (No.
219.)

[This bird was found in dense forest. It was very hard
to see, and still harder to procure. — A. B. P.]

56. EUROCEPIJALUS RUEPPELLI Rp.

Eurocephalus ruppelli Reich, ii. p. 526.

a. ? . Kilimanjaro, 21st Jan., 1902. (No. 217.)

[This Shrike is found in the bush-countries at an

elevation of about 2500-3000 ft. I did not meet with it on

any higher ground. — A. B. P.]

57. Sigmodus graculinus Cab.

Sigmodus graculinus Jackson, Ibis, 1901, p. 48.
Sigmodus retzii graculinus Reich, ii. p. 536.

a. Ad. Shimuni, May 1901.

b, c. ? et imm. S. of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902.
(Nos. 238, 239.)

Mr. F. J. Jackson, in his paper quoted above, gives a
review of the genus Sigmodus. In the three specimens
which Mr. Percival obtained, those from Kilimanjaro shew
faint spots on the primaries, whereas in the example
from Shimoni none are apparent. All the specimens in
the Rritish Museum from Nyasaland, the Zambesi River,
Angoniland, and Oliphaut's River have the white bar on the
primaries much pronounced.

[This bird wras rare, one party of ten or twelve was seen
at Takaungu, and one was obtained at Shimoni, near
Mt. Kilimanjaro, where it seemed to be much more plentiful.
—A. B. P.]

692 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

58. Sylviella micrura (Riipp.).
Sylvietta leucopsis Reich, iii. p. 629.

a. ? . Foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 21st Jan., 1902. (No.
216.)

See the remarks on Sylviella brachyura by Mr. Grant,
Ibis, 1907, p. 593.

59. Sylviella whytii Shelley.
Sylviella whytii Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 157.
Sylvietta whytei Reich, iii. p. 627.

a. Mombasa. (No. 22.)

60. Camaroptera griseoviridis (v. Mull.).
Camaroptera griseoviridis Reich, iii. p. 616.

a. Ad. Tanganiko, Feb. 1901. (No. 128.)

b. ? . Foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 21st Jan., 1902. (No.
218.)

61. Eremomela scotops Suntlev.
Eremomela scotops Reich, iii. p. 638.

a, b. Imm. Nairobi, 28th May, 1902. (Nos. 282, 283.)
This Warbler is known from Mashonaland and the
country north of the Transvaal. Hitherto, so far as I
can ascertain, it has never been recorded from Nairobi.
The birds obtained by Mr. Percival are both immature, and
have the belly and flanks white, very faintly tinged with
yellow.

[These two examples were shot out of a flock of eight or
ten birds, all of which appeared to be immature. — A. B. P.~\

62. Euprinodes flavocincta Sharpe.
Euprinodes Jlavocincta Sharpe, J. f. O. 1882, p. 346.
Euprinodes golzi Fischer & Reich. J. f. O. 1884, p. 182.
Apa lis flavocincta Reich, iii. p. 612.

a. Ad. Nairobi.

E. golzi from Aruscha appears to be synonymous with
E. Jlavocincta. In his key to the species of Apalis
Dr. Reichenow (iii. p. 600) says that the entire head is
grey, but on referring to the original description given by
Drs. Fischer and Reichenow (J. f. O. 1884, p. 182) we are

Birds from British East Africa. 693

expressly informed that the feathers on the hinder part of
the head are grey tipped with olive-green, which is the
distinguishing characteristic of E. flavocincta. The type of
E. tjolzi was procured at Great Aruscha, while the typical
examples of E. flavocincta were procured by Hildebrandt
on the Athi River in Ukamba.

[I only saw one example of this species at Kilimanjaro
besides the bird obtained at Nairobi. — A. B. P.]

63. Prinia mystacea Riipp.
Prinia mystacea Reich, iii. p. 590.

a. Ad. Mombasa.

b. Ad. Nairobi, 21st May, 1902. (No. 285.)

64. Cisticola rufa (Fraser).
Cisticola rufa Reich, iii. p. 567.

a. £ imm. Shirnoni, 18th May, 1901.
Upper mandible horn-coloured, lower mandible yellowish
flesh-coloured ; legs pale flesh-coloured.

65. Cisticola lugubris (Riipp.).
Cisticola lugubris Reich, iii. p. 552.

a. Ad. Takaungu, 15th March, 1901. (No. 132.)

b. Shimoni, June 1901.

The native name for this bird is said to be " Dohasa."

66. Cisticola cinerascens (Heugl.).
Cisticola semitorcjues Reich, iii. p. 563.

a, b. J. Kikuyu Forest, 23rd & 24th April, 1902.
(Nos. 263, 268.)

67. Cisticola nuchalis Reich.

Cisticola nuchalis Jackson, Ibis, 1901, p. 59.

Cisticola ambigua Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C xi. p. 28 (1900).

Cisticola robusta nuchalis Reich, iii. p. 55b.

a, b. Kikuyu Forest, April 1902.

Dr. Sharpe has separated examples from Mau under the
name Cisticola ambigua on account of their uniform
flanks. This difference seems to be individual and is
certainly not of specific importance.

694 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

68. Cisticola chjniana (Smith).
Cisticola chiniana Eeich. iii. p. 546.
a. ? . Shimoni, 19th May, 1901.

Bill horn-coloured ; legs pale flesh-coloured.

69. Cisticola erythrops (Hartl.).
Cisticola erythrops Reich, iii. p. 568.
a. Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902.

70. Cisticola pictipennis Madarasz.

Cisticola pictipennis Reich, iii. p. 564 ; Grant, Ibis, 1908,
p. 295.

a, b. Ad. Nairobi, Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902.

This rare species has recently been recorded by Mr. Ogilvie-
Grant from the Mfumbiro Volcanoes, where it was procured
by Mr. Douglas Carruthers. It was also found at Nairobi
by Mr. F. J. Jackson. The present specimens, which were
procured in the latter locality, agree perfectly with those
examined by Mr. Grant, and are probably both males, as the
wing-measurement is 2*15 inches ( = 54 mm.) in both.

71. Philomela golzi Cab.
Aedon golzi Reich, iii. p. 787.

a. Ad. Takaungu, 30th March, 1901. (No. 165.)
P. golzi is known to be found in Equatorial Africa in
winter, but the British Museum does not contain any
specimens from that country. The example procured by
Mr. Percival agrees with those from Turkestan and S. Arabia.
It was the only specimen met with by him.

72. Monticola saxatilis (Linn.).
Monticola saxatilis Reich, iii. p. 699.

a, b. £ ? . Takaungu, 27th & 28th March. (Nos. 106 &
151.)

[I did not meet with this bird until March 20th, but
after that date it became extremely common. The males
outnumbered the females considerably ; after March 30th
more females began to appear. All the birds were extremely
fat.— A. B. P.]

Birds from British East Africa. 095

73. Cossypha heuglixi Hartl.
Cossypha heuglini Reich, iii. p. 758.

a. <$ . Takaungu, 26th March. (No. 149.)

b. ? . Swamp at Nairobi, 20th May, 1902. (No. 291.)
[This bird has a very pretty song. It was more often

heard than seen. Whilst singing it has a habit of jerking
the wings and tail. At Nairobi it was fairly common in the
reed-beds and thick scrub. — A. B. P.]

74. Myrmecocichla cryptoleuca Sharpe.
Myrmecocichla cethiops cryptoleuca Reich, iii. p. 706.

a, b. S • Nairobi, 5th & 15th June, 1902. (Nos.304&309.)
[A common species in this part of British East Africa. —
A.B.P.]

75. Saxicola pileata (Gmel.).
Saxicola pileata Reich, iii. p. 718.

a. $ . Mombasa.

b. Shimoni, 19th May, 1901.

This Wheatear has not hitherto been recorded from
Mombasa. It is a southern form which has an extensive
range in South Africa. Mr. Jackson procured it as far
north as Lake Naivasha. The only note Mr. Percival has
made is that it is rare.

76. Erythropygia zambesiana Sharpe.
Erythropygia zambesiana Reich, iii. p. 774.

a. S ■ Takaungu, 12th Jan., 1901. (No. 146.)

77. ClCHLADUSA GUTTATA (Heilgl.).

Cichladusa guttata Reich, iii. p. 766.

a, b. S • Takaungu, 10th Feb. & 24th March, 1901. (Nos.
142 & 147.)

Examples of this species from the East Coast-districts are
distinctly smaller than those found in Uganda and the Lake
District. In Mr. Percival's specimens from Takaungu
and in a female procured by Dr. Fischer at Kau, to the
north of Malindi, the wing measures 3"0 to 3*1 inches, while
in specimens from the interior it varies in length from 3'3
to 3'55 inches.

696 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

78. Cichladusa arcuata Peters.
Cichladusa arcuata Reich, iii. p. 765.

a. Mombasa. (No. 21.)

b. $. Shimoni, 19th May, 1901.

Bill dark horn-coloured ; legs slate-brown.
[This bird was not common. It was found in thick bush.
—A. B. P.]

79. Ckateropus squamulatus Shelley.

Crateropus squamulatus Shelley, Ibis, 1884,~p. 45 ; Reich,
iii. p. 661.

a. Mombasa.

The example obtained by Mr. Percival at Mombasa agrees
entirely with Capt. Shelley's description in the paper quoted
above. The under parts and under tail-coverts are much less
rufous than in the type-specimen from the same locality,
which is in the British Museum.

[This was an extremely noisy bird. It was not uncommon
in the more open bush. — A. B. P.]

80. Argya saturata Sharpe.

Argya rubiginosa heuglini Reich, iii. p. 673.

a-c. S ? • Takaungu, 29th & 30th March, 1901. (Nos.
159, 163, & 164.)

The upper parts in this dark coastal form of Argya appear
to be rather characteristic, and help to distinguish it from
the allied forms A. rubiginosa and A. rufula. In the present
specimens the general colour above is darker brown, with
well-marked dark shaft-streaks to the feathers of the crown,
nape, and back, whereas these markings are scarcely apparent
in the allied forms. The other distinguishing features, such
as the chestnut colour of the lores, are given by Dr. Sharpe
in his original description (cf. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 488).

[Fairly common in the more open bush. — A. B. P.]

81. Macrosfheni s kretschmeri (Reich. & Neum.).
Macrosphenus kretschmeri Reich, iii. p. 614.

a. South of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902. (No. 233.)
The type of this rare species was also procured on Mt.

Birds from British East Africa. C>97

Kilimanjaro. The specimen obtained by Mr. Percival is
somewhat shorter than those measured by Dr. Reichenow,
the total length being about 155 mm. (as against 170 mm.),
wing 68, tail G8. The bird should probably be placed in a
distinct genus. It differs from typical examples of Macro-
sphenus in having a shorter and stouter bill and a longer
tail. It is a welcome addition to the British Museum, in
which it was not previously represented.

82. Pycxoxotus layardi Gurney.
Pycnonotus layardi Reich, iii. p. 423.

a. Ad. Mombasa. (No. 117.)

b. Ad. Takaungu, 27th March, 1901. (No. 12G.)

c. Ad. Kikuyu Forest, 30th June, 1902. (No. 359.)
[This Bulbul is one of the commonest birds in Eastern

Africa.— A. B. P.]

83. Chlorocichla percivali Neum.

Criniger gracilirostris percivali Neumann, Orn. Monatsb.
p. 185 (1903).

Andropadus gracilirostris Reich, (nee Strickl.) iii. p. 411
[part.].

a. $ . Kikuyu Forest, 29th March, 1902. (No. 252.)

b. Ad. Nairobi, 21st May, 1902. (No. 310.) [Type of
the species.]

The type of this species is in the British Museum ; the
specimen is labelled in Professor Neumann's handwriting.
He was permitted to examine and describe this new species
in Mr. PercivaPs collection on the understanding that it was
to be made the type of the species. We observe, however,
that Professor Neumann states that the type-specimen is in
the Berlin Museum {cf. Orn. Monatsb. 1903, p. 185), but
this may be an error ! Chlorocichla percivali is distinguished
from C. gracilirostris by its brighter green upper parts and
greyer under parts.

81. Phyllostkophus stkepjtaxs Reich.
PlajUastrephus sirepitans Reich, iii. p. 405.
Phyllostrophus pauper Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 489.

698 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

a, b. 2 . Mombasa, Aug. and Oct. 1900. (Nos. 5 & 28.)

Iris hazel.

The British Museum possesses examples of this brown-
backed species from the Shebeli River in Southern Somali-
land (whence came the type-specimen of P. pauper Sharpe),
the Omo River in South-western Abyssinia, Gwasa Nyro
(British East Africa), and Dar-es-Salaam on the coast of
German East Africa. The last-named locality appears to be
its southern limit. The type of P. strepitans was procured
at Malindi. To the south P.suahelicus is found, and, accord-
ing to Dr. Reichenow, ranges from the Pangani River to the
Rufiji River in German East Africa. The British Museum
possesses specimens of this olive-backed species from the
Rovuma River and from Nyasaland.

85. Andropadus eugenius Reich.
Andropadus latirostris eugenius Reich, iii. p. 415.

a, b. Kikuyu Forest, 24th April to 30th Jan., 1902.
(Nos. 267 & 354.)

The stripes on the sides of the throat appear to be wider
and of a brighter yellow in the male than in the female.
Mr. Percival failed to ascertain the sex of the two speci-
mens mentioned above, but they are probably male and
female, as indicated by the markings on the throat.

[These birds are not rare, but keep to the thick bubh and
are consequently hard to procure. — A. B. P.]

86. Andropadus insularis Hartl.
Andropadus insularis Reich, iii. p. 48.
a, b. Takaungu.

Dr. Reichenow (op. cit) has referred A. favescens Hartl.
to the synonymy of A. insularis Hartl., and distinguishes
the present yellower form (from Malindi and Zanzibar) under
the trinomial "A. i. subalaris." The allied form A.flavescens
Hartl., described from Zanzibar, differs from the present in
having the under wing-coverts bright golden yellow, while
the belly is also of a somewhat brighter yellow.

[Common in the thickest bush. It is a noisy bird. —
A. B. P.]

Birds from British East Africa.' 699

87. Campophaoa nigra Vieill.
Campephaga nigra Reich, ii. p. 518.

a. ? . Foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 20th Jan., 1902. (No.
223.)

88. Graucalus c.esius Liclit.
Coracina ctcsia Reioh. ii. p. 514.
Coracina pura Reich, ii. p. 515.

Graucalus casius Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 389
(1910).
a. [<?.] Nairobi, 28th June, 1902. (No. 324 a.)

89. Alsuonax murinus Fisch. & Reich.
Alscuuux murinus Reich, ii. p. 458.

a, b. Ad. et imni. Kikuvu Forest, 30th June & 1st July,
1902. (Nos. 351 &3G6.)

90. MuscrcAPA C/Erule<cens Hartl.
Alseonax carulescens Reich, ii. p. 45 4.

a. ? . Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902. (No. 237.)

91. Bradyornis sub ylaris Sharpe.
Bradornis pallidus murinus Reich, ii. p. 430.

a, b. cJ . Mombasa, 7th Sept., 1900. (No. 3.)

c, d. Takaungu, 27th March.

The wing-measurements of these four examples are
32-3*25 inches, that of the type-specimen is 3'2 inches.

[These Flycatchers, locally known as " Shota/' were
very common ; they were usually seen in pairs haunting-
open spaces, and when the bush was cleared they took
possession of the " Shambas/' where they might be found
frequenting the same tree-stump time after time. — A. B. P.]

92. Dioptrornis fischeri Reich.
Dioptrornis fischeri Reich, ii. p. 440.

a-c. ? et imm. Kikuyu Forest, 23rd April to 30th June,
1902. (Nos. 264, 338, 353.)

No. 353, an immature bird, differs from the adult speci-
mens in having the greater wing-coverts aud outer pair of
tail-feathers spotted with white at the extremity ; the breast

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 3 A

700 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

is distinctly tinged with sandy brown, producing a somewhat
soiled appearance.

[From April to July this species was very common, but
previously to that none were seen. — A. B. P.]

93. Tarsiger orientalis Fisch. & Reich.
Tarsiger orientalis Reich, iii. p. 778.

a. Nairobi, 5th June, 1902. (No. 305.)

94. Chloropeta massaica Fisch. & Reich.

Chloropeta massaica Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 396
(1910).

a-b. Kikuyu Forest, 18th May, 190.2. (Nos. 273, 230.)

Mr. Percival met with this rare Flycatcher in the Kikuyu
Forest. I have compared his specimens with others from
Nairobi and Abyssinia in the British Museum, and find them
similar in every respect.

The curious point is that the type-specimen of the nearly
allied, but quite distinct, species C. storey i Grant [cf. Bull.
B. O. C. xix. p. 32 (1906)] was procured on the Nairobi
River at an elevation of 5450 ft., which is close to the
Kikuyu Forest. C. storeyi is an altogether darker bird and
has the entire crown sooty black. In the original description
the locality is given as " Chedaro," but this has been proved
to be the Masai name for the bird.

95. Batis senegalensis (Linn.).
Bat is senegalensis Reich, ii. p. 480.

a. Ad. Takaungu, 29th March, 1901. (No. 161 a.)
[These pretty little Flycatchers were not uncommon ;
they were usually found in pairs or small parties. I came
across a young bird just out of the nest in December. —
A. B. P.]

96. Bias musicus (Vieill.).
Bias musicus Reich, ii. p. 469.

a. ? . Takaungu, 16th March, 1901. (No. 131.)
[I saw one pair at Mombasa, and obtained a female at
Takaungu.—^. B. P.]

Birds from British East Africa. 701

97. Terpsiphone plumbeiceps Reich.
Tchitrea plumbeiceps Reich, ii. p. 510.

Terpsiphone plumbeiceps Swynnerton, Ibis, 1908, p. 98.

a, b. $. Takaungu, Feb. 1901. (No. 133.)

c. $ . Shimoni, 19th May, 1901.

Iris blue ; upper mandible black, lower mandible slate-
coloured ; legs bluish slate-coloured.

According to Dr. Reichenow this species ranges from
South Africa northwards along the lake-district to the Congo
and Niam Niam. It does not appear to have been recorded
from the coast-district of East Africa.

[Common in thick bush near Shimoni. — A. B. P.]

98. Terpsiphone viridis (Miill.).

Tchitrea. viridis Reich, ii. p. 50 4.

a-c. [ S ] et imm. Kikuyu Forest, 29th-30th May, 1902.
(Nos. 341, 318, 349.)

No. 349 is a male with the edges of the inner primaries
and secondaries white; the tail with its long middle pair of
tail-feathers is entirely chestnut.

No. 344 has the tips of the greater secondary wing-coverts
white, but the rest of the upper parts are chestnut.

99. Trochocercus bivittatus Reich.
Trochocercus bivittatus Reich, ii. p. 499.

a. ? . Mt. Kilimanjaro, 9th Feb., 1902. (No. 235.)
The specimen is in freshly moulted plumage. It is darker
on the upper parts than two female examples in the British
Museum, and does not shew the olive-green tint which
seems to be characteristic of them.

100. Hirundo monteiri Hartl.
Hirundo monteiri Reich, ii. p. 416.

a. Ad. Tanganiko, Feb. 1901. (No. 121.)
[This Swallow was not found in Takaungu, but was
common at Tanganiko, about twelve to fifteen miles distant.
It appeared to be breeding in the hollows of the bark of a
Baobab tree. Its flight was heavy and powerful, and it
seemed to prefer to sit on the tops of trees. — A. B. P.]

3a2

702 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

101. Hirundo puella Temm. & Sclil.
Hirundo puella Reich, ii. p. 413.

a. Ad. Kikuyu Forest, 29th June, 1902. (No. 326.)

102. Thripias schoensis (Riipp.).
Mesopicos schoensis Reieh. ii. p. 191.
a. [ ? •] Near Shiraoni.

103. Mesopicus rhodeogaster Fisch. & Reich.
Mesopicos spodocephalus rhodeogaster Reich, ii. p. 188.
a. [<J.] Nairobi, 5th June, 1902. (No. 306.)

M. rhodeogaster (the type of which was from Masailand)
is closely allied to M. spodocephalus, from which it is distin-
guished in having the breast and flanks of a much greyer
colour. It also has a barred tail, whereas in examples of
M. spodocephalus in the British Museum these bars are
absent. This latter character is, however, of small import-
ance, as it has already been pointed out that the variation
in the markings on the wings and tail is largely due to
immaturity.

[Only a few were seen. — A. B. P.]

101. Campothera nubica (Gm.).
Dendromus nubicus Reich, ii. p. 178.
«.[?.] Mombasa, Oct. 1900. (No. 29.)
&.[?.] Shimoni, May 1901.

105. Campothera malherbii (Cassin).
Dendromus malherbei Reich, ii. p. 172.

a, b. cJ ? . Mombasa, Oct. 1900. (Nos. 30, 31.)

106. Iynx pectokalis (Vig.).
lynx pectorais Reich, ii. p. 164.

a. Ad. Nairobi, 29th May, 1902. (No. 290.)
Mr. Percival remarks that this Wryneck is rare in
British East Africa.

107. Indicator indicator (Gm.).
Indicator indicator Reich, ii. p. 104.

a. Ad. Takaungu, 18th March, 1901. (No. 63.)
[Honey-Guides were scarce at Takaungu ; I only saw this

Birds from British East Africa. 703

one bird as Ave Mere marching to Malindi. In the bush-
country they were fairly numerous, and I have not the
slightest doubt as to the truth of their leading men to bees'
nests. — A. B. P.]

108. Barbatula affinis Reich.
Barbatida affinis Reich, ii. p. 152.

a, b. £. Malindi, 1st March, 1901. (Nos. 61, 62.)
[These little Barbcts are very difficult to see, though often

heard. At Malindi I shot two examples out of a small party

of them.— A. B. P.]

109. Barbatula bilineata (Sund.).
Barbatula bilineata Reich, ii. p. 147.
a. $ . Takaungu.

Dr. Reichenow gives the range of this species as South-
east Africa, from Zululand to Nyasaland. The example
obtained at Takaungu by Mr. Percival is slightly smaller
than those in the British Museum. Total length about
3"7 inches; wing 2*0 ; tail 1*2 ; tarsus 0'6.

110. Lybius melanopterus (Peters).
Lijbius melanopterus Reich, ii. p. 121.

a. Ad. Mombasa, May 1903. (No. 160.)

[The Red-headed Barbet was not uncommon in the open

country near Mombasa and also in the neighbourhood of

Malindi.— A. B. P.]

111. Lybius senex (Reich.).
Lybius senex Reich, ii. p. 123.

a, b. Ad. Nairobi, 29th June, 1902. (Nos. 331, 334. a.)
[This Barbet was not uncommon; it was usually met with
in small flocks of five or six birds. — A. B. P.]

112. Smilorhis kilimensis Shelley.
Buccanodon kilimense Reich, ii. p. 142.

a, b. <$ . South of Mt. Kilimanjaro, 8th and 9th Feb.,
1902. (Nos. 229, 230.)

The type of this species, which is in the British Museum,
was procured on Kilimanjaro by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter.

704 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

The two birds obtained by Mr. Percival in February arc in
worn condition and moulting.

113. Gallirex chlorochlamys Shelley.
Gallirex chlorochlnmys Reich, ii. p. 40.

a. Ad. Kikuyu Forest, 20th May, 1902. (No. 295.)
[A common species in all the forest-country of E. Africa.
— A. B. P.]

114. Turacus fischeri (Reich.).
Turacus jischeri Reich, ii. p. 44 (1902).

a. Ad. Shimoni, 10th June, 1901. (No. 66.)
[This is by no means a common species. — A. B. P.]

115. Coccystes albonotatus Shelley.

Coccystes albonotatus Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M. xix. p. 224
(1891).

Coccystes serratus Reich, ii. p. 75.

«, b. Ad. Takaungu, March 1901. (Nos. 134, 135.)

[During my march this Cuckoo was common and very
noisy. It seems to visit this part of Africa fur about six
weeks only in the year. — A. B. P.]

116. Coccystes glandarjus (Linn.).
Coccystes (jlandarias Reich, ii. p. HI.

a. Ad. Lake Naivasha, Nov. 1901. (No. 295 a.)

This is a very fine adult example in ireshly moulted

plumage.

[The Great Spotted Cuckoo is rare in British East

Africa.— ,4. B. P.]

117. Chrysococcyx klaasi (Steph.).
Chrysococcyx klaasi Reich, ii. p. 98.

a. ? imm. Takaungu, Jan. 1901. (No. 127).

b, c. ? . Kikuyu Forest, 5th April, 1902. (Nos. 260, 261.)
[This little Cuckoo was numerous at Takaungu, but seems

to leave the district before February, only one or two
individuals being subsequently heard. — A. B. P.]

] 18. Colius leucotis Riipp.

Colius leucotis Reich, ii. p. 201- ; Sclat. Wytsman's Gen.

Av.; Coliidie, p. 5 (1905J.

Birds from Biritish East Africa. 705

a. ? . Mombasa, 26th Aug., 1900. (No. 4.)

b. Ad. Takauugu.
Feet coral-pink.

The native name for this bird is " Shuella."
[This Coly is a very common species, and extremely
destructive to gardens; I may mention that they took
most of my custard-apples without waiting for them to
ripen.— A. B. P.]

119. Cypselus affinis (Gray & Hardw.).
Apus affinis Reich, ii. p. 38.2.

a, b. Ad. Mombasa, Oct. 1900. (No. 38.)
[There were three colonies of these Swifts near Mombasa ;
one, about three miles from the town, contained several
hundred nests, which formed a bunch as large as a clothes-
basket. In October I pulled down eight or ten of them, but
found no eggs.

A second colony, which was situated under the veranda
of one of the houses in Mombasa, was almost, if not quite,
as large. The third was in a small cave on the north side of
Takauugu Creek, just above high-water mark, but this I did
not examine at close quarters. — A. B. P.~\

120. Cypselus shelleyi Salvad.
Apus shelleyi Reich, ii. p. 378.

a, b. ? . Kikuyu Forest, May 190?. (Nos. 276, 288.)
These examples belong to a rare species, which ranges
from Shoa to British Central Africa. There are specimens
of it in the British Museum from Shoa,Zombain Nyasaland,
and Mount Kinangop in the Naivasha District.

121. Caprimulgus fossii Hartl.
Caprimulgus fossei clams Reich, ii. p. 367.
Caprimulgus fossei Reich, ii. p. 365 ; Grant, Trans. Zool.

Soc. xix. p. 428 (1910).

a, b. ?. Takaungu, Dec. 1900 and 23rd Jan., 1901.
(Nos. 139, 141.)

c. ? . Malindi, 3rd March, 1901. (No. 140.)
The wing-measurements of the three birds are, respec-
tively, 5'45, 5*5, and 575 inches.

706 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

[Nightjars were not particularly common at Takaungn,
but a few pairs were found in tlie neighbourhood. At
Malindi they were more plentiful, and there I found
two eggs, placed under a bush amongst dead leaves.
One niglit at Takaungu I saw three of these Nightjars
hawking for insects round the tops of the trees. They weie
rare at Shimoni. — A. B. P.]

122. Caprimulgus frenatus Salvad.
Cuprimulgus frenatus Reich, ii. p. 357.

a. S • Kikuyu Forest, 27th June, 1902. (No. 327.)

123. Bycanistes fistulator (Cass.).
Bycanistes fistulatjr Reich, ii. p. 244.

a. ? . Umtondea, 10th March, 1901. (No. 108.)
[This Hornbill was not uncommon at Umtondea, a

locality near Malindi. It is noisy, and very wary. —

A. B. P.]

124. LOPHOCEROS MELANOLEUCUS Licllt.

Lophuceros melanoleucos Reich, ii. p. 249.
a. <$. Kikuyu Fore?t, 20th May, 1902. (No. 294.)
[This Hornbill was not so often seen as the larger species.
It keeps lower down in the trees, and its cries do not draw
attention to its presence, as is the case with the larger
bird. It is usually found in pairs, and often half a dozen
pairs congregate together. Their cry resembles a very
melancholy whine. I found these birds most numerous
outside the thick belt of bush, where the larger species was
not found.— A. B. P.]

125. Irkisor jacksoni Sharpe.
Irrisor jacksoni Reich, ii. p. 313 (1902).

a. ? . Nairobi, 3rd June, 1902. (No. 301.)
Bill and feet red.

126. Rhinopomastus schalowi Neum.
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas schaloivi Reich, ii. p. 347.
Rhinopomastus schaloivi Neum. J. f. O. 1900, p. 221 j

Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. p. 433.

a. S • Takaungu, 2nd Dec. (No. 137.)

Birds front British East Africa. 707

This species lias been separated from the southern form
of R. cyiuiomelas by Dr. Neumann ; it is distinguished by
having a very much wider white subterminal bar on the
outer tail-feathers. Dr. Sharpe in his e Hand-list J gives
the range of R. cyanomelas as " S. Africa, north to Benguela
and the Zambesi," and of R. schalowi as " East Africa, north
to Mombasa/'

[Fairly common, usually met within pairs, creeping about
the trunks of trees or dead branches. — A. B. P.]

127. Melittophaous oreobates Sharpe.
Me lit top ha gus oreobates Reich, ii. p. 303.

a, b. Imm. Kikuyu Forest, 30th June, 191)2. (Nos.
35 f>, 358.)

Both these birds are in immature plumage, the feathers of
the breast being widely tipped with green, while the band
across the throat is wanting.

128. Melittophagus cyanostictus (Cab ).
Melittuphugus cyanostictus Reich, ii. p. 308.
a. ? . Takaungu, March 1901. (No. 118.)

[A common species. It breeds in holes in the sides of
pits or in hollows in the ground. — A. B. P.]

129. Pceocephalus FUscicAPiLLUs (Verr. & Des Murs).
Pococephatus fuscicapillus Reich, ii. p. 16.

a. ? . Takaungu, 15th March, 1901. (No. 111.)
The native name for this bird is " Durrah."

130. Glaucidium perlatum (Vieill.).
Glaucidium perlatum Reich, i. p. 674-.

a. <J. Near Kilimanjaro, 20th Feb., 1902. (No. 249.)
[This was the only specimen seen ; it was found asleep in
a thorn-tree. — A. B. P.]

131. Astur tachiro (Daud.).
Astur tachiro Reich, i. p. 552.

a. ? imm. Takaungu, Feb. 1901.

b. Imm. Kikuyu Forest, 23rd April, 1902. (No. 248.)
These are both young birds and are conspicuously small.

708 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on a Collection of

The wing-measurement of specimen a is 8 inclies, that of
specimen b 83 inches. The tarsus in both examples measures
2*35 inches.

[No. 2J-8 was obtained in the forest at the foot of Mt.
Kilimanjaro. — A. B. P.]

132. MachjErhamphus anderssoni (Gurn.).
Machcerhamphus anderssoni Reich, i. p. 596.
a. $ imm. Takaungu, Nov. 1900.

Mr. Percival was the first to discover the occurrence of
this rare crepuscular Hawk in East Africa. It is closely
related to the Honey-Buzzards (Pernis). It was observed
at dusk on several occasions, flying very swiftly over
Mr. PercivaPs house in pursuit of bats, but in the bad
light it was extremely difficult to procure specimens.

133. Cerchneis naumanni (Fleisch.).
Cerchneis naumanni Reich, i. p. 644.

a, b. <$ $ et imm. Kikuyu Forest, 5th April, 1902.
(Nos. 257, 258.)

Specimen 257 is an interesting example; it has almost
attained the plumage of the adult male, the secondaries and
greater wing-coverts being rufous barred with black, and
the outer tail-feathers buff barred with black.

[During the plague-outbreak in Nairobi I had charge of
a quarantine camp on the edge of the Kikuyu Forest. Every
night at sundown a flight of small Hawks used to pass, and
one night I managed to secure three birds, two of which
belonged to this species. — A. B. P.]

134. Cerchneis amurensis (Radde).
Cerchneis vespertina Reich, i. p. 634 (part.).

a. S • Kikuyu Forest, 5th April, 1902. (No. 259.)
Dr. Reichenow does not appear to recognise C. amurensis
as distinct from C. vespertina, though it is a perfectly dif-
ferent species : the adults are easily distinguished by the
colour of the under Aving-coverts ; in C. vespertina these are
grey-blue, and in C. amurensis white.

This specimen was shot in company with two of the last-
named species, flying at sunset.

Birds from British East Africa. 709

135. Polyboroides typicus A. Smith.
Polyboroides typicus Reich, i. p. 531.
a. Ad. Takaungu.

136. Nyroca brunnea (Eyton).
Nyroca capensis Reich, i. p. 108.

a. [c?.] Lake Naivasha. (No. 3.)

There is an abnormally large patch of white feathers at
the hase of the lower mandible. The specimen is in moult.

[This and the two following species were common on Luke
Naivasha.— A. B. P.]

137. Nettiox puxctatum (Burchell).
Anas punctata Reich, i. p. 120.

a. [cJ.] Lake Naivasha. (No. 1.)

138. PffiCILOXETTA ERYTHRORHYXCHA (Gffi.).

Anas erythrorhyncha Reich, i. p. 118.
a. Ad. Lake Naivasha.

139. Ardea melanocephala Vig. & Childr.
Ardea melanocephala Reich, i. p. 380.

a. Ad. Takaungu, March 1901. (No. 110.)

140. Rhixoptilus bisigxatus (Hartl.).
Rhinoptilus bisignatus Reich, i. p. 160.

a. cJ. Lake Njiri, 22nd Jan., 1902. (No. 221.)
[A few of these birds were seen in the salt deserts near
Lake Njiri and at the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro. During
flight the chestnut on the wings is very conspicuous. —
A. B. P.]

141. Himaxtopus himaxtopus (Linn.).
Himantopus himantopus Reich, i. p. 207.
a. ? imm. Lake Naivasha. (No. 206.)

[The Black-winged Stilt was common on Lake Naivasha. —
A. B. P.]

142. ToTANUS STAGXATILIS BecllSt.

Tot anus stagnatilis Reich, i. p. 220.
a. ? . Lake Naivasha. (No. 204.)

[The Marsh-Sandpiper was plentiful on the shores of Lake
Naivasha. — A. B. P.]

710 Proceedings of the Fifth

143. Machetes pugnax (Linn.).
Tot anus puynax Reich, i. p. 216.
a, b. [cJ ? .] Lake Naivasba. (Nos. 205,207.)
[Ruffs and Reeves were common on the shores of Lake
Naivasha.— A. B. P.]

141. PODTCIPES CAPENSIS Licllt.

Colymbus capensis Reich, i. p. 18.

a. <$ juv. Mombasa, 26th Aug., 1900. (No. 7.)

