LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

Chit Sopyright Da

|

RYSDYK’S HAMBLETONIAN.

The Great Progenitor of Trotters.

ILLUSTRATED

MERICAN HORSE BOOK

CONTAINING

A PLAIN, PRACTICAL AND IMPROVED MODERN TREATMENT, PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED
WITH EXPLANATORY ENGRAVINGS, OF THE VARIOUS

Pinar OF THE HORSE,

ALSO

A HISTORY OF THE BREEDS OF HORSES, AND THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND
REMARKABLE PERFORMANCES OF THE

TROTTING HORSES OF AMERICA,

WITH PORTRAITS OF NOTED TROTTING HORSES,

TOGETHER WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR BREAKING, AND SYSTEMATIC TRAINING
OF THE YOUNG AS WELL AS THE MATURE TROTTER; THE USE OF
TOE WEIGHTS, BITS AND MANY APPLIANCES FOR MAKING
. SLOW HORSES FAST, AND FAST HORSES FASTER;
THE BREAKING OF VICIOUS HORSES; SHOEING TO CORRECT EVILS; AND
A LARGE AMOUNT OF VALUABLE MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN,
NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED.

By an AssociATED Corps oF EXPERIENCED WRITERS.

SP EOPYRIGH pS

LIVE-STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY,
C: O. MYERS, M. D. Prestpent. E. L. STOWE, Manacer.
Cnicaco, Itt, Kansas City, Mo.

Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the ees oe ;
By E. L. STOWE,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
All rights reserved. r a

PAN i,

The combining the talent of several Veterinary practitioners in different parts of
the United States, noted for their success in treating diseases of domestic animals, as well
as the practical experience of scientific stock-breeders, has not heretofore been done in
books; on this subject. But few of the books published were practical, too many were
necessary to obtain a small amount of information, and the heavy expense prevented the
people purchasing. Several gentlemen, largely interested in breeding, and developing the
interest in breeding fine stock in this country, feeling the necessity for a comprehensive
work of this kind, which should be reasonable in price, organized a Publishing Company
for this purpose.

Directions were given to the Manager to secure the very best Veterinary talent
in this country; to so illustrate the work by explanatory engravings as to be readily
understood; to have the causes, symptoms, prescriptions and treatment given in concise
and plain English, that it might become the Farmer’s complete Adviser; that instructions
be given, so that the Breeder might be able to develop his fine stock and realize its value.

How well all these expectations have been realized, will be seen by the following
pages, which combine all these features, in a conyenient shape for ready reference in
cases of emergency, from men of practical experience, excelling anything of this kind ever
before published, and to be found in no other work. Theory has been sacrificed where
it clashed with actual tested experience, and preference has been given to those remedies
whieh are common, often on hand, or easy to procure.

By purchasing, when necessary, the different articles outright, No ROYALTY IS PAID
ANY AvuTHOR, which very largely reduces the price, and makes the book the cheapest of
its kind. It combines six books in one, for the price of one, and isa substitute for many.

Proressor GornG, of the ‘Sprrir or Tue Times;’’ Proressor Law, of Cornell Uni-
versity, New York; Proressor CoremMan, and many others of recognized celebrity, have

placed us under obligations, by the use of either their articles, or by reference to their

iv PREFACE.

contributions on these subjects, in addition to our regular writers. We must not omit
thanking many veteran and practical Breeders who have materially assisted the enter-
prise by articles, information, and advice of known worth. Several Trainers of wide
experience, have aided in preparing the instructions for developing the Trotting Horse.
It would be impossible to enumerate all who have aided in its preparation, or to whom
we would like to return thanks.

We confidently invite the inspection of the Stock-raisers of this country to the
within work, as meeting a want long felt for a book of reference which would tell them
just what they want to know, in the shortest possible time, devoid of vague theories
and bewildering technicalities, and at the same time be reliable.

To protect the people, as well as to protect our reputation, this book will not be
sold by irresponsible, wandering agents, but by men dealing direct with the Company,
who come to us highly recommended, and who will be furnished with proper credentials
for representing the Company. We ask the courteous treatment of these representatives
who are introducing the work, for they are men of character. It will not be for sale at
book-stores, for the simple reason that the limited sale, as well as the added profits of
each retail dealer, would increase the price to the people. It can only be obtained of
the canvasser, in his assigned field, and will not be sent by mail or express from the
office. No books will be sold during delivery, the requisite number for each township,

as reported, being shipped, and no more.

CONT EINES:

Cap ACPD HR Oly:

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

PAGE.

STAGGERS—BLIND STAGGERS—MAD STAGGERS.—The different stages—Its worst
stage—What causes it— Symptoms anyone can recognize—To cure from over-eat-
ing of grain or green food —The remedy is always at hand— How often to repeat
the dose —What to do if it does not succeed —When to stop the medicine— To aid

AMTUTA A MCU Gsceccsendescasdccscosvstcassecatecevacs<tsescssecsissccesun tisucdscavosscsecssessesecrsizessccasenccccoses
MEGRIMS — EPILEPSY.—What it is and how the horse acts— When it is violent and
when slight— The only remedy for it— Final end of horse...........seceecceeesneeeeeeceeees

TETANUS—LOCK-J A W.—Its origin and plain symptoms—Its effects—A sure test when
not developed—The old barbarous method of treatment —The latest and most sen-
sible mode of cure — How to feed when jaws are set —What not to dO....-s.seseseeee

PARTIAL PARALYSIS — NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Horses most affected and how —To
tone and build the horse up — Caution and care in driving — How it is disguised...

COMPLETE PARALYSIS — SPINAL MENINGITIS.— Its peculiar character and style
of attack —Fatal symptoms —What home remedies may be used beneficially.........

AMAUROSIS— PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE.—How deceptive to ordinary men —
Blind horses often sold for sound — How little it changes the appearance of the eye
— Unreliable and fallacious tests —A sure test of easy application...........c....2eese00e

ILLUSTRATIONS.—A horse affected by staggers—A bad case of lock-jaw —Testing for
jock-jaw — The only way to feed the horse.
CoB ASP TE) Ry eas
DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE.
SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA— CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES— MOON

BLINDN#ESS.— Mistaken notions about this disease —What it really is—How to
tell if a horse is subject to it— How it terminates —Its first symptoms— It treat-

26

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGF.

ment—What to do if a horse is feverish —If in pain—What to avoid doing —
Hooks in the eyes—Inhuman acts of ignoramuses and quacks— No penalty too
Severe for them..ccsnccesccen scence canes deparcenvenrocsnercoseecansastier saccnet@eneee tenet or anae acta neneene
SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA— COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.—Its charac-
ter, symptoms and cause — Its easy and certain treatment if commenced in time...
CATARACTS OR SPOTS IN THE EYE.—The different kinds and their size—Their
effects — How to examine for them and to distinguish them — Peculiarities of the
different kinds— Buying horses with affected eyes— How to examine intelligently
— Cataracts which are curable —Those which are incurable.........sccssecsseeseeecesnseree

ILLUSTRATIONS — First signs of ophthalmia— How it affects the eye— Location of
different cataracts — Partial cataracts —Total cataracts.

CHAP RE R) Taite

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

INJURIES TO THE MOUTH.—Hoyw caused by irritable drivers —What to do for them
= Simple 1OMOn an di SiN ple CALNE pre cacavacnsauvesatenscecese sneeeaeereeneeeastaastartesneets
INJURIES TO THE JAW.— More serious than to mouth—'To tell if bone has been
injured — How to lance to prevent abscess— How to remove the dead bone and
how to heal the wound...........-....+++. soSbagsROOsOne onDS ea0d HoGoETCaLOe cba HaSAceSoseanscEnOoA SCOTS

LAMPAS.— Mistaken opinions about this trouble—The old and barbarous practice —
How this ruins and spoils the mouth — How simple the treatment if only known

—How to lose money by following old treatment.........ccccssesescccenecececcccenssnssesceens
APHTHA— ERUPTION AROUND AND IN MOUTH.—What the disease is—Its easy
CULE cre ee occ nnsenbacavaniesteten et areance danse satan ena sere teaceie teaeeic ees en aceasta see aes eee ee
BAD TEETH — WOLF TEETH.— How uneven teeth injure a horse — Diseases caused
by them — Foolish ideas about wolf teeth — Explanations of them........seecsessees0+0

COMMON COLD.— How it commences—What to do for it—How to steam a horse’s
nose — Difference between discharge in common cold and glanders— Home

remedies for it.

NASAL GLEET.— Its difference from cold — How it differs from glanders— Character of
discharge from nose—What can be done for it—The treatment of obstinate cases

— Remedies and how to use them
NASAL POLYPUS.—Peculiarities of this growth— How to remove it— Not dangerous..

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Bad teeth— Use of a nose bag in cold—Swollen gland in cold—
Case of nasal gleet.

39

39

43

43,

48
50

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cae APE Ek TV):

DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

P
CHOKING.— Hien Cuoxr — Position the horse stands in this disease —Where the ob-

stacle lies — How to remove by hand—To make a simple instrument to remove
it — To relieve if caused by an egg —An ingenious method — Low Cuoxre— The
symptoms of low choke —The different position the horse stands in low choke —
Simple ands safemmethod Of TECi--..s-<c-ccsee-eesecssncensacscceuarecneeraccrcenenss«sunaasesnnecqascae
BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE.— Its character as merely a blemish — How to remove it.
LARYNGITIS.—How it affects the windpipe — To detect its first stages ——Why the horse
becomes a roarer — Serious and slight symptoms —Proper treatment — Instruction
for the use of remedies —When to change them — Special directions for recovery...
CHRONIC COUGH.—When the cough is a symptom and when a disease — What causes
and aggravates it — The -best remedies and how to use them...........:.:.0:seseeeeeeeereeee
SORE THROAT.—When local and when a symptom — How it obstructs the drinking —
What to give for it — How to use a gargle—A home-made remedy and a good one..
ROARING.— Its character and causes — Only method of relief for chronic cases —To de-
tect an incipient roarer—The stable test —Its treatment by remedies............--.+

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Position the horse stands in high choke — Home-made instrument
to relieve — Position taken in low choke —A case of bronchocele

CHAPTER V..

DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

PNEUMONIA — INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.— To distinguish it from pleurisy
and bronchitis — The first symptoms that show — To examine to discover it — The
first thing to do — The second step to take — Cautions about bleeding — To clothe
the horse during this disease — The kind and quantity of remedies to use — Treat-
ment during recovery — How to hasten recovery — Favorable signs — Fatal symp-
toms — What the food should be during recOvery...........sssccccccsseessneerccceseescesees

OVER-DRIVING.— ConcestIon on THE Roap— How it attacks the horse —Its worst
symptoms —What to do immediately -- Remedies that are best — Cautions about
about injudicious treatment — ConGeEsTIon IN THE StanLe—How it differs — Its
most prominent symptoms — What its treatment should be — What it may termin-
ALCHEINE —SELO WAUONAV OG pllinnscecdetenscestenesccnvesdcssseeretacatslerreadacasentcacecseseascancaarteaaremscae

BRONCHITIS.—Its prevailing causes — Most prominent symptoms —Treatment by the
most effective remedies — Application of steam — How to vary the remedies — The
appearance of fatal symptoms— Avoid improper treatment and much dosing.....-

AGE.

60

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

PLEURISY.—What disease it may be mistaken for — How to distinguish it from colic—
Symptoms anyone can recognise —A certain test for it — Particular directions for
treating it— The first signs of improvement — Fatal symptoms — Proper remedies
ANG HOW to Use them! — WihatitO) AVOldccrs.c1-.-cnce-cocssccocvss-cornnnterescnsenweceersareecnres

ILLUSTRATIONS.— First symptoms of inflammation of the lungs—A bad case of this
disease — First signs of overdriving — The first stages of bronchitis— Bad case of
bronchitis — To clothe during this disease —A horse affected with pleurisy.

CEPA PAVE EY (Vike
DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF STOMACH.

ACUTE GASTRITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH — POISONING.—When
caused by quack condition powders — Drugging a race-horse— How done and how
to relieve— Peculiarity of the symptoms in poisoning—Variation of the symp-
toms— How the poison acts— Difference between man and horse—What to do—
Antidote for poisoning from condition powders—Antidotes for injury from acids —
Antidotes for poisoning from alkalies or lye—The medicine to use when poison is
unknown— How to give medicine quickly in bad Case.......-.ssssssecsconcceccesesecseceensens

INDIGESTION — CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.— Hoy it shows
itself and its prominent symptoms— Peculiarities of a morbid appetite—The
course to take to treat the disease—To tone up and strengthen the stomach—

EFOPEL TOOGstO DG OUV CI verescesiecieencreccanesenetsaestesneseaennecsantncn anne sensiscerstersi<esareressecaates
CRIBBING—WIND SUCKING.—What it is and how done —Its causes —Its treatment
—Jockey tricks to conceal it— Exposure Of them...............cccsessecsnssceenssssnnenensreres

BOTS.— Developments made by late scientific investigation— Diseases which are often
mistaken for bots— How bots have been killed—Time of year when no bots are in
the stomach of horse—How they propagate — How they attach themselves to the
stomach — Impossibility of medicine to reach their mouths—How long bots live
in turpentine, kerosene, carbolic acid, ete-—The only injury they do.....-.....s--+«0.r-

SPASM OF DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS.—Acute symptoms during a race— How to save
the horse—Signs of fatal symptoms —Warning to riders—Directions for immedi-
ate treatment —What to give and how to care for the horse—Chronic form of the
disease—Wihatatordo foniitacs.--csescecseneneeasewecssuc=seseenckeseceeecencaneenensaensteseeaeseeerrseees

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Bad case of poisoning —To give medicine in obstinate cases quickly.

CHAPTER Vit.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

SPASMODIC COLIC.— How it affects the intestines— Its first stage of attack — How it
intermits and commences again—Its second stage—The third stage of an attack —
Intense pain and mad plunging— How it differs from flatulent colic—When

oR

77

78

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

9

PAGE.

inflammation of the bowels commences— How the pulse changes— Plain direc-
tions for recognizing — Foolish methods of treatment— The proper and successful
method — Its easy application —What to do when this cannot be had— When to
use injections— How and when to blister—Sure sign that another disease is
PICRCMIL. «=... 200-.nnncnsceussmasavsnysenenensacesupesascacsaaccassasesseancnoecsnaahssseecersccecsscnssseccerever ces
FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC.—Its cause—Symptoms in its different stages, and
how they differ from spasmodic colic—How any one can tell the difference — Its
later and fatal symptoms— How to check formation of gas— What to give in addi-
tion — What to use if medicine cannot be had— Exercising the animal— When
medicines fail, how to relieve by an operation— Where to insert the knife and
tube — A homemade substitute— Treatment during recovery—To prevent another

ENTERITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES.—Its fatal and destroying
character — How long it lasts — The first warning sign — Difference between symp-
toms in colic and this disease— How to avoid mistaking the disease — Different
tests— An infallible test under any circumstances— First treatment— Active
treatment — What not to give —To physic without medicine — When to blister —

Treatment during recovery — Important directions to be followed....-.....-....ceseeeee
ACUTE DYSENTERY.— Its causes, character and symptoms — The active progress of the
disease — What to do for it— Final treatment during reCOVery.....-..ssecceeeeceereeceee ness
DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.— Its origin and distinguishing symptoms— A test for it
— General appearance of the horse — The best treatment for it.........secesereceseeeeeeees

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.—What they are—Signs of a ruptured diaphragm — Test for
a ruptured spleen or liver— Ruptured stomach — Intro-susception of intestines —
Oilystreabim Gn ti sccdscecsescsstscasietecccaneelqsantwastletsacessedsashssea: csdedcenwegeccens estpeedss sesstaseascs ts

WORMS.— How they hurt colts— How they change their growth —Signs of worms—
The kind of worms — What to do for them—To prevent worms—To relieve pos-
TEMOr Inte hOUNaM Gert o bin Orbe ial scacecdaanesseesuccecstcrvenensloeesccasiisascueessoecetsscersacanane

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Section of intestine contracted by colie—First sign of spasmodic
colic—Second stage of spasmodic colic —- Third stage of spasmodic colic— How to
blister in severe cases— First symptoms of flatulent colic— A bad case of flatulent
colic— Trochar to relieve colic by puncture — Places to puncture to insert trochar
—Sign of intestinal irritation—Test for inflammation of intestines—A certain test
for inflammation of intestines— How to apply ammoniacal blisters— A horse with
acute dysentery — Sign of abdominal injury — A sure indication of worms.

CBEASP AE ER, VEEL.
ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.
BONE SPAVIN.— Lack of knowledge about it— Explanations anyone can understand—

Humbug recipes exposed — How a spavin commences — Its location and extent—
2
-_

82

86

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10 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Different stages of its development— When it disappears — Horses most liable to cf
—Causes— Numerous tests to detect it—The trotting test— Difference in action
between sound limbs and spavined— Wearing of the shoe and hoof — How jockeys
dodge tests— Warming up a horse to disguise it— Where to stand to examine a
horse— A certain test— How to apply it— Difference in spavins— Successful
method of treating— When to do it—To reduce the inflammation—To remove

the bunch — When not to treat — Firing for spavins— Warnings about spavins—

Dim pOrkart ACC Cnesscssantnseasecetot esseencenstatansosetesctenravescecitn- een sxich Meee ease ee hen eeseaeae
OCCULT SPAVIN— ARTICULAR SPAVIN.— How it differs from bone spayin—No
bony enlargement— Mysterious lameness— Ulceration the cause—How people
make mistakes— How to distinguish it at once—Peculiar action of leg— Fitful
character of lameness—Only method of relief —How long it takes—Its results

plate bi] ofs) eke 31 Stee ecn ceca soscoc ao SonoU Doce US) CHONEShes Konda acs Koso noooseanedbo canon SonEdedavogseas soshceoo

BOG SPAVIN.— Peculiarities of this disease —TIts location, causes, and changes which
may occur — Treatment by pressure — Medicines to be used — Further directions...
SPLINTS.— Different locations— When serious—When it affects knee-joint— When it
irritates the tendons — Often an unsuspected cause of lameness — To detect under

all circumstances and conditions— Several easily applied tests— Best treatment —
When itor blister: sists. 2:sces Actoves ons create yastacssc comecece nee nctescevetdscsevadoadeeresacecsurssevavrewees
RINGBONE.— Its location and extent — How it developes—Size not a sure criterion as
to lameness— When it is most serious and difficult to treat—Tendency to ringbone

often hereditary — Best treatment for early stages— Treatment for old cases.........-
WINDGALLS.— Their location and character — How they may become serious— Chan-
ges which may occur— How a race often affects them — To treat by pressure —
Local remedies — Treatment by hypodermic syringe — Happy effects ..............+-+0++
THROUGHPIN.— Its location and different causes— How to treat if complicated with
bog spavin— Which to heal first— How to apply pressure........se-ssseeesassenseenseseeeees
ATROPHY OF SHOULDER—SWEENY.— What it really is— The general cause of it —
‘How to:treatitomestore tie part. ..sc.-.scssnen+uevisne=asoeyseennees aismensieenmsacceenressarsmnssnredecng
SPRAINS.—-Various kinds and their symptoms— Remedies to be applied—To shoe to
relieve a strain— When a blister will aid a CULC..........--ssssesecseeneceeeccceeenscerenecsoneees
CURB.— Its location, character, and causes—To reduce the inflammation— What to do
with a blister — Treatment for young and old horses— Ta shoe properly...-++++.-+++++
RHEUMATISM.— How it dodges from joint to joint—Acute symptoms— Symptoms in
chronic form— Changes it causes—Internal and external treatment— To treat the
swollen joints — General Girections........----se1:++s-+sesssncensercerseerensetecceeseeccesenccaceeenas
CAPPED KNEE— CAAPED HOCK—CAPPED ELBOW —SHOE BOIL.— Explanation
of their causes— How to reduce them— What to do if callous remains—If an

OPEN SOre OTOL weve cate vacsecencanesesecearcans=themnesneaeysr sane ene deeds or ae ncrars ceaaansesaaesaeeeee
LYMPHANGITIS— WATER FARCY.— How to distinguish it— Its liability to recur-
rence— Dropsical condition of leg—Its proper treatment...-...---.1:+--eseeeeeeeeteeeeenee neers
KNEE-SPRUNG AND COCKED ANKLES.— Description of these troubles—How to
mitigate them — Dividing the tendons — Firing the joints— More particulars..........

AGE.

101

108

109

111

113

114

116

116

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ILLUSTRATIONS.— External appearance of a spavin—Same spavin dissected— Action
of a sound leg contrasted with a spavined leg— Locations and positions to stand
when examining a horse for spavins—To examine and test critically for spayin—
Action of leg in occult spavin — A case of bog spavin— Bandaging for bog spayin —
Different locations of splints —Serious location of splint — Splints dissected —
Ringbone affecting two joints— Location of windgalls— Appearance of throughpin
— Appearance of sprain— How to shoe for sprain—Case of curb—Cases of capped
knee and hock.

GALA P Tore eX:
ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

HOW TO LOCATE LAMENESS.— General examination for it— Rigid examination for
obscure lameness— Critical examination of the foot— How to detect in fore feet
—In hind feet—To examine for shoulder lameness— For lameness in hip joint—
Symptoms of knee joint lameness— Special directions when all inspection fails—
Successful in ninety-nine cases out of One HUNALE ......cce-ceeeeeeeeceseaeeseceseeeusaeeceeees
THE STRUCTURE OF A HORSE’S FOOT.— How to care for it— No foot, no horse — Its
internal construction—Coffin bone— Navyicular bone—The sensitive frog, ete.—
How it grows—The foot without the hoof—How the hoof is attached—The bot-
tom of the foot— Foot of a five-year-old horse never shod—The chemical construc-
tion of the hoof—Injury by rasping, tarring and burning— Structure and office of
the frog —The best dressing for the hoof —The hot water bath for injured feet........
ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS— FOUNDER.— Its location, character and causes
— How it often changes the foot— Distinction between acute and chronic cases—
Other peculiar causes of it— How to examine and test for it— Importance of in-
stantaneous treatment—The best treatment—Treatment of chronic cases—The
INCOM Oteenate teneet ceca vecccescatescaesscectas <esiicecanaCorena-etrncteee valens ata iaaareeeu ne nccttectanecotne tones
NAVICULAR DISEASE—CONTRACTED FEET.— Where the real seat of the disease
is—Its worst results— Its main causes — How people make mistakes—Treating the
wrong disease —Symptoms always present—The sure signs—Peculiarity of the
trot— Pointing with the toe—How to commence the treatment— How to modify
it— Special directions for special cases— Cautions and WarningS.......s.:sesesseseeeeeeees
PUMICE FOOT.—Its description— Horses most liable to it—Its causes—What can be
done for it—The mode of shoeing — Hoof compound to use for it—To alter the
Gharacter-ands quality ofithe! hoOLss.sssocccsecuesecwcsscassccvscviesee dectensoces-covdees cduvesaecoesttns
SAND CRACKS—TOE AND QUARTER CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTER.—What
they are, and their extent—Causes— Proper treatment—Cutting the crack— Re-
moving proud flesh — Firing for it—Best hoof dressing for it—To shoe properly....
CORNS — BRUISE OF THE SOLE.— Causes of these troubles—Old corns and new corns
— Certain evidence of corns—Suppurating corns—To treat the various kinds—
What to do for bruise of sole or pricking the f00t......-ssesscececercseeees cOOSEE peterscieeesece

11

AGE.

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134

138

143

146

12 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

QUITTOR.— Location inside the hoof—Its character and severity—The correct treat-
ment—To cut open the sinus—To probe—To apply remedies.............+++ Rcestatraseaete 148
THRUSH AND CANKER.—Where they both originate—How they differ—Which is
the worst —The different treatment of each —What is necessary to be successful.... 149
SEEDY TOE— WOUNDS FROM TREAD OR OVER-REACH.— Origin of seedy toe —
Operation for it—Succeeding treatment—Treatment of wounds from over-reach.... 151
OSSIFICATION OF LATERAL CARTILAGES, OR “SIDE BONES.”’— How to test for
them —Their causes—Their results —Their treatMent.........-:ssececesessesceceeseseesseseens 152

ILLUSTRATIONS.—Action if lame in fore foot—In hind foot—In shoulder—In hip—
Anatomical section of foot and pastern—Foot divested of hoof—Sole divested of
hoof—Natural foot never shod—Case of laminitis or founder— How it changes
foot—Case of navicular disease—Sure sign of this disease—The trot in navicular
lameness—Side view of pumice foot— View of sole—Of interior of foot affected—
Three methods of treating quarter crack.

CHAP TER xX.
GENERAL DISEASES.

EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC.— General character of the disease and its com-
plications— Former epidemics— Its first symptoms of attack—The more serious
and fatal symptoms—Serious termination—The most sensible mode of treating
thi Bfershe Tash YcLGUE\s\ Ko)! THE aaoaeengn cadens sa. Gooc reaps con scagdsnnhenacoré-coce ancignoaceinsocnasapmodcanacaca: 155

STRANGLES — DISTEMPER.—Peculiarity of its attack on young horses—The first
symptoms that show—The progress of the disease—The treatment by remedies

and surgical operations— Final imstructioms.........ceceseseeccseceenees cececeecsceeseeeseneess 157
FARCY.— Characteristics of this disease —Its relation to glanders—Varying symptoms
— The only treatment recommended — Its SUCCESS.......--------eeeerseeseceeeereseeerssecrereses 159

GLANDERS.— Its dangerous character—Its different stages— How it differs from nasal
gleet — How to examine the nostril —Peculiarity of chronic glanders—The latest
scientific treatment, said to be SUCCESSLUI..........2...00cccecscnsecsecenacccnrceossisecanereencnsess 160

HEAVES— BROKEN WIND.— Origin of this disease—The food which aggravates it
— Its general symptoms— Peculiarity of breathing —What its treatment should be
——IParti cular dineetlOUSiedccsceeseces seceeecesdeeceanseceedecncneteteancse nana aaceaneieseapen seid c een 163

SUNSTROKE.— Its fatal character—The premonitory symptoms—Its causes— Aggra-
vated attacks— How they affect the horse —The immediate treatment— What to do

if threatened with imsensibilitiy..-:..-ccascaccocnesssecceecvassuseransssvesecacr¥cehssisqreosenseceseueesie 164
BiG HEAD— OSTEO SARCOMA.— Particulars of this strange disease—What its causes
are—What it ends in— The treatment internally— Local applications............:.00008 166

ILLUSTRATIONS.— First signs of influenza— Examining for fatal symptoms—How to
clothe the horse — How to bring the discharge—Commencement of strangles—A

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13

PAGE.
very bad case of strangles— How to apply a bandage—Inside of hind leg in farey

— First appearance of glanders— Fourth stage of glanders— Examining for glanders
—Swollen glands always present— Examining for incipient heaves—A fatal case
of sunstroke.

CHAPTER XT.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

NEPHRITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.—Its causes and general charac-
ter— Reckless use of diuretics—Certain tests to determine it—Sure tests—What
its treatment should be—What must be done if possible—Gradual withdrawal of
medicines+ Final condition of the KidneySs....--.....---.ssssssssscercoresesececeoassceceesauvensss 169
H@MATURIA— BLOODY URINE.—The first indications of the disease—Its more
serious symptoms—The first remedies to give— Additional remedies if the first

DIABETES INSIPIDUS—PROFUSE URINATING.— Minor causes—To determine if
violent diuretics have been given—To tell if turpentine has been given—A test for
the presence of sweet spirits of nitre—lIts intense thirst—The remedies to use
ANCHO WACOLAGIMINIStenmthbeiricecccs seme orestncceen csc cewek ose nc succes cole dovedaseneecccconasewavecmes 173
SPASM OF URETHRA — RETENTION OF URINE.— Its spasmodic character —Its pain-
ful symptoms —How to distinguish from colice—The final test—What to do to
relieve it—What to do when no medicines are to be had......:.sseceeesseeecerssseecereeeees 174
PARTURITION — FOALING.— Natural births— Complicated births— How they differ
—When man’s assistance is necessary—In presentation of one leg only— Fora
missing head— Presentation of buttock—When amputation of legs is necessary —
How to do it—Trouble which may follow—To stop flooding —To remove the after-
birth —To cure leucorrheea—What to do for inflammation of the womb.............++++ 175
DISEASES OF MALE ORGANS.—Inflammation of Testicles—Their symptoms and
treatment—When castration is necessary— Dropsy of the scrotum and its treat-
ment by hypodermic syringe —Tumors of the sheath—Warty growthsic........0100++8 177
EVIL RESULTS FROM CASTRATION.—Strangulated cord—Its causes and simple
treatment —Swelling of the sheath—TIts causes and its treatment—Strangulated
NOETUIS UTC vy Leama OeLOIN learenosedsenescata: seucncnccescansestcercatsenanesscncerececceasansonssieanerecce 178

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Peculiar walk in urinary diseases— How to test for inflammation of
kidneys—A horse suffering with bloody urine —Testing for retention of urine.

Cre AVE IHR XL
ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

POLL EVIL.—Its location and causes—To examine for it— To determine its character
—The first step to take—When to operate and how—The lotions to use after—
UATE TSELOM USOLVC ace ccatsoe=scerees-ccsescocatoccasesersesstececessaces lcdvcsunsslesscaecuteasstessonasetore 180

14 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.—The prominent features of this disease— Its first appearance
—What to doin a recent case— How to use the knife—Succeeding treatment—
What to do for a neglected case— How to insert a seton— Application of remedies

BROKEN KNEES.— How to bathe—To determine the extent of injury—To probe
—To insert a seton— Lotions to use—Care of the part afterwards...-....-.-...:.....e++

OPEN SYNOVAL CAVITIES OR JOINTS.— How to distinguish them and their extent
—The effects—The treatment by lotions—To allay feverishness of horse—To
close the open joint— How to apply the remedy......0..- .scseeserececersscesecensccesscnseerees

WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.— Lacerated wounds— Description and treatment—To sew
up a wound— How to take the stitches— How to tie—To close an incised wound
or cut—Abraided wounds—Harness galls, both fresh and of long standing —
Punctured wounds—Opening with a knife—Treatment of bruises— Removing
bunches from leg —Wounds in feet—Pricks from shoeing—A cheap remedy for all
wounds always at hand— Directions for additional GATE srsesdesyateob ace sessvic-seant ase

BITE OF MAD DOG.—The prevention of hydrophobia—The only sure and certain
cure—Tested for fifty years by the best medical authority — How to treat the bite
—A cheap and home-made substitute— Every man should know it......---ssssseeeeeeee

ILLUSTRATIONS.—A case of fistulous withers—Probing a broken knee—Inserting
setons— Opening pouch in open joint—A lacerated wound— An incised wound—
Sewing up a wound—Wound after sewing—Stitches for a large wound—A punc-
tured wound.

CAVA PA hy a ie

PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

MANGE— ITCH — PRURIGO AND RINGWORM.—Their different characteristics and
effects—The different tests for them— Methods of relief— Lotions to use and
how often to apply—Internal remedies which aid @ CUreC..........:eseseeeeeseeeneecenteeerens

SURFEIT— BUTTON FARCY.—The nature of this disease—Its mild character and
easy cure —A different kind of surfeit from a different cause — How to treat this—
Internal remedies which are NECESSATY.....-...screseseecccccessscoseccasacesccsarssesescocsnacnsece

GREASE — SCRATCHES.— No trouble to learn the cause— Filthy stables and lack of
care — How to treat a simple case — Bad and long standing cases— How difficult to
treat— Treatment InWashattoeseessearsecceseskersccewancyeraceesesssutanse:=tances+= Wav scarcer ccnvae seas

MALLENDERS, SALLENDERS, AND HIDE BOUND.— Explanation and causes of
these diseases— Generally easily cured by proper treatment— How to treat them.

