SS my PiesseS 2 a mere i bk GES, A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. EDITED BY WILLIAM LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., F.ZS. O, TENTH SERIES. Delectasti me, Domine, in operibus manuum tuarum. yee PUBLISHED BY THE a BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION AND SOLD BY WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. 1914. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. DES OF ISSUE (OF THE PARTS OF ‘THE IBIS’ FOR 1914. TENTH SERIES. VOLUME Il. Number 1. issued January 2nd. i 2. ayn ants BP Be gg aulhy ord. Rs 1 October ist? Ak jan, 4 ees OY Io LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. 1914. [An asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested that Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected. | Date of Hlection. 1914. Atpworrn, THomss Preston; Otham Lodge, Otham, near Maidstone, Kent. 1911. AtexanpER, CuristopHer James; International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, Italy. 1911. Atexanpur, Horace Gunpry; King’s College, Cambridge ; and 3 Mayfield Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 1888. Apriin, Ottver Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon. 1896. Arcurpatp, Cartes F.; 2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds, Yorks. 1896. Arriconr Drexi Oppr, Count Errorn, Professor of Zoology, University, Padua; and Ca’ oddo, Monselice, Padua, Italy. 1901. ArunpEL, Major Watrer B., F.Z.8.; High Ackworth, Ponte- fract, Yorks. 1901. Asupy, Herserr; Broadway House, Brookvale Row.. Southampton. 1908. AsuwortH, Dr. Jonn Wattworx, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near Stockport, Cheshire. 1897. Astiey, Husrrr Denavar, M.A., F.Z.S.; Brinsop Court, Hereford. 1885. Backxnousr, Jamus, F.Z.5.; The Red House, Knaresborough, Yorks. 1904. Baur, Purrie Hernertcu, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P F.Z.S.; 12 Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, W. 1901. Barrwarp, Col. Artaur Cxurcuint, F.Z.8. (R.F.A.) ; 64 Victoria Street, S.W. SN — Oli DI: a "> Date of v1 Election. 1892. 15 1901. 1908. 1889. 1906. 1890. 20 1885. “1881, 1908. 1906. 1912. 25 Oeae 1912. 1910. 1897. 1897. 30 1914. 1907. 1907. 1880. 1892. 35 1891. 1913. WL, 1908. Barer, KE. C.°Srvarzr, F.Z.8.; 6 Harold Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.) Baxer, Joun O., M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury, Bucks. Batt, Crispin Aurrep (Sudan Civil Service); Singa, Sennar Province, Sudan. Barston, Ricuarp James, F.Z.8.; Springfield, Maidstone, Kent. Bannerman, Davin A., B.A., F.R.G.S.; 6 More’s Garden, Cheyne Walk, 8.W. Barciay, Francis Husert, F.Z.8.; The Warren, Cromer, Norfolk. Barcuay, Huen Gurney, F.Z.8.; Colney Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. Barrineton, Richard Maniirre, LL.D. ; Fassaroe, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Barrets, Max.; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaat (Preanger), Java, Dutch East Indies. Barus, Grorez L., C.M.Z.8.; Bitye, Ebolowa, Kamerun, West Africa. BaxenpaLe, Francis Rrcwarp Satispury ; Commissioner of Famagusta, Cyprus. Baynes, Groner Kexnetn; 120 Warwick Street, S.W. Breese, ©. Wittram, C.M.Z.S.; Curator of Birds, New York Zoological Park, New York, U.S.A. Bruston, Harry; Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. Benson, JoHn. Berry, Witwr1am, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire. Brrnam, Col. Roperr; 101st Regt. Pioneers, Bangalore, India. Berrert, The Hon. Ricuarp; 30 Hill Street, Mayfair, W. Brekerton, Witiram, F.Z.S.; The Firs, Farraline Road, Watford, Herts. Bipwet, Epwarp ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, H.C. Brrp, The Rev. Mavricr C. H., M.A.; Brunstead Rectory, Stalham, 8.0., Norfolk. Buaauw, Frans Ernst, ©.M.Z.S.; Gooilust, ‘sGraveland, Hilversum, Noord-Holland. : Brackwoop, Guorer Grenpinnine; 2 Bellevue Crescent, Edinburgh. : Buaine, Grupert, F.Z.8.; 54 The Albany, Piccadilly, W. Braruwayt, ‘the Rey. Francis Lrytny, M.A.; Doddington Rectory, Lincoln, 40 45 50 9) 60 Date of Election. 1914. 1397. 1905, 1894. 1906. 1898. 1904. 1908. 1910. 1895. 1902. 1909. 1902. 1885. 1908. 1890. 1899. OU: 1900. 1914. 1907. 1906. 1895. Vil Biyru, Roserr Oswatpv, M.A.; Haslemere, Stanmore, Middlesex. Bonar, The Rev. Horarius Nintay, F.Z.8.; Saltoun, Pen- caitland, E. Lothian. Bonu, Henry Pavers, F.Z.S. ; 28 Adelaide Crescent, Brighton. Bonnore, Joun Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt ; and Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. Boorman, Starnes; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey. Boorn, Groren Arserr; Whalley Range, Longton, Lanes. Boorn, Harry B.; Rybill, Ben Rhydding, vid Leeds, Yorks. Borrer, Cxirrrorp Darison; 20 Pelham Crescent, South Kensington, 8.W. Brazsourne, Wynpaam Wenrworrn, Lord, F.Z.S.; 19 Curzon Street, Mayfair, W. BraprorpD, Sir Joun Rosr, K.C.M.G., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.5., F.Z.S ; 8 Manchester Square, W. Bringeman, Commdr. The Hon. Ricwarp O. B., R.N.; H.M.S. ‘ Hyacinth,’ Cape Station. Briees, ‘Tuomas Henry, M.A., F.E.S.; Rock House, Lynmouth, R.8.0., N. Devon. Bristowsr, Bertram Arruur; The Cottage, Stoke D’Abernon, Cobham, Surrey. Brocknotrs, Witttam Firznersert; Claughton Hall, Garstang, Lancashire. Broox, Epwarp Jonas, F.Z.8.; Hoddam Castle, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. . Brooxr, Harry Brinstry; 169 Queen’s Gate, S.W. Brooxs, Joun Arruur, J.P.; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield; and Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire. Brown, THouas Epwarp; c/o Messrs. G. Beyts & Co., 11 Port Tewfik, Suez, Egypt. Bruce, Wrtriam Sprrrs, LL.D., F.R.S.E.; Scottish Oceano- graphical Laboratory, Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh. Bucwanan, Col. Kennet (Indian Army), c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W. Bucxtry, Cuartus Mars; 4 Hans Crescent, 8.W. Bucxniti, Jomn Atexanper Srracury, K.C., M.A., F.Z8. ; Attorney General, Hong Kong, China. Burearra, H.M. Frrpinanp, King of, F.Z.S.; The Palace, Sofia, Bulgaria. aj D3 a = 65 75 80 Date of Election. 1908. 1907. 1899. 1884. 1900. 1905. 1884. 1912. 1839. 1896. 1888. 1909. 1909. 1904. 1908. 1890. 1913. 1884. vill Boyyarp, Prroy Frepericr, F.Z.8.: 57 Kidderminster Road, Croydon, Surrey. Burier, ARrHUR Garprner, Ph.D., ¥.L.S., F.Z.S.; 124 Beck- enham Road, Beckenham, Kent. Borrer, Arraur Lennox, F.Z.8.; Superintendent of Game Preservation, Sudan Government, Khartum, Sudan. Burrer, Lieut.-Col. E. A.; Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great Yarmouth. Burrress, Bernard A. H.; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton, Cambridge. Buxton, Anrnony; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Buxton, Grorrrey Fowsxtt1, F.Z.S.; Dunston Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. Buxton, Parrick AtFreD; Fairhill, Tonbridge, Kent. Cameron, Ewen Somertep, F.Z.S.; Marsh P.O., Montana, USA. Cameron, Capt. James 8.; (2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Regt.) Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent, Cameron, Jonn Duncan; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent. CameseLtt, Davip Cattenper, J.P.; Templemore Park, Londonderry, Ireland. Carrot, Ciument Josnpu ; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary, Treland. CarrurHers, ALEXANDER Doveras M.; Little Munden Rectory, Ware, Herts. Carrer, Tomas; St. Edmunds, Throwley Road, Sutton, Surrey. Cave, Cuartes Joun Purp, M.A., F.Z.8.; Ditcham Park, Petersfield, Hants. Cuartin, Nuezent; The Lodge, Bourne End, Bucks. Cuapman, Apri, F.Z.8.; Houxty, Wark-on-Tyne, North- umberland. . Coaszr, Rosert Wittram; St. Brelade, King’s Norton, Worcestershire. Curnsman, Ropert E.; The Vents, Cranbrook, Kent. CHotmiEY, ALFRED JouN, F.Z.S.; Place Rillington, Yorks. Cuuss, Cuaries, F.Z.8.; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, 8.W. Crar«, Grorer Wineritetp; 2 Devana Terrace, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge. Newton, 85 go 95 100 105 Date of Election. 1904 1889. 1880. 1904. 1898. 1895. 1911. 1904. 1909. 1910. 1913, 1888. 1914. 1913. 1896. 1894. 1903. 1899. 1877. 1896. 1883. 1908. 1905, Ciarxsn, Capt. Gotanp van Horr, D.S,O., F.Z.S.; Chilworth Court, Romsey, Hants. Crarke, Col. SrerHenson Rosert, C.B., F.Z.S8.; Borde Hill, Cuckfield, Sussex. Crarke, Wiiitam Kaern, F.L.S.; Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Cocurane, Captain Henry Laxu. R.N.; H.M.S. ‘ Yarmouth,’ China Station. Cocks, Atrrep Hrnnacn, M.A., F.Z.8.; Poynetts, Skirmett, near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon. Cores, Richarp Epwarp; Ashley Arnewood, New Milton, 8.0., Hants. : Cottetr, AntHony Keretine; 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. Cottipr, Cartes, F.Z.8.; Bridge House, Culmstock, Devon ; and Windham Club, St. James’ Square, 8.W. Conernve, Witrtram Marrnanp (Lieut. R.A.) ; Forest House, Kerry, Montgomeryshire. Coniersve, CHARLES Pricz, F.R.G.S., R.A.O.U.; ¢/o Depart- ment of Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia. Coox, James Pempurron ; c/o Messrs. Wallace & Co., Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, Ltd., Bombay, India. Corpraux, Major Witti1am Witrrip, (late 21st Lancers), Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury, Kent. Covrrots, The Rev. F. L., S.J.; Curator of the Sikawei Museum, near Shanghai, China. Cowan, Francis; Wester Lea, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Cowie, Col. ALExAnDER Hveu, F.ZS. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt.; Calke Abbey, Derby. CrowLey, Joun Cyrit, M.A.; 5 Beech House Road, Croydon, Surrey. Cortis, FrepErtick, F.R.C.S.; Lyndens, Redhill, Surrey. Datetrisu, Joun J.; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station, Alloa, Forth. Dawnrorp, Capt. Berrram W. Y., R.E.; Bermuda. Davinson, Jamus, F.Z.8.; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin- burgh. Davies, Craupr G.; ‘EK’ Squadron, Cape Mounted Riflemen, Matatiele, E. Griqualand, South Africa. Davis, K. J. Acron, M.C., F.R.C.S.; 16 Upper Wimpole Street, W. 1 Xe) Il5 x Date of Election. 1909. Detmi-Rapcotrrrn, Capt. Atrrep (105th Maratha Light Infantry); c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Bombay, India. 1902. Dent, Cusrtus Henry; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd., 1891 1893 1896. 1889. QTL. 1904. Darlington, Durham. . Dr Vis, Cuartus W.; c/o Messrs. Quaritch, 11 Grafton Street, W. . De Wixron, Witt1am Epwarpv, F.Z.S.; Southover Hall, Burwash, Sussex. Dossie, James Bett, F.R.S.E., F.Z.8S.; 12 South Inverleith Terrace, Edinburgh. Dosiz, Witttam Henry, M.R.C.S.; 2 Hunter Street, Chester. Dopswortse, Prruam Tueosatp Lanpaue, F.Z.S.; Prospect Cottage, Simla, W., (Punjab), India. Dorrren-Suiru, T'Homas Ateernon, J.P., D.L.; Treseo Abbey, Scilly Isles. 1904. Draxe-Brockman, Dr. Ratpa Kveryn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S.; Cheriton, 26 Portchester Road, Bournemouth, Hants. >. Dresser, Henry Kens, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; c/o Dr. Tattersall, Owen’s College Museum, Manchester. . Drewirt, Freperic Dawrrey, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S.; 14 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W. , Drommonp, James, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; ‘Lyttelton Times,’ Christchurch, New Zealand. 1890. Drummonp-Hay, Col. Jamus A. G. R.- (Coldstream Guards); Seggieden, by Perth. 1904. Duckwortn, Grorer Hersert; Dalingridge Place, vid East Grinstead, Sussex. 1878. Dugnrorp, W. Arruur, J.P.; Elsecar, Barnsley, Yorks. 1905. Durron, The Hon. and Rey. Canon Freprrick GrorcE; Bibury, Fairford, Gloucestershire. 1914. Dyer, Cuctt Macmrtian, Christ’s College, Cambridge. 1903 1914 1895 . Harte, Epwarp Vavasour; Fowden Hall, London Road, Maidstone, Kent. . Epwarps, Lavrence AtBrrtr Curtis, M.A.; 12 Market Street, Rye, Sussex. . Extiot, Epmunp A. S., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge, South Devon. 1884, Extiorr, Aterrnon, C.LE.; 16 Belsize Grove, Hamp- stead, N.W. 130 i )) T40 145 I50 "Date of Election, 1902. 1904. 1866. 1914. 1879. 1888. 1905. 1892. 1909. 1894. 1898. Erurson, The Rev. Arran, M.A.; Althorpe Reetory, Doncaster, Yorks. Exton, Henry Brown, B.A., M.B., B.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Glenview, Llandovery, South Wales. Etwes, Henry Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, Erarringr, Rosert, Junr., C©.M.Z.S.; Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Evans, Antour Humsre, M.A., F.Z.S.; 9 Harvey Road, Cam- bridge. Evans, Witrram, F.R.S.E.; 38 Morningside Park, Edin- burgh, Ewen, Guy L’Esrranee ; St. James’s Club, Piccadilly, W. Farrpriver, Winriam Guoree; 141 Long Market Street, Capetown, South Africa. Fansoawn, Capt. Ricwaro D, (late Scots Guards); Adbury Holt, Newbury, Berks. Farquuar, Rear-Admiral Arnraur Murray, C.V.O.; Granville Lodge, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. Farqunar, Capt. Sruarr Sr. J., R.N,; Naval & Military Club, Piccadilly, W. 1873.% Forpen, Col. Henry Wumyss, C.B,, C.M.Z.S.; Burwash, 1901. 1902, 1912. 1884. 1912. 1903. 1880. 1887. 1865. 1881. 1895. Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, 8S. W. Fiytiysoy, Horace W., F.Z.S.; 5 Rosamond Road, Bedford. Frowrer, Capt. Sraynpy Smyru, F.Z.8.; Kedah House, Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. Froyp, Jamus Francis Murray, B.A.; The University, Glasgow. Forsets, Henry Oce, LL.D,, F.Z.S.; Redcliffe, Beaconsfield, Bucks. . Foster, Artaur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Sussex House, 88 Tilehouse Street, Hitchin, Herts. Fosrer, Nevin Harkness, F.L.S., M.R.LA.; Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland. Foster, Wittiam ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater, W. Fowrer, Witi1am Warps, M.A.; Lincoln College, Oxford. Fox, The Rev. Henry Exuiorr, M.A,; The Croft, Lytton Grove, Putney Hill, S.W. Frees, Percy Evans; Southpoint, Limes Road, Folkestone. Frouawk, Freoertck Wintram, F.E.S,; Stanley House, Park Road, Wallington, Surrey. i509 {60 165 170 Date of xi Election. 1909. 1881. 1906. 1901. 1900. 1906. 1912. 1899. 1895. 1909. 1913. Frost, Wrtt1am Epwarp, J.P.; Ardvreck, Crieff, Perthshire. Gapow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. . GarnsBoroucH, CHartes Wititam Francis, Karl of ; Exton Park, Oakham, Rutland. Ganpotr1, Aironso Oro Ganporri-Hornyoup, Duke, Ph.D. ; Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire. Garverr, Caartes; Kington Langley, Chippenham, Wilts. ; and New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. GurrarD, Joan, Government Inspector of Mines; Worsley, near Manchester, Lanes. Gissins, Witr1am Brvineron, F'.Z.8. ; Ettington, Stratford- on-Avon, Warwickshire. . Greson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S.; 25 Cadogan Place, S.W. Gittman, Artuur Rirny ; Heath Vale, Farnham, Surrey. Guapstonr, Hue Srevart, M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.S.E., F.S.A. Scot.; Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Gopman, Capt. Epwarp Surrtry (2nd Dorset Regiment) ; Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex. . Gopman, FrepErick DuCanz, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; 45 Pont Street, S.W.; and South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex. (Gold Medallist.) . Gopman, Percy Sanpen, B.A., C.M.Z.8.; Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex. (Gold Medallist.) Goopaxt, JEREMIAH Marruews, F.Z.S.; The Nest, Bembridge, Isle of Wight. Goopcn1tp, Hersert; 66 Gloucester Road, Regent’s Park, N.W. Gooprettow, Watrer, F.Z.8.; The Poplars, Kettering, Northants. Gorpon, Srron Pauvr, F.Z.8.; Auchintoul, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. Gossp, Paruip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Curtlemead, Beaulieu, Hants. Goutp, Francis Hersert Carruruers, F.Z.8.; Matham Manor House, Hast Molesey, Surrey. GraBHam, Oxtey, M.A.; The Museum, York. Grant, CraupE Henry Baxter, F.Z.8.; Sports Club, St. James’ Square, S.W. Greening, Linnaus, F LS., F.Z.8.; Fairlight, Grappenhall, Cheshire. Date of Election. 1909. 175 1906. 180 1890. 185 1913. 190. 1868. 195 1902. Xill Greve The, Rtton. | sim Kowa, Bt.) ok O.. EL Zisa: Falloden, Christon Bank, R.S.O., Northumberland. Grirrita, Arruur Fostur; 59 Montpellier Road, Brighton, Sussex. . GuiIttemaRD, Francis Henry Hitt, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S.; Old Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge. . GurnEy, Grrarp Hupson, F.Z.8., F.E.S.; Keswick Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. . Gurvey, Joun Henry, F.Z.S.; Keswick Hall, Norwich; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W. . Gurvyey, Roser, F.Z.S.; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham, Norfolk. Gwarkriy, JosHua Rrynotps Gascoren ; The Manor House, Potterne, Devizes, Wilts. . Haren, Grorcr Huyry Caron ; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. . Hares, Joun Preypert Witton; 17 King Street, Gloucester. . Hatt, The Rev. James Rasuieren, M.A.; Boxley Vicarage, Maidstone, Kent. . Hamerton, Major Apert Epwarp, D.S.0., R.A.M.C., F.Z.8.; c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Place, S.W. Harpy, Capt. Ernest Crirrorp, R.N.; Hydrographic De- partment, Admiralty, Whitehall, S.W. . Harrneron, Major Herserr Hasrines; 72nd Punjabis, Peshawar, N. W. F. P., India; and c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Sons, Ludgate Circus, E.C. . Harerr, Epmonp Wit11aM, F.Z.8. ; c/o Messrs. Wardle & Co., Nairobi, British East Africa. . Harris, Henry Epwarp; 2 St. Aubyn’s Mansions, Hove, Sussex. . Harrert, Ernst J. 0., Ph.D., F.Z.8. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. (Committee.) Harrine, JAMES Epmunp, F.Z.S.; Edgewood, Weybridge, Surrey. . Hartmann, Witt1am; Milburn, Esher, Surrey. . Harvey, Lt.-Col. Roperr Napier, R.E.; 1 Staff Quarters, Brompton Barracks, Chatham. . Harvir-Brown, Joun A., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.Z.8.; Dunipace, Larbert, Stirlingshire. . Hastucx, Percy Prptny Harrorp; The Wilderness, South- gate, N. Hatreirp, Jonn Ranpatt; Edlington Hall, Horncastle, Lincoinshire. 210 215 X1V Date of Election. 1898. Hawker, Ricoarp Macponnett, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover 1905. 1896 Street, W.; and c/o Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 96 Bishopsgate, E.C. Hawxsnaw, Joun Crarke, M.A., M.I-C.E., F.G.S.; Holly- combe, Liphook, Hants.; and 33 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. . Heaptry, FRepprick Wess, M.A., F.Z.8.; Haileybury College, Hertford. . Herr, Georrrey Sxuccompz, M.B., F.Z.8.; 8 Wimpole Street, W. . Hewrrr, Joun, M.A.; Director of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa. . Herwoop, Rrewarp, F.Z.S.; Narside, Narborough, Swaffham, Norfolk. . Hints, Jonn Watter,; Queen Anne’s Mansions, West- minster, S.W.; and Highhead Castle, Carlisle, Cumberland. . Honpswortn, Cuarctes James, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. . Hony, Georee Barnursr; 8 Christ’s Lane, Cambridge. . Hopkinson, Eminius, M.B., D.S.0., F.Z.S.; 45 Sussex Square, Brighton, Sussex ; and Bathurst, Gambia, West Africa. . HorssrucH, Major Boyp Rosner, F.Z.8.; Tandridge Priory, Oxted, Surrey. . Horsrrenp, Herserr Kyicut ; Crescent Hill, Filey, Yorks. . Howarp, Henry Exror, F.Z.8.; Clarelands, near Stourport, Worcestershire. . Howarp, Rosnrr James; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lancashire. . Hupson, Epwarp, 15 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. . Hupson, Rrerinatp; 16 Warwick Road, Stratford-on-Avon. . Incram, Cottrnewoop, F.Z.S.; Sussex Mansions, Westgate- on-Sea, Kent. . Lyves Bry, Dr. Waxrer Francis; Curator of the Zoological Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. . Inepate, Tom; 65 Longridge Road, Earl’s Court, 8.W. . Jackson, Sir Frupertcx Joun, C.B., K.C.M.G., F.L.S., F.Z.8. ; Entebbe, Uganda, British East Africa; and The Red House, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. . JAMES, Henry Asuwortu, F.Z.S.; Hurstmonceux Place, Hailsham, Sussex. . Jesse, Wiiuram, B.A., F.Z.S.; Meerut College, Meerut, India. 220 Vi Date of Election. 1839. JoHNsON, FreprRick Ponsonby, B.A., J.P., D.L.; Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumberland. 1891. Jonnston, Sir Harry Haminton, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.S. ; 1905. 1900. 1909. 1899. 1902. 1880. 1894. 1897. 1904. 1914. St. John’s Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex. Jounstonn, Epwin Jamus, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge, Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. Jones, Major Hunry, F.Z.8. (late 62nd Regt.) ; East Wickham House, Welling, Kent. Jones, Fleet-Surgeon Krnnera Hurtsronz, M.B., Ch.B:, F.Z.8., R.N.; The Manor House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury, Kent. JourpAIN, The Rey. Francis Coarius Rosert, M.A.; Apple- ton Rectory, Abingdon, Berks. Joy, Norman Humserrt, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Thurlestone, Bradfield, near Reading, Berks. Kauraam, Brigadier-General Henry Roxserrt, C.B. (late High- land Light Infantry); Fremington House, Fremington, N. Devon. Ketsatz, Major Harry Josnpn, R.A.; Leith Fort, Edinburgh. Ketsatt, The Rev. Joun Epwarp, M.A.; Milton Rectory, New Milton, Hants. Ketso, Joon HKpwarp Harry, M.D.; Braeside, Edgewood, Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia. Kennepy, Jounn Nozsiz, R.N.; H.M.S. “Antrim,” 38rd Cruiser Squadron, c/o G.P.O., London, E.C. 1891. Kerr, Jonn Granam, F.RS., F.Z.8., Regius Professor of 1895. 1902. 1910. 1900. 1906. 1892. T1913: 1884. 1881. Zoology, 9 The University, Glasgow. Kinesrorp, Winr1am Epwarp ; Cairo, Egypt. Kiynrar, Norman Boyp, C.M.Z.8.; Bombay Natural History Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India. Kuioss, Cecit Boprn, F.Z.8., F.R.A.I.; Assistant Director of Museums, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, Kornie, Dr. ALEXANDER FrerpInanp ; Coblenzer-Strasse 164, Bonn, Germany, Kottipay, Pavt; Ring 121, Neisse, Germany. Laiptaw, Tuomas Geppres; Bank of Scotland House, Duns, Berwickshire. Lambert, Goprrey Crartzs; Woodcote, Esher, Surrey. Laneron, Hurpert; St. Moritz, 61 Dyke Road, Brighton, Sussex. Lascreties, The Hon. Grratp Witty, F.Z.8.; The King’s House, Lyndhurst, Hants. Date of Election. 240 1892. NOLO, 1905. 1906. S93: 245 1868. 1889. 1897. 1914. 1909. 250 1897. 1908. 1904. 1914. 1902. 255 1904. 1905. 1897. 1899. 1906. 260 1909. La Toucur, Joun Davin Dreves, C.M.Z.8.; c/o Custom House, Chinwangtao, North China (vid Siberia). Luss, T. O. Hasrrnes, M.A., F.Z.S.; 4 Osnaburgh Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W. Lrece, Lhe Hon. Geratp; c/o Messrs. Hoare, 37 Fleet Street, E.C. Lrren, Jonn Hamirron, F.Z.8.; Culloden House, Inverness- shire. Le Sovitr, Duptny, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Lr Srraner, Hanon, F.Z.8.; Hunstanton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Leytann, Curistopner Joan, F.Z.8.; Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. Litrorp, Joan, Lord, F.Z.S.; Lilford Hall, Oundle, Northants. Linpsay-Smira, Major Joun (Indian Army); Supply & Transport Corps, Commdt. Camel Corps, Multan, Punjab, India. Lines, Georer Hersert; 208 Piermont Avenue, Nyack, IN pales Woshé\s Lopez, Grorce Epwarp, F.Z.S.; 5 The Studios, Thurloe Square, S.W. Lone, Sypney Hersert, M.D., F.Z.8S.; 37 St. Giles Street, Norwich, Norfolk. Lowe, Dr. Percy R., B.A., M.B.; 24 Whitehall Court, S.W. Lowr, WitnoucHsy Prescorr; Gorsemoor, Throwleigh, Okehampton, Devon. Lucas, The Right Hon. Aussron Tuomas, Lord, P.C., F.Z.8.; 32 Old Queen Street, W. Lynes, Captain Huserr, R.N.; Garthmeilio, Corwen, N. Wales. McGrecor, Perer James Coraunoun; H.M. Consul, British Consulate, Jerusalem, Palestine, Turkey-in-Asia. McLean, Joun CuamBers; General Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand. Macmittan, Groree Aveustin, F.Z.8.; 27 Queen’s Gata Gardens, S.W. Macmitian, Wittiam Epwarp Franx; 42 Onslow Square, SAW.>) Macnacaten, Norman Donnexty, F.Z.8.; Ministry of the Interior, Cairo, Egypt. 265 270 e275 Date of Election. 1894, 1906. 1907. 1904. 1894. 1894, 1897. 1898. 1907. 1883. 1913. 1912. 1899. 1886. 1903. 1879. 1901. 1898. 1914. 1912, 1886. XVvil Macezerson, Arruur Horn, F.Z.8.; 21 Campden Hill Square, Kensington, W. Maeraru, Lt.-Col. Henry Aveustus Freperick ; c/o Messrs. H. 8. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W. Many, Tuomas Hueu, F.Z.8.; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield, Sussex. Marteron, Harvey Wittiam, B.A.; Weare, Axbridge, Somerset. Marsuatzt, Arcuiparp McLean, F.Z.8.; Great Chitcombe, Brede, Sussex. MarsHatt, James McLzan, F.Z.8.; Bleaton Hallet, Blair- gowrie, Perthshire. Mason, Col. Epwarp Snow ; 10 Lindum Terrace, Lincoln. Massry, Hersert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester. Matuews, Gregory Macazisrer, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; Langley Mount, Watford, Herts. Meapre-Watpo, Epmunp Gustavus Buioomrrenp, F.ZS. ; Hever Warren, Hever, Kent. Merxteyoun, Knyneru Forses (Lieut. 1st Cameron High- landers) ; The Castle, Edinburgh. Merxiesonn, Major Ronarp Forsrs, D.S.O. (1st. Bn. Royal Warwickshire Regt.) ; Shorncliffe, Kent. MeinertzHacen, Capt. Ricnarp, F.Z.S. (Royal Fusiliers) ; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W. Minrais, Joun Guirie, F.Z.S.; Compton’s Brow, Horsham, Sussex. Mirts, The Rev. Henry Horroyn, M.A., F.Z.8.; The Rectory, St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall. MircneLt, Frepertck Saaw; Hornshaws, Millstream, B.C., Canada. Mircnert, P. Cuarmers, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8.; Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, N.W. Monro, Horace Cxciz, C.B.; Queen Anne’s Mansions, Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. Movtton, Jonn Conzy, F.Z.S.; Curator of the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak, Borneo. Movritz, L. Brresrorp; Kuyura, Dalby, Queensland, Australia, Muirnead, Gurorcr, F.R.S.E.; Speybank, Foehabers, Morayshire. 285 299 295 300 Date of Election. 1893. 1892. eve 1911. 1910. 1900. 1907. 1882. 1895. 1904. 1902. 1900. 1876. 1902. 1904. 1892. 1890. 1889. 1907. 1906. 1913. 1883. XVili Mutrens, Major. Witt1am Herserr, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.8.; Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex. Monn, Puitie Wincuester, F.Z.8.; Laverstoke, Whitchurch, Hants. Mount, Henry, F.Z.8.; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensington, S.W. (Committee.) Murray, Epwarp Macxenzin; Woodside, Coupar-Angus, Perthshire. Mocrray, Herperr Wittaume, F.Z.8.; The Old House, Epsom, Surrey. Musters, Joun Parricrus Cuaworra, D.L., J.P.; Annesley Park, Nottingham. Neave, SHerrietp Arrny, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.8.; 2 Ryder Street, St. James’, S.W. Netson, THomas Hupson; Seafield, Redcar, Yorkshire. Nesnam, Rosert, F.Z.S., F.H.S.; Utrecht House, Poynder’s ~ Road, Clapham Park, 8.W. Newman, THomas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Nicwoxs, Joun Bruce, F.Z.S.; Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. Nicnors, Watrer Bucuanan; Stour Lodge, Bradfield, Manningtree, Essex. Nicnorson, Francis, F.Z.S.; The Knoll, Windermere, Westmoreland. Nicozit, Micnart Jonny, F.Z.S.; Valhalla House, Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. Noaxss, Wickham ; Selsdon Park, Croydon, Surrey. Ocinvizr, Feraus Menrertu, M.A., F.Z.8.; The Shrubbery, 72 Woodstock Road, Oxford. Oettvin-Grant, Witt1Am Roserr, F.Z.S.; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, 8.W. (Committce). Octz, Burrram Savitz; Hill House, Steeple Aston, ’ Oxford. ; OxpHAM, Cuartzs, F.Z.S. ; Kelvin, Boxwell Road, Berk- hamsted, Herts. . Oswaston, Bertram Buresrorp (Imperial Forest Service); 108 Banbury Road, Oxford. Owen, Jonn Hveu ; Old School House, Felsted, Essex. Parker, Henry, C.E.; 26 St. George’s Road, St. Annes-on- the-Sea, Lanes. Date ot Election. 1880. 305 “SOs: LSE ila 1904. 1894. ano 11902. 1898. 1891. 1900. 1912. 315 1886. 1893. 1914. 1908. 1907. 320 1905. 1896. 1898. 1903. 1901. 325 1893. XGENG Parkin, Tuomas, M.A., F.LS.,.F.Z.8.; Fairseat, High Wickham, Hastings, Sussex. Patron, Epwarp Ricumonp, F.Z.8.; Brookdale, Grassendale, near Liverpool, Lanes. Parrerson, Rosert, F.LS., M.R.I.A.; Glenbank, Holywood, Co. Down, Ireland. Parrerson, Witiram Harry; 25 Queen’s Gate Gardens, S.W. Pearse, Toeep ; 510 Duncan Building, 119 Pender Street, W., Vancouver, British Columbia. Pearson, Cuartes Enwarp, F.L.S.; Hillcrest, Lowdham, Notts. Prast, Sir Azrrep Epwarp, Bt., F.Z.S.; Pinchinthorpe House, Guisborough, Yorkshire; and Brooks’s Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. Penn, Eric Franx ; 42 Gloucester Square, W. Penrost, Francis Groren, M.D., F.Z.8.; Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W. PercrvaL, ArtHur Brayney, F.Z.S.; Sports Club, St. James’ Square, S.W. PrrsHouse, Capt. Srantzy (1st Border Regt.); The Castle, Carlisle. Puitiies, Eraevsert Lort, F.Z.8.; 79 Cadogan Square, 8.W. Pieorr, Sir Tuomas Diesy, K.C.B.; The Lodge, Lower Sheringham, Norfolk. Pirman, Coartes Roserr Sensouss (Lieut. 27th Punjabis) ; Drewton, Chelston, Torquay. Prayer, W. J. Percy ; The Quarr, Clydach, R.S.0., Glamor- ganshire. Pocock, Rueinaup Innes, F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.Z.S. ; Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. Portarp, Capt. ArrHur Erskine Sr. Vincent (The Border Regiment) ; Haynford Hall, Norwich, Norfolk. Poruam, Huen Leysorne, M.A.; Hunstreie House, Pensford, near Bristol, Gloucestershire. Price, ArHEtstaN Exper, F.Z.8.; 4 Mincing Lane, E.C. Procror, Major Freprrick Witiiam (late West Riding Regt.) ; Downfield, Maidenhead, Berks. Provp, Joun T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham. Pycrarr, WiniiAm Prane, F.Z.8.; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, 8.W. Sole 340 Date of Election. 1903. 1903. 1879. 1894. Raure, Pircuer George; The Parade, Castletown, Isle of Man. Ratouirr, Frepertck Rowiinson ; 29 Connaught Square, W. Rawson, Hersert Everyn; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe, N.Devon. Reap, Rienarp Huewyry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Church Street, Hanley, Staffordshire. . Reap, Roserr H.; 8a South Parade, Bedford Park, W. . Re, Capt. Puirie Saving Grey (late R.E.); The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone, Kent. . Renavr, Wittram E.; 34 Marylebone Road, N.W. . Ricuarpson, Norman Freperic, F.R.G.S. ; Lynndale, Manor Road, Forest Hill, $.E. . Ricumonp, Herperr Witt1am; King’s College, Cambridge. . Ricxerr, Cuartes Bovenny, F.Z.8.; 27 Kendrick Road, Reading, Berks. . Rrevon, Lt.-Col. Goren, F.Z.8.; 89th Punjabis, P.O. Kalaw, Southern Shan States, Upper Burma. . Rircuts, ARrcuinatp THomas Ayres; Magdalen College, Oxford; and Overstrand, near Cromer, Norfolk. . Rivizre, Brernarp Berryt, F.R.CS8.; St. Giles’s Plain, Norwich, Norfolk. . Rosrnson, Hurpert C., C.M.Z.S.; Selangor State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. . Ropryson, Hersert Wiiti14M, F.Z.8.Scot.; Patchetts, Caton, near Lancaster. . Rogsrs, Lt.-Col. Joun Mrippreron, D.S.0., F.Z.S. (late Ist Dragoons); Riverhill, Sevenoaks, Kent. . Rocrrs, Reginatp Nanxrvetrt; Carwinion, near Falmouth, Cornwall. . Roruscuitp, The Hon. Lionret Watters, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8.; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. . Rorascuitp, The Hon. Narwantet Cuartss, M.A., F.Z.S.; Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. . Rtcxer, Sir Arraur Witti1am, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.RB.S.; Everington House, Newbury, Berks. . Russent, Conran Grorer Epwarp, F.Z.8.; 2 Audley Square, W . Russett, Harorp, F.Z.S.; 16 Beaufort Gardens, Chelsea, S.W. . St. Quintin, Wittiam Hersert, F.Z.8S.; Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorkshire. XXi Date of Election. 1903. Sanpeman, Capt. Ropert Preston (late 10th Hussars) ; Dan-y Pare, Crickhowell, 8. Wales. 350 1889. Sarsworrn, Arnorp Dump, F.Z.S.; 1 8t. James's Place, S.W.; and 30 Sussex Place, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1902. Sarcraunt, Arraur Sr. Grorce; Exbury, Padstow, Cornwall. 