This is quite a young bird, with the sides of the face and

throat white, streaked and blotched with brown; the rufous

feathers are just making their appearance.

145. Columba guinea (Linn.).
Columba guinea Reich, i. p. 401.

a. Mt. Kilimanjaro, 18th Jan., 1902. (No. 250.)
[Multitudes of these Pigeons came to drink at a water-
hole near Kilimanjaro. — A. B. P.]

146. EXCALFACTORIA ADANSONI (VeiT.).

Excalfactoria adansoni Reich, i. p. 509.

a. [ <? .] Mombasa, Sept. 1900. (No. 14.)

XXXII. — Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress
of Ornithologists.

The Fifth International Congress of Ornithologists was held
this year at Berlin under the presidency of Professor Anton
Reichenow. A meeting, to enable the members who had
already arrived to renew their acquaintanceship, was held on
Sunday evening, the 29th of May, in the Landwehr Offizier-
Kasino, Hardenbergstrasse, close to the Zoological Gardens,
where most of the subsequent gatherings were also held. But
the first formal meeting took place in the Grand Saloon of
the Zoological Gardens in the forenoon of the 30th of May,
when Professor Reichenow gave an excellent address on the
progress of ornithology during the last one hundred and
fifty years, and on its present state. Prior to the President's
Address the election of officers for the meeting took place,

International Congress of Ornithologists. 711

hen the King of Bulgaria and the Princess Theresa of
Bavaria were made Honorary Presidents of the Congres*,
ami the following gentlemen were elected Vice-Presidents —
Director Otto Heiman, Count Arrigoni degli Oddi, Mr.
Buturlin, Mr. H. E. Dresser, Professor Lonnberg, Dr. Svetlikj
Baron Snouckaert van Schauburg, and M. Ternier. One
of these, Mr. Buturlin, was unable to attend the Congress.

The Sections were arranged as follows : —

(i.) Anatomy, Paleontology, Classification, and Geographical
Distribution. Presidents: the Hon. Walter Rothschild,
Dr. E. Hartert, and Dr. Menegaux.

(ii .) Migration. Presidents : Director Otto Herman, Dr.
Reiser^ and Dr. Parrot.

(iii.) Biology, Oology, Acclimatization, and Aviculture. Pre-
sidents : Amtsrat A. Nehrkorn, Dr. Biittikofer, and
the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain.

(iv.) Bird-Protection. Presidents: Freiherr von Berlepsch,
Herr von Kazy, and Dr. Carl Hennicke.

(v.) Poultry and Poultry-rearing. Presidents: HerrBurcbard,
Herr Bahr, and Herr von Gontscharoff.

The meetings of these five sections commenced on Tuesday,
the 31st of May, with a paper by Dr. Hartert (in Section i.)
on the duties of scientific ornithologists, more especially with
regard to the descriptions of new forms or subspecies.

The meetings were continued every day until the 4th of
June. Amongst the papers read were the following : — The
Hon. Walter Rothschild on the present and former distri-
bution of the Ratitee ; Count Hans von Berlepsch on a
revision of the Tanagridse ; Baron Harold Loudon on the
birds observed by him in Transcaspia in 1908-1909; the
Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on birds observed in Corsica and
in the Dobrudscha ; Professor Koenig on a journey to the
Sudan in the spring of the present year, where he obtained
much information respecting the ornithology of that country;
Mr. Otto Bamberg on the breeding of Tardus ruficollis in
Mongolia ; Dr. van Oort on a small collection of birds

712 Proceedings of the Fifth

obtained by Dr. Lorentz in New Guinea, amongst which
were examples of some species not yet described ; and
Oberlehrer W. Capek on a large series of Cuckoo's eggs, of
which he possesses six hundred specimens.

Migration was very fully discussed in the second Section.
Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhofen was unfortunately pre-
vented by illness from attending the Congress, but sent a
paper on the incursion of Crossbills in 1909. Dr. Hugo
Weigold, of Heligoland, proposed to establish a Bird-
observatory on that island, on the same lines as that of
Rossitten, and gave a description of the island as it was in
Giitke's time and as it now is. Capt. von Lucanus went fully
into the question of the altitude which birds attain on
migration, and stated his opinion that they do not travel at so
great a height as had been surmised by Gatke. Director Otto
Herman gave particulars of the work done by the Royal Hun-
garian Ornithological Bureau of Budapest, and Dr. Rossler,
of Agram, gave an account of what has been done by the
Croatian Ornithological Bureau. Dr. Thienemann, the
Director of the Observatory at Rossitten, contributed par-
ticulars of the results obtained by marking different birds
in order to ascertain their routes of migration, and where
they go to in the winter. Dr. Jacob Schenck gave details
of the investigations carried on at Budapest respecting
migration, and remarks on the same subject were made by
other Members.

Hird-protection was most fully discussed by Mr. Dutcher,
Mr. James Buckland, Dr. Rorig, Dr. Heuss, and others, and
Dr. Heuss and Mr. Buckland strongly advocated the necessity
of establishing an international union for bird-protection in
all countries. Frau van Hoorde spoke of ladies' fashions with
regard to bird-protection, and Professor Schillings urged
strongly the advisability of prohibiting the importation of
the skins and feathers of birds for decorative purposes.
After considerable discussion it was finally decided to con-
stitute a permanent International Union for the protection
of birds in civilized countries, and the following members
were elected to serve on it : — Austria, Professor Schweder ;

J idcr national Congress of Ornithologists. 713

Belgiu n, Dr. Dubois ; Denmark, Lieut.-Col. Mehrn ; France,
M. Ternier and Dr. Menegaux ; Germany, Baron von Ber-
lepsch and Baron von Gebsattel; Great Britain, Lord Avebury
and Mr. Buckland ; Holland, Mr. P. van Vollenhoven and
Dr. Ritzraa-Bos ; Hungary, Mr. Chernel von Chernelhaza;
Italy, Count Arrigoni degli Oddi ; Norway, Oberhofstall-
msister Sverdrup ; Russia, Mr. Stoll ; Sweden, Professor
Lonnberg; United States, Mr. Dutchcr and Dr. Palmer.

In Section 5 tbree papers were read; of these that by
TIerr Dozent B. Diiringen was important, as it treated the
question of poultry-rearing from a scientific point of view.

On Saturday the 4th of June, after some discussion,
it was decided that the next International Ornithological
Congress should be held at Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1915, under
the Presidency of Herr C. Reiser, of the Bosnian National
Museum of Natural History, of which he is the Keeper.

On the 30th of May the German Ornithological Society
arranged a steamboat-excursion from Spandau to the
Havelsee and Wannsee, and gave an excellent supper at
the Hotel Burgers Hof opposite the Barbelsberg Park. On
the 1st of June the city of Berlin gave an entertainment
at the Rathaus, which was very fully attended. On the
2nd of June the Berlin Zoological Society offered a lunch
at the Zoological Gardens to the Members of the Congress,
and a supper was also given there on the following evening.
Besides these expeditions others were arranged to the Spree-
wald, to Baron von Berlepsch's bird-protection station at
Schloss Seebach, and to the Kurische Nehrung, under the
guidance of Dr. Thienemann. Moreover, all Members of
the Congress were offered free admission to the Zoological
Gardens during their stay in Berlin.

It need scarcely be added that the whole proceedings were
so well carried out that the Fifth International Ornitho-
logical Congress was unanimously pronounced to have been
a great success. — H. E. D.

714 The Report on the British Museum for 1909.

XXXIII.— The Report on the British Museum for 1909 *.

We have received a copy of the official Report on the British
Museum for the year 1909, which contains a statement of
the progress effected in the arrangement and description of
the collections in the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington, and an account of the additions made to it in
that year.

It is stated that preparations illustrating the classification
of Birds have been added to the exhibited series, and we
may call special attention to the specimens of the structure
of the Order Ratitae, which are exhibited in the first com-
partment on the right-hand side of the entrance to the
Bird-Gallery. It will be observed that the Tiuamous are
placed in that Order here.

The mounted series of Birds exhibited in the British
Saloon has now been completed, and this, we are told, is
largely due to the generosity of Mr. Rowland Ward, who has
presented beautifully mounted examples of a large number
of species.

The mounting of the series in the General Gallery has also
been continued, and the old and faded specimens of the fol-
lowing families have been replaced by finely mounted examples,
the work of Mr. Rowland Ward : — Galbulida, Bucconidce, and
a considerable number of Dendrocolaptiue Birds. The Gould
Collection of Humming-Birds, with the exception of the
cases on the main staircase, has been removed from the East
Corridor to the Vestibule leading from the Central Hall to
the Fish Gallery. The vestibule has been fitted with shelves
for the reception of smaller cases, and the whole series is in
course of being re-labelled on a new and improved plan.
New and revised editions of the ' Guide to the Gallery of
Birds ' and ' Guide to the Nesting Series of British Birds '
have been published. Much assistance has been received
from Mr. David A. Bannerman, who has spent many weeks
naming, registering, labelling, and incorporating specimens.

* For an account of the Report for 1908, see ' Ibis,' 1909, p. G91.

The Report on the British Museum for 1909. 715

He has also written a paper on a large collection of birds
formed by Mr. G. W. Bury in N.E. Somaliland.

Good additions have been made to the osteological series,
and among them many preparations of the skulls of nest-
ling birds. Much curatorial work has also been necessary
in this part of the collection. The arrangement of the
specimens in spirit is unsatisfactory, owing to the lack of
adequate space for storing them.

The accessions to the Bird-collection during the past year
were 4430 in number. Of these, the most noteworthy were
as follows : —

One hundred and eighty birds from Cyprus (collected by
Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh) ; obtained by purchase. Thirty-six
birds and fifteen eggs from Corsica ; collected and presented
by Major Trevelyan. Five hundred and twenty-three birds
from Turkestan (collected by Mr. Douglas Carruthers) ; pur-
chased. Sixty-six birds and thirty-six skeletons from Asia
Minor (collected by M. A. Robert) ; purchased. Four
hundred and ninety birds from Manchuria ; purchased.
Twenty-two birds from the Philippine Islands, including
examples of ten species new to the Collection ; purchased.
Fifty-two birds from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (col-
lected by Dr. C. W. Andrews) ; presented by Sir John Murray,
K.C.B., F.R.S. Thirty-eight birds from Central Formosa,
including a male example of the very rare Pheasant Calo-
phasis mikado, collected by Dr. A. Moltrecht; purchased.
One hundred and nine birds from the Five-finger Mountains,
Hainan (including the types of Pitta douglasi and Tephro-
dornis hainanus) ; collected and presented by Mr. Robert
Douglas. Two hundred and thirty-four birds from Travan-
core, collected and presented by Surgeon-Major W. Fry.
Fourteen birds and one hundi'ed and thirty-nine eggs from
the Andaman Islands (collected by Mr. B. B. Osmaston) ;
purchased. Five hundred birds from Angola (collected by
Dr.W. J. Ansorge); purchased. One hundred and twelve birds
from Cameroon (collected by Mr. G. L. Bates) ; purchased.
Fifty-two birds, one nest, and four eggs from the Orange
River Colony ; presented by Mr. Donald Gunn. Seven

ser. ix. — vol. iv. 3 b

716 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander

hundred and twenty-five birds from N.W. Rhodesia, including
the type of Paludipasser locustella, a new genus and species,
discovered by Mr. Sheffield A. Neave ; purchased. Fourteen
birds from South America, including examples of ten species
new to the Collection ; presented by the Director of the
Goeldi Museum, Para. Seventy-five birds from Venezuela
(collected by Mr. J. Wayman); purchased. The type of
Troglodytes cobbi, two nests, and thirty-four eggs from the
Falkland Islands ; collected and presented by Mr. A. F. Cobb.
Thirty birds from South America; presented by Lady Gipps.
Sixty birds from Australia ; presented by Lady Gipps. One
hundred and thirty-nine eggs and two nests from Australia
(collected by Mr. T. Carter) ; purchased. One hundred and
twenty birds from Bougainville Island and New Guinea
(collected by Mr. A. S. Meek); purchased. Forty-nine
birds from New Zealand (collected by Mr. Robin Kemp) ;
purchased.

XXXIV. — Boyd Alexander and his Ornithological Work.
By W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

(Flate XII.)

The news of the tragic fate of Boyd Alexander, which
reached London on the 21th of May, must have caused
profound regret over the whole civilised world, as he was
well known through his achievements both as a daring
traveller and an accomplished writer. By none, however,
will his loss be more deeply and truly mourned than by
the British Ornithologists' Union, of which he was a
distinguished and highly popular member. His charming
personality and his character, so delightfully simple and
so extraordinarily brave, endeared him to all who knew
him, and his useful and valuable life could ill be spared.
The first report of his death contained few details, but the
newrs having come through official sources left no room
for doubt that he had met with a violent end on the 2nd
of April, while travelling on the confines of Wadai to the

Ibis, 1910. pi. xii.

BOYD ALEXANDER.

ami his Ornithological Work, 717

north-cast of Lake Chad. He had already passed through
so many perils unharmed that he appeared to bear a charmed
life, and it seems a terrible irony of Fate that the career of
this most successful and intrepid traveller should have been
cut short by the hand of a boy. The follo\vin»' account
of the tragedy has now been received from Lieutenant
Childers Thompson, commanding at the British post of
Maifoni, in the Lake Chad district, with whom the late
explorer stayed for a month.

"You will have received by this time the bare announce-
ment that Boyd Alexander was killed near Darfur. I will
now give you the details. He was delayed for a long time at
Abeshir, in Wadai, owing to the French reverse at Nassalit
having brought about a disturbed condition of the country.
Finally, two months ago, leaving Abeshir, he proceeded on his
journey, and along with his Portuguese collector Jose Lopez
marched in a north-easterly direction, arriving safely at Tama,
a place that is under Ali Dinar of Darfur (presumably a
chieftain owing allegiance to the Anglo-Egyptian Govern-
ment). They reached the place late at night, and on their
arrival the local chief or king summoned them to his
presence. To this request Alexander replied that he would
see the king on the following morning.

" The explorer and his companion were encamped
under some trees outside the town, and had just finished
their evening meal when they were suddenly surrounded
by a band of people, who declared their intention of
taking Alexander to their king. One of the men then
laid hands on the British officer, who naturally pushed him
off. Thereupon a small boy, who was standing by, seized
a gun and discharged it at Alexander, who fell instantly,
and the crowd then set upon him and despatched him. Four
of the natives seized Jose and proceeded to wrench a ring
from his finger. In order to get free Jose said he would
himself remove another ring which they wanted, but the
moment he got his hands clear he seized his gun, fired two
shots at his assailants, and, jumping on his horse, succeeded
in escaping. Before this Alexander was dead, and the

3b2

718 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander

majority of the natives, in their excitement, did not pay
much attention to his companion and moved hack to the
town.

"The had luck of the whole thing was that two days after the
explorer's murder Ali Dinar of Darfur, to whom Alexander
had sent his boys (presumably to announce his arrival and to
ask for guides), sent back an escort along with the carriers.
The latter had been well received by Ali Dinar, who had given
them presents and had provided the escort for the British
officer, to give him a safe passage across Darfur. Two days
later would have made all the difference. The attitude of the
Tama people was doubtless due to the fact that they had
had trouble with the French before, and hearing of the
arrival of an unknown white man at their town, expected
further hostilities."

Thus, in the very prime of his life, having already at the
early age of 37 covered himself with honour and glory, this
splendid man was done to death. All those who had the
privilege of knowing him will easily realise that Alexander's
place both as a great traveller and as a field-naturalist of
exceptional ability will be hard to fill; and to those who could
claim him as a friend his loss must seem irreparable.

Boyd Alexander was the eldest son of Lt.-Col. Boyd
Francis Alexander, of Swifts Place, Cranbrook. He was
one of twin boys, born on the 16th of January, 1873. As
it was doubtful whether the younger would survive the early
hours of infancy, the Vicar was summoned hastily to
christen the children, and the ceremony was performed in
an old silver sugar-basin which is a family heirloom. The
fears of the doctor, however, were fortunately not fulfilled,
so the twins grew up together through childhood and school-
days, while their ways did not part till at twenty years of
age they entered different battalions of the Rifle Brigade
(Militia). It was then that Boyd's taste for travel began to
develop, and soon his expeditions kept him the greater pait
of his time away from England.

From earliest boyhood he shewed an extraordinary keenness
for natural history. Perhaps this passion for collecting,

and his Ornithological Work. 719

tliis thirst for excitement in birds-nesting, trapping, or hand-
ling the forbidden gun are common more or less to all boys,
but young Boyd Alexander's devotion was more than these
and shewed itself in his precocious knowledge of such books
as White's " Selborne " and " Bewick," in the wonderful
neatness and method of the arrangement of his egg-collec-
tion, and in a systematic diary of the migrations and habits
of the birds in the neighbourhood of his home.

At school he was not particularly fond of games, but,
although doubtless he employed many a trick to get off and
to range the country-side for birds' nests, he was by no means
unathletic or unmanly, for he represented Radley College
in the public schools boxing-competition the same year that
his twin brother, Robert, was her champion for gymnastics.
An incident of Alexander's boyhood is perhaps worth
relating as characteristic of the future explorer and ornitho-
logist, in that it shews in the boy those qualities of pluck
and devotion to a hobby which were such conspicuous features
in the nature of the man. He could not have been more
than eleven at the time when he and his two brothers had
come home for the holidays, and all, wild with the joy of
their first day of freedom, were scouring the place in an eagei
search for birds'-eo^s. Not much luck had attended their
efforts, though many risks of broken limbs had been taken,
until evidence of a swallows' nest was discovered inside the
roof of a disused barn. The door was locked, and how to
force an entrance was the problem still occupying the
energies of the brothers outside, when to their surprise an
exulting shout came from Boyd up in the roof, and to this
day it is not known how he had effected an entrance. But
his triumph was not destined to last long, for just as he had
reached his hand up into the nest to count the eggs, there
was a horrible crash among the rafters, quickly followed by
a sickening thud upon the ground. Then for a few moments,
that to the brothers outside seemed an age, there followed a
dead silence presently broken by moans. Frantically
they kicked at the door and tore at the boarding in order
to get to his rescue, but with no success, and to add to

720 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant : Boyd Alexander

their horror, through a crack in the boards they could see
him lying with his head in a pool of blood. Fortunately
they sighted a labourer who was working in a neighbouring
field, and at length with his help the door was broken
open and poor Boyd was brought out and laid upon a heap
of straw. Water was fetched from a well near by, and
after a little while he revived. It Mas then seen that in
falling he had struck the rafters with his jaw and that
three of his teeth were broken off. It was close on lunch-
time and they were about half a mile from home. His
brothers urged him to let one of them run back and bring
the pony cart, but he would not hear of it, fearing that if
his mishap became known to the elders, a stop would be put
to their independence and all their fun spoilt for the future.
So he struggled home in his shaken and crippled state
and actually made the attempt to endure his pains through
lunch as if nothing had happened. But his dazed condition
and battered face at length attracted notice, though not
before he had won the day for his brothers and himself, for
the serious nature of his accident was never realised by his
parents, their chief fear being lest his appearance should be
permanently damaged. So this was by no means the last of
the adventures the boys had in the pursuit of their pet hobby.
Side by side with his taste for natural history another
excellent boyish characteristic was developed in the form of
a steadfast hero-worship, the objects of which were never
dethroned from his regard, but remained his pattern heroes
to the end of his life. These were Napoleon and General
Gordon. In viewing the record of Alexander's achieve-
ments, so remarkable for so young a man and one that has
placed him among the great explorers of history, and
remembering this early hero-worship of bis, it is interesting
to observe how " the child was father to the man." For
this was the inspiration which largely helped him in after
years to overcome well-nigh insurmountable difficulties.
When alone in the midst of dangers, and fighting the leagued
forces that Fate arrayed against him, of savage men, aud

and his Ornithological Work. 721

the no less fearful foes of fever, famine, and Hood, like the
fighters of old he carried Ins gods into the battle, and many
must have been the times when he took heart from his
remembrance and intimate knowledge of the lives of these
great ideals, these heroes of his boyhood.

Interesting witnesses to his veneration for these great
dead remain round the walls of his museum at Wilsley, in
an almost exhaustive collection of their histories and lives
and in many fine old Napoleonic engravings.

Although Boyd Alexander's name will go down to
posterity pre-eminently as an explorer, from the results of
whose travels has been gathered much store of knowledge
in various sciences, it must be interesting to ornithologists
to know that it was his passion for their own special science
that formed the mainspring of all his achievements. In
his book, which relates the history of his great journey,
' From the Niger to the Nile/ he writes : — " Every explorer
looks upon the map of that part of the world which
particularly calls him, and endeavours to find a spot that
still affords opportunity for the special powers he may
possess for finding out the secrets that it hides. The
mountaineer sets his heart upon the ascent of some
unconquered height .... Other travellers distinguish
themselves in that form of exploration which depends for its
success upon a great knowledge of peoples and languages ....
The humanitarian follows the map as it is expressed by the
distribution of the tribes ; while geographers leave the
featureless desert on one side and take their ways by hills
that make beautiful undulating shadings, and by rivers that
embroider with blue veinings, and by lakes that shine like
jewels — upon the map .... All these facts [referring to
the little-known region of Lake Chad] attracted me, and
there was the character of the fauna to be ascertained, with
the hope that a locality, showing geographical peculiarities,
might also reveal marked differences in its fauna. This last
idea naturally took a strong hold on me, for I will now
confess that my ruling passion is ornithology, and all my

722 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander

exploration might be described as taking the course pointed
out by the birds."

At an early age Alexander began to form a local collection
of the birds of his native county (Kent), and while his
father remained at Swifts Place these occupied a large room,
which was known in the household as ' Boyd's Museum.'
When some years later Col. Alexander moved into his other
house, Wilsley, Boyd found that his rapidly increasing
collections necessitated the building of a special museum,
and he constructed a capital house in the grounds. Ranged
round the walls of this building may be seen a series of cases
containing beautifully mounted examples of Kentish Birds,
many of them of great local interest and rarity. The middle
portion of the building is occupied by cabinets containing all
his splendid collection of African bird-skins, and including
the priceless type-specimens of the many novelties he has
described.

His studies on the birds of Kent were embodied in the
section on " Birds " in the Victoria History of Kent, which
he wrote during the intervals of his earlier journeys.

Turning now to his work as an ornithologist the following
is a brief resume of his principal writings.

In 1893 we find his first published note in the ' Zoologist/
where he recorded an example of Harcourt's Storm-Petrel
(Oceanodroma castro), which had been picked up on the
beach close to Littlestone, on the coast of Kent. It was
the first British example of this species. In the spring
and autumn of 1896 much of his time was spent on the
coast of Kent studying the nesting-habits of the birds and
their migrations, and his observations were published in
three papers which appeared in the ' Zoologist ' of that year,
under the titles " Ornithological Notes from Romney Marsh
and its Neighbourhood " (pp. 246-253), " Notes on Birds in
Kent " (pp. 344-349), and " Ornithological Notes from Rye "
(pp. 408-416). Many of these observations are especially
valuable as recording the movements of the various species
on that part of the coast of Kent.

In January of the following year he made his first

and his Ornithological Jl'ork. 723

expedition to the Cape Verde Islands, being accompanied
by his friend Mr. John Duncan and two professional taxi-
dermists. The party landed at Sao Vicente on February the
10th, and spent about four months in exploring the various
islands of the group. Materials were thus gathered for his
excellent and exhaustive paper on the Avifauna of the Cape:
Verde Islands which was published in 'The Ibis'' for 1898,
pp. 74—118. Some new species rewarded the maiden efforts
of the explorer, the most important being a curious Lark
{Spizocorys razee), only met with on the little desert island
of Raza, which occupies an area of some three square miles.
Other notable species met with were the Desert Lark
{Pyrrhulauda nigriceps Gould), the Cape Verde Shearwater
(Puffinus edwardsi Oustal. = P. marice Alexander), the
White-breasted Frigate-Petrel [Pelagodroma marina (Lath.) ),
and Harcourt's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma castro Harcourt,
= O. cryptoleucura Hidgw.), all of which were found to be
breeding on some of the small rocky islands.

Finding that his first visit to the islands had been too
late for the breeding season of most of the species, he
paid a second visit to the Cape Verde Islands in 1897
for the special purpose of obtaining eggs, and his further
notes on the group were published in ' The Ibis ' for 1898,
pp. 277-285.

His next expedition took him to the Zambesi region, when
he formed one of the nine members of Major Gibbons's
1 Cape to Cairo ' Expedition, which set out from Chiudi on
the 18th of July, 1898. In company with his taxidermist
Ramm he explored the lower part of the Zambesi and
its tributary, the Kafue River, and formed a large col-
lection of nearly 1000 bird-skins representing 212 species,
several of which proved to be new. The results of this
important undertaking were fully described by Alexander
in ' The Ibis/ 1899, pp. 549-583, 1900, pp. 70-109, 424-458.

No sooner had he completed his work on the Zambesi
Collection than he left England for service with the Gold
Coast Constabulary, and took part in the relief of Kumassi
in 1900, for which he obtained the medal and clasp. On

724 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander

this expedition he was accompanied by Jose Lopez his
Portuguese collector, who had returned with him as a boy
from the Cape Verde Islands, and who remained his faithful
adherent during all his subsequent wanderings in Africa.
As the relief-column advanced on Kumassi, Jose slowly
followed behind and formed excellent collections of birds at
each station on the lines of communication. After a three
hours' fight the Ashantis were driven into the forest and the
column entered the beleaguered fort.

An amusing incident shewing how Alexander's passion for
ornithology dominated all other interests was related to the
writer by one of the other officers who accompanied the
column. Shortly after the occupation of Kumassi, Boyd
being nowhere to be found, General Sir James Willcocks
instituted a search for him and eventually he and Jose were
discovered in their tent outside the fort, though the sur-
rounding forest was still swarming with hostile Ashantis.
On being asked to explain his reason for running such risks,
he said that if he remained in the lent he was sure to be called
on for duty, whereas in his present camp he was less likely
to be disturbed and had excellent opportunities for increasing
his bird-collection ! On leaving Kumassi he was sent with a
column of Haussas to Gambaga, the headquarters of the
northern territories, and there he met with many interesting
forms of bird-life, including several rare Desert Larks, such
as Heliocorys modesta and Mirafra erythropygia.

On leaving Gambaga in May 1901 he trekked to Salaga
and thence on to the River Volta, finally reaching the
coast at Accra. An account of the fine collection of birds
formed during this Expedition, numbering nearly 1100
specimens, will be found in 'The Ibis/ 1902, pp. 278-333
and 355-377. Several species proved to be new to science,
including a Honey-Guide {Indicator willcocksi) which was
named in honour of General Sir James Willcocks, while
many of the other specimens obtained enabled the author
to add considerably to our knowledge of the geographical
distribution of the birds in this little-known area.

On his return to England Alexander was offered and

and his Ornithological Work. 725

accepted a commission in the liifie Brigade in which he
had already served as ;i Militiaman, but his heart was not
really in soldiering, except in so far as it enabled liim to visit
unknown lands in search of birds. In 1902, when he had
completed the description of his Gold Coast collections, we
find him organising an expedition to visit the little-known
island of Fernando Po. This was-one of his most successful
undertakings, for he ascended the Pico Santa Isabel, which
attains an altitude of 10,800 feet, and discovered a large
number of new species, including the remarkable long-tailed
Tree-Warbler (Urolais marice) representing a new genus
and species. With his Portuguese collector Jose Lopez,
who had developed the most remarkable talent both for
shooting and preserving small birds, he arrived at Fernando
Po on 27th October, 1902, and remained on the island till
the middle of December, when his leave being nearly up he
was obliged to return to England. Describing the ornitho-
logical results of this Expedition he writes' — "The work
of the whole expedition resulted in a series of nearly
500 specimens representing 3 new genera and 103 species,
of which 35 have proved to be new to science. I owe this
remarkable success to having traversed the high ground,
my predecessors having confined their attentions to the
lowlands. The wealth of bird-life on the island is indeed
wonderful, and proportionally larger than in the forest-
region of the adjoining West Coast." A full account with
coloured figures of some of his more remarkable dis-
coveries on this occasion will be found in ( The Ibis,' 1903,
pp. 330-403.

Boyd Alexander's next scheme was of a much more
ambitious character than any of his previous undertakings,
and is now famous all over the world as the Alexander-Gosling
Expedition, which crossed Africa from the Niger to the Nile
and explored the countries bordering Lake Chad. The whole
journey occupied thi'ee years, from 1904 to 1907, and resulted
in the tragic deaths of both his companions, his brother Capt.
Claud Alexander (Scots Guards) and Capt. G. B. Gosling
(Rifle Brigade). Undaunted by these terrible misfortunes

726 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander

and accompanied only by his faithful Portuguese collector,
Jose Lopez, Alexander pushed on across Africa by way
of the Shari and Welle Rivers, and surmounting all dangers
and difficulties eventually arrived safely at Khartum. The
details of this great journey are still fresh in the memory
of most of us, the story having been graphically told by
Alexander in two large volumes bearing the title ' From the
Niger to the Nile.'

On the 13th of May, 1907, he gave an account of this
Expedition before the Royal Geographical Society at
Burlington Gardens, where he received a most enthusiastic
reception, and his graphic account of his journey with
its triumphs and misfortunes, told in the simplest language,
will not easily be forgotten by those who were present. [Cf.
Geographical Journal, xxx. pp. 119-152 (1907).]

For his geographical discoveries Alexander received the
Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp
in 1907, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical
Society of London in 1908 ; he was also elected an Honorary
Member of the Royal Geographical Society of Scotland
m 1907.

The ornithological results of this great journey have not
yet been published, for though Alexander had partly written
two papers on the Birds, he had finished neither of them when
he started on this last journey. The new species, however,
some 29 in number, Mere described in the Bulletin of the
British Ornithologists' Club, volumes xix., xxi., and xxiii.

One of the memorable incidents of this Expedition was
the capture of an adult Okapi, which after being hunted for
many days was shot by Jose in the Welle Forest. This
interesting specimen was mounted by Messrs. Rowland Ward
& Co. and presented by Alexander to the Natural History
Museum, where it may now be seen in the Eastern Corridor,
over the Great Hall.

Boyd Alexander's name will ever be associated with the
history of Lake Chad, and it was near that Lake that he
ultimately met his fate and where his body lies buried. On
his return from the Alexander-Gosling Expedition he found

and his Ornithological Work. 7:17

that his twin brother Robert was constructing a hike on
his father's estate near Cranbrook. To commemorate the
event, it was determined to make it in shape as nearly as
possible a miniature facsimile of Lake Chad. The Lake
at Swifts Place is now a very exact representation of the
original, as determined by Boyd's Survey, and characteristic
features have been added such as the boat-house and duck
huts upon the banks and the island, which resemble; the
reed-built huts of the Buduuia tribe inhabiting Lake Chad.
Of his last journey we can say but little. He visited
the Islands of San Thome, Principe, and Annabon, in the Gulf
of Guinea, on each of which he made a complete collection of
birds, and, after touching at Fernando Po, crossed to Cameroon.
There he ascended the Peak and made extensive collections,
one of his most important discoveries being a remarkable
species of Francolin (Francolinus camerunensis) in which the
plumage of the two sexes is entirely different. From his last
letter to the writer, dated near Victoria 30th of April, 1909, the
following passage is extracted : — " I have worked pretty hard
on the peak of Cameroon and I do not think I have ever had
more difficult collecting. The forest is so thick that I lose
nearly half of what I kill. 1 had an appalling time of it on
the mountain during the first night of the earthquake. My
camp was at an altitude of 8,000 feet. At each boom from
the mountain above us the ground danced like a live thins
and torrents of stone poured down the hill not half a mile
from where we were camped, forest-trees came crashing
down and snapped in two like match-sticks, and the cries
of terrified monkeys flying before the torrent added, if that
was possible, to the dreadful scene. I abandoned my camp
at three in the morning and only just in time, for an hour
later the place was destroyed/'

After leaving Cameroon he made his way once more to
Lake Chad and finally, as has already been told, started
on his last journey through Wadai.

He now lies beside his brother Claud, his body having
been recovered and brought back to Maifoni, a British Post
near Lake Chad.

728 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant : Boyd Alexander
List of Papers etc. by the late Boyd Alexander.

1896.

Zoologist.

On a new British Petrel, p. 107.

Ornithological Notes from Romney Marsh and its neighbourhood,

pp. 246 253.
Notes on Birds in Kent, pp. 344 349.
Ornithological Notes from Rye, pp. 408-416.

1898.
Zoologist.

Little Gull in Kent, p. 210.
The Ibis.

An Ornithological Expedition to the Cape Verde Islands, pp. 74-118.
Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Cape Verde Islands,
pp. 277-225.
Bulletin B. O. Club.

On Birds from the Cape Verde Islands, vii., p. xxvii.

1899.
The Ibis,

An Ornithological Expedition to the Zambesi River, pp. 540 583.

Bulletin B. O. Cluk.

On his Expedition to the Zambesi, viii., p. xlviii.
Exhibition of examples of Cinnyris shelleyi, viii., p. lv.
Description of Chlurodyta neylecta, x., p. xvii.

1900.
The Ibis.

An Ornithological Expedition to the Zambesi River, pp. 70, 109,
121 158.

1901.
Bulletin B. O. Club.

On new or rare species of Birds from the Gold Coast Hinterland, xii.,

p. 10.
Description of a new species of Nightjar, Caprimulgus sharpei, xii.,
p. 29.

1902.

The Ibis.

On the Birds of the Gold Coast Colony and its Hinterland,
pp. 278-333, 355-377.

1903.
The Ibis.

On the Birds of Fernando Po, pp. 330-403.

and his Ornithological Work. 729

Bulletin T'>. 0. ('lit..

I Ascriptions of thirty-three new species and two new genera of Birds

from Fernando Po, xiii., p. 33.
A < renus and four new species of Birds from Fernando Po. xiii., p. 18.
Description of Heterhyphantes melanopaster <$ , xiii., p. 49.
Glareola melanoptera in Sussex, xiv., p. 17.
A new species of Flycatcher from Fernando Po, xiv., p. 17.

1!)07.
From the Niger to the Nile. By Lieut. Boyd Alexander. 2 vols.

8vo, London, 1907.
Bulletin B. O. Club.

A short account of his three years' j turney across Africa, xix., p. 40.

Exhibition and description of six new species of Birds, xix., p. Hi.

Description of a new species of Calamocichla, xix., p. 03.

Exhibition of three new species of Birds, xix., p. 88.

Descriptions of two new species of African Birds, xix., p. 104.
From the Niger, by Lake Chad, to the Nile. By Boyd Alexander,

Lieut. Bitle Brigade. I ■ gr. Journ. xxx., p. 119 (August 1907).

