4 O? MAs^ //£RS^A* UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SB 97 S96 1718 V.2 L' U K s s S irK 1. F N'" i \ Ichmgraphia Rtifiica : OR, THE NobIeman,Gentleman,and Gardener's RECREATION. BEING Directions for the general Di- ftribution of a Country Seat, into Rural and Extenfive Gardens, Parks, Paddocks, &c. And a General Syfleni of Agriculture, ILLUSTRATED With great Variety of COPPER- PLATES, done by the bcft Hands, from the AUTHOR'S Drawings. VOL. 11, By Stephen Switzef^ Gardener, Several Years Servant to Mr. London and Mr. Wife, LONDON: Printed for D. Browne without Temple-Bar^ B. Barker and C Klr^ in WeJIrnhpY-Hall, IT. Mean without 7 emple-Bar^ ^\ii R.GoJl^ng in Fleet fiveet^ 171 8. T O T H E Right Honourable the Lord CONINGSBY, One of the Lords of his Majefty's Moft Honourable Privy-Council, THIS TREATISE Is humbly Dedicated By your Lordship's Mo/i obedient Servant, Stephen Switzer. Vol./ II. A 2 THE CONTENTS. I NtroduSlion, Geometrical Inflru6iions^ &c. CHAP I The Definition of a Pointy and the Motion thereof^ a Line p. 3 CHAP IL Numerical Inflru^lions for Gardeners^ 8cc. containing vphat Arithmetick is necef fary. 23 CHAP III. Inflrumental InflruSiions^ and -particular'^ ly the Ufe of Surveying Inflruments 60 CHAP IV. Of Court'Tards, and other Divijions in Rural Gardening. i ^ 5 ' . CHAP The Contents* G H A P V. of Terrace-Walks. i 50 CHAP VI. Of the Parterre. 183 CHAP VII. Of Woods and Groves^ Wildernejfes, Parks, &c. 196 CHAP VIII. Of Efpalier Trees, Hedges, &c. and their Management. 225 CHAP IX. Of Fruit-Gar dens, PlantingyPrming, Graft- ing, Sec. of Fruit-Trees. 233 C H A P X. Of Orchards, Vineyards, and their parti- cular Culture. 2 59 GEO- ' Geometrical Injlrudions. Introduction. MONGST the fevcral Bullneffes to which the Mathematicks is turn'd, 'tis certain that 'tis no v/here and in no Cafe more ufeful, plain, and diverting, than in this of Laying out of Gardens, Villa's, and large Eftates : For however extenfively the Word Geometry \s now apply'd, it was,at firft,no more than the meafuring out,diftributing,and fixing,the Boun- daries, or Enclofures, of the large Demefnes, and the lefTer or more immediate Decorations of the noble Villa's and Granges of the ancienteft and politeft Part of the World, of which the well- known Relation of the Over-flowing of the River iVf/g undeniably proves. To this I fhall then apply what I have here to fet down, as neceflary to be learnt by all young Surveyors and Layers out of Ground, not mixing ©r confounding it with thofe many Rules and Pro- blems that are contain'd in other Books of the Mathematicks, out of which 'tis not eafy for a Beginner, nor indeed for many Gardeners of fome Standing, to colled what is ufeful and necclTary to be knc>\^n. I fhall ii IntroduEtion. Ifhall begin firft with the Principles of Geometry, and fo go on through the whole Pradice thereof, as far as it relates to onr prefcnt Purpofe. And for our readier Introduction to it, we are to underftand that Geometry is eftablifh'd upon three Sorts of Principles, viz. Defimtiovs, Axioms^, and Petitiom, Defnitzovs ave, firft, brief Explanations of the Karnes and Forms of Lines, Superficies, ^c. that are made Ufe of in all Parts of fjperficial Menfu- rations and Schemes^ and this is particularly ufe- ful in Gardev.lvg^ &c. to enable a Perfon to fpeak properly and intelligibly. Axioms are felfevident Truths, which there is the leaft Reafon to make ufe of, of any Thing us'd in the Mathematicks : As for Inftance, that a Line three Foot, is equal to one, two, three, or four (feparately) of the fame Length, &c. and is us'd on no other Account than to demonftrate the Rationale of Addition, Subftradlion, either of Lines or Numbers. And Petitiom are clear and intelligible Demands, whereof the Execution and Practice requires not any Demonftration •, thus it is eafy for the moft un- learn'd, when he is bid to draw a ftreight Line, or trace out a Circle, to do it, and fuch other Things that are requir'd in this Diviflon. Thefe being the Preliminaries of Geometrical Pradicc, let us then begin on the definitive Part ^thereof. CHAP. Geometrical InflniBionsy &c. " i ^ .^ .^ ^ .!^ c-^M^ .% .^ -^^ ^^j?.;^,;.^.*.^ ^ ,f, ^5 ^ * &^ oTo u.o t ?to JJtJ 'jltJ 6To d;« i''. O c'.O t*<^?6r.*J OTO e!;.^^ Ti?^ Defijiition of a Toiri^l'^^ahcl iBe J^c/tjop : . . thereof, a Line. '■[ § I. ^^ Point is generally put as the firfl: Piindple l\. in the Mathematicks, and that which of it felf has no Part or Parts. : ■ > . . And by this we underftand,-,that the Pdiiithath neither Length, nor Breadth, nor Depth ^ and. that alfo 'tis not fenfible, but only intelledual, . feeing there is nothing which falleth under Senfe, which hath not a Quantity-, and that.'there is no. Quan- tity without Parts, Which would altogether ;con- .tradid: this Definition. Neverthelefsyas nonferaii make any Operation, but by the Interpofitibh I bf corporeal Things, they reprefent therefore the Ma- thematical Point, by the Point *.Ph3^iical, which /as the Object of the Sight, the, fsnalleft aiid leaft divi- fible to our Senfe, and is made with the Point of a Needle, or with the End or Point of a Compa'S or Pencil, 35 the Point noted by A.. . The Point central, or Center^ is a Point by which a Circle is drawivj-ojt rather.it is the midft of a Figure, as C. -^ 'Ml J I I i \{-^:m^\ \ ■ The Point fecant, is a Point where the Lines do divide themfelves, and whichds ordinariljr^eaird a Sedion, as B B. *• oiS'V B A B p<: Vol. II. ^ ^z Geometrical InflruSlions The Befmition of a Line, § 2. The Line is a Length without Breadth, made by the Motion of a Point, and is of feveral 'fends, as it receives Difference of Motion. The right or ftrait Line, is that which is equal- Jy compriz'd within its Extremities, as A B, Def. The circular Line, is as plainly made from the .rouhd Motion of a, Pair of CompafTes, as C D, :Def. 2. :Ci''iG:i ^r' , The crooked Line, is that which turneth or wan- dereth from its Extremities by one or more Turn- ings afide, as E F, Def. 5; . , The compofite or mix'd Line, is that Part of it which is crooked, and Part ftrait, as is the Line GH, Def4. The Line is alfo diJling'uiJI)cL into finite and infinite , in- to apparent^ and occult or hidden. The Line finite, is a Line bounded at each End of a certain Length ^ fuppofe loo Yards certain, or any other certain Dimenfion, whether ftrait or circular, as are the Lines pointed at both Ends, and mark'd 1 1 1 1, Def. ^ The infinite, is a Line of an undetermin'd Length, asKK, Def:6. v The apparent, or Tra£t, is drawn veryftrong, as either K — K, Def. 5 or 6. The occult are only mark'd with the Point of the Compafs or Pencil, as we commonly do our Hedge-Lii^ as L L, Def 7. The fpiml Line, call'd otherwife the Vbhtay from volvo) is defcrib'd L, Def 8. IJ^t. ui^ol ■^.l^c/. a. .P/aA' Jt/ iDef. 2)ef. z jt J. Ocf.^f 2^ef.7'' 35ef. 8*^ J^inc- J.1 uie- 2, Xvie 3' ^ef. 4. .^'^- Xine-^. Xme- Jo^ M ^:k o J'ulh:>ii JTuhoUs Jcu^. Pq^al^i.a. T/aKyMJ^ j[yirtei/ J J. V tL 2>^^. iA_ 2).J. lo tL % 3^ef. lA. J^irt^T/ J^ ^.. *4_ i2.r T i^5^7^/e^ JiUtcrLjfuhoUs jcu^- for G A R'pJ N E R s, 3>^d ,5 The lapeiolfo receives divers D^jiominatlons-j accoriivg ; tQ its. divers Fofitiojis. and JEVapqtf^i,..,^.,;'^ A Perpendicular is a right Line^, that is made or exprcfs'd by the Fall of, a. Plumb, or by the^le- vation at right Angles of any Line upon the -Mid- dle or End of another^Jasis A, B, mi C, I>ef A Lme norizontalv,- i&^a.Lme or amei^ualrPoile, which inclineth it felf eiqiially on the gnejfert.and the other, as D ^^ Def. 16., and in Gafde»ing'.|is generally underftodd' taji^e the Bafis, o'r.Bofttom of a Terras, Slope, ;0'(;!^ tho\ it is properly ai>y level Line, ^nd may as well fignify the, ITpip^qf )a Terras, or any other P]ane, or dead Level.-. . ■ <, An oblique Line,; is neither horizpifit^l,^ nor plumb, or perpendicular, but of a Byas or SJope ^ and is in Gardening, where Raipparts^ qr/Terras- Walks are made, ' apply 'd' ;tp the Slope qCtli^ip. This is caird the Hypotheneufe^ . or f^b,te4%l-in.e, when we fpeaTc of, ^rtiijcia;^ Triangles^ ' wHch [is the Confl:ru£tIon,of,the'Sfcpe of ajTerras-,^ nqt- withftanding in. that faijious Problem .of. Euclid^ (for the IiiT^ention of which Pythagoras^ is fajd to offer an Hecatomb) it. is i^'d for^.the^^Bafis/of a redangled Triangle. . S^^ijA^nvAi^^^ This Lme;s limply d,em6nR:rated by the/Liue G H, Deff, II. and the other two, and thisj, com- posed by the three Lines A B |Q, as theyf^arie fe- verally plac'd, above. r 'j '^, :•', :t / Lines parallel, are thofe thatare, of.any.fqu^l Diftance frop each other V- which, ' tho^}:hey are extended never fo far, are neither nearer nor far- ther off from each other, as are the Lines F, jQef. 12. E 2 4 Geometrical Inflru6iions Lines alfo receive their Names as they eyicdTfip^fs, pafs through^ touchy or diffeci a fiiperfcial of folid Fi- gure. Side-Lices are thofe which encompafs any Sort of Figure, be it either a Square or a Polygon, as does A B C D, in Def. i ?. Fig. i- A diagonal Line, is that which pafTeth thro' the very Center of a Figure, and which begin- neth and endeth at two oppofite Angles^ as E F, Fig. 2. and G H, Fig. 3. pef 14.. '[^C-^l", The Diameter has chiefly Relation to a Line that pafTes through, and touches the Center of a Circle, or Oval, as does the Line I K in Figure the 4th, and L M in Figure the 5 th and 6 th. In an Oval there are two,, call'd the tranfverfe and conjugate Diameters!' ' -^^'^'-^'^^ ^ ' '■^■'V,' : The Chord, or fubteiife £ine, is a Line that cuts off only a fmaller . Part of a Circle from a greater 5 or is more plainly like the String of a Bow, which is Part of a Circle, as is the Line N O, Figure the 7th •, the Bow whereof is K O P, Figure the 7th ^ and the remaining Part of the Circle is R, Fig. 10. A Line tangent, is that which toucheth any Fi- gure, (whether circular or polygonar) without di- viding it, and without being able to divide it, al- tho' it was prolong'd never fo far, as are the Lines 5 T in Fig 8, 9. ^ A Line fecant, is that which divideth, crofTeth, or traverfeth any Circle, Oval, or Polygonal Fi- gure, the faid Oval or other Figure remaining whole •, and is plainly demonllrable by the Lines T U in Fig. 9, 10. Myc /f.^/oc.T j'^ym.''^ SiUtvnlN'ichx'l's ^'Cidjj- £lat^j'S-: Tigure^ -25./ z.^ C y n y in y Ii^. 7-"^ ..7 JCc; £o^- ^4c So SO : -M^m <^iiMDn.yuJiaUs Jcal/y /or Gardeners, &c. 5 The Befinition of an Angle. § ?. An Angle is the indirefl: Meeting of two Lines ^t one and the fame Point \ or rather, it is the Space encpATipasM between the indirect Meeting, or Concourfe of two Lines, joining together in one Foint, as A B C, Fig. i, 2, 3. When ever this Concourfe is made of two ftrait Lines, iti^call'd Redilineal^as A, Fig. i . ^ When it is made of two crooked Lines, it is cali'4 Curvilineal as B, Fig. 2. But when it is made of one crooked and one ftrait Line, it is calfd Mixtilineal, as C, Fig. 5. Tbe Angle Reailineal receiveth particular De- nominations as it is more or lefs open, (viz.) right, acute or fharp, blunt or obtiife: So th?.t thefe Terms, ofRe&lineal, Curvilineal, and Mixtiline- al, are in Refped of the Quality of the Lines, and thofe of right, fharp, and obtufe, in Refpedt of the Quantity of the Space enclos'd within thofe Lines. It is a right Angle,when one of the Lines is per- pendicular upon another, as when E. is perpendi- cular to D, F Fig 4. and this exa6tly 90 Degrees of a whole Circle, which is fuppos'd to contain 160 Degrees, as is demonftrable by Scheme. H I K L, Fig- 7- . . 1 r . It is an acute Angle, when it is lefs open than a right Angle, E D G which contains about 4^ Degrees, and is marked alfo on the Scheme, H I K L, Fig. 7. The Angle is obtufe, when it is more open than aright^ that i8,when 'tis above 90 Degrees-, fothat the rig^ht Angle, or 90 Degrees, and the acute An- gle of 4 5; makes the obtuie Angle i^*? Degrees,^.? appears, in the Schertie, H I K L Fig. 7. 5 '^: ^Qeometrical Infiru£iwnt\ . ■ Of a Super fcies* " - - C § 4 ASaperficies is^ that which hath Length Eivd. Breadth without Depth, and according to Geo- onietneians is the Production of a Line, as a Line is t'he^ Pf bdiiQioii of a Point. ' ^^ ^ ^ i^n:;. .:.....> "^ -J /". ?.: -•Aiid-fhus'^we m-uft- coifceive, that the Line E F, hi. Fig, ^, moving an towards G, H, doth make the Sli^(^rfi(-ies E F, G H,'- which is an Extenfion bounded with Lines,which hath nothing but Length and Bte§dth, without Depth or Thicknefs. And therefore it is the Super f cm. Surface, and Bounda- ries of a Figure, if one confider it in Refpeft of its Extremities, which are the Lines that clofeit, and the; Face that thofe Lines make by their Motion. Superficiesareofreveral Kinds, not only in Ret pe£t to the Inequality and the Number of Sides they are compos'ibf, but alfo of the Difference of their Surface, or Levels; ■ ^ •Thus A is a plain Superficies, ■ fiiKUiCO B. a convex Superficies. '' — • - C. 3. concave Superficies. . And the two latter are, in Gardening, very^ often eail'd Amphitheatres •, fo that in this Cafe, in Re- fped of their Depths and Heights, C may be a concave Amphitheatre, and B a convex Amphi- theatre, whilft A is a Level Lawn Parterre. &c. In fine, in the Conftruclion and framing Geo- metrical Figures, a Point is the Term or Bound of a Line ^ th^ Line the Term,or Bound of a Superficies , and the S'uperficics is the Term or Bound of a Body. D. Fig. lo. Is the Plan of a large multangular Cojicave, o? hollow Amphitheatre. PiZ^^l^^'^' SV^/^ F/atef\l. th^ Ti^.^ ,sv^^ ^^ rie: 6^. ^/Tie J^/avicrf a lai-^e C?c72C<^7.^ Clyjvjfiitheatj Y\^.io. SuttiTLlN'uJiirU) jculv. Ih^e t;;ry^ D added, I, TatalL irHCT . , - ^J tfuJtvn JTu hells Jculp for Gardeners, &c. 9 AXIOM T. § 6. Things equal to one and the J^me, are equal among ft thcff^fdvi'S* Thus the Lines A C, A C, which are equal to A B, are equal alfo between themfclvcs. ' A X 1 O M IT. If to equal Things one [hall add Things equals all nill lecome equal. The Lines A C, A C, are equal. The added C D, C D, are equal. All of them A D, A D, are therefore equal. AXIOM IP. Jf from Things equal one tales equal Things, the Remainder [hall he equal. Thus if from the cqml Lines A D, A D. One take the equal Parts AC AC, The remaining Parts C D, C D. faall be alfo equal. Axiom iv. // to Things unequal, one add Tkiugs equal, the r^hole mil he unequal. If to the unequal Lines D E, D E. One adds the equal Lines A D, A D. The whole A E, A E. fha]l be unequal. Thefe Axioms may, at firft Light, feem very flrange to a young Learner, who may fuppofe them to be more diffi- cult than they really are ; I Ihall therefore demonftrate them by Lines number'd, which feemsto me the beft Way, For the firft 'tis no more, than that the Lines A C, tho* never fo many Times repeated, or tranfpos'd to never fo great a Diftance, as they all appear to be equal to A B, fo they are alfo ever amongft themfelves: For Tnftance, be- ing of fix Foot in Length, they all of them are fo, and equal to the firft A B. The like may be faid of the id and 3d Axiom. And for the 4th, nothing is more plain, that if one add an equal Line,or Number of two Foot,to an unequal Line ox Number of five Foot, the Produce muft be (even Foot, which is fiill an unequal Number; and if, as in the 2d and 3d, you add or fubftra6l the equal Line, or Number of four, from or to the equal Number of ten, the Product will be the equal Number of fourteen by Additi^rn, or fix by Si3b|lra£tion, ^x o Geometrical InflruBions AXIOM V. // from Things unequal one tales Tkinis equal^ the Remain- der P^dl he meqaau If from the unequal Lines A E, A E, One take away the equal Line A D, A D, The remaining Part D E, D E, willbeunequaL Exphnation. This is the very Reverfe of the 4th Axi- om; lince, if the equal Number, or Line of two Foot, be taken.from the whole unequal Line, or Number of feven Foot, 'tis certain, the unequal Number of five will remain, "which is the Purport of this Axiom. AXIOM VI. The Things that are donhle to one another^ are equal among^ them/elves. Thus the Lines D D, D D, Which are double to the Line AD, ; are equal between themfelves. Explanation, This is demonftrated by the Lines in Fig. y, where the Lines D D. of 40 Foot long, tho* they are double the Li"e D A, are iieverthelefs equal amongft themfelves, AXIOM VJL Jhe Things vohich are the half of one and the Jame, or of Things equal are uneqnalanwngji themfelves. Thus the Lines A D, A D, Which are the half of the Lines D D, D D, are equal between tlicmfelves. Explanation, This is again the Reverfe of the lafi Axi- om y {viz.. the Vlth) for tho* the Lines D D ; are double to the Lines A D, A D, yet they, are neverthelefs equal amongft themfelves. That vphich is faid of Lines may he alfo [aid of Superficies And Solids j hovpever trivial thefe Things may appear, 'tis on thefe our Mahematical Dif put ants ground their y^rguments ; and tho they arc not very much us'd in our Way, they could not poffillj he p^Js'd over wit horn manifeft Injury to this Suh- jett. PiZS^e/o.l^o^-O-. -P/atejf X. r^ Ti^.^. ^i^TT.W D ID A. — 5 ^^-^ -t Pa^e ^/^/.Q- ^lai^,f:XL Tum^^uholif jculp for Gardeners, &c. li § 7. Pojitiofis, or Demands^ hi order to the pJtttiTtg of Geometry into FraB'ice. Demand I. Draw a firait Line from A to B. The Practice. Apply the Ruler to the Points A B ♦, and drawing the Pencil along by the Side of the Ruler, it will make the Line A B. Demand IL Enlarge infinitely the Line C D by E, &c. The Practice. Join the Rule to the Line C D, continue the faid Line CD, ad infinitum^ towards, by, or beyond E, and it anfwers this fecond Demand. Demand IIL Draw a Circle from a Point — A, And the Interval A B. The Practice. Set one Point of the Compafs at the Point given, A Open the other unto the Point — B Turn the Compafs upon the Point A And drawing it from the Point B Defcribe the Circle B D E Demand IT. From the Points given E and F, Make the Sedion G. The Practice. Open the Compajfres as you Ihall have Occafion, that the Opening may be more than the half Di- ftance between E and F ^ and by this Opening from the Point E, draw the Arch — 1 m. And from the Point F, the Arch — hi. The Sedtion at • ^ — . G Js the Demanded. 1 2 Geometrical InflruSlions . PROPOSITION I. § B.Tt) elevate a Vevpendiadar atajtyPoiTttofaLinf, partk-tihrly the Middle and the End, TJje Vvacrice 07t Paper mj the Middle^ Fig. i . From the Point given C,toudi the Line in D and E, T^/Wtom the Point D E, make the Sedlion I. i By which' Means, C I ihall be the two Points whtreb}^ the Line is to be drawn perpendicular. The fame oji the End of the Lhie^ Fig. 2.- From the Point A, drawthe'Arch G, H, M. _ From the Point G, draw the Arch A H. •' From the Point H, draw the Arch M N. c ' From the Point M, draw the Arch H N. Then draw the reqnir'd Perpendicular A C. - There is not Occafion on Paper to make all thefe Arches \ for which Rcafon I have put down Fig. ;. to fhew 3rou how to avoid it, as the other is to explain it. -'"^ '^ ' . ' ' Fig. 4, is another Way which almoft explains it ifelf, and the fifth are the Lines fimply confider'd. The Pra&ice on the Gromid. A Garden Line very plainly "eifeds the fame on the Ground, as the Compaffes do on Paper-, but our beft Method is our Gayden-Square, which apply'd to any Line, fets off a Perpendicular, as is evi- dent by the Practice, Fig. 6, 7, 8. ' But in cafe a Square is wanting, a Mcafure of eight and fix Foot with a ten Foot from one End to the other, makes a good Square, as may be feen in Fig.. 9. and it is by this tliat all right-angled Figures are fet out in Gardens, and all other Works. It is particularly by this, that all middle Lines, and grand Avenues and Walks, are fet out from a Houfe, &c. ■/^d-zQ. ybl *x T/ateJ(S. tSutiDrL^lcfLOUJ JCUW Bz^C. 75. l^O-t . 2., ^/a/e,Zm. for GardeneR"V"&c. 15 In this Page IJIjal/ comprize three: Vropofitions^ together with their PraSice on. the Ground. PROPOSITI ON 11. To let fall a Ferpendiciilar on the IVuil; of an Angle. Upon Paper J Fig, l,; From the Angle A, deicribe at Pleafure the Arch B C^ and from the Point B and C, make the Sedi- en .D ^ and the Line F F is the Line requir'd. •[ PraBice on the Ground^ Y\g. /\^ , Move the Garden Square on the Bale of Trian- gle E F, 'til the: Poii^t of the Square G, comeover- right,|he Point A, then ftrain the Line to D. V PROPO^SITION IIL To hriyig down a Perpendicular Upon.: a Line give?!, or a Point without or near that Line. , Upon Paper J Fig. 2. This is fomething like the former-, for from the Point C you are to draw D E, cutting the Line A B at p and E^ froip. the Points D and E, make the Sedion F •, draw the Line C'F, and the Line C O will be the Line demanded.' .: , ' ..7', , Pra&ice on the Groimd^Tig*:'^. In this Cafe either the Line or Square will do*, the Method has been hinted at already, and the Scheme tells the reft-i i - ,,-.0 . PROP0SITrON\YL Bj a Point given, to draw a Line .pai\jHel to a right Line given. Upon Paper, Fig. ^. Let H F be the Lines given, add G the parallel Diftance -, fix the Gompafs in H and F, and defcribe the Arches G andl^ by applying the. Ruler to ■afres, I need not repeat it. ^ PROPOSITION VIL To make an Angle equal to an Angle givejt^ ortranf" fer an Angle from one Paper ■ to another, [or from Paper to the Ground, From the Angle D draw at Pleafure the Arch C G, and without altering the Compafies, from the Point D draw the Arch H O, and make the Arch H E equal to the Arch C G •, draw the Line D E, and both Angles will be alike. PraSice on the Grbujid. Fig. 8. Is the fame as upon Paper. Note^ this is very ufeful in fetting of Diagonal Lines in Gardening, as may be feen. Fig. 8. Ta^di'-Z'^oc. c J^/at^-ym. .Practcc tAc I. en t/ie, C^rounci- G Tie.^, 2^0 /L ./^'<.': ZPi^zciice. tA^ IE. on iAd. ^roitncL -A. ^7^0 7Zy. 6^. Tig. S. ^-ro z./. Tie;. J.. ^ Cr X ^ :b Bt^^e tJ^ybl. a J'/a/E-XV for Gardeners, &c. ij § 9. Having put down what feems to be moft necefla- ry relating to Lines, I come now to Ihew how thefe Lines produce fuperficial Figures. PROPOSITI ON L ^nd firft tow to frame a Triangle equilateral, upon a /Irait Line given. From the End A, and the Interval A B, defcribe the Arch B D J and from the End B, and the Interval B A, defcribe the Arch A E ; and from the Se£lion C draw the Lines C A, C B; and ABC Ihall be the equilateral Triangle demanded. Fig. i, PROPOSITION II. But tecaufe there are feveral Sorts of Triangles, I Ihall in this PropoHtion fhew, how to male a Triangle from any three given Lines, fpippopng A B C. Fig. 2. Draw the ftrait Line D E, equal to the Line A A, from the Point D, and from the Interval B B ; defcribe the ArchG F ; from the Point E, and from the Interval C C, defcribe the Arch H I , from the Se£lion 0,draw the Lines O E,0 D; the Triangle DEO, Ihall be compriz'd of three right Lines, equal to the tliree given Lines ABC. '^' ^* PROPOSITION IIL Hm to frame a Square upon one right Line given and hounded. Elevate the Perpendicular A C from the Point A de- fcribe the Arch B C ,* from tlie Points B C, and from the Interval A B make the Section D -, from the Point D draw the Lines D C, D E j and A B C D Ihali be the Square demanded. VraUice on the Ground, This is fo eafy, and fo like the Practice on Paper, it need not be repeated ; however, 1 have put down the Fi- gures, and Ihcwn the Method of making a Square upon the Ground, and Ihall add, PROPOSITION IV. The Way to prove a Square, Which is indeed only by meafuring Diae[onaI or Croft- Ways 5 and if the Meafure (fuppofing 50 Foot) is exactly alike, you may conclude your Square is true. l^^H, Fig. 4, and 7. Other wife it is falfe. 1 6 Geometrical InflrtiBions Before we proceed to fhew tlie laying out Polygonal V'c gurcs or Figures of five, fix, feven, or eight Sides, &C' it will be neceflary vvre Ihould lay down the Methods of flriking out circular or crooked Figures, which are, genei:- alJy fpeaking, the Balis of all Polygonal Superficies. PROPOSITION V. To find the Center of a Circle, the Center of which is losi^, or any itker Way required. Place at Difcretion the three Points ABC upon the Out-Line of the Circumfer.eiice, and from the Points A B; make the Se6i:ions E and F ; draw the right Lines E F, from the Points R C ; make the Sections G H ; then draw the right Line G H, from the Interfeflion and Center T, and from the Interval I A, and from this Center in the Middle of F 1 G, you may ftrike your Circle. Hd, Fig. I . and 2. TraBice on the Ground. Fig. G, This is the fame as on the Pa^er, as does plainly appear from Fig. 5. ..;f;^;>^..:T,.o.'::'Mi':-:A PROPOSITION' VI. To jtrike A Circle on Ptipcr. Keep the Foot of your Compaifcs in A, and trace the o- ther Point round, it will make the Circle B C D E. Fig. '^ TraEltce on the Gronnd. Fig. 6. The fame is perform'd by a Line, as was before taught of the CompafTes. f^id. Fig. 6. PROPOSITION VII. A Spiral Liney tho" it is not properly a Superficies, yet, fis it m^ikes by its Volnta Jor^iething like it, I teach the Method of Tfiaki'ig it in this Place, Suppofe you would divide the Line L into eight Parts, divide it firft into two Parts B I ; after that into four Parts of each Side B C, E G, I ; divide alfo B C into two, e- qually in A, and from the Point A, draw the Semi-circles B C, D E, FG, H I ; and from the Point B, draw C D, E F, G H, I L, and that dial] be the Spiral Line re- quir'd.. Vid. 4. and 7. On the Ground, Fig. 7. The Pra£]^ice is the fame. Jji^e /(^,l^.Q.. Mrt^-ysi T kd^jEractice oh. th^. GtowicL Tig. J. x*->s -■^"m y^ Jh^c /y.j/oLcL. -fAr^^'im'" -f-J-f 1. TTacttce. 01Z the. ff-roiuicL ^o^j^ Tapei^ ^E-4 cU^rvrz^^ d. Jt. Emetic d oil. tA& G-i^oiLTicL. Tig . 5- . . ^TV72.. 8. Iff . JPi-actice. inz. tfie. S-i-ouncL C for Gardeners, &a 17 PROPOSITION VIIL To defcrlbe aji Oval upon a Length given, § 7. Divide the Length A B into three equal Parts, as in Figure i ^ or into four, as in Figure 2, A B C D, and from the Points C D, and from the Interval C A, defcribe the Circles A E F, B C F, froin the Sedions E and F -, and from the Interval oi the Diameter E H, defcribe the Arches I H, O P, and A I H B P O fliall be the Oval requir'd, in Fig. I. And in Fig. 2, draw only the Diagonal Lines. The PraBice on the Ground Is fo near the fame, that the Scheme makes it ve- ry plain. Vide Fig. ^. PROPOSITION IX. ^ To defcribe an Oval that has two Dia7neters given ♦, and this is generally calVd the Gard'ner'5 Oval. Let the Diameters be A B C D, Lines fix'd at Pleafure-, draw the Line A B, and in the Middle of that Line, at Right Angles, draw the Line C, by Interfed:ions, from the Points A and B. Divide the Line C E into three Parts, one Part whereof fet ofF from A, and the fame from B ^ fix there two Pins, and by a Thread you may track out the Oval A B C D. Fig. ?. Pra&ice on the Qroiiitd, Fig. 4, 5. This is eafier done on the GroUnd, by a Line and Stakes, than on the Paper, by Reafon there is more Room ^ fo that your "Work is done more eafy and more certain^ and this indeed is the beft Method of laying out any Kind of Oval • for, tho' the firft is eafier made out on Paper than this laft, yet this laft is eafier laid out on the Ground than the firft. Suppofing, then, that the longeft Diameter of your Oval be 90 Foot, and the fhorteft 60, the half whereof, C E, is ihortet a Foot, a third whereof is 10 Foot, fet off 10 Foot at each End AB, and put down there two Stakes, fhall ftrike out the whole Oval. Vide Fig. 5. Vol. IL C i8 / Geometrical JnflruBions \ Wepafsnow to the Conftruaion cf Potygoiiar : ^;v. , PROPOSITION X.^ s- ^'I'To^frayne a Fentagon upon a given Line. • ;«uppofe the Line B A v trom the End A,andfrom the Interval A B defcribe the Arch B D F. Then elevate the Perpendicular A C •, divide the Arch B G into five Parts eqaally, I D L M K. Then draw the right Line A D, cut the Bafe A B into two equally in O •, elevate the Perpendicular O E from the Sedi- on E, and from the Interval E A defcribe the Circle A B F G H ^ bring five times the Line A B within the Circumference of the Circle, and' you fliall have a Pentagon regular, equi- angle, equj-lateral, AB F"G H. Fig. 1 and 2. ^0 ^xi. ^i^-^ ^ The PraBice upon tie Groiinl -Fig. ?. Is the fame, and is particularly ufeful la Centers and Cabinets of a Gardener Wildcruefsi -, forwhea a Walk runs thro' or into one of them, you mult firft fet oft' on each Side that Walk h^lf the Width, as you may fee on the Ground -, and this wxU . be the giveh Line, as in the Queftion ^ from which you- may with Eafe and Certainty make a propor- tionable Center or Cabinet. Vide Fjg. 3.' ' P R O P O S I T I O N XL :iA'.:-. Within a Circle to make a Pentagon, -T^he Circle being given, there will not be Vo frlitth Trouble as there was in the other. Draw then the two Diameters A B, CD, dividing them, felves at Right Angles in £., divide the halt Dia- materia: E into two equally in F, and from the In. terval F A, defcribe the Arch A G from the Point A- andfrom thelnten^ai A G ddfcribe^the Arch G H. The Line A H Ihall divide the Circle into five equal Parts. TWeFig. ^. -.7: TloePraBiao'yithe Grmm f. /• . .Isthe fame, the Line performing the Part of the Compafs. Vide^ Fig. 6. Pitcfit i8 . V'oL .% J%/z:XMI[ -Jt (j-rounci VpoivTapt ^iS-5 jn-cj?.. 10, Tig. 2, ^^^c /a. ^/. 