1904. Sarecunt, James; 76 Jermyn Street, S.W. 1914. Saver, Dr. Hans, F.Z.8.; Bath Club, Dover Street, W. 1902. Saunpers, Wiuttiam Henry Ranpcrirre, C.E., F.Z.S.; c/o Messrs. W. Saunders & Co. Ltd., 91 York. Street, Westminster, 8.W. 355 1909. Savacz, The Rev. Ernusr Urmson; 129 Upper Canning Street, Liverpool, Lanes. 1891. Scrarer, Witiram Luruny, M.A., F.Z.8.; 10 Sloane Court, Chelsea, S.W. (Editor.) 1907. Scorr, The Rev. Canon Samvnt Gripert, M.A.; The Rectory, Havant, Hants. 1899. Senous, FReperick Courrenny, F.Z.S.; Heatherside, Worples- don, Surrey. 1908. Seppines, Capt. Joun Wirtram Hamrtron; Army Pay Office, Canterbury, Kent. 360 1899. Serze, The Rey. Wizriam, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding- ston, Edinburgh. 1901. Surs-Smira, Davin, F.Z.8.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South Hampstead, N.W. 1904, Sera-Suire, Lestre Morrar, B.A., F.Z.8.; Alleyne Caterham Valley, Surrey. 1909. Szron, Mancorm Correr Cariston ; 13 Clarendon Road, Hol- land Park, W.; and Union Club, Trafalgar Square S.W. 1899. SHarman, Freperic, F.Z.8. ; 47 Goldington Road, Bedford. 365 1865. SaepuerD, The Rev. Cuartus WitiiAM, M.A., F.Z.S.; 'Trottis- cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent. 1908. Smaxtuy, Freperic Wittiam,F.Z.8.; Challan Hall, Silverdale, near Carnforth, Lanes. 1906. Snovckarrr van Scuausurc, Baron René Cuartes; Doorn, Holland. 1903. Sparrow, Major Ricwarp, F.Z.S. (7th Dragoon Guards) ; Trimulgerry, Secunderabad, India. 1906. Sranrorp, Staff-Surgeon Cuartes Epwarp Corrs, B.8c., ' M.B., R.N.; 94Jermyn Street, 8. W. SER. X.—VOL. IL, b 370 375 380 385 392 Xxll Date of Election. 1910. Sranrorp, Epwarpd Fraser; 9 Cumberland House, Kensington Court, W. 1913. Srawrorp, Henry Morrant; 9 Cumberland House, Ken- sington Court, W. 1913. Sranrorn, Jonn Kutro; 9 Cumberland House, Kensington Court, W. 1900. Srarrs, Jonn Witi1Am Curster ; Portchester, Hants. 1902. Srennousr, Joun Hurron, M.B., R.N.; Craigievar, Keptie Road, Arbroath, Forfarshire. 1910. Srevens, Hersert; Gopaldhara, Nagri Spur, P.O., Sonada, Darjiling Himalayan Rly., India. 1906. Srewarp, Epwarp Simmons, F.R.C.S.; 10 Prince’s Square, Harrogate, Yorks. 1914. Srewart, Joun; Mainshill, Beith, Ayrshire. 1893. Sronnam, Cartes, C.M.G., F.R.C.8., F.Z.8.; 4 Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. 1896. Srrane-Warkins, Warxtin, F.Z.8, ; 33 Evelyn Gardens, S.W.; and Wellington Club, 8. W. 1914. Srrespmany, Krwin ; Residenzstrasse 42, Dresden, Germany. 1881. Sruppy, Col. Ropert Wricur (late Manchester Regiment) ; Waddeton Court, Brixham, Devon. 1887. Sryan, Freprerick Wintiam, F.Z.8.; Stone Street, near Sevenoaks, Kent. 1914. SuraEertann, Lewis Ropert, M.B.,C.M., Professor of Patho- logy, University of St. Andrews, N.B.; Wellgate House, West Newport, Fifeshire. 1907. Swann, Grorrrey; 11 Onslow Crescent, S.W. 1905. Swany, Haroxp, F.Z.8.; 45 Brompton Square, S.W. 1887. Swinsurne, Joun; MHaenertsburg, Transvaal, South Africa. 1882. Swinnor, Col. Coartes, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 6 Gunterstone Road, W. Kensington, W. 1884. Tarr, Witiam Cuaster, C.M.Z.8. ; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto, Portugal. 1911. Tansor-Ponsonsy, Coartes Grorce; 5 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. 1911. Tarron, Rrernatp ArtHuR; Cuerden Hall, Bamber Bridge, 1914. Preston, Lanes. Tavistock, Hasrines WitL1AmM Sackvitie, Marquis of, F'.Z.8.; Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. S15) 400 405 4IO XXiil Date of Election, 1905. Taytor, Lioner Epwarp, F.Z.S.; Bankhead, Kelowna, British Columbia. 1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ; Compton Grange, Compton, Guildford, Surrey. 1904. Thompson, Capt. Writram R., R.G.A.; Mouriaux House, TOT 1900 1893 1903. 1894. 1902. Alderney, Channel Islands. . Taomson, A. LanpssoroveH, M.A.; Castleton House, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen. . Txorsurn, ArcursaLp, F.Z.S.; High Leybourne, Hascombe, near Godalming, Surrey. . Tuorrr, Dixon L.; Loshyille, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle, Cumberland. Ticrnurst, Cravp Bucnanan, M.A., M.D., M.R.CS.; Grove House, Lowestoft, Suffolk. Ticrnurst, Norman Frepertic, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z:S. ; 35 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. Townsend, Reernanp Guirnrat, M.A.; Buckholt, West Tytherley, Salisbury, Wilts. 1914. Trearr, Cuaptin Court; 29 Fulham Park Gardens, S.W. 1893. HOMES: igual 1864. 1907. 1910. Truyvor-Barryr, Ausyn, F.Z.S. ; Ashford Chace, Petersfield, Hants.; and Royal Societies Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. Tuckwett, Envwarp Henry, F.Z.8.; Berthope, Compton, near Guildford, Surrey. Tyrwuitt-Draxe, Huan Garrarp, F.Z.8.; Cobtree, Sandling, Maidstone, Kent. Urcuer, Henry Morris, F.Z.8.; Sheringham Hall, Cromer, Norfolk. Van Oort, Dr. Epvarp Danret; Museum of Natural History, Leyden, Holland. Van Someren, Dr. Roperr Asranam Logan; Kampala, Uganda, British East Africa. 1912. Van Someren, Dr. Vicror Gurnur Logan; Uganda Medical 1908. 1906. 1913. 1890. Staff, c/o Post Office, Nairobi, British East Africa. VaueHan, Marruew; Sunnylands, Milton, Pewsey, Wilts. Vaueuan, Lieut. Roserr E., R.N.; Lion Commercial Hotel Portsmouth. Vennine, Capt. Francis Esmonp Wineate (31st Punjabis) ; Pyawbwe, Burma. Venoor, Srerpuen; Fern Bank, Altrincham, Cheshire. 415 420 425 430 Date of Election. 1884. 1881. XX1V Verey, ALFRED Sarnspury; Heronsgate, near Rickmansworth, Herts. Verner, Col. Wrrt1am Wittovensy Cox (late Rifle Brigade) ; Hartford Bridge, Winchfield, Hants. ; and United Service Club, S.W. 2. Wave, Epwarp Wattrer; Middelburg, North Ferriby, Hast Yorks. . Wanve-Datrron, Col. H. D.; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.8.0., Yorkshire. . Waris, Henry Marriage; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch Road, Reading, Berks. . . Watt-Row, James; 67 Longridge Road, Earl’s Court, S.W. . Watton, Major Hersert James, M.D., F.R.C.S., C.M.ZS., I.M.S.; Medical College, Lucknow, India. . Warptaw-Ramsay, Col. Ropert Guores, F.Z.S.; Whitehill, Rosewell, Midlothian. (President.) . Warr, Hue Boyn, F.Z.S.; 12 Great James Street, Bedford Row, W.C. . Wetts, Coagites Henry; Broomfield, 80 Brookhouse Hill, Fulwood, Sheffield, Yorks. . Wenner, Max Victor; Woodside, Trafford Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. . Wesrett, W. Percrvat, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.8.; Verulam, Icknield Way, Letchworth, Herts. . Wuisrier, Huen (Indian Police); c/o Messrs. King, King ’ 3? to} & Co., Bombay, India. . Wairaker, Bensamry Ineuam; Hesley Hall, Tickhill, Rother- ham, Yorks. . Warraker, JosepH I.S8., F.Z.8.; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily. 05. Wuirn, Henry Luxe; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales, Australia. . Warts, Capt. Samusn Atspert; Wetunga, Fulham, South Australia. . Waiter, Sreenen JosepH, F.Z.S.; Merok, Chiltern Road, Chesham Bois, Chesham, Bucks. . Warrenrad, Capt. Coarnus Huan Temersr; Deighton Grove, York. . Wuymprr, CHartes, F.Z.8.; 11 Orange Street, Haymarket, 5.W. 440 445 450 Date of xXXV Election. 1912: 1914. 1898. 1894, 1912. 1897. 1888. 1887. 1897. 1908. 1899. 1912. 1912. 1909. 1902. 1912. 1904. 1908. 1895. 1889. 1899. Waymerr, Samuet LetcH; Oxford Mansions, Oxford Street, W.; and Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W. Wickuam, Purcy Freperic; ¢/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son, Rangoon, Burma. WictesworrH, JosppH, M.D., F.R.C.P.; Springfield House, Winscombe, Somerset. Witxkinson, Jounson; St. George’s Square, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. Wrixinson, Wiitr1aM Arraor, F.Z.8.; Dumcrieff, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Witson, Attan Reap, B.A., M.B., B.Ch.; Eagle House, Blandford, Dorset. Witson, Cuarzes Joseen, F.Z.8.; 34 York Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W. Witson, Scorr Barcaarp, F.Z.8.; Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath, Surrey. Witnersy, Harry Forses, F.Z.8.; 3 Cannon Place, Hampstead, N.W. Wirnerineton, Gwynne; Aberlash, Sonning, Berks. Wottaston, ALEXANDER FrReperick Ricamonp, B.A. ; 15 Montpelier Square, 8. W. Woop, Marrin Srantey, M.D.; Cheadle Royal, Cheadle, Cheshire. Woopuouss, Ceciz, M.D.; Chetnole, Sherborne, Dorset. Woosnam, Rrcuarp Bowen, C.M.Z.S.; Game Warden’s Office, Nairobi, British East Africa. Workman, Wittiam Hueuss ; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast, Treland. Wormatp, Huexw; Heathfield, Dereham, Norfolk. Wrieat, WittiAm Crawrorp; Roslyn, Marlborough Park, N., Belfast, Ireland. Wynne, Richarp Owrn; Langley Mount, Watford, Herts. Yersoury, Lt.-Col. Joun Witrtam (late R.A.), F.Z.S.; 2 Ryder Street, St. James’s,S.W.; and Army and Navy Club, 8.W. Youne, Capt. Jamus B., R.N.; Tytherley, Wimborne, Dorset. Extra-Ordinary Member. Gopwin-Avsten, Lt.-Col. Henry Haversuam, F.R.S., F.Z.8. ; Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey. Date of Election. 1907. 1890. 1914. 1872. 1904. 1908. 1910. XXvVi Honorary Members. ALLEN, Jont Asapu, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S.; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. Beruerscu, Graf Hans von, C.M.Z.S.; Schloss Berlepsch, Post Gertenbach, Witzenhausen, Germany. Brancu1, Dr. Vaxunrine; Imperial Zoological Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Finscu,, Prof. Dr. Orro, C.M.Z.S. ; Leonhardplatz 5, Bruns- wick, Germany. . Gortpt, Prof. Dr. Emin A., C.M.Z.S.; Zieglerstrasse 36, Berne, Switzerland. . Rercnenow, Dr. Anton, C.M.Z.S.; Museum fir Naturkunde, Invalidenstrasse, Berlin, Germany. . Ripeway, Roserr, C.M.Z.8.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C., U.S.A. . Satvapor1, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S.; Royal Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy. . Scoatow, Prof. Herman; Hohenzollerndamm 50, Berlin- Grunewald, Germany. Honorary Lady Members. . Barz, Miss Dororny M. A.; Bassendean House, Gordon, Berwickshire. . Baxter, Miss Evetyn Vina; Roslea, Kirkton of Largo, Fifeshire. . Beprorp, Mary, Ducusss or, F.Z.S.; Woburn Abbey, Beds. . Lemon, Mrs. Marearerra Lovtsa, F.Z.S8.; Hillcrest, Redhill, Surrey. . Riytour, Miss Leonora Jerrrey; Lahill, Largo, Fifeshire. . Turner, Miss Emma Lovisa, F.Z.8.; The Old Rectory, Girton, Cambridge. Colonial Members. CAMPBELL, ARCHIBALD JAMES; Custom House, Melbourne, Australia. Fareunar, Joun Henry. Josepu, B.Sc., N.D.A.; Assistant Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria, West Africa. Fremine, James H., C.M.Z.8.; 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Canada. 1c se) Date of Election. 1909. 1908. 1914, 1903. 1905. 1903. 1907. 1909. 1880. 1906. 1906, 1902. 1875. 1914. 1902. 1914. 1886. 1903. 1894. 1905. Xxyil HAAGNER, Atwin Kart, F.Z.S.; Zoological Gardens, Box 754, Pretoria, South Africa. Hart, Roserr, F.L.S., C.M.Z.8.; c/o Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania. Leacu, Joun Axpert, M.A., D.Sec.; c/o Education Depart- ment, Melbourne, Australia. Leeen, Col, W. Vincent; Cullenswood House, St. Mary’s, Tasmania. Macoun, Joun, M.A., F.R.S.C.; Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Nortu, Atrrep J., C.M.Z.S.; Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Swynverton, Coarrus Francis Massy, F.L.S.; Gungunyana, Melsetter, South Rhodesia. Foreign M embers. ApHrRaKy, Sereius N.; Imperial Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia. Bureau, Louis, M.D.; Ecole de Médecine, Nantes, France. Birrrxorer, Dr. Jonannes, C.M.Z.S.; Director of the Zoo- logical Garden, Rotterdam, Holland. Burvuriin, Seretus A.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia. Cuapman, Frank Micuter; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. Doria, Marchese Giacomo, F.M.Z.S.; Strada Nuova 6, Genoa Italy. Hetimayr, Cart E.; Wittelsbacherstrasse 2 III., Munich, Germany. Tuerine, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S.; Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lénnzere, Prof. Dr. A. J. Eryar, F.M.Z.8.; Director of the Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. Maparisz, Dr. Juxivs von; National Museum, Budapest, Hungary. Marroreri1, Prof. Dr. Giacinto ; Naturale, Milan, Italy. Mmnzsinr, Prof. Dr. Micuant, C.M.Z.S.; University for Women, Devitchje, Pola, Moscow, Russia. OsERHOLsER, Hanky Cuurcu ; Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ? Museo Civico di Storia Date of XXVIi Election. 1900. 15 1908. 1900. 1914. 1902. 1911, 20 1896. Retser, Dr. Orman; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia, Austria. Ricumonp, Cartes Wartace; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Srrgnecer, Leonnarp, C.M.Z.8.; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Stonr, Dr. Witmer; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia, Pa., U.S.A. Susuxin, Dr. Perper, C.M.Z.S.; Zootomical Cabinet and Museum, The University, Kharkov, Russia. Tscuust zu ScHMIDHOFFEN, Vicror, Rirrer yon; Villa Tannenhof, bei Hallein, Salzburg, Austria. Winer, Hercur, C.M.Z.8.; University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. CONTENTS or VOL. IL—TENTH SERIES. (1914.) Number I., January. : Pega I. Notes on tbe Nidification of some Birds from Burma. By Major H. H. Harineron, Indian Army. (PlateI.) . . 1 II. Notes on Birds observed in Katanga, Belgian Congo. iylabrruskorn: Mogrit, M-BOlOU. . 0.0% . . 22 26 III. An Ornithological Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. By Davin A. Bannurmay, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S. Ranch (Plates TR=Vil.)) 3 HSE TS cle > Uae Le) LY. A List of the Birds of Melville Island, Northern Terri- tory, Australia. By Grucory M. Maruuws, M.B.0.U.. . . 91 v. Obituary. Axtrrep Russer Watrace; Ricuarp Joun Ussner; Writtram Joun Awsorce; Ora Writs Knicur; . 138 Anton Fritscu SER. X.—VOL. Il. XXX Vv CONTENTS. {. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Bangs on some Siberian Birds; Dabbene and Lillo on two new Argentine Birds ; Gifford on the Birds of the Galapagos ; Grinnell on new races of North-American Birds; Gurney on the Gannet; Gyldenstolpe on Birds from Siam; Heatherley on the Peregrine ; La Touche on the Birds of Chinwangtao, China; Mathews on Australian Birds; Mathews’ New Check-list of Australian Birds; Mearns on new African Birds; Millais’ Diving Ducks; Reiser on the Great Spotted Cuckoo; Ridgway on Colour Nomenclature; Stresemann on Malayan Birds; Swarth on the Arizona Bush-Tit; Trevor- Battye on Crete; Witherby on the Rook; Migration Report for 1912; The Auk; Journal fiir Ornithologie; Trans. New Zealand Institute ; and List of other Publications received . VII. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Vv Letters from Messrs. J. Russell Kennedy, Henry O. Forbes, Philip W. Munn, and George L. Bates; The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature; the Generic Name Oxynotus Swains.; Wild Birds’ Protection Act; Penguins in South Georgia; General Index to ‘The Ibis’; Change in the Method of Publication of ‘The Ibis’; The Annual Meeting of the B. O. U. Noumser II., April. III. Some Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Para- doxornis heudet David. By Capt. Huserr Lyners, RN., M.B.0.U. (Plates VII.-IX.) . IX. Notes on Birds observed in the Bermuda Islands during the Winter 1912-1913. By Joun Nosin Kennepy, R.N. . X. Notes on a Collection of Birds from Sierra Leone. By Major H. J. Ketsatt, R.A., M.B.O.U. (Plate X. and Text- figures 1, 2.) Page . 139 = Alia . 185 CONTENTS. XXX1 Page XI. An Ornithological Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. F_R.G.S: XII. Description of a strange New Zealand Wood-Hen. Grecory M. Maruews and Tom Irepare. (Plate XI.) Part II. By Davin A. Bannouruan, B.A., M.B.O.U., By XIII. The Moults and Plumages of the Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus Linn.). By C. H. B. Grant. (Text- figure 3.) 5 ae XIV. Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Chiffchaff and Willow-Warbler. By Capt. Huperr Lyyns, RN., M.B.0.U. (Plate XII.) . 304 XV. Size in the Avian Order Tubinares. By J.T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. (Text-figure 4.) . dld XVI. A Flock of Tubinares. By Rosurr Cusuman Morpary, Ph.B., Brooklyn Museum, New York City. (Text-figure 5.) . 317 XVII. Obituary. G. E. H. Barrerr-Hamitton, F. V. McConnett, Dr. A. Ginwruer XVIII. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— 5 Oly) Baker on Indian Pigeons; Brasil on Shore and Sea Birds ; Brasil on the King Island Emu; Faxon on Brewster's Warbler ; Fleming on the Birds of Toronto; Flower on the Zoological Service in Egypt; Grinnell and Swarth on the Avyifauna of the San Jacinto Mts.; Gurney’s Norfolk Bird-diary ; Lowe on Sea-birds; Mearns on new African Birds ; Nicoll on the Egg of the Sudan Crowned Crane ; Ogilvie-Grant on British Game-birds; Ogilvie-Grant on a new Lark; Rothschild and Hartert on New Guinea Birds ; Salvadori and Festa on the Birds of Rhodes; Salvadori, a Bibliography of his Writings; Shufeldt on Fossil Birds ; Swarth on Californian Geese ; Thomson on Bird-marking in Scotland; Todd on new Neotropical Birds; Tschusi on Austro-Hungarian Ornithology; Tyler on the Birds of Fresno, California; Van Pelt Lechner on the Eggs of the XXxil CONTENTS. 3irds of Holland; Vaucher on the Greek Partridge of Canton Ticino; Annals of the Cyprus Nat. Hist. Soc.; Bird Notes; The Condor; Le Gerfaut; Irish Naturalist ; Jaarbericht Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen; Messager Ornithologique ; Ornithologisches Jahrbuch ; Die Schwalbe; The Scottish Naturalist ; and List of other Publications received XIX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Messrs. William Brewster, Frank E. Beddard, P, Chalmers Mitchell, J. H. Gurney, and Kdward Bidwell. The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Page Union, 1914. The Plumage Bill 399 Nomper IT1., July. XX. Observations on the Bird-Life of the Anatolian Plateau during the Summer of 1907. By L. N. G. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc. (Text-figure 6.) . . 365 XXI. Notes from Mesopotamia. By Capt. R. Murnerrz- HAGEN, M.B.O.U. (Text-figure 7.) . . 387 XXII. A Note on the Common Ringed Plover of the British Isles (Charadrius hiaticola major Seebohm), and on Coloration as a Factor in Generic Differentiation. By Percy R. Lows, M.B.O.U. 395 XXIII. Notes on Molina’s Pelican (Pelecanus thagus). By Henry O. Forses, LL.D., M.B.O.U. (Plate XIII.) . 403 XXIV. On a Peeuliarity in the Nest of the Tasmanian Tit (Acanthiza diemenensis). By H. Stuart Dove, M.R.A.O.U. (Plate XIV.) . 420 XXY. The Surface-Breeding Petrels of the Kermadec Group. By Lom irenane, M.B.OU: (Plate Xave) eee eee CONTENTS. XXXii1 XXVI. On Sterna fuscata Linné. By Tom Inepatz, VEBEO UE) (Plate X VI yore ae Sele Be aac XXVII. The Distribution and Nidification of the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. By Davip A. Bannermay, B.A., MES OUR ek: Gis (elatesxey ier XXVIII. Some Facts bearing on the Affinities of Smithornis. By G. L. Batzs, M.B.0.U. (Plate XVIII. and Text-figure 8.). XIX. Notes on some Species of the Genus Thalassogeron. By T. Sanvavorr, Hon.M.Z.8. (Plate XIX.) . XXX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Bryant on the Western Meadowlark; Chandler on Areas of Distribution and Extent of Specific Modification; Chandler on the Plumage of Circus hudsonius; Chapman on new Neo- tropical Birds; Flower on Indian Zoological Gardens ; Grinnell on Berkeley Birds; Grinnell on the Birds of the lower Colorado River; Hartert’s Palearctic Birds; Howard’s British War- blers; Baron Loudon’s Fifth Journey to Central Asia; Mathews on Australian Birds; Phillips on Size Inheritance ; Phillips on Birds from the Sudan ; Robinson on Malayan Birds; Salvadori and Festa on the Hawfinch of Sardinia; Schalow on Muller’s Calamoherpe brehmii; Schalow on the Nutcracker in Thuringia; Stresemann on the Birds of Ceram; Stresemann on the History of the Paradise-bird; Thayer and Bangs on Siberian Birds; Walpole-Bond on rare British Birds; Aquila ; Cassinia; Journal S. African Ornithologists’ Union; The South Australian Ornithologist; and List of other Publications received . XXXI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Messrs, J. Lewis Bonhote, C. B, Ticehurst, C. Boden Kloss, G. C. Lambert, D. A. Bannermann, and W. C. Tait; A Naumann Museum in Cithen; Disputed Questions in Nomenclature ; An Apology Bt. dic Page . 436 . 438 495 . 503 XXXIV CONTENTS. Number IV., October. Page XXXII. On Herodias eulophotes Swinhoe. By Tom Irepate. (@Blate Ma) Feces ne ie ee Oa XXXIII. Some Remarks on the Subspecies of Crested Larks (Galerida cristata) found in Egypt. By M. J. Nuicoxz, NE HOE he Mn eiegn tried eRe eer Boe kg 4 BAG XXXIV, With the Tropic-birds in Bermuda. By Karr Pratu, Chicago, U.S.A. (Plates XXI-XXIV.). . . = . 052 XXXV. The Spring Migration at. Chinwangtao in North- Kast Chihli. By J. D. D. La Totcar, M.B.O.U.. . . . , 560 XXXVI. A Note on the Breeding of the White-rumped Swift (WMicropus pacificus). By Capt. Henry Lanz Cocurane, Vie Nay CIRO ROA (CEN DOV kG be 5 DOD XXXVII. Notes on Birds observed in the South Pacific Ocean during a Voyage from Sydney to Valparaiso. By CHARTS HUBELOHER ccc a) in aes Os ee XXXVIII. Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to Africa.—Part I. The Birds of Prince’s Island. By Davin AX, Jopeorinoan ON, WoNo, WE ISORWS, IBIAS 5 5 0 56. 0 o « OSE XXXIX. The Gannetry at the “The Stack,” Orkney Islands. JBye die Jal, Cnopxpine, Aish Celbiie NOME) BG oa eg 5 GSI XL. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications :— Aiken and Warren on the Birds of Colorado; Bangs and Phillips on Yunnan Birds; Bangs on new American Birds ; Beebe on the Pheasants and on other Birds; Chapman on new Birds from Ecuador; E. C. Chubb on South African Birds’ Eges; Flower on the Giza Zoological Gardens; Foster on the Birds of Hertfordshire; Gurney’s Bird-report for Norfolk ; Neumann on African Owls and Flycatchers; Pearl on the CONTENTS, XXXV Page Hee-laying Capabilities of Poultry; Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America; Salvadori on a Forgotten Paper by Bonaparte ; Stresemann on the Edible Nest-producing Swift ; Schaub on the Pterylography of the Kagu; Snethlage on the Birds of the Amazon Valley ; Surface on the Structure of the Hen’s Oviduct; Tschusi on the Ornithological Literature of Styria; British Birds; The Emu; and List of other Publica- PIONSITECEIVEO:..) koa) eee me ew, a en een XLI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes :— Letters from Lord Tavistock, Mr. C. H. B. Grant, and Dr. H. O. Forbes; The New Edition of the B.O.U. List of exitishy binds. Ay Corrections) -) jae aren een en en 2 ee Oil lindexeoissclenbtitic NWames|s . 9) 3) >, /Aun ey Renee | ure Gai7 lindexeomeontents:. =. %.\ oy sc) ie) See aa et Rall Titlepage, Dates of Issue of ‘The Ibis’ for 1914, List of Members, Contents, List of Plates, and List of Text- figures. XOVAl: XVII. XVIII. XIX. OK XOX: XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. LIS! OF PLATES IN VOL. II. TENTH SERIES. Fees of Indian Birds . . . ME ont 1 Sketch-map of the Eastern Canary feene oe eS, 1. A typical Tamarisk Valley in Fuerteventura. , 43 2, North-west Cliffs of Montana Clara. : 1, The Home of Saxicola dacotie dacotie. A Bar-) ranco on the West Coast of Fuerteventura . | 2. Montana Clara, Roque de lOueste, and Allegranza, ° = showing Graciosa in foreground J Saxicola dacotie murclle. =. ey) 1. ey Heematopus niger meadewaldot.. . . . ... , 1 Distribution of the Genus ‘** Paradowornis ”—Central Soe China gee oe Oe A re | Paradowornis i LUKTo ee oe eemetemmuular te. Si, Se) Sketch=map of Sierra Leone.) 6. eee Gallirallus townson. . . - ft Soe e) Distribution of Phy Hilo in Baroy Pepe 4 uk) Pelecanus thagus «oe G49. se eee Nest of Tasmanian Tit. . . . Se i te 45 : General View of Sunday ielana alae 2. Meyer Island seen from Sunday Island : ee Group of Wideawake Terns . . oie eo Sketch-map of the North Atlantic Tlatae eaeei ee. 42740) Part of Africa toshow the Distribution of Smithornis. 496 Thalassogeron €xtmius ses 9) = fe OO: Herodias eulophotes #500. 22. ae eta \ Phacthon americanus meray e: | <5 co.) ey oe Egg and Nestling of Phaéthon americanus . . . 552 Nesting-sites of Phaéthon americanus. . . . . dd4 Nest of Micropus paciicus. 2.) ee eS iHastiside of 07d Purpaaig ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ \ Wei Tl’ Td VI6T STE SCTHN s377EIS Fo eTeOg SOUT OMODTN' Va NVAAANNVE Vo Sq pemoy[oy syno0a aq Surmoys SGNWISI AUYVNVD NAALSVoa oq} Fo Fey YAS Renita oy re SS Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 39 and has added to the National Collection a valuable series of birds in their breeding-plumage together with examples of their young and eggs. The birds in this group of islands are now strictly protected during the nesting-season, but, thanks to the intervention of Sir Edward Grey, the difficulties of obtaining a permit to collect were eventually overcome. The specimens thus obtained are therefore of very special value. The Natural History Museum now possesses a very complete collection of birds from the Canary Islands, thanks to the work done by Mr. Bannerman and the generosity of Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo. About twenty years ago the latter visited nearly all the islands in the group, making extensive collections, and the results of this work were published in ‘ The Ibis’ between the years 1889 and 1898. He was the fortunate discoverer of several interesting new species, more especially two Blue Titmice, Parus ombriosus from flierro and P. palmensis from Palma, likewise a very remarkable new Chat, Saxicola dacotie, from Fuerteventura ; while his companion, the late Canon Tristram, described a fine new Chaffinch, Fringilla palme, from Palma. To Mr. Bannerman’s credit lies the discovery on Allegranza and Montafia Clara of a second form of Chat which, though closely allied to the species from Fuerteventura, seems to be a well-characterized and quite distinct form. During his expedition Mr. Bannerman was ably seconded by A. H. Bishop, who had been deputed by the Natural History Museum to accompany him.—W. R. O.-G.] INTRODUCTION. Mr. E. G. B. Meapr-Watpo, writing in ‘The Ibis’ in 1890, concludes his excellent series of papers on the “ Birds of the Canary Islands” with the following sentence :—“ I am afraid that, with the exception of the Petrels, nothing much remains to be done; but to observe these satisfactorily, it would be necessary to visit and carefully work the outer islands and rocks during the months of June and July.” 40 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological Since this was written, a great deal has been added to our knowledge of the avifauna of this group, but apparently no one has ever systematically worked the outlying islands. With the intention, therefore, of thoroughly exploring these little-known islets and at the same time working through the large isiands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, T left England on the 16th of April, 1913, for Gran Canaria. The expedition was undertaken officially on behalf of the British Museum, to the officers of which institution I am indebted for permitting me to make use of the services of A. H. Bishop as taxidermist. The Hon. Walter Rothschild kindly contributed to the expedition on the understanding that part of the collections made should go to the Tring Museum. The principal papers in the past, dealing with the eastern Canary Islands, have been contributed by Mr. Meade- Waldo, Herr Polatzek, and Herr von Thanner%*. On our arrival in Gran Canaria considerable and unforeseen difficulties arose. The Spanish Government, which had been approached by the Foreign Office on the subject, refused to allow me to proceed, but owing to the efforts of H.M.’s Consuls at Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Mr. Croker and Major Swanston) these difficulties were eventually overcome, and we left Las Palmas as originally arranged on the night of May the 4th. I should like here to express my deep gratitude to His Majesty’s Consuls, Mr. Croker and Major Swanston, for the innumerable services which they rendered to the Expedition ; had it not been for their timely intervention we should most certainly have been forced to abandon our project altogether. Although, as far as our own plans were concerned, the attitude of the Spanish Government proved * Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, pp. 1-18, 508-520; 1890, pp. 429-488 ; 1893, pp. 185-207. Polatzek, Oru. Jahrb. 1908, pp. 81-119, 161-197; 1909, pp. 1-24, 117-134, 202-210. Von Thanner, Nov. Zool. 1904, pp. 280- 234; Orn. Jahrb. 1903, pp. 211-217 ; 1905, pp. 50-66, 211-214; 1908, pp. 198-215; 1909, pp. 148-150; 1910, pp. 81-101, 226-229; 1912, pp. 221-228. : Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 41 somewhat embarrassing, yet it is distinctly good news that the Spanish authorities have at last realised that birds need protection during the breeding-season, especially on islands such as the Canary group. If the Guardia Civiles, who are charged with the enforcement of the Act, would only carry their vigilance beyond the radius of the chief towns, they would be carrying out a more useful work than is at present the case. I wish to render my best thanks to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant and Mr. C. E. Fagan, I.8.0., of the British Museum (Natural History), for the aid which they have given me in organising the Expedition. To Mr. EH. G. B. Meade-Waldo I am deeply indebted for much useful advice, which proved invaluable throughout the trip. I was lucky in possessing a copy of his original private diary ; I was thus enabled to compare, in the larger islands at any rate, the conditions of bird-life to-day with those existing twenty years ago when he himself did so much work in this group. Lastly, I wish to say a word in praise of my taxidermist, A. H. Bishop, who carried out his work well and conscien- tiously and placed a most creditable number of skins to his account. It must be understood that this paper merely deals with my own personal observations in the eastern Canary Islands. I have not, as in my previous paper (‘ Ibis,’ 1912, p. 557), embodied the results arrived at by other orni- thologists working on this group. I landed at Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) on April the 22nd, and between that date and May the 4th a number of birds and eggs were collected in the neighbourhood of Las Palmas and in the small mountain village of Firgas. On our return from the eastern group, another week (June 18 to 23) was spent in Gran Canaria while waiting for a boat to take us to England. My notes on the birds of this island I have not included in the general account of the Expedition. They refer chiefly to the nidification of certain species, and will be included in the work on the birds of the entire group upon which I am at present engaged. 