1908.
'Birds of Kent' in the "Victoria History of the County of Kent."

vol. i., pp. 207-301. (1908.)
Bulletin B. O. Club.

Description of a new species of Lark-heeled Cuckoo (Centropus

neumanni) from the River Welle, xxi., p. 78.
Exhibition of eight new species of African Birds, xxi., p. 88.
Remarks on certain species of Indicator, xxi., p. 91.
Exhibition of a new species of Flycatcher (Batis chadensis) from

Lake Chad, xxi., p. 105.
Exhibition and description of new species of African Birds, xxiii.

p. 15.
Exhibition of rare Birds obtained by him on his Expedition across

Africa, xxiii., p. 16.
Descriptions of two new species of Birds from Lake Chad, xxiii ,

p. 33.
Description of a new speeies of Red- winged Starling (Amydrus

neumanni) from Northern Nigeria, xxiii., p. 42.

1909.
Bulletin B. O. Club.

Description of a new species of Grey Parrot {Psitlacus princeps)

from Princes Island, West Africa, xxiii., p. 74.
Descriptions of three new species of Birds, Francolinus camerunensis,
Anthus camerunensis, Cryptolopha camerunensis, from the Peak
of Cameroon, xxv., pp. 12, 13.

730 Recently published Ornithological Works.

X XXV. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.
[Continued from p. 565.]

73. ' Annals of Scottish Natural History. '

[The Annals of Scottish Natural History. A Quarterly Magazine,
with which is incorporated the ' Scottish Naturalist.' April, July, 1910.]

Fair Isle continues to hold its own as a field for the
northern ornithologist and the student of migration, while it
appeals to us all strongly as an outpost towards the boreal
regions. We are, therefore, always glad to read Mr. Eagle
Clarke's annual reports, of which the fifth is in the April
number of this magazine. He promises us a separate and
full account of the birds of the Isle shortly, and meanwhile
recounts as new for 1909 the following six species : — Cross-
bill ('Annals/ 1909, p. 215; 1910, p. 54), White-spotted
Bluethroat, Pink-footed, Bernacle, and Brent Geese, and Grey
Phalarope. The Crossbills appear to be representatives of a
slender-billed race from the far north of Europe and Siberia.
With regard to the record of the breeding of the White
Wagtail, we may draw attention to that of Mr. J. H. Dixon
in his work on ' Gairloch in B-oss- shire/ The White- spotted
Bluethroat has never before been obtained in Scotland, and
only on three occasions elsewhere in Britain.

Other communications to the April number are those of
Mr. 11. B. Watt on Scottish Heronries, with additions to and
corrections of his former paper (1908, p. 218), and of Mr.
H. S. Gladstone on a specimen of the American Bittern shot
at Loch Martnaham in Dumfriesshire in 1898, the newspaper
report of which he finds in a scrap-book of the late Sir William
Jardine, belonging to Mr. Ilarvie-Brown, who called his
attention to the entry. Finally, Mr. W. Evans, in reference
to his note (' Annals,' 1899, p. 14) on the supposed eggs of the
Wood-Sandpiper taken near Elgin by Mr. Thurnall in 1853,
quotes from letters of Sir Edward Newton to Professor Alfred
Newton, which clearly shew that the finder was mistaken in
his identification of the eggs. In the ' Zoological Notes ' we
should mention those on Crossbills from the north-east coast
and on the Great Spotted Woodpecker by Mr. Haivie-Brown ;

Recently published Ornithological Works. 731

on a visitation of Greenland Falcons by the same and Mr.
Eagle Clarke; and on the rare hybrid between the Black-
cock and Capercaillie, with some remarks on the latter species
in East Lothian.

In the July part we have a skilfully drawn-up Report on
Scottish Ornithology for 1909 by those energetic lady-workers
Misses Baxter and Rmtoul, who take the place this year of
Mr. Laidlaw. It will be remembered that they themselves
added a new species to the British, list in 1909 {Saxicola
pltschanka from, the Isle of May), but they call our attention
here to many other rare birds, too numerous to mention,
including Phylloscopus superciliosus on the Scottish mainland,
Oriolus galbula, Zonotrichia alhicollis (Flannan Islands),
Falco candicans, Tadorna casarca, and numerous species from
Fair Isle and the Isle of May. A feature in the Report is
the division into sections which deal with different subjects,
such as extension of breeding-range, nesting of the species*
migration, and so forth ; while the occurrences in winter are a
welcome addition to the usual spring and autumn records*
Among the latter the great invasion of the Crossbill into
Britain is duly chronicled and discussed.

The Pentland Skerries have furnished a specimen of the
Rock-Thrush, which was sent to the Royal Scottish Museum;
this, Mr. Eagle Clarke says, is only the second time that
Monticola saxatilis has occurred in Britain, if we except
doubtful reports. In the ' Zoological Notes ' for July we
find mention of a Chough from Peeblesshire, and an
American Yellow-billed Cuckoo from Colonsay, besides
further occurrences of the Crossbill.

74. ' The Auk:

[The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology. January, April,
July, 1910.]

In the January number Dr. C. W. Townsend and Mr. A.
C. Bent publish some notes on the Birds of Labrador, supple-
mentary to the work on that country by Townsend and Allen
in the 33rd volume of the * Proceedings of the Boston Society/

ser. ix. — vol. iv. 3 c

732 Recently published Ornithological Works.

and to further notes in 'The Auk/ vol. xxvi. An account
is given of the condition of the avifauna of the southern
coast in the spring of 1909, and three species are added to
the Labrador list (3 plates). Mr. Ruthven Deane, in con-
tinuation of his interesting articles on Audubon, furnishes
us with letters from that great ornithologist and Dr. Ingall
on the Labrador trip of 1833, when much good work was
done, bat no new species were discovered; Mr. J. H. Sage
publishes his Report on the twenty-seventh " stated meeting "
of the A. O. U. ; and Mr. L. B. Bishop describes two new
subspecies (Numenius americanus parvus from Western Canada,
and Molothrus ater dwighti, Saskatchewan to N. Dakota).

In the April number we have three articles in memory
of J. C. Merrill, C. Aldrich, and R. B. Sharpe, with
portraits, by Mr. W. Brewster, Mr. R. Deane, and Dr. J.
A. Allen respectively. Mr. L. J. Cole also records the
progress made in the " tagging " of wild birds.

The July number contains a paper of considerable length
on bird-photographing in the Carolinas, by Messrs. B. S.
Bowdish and P. B. Philipp, with three plates of Terns, the
Black Skimmer, the Florida Cormorant, and the Florida
Gallinule.

Of papers more especially distributional contained in the
three numbers, Mr. J. E. Hess discusses the species found
within a ten-mile radius, near Philo, in Illinois ; Mr. J. C.
Wood the winter birds of 1908-9 in Wayne Co., Michigan ;
Mr. G. Eifrig the same at Ottawa — with some interesting
observations on the habits ; Messrs. A. H. Wright and A. A,
Allen write on the increase of " Austral Birds " at Ithaca ;
Mr. W. F. Henninger on his experiences in Ohio (plate) ;
Messrs. N. A. Wood and A. D. Tinker on the rarer species of
Washtenaw Co., Michigan ; Mr. E. R. Warren on the birds
of Chaffee Co., Colorado ; Mr. G. C. Embody on those of
Ashland, Virginia ; Mr. J. F. Ferry on those of Saskatchewan
(3 pis.) ; Mr. R. W. Chaney on those of Hamlin Lake,
Michigan; Mr. S. S. Visher on those of Pima County,
Arizona ; and Mr. A. H. Howell on those of the summer in
Kentucky and Tennessee.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 733

In the January number Mrs. F. M. Bailey records her
experiences of the breeding of Icterus nelso?ii, the Palm-
leaf Oriole, and gives three pretty figures of the nest ; and
in April Dr. Townsend writes on the courtships of the
Golden-Eye and Eider Ducks, while Mr. R. F. Miller notes
an increase of the Florida Gallinule near Philadelphia. In
July Mr. H. W. Henshaw furnishes an article, which will
interest students of the subject, on the " Migration of the
Pacific Plover {Charadrius duminicus fulvus) to and from the
Hawaiian Islands/' which is followed by a second on the
" Migration of the Canada Goose in Eastern Massachusetts,"
by Mr. J. C. Phillips. Mrs. C. J. Stanwood also writes on
the Black-throated Green Warbler aud its nesting-habits
(2 pis.) ; Mr. W. F. Henninger on Henslow's Sparrow in
Ohio (pi.) ; and Mr. W. Brewster answers Dr. Dwight on the
" Resurrection of the Red-legged Black Duck."

Mr. R. Ridgway's remarks " Concerning Three erroneous
Georgia Records" (p. 88) should also be noted by students of
American ornithology in particular.

75. ' The Avicullural Magazine.'

[Avicultural Magazine. Third Series. Vol. i. Noa. 5-9 (March-
July 1910).]

In these numbers we have an illustrated account of the
Crystal Palace Bird Show of the year by Messrs. A. Silver
(British Birds), D. Seth-Smith (Parrots), and F. Finn (other
foreign birds); Mr. Seth-Smith also continues the story
of his travels in Australia (Sydney and Brisbane), and Mr.
Finn writes on Col/us erythromelon and on two species of
Ccereba (C. ccerulea and C. cyanea) (col. pis.), while he gives
further instalments of his " Stray Notes on Indian Birds."
Col. Momber sketches the migration of British Birds through
Italy, and gives us a tabular list with the addition of occa-
sional remarks. An interesting paper by Dr. Butler discusses
the duration of the life of captive birds, and this has induced
Mr. Bonhote to write at length on the same subject, and to
supply notes on the breeding and management of various
species (2 pis.). Mr. H. D. Astley and Mr. Finn furnish

3c2

734 Recently published Ornithological Works.

papers on some species rarely imported to Britain ; Dr.
Butler recounts the foundation and progress of the Avi-
cultural Society ; Mr. T. H. Newman continues his notes
on a visit to North-western Africa (Tunis and Algeria), and
Mr. H. Goodchild those on his ornithological rambles. In
all of these articles may be found much that is of interest to
specialists in different lines ; but certainly the most important
to ornithologists generally is Mr. Walter Goodft-llow's account
of the Birds-of- Paradise, which is to be followed by further
instalments. He intends to write on no less than twenty
species, and begins with Paradisea apoda, of which he gives
very full and very interesting particulars as regards life-
history in the most general sense.

Reports of species breeding in captivity are furnished by
Mr. Teschemaker {Sylvia atricapilla, Otocompsa jocosa, and
Passer diffuses) ; by Major B. R. Horsbrugh (Cereopsis,
Dendrocycna fulva, D. autamna lis, and Chen rossi at Stephen's
Green, Dublin) ; by Mr. T. 11. Newman (Culumba albigularis);
and by Mr. P. W. Thorniley {Turdus fuscater). Finally,
Mr. W. H. St. Quintin writes on the European Rock-Thrushes,
Mr. Finn on Phasianus principalis (named in memory of
the late King Edward, pi.), and Dr. Hopkinson on Ptilopachys
fuscus; while minor notes will be found in all the numbers
on a variety of subjects.

76. Bangs on Birds from Costarica.

[Noles on some rare or nut well-known Costarican Birds. By Outrani
Bangs. Pr. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxii. p. 29.]

Mr. C. F. Underwood in 1907-8 collected birds in Costa-
rica, and those of special interest are now mentioned by
Mr. Bangs. Trogon melanocephalus illxetabilis and Aimophila
rufescens hypathrus are described as new subspecies.

77. Bangs on new or rare Birds from Western Colombia.

[New or rare Birds from Western Colombia. By Outram Bangs.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xsiii. p. 71.]

Mr. Bangs describes some new or rare forms of birds

Recently published Ornithological Works. 735

from examples in a collection made in Western Colombia by
Mervyn G. Palmer, and received through Mr. Rosenberg.

The new species and subspecies are named Odontophorus
baliolus, Picumnus canus, Xiphorhynchus rosenbergi, lihop-
octites alogus, Mionectes olivaceus hederacens, Pheugopedias
spadix, P. mystacalis saltuensis, and Henicorldna leucosticta
eucharis.

78. Bangs on two rare Hawaiian Birds.

[Unrecorded Specimens of two rare Hawaiian Birds. By Outrain Bangs.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiii. p. 57.]

The birds " discovered " in the recesses of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology are Acrulocercus apicalis and Ciridops
anna, both now (probably) extinct, and very rare in

Collections.

79. Beebe's ' Search for a Wilderness*

[Our Search for a Wilderness. By Mary Blair Beebe and C. William
Beebe. New York : Henry Holt & Company, 1910. $±75. With 398
illustrations from photographs and 398 pp., 8vo.]

Many of our readers will remember a charming account
of a winter spent among the birds of Mexico by Mr. and
Airs. Beebe some years ago (see ' Ibis/ 1896, p. 580). They
have now gone further afield, and during the last two winters
have visited Venezuela and British Guiana.

Mr. Beebe is one of the new school of naturalists, who
believe in the camera and in the patient watching of birds.
At the same time he is no fanatic in this respect, and has
no sentimental objections to shooting and preserving speci-
mens if recpuired for the purpose of identification. He is also
fully competent (with the help of his assistant, Mr. Lee S.
Crandall) to enrich the Zoological Park of New York, where
he is Curator of Onithology, with many additions to their
living collection.

Of his recent excursions to Venezuela and some of the
results arrived at, Mr. Beebe has already given us an
account in two papers lately published in the new Journal
' Zoologica ' (see above, pp. 54-9, 550). A more popular

736 Recently published Ornithological Works.

history of their adventures in Venezuela, prepared by
Mr. and Mrs. Beebe, is contained in the present volume,
which also gives us a full history of the journey to British
Guiana last year. In British Guiana three expeditions were
made from Georgetown into the interior — two of these were
to gold-mines situated il in the midst of the wilderness,"
while on the third the savanna district further south was visited.

We cannot go into particulars respecting the observations
made during these well-planned excursions. Suffice it to say
that no opportunity was lost, by either Mr. or Mrs. Beebe,
of acquiring information respecting the animal life of the
country traversed. The Birds were, of course, specially
attended to, and we may call particular attention to the
notes on the Trumpeters, the Curassows, and, above all, the
Hoatzins. In fact, every page of the work is replete with
information, well illustrated by pictures taken from real life
in the jungle. We can thoroughly recommend the ' Search
for a Wilderness ' to every lover of Natural History.

But poor Mrs. Beebe met with a sad adventure, which
brought the excursion to Guiana to a rapid conclusion. A
loose string brought the hammock on which she was sitting,
to the ground, and caused her a broken wrist. It was
necessary to leave for Georgetown instantly for skilled
assistance. But u Miladi " recovered quickly from her
accident, and no traces of the fracture remain. She and
her husband (whom one of us had the pleasure of meeting
when they passed through London this summer) are now,
we believe, in the jungles of India searching for living
Pheasants for the New York Zoological Park.

80. Bent ham on a new Indian Sun- bird.

[A new Species of Sun-bird (Jfithopyga) obtained near Darjiling,
Brilisb Sikbini. By T. Benthaui, Indian Museum. Bee. Ind. Mus.
vol. ii. p. 167 (1908).]

The new species is based on a specimen obtained by the
author in the forest of Ghoom, near Darjiling, and is named
JEthopyga griseiceps. It is most nearly allied to JEthopyga
nipalensis, but is distinguished by its grey head.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 737

81. Clark on the Birds of Korea.

[Report on a Collection of Birds made by Pierre Louis .Jony in Korea.
Bv Austin H. Clark. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxviii. pp. 147-176
(1910).]

In 1907 (see ' Ibis,' 1907, p. 641) Mr. Clark described
the (supposed) new species of birds represented in a large
collection made by the late Pierre Louis Jouy during a
residence of over three years in Korea. Mr. Clark now gives
us a complete list of the whole collection, which belongs,
we suppose, to the U.S. National Museum. It contains 554
specimens, taken mainly at Fusan, Chemulpo, and Seoul,
though some are from the island of Tsushima in the Korean
Straits. Other interesting specimens obtained by Dr. VV.
Lord Smith of Boston, in 1892-3, in South-western Korea
are likewise noticed.

The whole list contains the names of about 165 species,
which are arranged after the fashion and nomenclature of
the American ' Check-list.' It is of considerable interest, as
the Ornis of Korea was previously little known to us, although
many stray specimens had been obtained there.

We see no mention in it of the Branicki's Sea-Eagle
(Haiiaetus branickii) , allied to but quite different from
H.pelagicus, and described by Taczanowski in 1888 *, from a
specimen obtained in Korea by Kalinowski. The example of
this magnificent bird, formerly living in the Zoological
Society's Gardens f, is now, we believe, in the Norwich
Museum.

82. Coward's ' Fauna of Cheshire.''

[The Vertebrate Fauna of Cheshire aud Liverpool Bay. Edited by
T. A. Coward. Witberby and Co., London, 1910. Vol. I., pp. i-xxxii,
1-4/2; Vol. II.. pp. i-xl, 1-204.J

Ornithologists though we are, we are interested in both
volumes of this important work on the Fauna of Cheshire j

* P. Z. S. 1838, p. 451.

t See P. Z. S. 1893, p. 613 ; List of Animals, 1896, p. 387.

738 Recently published Ornithological Works.

for the Birds occupy much of the first volume, aud a section
on the Wild-fowl of the Dee is included in the second. The
authors have rightly extended the political boundary of the
county so as to take in Liverpool Bay — chiefly for the sake
of the "marine fish-fauna" — and "many square miles oh'
marshes" in Flintshire, which naturally belong to the country
watered by the well-known Cheshire river. A commencement
is made with a description of the physical features of the
district, the changes that have taken place inland and on
the shores, and the gradual increase of the towns and their
population ; and with this are incorporated many interesting
notices of the species of birds that of old inhabited the
Mosses characteristic of the area, the marshes and lakes now
drained or still existing, aud the brine "flashes5' still in
process of formation.

Next follows an account of the scanty literature of the
past, and a section on the preservation of Game, whence we
pass on to the Mammals. But we are only concerned here
with the portion of the work referring to Bh*ds, to which is
prefixed a separate or special Introduction. In this we learn
that the following species have been added to the county
list since Messrs. Coward and Oldham published their ' Birds
of Cheshire ' in the year 1(J00 : — the Ciri Bunting, the M< aly
Redpoll, the Woodchat-Shrike, the Shore-Lar<, the Shag,
the American Blue-winged Teal, the Kentish Plover, Schlegel's
Petrel, and Baillon's Crake.

An excellent account is given of the 231 species of Birds
whirh have been satisfactorily proved to have occurred in
Cheshire during the present or the last century, though
the habits are discussed at unusual length for a local
fauna, and this part of the book might perhaps have been
shortened with advantage. About 112 of the>e birds breed or
have bred recently within the chosen boundaries, even when we
omit such as the Marsh- and Hen-Harriers, the Bittern, the
Oystercatcher, and the Terns, with regard to which no definite
records have been preserved. We may call special attention
in this connexion to the example of Querquedula discors,
shot on the Dee estuary some fifty years ago, aud to the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 739

case of a drake Pintail which paired with a Mallard Duck,
and brought off a brood at Toft, near Knutsford.

On the whole, Cheshire has a poor avifauna, owing to its
want of a rocky coast-line and its position, which places
it apart from the best-known lines of migration ; but the
county is especially interesting as being one in which the
breeding-ranges of several northern and southern specks
meet.

Additional value is given to the work by a sketch of the
Acts for the Protection of Birds and Eggs, and of the special ly
protected areas, by a section on Migration, and by a very
full Bibliography referring to the whole subject. A good
map of Cheshire is added.

The Classification and Nomenclature used are mainly those
of Howard Saunders, though Hartert is followed where he
has distinguished British races from those of the Continent ;
we fail, however, to see wrhy " Linue " is used, instead of
" Linnseus " or one of the usual abbreviations, in cases where
his specific names are adopted.

The portions of the book on Mammals and Birds arc the
work of Messrs. T. A. Coward and C. Oldham, as are those
on the Beptiles, Amphibians, &c, while that on the Fishes
is by Mr J. Johnstone, and Mr. J. A. Dockray contributes
the article on the Dee as a resort of Wild-fowl. The plates
are excellent and are chiefly from photographs by Mr. T.
Baddeley.

83. Dresser on Palaarctic Birds' Eggs.

[Eggs of the Birds of Europe, including all the Species inhabiting the
Western Palsearctic Area. By II. E. Dresser. Parts XXL, XXII.
February 1910.]

Mr. Dresser's great work on Oology is now nearing com-
pletion, one more part only remaining to be issued. In the
present part we have the continuation of the Scolopacidae,
the Terns, the Gulls (including the Skuas), and some of the
Petrels ; and we wish once more to draw particular attention
to the great mass of new information on the range of many
species derived from Mr. Buturlin, and on his experiences

740 Recently published Ornithological Works.

on the Kolyma River in Siberia. The discovery by him of
the eggs oiRhodostethia rosea is narrated — though not for the
first time — in this part of Mr. Dresser's book, and the true
facts are given concerning Numenius tenuirostris and its
bi*eediug-range ; while an error of Middendorff's with regard
to Tringites rujescens is corrected.

There is much of interest in the British Birds included in
this instalment, and we notice that Mr. Dresser has safe-
guarded himself in the matter of the supposed Wood-Sand-
piper's eggs from Elgin, which were certainly wrongly
identified {supra, p. 730). In the case of the Roseate Tern,
however, he is too sceptical, as the eggs were certainly taken
on one occasion at least in Norfolk (coll. A. Newton), when
the parents were carefully identified. Again he might
have extended the breeding-range of the Sandwich Tern on
the Scottish mainland to Sutherland, whence the late T. E.
Buckley procured a single egg. Perhaps he considers such
an exceptional case better omitted. We cannot complain, on
the other hand, of his statement that the Common Gull does
not nest to the south of the Border- land, though we should
have wished him to have stated that the record from St. Abb's
Head by Hepburn was undoubtedly erroneous, and that the
bird is not found on the East Coast of Scotland in general.
But he is decidedly mistaken in doubting whether the
Arctic Skua breeds in Caithness — there is, or was a few
years ago, at least one fair-sized colony there.

The plates of this book are excellent, aud, though dark
eggs are difficult to photograph successfully, the results are
most satisfactory.

8 1. Eaton on the Birds of New York.

[New York State Museum. Memoir 12. Birds of New York. By
Elon Howard Eaton. Part I. 1 vol., 4to. Albany, 1910.]

This is the first volume of a new history of the birds of the
State of New York, prepared by Mr. E. Howard Eaton, who,
we are assured, is an experienced student of the subject. It
is accompanied by 42 coloured plates, which, together with
500 pages of letterpress, make a somewhat ponderous

Recently published Ornithological Works. 711

volume. The plates have been drawn by Mr. L. A. Fuertes,
an accomplished artist well known in America, and are
" full of life," but in some instances, we think, a little
over-coloured.

The last history of the birds of the State of New York
was that of De Kay, published more than sixty years ago,
and it was therefore quite time that a new treatise on the
subject should be undertaken, especially as during this long
interval upwards of 100 species have been added to the List
of those met with in the State.

The nomenclature and arrangement followed in the
present work are those of the well-known American ' Check-
list ': so that, beginning with the lowest forms, we are
carried on as far as the Pigeons, leaving the mighty army of
Passeres for the second volume.

85. 'The Emu:

[The Emu. A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Pro-
tection of Native Birds. Vol. ix. pts. 2-4, Oct. 1909-April 1910.]

The October number commences with two lists of Birds
by Mr. G. M. Mathews : one from North-west Australia in
continuation of a former instalment, the other from the
Alexandra District, which is supplementary to that given in
'The Ibis' for 1907 (p. 387). They contain short notes
from the collectors Rogers and Stalker on the colours of
the soft parts and the birds' food. Mr. C. G. Gibson follows
with an article on the species found between Kalgoorlie and
the South Australian Border; Mr. R. Hall with notes on
Murray River Ducks and on variation in Trichoglossus nova-
hollandia ; Mr. A. F. Crossman on birds seen at Cumminin
Station, W.A. ; and Mr. Mathews on additions to his ' Hand-
list to the Birds of Australasia.' We do not find much of
very general interest in these papers, though they will
doubtless prove useful to workers in the special districts ;
but Miss Fletcher's ' Bird Notes from Cleveland, Tasmania'
(pt. ii.), deal in a graphic manner with the habits of some
of the rarer species of that country, while Mr. D, Le Souef

742 Recently published Ornithological Works.

gives a full account of the splendid collection of Australian
Birds' eggs formed by Mr. H. L. White. To our mind the
plates of Regent-Birds' and Ospreys5 eggs look a little as if
Mr. White and his collectors were overdoing the affair, but
we may safely leave our Australian cousins to see that no
harm is done to the rarer species. Finally, Mr. S. W.
Jackson describes the nest and eggs of Pachycephala lanioides.

In January we find the Minutes of the Ninth Annual
Session of the Australian Union, held at Adelaide under
the presidency of Mr. D. Le Souef, whose portrait accom-
panies the letterpress. Excursions were made to the Mount
Lofty ranges, the Eyre peninsula, and elsewhere with in-
teresting results; a committee was appointed to collect and
report upon local names of birds ; a motion was passed that
a protected area ought to be provided on Kangaroo Island,
and various other business was transacted. The President's
address was on " Bird Sanctuaries/' and Mr. Mattingley
read a paper on the habits of the Cuckoos.

Articles by Mr. R. Hall concerned with the Eyre penin-
sula (2 pis.), by Mr. C. Barrett on Neophema petrophila (pi.),
by Mr. E. M. Cornwall on Ardea sumatrana (pi.), by Mr. F.
M. Littler on a trip to Ninth Island, Bass Strait, by Mr. A.
F. Crossman on the Birds of Broome, N.W.A., by Mr. II. S.
Dove on the life-history of the Tasmanian Blue Wren, by Mr.
W. J. Armstrong on Albatross Island, and by Mr. H. W.
W ilson on the first " Bird Day " in the Commonwealth, help
to till up this part, and afford much useful information chiefly
of a local character. Mr. S. W. Jackson describes as new the
eggs of Acanthiza tenuirostris and Amytornis yigantura.

More than half the April part is occupied by an important
paper on the birds of the East Murchison district by Mr. F.
L. Whitlock, with no less than ten plates. He collected for
Mr. 11. L. White at Lake Way, Lake Violet, Milly Pool,
and other localities, and was wonderfully successful, finding
nests of Peltohyas australis (pi.), Cinclosoma marginatum (pi.),
Acanthiza robustirostris, the new A. ivhitlocki (pi.), A. uropy.
gialis (pi.) 5 A. tenuirostris, Stipiturus rujiceps, Amytornis
yigantura (pi.), A. striatus (pi.), Lacustrceca whitei (col. pi.),

Recently published Ornithological Works. 743

and Certhionyw variegatus (pi.), most of them with eggs. He
also discovered the bower, nest, and eggs of Chlamydodera
guttata (pis.). Of these and their surroundings a most in-
teresting account is given, while the whole paper abounds
with information on the ways, and especially the nesting-
habits, of the rarer species.

The April part is continued by articles on the stomach-
contents, parasitic worms, and protozoa, of 57 native birds
by Dr. J. 13. Cleland ; on the Mallee country by Mr. F. E.
Howe ; on Manorhina melanophrys by Mr. F. E. Wilson ;
on the Satin Bower-Bird by Mr. C. F. Cole ; on the birds of
Parry's Creek, N.W.A., by Mr. Mathews ; and on those of
Drouin, Gippsland, by Mr. I. Batey.

Of new species we have in the three parts descriptions of
Eopsaltria jacksoni (p. 70) with a coloured plate of bird, nest,
and young, from the Herberton Range (cf. ' Emu,' viii. p. 284,
ix. p. 246), and of Acanthiza flaviventris from Lake Frome,
S.A.. (p. 137) ; while attention is drawn (p. 173) to others
recently described in the ' Victorian Naturalist/ and one is
withdrawn (p- 163).

86. Festa on Birds from Darien and Ecuador.

[Nel Darein e nell' Ecuador. Diario di viaggio di un Naturalista.
Dr. E. Festa. 1 vol. 397 pp.]

The author has kindly sent us a copy of this work, which
has no bookseller's name attached to it, and appears to have
been privately printed. Dr. E. Festa is a well-known and
energetic traveller and naturalist, who has sent a large series
of zoological specimens to the Museum of Turin, where they
have been studied and described by Couut Salvadori. In
Darien Dr. Festa obtained £02 specimens belonging to
122 species, among which was a new Tanager (Rhampho-
coelus festa) , named by Salvadori after its discoverer*. But
a much more extensive collection was made during his
longer sojourn in Ecuador, where 2892 specimens of birds

* Bol. Mus. Torino, vol. xii. p. 219 (1896).

744 Recently published Ornithological Works.

■were obtained. These were referred to 613 species, of which
17 were new to science.

In the present work "we find a popular account of
Dr. Festa's travels and adventures, well illustrated by
numerous figures in the text, and by two maps which shew
the traveller's exact routes. There are occasional, but not
many, allusions to bird-life in the narrative, and we could,
wish that this part of the subject had obtained greater
attention.

87. Godman' s ' Monograph of the Petrels ' *.

[A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). By F. DuCane
Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S., President of the British Ornithologists' Union,
&c. With hand-coloured Plates by J. G. Keulemans. Part V. Witherby
& Co., May 1910.]

We have now received the fifth part of this excellent
■work, which completes the Monograph. We have already
given an account of its origin and plan of its execution in
onr previous notices, and need not repeat what has been
already plainly stated. To say that the subject is now
exhausted would not be true. But the Author has gathered
together all that is yet known about the Tubinares, and
formed a solid basis for future naturalists to build upon.
Moreover, he has illustrated his subject by an unequalled
series of coloured plates, which will be of the greatest value
to those who are studying the natural history of this difficult
group.

Mr. Godman adds to the present part of his work a
valuable disquisition on the systematic position of the
Petrels, drawn up by Mr. Pycraft, which merits careful
study. Their osteological characters, Mr. Pycraft says,
support the contention that, although their Ciconiiform
affinities are evident, the Petrels are also allied to the Divers
and Penguins, but have little to do with the Gulls, as some
authorities have maintained.

According to the present work, the Tubinares, as at
present known, are divisible into four families : Procellariidae,

* For notice of Part IV., see ' Ibis/ 1909, p. 546.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 745

Puffinidae, Pelecanoididse, and Diomedeida?. One hundred
and twenty-two species, belonging to twenty-five genera, are
recognised.

There are altogether 103 coloured plates, so that all
except a few of the more obscure species are figured. The
complete work, bound, can now be obtained for fifteen
guineas.

88. Grinnell on Alaskan Birds.

[Birds of the 1908 Alexander Alaska Expedition, with a Note on the
Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince AVilliam Sound District. By
Joseph Grinnell. Univ. of California, Publ. in Zool., Vol. v. No. 12.
Berkeley, Cal, 1910.]

The territory selected for exploration by Miss Alexander's
third expedition to Alaska (1908) was the Prince- William-
Sound Region, which lies at the head of the Gulf of Alaska.
Its fauna was previously little known. The ornithological
material collected during the expedition, besides the
naturalists' field note-books, comprised 500 bird-skins and ten
sets of eggs, which have been presented by Miss Alexander
to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of
California.

The birds observed and obtained during the expedition
are referred to 89 species, concerning which there are many
interesting field-notes. Canachites canadensis atratus and
Lagopus rupestris k ellogcB are described as two new sub-
species of Grouse, Ceryle alcyon caurina as a new subspecies
of Kingfisher, Passerella iliaca sinuosa as a new Finch, and
Penthestes rufescens vivax as a new Titmouse.

As an appendix to the memoir we have a discussion on
the origin of the Avifauna of the district examined, with the
result that it appears to belong to two different life-zones —
the " Hudsonian " and the " Alpine-Arctic." The former
is practically coincident with the timbered area, which i.s
confined to a narrow tract bordering the sea-shore and
extending up the valleys; while the " Alpine- Arctic " or
treeless zone covers the tops of the mountains and the
interior land-mass.

740 Recently published Ornithological Works.

89. Hartert on Palcearctic Birds.

[Die VS^el der palaarktischen Fauna. Systematische Uebersicht der
in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkoinmenden Vogel.
Von Dr. Ernst TIartert. Heft vi. (Doppelheft). Seite 641-832. Mit 10
Abbildungen. Berlin, June 1910.]

The issue of the sixth part of Dr. Hartert's * Review of
the Birds of the Palaearctic Region ' completes the first
volume of this important work, and affords us an opportunity
of making a few remarks upon the new school of Trino-
nrialism, of which Dr. Hartert is one of the principal and
most active champions.

Some hundred and fifty years ago the great Linnaeus
invented the famous plan that all animals and plants should
be designated by two names only — one that of the genus,
and the other that of the species. This excellent scheme
was at once adopted by naturalists, and has been followed
by all writers, with very few exceptions, until recent years,
when the discovery was made that many species, especially
those spread over an extensive area, might be divided, by
more or less stable characters, into local forms, or, as they
are now usually called, " subspecies." In order to designate
the "subspecies" shortly a third or "subspecitic" name
was attached to the generic and specific terms, and the
" binomial" system of Linnaeus was thus converted into a
" trinomial " system. Moreover, if the practice of attaching
the name of the authority for the specific term be retained
(as is done by Dr. Hartert), all species which are divisible
into subspecies will have four names instead of the two of
the Linneau System.

In spite of this defect (as we consider it), Trinomialism
has secured many adherents, especially in Germany and the
United States, and the number of " subspecies " is increasing
rapidly day by day. No careful student of animals can
deny that subspecies really do exist in Nature, but the
question is whether it is advisable to give them a special
name. The late Dr. Sharpe w;is, as we all know, greatly
opposed to this being done, and, in his ' Hand-list,' has

Recently published Ornithological Works. 747

turned all the trinomial names into binomials. Dr. Hartert,
on the other hand, is strongly in favour of trinomials, and
employs them, as we are disposed to think, rather too freely.
Of the 12-10 forms comprised in the first volume of his
' Palaearctic Birds/ by far the greater number have a third
name. In fact, he often degrades to the rank of " sub-
species " many easily distinguishable forms which other
writers have treated as full species.

Another point on which we cannot at all agree with
Dr. Hartert is the duplication of the specific name in the
case of such subspecies as are the typical forms of the
species. It would be much simpler and more elegant, we
think, to designate the typical form by the addition of the
word " typicus " to the generic and specific names. Thus
we should write " Corvus corax typicus" not " Corvus corax
corax " When, as is the case with those who use " touto-
nyrns " (i. e., the same name for the genus and species), the
one name is repeated three times over (e. g., Pica pica pica,
Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes) , the effect is
almost ludicrous !