LICE— HEN LICE ON HORSES— GRUBS.— How to eradicate them—What must be
done for presence of hen lice— Remedies that are most successful..........-sseeeeesseees

ILLUSTRATIONS.—A sure sign of mange—A case of surfeit—Last stage of grease or
scratches.

181

182

188

196

197

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAP TR XLV.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

PAGE.

TO TELL THE AGE OF A HORSE ACCURATELY.— Deception of dealers— How

to become an expert judge—Reliable system by an expert judge— Result of
years of inspection— Changes the first year—Alterations in two-year-old form —
Unvarying shedding of teeth—A five-year-old mouth—Sure method of judging
age from six to nine years— Only reliable method after ten years— Development
of groove— From eleven to fifteen years— From fifteen to twenty-four — Miscel-
[ANEH UA POURS OWOR POLLS: -taacosaetssaecaanscaiewascsrvesscanstcansn cessor decsaectccsue deaseeaeet sec eneree

FIRING OR ACTUAL CAUTERY, SETONS AND ROWELS.— Benefits of firing if prop-

erly applied — Diseases benefited by it—Object in firing—The kind of iron to
use, when and how to apply— How hot to have it— Firing for spavins— Cautions
about severity of use —The method of using setons and rowels—Their benefits —
Mhews WANeCEssary USC —Phel4r Had) TESULis:cc-<copecccewlaseoversenceccecceeceasescssceecnannvcnseance

CASTRATION OF COLTS.—When to do it — How it alters form.......sccescsccsscesseeeeeeeeeees
TO USE MEDICINES WITHOUT KNOWING DISEASE.—Sizes of doses for horses,

cattle, sheep and hogs—What to give if feverish—To deaden pain —To increase
strength—To stimulate stomach —To quiet irritability—To build a horse up and
improve his appearance—To move bowels instantly—To check dysentery—To act
on throat and lungs—To benefit the kidneys —To give by drench, ball or in food
—To give harsh remedies— To make any prescription by use of teaspoon or table-
spoon PePere ee Pee eee er Ore r rere errr reer eter ire reer ree ere reer eee reer eee eee re eee eee ee eee eee ere eee eee eee eee ey

CARE OF MANE AND TAIL.—To alter carrying tail by an operation—To increase

growth of mane and tail—To prevent rubbing of them—To turn mane to either

MISCELLANEOUS.—To curr TENDER MOUTHS— DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING A SLING FOR

SICK HORSES— TO PROTE@T HORSES FROM FLIES.......--.csccscescscoscsccceccscececscecccscccceses

ILLUSTRATIONS.—Teeth from six months to one year—Changes in teeth at one, two,

three, and four years— Mouth at five, six, seven, eight, and nine years— Changes
at ten, eleven, twelve, and every year up to nineteen years—Changes in jaw as
horse grows older— Nippers at six, twelve and twenty-four years.

199

210

213

16 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Part I].— History, BREEDING, AND TRAINING.

CH ACP SE By ai.
HISTORY OF BREEDS, TROTTING FAMILIES, AND PERFORMANCES.

THE IMPORTED NORMAN, CLYDESDALE, AMERICAN DRAFT, MUSTANG PONY
AND CANADIAN HORSES.—The first importations—Crossing of breeds—Their
peculiarities and fitness for work — Origin and former uses— Mingling of breeds... 216

THE AMERICAN TROTTER.— History and pedigree of the first ancestor — Variation
from thoroughbred form — Messenger’s sons— Their descendants — Origin of the
Hambletonians — Mambrinos — Morgans — Blackhawks — Bashaws. Clays and
Patchens— Bellfounder blood — Addition of Duroc and Star strains—The Royal
George family —The pacing element—The Columbus family, Pilots, Copper-
bottoms, Red Bucks, Swigerts, Cadmus family, Blue Bulls, Hiatogas, etc............0+. 219

RECORD OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES.— The first race—The performances of
Albany Pony, Top Gallant and Betsy Baker—Twenty miles an hour—Change of
custom to mile heats— The best time made up to 1834— Lady Suffolk’s extraor-
dinary time in 1849—Careers of Flora Temple, Dexter, and Goldsmith Maid —
Marvelous performances of Rarus— Will it be beaten?—The steady increase of
trotters from 1872 to 1878— Average time made in 1866 and 1872.....--..s.+sseseeeeeeeees PPA

CHAP DT Ean EL.
BREEDING, TRAINING, AND TROTTING APPLIANCES.

BREEDING OF DRAFT AND TROTTING HORSES.—How far disease is hereditary
—To select a suitable dam and sire —To produce trotting or running horses —How
to avoid disappointment — The traits inherited from dam and sire — Desirable
crosses — To tell when a mare is with foal— Care of a mare with foal and after
foaling —To make a mare own her colt — Care of the colt —Weaning, feeding, etc... 251
TRAINING THE TROTTER. — Slow horses made fast, — Breaking the colt— Learning
to walk and trot — Use of wagon or sulky — Feeding, jogging, and spurts of speed
—Cautions to be observed — To keep up the ambition — Trarninc THE MATURE
Trorrer — Early spring treatment — First preparatory work, and gradual harden-
ing — Feeding, sweating, and scraping out — Its object — Spurts of speed —Fitting
for the race — To get into condition and to keep there............cseseseseseesseneesreeseeenens 234
USE OF TOE AND SIDE WEIGHTS.— What their uses are to correct mixed gaits,
and alter action — Weights or heavy shoes; which ?—Horses which carry weights,
and how much — Directions for their application and use— How heavy to apply

TABLE OF CONTENTS. ea

" PAGE.
to convert a pacer into a trotter—To correct single-footing, hitching, paddling,

thumping, scalping, brushing, and other bad habits....-........cssecseeeeeceeeee ceeeneceeeeeeee 246
BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS — Importance of proper bits— Kind of bit to use, and

when to change it— Bit to correct a puller— Use of overdraw check — Material

for bits — Evil habits are contracted — Proper bits for Colts.....-...s:sceseeeeeeeesseceteeenee DOZ

CHAP UE. TET.
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES—SHOEING.

BREAKING COLTS— HORSES OF VICIOUS HABITS.— Breaxinc Courrs—Necessary
facts to know before you commence—How horses acquire vicious habits— Proper
use of the whip in breaking—When it must be used—Place wherein to handle a
colt— How to halter him— Use of bitting-rig — Breaking to harness— Driving to
wagon or sulky— Precautions in driving—Breaxine Vicious Horses—The most
successful method —The first operation —The second step to take — Final victory —
Pulling on the halter— Kicking in the stall— Kicking while shoeing or grooming —
Running away—Balking—Jumping, ete——Breaking of fear of robes, umbrellas, ete..
SHOEING INTELLIGENTLY AND TO CORRECT EVILS.— First facts and principles
—Construction of the foot— Natural angle of wall of hoof— Necessity of presery-
ing it— Natural foot never shod — Proper method of trimming the foot — Preparing
the foot for the shoe—Ameunt to remove from heel and toe— What to do about
sole and frog—Pernicious practices— Fitting the shoe to foot— How necessary it

bo
or
or

should be well done— Nailing it on—Shoeing to prevent interfering —How to
prevent over-reaching and clicking, ete— How Dexter is ShOd.........2...2e eee: eeeeeeeeee 268

ILLUSTRATIONS.—Five year old foot never shod — Diagram for leveling a foot— Proper
position of the leg and foot—Correct and incorrect trimming the hoof.

CeECACP EB. EV.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN.

TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE.—What is a sound horse ?—A serviceable sound
horse— When a warranty becomes a fraud— Fitting up a horse for jmarket—
Precautions about purchasing—How to examine a horse—The eyes, feet, limbs,
and body —General formation to be avoided.......cseeessccceeecesneceeceneeeeeeccessctenssnsseees 275

BUILDING STALLS FOR HORSES.—Size of stalls—To slope the floor yet have it level
—An ingenious and practicable method —Why horses back into the gangway—
The more sensible remedy. .......-.-.-.s.-ssssscesesssseseccsceccessanenssesnaccccesccsesensonnensecsecece 276

CARE OF THE HARNESS.—What destroys it—Care when it comes in—Cleaning
and oiling—To give it appearance of new leather—A water-proof varnish— Place
LOPK EOP hlteeeneaacsevcsenemaareserraseeveeressscessennrssrecersccescercescccasssacseacserscccatesdasnrsccensesscavsn 277

18 TABLE OF CONTENTS,

. PAGE.
SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS.—What a thoroughbred is—Length of the
Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger races, in England, and fastest time won— A handicap,
steeplechase, hurdle, and stake-race — A sweepstake and purse race — Play or pay
bets— Measuring a runner’s stride— trotter’s stride, and length of stride of some

horses—When a filly becomes a mare —A colt a horse—Weights to carry in a race. 278
HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS.—MiLE track—Amount. of land necessary—How
to lay it off—Place to set the distance posts—The starting point.—HaLr MILE

TRACK—Amount of land and directions tor MeasuriNg.........-.-+-eceeeeesereeeeeeceeee seers 280
RECORD OF TROTTING HORSES.—Record of all horses in 2:30 class or under—Breed-
INP ANC GESCLIPHONYOL MOSES: cceansesncsusncuncsneessnescscedensecsee= aarecaueuaecantacseeceenttnesssatits 281

HoMEOPATHIC DEPARTMENT.

CHAP TH Ro.

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT AND REMEDIES.—Its Principles and Use of Medicines.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.—Names of bones, external points, and location of disease. 29)

CHU AGE iB hy ie
EYES, CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

DISEASES OF THE EYES, THROAT AND CHEST.—Paralysis of Optic Nerve —Inflam-
mation of Eyes—Sore Throat— Inflammation of the Lungs— Bronchitis—Cold—
Catarrh— Cough—— Congestion css. snsssscsesesnees cneceeneennteranaceadeta-ancnsnanache=sectinsaeeees 302

DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.—Spasmodie and Wind
Colic— Bloating — Inflammation of Bowels—Diarrhcea —Dysentery — Constipation
—Staggers —Jaundice— Bots— Bloody Urine—Inflammation of Bladder — Reten-
tion of Urine —Abortion—Venereal Diseases — Castration ...-....ss1eseesesteeeeecererereres 209

CHAP TLE Rie
THE LIMBS, FEET, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASKS.
DISEASES OF LIMBS, FEET, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.—Founder, Rheu-
matism — Spavins— Windgalls—Stifled — Sprains —Stringhalt — Scratches— Corns
— Pricks — Glanders — Farey — Lock-jaw — Megrims — Distemper — Milk Fever
—Mange— Dropsy —Wounds and Bruises......-.++++++++» nnconchopbagnaaTiecoRQanooscecowanbscactcce 321

Cote nho WE PARTMENT.

CHAP TER. i.

HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

PAGE.

BREEDS OF CATTLE.—The Short Horns, their origin and gradual improvement—The
Ayrshires and their qualities as a dairy breed—Holstein and Dutch cattle and
their characteristics—Unrivaled qualities of the Alderneys, the Guernseys, and

Jerseys as butter makers—The Devons and Herefords— Native cattle........sssseseeeees 347

CHEAP a he E.
THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

-DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS.— Inflammation of the Lungs and its treat-
ment— Description and treatment of Pleurisy— Bronchitis and its remedies—The
treatment of Catarrh or Common Cold— Malignant Catarrh and what to do for it
SIG) PGi CISGHEG Seeeeesene eee Men stan sae seecs nade sususceantsscrceanaancadanncc-ureda-aeaccasercecncerecane=s

DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN.— Bloating or Hooven and how to relieve
it— Overloaded Paunch and its treatment—Impaction of the Third Stomach —
Dry Murrain— Mad Staggers—Inflammation of Bowels and what to do for it—
Diarrhoea — Scours—Dysentery and Bloody Flux—Scours in Calves and how to
check —Spasmodie Colic— Belly-ache — Peritonitis— Choking with various arti-
IES! WO bs coneceoce coend cecqbopSoocHRHOEACOCECOGREOCOSDEN EASON RIRO¢E nc qo aScHndocE Scan OSuoceNOnEraGoCeHCES

DISEASES OF URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.—Inflammation of the
Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder— Bloody Urine—Red Water—Abortion
in Cows— Remoyal of Dead Calf—Treatment of Cows before Calving— Milk Fever
and its cause — Inflammation of Womb and how to treat it—Bloody Milk — Garget
—Mammitis— Milk Stoppage— Obstruction of Teats— Leaking Milk—Sore Teats
——I Warts —- Ossi tO Of CALVEH rsucuressqnccccosssesescuyessesrosuecesecsescccnnsnenscsccascusaucasseuse

356

362

20 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAP tae ik

CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

PAGE.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.—Texan Fever, and its mode of contag-
ion and prevention— Pleuro-Pneumonia, or Contagious Inflammation of the Lungs
and its prevention and treatment— Malignant Anthrax—Black Leg— Black
Tongue — Bloody Murrain—Their causes and cure — Foot and Mouth Disease, and
its remedies — Epidemic Ophthalmia and its CUre...........sccceeeceeceeceeeeeceereresenerseeees 380

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.—Spaying Cows—To prevent cows kicking —The Herki-
mer method — Destroying Lice on Cattle—Grubs in the skin— Breaking Sucking
Cows—To remove articles from the Cyes, CtC........ssecccrcssresesessreencesececesererse sncenescees 387

Seni DEPARTMENT.

CHAPTER 1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

PAGE
THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.— Poland-Chinas— Chester-Whites — Berkshires —Suffolks
— Essex — Yorkshires — Cheshires — Lancashires — Jersey Reds— Their origin,

peculiar characteristics and Value......csecsescecseesecessesccsteeeeeseesenececersrece seeseeeeeeeeeseres 435

CHAPTER II.
HOG CHOLERA—ANTHRAX DISEASES.

HOG CHOLERA IN ALL ITS FORMS—Inextricable confusion in regard to names—
Mistake in calling every epidemic hog cholera—Annual loss by disease and quack
nostrums— Prevailing causes of the disease — Artificial condition of the hog—
Weakened constitution, errors in breeding and feeding—The old “Prairie Rooter,”
and the reason of its exemption—Character of the contagion— How the disease
spreads—Its contagious and infectious character—Sporadie cases may become
epidemic by neglect — Prevention of it not possible by dosing with powerful drugs
—Articles which are antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be successfully used —
Hygienic preyentions— Precautions to be observed—Ture TREATMENT OF THE
DiseasE—What is highly important to do.— Purrip Erysipetas Form — Mauic-
nant Typuus Fryer—Its symptoms and its treatment.— Maricnant Purrip Sore
Turoat TypeE—Lung complications— Its first symptoms and earlier treatment —
Fatal signs and remedies to use.—TypHoip Enteritis Form—The symptoms,
organs it attacks, and successful remedies to be used early in the disease, and

those employed later — Final directions for SUCCESS........cce-sseceseeeeeseeeeeeseeteesseeeseeens 440

22 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

C VASP SEER ate

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS.—Quinsy or Strangles, sometimes called
Hog Cholera— Diphtheria, which is also epizootic— Pneumonia, or Inflammation
of the Lungs—Cough—Catarrh in Pigs—Sniffles—Their cause, symptoms and
treatment

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS, Erc.— Diarrhcea or Scours in Pigs—
Constipation in Hogs—Kidney Worms and Intestinal Worms— Piles in Hogs—
Proinusioniof Rechumilor Bow ellinwhiogecscc:ssesseecturcencutessnecersraciesacacsseseestceecetnee rad 459

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.— Paralysis of hind-quarters—Apoplexyjin fat Hogs—
Thumps or Palpitation of Heart— Blind Staggers—Scerofulous disease — Rheuma-
tism — Black Tooth— Lice on Hogs— Mange on Pigs—To prevent Sows eating

GMO RIGS veaecevecauslosscaescceunwedersnann=tmet trade tcuencas elec scunses scessicces cae aecssanasseaisstsnstscis sien 462
OPERATIONS.— Spaying Sows— Castrating Ridgling Boars— Castrating Ruptured Hogs
— Prevention of being fly blown ........4 seeeneeess seoveaseneceavessesanecessenesssessessnsssvensssees 409

Ser DEPARTMENT.

C HAP (TERE.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

PAGE.

DIFFERENT BREEDS.—The Leicesters— Cotswolds— Lincolns— The South Downs—
Hampshire Downs—Shropshire Downs—Oxfordshire Downs— Merinos of {he
Infantado and Paular families—French Merinos—Soil and climate favorable to
EACHUDLCCUMELCMrocesensseassestseneetncerisaereatencstesnacnsaseccsees man nentetrasecandtassecescacrescsanstese - 513

CHA PPR: LF.
MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

SPRING MANAGEMENT.— Turning out to grass—Lambing— Management of new-
born Lambs— Chilled Lambs— Constipation and Diarrhceea— Cutting Teeth,
Swelled Neck and Rheumatism—Treatment of Ewes after Lambing — Garget—
Disowning Lambs— Docking and Castrating Lambs...-......--+:essseeeeeeeecseeeeseeeetessees 520

SUMMER MANAGEMENT.—Time and mode of Washing— Cutting Hoofs—Shearing
and Doing up Wool—Catching Sheep—Storms after Shearing—Ticks, Maggots,

CG TSUN, G)(Cacpboootacosocantocobocococosocceincyoacccoseisacc ooo cesedancdecan soacH Coo eOSEACEDACcHUSaEANES 525
FALL MANAGEMENT.—Weaning and Fall Feeding of Lambs—Feeding Breeding
Ewes — Coupling and Gestation — Dividing FIOCKS...........ssseeeseseeeseneneseeeeeseeneeseeees 528

WINTER MANAGEMENT.— Shelter — Confining to Yards— Water, Salt and Food........ 530

CHAP rE Re fil,
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.—Scab or Itch—Foot-rot — Hoot-rot — How to prevent and
HOwstowtneatathemsarcecensesccsseascacecss-erecrsesveorcerasssccsaadcccosesnassorscecenees=ssecoeersrsesers 535

D4 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

GENERAL DISEASES.—Grub in Head—Blind Staggers— Sturdy — Diarrhcea — Dysen-
tery— Colic or Stretches— Catarrh —A bortion — Parturient Fever— Obstruction of
Gullet— Hoove — Poisons—Sore Face and Lips—Inflammation of the Eyes—
Administering, Medi ines 1OISHEGpexscacetaceevasucaceeesccrsnacsanncenret <eneeteseneneesaes cEBROTOS 543

Clr PEAR 1,

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

STAGGERS— BLIND STAGGERS—MAD STAGGERS.—The different stages— Illustration
of its worst stage— What causes it—Symptoms any one can recognize —To cure from
overeating of grain or green food—The remedy is always at hand— How often to
repeat the dose — What to do if it does not succeed — When to stop the medicine—To
aid a final cure.

MEGRIMS — EPILEPSY.—What it is and how the horse acts— When it is violent and when
slight—The only remedy for it— Final end of horse.

TETANUS—LOCK-JAW.—Its origin and plain symptoms—TIIlustration of its effects—
Illustration of a sure test when not developed —The old barbarous method of treatment
—The latest and most sensible mode of cure—lIllustration of how to feed when jaws
are set--What not to do.

PARTIAL PARALYSIS— NERVOUS DEBILITY.—What horses are most affected and how
— How to tone and build the horse up—Caution and care in driving — Successful
method of disguising it.

COMPLETE PARALYSIS— EPIDEMIC SPINAL MENINGITIS.—What this disease is and
its character— Peculiar symptoms and style of the attacks—- Fatal symptoms — What
home remedies to use at once — Plain instructions for everyone — Final treatment.

AMAUROSIS— GUTTA SERENA— PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE.—How it deceives
ordinary men— Blind horses sold for sound—Its causes and how it changes the eye—
— Unreliable and fallacious tests — A sure test by which no one can be deceived.

26 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

SLEEPY STAGGERS—BLIND STAGGERS—MAD STAGGERS.

THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE.

Aut these names are really but different stages in the same
disease. In the first stage the brain is only oppressed, while in the
last stage, it is very highly inflamed, causing the horse really to
become mad. Our illustration plainly shows the frantic actions of a
horse in this stage of the disease.

WHAT CAUSES IT GENERALLY.

Animals that have bro-
ken loose at night, and
engorged themselves at
the oat-bin, become sub-
ject to staggers; the dis-
© ease of course originating
~in the stomach, and the
brain, through reflex ‘ac-
tion or sympathy, partici-
pating. Indigestion, no
doubt, occasions it in
many cases, hence by
proper precaution, it may

MAD STAGE OF STAGGERS. be either averted or pre-
vented. This is proven from the fact that animals exhibiting
unmistakable symptoms of staggers, have frequently been cured by
regulating their diet, administering tonics, and giving an occasional
dose of physic. In some portions of the south it seems to prevail in
localities, and is caused by local influences and food.

HOW THE HORSE ACTS.

In the first stage the horse hangs his head, which he presses
against the wall, with his eyes closed. The pulse throbs, the breath-
ing is labored, and the horse sometimes snores. The skin is cold and
clammy, the ears and tail motionless, with the nasal membrane

EXPLANATION OF ITS TREATMENT. i

leaden color. In the next stage, which next follows, the eyes
brighten, the nasal membrane reddens, the skin is hot, and all the
movements become quick and jerky, the breath is panting, rapid
and sharp, and the mad stagé is reached, which is most terrible to
witness.

WHAT TO DO FOR OVERGORGING.

If the attack has been caused from overgorging of grain, the
horse must be kept from drinking a particle of water. Give at once
a quart of any kind of oil except kerosene. Fresh melted grease of
any kind will do, but not salted grease. If no benefits are to be seen
in four hours, repeat the dose. If no change takes place in another
four hours, or if the case is a bad one, and has been neglected or not
discovered until sometime after, give the following at one dose:—

Any kind of Oil, one quart;
; Croton Oil, twenty drops.—Mix.

If no benefit is seen from the above dose in six hours, repeat it,
adding thirty drops of Croton oil instead of twenty. If this does not
move the bowels inside of six hours, repeat it, adding thirty drops of
Croton oil instead of twenty. If this does not move the bowels
inside of six hours, commence back and go over the whole round. of
medicine in the time stated, again; but this will seldom be necessary.
Stop all medicine as soon as the purgative takes effect.

WHAT THIS TREATMENT DOES.

The oil is the best possible physic which can be used in this
disease, as it does not swell the grain as aloes given in a drench
would, while at the same time it soothes the congested and inflamed
coats of the stomach. Everything depends on getting the bowels
into action. After the acute symptoms have subsided, apply either a
a strong stimulating liniment to the back, loins, and poll, or apply
to the poll and loins a liquid fly-blister. But you should, on no
account, stimulate or blister while the animal is frenzied, as you
would probably, by thus adding to the excitement, throw the patient
into convulsions, which might terminate fatally. Iodide of potassium
may be given in drachm doses, once a day, for three or four weeks, in

28 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

order to stimulate the absorbents to renewed energy and activity. If
the bowels have not regained their normal tone and activity, give
thirty grains of nux vomica, twice a day, for three weeks. Should
the pulse be weak, give a stimulant, but of a weak character. After
the fit has been subdued, and the animal has entirely recovered, a
repetition of the attack may be prevented by adopting precautionary
measures. Slow work only should be given, and great care taken to
see the animal is not permitted to become costive, and so remain for
any length of time. Of course attention must be paid to the food
after recovery, which should be meal gruel at first, gradually working
up to solid food.

MEGRIMS— EPILEPSY.

WHAT THIS DISEASE Is.

It somewhat resembles an epileptic fit in man, and varies in
causes as well as in character of attack. The brain and nervous
system seem to be involved.

HOW THE HORSE SHOWS IT.

Sometimes, in a violent attack, the horse will strive to run into
doorways, off embankments, or into fences. Occasionally the animal
falls and lies until the fit is over. It may be so slight as merely to
cause notice to be taken that the horse at times acts strangely. Any
actions of the latter kind should be viewed with suspicion.

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT.

Nothing except care and regularity of feeding and prudent
driving. The following dose will lessen the number of the attacks as

well as severity :—

Bromide of Potassium, one drachm;

Bromide of Ammonium, one drachm;

Tincture Ginger, half fluid ounce;

Water, half a pint—Mix.

Give twice a day until symptoms cease to show severity, then

reduce to once per day. The treatment is only palliative, and the
horse should be sold.

bo
Ne)

DESCRIPTION OF, AND TEST FOR, LOCK-JAW.

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.

CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

This is a rigid spasm of the entire muscular system. It is said
to be of two kinds, but really is merely of two origins: first, from a
wound; second, from some unknown
cause; probably nervous irritation,
from over exertion, hardship, expo-
sure or injudicious feeding. It may
display itself immediately after an
injury or wound, but generally oc-
curs from the sixth to the sixteenth
day. Our illustration shows just
how far a horse with this disease is
capable of locomotion.

POSITION OF HORSE IN LOCK-JAW.

TO TEST SUSPECTED LOCK-JAW.

If uncertainty exists in regard to
this, it may be determined by a very
reliable test, that of raising the head
of the horse, when, if undeveloped
tetanus is present, the haw or mem-
brane that crosses the lower corner of
the eye, will extend and often nearly
cover the eye-ball, as is shown by our
illustration.

TEST FOR LOCK-JAW.

SYMPTOMS, WHEN FROM A WOUND

The horse is generally nervous and fidgets in his stall, and is
excited by the approach of anyone. In rare instances the wound
will close and become morbidly dry, or only discharging a foul and
discolored fluid. It stands day after day in the same spot, and while
hunger exists the jaws are immovable and it cannot eat. The body
presents a hard, woody appearance, from the rigidity of the muscles.
Every muscle and nerve seems strained to its utmost tension, and
the horse even seems lower in stature.

30 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

HOW TO TREAT THIS DISEASE.

All kinds of treatment, more or less barbarous, have been tried
with poor success. The great object to accomplish is to relax the
nervous tension, which is quickest done by opening the bowels.
Have the shoes removed and the horse placed on sawdust or dry dirt
floor. The horse must be kept quiet and tranquil. The following
must be given at one dose :—

Aloes, four drachms,
Extract Gentian, four drachms,
Croton Oil, twenty drops.—Mix.

This is a heavy dose, but nothing less will affect the horse. If it

does not operate in six hours, repeat the dose.

HOW TO FEED THE HORSE IF JAWS ARE FIXED.

If the case is chronic or
lingers, and the horse suffers
for food, it must be fed as
shown by the engraving.
This can be accomplished by
j))) inserting a flexible rubber
tube into its nostril, after the
head is slightly raised, which
can be passed down two feet

HOW TO FEED IN LOCK-JAW. into the passage which leads
to the stomach. A stomach pump should be used, and a gallon of
thin meal gruel injected four or five times per day. Be gentle in
inserting the tube.

WHAT NOT TO DO.

Don’t blister, seton or fire. The nervous system of the horse is
already too highly sensitive and morbidly irritable. Counter irritants
are beneficial at proper times, but are worse than useless here. Do
not allow any visitors to satisfy their curiosity by looking at him.
Every movement around the sick animal aggravates his disease,
intensifies his suffering, and prolongs his malady; therefore, let him
be as quiet as possible. ;

TREATMENT AND CURE OF PARALYSIS. 31

PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

WHAT ITS EFFECTS ARE.

It generally affects one or both hind legs, and while never more
than partial, yet one foot is continually getting in the way of the
other, making the gait unsteady.

FAST HORSES ARE MOST LIABLE

to it from the severe nervous tension they are subject to during
long heats of the racing season. This exhausts their vitality, and
partial paralysis is but a sign of decaying energies, already too
heavily drawn upon. A horse afflicted with this disease has seen
its best days and is now on the decline.

ITS PERMANENT CURABILITY.

It admits of some relief, and the horse can be patched up so as
to make a fair show of speed, if not too long continued. Any severe
driving or overheating will cause it to re-appear, and care must be
taken not to err in this direction.

WHAT TO DO FOR IT.

No exercise must be given faster than a walk, and no excitement
must be allowed around or near the horse. Feed well and spare no
labor in grooming, and every care should be taken to bring the horse
up to the highest bodily condition. The hirid quarters should be
smartly brushed with a coarse brush several times daily. Place a
wet flannel cloth over the small of the back and cover it with a piece
of oil cloth, and over this put arug. Keep the cloth wet constantly.
Give mashes and ereen food to regulate the bowels, which must be
kept active. If physic is necessary, use a pint of oil in preference to
aloes. Give, night and morning, the following ball: —

Strychnine, half a grain;
Todide gf Iron, one grain;
Quassia Powder, and Molasses enough to make pill mass.

After the first two weeks, increase the quantity of strychnine in
the above ball to one grain, and at the end of five weeks, increase it
to one grain and a half. This will cure to all appearances.

32 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

COMPLETE PARALYSIS—SPINAL MENINGITIS.

WHAT THIS DISEASE IS.

This may occur from injuries to the spinal cord, by blows over
the back along the back bone. Complete loss of power over the hind
legs, as well as loss of feeling exists. These cases are generally
hopeless. Again, it may occur in localities, and certain sections of
the country are occasionally visited by it from no apparent cause.
Though the disease is considered not to be contagious, still we find,
as a rule, that when an animal suffers from it, others in the same or
adjacent buildings soon become affected. This we account for by
attributing the presence of the disease to be chargeable to atmos-
pheric influence. The horses are sometimes taken very suddenly
with stiffness in the hind parts, and in a few hours will be off their
feet, and sometimes they will show stiffness two or three days before
they come down. They generally die in from three to four days.
They seem to want to eat and drink at times, and occasionally seem
to be in great pain, with tenderness across the back and loins, with
great heat in that region. They seem to have a nervous twitching of
the cords and muscles along the whole length of the back. The
pulse is generally very low, from thirty to forty-five to the minute,
and not much feebler at first.

It is the opinion of the most scientific writers that the poison
becomes absorbed, and inoculates the entire system with its
poisonous principles, and, as a result, death may ensue from collapse,
or from debility consequent upon inability to assimilate the food, the
nervous system sympathizing. When bled, the fluid presents an
unnaturally thick, foetid, dark, and unhealthy appearance. The urine
is very offensive, and resembles, in consistency and color, slightly
diluted molasses. In most severe cases the paralysis extends to the
bladder and uretha, hence the retention of water, and consequent
uremic poisoning.

HOW TO TREAT IT.

Apply blankets, wrung out of warm water, for three consecutive

hours a day for the first two or three days. As soon as attacked, if

BLIND HORSES SOLD FOR SOUND. ao

possible, put him in slings; under any circumstances, slings should
be called into requisition at once. Now administer a good cathartic.
The adjective should not be overlooked, as there is an immense
quantity of aloes in the market which is worse than useless, for when
it does not purge at once, it invariably sickens, and acts as a severe
diuretic, which is extremely injurious under the circumstances.
Immediately after giving a purgative, (or, if preferable, before),
evacuate the bladder by means of a catheter. While the organ
remains torpid, evacuate it twice a day. Apply a severe mustard
plaster, wet with vinegar, over the region of the loins and kidneys.
Apply to the legs, quarters, and haunches, a little of the following
liniment, twice a day, with the hand: —

Liquor Ammonia, four ounces;

Spirits Turpentine, four ounces;

Olive Oil, four ounces.—Mix. Shake before using.