4.2 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological The following itinerary will serve as a guide to the route taken in the Islands and indicates clearly the base-camps from which collections were made. Itinerary of the Expedition. Left Las Palmas, Gran Canaria.... May 4th. Arrived Puerto Cabras,Fuerteventura.. May 5th. Camp 1. Caldereta, Fuerteventura .. May 5th to Gth. eee hostons 5 May 6th to 10th. pp Oh Jay Teter, es May 10th to 14th. » 4. Antigua, e May 14th to 16th. » 0. Puerto Cabras, _,, May 16th to 18th. Arrived Tifosa, Lanzarote .......... May 19th. Camp 6. Playa Januvio, Lanzarote... May 19th to 22nd. » 7%. San Miguel de Teguise, _,, May 22nd to 23rd. Sy eC emelaria.dvanzaroce meee snEe May 28rd to 27th. yO plislaxGractosaminmrsae ir cre May 27th toJune/7th. 10. Isla Montana Clara June 7th to 14th. (From which Camp the Roque del Oueste Visited [» concur- Me ev ly was visited on June 11th.) ‘a 1S diglia PAU e omanizareene eerie June 9th to 14th. oD wElaria,sWanzarote leer June 14th to 15th. Siglo: CATT CIEC amie. UMae eseuteeites saree June 15th to 16th. Arriyed Puerto Cabras, Fuerteventura. June 17th. oP) ” Gran Tarajal, ”? Las Palmas, Gran Canaria.... June 17th. June 18th. FUERTEVENTURA. Early in the morning of May the 5th, the little steamer in which we had made the voyage from Las Palmas dropped anchor off Puerto Cabras, the principal town of Fuerte- ventura. She had previously touched at the small port of Gran Tarajal, some twenty miles further south, where we landed on our return journey*. Puerto Cabras is not by any means a beautiful village, but in the early morning light it possessed a certain picturesqueness with its square white houses built on the slope of a hill. Camels are the beasts of burden in the eastern Canary Islands; indeed it is almost impossible to hire a mule for * See p. 88. "W4UW19D WNYLNOJ] JO SSSITD LSHM-HLYUON ‘ZG ‘VUNLNAARDLYAN NI AXTIVA MSIYVYNV] TVOIGAL Y ‘I WON Wel FG! “SUit Eapedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 43 riding purposes, and, in consequence, progress when on the march is deplorably slow. Forced as we were to carry all food with us for such a long period, with tents, collecting- boxes, and personal baggage, our little cavalcade of seven camels created quite a stir as we streamed out of Puerto Cabras, taking the road to Oliva. For the first few miles the track lay parallel with the sea-shore—a low coast-line with stony beach upon which were seen Kentish Plovers and Turnstones. From the coast a flat barren plain stretches to arange of low lulls running north and south, but with some quite high peaks amongst them. Indeed, I was sur- prised to find how mountainous the country appeared to be. Birds were remarkably scarce, short-toed Larks and a very few Pipits, a single pair of Kestrels and two Sand- grouse (the latter flying very high and at a great speed) were the only species noted. We soon left the coast behind, and as we turned inland began gradually to ascend. A single flock of Coursers and a Shrike were seen. Just before reaching Caldereta we met with Meade-Waldo’s Chat (Sazicola d. dacotie) for the first time. We camped for the night at Caldereta (350 ft.), a small collection of farm buildings about an hour and a half’s ride from Oliva, I found birds much more plentiful here — Hoopoes in numbers flying about the buildings and cactus plantations. Trumpeter Bullfinches came to the well of dirty water to drink, clinging on to the rough perpendicular walls with remarkable cleverness while they quenched their thirst. All were in very fine breeding-plumage. Young birds of the year in sandy-brown plumage were not uncommonly seen, while some old birds were still sitting on eggs. Short-toed Larks were very numerous, and the palm trees all appeared to be full of the nests of Passer h. hispaniolensis. In one case a pair of Kestrels were feeding young in the same palm where several Sparrows were nesting —a somewhat remarkable occurrence ; but as the Kestrels in these islands seem to exist almost entirely on beetles and lizards, the fact is not so surprising as would appear. ‘Two clutches of 44. Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological Quails’ eggs were brought in-—one of nine, the other of five eggs. In a pomegranate tree behind the camp I found the nest of Lanius excubitor kenigi (from which the young had flown), composed of thickish sticks and bits of the prickly shrub Launea spinosa and lined with rags, cotton, and camel’s hair, a very untidy structure. An Egyptian Vulture, actually the first we had noted, came round the camp in the evening, after the birds’ bodies which we threw away. On a plain covered with loose stones a pair of Thick-knees were evidently breeding. ‘The female was remarkably tame and allowed us to approach quite close before flying a short distance away, where it stood and gazed at us. We left Caldereta the following afternoon, intending if possible to reach Toston on the north-west coast before dark. The way led along the side of a rauge of hills with a wide deep valley on our right in which a fair crop of wheat had been cultivated. Before reaching Oliva we again met with Saxicola d. dacotie, all young birds of the year. Short-toed Larks were here extremely plentiful, but Ber- thelot’s Pipits on the other hand were quite scarce. Passing over some sandy ground two small flocks of Coursers were seen, birds which I did not find by any means common along the route I followed until we reached the big plains in the centre of the island. We rode into Oliva very soon afterwards—a large village built on an utterly bare plain surrounded by hills, also entirely barren except where the ground had been terraced to enable the earth to be cultivated. To the north of the village a good deal of cactus has been planted, amongst which Hoopoes, Shrikes, and Linnets were noted. My attention was drawn to one Linnet having a brilliantly crimson breast, the others all being much paler than those subsequently met with in Lanzarote. The ride from Oliva to the coast was not par- ticularly interesting, everywhere terribly barren but more hilly than I had expected to find it. Mile after mile the country was very much the same, and apart from Short-toed Larks and Hoopoes, birds were conspicuous by their absence. Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 45 As we neared the coast the ground became more sandy, and a few Coursers were seen. We crossed several dry water-courses which appeared like wide cracks in the earth, zigzageing to the sea, and then over rising ground between hills, from the summit of which we looked down upon a large, absolutely flat plain stretching to the sea. Toston, a tiny village noted for its lime-quarries, is perched on the top of the cliffs, and to the north could be made out the fine lava reefs on which we hoped to find the rare Black Oystercatcher (Hematopus niger meadewaldoi). The camels soon crossed the intervening plain, where more Coursers were seen, and I selected our camping ground some way from the village under the shelter of an old Spanish tower and within a stone’s throw of the edge of the cliff. Four days were spent in this camp (May 6-10) and a very thorough survey made of the district, especially the coast-line and reefs, of which a short description may be of interest before proceeding to the birds found thereon. The main reefs stretch from Toston village to beyond the lighthouse—a distance of some two miles, and are well exposed at low tide, running out horizontally to the coast. They are composed almost entirely of black basaltic lava much worn by the action of the waves. The foreshore is also made up of huge lumps of this lava, often a good stride between each block. Beyond the lava a stretch of hard sand merges into the sand-dunes, with are covered sparingly, but more or less universally, with the same four plants which we met with everywhere. In these sandhills many Kentish Plovers were breeding, but J did not discover any Terns here, although it would be lard to imagine a more suitable spot. lLarks and Pipits as usual were found in small numbers. The belt of sandhills is succeeded by a wide plain which stretches to a low range of hills, absolutely barren in their entire extent and all curiously rounded and undulating. lew birds were seen on this plain, which was covered with small loose stones and an occasional desert plant, among which Ononis ramosissima Desf. and Huphorbia paralias L. were recognised. 46 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological Coursers, already mentioned, many Hoopoes, which seem to be absolutely at home in these barren wastes, Short-toed Larks and Berthelot’s Pipits in small numbers, a Shrike or two, and an occasional flock of Rock Doves, feeding on the miserable patches of corn, completed the list. The reefs proved more interesting, and considerable numbers of Waders were observed. The Oystercatcher, however, was not to be found, and I learnt from the light- house keeper, who knew the bird well by sight, that he had never seen it on this part of the coast. Kentish Plovers were literally in hundreds and breeding in the sandhills ; Turn- stones were in flocks, many in beautiful full breeding- plumage, although with the testes quite undeveloped; a pair of Grey Plover also in full breeding-plumage, a few Common Sandpipers and Dunlins, together with Redshanks, Ringed Plovers, and a singlg.Heron, were noted. Whimbrels were numerous, and I distinctly heard a Curlew. This list comprises the Waders usually met with in the eastern Canary Islands at this season. Many others doubt- less touch here on migration, but with the exception of Sanderlings, which sometimes are quite common, they are mostly stragglers to this group. We struck camp early in the morning of the 10th as we intended, if all went well, to sail from Toston to La Pena, 214 statute miles down the coast, where we were assured that a landing could be effected. A sail of 45 hours brought us to Punta de la Pena, where we ourselves landed with great difficulty by Jumping on to the side of the cliff. A stiff climb brought us to the summit, while our two boats rounded the headland in order to land our baggage in the sandy cove. A huge swell was breaking here and one of the boats capsized, throwing everything into the water ; the other was with difficulty run ashore, and the work of trans- porting our various semi-soaked belongings up the Tamarisk valley begun. Our camp was pitched about a mile from the sea under some magnificent date-palms on the estate of Don Pedro Menrique. Fresh water was here in abundance, and as a result a splendid crop cf wheat and maize had been Expedition to the Hastern Canary Islands. 47 cultivated. The Barranco de la Pefia (Plate III. fig. 1) is closely overgrown with Tamarisk scrub, and in the distance the clump of palms can be seen under which our camp was pitched. I had intended only to remain for one night, but I soon found that birds of all descriptions were so plentiful in this valley that four days would be well spent here. It was in this barranco that we first met with the Fuerte- venturan Blue Titmouse (Parus c. degener), which we found to be quite plentiful, frequenting especially the fig trees and tamarisks. According to Polatzek, nesting commences at the end of February, and we saw a number of birds of the year in company with the old ones. Von Thanner has also seen adults feeding young on the 3rd of March. The distribution of this Blue Tit is peculiar. One may travel for many miles without meeting with any at all, when on entering a certain district they will suddenly become quite plentiful. After leaving La Pefia I never saw them again in Fuerteventura: they have, however, been recorded from several other parts of the island by other naturalists, and of course there are many places which I did not have time to visit. Another species here met with for the first time was the Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala leuco- gastra). These birds were most plentiful amongst the tamarisk bushes, in which they were extraordinarily difficult to locate. 'Their-note always betrayed them, however, and if you sat still in the middle of the scrub several would soon show themselves. I noticed that the hens seemed to be much more in evidence than the cocks; they had apparently only just finished nesting, as I found several recently vacated nests. ‘These were usually placed in the fork of a tamarisk about four feet from the ground, and a variety of materials was used in their construction: thin sticks, dried grass, camel’s hair, and bloom of the tamarisk, with often a lining of goat’s hair. One of the most plentiful species in this valley was Meade- Waldo’s Chat (Sawicola d. dacotie). These birds frequented the tamarisks which lined the dry bed of the barranco, 48 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological especially just above ourcamp. A photograph is given of this barranco showing the type of country they seemed to prefer (Plate IV. fig. 1). Water, though rather salt, was abundant, and according to Herr von Thanner is essential to their place of abode. Polatzek, on the other hand, found them sometimes in waterless tracts of country. I seldom saw them on the ground for long, but they would sit on a bough of tamarisk, mueh as our Flycatcher sits at home, and only occasionally dart out to catch some insect or else fly on to a stone in the middle of the barranco, where they would sit jerking their tails up and down after the manner of a Red- start. They had all long since finished breeding, and in consequence young birds in the speckled plumage were more in evidence than the adults. They lay their eggs, according to Messrs. Polatzek and von Thanner, very early in the year—a bird having been taken on January the 15th in which was found an egg ready for extrusion. The principal breeding-time, however, appears to be March and April. Such a complete account of the nesting of this species is given by the above authorities in their papers, published in the ‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch,’ that anyone desiring more information on this point cannot do better than consult their works. I have placed my notes on the present dis- tribution of this Chat under the separate heading Saxicola ad, dacoti@ in the list given in Part 11. of this paper to appear in the April number of ‘ The Ibis.’ Many other birds inhabited this fertile barranco. Gold- finches were met with for the first time and were common. Brown Linnets, the males with crimson breasts, were also plentiful and seemed to have a particular liking for the prickly pear. They were breeding at the time of our visit and several nests were found; one, containing four eggs, was composed of dry grass, corn-stalks, a plant something like raw cotton,.a few feathers, and lined thickly with a species of silky thistle. Turtle-Doves cooed on every side, and were just then nesting in the palms and tamarisk scrub ; I found a nest in one of. the latter bushes containing two eges which had only just been laid. A pair of Shrikes Ibis. 1914. PI. IV. 1. THE Home oF Sazicola dacotie dacotia. A BARRANCO ON THE West COAST OF FUERTEVENTURA. 2. MONTANA CLARA, ROQUE DE L’OUESTE, AND ALLEGRANZA, SHOWING GRACIOSA IN FOREGROUND. - Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islunds. 49 (Lanius 1. kenigi) was often seen in the dry bed of the barranco, and both Berthelot’s Pipits and Short-toed Larks were found sparingly. Hoopoes were very numerous and the noisy Spanish Sparrows simply swarmed, aud were again found nesting in the same palm as a pair of fine Kestrels, belongmg to a new subspecies recently named by Dr. Ernst Hartert. In another barranco not far from this camp, I was shown the nest of a Kestrel built in a hole on the steep face of the cliff. By carefully climbing along a ledge, about 40 feet from the top, I was enabled to reach this nest, from which a single young bird had been taken and brought in to me by a small Spanish boy earlier in the day. This young Kestrel, which was still in down, contained one whole lizard and half a lizard, one mouse (entire), and a quantity of beetles. The nest smelt very strong and many remains lay about in all directions. Further along the cliff a huge nest had been built under an overhanging ledge of rock in a sheltered position, in which a pair of Ravens had recently reared their young. This nest was built of large dried sticks and lined with smaller ones, amongst which pieces of rag and what appeared to be lumps of clotted camel’s hair had been woven. Between this barranco and the valley in which our camp was situated lay an extensive stone plateau, on which Sand- Grouse (Pterocles arenarius) were said to be often found. In the evenings, Swifts (Micropus m. brehmorum) and an occasional Swallow used to hawk over the corn and maize, screaming loudly in concert as they darted amongst the trunks of the trees which bordered the field. Another Swift (Micropus u. unicolor) was sometimes seen nearer the coast, but always flying very high out of gunshot. I have seldom seen these two species in company. While staying at this camp several Bats were shot which proved to be all of one species, Pipistrellus kuhlii, They only came out just before darkness fell and were thus very hard to obtain. Bats are distinctly rare in the eastern Canary Islands. Curiously enough the same species was obtained SER, X.—VOL. II. E 50 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological on the high ground of Gran Canaria, while P. savii was found in the neighbourhood of Las Palmas on the coast. We left this delightful spot on May the 14th to cross the range of mountains to Antigua, which is situated on the huge plain in the centre of the island. The path led over the spur and for some distance ran along a dried-up water-course between undulating barren hills which rose from three to four hundred feet on either side. As we advanced, the bed of the water-course rose steadily and the sides of the barranco became steeper and more rocky. Many roosting-places of Vultures were to be seen here, and I noticed a Buzzard hovering above our heads, almost the only one I saw while in Fuerteventura. The camels plodded on bravely, making very good progress until we had ascended 900 feet, when the country became much greener and the hillsides were covered with plants and grasses. A Shrike was seen here and several flocks of Trumpeter Bullfinches, but these were practically the only species met with. At 1350 feet we passed over a plateau sown with wheat, where Short-toed Larks became abundant. Wherever corn is cultivated on high ground, these little Larks are to be found. Having crossed this plateau we began quickly to descend to Santa Maria de Betancuria—a tiny old-world Spanish village hidden away in the mountains, a place of great historical iaterest, the original capital of the island in the 12th century and celebrated for its ancieat monastery. Hoopoes, Sparrows, and Kestrels were noticed here. After resting our camels for half an hour we left the village for the last part of the journey, climbing steadily upwards until we reached the summit of the range separating the eastern from the western side of the island. We passed over this ridge at 1900 feet, and from here obtained the most extensive views in every direction. The sea was visible to the east and west, and far dcwn below was spread an “immense plain bounded by hills on all sides. In this expanse the villages of Casillas de Morales, Antigua, Triquibijate, and Casillas del Angel, with their scattered Expedition to the Kastern Canary Islands. 51 white houses, were plainly visible. On the southern side a low range of hills separates this country from an even larger plain, where the villages of Triscaminita, Tuineje, and La Florida are situated, which district Mr. Meade-Waldo made his centre of activity. The town of Puerto Cabras, where we had landed, lay behind a range of hills fringing the coast, and away to the north another huge plain was visible, for the most part very barren save in the immediate neighbourhood of a few straggling villages and farms, where palms and fig-trees stood out above the grain-fields. From the summit of the pass where we had halted to rest the camels, the path wound over the bare mountain-side and over a part of the plain to Antigua. We passed through the village and pitched our camp on the further side. Hoopoes seemed more plentiful than ever and Pale Swifts were hawking over the fields mm numbers. In the evening Coursers were seen close to the camp, and we obtained several in the spotted plumage of the immature birds; Sand-Grouse were also heard. ‘The following morning, May the 15th, we were awakened by the musical call of the Hoopoes, “‘ Ta-bo-bo-bo, Ta-bo-bo-bo,” on all sides. On account of this cry they have received the local name of ‘ Tabobo.” I had planned to spend the days on the plains and hoped to meet with Coursers, Sand-Grouse, and especially the Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuerteventure), which I had not yet come across. For this purpose, therefore, 1 hired a donkey and set out in the direction of Casillas de Morales, for it is almost impossible to approach the Bustard on foot. We had gone a long way before one was sprung, and although I knew the bird well in the skin, I was greatly surprised at its large expanse of wing. It only flew about a hundred yards and then alighted, watching to see if it was being followed. The donkey scrambled over the stony plain as fast as possible, bat when within fifty yards the bird began to run and kept this distance between us until it finally took to flight again. The prickly “« Ahulaga” bush, spoken of by Mr. Meade-Waldo, was here very plentiful and was covered with many snails, upon which E2 52 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological the Bustard feeds. From accounts which J received in this district it appears that tnis fine bird is not nearly so common as in former years, although it may be still fairly plentiful on the plains round Tuineje. After leaving the Bustard we went to look at a spot where a pair of Sand-Grouse (Plerocles arenarius) had had their nest. The eggs had already been brought in to my camp. They had been laid within the shelter of a ring of stones, where the earth appeared to have been slightly hollowed and a few pieces of dried grass scratched together. The birds were still close to the spot, and rose as we approached. Curiously enough I did not see any Coursers on this part of the plain. They seem to keep to circumscribed areas where the stones are smaller and the soil more sandy, often close to where corn has been sown. J found the neat cup-shaped nest of a Trumpeter Bullfinch built under a large stone; it contained four fresh eggs. Short-toed Larks swarmed, and with Hoopoes seemed to be the only other inhabitants of the plain. Round the camp at Antigua, Berthelot’s Pipits were very common, and Desert Bullfineches, Short-toed Larks, Hoopoes, and Pale Swifts could be seen and heard in every direction. I also watched for some time a pair of Shrikes and a young Saxicola d. dacotie, the latter had evidently been reared in the neighbourhood and was ridiculously tame. Whiule we were in this camp numbers of eggs, and young birds all in more or less interesting stages of plumage, were brought in; the eggs chiefly belonged to such species as Hrythrospiza g. amantum, Anthus b. bertheloti, Calandrella m. polatzeki, Acanthis c. harterti, Pterocles arenarius, and Cursorius g. gallicus. The young of all the above species were obtained here, with the exception of the Sand-Grouse, added to which several young Hoopoes in varying stages of plumage were collected. Those from the same nest differed greatly in size. We left Antigua on May the 16th, travelling by the only road in Fuerteventura, on the last stage of our journey in this island. We passed through Cuyenta and Casillas del Angel over two large plains separated by undulating burnt-up ~ Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 53 country, with hardly a sign of bird-life save the ever present Short-toed Larks, Hoopoes, and a few Shrikes. I had not seen very many Shrikes so far, and none in the sandy plumage which Mr. Meade-Waldo mentions, although several which I shot appeared to be moulting out of rather sandy-coloured feathers into the grey of the adult freshly-moulted bird. At midday we arrived on the plateau immediately above Puerto Cabras, and pitched our camp on some private ground close to a farm. Here we repacked our Fuerte- venturan collection for my wife to take back to Las Palmas the following day, while we waited for the little interinsular boat to take us to Lanzarote. The collection from Fuerte- ventura numbered 128 birds, 93 eggs, 4 bats, 2 hedgehogs, and a rabbit, besides a fair series of botanical and entomo- logical specimens. As we had twenty-four hours to spend before our boat came in, we employed the time in collecting in the neighbourhood. Swifts are very common here, and a number were obtained both of Micropus murinus brehmorum and M. u. unicolor. The former now had all very white throats. I was anxious to see if they were breeding in the same place along the coast as Mr. Meade-Waldo had found them on April the Ist, 1888, so, with this object in view, I followed the coast-line for some distance south of Puerto Cabras. Waders were very scarce, only Kentish Plovers and Turnstones being seen—many of the latter in full breeding- plumage. Larus cachinnans was common, but I did not see a single example of Larus fuscus affinis. I found the cliffs which Mr. Meade-Waldo spoke of in his paper, just as he described them. They appeared to be formed of a kind of hard sandstone and were full of holes which looked as if they had been made by the action of water, so even were they. Certainly they are not now used as nest- ing-places by the Pale Swift. Only one hole appeared to be occupied, and this was considerably larger than the majority and was, I think, inhabited by a Kestrel. The coast to the south of Puerto Cabras is very rocky. Immediately beyond the cliffs mentioned above lies a sandy cove bordered by sand-dunes which are closely overgrown with a curious Euphorbia-like plant. o4 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological Pipits were common here, and as we turned inland and passed over the plain, Trumpeter Bullfinches and Short-toed Larks became extraordinarily abundant. Coursers were very scarce, but Sand-Grouse, on the contrary, were plentiful. Parts of the plain appeared like a sheet of purple caused by the Sueda fruticosa Forsk. bemg in full bloom, and with the dark undulating hills iu the distance a fine scenic effect was produced. The only other species met with were Hoopoes, Shrikes, and Spanish Sparrows, which latter rose in clouds from a field of grain. The following morning I went out very early to try to shoot some Sand-Grouse—an old farmer showed me the best place to lie up for them—and built a circular butt of big stones round me, leaving three loop-holes through which the muzzle of the gun could be pushed. This butt was placed close to where the birds were wont to drink at a running acequia. ‘Two and a half hours were spent in this butt with a certain amount of success. The “gangas,” as the natives call them, are very shy birds through being con- tinually shot at, and notice the slightest movement, hence it is necessary to keep perfectly motionless in the butt. They begin flying at about 7 s.m., but most of them are late drinkers, and I found they came chiefly between 9 and 9.30, although many were as late as 9.45 a.m. The Black- breasted Sand-Grouse come flying very fast, uttermg their pretty liquid call which sounds like bubbling water—they circle round once or twice and then settle about forty yards from the acequia, looking round carefully to see if they are observed. When satisfied that no danger threatens them they approach the water’s edge in a series of short runs, the head close to the ground and ever on the look-out. When the water is reached they drink greedily, and it is now that the native sportsman chooses to fire, when three or four are often bagged at a single shot. Sometimes as many as eight or ten together in a flock will arrive, but often a pair only would come to drink. The remainder of the day (May the 18th) was spent in com- pleting my map and diary and im preparing for the journey Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. a to Lanzarote. The last tent was taken down after dinner by the light of the moon, and at 9 o’clock we boarded the little steamer and said goodbye to Fuerteventura. It was acalm and beautiful night, the sea like glass, and a full moon overhead made even Puerto Cabras look distinctly attractive as viewed from our moorings in the harbour. LANZAROTE. At 5 a.m. on the morning of May the 19th we dropped anchor off the tiny port of Tifosa, situated on the south-east coast of Lanzarote. Here we were delayed for a very con- siderable time haggling over the price of camels, but at last our difficulties were overcome and we left the coast at 1] a.m. While waiting in Tinosa, which is noted for the quantities of onions which are exported from there, I had plenty of time to note all the birds in the neighbourhood. Several Yellow-legged Herring-Gulls were basking on the rocks and were very tame. Swifts (Micropus m. brehmorum) were plentiful, and I noticed two House-Martins amongst them. A fine pair of Kestrels was hovering over the hill- side but I failed to obtain them ; the male was a particularly old bird. My intention was, if possible, to cross Lanzarote and camp close to the only lake found in the islands, which lies on the south-west coast, and is salt. The first part of the journey led up a steep incline from Tihosa on to a terribly dry plateau. The cultivated soil seemed to consist entirely of powdered lava, the boundary walls being built of huge lumps of the same material. In these “ fields” stunted maize and cactus struggled for existence, and in every other available patch wheat had been planted. Brown Linnets, Pipits, and Kestrels were the commonest birds seen here; and a fine dark Falcon, which I imagine to have been Falco eleonore, dashed past, almost black in colour and with narrow pointed wings. Having crossed this plateau we ascended by a bad path to the Carreterra, which we found to be a really good road evidently rarely used by wheeled vehicles. To the north, towards Arrecife, the land 56 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological slopes gradually from the ceutral range of mountains to the sea, and seems to be thickly populated and to have every inch under cultivation. The mountains, which we were approaching, appeared as a large chain of craters running N.E. and S.W., falling at their western extremity due south and culminating in the conspicuous Montana de la Hacha Grande, which rises to 1860 feet. We passed through a depression in this range, leaving a huge moon-shaped crater on our left, and then entered the most fertile country I had yet seen in either of the large eastern islands. The road wound through vineyards and fields of maize and wheat which were planted everywhere with fig-trees and palms. Although the earth seemed still to consist of cinders, the crops on all sides looked highly prosperous. Birds at once became more numerous, Spanish Sparrows, Linnets, Trumpeter Bullfinches, Pipits, Short- toed Larks, Pale Swifts, Kestrels, and Egyptian Vultures being seen. Another Falcon was noticed just before passing through the mountains. We soon neared the village of Uga, behind which lies a group of huge craters, including the famous Montaiia del Fuego. From these volcanoes an enormous lava-flow several miles in breadth stretches to the sea. Huge blocks of lava are thrown and heaped one upon another without a vestige of green to vary the monotony. This lava was as sharp as a knife and boots were simply ripped off our feet. The character of the country from Uga to Yaiza, where we changed camels, is much the same, but from the latter village to the coast a great difference is noticeable. Fertile fields and vineyards give way to the most utterly barren waste of country it has ever been my lot to cross. On our right was the huge lava-stream of almost eoal-black lava with the bare craters rising behind. On our left dried-up, undulating ground, sown with an occa- sional patch of very thin grain. The only birds which seemed to be at all plentiful were Kestrels, which with Pipits aud Trumpeter Bullfinches appeared to have the entire waste to themselves. I noticed that Short-toed Larks were entirely absent, At length the path, which had been running Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. aM between high walls of lava, led out on to a flat tableland, where a flock of Coursers and some Hoopoes were seen. After speedily crossing this we found ourselves looking down some 50 feet on to the Lago Januvio—a small expanse of water having a shore-line two miles in length, which is separated from the sea by a strip of beach composed of lava, ground almost to dust by the continued pounding of the surf. Our tents were pitched in this natural basin within fifty yards of the lake, after a very long and fatiguing day. The following morning was spent in exploring the lake and neighbourhood: my fears of the previous night were only too well founded. Ornithologically the locality proved most disappointing. Kentish Plovers, as usual, were breeding close to the lake, and round the water’s edge Dunlins and a huge flock of Turnstones were feeding. We walked right round the lake without seeing anything of further interest. On the lava-flow, which continues into the sea, a yellow Finch was seen—a straggler, doubtless, from the African mainland; brown Linnets were also quite common, and several Kestrels were noticed. As the “ Lago” did not yield anything of interest we ascended to the plateau above, where Coursers, Shrikes, Hoopoes, and Pipits were procured; many of the Coursers were birds of the year. Bishop woke me next morning to say that there was a flock of Grebes on the lake: a close inspection through glasses pointed to their being the Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps n. nigricollis), but we were unable to shoot a specimen before they flew over the dividing bank out to sea. The weather was boisterous, and they had evidently come in to shelter on the calm water. A plentiful species in North Africa, these Grebes are very rare stragglers to the Canary Islands. They have been recorded on one occasion at any rate from the Azores. Rare and peculiar birds are evidently occasionally seen on Lago Januvio by the fishermen, who remembered and de- scribed to me a bird which could only have been a Flamingo. The occurrence of this species on the lake has, I believe, been recorded before, but I cannot find the reference. 