A third point in nomenclature upon which we cannot
follow Dr. Hartert is his alteration of many of our most
familiar scientific names on what we should be inclined to
consider insufficient evidence. For example, the Grey Fly-
catcher is called Muscicapa striata instead of Muscicapa
grisola,t\\e genus te Accentor" is changed to "Prunella,"
and Turdus musicus is dethroned in favour of Turdus
philomelus ! It would be easy to shew in these and other
similar cases that such changes might have been avoided by
a little judicious management. And consider the number
of text-books and books of reference that have employed
these rejected terms for the last hundred years, and are
now required to change them on grounds that are appre-
ciable only to the few students of zoological nomenclature.

The subspecies provided with new names in the sixth
part of vol. i. of this work are : —

SER. ix. — vol. iv. 3d

748 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Page xxxii. Pants major terree-sanctce (Palestine).

„ xliv. Ianthocincla ellioti honoripeta (Tibet).

,, 711. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni (China).

„ 749. Luscinia pectoralis confusu (Sikim).

„ 753. Erithacus rubecula tvitherbyi (Algeria).

„ 76G. Prunella collaris ripponi (Yunnan).

„ 770. Prunella fulvescens dresseri (Turkestan).

„ 776. Troglodytes troi/lodytes taivanits (Formosa).

„ 780. T. t. kahylorum (Algeria).

„ 783. T. t. szetschuanus (Setchuan).

„ 784. T. t. oyavce (Japan).

„ 802. Chelidon rustica transitioa (Palestine).

„ 809. Hirundo urbica meridionalis (Algeria).

„ 810. H. urbica nigrimentalis (China).

Notwithstanding the objections we have urged to some of
Dr. Hartert's practices in nomenclature, there can be no
doubt that the 'Birds of the Palasarctic Fauna ' is a most
important work, and should be carefully referred to by all
students of the European Ornis. It contains a mass of
valuable information that is not to be found in any other
publication, and brings it together in an accessible form.

90. ' The Irish Naturalist:

[The Irish Naturalist. A Monthly Journal of General Irish Natural
History. October 1909 to August 1910.]

A few ornithological articles are included in these numbers.
In October 1909 Mr. N. H. Foster continues his observations
on the weights of birds' eggs in a fresh condition ; in
November Major Barrett-Hamilton has a note on a supposed
eyry of the Goshawk in Ireland ; while in January and
February 1910 Mr. D. C. Campbell writes an account of the
birds of Inch and Upper Lough Swilly, which contains a con-
siderable amount of interesting matter. The introduction
of a few more articles on Birds in this Magazine would be of
advantage to Irish Ornithology, and increase our knowledge
of local distribution.

91. Jackson on the East- African Francolins.

[East Africa and Uganda Francolins. By F. J. Jackson. Journ.
E. Afr. N. II. Soc. i. p. 7 (1910).]

With great pleasure we have received a copy of the first
part of the ' Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural

Recently published Ornithological Works. 749

History Society/ and we express ur hope that it may be
the precursor of a long series of equally interesting numbers.
We see that Mr. F. J. Jackson is the President of the
Society and the Chairman of the Executive Committee, and
we find that, as might have been expected, he contributes an
ornithological article to the new Journal.

The subject Mr. Jackson has selected is the Francolins of
East Africa, of which he recognises sixteen species, twelve
belonging to typical Francolinus, and four to the bare-
throated genus Pternistes. All known particulars are given
respecting these birds and their habits and distribution, but
we are told that very little has been recorded as regards
their breeding-season, and that more information on this
point is much required. The Francolins and Guinea-fowls
arc the principal Game-birds of East Africa, and it is highly
desirable that regulations should be made for their protec-
tion, as they are now shot indiscriminately at all times in
the year.

A coloured figure of Francolinus hubbardi, drawn by
Major Jones, illustrates this memoir.

92. Jouy on two Paradise-Flycatchers.

[The Paradise-Flycatchers of Japan and Korea. By Pierre Louis
Jouy. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvii. p. 651.]

Dr. Stejneger publishes a paper, written by the late
M. Jouy, on the Paradise-Flycatchers of Japan and Korea,
which shews that the two forms, although closely allied, are
different. For the former it is proposed to use the name
Terpsiphone atrocaudata (Eyton), and for the latter the new
name Terpsiphone owstoni. T. atrocaudata is apparently
restricted in Japan to the southern islands, but is also met
with in South eastern Korea, while T. owstoni inhabits
Hondo Island, Japan, and Amoy and Hong-Kong in China.

93. Kirkman on British Birds.

[The British Bird Book. An Account of all the Birds, Nests, and
Eggs found in the British Isles. Edited by F. B. Kirkman. Illustrated
by two hundred coloured drawings and numerous photographs. Vol. i.
T. C. & E. C. Jack : London and Edinburgh, 1910.]

We have here a work by a new author, who intends, in

3d 2

750 Recently published Ornithological Worjcs.

tAvelve sections, to provide an account of all the subjects
mentioned in the title. He complains that since 1885 no
important comprehensive book has been published in Britain
on its Birds ; while he seems to prefer the " new Naumann "
to our recognised authorities, and to take it, roughly speaking,
as a model. We hope that he will succeed in his some-
what ambitious project of bringing together information
from every source in a comparatively small compass, and
there can be no doubt that of late years much fresh light has
been thrown on such subjects as Courtship and Migration.
As Mr. Kirkman states that his work is intended in the main
to be of a popular description, and devoted specially to a con-
sideration of the birds' habits, it may well be useful to those
for whom he writes, and we see that he has secured a goodly
number of contributors, many of whose names are well
known in various branches of Ornithology.

Each chapter is to deal with a Family, and coloured plates
are to be given of nearly all the birds and eggs. These
are not particularly successful, but we are pleased with
some of the photographs of the nests.

94. Littler on the Birds of Tasmania.

[A Handbook of the Birds of Tasmania and its Dependencies. By
Frank Mervyn Littler, F.E.S. Launceston, Tasmania, 1910. lvol. 8vo.
242 pp. Price 4a-.]

A book on the Birds of the whole continent of Australia
must necessarily be a bulky work, and could hardly be
made conveniently portable; but the much smaller avi-
iauna of Tasmania renders such an undertaking, as regards
that country, a comparatively easy matter. We are, there-
fore, much pleased that Mr. Littler should have taken up
the task, and are sure that his f Handbook ' will be mucli
appreciated by his fellow-countrymen, who were previously
obliged to go to Australian authorities to find descriptions
of their native birds.

Mr. Littler reckons the total number of absolutely
authenticated species, including accidentals, casuals, and
migrants, of all Orders for Tasmania at slightly over 200.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 751

This is not a large number, but, as he observes, Tasmania is
not rich in bird-life, either as regards species or as regards
individuals. In Tasmania all the birds are essentially
Australian in character, but about 20 are sufficiently different
from their Australian representatives to be considered as
" peculiar or insular forms."

The 214 species included in the present work are arranged
according to the order of the British Museum Catalogue.
After the English and scientific names follow in each case
descriptions of the plumage of both sexes, and in many
instances of the immature dress. Then come accounts of the
nests, eggs (if known), breeding-season, and habits. Great
attention is given to the geographical distribution, which is
shortly but distinctly stated in every case. There are 49 good
half-tone illustrations taken from photographs, and mostly
representative of nests and eggs.

In concluding this brief notice of a good piece of work
we may fairly say that it is, in our opinion, a great credit
to our Colony to have produced it. It has been written for
Tasmanians by a Tasmanian, who, as shown by his pertinent
" observations " on the manners and customs of the species,
must be intimately acquainted with the bird-life of his
country. There can be no doubt that Mr. Littler's volume,
which is provided at a very moderate price, will attract
many purchasers and will help much to promote the study
of Tasmanian Birds.

95. Lonnberg on Discoveries of Subfossil Vertebrates.

[Nagra fynd af subfossila vertebraten. By Einar Lonnberg. Arlriv
for Zoologi, Band vi. no. 3. Stockholm, 1909.]

This paper treats of the discovery in Sweden of a skull
of a Reindeer with antlers, of three skeletons of Seals, and the
skeleton of a Goose. This last skeleton was found in boulder-
clay 1*20 m. above the sea at Sundsvall, and is interesting,
as fossil remains of birds are by no means common, and the
present find is only the second instance of the remains of a
bird having been found in glacial clay in Sweden. Very full
particulars and ten photographs of the bones are given,

752 Recently published Ornithological Works.

together with measurements; while the conclusion arrived at
by Professor Lonnberg is that the bones are those of Anser
neglectus Sushkin, a form which differs but little from Anser
brachyrhynchus.

96. Muir and Wershaw on a new Pitta.

[A new Bird from the Island of Ceram, Moluccas. By F. Muir and
J. C. Wershaw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiii. p. 65.]

Pitta piroensis, sp. nov., from Ceram, is nearly allied to
P. rubrinucha of Bourou.

97. Nehrkorn's Catalogue of Eggs.

[Katalog der Eiersammlung, nehst Beschreihungen der aussereuro-
paischen Eier. Yon Adolph Nehrkorn. Zweite Aufl. Mit4 Eiertnfeln
infarbigem Steindruck. Berlin: Friedlfinder, 1900. 1 vol., 8vo, 449 pp.]

This is a second edition of the Catalogue of the great
collection of birds' eggs formed by Herr Adolph Nehrkorn
of Biddagshausen, near Brunswick, and now in the Museum
of Berlin (or on its way there), the owner having liberally
presented it to that Institution. It is without doubt one of
the largest and most complete collections of these beautiful
objects ever made, no trouble or expense having been spared
in amassing it. The Catalogue follows Sharpe's ' Hand-list '
of Birds in arrangement and nomenclature. It enumerates
the names of 5440 species, the eggs of which are represented
in the Collection. Short characters are given of the eggs of
non-European species, and the patria is stated, but un-
fortunately no authorities for the identification are added.

Many rarities are represented in the series, such as examples
of the eggs of eleven species of Galapagoan Finches, of six
species of Paradise-birds, of Calyptomena viridis, Nasiterna
pusio, and Chunga burmeisteri. There is an excellent alpha-
betical index, and four good coloured plates of thirty-seven
special rarities.

98. Nelson on a new Mexican Thrush.

[A new Thrush from Mexico. By F. W. Nelson. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, xxii. p. 49.]

A new subspecies of Catharus, from Tamaulipas, is named
C. mexicanus smithi.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 753

99. North on a new Australian Honey-eater.

[Description of a new Genus and Species of Honey-eater from Western
Australia. By Alfred J. North. Vict. Nat. xxvi. p. 138 (1910).]

Under the name Lacustroica whitei Mr. North describes
a new genus and species of Honey-eater from Western
Australia. It is allied to Entomophila, but has a shorter
bill, longer tarsus, and a different wing-formula. It is a
small bird of dull colours.

100. Penard on the Birds of Guiana.

[De Vogels van Guyana (Suriname, Cayenne en Demerara), door
Frederik Paul Penard en Arthur Philip Penard. Tweede Deel.
Paramaribo, 1910. 8vo, 587 pp.]

This is the second volume of the work on the birds of the
three Guianas (Dutch, French, and British), to which we
called our readers' attention on a previous occasion (f Ibis,'
1909, p. 373). It is written in Dutch, the native language
of the authors, although we should have thought that, as we
have said before, English would have been better under-
stood by those whom the work is likely to interest.

The present volume contains an account of the Picariae
and Passeres of the Guianas and concludes the work. The
numerous species of the Guianan Avifauna included in it are
mostly familiar, but there are a few names in the List that
are unknown to us, such as Hadrostomus atricapillus suri-
namensis, Attila surinamensis, Heteropelma surinamense, Todi-
rostrum surinamense, Formicarius tamiesoni, and Lamprospiza
charmesi. Specimens of these supposed new species require
careful examination before they can be admitted to a
permanent place in the South- American Ornis.

101. Ridgway on new Genera, Species, and Subspecies of
Formicariidse, Furnariidse, and Dendrocolaptidse.

[New Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Formicariidse, Furnariidse, and
Dendrocolaptidse. By Bobert Bidgway. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
xxii. p. 69.]

The 11 new genera of Formicariidse are Megastictus (type
Myrmeciza margaritata) ; Myrmopagis (type Myrmotfiera

754 Recently published Ornithological Works.

axillaris) ; Rhoporchilus (type Formicivora speciosa) ; Myrm-
orchilvs (type Myiothera strigilata) ; Myrmoderus (type
Myiothera toricata); Phcenostictus (type Phlegopsis macclean-
nani); Hylophylax (type Conopophaga ncevioides) ; Oropezus
(type Grallaria rufula) ; and Hylopezus (type Grullaria
perspicillatd).

The 7 new genera of Furnariidae are Premnornis (type
Margarornis guttata) ; Drioctistes (type Thripophaga
sclatcri) ; Phaceloscenus (type Anumhius striatocollis) ;
Schreniophylax (type Sylvia phrygonophila) ; Acrorchilas
(type Synallaxis erythrops) ; Hyloctistes (type Philydor
virgatus) ; and Rhopoctites (type Philydor rvfo-brunneus).

The 11 new species and subspecies are named Automolus
cervinigularis hypophmis (Costa Rica) ; Acrorchilos erythrops
griseigularis (Colombia) ; Synallaxis albescens In/poleuca
(Panama) ; Dendrocolaptes validus costaricensis (Costa Hica) ;
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis (Yucatan); X.puncti-
gula insolitus (Panama) ; X. lacrymosus rostratus (Colombia) ;
Picolaptes affinis neglectus (Costa Rica) ; Campylorhamphus
chapmani (S. America) ; Myrmeciza zeledoni (Costa Rica) ;
and M. berlepschi (Ecuador).

Here we have, we suppose, diagnoses of the new genera,
species, and subspecies introduced by Mr. Ridgway in the
fifth volume of his great work on the Birds of North and
Middle America, upon the preparation of which he is now
engaged. The fourth volume was published in 1907 (see
'Ibis/ 1908, p. 190).

102. Ridgway on new Forms of Cypselidae and Trochilichc.

[Diagnoses of new Forms ofMicropoclida) and Trochilidse. By Robert
Ridgway. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiii. p. 53.]

The new genus and the ten new species and subspecies of
[Swifts and Humming-birds are named as follows: — Neso/)hloxf
gen. nov. (type Trochilus evelynm) ; Streptoprocne zonaris
mexicana (Mexico) ; Chatura richmo?idi (Costa Rica) ;
Cypseloides niger jamaicensis (Jamaica) ; C. n. costaricensis
(Costa Rica) ; Phaethornis longirostris vera-crucis (Vera
Cruz) ; P. adolphi saturatus (Guatemala to Panama) ;

Recently published Ornithological Works. 755

Amizilis bangsi (Costa Rica) ; Eupherusa eximia nelsoni
(Vera Cruz) ; Anthracothorax prevosti gracilirostris (Costa
Rica) ; Florisuga mellivora tobagensis (Tobago) .

These diagnoses, like those in the former paper, are, no
doubt, in anticipation of the descriptions in the fifth volume
of Mr. Ridgway's work, which we hope will soon be pub-
lished.

103. Riley on the Sharp-shinned Hawk.

[On the Name and Synonymy of the Sharp-shinned Hawk. By J. H-
Riley. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiii. p. 77.]

Mr. Riley points out that if, as he suspects, Accipiter
fringilloides Vigors of Cuba is identical with Sparvius striatus
Vieill. of San Domingo, the species ought to bear the latter
specific name, as being ten years older. He has not yet been
able to compare specimens from the two islands.

104. Thienemann on the Bird-Observatory of Rossitten.
[Die Vogelwarte Rossitten der Deutschen Omithologischen Gesell-

schaft und das Kennzeichnen der Vogel. Von Dr. J. Thienemann.
Berlin, 1910. 8vo.]

This little pamphlet of 16 pages contains full information
on the bird-observatory of Rossitten in the south-east corner
of the Baltic, founded by the German Ornithological Society
in 1901. It is well illustrated by maps and text- figures.
The institution is specially devoted to the question of migra-
tion. Full particulars are given respecting the mode of
labelling birds with aluminium rings, so that they may be
recognisable when captured elsewhere, and information as to
their direction of flight thus be obtained. As is well known,
Storks labelled at Rossitten have been captured in many
places in South Africa.

105. Waite on the Birds of the Sub ant arctic Islands of New
Zealand.

[Reports edited by Charles Chilton, MA., D.Sc, F.L.S. Pp. 351-584 :
Aves. By Edgar R. Waite, Curator, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch,
New Zealand.]

The " Subantarctic Islands" belonging to New Zealand

756 Recently published Ornithological Works.

consist of six widely separated groups, the most northerly
being " The Snares/' about 65 miles south of Stewart Island.
Next to The Snares come the Auckland Islands, with two
larger islands (Auckland Island and Adam's Island) and
several smaller. Beyond them, about 140 miles to the south-
east, lies Campbell Island, and 400 miles E.N.E. from the
latter are the Antipodes Islands, containing one larger
island and seven smaller. The fifth group, the " Bounty
Islands/' lie about ninety miles north of the " Antipodes."
The five groups above mentioned all stand upon the com-
paratively shallow oceanic plateau which surrounds New
Zealand ; but the sixth and last, Macquarie Island, with its
satellites, is outside this plateau, and about 570 miles S.W.
of Stewart Island.

During the expedition to the Subantarctic Islands, of
which this volume gives us an account, it appears to have been
one of the rules that " neither birds nor their eggs were to
be taken." The report on this part of the subject is, there-
fore, necessarily rather meagre, being confined to an enumera-
tion of the species already recorded from the islands, together
with notes on some of them which attracted the author's
special attention.

The species mentioned are some 45 in number, mostly
Petrels and other sea-birds, there being only 12 Passeres in
the List. There are some useful figures introduced in the
text, and, amongst others, illustrations of the nests and young
of the two large Albatrosses, Diumedea exulans and D. regia.
The former was found breeding on the Auckland Islands,
including the western end of Adam's Island, the eastern end
of that island being occupied by D. regia.

A sharp look-out was kept along the shores of the Auckland
Islands for the scarce Southern Merganser (Mergus australis),
but it was not met with.

106. The ' Zoological Record' of 1908.

[Zoological Record. Vol. xlv. ]908. Aves, by R. Rowdier Sbarpe,
LL.D. London : Harrison and Sons. Price 6s. December, 1909.]

The ' Zoological Record' of 1908, being the forty-fifth

Recently published Ornithological Works. 757

volume of this most useful work, which also, according to
the present arrangement, forms part of the ' International
Catalogue of Scientific Literature/ was issued in December
1909. As in the preceding years, the section (i Aves," in
which we are specially interested, was compiled by the late
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe (with, we believe, the able assistance of
Mr. Charles Chubb), and was one of the last pieces of good
work that our much lamented friend performed*.

The Record of " Aves " commences, as usual, with a List of
the Titles of all works and memoirs relating to Ornithology
issued in 1908, arranged in alphabetical order under the
authors' names. The Titles are 1949 in number. The
corresponding number of Titles in 1907 was 1 716.

Next to the " List of Titles " comes the " Subject Index,"
divided up, as we think, into too many heads, and concluding
with the Geographical Index. In the " Subject Index " the
titles are not fully repeated, but conveniently referred to by
the name of the author and the number of his book or
memoir in the " List of Titles."

The third section of the Record of "Aves" is very
important for workers in Systematic Ornithology, as it
tells us what has been done during the past year in each of
the Orders of Birds arranged according to Dr. Sharpe's
own system, and in each Family of the Passeres. For
example, if working at Paradise-birds, one has only to
turn to " Paradiseidse " in the Systematic Index to find
references to the various publications of 1908 in which
information has been given on this group and the names of
the newly described species. This, we need hardly point out,
is a very great convenience to working writers in Ornithology.

Mr. W. L. Sclater, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., has been appointed
to succeed the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in preparing the
section "Aves" for the Zoological Record, and is now at
work on the ornithological literature of 1909.

* Altogether Dr. Sharpe prepared the Reports on " Aves " in twenty-
five of the forty-five volumes of the ' Zoological Record.'

758 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

XXXVI. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

We have received the following letters addressed to the-
Editors : —

Sirs, — Since the publication of ray article in the April
number of 'The Ibis ' (above, p. 285), I have received some
further notes on Pithecophaga jefferyi from Mr. "Willoughby
Lowe, communicated to him by Father Llanos, of Manila.
It should, however, be understood that Father Llanos
received his information from natives, and that it would
be unwise to place too much reliance upon its exact
accuracy.

"(1). The Eagle sent to London alive was captured in
September 1908 by means of a snare.

" (2). The nests of the Eagle are made of small dry
branches : they are neither very large nor deep. The sticks
are firmly held together by the bird's own excrement.
Ordinarily these Eagles lay four eggs, and incubation lasts
about twenty-four days.

" (3). The usual food of these Eagles is fish, which is
captured along the sea-shore, but they also eat hogs, monkeys,
cats, &c.

" (4). Their resort is generally near the shore, in the high
rocks and crags.

" (5). After making the nest and during incubation and
the rearing of their young they are very fierce ; they attack
and kill anything that approaches.

" (6). The place in Mindanao wdiere this bird was captured
is called ' Sandag, Sarigas/

" (7). A little time after its capture a snare was laid in
the same manner as before, and there came its mate, which
must have been the male bird and much larger in size, and,
seizing the bait, gave a strong tug, and broke the cord which
held the snare, and escaped."

The last paragraph in these notes would seem to throw
some doubt on my statement that the specimen recently
possessed by the Zoological Society was a female.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 759

My own impression, and that of several others, was that
our bird was a male, this opinion being based on the fact
that it was practically identical in size with Whitehead's
type-specimen (now in the British Museum), which was
sexed as a male.

When our bird died it was immediately taken to the
Prosectorium, and its entrails were removed for examination
by the Pathologist. Tiie latter's assistant assured me that
lie carefully examined the bird, and that it was unquestionably
a female ; hence the statement in my recent paper. In the
light of the notes above given, however, I am much inclined
to think that a mistake was made, and that our bird was a
male, as at first supposed. Further material will doubtless
throw light on this point.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,
Zoological Society's Gardens, D. Seth-Smith.

June 3rd, 1910.

Sirs, — In May 1905 I exhibited at the meeting of the
British Ornithologists' Club (see Bull. vol. xv. p. 72) some
fragments of fossil egg-shell which had been obtained by the
late Mr. Archibald Carlyle when engaged on the Archaeo-
logical Survey of India. When I purchased them at
Stevens's Auction Rooms these fragments were in a small
tin box bearing a label " Fossil Egg Shell ? Nullas, Kain
River, Banda." Mr. W. P. Pycraft supplemented my
remarks by a short account of the result of a microscopical
examination of the shell, which appeared to be undoubtedly
a fragment of the egg-shell of a Struthious bird akin to the
modern Ostriches (Struthio). Quite recently Dr. C. W.
Andrews, F.R.S., has been working on some fossil eggs of
Struthious birds, and from his microscopical examination of
these fragments has come to the conclusion that they are
parts of an egg of a species of Struthio, and that in the
distribution of the pores on the surface of the shell they
are almost identical with eggs of the Somaliland Ostrich
{Strut hio molybdophanes) , although possibly the shell is

7C0

Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

rather thicker than that of any recent Ostrich-egg which
has been measured. The Ken or Kain River is a tributary
of the Jumna and Banda, in the United Provinces to the
south-west of Allahabad. As in recent times no Struthious
bird has been known in India, I think it important to place
the result of Dr. Andrews's examination on record, and for
the sake of reference propose to call the species Strut hio
indicus.

Text-fiff. 7.

Fragments of Egg-shell of Indian Ostrich.

The smallest of the seven fragments of shell was sacrificed
for the microscopical examination ; the photograph (taken to
scale) of the other six well shews the arrangement of the
pores.

That these fragments may be available for comparison, I
have given the box and three of them to the Natural History
Museum, two to the Hon. Walter Rothschild for the Tring
Museum, and the other I am sending to the Calcutta
Museum.

1 trust that this small matter may direct the attention of

Letters, Extracts, unci Notes. 7Q>\

Indian palaeontologists to the importance of keeping a good
look out for the fossil remains of this group of birds.

Yours &c,

Edward Bidwell.

Sirs,— My collector, Mr. J. P. Rogers, has sent me from
the Tinarni Gold Fields, Northern Territory, a skin of
Aphelocephala nigricincta (Mathews, Hand-1. B. Austral,
p. 87), which he obtained on March 27th, 1910. This locality
is 700 miles north of Missionary Plains, Macdonald Ranges,
Central Australia, where the type of the species was obtained
by Mr. G. A. Keartland.

Mr. A. J. North described this bird as Xerophila nigri-
cincta in 'The Ibis ' of 1895 (p. 340). He also figured it
in the c Report of the Horn Scientific Expedition/ Aves,
plate vii. (1896). The nests and. eggs are described in the
same Report (p. 83).

This is the first record of this species since it was described
fifteen years ago, and it is also from a new locality.

The soft parts are : " Bill leaden-brown ; iris white ; feet
and tarsi leaden-blue.'"

The stomach contained fragments of beetles and seeds, as
well as a little grit.

I am, Sirs, yours &c,

Langley Mount, Gregory M. Mathews.

Watford,

August 3rd, 1910.

Sirs, — Readers of f The Ibis' will, I think, be interested
to know that in our lagoons last spring was shot an adult
female of the Shoveller (Spatula clypeatd) wholly white.
This bird was seen for several days on the wing at all hours,
beating up and down over the large salt-marshes which lie in
the Province of Padua; but, owing to its excessive shyness, it
was always far out of shot, and people were unable to secure
it. But on the morning of 14th of March last an ardent
sportsman, Dr. Albert Guillion Mangilli, had the good fortune
to kill it in the Yalle Sacche di Millecampi. It is a rather

7G2 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

small female ; the wing is less than 9 inches. The soft parts
are coloured as follows : — Bill dirty orange-yellow ; eyes
bright yellow; legs, toes, and webs orange. It is silvery
white on the head and neck, a little shaded with yellowish
oa the rest of the body.

I think this variety is very scarce, and do not remember to
have seen such a specimen in any collection.

I take the opportunity to state that in the Collection
Contarini (at Venice) there is an example of the very rare
cross between the Mallard and the Shoveller, the only one, I
believe, preserved in our collections. It is a male, very well
characterised, shot in the wild state on the lagoons of Venice
more than sixty years ago, not well stuffed, but very well
preserved, so that it would be opportune to make it up again.
The bill is not so broad as in Spatula clypeata, and it has the
green of the head and neck, shoulder and back of Anas boscas,
but it wants the posterior black band. The comb-like teeth
are much less developed than in the Shoveller and the feet
are smaller than those of the Wild Duck.

The Mallard is common in winter and breeds occasionally
u ith us. The Shoveller does not breed in Italy ; it is abundant
enough in winter and on passage, particularly during the
spring migration, but it appears to be somewhat local in its
distribution, and is more particularly a freshwater Duck.

Yours &c,

Count E. Arrigoni degli Oddi.
Ca' Oddo (Monseliee-Padova),
July 31st, 1910.

Progress of the Expedition of the B.O.U. into Central New
Guinea*. — The latest letters received from Mr. Goodfellow
and the other members of the B.O.U. expedition to New
Guinea are dated June 4th. Up to that time we are sorry
to say little further progress had been made. This was
mainly owing to the great difficulties experienced in conveying
the stores from the base camp at Wakatimi on the Mimika

* For previous notices on this subject, see ' Ibis,' 1898, Jub. Suppl.
p. 12 ; ' Ibis,' 1909, pp. 194, 715 ; < Ibis,' 1910, pp. 223, 377, 570.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

703

River to the new camp at Toupoue at the foot of the snow-
mountains.

In one of his last letters Mr. Goodfellow writes : —
" It may seem to you that so far we have progressed very
little. In a sense this is true, but I must tell you that at
home it is impossible to realize the impassable nature of the
country and the difficulties which have to be overcome. This
part of the coast was entirely unknown, but it was supposed
that the mouth of the Mimika was the best place to land at,
and that this river came from the highest snow-mountains.
We now know that such is not the case. All the rivers on
this part of the coast, though they come from an easterly

Text-fipr. 8.

ARAPURA

Outline Map of part of New Guinea coast near the JNJimilia River.

direction, turn away to the west in the interior, so that the
highest part of the snow-range lies far east of the head-
waters of the Mimika. There is no doubt whatever that
the Oetakwa River drains the water from the snows of
Carstensz Peak. Looking at that mountain from the sea you
would think that it lay directly behind the Mimika River;
but, as we now know, it is nearly fifty miles off along the
base of the range, and there are many big rivers to be crossed
before we get to it.

SER. IX. VOL. IV. 3 E

761 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

"It is, of course, quite impossible, now that such an ex-
tensive settlement has been made at Wakatimi, to change
our route, so we shall be obliged to go overland from our
camp at Toupoue. Dr. Marshall is now engaged in cutting
a trail from there to the first big river — the Kamura, — and
we have a large canoe on that river ready to ferry us over.
Some of us have explored the country for a long way to the
east of that river, so that we now know exactly where we
have to go."

Mr. Shortridge, whose first collections have arrived in
England and arc now under examination, has been suffering
much from fever, and has been obliged to go to New South
Wales for a few mouths to recruit his health. Mr. Claude
Grant, who has been sent out to take the late Mr. Stalker's
place, left England on June 18th, and will pick up at Singa-
pore two well-trained Dyak collectors, whose services have
been kindly lent to the Committee by Mr. II. C. Robinson,
the Director of the Kuala-Lumpur Museum.

During the months of April and May Mr. Goodfellow was
chiefly engaged in obtaining a permanent staff of coolies and
in superintending the movement of the stores. Mr. Wool-
astou passed most of the time in charge of the base-camp at
Wakatimi, making occasional visits to Toupoue, which was
the headquarters of Mr. Shortridge, Captain Rawling, and
Dr. Marshall. The camp there is a far healthier spot than
Wakatimi, the water being clear, while at the mouth of the
river it is foul and muddy.

With great satisfaction the Committee are able to announce
that the Government have agreed to support the Expedition
by making a grant in aid of its Funds of £ 1000. This is
most gratifying, as indicating not only a recognition of the
importance of the undertaking, but also a welcome sympathy
with its objects.

Adding the amount raised by private subscriptions (about
.1 1500) the Committee will thus have £8500 at their disposal.
Rat further assistance will be gratefully received by the
Tieasurer (Mr. Fagan), in order to carry on the exploration

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 765

of the unknown highlands of New Guinea for as long a time
as possible.

Habits of the Honey-Guides. — In Col. Patterson's recently
published volume ' In the Grip of the Nyika ' we read (p. 2:23)
as follows : —

"As we were marching quietly along soon after leaving
Kurseine, my guide, Papai, suddenly showed signs of great
excitement, and drew our attention to a tiny bird, fluttering
and twittering in front of us in a very curious fashion. On
asking him through Abudi what its antics meant, he replied
' He is telling us where to get honey.' I was naturally very
much interested, and when Papai asked me if I would halt
the safari for a little, so that he might go and rob the nest,
1 willingly consented and myself accompanied him, who now
relinquished to the tiny bird his rdle of guide. The little
thing, which was barely the size of a Wren, twittered and
chirruped and fluttered along from one bush to another,
looking round pertly all the time to see if we were following.
In this way it led us on for about a quarter of a mile, until
at last it came to a dead stop, and took up its position on a
tree, where it remained motionless.

" Papai then told us that we were now close to the honey,
and must be on the look-out for the bees coming and going.
In a few seconds we discovered them entering a tiny hole in
a tree not a dozen yards from where our cunning little guide
had stopped.

"We very soon had an opening made sufficiently large for
Papai to thrust his hand into the hollow, and in this way he
removed several honeycombs full of the most delicious
golden honey. He took not the slightest notice of the bees,
though they flew all round him, and some of them stung
him. We were much pleased with our spoil, and left a
fair share of it behind as a reward for the trusty little bird
who had led us along so skilfully."

3e2

766 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Birds of North-east Greenland. — In Dr. J. Lindhard's
account of the Danish Expedition to N.E. Greenland of
1906-8 (Geogr. Journ. xxxv. p. 541) we are told that the
" ornithological booty of the Expedition was unexpectedly
abundant." Particular attention was paid to the breeding-
places of such species as Tringa canutus, Calidris arenaria,
Phalaropus fulicarius, Larus sabinii, L. eburneus , Anser leucop-
sis, and Somateria spectabilis. Of all these species specimens
not only of full-grown birds, but also of eggs and of young
in different stages of development were procured. Of
Calidris arenaria 24 eggs were obtained, and a breeding-
place of thirty pairs of Tringa canutus was discovered. A
specimen of Fuligida marila, a species new to Greenland,
was brought home.

New Work on Australian Birds. — Many of our readers are
already, no doubt, aware that Mr. Gregory M. Mathews,
M.B.O.U., has undertaken the important task of preparing
a new illustrated work on the Birds of Australia. By the
prospectus, just received, we are informed that the first part
of it will be published in November next by Messrs. Witherby
and Co. Mr. Mathews, who has lived all his life in Aus-
tralia, and has been a close student of its bird-life for many
years, is well qualified for this arduous piece of work, con-
cerning which full particulars are given in the prospects.
As planned it will consist of eight volumes in royal quarto,
with coloured figures of every species.

Departure of Mr. Robinson. — Mr. Herbert C. Robinson,
Director of the Museums of the Federated Malay States,
who has been in England during the past summer, sails for
the East again by the c Mongolia ' on Oct. 7th, to take up
his former position. He is planning an exploration of the
high mountains of Central Sumatra, which he believes have
hardly been touched by Ornithologists, and are likely to
produce birds not found in the lower districts. If all goes
well he hopes to be able to start on his expedition in April
next year.

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

1910.

.An phis cbopi, 645.
Abdimia abdimii, 368.
Acabe, 646.
Acantllis brevirostris,

446.

fringillirostris, 445.

Acantbiza apicalis, 650.

flaviveutris, 743.

robustirostris, 208,

742.

tenuirostris, 742.

uropygialis, 654,

742.
wbitlocki, 208,

743.
Acanthocbaera carun-

culata, 648.
Acantborhynchus super-

ciliosus, 650.
Acantburus micro-

rhynchus, 532.
Acantbylis oxyura,

268.
Accentor, 747.

atrigularis, 459.

jerdoni, 503.

modularis, 433.

blanfordi, 503.

— oecidentalis,

503.

ocularis, 503.

rubidus, 503.

Accipiter cirrbocepbalus,

170.

fringilloides, 755.

minullus, 103.

nisus, 42, 468, 493.

ovampensis, 103.

pileatus, 71.

rufiventris, 103.