Also give a powder, morning and evening, as follows: —
Extract Belladonna, one scruple ;
Extract Nux Vomica, one scruple;
Powdered Ergot, one scruple.—Mix.

This is best given in a mash. But sometimes mashes will not be
taken: we must then give it as a drench. Mashes and vegetables
should compose the diet until convalescence commences, when tonics
are in order. The extremities should always be kept warm by friction
and bandages.

AMAUROSIS— PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE.

ITS DECEPTIVE CHARACTER.

This disease is a paralysis of the optic nerve and may primarily
affect one eye, but generally terminates in total blindness of both.
It leaves a fixed dilation of the pupil, but otherwise changes very
little the general appearance of the eye, and to the uninformed
person, is very deceptive. Many horses have been palmed off upon

unsuspecting buyers which were totally blind.
5

34 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

ITS MAIN CAUSES ARE

anything which affects the optic nerve by location of injuries in that
part, or any course of treatment which undermines the constitution
of the horse, or exhausts its nervous vitality. It is incurable.

HOW MUCH IT CHANGES THE EYE.

The pupil is often beautifully dilated, but on close inspection,
will be found not so dark as in a healthy eye, with a slight milky
cast, accompanied by a bright tinsel-like green, shining from the
interior. '

A CERTAIN TEST FOR DETECTING IT.

Place the horse in a dark stable, and twenty minutes after quickly
lead him out into bright sunlight. If very slight or no contraction
of the pupil takes place, the horse is certainly blind. One eye may
contract and the other not, if only one eye is affected. If necessary,
the same test can be applied at night by using a bright light, placing
it quite close to the eye; it will require a longer time to act, however.

UNRELIABLE AND FALLACIOUS TESTS.

Some people suppose that the above tests can be applied by using
the hand to cover up the eye, or a hat, etc., in order to darken the
eye. These are unreliable, for they do not completely hide the rays
of light; neither are feigned blows at the eye any test, for by the loss
of sight, the other nervous sensations are rendered more acute, and
the wind of the blow causes the horse to wink or shrink.

COAr TER. EH.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE HYE.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA —CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES — MOON
BLINDNESS.— Mistaken notions about this disease— What it really is— How to tell if
a horse is subject to it — How it terminates —Its first symptoms—lIts treatment—What
to do if a horse is feverish—If in pain— What to avoid doing— Hooks in the eyes—
Inhuman acts of ignoramuses and quacks— No penalty too severe for them.

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA—COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.— Its character,
symptoms and cause —Its easy and certain treatment if commenced in time.

CATARACTS OR SPOTS IN THE EYE.—The different kinds and their size —Their effects
— How to examine for them and to distinguish them— Peculiarities of the different
kinds— Warnings about buying horses with affected eyes—Save money by examining
intelligently —Cataracts which are curable— Those which are incurable.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA—CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF
THE EYES— MOON BLINDNESS.

MOON BLINDNESS.

This is evidently a constitutional affection. Some people believe,
from its periodic character of coming and going, that the moon
influences it, and hence give it the name of “‘moon blindness.’ This
is a mistake.

36 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

WHAT THE DISEASE REALLY IS.

It is certainly a constitutional disorder as well as a local affection,
and in this particular differs from simple ophthalmia. The eye may
suddenly clear and apparently get well, when the opposite organ will
be attacked. It will thus dodge about, and has been known to leave
the eyes and attack the lungs after exposure.

SIGNS THAT A HORSE HAS HAD IT.

Even if a horse has had its first attack and is apparently sound,
it leaves its traces behind. The margin of the transparent part of
the eye, next the white, is the last place it quits, and always leaves
behind an irregular line of cloudiness, different from the evenly
clouded shade of the natural eye. A more serious attack causes the
transparent part of the eye to become cloudy, and losing its liquid
appearance, becomes turbid, and finally white. In fact, any unnatural
cloudiness of the eye may be looked upon with suspicion.

ITS LENGTH AND TERMINATION.

It is impossible to say just how long it will
last. The attack has left in a week, and has lasted
' two months. It never reaches the height of its
severity in its first attack. It occurs again and
again, and ends in the destruction of one or both

; ug eyes. It leaves the eye distorted, and its structure
MOWAT LEAVES THE EYE. altered, as illustrated: :

ANY
»\,

WHAT CAUSES IT.

There is no doubt but what foul and badly ventilated stables and
impure air, aggravate a constitutional predisposition of the horse
toward diseases of the eye. It has been known to frequent particular
stables in cities, and attack one after another of its inmates. Over-
heating is another fertile source.

ILLUSTRATION OF SYMPTOMS. 37

THE EARLIEST SYMPTOMS.

The lid swells and tears trickle down the cheeks, as shown by
illustration, and nothing will be found in the eye. Some constitu-
tional disturbance will be shown by a hard pulse, sharp breathing,
with a staring coat and the feet cold. The
mouth will be clammy, and the nasal membrane
either reddened or leaden color. The white of
the eye is the first portion inflamed, which
afterward covers the whole eye. The pupil will
be closely contracted, and the haw or membrane, LEZ
which covers the lower corner of the eye, will — "#51 stoxs oF ortHatana.
nearly half cover it. This is shown plainly in the engraving. The
dark line shows the extent of the haw over the eye.

HOW TO TREAT IT.

The horse should be removed to a dark, well
ventilated barn or shed, and all light except from the
north, be excluded. The vein which passes under
the eye should be opened, and if the lid be much
swollen, several punctures should be made in differ-

runt asp waw. ent places to withdraw blood. After the bleeding
has ceased, cloths, wet in cold water, should be hung over both eyes,
and be kept constantly wet. For constitutional treatment give the
following ball twice each day :—

Powdered Colchicum, two drachms;
Todide of Iron, one drachm;
Calomel, one scruple.—Mix.

Observe the teeth while giving the above, and if it affects them,
leave out the calomel, or change to the following, equally as good: —

Solution of Arsenic, three ounces;
Muriated Tincture of Iron, five ounces.—Mix.

Give a tablespoonful in half a pint of water, twice a day, until
benefit is seen.

38 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE.

WHAT TO DO IF FEVERISH.

If the pulse rises to seventy, and becomes thin and wiry, give
the following dose every hour until it is more natural: —

Tincture of Aconite, ten drops;
Water, four tablespoonsful.—Mix.

Should the pain be very severe, give the following : —

Extract Belladonna, two scruples;
Rubbed up in four tablespoonsful of water.

Do only one thing at a time. Use the aconite to reduce th.
pulse, and if this does not allay the pain, give the belladonna and
stop the aconite.

INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT WHAT NOT TO DO.

Do not bleed, except locally, near the eye. Keep the bowels
open by the use of mashes instead of physic. Try and get the horse,
by care, into the highest bodily condition. Above all, do not allow
any severe caustic applications to the eye or allow anything blown
into it. Cold water is the best of all applications, to which laudanum
may be added—an ounce to a pint of water. Don’t overheat the
horse, and be careful of him in summer.

HOOKS IN THE EYES.

Some uninformed people who have had horses afflicted with
inflammation of the eyes, or periodic ophthalmia, noticing the
projection of the haw over the ball of the eve, have imagined they
are troubled with “ hooks in the eyes,” and we are sorry to say that
even In this age of enlightenment, and ease of obtaining scientific
knowledge by reading, ignorant pretenders have officiously cut and
gouged the protecting haw out, under the belief that this symptom
was a disease. There is no such disease and it should be a peniten-
tiary offense to thus mutilate the horse.

ILLUSTRATION OF DIFFERENT CATARACTS. 39

COMMON INFLAMMATIONS OF THE EYES

ITS CHARACTER AND CAUSES.

This is called simple ophthalmia, and differs from specific
ophthalmia in being merely local. A blow in the eye by the end
of a whip, a bit of hay-seed or dirt lodged under the lid, or anything
which irritates the fine delicate membrane which covers the eye-ball,
will produce it.

ITS EASY TREATMENT,
which is very simple, is to hang a cloth over the eyes, which must be
kept constantly dripping wet with the following lotion : —
Tincture of Arnica, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, half a fluid ounce;
Water, two quarts.—Mix.

As soon as the swelling has gone down, examine the eye and
remove anything which may be in it. In extreme cases, it may
be necessary to open the vein which runs under the eye, and take
away a small amount of blood. It is easily cured, if these directions
are followed during its commencement.

CATARACTS OF THE EYE.

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CATARACTS.

A capsular cataract is situated on the capsule
which contains the lens of the eye, as shown by
Fig. 1 in the illustration. A milky cataract is a
turbid condition of the fluid around the lens. A
lenticular cataract is situated upon the lens of the
eye, as shown at Fig. 2 in the engraving. A
spurious cataract is a spot behind the capsule and
more in the interior of the eye. Thisis the only
kind which is curable. Fig. 3 will show its loca-
tion in the eye. ;

KIND OF CATARACTS.

40 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE.

SIZE OF A CATARACT.

It may be a speck the size of the point of a
needle, or it may entirely cover the pupil of the
eye. Any white speck within the pupil of the
eye, of whatever form or size, is a cataract of
some kind. The two white specks in engraving
are partial cataracts.

PARTIAL CATARACTS,

WHAT ITS EFFECTS ARE.

It is a dangerous affection in nervous and high spirited horses,
as it gives them an imperfect vision. They are liable to sudden
frights and make bad shyers.

HOW TO EXAMINE THE EYE.

If the presence of a cataract is suspected, yet not seen, the best
method of examination is to artificially dilate the pupil of the eye
by using the following preparation : —

Extract Belladonna, two drachms;
Rub up with Water, two tablespoonfuls.

Apply this with friction to the outside of the lids, being careful
not to get any into the eye. By this means the interior of the eye
can be very critically examined, and any defect easily seen. The
examination should be made in bright sunlight.

PECULIARITIES OF SPURIOUS CATARACTS.

Tf the spot presents a glistening metallic ap-
pearance, and changes as viewed from different
points, looking larger or growing smaller, togeth-
er with external signs of injury, it 1s a spurious
cataract, which is always partial. It can be
cured by same treatment as for inflamed eyes.

TOTAL CATARACT.

SIGNS OF LENTICULAR CATARACT.

The spot always presents the same shape and appearance, and
always seems in the same location. Incurable.

EXAMINE BEFORE BUYING A HORSE. 41

APPEARANCE OF CAPSULAR CATARACT.

If the whiteness changes appearance, in some positions seeming
thin and less in bulk, it is assuredly a capsular cataract.

WARNINGS ABOUT BUYING HORSES.

Never buy a horse without a close inspection of his eyes.
Thousands of horses are sold every year which are defective in
eyesight. The eyes of a horse are as important, nearly, as his legs,
but how few know how to judge them. By the hints we have given,
anyone can soon be able to judge correctly about the condition of
the eyes of any horse.

CHAPTER TIL

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

INJURIES TO THE MOUTH.—How caused by irritable drivers— What to do for them —
Simple lotion and simple treatment.

INJURIES TO THE JAW.—More serious than to mouth —To tell if bone has been injured
— How to lance to prevent abscess—How to remove the dead bone and how to heal
the wound.

LAMPAS.— Mistaken opinions about this trouble—The old and barbarous practice —How
this ruins and spoils a fine roadster — How simple the treatment if only known —How
to lose money by following old treatment.

APHTHA — ERUPTION AROUND MOUTH AND ON TONGUE.— What the disease is —
Its easy cure.

BAD TEETH—WOLF TEETH.—-How uneven teeth injure a horse— Diseases caused by
them — Foolish ideas about wolf teeth —Explanations about them.

COMMON COLD.—How it commences — What to do for it— How to steam a horse’s nose—
Difference between discharge in common cold and in glanders—Home remedies for it.

NASAL GLEET.—Its difference from cold —How it differs from glanders—Character of
discharge from nose— What can be done for it—The treatment of obstinate cases—

Best remedies and how to use them.

NASAL POLYPUS.—Peculiarities of this growth — How to remove it—Not dangerous.
x

ACCIDENTS TO MOUTH AND JAW. 43

INJURIES TO THE MOUTH.

HOW CAUSED.

Generally these are caused by sawing and jagging of the lines in
the hands of an irritable and cruel driver. They are more or less
serious according to circumstances.

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR THEM.

Do not use harsh caustics or greasy ointments, but prepare the
following lotion, which will prevent offensive discharges, and gran-
ulation : —

Chloride of Zinc, two scruples;
Laudanum, half an ounce;
Water, two pints.—Mix.

Bathe the injury with this lotion, using a soft sponge, after each
feeding or watering. If more serious, and danger of parts sloughing
off, use every three hours. All food should be soft, consisting of
meal gruel, boiled roots, which should be mashed, scalded oats, etc.

INJURIES TO THE JAW.

MORE SERIOUS THAN TO THE MOUTH.

These are more serious and of a deeper character than ordinary
injuries to the mouth, and include a bruise of the bone, which may
exfoliate and come away.

WHAT MUST BE DONE.

If the bone of the jaw has been injured, the sharp point of a
knife must be inserted into the spot until it touches the bone.
Sound bone has no sensation, but diseased bone is acutely sensitive.
If a discharge follows, with some odor, it must be washed and
injected with following lotion three or four times daily :—

Chloride of Zinc, one scruple;

Laudanum, half a fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

44 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

If the opening is not large enough to allow the particles of bone
to escape, it must be enlarged by the knife, and in some instances the
forceps must be used to remove the dead bone. The lotion should be
continued until healed.

LAMPAS.

A BARBAROUS PRACTICE.

This is a favorite disease with some stablemen, who are never so
happy as when showing their skill in operating with a hot iron on the
tender bars of the horse’s mouth. If a young horse is “ off his feed,”’
a hot iron is their panacea.

WHAT THE DISEASE IS.

It affects young horses before they have their full complement of
teeth. Young horses changed from pasture to dry, hard food in the
stable, will be troubled with it. The bars of the roof of the mouth
slightly inflame and the horse fails to eat his food.

ITS SIMPLE TREATMENT.

Now, knowing its cause, how easy to cure. Merely give soft
food, consisting of bran mashes to keep the bowels open, soaked or
scalded oats, boiled roots, etc., for a few days, and the trouble will
disappear. We positively assert that no other remedies need be used.
In case of loss of appetite take : —

Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, two ounces;

Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces;

Powdered Gentian, four ounces;

Powdered Linseed, two ounces;

Spring Water, as much as sufficient to make an electuary.

Of this give two tablespoonsfuls thrice a day, smearing upon the
root of the tongue with a ladle.

DON'T BURN THE HORSE’S MOUTH.

It ruins the delicate sensitiveness to the touch of the reins so
necessary in a pleasant, well-broke roadster. It often destroys the

TREATMENT OF APHTHA AND BAD TEETH. 45

palate and makes the horse a confirmed ‘‘ wheezer.”’ Of all practices
descended from the dark ages, this is the worst. If humanity will
not check you, remember you are taking money from your pocket in
lessening the value of the horse.

APHTHA.
CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

Both lips swell, the horse is dull and refuses to feed, and the
tongue is swollen and protruded. Around the mouth and on the
tongue small lumps appear, which are hard at first, soon forming a
vescicle containing a clear fluid, which finally bursts, crusts over and
falls off. By this time the disease 1s over.

THE TREATMENT OF IT

consists in feeding thin meal gruel while the mouth is inflamed, and
as soon as the pimples are about to burst, prepare the following : —
Borax, five ounces;
Molasses or Honey, two pints;
Boiling Water, one gallon.—Mix.

When cool, hold the head up and pour half a pint into the
mouth, and in half a minute let the head drop and the fluid run out.
Repeat this several times daily. No other medicine is necessary.
Attention should be given to proper food.

BAD TEETH.
HOW THEY AFFECT A HORSE.

Sometimes a molar tooth projects up
into a vacancy in the upper jaw, as shown
by our illustration, caused by the loss of a
tooth, and having nothing to keep it worn
down, finally pierces the gum of the jaw. It
( makes it difficult for the horse to eat, and
UNSUSPECTED CAUsE oF BaD conpitiox. he Will sometimes throw out a mouthful

46 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

after it has been partially masticated. It may so affect the face
and jaw as to cause nasal gleet. In some cases the molars are
worn off by uneven action, to a knife-like edge, and wound the sides
of the mouth as well as the hand when introducing a ball. These
troubles can be relieved by an operation performed with a tooth rasp.
For any wounds, the chloride of zine lotion for “injuries to the
mouth,” will be all that is necessary. Bad teeth are often an
an unsuspected cause of indigestion and other troubles which puzzle
the owner.
WOLF TEETH.

Many people imagine that “‘ wolf teeth,’ as they are called, by
some mysterious means, reach up to the eye and affect it in some
manner, and many other ridiculous fancies. They are merely super-
fluous teeth. The idea that they are injurious has become so firmly
engrafted on the public mind, that it is almost impossible to eradicate
it. In the great majority of cases, horses affected suffer from
recurrent ophthalmia, the teeth having nothing to do with the
causation of same.

COMMON COLD.

DESCRIPTION OF THIS AILMENT.

It is caused by exposure and neglect, after which the horse is
dull, the coat rough, the body of unequal temperature, in parts hot,
and in others icy cold. Often tears trickle from the eyes, which
may be slightly inflamed. At length a copious discharge flows from
the nostrils.

WHAT TO DOIN THIS CASE.

Blanket the horse warmly, and if possible, steam the nose. The
ordinary feed nose-bag is too short, but a substitute can be made
from the ordinary two bushel bag, by attaching straps to its mouth
to go over the head. Put apeck of bran and a handful of hops in

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLANDERS AND COLD. 47

the bottom of the bag, and pour on it the following mixture, stirring
the bran so as to incorporate it thoroughly : —

Spirits Turpentine, two tablespoonfuls;

Solution of Carbolic Acid, two tablespoonfuls.—Mix.

Put the nose of the horse in the mouth of the

bag, and tie the strap over the head back of the
ears. Now cut a perpendicular slit in the bag a
foot from the bottom, and through this pour four
or five quarts of boiling water, and repeat as steam
goes down, for half an hour. Be careful and not
scald the horse. If the nostrils are dry, repeat six
times per day until discharge is established, and
then reduce to three. This is a great aid in all
diseases of the lungs or air passages. Regulate
the bowels by bran mashes and green food, which — es= oF xost-sac ror coun,
will reduce the fever. Do not bleed or physic. Colds debilitate the
system very rapidly, and we must build up and not reduce. This is
‘the results of later knowledge and investigation. This disease may
terminate in pneumonia, etc.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISCHARGES IN GLANDERS AND COLD.

Some people have been needlessly
alarmed by a discharge from the nostrils
of a horse suffering with a cold, and by
‘the presence of a swelling of a gland
under the jaw, as shown by our illustra-

OES he a lipases tion. The swelling is always present in
glanders and may also be present in common cold, and proves noth-
ing except the location of inflammation.

48 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

NASAL GLEET.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE.

Nasal gleet is a generic term for almost all kinds of discharges
from the nose or nasal chambers. It isa catarrhal attack; it is conse-
quent upon some derangement of the air passages of the head. It
requires careful discrimination to differentiate between it
and glanders; this disease, nasal gleet, may originate with-
out any assignable cause; it generally supervenes upon a
chronic attack of catarrh. Aged or old horses are far
more liable to it than are young ones. The discharge is
occasionally seen to issue from one nostril only, but, as a
rule, both are infected. The discharge is not seen to
issue from the left or nght particularly, it may come
from either, and it may come from both, whereas, in

elanders, if the discharge comes from one nostril only, it
eae ed is almost invariably from the left or nigh. An animal
may have the submaxillary glands tumified or may not, whereas, in
clanders, they are, we may say, always swollen and indurated.
Another distinguishing feature is that, though the nasal membrane
becomes inflamed and discolored, and may even assume the leaden
color seen in glanders, still you do not find the pustules or ulcerative
indications, which are usually the precursors of glanders.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISCHARGE.

There is no uniformity as regards either the color or quantity of
the discharge, as it varies in different animals, and in the same
animal in different stages of the disease. The gleet which we more
particularly come in contact with consists of a substance containing
mucus rather than pus, and always of a white color; in fact, its
color is a distinguishing feature by which to assist in forming a
diagnosis, as it is remarkable for its clearness, amounting, if not to
transparency, at least to opaqueness. It is of about the consistency
of laudable pus or thick buttermilk; occasionally it is smooth ana

TREATMENT OF NASAL GLEET. 49

uniform, again thick, full of knots or clots. Sometimes the white-
ness changes to a yellow, or yellowish-white, and partakes of the
nature, in some degree, of pus. At times it collects around the open-
ing of the nostrils, and is ejected in flakes or masses, which are
separated in regular succession, and at times there is considerable
irregularity observed as to the manner in which it is discharged.
Sometimes, after administering the usual medicines, the discharge
may cease, but it breaks out again, the second attack being usually
more virulent than its predecessor. There is occasionally a most
disagreeable fetor accompanying the discharge; and again it is
scentless. The animal does not in any way seem to suffer from the
effects of the disease; the usual quantity of food is consumed, and
his mettle and spirits are in perfect order, nor is his capability to
to resist fatigue greatly affected, though this latter feature should
not be tested.

HOW TO TREAT IT.

This may be at first simply conducted on the expectant plan.
Giving merely theoretical treatment will, in all probability, fail, when
an operation is our next resource. A rowel should be inserted
beneath the under jaw. This is sometimes very efficacious in cases
of recent nasal gleet, though to place implicit reliance upon it when
the disease has made any headway, cannot be done. It should be
distinctly understood that both blisters and setons are absolutely
useless unless the glands are involved, in which latter case (swelling
of the cervical glands), bath blisters and setons may be brought into
requisition, particularly the blisters. The following injection should
be thrown up the nasal passage three times each day : —

Sulphate of Copper, one ounce ;
Boiling Water, one quart.—Mix.

Use, when cool, in quantities of a teacupful. Give internally,

once a day, the following : —

Balsam Copaiba, half a fluid ounce ;
Powdered Cantharides, four grains;
Pulverized Cubebs, sufficient to make a pill mass.

50 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS.

If this affects the urinary organs severely, stop at once, and give
the following substitute : —

Extract Belladonna, half a drachm;
Rub up in Water, one ounce.

Repeat this dose every hour until all appetite is destroyed, then
stop. Repeat this every fourth day, keeping up the injections daily.
Have the animal’s head steamed daily by placing about a drachm of
carbolic acid and an equal quantity of aqua ammonia in a pail of
boiling water, or use the nose bag as directed for common cold. Give
the animal good, liberal diet, a sufficiency of tonics, gentle exercise,
and general favorable surroundings. Bring into requisition good
common sense, which is by no means as common a commodity as
most people seem to believe. This, with the adoption of the above-
mentioned treatment will be, as a rule, efficacious.

NASAL POLYPUS.

THE PECULIARITY OF THIS AFFECTION.

This is a pear-shaped body which grows in the nostril, sometimes
entirely closing the passage. It is a vascular body composed of blood
vessels covered by membrane, which hangs suspended by a stem.

WHAT TO DO FOR-IT.

The best way to remove it is by a ligature of fine wire around the
stem, which should be tightened every day until itis cut off. It is
not a malignant growth.

(Sieve saves Tie

DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

CHOKING — HIGH CHOKE— LOW CHOKE.—Position the horse stands in high choke—
Where the obstacles lies—How to remove it by the hand— How to make a simple
instrument to remove it—To remove if it be an egg —An ingenious method — Low
Choke —The symptoms ot low choke — How different the horse stands in this— Simple
and safe method of relief.

BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE.—Its character and size—A blemish easily removed —How to
accomplish this and not injure the horse.

LARYNGITIS.— How it affects the windpipe—To detect its first stages— How it makes a
roarer—Signs of getting worse—Signs of getting better —To treat it properly and suc-
cessfully— Minute directions for the use of remedies—When to change them —Special
directions during recovery.

CHRONIC COUGH.—Diseases where the cough is merely a symptom — When it is uncom-
plicated and local — What causes it — The best remedies and how to use them.

SORE THROAT.—When local and when a symptom—How a horse drinks with sore throat—
What to give for it— How to use a gargle— When to blister the throat—A home-made
remedy and a good one.

ROARING.—What it is and its cause—Only method of relief for a chronic case—How to
detect an incipient roarer— The stable test — Directions for the cure of it.

52 DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

CHOKING.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH CHOKE.

In this accident the obstacle is lodged in the upper part of the
passage to the stomach, and in some instances can be taken away
by the hand. If relief is not afforded soon, the horse falls and dies
of suffocation, and instant action is demanded. We have given an
engraving plainly showing the appearance of the horse in high choke.

THE SYMPTOMS OF HIGH CHOKE,

which makes it easy to deter-
mine, are as follows: The head is
raised, and saliva covers the lips.
The countenance is haggard, and
the eyes inflamed and watery.
The muscles of the neck are
_ rigid, the breathing is loud, and
the flanks heave. The body is in

OSITION TN HIGH Cua: constant motion, the fore legs
pawing and stamping, while the hind ones crouch and dance. Per-
spiration breaks forth, and intense agony is shown in every movement
and action.

HOW TO RELIEVE IT IMMEDIATELY.

If it can be reached by hand, have the jaws securely held, insert
the hand and withdraw the obstacle. If this cannot be done, it often
can be relieved by a simple hook, which can be made in a few
moments by using ordinary wire, as shown by our illustration. In-
sert the hook and work it down
behind the obstacle, then with ff
a sudden jerk withdraw it. If * ‘@
it should be an egg that is thus INET RDStEN Tro ORECUEY = CHORE:
fixed in the gullet, it may be punctured by first thrusting a darning
needle through it from the outside, and then smashing by a sudden
blow on the side of the throat. Surgeons relieve it by an operation
called tracheotomy.

PROPER TREATMENT FOR CHOKING. 53

DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW CHOKE.

This occurs low down the passage, and is not so urgent as in high
choke. It may continue for two or three days, and the horse finally
dies of suffocation, caused by tympanites or accumulation of gas
internally. We introduce an illustration which shows the difference
in position the horse assumes in this case.

SYMPTOMS OF LOW CHOKE.

The animal ceases to feed,
and if water is given, it is re-
turned by way of the nostrils.
The muscles are not rigid as in
high choke, neither is the head
held erect. Saliva flows from
the mouth, and a copious dis-
charge runs from the nostrils.
The breathing is labored, but
not noisy. The back is roached, POSITION ASSUMED IN LOW CHOKE.
and the flanks tucked up. The horse stands as though he wanted to
elevate his hind parts, as shown in the engraving. In two or three
days the accumulation of gas in the abdomen becomes excessive, the
breathing quickens, the pulse fails, and he dies.

WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT.

Give any kind of oil, by the quarter of a pint, every hour. In

the half hours between, give the following dose: —
Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces;
Laudanum, two fluid ounces;
Water, half a pint—Mix,.

If it be returned and cannot be swallowed, administer chloroform
by inhalation, until the horse is insensible, then extend the jaws,
and using a probang, force the object slowly, steadily, and gently,
into the stomach; the probang should never enter the stomach.

54 DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

A home-made probang can be constructed out of a piece of whale-
bone three feet long, half an inch at one end, and tapering down
to an eighth at the other, on the small end of which, completely
covering it, tie a round sponge very securely. To use it, dip the
sponge in oil or strong soap suds and squeeze nearly dry, and
then insert.

BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE,

MORE DAMAGE TO POCKET THAN TO HORSE.

It is an enlargement immediately under
the throat, as shown by our illustration,
very plainly. It varies in size from a chest-
nut toan egg. It isa blemish and injures
the price of the horse, yet can be removed.

HOW TO DO. IT VERY EASILY.

APPEARANCE OF BRONCHOCELE. The horse can be worked during the
treatment, which should commence by giving night and morning
the following dose : —

Todide of Potassium, one drachm
Liquor Potassa, one fluid drachm;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

At the same time apply a portion of the following ointment, the
size of a hazel nut, well rubbed in, twice a day: —

Iodide of Lead, one drachm;
Lard, two tablespoonfuls.—Mix.

If it creates a sore, omit for afew days. ‘This will cure it.

SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF LARYNGITIS. 55

LARYNGITIS.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMS.

It is an inflammation of the upper part of the wind-pipe or
larynx, and is accompanied with dullness, a short cough during
almost every inspiration of breath, and a slight enlargement under the
throat. The horse resists examination of the part, and carries the
head as though the neck was stiff. Often a hoarse sound, terminating
in a grunt, can be detected, if the ear is placed against the wind-pipe.
The breath is hurried and catching, the pulse full and throbbing, and
the membrane of the nose almost scarlet. If not properly treated, it
may leave the horse a confirmed roarer, by thickening of the mem-
brane of the larynx.

SIGNS OF THE DISEASE GETTING WORSE.

There is an increased noise in breathing, while the breath and
- pulse become quicker. The cough is suppressed, and the nasal mem-
brane changes to a leaden color. The horse stands unsteady and
moves about. Partial sweats start out, and all the symptoms are
aggravated.

SYMPTOMS OF IMPROVEMENT.

The membrane of the nose becomes more natural, and the breath-
ing grows louder and more free. A white, thick discharge flows from
the nostrils, and the breathing is easier.

HOW TO TREAT IT SUCCESSFULLY.

First, reduce the pulse to a more natural action by administering
the following dose, every half hour, until its effects are shown :—

Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops;
Water, four tablespoonfuls.—Mix.

This is better than blood-letting, which is too depressing, and
often causes a chronic form of the disease.

Apply the steam-bag, as shown by engraving, and as directed in
“common cold.” This is of great assistance in the treatment of this

56 DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

disease. If it seems to distress the horse, apply for a few minutes
only, then repeat it. Apply wisps of hay which have been soaked in
hot water to the throat, and bandage.
Administer the following dose, three times daily, in addition to
the other treatment :—
Extract Belladonna, one drachm;
Tincture of Aconite, one fluid drachm;
Tincture of Ipecacuanha, one fluid ounce;
Tincture of Squills, two fluid ounces.
Rub the belladonna up in a pint of warm water until dissolved,
then add the other ingredients, and give at one dose. If the pulse is
nearly natural leave out the aconite.

SPECIAL DIRECTIONS DURING RECOVERY.

When the horse gets better, insert a seton through the skin of
the throat under the seat of the disease. Move this daily to keep up
the irritation. The food should be moist and soft, with no hay.
Soaked oats or boiled roots may be given, also bran mashes.

As the horse gets better, and is gradually changed to regular food,
withdraw the seton, and blister the under side of the neck with :—

Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce;
Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce.—Mix.

Apply a portion, with friction, three times a day, until a blister
shows; as it subsides apply again. Dry food of every kind must be
avoided. Dusty hay is an abomination in this disease. Soak it six
hours before feeding.

CHRONIC COUGH.

THE DISEASES ACCOMPANIED BY COUGH.

Every one knows what a cough is, yet all do not know that in
many cases it is merely a symptom of other and more serious disor-
ders. It may be caused by dusty hay, cold water, etc. More fre-
quently it is a symptom of farcy, glanders, broken wind or heaves,
laryngitis, bronchitis, or some chronic disease of the lungs, stomach,
or bowels.

PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CHRONIC COUGH. 57

WHAT CHRONIC COUGH GENERALLY IS.