58 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological The afternoon of May the 21st was spent in collecting in the neighbourhood of Yaiza and Uga, and besides the species already mentioned from these localities, Ravens and Vultures were noted, and on the ride to the villages a pair of Thick- knees was flushed. Butterflies were aburdant in the fields of tomatoes ; Painted Ladies, Bath Whites, Red Admirals, Clouded Yeliows, and Little Blues being the commonest kinds met with. I determined to leave our present camp early on the following morning, as it would have been only a waste of precious time to remain here a day Jonger. Accordingly on May the 22nd we started, on what proved to be our longest march, from the Lago Januvio to San Miguel de Teguise, via Arrecife, 23 miles as the crow flies. The first part of the route was over the same ground as we bad traversed on the outward journey, as far as the bridle path leading from Tifosa. Thence we rode over miles of uninteresting plain, the ground gradually ascending to 700 feet, when we arrived at the village of Tias. Short-toed Larks again became plentiful; they seem to stick to the cornfields, as none were noticed between Yaiza and Playa Januvio. From Tias the first view of Arrecife is gained—over an immense wind- swept plain without a tree or blade of grass; the only birds of interest observed on this plain were two Collared Pratincoles (Glareola p. pratincola). . These are very rare visitors to the islands; both were obtained, and proved to be a male and female with testes and ovary small. Finding that we could not stay in Arrecife, we pushed on to Teguise, 900 feet above the sea, the road rising all the way over extremely barren country. As we did not reach our desti- nation until darkness had fallen, we were obliged to put up our tents in the middle of the town itself, much to the astonishment of the inhabitants on the following morning. It was from Teguise that I afterwards procured a fine example of Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides* from a Spanish ornithologist, who assured me that it had been shot while chasing the tame pigeons in the town. A night was spent here, and * Falco barbarus auct. cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 1051. Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 59 early on the 23rd of May we left for Haria, a ride full of interest from start to finish. Leaving the old castle of Santa Barbara on our right, we ascended quickly through land which was all carefully cultivated. Hoopoes, Brown Linnets (the males with very crimson breasts), Short-toed Larks, Sparrows, and Pipits were ali numerous, especially in the neighbourhood of San Sebastian, which lies at 1000 feet. Figs and palms were now left behind, and at 1900 feet a plateau was reached which was shrouded in thick driving mist. Wheat and beans were growing here, and to my surprise the note of the Corn-Bunting was heard and the bird eventually procured. This is a migratory species to the eastern Canary Islands but is resident on the western Islands. Polatzek says that it returns to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the spring, and he has taken the eggs in the former island in March and April. I myself received a clutch from Tuineje in Fuerteventura on my return to Gran Canaria. Curiously enough the specimen shot on this high plateau was the only one I saw throughout my journey. Perhaps these birds do not generally arrive in the eastern islands until later in the year. Polatzek does not give a very definite time for their arrival and departure. Monte Famara (2244 feet), the highest peak in Lanzarote, lay immediately to our left, the crest obscured by clouds. A fine view of the north of the island was obtained from the summit of the zigzagging road which led down to Haria. We camped about a mile outside the town on the south side, in the most fertile district imaginable, teeming with bird-life. The change from desolate hills and barren plains to this green, well-watered valley, proved very pleasant, and we decided to spend five days at this camp before moving on to explore the northern islets. Many birds were met with for the first time, and indeed I believe several species are cou- fined entirely to this neighbourhood. By glancing at the accompanying map (Plate II.) it will be seen that Haria, a fair-sized but rather “scattered” town, is situated in a valley which is isolated from the rest of the island, surrounded as it is on all sides by hills, and directly cut off from the south 60 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological by the Famara range over which we had passed. Water is plentiful and in consequence vegetation abundant, mulberry and fig trees, date-palms, cactus-plants, and cereals growing in profusion. To deal first with the species which seemed to be confined to the district, the most plentiful was undoubt- edly the Pale Titmouse (Parus c. degener); these little birds had full-fledged young on the wing. I found them towards Arrieta up to 1300 feet, climbing about amongst the rocks. Two Chiffchafts (Phylloscopus e. exul) were procured, and one or two others heard. They are very difficult to locate. Spectacled Warblers (Sylvia c. bella) were by no means rare; I should think they are on the increase in this valley, but I did not meet with them anywhere else. 'Turtle-Doves (Streptopelia t. turtur), though rare, were evidently found here, as a man brought me two unfledged young from a neighbouring village.. I kept them alive and brought them up on gofio, upon which they throve and became very tame. Eventually, after many adventures, they arrived in Gran Canaria, where they still are. During our many moves they never attempted to fly away but would come in and out of my tent, perching even on my hat if nothing better were at hand! The commoner species found here were Hoopoes, Pipits, Spanish Sparrows, Shrikes, and Linnets; the latter, together with the Fuerteventuran Linnet, I have separated from the form found in the western islands, under the name Acanthis cannabina harterti (vide Bull. B. O. C. xxxii. 1913, p. 39). The males of all the Linnets found here had excep- tionally crimson breasts, although this is not a character by which they can be distinguished. A fine series was obtained, together with eggs and young birds. ‘Two pairs of Buzzards (Buteo 6. insularum) haunted the higher peaks, and could often be seen wheeling and screaming high up the barranco west of the camp. By following this barranco for a mile, one suddenly came upon the precipitous cliffs which bound the north-west coast, dropping sheer to the sea 1400 feet. The most extensive views were obtained from this point, and a complete panorama of the flat sandy plain which takes up so much of this part of the island was unfolded. ‘To the Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islauds. 61 north lay the islands of Graciosa, Montafia Clara, Roque del Oueste, and Allegranza, seeming from this elevation to be only a stone’s throw away. Three or four pairs of Ravens and many Kestrels lived in these cliffs, and doubtless Egyptian Vultures, Ospreys, and Barbary Falcons had their eyries close at hand. Polatzek found the latter species breeding here and speaks of it in his excellent paper. Rock Pigeons swarmed, and far down below many Herring Gulls (Larus cachinnans) were congregated on a ledge upon which it is highly probable they had nested earlier in the year. An ancient Spanish goatherd told me that he had recently pulled ont two White Owls (Tyto flammea gracilirostris) from this same cliff, but I had not the luck to fall in with them myself, I was informed that “ Pardelas,” i. e. Puffinus kuhli flavirostris, nested lower down at the foot of the “ Risco,” where, however, I was unable to descend in the short time at my disposal. It would be highly interesting to learn if any other species of Petrel has ever been found breeding in Lanzarote. It was near here that Polataek saw many Hleonore Falcons (Falco eleonore) in late August. I did not, however, meet with any in this district. Near the town of Haria, Thick-knees were heard every evening. A clutch of eggs was taken on May the 26th, and exceptionally beautiful eggs they were. Curiously enough Swifts were not seen until the morning that we prepared to leave. These were all Micropus m. brehmorum. The nights spent at Haria were very cold, the clouds creeping down the moun- tains and almost enveloping the camp, accompanied usually by a high wind which sprang up about five o’clock. While in this camp I had the pleasure of receiving a visit from Dr. Bottger, an eminent German naturalist, who was making a complete tour of the archipelago. He was on his way south from the northern islets, and had been accompanied part of the time by Herr von Thanner. He gave me the bad news that this ornithologist had been taken seriously ill in Allegranza, and been forced very shortly after his arrival to return to Tenerife empty-handed. 62 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological May the 27th, the day we had decided to move on to Graciosa, broke with torrents of rain; throughout the night a violent storm had been raging, and a tearing wind caused us the greatest difficulty in striking camp. The heavy luggage had to be sent on camels via Orsola, while we rode through Haria, past the western slopes of Monte Corona (1940 feet), through thick mist to the summit of ‘ E] Risco,’” where we descended by a precipitous path 1500 feet to the sea-shore. Here we lit a bonfire on the beach to attract the attention of the fishermen on Graciosa, which ancient signal, employed by Mr. Meade-Waldo twenty-seven years previously, is still the only means of communication between the inhabitants of the two islands. While waiting for the steamer on my return journey to Gran Canaria at Arrecife I made the acquaintance of a local ornithologist, who kindly invited me to view his private collection. The birds were for the most part exceedingly well mounted and included a number of interesting forms. As the entire collection had been formed in Lanzarote by the owner himself, it was of considerable interest. Besides containing examples of all the commoner species the following were identified without any doubt. It will be seen that several rare stragglers to the Canary Islands are included in the appended list. List of rare or otherwise interesting species recognised in private collection at Arrecife. All the specimens were said to have been shot in Lanzarote. Sturnus v. vulgaris (Starling). Lanius s. senator (Woodchat). Turdus m. musicus (Continental Song-Thrush). Cyanosylvia sveciea cyanecula (White-spotted Blue-throat), Jynx t. torquilla (Wryneck). Cuculus c. canorus (Cuckoo). Clamator glandarius (Great Spotted Cuckoo). Asio aceipitrinus (Short-eared Owl). Tyto flammea gracilirostris (Slender-billed Barn Owl). Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (Barbary Falcon). Falco eleonore (Kleonore Falcon). Expedition to the Kastern Canary Islands, 63 Platalea 1. leucorodia (Spoonbill). Ardea g. garzetta (Little Egret), Ardetta ninuta (Little Bittern). Querquedula ec. erecca (Teal). Mareca penelope (Wigeon). Dafila acuta (Pintail). Phalacrocorax c. carbo (Cormorant). Glareola p. pratincola (Black-winged Pratincole). Squatarola squatarola (Grey Plover). Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing). Machetes pugnaa (Tutt). Calidris arenaria (Sanderling). Totanus totanus (Redshank). Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged Stilt). Recurvirostra avosetta (Avocet). Limosa 1. lapponica (Bar-tailed Godwit). Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit). Gallinago g. gallinago (Snipe). Sterna s. sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern), Sterna hirundo (Common Tern). Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) in breeding-plumage, Rissa t. tridactyla (Kittiwake Gull). Fratercula a. arctica (Puffin). Crex crex (Land-Rail). Porzana parva (Little Crake). Porzana porzana (Spotted Crake). Gallinula c. chloropus (Moor-Hen). Fulica a. atra (Coot). GRACIOSA. I had contemplated staying in this island six days, but owing to the exceptionally heavy seas which were running, we were forced to remain here for double that period: an unfortunate state of affairs which ultimately prevented my visiting Allegranza in person through lack of time. Graciosa is by far the largest of the five small islands which lie to the north of Lanzarote. It is 54 miles in length and 24 in breadth, having an area of 9} square miles. For the most part it is flat with four extinct voleanoes upon it, the highest point being 873 feet (by aneroid). ‘The soil is very sandy and in parts the surface is thickly strewn with empty snail-shells. In the south the G4 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological ground is covered with hummocks which are capped with closely growing plants, such as Zygophyllum fontanesit Welb., Salicornia fruticosa Linn., Sueda fruticosa Forsk., Atriplex halimus Linn., and two species of Traganum, while a wide belt of sand dunes fringes the shore. Stony plains, stretching to the north and west, surround the large central crater (Montana de las Agujas), which appears as a moun- tainous mass rising abruptly from the plain in the middle of the island. The coast-line for the most part is very rocky, particularly on the entire western strand, where the enormous boulders contrast strongly with the flat reefs found on the south and east coasts. The whole shore-line constitutes an ideal haven for Waders of all kinds. A. small fishing village has been built on the nearest point to Lanzarote, and from the fishermen who live there we received the greatest kind- ness. Fine examples—every one of them—of the best type of Spaniard, as yet utterly unspoilt by civilization, which is more than can be said of many of their brothers on the main islands. I made my camp on the extreme south-east point, and from here thoroughly explored the entire island, ascending all four voleanoes. Living as we did in the midst of many hundreds of Petrels from May the 27th till June the 7th, we were able to see for ourselves the great numbers which come here. I was disappointed that the only Petrel breeding on Graciosa during my visit was Puffinus kukli flavirostris. But these large birds swarm to such an extent that I doubt whether any other species could discover a single nook or cranny in which to deposit their eggs! The fishermen informed me that Puffinus assimilis baroli nested in one part of the island earlier in the year, arriving in March and leaving in May. All had disappeared at the time of my arrival, although the remains of their nesting-places could be seen in holes far too small for the Yellow-billed Shearwater to haye entered. The following short list comprises the sum total of the Birds observed in Graciosa during my siay between the Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 65 27th of May and the 7th of June; included are one or two species noted hy other observers, but which we did not our- selves meet with :— 1. Acanthis cannabina harterti.—A single Linnet was seen flying overhead. 2. Anthus 6. berthelotiimResident and breeding. We found them fairly plentiful in certain parts of the island, but not nearly so common as they are in the main islands, 3. Erythrospiza githaginea amantum.—Only two small flocks were seen, flying over the camp. We did not come across any on the plains. 4. Lanius excubitor kenigiAbout four pairs were seen, They are evidently resident here, and seem to prefer the sand-dunes between Mt. Amarilla and the camp, One pair was always noticed on a thick patch of Euphorbia scrub near the large central crater. All these birds appeared to be in moult. 5. Sylvia conspicillata bellan—Met with in small parties flying about the plains, frequenting chiefly the hummocky ground. There are always four or five together. They are very restless and move about a great deal, 6. Upupa e. epops.—Only one example of this bird was seen. It was very wild and had obviously just flown over from Lanzarote. 7. Tinnunculus tinnunculus dacotie.—About six birds were noticed on the island, all immature. They were remarkably shy and difficult of approach. As we were leaving Graciosa on June the 7th we met several girls carrying baby Kestrels in down, which they had taken from a nest on the western side of the island. 8. Buteo buteo insularum.—Meade-Waldo shot a Buzzard here in 1890, which he found living in the walls of one ot the craters. I did not observe any myself and did not sea any signs of an old nest. They have probably deserted the island. SER. X.—VOL. II. ry 66 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological 9. Pandion h. haliaétus.—Often seen round the coasts; there is no suitable nesting-place on this island, but they breed on Montafia Clara, a very short distance away, and almost certainly on El Risco (Lanzarote). 10. Neophron percnopterus.—Not resident but often seen. They come over from Lanzarote, where they nest on El Risco. 11. Puffinus assimils barol.—The Little Dusky Shearwater had already bred and departed, according to the fishermen in Graciosa. They told me that the “ Tahoce” came in March and had left Graciosa by the end of May, but that I should still find some remaining on the neighbouring island of Montaha Clara. If P. a. baroli does actually breed on Graciosa, I am at a loss to account for the dis- crepancies between the breeding-season in the two islands. When I arrived in Montafia Clara I found P. a. barok with young in down, of which an account is given in my description of that island (see p. 79). 12. Puffinus kuhh flavirostris.—The Yellow-billed Shear- water swarms over the entire island. Three perfectly distinct nesting-sites were chosen, which I shall attempt to describe. When Mr. Meade-Waldo visited the island he explained how “the Petrels burrowed at the foot of the ‘Salada Mora’ bushes, their roots preventing the sand from filling in.” At the present day conditions have changed, and on Graciosa, at any rate, burrows are not often used. A little to the east of Mt. Amarilla, just above high water- mark, lies a mass of huge boulders piled up one upon another, over the top of which loose sand has drifted, the whole being closely overgrown with a scrubby plant. Small gaps are left between the boulders, and through one of these we managed to squeeze; once inside, our-electric torches revealed low caves, into which we had to erawl on hands and knees, and from which a network of subterranean passages led in all directions. In these dark recesses, abounding in nooks and crannies, the large Shearwaters were sitting. The glare of the torches dazzled their eyes as they shuffled into Hxpedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 67 crevices and behind loose rocks in their vain endeavour to escape from the brilliant light. No nest of any description was attempted by the birds in these caves. - The islanders catch hundreds of these Shearwaters with the greatest ease, employing a thiv almond rod about four feet in length with a small hook at the end. This they thrust imto the holes and crevices, dexterously transfixing the occupant through the pinions of the wing and drawing tlhe unwilling victim to the surface. Nesting-places similar to the one just described are found in many parts of the island. On the north coast very rugged cliffs of black jagged lava are to be found, in the numerous crevices of which these Shearwaters were nesting in large numbers. Another colony had chosen a very different situation on the plain east of Mt, Amarilla, about a quarter of a mile from the sea. Here the birds were nesting in burrows in the earth, which was so hard that it absolutely resisted our attempts to dig out the occupants with a sharp-pointed spade. JI imagine the Shearwaters had excavated these burrows themselves, as there are no rabbits on Graciosa whose holes they could make use of. I only found one other small colony on Graciosa, where the birds nested in burrows which likewise were too difficult to excavate. Not content with nesting round the coasts, these birds had resorted in numbers to two of the volcanoes. A few nests were found amongst the lumps of loose lava on the summit of Montafia Bermeja (550 ft ), but a considerably larger colony was discovered on the eastern slopes of the big central voleano (Montafia de las Agujas). Here, at an altitude of 3090 to 600 ft,, the face of the crater was honey- combed with caves, in almost all of which birds were nesting. As this was the most interesting of all the various sites chosen, I will give a short description of my. visit on June the 1st, Two fisher-lads acted as guides, and after a weary climb up 600 feet of loose crumbling lava, we gained tie entrance to the largest cave, which measured 6x3 ft. At one end of this outer cave a narrow tunnel ran into the heart of the mountain, through which, by lying full length, F2 68 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological it was just possible to squeeze; after being pulled in front and pushed behind for some fifteen yards, I at last found myself in another small cave, with yet another tunnel leading out of it at right angles to the last. This second tunnel was a little wider, but twisted and turned in the most bewildering manner, gradually opening out into a good-sized cavern which must have been quite twenty yards from the entrance. All the large holes and crevices in the walls of this cave had been utilised by the Shearwaters. A very large number must resort to this particular spot. At this distance from the fresh air an indescribable smell of Petrel greeted our nostrils. The floors of both caves and passages, which were composed of crushed lava, were thickly strewn with the feathers of the birds, and I was unlucky in finding all the occupants out at sea. They had not yet commenced to lay, at any rate in this cave, but we had obtained a fair number of eggs from other parts of the island. The fishermen said that the birds had now come “to clean their nests.” The entrance to this lower cave must be three-quarters of a mile from the sea; and although, in the daytime, the birds were often seen flying up and down the strait which sepa- rates Graciosa from Lanzarote, yet they never by any chance came to their nesting-holes before darkness had fallen. I took considerable pains to discover what rule governed the comings and goings of these Shearwaters between the sea and their nesting-sites. Living, as I did, on Graciosa and Montafia Clara in their very midst, I hoped to be able to arrive at some definite conclusion on this somewhat little known subject; with this object in view, 1 made many journeys to different nesting-places after dark. Before lay- ing had become general (7. e. during my stay on Graciosa), the majority of the birds would leave their nests before it became light, spending the entire day at sea. They must be excellent time-keepers, for in many cases no inkling of day- light could possibly reach them to warn them that the dawn was breaking. Unless, therefore, they leave their holes before daybreak, while it is still dark, I do not believe that they leave them until dusk, and possibly not until the following Expedition to the Eastern Canary Isiands. 69 morning. If, however, they have been out to sea through- out the day, they return to land about an hour after dark- ness has fallen (2. e. about 8 p.m.). As soon as they begin to come in they commence calling—a long drawn-out wailing note repeated several times, and often answered from within the ground by a peculiar purring sound, which I imagine is made by their mate. The birds would fly round several times in lessening circies close above the rocks, eventually settling at the entrance to their particular hole. It is then possible, by noiselessly creeping over the rocks aud suddenly switching a light into their eyes, to approach within striking distance of the birds. Occasionally, while sitting amongst the rocks with lights extinguished, it is possible to “hook ” a bird as it glides close overhead. The fishermen are remark- ably adept at catching them in this way, although I should imagine that the method is seldom employed. By June the 7th, the day on which we left Graciosa, nesting had become general, and all the birds had eggs. On Montafia Clara even better opportunities for studying the habits of these Shearwaters were afforded me, but for the nesting-sites chosen by the birds on this island, I must refer the reader to page 80. Although over a hundred birds were caught (the majority being again liberated), I never once found more than one bird in the hole at a time. Both males and females were taken on the eggs, in about equal numbers; the sex of the sitting bird is easily distinguish- able, as the male has a much more formidable bill than the female. Only one egg, of course, is laid, and all varied tremendously in shape and size. The measurements will be found under this species in the annotated list (see Part II.). In many cases a perfectly formed egg, completely shelled, was taken from the oviduct of a dead bird. The Shearwaters called during all hours of the night, but seemed particularly noisy at about 3 a.m., at which time I believe many went out to sea. I think there is no doubt that they take it in turns to sit on the egg, the male feeding while the hen is sitting and vice versa. If pulled out of their holes in the daytime they seemed completely 70 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological dazed, and as often as not made no attempt to escape ; others would waddle in the direction of the sea, continually catching their wings in bushes and stones and tumbling about in the most grotesque manner. When thrown up into the air some would immediately fly out to sea, while others seemed to lose their power of flight and would come down ‘“ plump” on to the rocks, and quickly waddle away until they could gain a ledge from which to “ push off.” The sand in which the Shearwaters had burrowed on Mon- tana Clara was much softer than that of Graciosa, and I was thus able to excavate there with comparative ease. I found. the burrows very similar to rabbit-holes but a little larger ; the entrances of several measured 6X11 inches and often led 7 feet into the ground. The egg was usually deposited a foot from the further end of the burrow. The passage was generally winding and at times turned completely at right angles. A few feathers and scraps of seaweed were some- times found doing duty for a nest. In contrast to these long burrows I| was often surprised to find a bird sitting ‘in broad daylight,” having laid its egg im an exposed crevice on the cliffside, not 12 inches from the entrance, where, in the daytime, the rays of the sun shone full upon it. If molested, the Shearwaters bit and scratched with remarkable ferocity, inflicting severe wounds with their formidable bills. As I finally left the breeding- haunts of these Shearwaters on June the 14th, I did not find a single nestling. Several fishermen, who knew their habits remarkably well, told me that the ‘ Pardelas,” as they call them, arrived early in April “to clean their nests.” As I proved for myself, nesting had become general on June the Ist and all the birds seemed to have laid. The young are hatched early in July, and the fishermen start taking them on August the 5th for eating purposes. Many hundreds are: taken again in September when the young are exceedingly fat, but they are then boiled down for oil. The men assured me that all the birds leave the island in November, young and old together. In the island of Allegranza hundreds are slaughtered for the sake of their feathers, which fetch quite a good price in Las Palmas. TA ld PIi6L STqT IOQ'IVMHECVEW UADOIN SNAOLVN HH Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. ffi 13. Columba livia. —Several pairs were seen on the north coast particularly amongst the sand-dunes. 14. Hematopus niger meadewaldoi (Plate VI.).—T wo speci- mens of Meade-Waldo’s Black Oystercatcher were procured in this island over twenty years ago. Several collectors who in recent years have devoted their energies to procuring examples of this bird, have been forced to return empty- handed. I have separated this subspecies from Hematopus n. niger, with which it had previously been identified (vide Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C. xxxi. 1913, p. 33). 15. Gidicnemus edicnemus insularum.—A. pair of Thick- ‘ knees was found breeding close to the camp. Only one egg had been laid ; the second, which was very beautifully marked, was taken from the oviduct of a female, shot on the 3rd of June. This pair was flushed the first day we arrived in the island, and after circling round once or twice, flew over the strait dividing Graciosa from Lanzarote. 16. Aigialites a. alecandrina.—The Kentish Plover was by far the commonest Wader met with. On Graciosa a young bird was obtained just able to fly, and on the 5th of June we found a nest close to that of a Thick-knee, both within 50 yards of our camp. Although we had suspected both birds of having eggs, we did not discover the nests until we had been in this camp for overa week. The two eggs of the Kentish Plover were laid in a depression of the bare ground between the points of two half-buried stones. The eggs were quite freshly laid. I know of no nest so difficult to discover. 17. Squatarola squatarola.—A single flock of Grey Plovers was seen on the reef on the south coast. 18. Arenaria t.interpres.—Turnstones were very numerous, the rocky coasts being just suited to them. A few were in full breeding-plumage. 19. Tringa a. alpina.—A very few Dunlin were seen. = c) 72 My. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological 20. Totanus nebularius.—Only one Greenshank was seen. 21. Numenius a. arquatus——Four Curlews were flushed on the hummocky plain at the foot of the Montafa de las Agujas. It would not have been surprising had we dis- covered them breeding here, as Herr von Thanner recorded the nesting of this species in the south of Fuerteventura (Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 2138). 22. Numenius p. pheopus—The Whimbrel was met with on all parts of the coast, the rocky pools and exposed reefs being exactly suited to their habits. 23. Sterna s. sandvicensis.—According to the fishermen, Terns, or “Garajéos” as the islanders call them, visit Graciosa whenever “Sardinas” are particularly numerous. I did not meet with either the Common or Sandwich Tern anywhere in the islands. 24. Larus cachinnans—The Yellow-legged Herring Gulls are very plentiful in Graciosa, although they do not actually breed there. They were very tame indeed, and frequented the small fishing village in numbers. The chief breeding-station of this species in the eastern islands is the Roque del Este, while others probably nest on the high cliffs in Lanzarote, known as El Risco. Notre.