2. . J^/^^K. /(?f Gardeners, &c. 19 p R o p o S IT I o N XIL To frame an Hexagon regular upon a right Line given. Let A B be the right Line given, from the Ends A and B, and from the Interval A B defcribe the Arches AC, B C^ and from the SedHon C defcribe the Circle A B E F G: Bring fix times the Line AB within the Circumference, and you ihall have an Hexagon regular, A B E F G D, fram\l upon aright Line given, A B. Fig. i, 2. K B. It is to be here obferv'd, that the Semidi- ameter of an Hexap;on, is always one Side oi it. And this is the eaueil to make of all Polvgonar Fi- gures. This is alfo the Foundation from which' all Poly- gonar Figures are fram'd, as wilLappear in Fig. ^, ''' ' The FraBicecn the Gro::i:d Is every Way anfw^erable to.-that ou.th^e E^pgr. '' • p R^ o p o s I TT^t) K - xift: -^;' : The Hexagon being the Foundation, on' \v1iicli all Pol3rg.^nar' Figures are built, 'here follows a Mc thod, Upon 'any right Line given ^ to defcribe fiich a Polygon as fhdl he reqmrd\ from an Hejidgon to a Dodecagon^ or Figure of 12 Sides, •'.-Vt Cut the Line A B into two equally in O^ elevate the Perpendicular O I from the Point B ^ defcribe the Arch A C ^ divide A C into fix Parts equally, M N O P Q.R-, this may make anHeptagoh'if 3^ou will. Then from the Point C, and the Inter- val of one Part, C M, defcribe the Arch, D M J), fhall be the Center, to defcribe a Circle capable of containing feven times the Line A B ^ and fo on, of any of the reft, as will more plainly appear by a little Pradice. Fig. 3. C 2 20 Geometrical hflruSiions The general Method of making and ftriking out Pcl3^gonar Figures being thus fixd, I (hall illuftrate and explain it farther by a few Examples, and then leave the Learner to his farther Pra(^ice therein. PROPOSITION XIV. Upon a Lhte given, to 7nahe a regular Heptagon, or Figure of f even Sides. We muft: firfl: luppofe the Line A B defign'd to make an Hexagon of ^ betaufe, as is before inti- mated, the Hexagon is the Figure, kom which all Polygonar Figures aj^c: made. After having drawn a Line perpendicular to AB, from the Middle thereof d, fetthe CompafTes iii A or B, and draw the Arch, A C, which divide into fix equal Parts, and fixing the CompafTes in C, extend them to Part 5 ^ from whence you may de- fcribe a little Arch -, or rather transfer that Mea- fure on the middle Line to Letter O, and that is the Center of the Heptagon. Having then de- fcrib'd a Circle, upon that draw the Lines B A F G H I K, which will make feven Sides, equal to the fingle one A B required. Fig. i, 2. On the Ground The Practice is the fame, and fo needs no Repeti- tion. Vide Fig. 5- PROPOSITION XV, Within a Circle given to infcrihe an Heptagon, Draw half the Diameter I A from the End A, and from the Interval A I defcribe the Arch C I C v draw the right Line C C, bear the Half, C O, fe- ven times within the Circumference of the Circle, and you fhall have the Heptagon required, A m d, Bgf e. Vide ¥ig. ?. The PraSice on the Ground Is fo near the fame, that for farther Inftruftion I need only refer the Reader to the Scheme, Fig. 6. "^V^?^ ox> . i/cri. a T/n/EXL Thz i. Practice, on y Grounds 'y V^on ^aper ^^5 5 The nt. Jh-achce, onj/ Gr^oiLncL M^'' zz Geometrical 'InJlruBions PROPOSITION XYIII. Whhin a Circle glven^ to defcribe an Ejineagon^ or Figure of mne Sides. Let BCD be the Circle propounded, within which one would infcribe an tnnea gon. The Pra^ice upon Paper. Draw the half Diameter A B froih the End B, and from the interval B A defcribe the Arch C A D ^ draw the right Line C D onwards to F ^ make the Line E F equal to A B. From the Point E de- fcribe F G, and from the Point F defcribe EG-, draw the right Line A G, and D H fhall be the ninth Part ot' that Circle. Fig. i, 2. The Fraclice on the Ground Being done by a Line, as the Praftice on the Paper is by Compaffes, there is little Occafion to repeat it, but to refer to Figure 4. PROPOSITION XIX. j4 Line being given^ to fnd the Center of a Circle^ and ■ to make an Eniwagon, or Figure of nine Sides, Draw the Line A B, and a Line perpendicular from the Middle thereof, as has been before taught •, drav/ the Arch A (), and divide it into fix equal Parts ^ or, which is lefs Trouble, take the half of it, and fet up to P, which is the Center of this Circle, upon which you are to make this Ennea- gon, or Figure of nine Sides, ev^ry Side being tgnal toA B. Fig. ?. The Pra&ice on the Ground Continues ftill the fame-, and from this Rule of anHeiagone, is any Pol3^gonar Figure to 20, ^o, or 40 Sides, made upon a given Line •, from what has been faid likev/ife of given Circles, may the Side of any Polygon be found-, and with this I ihall conclude this Point. M^^ 'i^.i/o/s.. T/atz'JM. ^racticdy X^ tl^otl the ffr-ouficL Ti^.^ •h^ The.'^'^.jBrachce- otl ike. ' ^tvuhI UjjOTL ^apcr ^•^• 1-.^ Ti^.^. for Gardeners, &q i^ CHAP. 11. l^iimerical InJtntBions for Gakveneks^ 5Cc<. INTRODUCTION. IT will not here be expeded I ftiould go l)ack to Numeration, Addition, G'c. that being in nocafe necefTary, fince there are but few that are fo mean Proficients in Numbers as to require it : I fiiall there- fore comprehend that little I have to fay concern- ing Numbers in our Way of Gardening, v/ith the Goldefi Rule^ oi Rule of Three, Rules of Praclke, and with Ditodecifnah J or the Manner of Meafuring.and calling up Dim.enfions, &c, ufefal, as will hereafter be found, in digging, levelling, and accounting the Expences that accrue in Gardenings becaufe in this both Stewards and Labourers are otttimes at a Lofs, and either the Mafier or Servant is very much the Lofer, which is uniuft to one, and both unjufl and oppreffive to the other. Suppoling then that aCardener is beginning to make his Gardens, (tho' I muft confefs myfelf very much an Enemy to the levelling and draining of Nature beyond her due Bounds, that is too often feen in many IJjidertakings) there are feveral Diviiions. that are abfoiutely neceffary to be leveird ,- fuch are all open Compartments of Par- terre, Bowling-greens, Terrace- Walks, and thejike, after the Levels are fix'd, as may be fccn Fig, 7, p. p, it will be then a proper Time for him to fit down and confuk of his Expence. And how to go the neareft Way to work, preparatory to this, being very well inftru^ied in Addition, Subftraclion, Numeration, Multiplication, and Divifion, he ought to learn how to take and caft up Dimei^^ons^ whether it be for the Removal of good Earth for planriiig , or of bad Eartlj for levelling, raifing of Terrace- Wa J ks^ Mounts, or the Jike: And the firil Thing is Duodccimais^ Of Crofs- Multiplication; as follows. C 4 Bctoi:e; 2,4 Numerical InftruSlionjf Before we go to great Examples, it will he necef- fary to fay fomething of the Rijles of Pradtice an^ Crofs-Multiplication, by which almoft all Quefti- ons in this Matter are folv'd -, and thefe two Rules are fo interwoven with one another, that they are taught at one and the fame Time. The Learner is firft to be informed, that by Duo- decimals, or Crofs-Multiplication, is meant the multiplying Feet, Inches, and Parts, by Feet, In- ches, and Parts, without Redudion, which favesat great deal of Labour and Trouble, and is done in fewer Figures. He is alfo to underftand, that the Rules of Pra- Sfc:^ fhorten even that too, a^ will by and by very plainly appear. He ought then, firft of all, to learn the Aliquot, or even Parts of a Foot, which is alfo applicable to a Shilling, 1 2 d. being a Shil- ling, as 1 2 Inches is a Foot. He is alfo to learn the Aliquot, or even Parts of a Pound. And thefe three will dired the neareft Way of cafting up any Dimenfions or Accounts in Gardening. Rides of PraBice, I hch 1 or I is the 12th Part of a Shilling or Foot. 2 or 2 is the 6 th Part of a Shilling or Foot. 3 or 3 is the 4th Part of a Shilling or Foot. 4 or 4 is the 3d Part of a Shilling or foot 6 or 6 is the half of a Shilling or Foot/ 5 or 8 is the -f of a Shilling or Foot. 9 or 9 is the -4- of a Shilling or Foot. But ^s $d. -jd. jod. lid. are not yet number'dj being odd, you muft account them thus : d, htck . . 5 of 5; is the -f and 4t of ^ Shilling or Foot. 7 or 7 is the i and t- of a Shilling or Foot. for Gardeners, &c. z^ d. Inch, 1 o or 10 is the 4- and -f of a Shilling or Foot. 1 1 is always accounted by calling the fingle U- nits away as you multiply : For Inftance, if you multiply 1 1 Inches by 26 Foot, i;t is 26 Foot want- ing 26 Inches^ which is eafily difcover'd to be 23 Foot 10 Inches. .8 gnd 9 Inches or Pence, are likewife wrought by a double Number. 8 Ipches by T of a Foot twice repeated. 9 Inches by 4 and -^ of a Foot added together. But this whole Matter will be made very plain by the following Examples. The Aliquot, or even Parts of a Pound, 1 5. is the 20th Part of a Pound. 5^. is the loth Part of a Pound. 2 5. 6d, is the 8th Part of a Pound, 35. 4^. is the 6th Part of a Pound. 45. is the 5 th Part of a Pound. 5 5. is the 4th Part of a Pound. 6 s. Sd, is the 3d Part of a Pound. "js. 6 d. is the t Part of a Pound. 10 5. i§ the 4 Part of a Pound. 135. 4 J. is the -f Part of a Pound. 155. is the •!• Part of a Pound. When, therefore, you are to multiply any of thefe aliquot Parts of a Pound with any Sum, you need not reduce, as the Method is too conimon, but divide by that Fradion. For Inftance, fappofing that one Rod of Digging coft 9 J. what will 7^ Rod coft ? Now, 9 d. beipg the 4 and 4 of a Shilling, I firft fay, 5. d, That:the4of 75 is -^ ^j 6 and the 4 of 75; is —250 See (h^t my Aufwer is — 62 6 Take 5fi6 Numeric^J InflruElions Take here a View of all the foregoing Niim-i bers multiply'd by 75. "/'X^. ty75 12)75 6 9 which is 6 3 :2J. by75 6)75 12 4 which is 12 6 3^. ty 75 4)75 • — • 5. ^. 18 \ which is 18 9 4(Z. by 75 5)7J — s, d, ■ ii'y which is 25 o 5df. by75 4)75 In all 3 1 3 6t?, by 75 2)75 — 5. d, 37 V which is 37 6 id- by 75 2)75 s. «?. ,=)'.'. A) which is In all 37 6 43 6 3 9 pf for Gardeners, &c. if Or thus ; 4)7'5'; 'I n whichis II ^ In all 43 9 *8J. by 75 ,i] } which ;,=,'» In all 50 p 9J. by 75 In all 56 5 10^. by 7S 2)75 J*} which 4^' In all 62 6 3i>?. by75; 2)75 — s. d, 37 ^^7 ^^ ^ 4\i8 T/- which is 18 9 (6^12 4-J 12 6 In all 68 9 Without zZ Numerical InflruElions Without the Trouble of multiplying ty 9, and dividing by 12, which is the Method taught in moft Schools. But now let us fee how majiy Pounds. To divide by 20, is thus, (and which is common- ly known) ftrike off the Cypher from the 2 thus, 5|o, and divide the 62 6 by 20 Exa?nple. 2|o)62 5. 6 A The Anfwer is ^l 2s. 6d. In like Manner if any one Thing were to cofi: 3 s. 4 J. how much will 75 of the fame coft ? You muft then remember, that 35. 4 J. is the ^thlE^art of a Pound 5 then I refer you to the Work, Di- vide 75 hj 6y thps; 12 ■!•, or 4. So that the Anfwer is 1 2 Pound and 4-', or 4 of a Pound, which is 10 Shillings •, and that is the Anfwer, vh* 12 Pounds 10 Shillings. View the round about Way, and I have done. Firfl: reduce ^s. 4 J. into Pence, which are 40 f?. Multiply 75 divide 3000 by 12 J. by 40 3000 thup 12)3000 Then by 2|o)2 5|o %2l. loj. theAnfw. Thi§ for Gardeners, ^c' 29 This happens to be a pretty even Number ^ but here may be feen five times the Figures as are ia the pradical Way. Here follow all the Shillings in a Pound under 10 Shillings, lis'd after this pra<5lical Manner 5. d, I 5. d, I'D 210)75(3 4-r which is 9 15 o s. d. I, s, d, 2 o i]o)75(7 T-r which is 7 lo o i. J. L s. d, 26 8)75(9 I which is 976 I, s, d, L s. d. — S which IS ; :" ~:>ii 5 4 0 /. s.d. 5)75(15 0 which is 15 00 5 0 I. s. d. 4)75(18 ^ whichis 18 15 0 s, d, L s, d, I. s. d* J. d. I s. d. I 5. d, » '■ " ■ -■ ' 'II I l.l III ■ 11, I I 5. d, I, 5. 7 of Rediidipn , fo J pais on. PfCrofs MidtjplkjJtipni - § 2. Thefe Preliminaries, thus learnt by Heart, the Learner ipay' proceed •, and fox. the under- ftanding this theljeiter^ wc are to learn thisjhoh iTabie.f 7 . iT , '- 1 ' That Feet 'multjpiyd by Ifrct, ^ref eet. ' Tliat inches ipiilfaply d by Feet, etery twelfth are Feet, and 'the Remainder'_are Inches. That Inches mi^ltiply'd by Inches, ev^ery twelftji of the Proiua; are Inches and the Remainder ajce JSdconds.^. ':[ lit ^td.ld^fr^ \ X ' ^ : This isjas'iar^ as we ufe in Gardenings but if .any Perfoi^ hath ^ Mind to go to a greater Exa^J:- hefs, t refer h;m'^o a ver}^ exact Treatife, -^nd oiie of. the firfl: tbat ^^was publifh'd on |:h is! Subject, eh- " titled, for Gardeners, &c. ^i titled,. Mellificwm Menfuratmm 5 or, The Marrow of Meafuring^ by Va7i Mimday. Tiere follows an Example. F. L by 4X| 4 Foot by 5 Foot, is — 20 o 4 Foot by 6 Inches, is — 2 o 5 Foot by 3 Inches, is — i 5 6 Inches by 3 Inches, ij5^^7--i ^ ^ 23 4)6;;^ But we never ufe the odd Farts in dening, they being of fo little Accouat.' But from this let us go to the more general Ufe of thefe two Rules, where we ihall fee it often made Ufe of ^ I mean the Rule of FraSice^ and the R.ule oi Duodecimals^ S^^P," moniy call'd Crofs Muhiplication. lfi\m (Question L ^ 2. How to me a fur e and casl up any uneyeh Ground^ in a Parterre^ Lawn, orfuchUkeJ^^ vifion where it mitft ofNeceffity be removed. . I muft own my felf the moft averfe to the moving of Hills, or filling up of Hollows, ^1- raaginable ^ but there are feveral Cafes where it is impoflible to avoid it, and that is, where the t i i iJumericat InJiruBions the Parterre lies too high for the Floor of the Houfe, which is the Cafe in many Plates, or where the Mold is to be carry 'd off, for fome good Ufe. This moving of Earth, is commonly mea- fur'd by the Foot Meafure, and afterwards re- duc'd into folid Yards, 27 whereof makes a Yard fquare, or folid, being 5 Foot iongj 3 Foot deep, and three Foot wide. Thefe Dimenfions may be taken, before the Ground is carry 'd away, by digging Holes down to the intended Level ^ but it is gene- rally meafur'd afterwards,by leaving little Hil- locks about two Foot wide, to fhew the Height the Ground was before the Work was begun. Let us then patthe Cafe that 'tis fuch a Par- terre, or Lawn, as is defer ib'd Fig. 2, being 560 Foot long, 160 Foot wide, and of the feveral Depths under-mention*d , thefe Hil- locks ought to be rang dout,or judicioufly ftak'd out, as the Mafter and Undertaker fhall beft agree; We will fuppofe them to be only ten, but in a Peice of Ground of this Extent, there can't be lefs than 50 or 605 however, thefe ten will fhew the Reafon of the Thing as well as 50 or 60. Let the Depths be, CO 2 F, 3 In. (2) i F. 6 In. (3) 2 F. I In. (4) 2 F. 5 In. (5) 1 F. 3 In, (6) 2 F. 7 In. (7) o F, 8 In. (8) o F. 4 In. (9) o F. 3 In. (10) I F. 4 In. Thefe added together, will make 14 F. 8 In. Which being divided by 10, the Number of Depths makes near i F. 6 In. for the mean Depth of this for Gardeners, &c. 3 3 this unlevel irregular Peice of Ground : But it mufl be noted, that when you take thefe Depths, and find any two Dimenfions alike,you are to caft away one of them, becaufe in the Account they make indeed more Figures, but are not of more Value. Bur to return, let us now caft up our Di- menfions. F. In. Multiply ■ 360 o the Length. by ■ 160 o the Width. 2i6co 560 and — 576CO is the fiiperficial Content. wh. multiply'dby i 6 by one Foot 57^00 by fix Inches 28800 and it makes 86400 the folid Content in Feet. Let us now divide this folid Content in Feet by 27, the Number of folid Feet in a Yard. 27)86400(3200 And the Content is 3200 folid Yards. The Prices of moving Earth are various, according to the feveral Prizes of Labourers D in. 34 / Niimerkal Inflru^liom' in the Country 5 but, where they are allowed 12^. pt^v Day, a Yard of Sand, or other: loofe Ground, may be dug and fiU'd for 2d. U or 3^. and of Chy for ^d. i or 4M Upon the whole, if you move it 20 or 30 Yards, it will coft 5 J. or 6cl. or, if Clay, 7^. or 8tA /z^;Yard, VVe will fuppofe the Queftion in Hand to be 6 J. The Number of Yards 3200 The Price fier Ycuid -r^ — 6. To reduce it to Shillings-^ - ^ \ take one half thus, ^ j^ : *^c»^ And fo much this will coft the^levelling, du E S T I O ^\l%^ ' J But there are Pieces of Ground to be reduc^dy which are of irre^idar Wtdths\ as well as Depths 5 the^ Method, of meafiirmg of which ^ nmll appear' Plaie/xi.1' ' ' 1 A. n; ^,ly\ \::\S^j\ lo •-;■.. . cy.A ,\u ^ * The Widths and Depths being reduc'd in- to a regular Method^ firft by tixing fome le- vel Stakes round the Edge of the Pit, as abed. Fig. 3, Plate 22. Thefe Stakes, I fay, being the ex^d Le^cl the Ground \% to be at the Top of the Pit, ftrain the Line round 3 and whenever you have a Mind tp find the Depths, ftrain Lines crofs-ways llkevvife, or do a^: The. G-cn Scctck cf a.£iuUiiij 640. o m Wa T15 z. iig.4. r^5. .1/. 3 llg.^. Tig 5 X -ZAc Sce-icA. of y' ho-Uoiy of an Ii legiJar J'lt 3 i: 1g 01 tl w p' t /c?r G A R D E N E R S, &C.' 3 5 do it fighting a-crofs^ by which you will difcover the middle Stake R (Fig. 3, Plate 22) to be 6 Foot 5 1 Inches more or lets. Suppo- fing then, you have taken the Depths, and re- duced them as above, you are to fet out an exad Square in the Bottom, that will near touch the Irregularities quite round 3 as fuppofe e f g h 5 by which Means, meafuring a-crofs at feveral Places at Pleafure, as at i, 2, 5^ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, is] adding all thofe unequal Numbers together, as you did in the Depths, and dividing them by the Number of Dimenfions, fuppofe 16 more or lefs, the Queftion will ftand thus, fuppofing it to be a Hollow, that rauft be ei- ther reduc d, or quite filTd up. F. In. 150 6 long. IC3 2 the mean Width, and 6 2 the mean Depth. D 2 See 2 $ ,]S!umefk^lJnJiru6lw^^ I50\r6 long. , 103 ^2 the mean Depth, , -»:^[^i - See the Example jiom ^ - -lit uiit; ^ii' r* in Jjjot in- lAoqqu': ^— • 150 F. by 3 F. 450 150F. by 100 F* 150 150F. by 2 111. 25.0 103 F. by 6 In. 51.6 6 In; by 2 In. • -mrAl -aj m L>ib u . ,:^'0 'i ^ -odffiuM 3x: A- 2 the 6 A- 2 the mean Depth . -hbubai i5526by6F.deep93i56 15526 by 2 In. 2587 .8 .i 6 F. by 7 In. 3 ,,6 n o?t 7 111. by 2ln.'W nnoai I 1 II . ■ I »■ I . .1 I m \ ( r • >- :. . . ' '■, 'J A- ;. Divide this 27)95747 • ?C354^ folid Yard?- bytheNiini- 147 her of Feet 124 in a folid 167 Yard. 5 . .^ g a And this plainly appears to amount to 3546 fohd Yards ^ which, if a Hollow, one would, if pofiible, avoid filling ^ as like- wife, if it be a Hill, and not in the Way : Suppofing you were to lay it into a regular Hollow /(?r Gardeners, &c, 37 Hollow of 145 Foot 6 Inches Jong, and 106 Foot 9 Inches wide, kt us reckon how we fhall belt order our Matters, ih^r it may be reduc'd into our intended Form, without the Expence of carrying any of it away, or bring- ing any m )re in to compleat our Level. • Were the Sides of this Hollow perpendi- cular, the finding out a proper Depth would be the eafier -^ but, fince there are to be Slopes into the Hollow, it makes fome Rebate in tlie Difpolition, and Depth of the Hollow. At firft View, then, any Perfon of the leafl Expe- rience may fee, that this Hollow we have been fpeaking of, will be about 6 Foot deep 5 and, according to the common Allowance of three Foot horizontal to one Foot perpen- dicular, the Balis of the Slope of each Side will t^ke up 18 Foot, and the fame at tie Ends 3 fuppofing you allow the fame Horizon- tal. This being rightly underftood, we ought then to make our Computation from the Mid- dle of one Slope, to the Middle of the other. To7t are then firji to multiply the Length hy the Depths aiici divide that by the 'Number of Feet contain din the great Hollow^ 18 ioot at each Side and each End for the half Per- pe?idiciilar of the Slopes 5 an J it Jlands thus : D 3 See 38 Numerical JnflruElions See the Operation. F. In, 127 ; 6 long: 88 • 2 wide. 127 Foot by 8 Foot • 1016 127 Foot by 80 Foot — • 1017 88 Foot by 6 Inches — 44 127 Foot by 3 Inches — 3 1 11261 . 10 ^ The Sum of 11 261 Feet behig the fuperfj- cial Content of this defign d regular Hollow, {the Inches being rejeaed,as of little Account) we are in the next Place to divide the Con- tent of the irregular Hollow thereby, and that will give the exad Depth. As for Example: ,ii26i)9574s(8i^TVyT,whichisabovefanInch. 5659 : . sn^. ■ 'And by this we fee, that this Pit we regu- larly reduc'd, is to be 8 Foot and a half deep: If it were to be a Hill that was to be reduced into the fame Method and Figure, the fame Calculation would fuffice. for Gardeners, &c. ^-9 \ Of the me/ifzinng of fuperjicial Pl^^s* • In the Courfe of this Chapter, k will be ■proper to fliew the Method of meafuring all .Sorts of fuperficial Figures 5 not fo iluich for 'i^3 not being known,asfor a Remembtfapce to all that pradife Gardening 5 fincethefeThings, in a Multiplicity of Bufinefs, areapttb' flip out of any Body *s Mind. ^ 'V- Now, it mufl be con(ider*d, th^t ih^ Gfai:- -dening, we have Occafion to take andcaft ilp . thefe Dimenfions two VVays 5. firft, ifi'rhe g^e- neral Survey of a Landfkip in Chains', Fetcfes, ^c. and them into Acres ^ and, in a fmaller Account, when thofe Figures are in Grafs PJats, into Feet and Inches, and from thence into Yards or Perches. Of both thefe Ways I (hail give Examples. ' E X A M P L E L Of a Square a7id ParaHelogrmn in large hand- Meafure^ Fig, a^^ ^^ fiate'2:^. - ^'Rf'^>H Let A be a true Square, each Side being 10 Chains o Links/ Multiply- tO' ChaMs o Links, by 10 Chains o Links, and the Sum is lo'ooooo^ /from whidh' cut -^ffth^- five laft Figures, and there remain juft x^^Ac^s for the Square. P 4 Again, 40 Numerical InflruBions Again, in the Parallelogram B, let the Side A B, or C D, be 20 Chains 50 Links ^ and the Side Ac, or b D, 10 Chains o Links. Multiply a b Qo Chains 50 Links, by a c 10 Chains o Links, and it makes 20500CO 5 which is 20 Acres, 50000 ^ but here being a Decimal Fraftion, by the cutting off the five Figures, we are (which there was no Occafionofin the laft Dimenfion) to multi- ply it by 4, and cut off five Figures, and the Figures above five are Roods. Again, to find the Perches, multiply by 40, and the Figures toward the left Hand, above five, are Perches. See the Operation. , ,J?iQr<;hes '-^ o|ooooo So that the full Sura is 20 Acres, 2 Roods, o Perches, Hqw for Gardeners, &c. 41 How in fmaller meafuring in Gardening it is tifed cu in the meafuring of Grafs^Plats and other fiiperficial Figures. Let A^ then, be a true Square of 12 Foot 6 Inches 5 multiply 12 Foot 6 Inches by 12 Foot 6 Inches, and that gives the Content 156 Foot 3 Inches, See the Operation : 12 6 12 6 144 6 _ii i$6 3 Again, fuppofe in ^ the Parallelogram B (Fig.5,PJate 23) the Sides a b,or CD, be 18 Foot 3 Inches, and the Width 12 Foot 6 In- ches, as before : 18 3 12 6 186 3 y I 6 198 I 6 the =^i . ' ^numerical InflruSiions the Content is 198 Foot, i Inch, and 6 Parts 5 but thefe Parts we generally throw away, ex- cept in fine Wbrks. Of Triangles^ (Fig, 3, Plate 23.J . : f The Content of a Triangle is known by multiplying half the Perpendicular by the whole Bafe, or, e contra^ half the Bafe by the whole Perpendicular 5 but the Dimenfions are taken as the Nature of the Triangle is ^ and thofe three Kinds, in Fig. 6, give Light thereinto, being fuch as all Sorts of Triangles compofe. When you have,then,pitch'd upon the Bafe, (which in every one of thefe is A at Right Angles) thereto draw or fuppofe a prick'd Line to run up to the Angle oppofite to it^ and that is the Perpendicular. See the calling up of one of them. In the firft Triangle, the Bafe c d is 22 Chains, 50 Links 5 and the Perpendicul^. ^ ^e is 2 Chains 50 Links. $ee. it ftated. , i I-; V fo^' Gardeners, &c. 43 II 25 3 56 56250 3375 Acres 3193750 "'4 ^.ood ;3[75ooo Perch. 30'occco and fo of all the reft. Now, if we apply this to Gardening, we fometimes have a Grafs- Plat of this Kind, or other fuch like 5 but the 3d is the Area of a Terrace- Walk, taken at the End. Suppofe it then to be the Horizontal Perpendicular and Hypoteneufe of a Terrace- V/alk 5 take, firft, the Bafe 6 Foot 4 Inches, and multiply it by half the Perpendicular of 15 Foot, which is 7 Foot 6 Inches, (for tho* this, as will here- after appear, is not near the exaft Proportion of this Work, yet it will ferve to demonftrate our Propofition) and the Content will be 47 Foot 6 Inches: 44 Numerical InflruElions 47 6 Of the general Ufe of Triangles^ in meafuring all ft rah lind irregidaj' Plans, (Figure the 7th, Flare the 23d.) It muft be here obferv'd, that a Triangle meafiires all irregular Plats, either large or fmall, by reducing the whole Piece into Tri- angles, which Triangles are one of the three Kinds lafl mentioned, and muft be fo inea- fur'd. Suppofe that Fig. the 2'jth^ Plate the 2^cJ^ be an irregular Plan, with ftrait lin'd Sides and Angles ( for as for circular or crooked Sides, it is taught in Fig. 2. Plate 23.) that is to be meafurM in order to be levell'd, or any other Work common in Gardening, and reduced into Feet, Inches, &c, and after that into Yards, fuperficial, or folid, or into ftrperficial Perches 5 not taking any Notice in this Place of large Land-meafure, that being to follow Chapter of Inftruments, Having /(^r Gardeners, &c. 45 Having taken the Plan of it on Paper, re- duce it into Triangles, by drawing Lines from one Length to another, and leaving no irregular Square in the whole Work. Being thus reduc'd into Triangles, you are to pitch upon proper Lines for your Bafe ; fuch indeed are^thofe that are oppofite to the wideft An- gle, thc;n let drop, or you may from thence fuppole a perpendicular Line 5 your Work is juit ready to do as you did before, in the Example of Triangles. There are fome that advife the dividing and meafuring fuch Plats in the fame Manner you would do a Trapezium ^ but that is almoft the fame as this, tho* not fo intelligible, nor indeed fo exacl^ I have therefore chofe this Way, tho' it is fome- thing more Trouble : Yet, where two Per- pendiculars have one common Bafe, as have the Divjfions b and c^ i and k^ h and to the Terraces on each j Side the mean Diftance, I 100 Foot: J &c. F. I. 360 o 160 O 0*^ 0 o > 1 6) 5? F. r. 86400 o The fillingup a large! Pit in the Garden markt P, with Clay dug, and|' brought from the Foun- '> dations of the Houfe, { the mean Diftance be- ing 100 Foot. 150 6 105 2 6 2 } 95745 The rough levelling 1(2)200 oT of the two Courts h> 100 o> 64000 o and N. J I oJ The rough levelling ^ the Garden mark'd M, > Fig. I, Plate 23. . J The rough levelling of the great Court be- fore the Houfe North-^ ward^ mark'd B. The rough levelling of the great Terrace-" Walk on the S^^f ^ Sidel of the Houfe, mark'd 0. 220 ip7 0 o^ 7 3( 1 oJ 38940 o 230 c 210 O 2 6 120750 o 640 100 o ol 0 o > 1 6> E 94000 o The 54 Numerical Inftru£iions The rough levelling ^ F. L of the upper Parterre^ 240 o"^ F. L on the South Side of^ 200 o ^ 72000 o the Houfe, mark'd Q. ^ The rough levell ing the lower Lawn,or Par- (^ ^ p^ terre, on the South Side of the Houfe, mark'd R. o o"^ 0 o > 1 6J 0 O /^ 1 cJ 180 o y 4500c o The tr^enching the Quarters mark'd S S,i ^ w C^c. and throwing the>^ ^ p "I2160OQ © MoldoutoftheWalksf *^^ ^^ two Spit deep. The earthing^raking, and turfing the Par-C (2)210 o-. ^ . ^o © terre Quarters, markd\^ 70 03 .-'^ &a aa. The earthing,raking, and turfing the Lawn,( 250 01 .-^^q or lower Parterre ofC 180 cS ^^ Grafs. The turfing the Side ')^^vx _ ;errace-Walks,mark'd>'^^^^J^ ZV 86800 o , b b. 3 70 oj The middle Gravelo 2400 07^ .^^^ ^ Walk. X 40 o-» ^ The for Gardeners, &c. 55 F. I. The gravelling the-> 640 0-7 F. I. great Terrace. J 40 oi* 25600 o The Gravel- Walk at '^ ^ ^ the lower End of the> ^ ^\ 19200 o Parterre. 3 ^o o^ The Walk at each->^ 2co O"? , End of the Parterre. / 300/ ^^^^^ There are many other Dimenfions that occur in an Undertaking ^ but thefc, I think, are fufficient Specimens of what I would pre- tend to teach by this Seftion, I Ihall now proceed to abftrad thofe Dimenfions into ge- neral Heads 5 wherein I niuft obfcrve, that all Dimenfions of Clay, or any other Material in Gardening, are brought into one Head, if the Diftance of Carriage be the fame \ a(s i3 alfo rough levelling, turfing, &c, when tliey are of one and the fame Kind. Divide, then, a Page, or Pages, at the End of your Book, into fix Folds, one more or lefs may do, but fo as they may contain the Contents of any of the foregoing Dimenfions, and proceed thus, beginning at the Begijaijing Qf your Dimenfions. ' ' ! E 4. An $6 Numerical InjiruSiions i ►Si «5S ft4 •Si u < < > o >-; o o o o o o o o o o o o . O MD M o o 00 oa- c PC u bB ^ 5 bDq=: C/3 •T3 kJ O O O O Q O (>» o o • ^ O CO Ua on i>^vo ^ 1 o >-t o n t o r* n OS •M C3N VO 1— < C/5 U •-• O O o c 3 C« On\o Cl^ -I fcJD > O H^ o o o o o o os oo CO O O O O O o o o o o o OS r\ ^ o o OS oo o3 CCX4 o '^ ^ , ^ -- re ^*^ t-s. <^ ^ CO to -a re >-* on on cs re rr* o .iS o o o o \r\ o -^ ^ r^ MD xrs CO ON VN 00 NO Ihe for Gardeners, &c. 5- The feveral Sums being thu$ brought into proper Heads, thefe Hpads are the JV^^cicIes for an Eftimate, or Bill, and, after that, for Articles 5 and, as fpoii as they are placed iq Ordtr, and caft j as before) the Contents in Feet IS ^-hen given ^ and then^ being divided, is brought into folid or fuperiicial Yards, or into Perches ^ whicji three Megifures arc, for the qioft Part, what the Gardeners reduce their VVoik to ^ and for that Reafon I (hall here fubjqin a Table, viz. 9 Foot is a fuperficial or fquare Yard. 27 F(>or is a folid Yard. 272 Foot i a fuperficial Perch. As for folid Perches we ule them not. Thefe are, indeed, in feveral Counties of Efi^land, Meafui-es that differ from thefe al- ready nam'd 5 the AW ^^ c>puptry Fall,or Rood, is 7 Yards, or 2 1 Foot, and that a fourth Parr of their Acre, ^s they call it, viz. 28 Yards 5 but there is little Qccafion for me to run into thefe Divifions, fince they are cafily brought to bear with thqfe afqre-mention d. Of a Billy or EJlimate, A Bill, or Pftimate, depends on the Na- ture of the Earth, or Clay, &c. you have to work on, ^nd on the Diftance you niove it 5 as for Depths, they are adjufted in cafting up. the Dimenfions j and as for the Diftance of 5^ Numerical InflmBtons of Carriage, when we fay a mean Diftance, 'tis a Length taken from the Middle of the Place where we take it from, to the Middle of the Place where we carry it to. The Form of a Billy or EJlimate. A Bill of feveral Works done for the Right Honourable the E — of • , at Belleau in Com. Line. 171 5. /. 