It is a thickening of the mucous membrane which covers the
larynx, accompanied by a morbid sensitiveness to any disturbing influ-
ences, proving a very annoying accompaniment for a drive.

WHAT TO DO TO RELIEVE IT.

It is sometimes very difficult to cure, and no medicine wili re-
lieve unless special attention be paid to warm clothing, pure air, and
at the same time to dampened food. It may be troublesome to do
this, but the most potent remedies will fail to relieve if these precau-
tions are not taken.

Commence treatment with the following :—

Fluid Extract Lobelia, two fluid drachms;
Fluid Extract Gelsemium, thirty drops;
Tincture of Squills, ten fluid ounces.—Mix.

Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week, or increase if necessary.
Let it trickle over the roots of the tongue. If there is swelling of
the glands in the channel of the throat, blister severely with good
cantharides ointment. Apply the blister until satisfied the swelling
requires opening: then it must be opened largely to give free exit to
all pus. Put a piece of quick lime as large as a lemon in the water to
be drank the day before watering. If, after a few days’ trial, this
brings no improvement, substitute the following :—

Common Tar, two ounces;
Calomel, fifteen grains;
Linseed Meal enough to make a stiff mass.

Mix and divide into three balls, and give one every morning for
three days, and then return to the first prescription.

If it prove still obstinate, it will be found to be merely an attend-
ant on some more serious disorder, which must be treated under its
appropriate head.

58 DISEASES OF THE THROAT.

SORE THROAT.

SOMETIMES MERELY A SYMPTOM.

This is frequently a symptom of some graver disorder, and care
should be taken to learn whether it is merely of a local character or a
symptom.

HOW IT AFFECTS A HORSE.

There is a want of appetite, with trouble in swallowing liquids,
the effort being accompanied by an emphatic jerky action, and
audible sound. The most evident sign will be the return of part of
the liquid through the nostrils.

WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

In simple attacks, a warm blanket, a warm, well-ventilated stable,
and soft food, will soon relieve it. If these measures, with bran
mashes, do not loosen the bowels, after the second day, give ,the

following dose : —
Pulverized Aloes, one drachm ;
Essence of Anise, half a fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Tf it still prove obstinate and not mend, prepare the following
gargle:—

Chlorate of Potassa, one ounce;
Water, two quarts.—Mix.

Hold up the head and pour half a pint into his mouth, holding
up his head for half a minute after, then let it drop and the gargle
run out. Repeat from six to eight times a day. These are the best
means to adopt. Should it be a bad case, rub some of the following
blistering liquid upon the outside of the throat, three times daily,

until it blisters : —
Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce;
Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce.—Mix.

When the blister subsides, apply again, keeping the part irritated.
A good home-made remedy is prepared as follows: —
Powdered Inner White Oak Bark, one tablespoonful;
Molasses enough to make a stiff mass.
Give at one dose twice a day. This is an excellent and cheap
remedy.

HOW TO DETECT A ROARER. 59

ROARING.
WHAT IT IS AND ITS CAUSES.

Acute roaring often occurs in laryngitis, and may be caused by
the tumor in distemper. Chronic roaring is caused by an alteration
in the structure of the larynx or upper termination of the wind-pipe,
which controls the passage of air into the lungs. It is caused by a
spasmodic explosion of the air, which is followed by a deep roaring
inspiration. It is often caused by a tight check rein used on young
horses while growing, producing this alteration in its structure.

THE ONLY METHOD OF RELIEF OF CHRONIC CASKS,

which is merely palliative, is to place a pad under the nose piece of
the bridle, and thus limit the amount of air admitted to the lungs.
Of course the horse cannot go through any severe and long continued
exertion while this is being used.

METHOD OF DETECTING A ROARER.

Drive the horse sharply, say for a mile or so, and on stopping,
apply the ear immediately to the windpipe. If he is an incipient
‘*‘roarer’’ you will discover it at once.

ANOTHER TEST FOR A ROARER

is to take a stick with you into the stall, and catching the horse by a
short hold on the halter, suddenly display the stick and make a
motion as though to hit him a smart blow on the abdomen. He will
spring forward with an audible grunt if a roarer. It is not an
infallible test, however.

Itis not a dangerous or fatal complaint, yet the powers of the
horse are impaired, for no roarer can have the wind of a sound horse.

The food should be constantly changed, and in a mash give
twenty grains of nux vomica. Tonics and iodide of potassium, in
drachm doses daily, are also useful; hay and oats makes best feed,
the latter being given in larger quantities relatively as compared with
the former. If the roaring is due to any mechanical obstruction,
have it removed if possible. The disease is sometimes hereditary.
A little ime might be mixed with the water twice a day; the hay
should be thoroughly shaken and wet, and of good quality.

Gua Wee a ele ah

DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

PNEUMONIA—INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.—How to tell it from bronchitis or
pleurisy —The first symptoms that show —How to examine to discover it—The first
thing to do—The second step to take—Cautions about bleeding — How to clothe the
horse —The kind and quantity of remedies to use — To treat during recovery — How to
hasten recovery — What the food should be — Favorable signs — Fatal signs.

OVER-DRIVING—CONGESTION ON THE ROAD.—How it attacks the horse—Its fatal
symptoms— What to do immediately—Remedies that are best—Cautions about
wrong treatment—Congestion in the stable— How it differs—Its most prominent
symptoms—What its treatment should be—What it may terminate in—How to avoid it.

BRONCHITIS—INFLAMMATION OF AIR PASSAGES.—What it is and its causes— Its
prominent symptoms— Treatment by steam — Treatment by medicines— How to vary
and apply remedies— What the fatal symptoms are—Cautions about giving wrong
treatment— Avoid vile concoctions.

PLEURISY.—What disease it may be taken for— How to tell the difference between it and
spasmodic colic —Symptoms described so anyone can tell it—A sure and certain test
for it— Particular directions in treating it—The first signs of improvement— Fatal
signs— Proper remedies and how to use them — Cautions about what to avoid.

PNEUMONIA—INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

HOW IT DIFFERS FROM BRONCHITIS OR PLEURISY.

Many writers ignorantly confound congestion from over-driving,
bronchitis, or pleurisy, with inflammation of the lungs, or as different
stages of pneumonia. Later developments have shown them to be
distinct diseases, and state the difference, and it will be well for the

FIRST SIGNS OF PNEUMONIA. 61

reader to remember that bronchitis affects the tubes that penetrate
and ramify the structure of the lungs, and that pleurisy is an inflam-
mation of the pleura, or membrane that covers the lungs, while pneu-
monia is inflammation of the cellular portion of the lungs.

THE FIRST SYMPTOMS OF AN ATTACK.

It is rather lingering in its deyel-
opment, the breathing somewhat accel-
erated and labored, and the pulse but
slightly increased. The artery is full,
and the beat seems more like a surge of
blood which swells the artery for a
moment, and then is still for an interval ee oe
and again repeats. The horse is deject- FIRST APPEARANCE OF PNEUMONIA.
ed, with head and ears drooping, as shown by our illustration. -Its
legs are cold, and separated apart as if to prevent falling through
giddiness. The coat is rough, and the body without warmth. All
visible mucous membranes are discolored, the bowels costive, and all
symptoms show that the whole structure of the lungs is congested.

HOW TO EXAMINE AND TO TEST IT.

Place your ear at his side. In health there is only a gently blow-
ing sound to be heard. If more than that be heard, especially if
something within the chest seems to grate or suck, or it has an
additional sound, like a huge pair of bellows violently at work, it is
surely pneumonia.

THE FIRST TREATMENT OF AN ATTACK.

If shod, pull off the shoes, and, if possible, put in a roomy box
stall, the floor of which has been strewn with sawdust, sand, or a like
substance. If in warm weather, it is prudent to keep the sand or
sawdust damp, as the disease is subject to changes of location, and
may affect the feet, and a soft cool floor is best adapted to prevent it.

THE SECOND STEP TO BE TAKEN.

The common custom of the ignorant is to bleed until the animal
falls, and as bleeding always quickens the pulse, bleed again soon.

62 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

Don’t doit. Many a horse has been bled to death, or rather bled so
much that no vitality remained to fight disease. If the horse seems
very dull and almost unconscious, bleed early, only once, and then
only sufficient to make the horse raise his head and show more signs
of life. If a pint taken from him does this, take no more. If it can
possibly be avoided do not bleed, and certainly do not if the blood is
black and thick, and dribbles aan the neck, and does not spurt out

= of the vein. If it is in winter, put a
hood over the head and neck, and blan-
ket him, leaving sufficient ventilation,
and keep the stall or room filled with
steam. Take off the blanket after the
steam has filled the stall, but keep up
the steam all the time. Give as early
in the disease as possible, the following
dose :—

A BAD CASE OF PNEUMONIA.
Tincture of anonites twenty drops;
Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces:
Extract Belladonna, one drachm.

Rub up the belladonna in half a pint of water, and then mix.

Repeat this dose three times during the day, and once at night.
TREATMENT DURING RECOVERY.

.When the pulse gets more natural, diminish the amount of the
aconite, and as the breath grows easier, diminish the quantity of the
belladonna. Increase or diminish the medicine as the symptoms
grow worse or better : thus, if the pulse does not amend, six, or even
nine doses of twenty drops of tincture of aconite, in half a pint of
water, may be given in twenty-four hours. Should the breathing be
severe, the belladonna may be increased in like manner.

WHAT THE FOOD SHOULD BE.

Great care must be taken not to overload the stomach or allow
hearty food. Water may be allowed or hay tea given (made by
pouring hot water on a quantity of hay and strained and cooled.)
As the horse surely gets better, a little scalded oat meal may be

FOR OVER-DRIVING A HORSE. 63

added, making it thicker every day the horse mends. A couple of
pounds of boiled potatoes or carrots may be added now, and as his
appetite grows more eager, a pint of bruised oats may be thoroughly
scalded and given six times aday. Do not permit a full meal. A
single allowance of hearty food will bring back the disease with
aggravated symptoms. Let some days pass before any hay is
allowed, as a distended stomach interferes with breathing. Remem-
ber that it is with brutes as with the human family, as necessary to
regulate the food of the sick as to give the medicine.

FAVORABLE SYMPTOMS OF IMPROVEMENT.

' The first marked favorable symptom will be the lying down of
the horse, and if this is attempted, do not disturb, as its strength can
more easily be restored by rest and quiet.

WHAT TO DO FOR DELAYED RECOVERY.

If the horse does not improve rapidly, be very particular and
careful about the feeding, and at the same time, apply a blister to the
front of the throat down to the chest and between the legs. After
the effects of this has nearly ceased, apply another upon the sides of
the throat and upper part of the ribs, but not on the side or lower
part. Give tonics; they are demanded.

OVER-DRIVING—CONGESTION ON THE ROAD.

WHAT CAUSES THIS ATTACK.

The horse, by very severe or long continued driving by brutal
men, is taxed beyond its strength, and reels and drops in its tracks.
The violent exertion reduces the nervous strength of the horse so
low, that the larynx contracts to such an extent that the blood is
not oxygenated or purified, and mounting to the brain, produces
temporary insensibility and congestion of the lungs with blood.

64 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

SYMPTOMS OF CONGESTION.

The horse, by exhaustion, reels and falls, and the body, notwith-
standing the violent exertion, feels clammy cold, the breathing is
difficult, and every vein is distended and seen.

IMMEDIATE TREATMENT NECESSARY.

Bleed at once, even with a knife, as it is easy to see the veins,
and a pint taken now is of more value than a gallon taken an hour
hence. Cover the body at once and lead to the nearest stable,
double the blankets, bandage the legs, cover the neck, and keep the
horse warm. If possible, heat the stall by fire, if not, by tubs of hot
water. Our object is to bring the blood to the surface and relieve the
the congested lungs.

Now give, if possible, every half hour, without noise or excite-
ment, the following dose: —

Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, half a fluid ounce;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

Should no druggist be at hand, beat up two tablespoonfuls of
turpentine with the yolk of an egg; mix it with a half a pint of water,
and give every half hour. Give ample bed, and put a pail of gruel
within easy reach of the horse. Remember that the horse must not
be left day or night for thirty hours, as its fate will be decided
in that time.

CAUTIONS ABOUT WHAT NOT TO DO.

Don’t give alcoholic stimulants or stimulants of this character.
To be sure the horse will seem to mend after the first dose, but the
third dose generally shows that the horse is becoming worse; bloody
water is blown from the nostrils, partial sweat breaks forth, the eye
assumes a grey appearance. ‘To be sure, the horse seems to walk
with a firmer step, but just at this moment falls and expires.

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

This generally attacks fat, sleek, family horses, who are suddenly
called upon to do an amount of traveling, or draw a load beyond their
strength, or debilitated livery horses.

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF CONGESTION. 65

ITS MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS.

The horse is hardly tied to the manger before symptoms of
exhaustion are seen; the head hangs down and the food not noticed.
Soon he commences panting and breathing quickly. Sometimes
this is mistaken for advanced
symptoms of inflammation of
the lungs. It is probable it
would terminate in this way if
nothing were done to avert it.
The sudden change from se-
vere exertion to rest produces
a great reaction of the sys-

tem. The capillary vessels
FIRST APPEARANCE OF CONGESTION. and every organ of the body
is in a state of great congestion. The arteries are round and gorged,
and the pulse may beat quicker or slower than mentioned in most
books, but will be comparatively feeble and hardly stirs. Partial
perspiration may appear upon the body, but no warmer than the skin.
The feet are cold, eyes fixed and hearing lost. He does not move
when commanded, and except breathing, which is involuntary, yet
disordered, all natural functions seem stopped.

WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

If the horse be attended to at once the symptoms will rapidly
disappear. Give the following at one dose: —

,

Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces;
Laudanum, two fluid ounces;
Cold Water, one pint.—Mix.

As the horse is not conscious, give with caution and moderation,
and do not get excited and use brute force. A little patience and all
will be swallowed or the fumes inhaled, which is nearly as good as
giving the dose. If in ten minutes the horse has not recovered, or
but partially so, administer the same sized dose again. It will be
but seldom that any more than two doses will be required, yet do not

neglect, but watch twenty minutes more, as the symptoms frequently
AS PRL)

66 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

vanish and then reappear. Empty the manger and rack, for though
the horse would eat, no solid food must be allowed until the next day,
but a pail of gruel, set so the horse can reach it without raising his
head high, should be given. The horse should be lightly blanketed,
and the next day will be as well as ever.

WHAT ITS TERMINATION MAY BE.

This disease, like the fainting fits of human persons, used to be
treated by bleeding, but to bleed a debilitated horse is but to increase
the disease and delay recovery. Remember that this disease differs
from congestion on the road, both in degree, intensity, and constitu-
tion of the subject generally. It generally terminates in a much
more serious disease if not noticed, or neglected to treat by remedies
at once. Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs and pleurisy are
generally the diseases which follow, but it has terminated in enteritis
or inflammation of the intestines, fatally in some instances.

BRONCHITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF AIR PASSAGES.

WHAT IT IS AND WHAT ITS CAUSES ARE.

Originally, it is an inflammation or congestion of the mucous
membrane or delicate lining of the wind-pipe, and air tubes of the
upper part of the lungs, but has also an aptitude for involving like
membranes of the whole cavity of the chest, and is generally caused
by exposure of the horse to cold winds or storms, especially after
being heated by driving. The
horse simply catches a cold,
which affects these parts much
in the same manner and with
results similar to its action on
mankind.

WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS MAY BE.

It is a very insidious and
deceptive disease in its early
stages. Sometimes there will

COUGHING DURING A BAD CASE OF BRONCHITIS.

EXTERNAL TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS. 67

be a short cough denoting irritation of the air passages, and a slight
increase of redness of the membrane lining the nostrils, yet the
appetite will be unimpaired and many times increased. Many persons
are deceived thereby, for as long as a horse eats, he is well enough to
work, they say; but this will not always prove a safe rule. Soon the
cough becomes evidently suppressed and painful, the appetite gone,
and the horse is averse to moving. The breathing quick and easily
heard, the lining membrane of the nose is very scarlet, and mouth
hot, dry and clammy. The legs and body of uneven temperature —
here cold as ice, there a dusty heat.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF IT.

If possible, put the horse in a box stall, if not,
in a warm stable. If it is possible, have the air
charged with steam from boiling water, if not, make
a nose bag and steam the horse’s nose as directed
under head of ‘Common Cold,” and as shown by
our engraving. Don’t scald the horse, and see
that the steam is not too great in quantity or too
hot at the nose. Scald some hay and apply to the

throat by a ban-
dage, and renew
as often as cold.
Apply flannels
wet with cold wa- ust oF Nost-nac ror coup
ter to the back and sides, as shown
by our illustration, covering closely
with a blanket and renew immedi-
eately when warm, for several hours,
S22 J== then let them remain on, but do not
HOW TO CLOTHE DURING BRONCHITIS suffer them to dry. They must be
worn for a week after restoration, though not wet. Now prepare the
following, after the scalded hay has been applied for two hours to
the throat: —

Burgundy Pitch, half a pound;
Powdered Gum Camphor, two ounces;
Powdered Capsicum or Red Pepper, half a drachm.

68 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

Melt the pitch on a fire, take the vessel off and mix in the other
ingredients and apply while warm (not hot), to the neck from the
breast up to the throat.

If there is considerable aggravated congestion, which can be told
by the pulse, give the following dose: —

Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce ;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

The above dose should be given every half hour, and if no per-
ceptible effect is produced upon the pulse after the third dose,
substitute the following : —

Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops;
Belladonna, half a drachm.

Rub the belladonna up in an ounce of water, and then add the
aconite. Give the above dose every half hour till the pulse mends,
then drop the aconite, but keep up the belladonna in half-drachm
doses, in addition to the first prescription mentioned above, which
ought to be resumed should amendment ensue from the use of
aconite. If bowels are costive move by injections of warm soap suds.
Let the food be almost entirely thick gruel, for all solid food must be
withheld, especially during the acute attack. The chill ought to be
taken off the water drank. Boiled roots, crushed or scalded oats
may be given next, and the hay should be dampened the first month
before given.

WHAT THE FATAL SYMPTOMS ARE.

The pulse continues una-
mended at first, but soon grows
very quick and tremulous. The
breathing becomes very painful
even to spectators. Every in-
halation seems to shake the
body, and the nasal membrane
takes a bluish tint. A _ foul
bloody froth hangs about the
nostrils, and the eyes are dull

A FATAL CASE OF BRONCHITIS

CAUTIONS ABOUT BRONCHITIS. 69

and fixed. The cough is most distressing and occurs in fits, and
during the paroxysms the animal reels about. The cough shakes the
sore lungs and checks the breathing, already near suffocation. It
continues until discolored fluid is ejected from the nostrils, and a
brief respite ensues. As time progresses, the fits become more severe
and much longer, while the strength even more rapidly decreases.

WHAT NOT TO DO IN THIS CASE.

Never bleed. When mucous membranes are affected, never
deplete by physic or bleeding. A small amount of blood taken may
produce a prostration no tonic will restore; a diarrhea may be
produced by even a small dose of aloes, which no astringent can
check. This disease is very liable to change of location, and therefore
be careful what you do. Better never give any medicine internally
unless you want to produce a certain effect. Above all, avoid unreli-
able advice of kind neighbors who know no more, nor as much as
yourself, or the villainous compounds of self-sufficient persons, whose
ignorance only is equalled by their ridiculous assumptions. A little
common sense on your part is worth all their concoctions.

PLEURISY.

THE CAUSES OF THIS DISEASE.

Exposure, overdriving, or too severe exertion in a race without
proper care after. Horses five or six years of age are most liable to
its attacks.

WHAT IT IS AND WHAT MISTAKEN FOR.

It is an inflammation of the fine membrane covering the lungs
and also lining the chest. It generally terminates the second day,
and consequently the symptoms are quickly developed, and this
violence on their first appearance has been frequently mistaken for
spasmodic colic.

70 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLEURISY AND SPASMODIC COLIC.

The pulse in spasmodic colic is always natural at the commence-
ment, and the attacks of pain, when they first occur, are always of
short duration. In pleurisy the pulse strikes the finger, and is strong.
The artery seems thin, the pain is continuous, and the agony never
remits or ceases: The horse never feeds, as he often does in colic
between the attacks; the body is hot, and the feet icy cold.

WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS GENERALLY ARE.

The muscles are sometimes knotted
and drawn up in ridges, and partial per-
spiration breaks forth on parts of the
body. A cough is sometimes, but not
always, present, and is always suppressed
and dry, more like a hack. The ear,
placed against the ribs, detects a grating
Z sound. The fore foot is scarcely ever

rinst sicxs or rLeunisy. quiet and constantly paws. The breath-
ing is peculiar, for the pain prevents a full respiration, and appears
short, jerking, quick, and always imperfect.

A SURE AND CERTAIN TEST FOR IT.

Pressure made on the spaces between the ribs sometimes almost
deprives the animal of consciousness, for the pain is so intense. The
animal shrinks, and often is angered, tries to bite or kick the person
applying the test.

DIRECTIONS HOW TO TREAT IT.

At the first commencement, take blood enough to ease the horse,
but, not adrop more. Bandage the legs with flannel, but leave the
body uncovered unless in cold weather. Give every fifteen minutes
the following dose to allay pulse and fever: —

Tincture Aconite, twenty drops;
Warm Water, four tablespoonfuls.—Mix.

FATAL SIGNS OF PLEURISY. rel

Feel the pulse before each dose, and as soon as softened, stop the
above. Now give the following dose every second hour, which will
prevent further congestion of the pleura: —

Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce;
Water, a tumblerful.—Mix.

Follow the above directions for one day and night, and depend
on the aconite to allay fever and keep down the pulse. On no
account bleed again. If, after the symptoms get better, the cough
remains, the nose-bag steaming apparatus described under ‘‘ Common
Cold,”’ will relieve it.

THE FIRST SIGNS OF IMPROVEMENT

are a quieter breathing, a softening of the pulse, and a return of
appetite. When these occur, blister the throat and chest with
Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce;
Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce.—Mix.

Apply with friction, and repeat it till blister shows. Repeat the
blister if signs of disease linger. If the bowels are costive, move by
copious injections of blood-warm soap-suds.

THE FATAL SIGNS OF THE DISEASE

are yellow transparent discharges from the nostrils, occasionally
streaked with blood, and more or less discolored. A terrible anxious
expression of countenance, quickened breathing, a rapid sinking
pulse, and a leaden color of the nasal membranes. It generally ter-
minates in dropsy of the chest.

CAUTIONS AND GENERAL DIRECTIONS.

Nothing must be given the horse except luke-warm water during
the serious stage of the disease, which may be substituted by meal
gruel, and that in turn by soft food as he gets better. Never give
physic in this disease. It will prove as fatal as poison in its depleting
tendency. Trust to aconite within, than depend on bleeding except
as instructed.

Cire ir VA,

DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

ACUTE GASTRITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH — POISONING.— When
caused by quack condition powders— Drugging a race-horse— How done and how to
relieve—Peculiarity of the symptoms in poisoning— Variation ofthe symptoms—
How the poison acts—Difference between man and horse— What to do— Antidote for
poisoning from condition powders— Antidotes for injury from acids— Antidotes for
poisoning from alkalies or lye—The best medicine to use when poison is unknown—
How to give medicine quickly in bad case.

INDIGESTION —CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.— How it shows
itself and its prominent symptoms— Peculiarities of a morbid appetite—The course to
take to treat the disease —To tone up and strengthen the stomach — Proper food to be
given.

CRIBBING— WIND SUCKING.—What it is and how done—Its causes—Its treatment—
Jockey tricks to conceal it—Exposure of them.

BOTS.— Developments made by late scientific investigation — Diseases which are often mis-
taken for bots — How bots have been killed —Time of year when no bots are in the
stomach of horse — How they propagate—How they attach themselves to the stomach
—Impossibility of medicine to reach their mouths— How long bots live in turpentine,
kerosene, carbolic acid, ete —The only injury they do.

SPASM OF DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS.— Acute symptoms during a race— How to save the
horse— Signs of fatal symptoms— Warning to riders— Directions for immediate treat-
ment— What to give and how to care for the horse—Chronic form of the disease—
What to do for it.

HOW TO TELL A POISONED HORSE. 73

POISONING—ACUTE GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION
OF THE STOMACH.

WHAT IS SOMETIMES THE CAUSE OF IT.

Often this arises from the use of secret nostrums or condition
powders of would-be horse doctors, which the farmer buys to tone up
his horse. It is also sometimes done maliciously to prevent a favorite
horse winning a race. Narcotics are more frequently used for this
purpose, as they deaden the sensibilities of the horse and lessen his
vigor.

THE PECULIAR SYMPTOMS OF POISONING.

There will be a loathing of
food, accompanied by extreme
thirst. Redness ot the nasal
membrane, with a discharge of
ropy saliva. Frequent eructa-
tions, or belchings of wind from
the stomach, which has a pun-
gent smell. Signs of spasmodic
colic prevail, with tucked-up
= El flanks, and heaving, panting
SIGNS OF POISONING. breath. A small, quick pulse,
and often violent dysentery. Straining and passing of mucus in
large quantities The anus may protrude and show signs of inflamma-
tion. There will be great prostration of strength, followed by con-
vulsions and death. Such are the many symptoms, yet all will not
be present, and some will vary according to the intensity of the case.

WHAT POISONING DOES AND WHAT TO DO.

Those poisons which do not kill instantly, irritate and corrode
the coats of the stomach and intestines. Narcotics merely destroy
nervous sensibility. It is more difficult to treat poisoning in a horse
than in man, for emetics are useless. Antidotes only can be relied

on. Below will be found directions for treatment of all cases.
10

74 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH.

POISONING FROM CONDITION POWDERS.

The irritant here is probably antimony, yet it may be arsenic.
Give the following dose every five minutes until two doses are given:
Tincture Cinchona, one pint;
Water, two quarts-

Powdered Peruvian bark
may be given instead. Fol-
low with equal parts of sul-
phuric ether and laudanum,
two ounces each in a pint of
water every fifteen minutes.

POISONING FROM ACIDS OF
ANY KIND.

These corrode the mucous
SS membranes. Lime water,
BAD CASE OF POISONING, baking soda, or weak lye,
mixed with starch water, should be given, followed by a quart of oil.
If strength fail and much pain exists, give the ether and laudanum
as above.

POISONING FROM NARCOTICS.

It is probable that this would be opium, which can be best
combated by giving a strong decoction of nut galls, or a solution of
tannic acid in starch water, followed by stimulants, such as sulphuric
ether and carbonate of ammonia.

POISONING FROM ALKALIES OR LYE.

Give a quart or so of vinegar in same quantity of water, and
follow with a quart of oil. Keep up the strength and allay pain by
directions given above. When the poison is unknown, the following
prescription is the best which can be given in such a case: —

Sulphurie Ether, three fluid ounces;
Tincture of Opium, three fluid ounces;
Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm;
Cold Water, one quart.—Mix.

on

NOVEL WAY OF GIVING MEDICINE. 75

Repeat the above in a few moments. Of course you will leave
out the opium if you sus-
pect narcotics, which will
be shown by a stupid, dull
appearance. A stomach
pump is often very useful to
inject drenches, by means
of arubber pipe through the
nostril into the stomach, in
the’ manner shown in the
engraving.

TO GIVE REMEDIES QUICKLY.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE.

The horse being unable to vomit, cannot show, in the ordinary
way, any disorder of the stomach, unless it takes the severe form of
colic, etc. Indigestion shows itself by irregularity of the bowels and
capricious appetite. The animal purges violently, which stops as
suddenly as it commenced, and costiveness takes its place, while no
error of diet is known to have caused it. Its passages seem brittle
and crumble at the slightest touch, and have an offensive smell.

THE PROMINENT SYMPTOMS

are a dry cough, the breathing catching, and the mouth feels cold.
The eyes are sunken and the belly baggy. The hair stares and is dry
and ragged. The body becomes emaciated, and the anus is lax and
prominent. The slightest exertion produces a profuse sweat. The
most remarkable symptom is the

PECULIAR AND MORBID APPETITE.

which causes the horse to gnaw old bricks, eat mortar, or destroy the
woodwork of the stall. Often he will refuse bright hay to eat the

76 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH.

bedding or dirty straw. It is evidence that there is a morbid irrita-
bility of the stomach which the horse vainly endeavors to relieve.
The food eaten but adds to the trouble, not being digested, ferments.

HOW TO BEST RELIEVE IT.

No physicing or bleeding should be done. The only method to
adopt is to give tonics and remedies to palliate the evils, and aid
nature to restore the natural functions of the stomach. To do this,
the following ball must be given night and morning : —

Strychnine, half a grain;
Carbonate of Ammonia, half a drachm;

Extract Belladonna, half a drachm;
Extract Gentian, half a drachm.

Mix with powdered quassia, sufficient to make a stiff mass.
After giving the above for one week, change the medicine by giving
the following night and morning : —

Solution of Arsenic, half a fluid ounce;
Tincture of Ipecacuanha, half a fluid ounce;

Muriated Tincture of Iron, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce.—Mix.

Give the above in a pint of water. As the horse gets better,

give night and morning the following ball: —
Quinine, one scruple ;
Powdered Anise Seed, half an ounce;
Sulphate of Iron, two scruples;
Bicarbonate of Iron, two scruples.—Mix.

The food must be dampened, and it would be well to feed soft
food for the first week. A tablespoonful of baking soda should be
sprinkled over each feed. No good, or at least but slight, benefit can
be expected from the remedies, if care is not taken in regard to food
as well as grooming.

TRICKS TO DISGUISE CRIBBERS. wa

CRIBBING.—WIND SUCKING.
WHAT IT IS AND HOW DONE.

The horse rests his upper incisor teeth upon any solid or firm
place, and by a muscular effort, a portion of gas is eructated or
belched from the stomach with an audible sound. It is generally
preceeded by licking the manger or of any iron or cold substance.
It is a sign of a disordered stomach and indigestion.

WHAT TO DO FOR IT.

Sometimes a piece of rock salt left in the feed-box will stop a
new beginner. If a little common baking soda or even wood ashes
be given occasionally, it will to a certain extent prevent it. If these
simple means do not prevent it, dampen the food and sprinkle over it
a tablespoonful of baking soda. Mix also with the grain a handful of
pulverized inner bark of the white oak? If this does not stop it treat
the horse for “‘ Indigestion.”

OTHER MEASURES OF RELIEF.

These are mostly mechanical. One method is to buckle a strap
closely around the neck at the throat. This can only be used in the
stable.

JOCKEY TRICKS.

Shrewd dealers in horses, who only desire to stop it long enough
to sell the horse, have several ingenious methods of stopping it for
the nonce. The soap trick, is to rub a bar of soap over the manger,
feed-box, or any prominent part where the horse would be likely to
rest his teeth. Often they saw passages between the upper teeth, in
front, to prevent it. Rubbing tallow on the outside of the front
upper teeth under the upper lip, will also stop it for the time.

78 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH.

BOTS.
EXPLOSION OF OLD FALLACIES AND IDEAS.

It is needless in this work to go into details, or produce proofs
to show that the evils that are caused by bots, are imaginary; that
the symptoms which were supposed to indicate bots, were signs of
colic, pleurisy, etc. Investigations by scientific men have exploded
the old fallacies, and no intelligent man now holds to this belief.
Many a nauseous dose and many a corroding poison has been given
as ‘“‘bot medicine.’”’ They succeeded in killing the bots, but they
always killed the horse first. We stand ready to prove the following
statements by the intelligent and learned men of the profession. It
will relieve many men, who have not given it any attention, to know

WHAT HAS BEEN PROVEN ABOUT BOTS.