—It is worthy of special notice that no Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus affinis) were seen at all during the expedition. ‘This proves more or less conclu- sively that the species does not breed in the eastern Canary Islands, as I had haif expected to find. If any of these Gulls had been breeding on the outer islets the fact could hardly have escaped our notice, as they would undoubtedly have visited the Graciosa fish-curing depot, where we were constantly on the look-out for them. All the smaller islands and rocks, with the single exception of the Roque del Este, were visited by the expedition. It can therefore be inferred that the western light-backed race {Larus fuscus affinis Reinhardt) is a regular winter Expedition to the Hastern Canary Islands. 73 migrant to the Canary group [see my remarks ‘ Ibis,’ 1912, p- 575, and Bull. B. O. C. xxix. 1912, p. 121]; while the eastern “dark-backed race (Larus fuscus fuscus) is a very rare straggler to the islands [see remarks by Mr. Meade- Waldo and myself, Bull. B. O. C. xxxi. 1913, p. 69]. During the greater part of our stay in Graciosa we were subjected to a good deal of inconvenience by the severe wind, which blew almost continuously for a week, and in- creased to a regular hurricane on the night of June the 3rd. The result was that a very high sea prevented the landing of our baggage on the neighbouring island of Montana Clara. At length, on the 7th of June, the sea had dropped sufficiently to allow of our making the attempt, and with six sturdy boatmen, all members of one family, we set sail on the never-to-be-forgotten voyage to Montana Clara! There is only one Janding-place, on the south-eastera shore, and this we eventually reached, very wet and miserable. We were all heartily glad to set foot at last on the island, which I hoped to find the most interesting and productive of all the Petrel haunts to be visited. My hopes were fully realized. Montana Ciara. The little island of Montafa Clara les north-west of Graciosa, from which it is separated by a channel of very turbulent water. Of undoubted volcanic origin, the island is situated approximately 98 statute miles from the nearest African coast (Cape Juby). Eight days were spent here, from June the 7th to June the 14th, during which time a thorough survey in every direction was made. Montaia Clara is a heart-shaped island, a mile and a quarter in length and three-quarters of a mile wide, and embracing an area of half a square mile. It consists of a single large, but imperfect crater, which occupies the entire northern portion of the island, the walls falling precipitously to the sea, and the highest point rising to 700 feet. The south of the island is occupied by a steep ridge (sloping to the south-east) of Java, scoria, and sandhills, intersected 74 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological here and there by small barrancos. On this low ground several desert plants flourish, Launea spinosa, Sueda fruti- cosa, Mesembryanthemum nodijlorum, etc.; but for the most part the whole island is very barren. A single water-hole, entirely dependent on the rainfall for its supply, constitutes the only drinking-water to be found. Apart from two rude stone huts built as rest-houses by the fishermen who occasionally land here, the island is without habitation. The coast-line is composed of precipitous cliffs, with the exception of the basin on the extreme north, and the ridges on the south-east aud south-west. The latter exhibit traces of a recent land-slide, and there is evidence that another heavy fall will take place on the highest part of the ridge in the near future. The result of these land-falls is that the shore- line is strewn with immense boulders, under which Bulweria bulwert was found breeding. To my mind the peculiar physical characters of Montana Clara are solely responsible for the fact that this island (though considerably smaller than Graciosa or Allegranza) is the breeding-place of three, if not four, species of Petrels. Two events of considerable interest took place during my stay on Montana Clara. The first was the discovery of a new Chat (Sawxicola* dacotie muriele) which we at first took to be typical Sawvicola d. dacotie in fullautumn-plumage. On our return to England, however, further examination proved this to be a new subspecies, which I have described shortly in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, vol. xxxiii. 1913, p. 37. I have thought it advisable to include in this paper a more minute description of the bird in question, together with an excellently coloured drawing by Mr. Gronvold (Pl. V.) depicting the adult male in full autumn- plumage and an immature bird of the year. Future workers should therefore have no difficulty in distinguishing between the two geographical races of this Saxicola. It must here be noted that this new Chat again turned up in considerable numbers in the island of Allegranza, and altogether a com- plete series was obtained. * Pratincola auct. “dy WeUIMeNyqsana: DN Mel iA IE SESH E.epedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. Gs The following is a List of the Birds seen on Montana Clara :— 1. Corvus corax tingitanus—A pair of Ravens lived in the high cliffs shown in the photograph (PI. III. fig. 2) ; they doubtless breed there every year. 2. Anthus b. bertheloti.mNot at all uncommon; all the specimens procured were in full moult. This Pipit probably breeds in the island. 3. Saxicola dacotie muriele. (Pl. V.).—The discovery of this Chat, which I met with for the first time in this island and subsequently in Allegranza, proved to be the most notable event of the expedition. Hitherto no ornithologist, least of all myself, had dreamt of finding a Savicola on these small desert islands. It was therefore with no little pleasure that I examined the first two examples which had been shot by Bishop, my taxidermist, two days after our arrival in Montana Clara. Four or five birds were seen together on the low ridge behind the camp; this was the only occasion upon which they were met with in this island, the party consisting of both adult and immature birds. They perched on the low plants that were growing amongst the lava and sandhills, conspicuous amongst which was Sueda fruticosa Forsk., with a pretty purple bloom. As already mentioned, I published a short description of this subspecies in the October number of the ‘ Bulletin,’ The following is a minute description of the adult male, female, and young bird of the year. A comparison is given between S. d. muriele and 8. d. dacotie in certain plumages :— Adult male (full autumn-plumage, from a specimen shot on June the 12th). General colour of the upperparts brownish, each feather with clearly defined wide dark brown shaft-streaks ; crown of the head and nape of a darker shade than the back, with small dark brown bases to the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts light cinnamon-brown with the shaft-streaks very faint; wings dark brown, the primaries edged with 76 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological dirty white on the inner web and buff on the outer web ; secondaries widely margined with buff, as also the primary, median, and lesser wing-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; scapulars white; rectrices dark browu margined on the outer web with buff; cheeks, lores, and ear-coverts blackish. A conspicuous white stripe extending from the bill over and beyond the eye ; eyelids white; chin pure white—the white extending beneath the cheeks and forming a half-collar ; chest, breast, belly, and flanks nearly uniform vinaceous buff, rather darker on the chest ; under tail-coverts whitish. Tris dark brown ; bill and feet black. Culmen (exposed) 11 mm.; wing 65; tail 47; tarsus 23. Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black cheeks, lores, and ear-coverts, which are light brown, and in having the entire underparts much paler vinaceous buff. Culmen (exposed) 11 mm.; wing 60; tail 48; tarsus 23. Immature birds are, if anything, darker on the upperparts than the adults and can be distinguished at once by the white tips to the feathers of the crown, nape, and hind neck, which give to the bird a speckled appearance. The white half-collar and scapulars are quite distinguishable in the young bird. The chin and throat are less pure white, and _ the breast is pale buff with minute brown tips to each feather. The flanks are very pale buff, almost white. Comparison with Saaxicola d. dacotie—In the worn plumage at the commencement of the autumn moult an adult male, killed on the 12th of June in Allegranza, differs from an adult male of S. d. dacotie, killed on the 17th of June in Fuerteventura, in having the crown of a lighter and more reddish brown, not showing the marked con- trast with the rest of the upperparts. The underparts from the chest downwards are nearly uniform vinaceous-buff, _ rather more deeply coloured on the upper part of the chest, while in S. d. dacotie the chest patch is of a rather more rusty tint and the belly and flanks are usually much paler and inclined to whitish. : In full autumn-plumage (see Pl. V. fig. 1) the new sub- | Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 77 species nearly resembles the Fuerteventuran bird, but may be distinguished by having the dark bases of the feathers of the crown smaller and much less pronounced, and, as already mentioned, the breast and belly are isabelline instead of whitish. Habitat. The Islands of Montana Clara and Allegrauza. [Norr.—It will be recollected that up till this time no Chat of any description had ever been found in the Canary Islands, with the important exception of Sawxicola dacotie dacotie Meade-Waldo, which is confined to the island of Fuerteventura. By glancing at the map (PI. II.) it will be seen that the large island of Lanzarote and the much smaller island of Graciosa both lie between Fuerteventura and the two outlying islets of Montana Clara and Allegranza, upon which the new subspecies was discovered. | 12 examples were obtained. The types are in the British Museum: 2. Allegranza, i2evibdle; Ss Allesranza, 10: vi, 13: I have named this new Chat after my wife, who accom- panied me during the first part of the expedition. I am indebted to the authorities of the Tring Museum for placing their large series of S. d. dacotie at my disposal, and to Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for examining with me the material in the British Museum. 4. Delichon u. urbica.—A single House-Martin was seen on June the 9th. The bird was being pursued by a Falcon, which vainly struck at it several times. 5. Micropus murinus brehmorum.—These Swifts were not by any means common. A few were noted on the hottest days, A pair was, I believe, nesting in a hole of the cliff (see foreground of photo, Pl. III. fig. 2). They kept on flying im and out of a hole, and the male bird, which J eventually shot, had the testes very large. 6. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides.—The Barbary Falcon was known by Herr Polatzek to nest on Montafia Clara. On several occasions I saw a Falcon soaring aboye the high 78 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological cliffs on the north-west, and on my last day in the island I obtained a splendid view of the bird at close quarters. I had been sitting waiting for Swifts in the rocky cove seen in the foreground of the accompanying photo (PI. IIT. fig. 2), when two Rock Pigeons darted out from a crevice overhead and flew out to sea; hardly had they left the shelter of the overhanging cliff when a Falcon dashed down upon them from above; the Pigeons, flying at a great speed, described a semicircle over the sea, aud being soon caught up by their speedy foe, headed again for the cliffs. All three eventually passed over me within five yards of my head, There is little doubt that the bird was a fine example of Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides. 7. Tinnunculus tinnunculus dacotie.—Kestrels were seen on several occasions but were not plentiful, They probably breed on the island. 8. Pandion h. halaétus.—A pair of Ospreys is resident on the island, and could be seen every day soaring high over the sea. — 9. Neophron percnopterus—Two or three Egyptian Vul- tures were seen on different occasions. They may possibly nest on the high cliffs on the north-west of the island (Bie tig. )2)\. 10. Thalassidroma pelagica.—There is no record of a Storm-Petrel having been taken on land in any of the Canary Islands to my knowledge. I therefore experienced no little surprise when a male specimen was caught and brought to me by the fisherman who had remained with me on Montaiia Clara. This man graphically described to me how, having entered a large cave, he had pushed his almond rod into a hole, when out flew the ‘‘ Alma Mestre” into his face; he had knocked the bird down and brought it to me in triumph. An examination of this specimen showed the testes to be enormously developed, with every indication that the bird was breeding. Unfortunately the cave could only be visited once again before my final departure from the island, and I Expedition to the Hastern Canary Islands. 79 was therefore unable to verify my supposition that the bird was nesting there. There seems to be no reason why isolated pairs of 7. pelagica should not breed on such deserted islets. 11. Puffinus assimilis baroli—The Little Dusky Shear- water, concerning which so much discussion has recently taken place, was found breeding on Montafia Clara. I had certainly not expected to meet with this usually very early breeder in any of the islands so late as June the 7th. The fact that we actually took eggs as well as the young in all stages, shows that there is great variation in the time of breeding of this species in the different islands of the group. It will be recollected that if the fishermen are to be believed, and I have often proved their statements to be correct, P. a. baroli had already bred and left the island of Graciosa by the 27th of May. Mr. Meade-Waldo took the young of this species in Tenerife on April the 26th, and an adult on March the 16th with the bare hatching spot on its breast. Shortly before our arrival a party from Haria had specially made the journey to Montafa Clara to collect “ Tahoces,” as P. a. baroli are locally called. Whether these individuals had succeeded in making a good haul I did not learn, but the only breeding-station which existed contained a very small number of birds. To reach this colony it was necessary first to ascend the mountain and having crossed the plateau, which lies at the summit, to descend the almost perpendicular inner wall of the crater to the floor beneath. In this basin, one side of which lies open to the sea, the Little Dusky Shearwaters were breeding under the huge rocks which had fallen from above. It being impossible to reach this spot after dark, I was unable to obtain, as I had hoped, a serics of adult birds, although several had practically attained mature plumage and could only be distinguished by one or two downy filaments still adhering to the feathers on the flanks. Only two eggs were obtained and a few nestlings in down. 80 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological 12. Puffinus kuhli flavirustris——These Shearwaters were as numerous in this island as in Graciosa. They were nesting under the shelving strata just above sea-level, in burrows amongst the sandhills, under the loose lava lumps on the mountain side at 600 ft., and again in burrows on a plateau at the summit of the volcano. Our camp, situated on the lowest ridge, was surrounded on all sides by their nesting-holes, and as a result sleep for the first two nights was almost impossible. As I have given a long description of the habits of this Shearwater in my account of the Birds of Graciosa (pp. 66-70), it is unnecessary to add more, but it may be noted that, on my arrival in this island on June the 7th, every bird had commenced to sit. 18. Bulweria bulwert.—This was the only small island on which we found Bulwer’s Petrel breeding. Here, how- ever, they were quite common, although their numbers seemed but scant in comparison with those of the large Shearwaters! /By far the most attractive in appearance of all the Petrels, these sombre-coloured little birds were breeding all round the island under the large boulders which had fallen from the cliffs. They were most common in the actual neighbourhood of my camp, where many of their nesting-sites were under rocks only just beyond the reach of the waves. Holes were sometimes utilised, and we found two close together about 40 ft. up the side of the cliff, each containing a bird. We dug these holes out and found the birds sitting about 2 ft. from the entrance. In no case was there any attempt at a nest, the single egg being deposited on the bare stone. At the time of my visit all the birds had laid. In one case a fisherman brought in two eggs, which he assured me he had found in the same “nest” lying side by side, doubtless the product of two females. All the eggs were freshly laid, and I gathered from the fishermen that the birds had not long come to land. Bulwer’s Petrel is almost entirely nocturnal in its habits, Expedition to the Eastern Canary Islands. 81 Ss and we never saw any flying in the neighbourhood of the island during the day. If pulled out of their holes these birds seemed very dazed, but invariably attempted to escape by crawling under stones. In one case, however, a bird which we had placed on a rock in the brilliant sunlight waddled to the edge and immediately flew out to sea. The local name for this Petrel is “ Perrito.’” I never heard it called “‘'Tahoce negro,” as recorded by Mr. Meade- Waldo; very probably the latter is the name used for the bird in Tenerife, for a considerable difference exists in the local nomenclature of individual species in the various islands. A large series of these little Petrels was obtained together with their eggs, but all were adult birds, the young having not yet hatched. Montafia Clara is the only island on which Bulweria bulweri was met with. 14, Columba livia.—Not very plentiful but several pairs are resident in the lava cliffs on the north-west coast. I should think that they have difficulty in finding sufficient food. 15. Larus cachinnans.—So far as I can tell, the Yellow- legged Herring-Gull does not breed on Montafia Clara. It is, however, very plentiful round the coast, and many birds roosted at night-time on the north-eastern cliffs. Occasionally the fishing-boats put in here to pass the night, and at such times the Gulls simply swarmed, fighting and screaming for the remains of the fish cleaned by the men. L. cachinnans was the only species of Gull met with. RoquE INFIERNO, oR THE West Rock. While staying on Montafia Clara I arranged to visit on the first possible occasion, the Roque del Oueste, an isolated mass of lava lying almost due north of Montana Clara. Accordingly on June the 11th my boatmen arrived from Graciosa and we set out for the rock. The sail was not the most enjoyable I have had! We were all soaked to the skin long before we drew near to the Roque Infierno, which has been rightly named indeed! Over half an hour was spent SER. X,—VOL, II. @ > 82 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on an Ornithological in attempting to bring the boat alongside, and when at last we were able to jump ashore we were almost up to our waists in water. This is the smallest of all the islets and covers an area of some 40,000 square yards. Composed entirely of jagged lumps of black lava heaped one upon the other, the highest point is only 30 feet above sea-level. IT climbed all round the rock, and although I had been . informed that there were no birds on it, I found numbers of large Shearwaters (P. k. flavirostris) nesting in the holes and crevices. This was the only member of the Petrel family encountered, but several other birds were seen; most interesting of these was a Falcon which appeared to be very blue in colour. It was very probably the same bird that 1- had seen in Montana Clara, but the sun being directly behind the bird I did not get a clear view of it. These fourteen birds may be classed as follows :— Numbers 38, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 18 are all regular breeding birds in one or more of the north Atlantic Archipelagos. Number | has only been known to breed on one occasion, and is best included with numbers 2, 4, and 6, which are more or less rare visitors ; while number 14 is founded on a single record, and is unlikely to be again met with so far from its natural habitat. Geographical Features. Without exception, all the islands dealt with in this paper are volcanic in origin, and in many instances are surrounded by a great depth of water, particularly is this the case with the Azores. There is not space here to give an account of the physical features of the different groups, but each merits close attention. According to Sir Charles Lyell, the Madeira and Canary Groups date from the Miocene period, which is an important factor to remember when dealing with the present distribution of the Ornis, 440 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of By referring to the map (Plate XVII.), which has been ~ specially prepared by Mr. H. Milne, draughtsman of the Royal Geographical Society, it will be seen exactly which groups are included under the heading of the north Atlantic Islands ; it is particularly intended to show the relation- ship of the various groups of islands to one another, and depicts the Azores, Madeira Group, Salvages, Canary and Cape Verde Archipelagos. Facing the map is a list (p. 441) of the above-mentioned groups with a table of the various islands of which they are composed, showing exactly which species of the Order Tubinares breeds on, or has been recorded from, each individual island. From this table it will be seen that in each archipelago the Petrels and Shear- waters resort to the smallest uninhabited islands upon which to rear their young, practically neglecting the larger islands. I have also prepared a second table (p. 443) by which it can be seen at a glance whether any particular species breeds in, or is only recorded as a visitor from, each group of islands. Reference to the first table must be made when information is desired of a particular island in any group. Distribution. The correct geographical distribution of members of the Petrel family is exceedingly difficult to determine. Professor Newton, writing on the Petrels in the ‘ Dictionary of Birds,’ went to the root of the matter when he remarked “....it is only now beginning to be clear that until we know the breeding-place or places of each species—and some seem to be extremely restricted in this respect—we shall know very little to the point about their geographical distribution.” It is becoming more generally recognised every day that Petrels and Shearwaters do not travel such immense distances as they have formerly been credited with doing. For in the case of many species their range probably revolves round the particular locality to which they resort during the breeding-season. This may be said of O. castro, P. m. hypoleuca, P. a. barolt,. P. 1. boydi, and, in fact, the large IBIS. 1914 PL. XVIL. 3o 20 a ee ee el Sketch Map 7 DPt6r!- 2 of the | aGraciosa NORTH ATLANTIC ISLANDS Fayal, Tercetr | BSESSs Sandorge to ilhistrate a paper by : < D.A.BANNERMAN B.A.,M.B.0.U.,F.R.G.S. oO e c>San Miguel on the distribution of the & -Formigas TUBINARES S °S Maria Staturte Males i 100 50 o 100 200 300 SSS ——————e | ING AOS RM. ah eb (CANARY IS Gractosa% wrote Palzmaf} Tenerife Gomera G HierroW ASD Sc ACr NE Ee eC O CE AN C. Blanco 2o0——______ | FRENCH WEST S. Antonio StVa 2? StIiucia RSaL Peas ae ieee CAPE VERDE Is Bonavista StLovish AFRICA omboal 2 jbstaage CVerdec the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 441 TasLE showing the particular Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean upon which the Petrels and Shearwaters Breed, or from which they have been recorded as Visitors. AZORES. CANARY ISLANDS. CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 29, 10, P13. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 29, 10, 18. 7, Bp fy toy Mil, 2, aly, Santa Maria, 3, 7. Allegranza, 7, ?9. St. Antonio. Formigas Rocks. Montana Clara, 1, 7, 10, 13. St. Vincent, 2, 8. Sao Miguel, 2, 3, 10. East Rock, 7. St. Lucia. Graciosa, 3, 7, 10. West Rock, 7. Branea, 3, 5, 8, 11. Terceira, 7. Graciosa, 7, 210. Raza, 3, 8,11, 13. Sao Jorge, 7. Lanzarote, 7. St. Nicholas, 3, ? 12. iGO, fp Io. Lobos, 7. Sal. Fayal, 4, 7. Fuerteventura, 7. Bonavista. Corvo, 13. Gran Canaria, 2, 3, 7, 10. Mayo. Flores, 7, ?9, 10. Tenerife, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13. | St. Jago, 11, Palma, ?9. Fogo, 11, 12. Gomera. Brava, 8. Hierro. Grande. Rombos Is. } Luiz Carneiro. Cima, 3, 5,11. MADEIRA, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. - DESERTAS { ©b20 Isl. GROUP, ) Deserta Grande. > 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13. Bugio Isl. ( Porto punto.)) PORTO SANTO | Cima Isl. GROUP. ] Baixo Isl. Ferro Isl. eeamVeta oie, (j Coes : GROUP. Great Piton. 5 6, 7, RO), WO, 16, Little Piton. The numbers refer to the following fourteen species :— (3. 7,9, 10, 12, 13. 1. Thalassidroma pelagica. 8. Puffinus kuhli edwardsi. 2. Oceanodroma leucorhoa. 9. Puffinus puffinus puffinus. 3. Oceanodroma castro. 10. Puffinus assimilis baroli. 4. Oceanites oceanicus. 11. Puffinus therminiert boydt. 5. Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca. 12. Gstrelata mollis fex. 6. Puffinus gravis. 13. Bulweria bulweri. 7. Puffinus kuhli flavirostris. 14, Fulmarus glacialis glwpischa. EXPLANATION. Plain numbers denote that the species to which that number refers is found breeding on the group of islands, or particular island, against which it is placed. Numbers printed in heavy type denote that the species to which that number refers is recorded from the group of islands, or that particular island, against which it is placed, but that the bird does not breed so far as we know. A ? placed before a number denotes that there is either unsatisfactory or contradictory evidence concerning the species to which that number refers. Each species is fully dealt with separately and should be consulted for details. 442 Distribution of Tubinares in North Atlantic Islands. majority of Petrels and Shearwaters which breed in the north Atlantic Islands, and which are hardly ever recorded outside their own particular sphere until we draw near to another breeding-station, perhaps at the other side of the world. Even in such a comparatively small radius as is included in the accompanying map, the distribution of individual species is very striking. For instance, O. castro and (i. m. fee each breed in the Madeira Group and in the Cape Verde Archipelago, but do not, so far as we know, breed on the Canary Islands, which he between them. Another similar case is P..m. hypoleuca breeding on the Salvage Islands and on the Cape Verde Islands, but not on the Canary Group. Surely this points to very circumscribed distribution at the present day, else why should not P. m. hypoleuca have taken up its abode on Montana Clara, an uninhabited island of the eastern Canary Islands suited in every way to its requirements ? The reason why so many of the Petrels inhabiting the Atlan- tides have their nearest allies in the Pacific Ocean is certainly hard to explain, particularly as there are no links or geogra- phical subspecies im the regions between. Bulwer's Petrel (B. bulweri) inhabits, in addition to the north-east Atlantic, the Hawaiian Islands, and, as far as we know, the bird does not breed anywhere in the western part of the Atlantic. The only possible explanation of the peculiar range of Bulwer’s and other Petrels whose different colonies are often separated by vast areas, is to be looked for in the great antiquity of the order to which they belong, and to the enormous changes which have taken place in the distribution of land and water on the surface of the earth. The question is too complex to be more than alluded to in this paper, but it seems to be a much neglected study. In all the compre- hensive works dealing with “ Petrels ” which have appeared, I can find no attempt at an explanation of the present geo- graphical distribution which many species enjoy. In former days the Petrel family must have had a very extended range, which is yearly becoming more circumscribed. The birds which at one time ranged universally from the north Atlantic to the south Pacific are now becoming poeeee *(qunoown FT) ATWO pxioood ou, “IOPISTA [RYWOPLOOW “-pyosidnjb syyoranpb snwouyjny “PT an “spooig *spoorg *‘spoorg, ‘spooig ‘spoorlg peer oan aise oe “" awanyng Duwaning “ET ee ates ; Ranocn cent ie “spoorg, ‘spooagy | es Reioeieeeee awa sujow 1yD10.298q) “| So. a a ee, al PERSONS cca eee inhig Latta eRe es *‘spoorg es “‘speorg ‘spoorig “‘spooig fee eee “VoD suvussy snual{n 01 ‘oT qerpearmm souep Seige -IA0 ‘porq eaeq |*peerq 09 preg *‘spoorg “spool “‘Spoorg. *poorq 09 preg | ''' snuifind snuiffnd snufng *6 CH} JOS) ROS UAL OEVURNERTS pf 800800 Sl Ree a een Rare a a lee ie hide ae ts spumnpa yyny snuifng *g ances *spoorg -spoorg. “spoorg “spoorg "spoorgy "‘spoorg jo" SLiqsoLueny wyny enuf ; L er ee, | ae Se eae ia eae ete ee “Spoolg |ILOJISTA [VJUOplOOVy {SPOOL Git | ge years ‘LOVISTA [VJWOPLOOV |IOPISTA [VQUEpLOOW |ponapodhy purwww nib apoe Ln a eae I9T5.0VIYS o1VI £19 A Sage ES cee eae “IOPISTA OIVI ATO A ‘IOPISTA OTVAT | SNIIUDEIO SAaqZVUDAIQ, “F “Sspooig, ee exer “Sspoo1g. “speorg, “spoorg *Spooig: ASyoawubap yes eosassess 0L}SDI DULOLPOUDBIC) Re LOLS IA LON TS TAU (ELLOS (20.0 ()) | een iin uta | Seen ye “IOPISLA OLBIT “IOPISTA OIVYT, | DOYLOIMNA] DULOLPOUDIQ *Z ore “1OIST A sgB005 reves oe eater “IOJISTA teens eneshos pobojad DULOLPISSDIOYT, *T | Sy | ‘SL AUVNVO |‘SHOVATVS|OINVS OLu0d| ‘SVIuEsEa | ‘vaIMavN ‘SHMOZV “SpULlS] O1FULTFY YIAON OY} Ul SorVUIGnY, Jo sprosey uoYogipin pue uoNquystq SuaMoys TTAVy, 444, Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of isolated in often widely distant localities. Intermediate colonies may be totally wiped out, for it has often been proved that all the Tubinares have a highly-developed homing-sense and become strongly attached to the particular breeding-station to which they resort. The birds will return year after year to the same small island no matter to what extent they are subjected to persecution from man, rats, mice, mongooses, or the other innumerable enemies with which ground-nesting birds have to contend. Padre Schmitz records an unusual agent of destruction when, in a certain year, all the young P. k. flavirostris were found dried up in their holes on the Salvage Islands suffocated by the sirocco. In addition to B. bulweri, we have the interesting case of Oceanodroma castro, which breeds in the north Atlantic Islands and almost certainly in the Hawaiian and Galapagos Groups in the Pacific. Birds from the Atlantic and Pacific are quite indistinguishable from one another, although there are hundreds of miles between them and no imtermediate colonies exist. Both these cases point to a discontinuous distribution. A different example is afforded by the White-faced or Frigate-Petrel. The Frigate-Petrel of the north-east Atlantic has become so differentiated from the typical race as to be readily distinguished by the longer bill and the lighter colouring of the upper parts, and should be known as P.m. hypoleuca. Two noteworthy examples of curious distribution are the Little Shearwaters, Puffinus asstmilis barolt, inhabitmg the | Azores, Madeira, and Canaries, and Puffinus lherminieri boydi, which is confined to the Cape Verde Group. These are dealt with more fully on pages 477 and 483. It is unfortunate in determining geographical races that it is impossible to fix the parent race. This must not be confused with the typical species, which, as everyone knows, is the term applied to the first member of the species known to have received a name. Necessarily this is not always the most ancient species from which other so-called geographical races have sprung. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 445 Tn giving the “ Distribution beyond the North Atlantic Islands ” in each of the fourteen species dealt with, I have particularly made use of :— Godman’s ‘ Monograph of the Petrels’ ; Vol. xxv. of the ‘ Catalogue of Birds’ ; Vol. ii. of Mathews’ ‘ Birds of Australia’ ; Jourdain’s Distribution Notes in the ‘ British Bird Book,’ vol. iv; and The ‘ Hand-list of British Birds’ by Hartert and others. I have not gone into the life-history of these Petrels and Shearwaters, as their habits, so far as we know them, have been fully dealt with in various papers published in ‘The Ibis, as well as in several large works, such as Godman’s ‘ Monograph of the Petreis,’ Mathews’ ‘ Birds of Australia,’ the ‘ British Bird Book,’ &c. The latter deals only with the species which breed in, or have straggled to, English waters, but reference is made to several species included in the following pages. I have particularly mentioned this work asia it Mr. Pycraft makes a statement which is not borne out by my experience of these birds. He writes, when speaking of Petrels in general, “ All are strictly marine species, never leaving the extreme edge of the coast, never straying out of sight or sound of the sea.” If Mr. Pycraft will study the nesting-habits of Pujinus kuhli flavirostris, Puffinus puffinus puffinus, or Cistrelata mollis fee —to mention only three species which inhabit the north Atlantic Islands—he will soon be convinced that such a general statement needs correction. All the three members of the Petrel family here mentioned often nest a long way from the sea, flying sometimes into the very heart of a moun- tainous island, where they rear their young amongst the highest peaks. An even better example of the long distance which a Petrel sometimes travels from the sea is afforded by the Blue Mountain Petrel (Gstrelata jamaicensis) in tie island of Jamaica, now, unfortunately, almost, if not quite, extinct. Having spent some time in these mountains I can speak with certainty of the great distance from the sea which SER. X.—VOL. IT. 2H 4.46 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of this bird would have to travel, for it is said to have bred “on the highest tops of the mountains” in this range. (Estrelata hasitata is another well-known example in the Caribbean Sea. In fact, it would appear that the members of the genus (strelata are particularly addicted to nesting as “far from the sight and sound of the sea”’ as they can get ! The following is a list of the ornithological works con- sulted which deal with the Petrels and Shearwaters of the north Atlantic Islands, arranged in alphabetical order according to the authors :— ALEXANDER, Boyp. (Cape Verde Islands.) This, 1898, pp. 74-118, 277-285. BaNNERMAN. (Canary Islands and Madeira.) Ibis, 1912, pp. 557-627 ; 1914, pp. 88-90, 228-298. Private note-books. : Barrine and Oainvre-Granr. (Salvage Islands.) Zoologist, 1895, pp. 401-417. BEerTHELOT. (Canary Islands.) See WEBB. : Bocag@s, BarBoza pu. (Azores and Cape Verde Islands.) Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, 1866, pp. 89-92; 1875, pp. 118-120; | 1898, pp. 140-150; 1902, pp. 206-210. Bortz. (Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands.) Journ. fiir Orn. 1854, pp. 447-462; 1855, pp. 171-181; 1856, pp. 17-81; 1857, pp. 258-292, 305-359. CaBRERA. (Canary Islands.) Catalogo de las Aves del Archipiélago Canario, 1898. Daue@LEIsH. (Llho de Baixo, Porto Santo, and Madeira.) Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, xi. 1892, p. 27. Ibis, 1890, p. 386. Drover. (Azores.) Faune Acoréenne, 1861. Fra. (Cape Verde Islands.) Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. ser. 3, vol. xi. 1898, pp. 858-368, 537-552 ; ser. 3, vol. xii. 1899, pp. 7-26, 163-174, 802-312. GopMAN. (Azores, Madeira, Desertas, and the Canary Islands.) Ibis, 1866, pp. 88-109 ; 1872, pp. 158-177, 209-224. Natural History of the Azores, 1870. Monograph of the Petrels, 1907-1910. Harcourt. (Madeira.) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xy, 1855, pp. 480-438. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 4A7 Hiartert. (Canary Islands and Azores.) Noy. Zool. 1901, pp. 304-354. and Ogitvie-Grant. See OGILVIE-GRANT. and RoruscuHitp. See ROTHSCHILD. Hartwie. (Madeira.) Ornis, vil. 1891, pp. 182-187. Journ. fur Orn, 1893, p. 11. Orn, Monatsber. 1893, p. 45. Hermnexen. (Madeira.) Edinburgh Journ. Sci. new ser. i. 1829, pp. 229-233. JourDAIN. (General Remarks on the Tubinares.) Bulls On@n O07 xix, p. 37. The British Bird Book.—Petrels (part.), vol. iv. 1913. Kornic. (Madeira and Canary Islands.) Journ, fiir Orn. 1890, pp. 257-488. Lowe, P.R. (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands.) Private note-books and diaries kept during several cruises amongst the above-mentioned islands (1906-7). Maruews, G.M. (General work on the Tubinares.) Birds of Australia, vol. ii. 1912-18. (Includes several of the north Atlantic forms. ) Mrapr-Watpo. (Canary Islands.) Ibis, 1889, pp. 1-18, 503-520; 1890, pp. 429-438 ; 18938, pp. 185- 207. Moaquin-Tanpon. (Canary Islands.) See WEBB. MoRELEtT. (Azores.) L’Histoire Naturelle des Acores, 1860. Nicoun. (North Atlantic Islands.) This, 1904, pp. 32-67 ; 1906, pp. 666-712. Three Voyages of a Naturalist, 1908. Ocitvre-Grant. (Azores, Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas, and Salvage Islands.) Ibis, 1890, pp. 438-445; 1896, pp. 41-55 ; 1898, pp. 313-314. and Barine. See Barina. and HARTERT. Noy. Zool. xii. 1905, pp. 80-128. OvustaLetr. (Cape Verde Islands.) Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 6, xvi. 1883, art. 5, pp. 1 & 2. PotatzEK. (Canary Islands.) Orn. Jahrb. 1909, pp. 1-24, 117-134. PycraFrr. (General work on British Tubinares.) The British Bird Book.—Petrels (part.), vol. iv. 1913. Reip. (Canary Islands.) Ibis, 1888, pp. 73-83. he 448 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of Roruscuitp and Hartert. (On the genus Puflinus.) Nov. Zool. vi. 1899, pp. 194-197 ; ix. 1902, pp. 415-418. Bull. B. O. C. xxvii. 1911, p. 43. Satvaport. (Madeira and Cape Verde Islands.) Ann. Mus. Civ. Genove, ser. 2, vol. xx. 1899, pp. 285-310. Ibis, 1900, pp. 298-303 ; 1904, p. 166. Scumirz. (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas, and the Salvages.) Ornithologische Jahrbuch, 1895, pp. 141-147; 1894, pp. 19-20, 205-206 ; 1896, pp. 197-201 ; 1897, pp. 244-248 ; 1899, pp. 1-34, 41-66, 186-187; 1900, pp. 218-221; 1902, pp. 180-135; 1903, pp. 206-211 ; 1905, pp. 66-70, 219-226; 1906, pp. 139-204; 1908, pp. 86-48; 1910, pp. 104-107. * Zeitschrift fur Oologie, 1907, pp. 54-58, 70-72 ; 19€9, pp. 181- 182, 188-189. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 1908, p. 4. ‘SImROTH. (Azores.) Archiy fur Naturgeschichte, 1888, pp. 184-201. THANNER. (Canary Islands). Ornithologische Jahrbuch, 1915, pp. 189-193. Wess, BerrHEeLor et Moquin-Tanpon. (Canary Islands.) Ornithologie Canarienne, 1841. A careful study of all the available literature on the subject of the north Atlantic Petrels has convinced me that much stiil remains to be learnt. Further research in almost every group of islands with which we are dealing is absolutely necessary if we are to thoroughly understand the distribution and nesting-seasons of these ocean wanderers. The Madeiran group is certainly the best “‘ worked” up to the present, but the other islands are not by any means thoroughly explored in this respect, and would well repay visiting. 1. Thalassidroma pelagica. Storm-Petrel. Type locality—Coast of Sweden (Harter?). Procellaria pelagica Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. 1758 p- 181; Godman, Monograph of Petrels, p. 1, pl. 1. P) Breeding range in the North Atlantic Islands. Desertas (Madeira Group). ? Canary Is. * This is not acomplete list of Padre Schmitz’s writings in the Z. f. O. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 44.9 Range beyond the North Atlantic Islands. Eastern portions of north Atlantic south to west Africa, also western Mediterranean. General Conelusions. T. pelagica is not a very common bird in these seas, although it is pretty regularly distributed. There is only one record of its having bred on any of the north Atlantic Islands, although I strongly suspect it of breeding oc- casionally on one or two of the more isolated islets. It has not been recorded as yet from the Azores, Salvages, or the Cape Verde Islands, the latter group being rather far south, although there is one skin in the British Museum from the Gold Coast and another obtained by Mr. Willoughby Lowe, 30 miles north of the equator off the African coast. Breeding range in the Madeira Group. The only evidence that the Storm Petrel has ever bred in this group is furnished by three eggs belonging to this species (ex Tristram Coll.) now in the British Museum, which are said to have been taken on the ‘ Desertas’ in the year 1849, probably by Dr. Frere. Padre Schmitz has apparently never heard of any eggs being taken during his residence in the island, and has seldom met with the bird. He records what he believes to have been three examples of T. pelagica, seen near Deserta Grande on the 24th of September, 1905. He also mentions having received a letter from Dalgleish in which that gentle- man writes, ‘ P. pelagica has been seen near Madeira.” In the first two ‘Lists’ published by Harcourt, that ornithologist includes T. pelagica with the remark ‘“‘ Doubtful” against this species. In his third List he has apparently established the Storm-Petrel as an accidental visitor to Madeira, for he records it without any remark. It was also mentioned from Madeira by Drouet, in 1861. Breeding range in the Canary Islands. There is no actual record of the Storm Petrel breeding in the Canary Group, although tlie following experience leads 450 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of me.to suppose that it does so very occasionally on the un- inhabited islets or rocks. While stayimg on Montafia Clara from June 7-14, 1913, we procured a Storm-Petrel from a hole in a cave on June the 9th (Ibis, 1914, pp. 78, 263). The bird was a male, and the testes were enormously developed. Taking into consideration that eggs have been found in the Madeira Group, it seems reasonable to suppose this bird intended nesting on Montaiia Clara. Webb and Berthelot write in 1841: “It appears that this species is found from time to time on the coasts of the Canary Islands.” Bolle in 1857 notes that “ T. pelagica Vig. is the Storm-Petrel most frequently found in the Canary Seas.”’ Drouet mentions it in his list. Meade- Waldo in 1893 found it always about the islands, but did not discover it breeding. Cabrera possessed a specimen which had been caught in Tenerife, and remarked that it occurred fairly frequently, but was rare in certain seasons. Polatzek considered it a rare visitor to the Canaries, but he does not appear to have spent much time at sea. 2. Oceanodroma leucorhoa. lLeach’s Fork-tailed Petrel. Type locality—France. Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. nouv. ed. xxv. 1817, p. 422 Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (hel. ); Godman, Monogr aph of Petnels; aa Saaplenive Range in the North Atlantic Islands. A casual visitor. Recorded from the Azores, Madeira Group, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands. Range beyond the North Atlantic Islands. North Pacific and north Atlantic roughly south to the Equator. Willoughby Lowe obtained specimens off Sierra Leone. There are several in the British Museum obtained off the Liberian coast. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 45] Record of occurrences in the North Atlantic Islands. Azores.—Occasionally taken in this group; Ogilvie-Grant records two specimens. Godman did not meet with it. Madeira Group.—Evidently a very rare wanderer to the Madeira Islands. Schmitz obtained his first genuine example of this species on the 9th of November, 1906. According to the same writer, Harcourt included it in one of his lists of non-breeding birds from ‘Madeira on the authority of Sir William Jardine, and carefully distinguished it from O. castro, which is mentioned at the same time. Drouet mentions having seen this Petrel in Madeira in 1861. Canary Islands.--Meade-Waldo believed this species to be an occasional visitor in winter; he did not see it at any other time of the year. There is a specimen in the British Museum which he obtained in Tenerife on the 23rd of February. Nicoll saw many O. leucorhoa just before sighting Gran Canaria on the 12th of November. Von Thanner’s statement that this species breeds on Montafia Clara rests on utterly unreliable evidence. Cape Verde Islands——Neither Boyd Alexander nor Fea mention having seen this Petrel amongst the islands. Dr. Lowe, however, has several notes in his diaries referring to O. leucorhoa during his cruise amongst the Cape Verdes. The first entry, dated January 13th, 1906, is as follows :— “ Followed by many small Petrels, apparently all O. leucorhoa. Later, 10 p.m. (same date): apparently going through an increasing crowd of Petrels, or else they have been attracted by the lights of the yacht, for I secured four birds (O. leu- corhoa) which fell on the deck more or less exhausted. During the mght twenty or more Petrels boarded us. Arrived St. Vincent, Cape Verde, at 7 a.m., January 14th.” 3. Oceanodroma castro. Madeiran Fork-tailed Petrel. Type locality— Desertas (Madeira Group). Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, 1851, p: 1238. A452 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of Thalassidroma jabeyabe Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, 1875, p. 120: Cape Verde Is. Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. | iv. 1882, p. 837: Hawaiian Is. Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) ; Godman, Monograph of Petrels, p. 15, pl. v. Breeding range in the North Atlantic Islands. Azores, Madeira Group, Salvage Is., Cape Verde Is. Range beyond the North Atlantic Islands *. South Atlantic—St. Helena (breeding). Pacific Ocean—Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos Islands. For accidental wanderings, see Godman’s ‘ Monograph of Petrels.’ Although the island of St. Helena does not come within the scope of this paper, it may be of interest to state what is known of the occurrence of O. castro on that island. To begin with, Godman, in the ‘ Monograph, writes: “It has been found in the neighbourhood of St. Helena, where a specimen was obtained by Governor Janisch.” This specimen and another adult obtained in the same year (1876) are now in the British Museum, while there are also two other skins in the National Collection obtained on Egg Is., St. Helena, by J. T. Cunningham, on March 23, 1910. One of these birds is an adult, but the other is a juvenile just out of down, which was, as Mr. Cunningham informs me, taken from the nest-hole. Now, in a book entitled ‘St. Helena,” by J. C. Melliss, published in 1875, in which is given a list of the birds of this island, we find only two members of the Petrel family mentioned : one 1s Procellaria glacialoides, while the other is “ Thalassidroma melanogaster ?—Mother Carey’s Chicken. ‘A small species of Petrel frequenting the sea around the * Up to the present there are not any records of the eggs of O. castro having been taken in the Pacific Islands. It is most probable, however, that it will be found breeding in both the Hawaiian and Galapagos Archipelagos. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 453 island, but not very abundant; lays in November.”? What more likely than that this so-called 7. melanogaster—an in- habitant of the Australian Seas and south Indian Ocean—is in reality Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) breeding in St. Helena in November. General Conclusions. The very extraordinary range of this species has excited the curiosity of every naturalist who has turned his attention to the geographical distribution of the Procellariide. In the north Atlantic it is a remarkable fact that up to the present there is no reliable record of its having bred on any of the islands of the Canary Archipelago, although it breeds in every other group of the north Atlantic islands from the Azores to the Cape Verde Islands, and as far south as St. Helena. In the groups with which this paper deals it will be seen by referring to the appended schedule that Oceanodroma castro may be found engaged in nesting duties in every month of the year. It appears, therefore, that this Petrel has two main breeding-seasons—at any rate, in the Madeira Group, which are the only islands upon which consecutive notes have been made extending throughout the entire year and, in this case, for a number of years. The only alternative which presents itself is that O. castro breeds indiscriminately ‘ whenever the spirit moves it,” which is a theory I cannot bring myself to believe ! Undoubtedly the bird is somewhat erratic in its breeding- season, which accounts for the prolonged period in which eggs aud young birds may be found. In studying this problem we must bear in mind two im- portant factors : 1, The breeding-season varies considerably in each separate group of islands, and in some cases even in each individual islaud of the same group, and because we find the birds breeding in the Desertas in June, it ASA Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribulion of does not necessarily follow that we shall discover them at their breeding-station in the Azores at the same time. 2. That in a single island there may be two distinct seasons in which birds lay their eggs. his is par- ticularly the case on Porto Santo. From this we may deduce that the several nesting-colonies of these birds breed entirely independently of one another, although they each may, and probably do, keep to a definite season, as well as to a particular island or part of an island. As the Madeira Group has been better “ worked ” than any of the other Atlantic islands, | have based my deductions very largely on Padre Schmitz’s Diaries, which have appeared from time to time in the ‘ Ornithologische Jahrbuch.’ Records connected with the Distribution and Breeding- Season of Oceanodroma castro in the North Atlantic Islands. Jan. 14. Two adults boarded yacht 50 miles 8.E. of St. Vincent on our way to Santiago (Cape Verde Is.): P. Lowe. 29. Two down-covered young taken (Madeira Group) : Schinitz. Feb. 13. Down-covered young (Porto Santo): Schmitz. One egg taken (Desertas): Dalgleish. 24. Three young obtained, one just hatched (Porto Santo) : Schmitz. March 16. Ten adults, four young-in-down, seven eggs (Rombos Is., C.V.): Alexander. : 5. One down-coyered young (Madeira Group): Schmitz. April 6. One young bird, almost full-fledged (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. 21. One adult obtained, birds not yet breeding (Great Salvage) : O.-Grant. 25. One adult obtained, birds not yet breeding (Praya Is., Azores): O.-Grant. May 5. Adults, young, and eges (Bianca, C. V.): Alexander. 1-29. None met with (Azores): O.-Grant. 22 & 25. Numbers seen nearing 5. Miguel (Azores): P. Lowe. the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 455 June IL, 6. 13. Mid-J une. | I=) 40,6) Or an oo raat HOVE PE) [Le “ISS July August — Sept. it. October. 11. End of Oct. Nov. 1-6. Dec. 15. Birds not yet breeding, one adult picked up dead (Villa Islet, Azores): O.-Grant. Two fresh eggs obtained (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Two fresh eges obtained (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Fifteen eggs well incubated (Baixo Is., Porto Santo) : Schmitz. One ege (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Few eggs, mostly incubated (Madeira Group): Schmitz. One ege obtained (Baixo Is., Porto Santo): Schmitz. Two eges obtained (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Four eggs obtained (Desertas) : Schmitz. Birds breeding (Madeira): Schmitz. Two birds brought from Porto Santo: Schmitz. One fresh and one incubated egg found (Madeira Group): Schinitz, Adult birds obtained (Madeira) : Schmitz. One young-in-down (Desertas) : Schmitz. Down-covered young (Porto Santo) ; Schmitz. Birds obtained (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Birds captured by Snr. Camara apparently come ashore to breed (Villa Islet, Santa Maria, Azores): O.-Grant. O. castro first seen at sea (between Lisbon and Madeira): Schmitz. The first eges collected (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Two adults collected (Raza, C. V.): Alexander. Not breeding, but very abundant (Raza, C. V. Is.): Fea. Ten adults obtained (Raza, C. V.): Fea. Eggs more or less incubated (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Very few seen at sea nearing the Desertas: P. Lowe. of Nov. This is the time to be recommended for ego - hunting (Madeira Group): Schmitz. Downy young and eggs (Cima Is., Porto Santo): Schmitz, One egg (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Thirteen eggs slightly incubated (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Breeding range in the Azores. We have so little information with regard to the Petrels and Shearwaters which breed in the Azores, that it is not possible to determine whether O. castro has more than one breeding-season in the year on this group. Only two expeditions of note have been made to these islands by 456 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of ornithologists—the first’ by Godman, who spent a month in the spring of 1865 exploring the islands, and the second by Ogilvie-Grant, who remained in the group from February 26 until June 2, 1903. Godman did not meet with the bird at all, and does not include it in his list *.. Ogilvie-Grant, however, established the species without doubt as an inhabitant of the Azores, and obtained an adult male on Praya Island (Graciosa) on April 25, while he also identified a bird of this species in the Ponta Delgada Museum, marked Ponta Delgada, San Miguel. While yet another specimen was “‘ picked up dead on June the Ist at Villa Islet, Santa Maria.” Mr. Ogilvie-Grant remarks that “at this season (beginning of June) the birds had not commenced to breed, and all their nesting-holes on that breeding-station were empty. The fishermen knew the bird well, and Senhor Jodo S. G. da Camara kindly promised to procure specimens later on and forward them to England in spirits. This he did, the birds having been obtained in September.” These specimens were obtained on Villa Islet, Santa Maria. It does not appear, therefore, that O. castro resorts in the spring to breed in the Azores, but it is quite possible that the birds arrived at their breeding-holes late in June, after Mr. Grant had left the group. *, D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of Birds arrived exceptionally early (Porto Santo) : Schmitz. Adults not yet begun to breed (Deserta Grande) : O.-Grant. Many birds arrived (Deserta Grande): Schmitz, Adults obtained (Porto Santo): Schmitz. Many seen off Garachico (Tenerife) : Meade-Waldo. Adults obtained (Porto Santo) : Schmitz. None were seen between these O.-Grant. May and the beginning of June are the most favourable months for finding the eggs of B. bulwert (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Large numbers breeding, all with fresh egos (Montana Clara, E. Canary Is.) : Bannerman. One ege (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.) : Gomez. Bird caught on eg (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.) : Meade- Waldo. Two adults obtained (8S. Lourenco, Madeira): Schmitz. Two eggs (Desertas) : Schmitz. Adults obtained (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.) : Gomez, Kees (Anaga Rocks, off Tenerife, W. Canary Is.): Crowley Bequest to Brit. Mus. Adults obtained (Madeira): Jardine. Two adults and one young-in-down (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.) : Gomez. Adults obtained (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.) : Gomez. Two eggs obtained (Porto Santo) : Schmitz. Nine eggs obtained (Baixo Isl., Porto Santo): Schmitz. Three adults obtained (Tenerife, W. Canary Is.): Meade- Waldo. One egg obtained (Porto da Cruz, Madeira): Schmitz. Hges much incubated (Madeira Group): Schmitz. Down-covered young may be met with (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Eges taken (Desertas): Frere. One egg obtained (Desertas): x Tristram Coll. One egg obtained (Desertas) : Brown. The first down-covered young collected (Porto Santo) : Schmitz. A down-covered young caught in harbour (Funchal, Madeira) : Schmitz. Down-covered young obtained (Porto Santo): Schmitz. A down-covered young (Porto Santo): Schmitz. dates (Azores) : the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 491 Mid-Sept. Down-coyvered young may be met with (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Sept. 24. Many birds seen (Deserta Grande) : Schmitz. Noy. All B, bulwert departed (Madeira Group) : Schmitz. Breeding range in the Azores. We have very little knowledge of Bu/weria bulweri in the ‘Western Islands,” as this group used commonly to be called. The first occasion upon which B. bulweri was mentioned by old writers on this group was by Drouet, who remarked that it was an accidental visitor to Flores and Corvo (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool. vol. xii. p. 97). The most definite assertion that Bulwer’s Petrel breeds in the Archipelago is made by Dr. Bolle in two papers on the Birds of the Canary Is. (J. £.O. 1855 & 1857). In these Bolle writes, ‘ The native land of B. bulweri appears to be the Azores.’ At the time of writing he took it for granted that B. bulweri and Puffinus columbinus Berth. were distinct species, for he goes on to say, “ Whether it (B. bul- wert) or columbinus (so abundant in Corvo, and from which the inhabitants obtain such a good oil) belongs to the Azores ‘is not known.” Corvo is one of the smallest islands of the Azores, and is in the western group of the Archipelago. Mr. Grant, who visited all the islands between February 26th and June 2nd, did not meet with it, which is not sur- prising as he only spent one day, April 14th, on Corvo, on which date the birds would not have arrived ; neither is it mentioned by Godman, who, some years earlier, remained in the group from March 21]st and explored all the islands. In the National Collection there are are two skins of adult birds labelled ‘‘ Madeira/Azores, Dr. Frere,” presumably obtained at sea between the said groups. The absence of further details concerning this species in the Azores only exemplifies the necessity of further research in those islands. Breeding range in the Madeira Group. Madeira with its accompanying islands is the true home of Bulwer’s Petrel, which breeds, according to that excellent 4.92 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the Distribution of observer, Padre Schmitz, and many other ornithologists, on every member of the group. The bird was originally described in 1828 by Jardine & Selby from one of the islands of the Madeira Group—the following year Heineken named the same species Precellaria anjinho and gave an account of the bird in ‘ Brewster’s Journal.’ In this he states that Bulwev’s Petrel arrives in this group in February and March. In June it begins to lay, and in July the young are hatched, while none are seen after September until the following year. Padre Schmitz apparently does not agree that the bird arrives as early as February, for on May 28, 1907, he writes in his diary, ‘ From Porto Santo I receive exceptionally early B. bulweri, which does not arrive, as a rule, until the end of the breeding-season of P. 0. baillont (=P. a. baroli), which is not yet over” *. Harcourt found it very numerous on the Deserta Islands ; Ogilvie-Grant caught a number of adult birds on Deserta Grande on May 4, but they had not yet begun to breed. Godman found “considerable numbers breeding on the Small Deserta” in June, but does not record the actual date of his visit. We may safely assert that Bulwer’s Petrel usually makes its appearance in the Madeira Seas early in May and apparently commences at once to breed. During June nesting is in full swing, and in July many young-in-down may be found. The season continues through August and into September, after which-month the birds apparently disappear until the following spring. Breeding range in the Salvage Islands. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant was too early in his visit to these islands (from the 24th to the 29th of April) to find the eggs of this Petrel. The birds, however, had arrived on Great Salvege, and many were captured every night. They probably breed there in May and June, as is the case in the Madeira * The majority of P. a. baroli have finished breeding in the Madeira Group by the middle of May. [D. A. B.] the Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. 4.93 Group. Padre Schmitz included the species as breeding on this group as early as 1893 on the authority of the owner of the island, at that time Senhor Constantino de Noronha. Mr. Jourdain has kindly calle:l my attention to an apparently very late date when eggs were obtained on the Salvage Group, 7.e. Oct. 23. Padre Schmitz recorded these eggs in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir Oologie,’ xvi. p. 55. The eggs were brought to him on October 23 by fishermen, who had taken them on the Salvages during the men’s stay on that island. As far as I can see, these eggs may have been laid any time within three months of the date upon which the boat returned! The men who make these expeditions to the Salvage Group in search of Shearwaters always remain on the island a considerable time. All the eggs were addled, and I do not believe for a moment that they had been laid in October. Oologists must be careful not to include this as a date when fresh eggs of B. bulweri have been obtained. Breeding range in the Canary Islands. Bulwer’s Petrel breeds commonly in this group, where it arrives in the spring and departs again in the autumn. Webb and Berthelot, and also Dr. Bolle, who quotes a con- versation with Berthelot, say that it was very common in Allegranza. During my last expedition to the outlying islets of the eastern group, we did not meet with any Bulweria bulwert on Allegranza in June; however, on the neighbouring island of Montana Clara it was exceedingly numerous (vide ‘ Ibis,’ 1914, pp. 80 & 268). In Tenerife it arrives in May, and on the 15th of that month Meade-Waldo saw many off Garachico. Savile Reid did not meet with any amongst the other Petrels and Shear- waters which he noted between the Ist of February and the middle of April. Bulwer’s Petrel is entirely a night-flying species during the breeding-season, and hence may easily escape observation. It breeds on the Anaga Rocks off the most northerly point of Tenerife in June, also at Victoria and Santa Ursula on the main island. All the records of eges from Tenerife are in the month of June—the only juvenile SER. X.—VOL. II. 2 L AOA The Tubinares in the North Atlantic Islands. specimen from this island in the Tring Museum is a very young chick obtained on the 20th of that month. During my stay on Montana Clara, from June 7 to 14, many birds and eves were unearthed. All the birds were sitting, and every one of the twenty eggs which I blew was perfectly fresh. From the above dates it will be seen that the breeding time of Bulwer’s Petrel in the Canary Islands is the same as that in the Madeira Group. | 14. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. Pacific Fulmar. Type locality—North Pacific. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejneger, Auk, i. 1884, p- 234. Procellaria pacifica Aud.; Harcourt, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xv. 1855, p. 438. Range in the North Atlantic Islands. Madeira (straggler) ; one record. Range outside the North Atlantic Islands. Fulmarus g. glupischa is an inhabitant of both sides of the north Pacific Ocean according to the distribution given in Godman’s ‘ Monograph.’ Record of occurrences in the North Atlantic Islands. The single example of the Pacific Fulmar is recorded by Harcourt and included in his list of the Birds of Madeira. An undoubted straggler, this is the only record of the occurrence of the species in these seas. Unfortunately, no data are given, nor have I been able to trace the skin, if, indeed, it still exists. I have somewhat reluctantly included this bird in my list | as I cannot help thinking that the single specimen was possibly the Common Fulmar (F. g. glacialis). Had it not been that the bird was positively recorded by Harcourt as Procellaria pacifica Aud., I should have been inclined to. omit it altogether. On the Affinities of Smithornis. 495 XXVIII.