10 For 525 folid Yards of good' Mold, fleec'd oflF from the Sur- face of the Buildings, Court- Yards, &c. and carry'd to a J-e- - ftai loco Foot Diftance, ztQd, per Yard. ■ ' For 6746 folid Yards of coarfe" Earth and Clay, dug out of the Foundations of the Houfe, and other Places, and carry'd to a large Pit in the Weft Court, and i>2 24 17 to raife the Terraces at each Side of the Parterre 5 the meJan Di- ftance of carting being icoFoot, at 8 d. per Yard. ^^ — • , d. 8 4 "^'For 14029 folid Yards of Ground roligh levell'd, and fome< of it carryM 20, 30, or 40 Foot< Diftance, at^ 2 ^. i per Yard;-— \6 1.8. 10 For for Gardeners, &c. ^^ For 794 Perches and an half ^ /. s. d. fuperficial of trenching at two( Spit deep, leaving the Crumbs,^ ^3 ^ ^^ at ^fd.per Perch.- ' — — ^ For 597 Perches of Turf, or Swath-Grafs, (laid dou n at the| Work) accounting molding, ra-> 24 17 6 king, laying, and cutting it, at 10 s, per ^tich, ■ For fpreading, laying, raking, and rolling fiK times over of 54C1 Perches of Gravel, at 6d. per^ 13 lO a Perch, the Gravel being ready dug and carted. • I might in this very Seftion have been ve- ry large and copious ^ but I could not fee the NeCedity of it, feeing thefe fmall Intimati- oris will be fuffieient for any Perfon that has any Thing of a Genius 5 as for thofe that have not, though they are Gardeners, other Kind of Works are more proper for them $ fo I proceed to the next Chapter of this Trea- tife, yiz,> Injlrumental InflruBions for Garde- ners. CHAR 6o Inflrumental InJiruSims Q H A p. III. Of the Ufe ^/Surveying Instruments. Gunter'i' Chain. H I S is the Chain that is gene- rally made Ufe of by Survey- ors, and contains in Length four Poles, or 66 Feet, and is divi- ded into 100 Links 5 each Link is therefor^ 7t4v Inches. This Chain is, for greater Eafe in reckoning, divided into ten Farts, by pror per Brafles, denoting 10, 20, gjp, 40, 50 jLinksj and back again from 50 to 10 thinks. The Surveying Scales. Fig. i.^'TpHE Scale more particularly X adapted to Surveying, is on one Side divided into fix equal Parts, each of which Parts anfwers to a Gunur's Chain of ICO Links: At the End of this Scale is an equal ±lg-. I r^-i(U),.^o.a/^ ^/ry,/. f, ' aij^l-dlixrtir . ~\ 1 n i 1 1 1 ■ 1 [ *--f- ' i- c — T 1 • 1 :,„*•. •'i ■ ' t^-- ' i T- ■ t r" , 1 1 M 1 OD >S * « ^ 2 3 " 4 ^1 1 llg. / C^ca/r cJ (S^^af .9a.r^.r for Gardeners, &d 6t equal Part, divided by Diagonal Lines into ten Parts 5 each of which correfpond with the Divifions of ten Links in the Chain. This Subdivifion is numbered on the Sides, 2^ 4^ 6, 8, and in the fame Manner on Top. If you imagine the Top Figures to denote Units, andthofe on the Side Tens, 'tis then plain, that, if the CorapaflTes be extended from the Point where the lixth Line interfeds that no- ted 3, to the Point where the Line denoting 70 is interfecled by the fa id 6 th Line, that Diftance (hail be three Chains, 76 Links. This appears yet more plainly by the Dots made in each Point. Thofe who would project a if'ield in a fourth Part of the Compafs by which it might be laid down by the aforefaid Scale, may lay the other Edge of it before them, where they may fee the five former Divifions divided into 10, and at the End one of them Decimally divided, as one of the other was . For Example, If you would take the Dillance of 7 Chains, 52 Links, extend the Compalles from the Point where the 2d Line interfefts the 7th, to the Point where the Line denoting 50 is interfered by the faid 7th Line* This appears plainer ftill by the Dots. Fig. 2.3 There are alfo other Lines of equal Parts, which may be us*d in Surveying, zsFig. 2 ^ One of them is divided into 180 Parts, and has before it a Part Decimally divi- ded ; and it is ligur'd 30, intimating that 50 of thofe Decimal Parts are equal to an Inch. Hence 8z Inflrumental InflruEiions Hence the Line is caird \\it Line of 30 in Ofi Inch: Thefe Lines vdiy be made Ufe of where yoxjt hpve a large Piece of Ground to protraft, ht^' caufe each Divifion is eqiial to' 10 Yards, Feet, or Chains, &c. Thus you fee, that the Meafure of 20 Chains, 60 Links, extends from the Dot on 20 to the 6th Divifion in the Part Decimally divided. Bur, as thefe Lines are more immediately ufeful in laying down and meafuring Lines for Triangles, I pafs them over, with this farther Remark, That againft the other three Lines are figiir-d 24, 20, ,t^, denoting that one of their P^f'tk is decimklFf divided .to 24,^^0, 1 6 Parts in an Inch, • * f 'i^biok -Ai yd n .^ .^ -^ I ^cl jri; •: n ibulw ortofc.: P'llsdT R A CT 6^K 9. ^^ FtoJg. -'TpHESE Inftruments are of w6 hv-^n X Sorts: one reprefents a Semi- fcircld, or half Theodolite 5 thg other, a Pa- rallelogram, or long Square; '/^''--■' . * Z/iThe Protraic^or reprefcnting a Semicircle, ife di'^rided in tbeLimh* or Semibircle, into 180 equal Parts, or Degrees 5 thofe Degrees are humber'd backwards and forw^ards, from' t? to 180,' in two Semicircles ^ the Center of T^'ifi Divifions is aJittle Notch, or Hole, made iii the Line paffiiig tfiro' the two Points of jiS6 Degrees 5 and therefore 'ti« eafy tp imagine, that the two femicircular Drvifions repmeiit the rig-, m . ra^. <#i. for Garden ERS5 &c. 53 the whole Theodolite 5 and the three Points of 90 and 180 Degrees, by moving; the Inftru- inent about its Center, . may give the four Car- dinal Points of Saft,.South, Weft, and North, ad libiturn. VN^j^hin the two Semicircles is a third, having feveral Divifions number'd from the Point of 90, on^both Sides 4, 5, 6, &c. to 12. Their Ufe is for the ready Divifion of a Circle intai4, 3, or 6 Parts, &c. Y\&\ 4; Let AD-B be the Semicircle, ACB its Diaajeter, C the Central Point. On C B I would .make an Angle of 60 Deg. 'tis eafy to fee \hu the Diameter of the Inftrument muft be plac'd on C B, and its Center at the Point of thr Angle ^ if you count 60 Degrees from B, and prick erti off in your Paper 5 and thro' C, aiixHthat fmall Hole, draw C 60 5 60 CB fhall^bean Angle of 60 Degrees, if you would 4iavcthe fame Abgle to the left of your In- ftrumeftt, it remaining in the fame Pofture, prick off 60 Degrees from A, and draw C D. But where the Theddolite gives the Angle in another Circle A E B, 'tis alfo eafy to fee that A C B reprefents the Diameter of the Inftruhient, and A:E B the Semicircle 5 and, admitting the Index of the Theodolite cut 240 Degrees, reckon 'd .from A, that Quantity be- ing, 60 Degrees above a Semicircle \ D B 5 prickioff 60 Degrees, reckoned from B or A, (according to the Gircumftance of your Work) and draw GF, or GG. If 64 Injlrufhental TnflruBions If you would divide a Circle, fuppofe into fix Parts, the Diameter of the Inftrument be- ing laid on any Line, A C B, and its Center on C, prick ih Hole againft the two Divifi- ons noted 6, on both Sides, and 'tis done. The Plain TabUi TH I S Inftrument is ufually 15 Indies long, and 12 broad, and is made to fir on three Legs, by a Ball and Socket fitted to a Nofil in the Table. On the jointed Frame on both Sides of it are feveral Lines. On one Side the Line, next the Table, is an Inch-Di- vifion^ the next, a Tangent Line, confitting of 4 Ninety's, centering in the Brafs Hole in the Middle of the Inftrument 5 arid the outer- moft Line is alfo a Tangent Line, divided in- to 360 Parts or Degrees, and each 10 Degrees to go Minutes 5 and has the fame Center as the preceding Line. On the other Side of the jointed Frame, the Divifion next fhe Inftru- jnent, is alfo an Inch-^Divifion, decmially di- vided ^ and the two next are Tangent LineSj confifting of 180 Degrees, and the outermoft of them decimally divided, and each Degree into two thirty's of Minutes. Thefe Lines h^ve for their Center a Brafs Hole, inclining to a Side of the fable ^ and therefore in the Ufeofthem, the Fnme mnft be fo plac'd, that a Line paffing from the Beginning to ^he End for Gardeners, &c. 6^ End of them, fliall alfo cut the faid Brafs Hole. Box ^nd Needle. To one of the Sides of the Inftrument is fix'd a Box, with a Chart containing a circu- Jar Oivifion of 360 Degrees, fubdivided into the 32 Rhumbs, or Points of the Compafs, and againft each Point is its Name. The mag- netic Needle plays on a Pin in the Center of the Chart. This Needle, when well touch'd by the Load-ftone, always regarding the North and South Points 5 you are therefore to move your hiftrument about, 'til you obferve the Needle to hang over the North and South Line of the Chart, and then is your Table due Eaft and Weft, North and South. The Inftrument being thus truly plac*d,you are then enabled to take the Number of De grees, which any Object makes with your Center in the Inftrment, and to protrad them at any Time, in Cafe the Weather be bad when you Survey. The Index. 'Tis a Piece of Wood of two Foot long, and about one Inch --r broad, having a fiduci- al Edge, for better drawing Lines with Ink 5 to each End belongs a perpendicular Sight, for cutting Objeds with, and finding Angles. On this Inftrument are ufually laid down Lines of Chords to two Radii ; and next thofc, Lines F of 66 Infinmental InfiruSkions. of equal Parts, fucK as we have detoibM ^ and next thetn a Surveying Scale, fuch an one as is alfo defcrib'd. 1 he Edge of this Inftru- ment is to go thro' the Centers before fpoken of, or any afiign'd Center on the Table. The life of the Plain Table. The Figure that is moil ufually produced, on taking a Survey, is an irregular Polygon, having no Side parallel to its Oppofite, nor any Side or Angle, correfponding with any o- ther Side or Angle, and is cail'd a Trapezium. Fig. 5. Let the irregular Polygon or Tra- pezium A B C D, be a Field to be furvey'd. Place your Table horizontally, (or paral- lel with the Earth) in any Part of the Fcild, as at E^ fo that (landing there, you can fee to each Angle A B C D^ having a Sheet of clean Paper on your Table, and affii- ming any Point thereon, imagine it E, in.E £x a Pin, and placing the Edge of the Index clofe thereto, dired your Sights to Angle A, and then draw the occult Line E A^ do fo by the other Angles, and draw E B, EC, and E D. This being done, let two Perfons fet out with the Chain from E towards A, the Foremoft provided with fix, or more,fharpen'd Sticks or Irons of a Foot long each, and let them meafure E A thus. Caufe the foremoft Perfon to go one Extent of the Chain 3 fuppofe to for Gardeners, &c. Sj ■0 F, let him move about to the right or left. /J/.-2 Ti^-. -Vs. I'ai/. o Y Now repair to your c)urveyiugouaie,aiiu, as has been taught, take off 3 Chains, and fet that Diftance from E to A ; fet 2 Ch, 14 Li. from E to B, and draw A B 5 fet 2 Ch. 51^ F 2 Li* 66 Inflnmental InflruB^ions. of equal Parts, fucK as we have deftribM ^ and next them a Surveying Scale, fuch an one I 1 I -,-.- bticks or Irons of a toot long each, and let them meafure E A thus. Caufe the foremoft Perfon to go one Extent of the Chain 3 fuppofe to for Garde NERs, &c. 6j to F, let him move about to the right or left, 'til you ftanding at your Inflrument, and look- ing thro' the Sights to A ^ obferve the M^n to come to Poinr 6, in the Line E A5 F O being one Chain, let him place a Stick therei and proceed on towards A, imagine to H, wh^are beingftopp'dby the hinder Perfon's Ar- riv?il at G, let the hinder Perfon take up the Stick, and being brought as before to I, in Line E x\ ^ let him place a Srick, the hinder- moft Perfon takes up the Stick at G, and then fuffers the foremoft to proceed A 5 which is another Chain's Length, fo that E G, G I, and I A, are juft three Chains. Set againft A, Column-wife in this Man- ner three Chains. Angles Mt^^ifures Cb, Lines. A 3 B 2 14 C 2 51 D I 90 Lines E B, EC, and E D, being meafur'd in the fame Manner, fuppofe E B 2 Ch. 14. Li. E C 2 Ch. 51. Li. and E D i Ch. 90 Li. Tabulate them as above. Now repair to your Surveying Scale, and, as has been taught, take off 3 Chains, and fet that Diftance from E to A ; fet 2 Ch. 14 Li. from E to B, and draw A B 5 fet 2 Ch. $!♦ F 2 hu 68 InUrumental InflruEiions Li. from E to C, and i Ch. 90 Li. from E to D, and draw B C, C D, and D A. Laft- ly, directing the Sights, the Edge of the Ru- ler on E, to the Middle of the Gate of the Fields draw E K, and on A D, draw the Gate at K : In the fame Manner may any other ob- fervable in the Hedges be laid down. To find the Content of this Trapezium. From the two Angles moft remote from each other, A C, draw the Bafe Line A C, take it in your CompaiTes, and fetting it on your Scale, 'twill reach from the Point of 5 Chains to the Point of 25 Links amongft the Diago- nals. Set 5 Chains, 25 Links on A C, draw B S, and D S, perpendicular to A C 3 B S ta- ken from the Scale is, i Ch. 25 Li. and D S is alfo 2 Ch. 56 Li. To find the Content of this Field. Multiply half the Bafe A C, by the Sum of the two Perpendiculars B S, and S D, with- out having any Regard to their being Deci- mals, and cutting off 5 Figures of the Produft to the right (becaufe i,oocco fquarc Links makes an Acre) the remaining Figures are Acres. Multiply thofe 5 Figures by 4, C4 Poles be- ing an Acre) and cutting off 5 Figures, as be- fore, the remaining Figures are Roods 5 mul- tiply thofe 5 Figures by 40, cutting off 5 Fi- gures for Gardeners, &c. 69 gures as before, and the remaining Figures arc Perches. Operatio7u Bafe A C — 5 25 Perpetidkuhrsr i 2 5 B S t.2 56 DS 4 — 2 62 3 81 2 62 762 2286 762 ^f/^^^* . 99822 4 Roods 3)99288 40 Perches q,^\ji<^20 80 that the fuperficial Content of the Trape- zium, is G Acres, 3 Roods, 39 Perches, v-of a Perch. If you would know the North and South Lines of this Field, The Inftrument remain- ing in Point E, place the Table, fo that the Needle hang diredlf over the Points of North and South in the Box, then is the Ta- ble in the fame Pofition^ and if,thro' Point E, you by the Help of any Line, on the Frame draw a Line parallel to that Line, it (hall al- fo lie parallel with the Needle, and be tb^ F 3 tru§ 70 Inflmmental InflruSlions true North and South Line 5 to this Line at right Angles, at Point E draw another Line, for the Line of Eaft and Weft. v-i ^4: N^'-J ^''<, ^"'4 ■^■'^ v'-i ^"'4 >>"<: v'/xvy-j X '/ .v"Zi<-/XNV oj ^y/-/; vy^/.v/^ v/y vvx N^•/x s^/x syv sy/x '/>;^ *.? ^vU^^;.^ ?.;^ vi ^/;.< U ^A^ '.;.^j^^ >^^^^ T/?^ 1' H E O D O L I T E. AS the Horizon (which is a great Circle of 'the Sphere) is, according to the heft of OWervations, divilible into 36c equal Farts caird Degrees, each Degree containing 60 o- tlier Parts calTd Minutes : So the Theodolite is a round Inftrumenr, reprefenting the Hori- zon, a'nd divided into 360 Degrees number'4 at every tenth' Degree, and each Degree fub- divided into Halves and Quarters anfwering to goand 1 5 Minutes. It has two Diameters crof- ling each other at right Angles,whofe Extremi- ties reprefent the 4 Cardinals Points N. E, S. W. On the Center of thefe plays a moveable Diameter, whole Ufe is to give any intermedi- ate Number of Degrees, with one of the fix'd Diameters, where the Qiiantity is lefs, or more than 90. The LinCjWhich reprefents North and South, paffes thro' the Points of 180 and 360, and that Line (and, confequently, the Inftrument) is rightly plac'd, when, by moving about the Inftrument, the Needle in the Box plac d in the Center, lies on the fame Points. ^ -I^' To the fix'd Diameter, cutting into 180 and 360 Degrees, and to the moveable one (which for the Future we will call J he Index) are for Gardenbrs, &:c. 71 are fixd perpendicular Sights for cutting Ob- Objeds. The whole InlTruraent is fult.iin'd, as a plain Table is", and its Ufe follows in the Survey of Field A B CD, preceding. Place the Inftrument at Point t, the Index lying on the Diameter, "cutting 180 atid 360 Decrees, and turn it about horizontally, 'til the Needle hang due North and South, and the two fix'd Diameters diall then anfwer the Lines K, 'S. and W. E. . >/ Meafure from Station E, to the four 'Angles, as has been , taught, then^'dired: the Sights of the Index to Point A, Which will cut 6 Deg. 30 Min. (reckon'd from the Weft Point of the central Line of the Diameter, reprefehting, £• and W.). Point B will cut 6<^ Deg, reckon d from the aforefaid Pointy Point C will cut 151 Deg. 30 Min. reckon'd from^ the fame Pointy but Point D will cut95 Deg; which,be- ing in another Semicircle, you are therefore to reckon from the Point of Eaft in the Inftru- ment. Thefe Sides and Angles being thus found, your Field-Book will ftand as follows. \ Angles D. M. 1 C. L[ A 6 30 3 , — • B 69 2 14 C i5t 30 2 51 D 95 T 90 Fxoni '^z InUrumental InftruBions From tvhence plot your Field, in this Man- ner. In any Part of your Paper draw a Line N S, for your North and South Line, or Me- ridian Line ^ crofs it, at right Angles, in any Point, let it be at Point E, and draw the Line W E for your Eaft and Weft Line ^ fo Ihall thofe two Lines reprefent the two fix'd Diameters of the Inftrument. On W E lay the Diameter of the Protrador, with its Cen- ter on E, (the Point of meeting of the two Lines N S and WE) Angle A being 6 De- grees. 30 Minutes , make a Dot in the Pa- per, againft that Qiaantity, and from Point E, thro' that Dot, draw an occult Line E A at Pleafure, diftance E A, being 3 Ch. fet 5 Ch from E A^ Angle B is 6^ Deg. which prick off your Protrador, and draw the occult Line E B, which being 2 Ch 14 Li. fet that Quantity from E to B, and draw A B5 Angle C being 151 Deg. go Min. prick it off, and draw E C, which being 2 Ch. 51 Li. fet that Quant.from E to C.and draw B C^ Ang.D is95 Deg. which being in another Semicircle, place your Protraftor on W. E. with the Semicircle downwards, and pricking off 95 Deg. draw ♦he occult Line E D, which being i Ch. 90 Li, fet it off from E to D, and draw A D. This Snrvey imagines the Field to be a Le- vel, but in Regard the Surveyor may be to feek when he meets with an hilly one, let A B C D be; fuch a Feild, and therein the Hill O, FiGi VI. \^^ Place ■^- 7»4 for Gardeners, &c. 75 Place the Inftrument in any x\ngle thereof, A, and the Needle regarding North and South ^ let the Index cut a Mark at B, in 47 Deg. N. E. (reckon d from the North Point in the Inftrument.) Meafure A B. 6 Ch. 35 Li. Meafure alfo to the Foot of the Hill A g 3 Ch. 35 Li. cut a Man, or Mark, at g, in 70 Deg. N. E. . .- ,^ Iq ...,jQ.i Your Inftrument at B, the Index' cuts C in 85 Deg. 30 Min S, E. (from the South Point of the Inftrument ) meafure B C i Ch. 50 Li. meafure B s 65 Li. cut a Man at S, in 15 Deg. 30 Min. S E. The Inftrument at C, the Index cuts a Man at D, in 17 Deg. 30 Min. S. E. (from the South Point of the Inftrument ) meafure CD 4 Ch. 10 Li. meafure C w 85 Li. cut a Maa at w, in 41 Deg. S. W. Meafure DA 7 Ch. 44 Li. meafure D u I Ch. 72 Li. cut a Man at u, in 55 Degrees N. W. From whence this is your Field-Book. D.M. 47 85 17 30 30 0:3 NE SE SE C.L, AB BC CD DAl7 35 50 10 44 Offcts fo the Hill. Ag B s C w Du clJd.m. 35 65 85 72 70 15 41 55 50 Bear, ings. NE ]SE sw N W Pro- 74 Injlrumental InflruBions VrotraSwn of this Work DraV an Eaft and Weft Line, A R, at rieafure 3place the Diameter of the Protraflor therein, and its Center on any Point therein A : prick off 47 Deg. (reckon'd from the Point of 90 Degrees in the Inftrnment) N. E. and draw A B : fet-6Ch. :^5 Li. from A to B, Make an Eaft, and Weft Line to run fhrd' B, place the Diameter thereon, and its Center in B: prick off 85 Degrees goMinutes frecjc- on'd from the Point of 90 Degrees, S. E.)' arid draw BC5 fet I Ch. 50 Li. fromBtoC; Make an Eaft and Weft Line to run thro* C, place the Diameter thereon, and its Center on C : prick off 17 Degrees 50 Minutes, (reck- oned from the Point of 90 Degres S. E.) and draw CD: (et 4 Ch. 10 Ll from C to D. Draw D A of Courfe, which will appear to be 7 Ch. 44 Li. Thus haveyou the Shape of the Field, and, in Order to get that of the Hill, the Inilru- tnent being in Point A, the Bearing to g,i the Footof the Hill, was 70 Degrees N. E. which prick off, and draw A g ^ fet 3 Ch. 35 Line^ from A to g, the other Points, S w u, b«?ing found as ealily by referring to the Fiefd-bdofe^ I make the Foot of the Eiill to run through gS wu, and Ihadow it, asiin the Figure] ;tp denote that it is an Hill. ' ! -^: To for G A R D E N E R S, &G. f^ To find the Contents of this Field, draw the Bafc-Line A C 7 Ch. 45^ and Perpendi- culars B w 95 Li. D w 3 Ch. 95 Li. and then the Work will ftand as follows : Bafb AC ^ 7 45 Perp,{o 95 B ^^ ^^^ T 3 7? 3 95 Dw -i IDi 2B ,b Acre 1)82280 1f.D ; .U Roods 3)29120 ^ -^'^ 40 Perches 1 1)64800 The aforefaid Method of finding the Shape of a Field, by going about the fame, being of great Ufe, 1 advife the Surveyor to note it well. T(? 7 5 Numerical InfiruBions To plot a Fields whofe Largenefs and Irregula- rity will not permit its being taken at one Station^ By the Plain Table. Fig. 7^ T ET the irregular Polygon A B L C D E F be fuch a Field, and the firft Station ^t Point G. Your Inftru- ment being placed and prepared, as has been direfted, dired your Index and Sights to A, and draw GA,„mea{ure G A 2 ch. 93 li. cutB, and draw GB, meafure GB 2 ch. 65 li. 5 cut C, and -draw G C, meafure GG 2 ch. 8 li. 5 cut F, and draw GF, meafure G F 2 ch. 47 li. 5 draw A B, B C, and F A. At G direft your Sights and Index to any Point, or Perfon, (landing in any Point, R, and draw G R, meafure G R 5 ch. 46 li. Point R is my fecond Station, where, pla- cing my Inftruraent,. I put the Index on the I^ine GR, and move it about, 'til I cut a Mark or Perfon ftanding at G, and ther^ fcrewing it faft, 'tis prepared for taking the reft of the Field. Direft your Index and Sights to D, and draw R D, meafure R D 2 ch. 50 li. 5 cut An- gl^E, and draw RE, meafure RE i ch. 83 Ji,5 cut F, and draw RF, meafure RF 3 ch. 25 for Gardeners, &c: ^j 25 li. Now draw CD, D E, EF, and the Shape of the Field appears. This Figure is divifible into the Trapezium A B C F, by the Line C F, and the Refidue into the Triangle F D E, by the fame Line. Draw the Bafe-Line B F, which on your Scale is 5 ch. 10 li. : draw the Perpendicu- lar C d, which is i ch. 85 li. : draw the Per- pendicular A O, which is 2 ch. 87 li. 5 fet thefe feveral Diftances on their proper Lines. As for the Triangle F D E, its Bafe is al- ways its longeft Side F D, F D is on the Scales 5 ch. 5 li. 5 from E draw the Perpendicular E K, which is 3 ch. 3 fet thefe Diftances on their proper Lines. They who are curious to fee the Entries of thefe Diftances into the Field-Book, may take it as follows : Angles. Meafures. ift 0 atG C. L. A B C 2 2 2 93 8 F 2d © at R 2 47 Stationary Diftance. 3ch. 46 li. D E F 2 I 3 50 83 25 Tf 51^ Inflrumental InflruEiiom To find the Content of this Field. *^f,As in Trapezia we multiply half the Bafe by the Sum of the two Perpendiculars, fo in Triangles, F D E, we multiply the Bafe F D by the Perpendicular E K, and take half the Produft for its fuperficial Con- ten t. Here note, that, where a Field confifts of two or more Trapezia, and Triangles, you muft make a feparate Work for each, and the Sum of thofe Operations will be the Content of the Field. See the Work of the Field before us : Trapezium-Bafe B F 5 lo p^^^fs 87 AO — *^^'H, 85 ca T 2 55 ^ 4 72 2 55 2360 2360 944 Acre 1)20360 4 Roods 0)81440 40 Perches 32)57600 Triangle for Gardeners, &g. 7j> Triangle — Bafe F D 5 5 Perp.EK 3 o 3 o Roods 6600 40 Content of the 1^^.^^,^ Perches 2)64000 Acre,Roods,Per€, J Trapezium — i o 52 — 00 2 Content of the whole Field -^ A B C D E F / ^ ^ 34 By the T u e o D o L i T e. ; Place the Inftrument at firft Station G, the Index on the Diameter cutting 180 and 560 Degrees, and the Needle on the Line of North and South ^ meafure from Station G to Angles A B C F, as has been taught 3 then dired the Index to A, and it will cut 6 Deg. (reckoned from the Weft Point of the Inftru- ment) to B 77 Deg. to C 177 Dcg, and to F 70 Deg, 30 Min. which being in another Se- micircle, muft be reckon d from the Point o£ Eaft in the Inftrument. Thus much for the Trapezium, now for the Triangle. The So Jnflrumental InflruSliom The fecond Station being R, I alfo direft the Index to R, which cuts 6 Degrees, which, being in the lower Semicircle, muft be reck- kon d from the Point of Eaft. The Inftru- ment being at R, move the whole Inflrument, (not the Index) 'til the Needle hang over the North and South Line, as before 5 direct the Index to D, and it will cut 86 Deg. to E 179 Deg. and to F 145 Deg. (which being in ano- ther Semicircle, muft be reckoned from the Point of Eaft in the Inftrument.) From whence your Entries in the Field- Book will ftand as follows : Angles. D. M. C. L. ift © at G A B C F Stationary Declina- tion — Stationary Diftance — D E F 6 77 177 70 6 U 179 H5 30 2 2 2 2 3 2 I 3 93 65 8 47 46 50 83 25 From whence prorrad the FielcJ in this Manrjer: In any Parr of your Paper, draw a Line N S, for your North and South Line, or far Gardeners, S^c. 8 1 or Meridian Line of the Trapezium 5 crofs it at right Angles in any Point, let it be at Point G, and draw the Line W E for your Eaft and Wed Line : On W E lay the Dia- meter of the Protrador, with its Center en G, xAngle A being 6 Degrees, B 77 Degrees, C 177 Degrees 5 prick them off, and draw G A, G B, G C 5 but Angle F being in another Semicircle, place the Semicircle downwards on W E 5 prick off 70 Degrees 50 Minutes, and draw G F ;^ at the fame Time draw the ftationary Declination 6 Degrees, and draw G R. Oti G A fee off 2 ch. 93 li.; on G B 5 ch. 10 li. and draw A B ; on G C 2 cb. 8 li. and draw B C 5 and on G F 2 ch. 47 li. and draw F A. The ftationary Diflance being 3 ch. 46 li, fet it from G to R, in ii^hich Point R draw- ing a new Meridian Line N S, crofs'd at right Angles in Point R, with the new Eaft and Weft Line W E 5 on W E place your Pro- traftor with the Center of its Diameter on R, Angle D being 86 Degrees, E 179 Degrees^ 4)rick them off, and draw RD, R E5 Angle F being in another Semicircle, place the Semi- circle downwards, and then prick off Angle F 145 Degrees, and draw offRF; On RD fet off 2 ch. 50 li. f on RE i ch- 83 li. and draw D E, and on B. F 3 ch. 25 li. and draw E F, which compleats the Field. To 8 z Infirumental InftruEiions To meafnve a lV<3oJ, which, by Reafon of thP" Thkknefs of Trees^ ca?i only be meafurd on the Out' fide. '.. W n ^ Fig. 8. ^*T^ H E Truth of this Woil^ X depending wholly on the Ex- aclnefs of Angles, I (hail ufe the Theodolite only. , Let the irregular Polygon A B C D E F be . fuch a Wood ^"place the Inttrument at A, and I turn it about, 'til thro^ the fix'd Sights you ' efpy Angle B, and then fcrew it faft. Direft the'index to F, the Index will then cut 104 Degrees 5 remove to B, meafuring AB g ch. 25 li. At B let the hxd Sights cut Angle Q and the Index Angle A 80 Degrees, fo fliall Angle B be 80 Degrees^ Remove to C, mea- furing B G 2 ch. 5li. 5 at C let the fix'd Sights cut Angle D, and the Index Angle B 2co De^ grees, which exceeding a Semicircle, or 180 Degrees, is therefore an outward Angle, and muft be noted thus > . Remove to D, mea- furing C D I ch. 44 li. 3 at D let the fix d Sights cut Angle E, and the Index Angle C, 97 Degrees 30 Minutes, fo fliall Angle D be 97 Degrees go Minutes. Remove to E, mea- furing DE 2 ch. 65 li.^ at E let the fix d Sights cut Angle F, and the Index Angle D, 120 Degrees go Minutes, fo fliall Angle E be 1 20 Degrees go Minutes. Remove to F, mea- furing EF ich. 75 li. ^ atF let the fix'd Sights cut Angle A, and the Index Angle E, 124 2h^.S% I'i^\ ^T[IL for Gardeners, &cJ gj 1^4 Degrees, which is the Quantity of An- gle F, Meafure F A 3 ch. From whence the Field-Book will (land thus: Angles. D. M. Sides AB C. L. A 104 ■■ — ^ 25 B 80 — B C 2 5 C 200 > CD I 44 D 1 97 50 DE 2 65 E 120 ^0 EF I y") F 124 FA 3 -SIHj. To protraB this Work; Draw a Line at Pleafare, as A B, on which apply the Diameter of your Protractor, with its Center on A, x^ngle A being 104 Degrees^ (to be reckon d from the left End of the Dia- meter, which, for the future, I (hall call the North End, ,as the oppofite End will be the South) prick oft that Quantity, and draw A F, which, with A B, conftitutes your Angle A 5 fet 3 ch. 25 li. from A to B. Angle B being 80 Degrees, place the Center of the Di- ameter on B, and move the Inftrument about, 'til A B cut 80 Degrees, to be reckoned from the North End of the Diameter 3 prick off a Line by the Help of the Diameter, and dr^w B C. From B to C fet 2 ch. 5 li* Angle C is G 2 noted 84 Inftnmental InflruBions noted to be an outward one, or more than i8o Degrees, viz. 200 Degrees ^ therefore, in or- der to protrad: it, apply the Center of the Di- ameter on C5 and againft 20 Degrees, (the Ex- cefs above a Semicircle) to be reckoned from the South End, make a Mark 5 then bring the Diameter of the Inftrument to that Mark, (its Center ftill on C) and at the North End prick a Mark, and draw CD; fet i ch. 45 li. from C to D, fo Ihall Angle C be 200 Degrees. An- gle D is 97 Degrees 3c Minutes 5 place the Center of , the Diameter on D, and move the Inftrum^t about, 'til ()j Degrees 30 Minutes, reckon y fifom the North End, cut C D, ex- tended for this Purpofe to O 5 at the faid North End of the Diameter make a Mark, and draw D E, fo fhall Angle D be 97 Degrees 30 Minutes. Sti 2 ch. 65 li. from D to E, An- gle E is I2C Degrees 30 Minutes, the Center of the Diameter on E5 move it about 'til 1 20 Degrees 30 Minutes (reckon'd from the North End) cut D E, extended for this Purpofe to S. The Diameter will then cut A F in F, fo (hall A F become 124 Degrees, and E F i ch. 75 li. FA will bealfo3 ch. The j for Gardeners, &c. 2$ The Wood, thus protraded, is divifibJe in- to two Trapeziums, A B C F, and C D E F, by means of the LineC F 5 and the Bafes and Perpendiculars of each being drawn and mea- fur'd, the Work will ftand as follows, Bafe B F 4^ p^^p^^j_ ^i 43 f 2 45 5 33 2 45 Acres .