— — virgatus confusus,

555.
Acredula caudata tepbro-

nota, 506.
Acridotberes cristatellus

brevipennis, 555.

Acrocepbalus agricola,
458.

arundinaceus, 305.

zarudnyi, 502.

bceticatus, 143.

dumetorum, 458.

palustris, 502.

pbragmitis, 305,

484.
scboenobaenuB, 143,

305, 502.

turdoides, 305.

Acrochordopus sub-
■ viridis, 583.
Acroleptes violaceicollis,

621.
Acrorcbilus, 754.
erytbrops grisei-

gularis, 754.
Acrulocercus apicalis,

735.

nobilis, 50.

Actopbilus africanus, 91.
Aedon familiaris, 457.

galactodes, 4S4.

golzi, 305, 694.

^Egialitis cantiana, 417.

cucullata, 181.

curonica, 417, 469.

dubia, 469.

geoffroyi, 416.

hiaticola, 417.

melanops, 181.

ruficapilla,179,181.

tenella, 90.

./Erolia varia, 423.
Aerops albieollis, 317.

boebmi, 113.

/Etbopyga anoruala, 662.

griseiceps, 736.

nipalensis, 736.

iEtbyia ferina, 401.

'fuligula, 401.

nyroca, 402.

Agapornis lilianas, 107.
nigrigenis, 569.

Agapornis taranta, 359.
Agelaius cbopi, (i4o.

coronatus, 627.

cyanopus, 643.

guirahuro, 642.

■ pyrrbopteius, 644.

ruficapillus, 642.

ruficollis, 643.

Aimopbila rufescens

bypaithrus, 734.
Aliemon desertorum,481.
Alauda arborea, 15.

arvensis, 15.

cantarella,

449.

cinerea, 508.

cantarella, 449.

cristata, 15.

gulgulainconspicua,

450.

inconspicua, 450.

Alca impennis, 51.
Aleedo americana, 265.

ispida, 27, 466.

— — - bengalensis,

494.

viridis, 265.

Alcippe bueti, 205.
Alcon azulejo, 74.
Alectorurus guira-yetapa,

573.
Alectrurus risorius,

573.

carruthersi, 558.

woosnami, 558.

Allotrius pallidus, 204.
Alopochen segyptiacus,

100.
Alseonax cseridescens,

699.

infulata, 125.

lugens, 125.

melanoptera, 125.

murinus, 699.

subadusa, 124.

Aluco flammeus, 35.

T>8

INDEX OF

Amadina alexanderi, 680.

fasciata, 680.

alexanderi,

680.

sudan'ensis, 680.

Amaurestbes fringil-

loides. 252.
Amblyospiza albifrons,

257.
Amizilia bangsi, 755.
Ammodramus, 196.
Ammodromus manirabe,

637.
Ammomanea akeleyi,

299.

cincturus, 478, 482.

deserti, 482.

isabellina, 482.

phoenicuroides, 299.

saturatus, 477, 478,

482.
Ammoperdix hevi, 215,

IS9.
Auapelis garrulus, 1 < .1.
Amydru8 blyl hi, 29 1.

neumanni, 729.

tristrami, 177. 478.

Amytis macrurus, 557.
Amytornis gigantura,

742.

■ bI riatus, 712.

ea atricapillus,

530.
leucopbthalmus,

528.
Anabazenops acritus,530.
Anaplectes melanotis,

256, 295.

rubriceps, 256.

Anarhynchus froi

50.
Anas boscas, 398. 471.

762.

— cypria, 395, 399.
erythrorhyncha,

709.

punctata, 709.

superciliosa, 17 1.

undulata, 100.

Anastomus lamelligerus,

96.
Anatidae, 360.
Ancylochilus sub-

arquatus, 179.
Andropadus eugenius,

698.

!l i rescens, 698.

graeilirostris, 697.

- — insularis, 698.

■ subalaris, 698.

latirostris, 698.

Andropadus oleaginus,
133.

virens zombensis,

zombensis, 132.

Anegadizo, 526.
Anellobia lunulata, 648.
Anhinga rul'a, 101.
Anno, 274.
Ann6-guazu, 27.°>.
Anorthura pallida, 464.
Anser brachyrhynchus,

752.

fabalis, 396.

ferus, 393.

lcucopterus, 766.

neglectus, 752.

■ rnbrirostris, 468.

segetum. 396.

r unicinctus, 71.
A ni In iscopus uiacronyx,

506.

pnrvulus, 231.

robertsi, 195.

roccatii, 558.

Antbothreptes anchietae,

236.

- hypodila, 236.

longuemarii, 236.

orientalis, 301.

zambesianus, 687.

Anthraco thorax pre-

vosti gracilirosl ris, 755.
Anthreptes longuemarei,

301.
An thus acuticaudatus,

528.

camerunensis, 729.

>tris, 152, 508.
hellmayri, 363.

[i

leucophrys, !

sordidus, 299.
lutescens, 614.

nicholsoni, 239.

parvus, 615.

pratensis, 508.

rufulus, 239, 300,

685.
■ cinnamomeus,

300, 685.

rufus, 615.

sordidus, 299.

spipoletta, 452.

tenellus, 685.

trivialis, 2;>s. 201).

451, 507, 685.
Anuinbi, 527.

Anumbius acuticaudatus,
527, 528.

Anumbius anumbi, 527.
anthoides, 527.

528.

striatocollis, 754.

Apalis affinis, 558.

cinerea, 153.

denti, 558.

flavocincta, 692.

florisuga, 150.

rufifrons, 307.

■ ruwenzorii, 558.

viridiceps, 307.

Apaloderma narina, 115,

319.
Aphelocephala nigri-

cincta, 761.
Apliobus chopi, 645.
Aprosmictus cyanopterus,

569.
Apus affinis, 316,

705.

shelleyi, 705.

Aquila albicans, 323.
chrysaetus, 434,

474.
heliaca, 41, 434.

n. :-\ ioii'PS, 41.

rapax, 323.

verreauxi, 212.

wahlbergi, 103.

Araguira, 638.
Aramides cajanea chiri-
66.

cayennensis, 66.

chiricote, 65.

Arboricola, 359.

ardens, 555.

Archilochus, L90, 554.
Ardea alba, 389, 17 1.

bubulcus, 389.

cinerea, 388.

garzetta, 389.

goliath, '.>7.

ibis, 389.

melanocephala, 97,

709.
nora>hollandiae,

L76.

pacifica, 176.

purpurea, 97,

388.

ralloides, 390.

sumatrana, 7-12.

Ardeirallus sturmi, 99.
Ardeola bacchus, 560.

ralloides, 99.

Ardetta minuta, 391.

pulchra, 560.

Arenaria interpres,

184..

i aylmeri, 311.

S( I ENTIFIC NAM is.

769

Argj a rubigini isa, 696.

rufula, 690.

sa tu rata, 696.

squamiceps, 477,

485.
Arremon callistus, 631.

polionotus, 631.

polionotus,

631.
Arses telescophthalmus

harterti, 372. •
Artamus, 549.

cinereus, 052.

personatus, 652.

Asarcornia leucoptera,

560, 661.
Asio accipitrinus, 32,

466. 494.

brai/hvotus, 32.

leucotis, 320.

nisuella, 105.

otus, 32.

Astur badius, 407.

fasciatus, 170.

palumbarius, 42.

polyzonoides, 102.

spbenurus, 32d.

tacliiro. 707.

Asturina pucberani, 72.
Asturinula mono-

graminica, 104.
Ateleodaenis speciosa,

112(1.
Athene baetriana, 467.

cunicularia, 77.

glaux, 34, 35.

noctua, 34.

meridionalis,

34.

spilogaster, 320.

Attila suriuarnen-'i>, 753.
Automolus cervinigu-

laris bypophaeus, 754.

Leucopbthalmus,

528.

bergianus,

528.
Aytbyia erythro-

phtbalma, 101.

Balreniceps rex, 50, 215.
Balearica regulorum. 94.
Barbatula affinis, 703.

bilineata, 703.

extoni, 120.

Barnardius occidentalis,
162.

seuiitorquatus, 161,

655.

zonarius, 161, 162,

655.

Barypbonus eyanogaster,
265.

Baryphtbengus rufi-

capillus, 265.
Basileuterus auri-
capillus, 616.

leucoblepharus,

615.

calus, 615.

Batara list ado, 520.

negro y aplamado,

7)20.

pardo dorado, 520.

roxo, 606.

Batis cbadensis, 729.

diops, 558.

molitor, 79, 128.

orientalis, 3l2.

senegalensis, 700.

Baza jerdoni, 560.

-ma prima, I 8.
Belonopterus cayen-
-. 07.
: scbia cbryso-
blephara, 604.
Bernicla brenta, 396.
1 lias musicus, 700.
Bienteveo 6 puitagua,

589,
Bigotillos, 577-
Biziura lobata, 173.
Blacicus pileatus,
Bleda woosnan i, 558.
Botaurus preciloptilus,
175.

stellaris, 391, 475,

560.
Brachypternus aurantius,

198', 221 I.
Braehyrhampbus ele-

gans, 631.
Bracbyspiza capeusis,
637.

capensis, 637.

pileata, 007.

Bradornis griseus,, 125,
313.

pallidus mnrinus,

699.
Bradyornis griseus, 125.

murinus, 125.

puinilus, 3i3.

subalaris, 099.

Bradypterus alf'redi,
558.

barakaj, 558.

cinnamomeus, 559.

congoensis, 212.

msiri, 148.

sylvaticus, 212.

Branta bernicla, 396.

Broad-billed Tody, 577.
Bubo ascalapbu6, 560.

bubo abaronii, 560.

— hispanus, 560.

interpositus,

560.

nikolskii, 560.

turcomanus,

560.

ignavus, 560.

uiaculosus, 106.

turcomanus, 171.

Buccanodon ancbietse,

120.

kilimense, 703.

Bucco cbacuru, 276.

rubecula, 270.

Buceros ( Bycanistes) leu-

copygus, 202.

fistulator, 202.

sbarpii, 202.

Bucbanga assiruilis, 294

678.
Bueorax caffer, I Id.
Budytes borealis, 207.

campestris, 684,

flavus, 237, 507.

Bugeranus carunculatus,

94.
Buphagaerytbrorhyncbaj

294, '.77.'
Burbinus grallarius, 178,

057.
Burnesia lepida, 485.

leucopogon, 154.

Buteo augur, 32l.

borealis alascensis,

204.

brachypterus, 551,

desertorum, 103,

211.

ferox, 40, 467.

rutilans, 72.

unicinctus, 71.

vulgaris, 40.

Butorides atricapilla,

98.
Butreron capellii, 073.
Bycanistes buceinat( r,

111.
fistulator, 706.

Caeatua gymnopis, 104,

655.

roseicapilla, 104.

sanguinea, 650,

Cacnnbis chucar, 407,

473, 489.
Cacicus persicus, 550.
Cacoroantis flabellit'ormis

156.

770

1XDEX OF

Calamonastes katauga3,

149.

simplex, 305.

Calnudrella bracbydac-

tyla, 1(3. 450, 482, 508.
bracbydactvla,

450.

cinerea, 240.

leucophsea, 451.

■ pispoletta, 450.

Calandria tres colas, 608.
Oalidris arenaria, 383,

423, 76(1
Oallispiza preciosa, 625.
Calliste argentea argen-

tea, 330.

fulvigula. 330.

viridicollis,

330.
cvanocephala coral-

lina, 330.
cyanocephala,

329.

f'estiva, 329.

florida arcffii, 329.

gyroloides delft icia,

330.

gyroloides,

330.

inexicana boliviana,

329.

media. 329.

mexicana,329.

vieilloti, 329.

pretiosa, 625.

pulchra, 329.

sopbiae, 328.

Calcenas nicobarica, 675.
( Jaloperdix oculea, (>7 I .
Calopbasis mikado, 715.
Ca lopsittaous nora-hol-

landise, 164.
( lalospiza, -"'27.

brasiliensis, 330.

cabanisi, 330.

em i liiv, 327, 328.

ilava, 327, 328.

chloroptera,

328, 625.

flava, 328.

margaritse,328.

■ — — sincipitalis,

328.

formosa sincipitalis,

328.

johannae, 327, 328.

lavinia, 328.

cara, 328.

dalmasi, 3.8.

margaritae, 327.

palmeri, 330, 331.

pretiosa, 624.

Calyptcinena viridis, 752.

Calyptorbyncbus banksi,

165.
baudini, 165.

luacrorbynchua,

165.

stellatus, 165.

Oamaroptera brevicau-

data, 308.

chrysocneinis, ."07.

griseoviridis, 153,

308, 692.

sundevalli, 158.

Oampephilus rulii'rons,

284.
Campicola pileata, 143.
Campopbaga nigra, 132,

699.

quiscalina, 132.

Campophilus robustus,

283.
Campotbera nialherbii,

702.

nubica. 313, 702.

Campy lorhnmphus chap-
man!, 754.
Canacbites canadensis

atratus, 745.
Caprimulgus albicollis,

267.
europams, 25, 165,

487.

fervid us* 114.

fossii, 114, 705.

clarus, 705.

frenatus, 114, 706.

iiiornatus, 316.

aacunda, 266.

parvulus, 267.

Bharpei, 728.

Capsiempsis (laveola, 582.

- flaveola, 582.
Oaracara, 69.
Caracterizado bianco
cabos negros, 601.

canela y cabeza

negra, 603.

— — y corona de

pizarra, 602.

verde y corona

negra, 604.

Carbo cormoranus, 386.

Carbue, 78.

Carduelis caniceps, 445.

carduelis, 510.

minor, 510.

elegans, 5.

major, 510.

major, 445.

Carine spilogastra, 320.
Carpbibis spinicollis,177.
Carpintero bianco y

negro, 279.
campestre, 277.

Carpintero dorado pardo,

278.

negro, 283.

verde dorado, 27S.

verdinegro, 279.

vientre roxo, 280.

y cuello roxos, 282.

Carpodacus eryibrinus,

448, 511._

grandis, 448.

Casarca tadornoides, 174.

variegata, 360.

Casiornis rubra, 606.

rufa rufa, 606.

rufus, 606.

Catbarus tuexicanus

smitbi, 752.
Celeus kerri, 282.

lugubris, 282.

Cencbris naumanni, 105.
Ceniciento, 271.
Centropus burcbelli, 117.

neumanni, 729.

nigrorufus, 117.

superciliosus, 117,

315.
Ceopblceus erytbrops,

283.
gal eat us, 284.

— lineatus, 283.
Oerapbanes anomalus,

5 1 7.
Cerchneis amurensis,708.

australis, 74.

cencbroides, 167.

fieldi, 322.

naumannni, 468,

708.

saturata, 322.

sparveria cinnamo-

mina, 74.

tinnunculus, 322.

unicolor, 167.

vespertina, 708.

Cerconiela lypura, 309.

melanura, 477, 485.

Oerthia bracbydactyla

dorotheae, 217.
cinnamomea, 526.

- familiaris, 217, 452.

biinalayensis, 452.

tajniura, 452.

Certbilauda alaudipes,

481.
Certbionyx occidentalis,

(149.

variegatus, 743.

Cerylealcyoncaurina,745.

americana, 2(i5.

maxima, 109.

rudis, 27, 108, 488.

insignis, 555.

Cettia cettia, 502.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

771

Chacuru, 270.
Cbsemepelia, 190.
Chsetoptila angusti-

pluwa, 50.
Chsetura andrei meri-

dionalis, 268.

oxyura, 268.

richmondi, 754.

Chaleococcyx plagosus,

156.
Cbalcomitra deminuta,

234.

gutturalis, 234, 686.

hunteri, 301.

kirki, 234, 687.

obscura, 235.

Cbalcopelia abyssinicus,

326.

afra, 88, 326.

chalcospihi8, 88,

326.

delioatula, 326.

Chalcophaps indica, 675.
Cbalcopsittacus ater, 359.
Chamsepelia talpacoti,62.
Cbamsesa brevicauda,

522.
CLaradrius dominicus,

182.

fulvus, 733.

pluvialis, 416.

Chaulelasinus streperus,

398.
Chelidon rustica transi-

tira, 748.

urbica, 3, 122.

Cbelidonaria urbica, 122.
Cbelidorhamphus orhy-

cterus, 620.
Chen rossi, 734.
Cbenalopex a;gvptiacus,

397.
Obera progno, 360.
Chicli, 524.
Chimango, 69.
Chingolo, 637.
Chipiu negro y bianco,

(339.

y canela, 640.

Chiricote, 65.
Chiripepe, 263.
Chiroxiphia caudata,599.
Chirri, 272.
Chizaerhis leucogastra,

316.
Chlamydodera guttata,

743.
Chlorochrysa fulgentis-

sinia, 328.
Chlorociehla graciliros-

tris, 697.

percivali, 676, 697.

Chlorodyta neglecta, 728.

Chioronerpes aurulentus,

278.

olivinus, 281.

Cbloropeta gracilirostris,

558.

massaica, 700.

natalensis, 128.

storeyi, 700.

Chlorophoueus cbryso-

gaster, 227.

nigrifrous, 226.

quadricolor. 689.

Chlorophonia chloro-

capilla, 620.

viridiceps, 621.

viridis, 620.

Cblorostilbon aureiven-

tris, 268.

cyanot borax, 269.

splendidus, 268.

Chochi, 272.

Choliba, 75.

Chopi, 645.

Cborlito pardo menor,67.

Chrysococcyx cupreus,

117.

klaasi, 704.

Cbrysomitris icterica,

635.

spinus, 6, 510.

Chrysoptilus cristatus,

279.

melanochlorus, 279.

Chrysotis bahainensis,

360.
Chrvsuronia ruficollis,

269.
Cbunga burmeisteri, 752.
Churrinehe, 593.
Cbuy, 636.
Cichladusa arcuata, 696.

guttata, (i95.

Ciconiaalha,96,368,391,

475, 566.

■ ciconia, 96.

nigra, 96.

Cinclosoma marginatum,

207, 208, 742.
Cinclus asiatifius, 463.
cinclus caucasicus,

492, 503.

persicus, 492.

leucogaster, 463.

Cinnamon Creeper, 526.
Cinnyricinclus leucogas-
ter, 292.

verreauxi, 260, 677.

Cinnyris albiventris, 301.

cupreus, 232.

falkensteini, 233,

687.

gutturalis, 686.

habessinicus, 300.

Cinnyris hunteri, 301.

kempi, 558.

■ kirki, 687.

leucogaster, 233.

leudovicensis, 233.

mariquensis Osiris,

301.
microrhynchus, 233,

686.

osea, 476, 483.

osiris, 301.

shelleyi, 728.

stuhhnanni, 373.

Tenustus falken-
steini, 687.

Circaetus cinerascens,

104.
Circus semginosus, 38.

assimilis, 171, 656.

cineraceus, 39.

cyaneus, 39, 467.

gouldi, 171, 656.

melanoleucus, 560.

swainsoni, 39.

Ciridops anna, 735.
Cissa katsumatse, 555.

robinsoni, 210.

Cissopis leveriana, 197.

major, 631.

Cisticola aiubigua, 693.

cbiniana, 694.

cinerascens, 693.

erythrops, 694.

lugubris, 147, 693.

nana, 144.

nuchalis, 693.

pictipennis, 676,

694.
pretorise, 195.

robusta nuchalis,

693.

rufa, 145, 693.

rufo-pileata, 144.

semitorques, 693.

stoehri, 144.

strangii, 147.

sylvia, 145.

terrestris, 146.

Cistothorus platensis

tucumanus, 363.
Cladorhynchus leuco-

cepbalus, 180.
Clangula glaucion, 402.
Climacocercus cyauo-

cephalus, 6C5.
Climacteris superciliaris,

208.

wellsi, 651.

Clivicola cincta, 124.
Clytoceyx rex imperator,

372.
Cnipolegus cinereus,

575.

/ r.i

INDEX OF

Cnipnlegua cyanirostris,

574.

striaticeps, 575.

Goccol hraustes cocco-

thraustes, 512.

huinii, 512.

japonicus, 512.

inelanocepbala, 633.

vulgaris, 7.

Coccystes albonotatus,

704.

— cafer, 116.

glandarius, 31, 11G,

211, 315, 704.

jacobinus, 116, 315.

serratus, 701.

zua americanus,

271.

chiriri, 273.

chochi, 27:1.

laaerocercus, 272.

melanocoryphus,

271.

ba caerulea, 733.

cyanea, 733.

ferryi, 199.

Cola aguda encuentro

amarillo, 641.

vientre de

cani'la. 638.

rara pardo y bianco,

573.
Colseua collaris, 478.
Oolaptes agricola, 277.

campestris, 277.

Colitis affinis, 114.

erytkromelon, 733.

leucotis, 704.

afflnis, 114.

macrurus, 316.

■ macroura,

248.
Colon, 576.
Columba albigularis, 734.

grisea, 560.

■ guinea, 7 Id.

intermedia, 470.

livia, 4(13.

■ — — maculata, 00.

cenas, 403.

cenops, 60.

pallidicrissa, 60.

palumbus, 403,

516.

■ — — casiotis, 516.

picazuro boliviana,

picui, 61.

punicea, 560, 674.

rufina, 59, 60.

Columba rufina sylves-

tris, 59.

rupestris, 403, 470.

sylvestris, 59, 6< I.

ta'pacoti, 02.

violacea, (14.

Columbigallina, 196.

talpacoti, 62.

Columbina strepitans, 62.
Columbula picui, 61.
Colymbua auritus, 431.

capensis, 710.

Cooipsothlypis pitia-

yuini, 616.

pitiavumi, 616.

Conophaga lineata, 517.
Conopias trivirgata, 589.
Conopopbaga anomala,

517.

naerioides, 754.

Oontopus pileatus, 594.
Contramaestre copetillo

ordinario, 581 .

coronada, 61").

pardo verdoso

corona amarilla, 584.
verde pecho de oi-o.

617.
Conurus aeruginosus tor-

tugcnsis, 199.

ebiripepe, 263.

leucophtbalmus,

263.

neoxenus, 199.

pan us, 263.

vit talus, 263.

Copurus colonus, 576,
Coraciaa caudatus, I' *7.
garrulus, 28, 319,

466, 194.

lorti, 319.

nsevius, 320.

olivaceiceps, L08.

spatulatus, L08.

Coracina cassia, 699.

pectoralis, 80, 131.

pura, 699.

Corone pallescens, 21.
Corvultur albicollis, 262.
Corvus affinis, 477. 17s.

bennetti, 648.

collaris, 441, 17s.

corax, 22, 473.

comix, 21, 440,

515.

sbarpii. 515.

coronoides, 647.

dauricus neglectus,

206.
frugilegus, 23, 441.

Corvus nionedula, 20,

478.

orru, 549.

scapidatus, 262.

Corydus cristatus, 15.
Coryphospingua cris-
tatus, 638.
Corvphospiza albifrons,

638.
Oorj thopsis calcarata,

518.

bornia cyano-

stigma, 109.
Cosmetornis vexillarius,

113.
Cosmopsarus regius,

2'. 14.
Cossypha archeri, 558.

barbata, 140.

bocagei, 139.

heuglini, 140, 695.

Cotile obsoleta, 313.
riparia, 4, 504.

rupestris, 4, 465,

504.

Coturniculua, 196.

manimbe, 637.

Coturnix communis, 408,
475.

pectoralis, 190.

Couroucou oranga, 270.
Crateropus carruthersi,

137.

hartlaubi, 136.

kirki, 136.

smithi, 310.

squamulatua, 696.

tanganjicae, 136.

( 'reatophora carunculata,
261.

iido roxo, 640.
Crex egregia, "s.

pratensis, 411.

Criniger gracilirostris

percivali, 697.
sordid us, (it')2.

sylvicultor, 133.

Crotophaga ani, 274.

major, 273.

piririgua, 274.

Crypsorhina varians,

Cryptoglaux, 196.
Cryptolopha alpina, 373,

558.

camerunenais, 729.

nmbrivirena, 312.

Cryptospiza salvadorii,

558.
Cryptura fasciata, 58.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

773

Cryptura guazu, 57.

Dacnis cay ana callaina,

Dendro|.)icii3 gabonen-

solitaria, 55.

619.

sis, 210.

sylvicola, 57.

cayana, 618.

hartlaubi, 79,

Crypturus tataupa, 55.

glaucogularis,

121.

undulatus, 56.

619.

bempricbi, 314.

Cuculus americanus,

paraguavensis,

Diaphoropbyia graueri,

271.

619.

362.

■ canorus, 31, 116,

ultramarina,

Dicrocercus birundineus,

315, 465.

619.

112.

clamosus, 117.

cyanomelas, 618.

Dicrurus afer, 260, 294,

■ guira, -74.

speciosa, 619.

678.

inomatu8, 156.

Dafila acuta. 4(1(1.

ludwigii, 260.

nsBvius, 272.

Daulias golzi, 305.

Diglossa montana, 200.

- pallid us, 156.

hafizi, 460.

Dilophus carunculatus,

solitarius, 1 17.

Demiegretta sacra. 176.

21 12, 368.

■ variegatus, 156.

Dendrubates olivimw.

Dinemellia dinemelli,

Culicivora stenura, 580.

281.

295.

Cursorius gallicus, 488.

spilogaster, 281.

Diomedea exidans, 756.

somalensis,

Dendrocitta sinensis in-

regia, ~M.

324.

sula}, 555.

Dioptroruis fiscberi,

somalensis, 324.

Dendrocolaptes eritha-

699.

Cyanecula suecica, 434,

cus. 531.

Diplnpterus na:vius,

461.

fuseus, 533.

272.

Cvanocompsa cyanea,

picutnnus, -r».">4.

Dissodectes dickinsoni,

632.

tarefero, 534.

105.

sterea, 632.

■ valid us costaricen-

Dissura episcopus, 560.

Cvanocorax cseruleus,

sis, 7.">4.

microscelis, 96.

645,646.

Dendrocopus albicollis,

Donacospiza albit'rons,

chrysops, 646.

532.

638.

Cyanoloxias glauco-

angustirostris,

Drepanoplectes jacksoni,

caerulea, 632.

534.

678.

Cyanomitra vertiealis,

leucopterus, 465.

Drepanorhynchus reiche-

'235.

tnacei, 198, 220.

nowi, 685.

Cyanops asiatica, 22l 1.

major, 532.

Drioctistes, 754.

Cybernetes yetapa, .ri73.

mongolus,

Dromajus irroratus, 191.

Cyclopsittaeus, 561.

206.

- novse-hollandise,

Cyclorhis ochrocepbala,

pcelzami, 492,

191.

612.

494.

Dromococcyx phasianel-

wiedi, 612.

syriacus, 492,

lus, 27:;."

Cygnus olor, 396.

495.

Dryuiocbares sinensis,

Cyornis oatesi, 209.

minor danfordi,

204.

peninsularis, 209.

492, 495.

Drymoeca inquieta, 484.

vivida, 2(J9.

morgani,492,

lepida, 485.

Cypseloides niger costa-

495.

Dryoscopus setbiopicus,

ricensis, 754.

rufus, 529.

302.

jamaicensis,

syriacus, 26, 487.

affinis, 690.

754.

Dendrocycna autuninalis,

cubla hamatus, 227,

Cypselus affinis, 316, 487,

734.

690.

705.

fulva, 100, 734.

suabelicus,

apus, 23, 474.

Dendrceca ruficapilla

690.

nielba, 25, 466.

obscura, 199.

funebris, 302, 690.

murinus, 24.

Dendromus bennetti,

hamatus, 80, 227.

pekiueusis, 24.

121.

mossambicus, 228.

sbelleyi, 705.

Cuelleborni, 121.

ruficeps, 303.

bempricbi, 314.

salimie, 690.

malberbei, 702.

■ suabelicus, 690.

Dacelo cervina, 158,

nubicus, 313, 702.

sublacteus, 690.

654.

— smithi, 121.

Dryodromas pearsoni,

gigas, 159.

Dendrooecia erythro-

150.

Dacnis uayana, 618.

ptera, 521.

smithi, 307.

774

INDEX OF

Pumetella, 554.
Dupetor gouldi, 175.
Dysitbamnus lnentalis,
521.

Elasnia caniceps, 586.
cinerea tacza-

nowskii, 586.

flavogaster, 585.

mesoleuca, 586.

parvirostris, 585.

viridicata, 584.

E lain La al biceps, 585.

arechavaletse, 585.

caniceps, 586.

flavogaster, 585.

mesoleuca, 586.

pagana, 585.

pagana, 585.

parvirostris, 585.

taczanowskii, 586.

viridicata, 584.

Elminia albicauda, 80,

131.
Emberizi bucbanani,

443,514.

caesia, 13.

cia, 434,444.

par, 514.

citrinella, 513.

erythrogenys,

513.
flaviventris, 245,

684.
hortulana, 12, 298,

366, 443, 4S 1,514.

buttoni, 514.

leucocephala, 44 1.

■ luteola, 443.

major, 244.

melanocephala, 12,

514.

melanoleuca, 640.

miliaria, 11, 443,

514.

nigrorufa, 640.

pileata, 637.

platensis, 641.

poliopleura, 298.

pyrrhuloides, 14.

pyrrhuloides,

515.
— — - schoeniclus, 14,

444.

palustris. 14.

tscbusii, 514.

steward, 444.

Emberizoides herbicola,

641.

Emberizoides macrourus
berbicola, 642.

spbenurus, 641.

Euibernagra platensis,

641.
Empidagra suiriri, 587.
Empidocbanes euleri,
591.

fringillarius, 594.

fuscatus, 594.

bimaculatus,

591.
Empidonax bimaculatus,
591.

euleri, 591.

Enipidononius varius,

596.
Enneoctonus collurio,

226.
Entomyza cyanotis gri-

seigularis, 372.
Eopsaltria georgiana,
650.

jacksoni, 743.

Eos cyanogenis, 569.
Epbippiorhynchus sene-

galensis, 96.
Eremomela atricollis,
152

caniceps, 152.

flavocrissalis, 307.

polioxantba, 151.

pulcbra, l.r)2.

ecotops, 692.

Eremopbila alpestris

albigula, 449.
Erismatura leucocephala,

434.
Erithacus cacruleculus,
461.

golzii, 460.

rubecula byrcanus,

499.

witherbyi,

748.
Ervtbrocercus congicus,
558.

livingstonii, 130.

Ervthrocnus rufiventris,

98.
Erytbrogonys cinctus,

183.
Erytbropygia bamertoni,
309.

leucoptera, 309.

zambesiana, 141,

695.
Erytbrospiza gitbaginea,

481.
niongolica, 449.

Esparvera azulejo, 71.

ceja

jnca, /.

indaye, 72.
Estrilda angolensis, 197,

255.

astrild minor, 682.

astrilda, 254.

benguellensis, 255.

minor, 255, 682.

■ nigrimentum, 295.

nitidula, 681.

perreini, 256.

pbcenicotis, 255.

Eudromias morinellus,

417.
Eudynamis honorata,

6«4.
Eudyptula minor, 186.
Eupherusa eximia nel-

som, 755.
Eupbonia aurantiicollis,

622.
berlepscbiana, 623.

cblorotica, 621.

serrirostris,

621.
nigricollis, 623.

intermedia,

624.

nigricollis,

623.

pelzelni. G24.

pectoralis, (>-'■'>.

serrirostris. 621.

violacea, 622.

aurantiicollis,

622.

violaceicollis, 621.

Euplectes xantboinelas,

679.
Euplocamus, 361.
Eupodotia australis, 177,

657.
Euprinodes brunneiceps,

153.

flavocincta, 692.

golzi, 692.

Euroeepbalus rueppelli,

304,691,
Eurostopus argus, 159.
Eurvlaeujus javanicus,

370.

barterti,

370.

Eurystomus afer, 108.
Eurystopus argus, 159.
Euscartboius gularis,
578.

margaritaceiventer,

578.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

/ / .)

Euspiza melanocephala,

514.
Eutolmaetus morph-

noides, 169.
Excalt'actoria aclansoui,
710.

Falco aesalon, 45, 493.

aibigularis, 74.

biarmicus, 105.

eandicans, 731.

cenchris, 47, 468.

cherrug, 43. 474.

■ eleouorse, 45.

ierax, 42.

lunulatuB, 108.

melanops, 43.

meridionalis, 72.

minor, 322.

peregrinus, 43.

pileatus, 71.

plumbeus, 74.

punicus, 44, 215.

sparveriusaustralis,

74.

subbuteo, 45, 105,

468.

tanypterus, 321.

— — tliarus, 69.

tinnunculus, 46,

197.

unicinctus, 71.

urubitinga, 73.

vespertinus, 46.

Fiscus collaris, 226.
Florisuga mellivora toba-

gensis, 755.
Formicariua tamiesoni,

753.
Forinicivoramalura, 522.

speciosa, 754.

Francolinus eameru-

nensis, 727, 729.

coqui, 84.

hubbardi, 749.

johnstoni, 84.

kirki,326.

natalensis, 83.

sbelleyi, 83.

vulgaris, 408.

Fringilla bella, 9.

ccelebs, 8, 509.

■ cristata, 638.

icterica, 635.

linaria, 9.

maminbe, 637.

montifringilla, 448,

509.

petronia, 8.

Fringillaria saturatiur,

298.

Fringillaria striolata,

tahapisi, 245, 298.

Fulica atra, 412.

austral is, 186.

raartinica, 66.

Fuligula cristata, 401.

ferina, 401, 460.

marila, 766.

Furnarius anumbi, 527.

ruber, 523.

rulus, 523.

Gabianus pacificus, 184.
Grafarron, r>-".r>.
Galaetochrysea emini,

iJ2.
Galbula pastazas, f)62.

ruficauda, 550.

Galeoscoptes, 554.
Galerida cristata, 299.

■ ■ magna, 450,

508.

senegalensis,

299.

magna, 450.

Gallinago ccelestis, 421,
475.

galliuula, 421.

major, 420.

niegala, 56l I.

paraguavse, 68.

Galliuula eliloropus,

411.

nesiotis, 51.

Gallirex chlorochlamvs,

115, 704.

johnstoni, 373.

Gallus bankiva, 672.
Garrulus glandarius. ID.

bambergi, 206,

hyrcanus, 515.

glaszneri, 19.

lidtbi, 568.

severzowii, 19.

Gaviero, 611.

Gavilan de estero acane-

lado, 72.
mixto cborreado,

73.
■ negro, 73.

obscuro y

canela, 71.

pintado, 73.

Gecinus cblorigaster lon-

gipennis, 555.
viridis, 220.

innomiriatus,

492, 495.

viridis, 492,

495.

Gelochelidon angliea,

470.
Gennajus, 361.

atlayi, 367.

granii, 367.

haringtoui, 367.

whitehead]', 555.