Investigations have never yet discovered the least sign of bots in
a horse’s stomach the latter part of, the summer or early autumn,
notwithstanding many people treat horses for them during that
period. Itis because the bots have remained their allotted time in
the horse’s stomach, and have been passed out into the manure, to
turn into the fly which lays the egg that again produces the bot.

Investigation has never yet found a case where the bot had
bored his way through the stomach, unless the horse had been dead
long enough to stop secretions and decomposition of the stomach
to begin.

From the manner in which the bot attaches himself to the
stomach and buries his mouth in the insensible soft mucous, as well
as his location in certain parts of the stomach, it is manifestly
impossible for any medicine to reach the mouth of the bot and make
him let go. As to his letting go to feed on the tempting “‘milk and
molasses”’ of the quack bot doctor, it is simply bosh. The skin of
the bot is so thick and leathery, that it will live for several minutes
in turpentine, kerosene oil, carbolic acid, ete. Do you think, then,
that it is possible to give anything which will destroy them?

The only injury they ean possibly do, is, that when they are in
large numbers, they may prevent proper nutrition of the horse.

THUMPS IN RACE HORSES. 79

SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM.—THUMPS.

ITS WARNING SYMPTOMS AND SOUND.

Sometimes a horse out of condition is entered in a race, wherein
broken heats push him beyond the powers of his endurance, and he
is. taken with what is called ‘‘spasm of the diaphragm.’ The rider
becomes conscious of a strange and loud noise coming from the body
under him, rather behind his seat. This is a warning not to be
unheeded. Unless the pace is checked and the horse stopped, he will
fall violently to the ground after a few more strides.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IMMEDIATELY.

The rider should dismount instantly, and cover the loins with
anything at hand. The girth should be loosened, and after taking
breath, the horse should be led to the nearest stable. Now give the
following dose, every fifteen minutes, for one hour, after which, give
every hour for four hours, and then gradually increase the time
between doses, until it is finally withdrawn : —

Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces;
Spirits Camphor, half a fluid ounce;
Tincture Opiuni, one fluid ounce;
Cold Water, one pint.—Mix.

No violence must be used in giving the above, or the benefits
will not be received.

In the meantime, many other things are to be done. A valuable
horse is to be saved. Puta man at each leg to bandage it at once.
Have another man sponge out the mouth, nose and eyes, with cold
water. Have all superficial dirt removed, and the hood and blanket
put on immediately. Wet swabs should be put on the feet and a pail
of thin gruel stood in easy reach. Keep the horse quiet and well
cared for, day and night, until danger is past.

SIGNS OF FATAL TERMINATION.

It is not necessarily fatal if the rider will take warning in time.
If the rider persists in trying to “‘come under the wire,” it may end

80 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH.

fatally. This is heralded by icy cold feet, a fetid breath, and a yellow
discharge from the nostrils. The pupil of the eye enlarges, and the
pulse at the jaw is lost. The heart only flutters, while the horse
wanders round and round in his box, and finally drops, and death
wins the heat.

CHRONIC CASES OF THIS DISEASE.

There are many chronic cases of a variety of this disease,
wherein the horse, after any severe exertion, or during ordinary
driving, will be attacked by spasm of the diaphragm, or palpitation of
the heart. But little can be done for these cases. As a general
thing, it only affects those horses which have been broken down,
or are getting along in years. Careful feeding of soft food, and more
careful driving, will prevent its attack. A horse of this kind cannot
be relied on. The treatment recommended under head of ‘“ Partial
Paralysis’’ will do much toward toning him up.

CEAPT ER: VE.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

SPASMODIC COLIC.— How it affects the intestines—Its first stage of attack— How it
intermits and commences again—Its second stage—Its increase of pain and action
—The third stage of an attack—Intense pain and mad plunging — How it differs
from flatulent colic— When inflammation of the bowels begins—How the pulse
changes—Plain directions for recognizing—Foolish methods of treatment— The
proper and successful method—Its easy application— What to do when this cannot
be had— When to use injections— How and when to blister—Sure sign that another
disease is present.

FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC.—Its cause—Symptoms in its different stages and how
they differ from spasmodic colic— How any one can tell the difference —Its later and
fatal symptoms— How to check formation of gas— What to give in addition — What
to use if medicine cannot be had — Exercising the animal — When medicines fail, how
to relieve by an operation—Where to insert the knife and tube—A homemade
substitute — Treatment during recovery —To prevent another attack.

ENTERITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES.— Its fatal and destroying char-
acter — How long it lasts—The first warning sign— Difference between symptoms in
colic and this disease—How to avoid mistaking the disease—Different tests— An
infallible test under any circumstances—First treatment— Active treatment— What
not to give—To physic without medicine—When to blister—Treatment during
recovery —Important directions to be followed.

ACUTE DYSENTERY.— Its causes, character and symptoms—The active progress of the
: disease — What to do for it — Final treatment during recovery.

11

82 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.—Its origin and distinguishing symptoms—A test for it—
General appearance of the horse— The best treatment for it.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.— What they are—Signs of a ruptured diaphragm—Test for a
ruptured spleen or liver—Ruptured stomach —Intro-susception of intestines— Only
treatment.

WORMS.— How they hurt colts— How they change their growth—Signs of worms—The
kind of worms— What to do for them—To prevent worms—To relieve posterior
irritation and rubbing the tail.

SPASMODIC COLIC.

PECULIAR CHARACTER OF THIS DISEASE.

This disease is an inflammatory spasmodic contraction of the
muscular coat of the intestines, which is so intense as to expel the
blood from the contracted part and force it into adjoining portions,
which aa Soe congested. When it occurs at a part of the
intestine distended by food, it arrests its
progress and causes most excrutiating tor-
ture. Our illustration shows a small section
‘of intestine affected by colic. The place

al cat marked 6 shows how forcibly it contracts
ath Oameo e hae during a gripe of pain, wlile c shows a.por-
tion lately attacked, but now free, except that it is pale from expelled
blood. The parts a a a, are highly congested with additional blood
forced into them from the parts } and c, which, if continued and not
relieved, would end fatally in inflammation of the bowels. It most
often attacks the small intestines, and dodges from point to point,
leaving a short cessation of pain between the attacks, increasing in
severity and frequency as the disease lingers, until there are no
intervals of ease from pain.

ie)
JC)

DIFFERENT STAGES OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

WHAT OFTEN CAUSES ITS ATTACKS.

It is most frequently caused by hard, severe driving, often with-
out feeding, or with a heavy feed, or a change of food; yet colic
caused by feeding, generally is a flatulent attack, and not of this
character. Some horses cannot take aloes without being attacked
by it; others seem to be peculiarly liable to it on any extra exertion.

THE FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

It always commences suddenly with
a sharp spasm of pain in the bowels.
The horse was evidently all right and
feeding naturally, when, without any
visible cause, the head is raised and
feeding is stopped suddenly. This is
the first gripe, and if the pain lasts a
few seconds, the hind foot is lifted to
strike the belly, the fore foot begins to

FIRST SIGN OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

paw the ground, while the nose slowly points to the flank. Our
illustration fairly shows the excitement the horse labors under in this
stage. The pain will now subside, and the horse will again com-
mence: to eat, when a second attack, which lasts longer than the
first, and is more severe, follows. Again it ceases and again it
attacks, evidently growing more severe. Now we have

THE SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

Now the horse evidently desires to lie
down. It crouches as though it would, then
changes its mind and turns around, suddenly
assuming an erect attitude. It now paws and
strikes with its hind feet with greater vigor,
= and looks towards the flank with a morbid fire
SECOND STAGE oF sraswopic couc. in its eye, and there is an increase of pain.

THE THIRD STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

If relief has not been given before, the spasms increase, until
there is no cessation of pain, and the horse gets wild and fierce. The

84 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

pawing is more brief but energetic, and often the foot is raised to be
violently stamped on the ground. The horse now does not attempt
to feed, but stares for a minute at a time at the abdomen. Suddenly,
without any warning, the horse leaps up and
falls violently to the floor, evidently trying
to ease the intense pain. It now rolls from
side to side as shown in the cut, and will
A = sometimes sit partly upon his haunches.
THIRD STAGE or srasmonie couic. "This is seldom however. He sweats freely,
which commences earlier than in wind colic. The feces are at first
excreted, often in small quantities; they give you the impression that
there exists alternately constipation and diarrhea; the aqueous fluids
are excreted in diminished quantities, and numerous ineffectual
attempts are made at voiding. By making a rectal examination, the
bladder will be found distended, which is due to the stricture of the
sphincter muscle of that vessel and constriction of its neck. In
making ante-mortem examinations, it is difficult to ascertain with
certainty whether the small, large, or both intestines are the seat of
disease. When the pawing is excessive, and the pains are sudden,
the great probability is the disease is located in the small intestines;
but when the animal backs up against the wall and presses against
it, the probability is the trouble is in the colon. The great distin-
cuishing symptoms presented between spasmodic and flatulent colic
are, that in the former the pains are not so continuous. The abdo-
men, loins, sides, and all the external covering of the viscera are
extremely sensitive to touch, which is not so much the case in the
latter, and in flatulent colic we have a bulging of the walls of the
abdomen from the gas. This symptom is absent in the former.

WHEN INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS COMMENCES.

If proper relief is not afforded, it will pass into inflammation of
the bowels. The pulse, which at the commencement was natural,
now quickened by the pain and inflammation, becomes hard and wiry,
and amore serious disease has set in. '

THE PROPER TREATMENT FOR COLIC. 85

HOW FOOLISHLY IT HAS BEEN TREATED.

Probably no disease has had more vile concoctions compounded
for it, or more violent remedies tried. Every one has his favorite
dose, which is always a “‘sure cure,’ and yet the horse dies. We
have seen half a dozen men prescribe as many different remedies, and
all given in Jess than an hour. Is it any wonder that the horse died?

TH PROPER TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE.

No disease is more easily cured if properly treated at the com-
mencement, and no one, also, which causes greater agony, or leads to
more serious results if neglected or improperly treated. A single
dose of the following prescription will cure it at once, if given in
time : —

Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce;
Water, half a pint—Mix.

Repeat the above every ten minutes until three doses are given.
If no benefit is seen, double the dose in same amount of water, and
give every ten minutes until symptoms abate. No medicine is more
certain in its effects.

TREATMENT BY INJECTION OF REMEDIES.

In some cases where the above cannot be had, or when the attack
lingers, and is very severe, the following injection can be used with
good effect : —

Turpentine, four fluid ounces;
Very strong Soap Suds, one quart.—Mix.
Inject through the anus into the bowels with a syringe.

BLISTERING WITH AMMONIA.

If it is a severe case, four ounces
of ammonia should be mixed with a
pint and a half of water, and a
folded cloth large enough to cover
the belly and sides of the abdomen,
should be wet in it and placed above
a folded blanket, and held up close to d 2
the under side of the belly to blister HOW TO BLISTER JN SEVERE CASES.

86 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

it slightly. Our engraving shows how this is to be done. Great care
should be taken not to blister deeply. It may do its work in ten
minutes or it may take half an hour. It should be closely watched,
as it is a powerful agent. Blankets wrung out in hot water may be
substituted, changing often so as to keep up the heat. If the above
measures do not bring relief, you have a case beyond simple colic,
and the pulse must be watched to see if inflammation of the bowels
has not commenced. On getting over an attack, the food should be
soft and light until the horse is entirely well. Bran mashes should
be avoided. No bleeding or physicing is needed here.

FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC.

WHAT IT IS AND ITS CAUSES.

An attack of flatulent colic is not uncommon among workhorses,
and horse-owners should always be prepared by having proper reme-
dies ready to be administered when necessary, as these attacks often
prove fatal from improper treatment. This disease is brought on
from various causes; among the most common are imprudent feed-
ing, both as to quantity and quality—either feeding too much
a meal, or feeding damaged provender; watering too soon, ‘either
before or immediately after feeding; exhausting the animal by
overworking, etc. This disease is the result of acute indigestion.
The food, instead of undergoing the normal process of digestion,
ferments, and gas is given off in large quantities, which so distends
the stomach and bowels as to threaten immediate death from suffoca-
tion or rupture of the stomach.

THE FIRST STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC.

The horse will exhibit symptoms of uneasiness after feeding,
hanging its head, fidgeting, and rocking the body by resting first on
one foot and then on the other. Its breath is labored and oppressed.
These symptoms occur before the abdomen begins to swell. When

TO DISTINGUISH FLATULENT COLIC 87

the body begins to enlarge, the horse commences to paw, but in a
much more leisurely manner than in spasmodic colic. The pain is
not so severe, being oppression from
a distended stomach. He seems gam
sleepy and stupid, With a heavy, dull My
pulse. The horse gradually becomes @
worse as the disease lingers, but its
progress is not as rapid as spasmodic
colic. It may be a day or two grow-
ing worse and worse. There is a=
certain amount of delirium and ver-
tigo, the muscles of the lips twitch uneasily, and the muscle which
moves the skin is occasionally acted upon as if the animal were
troubled with flies, vermin, etc. When it occurs while another
disease 1s in progress, or while the animal is becoming convalescent,
the probability is the animal will not survive it.

FIRST SYMPTOMS OF FLATULENT COLIC.

ITS LATTER AND FATAL STAGES.

The horse will stand in
the same place, the pulse be-
comes feeble and the breath-
ing fast. The abdomen be-
comes greatly enlarged, the
pupit of the eye dilated, and
often sight is lost. If the
horse is loose, he will walk
> around and around, running
against obstacles. Delirium
may be present and the horse
may neigh weakly. The hair stares and is ragged, and copious and
partial perspiration breaks forth on parts of the body. The pulse at
the jaw is lost, and the heart indistinctly beats. At last the limbs
fail, the body falls to the ground, and with a few struggles the
animal dies.

A BAD CASE OF FLATULENT COLIC.

88 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE FOR IT.

If it be caused by green food, it is more serious. In ordinary
cases if is easy to cure if the right thing is done at once. People
generally insist upon doing just what ought not*to be done, and not
only add to the trouble, but lose valuable time. If the horse has
been “doped”’ (a very appropriate term) for bots, so much the worse.

The first thing to do, is to stop the formation of gas by neutral-
izing the secretions, and to stimulate the system as well as to lull the
pain. ‘To do this, give the following at one dose: —

Chlorate of Potash, one ounce;
Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Dissolve the chlorate of potash in the water, and then add the
ether. Two tablespoonfuls of common baking soda may be sub-
stituted for the chlorate of potash, if necessary. If no relief is
obtained in an hour, give the following dose: —

Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces;
Spirits of Camphor, half a fluid ounce;
Laudanum, two fluid ounces ;
Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm ;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Repeat in an hour if no benefit is seen. The carbonate of
ammonia may be omitted if not at hand, yet it materially adds to
the stimulating power of the prescription.

It is a common practice to compel horses suffering from this
disease to take violent exercise, which, to say the least, is not only
cruel, but very imprudent, often endangering the life of the animal.
Walking exercise is always proper, particularly if the animal is
inclined to throw himself violently on the ground, but in no case
should the sick animal be urged faster than a walk. If the case
grows more serious, a piece of brimstone or sulphur may be burned
in the stable, impregnating the air with its fumes until it is difficult
for man to breathe. This may be continued for two hours, and the
former remedies again used in their turn.

SURGICAL OPERATION IN CRITICAL CASES. 89

HOW TO RELIEVE BY AN EASY OPERATION.

Should the abdomen continue to enlarge and fatal signs appear,
an operation, often successful, should be tried rather than lose the
horse. It can be done by anyone of ordinary skill and judgment.
We have given an illustration of the
instrument, as well as of the places
where it should be inserted in the body,
which will make it plain to all. By
tapping on the left side of the body, at the points designated, a
hollow sound will be heard. Draw the skin a little one side, and with
a sharp pointed knife, make an incision through —_
the skin over the spot. Force the trochar \\~
through this hole into the bowels, and with-
drawing the sharp pointed part of the instru-
ment, the gas will rapidly escape through the
tube. A probe may be used to clear the tube if
its mouth becomes stopped. Withdraw the tube

TROCHAR TO RELIEVE COLIC BY PUNCTURE,

PLACES TO PUNCTURE OR

after the gas has escaped. It is rarely necessary INSERT TROCHAR.

to repeat the operation. If it should be so, select anew place. A
home-made apparatus may be improvised, by having a small tube and
along, sharp, small-bladed knife. Insert the knife and follow with
the tube. No food or water should be given during the attack.

TREATMENT DURING RECOVERY FROM AN ATTACK.

This is important also. Soft food, consisting of scalded oats,
etc., may be given as the horse gets better, and gradually working
up to usual food. Measures must be taken to strengthen and tone
up the stomach. For this purpose give the following ball twice a

day :—
Sulphate of Copper, half a drachm;
Extract Belladonna, half a drachm;
Extract Gentian, half a drachm;
Powdered Quassia to make a pill mass.

All balls should be freshly prepared, and no more than six pre-
pared at any one time, as they dry up and lose their effectiveness in a

certain degree.
12

90 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

ENTERITIS.-INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES.

SERIOUS CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

This is an inflammation of the intestines of the horse. After
death the bowels are found to be black and swollen, and often
approach a green color. They are highly charged with inflamed
blood, and their structure destroyed. It is.a very fatal disease, and
measures must be taken in its first stages to succeed. Colic often
ends in enteritis, and one may be mistaken for the other. Jt is often
fatal in eight hours.

WHAT CAUSES ITS ATTACKS.

There is no one cause for it. Old horses are most liable to it.
What in one horse would cause. pleurisy; would in another produce
enteritis. Any long and continued exposure and subsequent inju-
dicious feeding, may cause it. Constipation is frequently its origin.

ITS FIRST SIGN AND WARNING.

The first sign of any trouble or pain in
the abdomen is shown by the nose and upper
lip forcibly turned up, as shown in the illus-
tration. This symptom is not entirely con-
fined to this particular disease, yet it is always

SIGN oF IntEsTINAL IxeiTaTION, Q fore runner of some abdominal. irritation.
A slight attack resembling colic may follow this symptom.

HOW TO TELL ENTERITIS FROM SPASMODIC COLIC.

The horse will roll, plunge, and kick, but with less abandon than
in colic. The breathing in colic at the commencement, is deep, full,
and natural, except that it is quickened by the exertion. In inflam-
mution of the bowels, the breathing is done by the expansion of the
ribs, as the movement of the diaphragm causes intense pain, conse-
quently it is short and quick. In spasmodic colic the mouth is moist
and natural, while in enteritis the mouth is hot and dry. The pulse
is natural until colic progresses, when it gets wiry; while in enteritis —

A VARIETY OF TESTS FOR ENTERITIS. 91

itis hard and wiry before the disorder is fully developed. The pulse
resembles a fine metallic wire striking the finger ends gently about
seventy times per minute. Pressure on the
bowels seems to ease the pain, while in this
disease, the horse cannot bear to have the
abdomen touched. This last symptom is
not always present, yet pressure on the
abdomen in enteritis never affords relief,
and will often call forth the most active
remonstrance from the heels and teeth.
Care must be taken in applying this test as —
shown by the engraving. Tics on TNRUAMuA HONS OF IRS

CERTAINTY OF TESTS USUALLY APPLIED.

All these symptoms will not warrant a certain decision regarding
the disease, yet they show a very strong evidence of enteritis. There
is, however, a sure and

AN INFALLIBLE TEST, UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.

le up the shirt sleeves and have the right arm well soaped or
greased. With the left hand raise the tail,
standing in the position shown in the engraving,
as near the feet as possible. Bring the ends of
the fingers together, place them upon the centre
of the anus, and maintain a gentle, equal pres-
sure, until the muscle vields and the hand grad-
ually enters the body. The faeces which may be
in this part of the bowels, must be brought back

and out with the hand. If inflammation of the
sexton oF intestines, DOWels be present, these will be hard, dry, dark
lumps, very offensive and streaked with mucus. Grease or soap the
arm again, and advance it into the body as far as possible. If but a
gentle warmth exists, there is no inflammation there. If on the
contrary, there be a high degree of heat, it is certainly a case of
enteritis. This is the only sure test, and no false delicacy or squeam-
ishness must stand in the way of performing it. The life of a

92 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

valuable horse is at stake, and it is always best to know what the
disease is before giving medicine, if you wish success. Always have
some one hold up the fore foot on the side you are standing, while
making the test.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.

Take away all food and bandage the legs, which will be cold.
Blanket the horse and give plenty of bedding. If the disease is
merely suspected, and not tested, the treatment for spasmodic colic
will aid in checking it and do no harm.

WHAT THE ACTIVE TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

When it is certainly determined by any of the tests given, no
time must be lost. Physic is poison in this disease, and must not be
given. A particular kind of bleeding is allowed, which will be
described. Take away a quart of blood and inject into the vein a
pint of blood-warm water. A profuse physicing will follow, as well
as sweating, almost immediately. Care must be taken that no air be
injected into the vein. To prevent this, use a quart syringe, with a
curved fine point, to inject the pint of water, and have a place
marked on the handle to show how far to push it in. The injection
of water will lower the pulse and abate the fever. If the pulse again
becomes high and feverish, give the following dose every fifteen

minutes, till pain and fever abate :—
Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops;
Sulphuric Ether, three fluid ounces;
Laudanum, three fluid ounces;
Extract Belladonna, one drachm.

Rub the belladonna up in a pint
of water, and then mix in the other
ingredients. As the pulse grows more
natural leave out the aconite. As
the pain subsides, drop out the bella-
donna. Lengthen the intervals now
to twenty minutes between drinks,
and gradually reduce the dose as the
horse grows better.

HOW TO APPLY AMMONIACAL BLISTERS,

SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE DYSENTERY. 93

Should the symptoms denote a dull lingering pain, which refuses
to yield, apply the ammoniacal blister, as recommended for spasmodic
colic. Its action must be watched closely.

TREATMENT DURING RECOVERY.

After the disease has been checked, yet the cure not complete,
the following dose should be sprinkled on the horse’s tongue every
two hours: —

Calomel, half a drachm ;
Opium, one drachm.—Mix.

Stop all other medicines as soon as the symptoms will permit.
There is no reason why medicine should be continued after its pur-
pose has been accomplished. The food given during recovery has
much to do with the cure of the disease. Bran in any shape is
irritating to the intestines. Hay tea, or flour gruel, made by adding
a pint of flour to a pail of boiling water and given cool, is the only
food which should be allowed during the early stage of recovery.
Boiled and mashed roots may soon be added, then crushed and
scalded oats, graduaily working back to regular food, which should be
dampened for some weeks. Good care and common sense will aid
the medicines. It is just as important that a horse should be well
cared for in this disease as a sick person.

ACUTE DYSENTERY.

ITS CAUSES AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

It is generally caused by some poisonous matter taken into the
stomach. Often aloes, croton oil, and other drastic purgatives (which
are given merely because some people have an idea a horse must be
physiced about so often), create an inflammation of the mucous
membrane, which ends in severe dysentery.

WHAT ITS PROMINENT SYMPTOMS ARE.

The first symptoms will resemble spasmodic colic, but the violent
dysentery which follows, soon indicates the disease. The discharges

94 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES.

soon become mere discolored water, with a most offensive smell.
The thirst 1s excessive, and the
pulse, which at first is hard,
shortly becomes thick and feeble,
while the heart alternately skips
its beats. The position of the
body denotes abdominal pain,
while perspiration breaks forth
on different parts of the body.
The abdomen or belly becomes
distended or bloated, and death

a HORSE WITH ACUTE Se soon follows.

JUST WHAT TO DO FOR IT.

It is of no use to inquire what has done it. The first thing to be
done is to stop the discharges and allay the pain. The following
will be the best prescription which can be given in cases of this
character : —

Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, three fluid ounces;

Liquor Potassa, half a fluid ounce;
Powdered Chalk, one ounce;

Tincture Catechu, one fluid ounce.—Mix.

Give every fifteen minutes during the acute stage. If it is
inconvenient to get the liquor potassa and the chalk, a tablespoonful
of baking soda will be a good substitute. If the catechu is not to be
easily obtained, a strong decoction of the inner bark of the white
oak may be used in its stead. Inject into the bowels every twenty
minutes, by syringe, a quart of starch water, containing an ounce of
laudanum.

When the alarming symptoms cease, is the time that particular
care be taken to lead to final recovery.

THE FINAL TREATMENT TO ASSIST RECOVERY.

Tf no alarming symptoms show, the medicine may be reduced
gradually in number of doses, to three times daily. Do not be

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN. 95

needlessly alarmed if the bowels are constipated for two weeks after
such an emptying. At the end of two weeks, stop all medicine and
pay attention to food. It should be entirely liquid for the first two
weeks, gradually working up to soft food, and avoiding bran mashes.
Much depends upon this part of the treatment.

DYSENTERY OR SCOURS IN COLTS.

This disease has the same peculiarities of dysentery in older
horses yet proceeds from other causes, such as neglected condition of
dam, etc. In all treatment, care should be taken not to check the
discharge too suddenly, or it will subject the colt to fever and finally
death. Many are lost every year in this way. The best remedy is a
home-made one, as follows: —

Inner Bark White Oak, a handful;
Boiling Water, one quart. :

Let stand till cold. An ounce of laudanum may be added with
good effect. Give half a teacupful every night and morning, and
increase or make stronger as needed.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS DISEASE.

This disease generally attacks aged horses, and is the result of
chronic inflammation of the peritoneum, a tough white membrane
which lines the abdomen, and lies in folds around the bowels. After
the inflammation has been present some time, a fluid is secreted
which fills the cavity of the abdomen and finally causes death.

DIRECTIONS HOW TO RECOGNIZE IT.

The pulse is hard and small, and beats about sixty times per
minute. The head droops, and the food is scattered and spoiled
rather than eaten. .The nasal membrane is pale and the mouth @ry.
Pressure upon the abdomen brings forth a groan, and turning in the
stall always causes a grunt. The symptoms that the water has

96 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES,

begun to fill the cavity, are a constant lying down and remaining in
one position for a long period, accompanied by thirst and loss of
appetite. By placing the ear to the abdomen, and having a person
slap the opposite side, you can detect the presence of the water.
The belly will be baggy and the horse constipated and hide-bound.
The hair cf the tail drops out, and finally the horse dies.

THE BEST TREATMENT FOR IT.

The only success depends on arresting the disease before the
effusion of water. No work should be allowed, and the food should
be small in bulk and nutritious. A diet of ground oats and wheat
bran entirely, wilkaid a cure.

The following tonic and alterative ball should be given night and
morning : —

Strychnine, one quarter grain ;

Todide of Tron, half a drachm;

Extract Belladonna, one scruple;

Extract Gentian and Powdered Quassia sufficient to make a
stiff pill mass.

Increase the strychnine every two days until a grain is given at a
dose. Also increase the iodide of iron in the same manner, until a
drachm anda half is given at each dose. The abdomen should be
blistered by small blisters, which should be repeated as they begin to
heal. A mild ammoniacal blister may be given. The treatment is

always tedious.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

WHAT THESE ARE.

They consist of ruptured diaphragm, ruptured stomach, and
ruptured spleen. Also, strangulation, intro-susception, and rupture
of the intestines.

SIGNS OF A RUPTURED DIAPHRAGM.

This is attended with a soft cough, and symptoms of heaves,
together with a sitting on the haunches like a dog. This is fatal for

TEST F)R RUPTURED SPLEEN OR LIVER. 97

the bowels work through the rupture, strangulate, and the horse dies.
In some cases the horse
rests on his knees with the
haunches elevated.

TEST FOR RUPTURED SPLEEN
OR LIVER.

The symptoms are the
same in both diseases, and
the only infallible test is to
raise the horse’s head high
up with the hand, when the
horse will show signs of fall-
ing down. No treatment
will cure.

SIGN OF ABDOMINAL INJURY

RUPTURED STOMACH.

These symptoms are similar to a bad case of colic, followed by

great enlargement of the abdomen. No treatment will avail.
INTRO-SUSCEPTION OF INTESTINES.

This is the telescoping of one part into another, followed by a
contraction, which stops all passages. It has all the symptoms of
severe colic. No internal remedies will relieve. The only method is
to give chloroform until the horse is insensible, when there will be a
chance of the parts relaxing, and relief follow.

WORMS.
HOW THEY HURT COLTS.

These parasites do more injury to colts than to older horses,
preventing a vigorous growth, as well as altering the shape of the
body. The colt grows up with a large head, a low crest, is pot-bellied
and spindle-legged. If it be a male, it often cannot be castrated

until the fourth year. The appetite is ravenous but the colt remains
ley 2

98 DISEASES Of THE ABDOMEN AND INSESTIN..2.

thin. The manure is coated with slime, and evidently is not well
digested. The anus projects, and the hair is rough and staring. The
Ti breath smells bad, and the animal rubs his

|

ee

I nose violently against the wall, as shown in
iii the engraving, as well as throws the nose
Ey, upwards. The eye is unnaturally bright.
ql The colt often picks the hair off his legs in
HUM mouthfuls.

bet}

\ SURE INDICATION OF WC

WHAT TO DO TO KILL THEM.

The tape worm is the worst but rarest. Its signs will be joints
found in the manure. Nothing is so effectual as turpentine, which
should be given in doses proportioned to the age of the horse, as

follows :—
For a foal, two teaspoonsful;

Three months old, one tablespoonful ;
Six months old, two tablespoonsful ;
A yearling, three tablespoonsful.

Increase by two tablespoonsful for every year older, until four
years isreached. To give the turpentine, beat it up with the yolk of
two eggs, and give in half a pint of water, before the colt has had
food in the morning. In two hours give from a gill to a pint of oil,
according to age of horse, as a physic.

FOR INTESTINAL WORMS.

These are the large, long worms which infest the bowels. The

following dose will “‘fetch them” away : —
Pulverized Aloes, one drachm;
Calomel, sixty grains;
Tartar Emetic, thirty grains.

Mix and give in a pint of warm water.
FOR THREAD OR PIN WORMS.

These infest the bowels near the anus, and cause annoying
itching, often causing the horse to rub the hair off around the tail.

The following is a sure cure, and easy to prepare : —
Water, one quart;
Salt, all thet will dissolve in it.

EXCELLEN? WORM KEMEDIES. 99

Inject this strong salt water into the rectum with a syringe. A

strong decoction of quassia is an excellent remedy, or a pint of sweet
oil; two ounces of turpentine may be injected. Medicines by mouth
lose their virtue before they reach these pests.

FOR POSTERIOR IRRITATION.

Sometimes the horse will be annoyed by an itching just within
the anus, and will, in spite of all efforts, rub the hair off his stern,
and speedily becomes rat-tailed. This can easily be stopped if it
proceeds from werms, by treating them. As it sometimes proceeds
from irritation of the rectum, we give the following excellent recipe,
which will stop this trouble: —

Glycerine, one half ounce;
Spermaceti, one ounce.

Melt the spermaceti and mix the glycerine. Now add
Mercurial Ointment, three drachms;
Pulverized Gum Camphor, three drachms.

Insert a small portion of the. above with the finger, into and
beyond the anus, night and morning.

CONSTITUTIONAL TREATMENT TO PREVENT WORMS.