—Some Facts bearing on the Affinities of Smithornis. By G. L. Barus, M.B.O.U. (Plate XVIII. & Text-figure 8.) Tuts short paper is written to indicate a few anatomical and other characters of the African genus Smithornis, hitherto placed among the Muscicapide, which prove that it cannot belong to that family, or, indeed, to the normal Passeres at all. If a personal note is not out of place at the beginning, it may be said that the writer has only recently begun, with the help of the ‘ Vogel’ of Bronn’s ‘ Tierreich’ aud of the articles by Dr. Gadow in Newton’s ‘ Dictionary of Birds,’ to make a more thorough study of the birds of this part of Africa (i.e. Kamerun) than that involved in the collection and identification of specimens. The somewhat scanty observations here recorded are the fruits of that study. A brief account of the distribution and habits of the different species of Smithornis will serve to bring the birds in question before the reader. The first species known was S. capensis, which, in spite of its name, is mainly east African, and seems not to be found nearer the Cape than Natal ; but it has been found also in Angola, and recently, by Mr. Neave, in the extreme southern part of Belgian Congo. 8S. rufolateralis, the smaller of the two forest species, has also been long known, and has a range very extensive in longitude, from Liberia on the west to Lake Albert on the east, but very narrow in latitude. S. sharpei, the largest species, was discovered by Alexander on Fernando Po in 1902, and is figured in ‘The Ibis’ for July, 1903. About the same time it was found also in southern Kamerun by Zenker and also by the writer; and a little later, far to the east, by the Ruwenzori Expedition. S. camarunensis, described by Sharpe from the writer’s collection in Kamerun and later found by the Ruwenzori Expedition, closely resembles S. capensis, and perhaps should be regarded as a geographical race of that . . Pan va 496 Mr. G. lL. Bates on the species, well marked by the deeper coloration, attributable to its having become a resident of the forest region. In Kamerun it is a bird of the waste cultivated ground or second-growth forest, never found in the primitive forest, to which the other two species are confined. The sketch-map (Plate XVIII.) shows very clearly the distribution of the four recognised species of Smithornis, and the following is a list of recorded localities which are num- bered to correspond with those on the map. B.M. indicates examples in the British Museum. Smithornis capensis. Platyrhynchus capensis Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., Aves, pl. 27, 1839: forests towards Delagoa bay. Smithornis capensis albogularis Uartert, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. 1904, p. 73: Canhoca, N. Angola. Brit. East Africa—1 Kikuyu (Neumann); German East Africa—2 Kahi (Neumann), 3 Usaramo, 4 Lindi (Fischer), 5 Ukinga (Fiilleborn), 6 Rovuma river, B.M. (Thomson) ; Nyasaland—7 Fort Hill, B.M., 8 Ntondini, B.M. (Sharpe), 9 Zomba, B.M., 10 Milanji, B.M. (Whyte), 11 Ruo river, B.M. (Percival) ; Portuguese E. Africa—12 Coguno, B.M., 13 Beira, B.M., 14 Tambarara, B.M. (Grant), 15 Delagoa bay (Smith) ; Natal—16 Zululand (Woodward), 17 Durban, B.M. (Gordge), 18 Pinetown (Ayres) ; South Rhodesia—19 Chirinda, B.M., 20 Jihu river, B.M. (Swynnerton) ; N.E. Rhodesia—21 Loangwa river, B.M. (Neave); Belgian Congo —22 Bunkeya, B.M., 23 Dikulwe valley, B.M. (Neave) ; Angola—24 Canhoga and 25 Ndala Tando, B.M. (Ansorge). Smithornis camarunensis. Smithornis camarunensis Sharpe, Ibis, 1905, p. 469: River Ja, Kamerun. Kamerun—26 River Ja, B.M. (Bates) ; Uganda; 27 Mpanga forest, B.M. (Woosnam). Smithornis rufolateralis. Smithornis rufolateralis Gray, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 143, pl. xvi: ‘ West Africa,” exact locality unknown. Liberia—28 Hilltown Wifla and Galilee Mt. (Buttikofer ‘THAX "Id VI6T STAI sisuountamTreE : S = 6 tedaeqs “S = + sTTeteyeyeynt' GS = wy stsuedeos"S = @ 2907 TAJOW SINWDOH LING JO MONNGLOSTp I} Moys OF VOTAAV FO preg Affinities of Smithornis. 497 and Stampfli) ; Gold Coast—29 Fantee and Denkera, B.M. (Ussher), 30 Wassaw, B.M. (Blissett), 31 Fumsu, B.M. (Alexander) ; Togoland—32 Misahdhe (Baumann), 33 Bis- marckburg (Biittner) ; Kamerun—34 Victoria (Preuss), 35 Kkundu (Sjéstedt), 36 Yaunde, 37 Bipindi (Zenker), 38 River Ja, B.M., 39 Efulen, B.M., 40 Zima country, B.M. (Bates) ; Belgian Congo—41 Irumu (Emin), 42 Mawambi, Congo forest, B.M. (Woosnam) ; Uganda—13 Bugoma forest, B.M. (Christy). Smithornis sharpei. . Smithornis sharper Alexander, Bull. B. O.C. xiii. Jan. 30, 1903, p. 34: Mt. St. Isabel, Fernando Po. Smithornis zenkert Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. xi. Mch. 1, 1903, p. 41: Bipindi, Kamerun. Fernando Po—44 Mt. St. Isabel, B.M. (Alexander), 45 Bantebari, B.M. (Seimund); Kamerun—46 Bipindi (Zenker), 47 River Ja, B.M., and 48 Efulen, B.M. (Bates); Belgian Congo—49 near Fort Beni, Semliki valley, B.M. (Woosnam). Thus the species of the genus Smithornis, if we consider S. capensis and S. camarunensis as geographical races of the same species, follow the general rule found among the birds of Kamerun, that those species that have a wide African distribution are inhabitants of the farms about the villages or of second-growth forest, while species peculiar to the Forest Region are strictly birds of the primitive forest. The kind of country frequented by each species of Smithornis can be seen even from the materials used in making the hanging, pocket-shaped nests, which in shape and structure are exactly alike throughout the genus ; for nests of S. camarunensis are made of the fibres of weeds or plantains, while those of the other two species are of forest materials, such as moss. The plumage of the two forest species shows a considerable amount of bright colour; while that of the species of east and south Africa is mostly olive-brown and black, the form of it found in the forest region (S. camaru- nensis) having a little more of the black than the other. The habit of all these birds is to sit silently in dark places 498 Mr. G. L. Bates on the in the forest, trusting to their stillness and the imperfect light for protection. But they are not always silent, for they make, at times, a very peculiar noise, which may be described as a long-continued trilled “r” accompanied by a voice-note, but is perhaps harsher than that description would imply; the adjective “grinding” has been appro- priately applied to it. This noise is imitated by the natives of this country by making the protruded lips vibrate while uttering the note. Itis evidently not a sound made with the ordinary avian vocal organs used in the ordinary way. All the species make this noise. It is made only while the bird is in the air, taking a short circular flight from its perch and back again, at the same time vibrating its wings rapidly and displaying the white patch at other times hidden in the plumage of its back. The whole performance seems well calculated to be a mating-call and display of the male to attract the female. When, drawn by the noise, which can be heard at a distance, the mate approaches near enough, she can see the white patch twinkling in the thicket, where the bird would be invisible if sitting still. I have seen no evidence that this noise is made by the female bird, and I should consider this unlikely. Two birds, or even three, that may often be heard, in different directions, answering one another, are more likely riva. males. These grinding calls are kept up at intervals of a minute or less, in early morning and late evening, and sometimes at other hours on dark days. I have never heard a bird of any of the species of Smithornis make any other call or sound; but for a reference to another cry made by 8. capensis, see Mr. Claude Grant’s account in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1911, p. 422. In connection with the display of the white patch in the back-plumage it may be added that the patch is present, but small in females, and that it is absent in young birds. Now will be given the promised anatomical facts. Syring.—It was the peculiar noise made by the birds be- longing to the genus Smithornis, aud their apparent imability to utter any kind of song such as most or all Flycatchers sometimes utter, even though usually silent, that led me Affinities of Smithornis. 4.99 first to look at the lower end of the trachea and the organ of voice. It was seen at once that the syrinx was bare or nearly bare of muscles lower down than the point where the sterno-tracheal muscles leave the trachea, to go to either anterior lateral process of the sternum. ‘This was confirmed in a considerable number of specimens belonging to all three species of Smithornis ; but I do not feel able to make a full description of the syrinx. Regarding one example of S. sharpet the following note was written down at the time : ** Alongside the sterno-tracheal muscles where these leave the trachea, and ventrally from them, run some thin muscular strands continuing on down the trachea to the beginning of the bronchi. These are so thin as to be made out with difficulty, and no other muscles are to be seen on the syrinx.” Of most of the specimens examined I was content to say that no muscles could be made out attached to the lower end of the trachea or the bronchi. Deep Plantar Tendons.—Another discovery was made on dissecting the leg and foot of a specimen of S. camarunensis, and finding the flexor muscles of the toes with their tendons; a slender vinculum was found running downwards from the tendon of the M. flexor hallucis and joining that of the M. flecor profundus just above the point where the latter divides into branches to the three forward toes. When the tendon of the flexor hallucis was pulled, all the toes were bent, though not quite simultaneously, for the hallux was moved a little in advance of the other toes ; when the tendon of the profundus was pulled, the three forward toes were bent, while the hallux was not moved. This observation was confirmed in a number of cases, with birds belonging to this and the other two species as well, and the presence of the vinculum was ascertained either by dissecting the foot so that it could be seen, or by noting the effect on the toes of pulling the tendons. But a bird of the species S. rufolateralis that was skinned on one of the days while this paper was being prepared, seemed to afford an exception, for pulling the tendon of the /levor hallucis affected the hallux only, in both feet alike. In this 500. Mr. G. L. Bates on the specimen the vinculum was either absent or so slight that it was easily broken. This case seems to show that the cha- racter of the vinculum is somewhat variable. But there is no doubt about its presence in the other specimens examined. According to Gadow, this vinculum is found, among Passeriformes, only in the Kuryleemide. Sternum.—W hile I think that a comparison of thoroughly- cleaned sterna of Smithornis with those of other genera of Passeres would show interesting though slight differences, only one point can be stated now, and it is a point of simi- larity and not of difference. The spina sternalis is deeply forked or Y-shaped, as in most Passeriformes. Gadow’s statement regarding the Eurylemide is “‘ Spina externa long but simple, with rounded tip or scarcely indicated fork.” Tongue.—The tongue in Smithornis is not only broad, to suit the shape of the bill, but markedly thick and fleshy, though with thin edges. In this fleshy tongue is perhaps to be found the clue to the mystery of the way in which the bird’s peculiar noise is produced. A character found in one of the little bones of the hyoid apparatus in Passerine birds, though I have never seen a reference to it in any book, can be given here with some confidence as being important because constant. It has been my custom for a good while to pull out (when it was not too much trouble) the tongues of birds skinned, and to remove as much of the muscle on the hyoid bones as could be quickly done, and dry and label these tongues with the bones attached. Thus quite a collection of birds’ tongues has been formed. A comparison of these shows that the little urohyal bone, situated between the bases of the hyoid horns and lying with point downwards, when in position in the bird, against the front of the thyroid cartilage, has a peculiar shape in all normal Passeres. In these the free end of the urohyal is very flat with a thin border of car- tilage at the edges and tip. The amount of this flattening and widening varies among the families of Passeres, but there is similarity in this regard between members of each family. The Pycnonotide have the urohyal the widest and flattest of any of the birds I have observed, and the Affinities of Smithornis. 501 Muscicapide the least so; but even where least marked, the characteristic shape is unmistakably seen. It seems to be a special development by which the little bone is made to fit more perfectly to the cartilage of the throat. In other orders of birds the tip of the urohyal has no flat margin, but is a little rod or point, often slightly bent to one side. In the tongue of Smithornis, the tip of the urohyal is rod- shaped and not flattened at the edges. Podotheca.—The covering of the metatarsus in Smithornis (Text-figure 8, B) is different from that found in normal Passeres, in that there are no horny plates or scutes on the posterior part, but only horny granulations or tubercles situated on the hinder edge. Six or seven large scutes in a single row form the covering of the front of the metatarsus ; between these and the granulations behind, on either side, is bare skin. Toes —The second and third toes have most of the first joint united by a web. The third and fourth toes are firmly united as far as the distal end of the second joint of the fourth or the middle of the second joint of the third, and loosely united by a web a little farther. Aftershaft.—Not the least interesting fact discovered with regard to the birds under consideration, is the seeming absence of any aftershaft to the feathers. On examination of feathers from birds of all three species of Smithornis, no aftershaft—not even a rudimentary one large enough to be seen without a microscope—has been found. Pterylography of the Wing.—The number of the remiges is not peculiar in Smithornis. There are, on the cubitus, nine, and in some cases—perhaps regularly in some species— a tenth small one near the elbow-joint ; there are eleven (Text-figure 8, A) on the manus, that is, ten functional ones and the remicle. The remicle, in a number of specimens of S. camarunensis, was found to vary much in length, but to average about 5 millimetres ; in two specimens of S. sharpei it measured 5 or 6 millimetres ; in two of S. rufolateralis, 2 or 2°5 millimetres. Of the wing-coverts, only a peculiarity in the relative lengths of the major upper coyerts is to be described. The 502 On the Affinities of Smithornis. outermost, or tenth one of this series, at the tip of the wing, which in all other birds that I have examined is the shortest, | have found in Smithornis to be the longest of all. The others grow gradually shorter from the carpal joint to the tip of the wing, as this row of coverts does in all birds ; Text-fig. 8. A. Upper surface of manus of left wing of Smithornis rufolateralis (long outer or 10th major covert marked with an asterisk). B. Right foot of Snuthornis camarunensis, to show podotheca. but when the tenth and last one is reached, it is found to be not only longer than those next to it, but even longer than the one next the carpal joint. The measured lengths of these feathers in one wing of a Smithornis camarunensis is here given as typical of a number ce wings examined from all the three species :— First major upper covert on the manus ...... 16 mm, INinthiee, Me Ms an A Mas Rae IKOY Wvemde, 55 ae c ‘ AAS OL Rae IRR This tenth major upper covert on the manus is, I think, to be regarded as the covert of the tenth remex, and not of the remicle, these coverts being situated each on the distal side of its remex. 0. Or Oo On some Species of the Genus Thalassogeron. XXIX.—Notes on some Species of the Genus Thalassogeron. By T. Satvaporr, Hon.M.B.0.U. (Plate XIX.) In Mr. DuCane Godman’s ‘Monograph of the Petrels,’ at tlie end there is a classification. At p.lvthere is a key to the species of the genus Thalassogeron, which are divided into three heads :— a. Culmen in adult bright yellow, sides of the bill black. b. Bill generally pale, the sides not black, and the culmen not distinctly yellow. ce. Bill entirely black, including the culmen. The object of this paper is to offer some remarks as regards the species of the first and third groups. The third group contains only one very rare species :— Thalassogeron carteri. Thalassogeron cartert Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. 1903, p-6: N.W. Australia; Godman, Mon. of the Petrels, 1910, p- 361, pl. 102. Diomedea carteri Rothsch. Bull. B.O.C. xv. 1904, p. 44: Gough Isl.; Mathews, Nov. Zool. xviii. 1911, p. 206. Thalassogeron sp. inc. Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, p. 265: Gough Isl. Mr. Mathews (/.c.) mentions this species as known from a unique specimev, the type, but it appears that a second specimen is the one from Gough Island, admitting that it belongs to the same species. During a visit of the Hon. W. Rothschild to the Museum of Turin, some years ago, he pointed out to me that among our Albatrosses there is one which he recognised as belonging to T. cartert. This precious specimen agrees pretty well with the figure in the ‘Monograph of the Petrels,’ except in the bill, which is not so deeply black ; it was collected 504 Count T. Salvadori on some during the voyage of the ‘Magenta’ on April 6th, 1866, lat. 35° O1’ S., long. 85° 00° E. On the same occasion were killed two specimens of Yhalassogeron chlororhynchus, fully adult, still preserved in our Museum. The specimen, which has now become 7’. carteri, was registered as a young bird of 7’. chlororhynchus, and Prof. Giglioli, who collected it, described the bill as uniformly black. The circumstance that the three specimens were killed on the same day and in the same spot makes me rather un- certain as regards the specific value of TJ. carteri. It appears that Godman has also entertained some doubt as to whether 7. carteri was not established on a young bird of T. chlororhynchus. Hesays :—“Itis possible that, like some of the true Albatrosses, the members of the genus Thalasso- geron do not assume their fully adult plumage for two or three years, and that the bill remains black for some time before it becomes parti-coloured.”’ No less interesting is a Thalassogeron of the first group, uvfortunately represented in our Museum only by a head and neck, from an unknown locality, but collected by Dr. Cavalli during the expedition of H.I.M. S. ‘ Liguria’ (Plate XIX.) | The specimen, fully adult, does not agree with any of the species figured in the ‘Monograph of the Petrels, and cannot be identified with the help of the text of the work. But I must remark that the key of the species of the genus Thalassogeron in the Monograph is rather misleading. In it the three species 7. culminatus, T. chlororhynchus, and T. eximius are divided as follows :— rT a’. Culminicorn rounded posteriorly............ T. culminatus. aha: ! Z T.. chlororhynchus. 6’. Culminicorn pointed posteriorly ............ iy es . eXIMIUS. While the latter character holds good for T. chlororhynchus it fails as regards 7. eximius. In fact Mr. Verrill’s description of the latter species (Tr. Connect. Ac. Sc. ix. p. 440) is accompanied by a good figure of the bill (pl. viii. QYOSLYM ‘SS3Y¥d S3dN3W SNMINIXE NOMADOSSVIVHL XIX Id “VI6I ‘siq] Species of the Genus Thalassogeron. 505 figs. 1, 2), which shows the culminicorn perfectly rounded posteriorly, and not pointed. Failing to identify my specimen with the help of the ‘Monograph of the Petrels,’ I was beginning to think that it belonged to an undescribed species, but as soon as I compared it with Mr. Verrill’s description and figure, I scarcely doubted that the bird examined was a specimen of 7. eximws. It agrees with Verrill’s description, which runs as follows :— ‘‘Forehead and fore part of the head on top pure white from the bill back to about the centre of the eyes, from there gradually blending into pale ash-grey, which extends around on to the cheeks and sides of the head, but again fades out to pure white on the throat. In front of the eye, almest from the base of the bill, and bordered on top by the pure white of the forehead, is a very dark sooty-grey patch, which extends over the eye and around to the centre of the lower lid, and the space immediately behind the eye being pure white, blending into the ash of the surrounding parts. Back of the head and neck light ash-grey, gradually darken- ing posteriorly. ... The extreme base of the culmen does not reach to the feathers of the forehead, but is separated by a narrow strip of naked skin and is bordered by a very narrow line of dark brown. From where the brown ceases the culmen is bright yellow, gradually deepening in tint and becoming orange at about two-thirds the distance from the base, and finally dull red at the unguis, the extreme tip of the mandible being horn-colour. All the rest of the bill is pure black, except the extreme outer end of the lower mandible, which is light horn- colour.” According to Mr. Verrill the lower mandible lacks completely the transverse yellow bar at its base, but I doubt the correctness of the statement, as all the allied species have the yellow bar. Certainly the specimen we have shows a prominent yellow line at the base of the lower mandible. 506 Recently published Ornithological Works. The species of the first section of the genus or subgenus Thalassogeron at present reach the number of four, and may be distinguished according to the following key :— Culmen in adult bright yellow; sides of the bill black: a. Culminicern rounded posteriorly. a’. Lower edge of mandible yellow. a." Smaller; outer toe 117 mm. ; culmini- corn reaching the feathers of the forehead) spi Nawnae acti saer Ney gett T. culminatus. b.”” Larger; outer toe 124 mm.; culmini- corn not reaching the feathers of the forehead i. Mc iaiegercane s kuecwe ass foaae: T. desoliutionis. b'. Lower edge of mandible not yellow.... TF. exvimius. 6, Culminicorn pointed posteriorly ; lower edge of the mandible not yellow ............ T. chlororhynchus. XXX.—WNotices of recent Ornithological Publications. Bryant on the Western Meadowlark. [ A determination of the economic status of the Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California, by Harold Child Bryant. Uniy. Cal. Publ. Zool., xi. 1914, pp. 877-510, pls. 21-24. ] Mr. Bryant has been for some time engaged in solving the question of the habits of the Western Meadowlark, and as to whether its usefulness outweighs its destructiveness, and this paper appears to be an elaboration of a pueuLome one reviewed in the ‘ Ibis’ for 1912 (p. 688). A very large amount of work has been done and the present results are based on the examination of over 2000 stomachs taken at different seasons of the year in different parts of California, so that the conclusions should be based on sound and ample evidence. The injury to crops which the Meadowlark is accused of, consists of destroying sprouting grain (especially barley) by boring down beside the sprout and eating the kernel. On the other hand this small amount of damage, which can be Recently published Ornithological Works. 507 easily avoided by deeper planting, is more than overbalanced by the destruction for food, especially in the nesting season, of large numbers of noxious insects. Chandler on Areas of Distribution and Extent of Specific Modification. [The effect of extent of distribution or speciation, By Asa C. Chandler. American Nat., xlviii. 1914, pp. 129-160. } This is an essay in which an attempt is made to show that, as the range of a group of animals or birds is extended, the number of species increase out of proportion to the genera, and the genera out of proportion to the families. This. thesis ‘is tested by the author in a series of tables containing the number of genera and species of restricted as compared with wide areas. One example so taken deals with the birds of various Californian areas. Here we find in the restricted San Bernardino Mts. area (2000 sq. miles) 97 genera and 121 species, a ratio or index of modification of 1:25 species to one genus ; in southern California (80,000 sq. miles) the figures are 153 and 199, giving an index of 1:30; in the whole of California (158,000 sq. miles) the figures are 186 and $47 and the index 1°87, thus showing that as the area increases, “ speciation”’ or specific modifi- cation acts more strongly. ; Many other points are brought out in this essay in regard to the theoretical explanation of these facts, and as to how much speciation is due to isolation, the time-element and other factors, but these cannot here be satisfactorily dealt with and all we can now do is to draw attention to the main thesis. Chandler on the Plumage of Circus hudsonius. {Modifications and adaptations to function in the feathers of Cireus hudsonius. By Asa C. Chandler. Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., vol. xi, 1914, pp. 329-376, pls. xvi.-xx. ] . This paper gives a very complete account of the pterylo- graphy, moults and plumage of the adult Marsh Hawk 508 Recently published Ornithological Works. (Circus hudsonius). The different types of feathers clothing different parts of the body are all separately discussed, and their structure, both macroscopic and microscopic, elucidated, and considerable space is occupied with suggestions as to the meaning and use of the various types of feather structure. Chapman on new Neotropical Birds. [Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds.—II, By Frank M. Chapman. Bulletin Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist.. xxxiii. 1914, pp. 167-192, map. Descriptions of a new Genus and Species of Birds from Venezuela. Id. ibid. pp. 193-197.] The latest expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, under the leadership of the author of these papers, to Colombia, took place between January and May of last year. The district explored was the “ Bogota region,” whence so many species have been described from native- made “ Bogota” skins. These are of course without data and have in many cases changed colour, and it was thought advisable to obtain a good series of scientifically - made specimens. Some 2300, representing over 500 species, were brought back. In the first paper diagnoses of 8 new species and 20 new subspecies are given, all from different parts of Colombia. The second paper contains descriptions of the novelties obtained by another American Museum expedition, under Mr. L. E. Miller. In December 1912 he ascended the Orinoco to the neighbourhood of Mt. Duida, a most remote spot in the southernmost part.of Venezuela, but owing to the illness of his companion, Mr. F. X. Iglseder, he was com- pelled to return before his work was completed. In addition, some 600 specimens were secured at Cristobal Colon on the Paria peninsula, which juts out from Venezuela towards the island of Trinidad. New species of Geotrygon, Neo- morphus, and Nonnulla are diagnosed, and a new genus, Microxenops, is proposed for a new species, M. milleri, a form allied to Xenops and referred to the Furnariidze. Recently published Ornithological Works. 509 Flower on Indian Zoological Gardens. [Report on a Zoological Mission to India in 1918 by Capt. L. S. Flower, Director Egyptian Government Zoological Service. Pp. 1-100, 12 pls. Cairo (Govt. Press), 1914. 8vo. Price 5s.] Last summer Capt. Stanley Flower was sent on a mission to India to inspect the Zoological Gardens and other scientific institutions there, to report on the management, and to arrange for exchanges with the Gardens at Giza. In the present report he gives an account of his journeys of nearly 8000 miles in India and of the characteristic features of all the coilections visited. It is for the most part with the larger mammals and reptiles that he was concerned, but there are many references to birds which should be inter- esting to readers of ‘ The Ibis.’ A table on page 6 gives a list of twelve zoological gardens at present existing in India, and of these three were of special importance—Calcutta for its large collections, containing many rare species; Trivandrum, which, owing to the work of Mr. H. 8. Ferguson, is a most complete and scientifically arranged institution ; and Peshawar for the admirable way in which the animals are looked after. A series of twelve photographs, including one of the aviary in the Peshawar Gardens, illustrates the report, and were mostly taken by Capt. Flower himself. Grinnell on Berkeley Birds. [A second list of the Birds of the Berkeley Campus. By Joseph Grinnell. Condor, vol. xvi. 1914, pp. 28-40. } It is a pleasant practice in the States to set a University or College in an area of open round ; this, planted with trees and grass, often forms a beautiful setting to the various buildings. The State University of California, which is at Berkeley, situated on the landward or eastern shore of the Bay of San Francisco, on the opposite side to the city of the same name, is fortunate enough to be surrounded by a large park or campus of 550 acres, rising from an elevation of SER. X.—VOL, II. 2M 510 Recently published Ornithological Works. 200 feet at its western edge to a height of 1300 feet at its eastern boundary on the crest of the Berkeley Hills. This campus is, on its lower elevations, planted with groves and gardens, while the higher parts are truly “wild”; it contains a large varied avifauna of some 97 species, and Mr. Grinnell has here given us a list of these with remarks on the status of each. A previous edition published in the ‘‘ University of California Chronicle”? in 1911, contained the names of 76 species only. Grinnell on the Birds of the Valley of the lower Colorado River. [An account of the Mammals and Birds of the lower Colorado Valley, with special reference to the distributional problems presented, by Joseph Grinnell. Univ. California Publ.in Zool. vol. xii. 1914, pp. 51-294, 11 pls., 9 text-figs. ] The River Colorado, after passing through the Grand Canon, which is chiefly in the State of Arizona and which, with other canons, forms the characteristic feature of the middle third of the river, forms in the lower part of its course the boundary line between the States of California and Arizona, from Mojave to Yuma, a distance of about 150 miles in a straight line. Below Yuma, the river enters Mexican territory and shortly afterwards empties itself into the Gulf of California. The present paper deals with the fauna of this lower third of the river, where the stream runs in sober fashion in a more or less wide valley, while the country on either side forms one of the driest and hottest deserts in the world. An expedition was led by Mr. Grinnell between February and May, 1910, to carry on field-work in this region. The party commenced their survey at the town of Needles and travelled by boat down the river, from place to place, ob- taining 1374 specimens of birds and 1272 of mammals, all of which are uow in the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. In discussing the distribution of the forms of animal life here and elsewhere, Mr. Grinnell recognizes what he calls three distinct orders of distributional behaviour ; these he terms zonal, faunal, and associational. Recently published Ornithological Works. 