Geocichla litsipsirupa

stierlingi, 138.
Geoo?cia orryctera, 531.
Geopelia cuneata, 189.

placida, 188.

shurtridgei, 189.

tranquilla, 189.

Geophilusjasigatere, 273.
Geopicos agricola, 277.
Geothlypis a?quinoctiali3

velata, 617.
canicapilla, (il7.

velata, 617.

Geotrygon albiventer, 64.

montana, 65.

violacea, 64.

Gerygone modigliani

jacobsoni, 370.
Gisella iberingi, 76.
Glareola emini, '.<-.

fusca, 92.

melanoptera, 368,

729.

pratincola. !»2, 415.

Glaucidium brasilianum,

78.
brasiliense, 78.

cuculoides per-

simile, 555.

ferox, 78.

rufus, 78.

perlatum, 707.

Glaux, 196.
Glossopsittaeus porphy-

rocephalus, 165.
Glottis nebularius, 90,

179.
Glycyphila ocularis, C>VJ.

sunocularis, 649.

Golondrina domestica,

607.
■ rabadilla blanca,

607.
Grallaria perspicillata,

754.

rufula, 754.

Granatina ianthino-

gastra, 295.
Graucalus casius, 699.
macei larvivorus,

555.
Graueria vittata, 362.
Grus communis, 413.
virgo, 413.

770

INDEX OF

Gubernetes yetapa, 573.
Guira guira, 274.
Guiraca cyanea, 360,

631.

glaucocaerulea, 632.

Guirahuro, 642.
Guttera edouardi, 85.
Gymnorhina leuconota,

652.
Gypaetus barbatus, 38,

'474.
Gvpobierax angolensis,

104.
Gyps fulvus, 35, 474.

Habia de baiiado, 641.

roxiza, 626.

Habrura pectoralis, 570.
Hadrostomus atrica-

pillus, 603.
surinamensis,

borellianus, 603.

rufus, <>|>~.

1 [gematopus fuliginosus,

183,657.
longirostris, 183,

657.

ostralegus, 418.

palliatus, 569.

miifolor fuliginosus,

183.
Hagedashia bagedasb,

95.
Hagiopsar tristrami,

178.
Halcyon albiventris

orientalis, 110.

chelicutensis, 109.

chelicuti, 109.

orientalis, 110.

— - pyrrbopygins, 158.
i! a'! us, 157, 650,

654.

smyraensis, 2

swainsoni, 109.

— - westralasianus, L57.
Haliaetus albicilla, 41.

branickii, 737.

leucogaster, 169.

pelagicus, 552, 737.

vociter, 104.

Haliastur sphenurus,

169.
Hapalocereus albifrons,

580.

pectoralis, 579.

Hapaloderma narina.

1 l.r>, 319.
Haplospiza unicolor, G-'<9.

Hedydipna nietallica,

300.
Helinaaa viridicata, 584.
Heliocorys modesta, 724.
Heliolais kirbyi, lit.").
Helmintbophila, 196.
Heli idromaa ochropus,

425, 469.

solitarius, 67.

Helotarsus ecaudatus,

104.
Hemitriccus barberenae,

581.
Henicorhina leucosticta

eucbaris, 735.
Herodias alba, 07, 560.

brachyrbyncha, 07.

timoriensis, 177.

Herpsilochmus rufimar-

ginatus, 521.
Hesperiphonavespertina,

197.
Hcteractitis brevipes,

180.
Heterhypbantes melano-

gaster, 7-0.

reichenowi, 683.

Heteropelma surina-
753.

virescens, 601.

Heteropsar albicapillus,

293.
Heteropygia acuminata,

17'.).

aurita, 170.

ETeterospizias meridio-

nalis, 7-'.
Heterotetrax humilis,

323.

idea berigora, 168.
— — -orientalis, J (is.
Hieraetus faseiatus, 40.

wablbergi, 1(J3.

Hierofalco cherrug, 215.
Himantopus candid us,

419.

himantopus. 709.

h\ poleucos, 90.

Hippolais languida, 305.
Hirundo sethiopica, 313.

dimidiata, \'S'<.

domes tica, G< >7.

griseopvga, 123.

ieucorriioa, 607.

monteiri, 123, 701.

oxyura, 268.

pn'ella, 123, 702.

rufula, 3.

rustica, 2, 122, 474,

487.
■ savignii, 2.

Hirundo urbica mericlio-
nalis, 748.

nigrimentalis,

748. _
Holoquiscalus orcliil-

lensis, 199.
Hoplopterus spinosus,

418.
Kornero, 523.
Horqueta tricolor, 526.
Houbara macqueeni, 414.

undnlata, 414.

Hydrochelidou leuco-
ptera, 427.

nigra, 427.

Hydrolegus silvestrianus,

523.
Hvdroprogne caspia,

'185.
Hyliota australis, 80,

127.
Hvlocentrites ambulator,

518.
Itvloeharis ruficollis,

268.
TTyloctisies, 754.
Hylopezus, 75 I.
Eylophilus pcecil

613.
llvlophylax. 754.
II j pargusdybowskii, 210.

harterti,

■ niliduhis, 681.

niveoguttatus, 680.

Evphantornis bojeri,
683.

cabanisi, 258.

galbula, 259.

- nigricep8, '.

— sl.elleyi. 258.

spekei, 683.

■ spilonotus, 360.

vitellina, 258, 295.

xanthops, 259, 683.

Hypochsera codr;i
25 1.

funerea, 2.">4.

Ilvpoedalius guttatus,

'519.
Hypolais caligata, 457.

languida, 305.

olivetorum, 4-"».'!.

pallida, 433, 484,

502.

ram a, 457.

Hypomorphnus urubi-

tinga, 74.
1 1 \ ) i' itasnidia bracb vpus,

'187.
1 !\ potriorchie melano-
gyne, 74.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Ianthocincla ellioti

bonoripeta, 748.
Ibis sethiopica, 95.

inelanocepbala. 6 ' i.

Ibiyau, 207.

nacunda, 200.

Ibycter cbimango, 89.
circumcinctus, 503,

732.
Icterus brevirostris, G44.

nelsoni, 733.

pyrrbopterus, 644.

Ictiniu plurubea, 74.
teracidea berigora, 108.

orientalis, 168.
Indicator indicator, 118,

7<)2.

- major, 118, 314.

minor. 314.

— variegatus, 1 19.

— willcocksi, 724.
Ionornis martinica, 66.

i rri8or erythrorhynchus,

111,317.

jacksoni, 706.

luelanorhyncljus,

318.
senegalensis somali-

ensis, 317.

somaliensis, 317.

-viridis, 79.

Ispidina natalensis, 109.
[yngipicua scintillicepa

su iuboei, 555.
1 vn.\ pectoralis, 702.

torquilla, 26, 220,

405.

Jacana jacana, 68.

Knipolegus striaticeps,
575.

Lacustroica whitei, 742,

75:;.
Lagonosticta brunnei-

ceps, 252, 680.
• haematocephala,

253.

barrerti, 252.

nitidula, 252. 682.

niyeiguttata. 252.

080.

rhodoparia. 254.

Lagopus alexandrse, 204.

dixoni. 204.

lagopus. 552.

rupeatris kellogse,

745.

Lamprocolius cbalybeus,

2D3. 1177.
glaucovirens, 201 .

splendid us glauco-

^ i r. ii s, 261.

sycobius, 262.

Lamprospiza chaVmeai,

7.-3.
[ianiprotornis nievesi,

260.
Laniarius sethiopicus,

£02.

approximates, 302.

crueutis, 302.

- funebris, 302, 090.

■ graneri, 363,

■ quadricolor, 689.

rubigmosus

rudolpbi, 363.

■ run'ceps, 303.

sublauteus, 090.

Lanius antinorii. 301.

atricapillus, fi06.

caudal us. 688.

collaris, 226.

collurio, L03, 455.

490, (',89.
dealbatus, 455. 478,

483.

erytbronotus, 455.

excubitor, 4.'!+.

aucberi, 495.

homeyeri, 495.

pallidirostris,

495.

homeyeri, 455.

humeralis. 689.

inquisitor, 602.

isabellinus, 304.

leuci pterus, 455.

minor, 220, 434,

455, 483, 496.

nengeta, 571.

pallidirostris, 304.

phoenicuroides, 455.

pitangua, 592.

■ senator badius,

5(59.

smithi, 689.

Larus eachii nans, 429.

canus, 429.

cirrocephalus, 89.

eburneus, 700.

- fuscus, 43( >.

gelastes, 429.

inarinus, 430.

melanocepbalus,

429.

minutus, 429, 517.

noiiv-liollaniiijc,

L 84.

Larus pacificus, 184.

ridibundus, 428,

469.

sabinii, 700.

is albicollis, 587.
Le guira-yetapa, 573.
Leptasthenura segitha/-

loides berlepschi, 363.
Lepiopoeeile Bopbise, 453.
Lept opogon amauro-
ceplialus. 582

icastus, 582.

Leptoptila callauchen,
63.

cbloroauchenia, 63.

Leptoptilus crumeni-
ferus, 96.

javanicus, 664.

Leuconerpes candidus,

280.
Licbenops perspicillata .

575.
Ligurinus chloris, 0,474,
5U9.

chloroticua, .' I '.'.

Limnocorax niger, 89.
Limnocryptes gallinula,

421.
Limnopardalus ni
cans, 05.

rytirbynchua, 65.

Limosa segocephala,
426.

belgica, 420.

nova:-zealandi;e,

180.
Lindo azul y oro cabeza
celeste, 023.

bello, 025.

pardo copete ania-

rillo, 028.

y canela alas

y cola negras, 628.

precioso, 624.

saihobi, 626.

verde frento de

canela, 024.
Linota eannabina, 9.

fringillirostris,

510.

fringillirostris. 9.

linaria, 9.

Lioptilus rufo-cinctus,

302.
Lipoa ocellata, 190.
Lobivanellus lateralis-,

90.
Lochmias nematura,

523.
Locustella lanceolata,
569.

778

INDEX OF

Lopboaetus occipitalis,

103.
Lophoceros epirbinus,

110.
■ erytbrorhynchus,

110, 318.

flavirostris, 319.

granti, 210.

hemprichi, 318.

medianus, 318.

melanoleucus, 110,

706.

neumanni. 111.

pallidirostris, 111.

Lophogyps occipitalis,

323.
Lophoictinia isura, 100.
Lophotis gindiana, 323.
Lorito enano, 26-1.
Loriua cyanauclien viri-

dicrissalis, 5 19.
Loxia bifasciata, 335,

339, 342, 343, 345,

350.

citierea, 10.

cucullata, 640.

curvirostra, 10,

331.

bispana, 351.

poliogyna,

; 36.

sitkensis, 204.

typica, 339.

cyanea, 631.

■ ■ guillemardi, 10.

■ • pityopsittacus, 11.

rubrii'asciata, 345.

varia, 1 1 >.

Luscinia pectoralis con-

fusa, 748.
Lybius macclouni, 119.

melanopterus, 7i>;>.

senex, 703.

torquatus, 119.

congicus, 119.

Macbrerbampbus anders-

soni, 708.
Machetes, 196.

pugnax, 423, 710.

Machetornis rixosa,

576.
Macronyx, 365.

ascensi, 239.

croceus, 365, 685.

■ wintoni, 240.

Macropus phasianellus,

•-'73.
Macrorhatupbus taczan-
owskii, 206.

Macrosphenus kretsch-

meri, 676, 696.
Malaconotus olivaceus

hypopyrrhus, 302.
Malimbus f'agani, 558.
Malurus bernieri, 653.

elegans, 653.

leuconotus, 653.

• leucopterus, 653.

lorentzi, 372.

pulcherrimus, 653.

splendens, 653.

Manimbe, 637.
Manorhina melanophrys,

743.
Manucodia atra, 372,

569.
Maracana cabexa roxa,

2C.4.

verde, 263.

Mareca penelope, 400,

469.
Margarops t'uscatus, 199.
Margarornis guttata,

754.
Marmaronetta angusti-

rostris, 399.
Martiu-pescador verde

obscuro, 265.
Megalestris skua, 371.
Mega rby neb us oitangua,

592. *
Megast ictus, 753.
Melajurnis ater, 125.
Melanerpes candidus,

279.

flavifrons, 280.

■ superciliaris, 569.

Melanbypbantes melano-

xantbus. 682.

nigricollis, 683.

Melanocorypha biiuacu-

lata, 449, 509.
calandra, 14, 481.

' calandra, 508.

psammocbroa,

508.

yeltoniensis, 474.

Melierax gabar, 321.

metabates, 320.

niger, 321.

polyzonus, 320.

Melignomon robustus,

223.
Meliornis longirostris,

648, 649.

mystacalis, 648.

Melittophagus albi Irons,

112.

cyanostictus. 317,

707.

Melittopbagus meridio-

nalis, 112.

oreobates, 707-

revoilii, 316.

sbarpii, 317.

Melocichla mentalis,

144.
Melopsittacus undulalus,

160, 654.
Melospizamelodiagouldi,

203.

maxillaris,

203.

saltonis, 203.

Menura, 367.
Merganetta berlepsclii,

363.
Mergus albellus, 469.

austral is, 75b\

squamatus, 205.

Merops albicollis, 317.

apiaster, 29, 11.'!,

466.

nafalensis, 113.

ornatus, 157.

persicus, 487.

rufus, 523.

Merula albicollis para-

guayensis, 608.
albiventer, 609.

amaurochalina,

till.

Merula ludovieiae, 308.

merula, 459.

rufi\ enter, 610.

tropicalis, 137.

Mesopboyx bracby-

rbyncha, 97.
Mesopicus rbodeogaster,

7l>2.

ruwenzori, 122.

schoensis, 314, 702.

.spodocepbalus. 702.

rbodeogaster,

702.

Metallococcyx smarag-

dineus, 1 17.
Micrastur ruficollis, 70.
Micronisus gabar, 321.

niger, 321.

Microparra capensis,

91.
Micropogon erythro-

pygos, 220.
Micropus melba, 4<>(>.
Microtribonvx ventral is,

187.
Microtrogon fulvesceus,

270
Miliaria miliaria, 443.
Milvago chi mango, 69.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

779

Milvnlus tyrannus, 574,

597.

violentus,

507.

Milvus segyptius, 104,

321. 368.

ictinus, 43.

korschum, 468.

migrans. 468.

Mimus triurus, 608.
Mionectes olivaceus

hederacens, 735.

rufiventris, 581.

Mirafra rantillans, 6^4.

erythropygia, 724.

fiscberi, 241, 684.

gilletti, 298.

nigricans, 241.

Molotbrus, 363.
ater, 362.

arteinisiae,

362.

dwigbti. 732.

obscurus. 362.

bonariensis, 644.

brevirostris, 644.

rufoaxillaris, 644.

Momotus cyanogaster,

265.
Monticola cyanus, 308,

458, 498.

rufocinereus, 308.

saxatilis, 197. 308,

458, 498, 694, 731.
Montifringilla adamsi,

447.

alpicola, 448, 510.

sordida, 448.

Motacilla alba, 451, 507.

dukhunensis,

507.

■ boarula, 300.

boarula, 507.

borealis, 237.

borin, 218.

cam pest ris, 237,

507, 684.

cavana, 618.

clara, 237.

feldeggi, 451.

ficedula, 206, 217.

flava, 237.

borealis, 507.

hortensis, 218.

longicanda, 237.

lugens, 217.

lugubris, 217.

melanope, 300, 451.

personata, 451.

perspicillata, 575.

■ vidua, 237.

SER. IX. VOL. IV.

Munia spectabilis, 5 19.
Muscicapa atricapilla, 1,

311, 496.

semitorquata,

496.

caerulescens, 126,

699.

collaris, 434.

colonus, 576.

cyan irost ris, 574.

eximia, 580.

ferox, 595.

ficedula, 206.

flaveola, 582.

grisola, 1, 126, 206,

311,464, 747.

gularis, 578.

icterophrys, 574.

melanops, 628.

obsoleta. 584.

parva, 464, 496.

risora, 573.

rubineus, 593.

rubra, 606.

ruficapilla, 574.

sibilator, 590.

somaliensis, 291,

311.

stenura, 580.

striata, 747.

suiriri, 587-

trivirgata, 589.

tyrannus, 597.

varia, 596.

ventralis, 579.

virescens, 583.

yetapa, 573.

Muscipeta aurantia, 603.

bimaculata, 591.

fuscata, 594.

Museisaxicola striaticeps,

575.
Muscivora tyrannus,

597.
Musopbaga rossae, 115.
Mycerobas carneipes,

446.
Myiadestes townsendi,

197.
Myiarchus cantans, 595.

ferox, 595.

stauffenbacberia-

nus, 589.
Myiochanes cinereus,

594.

pileatus, 594.

Myiodynastes solitarius,

592.
Myiopagis caniceps, 586.
Myioplioaeus teuiuiincki,

4<i4.

Myjospiza manimbe,

i;:)7.
Myiothora calcarata, 518.

■ loricata. 754.

nematura, 523.

strigilata, 754.

Myopornis boehmi, 127.
Myothera malura, 522.

mentalis, 521.

rufimarginatus,

521.
Myristicivora bicolor,

674.
Mvnneciza berlepscbi,

754.

margaritata, 753.

zeledoni, 754.

Myrmecocichla ajt,hiops

cryptoleuca, (595.

arnotti, 141.

crvptoleuca, 695.

lipura, 309.

melanura, 485.

nigra, 142.

Myrmoderus, 754.
Myrmopagis, 753.
Myraiorcbilus, 754.
Myr othera axillaris,

i53.

Xasiterna pusio, 752.
Necrosyrtes pileatus, 102.
Nectarinia dartmoutlii,

373, 558, 559.

kilimensis, 686.

metallica, 300.

^ ■ reichenowi, 685.

Neinei, 592.

Neisna kilimensis, 682.

nyan.saj, 558.

Nemosia fosteri, 630.

guira, 630.

pileata, 629.

paraguayen-

sis, 629.
Neocichla gutturalis,

137.

kelleni, 137.

Neopbema petropliila,

160, 742.

venusta, 198.

Xeopbron percnopterus,

38, 474.
Neopsit.tacus, 561.
Neositta pileata, 651.
Nesocharis ansorgii, 558.
Nesonetta aucklaudica,

50.
Nesophlox, 754.
Nestor prodtictus, 50.

3f

780

INPEX OF

Nebt.ion castaneum, 17*4,
1556.

creccn, 400, 4 GO.

gibberifrons, 174,

punctatum, 709.

Nettium gibberifrons,
174.

punctatum, 100.

Nettopus auritus, 100.
Nicator cbloris, 228.

gularis, 691.

Nilaus ai'er minor, 303,
691.

capensis, 303.

minor, 303, 691.

iiigritemporalis, 80,

229.
Ninox boobook, l.r)9, 106.
No-mula rubecnla, 276.
Nothura, maculosa, 58.

■ salvadorii, 363.

Notopboyx nova-hol-
landise, 176.

pacifica, 176.

Numenius americanus
parvus, 732.

arquata, 426.

phspopus, 126.

tenuirostris, 426,

710.
Nuniida coronata, 211.
— — marungensis, 85.

mitrata, 85.

ptilorhyncba, 327.

Nylibius jamaicensis,

550.
Nycticorax caledonicus,
"175.

griseus, 390, 475.

leueonotus, 98.

magnifica, 555.

nycticorax, 98.

Nyel idromus albicollis,

'207.
derbyanus,

267.

derbyanus, 267.

Nynaphicus, 359.
Nyroca brunnea, 709.

capensis, 101, 709.

ferina, 469.

ferruginea, 402.

Oceanodroma castro,

1-1-1, 723.

cryptoleucura. 72.'!.

Oclitliodromus geoffroyi,

182.
mongolicus, 182.

Octopteryx guira, 274.
Ocyphaps lopbotes, LS8.
Odontophorus baliolus,

735.
(Edemia fusca, 402.

nigra, 402.

(Edicnemus afTinis, 324.

capensis, 324.

scolopax, 415.

senegalensis, 366.

vermiculatus, 93.

CEna capensis, 87, 326.
(Estrelata haesitata, 50.

• macroptera, 186,

658.
Orcbilus auricularis,

578.
Oreicola ferrea haring-

tui.i. 748.
Oreocbaris arfaki, 211.
Oreocincla horsfieldi

affinis, 662.
Oriolusgalbula, 442,731,

kundoo, I 13.

larvatus, 260.

rolleti, 678.

notatus, 259.

rolleti, 678.

Ornismya aureiventris,
268.

eriphile, 209.

Ornithion obsoletum,
581,584.

obsoletum,

584.
( >ropezus, 754.
Orthorbamphus iragni-

rostris, 178, C»57.
Ortygospiza polygona,

300.
Osmotreron bicincta,
674.

olax, 674.

vernans, 074.

( Istinops viridis, 569.
( tabypbantes batesi, 435.
Otis denhami, 94.

gindiana, 323.

bumilis, o23.

kori, 94.

melanogaster, 93.

-tarda, 413, 475.

tetrax, 414.

Otocompsa jocosa, 734.
Otocorys albigu'a, 1 19.

alpestris penicillata

508.

bilopba, 481.

penicillata, 481.

Oxyechus tricollaris, 90.
Oxypyga scansor, 53 i.

Oxyrbampbua flammi-

ceps, .r>97.

paraguayen-

sis, 597.
Oxyrhynchus flammiceps,

597.

Pacliycepbala gilberti,
652.

lanioides, 742.

Pacbycoccyx validus,

116.
Pacbvrhampbus atrica-
pillus, 606.

castaneus, 003.

intermedins,

604.
— — intermedins, 001.

polycbroptcrus,

605.

rufus, 603.

viridis, 004.

Pachyrhyncbiis poly-
cbropterus, 605.

ruficeps, 603.

Pachysylvia pcecilolis,

613.
Palseornis exsul, 50.
Palonia de la months,
59.

parda mancbada,

60.

tapadas roxas,

63.

picui, 61.

roxiza, 62.

roxa y amarillo, 64.

Paludipasser locust el la,

251,716.
Paadiou leucocepbalus,

167.
Parahuteo unieinctus,

71.
Paradisea apoda, 198,
7.'54.

minor fiusclii. 549.

Paradisornis rudolpbi,

378.
Pararuytbia montium,

211.
Pardalotus punctatus,

650.
Parisoma blanfordi, 300.

boelimi, 306.

holospodimn, 223.

plumbeum, 127.

Paroaria cucullata, 640.
Parra jacana, 68.
Panda pitiayumi, 610.
Purus afer, 79.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

781

Parus albivenier, 687.

• ater phoeonotua,

505.

bokliarensis, 454.

cceruleus, 47S; 490.

cceruleus, 506.

persieus. 500.

flavi pectus, 454.

insignis, 230.

lugubris dub.'us,

492.
hyrcanus, 492,

505.

major, 483.

— blanfordi, 492,

505, 506.

caspius, 505.

major, 492,

51 to.
748.

teme-aanctje,

masukuensis, 230.

niger, 229.

insignia, 230.

parvirostris. 230.

rufiventris, 79, 230.

rufonuchalis, 454.

thruppi, 301.

Passer ammodendri, 447.
castanopterus, 2915,

567.

cinnamomeus, 297.

crassirostris, 683.

diffusus, 242, GS4,

734.

domesticus, 7.

indicus, 512.

gongonensis, 683.

hispauiolensis, 7,

447.

transcaspicus,

513.

indicus, 446.

moabiticus, 476,

479.

montanus, 446, 513.

salicarius, 513.

swainsoni, 297.

yatei, 297.

Pnsserella iliaca siuuosa,

745.
Passerherbulus, 196.
Pastor roseus, 18, 442,

516.
Pavo nmticus, 672.
Pavoncella, 196.
Pecho amarillo, 579.
Pedilorhynchus brevi-

rostris, 223.
Pelagodroma marina,

723.

Pelecanus carbo, 386.

conspicillatus, 171.

Crispus, 387.

onocrotalus, 387.

philippinensis, (i64.

Pelicinius cruentua, 302.
Peltohyas austral is, 742.
Penthestes rufeacens

vivax, 745.
Penthetria albonotata,

248.
ardens, 246.

hartlaubi, 247.

Pentbetriopsia macrura,

248.
Pepoaza, 571.

iruper6, 572.

Perdix cinerea, 408.
Pernis apivorus, 43, 468.
Perissornis carunculatua,

261,292.
Petroeea campbelli, 051.

goodenovii, 654.

Petronia petronia, 447.

intermedia,

513.

petronelia, 241.

pyrgtta, 296.

stulta, 8, 447, 479,

513.
Petrophila angolensis,

139.
Phacelodromus bergi-

anus, 528.

ruber, 528.

rufipennis, 528.

striaticeps, 523.

Phaceloscenus, 754.
Phoenostictus, 754.
Phasomyias murina, 583.
Phaetbornia adolphi

saturatus, 755.

longirostris verre-

crucis, 7o4.

Pbalacrocorax africanus,

101.

carbo, 386.

graculus, 386.

hypoleueus, 172.

melanoleucus, 1 72.

stilcirostris, 173.

Phalaropua fulicarius,

766.

hypprboreus, 197.

Pbaps clialcoptera, 188.

elegans, 188.

Phasianus colchicus^OO.

persieus, 510.

principalis, 734.

: talischensis, 516.

zerafshauicus, 472.

Pbeugopediua mysfcacalia
Baltuensia, 735.

spadix, 735.

Philomela golzi, 694.

luscinia luscinia,

500.
Philydor atricapillus,
530.

licbtensteini, 529.

rufo-brunneua, 754.

rufus, 529.

virgatus, 754.

Phlegopsia maccleannani,

754.
Phoenicopterus, sp. inc.,
99.

roseus, 393, 474.

Phcenicotbraupis rubica,

626.
Pholidauges leucogaster,
292.

verreauxi, 677.

Pliolidoruis denti, 558.
Phonygama keraudreni,

372.
Phrygilus alaudinus

venturii, 363.
Plivllauthus czarnikowi,

558.
Phvlliatrephua atrepi-

tana, 697.
Phyllomyias burraeisteri,
583.

subviridis, 583.

vireseens, 583.

Pbylloscartea ventralia,

579.
Pbylloscopus collybita
tristis, 501.

godsoni, 555.

humii, 456.

occipitalis, 457.

superciliosus, 567,

731.

tristis, 364, 456.

troehilus, 150.

troehilus, 501.

viridanua, 364, 457.

Phyllostrophus cervini-
yentris, 134.

flavigula, 135.

pallidigula,

134.

occidentalis, 134.

pallidigula, 134.

pauper, 698.

strepitans, 135,697.

■ suabelicus, 698.

Piaya cayaua macroura,

272.
macrura, 272.

3f2

782

INDEX OF

Pica caerulea, 646.

chrysops, 646.

leucoptera, 441.

pica bactriana, 515.

rustica, 20.

Pieaflorea cola de Topa-
cbio, 268.

pecho de Canela,

268.

Pico cola de pala, 599.
de plat a, 575.

de punzon azul y

bianco, 629.

bianco azulejo, 619.

canela, 624.

■ celeste

de pecbo oro, 616.

negro, 618.

negro

azul y bianco, 629.

bianco cabeza celeste,

619.

grueso azul, 632.

azulejo, (531.

cejita blanca,

633.
■ gargantilla,

635.
■ pardo y ca-
nela, 634.
Picoides americanus

fumipeetus, 204.
Picolaptes aflinis neglee-

tus, 754.

angustirostris, 534.

fuscus, 533.

apol bet us, .">■">.'!.

koeniswaldianus,

533.

tenuirostris, 533.

apothetus,

533.

Picuinnus canus, 735.

cirratus, 284.

- — - tucumanus,

363.

■ pilcomayensis, 284.

Picus, sp. inc.. 26.

i auratus, 278.

aurulentus, 278.

campestris, 277.

candidus, 279.

cristatus, 279.

— dominicanus, 280.

erythrops, 283.

flavifrons, 280.

galeatus, 284.

Picus lineahis, 283.

martins, 494, 552.

■ olivinus, 281.

robustus, 282.

spilogaster, 281.

syriacus, 487.

Pionopsittacus pileatus,

264.
Pipilo personata, 640.
Pipra caudata, 51)9.

chloris, 598.

fasciata, GOO.

fasciicauda, 600.

fasciicauda,

600.

flavogaster, 585.

longicauda, 599.

— pectoralis, (523.

Pipridea melanonota,
624.

venezuelensis,

624.

Pipritea chloris, 598.

Piririgiia, 274.

Pisobia ruficollis, 179.

Pisorbina capensis, 106.

Pitador, 590.

Pitangus bolivianus, 589.

sulpburatus bolivi-
anus, 590.

Fithecopbaga jefferyi,
198, 285, 758.

Pitohui aruensis nigro-
pectus, 372.

incertus, 372.

Pitta douglasi, 715.

piroensis, 752.

rubrinucba, 752.

Pizorhina choliba, 75.
Planesticus migratorius

caurinus, 204.

tristis rubicundus,

200.

Platalea leucorodia, 392.
Platycercus icterotis,
163, 655,

xanthogenys,

163.

occidentalis, 102.

unicolor, 50.

xanthogenys, 163,

655.
Platycichla venezuelensis

atra, 199.
Platypsaris atricapillus,

603.
Platyrhynchus auricu-

laris, 578.

cinereus, 594.

coronata, 593.

inurinus, 583.

Platyrliyncbus mysta-

ceus, 577.

platyrliyncbus, 577.

polychropterus,

605.

rostratus, 577.

sulphureseens, 587.

Platystira jack.soni, 129.
Pleotropterus gamben&is,

99, 212.

niger, 212.

Plegadis autumnalis, 95.
falcinellus, 95, 177,

392.
Ploceipasser pectoralis,

250.
Ploceus bojeri, 683.

insignis, 682.

meianoxantlms,

682.

reichenowi, 683.

spekei, 683.

vitellinus, 295.

xantbops, 683.

PL it us nova>hollandia3,

172,050.

rufua, 101.

Podager nacunda, 260.
Podargus slrigoides, 159.
Podicipes auritus, 431.

— ca]iensis, 710.

cristatus, 435.

fluviatilis, 432.

nigricollis, 432.

novse-bollandia3,

186, 658.
Pcecilonetta erythro-

rhyncha, 101, 709.
Pceocepbalus angolensis,

107.

fuscicapillus, 707.

fuscicollis, 360.

meyeri saturatus,

107.

ruiiventris, 320.

saturatus, 107.

Pogonotriccus eximius,

580.
Poicephalus rufirentris,

320.
Poliohierax semi-

torquatua, 322.
Polioptila lactea, 607.
melanocephala,

607.
Poliospiza angolensis,

243.

gularis, 242.

melanocbroa, 242.

pallid ior, 297.

tristriata, 297.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

783

Polyboroides typicus,

', 09.
Polyboms cbimango, 69.

tharus, 6 '.

vulgaris, 69.

Polyp lectron katsumatas,

55i >.
Pouiatorhinus erythro-

genys. 569.
Pouiatorhynchus an-

chietaj, 22iJ.
australis congener,

228.
jamesi, 301.

senegaleusis, 228,

688.

Poospiza melanoleuca,

64U.

nigrorufa, 640.

personata, 640.

Porphyrio bellus, 187.

cyanicullis, 66.

cyauoleucos. 66.

porphyrio, 89.

Porphyriula martiuica,

66. '
Porphyrocephalus

spurius, 163.
Porzana auricularis,

560.

bailloni, 411, 478,

491.

maruetla, 410.

pirva, 411.

pluiubea, 187.

pusilla, 470.

Potamolegus superciliaris

furyicollis, 72.
Pratincola maura, 310,

461.

rubetra, 497.

noskas, 497.

rubicola umura, 497.

torqnata, 142.

Premnornis, 754.
Prmia gracilis striata,

366.
leucopogon, 154.

mystacea, 155,

«93.

Prionites ruficapillus,

265.
Prionops cristatus, 304.

- taiacoma, 225.
Prionopsittaca pileata,

264.
Procellaria pelagica, 431.

puffinus, 4ol.

Prccnias ca-rulea, 620.

tersa, 6-0.

viridis, 620.

Prodotiscus regulus,

119.
Proguo cbalybea domes-
tica, 607.

domestica, 607.

Proparus brunueus argu-
tus, 555.

guttaticollis, 204.

nipalensis rufescen-

tior, 555.
Prunelli, 747.

collaris ripponi,

748.

fulvescens dresseri,

748.
Psaris brasiliensis, 601.
Psephotus chrysoptery-
gius blaauwi, 371.

multicolor, 160.

Pseudoleistes guirahuro,

642.
Pseudotantalus cinereus,
661.

ibis, 95.

Psittacula passerina, 264.

vivida, 2H4.

Psittacus chiripepe, 263.

erytlirocepbalus,

264.

leucopbthalmus,

2d3.

passerina, 264.

pileatus, 264.

princeps, 729.

semitorquatus, 161.

Psit'euteles johnsto^ae,

561.
Pternistes, 749.

crancbi, 84.

int'uscatus, 327.

leucoscepus infus-

catus, 327.

melanogaster, 84.

■ swainsoni, 84.

Pterocles alchata, 40."),
406, 471.

arenarius, 405, 406,

471, 488.

bicinctus, 86.

exustus, 405, 406.

senegalus, 48'J, 567.

Pteroclurus alcbata, 471.

exustus, 326.

Pteroglossus attalorhyn-
cbus, 276.

castanotis, 276.

Pterutbius ricketti, 205.
Ptilopachys fuscus, 734.
Ptilotis, 549.

-t ery thro pleura

lorenzi, 372.

Ptilotis ornata, 648.

sonora, (>4'J.

Puffin us barolii, 491.

carneipes, (>58.

■ edwardsi, 7-3.

gravis, 43 1.

- kulili, 431, 491.

major, 431.

maris, 723.

yelkouanus, 431.

Pycnouotus arsinoe, 311.

somaliensis,

311.

layardi, 135, 697.

sinensis lbrinosae,

555.

xantbopygus, 486.

Pycnorhamplms car-
neipes, 44t>.
Pyrocephalus rubineus,

593.
Pvromelana crassirostris,
558.

flammiceps, 249,

679.

nigrifrons, 249.

— fcaha, 250.

xanthomeliBua, 250.

xanthomelas, 1 179.

Pyrrboconia ruflceps,

628.
Pynhocorax alpinus,
442.

graculus, 442, 515.

Pyrrhula ca^rulesceus,

glaucocaerulea, 632.

pyrrhula caspica,

511.

europasa, 512.

pyrrhula, 512.

rossikowi, 512.

waterstradti, 210.