After remedies have been given to relieve a horse from the
presence of worms, tonics must be given to bring the horse up to a
higher bodily condition. For this purpose there is nothing better
than the following : —

Powdered Golden Seal, three ounces ;
Powdered Gentian, three ounces;
Powdered Ginger, two ounces.—Mix.
Divide into thirty papers, and give one night and morning. Give
the best of food and plenty of attention and care.

Gi AcE nba. Vabr t:

ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

BONE SPAVIN.—Lack of knowledge about it—Explanations anyone can understand —
Humbug recipes exposed —How a spavin commences—Its location and extent—
Different stages of its development— When it disappears—Horses most liable to it—
Causes — Numerous tests to detect it — The trotting test — Difference in action between
sound limbs and spavined—Wearing ot the shoe and hoof—How jockeys dodge tests
— Warming up a horse to disguise it— Where to stand to examine a horse— A certain
test — How to apply it— Difference in spavins—Successful method of treating—When
to do it—To reduce the inflammation—To remove the bunch— When not to treat
— Firing for spavins— Warnings about spavins— Important advice.

OCCULT SPAVIN--ARTICULAR SPAVIN.—How it differs from bone spavin— No bony
enlargement— Mysterious lameness — Ulceration the cause —How people make mis-
takes— How to distinguish it at once—Peculiar action of leg— Fitful character of
lameness— Only method of reliei—How long it takes — Its results and benefits.

BOG SPAVIN.— Peculiarities of this disease —Its location, causes, and changes which may
occur — Treatment by pressure — Medicines to be used — Further directions.

SPLINTS — OSSA LET.— Different locations — When serious— When it affects knee-joint—
When it irritates the tendons— Often an unsuspected cause of lameness—To detect
under all circumstances aud conditions— Several easily applied tests — Best treatment
—When to blister.

RINGBONE.—Its location and extent— How it deyelopes— Size not a sure criterion as to
lameness— When it is most serious and difficult to treat—Tendency to ringbone often
Best treatment for early stages—Treatment for old cases.

hereditary

ALL ABOUT BONE SPAVIN. 101

WINDGALLS.—Their location and character —How they may become serious—Changes
which may ocecur— How a race often affects them—To treat by pressure — Local rem-
edies— Treatment by hypodermic syringe— Happy effects.

THROUGHPIN.—Its location and different causes— How to treat if complicated with bog
spavin—Which to heal first —How to apply pressure.

ATROPHY OF SHOULDER —SWEENY.— What it really is—The general cause of it—
How to treat to restore the part.

SPRAINS.—Various kinds and their symptoms— Remedies to be applied— To shoe to relieve
a strain—When a blister will aid a cure.

CURB.—Its location, character, and causes—To reduce the inflanmation— What to do with
a blister—Treatment for young and old horses— To shoe properly.

RHEUMATISM.—How it dodges from joint to joint— Acute symptoms—Symptoms in
chronic form— Changes it causes— Internal and external treatment—To treat the
swollen joints—General directions.

CAPPED KNEE—CAPPED HOCK—CAPPED ELBOW—SHOE BOIL.—Explanations of
their causes—How to reduce them—What to do if callous remains—If an open
sore or boil.

LYMPHANGITIS— WATER FARCY.—Hoyw to distinguish it— Its liability to recurrence —
Dropsical condition of leg —Its proper treatment.

KNEE SPRUNG AND COCKED ANKLES.—Description of these troubles— How to miti-
gate them — Dividing the tendons for— Firing the joints— More particulars.

BONE SPAVIN.

WHAT IT IS AND WHERE LOCATED.

Few people have a correct knowledge of the true character of
bone spavin. Certainly they show this lack of information by the
manner and means they take to treat this disease, and the vast
amount of humbuggery connected with the recipes sold for this
purpose. We shall try and make this subject so plain that even a
boy can understand it, and give the very best remedies which science
has discovered, and how and when to use them.

102 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

Bone spavin is a gradual changing of the cartilages
and associated membranes of part of the complicated
hock joint into porous bone, uniting generally some of
the several small bones which form the joint. The head
of the shank bone may also be involved, in fact is, in

exterxa. many cases. It may extend farther upward and involve
APPEARANCE OF A . . .
SPAVIN the main part of the joint.

WHERE IT ORIGINATES AND HOW IT COMMENCES.

The inflammation which always precedes this change into bone,
originates in the interior or cellular portion of the bones. In con-
sequence of this inflammation a watery secretion is thrown out
between the bone and the tough membrane covering it,
which finally results in ossification of the affected part,
causing lameness and stiffness. It may affect only one
small bone, or it may increase and involve the whole
structure and unite the parts in one solid mass. The re
external size does not determine its serious character. It svreanance or
depends more on location, for a small spavin is often more — “vissecrep..
serious, and causes greater lameness, than a much larger one differ-
ently situated. Any bony growth, however small, which can be seen
or felt on the inside of the hock joint, is aspavin. It may be in any
stage of development, from the simple inflammation accompanied by
slight lameness, tenderness, and heat of the part, to the incurable
bony lump easily seen by a novice. We give two illustrations, one
showing the external appearance of a bone spavin, and the other the
appearance of the same after it has been dissected, showing how it
affects the joint. This is a severe case, and many do not show so
distinct externally, and are correspondingly hard to detect.

HORSES MOST SUBJECT TO IT.

There is no doubt but what it is in a measure hereditary —that
a colt from a spavined mare by a spavined horse, will be much more
likely to become spavined. This, in some degree, is also the result of
the shape of the hock which they inherit, for sickle- or cow-hocked
horses are more subject to it.

EASY PRACTICAL TEST FOR SPAVIN. 103

HOW IT INJURES A HORSE.

If itis situated high up on.the hock, it may be incurable before
it is discovered, as the union of the bones and stiffness of the joint
appears before any exterior enlargement. Its bony enlargement at
this point often irritates the tendons that play over it, and the horse
is lame in consequence. When low down on the hock it gives little,
if any trouble, and is not so serious, as many times the joint is but
little affected. In fact, we have known horses so affected never to be
lame a day, or show that it lessened their usefulness.

WHAT THE CAUSES OF SPAVIN ARE.

It may be caused by hard, severe work of a young horse; by
driving fast over rough roads; by anything which strains the limbs
and produces inflammation near the joint. Severe track work of
trotters or racers in their younger days, will often develop it.

HOW TO DETECT A SPAVIN IN ALL ITS STAGES.

This is not always an easy task to do, even by an expert, but we
have given a few tests below, which, if followed, will certainly show
it, if present.

THE TROTTING TEST.

A sound horse lifts his foot clear of
the ground, and by an involuntary motion
of the hock joint the hoof is inclined
outward. The affection of the joint in
spavin prevents the easy, natural bend-
ing of the leg, and as the horse is trotted
past you, betrays a faulty action of the
leg, and prevents a side view of the hoof.

NATURAL ACTION OF LEG '
RAL ACTIO E SPAVINED LEG IN

IN TROTTING. Our illustrations plainly show the differ- ~ trorrne.
ence between the sound and unsound limb in trotting.

THE SHOE AND HOOF TEST.

The stiff joint prevents the foot clearing the ground, and the
hoof has a blunted and worn appearance, while the shoe 1s worn in
front to sharpness. Lift the hoof and look at the shoe.

104 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

TEST BY ACTION OF THE LEGS.

On coming first from the stable aspavined horse will be stiff,
and often limp. Have him taken by the head and whirled short
round and round as quickly as possible, both ways, and observe
closely how he handles his hind legs. If he is the least stiff he will
show it and often drop a little on the affected side. If you have
suspicions that the horse has been warmed up, have him returned to
the stable and try him again in an hour. Observe if he seems to
travel stiffly on his toe at first.

HOW JOCKEYS DODGE THIS TEST.

Exercise soon limbers up the stiff joint to such an extent that a
horse which started lame, in a short time will go without a limp.
We have known jockeys to warm up ahorse by driving moderately
before showing, and also to limber up the joints by moderately hot
fomentations, and then rubbing dry,-which has the same effect.

GENERAL INSPECTION AND TEST BY THE EYE.

View the horse from at least four different standpoints as shown
by our illustration. First, from behind; second, from in front, but

WHERE TO STAND WHILE LOOKING FOR SPAVIN,

far enough from the horse so that you can-view the hocks through
between the fore legs by stooping a little; then from near each fore
leg. Enlarge and diminish the distance you are from the horse in
each of these positions; also to the right or left; in fact, get as many
points of view as possible, always comparing one hock with the other
—the slightest difference may prove a spavin, and be serious accord-
ing to location and stage of growth. It is most to be feared in
young horses, as no one can limit by years its growth. In old horses
it has been known to almost disappear externally, yet the serious
affection of a stiff joint will always remain.

ONLY SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT FOR SPAVIN. 105

A SURE AND CERTAIN TEST FOR SPAVIN.

Stand close to the side of the hind foot, face backwards, place
the hand that is next the horse on and above the hock joint behind,
as shown by our engraving; lean your weight
on this hand, while you bend over and behind
the horse’s leg and examine the hock on the
inside from above and behind, leaving your other
hand free to examine and press the inside of the
hock with thumb and finger, to detect any ten-
der spot, bony enlargement, inflammation or
heat. Many horses will flinch at having their
hocks thus examined, but do not mistake this =
for tenderness. Seeif there is not some partic- 7*°°VSH TST FOR spavin.
ular spot that is tender and hot, with a slight enlargement. It is
always best to have some person hold up the fore leg of the horse on
the side you are examining, to avoid danger. This examination must
not be hasty or rough.

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR SPAVIN.

If the horse is not lame, and the lump does not increase, better
not try any active treatment, or it may bring on increased action and
prove more serious. If it is situated high up, and a bony deposit
already taken place, the joint is incurably affected. You may burn,
blister, punch, or even chisel the bunch off, but you can never restore
the delicate membranes and cartilages which have become bone, to
their former state. The bunch may often be removed so that, to all
appearance of the eye, the horse is sound unless tested for it.

THE MOST SUCCESSFUL MODE OF CURING IT.

On the first appearance of the inflammation which produces the
spavin, certain means can be adopted which will produce a cure. It
generally takes about three. weeks for a spavin to develop, and the
spot to become tender to pressure, and in a short time after, the
spavin will be apparent to an experienced eye. During these weeks
is the time to treat it, for this is the curable stage, and the destruc-

tion of the joimt avoided. The first step is good food and perfect
14

106 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

rest in the stable, with no driving of any kind. The next step is to
reduce inflammation. This can be done by keeping the joint wrapped
with a few thicknesses of cloth, or a sponge applied, and kept wet
with water, or the following lotion: —

Sugar of Lead, two ounces;

Acetic Acid, four ounces;

Water, one quart.—Mix.

As soon as the inflammation has gone, apply a portion of the
following blister, made as follows, and repeat it two or three times as
may be necessary, at intervals of two or three weeks. When the
parts have recovered from the effects of blistering, a run at pasture
for six or eight weeks will be very desirable treatment : —

Biniodide of Mercury, two drachms;

Powdered Cantharides, one drachm;
Fresh Lard, two ounces.—Mix.

The above should be thoroughly rubbed in, as its object 1s to
stimulate absorption of the spavin. It will check all further growth,
and render any increase in size impossible. Give internally, for three
months, one drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash, daily.

A WARNING ABOUT TREATING SPAVINS.

It will be well for owners of horses to remember that the bunch
that shows on the inside of the hock, is merely the outward symptom
of the disease, while the real seat of the trouble is deep within, and
the taking off the bunch in an old case, will not cure the spavin, but
may make a bad matter worse. Firing or actual cautery is an
excellent method of treatment, but it takes good judgment and
experience to do it properly. We give an article on how to fire
properly, in another part of this work, which can be consulted.

HOW TO DISTINGUISH ARTICULAR SPAVIN. 107

ARTICULAR OR OCCULT SPAVIN.
HOW IT DIFFERS FROM BONE SPAVIN.

Occult spavin is an ulceration which destroys the delicate and
smooth surfaces of the small bones that form part of the hock joint.
It is so called because it shows no external enlargement, and the
severest pressure on the hock does not cause the horse to shrink from
tenderness and betray it. It is a deep-seated, hidden ailment of the
hock joint.

ITS ORIGIN AND CAUSE.

Some authors say that it is caused by the bones being injured by
a sudden and severe shock; some claim that it first commences with
the rupture of the membrane that lines the joint; but nothing can
be determined certainly as to its origin; it is more important to know

HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT.

The horse suddenly becomes lame, and no examination of foot or
leg can locate the injury, and yet the horse is severely lame; there is
no ) heat or inflammation present, no pressure indicates where the

ui trouble lies; and sometimes we conclude we
have a case of occult spavin, for the reason
that we certainly have no other affection. A
peculiarity of the trot may be noticed —the
4foot hardly touches the ground before it is
ee Scceut seavix., SNatched up again, energetically and higher,
as shown by our illustration. The foot is carried in direct line as in
bone spavin. These symptoms may not be so prominent as to attract
attention, except by a critical examination. The horse is very lame
one day and better the next. It is improved by rest, but worse by
work, and from this fitful and varying tendency, cannot be depended
on, and is generally lame when wanted most.

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT.
As two rough, ulcerated surfaces of a joint grating upon each
other at every step must be very painful, our only hope is in uniting
the small bones of the hock into one immovable mass by a bony

108 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

deposit, for we can never restore the delicate surfaces of the joint.
By this method we leave the main joint of the hock free, and do not
affect the limb beyond a certain stiffness, which is not serious, while
the horse may prove highly useful for years. It may take twelve
months to do it, and in some cases it is impossible. Three months is
generally sufficient.

HOW TO CURE IT BY TREATMENT.

Swing the horse up in a sling high enough to just take his weight
off the limb, and apply the following lniment with considerable
friction every two days: —

Soap Liniment, eight fluid ounces;
Liquor Ammonia, one fluid ounce;
Tincture Cantharides, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce.— Mix.

Wrap the joint loosely with flannel, confined with elastic webbing
above and below the hock. ‘The above treatment will promote a
bony deposit, and hasten the union of the ulcerated surfaces. Feed
liberally, but not heavily. Improvement will be shown by the horse
bearing weight on the limb, yet he must be kept in the sling for three
months after this first sign of improvement, and even after he, of his
own accord, has done away with the aid of it, for no disease is more
lable to relapse. Even after he is well, it is best to avoid putting to
heavy work. Give no purgatives, but use bran mashes to loosen
bowels.

BOG SPAVIN.

DESCRIPTION OF ITS CHARACTER.

This is an increase of the synovia, or, as some call it,
“joint oil,” in the upper or chief part of the joint of the
hock, beyond the usual amount. It is situated upon the
upper, forward, and inner part of the hock. This increase
of synovia, which lubricates the joint, causes the mem-

APPEARANCE OF

noc sravin.. DYane to bulge or puff out.

THE PROPER TREATMENT OF BOG SPAVIN. 109

CAUSES OF BOG SPAVIN GENERALLY.

It is produced by repeated shocks, and its character resembles
windgalls, and is produced by like causes. It is liable to take on
changes which may terminate in a bony deposit. It is thought
lightly of by horsemen, yet its location makes it serious, from fears
of something worse to follow. It does not lame, generally.

ONLY TREATMENT OF BOG SPAVIN.

Continued pressure applied to the part is a successful method of
treating it. Fold a piece of soft rag several times; wet it and apply
to its surface the following : —

Opium, one drachm;
Gum Camphor, one drachm.—Mix.

Now apply this to the surface of the spavin, and over
it place a piece of cork large enough to completely cover *
the enlargement, and fasten all on by elastic webbing
drawn tight enough to keep up a constant and equal pres-
sure on the surface of the spavin. Let this bandage with
its dressing be the last thing taken off as the horse goes rox noc sravis.
from the stable, and the first thing put on, on his return. If the
treatment seems to cause irritation, let up for a day or two, and keep
the part constantly wet and re-commence again. Iodide of potas-
sium, internally, in drachm doses, daily, will aid the treatment. In
some cases, by a careful operation, it can be reduced by the use of
hypodermic syringe withdrawing the excess of fluid.

SPLINTS.

WHAT THEY ARE AND WHERE LOCATED.

Many horsemen think lightly of splints, yet they are serious
according to location. Thousands of horses have them and do not
seem to be affected. They are bony tumors whose stages of develop-
ment are similar to bone spavin, which they resemble except in

110 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

location. They generally occur on the inside of
the fore leg or outside of the hind leg. They often §
unite the splint bones to the shank bones. We
give illustrations of the different locations where
they have been known to form. Figures 1, 2 and3
show their external appearance on the shank bone.
_, We give an illustration of one on the head of the
eT, Shank bone on inside of the knee, which is serious, ance

sents, on account of location near knee joint. aaa”

WHAT THEIR EFFECTS ARE.

If the splint be of ragged, spinous growth, and situated -
where a tendon plays over it, as shown by our illustration,
the horse will be lame during its growth, from irritation.
Sometimes nature cures by covering the bony growth with
cartilage or membrane. Others that are serious are those
on the inside of the leg, high up, which are in danger of
being grazed by the opposite hoof. The horse has been
known to drop as if shot, by the intense pain given by the
smunts vis- blow of the hoof.

SECTED

HOW TO DETECT THEM IN DIFFERENT STAGES.

It is very easy to detect a full sized splint, but more difficult to
discover one while forming; at this period they are the most painful.
You can judge of their serious character by their location. It is
always best to examine those parts where they would prove serious.
The horse may be lame, and yet the cause supposed to be something
else than splint. Stand by the side of the horse, and grasp the rear
part of the shank bone, running the fingers down the inside and the
thumb the outside, in the grove formed by the shank and the two
splint bones behind it. In this manner you will notice any enlarge-
ment, however small, or feel any heat. If on pressure where any
inflammation be detected, the foot be snatched up, you have struck
the location of a splint. If on examination all round, nothing can be
detected, have the horse trotted gently to and from you, as horses

CHARACTER OF RINGBONE. Wald

with splints, when lame, generally turn the leg outward when trotting
to relieve the limb. Observe, also, if the leg is fully bent or advanced
while walking.

THE BEST TREATMENT FOR SPLINT.

If no lameness is present, let it alone. To relieve the pain and

inflammation, apply cloths wet with the following lotion constantly:
Acetate of Lead, two fluid ounces;
Acetic Acid, four fluid ounces;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

After inflammation has subsided, very excellent results have been
often produced by repeated blistering and absolute rest. The follow-
ing is an excellent blister : —

Biniodide of Mercury, one drachm;
Lard, one ounce.—Mix.

Another excellent remedy is to paint it with tincture of iodine
once a day, and give adrachm of iodide of potash in his feed daily
for two months. When the tincture of iodine creates tenderness,
temporarily discontinue, and commence again.

RINGBONE.

WHAT IT IS AND ITS DIFFERENT EFFECTS.

Ringbone, splint and bone spavin all resemble each other in
character, being a bony deposit or enlargement, differing only in
location. The disease may affect the large pastern bone, the small
pastern bone, the lower pastern joint, the joint be-
tween the small pastern and bone of the foot, or any
two or all of them. It may entirely lock the joint,
making it immovable; it may extend almost entirely
around the part, or merely be a small enlargement in
front. Sometimes the rear portions of the joint only
are affected, the front being free. When the sides only
are affected, it is not so serious. Ringbone, which

RINGBONE AFFECTI™(‘.

affects the small pastern and coffin bone, is the most — *we Jos.

112 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

difficult to treat. Its size is no criterion as to the amount of lame-
ness. The enlargement is not the disease, but an effort of nature to
strengthen a part naturally weak, or that has been injured by working
the animal before the bones are matured. It will thus be seen that it
is of serious or minor importance, according to location, size, ete.
We give an illustration of a case which involves all the bones. The
joint at figure 1 is still capable of some motion, but the coffin joint at
figure 2 is immovably locked.

MANY CAUSES OF RINGBONE.

It is a peculiarity of igaments, membranes, etc., on or near any
joint, when injured and inflamed, that they are liable to produce
an ossification or formation of spongy bone, which attaches itself
immovably to the bone or joint proper. A severe strain inflames the
joint, inflammation ensues, and lymph is secreted. This is gradually
changed into porous bone, and a ringbone is the consequence. There
is no doubt but what it is inherited to a certain extent. That is, the
colts of a ringboned sire are very sure to become ringboned at an
early age. We know of one breeder of fancy trotting stock who
made a complete failure from the fact that his colts, sired by a speedy
yet ringboned stallion, all became more or less ringboned at an early
age and were valueless.

THE PROPER AND BEST TREATMENT OF IT.

The first thing to do in the commencement of a ringbone, is to
allay the inflammation and prevent any further secretion of lymph in
the part. Apply cloths to the surface, which must be kept constantly
wet with the following lotion: —

Sugar of Lead, two fluid ounces;
Acetic Acid, four fluid ounces ;
Water, one quart.— Mix.

After the inflammation and pain has subsided, apply on and
around the margins of the ringbone, with smart friction, some of the
following blister : —

Biniodide of Mercury, two drachms;

Lard, four table spoonsfuls.— Mix.

:

EXPLANATION OF WINDGALLS. 113

As soon as the blister subsides, apply again. Continue the
treatment for two weeks after all the acute symptoms have disap-
peared —allowing the horse to rest. Be careful and not put the
horse to work for several months, but give a run in a damp pasture.

WINDGALLS.

WHAT THEY ARE AND WHERE LOCATED.

These are especially the marks of hard usage. They do not
impede the motion, or lame the horse. The back sinews of the horse
are encased in a fine membranous sheath, which secretes a fluid
which facilitates the motion of the tendons one upon another. This
fluid is synovia. From irritation by too severe work, or -:
too fast a pace, this natural secretion is increased beyond
the capacity of the sheath, and it bags out, and is
distended in those parts which are the weakest, forming
windgalls. Two such parts are just above the fetlock,
and one below it, as shown by our illustration. They tee
generally appear on the hind legs. LOCATION OF

WINDGALLS.

fi
fe

ARE THEY SERIOUS AND INJURIOUS?

While they are generally considered of little account by most
horsemen, and do not rate a horse as unsound, yet we have known
them to disappear on horses after a hard race of several heats, and in
their place a puffy and swollen condition of the tendons. When this
has taken place, the sheath of the tendon has suffered se¥ere irrita-
tion. A day or two of rest and ease will relieve this condition. A
continuation of this irritation changes the synovia into a turbid and
often blood-charged fluid; the wall of the membrane thickens; the
windgall becomes harder, and in some instances has been known to
turn into porous bone. During this period the horse will become

quite lame.
15

114 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

HOW TO CURE THEM BY PRESSURE.

The cure is not always an easy task. One remedy, is continual
pressure. Apply arag folded several times and wet, on which has
been spread the following mixture :—

Powdered Opium, one drachm;
Gum Camphor, one drachm.— Mix.

Over this place a piece of cork, half an inch thick, and the full
size of the windgall, and confine all over the windgall with an elastic
rubber bandage. If it could be made so as to lace on, it would be
better. It must be the first thing put on when the horse returns to
the stable, and the last thing taken off on his going out. They can
be reduced by introducing a hypodermic syringe and withdrawing
the surplus fluid, and applying the above lotion until all inflam-
mation has gone. If any bunch remains, paint it daily with tincture
of iodine. Stop if irritation takes place, and commence again.

THOROUGHPIN.

WHAT IT IS AND WHERE LOCATED.

Thoroughpin is a name given toa bursal enlargement,
which occurs at the upper and back part of the hock,
beneath the great tendon. Generally both sides partici-
pate in the swelling, but occasionally it happens that one
side only is involved. Of this there are two kinds,

namely, those arising from inflammation of the true hock
a'rmoxovenns, joint, and those caused by wrench or sprain of the tendon
above referred to. When irritation of the true hock joint is the
cause, then the thoroughpin is but a further development of bog
spavin. The increased secretion of synovia consequent upon the
irritation, first makes its appearance in the most dependent portion of
the synoval bursa, which it causes to become unusually distended.
When the distension reaches to the superior portions of the bursa,

THE TREATMENT OF THOROUGHPIN 115

then the swelling appears equally on both sides, and moderate
external pressure forces the fluid from side to side. This is the origin
of the name thoroughpin, or “through and through.” But the most
common description of it is that arising from irritation of the flexor
pedis tendon.

JUST HOW TO TREAT IT.

The treatment is the same as for windgalls, yet with some
precautions. If itis associated with bog spavin, treat the thorough-
pin first, and after cured, do not omit to still keep on the cork and
rag, while you are subjecting the spavin to pressure, or you will see
it return.

Respecting the treatment of bursal enlargements generally, it
depends considerably on the cause, for if they be due to concussion,
hard work, and such like causes, then they can be only temporarily
got rid of, but if due to sprain or wrench of a ligament or tendon,
they are not equally likely to reappear. No matter to what cause
they owe their origin, the animal must get rest, the irritation and
inflammation must be allayed. Bathe with tepid water, and apply
considerable hand-rubbing to dissipate the secreted fluid. Apply a
sharp blister, and when it has had its effect, bandage. After having
put on two or three rounds of it, lay a piece of cork, the size of the
enlargement and about half an inch thick, upon the thoroughpin at
both sides, that is, the inner and outer sides of the hock, and over
these an elastic bandage. This will throw an unequal but desirable
pressure upon the enlargements. Both laxatives and diuretics are
indicated, the fluid being to a greater or less extent excreted. A
drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash daily will assist the treat-
ment. Very frequently lameness which is attributed to bog spavin
or thoroughpin, is in reality due to bone spavin, which has been
overlooked, or to sprain of the tendon.

116 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

WASTING OF THE MUSCLES— SWEENEY.
WHAT THE DISEASE REALLY Is.

Sweeney is a wasting or perishing of the muscles, technically
known as atrophy. It is more frequently located in the shoulder and
hip than any other part of the body, and is commonly the result of
strain, contusion, or laceration of muscular tissue. We must also
bear in mind that a very common cause of atrophy is disease of the
feet, in which case the muscles of the shoulder perish from want of
sufficient exercise to keep them in a natural state of development,
and the only rational method of treatment in such cases is first to
restore the feet to a normal condition.

WHAT THE TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

The best method is to stimulate the part by applying, two or
three times a day, some of the following liniment : —
Gum Camphor, three ounces;
Tincture Cantharides, three fluid ounces;
Tincture Capsicum, one fluid ounce;
Alcohol, one pint.— Mix.
Give the animal gentle exercise daily, and apply smart friction to
the part daily.

SPRAINS OF THE TENDONS.

WHAT THEY ARE.

The horse is liable to have the tendons, or sinews
of both fore and hind legs badly sprained from severe
exertion, fast heats or reckless driving. They have
different names for sprains, according to the degree of
injury and location, but the treatment is the same for
all, and can be given under one head.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF SPRAINS.

When it first occurs, it is hardly noticed unless it
AEN Sex. happens to be very severe. The next morning, how-

METHOD OF TREATING SPRAINS. Le

ever, the horse will be stiff and cramped, which may disappear on
exercise, to return the next morning. If more severe, the horse will
keep the leg bent and only rest the toe on the ground. By a careful
examination of the leg a few hours after the injury, a small swelling
may be detected, which is hot or enlarges in proportion to the amount
of the injury. If it is slight in character, it can be determined by
pressure only, as sound tendon is not at all tender, and will bear
almost any amount of pressure.

DIRECTIONS HOW TO TREAT SPRAINS.

First, put on a shoe made gradually thick from toe to
heel, the latter made an inch higher than the former (no
caulks); then have the leg placed in a pail of tepid water,
and allowed to remain there for an hour. Repeat this
three times daily until the inflammation has entirely /
disappeared. While you are waiting for the disappearance
of the inflammation, havé the leg bandaged from knee to .
fetlock during the intervals between each bathing, the “SS3

HIGH-HEELED SHOE

bandage being saturated in a solution of: — FOR SPRAINS.

Acetic Acid, two fluid ounces;
Opium, two ounces;
Chloroform, two fluid ounces;
Water, one quart.— Mix.

When the fever has entirely left, apply a blister to the whole
tendon from knee to fetlock. Before doing so, clip off the hair. The
blister may be composed of powdered cantharides, iodine and Venice
turpentine, of each one drachm; and palm oil, two ounces. About
half an ounce of this will be sufficient. It will scarcely be necessary
to repeat. We would advise a couple of months’ rest.

118 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

CURB.

WHAT ITS CHARACTERISTICS ARE.

It consists of an enlargement, or a gradual bulging out of the
rear part of the hock, which is caused by an injury to the tendon of
that part. It is easily detected.

ITS TREATMENT, AND HOW TO SHOE,

If the curb has recently appeared, have the heel of
the shoe made a little thicker than those in ordinary use.
¢ Fomentations should be applied, with a view of reducing
$ the inflammation, and afterwards hand-rubbing may be
employed, in order to promote the action of the absorb-
aaxce curs. eNts of the parts, and stimulate them to remove swelling.
It is never advisable to resort to any severe treatment in the first
instance; but if the lameness recurs, as is occasionally the case when
the animal is put to work, it will be advisable to apply a blister to the
part, which may be prepared as follows: —

Biniodide of Mercury, one drachm;
Fresh Lard, four tablespoonsful.— Mix.

Apply every night until a watery discharge exudes through the
pores of the skin; foment twice a day with warm water; continue
bathing for two weeks. When a young horse throws out a curb,
absolute and long-continued rest are imperatively demanded; in an
old horse, such is. not the case, unless to a limited extent. Do not
work the horse for four or five months, at least. The high-heeled
shoe should be kept on for some time after the animal recovers from
the lameness, and when any change is made it must be done very
gradually ; otherwise the animal will be liable to renew the injury.

DECEPTIVE CHARACTER OF RHEUMATISM. 119

RHEUMATISM.

DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTER OF THIS COMPLAINT.

This ailment is supposed to be due to a specific condition of the
blood; it 1s generally accompanied by fever, stiffness, and lameness;
the inflammation and pain are both of a wandering character, being
now in one joint, and immediately afterwards found in another; but
it has this peculiarity, that it generally leaves one joint to appear in
the corresponding one on the opposite side. Thus, should it be
to-day in the off knee, you will find it to-morrow in the nigh knee —
not in the fetlock or hip—for, as a rule, when a joint has been
affected and the pain ceases, the opposite corresponding joint is
most apt to suffer. The symptoms of the disease are sudden and
inexplicable lameness, which may or may not be accompanied by
inflammation. Should there be swelling it is almost sure to appear
in the stifle, fetlock, hock joints, or in the loins, but it not unfre-
quently involves the tendons of the forward limbs; the loins or chest
may be its seat also. It would be well to remark that a general
stiffness, listlessness and uneasiness are mostly exhibited before the
disease appears in a pronounced form. The pulse is hard and
unyielding; the mouth, as might be expected, is devoid of moisture
and very warm. In the chronic form the above symptoms are appa-
rent, but modified, and the fever may be entirely absent; the lameness
does not shift or move about so much in the chronic as in the acute,
but it is much more persistent, and leads to ulceration of articular
cartilage. Occasionally the acute form becomes chronic, and an
animal subject to the chronic is most likely to be frequently a victim
to attacks of the acute. In the chronic form the bones are subject
to many changes in their shape, structure, and constituents. Bony
tumors may grow on the pelvis or spinal column, also on the fringes
of the synoval membranes; the joints may become locked, solidified,
or anchylosed from rheumatism, and we may also have, as a result of
the disease, ossification of the walls of the heart, which is extremely
dangerous. The pulse becomes intermittent, jerky, and wiry; the

120 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

heart’s action sharp and angry; the cardiac impulse is often wanting,
and a to-and-fro motion usually accompanies the heart’s movements.