^81 $8$ 4 Roods 3)26540 40 Perclies 10)53600 0[ afl G g ^ • Bafs H6 Inflrtmental InflruBions BareDF3_85 Perpend.{; 4° I 92 ' • 2 90 I 92 580 2610 290 Acres .)5568q 4 Roods 2)22720 40 Perches 9)08800 Acr.Roo,?erc: i ft Trapezium o 3 10 -fr 2d Trapezium 029 Content of the Wood i i 19 fr ri?r^^ T.aj— ■'- ^^ N y, bounding Star-field • ^ — Star-field. N Y, bounding Grub field ^- From Y to the Gate of the Wil dernefs^ I ch, 66 Ji. Y K, boundingthe Wildernefs^ W K, bounding Weli-pondfield — W N, bounding the Road D.M. WeU-pondfield, W K, bounding Star fields 3 ch. 16 li. K S, bounding the Wood 5 ch. 24 h\ therefore W S ■ S T, bounding the Common From T to O, the Cut of the Ri- ver into the Pond « . — ^ From S, the other Side of the faid Cut, to Angle P, to wit, S P (at P, the Gate of the Houfe.)-- P Z, bounding the Road Z \V,aifo bounding the Road — Breadth of the Cut — Length of the Cut From for Gardeners, &c. igj Stations aad Remarks. From W on a Line, to O the Cut, a Well at ~ From S to the Oval Pond From W to the Pond — The WilderJiefs. YZ, ho\yvii\vig Outer 'field K Y, bounding Star- fie Id I ch. 66 li. from Y to the Gate. K S, bounding Pond-field — — S X, bounding the Common — Fields on the left Side of the Road^ between it and the Lane. Brick-field. D.M. O O, bounding the Road — - O X, bounding the Common- X T^ bounding Lanefidld— TO, bound ingC/^'/Wi Lane-field X C, bounding the Common C S, bounding the l.ane — C.L. 35 IS 70 47 32 24 20 4 5 3 40 2 45 4 60 65 13135 §T, 104 Inflrumental InflruEtions Stations and Remarks. ST, bounding Clay-field ■ X T, bounding Brickfield Clayfield. T O, bounding Brickfield — S T, bounding the Lane — S L, bounding hamb and D.M, Cow- fields^ 6 ch. 52 li. (a But-Hedge at 5 ch. 50 li. from S to D.) Angle at S runs up to the Lane. Lamb field. S D, bounding Part of C/^^-/wV— R S, bounding the Lane R B, bounding the Lane BE, bounding Muttonfield A But-Hedge at Angle E ED, bounding Cow-field Cowfield. ED, bounding Lamb field ^ D L (Remainder of S L, 6 ch 52 li.) viz, S D is 3 ch. 50 li. therefore D L is — vl.S, bounding the Road- at: 3 93 ^45 460 3 93 3? 50 60 15 23 73 73 82 72 SY i fo7' Gardeners, &c; 105 Stations and Remarks. \D.M. S Y ditto ^- — Y E, bounding Mutton-field Miittonfield , B E, bounding Lamb fields running up to the Lane - E Y, bounding Cow-field Y O, bounding the Road and O S, a fmall Bend, bounding the PafTage coming in at the upper End of the Rosd — Breadth of the fa id Paifage ^— — BS, hoMVidim^ Windmill field- Windmillfield, SB, bounding Mutt on field It runs up to the lane. B O,bounding the Lane- D.L. I 46 85 3 2^ 41^5 18 O Z, bounding the Lane, and running up the Path by the River O Z bends fomevvhat • 6 Z S, Part of the Path running by the River ■ A Windmill in the Field, whofe Bearing was taken in meafuring the Lane O Z, which vide. 55 25 95 93 70 92 Along o6 Injlrumental Inflr unions Stations and ReMx^rks. \D.M.C.L. ^long the Path to the Houfe, Z S and S O, a River 63 li. broad : Over it a boarded Bridge, ad- joining to the Manfion-Houfe. Trees planted clofe to the other Side of the River, on each Side the Houfe* Breadth of the Houfe -- — '^— - I 40 The prafiical Surveyor will, perhaps, think thefe Notes much too bulky 5 but a Beginner may want them, and he is at Liberty to fhort- en them, as he increafes his Knowledge. To protraci the Work of this Mannour. In this, as in the former Work, I make the Point of 90 Degrees to pafs thro' the Eaft and Weft Line in my Paper 3 and therefore the Diameter becomes the North and South Line^ from which Diameter I reckon the Degrees and Minutes of any Angle, Your Field' Book being before you, on a Sheet of Paper draw a right Line, in any convenient Place thereof, as O A S j for an Eaft and Weft Line, affume Point A therein for your firft Station^ v/hcreon placing the Protraftor, as aforefaid, prick oft* 9 Degrees, jfV, £. and draw A B, of any Length 5 fet 4 ch, 5 li. frorpi A to B. Thro" for CjARdeners, &c. 107 Thro' B, the fecond Station, draw an Eaft and Weft Line 5 whereon placing the Inftru- ment, prick off 1 5 Degrees, N. IV. and draw B C ^ fet 5 ch. 45 li- from B to C. Thro'C, the third Station, draw an Eaft and Weft Line:^ whereon placing the Inftru- ment, prick off 1 5 Degrees 30 Minutes, N. E. and draw C D 5 fet i ch. 72 li. from C to D. Thro* D, the fourth Station, draw an Eaft and Weft Line5 place the Inftrument, and prick off 13 Degrees, N,W. and draw DE3 fet I ch. 46 li. from D to E. Thro' E, the fifth Station, draw an Eaft and Weft Line ^ place the Inftrument, and prick off 18 Degrees 30 Minutes, K E. and draw EM5 fet 2 ch. 18 li. from E to M^ where 1 am come to the Gate. Off-fets in this Road. Firft Station, A, Off fet to the right 32 li: to the left 35 li., which fet from A, on each Side, accordingly. Second Station, B, Oft- fet to the left 35 li^ to the right 35 li. 5 draw O O and G Q. Between the fecond and third Stations, at i ch. 89 li. from B Off-fet to the left 841!., to the right 46 li. 5 draw O H and QLX. Third Station, C, Off- fet to the left 45 li., to the right 32 li. 3 draw H L and X N. Fourth Station, D, Off-fet to the left'^^ li;, to the right 35 li. s draw L S and N W. Fifth 1 0 8 Inflrumental JnflruSiions Fifth Station, E, OfF-fet to the right 45 IL, to the left 47 li.^ draw S Y and W Z. At M, the Gate, Off fet to the right 5c li.^ to the left 45 li. 5 draw Y O and Z P. We would now have begun with the Fields, but as the Lane ftands next in Order in the Field-Notes, we will firft difpatch that. At Point A with the Index cut Point E, in the Road, 78 Degrees 5 fix the Center of the Protrador on-A, and its Diameter to repre- fent North and South ; and then prick off 78 Degrees, and draw A E ^ fet 7 ch. 34 li. from AtoE. Point E being foiind, it is my firft Station* Thro* E draw an Eaft and Weft Line ^ whereon placing the Protrador, prick off 7 Degrees, A\ E. and draw E R 5 fet 5 ch. 35 li. from E to R. Thro* R draw an Eaft and Weft Line 5 place the Protrador, and prick off 31 Degrees 30 Minutes, IV. W. and draw R S ^ fet 2 ch. 60 li. from R to S. Thro' S draw an Eaft and Weft Line 5 place the Protrador, and prick off" 7 Degrees, N. E. and draw S T 5 fet 3 ch. 15 li. from S to T. Thro' T draw an Eaft and Weft Lin^^ place the Protrador, and prick off* 7 Degrees, IV. W. and draw T O 5 fet 2 ch* 70 li. from T toO. Thro' O draw an Eaft and Weft Line^ place the Protrador, and prick off 70 De- grees, for Gardeners, &c. 109 grees, N. E. ; draw O Z, and fet 5 ch. 63 li. from O to Z, Off'fets in the Lane, Fird Station, E^OiF-fet to the right 23 li., which fet from E to C 3 to the left 1411., which fet from E to L, Second Station, R, OfF-fcts to the right and left 1 5 li. each^ draw L P and C S. Two But-Hedges to the right. Third Station, S, OfF-fets to the right and left 20 li. each 5 draw P T and S R. Fourth Station, T, OfF-fets to the right and left 20 li. each ^ draw T N and R B. Two But-Hedges to the right. Fifth Station, O, OfF-fet to the left 16 li., to the right 2 1 IL 5 draw N U and B O. At Z OfF-fets to the right and left 12 li. 5 draw U A and O B. In meafuring O Z, I obferv'd a Windmill in WindTmll-field^ which, now I am about that Part, I will place down, tho' the Field be not fully drawn. At O I obferv'd, by my Theodolite, that it bor,e S. £. 6 Degrees ^ wherefore place the Protrador at O, as yo,u did before, and fet off (^6 Degrees, which is 6 Degrees, S. E. from the Point of Eaft, and draw O X. At Z I make the fame Obfervation, and finding the Windmill bears 42 Degrees, 5. W. place the Protrador, and prick off 42 Degrees, and draw Z X» The Interfeftion of thefe two Lines i i 6 Inflrumental InflmElions Lines gives the Point of the Windmill, X 5 draw the Windmill according to its Shape. Fields to the right of the Road. Himt's-field. Herein your Station was found at r, thus : G QLis already drawn ^ fet 50 li. from G to W ^ on W ftrike an Arch, with the Diftance of 40 li., and on G interfed it with 60 li. : Then draw G r, which becoming the Line whereon you lay the Diameter of the Protraaor,with its Center on r,and pricking off 29 Degrees 30 Minutes ^ (the Qiiantity of An- gle N, taken at r) draw the occult Line r N 5 fet 6 ch. 20 li. from r to N ^ and then draw G N, which is 6 ch. 75 li. K W. being 3 ch. 53 li. : Take 3 ch. 53 li. from your Scale in your Compaffes, and on N ftrike an Arch to- wards W, dW being 3 ch. 65 li.3 take that Diftance from your Scale, and on CLinterfecl your former Arch, which will give Point W ^ draw N W and W Q. In the Field- Book I have fet down, a fecond time, all the Sides of each Field, which were before given, on pro- trading any other Field, for the Surveyor's inpre fure Guide in the Profecution of his Work 5 but he may omit it if he pleafes, Outer^field. This Field cannot be protra- fted, (as it will appear on Tryal) 'til we have difparch'd Grub field 5 therefore go to Grub-field Sides CIN, and dW, are pro- traded. On N fweep 4 ch. 40 li- towards Y 5 on /^r G A R D E N E R S, &a i 1 i on Wfweep 2 ch. 80 li. towards Y 3 to the Inrerfcdion at Y dnw N Y and W Yj Outer field. Sides Y W and W N giVen * On N fweep 6 ch. 92 ii. towards X 5 on Y fweep 3 ch. 47 li. towatds X 5 to the Interfe- (ftion at X draw Y X and NX. ^ ' StarfieU. Sides N Y and N W are pro- traded. On W fweep 3 ch. 16 li.5 towards K and on Y fweep 3 ch.'32 li; towards K : T6 the Inrerfeclion at K draw W K and Y IC; ¥ K bounding the WlUernefs, take I ch. 66^ -li- and fet it from Y to the Point of the Gate • pf the faid WiUernefs. ' «^->ii*woi ,t a^vig TheWiUernefs. Sides' Wx'and KYC-a?e protraded. On K, towards S, ftrike an Arch with 3 ch. 24 li., towards S ^ and on X ftrike an Arch with 3 ch. 20 li. towards S 5 to the Interfedion at S draw K S and X S. . ■'^^^•'- Wellpond field. Sides SW, W Z; ' a'rtd '^ P, are protracled. On S, towards T, ftrike an Arch, with the Diftahce of :i chv 30 iH-^ P S is I ch. 80 li. ^ Breadth of the Cut 17 li., and TO i ch. 60 li.^ therefore P T is 3 ch. 57 Ji' On P,. ^towards T, ftrike an Arch wnh 3 ch. 57 1?., and draw S T ^ fet i ch. 60 li. from T to O, and 17 li, from O to S^: and 65 li. for its Length, and draw the Cut; Meafufe 2 ch. 1 5 li. from Angle S, (tiexr the? Wildernefs) and 2 ch. 70 li, from x\ngle W^ in a Line, towards O, which will give you the two Ends of the Pond. From W to^th^ Well I ch, 35 li. <^ 112 Inftrumental InflruSlions BeUs to the left of the Road, between it and and the Lane. ^^^Brick^eU Sides O O. On O, towards X, fweep 3 ch. 40 li. On C (in Lane-field) fweep 3 ch. 65 li. towards X^ to the Interfe- ction draw OX in Brickfield^ and CX in Lane-field. On O, towards T, fweep 4 ch. 60 li., and on X, towards l\ 2 ch. 43 11. 5 to the Interfedion at T draw O T and X T. Lane field. Sides T X, X C, and C S, are given. On S, towards T, ftrike 3 ch. 93 li. or (which is the fame Thing) draw S T. Clay field. Sides S T, TO, OH, H L, given. Draw S D L. A But- Hedge to D, at 3 ch. 50 li. from S. Lamb field. Sides SD, S R, RB, given. On B fweep 3 ch. 23 li. towards E^ on D fweep 2 ch. 73 li. towards E^ to the Inter- fedion at E draw B E and D E. Cawfield. Sides E D, D L, L S, and S y, given. Draw E Y, which will be found to be 4 ch. 85 li. Muttonfield. Sides BE, E Y, and Y O, given. O S is a fmall Bend 5 on O fweep i ch. 55 li. towards S, and on B Iweep 6 ch. 93 li. towards S5 to the Interfedion at S draw O Sfomewhat bending, andBS. Windmill field. The Point of the Windmill has been already given, and fo have Sides ZO, O B, and B S. On B fweep 6 ch. 93 li- to- wards S s or (which is the feme Thing) draw BS for Gardeners, &c. 115^ B S 6 ch. 9311 a little bending, to anfwer SO. The Field Book implies the Grounds,which fetch in this Mannour, to be a Common 5 wherefore the Word Common may be written in convenient Places accordingly. He who would give the Contents of this Mannour in Acres, may reduce the feveral Fields, the Road, and Lane, into Trapezia and Triangles, and work according to the Method I have before plainly laid down 5 and the Anfwers of all the Operations, added together, Iball be his grand Anfwer. You may, if youpleafe, infert, as I have done, the Scale by which you meafur'd, toge- ther with the Name of the Mannour, in a fair Compartment : It may alfo, for more Beauty^ be adorn'd with tranfparent Water- Colours, painting all Trees and Hedges of a pretty deep green. Fields of a pale green. Waters blue, Rorids^ &c. ydlowj infert alfo each Field's Name. A Mannour, fo drawn, may be drawn in a bigger or lefs Compafs, by fquaring your Draught, and making your new Paper of the fame Number of Squares, and then hf put- ting all into one Square, which you fee in the Square correfpondmg with it ^ your new Draft (hall be exad in all Particulars. This has been the ufual Method of contra- ding or enlarging any Map or Plott of a Field, or Eftate^ but the quickeft, and, I think, the cafieft Method, is as follows 3 which, for I 2 more 1 14 Inftrumental InJiruBions niore Certainty and Clearnefs, I have illuftra- ted by a Scheme in the next Plate, Fig* 13. If you would enlarge your Map, place your lirtle Draught on the Middle of your Paper, -whereon you defign to draw it larger 5 and, fixing upon one common Center, (no great Mavter where, but ibaiewhere in the Middle) and extend the Angles, or radiant Lines, with your black Lead Pencil, every where throughout your Plott ^ as you fee the Lines ABC, &c, are in the 13th Figure of the the next Plate. jrfi Up There are CompaflTes to be bought, that are larger at one End than the other, and by that Means moreexpeditioufly perform this Work 5 but if fuch are wanting, it is done by altering the Compafles from one Scale to another. This, then, is the Method you are to take, after you have extended the RaJws-L.ints: Or you may do it by the Side of the Rule on- ly, without drawing thefe Lines ^ and, as in the E-xample, the Lines A B be ico Foot, Perches, or Chains, or any other Number, drawn on a Scale of 200 or ico to an Inch 5 and you are to enlarge it to 50, which is an ufual Scale in Gardening, tho* Learners oft ufe 24 or 30 Parts in an Inch. It IS very obvious, how the fame is to be fet off upon that, and all the other Radiant Lines , and by marking the Angles with i, 2, 3, 4, d^c. in Pencil, that it may be after- ward rubb'd out, you, when all the Points are laid down, draw the Line. But the whole Pro- uU^ gjuifiianu^ifiti/ Hufal fyiud^/u for Gardener s, Stc. : 1 1 ^ Proceeding is fo plain on the Paper, that I need not enlarge.on it in Words^ . o ^ ^ ,,' -.. And the fame Method that is talcen w tl^e enlarging a Map, is tiikcQ in the contraiftinff thereof. ifv^V;! t',Vi.W! .-. :H ^ In order to have the more Room to begin one's Work, clear off all Lines wrought, to fix the Center in the largcft Field in the whole Plan, be it either on one Side or the other, fo will the Lines, in more Probability, b^ clear of the little Draught ; but if they are not clear of It, 'tis eafy, by Infpedion from given Lines, to lay down the Angles and Interfefti. ons, and from thence the Lines that are hid .under that Paper. V^See the Method in Figure 13 of the next rlate.:no3 ris r might, in this Chapter of Inftrumente, have given the Cutts of the feveral Inftruments to be us'd m Surveying and Gardening 5 but they are now fo very well known, that I ^i.-nl "eedlefs i and all that I (hall add to this Chapter, is concerning the Square Level and Boning-Staves, Arrows, &c. made Ufe ot m Gardening. It would be ridiculous for me to give an Account of the Make, Fafliion, and Ufe of a Rake, or Spade, &c. but thefe ^e not fo well known, and I takeMr. ^^ww's ■I ranlJation to be deficieiit in that Kind, I 3 Ik 1 1 6 Injlrumental InfiruSlions The Description and Ufe of the Meafuring- Rods, Square-level, Boning-Staves, Remade Vfe of in fet ting out Gar- dens, 'ffi ^rft THEiftisaMeafuring'RodofioFootlong, divided into Feet, Halves, and Quarters ^ and a Foot at one End into the 12 Inches: This is very light and commodious for ineafu- ring &crt Lengths^ (as the Chain is in meafa- rir| great Diftanccs) .and even a Gentleman himfelfDUght tohave.ot3e of five Foot long, to carry in his Hand amcngft his Work-men, to be.ever and anon ineafuring and provmg their Work by it. They are both commonly made of Deal, the firft an inch and an half or two Inches fquare ^ the latter an Inch fquare, both, tapfcriiig from the Middle to the Top. The next is a Level of j o Foot long, and a Piece of Deal,;fram:d exady into the Mid- die 5 and at. right Angles with the Bottom, a ; Raze made therein,, and a Hole made at the Bottom for a Lead Flumb (faften'd from a Line at the Top) to play in that Hole, by which we know when 'tis level. But this ought to be often prov'd, becatife it will caft lying and being us'd Abroad ^ and when you are qfmg it, to fee that you don t miftake, you are to try it. End for End, on the Heads of your Stakes. But this Inftrument is fo com- mor^ for Gardeners, Szci 117 man amongft allSorts of Workmen, that i need fay no more of it. ' ^' * The next are what we call Boning ar le- velling Staves, They are all four Foot and an half long 5 and there are three of them^^ one to be carry'd by the Gardener, the other by a ftrong Labourer that can drive Stakes in, and the third by a Boy, on the Top of whofe Staff there ought to be ty*d a Piece of white Paper, and a fquare black Board on t:he Top, nail'd Hoping on the Back-fide of it, ;t0;;etain the Strength of the white Paper the better. TheUfe of all thefe will better appear hereafter, when we come to fpeak of fettin^ out Gardens. Of dividing Lands. ^ J .. cT ^uoi) 'id J. 2.'Tp HE dividing of Lands well, a^4 J[ with Difpatch, is fo effential to our prefenr Purpofe, that I could not but be^ flow this Seftion on that Subjed, taken from a very ingenious Author, whole Name 1 have mentioned in the Preface, How to divide a Trza?igU fever al Ways, Suppofe ABC (Fig. I. of the next Plate) {0 be a triangular Piece of Land containing I ^ 60 1 1 8 Inflrumental InflruSlions ^o Acres, to be. divided between two Meii^ the one to have 40 Acres cut off towards A, and" the other 29 Acres towards C, and the Line of Divifioip to. proceed from the Angle B, jFirft meafu-re the Bafe AC, vi-z. 50 Chains np Links ^ then fay, by the Rule of Tbree^ If the whole Content, 60 Acres, give 50 Chains for its Bafe, w^hat fhall 40 Acres givd ? Multiply and divide, the QLiotient will be 33 ch. 3311.^ which fet off upon the !^afe> from A to D,(.afnd draw the Line B D, whiehrflli.pU divide the Triangle, as was re- qu^'d* .i(ithadp.ee.ri requir'd to I^aye divi- qei^hVfame into 3,, 4, 5, or "more^unequal Parts, you mutt, iu like Manner as Mer- chants part their Gain, by the Rule of Fel- lorpjloip. There are feveralWays of doing this by Geometry, without the Help of Arithmetick^ but my Bufincfs.k iDot to fhew you what may be done, but to Ihewhow to do it the moft ealy andpradicallfi.Way. '• How to divide a triangular Piece' of hand into any tJufnber of equal and unt^qMal Pans^ hy ^ Uines proceeding from any Point affignd in (iny Side thereof • Let A B C (Fig. 2. of the nextvPlate) be the triangular Piece of Land, containing 60 Acres, to be divided i)eitween/th-rieJVlen^ the ^rfttohave 15 Acres, the fecoi;»iao,' and the third 25 Acres, and-itlie Lines of Divifion to pro^ tcrC i^. Jh^ JjS, lE'u^ . J. '^ U^. iZ-. YT Ti T D E. for Gardeners, &c. 1 1 g proceed from D. Firft meafure the Bafe into three Parts, as you have been before taught, by faying, If 60 give 50, what^fliall 15 give? Anfwer, 12 Chains 50 Links for the iirfl: Man's Bafe ^ which fet off from A to E. j%r gain, fay, If 60 give 50, what fliall 20 give > Anfwer, 16 Chains 66 LinksNfor the fecond Man's Bafe, which fet off from E to F^ then, confequently^ithe third Man's Bafe, viz. from F- to C, muft be 20 Chains 84 Links. This done, draw aaol^fcure Lin- from the Point afljgn'd D to , tiipMpppofite Angle B; and from E and F draw the Lines E H and F G paral- lel to B D. Laftiy, from D draw the Lines DH, D G, which (hall divide the Triangle into three fuch Parts as v/as required. :jff,ow to divide a triangular Piece of Land-ac^ .^\ £ording to any Froportion given^ by a Line ^^ parallel to one of the Sides, . A B C is the triangular Piece of Land, (viae Fig. 3. of the next Plate) containing 60 Acres, ,the Bafe is 50 Chains 5 this Piece of Land is to be divided between two Men, by a Line pa- rallel to B C, in fuch Proportion, that one have 40 Acres, the other 20. Firit, divide the Bafe, as has been before taught, and the Point of Divifion will fail in D, A D being 33 Chains 33 Links, and D G 16 Chains 67 Links. Secondly, find a mean Proportion between A D and A C, by multi- plying the whole Bafe 50 by A D 33, 33 the PfoduiS I 20 Jnflrumental Injlr unions Prpduft is 16665CCO ^ cf which Sum extract the Root, which is 40 Chains 8:3 Links,which fet off from A to E. Laftly, From E draw a Line parailel to B C, as in the Lines E F, which divides the Triangle, as demanded. Of dividin^gfour-Jided Figures^ or Trapeziia. Before I begin to teach you how to divide Pieces of Land of four Sides, it is convenient firft to (hew you how to change any four-fided Figure into a Triangle 5 which done, the Work will be the fame as in dividing Triangles. Jiow to reduce a Trapez^htfti into a Triangle^ by Lines drawn from any Angle thereof. Let A B C D (Fig. 4 of the next Plate) be the Trapezium to be reducM into a Triangle, and B the Angle affign'd 5 draw the dark Line B D5 and from G make a Line parallel there- to, as C E ; extend alfo the Bafe A D, 'til it meet CE in E^ then draw thfe Line BE, which (hall make the Triangle ABE equal to the Trapezium A B C D. Now, to divide this Trapezium according to any aflign'd Proportion, is no more but to di- vide the Triangle K B E, as before tanght 3 which win alfo dividt^ the Trapezium. Exafftpk. ■I^in.-f-. for Gardeners, &:c. 121 Example. Suppofe the Trapezium ABC D,containirig 124 Acres, 3 Roods, and 8 PerchcF, is to be divided between two Men ^ the firft to have 50 Acres, 7 Roods, and 3 Perches ^ the other, 74 Acres^ 1 Rood, and 5 Perches 5 and the Line of Divifion to proceed from B. Firft, reduce all the Acres and Roods into Perches ^ then will the Content of the Trapezium be 19968 Perches 5 the firft Man's Share 8083 Perches, the fecond Man's 11885. Secondly, meafure the Bafe of the Triangle, viz. 70 Chains no Links: Then fay, If 19968, the whole Content, give for its Bafe 78 Chains no Links, what ftiali 8083, the firft Man*s Part, give? Anfwer, 31 Chains, 52 Links, which fet off from A to F, and drawing the Line F B,you divide the Trapezium as defir'd ^ the Triangle A B F being the firft Man's Por- jion, and the Trapezium 13 C F D the fecond s* How to reduce a Trapez,2um into a Triangle^ by Lines drawn from a fointaffignd in any Side thereof. A B C D (Fig. 5 of the next Plate) is the Trapezium ^ Ethe Point affign'd,from whence to reduce it into a Triangle, and run the Di- vifion-Linc,the Trapezium is of the fame Con- tent as the former, viz, 19968 Perches 5 and \\ is tp be divided as before, vi^. one Man to |i3ve f zz Inflrumental Inflru6lions have 8085 Perches, and the other 11885. Firft, to reduce it into a Triangle, draw the Lines ED, EC, and from A and B make Lines parallel to them, .as A F, BG5 then draw the Lines EG, E F, and the Triangle CFG, will be equal to the Trapezium A BCD, which is divided as before^ for when you have found, by the Rule of Proportion^ what the firft Man's Bafe muft be, vi:z^. 31 Ch3ii|s,5$ Links, fet it from F to H, and draw the Line H E, which fliall divide the Trapezium according to the former Proportion, i S ic ^ ^^rp to reduce dnitre^ulur fi^e'fided Figui^e in^ .^, , to aj[rjifi%ley and to. divid^.ibefames, . 3bivib» *jd 01 3i t: 57 ^rf for Gar dtntf h <: 'kfr ndedtigure, A B C H J, ■ which reduce into the Triangle A K L, and meafuring haJf rhe Bafe thereof, which wiil fall at Q_, draw the Line Q.A. Secondlj^ Draw the Line M N, and from the Foint dreduce the Trapezium, C D G H, into l|jj|^Xri|^ iittiii^ T J -y Indrumental IndruElionx /^.^. ^i^. y . 3h^ . Jii'0^. .1^ 3i ^V 3 V I* . .^bivib^ ;:! o) 3i t; 3 for Gardeners, S^c. 123 If in dividing the Plott of a FielJy there be out- -i ward Angles^ you may change them ajter the I, following Manner. Suppofe A B C D E (Fig. 7 of the next Plate) be the Plot of a Field, and B the oat- ward x\ngle, draw the Line C A, and paral- lel thereto the Line B F. Laftly, the Line CFfliall be of as much more Force as the Lines CB and B A^ fo is that live fid ed Fi- gure, having one outward Angle, reduc'd into j afour^fidediFigure^ior Trapezium 5 which you may again reduce into a Triangle, as has been before taught, k-u; f • ,V /■ : How to divide an irregular Plot^ of any 'Eum" I; {her of Sides ^ according to any given trooor- "ir t'lWs by a flrait Lir\£ thro' it. ' .)A B C D E F G H I (Fig. 7 of the nextPIate^ is a Field to be divided between 2 Men, equal Halfs. by a flrait Line proceeding from A. Firft^ confider how to divide the Field into tive-fided Figures, and Trapezia, thatyoumay the better reduce ir into Triangles : As by drawing the Line K L, you cut off the five- fided Figure, A B C H I, which reduce into the Triangle A K L, and meafuring half the Bafe thereof, which will fall at (1, draw the Line CLx\. Secondly^ Draw the Line M N, and from the Point QLreduce the Trapezium^ C D G H, into x-^ 1 24 Inflrumental InflruSiions into the Triangle M N Q,^ which again di- vide into half, and draw the Line Q_R. Thirdly. From the Point R reduce the Tra- pezium D E F G into the Triangle R O P ; and taking half the Bafe thereof, draw the Lin& R S, and then have you divided this irregu- lar Figure into two equal Parts^ by the three Lines, A a> Q.R, R S. Fourthly. Draw the Line A R, alfo Q,T parallel thereto ^ draw alfo A T, and then you have turn'd two of the Lines into one* Fifthly, From T draw the Line T S, and parallel thereto the Line R V 5 draw alfo T V ^ then is your Figure divided into two e- qual Parts, by the two Lines A T and TV. Ldjlly. Draw the Line A V, and parallel thereto T W 5 draw alfo A W, which will cut the Figure into two equal Parts, by a ilrait Line, as was requir'd. You may, if you pleafe, divide fuch a Figure all into Tri- angles, and then divide each Triangle from the Point where the Diviiion of the laft fell, and then will your Figure be divided by a crooked Line, which you may bring into a ftrait one, as above. This above is a good Way of dividing Lands 5 but Surveyors feU dom take fo much Pains about it 5 i (hall therefore (hew you how they commonly ab- breviate their VYork, and is, indeed. An 7al.'