Pyrrbulauda nigriceps,

723.
Pyrrhura chiripepe, 263.

vittata, 203.

chiripepe 263.

Pytelia at'ra, 254, 680.

belli, 558.

nitidula, 676. 681.

schlegeli, 681.

Quelea aetbiopica, 679.

cardinalis, 250.

intermedia, 679.

lathami, 250.

quelea, 679.

sanguinirostris

sethiopica, 679.
Querquedula circia, 399,

784

INDEX OF

Querquetlula crecca, 400.
discors, 738.

Eallus aquaticus, 410,

470, 517.

chiricote, 65.

nigricans, 65.

rythirbyncbus, 65.

Eecurvirostra avocetta,

419.
Eegulus cristatus crista-

tus, 507.

■ bimalayensis, 453.

satrapa clarus, 200.

Eengerornis leucopbtbal-

nius, 584.
Ehamphastus discolorus,

275.

■ toco, 275.

Ehamphoccelus festse, 743.
Ebeinbardtius nigres-

cens, 210.

ocellatus, 203.

nigrescens,

203.
Ebinocbetus jubatus,

359.
Ehinopomastus cyano-

melas, 707.
scbalowi, 79,

112, 706.

minor, 318.

scbaluwi, 112, 707.

Ebinoptilus bisignatus,

709.

bartingi, 324.

— — cbalcopterus, 93.

cinctus, 324.

bartingi, 324.

seebobnii, 93.

Ehipidura tricolor, 549,

654.
Ebodopechys sanguinea,

449,511.
Ehodostetbia rosea, 50,

740.
Ebopoctites, 754.

alogus, 735.

Ebopodytes tristis bain-
anus, .^55.
Eboporchilus, 754.
Ebyacophilus glareola,

90.
Ehyncbocyclus grises-

cens, 588.

sulpburescens, 587-

Ebyncbops flavirostris,

89.
Ebvucbostrutlius louisa?,

296.
percivali, 296.

Ebyncbotus rufescens,

57.
Eiparia cincta, 124.

obsolela, 313.

Eostratula capensis, 91.
Euticilla cajruleocephala,

460.

erytbronota, 460.

nattereri saturate,

72.

pbcenicurus, 500.

Eupornis pucberani, 72.
rufiventris, 308,

460. 500.
titys, 500.

Salpornis salvadorii, 79,

231.
Saltatorrubicus, 626.
Sapayoa seaigma, 556.
Sarcidioruia inelanota,

100.
Sarotbrura buryi, 291.
Saucerottea cyanura

guatemalae, 200.
Sauropbagus bolivianus,

589.
Saurothura buryi, 325.
Saxicola cbrysopygia,

497.

deserti, 219, 310,

463, 486.

falkensteini, 143.

finscbi, 463.

isabellina, 310, 461,

497.
leucomela, 310,

4*5.

leucopyga, 486.

melanoleuca, 486.

moesta, 486.

morio, 310, 358,

462, 485.

occidentalis mela-
noleuca, 497.

cenanthe, 309, 461,

462.

cenantbe, 497.

opistboleuca, 462.

phillipsi, 310.

pileata, 695.

plescbanka, 310,

358, 731.

somalica, 310.

vittata, 310.

Sceloglaux albii'acies, 50.
JSchizorbis concolor,

116.

leucogaster, 316.

Schcenicola apicalis,

148.

Schoemophylax, 754.
fjcbceniparus super-

ciliaris, 205.
Sclerurus caudacutus

scansor, 531.

scansor, 531.

umbretta, 531.

Scolopax cyprius, 422.

gallinago, 420.

media, 420,

paraguay as. 68.

rusticula, 420, 488.

■ brasilianus, 75.

brucii, 467.

cyprius, 33.

giu, 33, 493.

leucotis, 320.

Scopus umbretta, 96,

324.
Scotocerca inquieta,

4S4.
Scototborus unicolor,

601.
Sericornis arfakiana

nouhuysi, 372.

balstoni, (553.

maculata, 653.

Serinus capistratus, 244.

citrinelloides, 684.

hortulanus, 6.

icterus, 243.

maculicollis, 298.

pusillus, 445, 511.

serinus, 371.

sbarpii, 243.

Serpentarius secretarius,

102.
Serpophaga sinnamo-

cephala, 613.

subcristata, 531.

Setopbaga aurocapilla,

615.
Sigmodusgraculinus, 691.
■ retzii graculinua,

691.

• tricolor, 225.

Hptornis steinbachi, 363.
Sirystes sibilator, 590.
Sisopygis icteropbrys,

574.
Sitagra crocata, 257.
Sitta europsea cassia,

492, 504.

■ caucasica, 504.

— pet sica, 492,

504.
neumayeri neu-

mayeri, 4i»2, 505.
tscbitscberiui,

492.
rubiffinosa, 504.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

/bo

SiUatepbron ita, 453.
SillnsDinuseritliaciis, 531.
Smicrornis brevirustri's,

654.
Smilorliis kilimensis,

703.
Sraif hornis camerunensis,
558.

capensis, 129.

rufolateralis, 458.

sharpei, 558.

Somateria spectabilis,

766.
Sparvi us ruflcollis, 70.

striatus, 755.

Spatula clypeata, 398,

761.
Speotyto cunicularia, 77.

grallaria, 77.

grallaria, 77.

hypogiea, 569.

Sperinestes nigriceps,
J 98, 679.

scut iLus, 250.

Spenuophila casrules-
cens, 6 i5.

inelanocephala, 633.

ruflcollis, 634.

Spermospiza poliogenys,

558.
Spbenoeercus apicicauda,
673.

oxyurus, 673.

■ robinsoni, (i73.

seimuncli, 672.

Spbeuopyga anuuibi,

527.
Spinus citrinelloides,
684.

icfcerica, 635.

icterieus campes-

tris, 636.
Spizaetus nepalensis,

560, 665.
Spizocorys razae, 723.
Sporrcginthus subflavus,

254.
Sporophila caarulescens,
«35.

hypoxantha, 634.

inelanocephala, 633.

luelano-
cephala, 633.

pileata paraguay-

ensis, 634.

ruflcollis, 634.

Spreo albicapillus, 293.

liiklebrandti shel-

leyi, 293.

■ sbelleyi, 293.

bUperbiiS; 293.

Squatarola helvetica,

416.
Stacbyridopsis sinensis,

205.
Stachyris cbrysops, 662.

davisoni, 670.

Stactolajina ancbietse,

120.
Steganura paradisea,

246.
Stephanibyx coronatus,

324.
Sterna anglica, 428, 470.

bergii, 185.

caspia, 428.

fluviatilis, 427.

minuta, 428, 470.

nereis, 185.

Stietonetta nodosa, 173.
Stipiturus malacurus,
652.

ruficeps, 742.

Strepsilas interpres, 359.
Streptoprocne zonans

mexicana, 754.
Strix brasiliana, 78.

choliba, 75.

cunicularia, 77.

f'erox, 78.

flaminea, 35, 106.

grallaria, 77.

passerina, 34.

Struthio camelus, 490.

indicus, 760.

ruolybdophanes,

759.
Sturnus poltaratzskyi, 17,

18.

porphyronotus, 17.

purpurascens, 17,

442.
vulgaris, 16, 442,

516.

caucasicus,

516.

Suiriri, 576.

cabeza y rabadilla

de canela, 574.

chorrcado, 575.

debaxj, 596.

sin roxo, 587.

— fcodo, 592.

guazu, 596.

negro pico celeste,

574.

— — obscuro y amarillo,

574.

ordinario, 587.

pardo amarillo

' layor, 595.

- - suiriri, 587.

Sula bassana, 491.

capensis, 212.

Surniculus lugubris, 604.
Suruoua, 270.
Syealis pelzelni, 636.
iSycobrotus biculor, 256.

insignis, 682.

Sylvia affinis, 456.

albifrons, 638.

atricapilla, 305, 500,

734.

borin, 217.

cbivi, 612.

cinurea, 305, 456,

501.

communis icterops,

501.

conspicillafca, 483.

curruca, 219.

familiaris, 457.

herbicola, 641.

hortensis, 217.

leucoblepham, 6 15.

melanothorax, 216.

minuscula, 456.

mystacea, 501.

nana, 456.

■ orpbea, 484.

jerdoni, 500.

pectoralis, 579.

phrygonopbila, 526,

754.

pitiayumi, 616.

rubescens, 501.

rueppelli, 484.

russeula, 52H.

simplex, 149, 218.

tpeciosa, 619.

subalpina albo-

striata, 366.

subcristata, 581.

sylvia, 305.

velata, 617.

viridicata, 584.

Sylviella brachyura, 692.

■ denti, 558.

gaikwari, 306.

micrura, 306, 692.

ruficapilla, 153.

whytii, 154, 692.

>ylvietta gaikwari, 306.

• leucopsis, 306, 692.

whytei, 692.

Synallaxis albescens, 525.

hypuleuca,

754.

(Barnesia) cururuvi,

524.

cinerascens 525.

cinnainomea, 526.

russeola, 526.

786

INDEX OF

Synallaxis erythrops, 754.

frontalis, 52 1.

furvicaudatus, 525.

major, 528.

pbryganopbila, 526.

ruficapilla, 524.

spixi, 525

Syncecus sordidus, 658.
Syrniuin aluco aluco.

492, 493.
■ sancti-nicolai,

492, 494.

woodfordi, 106.

Syrrhaptes paradoxus,

331, 472.

Taobnri eabezadeplonio,

578.
■ pardo vientre de

perla, 578.

rey, 584.

Tacbybaptes fluviatilis,

432.
Taebycineta leucorrboa,

607.
Tai-l)\)>bonus coronatus,

627.

quadricolor, 628.

ruficeps, 628.

Tadorna casarca, 398,

731.

cornuta, 397.

Taenioptera irupero, 572,

57:;.

nengeta, 571.

Tanagra bonariensis,

014.

— cbloroptera, 6l'.">.

formosa, 625.

melanonota, 624.

nigricollis, 623.

pileata, 629.

■ sayaca. 625.

violacea, 622.

viridis, 620.

Tantalus loeulator, 212.
Tapera naevia, 273.

(Piplopterus)

i sevia, 550.

Tarsiger orientalis, 700.

■ ruwenzorii, 558.

Tchitrea pluinbeiceps,

79, 130, 701.

- viridis, 313, 701.
Teleplionus erytbro-

pterus, 688.

jamesi, 301.

Telmatias gallinago, 420.
Tephrocorys cinerea,

240.

Tepbrodornis bainanus,

715.
Teratornis merriami,

380.
Terpsipbone atrocaudata,

7-.y.

cristata, 313.

owstoni, 749.

plumbeiceps, 701.

viridis, 701.

Tersina caarulea, 620.
1 erutero 6 Teteu, 67.
Tetrao alchata, 406.
letraogallus himalay-

ensis, 473.
Tetrax campestris, 414.
Textor albirostris, 224.
Ibalurania eriphile, 269.

eriphile, 269.

Thamnolasa sbelleyi, 79,

141.
Tbaiunopbilus auratus,

520.

cairulescens, 520.

llavescens, 521.

guttatus, 519.

■ rodrigue-

zianus, 519.

■ ocbrus, 520.

■ radiatus, 520.

■ rodrigueziamis, 519.

ruins, 606.

Ibarrbaleus jerdoni,

198.
Tbcristieus hagedasb,

95.
Thrasyaccipiter seiui-

nocturnis, 70.
Thripias namaquue, 122.

schoensis, 314, 7<I2.

Thripophaga sclateri,

754.
Tiaris tortugensis, 199.
Tichodroma muraria,

434, 452.
Tinamus maculosus, 58.

rufescens, 57.

■ solitarius, 55.

tao, 550.

tataupa, 55.

undulatus, 57.

Tingazu, 272.
Tnmunculus alaudarius,

46.

cencbris, 47.

naumanni, 368.

rupicola, 368.

rupicoloides, 368.

sparverius cinna-

ruoininus, 74.
vespertinus, 46.

Titvra atricapilla, 602,

603.

brasiliensis. 601.

castanea, 603.

inquisitor, 602.

rui'a, 603.

viridis, 604.

Tixereta, 597.
TmetothylHCUS tencllus,

676, 685.
Todirostrum margari-

taeeiventer, 578.

surinamense, 753.

Todus platvihymlius,

577.

rostratus, 577.

Tordo corona de canela,

642.

coronado y negro,

627.

negro cobijas de

canela, 644.

y vario, 643.

Totanus calidris, 423,

475.

canescer.s, 424.

f'uscus, 424.

glareola, 90, 366,

425.

glottis, 424.

bypoleucus, 425.

ochropus, 425, 469.

pugnax, 710.

— — punctatus, 67.

solitarius, 67, 197.

stagnalis, 424.

stagnatilis, 424,

569, 709.
Trachyphonus cafer, 121,

198, 569.

erytbrocepbalus,

315.

margaritatus, 220,

314.

■ sbelleyi, 314.

versicolor, 315.

Tropadore comun, 534.

grande, 532.

Treron nipalensis, 674.
Trichoglossua nigri-
gularis, 569.

novae-bollandia?,

741.

Tricbolaenia blandi, 315.
Tricbotbraupis mela-
nops, 628.

quadricolor, 628.

Tringa alpina, 422.

canutus, 178. 766.

erassirosfris, 178.

miuuta, 422.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

787

Tringa ruficollis, 179.

solitaria, 67.

■ subarquata, 1/9,

422.

- — varia, 416, 423.
Tringites ruf'escens, 740.
Tringuides hypoleucus,

90, 180, 325,' 425, 549.
Trochilus, 196, 554.

evelynse, 754.

ruficollis, 269.

Trochocercus bcdfordi,

558. _

bivittatus, 701.

vivax, 130.

Troglodytes cobbi, 716.

furvus, 614.

musculus, 614.

guarixa, 614.

musculus, 614.

pallidus, 464.

parvulus, 504.

hyrcanus, 504.

■ troglodytes kaby-

lorura, 748.

ogavse, 748.

szetschuanus,

748.

taivanus, 748.

Trogon atricollis, 270.

lnelanocepkalus

illastabilis, 734.

rufus, 270.

■ surrucura, 270.

Trvpanocorax frugilegus,

441.
Tueai, 275.
Tucano Tutu, 265.
Turacua fischeri, 704.

livingstonii, 115.

marungensis,

115.
Tui'dinulus granti, 662.

roberti haiiianus,

555.

Turdus albicollis, 608.

albiventer, 609.

ainaurocbalinus,

611.
- atrigularis, 459,

499.

brevicaudus, 522.

citrinua aurimacula,

555.

fuscater, 734.

iliacus, 499.

leucomelas, 611.

ludovicias, 308.

merula, 364, 459.

aterrima, 498.

■ syriacus, 498.

Turdus inetaloplionus,

609.

musicus, 747.

musicus. 498.

philomelus, 747.

pilaris, 458.

ruficollis, 711.

rufiventris, 610, 642.

storinsi, 138.

triurus, 608.

tropicalis, 81.

viscivorus, 458, 499.

Turnix varia, 190.
Turtur ambiguus, 87.

cambayensis, 471.

capicola damarensis,

87.
chinensishainanus,

555.
communis, 404, 470,

488.
— ■ — damarensis, 87.

decaocto, 404.

decipiens, 359.

ferrago, 471.

roseogriseus, 325.

■ semitorquatus, 86,

325.
■ senegalensis, 87,

325, 405, 471.

tigrinus, 675.

Tympanistria tympani-

stria, 88.
Tyrannula caniceps, 586.
Tyrannus albicollis, 587.

■ irupero, 572.

melancholis, 596.

peponza, 571.

j ixosus, 576.

solitarius, 592.

violentus, 597.

Upupa africana, 111.

epops, 30, 465, 487.

major, 366.

■ — saturata, 206.

typica, 366.

intermedia, 317.

somaliensis, 317.

Uraeginthus bengalus,

255.

ianthinogaster, 295.

phoanicotis, 255.

Uroaetus audax, 170.
Urobrachya bocagii, 249.

hildebrandti, 678.

zanzibarica, 678.

Urolais maria?, 725.
Urraca celeste, 646.
Urutiitinga urubitinga,

73.

Urubitinga zonura, 73.
Urucurea, 77.

Vanellus cayanensis, 67.

vulgaris, 416, 418.

Veneejillo, 268.
Veniliornis olivinus, 281,
282.

spilogasfer, 281.

Vermivora, 19fi.

pi n lis, 197.

Vidua hypocberina. 673.

principalis, 678.

serenn, 245, 078.

Vinago delalandii, 86.

schalowi, 86.

waalia, 325.

wakefieldi, 86.

Vireo elnvi. 611.
A'ireosylvia cbivi, 612.
Vultur monachus, 36.

Xantbocephalus xantho-

cepbalus, 197.
Xanthomelas ardens, 372.
Xenicopsis acritus, 530.
Xenocicla pallidigula,

134.
Xenocopsychus ansorgei,

362.
Xenops argobroncbus,

530.

rutilus, 530.

Xerophila nigricincta,

761.
Xiphidiopterus albiceps,

90.
Xiphocolaptes albicollis,

532.
paranensis,

532.
■ major, 532.

paranensis, 532.

Xiphorhyncbus flavigas-

ter yucatanensis, 754.

lacrymosus rostra-

tus, 754.

puuetigulainsolitis,

754.

rosenbergi, 735.

Yabana, bianco y celeste,

66.
y pardo acane-

lado, 66.

celeste y verde, 06.

garganta celeste, 66.

Yapacabii obscuro, 65.

pardo, 05.

Yipeni, 573.
\nambu Guazu, 57.

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Ynambu listado, 56.

mocoicogoe, 55.

Tataupa, 55.

Ynambui, 58.

Zenaida auriculata,

60.
aurita. 60.

Zenaida maculatar60.

virgata, 60.

Zonasginthus oculatus,

648.
Zonifer tricolor, 182,

«57.
Zonotrichia albicollis,

731.
pileata, 637.

Zorzal obscuro y roxp,

610.
Zosterops abyssinica, 301.

anderssoni, 231.

balstoni, 651.

goukli, 650.

shortriclgii, 650.

virens, 232.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

1910.

Africa : Hartert on some recently dis-
covered birds from, noticed, 362 ;
Baunerman on a collection of birds
made in British East, 070 ; Jackson
on the Francolins of East, noticed,
748.

Alaska, Grinnell on birds from, noticed,
203, 745.

Alexander, Boyd : death of, 568 ;
Ogilvie-Grant on the ornithological
work of the late, 716.

' Annals of Scottish Natural History,'
noticed, 358, 730.

' Annals of the Transvaal Museum,'
noticed, 195.
Aquila,' noticed, 195.

Arabia, Oarruthers on a collection of
birds from North-western, 475.

Argentine birds, Hartert and Venturi
on, noticed, 363.

Arrigoni degli Oddi, E., letter from, on
the occurrence of the Saker Falcon in
Tunisia, 216 ; letter from, on a white
specimen of the Shoveller, 761.

4 Auk,' ' The,' noticed, 190, 731.

Australia : Ogilvie-Grant on a collec-
tion of birds from Western, with
field-notes by Mr. G. C. Shortridge,
Part II., 156 ; North on a new species
of Acanthiza from Western, noticed,
207 ; North on the nests and eggs of
birds found breeding in, noticed, 307 ;
Carter on some birds of Western, 647 ;
North on a new Honey-eater from
Western, noticed, 753 ; note on G. M.
Mathews' new work on ibe birds of,
700.

Australasian Ornithologists' Union :
present to the B. O. U. of cinemato-
graph films, 381.

'Avicultural Magazine,' noticed, 197,
359, 733.

Bangs collection of American birds,
note on the, 380.

Bangs, O. : notes on some rare or not
well-known Costarican birds, noticed,
734 ; new or rare birds from Western
Colombia, noticed, 734 ; unrecorded
specimens of two rare Hawaiian birds,
noticed, 735.

Baunerman, D. A. : on a collection of
birds made in Northern Somaliland
by Mr. G. W. Bury, 291 ; correction,
567 ; on a collection of birds made by
Mr. A. B. Percival in British East
Africa, with field-notes by the collec-
tor, 676.

Bates, G. L., news of, 223.

Beaufort, L. F. de, birds from Dutch
New Guinea, noticed, 548.

Beebe, C. W. : ecology of the Hoatzin,
noticed, 549 ; an ornithological recon-
naissance of N.E. Venezuela, noticed,
550 ; racket-formation in the tail-
feathers of the Motmots, noticed, 551 ;
three cases of a supernumerary toe in
the Broad-winged Hawk, noticed,
551.

Beebe, Mary B. and C. William, ' Our
Search for a Wilderness,' noticed,
735.

Bentham, T., a new species of Indian
Sun-bird, noticed, 736.

Berlin Zoological Gardens, a rare Jay
in the, 568.

Bidwell, E., letter from, on some frag-
ments of fossil egg-shell of Indian
Ostrich, 759.

700

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Bonhote, J. Lewis, ' Migration Notes
from North Holland,' noticed,
198.

Bowles, J. H., and Dawson, W. L.,
' The Birds of Washington,' noticed,
360.

British birds, new. 569.

'British Bird Book,' noticed, 749.

British Museum, report on ths, for
1909,714.

British Ornithologists' Union, Pro-
ceedings at the 1910 Annual General
Meeting of the, 535.

Bucknill, J. A., on the Ornithology of
Cyprus, Part II. 1, Part III. 385.

California, Grinned on three new Song-
Sparrows from, noticed, 203.

Calif or nian Museum, letter from J.
Grrinnell on the new, .'174.

Cambridge University, Gadow on the
ornithological collections of, 47.

' Camps and Cruises of an Ornitholo-
gist,' noticed, 552.

Canadian birds, Macoun's catalogue of,
noticed, 55l>.

Carrutbers, 1).: on the birds of the
Zarafechan Basin in Russian Turkes-
tan, 436; on a collection of birds
from the Dead Sea and North-
western Arabia, with contributions to
the Ornithology of Syria and Pales-
tine, 475.

Carlo-, T., remarks on some birds of
Western Australia, (>47.

Caspian Sea, Witherby on a collection
of birds from the south coast of the,
491.

Chapman, F. M., 'Camps and Cruises
ol an Ornithologist,' noticed, 552.

' Cheshire,' Coward's ' Fauna of,' no-
ticed, 738.

Chubb, C, on the birds of Paraguay,
Part 1. 53, Part II. 263, Part 111.
517, Part IV. 571.

Cinematographic films presented to the
B. O. U. by the Australasian Ornitho-
logists' Union, 381.

Clark, A. H. : on the birds of the
North Pacific, noticed, 551 ; on a
collection of birds from Korea, no-
ticed, 737.

Colombia, Bangs on new or rare birds
from Western, noticed, 734.

Congoland : Neave on the birds of
Northern Rhodesia and the Katanga
district of, Part I. 78, Part II. 225 ;
Salvadori on birds from, noticed,
210.

Congress, Proceedings of the Fifth
International Ornithological, 710.

Cory, C. B. : ' The Birds of the Lee-
ward Islands,' noticed, 199 ; ' The
Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin,'
noticed, 553.

Costarica, Bangs on birds from, no-
ticed, 734.

Coward, T. A., 'Fauna of Cheshire,'
noticed, 738.

Cow-bird, Grinnell on a new, noticed,
362.

Crossbills, Whitaker on the great in-
vasion in 1909 of, 331.

Cyprus : Bucknill on the Ornithology
of, Part II. 1, Part III. 385; letter
from Kev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the
Ornithology of, 210.

Darien, Festa on birds from Ecuador

and, noticed. 743.
Dawson, W. L., and Bowles, J. H.,

' The Birds of Washington,' noticed,

360.
Dead Sea, Carruthers on a collection of

birds from the, 475.
Dearborn, N, Catalogue of a collection

of birds from Guatemala, noticed,

200.
Desert Wheatear, Cecilia Picchi on the

occurrence in Italy of the, 219.
Dewar, D., and Finn, F., ' The Making

of Species.' noticed, 200.
Dresser, H. E., 'Eggs of the Birds of

Europe &c.,' noticed, 201, 739.
Dubois, A., on Buceros sharpii, noticed,

202.

Eagle-Owls, Rothschild and Hartert on

the. noticed, 560.
Eaton, E. H., 'Birds of New York,'

noticed, 740.
Ecuador, Festa on birds from Darien

and, noticed, 743.
Egyptian birds, Whymper on, noticed,

214.
Elburz Mountains, Witherby on a col-
lection of birds from the, 491.
Elliott, D. G., remarks on the species of

the genus Rheinardtius, noticed, 2U3.
' Emu,' ' The,' noticed, 741.
Europe, Lodge's Bird-hunting through

wild, noticed, 205.

Feeding-habits of British birds, note on
the. investigation of the, 221.

Festa, E., on birds from Darien and
Ecuador, noticed, 743.

INDEX OF CONTEXTS.

791

Field, N. IT., letter from, on attaching
"authorities'' to scientific names, 376.

Finn, F., and Dewar, D.', ' The Making
of Species,' noticed, 200.

Fossil bird, a new gigantic. 380.

Francolins, Jackson on the East African,
noticed, 748.

Gadow, IT., the ornithological collec-
tions of the University of Cambridge,
47.

Gambia, TTopkinson on the birds of, no-
ticed, 224.

' Genera Avium,' noticed, Part IX. 555,
Part X. 561, Parts XL, XII. 560.

Geographical distribution of birds,
Nicholson on the, noticed, 365.

Ghigi, A., on the Silver-Pheasants, no-
ticed, 361.

Giglioli, IT. H., obituarial notice of,
194 ; biographical notice of the late,
537.

Giza Zoological Gardens, Nicoll on the
birds observed in the, noticed, 366.

Gladstone, H. S., letter from, on the
first occurrence of the Yellow-browed
Warbler on the mainland of Scotland,
567.

Godman, F. D., ' Monograph of the
Petrels,' noticed, 744.

Golden Engle, Macpherson on the home-
life of a, noticed, 207.

Grant, W. R Ogilvie- (see Ogilvie-
Grant, W. R.).

Greenland, note on birds of North-east,
766.

Grinnell, J.: three new Song-Sparrows
from California, noticed, 203; on
birds from S.E. Alaska, noticed, 203 ;
on a new Cow-bird, noticed, 362 ;
letter from, on the new Californian
Museum, 374; 'Birds of the 1908
Alexander Alaska Expedition,' no-
ticed, 745.

Guatemala, Dearborn's catalogue of a
collection of birds from, noticed,
200.

Guiana, Penard on the birds of, noticed,
753.

Hainan, Harterton the birds of, noticed,
554.

' Hand-list of Birds,' vol. v., noticed,
368.

Hartert, E. : letter from, on the names
for the Orphean and Garden War-
blers, 217 ; on some recently dis-
covered African birds, noticed, 362;
on Argentine birds, noticed, 363 ;

the birds of Hainan, noticed. 554 ;

' Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna,'

noticed, 746.
Hartert, E., and Rothschild, W.,

notes on Eagle-Owls, noticed, 560.
Hawaiian birds, Bangs on two rare,

noticed, 735.
Hawk: Beebe on a supernumerary toe

in the Broad-winged, noticed, 551 ;

Scott on an apparently new Carrion,

noticed. 563; Riley on the Sharp-
shinned, noticed, 755.
Heel-pads on young birds, note on,

220.
Heineanum, note on the Museum, 221.
Hellinayr, C. E. : remarks on some

recently described species of ( 'alospiza,

327; on the Manikins, noticed. 555.
Hoatzin, Beebe on the Ecology of the,

noticed, 549.
Holland, Bonhote's migration notes

from North, noticed, 198.
Honey-Guides, note on the habits of

the, 765.
Hopkinson, E., on the birds of Gambia,

noticed, 224.
Howard, H. E., 'The British Warblers,'

Part 4, noticed, 363.
Hungarian Ringed Storks in South

Africa, 382.

Illinois, Cory on the birds of Wisconsin
and, noticed, 553.

Indian Ostrich, Bid well on some frag-
ments of fossil egg-shell of, 759.

International Ornithological Congress,
Proceedings of the Fifth, 710.

'Irish Naturalist,' noticed, 748.

Italy, Cecilia Picchi on the occurrence
of the Desert Wheatear in, 219.

Jacamars, Sclater on the, noticed, 561.
Jackson, F. J., on the East African

Francolins, noticed, 748.
Jamaica, Sclater's revised list of the

birds of, noticed, 562.
Japan, Jouy on Paradise-Flycatchers of

Tvorea and, noticed, 749.
Java, Van Oort on Gcrygone and Eury-

laimus species from, noticed, 370.
Jay in Berlin, a rare, 568.
Jourdain, F. C. R., letter from, on

Bucknill's paper on the ornithology

of Cyprus, 216.
'Journal of the South African Ornitho-
logists' Union,' noticed, 21 1.
Jouy, P. L., the Paradise-Flycatchers

of Japan and Korea, noticed, 749.

792

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Kent, Ticehurst'a History of the Birds

of, noticed, 5fi4.
Kirkman, F. B., 'The British Bird

Book,' noticed, 749.
Kloss, C. B., and Eobinson, H. 0. : on

birds from the northern portion of

the Malay Peninsula, including the

Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ;

with notes on other rare Malayan

species from the Southern Districts,

659.
Korea: Clark on the birds of, noticed,

737 ; Jouy on Paradise-Flycatchers

of Japan and, noticed, 749.

Langkawi, Robinson and Kloss on birds
from the Islands of Terutau and,
659.

Large-tailed Grass-Wren, North on the
nest and eggs of the, noticed, i">f>7.

La Touche, J. D. D , the collection of
birds in the Shanghai Museum, no*
ticed, 204.

Leeward Islands, Cory on the birds of
the, noticed, 199.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes, 215, 374,
56<S 758.

Littler, F. M., 'Handbook of the Birds
of Tasmania,' in it iced, 750.

Locust Bureau, I bird Annual Report
of the South African Central, noticed,
367.

Lodge, R. B., ' Bird-hunting through
Wild Europe,' noticed, 'M^.

Lonnberg, Einar : on birds from S.
Transbaicalia and N Mongolia, no-
ticed, 206 ; discoveries of subt'ossil
Vertebrates in Sweden, noticed, 751.

Lorentz, H. A,, news ot his expedition
into Central New Guinea, 378.

Mackenzie, R. H., letter from, on the

migration of Storks, 566.
Maeoun, J. and J. M., catalogue of

Canadian birds, noticed, 556.
Macpberson, H. B., ' The Home-Life of

a Golden Eagle,' noticed, 207.
Malay Peninsula: Robinson on a new

Flycatcher from the, noticed, 209 ;

Robinson on the Mountain-birds of

the, noticed, 209; Robinson on birds

new to, or iare in the, noticed, 560 ;

Eobinson and Kloss on birds from

the northern portion of the, K59.
Manikins, Helhnayr on the, noticed,

555.
Mathews, G. M. : letter on a skin of

Aphelocephala nigridncta, 7(>1 ; note

on a new work on Australian birds

by, 766.

Mexico, Nelson on a new Thrush from,

noticed, 752.
Migration notes from North Holland,

by J. Lewis Bonhote, noticed, 198.
Migration of the Wood-Ibis, Spruce on

the, noticed, 212.
Migration Report of the B.O.C., noticed,

364.
Moluccas, Muir and Wershaw on a new

Pitta from the, noticed, 752.
Mongolia : Lonnberg on birds from

Northern, noticed, 206 ; Carruthers'

new ornithological expedition to,

379.
Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines,

Seth-Smith on the, 285, 758.
Motmots, Beebe on racket formation

in the tail-feathers of the, noticed,

551.
Muir, F., and Wershaw, J. C, on a new

Pitta from the Moluccas, noticed,

752.

Neave, S. A., on the birds of Northern
Rhodesia and the Katanga District
of Congoland, Part I. 78, Part II.
225.

Nehrkorn's catalogue of Eggs, noticed,
752.

Nelson, F. W., a new Thrush from
Mexico, noticed, 752.

Netherlands, Van Oort on birds from
the, noticed, 371.

New Guinea : news of the B.O IT. expe-
dition for the exploration of Central,
223, 377, 570, 7(>2 ; news of Lorentz'a
expedition to Central, 37S ; Beaufort,
on birds from Dutch, noticed, 5-18;
Van Oort on birds from, noticed,
371.

New York, Eaton on the birds of, no-
ticed, 740.

New York Zoological Society, Annual
Report, noticed, 208.

Ngami Expedition, news of the Lake,
220.

Nicholson, F., the geographical distri-
bution of birds, noticed, 365.

Nicoll, M. J. : ' Three Voyages of a
Naturalist,' noticed, 365; on birds
observed in the Giza Zoological Gar-
dens, noticed, 366.

North, A. J. : on the Cinnamon-chested
Ground-Thrush, noticed, 207; on a
new species of Acanthiza from W.
Australia, noticed, 207; on the nests
and eggs of Australian birds, noticed,
367 ; on the nest and eggs of the
Large -tailed Grass -Wren, noticed,
557; on a new Australian Honey-
eater, noticed, 753.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

'93

Notices of Ornithological Publications,
195, 358, 548, 730.

Oates, E. W., on some new species of
Silver-Pheasants, noticed, 367.

Obituary: T. Southwell, 191; Prof. H.
H. Giglioli, 194, 537 : Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe, 194, 352 ; W. Stalker, 377 ;
Boyd Alexander, 568, 716.

Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. : on a collection
of birds from Western Australia, with
field-notes by Mr. G. 0. Short ridge,
Part II., 15f>; note on a rare Weaver-
bird (Othyphantes batesi), 435; on
the birds of the Ruwenzori Expedition,
noticed, 557 ; Boyd Alexander and
his ornithological work, 716.

Ornithological Congress, notice of the
arrangements for the Fifth Inter-
national, 222; Proceedings of the, 710.

Ornithological Publications, notices of,
195, 358, 548, 730.

Osteology of birds, Shufeldt on the,
noticed, 211.

Pacific, Clark on the birds of the North,

noticed, 551.
Pakearctic Birds, Dresser on tho eggs

of, noticed, 201, 7^9; Hartert on,

noticed, 746.
Palestine, Carruthers' Contributions to

the Ornithology of, 475.
Papua, Sassi on birds from, noticed,

210.
Paradise-Flycatchers, Jouy on Japanese

and Korean, noticed, 749.
Paraguay, Chubb on the birds of,

fart I. 53. Part II. 263, Part III.

517, Part IV. 571.
Patagonian Birds, Scott and Sharpe on,

noticed, 563.
Patten, C. J., abstract of a paper on

the pre - nuptial plumage of the

Sanderling, 383.
Penard, P. P. and A. P., on the birds

of Guiana, noticed, 753.
Percival, A. B., field-notes on a collec-
tion of birds made in British East

Africa, 676.
' Petrels,' Godman's ' Monograjm of

the,' noticed, 744.
Philippines.Seth-Smith on the Monkey-
eating Eagle of the, 285, 758.
Picchi, Cecilia, letter from, on the

occurrence of the Desert Wheatear

in Italy, 219.
Proceedings of the Fifth International

Congress of Ornithologists, 710.