DIRECTIONS HOW TO TREAT IT.

The horse should, if possible, be put in a sling, in a box stall, and
raised enough to take the weight off his limbs. At commencement
of treatment, steam if possible, so as to charge the room with hot
vapor. Wipe dry with cloths, blanket and put on hood. Apply the
following liniment, well rubbed in on the affected parts: —

Compound Soap Liniment, sixteen fluid ounces;
Liquor Ammonia, two fluid ounces;

Tincture Cantharides, two fluid ounces;
Tincture Opium, two fluid ounces.—Mix.

Bandage each leg with warm flannel bandages, clear up to the
body, and secure them by elastic webbing. Give internally the
following ball: —

Powdered Colchicum, two drachms;
Iodide Potassium, one drachm;
Mix into pill mass with molasses.

Repeat steaming, applying liniment and above pill every morn-
ing until horse is better; then, if the liniment has not blistered the
joints, apply with a brush the following blister, and then return to
former liniment : —

Tincture Cantharides, one fluid ounce;
Camphorated Oil, one-half fluid ounce;
Tincture Opium, one-half fluid ounce.— Mix.

Give bran mashes twice a week, and green food once a day;

crushed oats or soaked corn also, if the horse is losing spirit.

\

CAPPED KNEE.

Is of same character as bog spavin on the hind leg,
except that this is located on knee joint of fore leg. Itis
not generally considered serious, but will ultimately lame a
uN horse, and in bad cases, if let alone, will burst. The best
carry xxwe, Method of healing it, is to have the fluid drawn off by the

TREATMENT OF CAPPED KNEE AND HOCK. 121

use of a hypodermic syringe, and afterwards reduce any inflammation
by cooling lotions. Then paint daily with tincture of iodine; when
irritation follows, suspend the application, then apply again. Pressure
will succeed in some cases, but unless the horse can remain at rest, it
generally aggravates the matter. It is liable to the same changes
that windgalls, etc., are.

\

CAPPED HOCK.

Capped hock is generally the result of some injury.
Horses of a nervous, vicious disposition, will kick on the S&
slightest provocation. They will kick against the whiffle-
tree while in harness, and against the stall posts in the aa
stable, and in this way they frequently bruise the point of is
the hock, causing heat, swelling, and lameness more or **yic¢o""*?
less, and constituting what is known as capped hock.

HOW IT SHOULD BE TREATED.

Take one pound of sal-ammoniac and dissolve it in three pints of
vinegar, and bathe the injured limb every one or two hours. If the
swelling does not entirely disappear in one week, the cap may be
blistered with biniodide of mercury and lard, one part of the former
to eight parts of the latter, or the tincture of iodine may be applied
to the enlargement morning and evening with a toothbrush until the
parts are slightly blistered. The application may then be discon-
tinued for a few days.

CAPPED ELBOW—SHOE BOIL.

This disease is located on the elbow of the front leg, and is
caused by the pressure of the shoe against the part while the horse is

lying down. Itis always best to prevent it, which can be done by
16

122 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

placing leather boots on the fore feet. If it is of recent occurrence
and the part inflamed, reduce the inflammation by the use of cold
water or evaporating lotions. If it has broke, syringe the boil out
three or four times daily with the following : —

Carbolic Acid, one ounce;

Tincture Opium, four fluid ounces;
Soft Water, one quart.— Mix.

If any callous remains after healing, or after the inflamma-
tion has been subdued, apply a blister of biniodide of mercury and
lard.

LYMPHANGITIS—SWELLED LEGS.

WHAT THIS DISEASE IS.

This is a disease which is commonly known as water farcy, but
in most modern veterinary works is named lymphangitis (inflamma-
tion of the lymphatics). This affection resembles erysipelas in the
human being. Inflammation of the lymphatics is usually confined to
one hind leg. The swollen glands are very painful when pressed
upon, and the swelling extends downward from them—first, as a
narrow elevation upon the inside of the thigh, but now extending in
every direction, it involves the whole circumference of the limbs,
from the glands first inflamed, down to the foot. As the swelling
increases the pain and lameness subsides. Horses that have once
been attacked with lymphangitis are lable to a recurrence of the
disease, and generally one attack succeeds another periodically, until
the limb assumes an enlarged dropsical condition. The exciting
cause of lymphangitis is overfeeding—more particularly when the
animal is not called upon to perform his ordinary labor. A certain
proportion of cases probably depend on constitutional or hereditary
predisposition.

TREATMENT OF SWELLED LEGS. 123

HOW TO TREAT IT.

Commence by giving one drachm iodide of potassium three
times a day, and apply with friction some of the following liniment
over the whole limb, three times daily : —

Gum Camphor, three ounces;
Tincture Aconite, two fluid ounces;
Tincture Arnica, four fluid ounces;
Alcohol, one pint.— Mix.

Particular attention must be paid to the food and care, which is
of great assistance in this disease.

KNEE SPRUNG.

Knee sprung is occasioned from tendonous contraction. The
animal, in order to ease the contracted tendons, flexes the knee joint,
the angle being proportioned to the amount of contraction existing;
hence, when there is much defect in the tendons, the animal goes
over sufficiently to make the gait unsteady, and frequently “trem-
bling” is observed. Blistering, bathing, etc., have only temporary
effect, as with work the symptoms above described are repeated;
therefore, by slightly raising the heels, not sufficiently to increase the
deformity, but high enough to permit the animal to have a solid
foundation to stand upon, and not straining the defective tendons,
prevents the trembling mentioned, besides considerably mitigating
the unsightly appearance of an animal balancing himself on his toes,
which latter habit would ultimately change the conformation of the
hoof. Often when it is extreme, a surgical operation which divides
the tendons is the only mode of relief.

124 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

KNUCKLING, OR COCKED ANKLES.

In a great majority of cases the tendency to cocked ankles is an
indication of local weakness which involves a constitutional predis-
position, which may be in existence, but remains latent until some
unexpected cause may determine its development, such as a heavy
load, fast work on an uneven surface, injudicious shoeing, etc.
Avoidance of such causes, as far as possible, would naturally suggest
itself, but where the weakness is well defined, and knuckling over
occurs, the best and only remedy is to apply a good, sharp blister,
and immediately afterwards fire the joint. Boots, bandages,. and
such artificial auxiliaries have very little beneficial effect.

CEAPTER: UX.

ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FERT.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

HOW TO LOCATE LAMENESS.—General examination for it— Rigid examination for
obscure lameness— Critical examination of the foot— How to detect in fore feet— In
hind feet —To examine for shoulder lameness — For lameness in hip joint—Symptoms
of knee joint lameness— ‘Special directions when all inspection fails—Successful in
ninety-nine cases out of one hundred.

THE STRUCTURE OF A HORSE’S FOOT.— How to care for it— No foot, no horse — Its
internal construction—Coffin bone— Navicular bone—The sensitive frog, etc.— How
it grows—The foot without the hoof—How the hoof is attached—The bottom of the
foot — Foot of a five-year-old horse never shod—The chemical construction of the hoof
—Injury by rasping, tarring and burning—Structure and office of the frog —The best
dressing for the hoof —The hot water bath for injured feet.

ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS— FOUNDER.— Its location, character and causes—
How it often changes the foot— Distinction between acute and chronic cases—Other
peculiar causes of it— How to examine and test for it— Importance of instantaneous
treatment—The best treatment—Treatment of chronic cases—The shoeing.

NAVICULAR DISEASE— CONTRACTED FEET.—Where the real seat of the disease is—
Its worst results—Its main causes— How people make mistakes—Treating the wrong
disease —Symptoms always present—The sure signs—Peculiarity of the trot—
Pointing with the toe—How to commence the treatment— How to modify it—Special
directions for special cases — Cautions and warnings.

PUMICE FOOT.— Its description— Horses most liable to it—Its causes —What can be done
for it—The mode of shoeing — Hoof compound to use for it—To alter the character
and quality of the hoof.

126 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

SAND CRACKS—TOE AND QUARTER CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTER.—What they
are, and their extent—Causes—Proper treatment—Cutting the crack— Removing
proud flesh — Firing for it—The best hoof dressing for it—To shoe properly.

CORNS— BRUISE OF THE SOLE.—Causes of these troubles— Old corns and new corns—
Certain evidence of corns—Suppurating corns—To treat the various kinds —What to
do for bruise of sole or pricking the foot.

QUITTOR.— Location inside the hoof—Its character and severity—The correct treatment—
To cut open the sinus —To probe—To apply remedies.

THRUSH AND CANKER.—Where they both originate—How they differ—Which is the
worst —The different treatment of each —What is necessary to be successful.

SEEDY TOE—WOUNDS FROM TREAD OR OVER-REACH.—Origin of seedy toe —
Operation for it— Succeeding treatment—Treatment of wounds from over-reach

OSSIFICATION OF LATERAL CARTILAGES, OR “SIDE BONES.”— How to test for them
—Their causes—Their results —Their treatment.

TO LOCATE LAMENESS.

HOW IT AFFECTS A HORSE.

When the fore feet or fore limbs are affected, it does not seem to
damage the constitution of a horse so seriously as when some hind
member is crippled. What every man wants to know is, where the
trouble lies, what the real matter is, how serious it will prove, and
how to cure it. This we will endeavor to show plainly.

HOW TO EXAMINE AND LOCATE IT.

In the majority of cases of lameness of the fore extremities, we
more frequently find the difficulty located in the foot than in any
other part of the limb. The foot of the horse is a very compli-
cated structure, and liable to various diseases from a variety of
causes. In all cases of obscure lameness the owner should have a

TO DETECT LAMENESS IN FORE AND HIND FEET 27

rigid examination made of the foot. The shoes should be removed,
the hoof pared and properly searched, so as to ascertain, if possible,
the probable cause and nature of the disease. Horses are sometimes
lame from corns, pricks from shoeing, or accidental puncture,
inflammation of the lamine in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic
. Stages, ossification of the lateral cartilages, and many other diseases
of the foot.

HOW TO DETECT IN THE FORE FEET.

One fore foot being injured, the head and aOEST,
body drop or slightly sink, whenever the Weg=/
sound member touches the earth. It is be- WY
cause the horse wishes to favor the sore foot
or limb, and scarcely touches the earth with
it, before he snatches it up again, bringing the =
sound foot to the ground with an emphatic = “*M#N#8S NEAR Fok Foot.
sound, throwing his whole weight upon it.

HOW TO DETECT IN HIND FEET.

The movements of the head and body will
not be so much affected by the hind feet, but
if closely observed the head will be shghtly
raised when the sound hind foot touches the
ground. The movements of the haunches
, generally show its location more plainly. As
#— the sound limb touches the ground, the hind

LAME IN Near Hind Foor. —- Nortion of the body drops on that side, while
on the lame side the haunch is jerked upwards as the lame foot is
snatched from the ground. When the lameness is in one of the hind
limbs—the hock joint, from its complicated structure, will be found
the probable seat of the disease. The first thing to be done in all
cases of recent lameness is-to have the foot properly searched;
ascertain if the hoof is unusually hot; do the arteries throb; is there
any swelling or tenderness; next examine the back tendons by care-
fully manipulating the limb.

138 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

HOW TO DETECT IN SHOULDER.

Occasionally the shoulder joint is ulcerated, but seldom. The
trouble generally lies in a muscle arising at the shoulder joint. In
this case the horse refuses to advance, or bend the leg at the shoulder
joint or elbow, drags the limb and never
lifts the toe from the ground. An old
homespun test was to lead a horse up to a
log, and if he refused to pass over it-— the
shoulders was the spot. The symptoms for
bhxu = @.. O25 lameness in both shoulders are, alternate
eA UN LEERY SHOUGD ER: resting of the feet backwards, not point-
ing forward; a very sensible stiffness, especially in attempting to
turn around, rigidity of the muscles, etc.

TO EXAMINE THE HIP JOINT.

This joint sometimes suffers from ulcer-
ation, and the symptoms resemble occult
spavin, with the addition, that the diseased
limb is caught up from the ground more
sharply when the hip is uleerated. The
best method to test, is to place some soft A 5
substance over the joint and rap it sharply PTE SES SES aN
with a mallet, when if ulceration is present, a sharp response may be
looked for. It is incurable and the horse worthless.

\\""
Mar sti

~

\¢

TO EXAMINE KNEE JOINT.

Any disease which affects this joint, which cannot be detected
from the outside, will show itself in a stiffened advance of the fore
leg, a long step, or when the horse les down, will be observed to
place the limb on the outside of the body, not under it, and not
closely bent. Besides these symptoms, the horse may show no signs
of lameness.

SPECIAL DIRECTIONS IN DETECTING LAMENESS. .

Besides the above instructions for examining the different parts
for location of lameness, if it be not yet determined, a more critical

DESCRIPTION OF A HORSE'S FOOT. 129

and thorough examination must be had. Examine the feet for
diseases described in this chapter, next, the coffin joint, and so on up
to and including the shoulder. In ninety-nine cases out of a
hundred you will find the trouble before you reach the shoulder or
hip.

A HORSE’S FOOT—HOW TO CARE FOR IT.

THE FOOLISH TREATMENT IT RECEIVES.

When the foot is gone there is no horse left. There is an old
adage to this effect, the truth of which is incontrovertible. Yet no
part of a horse’s anatomy is worse used than the foot, and there are
no more frequent diseases to which the notice of the veterinary
surgeon is brought than those of the feet. This comes of the unwise
yet obstinately maintained fashion of cutting, burning, tarring, and
greasing the hoofs.

COMPLETE EXPLANATION OF THE FOOT.

We give an illustration of the internal construction of the foot
of a horse in its natural state. The bone of the foot, or coffin bone
l, is the foundation of the foot, and is Wey
the nucleus around which the hoof is
moulded, and which it resembles in shape.
It is crescent shaped, the horns extend-
ing backward, from which arise cartilages
on each side called side bones. The
horny frog is at qq, while the sensitive
membrane of the frog and sole is at ¢.
At o we have the plantar cushion, or as ki
farriers call it the ‘fatty’ portion of the BATS ——<g

frog, which fills the rear portion of the a ae OF FOOT.

hoof between the wings of the coffin bone, and being in intimate
connection with the lateral cartilages, forms an elastic cushion which

_ protects, as well as supports, the flexor tendon of the foot d, which
17

130 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FRET.

passes down to the rear, and under the navicular bone, /, and is
inserted into the sole of the coffin bone s. At wwe have the location
of navicular disease on the rear face of the navicular bone. The
ligaments which connect the naivcular bone with the deep flexor
tendon are shown at m. The hard wall of the hoof is at 7, while n,n,
are respectively the sensitive and horny laminz doyvetailing into each
other. At c we have coronary cushion, which fits into a concavity in
the inner, upper edge of the wall of the hoof. Besides acting as a
cushion, it performs the important office of secreting the substance
which forms the hoof. The navicular bone és is a narrow bone placed
across between the wings of the coffin bone, and is intended to throw
the flexor tendon of the foot farther from the center of motion, and
thus increase its power. By observing how intimately it is con-
nected with the other parts of the foot, and the bend of the tendon
where it passes over its face, we can readily see the serious nature of
navicular disease. The large pastern bone is marked h, and the small
pastern bone ?, while g is the shank bone.

THE FOOT WITHOUT THE HOOF.

We give another illustration of the foot
divested of the hoof, showing how the hoof
erows and how it is attached to the foot
proper. The coronary frog band is shown
at a, 6 is the coronary fissure, both are
continuous around the top of the hoof.
The coronary cushion which secretes the

THE FOOT INSIDE THE HOU!

growth of horn is atc, and also extends around the foot at the top

of the hoof. At f,f,f, we have sensitive
lamine, which stend up from the coffin
bone like the fine leaves on the under side
of the mushroom. They number between
six and seven hundred, and cover the surface
of the coffin bone above, below and a cer-
tain distance within the wings. These
lamine dovetail with horny lamine on the THE SOLE DIVESTED OF HOOF.

INTERIOR OF A HORSE'S FOOT. 134

inside of the hoof, thus suspending, as it were, the coffin bone within
the hoof. Each leaf terminates in pointed villi, as fine as the
smoothest velvet, and from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long.
At 9,9,9,9, we show the termination of these villi, and their immense
numbers, while at 2 we show the sole covered in same manner. ‘The
branches of the sensitive frog are at f,f, while d shows how far the
sensitive lamine extend around the wing of the coffin bone. The
cleft of the frog is at c, while } is the rear portion and extension of
the coronary cushion, and a bulbs of the heels.

THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOT.

We also give an illustration of the
sole of the left fore foot of a five-year-old
horse that had never been shod. At a,a,
we find the heels of the frog, and 4 is the
cleft. The branches of the frog are c,c,
while d,d are the heels or “angles of
reflection’’ of the wall of the hoof. The
division’ between the frog. and the barsag “*"U"*>"00r cris ¥EAx-cc) noxse.
at e, while f,f are the bars or inflection of the hoof. The body of
the frog is marked g. The outside quarter of the foot is at h, while
the inside quarter is marked. The point of the frog is 7, while all
in front and around it is the sole & There is a seam or fissure at the
junction of the sole with the wall of the hoof which is shown at J.J,
while m is the wall of the hoof, and o the toe of the foot.

THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE FOOT.

By reading our brief description of the construction of the foot,
it will be seen what a delicate, yet admirably contrived member it is
to fulfill its office. Very little success will be had in treating the
diseases of the foot, unless some understanding be had of its nature
and construction. In addition to our illustrations, we will give an
explanation of the characters and nature of the hoof and frog.

132 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET,

THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE HOOF.

Horn is a fibrous substance which contains twenty-five per cent.
of water. The fact that it contains water in its normal composition
is a very important one. When horn is deprived of water it becomes
dry, hard, and without elasticity, precisely like a piece of dry glue,
which breaks and splinters into glassy fragments. It is necessary,
therefore, that this water should be retained, to keep the horn in
good condition. The common practices of burning the sole to
procure a fit for the shoe, or rasping the outer surface to get a good
shape, and of tarring and greasing the hoof, all tend to drive the
water out of the horn, and not only to harden and contract it, but to
make it brittle. In this condition its usefulness as a protection for
the foot is at once impaired and partly destroyed. When the sole is
burned by contact with a hot shoe it is obvious that the water in the
portion of the horn that is heated must be driven off.

WHAT RASPING, TARRING AND BURNING DOES.

When the smooth, polished, hard surface of the horn is rasped
away the softer inner fibrous portion is exposed to all the evil
influences of evaporation and disintegration, and the numberless pores
and cells or interstices of the horn are enabled to give up the water
they contain. The horn in this case is also made dry and brittle,
and, of course, contracts. Tar contains an acid and a volatile oil,
which evaporates and leaves a hardened, pitchy mass. When tar is
applied to a hoof the acid acts chemically upon the horn, and hardens
or disintegrates it, and the oil, evaporating, leaves a space between
the fibres filled with hardened residue. It operates precisely in the
same manner as when it is applied to leather—as a sole of a shoe, for
instance—as a preservative; the leather in a few days becoming
hard and unyielding, impervious to moisture and dry. As with tar,
so with grease; both these substances drive out the water from the
horn and occupy its place, in time hardening and acidifying the
substance of hoof crust, rendering it brittle and contracting it.

GENERAL TREATMENT OF THE FOOT, 133

STRUCTURE OF THE FROG AND HOW TO TREAT THE FOOT.

The substance of the frog is horn, but it is of a softer and more
open texture than the sole and crust of the hoof. It is, therefore,
more easily affected by injurious conditions, and when it becomes
deprived of its water it shrinks more than the more solid horn. From
this explanation of the character of the horny covering of the foot
any reasonabie horse-owner may learn how to treat the hoof, and how
to avoid injuring it. Whenashoe is to be fitted, the edge or wall
sole should be prepared by cutting or rasping, and not by burning.
Indeed, the shoe should be fitted to the foot, and not the foot fitted
to the shoe. When, from bad management, the sole and frog have
become dry and contracted, no grease or tar should be used; but
water should be used freely, and then the hoof should be dressed
with glycerine, which will mix with water, and does not displace it.
Glycerine contains no acid or acrid qualities, but it is soft, bland,
emollient, and does not evaporate. It therefore softens the horn,
and allows the fibres to expand. Contraction is thus prevented or
overcome when it has actually occurred.

THE TREATMENT OF ITS INJURIES BY HOT WATER.

In all recent injuries of the foot, accompanied with inflammatory
symptoms, we have every confidence in the warm bath. Place the
foot in a pailful of warm water for at least one hour every morning
and evening, adding a little hot’water as often as may be necessary,
so as to keep the bath at a proper temperature. When the foot is
removed from the bath, place it in a warm poultice, or apply a flannel
bandage, whichever mode of treatment may be most applicable to
the case.

134 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET,

ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS —FOUNDER.

ITS LOCATION, CHARACTER AND CAUSES.

This disease is almost invariably confined to the fore feet, but
still we sometimes find the hind ones also implicated. This inflam-
mation is primarily limite] to the sensitive lamin and sole, the bone
of the foot being, of course, involved from the commencement.

It is generally originated by
over-exertion, the animal being
permitted to feed too heavily after
having been deprived of food for
several hours longer than usual.
He therefore eats more than can
be digested. Driving at a fast gait
for several miles, will also cause
the disease. Chilling an animal is
productive of it also, it being com-
paratively of little consequence
under what circumstances the chill occurs. It is frequently one of
the sequels to inflammation of the lungs or bowels; it also arises from
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, in
either of which cases the body and feet may be both implicated. In
cases such as above enumerated, the hair of both mane and tail may
be cast off, which gives us a rather clear intimation that the tendency
is also to cast off the hoof, but its attachments being much more
tenacious, it is not so readily accomplished. When the disease is
occasioned by concussion it is more serious, as inflammation of the
bone of an acute character is most lkely.

A

APPEARANCE OF HORSE DURING AT

CHANGES WHICH MAY OCCUR IN THIS DISEASE.

The changes which occur are about as follows: There is inflam-
mation of the sensitive foot—lamine, sole, and coffin bone. The
point of the hoof internally becomes most vascular; the exudation is
naturally thrown out here in greater quantities than in the other

CHANGES IN FOOT CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE. 135

portions of the hoof. This is said to cause most excruciating and
protracted pain. The hoof being of an unyielding character, there
is no provision made for the reception of the exudation. When
laminitis is due to causes other than concussion, the exudate extends
no further than the external surface of the sensitive lamine; but
when due to concussion it is thrown out underneath the periosteum,
then inflammation of the bone is almost sure to follow. The free
circulation of the blood is thus impeded. Hence you have sloughing
and necrosis. After a slight attack of laminitis has
passed off without causing any structural change,
the exudation which has been caused, being slight, is
soon absorbed without any structural change having
occured. When the disease is severe, the exudation
increases in thickness, and naturally increases the
pressure on the toe of the coffin bone in one direc-
tion, and the opposing surface of the crust in the

: : HOW IT OFTEN CHANGES
opposite, and to a certain extent separates both, THE FOOT.
forcing the coffin bone downward, and the toe of the hoof upward, as
shown by our illustration. The diseased hoof now becomes disfigured
by the horizontal lines or ridges. The structure of the hoof now
becomes brittle, and readily chips off. This is followed by ossifica-
tion of the sensitive lamine, and therefore by suppuration of the
coronary substance. This causes detachments of small portions of
the hoof where it is joined by the hair. Sometimes a fluid collects
between the sensitive and horny soles and the frogs, and forces them
apart.

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACUTE AND CHRONIC CASES.

When laminitis is due to causes other than direct concussion, we
are of opinion it is then due to sympathetic irritation. The inflam-
mation extends from the original location of disease to the feet.
Acute laminitis ends in resolution, or in sub-acute or chronic. This
latter is that condition of the feet after the subsidence of the febroid
symptoms, or it may originate independently of an acute attack.
Animals suffering from the chronic form are subject to the acute,

136 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

from very trivial causes; and, in fact, when an animal has once had
laminitis of anything bordering on a chronic or severe type, it need
be no matter of surprise should they frequently afterwards become
victims to a repetition of the disease, and often without any appa-
rently sufficient provocation to induce it.

OTHER CAUSES OF LAMINITIS.

Concussion, over-exertion, indigestion, and irritation of the
intestinal canal, imperfect shoeing, tight nailing, the use of calks and
liberal application of the drawing-knife are about the most successful
agents in producing the disease which we have at our command, and
we are afraid they are called into requisition but too frequently.
Sometimes laminitis is due to what would be considered rather a
curious circumstance, namely, an animal being lame in one foot
throws an unequal proportion of the weight on the opposite, and in
this way cause laminitis of the foot which was originally sound. In
acase of this kind, if the original lameness was severe, the animal
should be slung, as it cannot bear its weight on either of its feet,
without experiencing extreme pain, which should be alleviated as
much as possible.

DIRECTIONS FOR DISTINGUISHING IT.

Inflammation in both fore feet, excessive stiffness and lameness,
which is most apparent at starting, the hind legs are drawn forward
under the body, in order to throw as much weight as possible on the
hind legs and off the fore. If you wish to find out at once if the
animal suffers from laminitis, back him in the stall. You will observe
immediately, if he suffers from this disease, that he will try to elevate
the toes, in order that the heels may bear the weight; the pulse also
is strong, quick, and throbbing; the animal generally lies down with
the legs stretched out, the reason for doing which is obvious, namely,
to take all the weight off the feet. Having so far described symp-
toms, it will be scarcely possible to make a false diagnosis, and be it
remembered this is a most important point, as many valuable animals
are irretrievably ruined from the fact that the owners fail to diagnose

PROPER TREATMENT FOR FOUNDER. 1133/7

the case at the proper time, the consequence being that a case of
acute laminitis which is curable, is converted into one of incurable
chronic laminitis.

THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LAMINITIS.

Just as soon as possible after having discovered that the animal
has been foundered in the feet, or has acute laminitis, which is the
same thing, have his shoes taken off, place the feet in a deep tub of
warm water, in which some hay has been put to form a soit founda-
tion for the tender feet to rest upon. Keep them there for about an
hour and a half, then take them out and put them in warm poultices,
composed of either bran and boiled carrots, or, if accessible, equal
parts of slippery elm bark and linseed meal. Be sure the poultice
envelopes the whole hoof. Have a deep soft bed for the animal to
stand upon. Give a purgative, which should be about one-half of
the ordinary dose, as superpurgation is apt to follow otherwise. If
Barbadoes aloes be the agent employed, four drachms will be found
sufficient. Give a dose of aconite, say ten drops every twenty
minutes, until the animal has been thrown into a profuse perspiration.
Cover him with warm, that is, closely-woven, blankets. The poultices
should be changed twice a day, and after taking them off, put the
feet in water, as above recommended. Continue this line of treat-
ment for at least three or four days. Feed no grain, simply bran
mashes, vegetables and hay. When shoeing the animal, see that the
shoes are wide-webbed, the hoof surface being convex, still leaving
suflicient flat surface for the wall of the hoof to rest comfortably on;
but our advice is to refrain from putting on shoes of any kind for ten
or fifteen days.

The animal will be benefited by being put to work, other than
road work, agricultural being preferred, and if it is a valuable beast,
have him turned out on low-land pasture. Should he be stabled,
keep damp swabs on the feet while he is housed. This treatment is
applicable to either acute or sub-acute, which we have here treated

as one disease, and which in fact it is.
18

138 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

TREATMENT OF SUB-ACUTE OR CHRONIC LAMINITIS.

The most we can possibly do is to palliate the disease. If the
sole is at all inclined to become convex, have the shoe madé corres-
pondingly concave on the hoof surface. Keep on wet swabs while
the animal is at rest. Give continually a deep bed. The animal
should get slow work only, should never be used for road purposes, as
he would give no satisfaction there, but for ordinary agricultural
work he can still be made serviceable. Have him regularly shod,
never drive him fast, and keep his feet constantly stuffed, and bathe
the feet in warm water for an hour every day; dry them well after
taking them out, and be always lenient to the animal that has the
misfortune to be a victim to chronic laminitis.

NAVICULAR DISEASE —CONTRACTION OF THE FEET.

WHERE THE SEAT OF THE DISEASE IS.

It is always located in the fore feet on the
lower surface of the small bone marked 6 in our
illustration. This bone is of the sesamoid class,
and is more sensitive and more highly organized
than the ordinary bones, and therefore is- more

SS
LOCATION OF NAVICULAR

DISEASE, liable to injury and subsequent ulceration. In
more serious and long standing cases the perforans tendon a, beneath |
the bone, is sometimes ruptured, and the bone itself fractured.

THE MAIN CAUSES OF THIS DISEASE.

Allowing an animal to remain standing in the stable for days and
perhaps weeks, without exercise, and not unfrequently upon a hard
and bedless floor; spasmodic and violent exercise, by which, we mean,
driving an animal for along distance at a fast pace for a day or two,
and then allowing him to remain housed; hereditary predisposition,
that is, animals whose progeny have weak, small, flat, brittle, and

MISTAKEN TREATMENT IN THIS DISEASE. 139

delicate hoofs; improper shoeing, excessive rasping, paring, cutting,
and, above all, ‘‘opening the heel,” which latter is very pernicious,
and entirely inexcusable; accidental circumstances, such as pressure
from having picked up some foreign substance — such as stone, wood,
nails, etc.; leaving on shoes until they become thin, uneven, buried
in the hoof, or broken, the natural shape, flexibility, and quality
being thus perverted.
HOW THE PEOPLE MAKE MISTAKES.

A great mistake might be just here committed by assigning, as
another cause, atrophy, and consequent contraction. Some try to
modify it by calling it ‘‘ pinched on the heels,” “slightly tender for-
‘ ward,” etc. The reason why it would be incorrect to assign lameness
to this is, that contraction is only one of the results of pre-existing
disease. The disease occurs from some of the above-mentioned
causes, the animal can only use the limb at the expense of being
more or less tortured, hence it is invariably kept in a state of repose,
unless when the horse is compelled to use it, and as a natural conse-
quence, the parts become wasted, atrophied, and fall in. This same
atrophy is almost invariably present where we have well-marked cases
of this disease. Suppose an animal is lame in the hoof, and so
continues for some months or weeks, by and by the muscles of the
shoulder begin to assume a wasted condition. They fall in from
want of internal support, as the healthy muscles have been converted
into fatty matter, which becomes absorbed. Just as soon as the
owner notes this, he, or his veterinary adviser, presuming he does
not understand the nature of the disease, says at once, ‘‘We have
been deceived regarding the seat of this animal’s lameness. We
have been treating the hoof whereas it is the shoulder which is the
seat of disease; it alone is affected.” Result: They go to work, treat
the shoulder at the expense of the hoof, by neglecting the latter, and
what was at one time a disease amenable to treatment, is now one
which our utmost skill can do nothing more for than merely alleviate
the pain. We can neither restore it to its original condition. nor
make the animal other than a crippled sufferer for life.

i140 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

THE SYMPTOMS ALWAYS PRESENT.