^. for Gardeners, &:c. 12 j J?i eajy Way of dividing hands. Admit the following Figure, A B C D E, ^Fig. 8 in the next Plate) contains 46 Acres, :o be divided in Halves between two Men, by a Line proceeding from A. Draw, firft, a Line, by Guefs, tnro' the Figure, as the Line A F 5 then caft up the Content of either Half^ and fee what it wants, or what it is more thaa lHc true Half (hould be 5 as for Fxample, I :aft up the Content of A E G, and find it to oe but 15 Acres, whereas the true Hnlf is 25 Acres 5 8 Acres being in the Part A B C D G iiore A E G 5 therefore J make a Triangle, :ontaining 8 Acres, and add to it A E G, as :he Triangle A G I, then the Line A I parts "he Figures into equal Halves. But more plainly how to make this Trian- gle 5 meafure, firft, the Line A G, which is 23 Chains 60 Links 5 double the 8 Acres, they make 16^ 10 which add five Cyphers, to turn them into Chains and Link?, and (hen they make 16000005 which divide by AG 2560, the Quotient is 6 Chains 77 Links. For the Perpendicular, H I, take from your Scale 6 Chains 77 Links, and fet it fo from the Bafe A G F, that the End of the Per pen ^ dicular may jufl touch the Line E D, whicli will be at I. Then draw the Line A 1, which makes the Triangle A G I juft 8 Acres, and divides the whole Figure, as defir'd. If it had been required to have fet off the Perpendicular the other Way, you muft ftili have ti6 Jnjirumental InflruElions have the End of it but juft touch the Line E D, as L K does 5 for the Triangle A K G, is equal to the Triangle A G L, each 8 Acres. And thus you may divide any Piece of Land of never fo many Sides and Angles, according to any Proportion, by ftrait Lines through it, with as much Certainty, and more Eafe, than the former Way* fp^ You might alfo have drawn the Line A D, and meafur'd the Triangle A G D, and afterwards have divided the Bafe G D, accor- ding to Proportion, in the Point I, which V\\ make more plain in this following Example. ' Suppofe the following Field, (Fig. 9 of the next Plate) containing 27 Acres, is to be di-' vided between three Men, each to have nine Acres^ and in the Lines ofDivifion, to run from a Pond in the Field, fo that every one^ may have the Benefit of the Water, without* going over one another's Ground. Firft, from the Pond 0 draw Lines to eve- ry Angle, as O A, 0 B, 0 C, 0 D, 0 E^ and then is the Figure divided into five Tri- angles, each of which meafure, and put thev Contents down feverally; which Contents re-*; duce all into Perches 5 fo will the Triangle \ 674-) 1 23 8^ Perches ; 1107 ^ the whole Content being 4520 Perches, or 27, Acres, each Mans Proportion i'440 Perches. From for Gardeners, Szc i 29 From 0 to any Angle draw a Line, for the firft DivifionLine, as 0 A^ then con fider that the firft Angle A 0 B is but; 674 Perches, and the fecond B 0 C 590, both together 1064 Perches lefs by 376 than I440, one Man's Proportion : You niuft therefore cut off from the third Angle, C 0 D, 37^ Perches for the firft Man's Dividing- Line 5 which thus you may do : The Bafe D C is 18 Ch. the Content of the Triangle 1238 Perches^ fay then, If 1238 Perches give Bafe 18 Ch. no Links, what (hall 376 Perches give > An- fwer, 5 Chains 45 Links, which fet off from C to F, and drawing the Line 0 F, you have the firft Man's Part, viz>, A 0 F. Secondly^ See what remains of the Triangle C 0 D, 376 being taken out, and you will find it to be 862 Perches, which is lefs by 578 than 1440. Therefore from theTriangle D 0 E cut off 578 Perches, and the Point of Divifion will fall in G5 draw the Line 0 G, which, with 0 A and 0 F, divides the Figure into three equal Parts. How to divide a Circle^ according to any Pro- portion^ by a Line concentrick with the firji. All Circles are in Proportion to one another, as the Squares of their Diameters 5 therefore, if you divide rhe Square of the Diameter orSe- midiameter, and extrad the Root, you will have your Defirc. K Exampk^ 1 3 o Inflrumental InftruBions Example, Let A B C D be a Circle, to be equally di- vided between two Men. The Diameter whereof is 2 Chains, the Semi-diameter i Chain, or 100 Links ^ the Square thereof loioc, half the Square 5050, the Root of the Half 71 Links, which take from your Scale, and upon the fame Center draw the Circle G E H F, which divides the Circle A B C D into equal Parts. of laying out netp Lands. A certain Quantity of Acres being given^ how to lay out the fame in a Square-Figure. ANnex to the Number of Acres given 5 Cyphers, which will turn the Acres in- to Links ^ then from the Number thus increased extrad the Root, which Ihall be the Side of the proposed Square. Example. Suppofe the Number given be ico Acres, which I am to lay out in a Square Figure, I join to the 100 5 Cyphers, and then 'tis 100,00000 fquare Links, the Root of which is 3162 neareft, or 31 Chains 62 Links, the .J Length , . /-.^V /<>/ ^ Jha .x3i? I % ^L^ . Jl . c B for Gardeners^ &cV i^'i^ Length of one Side of the Square. Again, if it were to cut out of a Corn-Field one fquare Acre, I add to one live Cyphers, and then 'tis locooo, the Root of which is 3 Chains 16 Links, and foracthing more, for the Side of that Acre. How to lay out any given Quantity of Acres in a Parallelogram^ whereof one Side ?^" given- ^ Turn, firft, the Acres into Links, hf-ii^ ding, as before, 5 Cyphers"^ that Numbfec thus increas'd, divide by the given Side^/the' Quotient will be the other Side. V - '- Example. ''A It is required to lay out 100 Acres in-a Pa« railelogram, one Side of which fliall be 20 Chains 00 Links: Firft, to the loo' Acres I add 5 Cyphers, and it is looocooo, which I divide by 20 Chains no Links ^ the Quotient is 50 Chains no Links, for the other Side of the ParaiJelogram. How to lay out a Parallelogram that ^o all he 4, 5, 6, or 7, 6cc. times longer than 'tis broaJ. To do which, firft, above taught, turn the given Qiiantity of Acres into Links, by annexing 5 Cyphers, which Sum divide by the Number given for the Proportion, between K 2 tb. l-^Z of C OV R t- Y A R D S^ the Length and Breadth, 354, 5, 6, 7, &c. the Root of the QiJOtient will (hew the flior- t^ft Side of fuch a Parallelogram, Example, Admit it were to be required of me, to lay out 100 Acres in a Parallelogram, that fhould be five times as long as broad : Firft, to the IQO Acres I add 5 Cyphers, that makes it loccocoo, which Sum I divide by 5, the Quotient is 2000000, the Root of which is near eft 14 Chains 14 Links 5 and that, I fay, ffiall be the fhort Side of fuch a Parallelogram^ and by multiplying that 1414 by 5, Ihews me the longeft Side thereof to be 70 Chains 70 Links. Hotv to make a Trza?igle, that fiaH contain any "Nuffiber of Acres ^ being confind to a certain Bafe. Double the given Number of Acres (to which annex, firft, 5 Cyphers) divide by the Bafe, the (Quotient will be the Length of the Per- pendicular* Example. Upon a Bafe (Fig. ii. of the next Plate) gi- ven,, that is in Length 40 Chains no Links, I am to make a Triangle that ftiall contain 1 00 Acres : Firft, I double the 100 Acres, and annexing 5 Cyphers thereto, it makes QOOOOCOO, /(?r G A R D E N E R S, SZC. 1^3 20COOCOO, which I divide by 40 Chains no Links, the limited Bafe 5 the Quotient is 50 Chains no Links, for the Height of the Per- pendicular, as in this Figure; A B is the gi- ven Bafe 40, upon any Part of which Bafe I fet the Perpendicular 50, as at C ^ then the Perpendicular is CD^ therefore I draw the Lines D A, D B, which make the Triangle D A B to contain juft ico Acres, as requir d : Or if I had fet the Perpendicular at E, then would E F have been the Perpendicular 50 5 and by drawing the Lines FAB, containing 100 Acres, the fame as D A B. If you con- fider this well, when you are laying out a new Piece of Land, of any given Content, in any Place, although you in your Way want 100 Lines and Angles, yet you may, by ma- king a Triangle to the firft Station you began at, cut off any Qiaantity required. HoTV to find the Length of the 'Diameter of a Circle^ which jhaU contain any Number of Acres requird. Say, as 1 1 is to 14, fo will the Number of Acres given be to the Square of the Diameter pjf the Circle required. K 3 Msf ample. 1 5 4 Injirumental InflruSlions Example. What is the Length of a Diameter of a Circle, whofe fuperficial Content fhali be ICO Acres? Add five Cyphers to the loo, and it makes jocoooco Links ^ which, mul- tiply'd by 14, facit 14000CC005 which, di- vided by II, gives for Quotient 12727272, the Root of which is 55 Chains 67 Links, and better, ahuoft 68 Links 5 and fo much (hail be the Diameter of the required Circle. CHAP- V3 5 CHAP. IV. Of C O U R T »- Y A R D S. Of the [ever al Parts of which GARDENS are composed. EFORE I enter upon the main De- figii of this Work, V2:::>. Rural and Extenfive Gardenmg^ it will be requi- fite to examine into the feveral Parts and Proportions of which Gardens are com- pos'd, that fo thofe feveral Parts, and the par- ticular Proportions of each being adjufted,and fomc Defigns at large g;iven for the interior Centers and Divifions of Wood, and other Parts of a Garden, the latter Part may be un- derftood with more Eafe ^ for that being of an extenfive Nature, and the Scale very fmall, •jis impoflible to flicw thefe Particulars to any K 4 great 136' In(lrumental InflruEiions great Nicety, fo as to recommend them to Ufa, and the Prafticc of Gardeners and De- figners, Mr. James's Tranflation, indeed, goes be- fore^ and, befidcs, he has had the mod mag- nificent Gardens of all France to view, and he has certainly chofe the very Mar- row and Beauty of all thofe excellent De- Cgns^ fo that, in this Point, I muft expeft to fall very far fhort of him ^ which will be, I hope, excused, when 'tis confider'd, that I have writ this Treatife in a Country that does not yet abound with fuch truly noble Gar- dens as France does, tho' we are by Nature fo much better enabled to do it. But this will, 'tis hop'd, tempt fome of our curious Planome- trianSy in Tiire tocome, to finifti whatishere fo imperfedly begun. And for the reft, if Providence permits, I hope, on the Spot, in thefe Countries, to col- left what may yet farther advance us in the Knowledge and Improvements of Horticulture, and other rural Amufements. Of Court-Yards. COurt-Yakds areby the L^riwjcaird Jrejz^ quia ibi arefcuntfruges^ fays Var- f^, an ancient Writer of Hulbandry amongft the iJ(^?/j^;u5 and with us, Court-Tar Js --^ Courts from the French^ and Tard^ a Term of our own, and is, in its proper Signification, an open 0/ C O U R T - Y A R D S, 137 open, airy Drying-Place, quia exaruerit^ as the Didionary exprefTeth it, and bounded with a Wall, Hedge, or Pale, or forae Cir- cumfcription, as Courts of Law and Juftice are^ but when particularly apply'd to the Mat- ter in Hand, fignities thofe little Divifions that lye contiguous to a (gentleman s Houfe, and other his Offices of Convenience. But to the Work itfelf, viz,. To the Pro- portion and Defign, and to the Manner of making of them. Where-ever, then, the Defign admits of, or requires but one fingle Court, the Length thereof need be no more than once and an half or twice the Width betv/een Terrace and Ter- race. But in very great Edifices and Defigns, a double Court feems to add a great Magnifi- cence thereto; *tis there that Grandeur is ab- folutely neceffary, when in Buildings of a lefs x\ccount, a fingle Court, according to our allotted Proportion, will very well anfwer the Purpofe. I have, in Plates the ift and 2d, given fuch plain Diredions, as have occurr'd in the Dif- pofition and making of Court- Yards, whether pubiick or private, of their Ufe, and the Beau- ty and Convenience they add to any Edifice, In the firft Place it is required, that Court- '" Yards Ihould have a depending Level, at leaft an Inch in ten Foot, for the quick carrying off , of Water, and that it may lye dry, as much as poflible. To that End, there will be found in Plate the 25th a circular Line, to which all •138 0/ C O U R T . Y A R D 5^ all the reft of the Court /hould iye rounding, under which there ought to be Drains for the Conveyance of the Water. This Declenfion, that is juft mentioned, is not only of Ufe, but is alfo of confiderable Advantage in the elevating the Houfe, and giving a good Profped to the diftant Beholder, which is what many Houfes want. And 'tis not of the leaft, bur, on the contrary, the great- eft Beauty, Advantage, and Conveniency imaginable, to have a Terrace-Walk round, or by the Side of, a Court 5 for by it the Houfe is ftill elevated the higher to any Perfon that comes in upon the grand Level of the Court-Yard, be he either on Foot or Horfe-back 5 befides the Cleannefs, Decency, and Convenience there is for Servants and others, that pafs on Foot from one OfEce to another- In Truth, it ought to be the chief Care of any Surveyor, to give his Houfe all the Elevation he can 5 but of that more by- snd-by. In the 2d Place, tlie Foundation of a Court- lard, or, to fpcak more intelligibly, the pitching, ought to be firmly fixM in the Earth. But thefe being the Employs of a particular Trade, I fliall leave it to them. A Defcription of the 2'^th PJate^ (of Court- TarJs.) The principal Part of my Defign in this Plate, is to fhcw my Reader (by Way of Pre- Jiminarv) of C O U R T - Y A R D S. I 3 9 liminary) the Nature of a grand Court, which may ferve as a Specimen in a very large De- fign, as it is here particularly calculated for a middling one. I have not been Cneither,indeed, is it my Bufinefs to be) very exaft, either in the Magnitude or Diftribution of the feveral Rooms in a Building^ but every Gardener ought to know the Difpofition of the Building in general, that he may conduft his Defign accordingly. But as this Plate has chiefly Re- lation to the great Court, there is no Occafion to expatiate at prefent upon thofe Matters, but leave them to be treated of, or defcrib'd, in feme other Plate or Place. The Perufer may then collefl: by the Scale, that the Width between the Wings is about Q50 Foot, and the Breadth of the Wings 50 Foot, which make 28c Foot 5 but, as we ge- nerally account the Meafure between the two Wings for the Breadth, 'tis there I fix my Standard^ and have therefore made the Length from the great Hall-Door to the Gate-way near 330 Foot 5 which is near what I proposed to allow for the Proportion of a Court- Yard, fuppofing there is to be allow'd (as, indeed, there ought to be) a large Parade without the Gates, which, v/ith all other contiguous Yards and Courts, will be defcrib'd in a parti- cular Plate, upon a lefs Scale in its due Place. In the mean while, as to the farther De- fcription of this,there is in this Defign not on- ly round the Building, but alfo quite round - the I40 0/ C p U R T - Y A R D 1 the Court, a Terrace- Walk, which is what, in my humble Opinion, is very deficient in all Books and Defigns that I have feen 3 for it is not only a dry clean Pavement to walk round, sad view the Edifice, but alfo thereby the Building itfelf appears confiderably the higher. And tho* it may be objeded, that the Terrace at the farther End will flop the View, I fhall advife, that this Terrace is only to be us'd, where a handfom depending Level can be had, (as it is here fuppos'd it may) for which Rea- fon here is fuppos'd 3 Foot 6 Inches fall in the Court itfelf, from A to B, the Height of the Terrace above A is two Foot, and the Bafementis higher than the Terrace at the Entry into the Hall, five Foot, befides the Height of a Man, which is at leaft 5 Foot more, is in all ig Foot and an half 3 and this is (allowing two Foot and an half for the Height of the Parapet above the Terrace-Walk) fo)l 3 Foot higher than the Terrace- Walk at |he End of the Courts In order to take away ^11 Objedion, I have likewife, at the Bottom of the Offices, at C, falln two Foot more 5 fo that then the Floor of the Hall is full five Foot above the Parapet of the Terrace at the End of the Court 3 and if to that be added 5 f'oot, the common Height of a Man, I can't conceive that any Objedion can be made to this Way of Defign. In Addition to the foremention'd Conv^ni- ency of a Terrace-Walk round a Court, let mc mention, that it likewife difpofeth of all •" 'Stuff of Court- Yards. 141 Stuff that is dug out of Cellars, and the other Foundations of a Houfe, and all other wafle Rubbifh, and Clay, as ufelefs Ground, that would be to cart away 5 and therefore it is re- commended on that Account : And the Reafoa why a Terrace-Walk at the End is urg'd, is the Expence it faves in Iron- Work, which, at beft, is but a Kind of Net- Work, I had aimoft faid, contrived on Purpofe to catch thofe Per- fbns in, who are fo unwife as to run to that great and unneceflary Expence. If therefore the Ground (hould rife from the Houfe, inftead of fall, one ought by all means to fink it, and for a Fence to dig a Graft, or Ditch, on the Out- fide, (of which much more will be faid, when we come to the fen- cing in of a Garden) for the effectual Securi- ty of this main Court, and the other Offices^ d^c. But in this whole Matter, vi^. in pla- cing the Terrace-Walk and Bafement of a new* Building, there ought to be a great deal of Care. Come we now to fpeak of the Superfi* cies of this and all fuch Courts. And here it muft be obferv'd, that, for the Conveniency of coming in for a Coach and Horfes, 1 have given 70 Foot Diftance from the Edge of the Terrace, at the Bottom of the Court, to the Edge of the Oval • and the other End is not above 16 Foot from the Sreps of the Terrace, at the upper End next the Houfe, mark'd A 5 for 'tis eafy to conceive the Diffi- culty a Coach and Six would meet with at the Entrance, were it any otherwife, ft I4^ Of Court-Yards. It has formerly been the Method, to place a Fountain in the Middle of Court-Yards, or to make, in its Room, a large circular or oval Plott 5 but this is altogether difus^ at prefect, fince thereby, when there are a great Num- ber of Coaches, it would be no fmall Trouble for them to ftand at Qiaiet, in fo narrow a circular Way, as is commonly allow'd'^ when by this Means, thofe that are unemploy'd may eafiiy move out of the Way, upon this Oval, (or any fuch like Figure) and there remain, 'till they have Occafion to move. In Confe- quence of this 'tis therefore now the Manner, to pave the grand Court all over^ and that they may appear (as all other fuperficial Orna^ ments about Country-Seats do, or ought to do) with fome Variety, they are commonly pitched Chequer and Star- wife, or circular, or in fuch Form as the ingenious Artift pleafes, with different- colour'd Stones, The Method here taken is more eafiiy difcoverd by infped- ing the Plate, than by many Words. The laft Thing I (hall mention, as worth our Notice, is the particular Level which is given to this Court, in order to carry off the Water the better, and the Method of fetting them. The Center of the Oval is exadly a dead Level from A 5 fo that after you have tix'd thofe two, and niark'd out the great Circle, or Gutter, (under which there ought to be a Drain, two Foot fquare, with Grates at every twenty Foot Diftance) then, 1 fay, for us LeveL j 0/ Court- Yards. 145 Level, you muft at every ten Foot fix in a Stake ^ or, becaufe of the Drain, let it be ra- ther of Brick or Tiles laid upon one another, 'til they are at their proper Level, allowii)g an Inch and an half Fall to every ten Foot, and that will make the true Level, all theother Lines fwimming (as we commonly term it) from the Plinth of the Terrace- Wall that isori each Side the Court, and from the Center of i the Oval down to that Level in the Hollow, Gutter, or Drain. As the Court is thus pitch'd, and of a de- pending Level, if it be a Stone Country, all the Terraces round fliould be pav'd, and even that that is at the farther End of the Court, And this Terrace muft of Neceflity be of a dead Level, that it may anfwer the Bafemeni: and Plinth of the main Building, and likewiib the Wall, or Parapet, that fupports the Ter- race, all the Lines lying fwimming from ir, down to the Hollow, as has been before ob- ferv'd. It is eafy to conceive the Neatnefs, Beauty,/ and Cleannefs, that there is in Courts of this Kind, more than in thofe whofe Horfc and Foot go together. Befides, that this little E- levation is of Advantage to the Heighth of a Building, every Body will, I dare fay, readi- ly own^ fo that a Terrace- Walk round the Court of a magnificent, or even of any fmail' Rate of Building, is abfolutely neceffary, if the Owner would keep his Foot-Paffages clean, and give a proper Elevation to his Building. I 144 0/ Co UR T- Yards.' I hope 1 (hall be excus'd prefling of this fo i much, becaufe we are every Day feeing the ! contrary 5 except in Buildings that are under i the Management of fome of the topArchitefts, | amongft which may be defervedly plac'd Sir Jolm Vanhrugh, and Mr. Kawkfrnore. I fliall do no more in this Chapter, but add fome few explanatory Notes upon the general t)ifpofition of the Plan of this Edifice, which, does in a great Meafure determine the Nature ; of all the adjacent Courts* I 1. The great Hall. 2. The Salloon Room. 9. The great Dining-Room. 4. The little Dining-Room. 5. The Green-Houfe, or Gallery. There feeiiis to be no Occafion of marking any of the reft, they being either private A- parrments or Offices ^ and the little Gardens that lye contiguous thereto, may be eafily ob- ferv*d to anfwer their Defigns and Ufe, which is Decency and Plainnefs 5 but if any fhould. be fo curious, as to defire them to be drawn- into Borders, or Box-Works, they may apply themfelves to feveral Patterns in this and o- ther Books ^ and the Truth is, 'tis in that moft Gardeners are excellent, and fo need littJe In- trodudion, their Endeavours fcarce reaching any farther. And' Gf GOURT-Y AR DS. 145 And, in order to exemplify the whole De- fign, in one of the following Plates will be epitomiz'd the feveral Parts in one Defign, >vith their Manner of laying out, .&c. A Defcription of Plate the 2 6th Altho' the firfl Defign be truly noble in its Kind, yetitmuftbe ailovv'd to be very ex- penfive withal^ befides, in Foreft or Hunting Seats (as well as the Seats of the more inferior Part of the Gentry) where the Nobility pafs away in Happinefs Part of their Time, a lit- tle more Rurality, and lefs Expence, will do as well, or better. I can t, indeed, tell how far a Perfon of my Profeffion may be allowed the Liberty of cenfuring or reproving any Ex^ travagancy of Defign in fome of inferior Rank of our own Country ^ but it is certain- ly too true, that fome of them do very much exceed the Limits of their Honour, as they do alfoof their Eftates, in great Defigns of Building, and a very expenfivje Way of Gar- dening likewife. And whoever takes a Sur- vey of thefe Kingdom will find, that to this is owing the many confus'u,unfinifh*d Schemes fo very common in feveral Parts thereof. And, in Truth, this firft fetting out, is ge- nerally the Rock that all Mankind fplit upon 5 for fuch Expences are, generally fpeaking, in- creas'd double to what they were computed at, and by that Means the Owner's ready Money 13 commonly expended, beforp he hath half L ' finiftiV 'l4<$ 0/ COUR T-Y ARDS.^ fini(h*d the Defign^ and the Remainder is too often, by unavoidable Neceffity, left in the utinoft Conf ufion. I fay then^ in the firft Place, Perfons of an inferior Rank ought to be very moderate in their Defigns, for building Court- Yards, Offi- ces, d^c. that there may the more remain for the Embelliihment of the adjacent Fields, Wood, &c, fince this will add much more to their Satisfadion and Profit, than the moft fumptuous Palace can do. One is (as an in- genious Author obferves) from the Moment of its Eredion, haftening to its Ruin, while the other is continually improving upon his Hands, and furnilhing him with all NeceflTa- ries of Life 5 every Day fupplyinghim with new Objeds and Variety to his Tafte, Smell, Sight, &c. A private Gentleman ought therefore (in Wifdom) not to begin his Houfe much larger than what is in this Defign ^ he ought to be very moderate and plain in the Furniture of his Building, and of the Magnificence of his adjacent Gardens and Court- Yards. This may, perhaps, be thought an impro- per Chapter for the Inculcation of thefe Mat- ters ^ but,as I am going thro' a general Courfe of Country-Bufinefs, I can't pafs this Place without it, being, generally, the very Spot and Time, from which all injudicious Under- takers do commonly date their Ruin or Dif- grace, and from which the more confiderate and frugal commence the greateft Happi- nefs. of C O U R T- y A R D S.^ 1[47 nefs, that they are (next to the divine Peace and Tranquility of their own Minds) capable of procuring for themfelves in this World. But to go on. The Length of the South Garden Front is about 80 Foot, and the Breadth 355 but, by contracling the Scale, the whole Defign may be enlarg d. And if the Owner can with Convenience, it would do ftill better, if the Garden Front could be ICO Foot 5 but this may do, tho* the Rooms are but fmall, which is in thefe Times very- well approved of. A, in Plate the 26th, is the Hall, B the Dining-Room^ CCCC are Drawings, or B^d-chambers, and D D D D are Clofets. I don't pretend to be exaft as to the Build- ing Part ^ but fomething like this is what ma- ny Surveyors recommend ^ and this I leave to better Judgment. I would always advife againft building ma- ny Court-Walls, where Frugality is requir'd^ they foon run up to a great deal of Money t^ but 'tis hard to avoid making fome few, to enclofe thefe Court or Wood Yards, and to keep Cattel and Deer from running into the very Houfe^ but if any Perfon would content himfelf with Elm-Hedges, or, which is bet- ter, (but flower of Growth) Holly-Hedge, this would be an impenetrable Fence, would break all the Winds better than Walls, and would always appear in a Foreft Manner, and cpnduft the Eye as well as a Wall* L 2 To 148 0/ C O U R T - Y A R D S. To efFeftthis the better, you are to plant a fmall Holly Hedge, or (if near Lojidon^ where Yews and Hollies can be got large) a Hedge four, five, or fix Foot high, in the very Line where you might have intended your Wall, viz>. ranging from the Angles of your Building, as in all Defigns they do, or ought to GO. But, if the Holly Hedge be not above a Foot high,it does,by that means, make no Manner of Show at prefent 5 and therefore there ougnt to be plac'd, about 5 or 4 Foot behind it, a Row of Hedge-Elms, and thofe will make an Appearance at once, will fhrowd the Holly 'til it is grown up, and will them- felves, after that, be fit to prune into Stand- ards, or to plant promifcuoufly in our rural Plantations. But it muft be noted, that this can't be done near or in Town, but only in the Coun- try 5 the Town requires high Walls quite round it, but the Country may be more open and lefs guarded. And now let us follow our Defcription. A is the Hall, B the great Dining- Room, C G CC are all Drawing-Rooms,or Bed-chambers, and D D D D are Clofers 5 E is the common Veflibulefor Ferfons that come about Bufinefs, F the Kitchen, and G the Laundry-Offices. This is all I take to be neceiTary to fay as to Court-Yards, or the little Gardens adjoining to the Building. 'Tis obvious enough to every Body, that the other little ones are either to be pav'd, or to be laid with Grafs and Gravel, ac- of C O U R T - Y A R D S. 149 according as they are either defign'd for Ufe or Beauty. If they are adjoining to the pri- vate Apartments of Ladies and Gentlemen, then Flowers, and Edgings, of Thyme, &c. according to the common Method, or their particular De(]ie5 but if adjoining to the Kitchen, for thofelCind of Herbs that the Cook is wanting on all Occafions : If to the Laun- dry, a Bleaching-Yard 5 and if to the Stables, with Paving, &c. And with this I fhall finifti what I have to fay in Relation toCourt-Yards. What I would advife chiefly, is, by all Means to avoid the Expence of long Court- Walls, efpecially in Rural and Foreft Seats. You are but juft en- ter'd upon your Work, and you muft confider, that you have a great many Things to do with your Money 5 but if you do build in a Town, you muft in fome Meafure fubmit to it. (^ But before I quit this Section, I obferve, that as foon as ever you are out of Doors, you are in a Foreft. This a good Defigner would defire by all Means : Wood is of fo charming a Nature, as well as Ufe, that no Man would cut any of it down, except he could not pofli- bly help it, and would only clear it av/ay, that he may have an open Breathing-Place be- fore him, 'with Ridings thro' it. Neverthe- lefs, if it be not already grown, it may be plac'd farther ^ but of this more anon. CHAP. 150 i|.0OgQOgQOQ0OgGOQ0OQ0OQSO0^' C H A P. V. Of T E R R x\ C E - Wa L K S. ^ H E Terrace feems to have been us'd a confiderable Time Gnce, the Latins terming it Agger^ or Aggefim^ as may befuppos*d from ad and gero^\ to colled or gather together of an Heap ^ Vi- tmvms (that celebrated Rowan Archited)' and SuetonhiSy call it by the Name of Ptd- vlniis^ a Garden-Bed , or rais'd Walk of Gra* vel ^ Macrobim^ by Solarium^ a Sunny Bank, or Walk : But the neareft oi our Derivations in Englijh, is from the French, Terrace^ or Terras 5 and they from the Italiaiis, (horn whom they, and almoft all Europe, derive their Terms of Art relating to Building, Gar- dening, &c.) Terraza, Terraz,are, fignifying with them the removing and banking up of Earth, from one Place into another. But be the Derivation as it will, it is very well known in thefe European Countries, and particularly with us, to be a fmall Bank of Earth, laid out and trimm'd according to Line and Level, being neceffary for the proper E- levation of Terrace -Walks. ^151 levation of any Perfon that walks round his Garden, to view all that lyes round him. And this Elevation is fo neceflary, that all Gar- dens muft be efteem*d very deficient, that have them not : And, to be plain, I think it the greateft Fault imaginable in the Author of the Theory and PraBtce of Gardenings that he has not been more particular in that Refpeft, ef- pecially that he has not defign d them next to his main Building, where they are fo abfo- Jutely neceffary, both as to Ufe and Beauty, that I dare pronounce a Seat of no Value with- out them 5 andjbefideSjWhere-evertheHoufe is to be new built, there is no Poflibility of dif- pofing of the Earth, Clay, Rubbiih, &c. that necefiarily comes out of the Cellars and Foun- dation thereof, but this ^ which we muft o- therwife fuppofe (amidft a thoufand need- lefs Works) is to be carted away, to fill up fome Hollow or other, which had been bet- ter left undone perhaps likewife. Of Terrace AValks there are feveral Kinds, as they are particularly us*d. The I ft, is that great Terrace that lies next the Houfe. The 2d, Side, or Middle Terrace, that is commonly rais'd or cut out above the Level of the Parterre, Lawn, &c. The 3d, Thofe that encompafs a Garden 5 and L 4 The 1 51 Of Terrace -Walks. The 4th, Many that lye under one another, as being cut out of a large high Hill ; thefe are differing, in fome Refpeft or other, from one another* I (hall, in the enfuing Plates, give the Reader the Plan and Ufe of them all, with fuch Obfervations and Diredions as are made thereon. I fhall only make fome general- Obfer- rations thereon, before I come to the Plate it felf, fuch are thofe concerning the Height, Breadth, but little of the Length of Terraces, fince that depends on Pleafure. As to the Breadth of all Side-Terraces, 'tis, generally fpeaking^ decided by its Correfpondence with fome Pavilion, fome little Jettee of Building, but moft of all by the Quantity of Stuff we have to fpare for fuch Purpofes. As the Side- Terrace in a Garden, ought to be never lefs than twenty Foot, fo there is little Occafion to make it wider than forty ;^ but for the Height, which is the chief Occalion of this Paragraph, we may note the Praftice of feveral has been fomething different one from another 5 fome allowing it to be five Foot high, (which •is altogether extravagant) and others iBore or lefs, according to their refpedlive Fancies, without any certain Rule. But the beft and moft exad Praciitioners al- low no more than three Foot and an half, and in a narrow Terrace- Walk, and a fmall Gar- den, three Foot, and fometimes two Foot and an half higher, are fufficient for a Terrace^ . then for a Terrace of 20 Foot wide, two Foot and of Terra:ce- Walks. 