Publications, notices of Ornithological,

195, 358, 548, 730.
Pycraft, W. P., on some points in the

anatomy of Bradypterus ciunamo-

tnens, noticed, 559.

Queensland, Sassi on birds from North-
ern, noticed, 210.

Report on the British Museum for
1909, 714.

Report of the Zoological Society of
New York, noticed, 208.

Rhodesia Museum, Buluwayo, note on
the new, 380.

Rhodesia, Neave on the bin's of North-
ern, and the Katanga district of
Congoland, Part I. 78, Part II.
225.

Ridgway, R. : on new genera, species,
and subspecies of Formicariida',
Furnariidae, and Dendrooolaptidae,
noticed, 753 ; diagnoses of new forms
of Cypselidae and Trochilidae, no-
ticed, 754.

Riley, J. H., on the name and syno-
nymy of the Sharp-shinned Hawk,
noticed, 755.

Riviera, destruction of birds in the,
381.

Robinson, H. C. : on a new Flycatcher
from the Malay Peninsula, noticed,
209 ; on the Mountain-birds of the
Malay Peninsula, noticed, 209; on
birds new to, or rare in, the Malay
Peninsula, noticed, 560 ; departure
of, 766.

, and Kloss, C. B., on birds from

the northern portion of the Malay
Peninsula, including the islands of
Langkawi and Terutau, with notes
on other rare Malayan species fioni
the southern districts, 659.

Rossitten Bird Observatory, Thiene-
mann ou the, noticed, 755.

Rothschild, W., and Hartert, E., notes
ou Eagle-Owls, noticed, 560.

Ruwenzori Expedition, Woosnnnfs
Itinerary of the, noticed, 372; Ogil-
vie-Grant on the birds of the,
noticed, 557.

Baker Falcon, Count Arrigoni degli
Oddi on the occurrence of the in
Tunisia, 216.

Salvadori, T. : on birds from Congo-
land, noticed, 210; on the Loriidse

791

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

and the Cyclopsittacidse, noticed,

560.
Sanderling, Patten on the pre-nuptial

plumage of the, abstract, 383.
Sassi, M., on birds from Papua and

N. Queensland, noticed, 210.
Sclater, P. L. : 'Genera Avium,' on the

Jacamars, noticed. 561 ; revised list

of the birds of Jamaica, noticed,

562.
Scott, W. E. D., an apparently new

Carrion Hawk of the genus Ibyctcr,

noticed, 563.
, and Sharpe, R. B., on Patagonian

birds, noticed, 563.
'Scottish Natural History,' 'Annals

of,' noticed, 358, 730.
Senegalese Sand-Grouse, Whitaker on

the occurrence in Italy of the,

567.
Serh-Smith, D., on the Monkey-eating

Eagle of the Philippines, 285,

758.
Shanghai Museum, La Touche on the

birds in the, noticed, 2l>4.
Sharpe, R. Rowdier: obituarial notice

of, 194, 352 ; Hand-list of Birds,

Vol. V., noticed, 368 ; on the ornitho-
logical literature of 1908, noticed,

564.
, and Scott, W. E. I)., on Pata-
gonian birds, noticed, 563.
Shortridge, G. C, field-notes on a

collection of birds from Western

Australia, Part IT., 156.
Shufeldt, R. \\\, on osteology of birds,

noticed, 211.
Silvei'-Pheasants, Ghigi on the, noticed,

361 ; Oates on some new species of,

noticed, 367.
Somaliland, Bannerman on a collec-
tion of birds made by Mr. G. W.

Bury in Northern, 291; correction,

567.
Southwell, T., obituarial notice of,

191.
Species, Dewar and Finn on the making

of, noticed, 200.
Spruce, R , on the migration of the

Wood-Ibis, noticed, 212.
Stalker, W., death of, 377.
Storks in South Africa, Hungarian

ringed, 382.
Storks, letter on the migration of,

noticed, 566.
Subantarctic Islands, Waite on the

birds of the New Zealand, noticed,

755.
Sumatra, Van Oort on species of Gery-

gone and Eurylavnus from, noticed,

370.

Sun-bird, Bent ham on a new species of

Indian, noticed, 736.
Sweden, Lonnberg on discoveries of

subfossil Vertebrates in, noticed,

751.
Syria, Carruthers' Contributions to the

Ornithology of, 475.

Tasmania, Littler on the birds of,

noticed, 750.
Terutau, Robinson and Kloss on birds

from the Islands of Langkawi and,

659.
Thienemann, J., on the bird-observa-
tory of Rossitten, noticed, 755.
Ticehurst, N. F.,'A History of the Birds

of Kent,' noticed, 564.
Transbaicalia, Lonnberg on birds from

Southern, noticed, 206.
'Transvaal Museum,' 'Annals of the,'

noticed. 195.
Tunisia, Count Arrigoni degli Oddi on

the occurrence of the Saker Fah-ou

in, 216.
Turkestan, Carruthers on the birds of

the Zarafschan Basin in Russian,

436.

Van Oort, E. D. : on species of Geryyone
and Eurylaimus from Java and
Sumatra, noticed, 370 ; on birds from
the Netherlands, noticed, 371 ; on a
new form of the genus Psepkotus,
noticed, 371 ; on birds from New
Guinea, noticed, 371.

Venezuela, Beebe's ornithological recon-
naissance of North-eastern, noticed,
551 >.

Venturi, S., and Hartert, E., on Argen-
tine birds, noticed, 363.

Waite, E. R., on the birds of the Sub-
antarctic Islands of New Zealand,
noticed, 755.

'Warblers,' Howard's 'British,' Part 4,
noticed, 363.

Washington, Dawson and Bowles on
the birds of, noticed, 360.

Weaver-bird, Ogilvie-Grant on a rare,
435.

Wershaw, J. O, and Muir, F., on a
new Piita from the Moluccas, noticed,
752.

AYhitaker, J. I. S. : on the great inva-
sion of Crossbills in 1909, 331 ; bio-
graphical notice of the late Prof.
Giglioli, 537 ; letter from, on the
occurrence of the Senegalese Sand-
Grouse in Italy, 567.

Wtiymper, C, on Egyptian birds,
noticed, 214.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

795

Wisconsin, Cory on the birds of Illinois
and, noticed, 553.

Witherby, H. F. : on a collection of
birds from the south coast of the
Caspian Sea and the Elburz Moun-
tains, with field - notes by R. B.
Woosnam, 491 ; letter on the descrip-
tion of Passer castanopterus, 567.

Wood-Ibis, Spruce on the migration of
the, noticed, 212.

Woosnam, R. B., itinerary of the
Rnwenzori Expedition, noticed, 372;
field-notes on a collection of birds

from the south coast of the Caspian
Sea and the Elburz Mountains, 491.
Wvtsman's 'Genera Avium,' noticed,
Part IX. 555, Part X. 561, Parts
XI., XII. 560.

Zarafschan Basin, Russian Turkestan,
Carruthers on the birds of the, 43ft.

Zoological Gardens, new birds at the,
569.

' Zoological Record,' Aves of, vol. xlv.,
noticed, 564, 756.

END OF VOL. IV.

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I

CONTENTS OF NUMBER XLII. {continued).

Page

VI II.. Letters, Extracts, and Notes S—

Letters from Count E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi, Rev. F. C II.
Jourdain, Dr. Ernst ITarter't, and Signorina Cecilia Picchi.
Heel-p-ids on Young Birds; Tab Lake-Ngami Expedition ; The
Museum Ileineanum ; The Food of British Birds; The Fifth
International Ornithological Congress; The B. 0. U. Expedition
for the Exploration of Central New Guinea ; News of Mr. Bates :
The Birds of Gambia 215

Publications received since the issue of No. 1.2, Ninth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

1. Ali.kx, J. A. Biographical Me noir of Elliott Coues, 1842-1899. (Nat.

Acad. Sci. vi. Washington, 1909.)

2. ' The Annals of Scottish Natural History.' (No. 72. 1909.)

3. ' Archivum Zoologicum.' (Vol. i. Nos. 2-6. Budapest, 1909.)

4. ' A vicultural Magazine.' (3rd series, Vol. i. Nos. 2, 3. 1909-10.)

5. ' Bird Lore.' (Vol. xi. No. G. Ilarrisburg, 1909.)
0. ' British Birds.' (Vol. iii. Nos. G, 7. 8. 1909-10.)

7. 'Bulletin of the B. O. Club.' (Vol. xxiv, Nov. 1909. Report on the
Immigrations of Summer Residents in the Spring of 1908, &c, «xc.)

s. ' Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou.' (1908, Nos. 1, 2* Moscow,
1909.)

9. Chapman, F. M. Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist. (New York,

1908.)
10. ' The Condor.' (Vol. xi. Nos. 5, 6. 1909.)
31. Fksta, E. Nel Darien e neir Ecuador. (Turin, 1909.)
12. Loudon-Lisden, Baron II. Vorlaufiges Verzeichnis der Vogel der

russischen Oatseeprovinzen Estland, Livland und Kurland. (Ann. JSIus.

Zool. de l'Acad. Imp. des Sciences, St. Petersburg, xiv. 1909.)
I. •',. 'Mendel Journal.' (No. 1. 1909.)
14. ' New York Zool. Soc. Bulletin.' (No. 36. 1909.)

lo, Nnoi.i.. M. J. Three Voyages of a Naturalist. (Second Edition. 1900.)
Iii. North, A. J. Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Australia and

Tasmania. (Vol. ii. Part 3. Sydney, 1909.)

17. 'Novitates Zoological.' (Vol. xvi. No. 2. 1909.)

18. ' Ornithologisches Jahrbuch.' (xx. Hef te 5, 6. 1909.)

10. 'The Philippine Journal of Science.' (Vol. iv. Nos. 4, 5. 1909. Manila.)

20. Sassi, M. Liste der von A. Horn (Wien) in Zentralafrika gesammelten

Vogelbalge. (Reich. Oru. Monatsb., July-Aug. 1909.)

21. South African Central Locust Bureau. Third Annual Report. (Cape

Town. 1909.)

22. Stonham, C. The Birds of the British Islands. (Part xv. September

1009.)

23. Ticehurst, N. F. A History of the Birds of Kent. (London, 1909.)

lM. Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. R. von. Bibliographia ornithologica salis-
burgensis. (Selbst. Gesells. f. Salzburger Landeskunde, Bd. xlix. 1909.)

i>.",. . Vorlaufiges iiber den letzten Steppenhiihnerzug. iii. Nachtrag. —

Von meinem Mauerseglerpaar (Apus opus), 1909. (Orn. Monatsschr.
xxxiv. 1909.)

26. F.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Yearbook for 1908. — Progress of Game Pro-
tection in 1908, by T. S. Palmer. Economic Value of Predaceous
Birds and Mammals, by A. K. Fisher. ( Washington, 1909.)

•'7. Van Oort, E. D. Birds from South-western and Southern New Guinea.
(Nova Guinea, ix. Livr. 1.' 1909.)

28. . On Gerygone- and Eurylaimus-Species from Java and from Sumatra.

Report on Birds from the Netherlands. (Notes from Levden Mus.
vol. xxxi. 1900.)

SflS NINTH SERIES.

2« Vol. IV. No. 14.

APRIL 1910.

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

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AND

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LONDON:
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER XIV. {continued).

Page
XYII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :- —

Letters from- Messrs. Joseph Grinnell and N. H. Field. The
B.O. U. Expedition for the Exploration of Central New Guinea ;
Lorentz's New Guinea Expedition; New Ornithological Expe-
dition to Mongolia ; A new Gigantic Fossil Bird ; The Bangs
Collection of American Birds ; The Rhodesia Museum, Bulu-
wayo ; A Present to the B.O.U. ; The Destruction of Birds in
the Riviera ; Hungarian ringed Storks in South Africa ; The
Pre-Nuptial Plumage of the Sanderling ; The Annual Meeting
of the B.O.U 374

Publications received since the issue of No. 13, Ninth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.
29. 'Aquila.' Zeitschrift fur Ornithologie. (Tom. xvi. Budapest, 1909.)
80. ' Archivum Zoologicum.' (Vol. i. No. 11. Budapest, 1910.)

31. 'The Auk.' (Vol. xxvii. No. 1. 1910.)

32. ' Avicultural Magazine.' (3rd series, Vol. i. Nos. 5, 6. 1910.)

33. ' Bird Lore.' (Vol. xii. Nos. 1, 2. Harrishurg, 1910.)

34. ' Bird Notes and News.' (Vol. iii. No. 8. 1909.)

35. 'British Birds.' (Vol. iii. Nos. 6-11. 1909-10.)

36. California University Publications in Zoology. (Vol. 5. Nos. 1-12. 1909-

1910.)

37. ' Cassinia.' A Bird Annual. (Vol. xiii. 1909. Philadelphia, 1910.)

38. 'The Condor.' (Vol. xii. No. 1. 1910.)

39. 'The Emu.' (Vol. ix. Part 3.. 1910.)

40. ' Field Museum Publications.' (Chicago, 1909.)

Cory, C. B.

No. 131. The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin.

No. 137. The Birds of the Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea.

41. Genera Avium.

Psittaci. Fam. Cyclopsittacidse.

„ Loriidoe.
Passeres. „ Pipridfe.

42. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. (Vol. iv. No. 1. Kuala

Lam pur, 1909.)

43. Kollibay, Paul. Nachtriigezur VogelfaunaPreussisch-Schlesiens. (Orn.

Jahrb. xx. Hefte 5, 6. 1909.)

44. Loudon, Baron II. Meine dritte Reise nach Zentral-Asien und ihre

ornithologische Ausbeute. (Jnl. f. Orn. 1909 & 1910.)

45. Loudon, Baron Harold. Zwei Beitrage zur Oruis der russischen

Ostseeprovinzen. (Reich. Orn. Monatsb., Jan. 1910.)
40. McClymont, J. R. Notes and Articles contributed to the 'Zoologist' and
' The Emu ' : and Addenda.

47. Mack, Amy E.' A Bush Calendar. (Sydney, N.S.W., 1909.)

48. Macoun, J. & J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. (Ottawa, 1909.)

49. Messager Ornithologique. (No. i. 1910. Moscow.)

50. New York Zool. Soc. Bulletin. (No. 37. 1910.)

51. North, A. J. Description of a new Genus and Species of Honeyeater from

W. Australia. — On the Nest and Eggs of the Large-tailed Grass-Wren,
Amytis tnacrurua Gould. (Victorian Nat. xxvi. 1910.)

52. 'Novitates Zoologies.' (Vol. xvii. No. 1. 1910.)

58. ' Omithologisehes Jahrbuch.' (xxi. Hefte 1 , 2. 1910.)

54. ' The Philippine Journal of Science.' (Vol. iv. No. 6. _ 1909. Manila.)

55. Picchi, Cecilia. Emberiza pvsiUa Pall, e Nycticora.r nycticora.v L.

avvertite per la prima volta presso Monterchi — Appennino Centrale —
in Provincia di Arezzo. (' Avicula,' xiv. fasc. 146. 1910.)

56. Pycraft, W. P. ' A Historv of Birds.' (London, 1910.)

57. Report of the Poultry Expert for the Year 1908-1909. (Adelaide, S.

Australia, 1909.)

58. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899,

J. B. Hatcher in charge, edited by W. B. Scott. (Volume ii. Orni-
thology, Pt. ii. • Procellariidfe — Charadriidae, by W. E. D. Scott
associated with R. Bowdler Sharpe (pp. 113-344). Princeton, N. J., 1910.)

59. Schalow, H. Ein seltenes omithologisehes Bilderwerk. (Jnl. f. Orn.,

Jan. 1910.)
CO. Weigold, Dr. II. Was soil aus der " Volgelwarte " Helgoland werden ?

IC\ TVT ±~h. AT,, 1 \

NINTH SERIES.
Vol. IV. No. 15.

JULY 1910.

Price 8s. net.

T HE IBIS,

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EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

LONDON:
R. H. PORTER 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE.

'TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS,]

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CONTENTS OF NUMBER XV. {continued).

XXVII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from Messrs. Robert H. Mackenzie, H. F. Witherb;
Hugh S. Gladstone, and Joseph I. S. Whitaker. Death !
Lieutenant Boyd Alexander ; A rare Jay in Berlin ; New Bin
at the Zoological Society's Gardens ; New " British Birds '
The B.O.U. Expedition for the Exploration of Central Ne
Guinea

Publications received since the issue of No. 14, Nu
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

63. 'The Annals of Scottish Natural History.' (No. 74. 1910.)

64. 'The Auk.' (Vol. xxvii. No. 2. 1910.)

65. ' Avicultural Magazine.' (3rd series, Vol. i. Nos. 7, 8. 1910.)

66. ' Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.' (I

furt, 1910.)

67. ' Bird Lore.' (Vol. xii. No. 3. Harrisburg, 1910.)

68. ' Bird Notes and News.' (Vol. iv. No. 1. 1909.)

69. * British Birds.' (Vol. iii. No. 12; Vol. iv. No. 1. 1910.)

70. ' Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou.' (1908 : Nos.

Moscow, 1910.)

71. 'The Condor.' (Vol. xii. Nos. 2, 3. 1910.)

72. Coward, T. A. ' The Fauna of Cheshire.' (2 Vols. London, 1910.

73. Eaton, E. H. 'Birds of New York.' (Part I. 1 vol., 4to. 5C

Albany, 1910.)

74. 'The Emu.' (Vol. ix. Parts 2 & 4. 1910.)

75. Finn, F. ' The Waterfowl of India and Asia.' (Calcutta, 1909.)

76. Giza Zoological Gardens : Report for the Year 1909. (Cairo, 1910.)

77. Godman, F. DuCane. ' A Monograph of the Petrels.' (Pe

London, 1910.)

78. Grinnell, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander Alaska Expedition. (

Calif. Publns. Vol. 5. No. 12. 1910.)

79. Kirkman, F. B. ' The British Bird Book. (Section I. 1910.)

80. Loudon, Baron H. " Meine ii. Fahrt an die Matzalwiek." "

neue von N. Saruduy beschriebene Fasanen." (Orn. Jahrb. 191C
Heft. 1, 2.)

81. Menegaux, A. Etude d'une collection d'Oiseaux provenant des 1

Plateaux de la Bolivie et du Perou Meridional. (Bull. Soc. Ph
Paris, 1909.)

82. ' Messager Ornithologique.' (No. 2. 1910. Moscow.)

83. New York Zool. Soc. Bulletin. No. 39 ; and Fourteenth Annual R<

1909. (New York, 1910.)

84. ' Novitates Zoologicas.' (Vol. xvii. No. 2. 1910.)

85. Oldys, Henry. Pheasant raising in the United States. (U.S. Dept. A

Farmers' Bull. No. 390. Washington, 1910.)

86. Picchi, Cecilia. Sulla comparsa nell' Adriatico del Larus and

Payr. ed ulteriori notizie sull' " habitat " e sui caratteri gioi
distinctivi di questo Gabbiano. (Avicula, xiv. N. 148. 1910.)

87. ' Records of the Indian Museum.' (Vol. ii. Pt. ii. July 1908.)

88. Stonham, C. ' The Birds of the British Islands.' (Part xvi. 1910.)

89. Swarth, H. S. Two new Owls from Arizona. (Univ. Calif. Pu

Vol. 7, No. 1. 1910.)

90. ' Transactions of the Birmingham Field Naturalists' Club.' (Vol. i. N'

2. 1909-1910.)

91. Van Oort, Dr. E. D. List of a Collection of Birds from Western

and from Krakatau, and other pamphlets. (Notes Leyden Mus. >.
1910.)

92. Waite, E. R. Vertebrata of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zeal

Ares. (Wellington, N.Z., 1909.)

^|» NINTH SERIES.
Vol. IV. No. 16.

OCTOBER 1910.

Price Ss. net.

THE IBIS,

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITIMJ BT

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

LONDON:
R. H. TORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE.

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CONTENTS OF NUMBER XVI. (continued).

Page
XXXYI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from Messrs. D. Seth-Smith, Edward Bidwell ftext-
fig. 7), Gregory M. Mathews, and Count E. Arrigoni degli Oddi.
Progress of the Expedition of the B.O.U. into Central New
Guinea (text-tig. 8) ; Habits of the Honey-Guides ; .Birds of
North-east Greenland ; New Work on Australian Birds ;
Departure of Mr. Robinson 758

Index of Scientific Names 767

Index of Contents 789

Titlepage, Preface, List of Members, Contents, List of Plates, and List
of Text-figures.

Publications received since the issue of No. 15, Ninth
Series, and not noticed in the present Number.

93. ' Abridged Check-List of North- American Birds.' Third Edition. (New

York. American Ornithologists' Union. 1910. 77 pp.)

94. ' Annals of the Transvaal Museum.' (Vol. ii. No. 1. 1910.)

95. ' Avicultural Magazine.' (3rd series, Vol. i. Nos. 10-12. 1910.)

96. ' Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.' (Heft.

3, 4. Frankfurt, 1910.)

97. ' British Birds.' (Vol. iv. Nos. 2-5. 1910.)

98 Buckkill, J. A. S. A List of the Birds of Cyprus. (Bull. Cyprus N. H.

Soc. No. 11. 1910.)
99. Butler, A. G. Foreign Birds for Cage and Aviary. — Part II. The

larger Foreign Birds. (London, 1910.)

100. ' The Condor.' (Vol. xii. No. 4. 1910.)

101. ' The Emu.' (Vol. x. Part 1. 1910.)

102. Hall, Robert. The Educational Value of Museum Collections.

(Australasian Assoc, for Advancement of Science. Brisbane, 1910.)

103. ' Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union.' (Vol. v. No. 3.,

Vol. vi. No. 1. Pretoria, 1910.)

104. Macgillivray and Thomson. 'Life of William Macgillivray.' (Lon-

don, 1910.)

105. Martorelli, G. Nota sopra un exemplare di Fringillide colto nel

Trentino. (xlvii. Pubbl. ' Mus. Civ. in Itovereto.' 1910.) — Le varia-
zoni della Morula torquata (Nauru. ). (Atti d. Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat.
vol. xlviii. 1910.)

106. New York Zool. Soc. Bulletin. (Nos. 40, 41. 1910.)

107. Ogilvie-Grant, W. It. ' A List of British Birds.' (London, 1910.)

108. ' Ornitho!oy;isches Jahrbuch.' (xxi. Heft 3. 1910.)

109. 'The Philippine Journal of Science.' (Vol. v. Nos. 1, 2, 3. Manila,

1910.)

110. PrccHi, Cecilia. Un altro exemplare Italiano della Saxicola deserti

Riippell. (Boll. d. Soc. Zool. Ital. xi. 1910.)

111. Paul try Conference. Official Pveport of Proceedings. (Adelaide, S. Aus-

tralia, 1910 )

112. Power, F. D. 'Ornithological Notes from a South London Suburb,

1874-1909.' (London, 1910.)

113. Report of the South African Museum for 1909. (Cape Town, 1910.)

114. St. Quintin, W. H. Some Avicultural Notes. (' Naturalist,' 1910.)

115. Thanner, P. v. Beitrage zur Ornis Gran Canaria's. (Orn. Jahrb.

xxi. Heft 3. 1910.)

116. Tschusi zu ScnMiDHOPFEN, V. R. v. Ornithologische Literatur

Osterreich-Ungarns und des Okkupationsgebietes 1908. (Verb, zooh-

bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1910.)
117 . Zur Klarung des Schnepfenzuges. (Deutschen Jager-Zeitung,

Ar. 28, Bd. 55.) . '

118. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 'Progress of Game Protection in 1909.'

' Private Game Preserves and their Future in the United States.'

' National Bird and Mammal Reservations in Alaska &c.' ' Introduction

of the Hungarian Partridge into the United States.' (Washington,

1910.)

-.t> wT.,^ TT -Fno-lpnP VPft rip flan ska Fvr. 1 Q00 fTrmPnha.rron 10.10 \

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

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NOTICE.

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CONTENTS OE NUMBER XVI.— NINTH SERIES.

Page
XXVIII. On the Birds of Paraguay. —Part IV. By Charles
Chubb, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British

Museum 571

XXIX. Remarks on some Birds of Western Australia. By

Thomas Carter, M.B.O.U 647

XXX. On Birds from the Northern Portion of the Malay Pen-
insula, including the Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ;
■with Notes on other rare Malayan Species from the
Southern Districts. By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U., Director of Museums, Federated Malay States,
and Cecil Boden Kloss, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Curator,
Perak State Museum. (Plate X. and Text-fig. 6.) . . 659
XXXI. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. A. B. Percival
in British East Africa. By D. A. Bannerman,
B.A., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by the Collector.

(Plate XI.) 676

XXXII. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Orni-
thologists 710

XXXIII. The Report on the British Museum for 1909. . . . .714

XXXIV. Boyd Alexander and his Ornithological Work. By W. R.

Oqilvie-Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate XII.) . . .716
XXXV. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

73. « Annals of Scottish Natural History ' 730

74. 'The Auk' 731

75. 'The Avicultural Magazine' 733

76. Bangs on Birds from Costarica 1 "»4

77. Bangs on new or rare Birds from Western Colombia . . . \

78. Bangs on two rare Hawaiian Birds i -or

79. Beebe's ' Search for a Wilderness' j

80. Bentham on a new Indian Sim-bird 736

81. Clark on the Birds of Korea ( -r>7

82. Coward's 'Fauna of Cheshire' \ '"'

83. Dresser on Palsearctic Birds' Egos 739

84. Eaton on the Birds of New York 740

85. 'The Emu' 741

86. Festa on Birds from Darien and Ecuador 743

87. Godman's 'Monograph of the Petrels ' 744

88. Grinnell on Alaskan Birds 7A~>

89. Hartert on Pal»aretic Birds 746

90. ' The.Irish Naturalist ' I "48

91. Jackson on the East- African Francolins j

92. Jouy on two Paradise-Flycatchers I .- ,q

93. Kirkman on British Birds |

94. Littler on the Birds of Tasmania 7o0

95. Lonnberg on Discoveries of Subfossil Vertebrates .... 751

96. Muir and Wershaw on a new Pitta ~j

97. Nehrkorn's Catalogue of Eggs V 752

98. Nelson on a new Mexican Thrush . J

99. North on a new Australian Honey-eater .,.....)

100. Penard on the Birds of Guiana ( „.„

101. Ridgway on new Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Formi- t

cariidaj, Furnariidae, and Dendroeolaptidae J

102. Ridgway on new Forms of Cypselidse and Trochilidae . . 754

103. Riley on the Sharp-shinned Hawk J

104. Thienemann on the Bird-Observatory of Rossitten . . . .( „►.-

105. Waite on the Birds of the Subantarctic Islands of Newf

Zealand )

106. The 'Zoological Record 'of 1908 756

[Contents continued on page 2 of Wrapper.']

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

F NOTICE.

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'"' c/o The Zoological Society of London,

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J. LEWIS BONHOTE,

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To be completed in 10 parts, sold to Subscribers to the complete work only.

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I THE

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A HISTORY AND PROBLEMS

I OF

I THEIR LIVES.

I By H. ELIOT HOWARD, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Parts 1-4 noiv ready, with 6 maps, 18 coloured and 30 photogravure plates.
<;(X Paris 1-4 in one volume, Cloth. Price =£4 8s. net.

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With Portrait, Map. and over 500 Illustrations.
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER XV.— NINTH SERIES.

Page
XVIII. On the Ornithology of Cyprus.— Pait III. By John A.

Bucknill, M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 385

XIX. Note on Othyphantes batesi Sharpe. By W. R. Ogilvie-

Grant, M.B'.0.U. (Plate VI.) 435

XX. On the Birds of the Zarafschan Basin in Russian Turkestan.
By Douglas Carruthers, F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U. (Plates VII.
& VIII.) 436

XXI. On a Collection of Birds from the Dead Sea and North-
western Arabia, with Contributions to the Ornithology of
Syria and Palestine. By Douglas Carruthers, F.R.G.S.,
M.B.O.U. (Plate IX. and Text-fig. 5.) 475

XXII. On a Collection of Birds from the South Coast of the
Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. By Harry F.
Witherbt, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by
R. B. Woosnam, M.B.O.U 491

XXIII. On the Birds of Paraguay. — Part III. By Charles Chubb,

F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British Museum. 517

XXIV. Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting of the British

Ornithologists' Union, 1910 535

XXV. Biographical Notice of the late Professor Giglioli. By

Joseph I. S. Whitaker, M.B.O.U 537

XXVI. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

50. Beaufort on Birds from Dutch New Guinea 548

51. Beebe on the Hoatzin 549

52. Beebe's Ornithological Reconnaissance in Venezuela . . . 550

53. Beebe on the Tail-feathers of the Motmots ~)

54. Beebe on Supernumerary Toes in Birds [■ 551

55. Clark on the Birds of the North Pacific )

50. Cory on the Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin 552

57. Chapman's Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist . . . 553

58. Hartert on the Birds of Hainan 554

59. Hellmayr on the Manikins 555

60. Macoun's Canadian Birds 556

61. North on. the Large-tailed Grass- Wren I -„.

62. Ogilvie-Grant on the Birds of the Ruwenzori Expedition . \

63. Pj-craft on the Anatomy of Bradypterus 559

64. Robinson on rare Birds in the Malay Peninsula . . . A

65. Rothschild and Hartert on Eagle-Owls \ 560

66. Salvadori on Parrots j

67. Sclater on the Jacamars 561

68. Sclater on the Birds of Jamaica 562

69. Scott on a new Ibycter ) ^(1„

70. Scott and Sharpe on Patagonian Birds \

71. Sharpe on the Ornithological Literature of 1908 .... I rfi,

72. Ticehurst on Kentish Birds \

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d »q, J NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF KENT.

BY
QT QtJ SI «■
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER, XIV.— NINTH SERIES.

Page
IX. On the Birds of Northern Rhodesia and the Katanga District
of Congoland.— Part II. By S. A. Neave, If. A.., B.Sc.Oxon.,
E.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate III. and Text-fig. 3.) . . . . 225

X. On the Birds of Paraguay. — Part II. By Charles Chubb,

Zoological Department, British Museum ....... 263

XI. On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines (Piiliecophaga
jefferyi). By D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Plate IV.
and Text-fig. 4.) 285

XII. On a Collection of Birds made in Northern Somaliland by

Mr. G. W. Bury. By D. A. Bannermak, B.A., M.B.O.U. . 291

XIII. Kemarks on some recently described Species of Calospiza.

By C. E. Hellmatr, M.B.O.U. (Plate V.) 327

XIV. On the Great Invasion of Crossbills in 1909. By Joseph I. S.

Whitaker, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 331

XV. Obituary. — Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe 352

XVI. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

29. ' Annals of Scottish Natural History ' 358

30. ' Avicultural Magazine ' 359

31. Dawson and Bowles on the Birds of Washington .... 360

32. Ghigi on the Silver-Pheasants - i » *» 1

33. Grinnell on a new Cow-bird I .,(..,

34. Hartert on new African Birds \

:!.">. Hartert and Venturi on Argentine Birds

36. Howard's « British Warblers ' [ i'"

37. Migration Report of the B. O. C :J<>4

38. Nicholson on the Distribution of Macronyx I ggg

39. Nicoll's ' Three Voyages of a Naturalist ' (

40. Nicoll on Birds observed in the Giza Zoological Gardens . 360

41. North on the Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds . . . . ^

4l\ Oates on new Burmese Pheasants V '■'^>~

43. Report of the South African Locust-Bureau j

44. SharpeV Hand-list of Birds/ vol. v 868

45. Van Oort on the Geryyone and Eurylcemus of Java . . . 370

46. Van Oort on Birds from the Netherlands ~1

47. Van Oort on a new Parrot \ ^\

48. Van Oort on Birds from Southern and South-western f

New Guinea J

49. Woosnani's Itinerary of the Ruwenzori Expedition . . . 372

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A MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS

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By H. ELIOT HOWARD, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

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THE FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA:
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NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF KENT.

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CONTENTS OE NUMBER XIII.— NINTH SERIES.

Page
I. On the Ornithology of Cyprus. — Part II. By John A. Buckmll,

M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O'.U 1

IT. The Ornithological Collections of the University of Camhridgc.

By H. Gadow, M.A., F.U.S., Strickland Curator .... 47

III. On the Birds of Paraguay. By Charles Chubb, Zoological

Department, British Museum. (Text-tig. 1.) 53

IV. On the Birds of Northern Rhodesia and the Katanga District
of Congoland. By S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc, E.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U. (Plates I. & II. and Text-fig. 2.) 78

V. On a Collection of Birds from Western Australia. By W. It.
Oullvie-Gkant. With Field-Notes hy Mr. G. C. Suort-
kidge. — Part II 158

VI. Obituary. — Thomas Southwell, Prof. Gig moli, and Dr. Bowdlek

Siiaufk 191

VII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications: —

1. ' Annals of the Transvaal Museum ' I .^ir

2. ' Aquila,' vol. xv. 1908 | n°

8. 'The Auk' 10i>

4. ' Avicultural Mag.izine ' 197

5. Bonhote on Migration \9i

(5. Cory on the Birds of the Leeward Islands 199

7. Dearborn on Birds from Guatemala ( .)()(>

8. Dewar and I'lnn on the Making' of Species j

9. Dresser on Palaearctic Birds' Eggs 291

10. Dubois on Buceros sharpii 202

11. Elliot on the Species of Mheinardtius i

\2. Grionell on Three new Song-Sparrow,s > 203

l-".. Grinnell on Birds from Alaska I

14. La Touche on the Birds in the Shanghai Museum .... 204

15. Lodge on the Birds of Wild Europe 20~>

'10. Lonnberg on Birds from Transbaicalia and Mongolia . . . 200

17. Macpherson on the Golden Eagle ~|

18. North on Cinclosoma marginatum , 207

11). North on a new Acanthizn I

20. Report of the Zoological Society of New York 208

21. Robinson on a new Flycatcher I .*> ^

22. Robinson on the Mountain-birds of the Malay Peninsula .\

2-5. Salvador! on some Birds from Congo-land ( (.,q

24. Snssi on Birds from Papua and Northern Queensland . . .(

25. Shufeldt on the Osteology of Birds ' *>il

26. ' The South African Journal * j

27. Spruce on the Migration of -the Wood-Ibis 212

28. Whymper's ' Egyptian Birds ' 214

I Contents continued on paye 2 of W rapper. .\

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