511 The first of these orders, the zonal, which is associated with the name of Mr. Merriam, is dependent on temperature, that is to say, the distribution of each form of life is limited by certain extremes of temperature, especially during the reproductive season. The second order of distribution is that very many species appear to be kept within geographic bounds by limits of atmospheric humidity or the reverse. The third order of distributional control, the associational, is dependent on local conditions—soil and vegetation chiefly—which delimit the existence of a species beyond a certain area. It is with these “associations ” that the preliminary dis- cussions of this paper are mostly occupied. Mr. Grinnell distinguished a River association, a Willow-cottonwood (Sax and Populus) association, a Tule (i. e. Reed-bed) association, an Arrow-weed (Pluchea) association, and Quail-bush (Afriplea), Mesquite (Prosopis), Saltbush ( Atriplex), Creosote (Larrea), Cat-claw, Saguaro (7. e. Giant Cactus), and finally, Encelia (z.e., Rocky Hills) associations. He gives lists of characteristic and exclusive birds inhabiting each of these associations, which lie more or less in order as one passes from the river-bed across the valley to the desert country lying on either side. There is a long list of 150 species of birds, the distribution and status of each of which is discussed in the main part of the paper. Hartert’s Palearctic Birds. [Die Vével der paliarktischen Fanna. Von Ernst Hartert. Heft viii. (Bd. ii. 2). Pp. 961-1088. Berlin (Friedlander), Aug. 1913. 4 Marks. ] The last-issued part of Hartert’s great work on the Palearctic Birds completes the Owls and commences on the Accipitres, of which only one genus, Falco, containing the Falcons and Kestrels, is fully dealt with. One interesting change is made from the commencement of the Owls which certainly enhances the value of the work from the systematist’s point of view. This is that the 2M 2 512 Recently published Ornithological Works. author now gives a complete synonymy of the generic names, naming and discussing the types of each genus. In the first volume the want of this information certainly detracted from the value of the work. No very startling changes of nomenclature are proposed beyond those already familiar to the users of the recently published ‘ Hand-list of British Birds,’ but it would surely have been better to have settled one way or another which generic names should be used for Tengmalm’s Owl and the Little Owl. In the former case, Mgolius Kaup 1829 and Cryptoglauz Richmond 1901; in the latter Athene Boie 1822 and Carine Kaup 1829, are given as alternatives, Dr. Hartert beg apparently undecided whether the two earlier names in each case should be rejected or not through the prior use of A/golia and Athena. Surely it would have been wiser to come to some decision one way or another. Of the Hagle-Owl (Budo dubo) as many as eighteen distinct forms or subspecies are recognised, This seems to be an unnecessarily large number, though of course without going carefully into the matter it is not possible to make a serious criticism. Three new subspecies are distinguished in the present part for the first time, i.e., Bubo bubo swinhoet, south China, Athene noctua lilith, Mesopotamia, and Falco tinnun- culus dacotie, Kastern Canary Islands. Howard’s British Warblers. [The British Warblers. A History with Problems of their Lives. By H. Eliot Howard, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. Illustrated by Henrik Grényold. Part 8, Dec. 1918. London (Porter).] The present part of Mr. Howard’s detailed study of the British Warblers is chiefly devoted to the Garden and Wood Warblers. The Barred (Sylvia nisoria) and the Subalpine (S. subalpina) are dismissed with short paragraphs of description and distributional details, the former being accorded one of Grénvold’s delicately tinted plates; the plate of the latter appeared in the previous part. Most of our readers are by this time familiar with Mr. Howard’s work, which is now approaching completion, Recently published Ornithological Works. 513 and with the extraordinarily minute and careful observations which must be necessary, to present so intimate a picture of the everyday life of these somewhat shy birds. The Garden Warbler is compared with the Blackcap, to which it is closely related in many respects, both in struc- ture and habits. A good deal is said about the “ territory ” taken up by the males on their arrival in spring, where they await the coming of the female, which is often a week or ten days later. The male proclaims his appropriation of an estate by incessant singing ; this goes on until the females arrive and mating has taken place; after this, Mr. Howard remarks, there is a gradual decrease of song. The peculiar attitudes assumed during the period of sexual activity are illustrated by three black-and-white plates of the male and one of the female, and are described with much detail. The present part also contains a coloured plate of the Dartford Warbler and two photogravure plates of the Wood Warbler. Baron Loudon’s Fifth Journey to Central Asia. [Ergebnisse meiner V. Reise nach dem Talyscher Tieflande und Transkaspien vom 30 1. (12 ii.) bis zum 1 (14) v.1911. Baron Harald Loudon. Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xviii. 1914, pp. 431-510. } The first half of this paper contains an account of Baron Loudon’s journey, extracted from his diary. Leaving Riga, his home, on January 30, he reached the Black Sea on February 4 and travelled on to Tiflis, where some little time was spent. Thence he went to Talysch, the most south- eastern corner of Russia, lying between the Caspian Sea and the Persian frontier, where some time was spent in collecting. Then crossing the Caspian, he travelled along the Central Asian Railway to Samarkand and back to Russia by the northern route via Orenburg, making many side-visits at interesting places. With the assistance of his brother and cousin, and a skinner, he was able to bring back some 2000 bird-skins as 514 Recently published Ornitholegical Works. well as a good set of mammals, reptiles, and insects, all of which are now, or will eventually be placed in the Museum at St. Petersburg. Two lists are given, one of the Transcaucasian collection and one of the Central Asian, but only those species are treated of at length which were not obtained on previous journeys. Two new subspecies, Turdus viscivorus sarudnyt and T. pilaris sarudnyi are noticed, but they appear to have been first described in the ‘ Ornith. Monatsber.” for 1912 (vol. xx. pp. 5-6). Mathews on Australian Birds. [The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. iii. parts 4, 5, Dec. 1913 & Mar. 1914, pp. 301-444, pls. 167-189. London. (Witherby & Co.) 4to.] In these parts Mr. Mathews provides his readers with several excellent discussions of various family and generic groups ; so that, if they do not in all cases find themselves able to agree with his conclusions, they will at least be glad to have the debatable points thoroughly examined. In this connecticn it may be well first to note the following sub- species, which were formerly proposed, but have been sunk in the present instalment of the work :— Gallinago australis oweni (= Subspilura megala), Irediparra gallinacea melvillensis, Orthorhamphus magnirostris melvil- iensis, O. m. queenslandicus, [bis molucca alligator, Carphibis spinicollis fitzroyt, Spatherodia regia stalkeri, Platibis flavipes whiter, Xenorhynchus asiaticus rogersit, Ardea sumatrana gilberti, Herodias alba neglecta, Notophoyx nove-hollandie parryi, and N, pacifica alexandre. On the other hand, the author proposes a new genus, Suhglareola, for Glareola ocularis of Verreaux, which he removes from Sharpe’s Galactochrysea. The next important point, and one about which there has been much dispute, is that he now, for the sake of uni- formity, accepts Brisson’s genera, following the ruling of the last International Zoological Congress, Recently published Ornithological Works. 515 Two well-known birds are classified in quite a new way. In the Scolopacidze Mr. Mathews considers that the bill (and other characteristics) of the Australian Painted Snipe are not “ Scolopacine,” and proposes for that species and its congeners the new family Rostratulide. Again, the Aus- tralian “ Dotterel”? is clearly shown to be an abberant Courser, and is therefore included in the family Glareolide. All the birds treated in these parts are of somewhat excep- tional interest, especially as regards their life-histories, and the selections as to these seem to us particularly well chosen. Under the Jacanas Parra is said to be antedated by Jacana, and it is proposed to change the Family name from Parridze to Jacanide, but the former is usually accepted, and we do not like the change or consider it necessary. Similarly for the Stone-Curlews Burhinide is used for Gidicnemidz ; but even if we accept this we should be very chary of using the term “ Burhinine” in English ; these adjectives are only useful when the Family name is firmly settled. Im this Family Orthorhamphus is accepted as differing from Hsacus, while the bills are well figured to show the distinctions. Four subspecies of Burhinus magnirostris at least are recognised. We may pass quickly over the Australian Crane under its still unfamilar name of Mathewsia to note that Threskiornis 1s preferred to Ibis and Spatherodia upheld for (Platalea) regia, but must pause longer to join cordially in overthrowing Bullberg’s Hgatheus for the Glossy Ibises, and restoring the better known Pleyadis. The Australian form of this group is found to differ from the European and is called P. falcinellus peregrinus. Similarly the Jabiru is Xenorhynchus asiaticus australis, for it never, says the author, ought to have been confounded with its Indian congener. The Grey Heron is practically rejected as an Australian species, and the reader will find that in three cases Gould’s names are resuscitated for other Herons, though used in a subspecific sense, while it must be remembered that Myola is Mr. Mathews’ new name for Ardea pacifica, 516 Recently published Ornithological Works. Phillips on Size Inheritance. [Size Inheritance in Ducks. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Philadelphia, xii. 1912, pp. 869-880. A Further Study of Size Inheritance in Ducks, with Observations on the Sex Ratio of Hybrid Birds. Id. ibid. xvi. 1914, pp. 131-148. ] These papers contain the results of a series of experiments carried out by the author at the Laboratory of Genetics of the Bussey Institution. The birds used were the large white Rouen variety and the smaller domesticated Mallard, which are perfectly fertile with each other, and the object was to find out whether, in the F, generation, any striking segregation of size occurred. The results did not throw any very clear light on the ques- tion of the Mendelian inheritance of the character of size, and the author suggests that this may be due to “ the high coefficient of variability in both the parent races.” Some other interesting results are recorded. Phillips on Birds from the Sudan. [Iwo new African Birds. By John C. Phillips. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxvi. 1915, pp. 167-168. Notes on a collection of Birds from the Sudan. By John C. Phillips. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. lviii. 1915, pp. 1-27.] Accompanied by Dr G. M. Allen the writer made an ex- cursion up the Blue Nile from Khartoum in December 1912 and January 19138. Their farthest point was Fazogli, a place close to the Abyssinian frontier, where Mr. Butler found many birds in May, but Mr. Phillips was rather dis- appointed with his booty thence. A list of the species obtained is given, and in it are included two supposed new forms described in the first paper quoted, viz. Caprimulgus eleanore from Fazogli and Passer domesticus chephrent from Giza, near Cairo. Robinson on Malayan Birds. [List of a small collection of Birds and Mammals from Gunong Kerban, Perak. By Herbert C. Robinson, M.B.O.U. Journ. Fed. Malay States Museums, Kuala Lumpur, v. 1914, pp. 23-27. Recently published Ornithological Works. 517 On a further collection of Mammals and Birds from the hills of Negri Sembilan. By H. C. Robinson, M.B8.0.U., and C, Boden Kloss, M.B.0.U. Ibid. pp. 51-57.] The first of these short papers deals with the fauna of Gunong Kerban, a mountain in Perak, near the Perak- Kelantan boundary, which attains a height of 7170 ft., the second highest elevation in the peninsula. ‘This is the first time any zoological collections have been made on this mountain, and they unfortunately proved to be of little special interest, as the species found were almost entirely identical with those in the Batang Padang mountains, about 40 miles farther south. Forty species are recorded. The second paper deals with further collections made in the hills of Negri Sembilan, a state lying southwards from Perak, whence 72 species are here noted. Salvadori and Festa on the Hawfinch of Sardinia. [Nuova specie di Frosone della Sardigna. T. Salvadori ed E. Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, vol. xxxix. 1914, no. 681, pp. 1-2.] ‘Count Salvadori proposes to distinguish the Hawfinch of Sardinia under the name Coccothraustes insularis, sp.n. It has the underparts greyish brown with a rufous-brown tinge and is slightly smaller than the typical mainland form. Schalow on Miiller’s Calamoherpe brehmii. [Uber “ Calamoherpe Brehmii” Miiller. Von Herman Schalow. Journ. f. Ornith. 1914, pp. 104-110, pl. 3.] In this little paper Dr. Schalow elucidates the history of an obscure little bird first described by Joh. Mat. Bechstein in his “‘ Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands” (Leipzig 1795, p. 669), under the name of Motacilla fasciata. The plate which is reproduced shows it to be a Reed- Warbler with a curious narrow subterminal band of orange-red across the tail-feathers. Bechstein states in his description that he only once met with a single example, and this in a secluded spot in the “ Thiiringer-wald.” It is next mentioned by C. lL. Brehm in his “‘ Handbuch der 518 Recently published Ornithological Works Naturg. aller Vogel Deutschlands ” (1831, p. 447). Here it is referred to by the name Calamoherpe Brehmit Miiller. This latter description has until now escaped the notice of bibliographers. : Herr Schalow has recently found in the library of the ornithological department a manuscript description with a plate, which is here reproduced, by “* Herr Canzelist Miil'er in Brinn,” from which Brehm’s quotation and description are undoubtedly drawn. This now forgotten naturalist seems to have also obtained a single example of this curious aberration near Briinn, in Austria. In commenting on this Herr Schalow gives some instances which have come to his notice of similar variations in other species as, for instance, in Turdus torquatus, T. musicus and T. merula; also in Prunella modularis and Sylvia curruca. Schaiow on the Nutcracker in Thuringia. [Uber das Brut-Vorkommen von Nucifraga caryocatactes caryo- catactes L. in Thiringen. Von Herman Schalow. Journ. f. Ornith. 1914, pp. 148-156, map. ] In this paper Herr Schalow discusses the breeding-range of the two forms of Nutcracker in Germany, for it has recently been shown that the so-called Siberian or Thick- billed form, Nucifraga c. macrorhynchus, breeds as far west as Hast Prussia. The typical N. c. caryocatacies breeds in the mountains of southern Germany, from the Black Forest - to the Reisen-gebirge, which he on the borders of Bohemia and Silesia, and though there appears to be an outlying breeding-colony in the Harz the bird does not nest in the Thuringian Mountains, which appear to be quite suitable for it. In this paper the author examines the evidence which has from time to tine been brought forward to prove that the Nutcracker breeds in Thuringia, but comes to the conclusion that it does not, and never has done so. The understanding of the paper is greatly facilitated by a sketch-map showing the breeding-places, aud also the mountainous regions where you might expect to find the Nutcracker breediag, but do not, Recently published Ornithological Works. 519 Stresemann on the Birds of Ceram. [Die Végel von Seran (Ceram). Aus den zoologischen Ergebnissen der If. Freiburger Molukken-Expedition. Von Erwin Stresemann. Nov. Zool., Tring, xxi. 1914, pp. 25-153, pls. iii.-v.] One of the East India Islands at which Mr. Stresemann spent a good deal of time during his recent expedition was Ceram, or, as he prefers to call it, Seran. He was there from April 29 to December 26, 1911, and obtained a fine collection of 539 examples of 118 species. Though the coastal region of Ceram is well-known and has been often visited by naturalists, few seem to have penetrated imto the interior of the island, and it was here that Mr. Stresemann’s efforts were chiefly directed. The highest peak, Gunung Pinaia, reaches an altitude of 2760 m. (circa 8000 ft.), and collections were made here and on other high mountains. In this paper is also included an account of the birds collected in the same island by the late Mr. W. Stalker, in 1909, for the Natural History Museum, before he went to Dutch New Guinea with the B.O.U. Expedition, and where he unfortunately lost his life. The list of species dealt with numbers 153, and includes new subspecific forms of Hemiprocne, Dendrobiastes, Myiagra, Pachycephala, Androphilus, Zosterops, Erythruraand Dicrurus, all described from Ceram. In addition a new Meyapodius ‘is described from Buru, and a new Zosterops from Teruate, while two new Terns, Sterna bergit thalassina and Sterna sumatrana mathewsi, are distinguished from the southern Indian Ocean, a proceeding which seems hardly consonant with the title of the paper. In addition to excellent field notes in the case of all the birds collected by himself, Mr. Stresemann adds some interesting historical notices of many of the larger birds, chiefly from the work of Francois Valentyn, published in 1726. The moult of Hos bornea, Merops ornatus, Aplornis metallicus, and of Graucalus n. melanops is described in detail, and an accouut is given of the growth of the curious 520 Recently published Ornithological Works. beak of Rhyticeros, the corrugations of which have been supposed to indicate the age of the bird. This, . Mr. Stresemann believes, is not the case. A coloured plate illustrates Oreosterops pinaie and Stig- matops monticola, new species previously described, and Androphilus d. musculus, here described for the first time. Stresemann on the History of the Paradise-bird. [Was wussten die Schriftsteller des XVI. Jahrhunderts von den Paradiesvogeln? Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Ornithologie. Von Erwin Stresemann. Nov. Zool., Tring, xxi. 1914, pp. 13-24, 2 pls. ] The traffic in the plumage of the Paradise-bird com- menced some time previous to the discovery of the Aru Islands or New Guinea, and the earliest notice of the birds in print is believed by Mr. Stresemann to be that of the Papal Secretary, Gian Francisco Poggio Bracciolini, who published in 1492, at Mulan, a work entitled, ‘ India recoguita.”” The information contained in this was chiefly derived from Nicolo de Conti, a Venetian merchant, who travelled in the east from 1415 to 1440, and spent some nine months in Java. He alludes to certain birds found in Java, of the size of a dove, with long tails and wings which are used as ornamental head-dresses. About a hundred years later, in 1521, Magalhaen’s expedition reached Tidore in the Moluccas, and two Birds of Paradise were given to Elcano, now the commander of the expedition, to take back to the King of Spain. Mr. Stresemann has traced out in detail all these old allusions to the Bird of Paradise, and has also discovered the origin of Aldrovandi’s Manucodiata prima and Manu- codiata secunda, 11 some interesting old water-colour drawings by an unknown Italian artist of the 16th century, now preserved in the Tring Museum. Thayer and Bangs on Siberian Birds. [Notes on the Birds and Mammals of the Arctic coasts of East Siberia. Birds by John EH. Thayer and Outram Bangs. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, v. 1914, pp. 1-66.] This is an account of a collection made by Mr. Johan Koren chiefly at the mouth of the Kolyma Riyer in north- Recently published Ornithological Works. 521 east Siberia. Mr. Koren,in the summer of 1911, sailed his schooner through Behring Strait and along the north coast of Siberia to the mouth of the Kolyma River, where larch forest occurs and where he wintered. He set off again in June 21 of the following year, but was caught in the ice and wrecked before he reached Behring Straits. He saved most of his collections and “ cached ” them, got out overland, and return- ing the following spring was able to recover them intact. He must have indeed been a man of uncommon grit. The list of birds is a very interesting one and well worthy of study. Although the winter climate was very severe— 85° below zero of Fahrenheit was not uncommon—there were a good many winter birds. Siberian Jay, Raven, Holbdll’s Redpole, Hawk Owl, Snowy Owl, Short-eared Owl, Gyrfalcon, Tetrao parvirostris, and Lagopus lagopus koreni, the last-named a new subspecies, all seem to be able to exist 1n this arctic climate. It is curious that though Buturlin found a large breeding colony of Ross’s Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) at the Kolyma delta in 1905, and although Mr. Koren was informed that these birds were abundant and bred there in 1911, he himself in 1912 was only able to find one stray example of this beautiful Gull. Three American species are here added to the list of Palearctic birds—Pisobia pectoralis, Haliaétus leucocephalus alascanus, and Hylocichla alicie alicie, while a number of new subspecies are proposed: Layopus lagopus korent, Circus cyaneus cernuus, Budytes flavus plexus, and Otocorys alpesiris euroa. Walpole-Bond on rare British Birds. [Field-studies of some Rarer British Birds, by John Walpole-Bond. Pp. ix+835. London (Witherby), 8vo. 7s. 6d.) Mr. Walpole-Bond here gives us an account of his own field- studies of what he considers to be “some rarer British birds,” although why he includes the Short-eared Owl in this category is not easy to explain. The following seventeen species are discussed under this heading :—(1) Dartford Warbler ; (2) Pied Flycatcher; (3) Cross-bills in Sussex; (4) Cirl 522 Recently published Ornithological Works. Bunting; (5) Chough; (6) Raven; (7) Wood-Lark ; (8) Short-eared Owl; (9) Hen- Harrier; (10) Common Buzzard; (11) Golden Eagles in Scotland ; (12) Golden Eagles in Ireland; (18) Red Kite; (14) Peregrine ; (15) Hobby ; (16) Merlin ; (17) Gadwall ; (18) Black Guillemot. Each bird is dealt with in a separate chapter, from the author’s personal observations. The nesting habits of each species are described in great detail and the locai distribution carefully noted. Mr. Walpole-Bond considers many of our “yarer birds,’ amongst which may be specially mentioned the Dartford-Warbler, Buzzard and Peregrine, to be much less rare than is generally supposed. The reverse, however, moust be regretfully said of the Hen-Harrier, Kite and the Irish Golden Hagle. Chapter xiv., which deals with Peregrine Falcons, is perhaps the most pleasing account which Mr. Walpole-Bond has written. Having stated that he visited 70 eyries between 1904 and 1912, the author continues :—‘*.,.. . there is hardly a headland or cliff range of any altitude round our entire coast-line..... where a pair of these noble birds does not at least attempt to breed annually: while with some few modifications the same may be said for certain inland mountain-ranges in Ireland, Cambria, the Lakes, Yorkshire and Scotland..... dy It must be remarked that the style in which the essays are written is not on a par with the matter which they contain. The use which the author makes of brackets seriously detracts from the pleasure which might otherwise be gained from a perusal of his work. Mr. Walpole-Bond shows himself to be an enthusiastic and careful observer, and his book may be confidently recommended to every student of British bird-life. Aquila. [Aquila. Zeitschrift fiir Ornithologie. Redact. Otto Herman. xx. pp. 1-585, Budapest, 1913. ] The greater part of the stout volume of ‘ Aquila,’ which is the organ of the Central Bureau for Ornithology of Hungary, is taken up with reports on the spring migration Recently published Ornithological Works. 523 in that country in 1912, on which there are articles con- tributed by Dr. K. Lambrecht, K. Hegyfoky, Dr. Weigold, L. Schenk, and the Editor. The general conclusion seems to be that the migration during March was earlier, and that from March 31 to May 7 was distinctly later than the normal, due to the bad weather which occurred at the end of March and beginning of April. The amount of material— observations recorded—is very large, and it is all plotted out for each species according to a geographical plan. There are also several articles dealing with the ringing of birds in Hungary. The three species chiefly chosen for this purpose are the White Stork, the Swallow, and the Black-headed Gull, of which 628, 1166, and 684 respectively were ringed. The Storks travelled south to South Africa (4 examples recaptured) and south-east to Muscat, in southern Arabia, a new line of migration. The Black- headed Gulls seem to travel chiefly south-west to Italy and Tunis. The ringing of Swallows seems to have clearly brought out the fact that individual birds nearly always return to the same spot, and even to the same nest, year after year. One bird in particular, ringed in 1908 by Peter Miller, is known to have returned to the same nest for six successive years. An important anatomical paper by Dr. Greschik deals with the submaxillary glands of various species of birds, and gives some account of their secretions and their use in digestion. This is illustrated by two plates. Finally, there are two papers on fossil birds ; one, by Dr. Shufeldt, on the affinities of an extinct Ostrich-like form, Diatryma gigantea Cope, and D. ajax Shufeldt, from eocene beds in Wyoming, U.S.A., and another, by Dr. Lambrecht, giving a list of bird-remains chiefly of quaternary age found in various caves in Hungary and now in the collection of the Central Bureau. There are also a number of shorter papers which we cannot even give a list of. As previously, ‘ Aquila’ is printed bi-lingually in Magyar, and either German or English, in parallel columns. 524 Recently published Ornithological Works. Cassinia. [‘Cassinia. A Bird Annual.’ Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia, no. xvi. for 1915, pp. 1-68. Philadelphia, 1914, 8vo. ] Apart from articles of purely local interest ‘Cassinia’ nearly always contains something to interest other orni- thologists apart from those of Philadelphia. Some notes on Alexander Wilson, who died in 1813, just one hundred years ago, by Mr. Witmer Stone, has the first place in the present number. Wilson died in the prime of life at the age of forty-seven, leaving his great work on «American Ornithology” little more than half completed, With Andubon, he occupies the same position as Yarrell in England, and the Naumanns in Germany, and as he lived and died in Philadelphia, it is appropriate that the centenary of his death should be noticed in ‘ Cassinia.’ A photograph of what appears to be a characteristic and artistic statue, by Mr. Alexander Calder, now placed in the liviary of the Academy of Natural Sciences, form a frontispiece of the number. Wilson is represented in hunting dress, with his gun lying on the ground beside him, bending over a freshly- killed bird which he is studying intently. The editor, Mr. R. T. Moore, writes at length on the songs of the Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus) and reduces several variations of them to musical notation; Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads contributes an account of a bird-roost which he has recently discovered in New Jersey. This is a sandy knoll covered with pines above and deciduous trees below. Here come every evening, in very large numbers, birds of different species to rcost, such as Starlings, Grackles, Crow- Blackbirds, Flickers, American Robins and many others. Other papers deal with the local Vish-eating birds by H. W. Fowler, a census of Turkey Buzzards in Delaware, and a report on the spring migration of 1913 in the Delaware Valley. Recently published Ornithological Works. 525 Journal 8. African Ornithologists’ Union. [The Journal of the South African Ornithologists’ Union. Vol. ix. 2 parts, 180 pp. July and December, 1913.] One of the longest articles in the present volume is by Mr. Austin Roberts, of the Pretoria Museum, who writes a most interesting account of his observations on the birds of the “bushveld” some twenty-five miles north of Pretoria, and of the nests and eggs he has obtained in this district. He still maintains, and we can see no valid reason for doubt- ing his views, that the Pin-tailed Widow-bird ( Vidua serena) is parasitic, laying its eggs in the nest of the Common Waxbill (Hstrilda astrilda). He also proposes a new subspecies, Poliospiza gularis transvaalensis, for the Transvaal form of the Streaky-headed Seea-eater. In a second paper, “Some Rambling Notes on Birds,’ Mr. Roberts describes how he found the nest and eggs of Anthus chloris and Heteronyx ruddi, which appear to have been previously unknown, in the Wakkerstroom district, and writes on the habits of the Grass-Warblers (Cisticola), on which he has recently published a study in the ‘ Annals’ of the Transvaal Museum. From the pen of Mr. Swynnerton we have a charming account of a pair of tame Ground-Hornbills (Bucorax cafer), which he had on his farm in the Melsetter district of Southern Rhodesia for some time. Apart from their human characteristics and their interest as pets, Mr. Swynnerton was anxious to make use of them for certain experiments with regard to the palatability or other- wise of various insects, and he found that, especially when they were hungry, they were far from discriminating, though even they will normally refuse Acreid and Danaine butterflies. Mr. Haagner, the Editor, contributes an article on the White Stork in South Africa, reprinted from ‘ Aquila’ ; as many as fifty-five birds, ringed in Europe, have up to now been captured in South Africa, and recently a few individuals have been noticed to remain through the winter, though the greater number, no doubt, only come for the southern SER, X.—VOL, II. 2N 526 Recently published Ornithological Works. summer, from September to March. Mr. Haagner also writes on the nidification of Francolinus sephena in the Pretoria Zoological Gardens, and on the habits and distribution of the Secretary Bird in South Africa. The South Australan Ornithologist. [Vol. i. No. 1. January, 1914. 24 pp. ] This new journal, of which we have recently received the first number, is the organ of the South Australian Ornitho- logical Association, and is edited by a committee of which Mr. ¥. R. Zietz is the President, and is presumably published at Adelaide, though there is no mention of the fact on the cover or elsewhere. It would be weil to give this information in future for the benefit of bibliographers and others interested. The number opens with some account of the history of South Australian Ornithology, by Mr. R. Crompton, from which we learn that a museum was started in Adelaide so long ago as 1855, and that the Association itself dates - from 1899. The principal paper in the part is by Mr. Zietz, and deals with a collection of birds made by M. W. D. Dodd, in -. Melville Island, Northern Territory, for the South Australian Museum. In less than two months Mr. Dodd was able to secure examples of 85 species, 30 of which are additional to those collected for Mr. G. M. Mathews by Mr. Rogers and recorded in a recent number of the ‘ Austral Avian Record.’ We fear Mr. Zietz, however, has not seen the January- number of ‘The Ibis,’ which contains a paper by Mr. Mathews bringing the total number of birds recorded from this island up to 167. Descriptions of six new sub- species are contained in the present paper, and it is to be hoped that these will not clash with those described by Mr. Mathews. Mr. E. Ashby proposes to name the Forest Kingfisher, of Northern Territory, Halcyon macleayi eewruleus, although there are already two forms of the same species described from the same territory. Recently published Ornithological Works. 527 An interesting notice of the manner in which the seeds of Loranthus, a mistletoe-like plant, pass through the body of Diceum without losing their sticky covering, so that they adhere to where they are dropped and subsequently germinate, is communicated by Mr. A. M. Morgan; while Mr. Mellor informs us that the Cuckoo (Cacomantis rubricatus) has been observed depositing an egg in the nest of