153 and half an Inch, or two Foot nine Inches, h fufScient ^ but when it is 30 or 40 Foot, and the Garden proportionably large, 3 Foot, or 3 Foot and an half, is abfolutely required. As to the general Proportion of great Ter- races, I refer you to the Scheme and Scale of Plate 27^ Fig. 6, by which it appears, that the Terrace is near 100 Foot wide. The Reafon why I make it thus large, is, becaufe 1 have dften (I may fay always) thought that the Terrace-Walks under Buildings, in almoft all the Defigns 1 have feen in England^ are too narrow, fo narrow, that one can't, without a great deal of Inconvenience and Pain, view the Buildings as one walks along. And what gave me the firft Impreflion of this Kind, was that truly magnificent and noble Terrace- Walk belonging to fhe Right Honourable the Earl of h'ottnigbam^ at Burleigh on the Hill in the County ol Rutland'^ any Perfon that has once feen this, can't but be mightiiy (hock'd to fee little creeping narrow I'erraces under great Buildings. For my own Parr, I muft confefs, that that Defign creates an Idea in my fvlind greater than I am well able to exprefs^ and tho' every Perfon that builds,has not fo noble an Elevation and View, yet Per- fons in a more level Country, may help them- felves very much, and therefore there is the more Occafion for fuch an Elevation. And this refleds (till more upon Mr. James\ Tranflati- on, where there is no fuch Care taken at all, nor 154 Of Terrace-Walks. nor any Elevation, but what Nature has re- folvedly thrown into the Way ^ and, in Truth, it looks very mean, to come out of a Building upon the grand Flat of a Lawn or Parterre ^ and is a very great Difadvantage to the Gardens at J?^w/f^/i-(7^z^rf,if it could have been avoided. ObfervatiGn on Plate the 26th. Figure the ifl: is the natural Fall of a Hill. Figure the 2d (hews the Defcent from the Bafement^ and it alfo dcmonftrates how eafi- ly Gentlemen may, with a little Care at firft, give their Buildings an handfome Elevation. Fig. 3 is the Profile at the End of the Par- terre ^ and Fig. 4 and 5 are the Boundaries of a Garden by a Terrace- Walk and Graff, and by a Terrace-Walk and Water. Fig. 6 is the Plan of the great Terrace, with Groves of Elms at each End. To purfue the Thread of our Diredions. When you firft begin to build, and make Gardens^ the Gardener and Builder ought to go Hand in Hand, and to confult together 5 becaufe the Gardener has often Occafion, in the Courfe of his Works, to make Ufe of all the wafte Stuff that the Mafon or Brick-layer digs out of the Foundation of the Houfe 5 and *tis a very great Fault, and likewife an Expence, when Perfons (as 'tis the com- mon Method) firft, dig the Earth out of the Foundations, and throw it out in promifcuous Heaps, and after that have it to remove again, to 0/ Terrace- Walk sJ i$$ to fill Cart, ftioot down, and fpread again, all which Works aggrandize the Expence of an Undertaking, when there is no Occafion for it, when at the fame Time it is dug out of the Foundations, it might be carry 'd away and (hot down in the very Place where it is wanted, without any more to do. And to this End, the Gardeners Scheme ought to be laid at the fame Time the Building is carrying on, and, in Truth, to be finifli'd out of Hand, that it may be growing while the Edifice is carrying up. I cant chufe but prefs again this Care of dif- pofing of the Stuff as foon as it's dug out of the Foundation of the Houfe 5 for People are ge- nerally in fuch a Hurry and Amaze, and Gar- deners take fo little Notice of this one Parti- cular, that I have often feen thefe coarfe hea- vy Materials tumbled backward and forward 5 and I dare aver, in a Dcfign now carrying on, near 500/. has been thrown away in this one Article of tumbling their Earth backw^ard and forward, when it might have been difposM in its proper Place at once 5 the Fellows all the while muddling on, as if they were a- maz*d 5 as for Labourers, they care little for that, tho' fome of them often fee it 5 it Ihould therefore be the peculiar Care of the Gentle- man or his Gardener. To return to our more immediate Rules in Pradice. You are to chufe as high a Mold or Plan as you can, to fix your Houfe on 5 and there, after the whole Defign is cock- fpitted I 5^ 0/ T E R R A C E - W A K L S. m fpitted out, (as will be taught more by-arid-'^ by) the Mafon, or Brick-layer, is at the Cen- 1 terof the Garden-Front, to ereft a Square Peer, or Bafe of rough Stone, (as the Bafe A, Fig. i) on the Top of which he is to lay a fmooth flat Free-ftone Cap, and to make it ex- actly level, that by laying thereon a long Rule, you may at any Time turn it about, and take a general Survey of all your Levels. This Stone, with its Cap, fhould be juft the Height of the Top of the Bafement, being the Level of the grand Floor ^ or, to fpeak more plainly, the Level of the Great Hall, Dining- Room, &c. and the Rooms that lye contigu- ous thereto. This Bafe- Peer ought to be fix d with Judg- ment, according to the Nature of the Ground, and the Height you intend the firft and grand Floor fhould be 5 which, generally fpeaking, ought to be 7 or 8 Foot above the natural Ground, allowing three Foot and an half for the Height of your grand Terrace, and four Foot, or four Foot and an half for the Height of your Bafement above that grand Terrace 5 which four Foot, or four Foot and an half, we fuppofe to make eight or nine Steps, for the Number of Steps going up from off the great Terrace, to the Level of the Hall-Floor. This pitching the grand Floor fo high, be- fides the Elevation it gives the Houfe, is ve- ry convenient, in as much as thereby the Cel- lars are lefs damp and moifl 5 and where-ever Springs are apt to rife, it is attended with the greatcft 0/ T E R R A C E- W A L K S. I 57 greatert Advantage imaginable. Befides which, the Expence of digging the Cellars, is confide- rably leilen d 5 only fo low it ought to be fix'd, that the Cellars mayafFord StufFenough therefrom, and from the main Foundations, to make the Terrace-Walks, and fuch like Emi- nences, that are projefted, and which the Na- ture of your Ground abfolutely requires. And before I go any farther, I can't but re- commend the carting out all this Earth or Clay, rather than wheeling, becaufe one is a very great Charge more than the other 5 I have obferv'd, that one ought never to wheel above 15 or 20 Yards at mofl:, except it be in fome Cafes, where there is not a good Supply of Stuff, or where fix or eight Men can't ftand to work, to keep the Carts always moving : In this Cafe, in order to forward the Work as much as poffible, let one Cart al- ways be ftanding, with two Horfes ready har- nefs'd, and another always going 5 and this makes an incredible Difpatch, if you have fix, eight, ten, or twelve Men always digging and filling, and three or four fpreading and levelling it, as it is carry'd out into the Ter- race-Walk, or other Hill. The Terrace- Walk, or Mount, being al- ready ftak'd out, and Care taken that they do not lay the Earth or Clay, fo taken out, too high, allowing always 8 or iclnchesior good Mold, Turf, or Gravel, and in the finifli- . ing the Plan or Surface of this Walk. Let 158 0/ Terrace-Walks. Let us come now more particularly to the Profile. The Pillar being fix'd, as before di- refted, we allow five Foot, or five Foot and an half, for the Height of the Bafement above the Terrace, and three Foot, or three Foot and an half, for the Height of the Terrace above the grand Plan of the Lawn or Parterre, as appears by the Scheme 5 we then allow aa Inch, or an Inch and an half, in ten Foot Fall, for theDefcentof that Place, or if the Ground be rifing, lefs will ferve^ but one would by no means allow lefs than a quarter of an Inch in ten Foot Fall $ altho' Sir Jonas Mmre^ and other Artifts, in their Water- Levels , are, upon other Occafions, content with lefs. The Length of the Parterre being then 500 Foot, we need not make the whole Fall (except obligd by the Defcent of the Ground) lefs than three Foot and an half, or four Foot 5 nor ought we to make it more than fix Foot. And this laft is v;hat I have obferv'd in the Profile. If the grand Walk continue thro' a Wood, or on a Plain, it ought to be carry 'd with the fame Pefcent 5 tho* after one is got 2 or 300 Yards Diftance from the Houfe, one may take the Liberty to fwerve from it 5 but it ftiould be rather a rolling Level, than a ftrait ftiff one, than which nothing looks more cramping and ridiculous, and is a Blemifh in a great Defign that might be nam*d. Where ever, in that Cafe, the Ground fills ofi too quick, the Ley^l of Terrace-Walks. 159 Level ought to fwim, as it were, over Hill and Dale 5 or if it be a ftrait Line, it ought to fall at once, by a Slope, with fuch Divifi- ons to anfwer it as the Nature of the Place re- quires. This is to befeen at Letter D^ and the rolling Level appears at Letters e e e. In this, neverthelefs, the Walk ought to be a dead Level, crofs-wife. To fum up all, the Fall from the Ground-Floor of the Houfe (in this Profile) to the Extent of the Park- Wall, or of the grand Walk,as far as one would have it appear a Garden, is 24 Foot 6 Inches, which is a very proper Fall, and is thus ac- counted, F. L The Bafement 5 o The Fall from the great Terrace 3 6 The Fall of the Parterre 6 o The Fall at Letter D 3 6 The Fall of the rolling Level — 6 6 24 6 Obfervations on Fig. 3, z?t the ^dPIate» This Figure is put to demonftrate the Pro- file of a Parterre, crofs-wife, with the Ter- race-Walks on each Side 3 and is what in ge- neral is, or ought to be, near upon a flat or dead Level, fince it is to anfwer the Length of the grand Terrace, the Level and Plinth of the Houfe, &c. And this Scheme fully (hews where it ought to be flat, and where convex 3 as alfo %6o Of Terrace-Walks. ^Ifo the VVidth of the "Terrace and other Walks, and the horizontal, perpendicular^ and hypothenufal Lines thereof. And this is fuppofing the Terrace he rais'd fsntirely of Earthy Clay, &c. brought from Other Places 5 for where-ever it is cut out of whole Ground, it is in it felf much the cheap- er. But Terrace- Walks are fo very ufeful,as well as beautiful, that one would by no mean§ fail of having thefe Side-ones 5 fince if there is not Stuff to fpare out of the Foundations of a Houfe, or if the Houfe be already an old one, or built but fome Time fince, by fink- ing the Levels in the Parterre or Lawn, 'tis an eafy Matter to procure Stuff enough for any Qccafion, efpecially this 5 and we may add thereto the Nearnefs of its Movement, whicli is not a fmall Article. \yhen, therefore, in order to proceed regu- larly in the Conduct of our Garden, the Ter- race is done, or ftak'd out only, you are togo to the Parterre, and at the Head thereof you fink your Level three Foot and an half for the Fall of the Terrace, which, according to two Foot and an half horizontal to one Foot perpendicular in the Fall, you are to make the Bafe of your Slope eight Foot nine Inches ho- jizontaL We do, in many Places, allow three Foot horizontal to one Foot perpendicu- lar ^ but this there is not always Room for ^ but lefs than two we never ought, nor more than three we need not 5 but this I have mention'd elfcwhere : E'or tho' there are fome that of Terr ACE- \V A l ks/ i6i that are indifcreet enough to make but one Foot ^nd an half, nay, fome not above one Foot, horizontal to the fame Perpendicular, it muft be a very great Faulty for if the Slope be deep, there is no ftanding to mow upon ;t -^ neither if the Ground is tolerably good, will the Grafs profper well, much lefs if it be hot, burning, gravelly Land 5 but for rolling, there is not Room for fuppofing any fuch Thing, which is what makes our Slopes the fineft of any Ordering or Drefiing we can be- ftow upon them, next to mowing. And f muft digrefs to obfervc;, amongft thofe that have either by Pradice or Writing inculcated this Error, in that Book of Mn James\^ in which, in his Diredions for cut- ring of Terrace- Walks out of all Hills, he has, in feveral Slopes, not allow'd above one Foot horizontal to one Foot perpendicular i^ which muft be very ill Advice, and I could not but caution the World againft it. But to re-aflume our Pradice in the flaking out and levelling this Profile Line^ fixing the Level at D, turn it long- ways of this Line, which willcrop the Head of the Parterre 5 and fixing Stakes in at L, you have the Bot- tom of your Side-Terraces, from which, after you have meafur'd out eight Foot nine Inches, the horizontal Line of the Slope, you may raife the Height three Foot fix Inches, vvhjch being done on each Side, you may foon leVel the Tops of your Terrace- Walk, as alfo the Bottom-Lines of your Parterre. M Having l62 of T E R R A C E - \V A L K sl Having thus done, you are to fall your fi:^ Foot 5 but if your Ground does not require it, five or four Foot will be Fall enough, in refpeft to the Work it felf. The Method how this is done, is fufHciently laid down in- Di- reEtio7is for ujing Garden-Inftruments ^ 6cc. (p. 60) After you have thus fix*d the Stake to its true Fall, at the lower End of the Parterre or Lawn, you are to repeat the fame Work again as you did at the upper End, by twin- ing the Level a-crofs the Bottom of the Par- terre^ and having thus finifti'd your Levels at the Bottom, as you did before at the Head thereof, you are fufficiently prepared with your main Stakes ; and thefe ought to be at leaft two Foot long, and drove down with Beetles and Sledges, with all the Force ima- ginable '-, for that thefe Stakes, once mov'd, will always put your Work into Diforder, and make it unlevel 5 and there are fo many Accidents that do, that you can't be too care- ful in the avoiding it. I think I have gone thro' the moft material Parts both in the Defign and Execution of the rough-levelling Terrace-Walks under the main Body of the Houfe, in the Garden Side, as alfo the Side-Terraces of a Lawn or Parterre ^ and it would be needlefs for me to repeat the Method of working, drefling, and carpetting them, in as much as it will fall in more pro- perly in other Places. Obferva of Terrace-Walks. i6i Ohfervatio7is on Fig, 4, Vlate 26. This fourth Figure properly relates to the Fencing of Gardens 5 which, as it has been of late done by a Terrace Walk in the Infide, and a Graff or Ditch in the Oatfide, may not be improperly tranfiently handled, tho* it be mor^ fully in another Place . As for the Method that has been us a feme Years fince, in walling the Parterre with an high Wall, what can be more ridiculous, or expenfive? It may be alledg'd, thefe Walls are for Fruit ^ but thefe Fruit- Gardens ought to be detached from the Houfe, fepa- rate and private 5 (ince by this Means no Bo- dy dare walk but the Owner himfelf, for Fear of lofing his Fruit ^ and that would be an Inconvenience but few generous Tempers would create, efpeciaily in the Country, where Extent is required. But, to refume the Obfervation. This, without Doubt, is the noblefl: Way of fencing in a Garden (next to Water,which can't always be had) but I have given Profiles of both, a Wall and Watery which, when well underflood, will, I doubt not, be much more put in Praftice than have yet been, (ince upon thefe Terraces it is that one may look either forward or backward, and view with Pleafure the rude and diftant Scenes of Na- ture, as well as the more elaborate Works of Art, M 2 The [l64 Of T E R R ACE- \V A L K S.' The Ditch, or GrafF, on the Outfide, be- ing what fupplies the Infide, and raifes up the Terrace, was certainly a very good I Thought, tho* I prefame it has not been much praftis'd by us in England^ and was firfl: deli- T'XrM to us by a Gentleman, that is defervedly honoured with fome confiderable Ports belong- ; ing to the Architectural Province, cJv. in his Majefty's Works. ^ This Outfide, from which we are fupply'd j with Earth to raife the Terrace- Walk m the I Infide, is by the Frei^ch cali'd la FoJJe^ from Xh^Lathi^ FoJJTa^ a Fit^ by xhtButch^ Graffy and from them the fame by us 5 and ought to be^about 15 Foot wide at Bottom, five Foot;| deep, and the Slope 15 Foot horizantal,which is the Proportion allowable to Hoping, as be- fore direded. The Wall is feven Foot and an half high, from the Top to the Bottom of the Graff, which is five Foot below the Plinth of the Terrace in the Infide 5 and two Foot and an Jialf the Height of the Parapet^ Wall, which is about Seat-high within, and gives one the Liberty of all the Beauty that Nature affords without. The Width of the Terrace may be about 12 or 15 Foot more ^ and wider than 20 Foot it need never be in the greateft Defigns. The Profile points every Particular out fo ve- ry plain, that I need not take any more Pains inwards. Obfirva- 0/ Terr ACE -Walks. 155 Obfervation on Fig, 5, Vlate 26. This laft Figure in this Plate is the Me- thod of making a Terrace- Walk at the End of a Garden, or round the fame, where Water can be had, and for fencing the Garden, VVil- dernefs, d^c. And this is certainly the beautifulleft of all Fences 5 and by digging the Canal, or Water- courfe, you throw up the Earth that makes the Fence. But this Terrace ought not to be too high 5 two Foot nine Inches, or three Foot, is full high enough, and two Foot and anhalf will do5 but this fliould likewife be detached from the End of all Walks, that the View may not be ftopp d into the Grounds adjacent 5 and this is alfo the Reafon I would advife them not to be made too high. Obfervation on fig, 6, Plate 26. The laft we obferve in this Plate, is the Plan of the grand Terrace we have already gi- ven the Profile of. It is (as is already ob- ferv'd) near 100 Foot wide 5 by which means the Building may be viewed with Eafe and Pleafure 5 and has, befides, fomething in it felf that looks grand. For the Steps and Half-Pace coming out of the Houfe, project 15 Foot,! 2 Foot whereof a re allow'd for Gravel next the Houfe, and three Foot the Width of half the Verge of Graf?, M 3 the \66 0/ T E R R A C E - W x\ L K S. the Lines of Trees, on the Terrace, ranging in Line with the Pedeflals at the Bottom of the Steps, which makes the Verge of Grafs, when it is at full Lergth, to be fix Foot, This and the other Part of the Terrace is di- vided as follows : Ten Foot Gravel next the Houfe,or Cockle- Shells. Six Foot a Verge of Grafs; Ten Foot, a Counter-Gravel-Walk, Cockle-Shells. Six Foot, another Verge of Grafs. Three Foot of Sand, or Cockle Shells, be- tween the Grafs and the Paving. Forty five Foot, the Paving* Three Foot of Sand, or Cockle-Shells, be^ tween the Paving and the Gr^{s. Six Foot Grafs. Ten Foot Gravel, or Cockle-Shells. Six Foot Grafs. Then comes the Slope. Whether the Verges of Grafs before the Houfc be left plain, or planted with Pyramid Yews and Vafa's between them, I leave to the Dif- creticn of the Owner. I muft confefs there's a becoming Decency and Grandeur in plain Grafs only; and of thar Kind is the large Ter- /ace in Bidjhjy Park, belonging to the Right Honourable the late Earl of HaUifax^ and feems much more proper in a Foreft th^n tlk- where. I 0/ T E R R A G E- W A L K S. i6'J I have recommended Paving for the Middle Walk of this grand Terrace, it being ve- ry noble in its Kind 5 and, befides, there are Times (efpecially wet Weather) when Gravel-Walks are not fit to walk upon : In this Cafe Pavement is of mighty Advantage 3 but I only mention this en pajfant. The Side- Walks are of fine Gravely then three Foot next the Paving of Cockle-Shells 3 the Fall into the Parterre is, next, which, to avoid Expence, I would rather advife to be a Slope of Grafs, than a Wall, in the Middlef of thefe Grafs Verges, except it be in the ve- jy Front of the Houfe. Let us fuppofe Elm- Trees for Shade, fince the nobleft Terrace, as well as any other Part of a Garden, is very deficient without it. And at the End, except the View be open and noble, one would ad- vife a little Grove, with fhady Arbours and RecelTes, at the End of which, on a Seat placed, the Owner may view the Grandeur of his Terrace, and have an oblique View like- wife of two Fronts of his Building 5 but if it be an open View (which is feldom to be had at both Ends) then a Canal, Cafcade, or the Continuance of thefe Lines, will be a noble Termination. Thefe (hady Elms I very much recommend, plac'd anddetach'd (as they are defign'd) from the Body and Wings of the Edifice. And the Want of this feems to me to befome Difconut to the Beauty, as well as the Convenience of that noble Terrace I have, \a theSeries of this Chapter mention'd. Surely M 4 ^^<^ i68 Of Terrace- Wax Ks. ^ no Seat can be fa id to be compleat, wher? there is not an immediate Shade, almofl as foon as out of the Houfe. And the fame may be faid of all other Side-Terraces, which ought by all Means to be planted with good Oak, or, which is of quicker and more regu- lar Growth, Elm, rather than the more coft- ly Yew and Holly, thatmuft always be clip- ping, &c. befides the other are, in Reality, of more Value, befide the noble Umbrage that they afford the Owner. The Diftance of thefe: Elms a-crofs will be about qo Foot, and they may be plac'd at 30 Foot afunder in the* Lines ^ the Quicknefs of their Growth, will, 'tis hop'd, foon gain Shade and Shelter to the weary 'd and ftudious. Amongft all that can be faid of the Beauti- fulnefs and Noblenefs of Terrace- Walks, thofe that are cut out of a natural Hill very much exceed all others, plac d upon which we view the adjacent Country with the utmoft Delight, and the Spirits are by an unaccountable De- light rais^d to the higheft Pitch that Nature and fublunary Profpects can poflibly advance them : For who is there that ever faw thofe noble Elevations of Belvoir, Nottingham, Bur^ ieigh on the Hill, WiJicheJier, and many o- ther Places, would not think them apponite4 by Ifature for the Refidence of great and fub- |ime Spirits, and for the royal and mofl: noble f'afonag^s of the World. 0/ Terrace- Walks. 169 Bur, to quit this exalted Thought for a while, let us confider the bcft Method of cut- ting and dreffing any H^il into Slopes. 1 have, I think, already, in the lirft Part of this Trea- tife, mention d fomething of the Calculations that every Surveyor ought to make in the drefliog and removing of unlevel Ground ^ and in this Chapter it will be more fully handled. Which that we may better do, we mud have an immediate Recourfe to the rough View of the natural Hill, in Fig. i, Plate 27, and to the Scheme of the fame Hill cut into Slopes, in Fig. 2 of the fame Plate. Ohfervations on Fig, i and 2, Plate 27. When you firfl: begin dreffing of a Hill, you ought by all means to take its Level from the Top to the Bottom (as will be more plain- ly fhewn, when we come to take in the Level of Spring-Heads) and to draw on Pa- per the Hill, with its Bunches and Excrefcen- cies 5 lince 'tis by this that you muft firfl con- dud your felf in the dividing it into Terraces 5 othervvife you may put the Owner to an im- menfeunneceffary Charge, fince it is not re- quir'd, that thofe Terraces that lye under one another, be of an equal Height or Width, but they Ihould be govern'd and determin'd by the natural Line of the Hill, In this Example I find the Perpendicular of the Hill is 49 Foot, and the Horizontal from the Perpendicular of the very Precipice of the Hill, 170 of Terrace-Walks, Hill, at A, at the Top, or, more properly, at the Bottom of the Perpendicular, at A to B^ is 182 Foot. Now, in order to take a general View of it in Numbers, we muft examine what Pro- portion the Height of the Hill bears with the horizontal Bafe, fince 'tis this that muft deter- mine whether you are to divide your Hills by Walls or by Slopes, or, which is a middle Way, by Walls and Slopes mix'd, viz. one Wall and Terrace, with a Slope between that Wail and the next, as you may fee in Figure the 9th, Plate the 27th. In order then to cftablilh what I am going to lay down for our Diredron in this Cafe, we ought never to make the Perpendicular of our Slopes above 15 Foot in the higheft and moft fteep Hill 5 and the Bafe to that Perpendicular ought by f}o means to belefs than twice the Perpendi- cular, &c. It will therefore follow from thence, that v/here-ever the Horizontal of a Hill be not above twice the Perpendicular, that there the Hill muft of Neceflity be fup- ported by Terrace- Walls, or Terrace- Walls and Slopes mix'd together 5 but where it is more, that it may be done by Slopes, or by a a Wall and Slope, as has been already men- tioned. To put what we have been advancing in- to Praftice, the Perpendicular of the Hill be- ing 49 Foot, multiply this 49 by 2, and the Produd is 98 Foot 5 and fo much is required for the Horizontal of all thefe Slope?. This 98 of Terr'ace-Wal.ks^ 171 98 you muft then fubftraft from the whole Ho- rizontal of the Hill, which, as appears before, is 182 Foot, See the Example. 49 the Perpendicular of the Hill, miiltip. by 2 the allowed Rule for the Bafe of a Slope, makes 98 as above : 182 The whole Horizontal of theHill, 98 as above,being fuljftraft. from it, leaves 84 for the Flats of all your Terraces, which divided by 3 0 ^4 ( allows the Terrace to be 28 Foot wide, which is a very good Width ^ and from this Examen we find this Hill may be divided by Slopes, without a Wall 5 which is much cheaper, and, in Truth, more beautiful 5 but this Point I (hall fpeak to more by and by. After this preliminary Examination is over, we are to proceed in dividing the Hill into Slopes and Terrace-Walks 5 and, for the Ad- vantage of the Work, we mufl cut three or four, and fometimes five, Foot, into the Hill, at the Top ^ becaufe it gives feme Advantage to the Hill it felf, and the Earth is eafil/ tumbled down to the Foot thereof, or to make good any Deficiency in the Middle or other Parts. This will readily inform us, that both in the defigning and executing of this Work, we 172 of T E R R A C E - W A K I S. | we ought to begin at the Top firft, and fo work downward ^ for this Reafon, that the Earth is very eafily tumbled down 5 on the contrary, one can't throw it upwards but with the greateft Difficulty. To go on then in our Work Cwhich is fomething difficult) you are to find wherea- bouts your hypothenufal Line ab falls ^ which hypothenufal Line behig 35 Foot, you are to divide by 5, and multiply it by 2, and that gives you the Perpendicular of this Slope, and confeqaently the Horizontal. See the fame illuftrated by Example, The Length of the hypothenufal Line, which the Gardener ought to have upon a Line, and to fix it difcreetly in, fo as to hu- xnour the Nature of the Hill, (and the fame does by Compaffes on the Paper) being 35 Foot, do as underneath, viz. divide by 5, as has been already taught 5 5)35(7 the Quotient being 7, multiply it by 2, and that gives 14, which is the Perpendicular of the Slope, equal to 35, the given Hypothe- nufe 5 and this, by Confequence, makes the Horizontal to be 28 Foot, according to the leafl Proportion we allow of the Horizontal to the Perpendicular of a Slope. To do this upon the Ground, fix a dead Level at a. Fig. 2, Plate 4, as a c, which we fuppofe to be two Stakes, upon which we place of Terr ACE- Walks. 17 j place our Boning Staves, before defcrib'd, a- boutfour Foot and an half long ^ and at the End of the hypothenufal Line, at B b, fet up a 20 Foot Rod, and place Jt fexadly upright, by holding a Mafon's Piuo]b-Rule to the Side thereof^ and as you have already found, that your Perpendicular muft be. 14 Foot, you are therefore to tie a Piece of white Paper on your twenty-Foot Rod, at the Meafure of i8 Foot and an half, (by which you allow 4 Foot and an half for the Length of your Boning Staff) and when the Paper is level with the Heads of your two Boning Staves, you may then conclude you are right 5 but you muft obferve one Thing, v'ls^, when you apply your Hypothenufal a b to your twenty-Foot Rod, and find you are to fink two or three Foot deep into the Ground, you muft be fure to make an Allowance, elfe you will over- run your Hypothenufal or Slope Line. This Point being determined, it will be ve- ry eafy to meafure out, according to the Na- ture of your Hill, the Width of the next Flat, which, in my Defign, is 37 Foot ^ from the Extremity of which you are to repeat the fame Procefs as you did in the other Slope, having in this Flat made a fmall Allowance for the Hang of it, in order to the carrying oflF the Water, which Hang may be about an Inch in 10 Foot, or fomething more 5 fo that in this it may be about four Inches 5 and if it were 6 or 8, it would ftill be the better, and would in fome fmall Meafure help to take the great ^74 ^/ Terr ACE- Walks. great Depth of the Slopes ; but this fhould be carefully dedufted out of every Perpendicular. For Inftance, the Perpendiculars of the next Slope being 12 Foot,you ought to deduft thefe 6 Inches, (if you allow fo much) and make it but II Foot 6 Inches^ ftill allowing 24 Foot for the Bafe of it -^ otherwife your Meafures will not hit together at laft. The middle Line of Stakes, from Top to Bottom, being fix'd, we come now to the ge- neral Plan, and to the Care and Art that there is required in flaking it out. Obfervation on Fig. 3, Plate 27. It appears, by the Scheme, to be an Imita- tion of Fortification, in which there feems to be little Occafion to follow the exafl: Rules thereof, but to ufe it chiefly fo, as that it may the moft conduce to the Beauty and na* tural Form of the Hill. I need fay Ihtle as to the reducing Fortification into Gardening 5 'tis what will, I believe, be very pleafing to all the martial Genius's of our Country ^ and it feems fomewhat of Wonder, that it has not been made Ufe of before now. The fir ft that was made Ufe of, of this Kind, was the Am- bit o{t\iQ Gardens at Blenheim-^ but that is af- ter the ancient Roman Manner : I fhall not, in this Place, infift much thereon, leaving it 'til I come to the Fencing in of Gardens^ where this Way of Fortification will come in very opportunely, apd, I doubt not, be very agree- able of Terrace-WalksJ 175 able to all fuch as love Improvements in Arts and Sciences. At prefent let us obferve, that a Hill thus regularly cut out, makes a kind of natural Per- fpedive from the very Lines of the Plan: And, indeed, there is no Figure in all the- Mathematicks, that fuits the natural Beauty of an Hill fo well, efpecially when it is a round one 5 but were it to be a Hill in Length, one would certainly, by cutting an Hollow in the Middle, make thofe Baftions at each Angle of an Houfe, or any other Plan, at the Top of an Hill 5 for there feems to be foraething of a pleafing Air in the Breaking forward of thofe Angles, fuch, indeed, as few or no Geo- metrical Figures will allow of, becaufe they fplay off, according to the Rules of Fortifica- tion. Tis true, the Curtain or Flank Line, be- tween the two Angles of the Hill or the Ba- ftions, is longer than is allow'd in Fortifica- tion 5 but that is not much to our Purpofe. The Breaks of the Angles (be their Diftance what they will) the Exadlnefs of the Slopes, as they lye one under another, and the gene- ral View of all is what, in this Cafe, is more to be preferred, than any exad: Rules in the military Science, (ince 'tis not Ufe but Beauty that we ftrive here for. Our Defign being thus fix d and refolv'd up- on as to the Plan, and the middle Line being divided, as is before direfted, you are to turn your Level length-ways of the Hill, at right Angles, 17^ Of Terrace-Walks. Angles 5 or, if it will fuit with the Nature of the Hill the better, you may deviate from the great Exaditude of a right Angle, and may vary 6, 8, or lo Degroes, without any Body's perceiving it. The chief Care fhould be in the firft fixing of the Edifice, or any other mate- rial Line above the Hill, fince thefe lower Slopes and Terraces ought by all Means to run parallel thereto, in Refped to Line as well as Level. And this is a great Fault, that is eafily difcernible in the Slopes of a noble Situation in the North Part of fizg/^w^, where the Slopes run neither parallel to the Line, nor are they parallel as to the Level of the Plinth, or, indeed, any of the Building 5 which makes them look twifted, awry, and not fo agreeable as they would otherwife be. To finilh what we have begun, \«hether we fix our Slopes at right Angles, or whether v/e deviate either on the right or left, fix, eight, or ten Degrees from the Rules already laid down, of carrying a dead Level a-crofs the Head of a Garden, Terrace- Walks, &c, fix in Stakes at all the Angles of the Baftions ^ and being level, according to former Diredi- ons, there feems to remain nothing to do, but to proceed to working thefe Slopes, the Me- thod of v/hich will appear in the next feveral Figures. Obferva* 0/ T E R R A C E - W A L K S. I 77 Obfervations on Fig. 5, 6,7, inflate 27. You are to fix in the Stakes between the Angles of the Baftions (firftj having the Stakes drove down very firm, fo that no common Accident may move them out of their Places, or fink them below, or raife them above, their Level) betwixt the firft middle Line of Stakes and thofe x'\ngles, about 50 Foot afun- der, you are to pur in Stakes for the forming your Slope, as in Fig. 7, Flate 27. Which Stakes being levelTd in, as is feen in the 5th Figure, you are to ftrain the Line, as in the 7rh, Diagonal-ways ; thirty Foot is, indeed, full long to ftrain a Line, but the Stake ought to be well fix'd in, and then, by a Twift, you may drain the Line as tight as you will, the Line being made of the ftrongeft fmall Cord, or large Twift 5 or, otherwife, you may fet the Stakes in, at 15 Foot afunder ^ but this is to defcribe the Method in general. You are to begin (as is before direfted) at the Top of your Work, and are to cur the firft Slope quite out of whole Ground, that the fuperfluous Ground, that is par'd off, may be tumbled down, to make good any Defici- ency that is underneath. Multonim Manibits grande levatur Opus, That ¥'^orkgrows Ugh that ?nany Hands employs. is, in this Cafe, a very good Rule : For the Hill being all ftak'd out, as faft as a Bump is N taken 178 of Terrac e - Wal K S.^ taken off from one Place, 'tis receiv'd by Per- fons working in feme Hollow near them, where they are at the fame Time employing themfelves in filling up and ramming thofe Hollows. And, indeed, the fetting a great many Hands at Work together, is of great Ufe in this and moft other Works. In thefe Figures are therefore contain'd our Englifi Method of levelling an Hill into Ter- race-Walks and Slopes 5 how the fame is to be particularly levelFd and iin*d out, and how the Stuif is to be mov'd, and where plac'd : By which Time we may fuppofe our Hill is brought to what we call a rough Level 5 let us now proceed to ihew how they are to re- ceive their finifliing Stroke, how they are to be planted, &c. The Hill being, as is before fuppos'd, brought almoft to a Level, the Workmen be- gin to ftrain their Line anew, and to take the Rake in Hand, in order to make good their Diagonal Lines 5 and that being done, the Qiiarters betwixt them, as are the Quarters a b c d e f, &c. the Work will begin to ap- pear. And that the Lines may be the neater made out, in the carrying on this Work there ought to be a Referve of the top and beft Mold, to coat the Slopes with, and fuch re- ferv'd for the finifliing, as will rake fine, ei- ther for the laying of Turf, or Sowing, which will come to be fpoke of by-and-by, I think the Method of levelling in the Stakes, (training the Lines, Rakmg, and Dreffing, 0/ T E R R A C E - W A L K S. ^I 79 Drefllng, is, by what has been writ, and by the Figure on Plate the 27th, fufficiently treated of. It now remains, that \ve fpeak of Turfing, or fowing v/irh Hay ^ the latter will, by all, be allowed to be the cheapeft, tho' the firft be the fineft, and moft immedi- ately .finidi'd and in its Perfection. But in large rural Defigns, which is what the Subjeft of this Book. is, and, , to fave Ex- pence, I very much advife fowing with Hay- Seed 5 except you have fome Up-land-Turf that you can fleece off, that lies near at Hand, on any Common, or enclos'd Ground, that is intended tcr be plow/d j^far by this ydi) Tave a prodigious deal in Carriage.' /' . loco of Turf has formerly coft I'o Shillings raci,ng, catting, and rolling 5 (every; 'Turf being three Foot long^ oiie Foot wide, and two Inches thick) "but they a-re n6w cut cheaper ; and I have computed, that tb^ cut- ting and laying ofaJRad of Tqrf, fifteen Foot arid an^half Square, will coft tie^r ' 10 J, by which any Gentleman may fea*iii']r reckon up his Charge, when he knows th^pimenfi- onsofhi^Work. " -jioiil Ccrta;iniy, for abbut that Money, or far from* London, at a cheaper Rate, *tis pofli- ble for a Gentleman both to rake and turf hi^s Terrace-Walks and Slopes ^ which amounts to about 6 or 7 /. per Acre, and which is no great Expence, and would encourage him however to turf all thofe Parts that he is in N 2 moft I 2o 0/ T E R R A C E - \V A L K S. inoft Hafte of feeing in Perfeftion, and fow- ing thofe that lye fartheft out of Sight. The Sum of all, as to the Expence, is 2 s. or 2s. 6d, per Rod,at which Rate any Gentle- man may level thefe Works, and rake and turf them, provided he goes not above one Foot deep in the excrefcential Parts of it, or does not raife it above one Foot deep in the Hollows, that is to fay, in plain Terms, that can by his Care and Judgment fo manage it, that what he takes off at one Place, may make good another^ and not more 5 which requires fome Judgment and Care in calculating, and is, indeed, a Province that very few arrive to any Proficiency in, without a confiderable deal of Experience. 'Tis in this refpeft that many Gardeners run their Mailers to an infir nite Expence to no Purpofe, and make them pay foundly for the Negleft of good Ad- vice. All that I have to add more on this Matter, is, that I have made both the Steps and the Lines of high Trees, that ftand upon the Tops of the Slopes, tofplay off which I take to be abfolutely neceffary in Works of this Kind, which by the Diminution of the vifu- al Rays are apt to contrad the Vifta too much 5 and I fliall finilh this Chapter by ad- vifing, that whenever your Slopes be of a hot burning Gravel, or Sand, you carefully pre- ferve all your good Mold to line your Slopes with, to keep them from burning in the Summer-Time 5 and, ifpoffible, you fliould procure 0/ T E R R A C E - W A L K S^ 1 8 I procure fome cool ftrong Land, with which you may cover them three or four Inches, to great Advantage 5 but the firft is eafily pro- cured. Obfervation on Fig, 9, Vlate 27. Figure the 9th contains the fame Hill cut out into Terrace- Walks fupported by Walls 5 and this truly looks very noble, but it is with- al very expenfive, and is not fo rural as Slopes of Grafs are. I know there are feveral Perfons fond of it, on the Account of the Walls for Fruity but Experience (hews, that the Trees being exposed to the Bleaknefs of the Winds, (as of courfe they muft in fuch high Situations) are very much damag d thereby. And to this we may add, that if the Ground be w^et and cold, the Warer foaks thro' the Wall upon the Roots of the Trees, and almoft deflroys them, and this efpecially in Peach-Trees. ^ This is of fo ill a Confequence, that I believe no Bo- dy, when they are appriz d of it, will be fond of making thofe W^alls on the Account of Fruit, when it may be likewife • objeded that half a Wall is thereby lofl , fince were the Owner to build Walls on level Ground, he may, in moft Cafes, plant both Sides. And the Truth of the Matter is, the Trees that ftand againft thofe Terrace- Walks, (efpecially the Peach Trees) are moft mifera- biy maul'd every Spring, at the Seat of a N 3 Right l8 2 0/ T E R R A C E - W A L K S. Right Honourable Lord that I have had Oc- cafion to mentjon already, notwithftanding all the Care imaginable has been taken to pre- vent it. I need fay little to demonftrate the Scheme, it is very plain in it felf ^ but if any Gentle- man does proceed this Way, he ought to have Pieces of Timber, with S's at the End, laid into the Terrace, to tye the Wall tight 5 tho' in large Stone it may do without. And that the Vvall it felf may butterife inward, in or- der to difcharge the Weight the better, I v/ould rather advife, that rough Stone or Brick, at the Back-fide, be laid in Mortar, than dry ^ fince one Way draws the Wet to the Face of the Wa]]^ which the other in fome Meafure prevents. CHAP. I <-j-7,-r-'^^v t,^^. iimmmmm^ i83 CHAP. VI. O F T H E FARTER RE. Art err e (fays the Author of The The- ory andPracHce of Gardenings as he has it from the Royal DiBionarf) is deriv d from the Lathi Word partiru I Ihall not abfolutely determine againft fo great Authority 5 but it feems to have a nearer Relation to Pars^ or rather the Latin Com- pound, par and Terra^ a level, even Piece of Land 5 neither does it feem to imply sny par- ticular Decoration or Embellifhment with which it is farnilVd, and is therefore, by Miftake, fuppos'd purely to imply, in a limi- ted Senfe only, that Divifion or Plat of Ground, which with us (as well as in other Countries where Gardening is in Efteera) is caird the Parterre^ or Flower-Garden 3 fince the French have their Parterre d' Eau^ or Par- ti 4 terre iZ6 . Of the Parterre. Of the Breadth. Parterres generally receive their Width from the Breadth of the Front of an Houfe 5 and v/here-ever the Houfe is above aoo Foot wide, v/eare oblig'd to follow it ^ but if the Houfe be not above, an hundred Foot, or, fometimes, lefs, it would be too narrow for a Parterre 5 and f^r that Reafon an exad Mea- fure ought, in tnis refpeft, to be fix'd 3 every Perion is at Liberty to chufe for himfelf^ bur, according to the Obfervations I have made on this Subjed:^ Parterres are, generally fpeaking, too larq;e, by which Means the Ex- pence of Gardening is not a little rais'd, and that which is the moft valuable of any Part of a Garden, I mean Wood, and, confe- quently. Shade, very luuch dinainiih'd. As one would iherefore never make the Flat of a Parterre, betwixt Terrace- Walk and Terrace- Walk fwhich ought to be made on each Side, for an Elevation proper for View) above 500 Foot, or 100 Yards, fo one cant, by any Means, make it lefs than 140 or 150 Foot 3 by which Means the Length, at two times and an half the Width, will be 550 Foot, or fomething more, which is certainly a very handfome Proportion. I have been the more particular as to this Length of a Parterre, in as much as it is very often a Miftake in De- iigners, to make their Parterre too wide, and, confequently, they appear too fiiort 5 and in this JV^iUzs- ^^ a of the Parterre. 187 this Refpcd: I think many of the Fraich De- (igns (efpecially thofe that are in Mr. 'James's Book) are very blameabie^ for^ as nothing is more pleafing to the Eye than a contracted re- gular Condud: and View, as foon as one goes our of an Houfe or Building :^ and a for- ward direft View (as has been already hinted at) is the beft, be it either Parterre, Lawn^ or any other open Space (double, treble, nay foraetimes, quadruple the Width; why may we not juflly blanae thofe Defigns that are jnuch wider than they are long , and where, at our immediate Entrance into the Garden, theNobienefsof View isfpoii'd, the Angles of Sight broke and confus'd, and, in ftiort, all that is valuable in Opticks made of no Account. Let this then fuffice for a gene- ral Examen of tlie Proportion of Parterres 3 come we now to the Plates themfelves. Jn Explanation of Plate the^^Stb. The firft Plate contains a Deiign that was a long Time ficce compos'd for a private Gentleman^ but neither that nor any other Defign is yet there performed 5 for which Rea- fon I have given it without any Alteration. The Parterre is defign'd for Grafs, Gravel, and Sand, or Cockle-lhells interwoven one with another, and is (unlefs it was to be en- tirely plain) the neatefl and cheapeft Way of making Parterres ^ beiides, it is always green, and Winter and Summer it maintains its natu- ral 'i88 Of the Parterre, ral Verdure 5 theExpenceof keeping is flill Jefs than when there are Borders and Edgings mix'd therewith. The Length is about 560 Foot, and the Breadth 180, which, indeed, is rather the fhurteft, but is what we were obliged to, thro' Fear of cutting away too much of the Wood that tronts the End of the Svi'eep. As for the Wood, or Wildernefs, I have but little to remark, only that Care be taken to avoid an Error too much run into by many Deligners of Gardens, in making the two op- pofire Sides direftly alike. This is, in Truth, the having only half a Garden ^ fince where- ever the Sides are equally the fame, when one has feen and enjoy'd the one half, there is lit- tle Occafion to view the fame over again 5 but this proceeds from the Delufivenefs of a regu- lar Draught on Paper. The large fquare Ba- fin of Water was almoft ready by Nature, it would therefore (ui order to have made both Sides alike) have been the greateft of Follies, to have been at the Expence of filling it up, fince it is likewife in it felf the greateft of na- tural 1 Beauties and Conveniencies. *Tis true, I can't agree with fome, that would have, even in the Parterre, irregular and different Sides likewife 3 and I dare ven- ture to lay it down as an Axiom in Garden- ing, that whatever lies opeii to View^ ought to he regular^ while ^ nevertheless^ tvhatever h Within the Ambit of Wood^ the more irregular^ the more entertaining and diverting it is. The of the Parterre. 189 The oppofite Divifion is of another Kind, and intended for a Kind of Labyrinth, fome- thing of the Nature of that of Ferfeilles ^ yet by no Means like fome others, that are made of fingle Hedges ^ for thofe feeni to be calcu- lated for an inferior Clafs of People. Thefe are the mofl beautiful and moft retir'd of all, and contrary to the Fafhion very common a- mongft us of making their V/ildernefs open to all publick View 5 and to fuch a Degree has this Fault been us'd, that in many Gar- dens of Note, 'tis hard to find (tho' the great- eft and moft eiTential Requifite in any . Gar- den) fo much as one private Walk ^ but the Owner, upon all Occafions, is liable to the Noife and Impertinence of almoft every Body- It is very proper that fuch Divifions as thefe fliould be enclosed, and a I^allifado-Gate fix'd at D, to keep it the more private. At the End, and in the dired View of eve- ry Walk, fix'd in the Efpalier Hedge, are de- fign'd Statues, Urns, Paintings in Stone Co- lour, Grotefque and antique Figures, Tables, &c. In fine, this, which by Mcafure amounts to no more than four Acres and an half (be- iides the Kitchen Garden) is ail that by any Means a Gentleman of confiderable Fortune (tho' I (hall not intend to limit any Body) would in Prudence make the interior Part of his Garden. The exterior, and more pub- lick, will follow in a fewPages^ and 'till then 1 referve what 1 have more to fay on that Subject. Jn 190 Of the Parterre. An Explanation of Plate the 2^th. I had once made a Refolution not to have given any Deligns of this Kind in Gardening, intending to have confinM rav felf to that fimple, plain, and unafFefted Method I have propos'd to my felf in the Delivery of what I have to fay concerning Gardening ^ but as the Opinions, and, indeed, the more folid Judgments of Perfons, differ very much as to Defign, I have (as before intimated) in Com- pliance with the Expedations of fo me curi- ous Artifts in thi^ Way, given one Plate of that Kind. And firft, of Figures the i ft and 3d. As to thefe firil and third Figures, they are certainly the moft eligible, by Reafon of their Length, which, as I have before ob- ferv'd, is what is moft valuable in a Parterre, fomething near thofe Schemes in the Parterre at Hampton-Court^ next the Water- fide 5 as is alfo that of Blenheim, and fome others, that are accounted amongft thebeft of their Kind^ but in order to give them their full Length, 'tis neceflary, at the Ends of thofe Qjiarrers, to add a Sweep or Break, to carry the Parter- re to its proper Length .3 thefe Qiiarters ought likewife to be full 80 Foot wide, and of a proportionable Length, otherwife the Work in the Infide would be much too thick. Whether CD&/uj/i^ ^Jirr- Partt-r/v ^ua.?^t^'7:i •.■^ of the Parterre, ^91 Whether ihefe Quarters are fet ofF with Lead or Stone, Urns and Statues, or witii Greens, as has been the prevaiJhig Method 9 or whether the Borders (hould be of Grafs'*^ Earth, is left to the Choice 6f the Marfer^; and to this Plate I need fay but little more The 2d Figure, being entirely Dutch ?cnA French^ I leave to the Choice and Refufkl of all Defigners. Obfervatio7i on Flate 30. I have already mention'd (and both the Books, and other Accounts we have from France^ (hew) that the French liave therr fet- terres of Water, as well as Gtafs and Ennbroi- dery 5 and it is, in Truth, fonie of the fa^au- tifulleft Furnituresof the beft Parterres. This plain Defign I drew fome Years finc$, for a Gentleman that had a( floping Piece ;ijf Ground, that lay Side-ways of his Hoiiit, which Slope is apt to fpoil the, dired View from any Building, and ought ^tiot to be .ad- mitted, efpecially in any main Front ^■, fht which Reafon I thought it incumbent oti me, to find out fome Method toregufate this great Defect in Nature^ and to that End, having' a great Command of Water, i defign'd this l^ar- terre d^ Eau^ as the Frefuh term it ^ by which Invention the digging of the Bafins would have plentifully lupply'd the Terraces on the lower Side, and have made an handfome re- gular 194 ^f ^^^ Parterre. can't poffibly be put in any the lead Competi- tion with it. But if any are fo curious, there is now at Brumpton Park, a very great Stock of tall ftandard Yews, that will retain their Leaves all Winter, and are, indeed, an im- mediate and beautiful Shade. This cutting their tall Pyramid Yews into Statues, feems to have been one of the beft Thoughts that has fali'n in the Way of Gar- dening for fome Years. The noble Verdure and Shade that thofe Yews make, can't but recommend t hem to the Choice of this, as well a^ the Umbrage of the lateft Age. As for the Wood on each Side, it is not ve- ry pertinent in this Place (being upon Parter- res) to fay much of it : The upper Side is cut into long private Walks, which, altho' they have not that Beauty upon Paper, that Figures in Wood have^ are yet much more retir'd and private 5 the Want of which I take to be a very great Fault in mofl of our Englifh Gar- dens^ but this is already touched upon, and will more abundantly in the Sequel of this Book. At the farther End is a large, open, rifing Law^n, and thereon a Statue, which will have no mean EfFed, in refpeft to its being a rifing Hill, which otFght to be plac'd amongtt the greateft Beauties in Nature. The oppofite Divifion, on the lower Side, is cut out into little narrow Walks, after a Labyrinth Manner. In J'/aix3i>. fU-a. «*i".'>o»> •* '»'» ~«~» * » « i>t^! Z?«55^^»^ ' » »«»''a.^^ <»1t»?'a^a<*c.-ov^c>g;''a<>g,^',i^»0 cTa^ .•a''ag»'*^>f»'>Vafy » »>• jra-~;>'^;>'*',a^|-j("-a:'»a a** a'*afl.>"t»' /■t-L L4-I- 1 ^ L4 LL !■*, 14 ,4 II. A. i:^^ jfcAA tl -ti-LlA A. L-i tit t44i-tt ^m 1 i 1 1 >i 1 l-t A 4 4 1 4-LL1.4I-L lAl 1 1 *^ 111 ii_^t I4i : 5 ^^^ ^ . . ttli^i-Ltlttfel^ M-ttlti -f I. '. - -ii* I iiiitt It ill-el a a" '-J « a a ^ f» £» 1*^ '- , - » (» I* >* * o ."** 5* Ok » »a of the Parterre. 195 In fine, 'tis an eafy cheap DeGgn 5 and, confiJering the Beauty of the Terraces lying one above another, and the View, not only from the Houfe, but alfo at the Bottom of the Canal the Houfe it felf, and ail the Cafcades of Water that fall from it, it may, I humbly prefume, be reckoned amongft the fe- cond or third Rate Defigns ^ which was the utmoft of my Aim in compofing it. The Terrace^ Walk at Letter A, is to be fupported .by a Wall, or the Earth may be batter'd away (as we call it) down into the natural Slope of the Hill, which will fave that Expence 5 and with this I fini(h what I have to fay as to Parterres. Herefollozvs the Dejign* o % G H A p 1^6 CHAP. VII. Of Woodsy Groves^ Wilder-^ neffes^ Parks ^ &c. Introduction. H E greateft of all the natural Embellifhments of our Country- Seats, being in Woods and Groves judicioufly contrived and cut our, I (hall make it ray Endeavour, in this Chapter, to explain it, as much as in me lies : For, in Truth, amongft all the Errors committed in Gardening, there is none great- er than in this. Tho' fince all that pretend to Judgment in Gardening agree, that Variety is the greateft and moft diftinguifliing Charaderiftick in any Country-Seat or Garden, one would think it no of Woods and Groves^ Szc. 'i9y no very hard Matter, to fix upon one and the f?me Method in defigning of this beautiful Part of our Bufinefs : But I know not how it comes to pafs. People do differ, and that very- much 5 and one feldom hears of two Perfons whofe Opinions jump together in any Defign, one will find Fault with what another efteems excellent in its Kind. I think it proper, in this Place, if it were poflibJe, to endeavour to reconcile the diife- rent Opinions of Perfons in Gardening, and efpecialiy as to Woods, the beautifulleft Part of it. And the beft and moft general Rules that (in Words) I can poflibly lay down, are to endeavour to follow and improve the Ad- vantages of Nature, and not to ftrain her be- yond her due Bounds. Some there are that efteem nothing well in a Defign, but long, large, wide, regular Ri- dings and Walks ^ and this, m 1 ruth, is right in an open Park or Foreft, where the Owner rides and hunts : But that a Garden- Defign for walking in only, or if thereto we add Magnificence, which, 1 muft own, thofc long Ridings have, yet it would be a Fault to fet too great a Value upon them in a Garden ^ and for the fake of long level Walks, to level all thofe little Eminencies and pleafing La- byrinths of Nature : For tho' a few of thefe Walks are abfolutely neceffary, in Refpeft to the Grandeur and general Beauty of a Situa- tion, as the Middle and Side Walk, and a ve- ry few Diagonals, yet it is an unpardonable O 3 Faulty 198 of Woods and Groves^ &c. Fault, as we fee it almoft every where, (let the Expence be what it will) to have fcarte any Thingina whole Defign, but carries open Walks 5 fo that be the Garden 40, 50, or 60 Acres, one fhall fcarcefind any private or natural Turn in the whole -^ if the Wood be grown, down come all the noble Trees that ftand in the Way of this Scheme. And this feems to be the greateft Difference in the Opinion of Perfons as to Defign. And that this is not Fidipn, there are a great ma- ny Places do teftify, particularly that beauti-? ful Wood belonging to the Earl of Carlijle^ at Ca/lk' Howard, where Mr. London defign'd a Star, which would have fpoil'd the Wood 3 but that his Lordfnip's fuperlative Genius pre- vented it, and to the great Advancement of the Defign, has given it that Labyrinth diverting Model we now fee it^ and it is, at this Time, a Proverb at that Place, Tork agahfl London^ in Allufion to the Delign of a Londoner^ and Mr. London the Defignen But,to apply it more plainly to the Purpofe in Hand, when you find a Wood that has a great many Hills and Dales, and is almoft all of it composed of Irregularities, 'tis there one Ihould not ftrain either the Fancy or the Purfe, hut follow thofe little Shelvings and natural Turns and Meanders. 'Tis there you Ihould be regular in your Defign ^ but whether the Level be up Hill or down Hill, whether the Turnings quick or more flow \ 01 of Woods and Groves^ Szc, i ^^ or whether the Wood it felf be thick or thin, one ought always to take the Advantage of it, and to make it moft agreeable to the Nature of it, havnig always a particular Regard to large old Oaks, Beech, and fuch like Trees ^ in which Cafe one would as foon tire one's Houfe, as cut them down, fince 'tis the Works of fo many Years, I may fay Ages, to rear them again. On the contrary,how common is it for Lay^ ers out of Gardens to refolve upon fome regu^ Scheme in the Clofet, and from it to cut our. their whole Defign ^ fo that down go all the Oaks, Beeches, &c. that have been fome Ages coming to Perfeftion. And this, indeed, I forefee will be the Objeftion that will be made to fome Defigns that I have given 5 but I (hall here explain when fuch Defigns are pro- per to be us*d, and when not 5 fo that I hope thereby to caution my Reader from falling in- to an Error on that Account. When, therefore, we meet with a large Wood in an open Park, not near, or on th@ wrong (the North) Side of the Houfe, and the fame be a Level, particularly if the Wood be thick, and it does not deftroy the general Profped of it by fo doing, 'tis there, in my Opinion, a regular Scheme ought to take Place. But when the Wood is plac*d near the Houfe, it is defign d chiefly for Walking, to b<2 as private as is confiftent with its own Na- O 4 tore. 200 Of Woods and Groves ^ &c. ture, as when it is naturally compos'd of fe- veral Levels, Hills, and Hollows. This is a Place defign'd by Nature, for the Exer- cife of a good Genius in Gardening. 'Tis in large Hollows and low Grounds, and in the Middle or Center of Woods, that we make our little Cabinets and Gardens, of which fome are to be found in this Book, and others may be taken out of Mr. James s^ bcfides an infinite Variety that may be con- triv'd 5 but the Lines extended from them fhould not be carry 'd out too far, for that will make one unavoidably fplit upon the for- mer Error of Regularity. If Water is to be had, one ought to look for convenient Places to make Heads at (at as little Expence as poflible) and to frame fuch Figures as are molt fuitable to the Nature of that Hollow 3 fo likewife of Hills. If the Wood is thin, 'tis there one may clear it quite away, and make open Lawns. And if the Wood be an Eminence, then all the fmall Stuff on the Outfide ought to be clear'd away, to open the diflant Profped:, if it defprve it 5 but if it be an unfightly, barren Profpeftjthen let the Wood remain to blind it. Thefe, and fuch like Particulars as thefe, ought every Defigner to obferve, and then the regular Defigner will not be fo much blam'd for his Regularity, in as much as it is an open level Park, is not plac'd near his Houfe, or is on the North Side, where Gar- dens and Walking-Places are not fo abfolutely requir'cl. of Woods and Groves^ &c. 201 reqair'd, but his Defign is for an open fpaci- ous Wood, where the Owner is to ride, hunt, &c. Neither will the natural Gardener be ob- ferv'd to have err'd, when he has iiird all his little Eminencies and Hollows with little Gardens, Statues, and other rural Decorati- ons 5 for his Wood is entirely for walking in ^ it lyes high, and he is not obferv'd to have cut down any noble Trees, when, in Truth, the Nature of his Wood would not allow it ; neither has he fliewn himfelf fond of any Mathematical Figure, but has made his De- fign fubmit to Nature, and not Nature to his Defign. The Infide of his Wood is fiU'd with Hares, Pheafants, the Statues of Rural and Sylvan Deities all cut out in Wood, while he contrives like'vvife that living Hares and Pheafants fiiall abound ^ by which Mean?, befides the couchant Furniture in I- mitaticn, he has really a great deal that is a- live and in Motion, darting themfelves a-crofs him where-ever he turns himfelf; He is of- ten furpriz'd with little Gardens, with Caves, little natural Cafcades and Grotts of Water, with Pieces of Grotefque Painting, Seats, and Arbors of Honey fuckles and Jeffamine, and,in ihort, with all the Varieties that Nature and Art can furnini him with. But this is but a very iraperfeft Sketch of what a judicious Fer- fon may compoTc in this beautiful Wood. Pro^eccl 20 z Of Woods and Groves ^ &c. Proceed we now to the defigning and laying out of open, large, (pacious VVoods in Parks ^ and afterward to the other more retired and mere natural ones, deiign'd for Walking and folitary Amufements, after we have remarked fomc few Things as to the right placing or mifplacujg of Wood ^ for this is too common an Error. I have touched fomething of this elfewhere, but it likewife falls in properly e^ nough here. Of Wood imfplac'd. Wood is mifplac'd, when it is too near the Eye in any Place, when it crowds fo clofe up to it, as to admit of no open Lawn or Brea- thing, if it may be fo term' d ^ for, befides that it flops the View too (hort, it likewife thickens the Air, and makes the Situation un- healthy. It is likewife mifplac'd when it hin- ders the pleafant Profpeft of any noble View 5 fuch is the Sea, or diftanc blue Hills, or when near ones, and cloathed with Wood or fine Turf. Be a Wood, therefore, it- felf never fo beautiful, it would almoft tempt the Owner to cut it down, except he has any other Profpeds that exceed it. And if he (hould build in the Middle of any thick Wood, or does intend to fow or plant, he ought, at leaft, to open an Avenue of 100 pr 150 Foot wide that Way, while his natu- ral Meanders Ihould be in Wood, as near as poffible his Houfe, And in fuch Places where th€ of Woods and Grovesy Szc. 203 the Wood does not hinder a better Profped ^ th is is fuppofing the Wood is upon a level Ground^ but if it is upon a rifing Hill, it ought not to be cut down by any Means, in as much as Nature has thrown that in the Way, to fup- ply all the other Defefts of the Situation. In general. Wood on the South Side (if the Profped be not extreamly fine) is not defira- ble near at Hand, as lying too contiguous and interwove with our Gardens ^ but (hould be clear'd away, and an open Lawn or Parterre made, detached of all the Angles of Building ^ 350 or 400 Foot at lead from the Front of it in fmall Buildings, and 5, 6, 7, or 8co Foot in larger. In which, as we have obferv'd in the Chapter concerning Parterres,the Width of the main Body of the Building (not the Wings) is our general Direction ^ wherein we fliould allow, at leaft, twice the Width of the Building, for the Diflance of Wood from it, and, if poflible, without cutting down too much Wood, two times and an half, or three times, tho* it come near up to the Out- fide Angles of the Edifice. But as to the North Front, which is, gene- rally fpeaking, the mofl: champion View^ there the opener and larger your Lawn is,*tis ftill the nobler 5 and if the Wood is not al- ready grown, a Lawn of at leafl a quarter of a Mile in Length ought to determine the View. For Wood plac'd at that Diftance, or in larger Places fix times the fame, affords a moii noble Termination to the View, as^ may 204 ^/ ^'^^^^^ ^^^ Groves^ &cJ may be feen in that incomparably beauti- ful Park of his Grace the Duke of Ancafier^ at Grimfthorpe in Li7Jcolnpjire^^nd other Places. In fine. Wood plac'd at a Diftance, and upon a Rifing, is, befides its Ufe, one of the no- bleil: and moft pleafing Views in Nature, But for the farther Illuftration of this, I refer to the Chapter concerning Situations, and the Plate of the Diftribution of Parks. In the Interim, I can't but obferve a great Fault in many of our Defigns, in bringing our Avenues clofe to the Court-Gate, by which Means we very often lofe the Beauty of a very noble Lawn, while the Walk would at the fame Time anfwer its End at a great Diftance, were it to begin a quarter of a Mile from the Houfe. Befides, as I Ihall hereafter fhew by a Scheme, Wood in this Cafe crowded up too near an Houfe blinds it 5 and I will affirm, as I fhall by and by by Mathematical Demonftration (hew, that a Walk of an hundred Foot wide, if the Wood is not crowded too clofe to the Building, will jBiew it as much or more than one of the full Width of the Building, fuppofing it two hun- dred Foot, where is a large open Lawn before jt^ and this will confiderably fave that De- ftrudion of Wood which is very often on this Account made. Ol>fervar I'lat^.3-j. fS/.n of Woods and Groves, Szc. 205 Obfervation on Plate 32, Fig. i. This Plate contains the Draught of an open jrove or Wood, cut out into Walks, with 'ountains and Bafins in it, and may fervefor little Park; for if it is on the North Side f the Houfe, one can't turn it into any Thing nore advantageous ^ fince, in the iirft Place, he making is much cheaper than any ftrift jarden. And, indeed, I believe the World vili allow it to be much more naturally beau- iful and noble, than the moft elaborate fine jarden ; and, as for the keeping, ic/./;ge will be clos'd by the fecond 5 after this, a third Line is to be planted, which muft bear the fame Proportion to the fecond, as the fecond dees to the firft : And with thefe Ranges of three Rows the whole Plantation, or Garden, may be encompafs'd, if it can be conveniently done. This Way of Planting is of excellent Ufe and Benefit to all Perfons who intend to make large Plantations of Firs and Pines for Avenues, Views, or Walks of Shade in Pafturc Grounds, Parks, or other grazing Grounds, or to bound their Gardens by de- lightful Vifto's. And if you are to make Efpa- lier-Tledges, for the Defence of tender Greens and Plants, from malevolent Winds, the Trees for your Ufe are the following 5 the Diitcb Witch and En^lifi Elms, as before, (1 3 the 2i8 Of Efpaliers^ the Horn-beam, Spruce Fir, Pine, and Scotch Fir, Lime, Privet, Yew, Holly, Laurel, White thorn, Maple, Alder, Apple, Pear. The Dutch and the Witch Elm^iQ the freeft Growers, and come foooeft to Per- h^\on '^ And if .they are for ai frame of Wood, and to be ferviceable the firft Year, they are to be chofen of two Sizes^. the firft aKuit eight or ten Foot hij^h, and the fecond about four or five Foot in Height ^ to be good bruihy Trees from Top to Bottom as near as may be, and let them be pruned, but fo that the Side-Boughs may remain to fpread out and be faften'd to .the Frames. The large ones are to be planted about three Foot Diilance from each other, and between them are to be planted the lefTer fiz!d ones. But if your Efpaiier Hedges are to be made without a Frame of Wood to fupport them, then the Trees muft be of a fmaller Size, the largeft to be not above fix Foot in Height, and the fmall ones of about three or four Foot high 5 they are to be planted as the others, but the Boughs muft be cut with- in an Inch or two of the Stem, and as they grow they are to have frequent Clip- pings to make them thicken in Brufti, and grow upright and uniform, whereby they'll appear like a Wall. llie Horn^beam and Beach are inferior to none, for -du Efpaiier, of thofe Sorts of Trees as fhed their Leaves^ but they can- not be planted fo large as Elms, Chufe two and Espalier Hedges. 229 two Sizes, the largeft of four or five Foot high, and the fmalleft of two or three Foot, and plant the largeft at eighreen Inches Di- ftance. The Spruce Fir has great Advan- tage over the others, by it's being green all the Year, and it will belt endure a dif- cretionary Clipping 5 let the largeft Plants be about three Foot and a half long, and the fmalleft about two Foot in Length, and plant the large ones about eight Foot afunder, with the fmaller Size Plants between them. The Fine and Scotch Fir require the fame Ma- nagement In the ordering Limes for Efpaliers, the largeft Size may bu lix or feven Foot high, the leffer three Foot high, to be planted in the fame Order and Diftance as the Elm. Tew makes a noble, firm, and durable Ef- palier, and for this Ufe will excel the beft Brick-Wall ^ you are to make a Choice of the largeft of about a Foot and a half high, and the leffer about nine Inches, or a Foot, the large ones to be planted about two Foot afunder, and the fmall ones between them; The Holly makes an excellent Efpalier, continues green all the Winter, grows excee- ding thick, difdains the Power of the (eve- reft Storms, and if thefe Trees are v/ell ma- naged they'll grow at leaft two Foot in a Year. The Laurel'^ the large Plants to be about three or four Foot high, and the frosll ones about a Foot and a half^ the largeft to be CL 4 planted 230 of Efpaliers^ planted at three Fool Diftance. White-thorn and Privet make very good Hedges, but they are not to be planted fo large ^s other Trees, Maple^ if planted of young Sets, will make tolerable Efpalier Hedges, and thickens well after Clipping 5 and Alder for a wet or moift Ground, makes a fubftantial Hedge. Apples and Tears will make good Efpaiiers; if your Choice be of the largeft Size from Standards afpiring in height, and growing upright, and the fmailer of Dwarfs, or good bufliy young Trees 5 the Sizes to be much the fame as the Elm, and they are to be planted abour four or five Foot Dirtance from each other : Thefc laft mentioned Efpaliers are very ufefui for the bounding; of Kitchen Gardens from the Sight of Walks or Gardens of Pleafure. The wooden Frame for Efpalier Hedges is neceflary where the Ufe of thofe Hedges is requir'd, the firft or fecond Year after plan- ted. Thefe Frames are to be made very fub- ftantial, about feven, eight, or nine Foot high 5 the Diftance of every Port afunder, and the length of the Rails to be equal to the length of the Pofts, which is commonly about eight Foot for an Ffpalier Frame of the fame Height from the Surface of the Ground 5 and to this Frame there may be (iK Rails, each being about fixteen Inches afun- der* The higher the Trees are that are plan- ted, the more fubftantial ought the Pofts to be for their Support, and Care muft be ta- ken that th^ Frame be ereded upright and ftraightj 4nd Efpalier Hedges* 231 ftraight^ and all the Sizes of Efpaliers, for thefe Frames, are to be fo regulated, that the Trees or Plants may be of a handfome uni- form Growth, and (bfficiently furnifh'd with Side Boughs, to thicken and fill up the feve- raJ Spaces. The Form of the Ground for Efpaliers ought to be oblong 5 and in laying it out, the two- longeft parallel Sides fhould run North and South, or thereabouts 5 and as for the Extent, you are to proportion it according to the Number of the tender Greens and Plants which you defign it (hall receive ^ always allowing for proper Diftances in placing them, and for Allies. The Situation ought not to be remote from the Grcen-houfe, for Convenience in removal of the Greens, for- ward and backward, as Seafons fhall require. In marking out the Dimenfions make Allow- ance likewifc for the Borders, which (hould be anfwerable to it, and well trench'd, two Foot and an half or three Foot deep ^ for if the Soil happens not to be naturally good fo deep, and you do not enrich it, after the Trees have been planted fome Years, when they come to ftrike Root, they'll penetrate down to the poor barren Eirth, and become thereby exceedingly hindered in their Growth. Efpaliers deaden the Violence of the Winds with greater Security to tender Greens and Plants than the beft Brick or Stone Wall, by Reafon Walls, being compaft and clofe built, have a ftronger Power to drive them back ' and 2^1 Of Efpaliers^ and therefore detriment the tender Plants that are ne-// 5 but if the moft tempeftuous Wind beats agai nit thefe Efpaliers, (efpecialJy if they are made of Spruce Fir, Holly, or Yew) they give Way to its Force, without any Manner oi Rtpnife, or injury to the tender Plants encompafs'd by them. pines and all Sorts of Firs look very well when planted as Efpaliers 5 they make a fine tow'ring Figure in the Wmter Seafon, when all other Trees are rufty, and the Fields have likewife loft their Verdure ^ and if they are planted on a rifing Ground, fo as to be ia View at a diftant Profpeft, they appear very noble, and agreeably adorn a magnificent Seat. I proceed now to the proHtable Part of Gardening. e H A P. 33 M ^ M m'^f'. ^^ ^^ sj^ w 's^. ^'s^ 'M CHAR IX- Of Fruit-Gardens y Plant hg^ Pruning, Graffing^ &c. of Fruit-Trees. HE Situation of a Garden is always the firfl: Thing to be taken Care of^ and tho' a Jittle Valley, or lov/ Ground, is the moft agreeable for Kitchen-Produds, yet Ground on a moderate Elevation, fo as not to be too dry, is every way beft for the Fruit-Garden : For if the Fruits do not grow fo large in fuch a Soil, yet it will be recompencd in their Beauty, Richnefs of Tafte, and Forwardnefs: But if your Situation be fo high as to incline to Drought, or be on an ex'-^d: Level, 'twill be neceffary tojay out your Ground on a lirrle Inequality, but fuch a one as may be ui.per- ceiveable, and that the Water m the South- ern Walks may fall to the Roots of the Trees. Next 234 ^f Fruit -^Gardens. Next to the Situation, the Expofition of a Garden is to be regarded. And whatever Si- tuation you are forc'd to rubmir to, it ought to have all the Afpeds of the Sun ^ tho' the Variety of Soils makes, in many Cafes, a par- ticular Expoiition the molt agreeable. If your Garden be of ftrong Earth, and of Confe- quence cold, the South Expofure is beft ^ but then this Expoficion is very fubjed to Winds in the Autumn. If the Soil be light and hot, then the Eaft Expofition is to be preferred j but this is annoyed by the North-Ealt Winds, and the WalM rees have little Benefit of the Rains u^hich generally come from the Weft. The Weftern Expofure is very liable to the North-Weft Winds in the Spring, and the Autumn Winds. And the Northern Afped: is only fit for Pears and Baking Fruits : So that all thefe Expofitions having their Defefts, upon Experience it is found beft to have Walls erected for Fruit, not diredly facing the car- dinal Points, but between them 5 as, the South -Eaft and South^Weft Afped: for the beft Sort of Fruic, and the North-Eaft and North- Weft Afped for the worft Sort, which will generally anfwer all Expedations.i The beft Figure for a Fruir-Gardsn, is a Square about half as long again as broad 5 and the Extent may be from forty Yards in Length, and twenty four in Breadth, to one hundred and fixty Yard?, and one hundred^ tho* thirty or forty Yards fqua^re is a fuffici- ent Compafs of Ground for a Garden to con- Of Fruit-Gardens. 23^ contain the moft delicate Fruits 5 and fquare Plats of Ground are the nooft commodious, as uniform Beds of Strawberries, Articlioaks, Afparagus, Sallading, &c. to fill up the Spaces, cannot be well laid out in Ground of irregular DimenGons. When the Situation and Expofition of a Garden are fix'd, and the Extent laid out, the next Thing we come to is the beft Fruits 5 of which I Ihall give a (hort but ufeful Cara- logae for all Expofitions. For a South Afpeft, inclining to the Eaft or Weft, the beft Peaches are the Red and White MagdfAene^ the Mwion^ the Royal Peach, the Old Newhigtoji^ the White Peachy the Purple^ the Admirable^ the Chevreux^xhc Vivet^ the Bourdtne^ the R.ed Roman ISeBa- rine. Apricots for Eaft and Weft W^ails, are the Orange Apricot and Mafcul'me Apricot. Figs againft a South- Eaft or South- Weft Wall, the White Fig^ and Lo?ig Purple. Pears for the South-Eaft or South- Weft Afpeft, are the Puree dii Rojy^ the Summer Bon Cretien^ the Orange^ the Verte Longue, the St Germain^ the Magdalene, the Anihret^ the Cclmar^ the Mitjcat, the Ambret, the SpanijI) Bon Cretien^ the Chrjfan, the Winter Bon Cretien: For North-Eaft or North- Weft Walls, the Kathe^- fine Pear^ the Orange Bergamot^ the Rorifeliet^ WorceHer Black Pear^ are the moft proper 5 and for Dwarfs, the Bergamot^ Windfor^ Swans Egg, CttiJJe Madam^ &ic. Of FJums there are few fit for the beft Walls befides the 2 3 5 of Fruit-Gardens* the Imperial Blue and Ahke Perdigron and the Apricot Pkim : For the worft Walls and DwarfSj the Rojal^ the Orleans^ the Violet ^ the Mufcle^ the Perdigron^ the Qiteen- Mother^ the Damajcene^ the Tellorp RuJJet^ the PCq. 261 If your Ground be uneven it ought to be leveird, or elfe fuch Trees as grow pendant, or are not apt to grow tall, muft be planted in the higheft Situation, and fuch as are afpi- ring, in the loweft Places : And for the Pofi- tion of your Trees, on the North Side you are to fet the firft Rows of Pear, or other Fruit- Trees, as are apt to grow talleft, and the reft fouthward, as they decreafe in Height, as near as may be judg d 5 that fo all of them may in a greater Meafure partake of the South Sun, and be lefs liable to the Blafts of the northern Winds. In three Years Time after Grafting, Trees may be removed from the Nurfery into the Orchard 5 and the beft Time for tranfplanting is from the latter End of September to the End of Fovembef\ tho' the fooner you begin this Work in Seafon, the greater 5uccefs you may expeft. If the Leaves are not all fallen when the Trees are remov'd, they muft be pick'd ofF^ and if they are not very weak- body'd, they are to be prun'd, only three or four of the principal Branches nmftbelefc on the Top, that ftioot outwards, which fhould be quite lopped ofF when they arrive at almoft a Year's Growth : But if the Trees are weak, thofe chief Branches are to be pruned to a Bud or fmall Twig^ and in all Cafes the Ends of large Roots are to be reduc'd. S A Orchard 26 z of Orchards^ Vineyards ^ &c. Orchard Fruit-Trees are to be planted at no lefs Diftance than eight Yards, and not to exceed fourteen, wherein Regard is to be had as well to the Kinds of Fruit-Trees to be planted as the Soil ^ for forae Sorts of Trees take up a great Deal more Room in their Growth than oihers ^ and in rich Land no Perfon can be ignorant, but the Tree muft arrive to a greater Stature than in a poor Soil • and a good Diftance is always the beft, not only for the Growth and Health of the Trees, but i ike wife for the Ripening of the Fruits. I could here recommend a more than ordi- nary Care in the laying out of the Orchard, fo as to make it appear with the utmoft Beaur ty and Magnificence 5 I would have a hand- fome Walk all round, a grand one thro' the Middle the whole Length, and a fpacious crqfs Walk. This might beeffefted by plant- ing all your Trees on a Line, leaving near a double Space between the Rov/s, in the Mid- dle, on the Sides, and a-crofs, and planting the feveral Walks of feverai Sorts of Fruit 5 as the Middle Walk may be lofty Pear-Trees, the Crofs Vv^alk yonr larger Kinds of Apple- Trees, one End Walk of Golden Pippins, the other of Cherries, and the tu;o Side Walks of Codlins, or other Fruit-Trees in Hedges. This Method,and keeping your Walks mow'd, would make an agreeable Variety, and render your Orchard as delightful as a Grove or little Wood 5 but herein Care is to be taken to give of Orchards y Vineyards^ Sec. 2 for the Ripening of your Fruit. Of Vineyards. That Vineyards may be fo cultured in Eng* land^ as to produce large Qiiantities of Grapes, and thofe fo well ripen'd, as to afford a good and fubftantial vinous Juice, needs no Demon- ftration, when in feveral Parts of Somerfeu j&/>ir Wil- liam Bajjet in that County, has annually fur- nifti'd fome Hogfheads of good body'd and pa- latable Wines, which I have been credibly in- formed by Gentlemen who have drank confide- rable Qtiantities of it with the greateft Satif^ fadion. It is not fo much owing to the Inclemency of the Air here in England^ that our Grapes are generally fo very much inferior to thofe of France and other hotter Climates, as to the Want of an exaft Culture 5 tho' I con- fefs at the fame Time, that the bcft Manage- ment will not anfwer our Expedations with- out a tolerable Seafon to ripen the Fruit ^ and fometimes the Varioufnefs of the Weather in the Summer will unavoidably render the Fruit fow r and immature 5 but this does not always or generally happen, and therefore we are not to be difcourag d. To Of Orchard f^ Vineyards ^ &c* 26-7 To proceed to the Culture and Manage- ment of Vineyards. When you have mark'd out the Ground defign'd for your Vineyard, in the Month of Julj plough up the Sward, while the outermoft Coat of the Earth is very- dry and combuftible, or burn-beak it, and in January following fpread the Aflhes. The Ground being thus prepared, cut Trenches a-crofs from Eaft to VVeft, on rifing Ground, that the Vines ftanding m Ranks in this Po- fition, the Rifing and Setting of the Sun may by that Means pafs thro* the Intervals, which it would not do if they were fet in any other Situation, neither w^ould the Sun be fo capa- ble to dart its Rays upon the Plants during the whole Courfe of the Day. Afterwards ftrain a Line, and dig a Trench about a Foot deep :, place your Setts in it at about three Foot Diftance one from another 3 trim off the fuperfiuous Roots, leaving no more than three or four Eyes or Buds upon that which is above the Ground, and plant them near half a Foot deep, Hoping after the manner as Quick-fett is commonly planted, fo as they may point up the Hill ; That being done, take long Dung or Straw, and lay on the Trenches, of a con- venient Thicknefs to cover the Earth, and to preferve the Roots from dry piercing Winds, which would otherwife much annoy them, and from the exceflive fcorching Heats in Summer. Keep them well hoed and free from Weeds, and water them as Occafion ferves. The 2^8 of Orchards^ Vineyards^ Szq] JK| The beft Time to plant is in January 5 and the firft Seafon of pruning the Vine is the Month of January in the next Year 5 and then you are to cut off all the Shoots as near as you can, except one of the moft thriving ones, which is to be left with only two or three Buds 'til May the fecond Year after planting ^ and clear the Roots of all Suckers, which draw out the Virtue of your Setts, and care- fully deftroy the Weeds. The fame Manage- ment is requir'd the third Year, by taking away all the Shoots in January^ but one or two of the moft profperous. Then dig your whole Vineyard, and lay it level, taking Care not to cut or wound any of the main Roots with your Spade : As for the younger Roots, it is not fo material. And this Year you may enjoy fome of the Fruit of your Labour, which, if anfwerable to your Wifhes, will put you upon providing Props for your Vines, of about four Foot long, to be placed on the l^orth Side of the Plant. In May rub off fuch Buds as you fufped: will produce fu- perfiuous Branches. When the Grapes arc about the Bignefs of Bird-Shot, break off the Branches with your Hand at the fecond Joint above the Fruit, and tye the reft to the Prop. This Breaking is preferable to Cutting^ by reafon Wounds made on Vines with a fharp Inftrument, are very apt to bleed* The ' of Orchards^ Vineyards , &c. 269 TliQ nexr Year after Bearing being the fourth Year, you'll have generally three or four Shoots to every Plant 5 and therefore in December cut off all the Branches, except one that is ftrongeft and moft thriving, which you are to leave tor a Standard about four Foot high, (taking away the reft clofe to the Body of the Mother-Plant) and to tye it to your Prop 'till it be large enough to make a Standard of itfelf : Neither muft you per- mit any Shoot to break out, but fuch as fprout at the Top four Foot from the Ground^ and thefe in france are commonly cut off every Year, depending upon the new Shoots, which are the only bearing Branches. But fome propofe to leave two or three Branches, one fucceffively after the other, and by this Management they always cut off the oldeft every Year, and nurfe up the other young ones 5 tho' herein the Number of the Branches fliould be proportionable to the prefent Con- dition of the Vine. In Aiiguft^ when the Fruit begins to ripen, break off thofe Shoots that you find too thick, and take away fome of the Leaves difcreetly from the Fruit 5 and if in breaking the Shoots you perceive any Plant to bleed, rub fome Aflies upon it, or fear it with a hot Iron. If your Ground be poor, which will be difcover'd by often ftirring and the Weaknefs of the Crop, prune the Vines as is already directed, and fpread good rotten Dung mixt with Lime over the whole Vineyard, Jetting it '270 of Orchards^ Vineyards^ Sec. * it lye all the Winter to wafli into the Earth, and mingling about ten Bufhels of Lhne with a Load of Dung 5 and if fome A(hes and Soot be likewife thrown upon the Ground, it will do very welL Turn in this Manure about February with a flight Digging, but not too deep ^ and this is to be done in a dry Seafon, and not in wet Weather, left it make the Ground bind too much, and encourage the Growth of rank Weeds. But to forward the Ripening of Grapes, and render the Plants fruitful, the Blood of Beafts mix'd with Lime or Soot is excellent to lay to the Roots of the Vines in December and in July 5 and if the Seafon be very dry. Watering in An- gujl is a very great Advantage to the Trees, In the Management of your Vintage, ga- ther your Fruit in a dry Day, while they are very plump and tranfparenr, the Seeds or Stones being black and clear, not vifcous or clammy, when the Stalk begins to fhrivel at the Part next the Branch, which is a Sign it has done feeding 5 and if Rain or Froft im- mediately follow after they are thus fit to be gathered, get them in as foon as is poiTible : It is bell to cut, and not pull the Clufters of Grapes from the Vine, and to put them into Baikets, out of which take them gently, and lay them in Heaps on a Floor to fweat for four or five Days or a Week, which will ve- ry much accelerate their Ripening, This Vol.2. Of Orchards^ Vineyards^ Szc. 271 This is all I have to infert in this Volume 5 and I hope what I have mention d, will prove a fatisfadory Entertainment to all curious and polite Gentlemen, and perfedly inftrudive to thofe of my Profeffion, I (hall conclude with fome Lines from Mr. Dryderi^ Tranflation of Vhgil^ which embellifti the Charafter of a flcilful Gardener : They are ^ (fpeaking of an old Corycian Swain) He reaps the ProduB of his labour d Ground. His Limes are fir si in Flowr^ his lofty Pines^ With friendly Shade fecure his tender Vines : He ranks his Elms in even graceful Rows^ Isfkiird the grafted Pear-Tree to difpofe : He makes with fpreading Planes a cool Retreat ^ To fhade good Fellows from the Summers Heat, THE THE INDEX. Page. ANgle, Definition of^ in Geometry 5 Angle, to cut into two equal Points upon Paper 14 Avenues 216 B Book, for Meafuring of Land A Bill, or Efiimate Box ^w^ Needle /ir Surveying 52 57 65 Circle, to slrike on Paper 16 Circle, the Center to find out ibid; Circles, Content of the Segment to find ^ and Circles divided 48 129 Chain, Cuntcx's for Meafuring ' 60 Court- INDEX. Court-Yards P- 13S Coiiit'Yavds defcrib^d on plates 138, 145 D Diftance, accejjible or inaccejjfible to take 93 Defcription and Ufe of meafuring InHruments 116 Dividing of Lands 117 Of a Triangle fever al Ways ibid. Of a triangular Piece of Land into any Number of equal and unequal PartSy by Lines proceeding from a Point ajfignd 1 1 8 Of t^ triangular Piece of Land^ ac- cording to any Proportion given 119 Of f our- fide d Figures or Trapez^ia 120 • — - Of an irregular Plot of any Nurnber of Sides y by a Hrait Line thro it 123 • Of Lands an eafy Way 125 ^. Of a Circle^ according to any Pro- portion^ by a Line concentrick with the firH 129 E Equality of Things in Geometry 9 Enneagon defcriVdy or a Figure of nine Sides 22 An Eftimate 57 Efpalier Trees^ Hedges^ 5cc. 225 FirB planted before the Garden laid out 227 ^- ► Frames for them 230 T 2 Efpalier INDEX. Efpaliers, in what Order planted p. 231 . Their life and Beauty ibid. Figures Geometrical^ crooked and curvilineal^ mix^d and composed 8 Y\t\A^ plotted^ how done y6^ 86, 95, 6cc. Frui't" Gardens 233 Situation of ibid. -^ • Expoftion 234 . Catabgiie of Fruits 235 . . planting and Soils , 236 * . Walls for Fruity the feveral Sorts of a7id Methods of ereBing 239 " ' " 'Pruning of Fruit 'Trees 242 Geometrical InftruEiions^ &C. I GunterV Chain, r/^ Ufe of in Surveying 60 Groves, cut out into Walks, &c. 205 Groves and Labyrinths 2 lo, 2 19 Grafting of Fruit-Trees^ the feveral Methods of 254 H Hexagon, regular upon a right Line given 19 Heptagon, or a Figure of feven Sides to make upon a Line given 20 Heptagons, to find the fuperficial Contents 50 I In INDEX. I Inftruftions, Geometrical^ for Gardeners p. i Inftrudions, l^umerical 23 Index, an Instrument for Meafuring defcrib'd 6 5 Inoculating