The symptoms are in character alike, whether ulceration has
taken place, or whether the disease is in the incipient state; but
though the general character of the symptoms resemble each other
closely, they are pronounced and intensified in proportion to the
inroads the disease has made up to the time of inspection. The
degree of lameness varies. Alteration may
only just have commenced, or there may be
quite perceptible inflammation. In the
latter case the lameness will be well marked
and unmistakable, while in the former it
will be exhibited in merely a little unusual
stiffness at first; and if both forward feet
are involved a casual observer is very apt
- to be deceived, and, on account of the
SS am ne = SS ~—s peculiarity of gait, attribute the lameness

BEN ag SEE SIGN to rheumatism, and allow the golden oppor-
tunity to vanish, by waiting for nature to work a cure when she had
nothing whatever to do with producing the disease. We may safely
lay it down as an axiom that where navicular disease exists the
animal will rest that foot on the toe, the heel slightly raised from the
ground, with the limb extended; he will do what horsemen call point,
as shown in our illustration. It is observed, in connection with the
disease, that the fetlock joint becofmes peculiarly rounded in front.
This is caused by the unnatural position in which the limb is held.
The toes are placed firmly on the ground, so as to throw the weight
forward as much as possible, and thus relieve the affected part, the
heels being permitted to bear as little as possible of the weight, and
pointing the toe of the affected foot while at rest; and if both feet
should be affected then the toes are pointed forward alternately.

PECULIARITY SHOWN IN THE TROT.
Another symptom which is also invariably present is the manner
in which the sufferer strikes his toe or toes into the ground. If you
remark it, you will find some horses thus affected travel almost

HOW TO COMMENCE THE TREATMENT. 141

entirely on their toes. This can be proven beyond doubt by examun-
ing a shoe worn by a horse thus diseased and that of a sound-footed
animal. Horses such as we are describing usually walk sound, but
the moment they are compelled to trot they use their forward limbs
as if they did not belong to them,
conveying the idea of their being
tied together, so short is the space
between their steps. Our illustra-
tion shows this peculiarity of the
trot. When one foot only is the
subject of the disease, it will be
found to be smaller than its fellow ;
but this sign should not be relied
upon if there is no other evidence PECULIAR TROT IN THE DISEASE.

of the disease, as sound animals occasionally exhibit a slight differ-
ence in the size of hoofs.

HOW TO COMMENCE THE TREATMENT.

This, in order to be of permanent benefit, will have to be resorted
to without delay. The first symptom being that of inflammation,
therefore, before structural alterations have taken place, we should
exhaust all our remedial measures if necessary. The shoes should be
removed, and it would be well to remember that, when this is being
done, unusual carefulness is necessary. They should be removed in
as gentle a manner as possible, as the animal is already suffering
great pain, which should not be augmented even in the slightest
degree. The heels are generally high in animals suffering from
navicular arthritis, therefore, after removing the shoes, lower the
heels of the hoof, and gradually shorten the toe. Place the feet in
warm water for an hour and a half three times a day; as soon as
they are taken out of the water, dry them thoroughly, and envelop
them in poultices, composed of equal parts linseed meal and slippery
elm bark, if it can be procured; if not, Indian or corn meal, and
boiled carrots will answer. The poultices should be large, and made
to envelop the entire hoof. A great fault is frequently committed by

142 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

putting on poultices carelessly, in which case they will either drop
off, or are allowed to fall to the bottom of the containing sack, and
merely encircle the lower portion of the hoof, where it is of compara-
tively little value. This treatment— bathing and poulticing— should
be kept up for three or four days, changing from hot water bathing to
warm poulticing, at least three times daily. He should have a deep
bed, in a comfortable box-stall, in order to offer him inducements to
take the weight off his feet. Give a purgative immediately on com-
mencing treatment, and during its progress feed only laxative food,
vegetables, etc. About two weeks from commencement of treat-
ment, apply a blister to the entire coronet, composed as follows : —

Pulverized Cantharides, one ounce;

Venice Turpentine, three drachms;

Beeswax, two drachms;
Lard, four ounces.—Mix.

Clip off the hair around the coronet and rub in. As soon as
irritation has set in stop applying, and as it subsides apply again.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPECIAL CASES.

When rest, poulticing, and the usual treatment fail, then the
animal may be considered incurable, and must be used for slow work
only. Or, if from some peculiarity of the case this is not advisable,
then the operation of nervying or neurotomy might be performed.
An animal afflicted with navicular disease should be always kept in a
box-stall, and a deep, fine bed, and while in the stable, have wet
swabs tied around the coronet, which will cover the greater part of
the hoof.

The proper kind of shoes to be used on such an animal is one
with thick heels, becoming gradually-thin toward the toe, the latter
being hammered or filed, so as nearly as possible to resemble the
shape of the ordinary shoe, when well worn, by a horse suffering
from chronic navicular disease. We do not mean to convey the idea
that the shoe should be generally thick, only relatively so, that is,
thick as compared with the toes.

HOME TREATMENT OF PUMICE FOOT. 143

FARTHER CAUTIONS AND WARNINGS.

Above all do not apply those infernal instruments of torture in
the shape of a shoe for mechanically spreading the heels. In this
disease contraction is caused by a wasting and shrinking of the
interior of the foot and cannot be restored.

PUMICE FOOT.

DESCRIPTION OF THIS DISEASE.

It is a bulging down of the sole of the foot, so that
in most cases the horse will walk on the sole instead
of the wall of the hoof. Our illustration plainly shows
the condition of the bottom of the foot, and also the Z
manner in which the horse walks on it. SIDE VIEW OF PUMICE

FOOT.

CAUSE OF IT, AND HORSES MOST LIABLE TO IT.

Horses with long, slanting, weak pastern, hoofs
marked by ringy growths of brittle character, flat sole,
well developed and almost invariably large healthy frog,
are most liable to it. They generally have a high

action, and the force with which they bring down their
mw “oor. feet, soon bruises the sole and inflaming the coffin bone,
causes it to enlarge and sometimes partly descend, forcing the sole of
the foot downward out of its position.

JUST WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT.

The most success can be had by attending
to the shoeing, yet the natural weakness of the
feet cannot be changed. A bar shoe should be
prepared, the web of which should be covered
with leather, the shoe nailed on with double the
quantity of nails usually used, but smaller, :
leaving a bearing on the back part of the shoe istesior view or pemice Foot

144 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF lil) FEET.

for the frog. The whole hoof should be soaked an hour, twice each
day, in a warm bath, and a poultice applied at night, composed as

follows : —
Glycerine, four fluid ounces ;

Linseed Meal, one quart ;
Hot Water, enough to make a thick poultice.

The shoe should be changed and adapted to the foot, as it
changes and improves. It may take two or three months to produce
any very great changes.

SAND CRACKS—TOE AND QUARTER-CRACKS.
WHAT THEY ARE AND THEIR EXTENT.

The quarter-crack usually occurs on the inside quarters of the
fore feet. Fast horses are peculiarly liable to it, if out of condition
when trotted. It may extend from the coronet to the lower edge of
the hoof; it may extend from the lower edge up but a short distance;
it may not reach ejther edge. It also varies in depth, sometimes only
through the hard outer horn, and again deep into the lamine or
quick. Toe-crack is the same, excepting it is on the toe instead of
the quarter, and on hind feet mostly.

CAUSES OF SAND CRACKS.

Brittleness of the hoof, either natural, or results of disease or
bad management is the main cause. Bad shoeing, by worse black-
smiths, is another source. Narrow heeled shoes, and high calkings are
productive of it. Heavy loads drawn on uneven, slippery pavements,
severe short heats of the race horse out of condition, and many other
thoughtless acts in driving.

PROPER TREATMENT FOR QUARTER-CRACK.

Stop all severe work; take a sharp
<nife and pare off each edge of the crack,
. until you have made a groove, as shown by
" our illustration, through the hard horn. ..) xc ror com:

OPERATING FOR PAR-
PLETE QUARTER-

vat geartes — Tf the crack extends from the coronet or ee

QT mmm

OINTMENT AND LOTION FOR QUARTER CRACK. - 145

top of the hoof, to the bottom, take a firing iron, red hot, draw a line
from the coronet on each side down to the crack, forming a V, as
shown by the engraving. It should commence at least half an inch
from the crack on each side. If the crack only extends part way up,
pare out the same and burn straight across the crack at its upper
point; if it does not extend to top or bottom, pare out as before, and
fire both above and below, as shown by our illustration.

The object of firing is, to just burn through the hard horn, and
separate the sound from unsound portion; the firing need not be
deep enough to cause pain. Shoe with a bar shoe, and have the hoof
dressed off so that that portion which contains the crack, will not
bear on the shoe, as shown by our illustration. Place the foot once a
day for a hour in a warm bath, then apply a poultice composed as
follows : —

Glycerine, four fluid ounces;
Linseed meal, one quart;
Hot Water, to make a thick poultice.

These means will affect a cure if properly attended to, which is
not always done. A blister applied to the coronet just above the
erack, will stimulate the secretion of horn.

TO CURE THE TOE-CRACK.

The treatment of toe-crack is the same as for
quarter-crack, paring out the crack, as shown by our
illustration. In some instances granulations may take
place. These should be thoroughly cleaned with ‘the
following lotion :—

Chloride of Zinc, twenty grains;
Glycerine, four ounces;
Water, eight ounces.—Mix.

Take a sharp knife and at one stroke excise or cut

TREATMENT OF

them out. Let the foot down to bleed and reduce the TOE-CRACK.

fever in the foot. Keep the part wet with the lotion, and if the
crack has been mechanically treated, as directed for quarter-crack, it
will soon improve. After the first two days, the lotion need not be

applied oftener than three times. In order to more easily pare out
19 -.

146 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

the crack, it may be necessary to heat an iron to a black heat, and
apply that to the hoof in the crack, which will soften it by heat. A
shoe with two clips, one on each side the crack, will help. If neces-
sary to drive the horse, place some lint wet with the lotion in the
crack, bind it in with a wax end, and cover over with cloth securely
tied on, and cover all with tar. Cleanse it thoroughly on return.
Proper attention to food must be given, if the animal suffers much
pain, and is feverish. Bran mashes, scalded oats or soaked corn, if
possible, once a day.

FALSE QUARTER.

DESCRIPTION OF THIS WEAKNESS.

It is a partial absence of the outer and harder portion of the
hoof, at the quarter, and consequently it is very lable to injuries of
many kinds.

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT.

Generally speaking, it cannot be cured. Sometimes
a slight firing and an after poulticing may cause the
coronet to secrete the proper horn, but not often. The
usual remedy is to dress down the sound part to a thin

SHOEING FOR FALSE

QUARTER: edge on each side; to put ona bar shoe with clip on
toe, and remove the lower edge of the hoof, under the quarter, so it
will not bear on the shoe. We have known a piece of gutta percha
fastened on the weak spot to protect it, succeeding admirably.

CORNS.

DESCRIPTION OF THESE TROUBLES.
These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole included
between the bars and the wall at the heel, but later there is often an
increased production of horn, and the formation of a horny tumor,

THE VARIOUS KIND OF CORNS. 147

which presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the bruise
causes active inflammation and the formation of matter, which if
denied escape below, will burrow toward the coronet, or less fre-
quently, around the toe, and give rise to quittor; in other cases the
corn is pared out, as is supposed, but the heels having lost the
mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, repeat the
bruise continually, keep up the inflammation and suppuration,

fm and what is equivalent to an open sore in the
“i heel. The irritation often produces absorption
\ty of the margin of the bone at the heels, with
bony deposits above or below, and ossification
of the lateral cartilage, a condition which

|

.

AN OLD CORN ON

rors roor. almost necessarily perpetuates the bruises or “HIND FOOT,
corns. Corns may exist in either heel, but are usually in the inner,
or weaker one, and prevail, above all, in flat feet, with low weak heels.
We give two illustrations of corns.

EVIDENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF CORNS.

Lameness, with a tendency to point, with the heel shghtly raised,
when at rest, and a short, stilty, stumbling step when moved.
Pinching the affected heel with pincers, or tapping it with a hammer,
causes wincing. If the shoe is removed, and the heel pared out, the
horn may be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen on
removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead to a deeper
search. Jf suppuration has taken place, the tenderness is extreme,
often causing the animal to keep the foot raised, and scarcely daring
to touch the ground with the toe. A tender swelling usually appears
at the coronet, above the affected heel, and pinching or hammering
of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may be recognized by
symptoms similar to those seen in quittor.

: HOW TO TREAT THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES.

If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply either a bar shoe or
a common one, but rasp down the bearing surface of the affected
heel, to avoid pressure, and place the feet in warm water, or keep the
wall moist with swabs, and the sole with oilmeal, wet up with water

148 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

and glycerine, equal parts. When the tenderness has subsided,
smear the hoof with glycerine, occasionally, and work carefully.
Remove the shoe early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, by
preserving the elastic horn of the sole between the wall and bar.
Never allow this to be pared or weakened, unless it be to evacuate
matter or sand, or for the removal of a horny tumor. If suppuration
has ese nee pare down the heel until the matter escapes, remove

Z all the horn detached from the quick, and pare the
horn around this to a thin edge, poultice until the
surface is smooth, dry, and not at all tender, then
apply a bar shoe with a leather sole. No pressure
should be allowed on this heel until the sole is grown
up to its natural level as a support.

Bruise of the sole is a similar accident, but more

BRUISE OF THE SOLE AND

prick or Tue Foor. serious, yet should be treated in the same manner.
After cutting out bruised parts to allow discharge of any matter

found, the wound should be kept wet with the following lotion: —
Chlorde ot Zine, one scruple;
Water, half a pint—Mix.

QUITTOR.

WHAT THE DISEASE IS.

It is an inflammation located in the sensitive part of-the foot
within the hoof, which secretes pus or matter, and as it is impossible
{ for the pus to escape through the hoof, it

burrows in different directions, as shown
by our illustration, finally finding vent at
the coronet or top of the hoof, discharg-
ing a thick, creamy matter. It may form

RAVAGES INSIDE THE

a single sinus or pipe before it escapes, or FOOT.

ance or quirtor. there may be several. A swelling shows at the coronet
before it bursts forth. The amount of pus discharged is no guide to
the extent of the inflammation,

EXTERNAL APPEAR-

TREATMENT OF QUITTOR AND THRUSH. 149

DIFFERENT CAUSES OF QUITTOR.

Sometimes the horse .accidentally pierces the coronet with the
ealk, which inflames and often burrows downward, to break out
again, however, at the top. The pricking of the sensitive part of the
foot while shoeing, will often start a quittor. Suppurating corns if
not attended to, often terminate in this way.

CORRECT TREATMENT OF QUITTOR.

No treatment equals slitting the sinuses
with a knife. To do this, the hoof on the quar-|
ter must be rasped off until the light colored ~
horn is exposed; then probe with a flexible probe
of any kind to learn the depth, and run a sharp,
small knife down to the bottom of each sinus.
The knife should follow the probe, as shown by
our illustration, and cut it through. If some
are so deep as not to be reached with a knife, 2
probe with a twig of broom to learn its depth. — operatic 1s ourrror.
Do this carefully and thoroughly. Wet the twig and after dipping it
into the following powder, insert it into the sinus. Do this several
times until all parts of the sinus are touched :—

Corrosive Sublimate, one drachm;
Wheat Flour, three times its bulk.—Mix.

Repeat as often as necessary.

THRUSH.

DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE DISEASE IS.

It is a foul discharge issuing from the cleft of the
¥ frog, attended with decay of the horn. It has a very

mu offensive smell. We give an illstration showing its
Coes LOCadOn:

150 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEEY.

THE MAIN CAUSE OF THRUSH.

If in the fore feet, it is generaily the result of navicular disease;
the foot feels hot and hard; a slight moisture bedews the center of a
much diminished frog. No odor is apparent unless a piece of tow be
inserted into the cleft of the frog, and withdrawn, when it will be
observed. In the hind feet, it is entirely caused by filthy stables,
allowing the feet to stand in decaying manure. It is very offensive.

DISINFECTING TREATMENT OF IT.

To remove the offensive smell, wash the feet thoroughly with :—
Chloride of Zine, two scruples;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

All the ragged parts must be cut away, as well as the white,
powdery, decayed horn, and substance, even if the flesh is exposed,
and the frog much reduced. Replace the shoe, and wash daily with:

Chloride of Zinc, one scruple;
” Water, eight ounces.—Mix.

Keep the feet clean, and use the knife to remove any white,
powdery substance that may appear. This is all that need be done.
The fore feet can be treated in the same way, yet it is not always
advisable to cure it if caused by navicular disease, or the horse will
go lame; merely retard the decay of the horn.

CANKER.

GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

It is of like character, and rather an aggra-
vated form of thrush. The discharge is more
abundant and more offensive. It invariably com-
mences at the seat of thrush, but spreads and
involves the sole. Large quantities of horn of a
fungus character, grow out, which flake and peel

commenneeR. -~—-sO, aS Shown by our engraving. The same causes
produce it that produce thrush, but it seems to be more constitu-

TREATMENT OF CANKER AND SEEDY TOE. 151

tional with the horse. It may involve one foot or all feet. Sometimes
the treatment will cure all the feet but one, where it seems to remain
in spite of all remedies. Suddenly that foot may heal
with remarkable rapidity, and the horse seem sound
all round, when it will break out again in some other
foot.

PROPER TREATMENT TO CURE IT.

Cut away every portion of the detached horn,
and pare off as much of the diseased horn as is
possible. Apply the following dressing :— BAD CASE OF CANKER.

Chloride of Zinc, half an ounce;
Wheat Flour, four ounces.

Mix and apply to the foot dry; the moisture will soon affect it.
Apply to the sound part of the foot before you dress with the above,
a weaker preparation, as follows: —

Chloride of Zinc, four grains;
Flour, one ounce.—Mix.

Tack on the shoe and pad well over the sole, and
confine the padding with pieces of iron, crossing diago-
nally from one underside of the shoe to the other, as
shown by our engraving, as it is well to have as much
pressure as possible. Repeat the cutting and dressing

DRESSING FOOT IN

CANKER, every second day. As the parts get better, contract

the space covered by the strongest dressing.

SEEDY TOE.

WHAT THE DISEASE CONSISTS OF.

It is the separation of the two layers of horn which
form the outside covering or hoof. It commences at
the toe, and can be seen when the shoe is off, or
detected by tapping on the hoof, which will sound
hollow. Our illustration shows this separation of the “*?**47I0N oF Moors
layers of horn.

152 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET.

TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE.

_The horse must not be worked or you may have a more extended
separation. All the outside portion of the hoof that
has separated, must be cut off, and this must be done
every two weeks until a new hoof has grown out. We
give an illustration showing the appearance of the foot
after the cutting away has been done.

te}
FOR SEEDY TOE.

TREAD AND OVERREACH.

This is the stepping of one foot on the other, which often results
in wounding the coronet by the calks.

THE TREATMENT OF TREAD.

It should be bathed three times a day with the following cooling
lotion : —
Chloride of Zinc, eight grains;
Water, eight ounces.—Mix.

It must be protected from dirt and dust by a cloth.
TREATMENT OF OVERREACH.
This produces a wound of the same nature, but is generally more

severe. The lotion recommended for tread can be used three times a
day, thoroughly cleansing it.

OSSIFICATION OF SIDE BONES.

CHANGES CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE. |

This trouble is a changing of cartilages
which form the wings of the bone of the foot
into bone. These cartilages lie immediately
under the skin, above the hoof at the quarters,
and in a natural state are pliable and semi-
elastic. If they are hard and unyielding — tesmnc ror ossiricariow:

THE EFFECTS AND TREATMENT. 153

ossification has already taken place. We give an illustration showing
the manner of testing this matter.

WHAT THE EFFECTS ARE AND TREATMENT.

Heavy horses in large cities rarely escape, and generally, after
the lameness during the acute stage has passed, do not show further
trouble. Sometimes the extensive ossification, together with bad
shoeing, will produce corns in the heels, and thereby result in
lameness. ‘'his must be remedied under the proper treatment for
corns and intelligent shoeing. During the inflamatory stage cooling
lotions and warm foot baths may be used, followed by a sharp blister
at the coronet. A bar shoe is of benefit in the later stages, accom-
panied by a dressing down of the heels so a space is between them
and the shoe.

20

GE AP Tran Xe.

GENERAL DISEASES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC.— General character of the disease and its complica-
tions— Former epidemics — Its first symptoms of attack—The more serious and fatal
symptoms—Serious termination—The most sensible mode of treating it—The best
remedies to use.

STRANGLES — DISTEMPER.— Peculiarity of its attack on young horses—The first symp-
toms that show—The progress of the disease—The treatment by remedies and
surgical operations— Final instructions.

FARCY.— Characteristics of this disease —Its relation to glanders—Varying symptoms —
The only treatment recommended — Its success.

GLANDERS.—Its dangerous character—Its different stages—How it differs from nasal
gleet—How to examine the nostril—Peculiarity of chronie glanders—The latest
scientific treatment, said to be successful.

HEAVES— BROKEN WIND.— Origin of this disease—The food which aggravates it — Its
general symptoms— Peculiarity of breathing—What its treatment should be—Partiec-
ular directions.

SUNSTROKE.—Its fatal character—The premonitory symptoms—Its causes—Aggravated
attacks — How they affect the horse —The immediate treatment—What to do if threat-
ened with insensibility.

BIG HEAD—OSTEO SARCOMA.— Particulars of this strange disease—What its causes
are—W hat it ends in— The treatment internally— Local applications.

TREATMENT OF INFLUENZA. 155

EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA — EPIZOOTIC.

WHAT IT IS, AND ITS PREVALENCE.

Professor Law, of Cornell University, New York, considers it a
specific typhus fever, complicated with inflammation of the mucus
membranes lining the air passages, and less frequently of the lungs,
pleura heart, liver, stomach and bowels, and even the muscles and
lining of the joints. Similar epidemics have occurred twenty times
in two hundred years. In 1872 this disease communicated from place
to place with varying rapidity. It occupied some nine months in
crossing this continent. ‘There is no doubt about its contagion.

WHAT THE FIRST SYMPTOMS ARE.

The attack is usually sudden, and
the horse, which half an hour before
seemed well, suddenly droops his
head, ears, and lips, partially closes
his eyes, and stands with one or two
legs semi-flexed, to bring relief. He
remains in one position, with arched
back and cracking joints, if moved.
It is sometimes less marked, and the cough may be the main symp-
tom. It may be dry and husky, and attended with hasty breathing.
The pulse is rapid, the urine scanty, and high colored, and the dung
hard and mucus covered. The membranes of the nose and eyes are
reddened, and hence the name of “pink eye’’ which some call it.
The ear placed at the wind pipe, detects an unusually loud and
blowing murmur. In slight cases, the watery discharge from the
nostrils changes into a white mucus one, and the cough becomes
loose and easy, the fever abates, and recovery ensues.

MORE SERIOUS AND FATAL SYMPTOMS.

Toward the third or fifth day, the cough becomes deep and
powerful, the pulse and fever increases, the appetite is fastidious, the

156 GENERAL DISEASES.

eyes swollen and watery, nasal membrane spotted, swallowing is
painful, and the water returned through the nostrils. If the pleura
is implicated, there will be extreme tenderness between the ribs.
If the abdominal organs are af-
fected, there will be great torpor
and stupor, with a tense, tender
belly. The urine will often be
brown, or even red. The dung
will be one or two balls, passed
frequently, with much straining,
and covered with mucus. ‘These
are aggravated as the disease
: : = srows worse. Rheumatism or
FESR OE FATAL SueaoNe IN THIS DISEASE. dropsy may set in.

HOW TO TREAT IT SENSIBLY.

Its treatment consists in a
warm box stall, warm blankets,
and laxative food. Remove cos-
tiveness by copious injections of
warm water, to which may be
added two drachms of aloes. Fol-
low with: —

Liquor Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid
ounces;
Extract Belladonna, one drachm.—Mix.

a——

HOW TO CLOTHE THE HORSE.

Give twice daily in half a pint of water. If the throat is sore,
prepare the following : —
Belladonna, one drachm;
Chlorate of Potash, two drachms;
Honey, one teacupiul;
Vinegar, a table spoonful.—Mix.
Smear the back teeth with this preparation, and let it gradually
work down the throat.

TREATMENT OF DISTEMPER. 157

When there is extreme prostration, or after the fever has sub-
sided, the following may be given with benefit: —

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one fluid drachm ;
Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm;
Tincture of Gentian, two fluid ounces.—Mix.

Repeat every two hours in half a pint of water,
until benefit is seen, then extend the time between
doses.

Much more depends on warmth and care than
on a great deal of medicine. In fact, in many
slight cases, laxative food and warm clothing is all
that is necessary. If the discharge is not freely
established, in the early stages of the disease, the
use of the nose bag, as directed for ‘‘common
cold,” will very materially assist. Da eae ee ee ie ed

STRANGLES— DISTEMPER.

DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS.

This is peculiarly a disease of young horses. It generally attacks
horses from three to five years of age. If a horse does not contract
it before this latter period, it generally escapes. It may occur with-
out apparently any previous contagion, yet there is no doubt about
its contagious character. If it once commences on a place, it gen-
erally attacks all the young horses before it ceases. The peculiar
feature of the disease, is a swelling or tumor under the jaw. The
size and condition of the tumor indicates
the severity of the disease.

THE FIRST SYMPTOMS OF AND AN ATTACK
Will be a slight indisposition, the horse
evidently being unwell. In a few days
the neck gets stiff, and the enlargement
eee) appears. \Lhis abies bard hot! and tense.

158 GENERAL DISEASES.

A discharge appears at the nose, the throat is sore, breathing hard,
the hair stares, and appetite lost. It stands with eyes half closed as
shown in our engraving, the picture of distress. In fact, all the
symptoms, with the exception of the size of the tumor, resembles
common cold. As the disease progresses, the
tumor softens, becomes prominent at some partic-
ular spot or spots, and if left to itself would finally
burst, either externally or internally. As soon as
the discharge takes place, in ordinary cases, the
horse gets better and recovers appetite and
strength.
THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.

The treatment is almost entirely local, the
chief attention being paid to the tumor. The

A VERY BAD CASE OF

STRANGLES. moment it seems to “come to a head,” an incision

must be made, to allow the escape of the pus, which may amount to
a pint. If the swelling does not seem to show signs of “‘coming to a
head,” apply the following blister, which must be applied with a
brush, as the horse will not allow any rubbing: —

Spirits Turpentine, two fluid ounces;

Laudanum, one fluid ounce;

Spirits Camphor, one fluid ounce.—Mix.

Apply night and morning, until sore-
ness is produced. After each application,
apply several thicknesses of flannel to
the throat, and confine with an eight- }
tailed bandage, as shown in our illustra-
tion. As the tumor points, apply a
twitch to the upper lip of the horse,
having one man holding it, elevating the HOW TO APPLY A BANDAGE,
nose. ‘Take asharp knife, and make a free opening, at one cut. Rest
the thumb on the back of the blade, at about the depth you want to
cut. If the swelling is on one side, make but one incision; if on
both sides, make one on each side. If there is great trouble in

TREATMENT OF FARCY. 159

breathing use the nose bag, and steam the nose every fifteen minutes,
as directed in common cold. <A teaspoonful of the ethereal tincture
of phosporus may be poured inside the bag at each application, and is
a great aid.

EXPLICIT INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT TREATMENT.

To purge is to kill in this disease. Don’t waste any strength by
bleeding. Feed gruel, hay tea, or soft food such as the horse can eat.
If it is a bad case, thin liquid food is all can be taken.

FARCY.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS DISEASE.

There is a strong probability that farcy is but the advance agent
of glanders, at least that in time it would end in that incurable
disease. Many veterinarians claim to cure farcy, even in its worst
stages.

SYMPTOMS OF AN ATTACK

The symptoms of farcy are at first, elevation
of temperature, loss of appetite, and swelling of
the extremeties. Whe swellings of an acute farcy
are observed in the extremities; the whole limb
may become engaged so as to bear a strong likeness
to acute lymphangitis. The surface, instead of
being uniform, as in the last mentioned disease, is
rough and uneven; there is pain and lameness,
the lymphatics and glands become swolen, and
form what are called farcy cords and buds, as shown
by our illustration; they are generally situated 1s~# or > uci rarcy.
away from the pincalendonee the buds burst, and emit a pus-like
substance. They generally are in groups or bunches, and may affect
almost any part of the body. After they burst they present very

160 GENERAL DISEASES.

unhealthy, and ragged, suppurating edges. In its incipient stage,
before the external appearances present themselves, the disease simu-
lates thoracic pain, and rheumatism.

THE ONLY TREATMENT RECOMMENDED.

Apply biniodide of mercury ointment to the swellings; treat the
buds and ulcers with lunar caustic; apply it freely, and observe great
cleanliness. The portions of skin on the extremity of the sores, and
the sores themselves, wash with a solution of chloride of lime. Feed
the animal with good oats, hay, and vegetables, and administer such
tonics as quinine, iron, nux vomica, arsenious acid, etc. At the best
it will be very tedious and more difficult than any ordinary man will
undertake.

GLANDERS.

DESCRIPTION OF ITS DANGEROUS CHARACTER.

It is one of the worst, most dangerous, dreadful, and loathsome
diseases with which man can be innoculated. When an animal really
is afficted with glanders, any person who studiously and intelligently
reads the following can make a correct diagnosis.

When the malady is preceeded by an excess of animal heat, a
rise in temperature, you will find the disease ushered in by an inflexi-
bility of the muscular system, shivering, stiffness, or rigors, which
sometimes are continuous for days. The pituitary membrane (phlegm
secreting or Snyderian) is of a dark copper color at first, which
afterwards changes to a spotted state, the spots being of a purple
color. These spots soon become small, ragged-edged ulcers, from
which issue a copious discharge of a thin greenish and foetid nature;
the submaxillary (under the jaw) glands are indurated and enlarged,
and, when felt, are, in well-developed cases, immovable, being at-
tached to the jawbone. Our illustration shows the location of the
gland, and its enlarged condition. This symptom being one of great
importance, should not be forgotten; the lymphatic glands become

EXAMINING FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OF GLANDERS. — 161

inflamed, burst, and emit a thin, bloody, and purulent discharge,
which leaves an unhealthy looking sore; the pus discharged is of a
poisonous nature, and over whatever surface it trickles, denudes the
part of its hair and diseases the skin; the eyes are unhealthy-looking,
the animal is averse to having the light permitted to freely enter the
stall, gee will try to avoid it. There is an almost constant running
from them; this matter is of a cream cclor,
and about the consistency of new or sweet
cream. The nostrils are swollen almost
invariably, and occasionally so much so as
rier GLaxpers tO impede respiration. We show the ap-
pearance of the discharge by an illustration of its first
stages; also an illustration of the state of the discharge "Sihves
in the fourth and last stage.

Along the sides of the face, inside the nasal chambers, on the
forearms and thighs, are lumps (by horsemen called farcy buds), and,
when they are present, are very essential in dissipating doubt as to
the presence of the disease, provided some of the other adjuncts
mentioned are not wanting. In cases such as we have described,
namely, acute glanders, the end is rapidly reached, as such cases are
invariably fatal.

HOW TO EXAMINE A HORSE FOR GLANDERS. ©

We give an illustration of the manner of ex-
amining the nostril of a glandered horse. Figures
land 2 denote the location of the ulcers, around
which the mucous membrane will be of a dark, in-
flamed, copper color.

EXAMINING FOR GLANDERS.

PECULIARITIES OF CHRONIC GLANDERS.

The following are®amongst the principal symptoms of chronic
glanders. In some cases the disease is so mild as to be difficult of
detection, apparently not disturbing the general health to any appre-

ciable extent. There will be a discharge from one or both nostrils,
21

162 GENERAL DISEASES.

usually from one, which is almost always the left one. Why it should
be almost exclusively the left we cannot say. The submaxillary
glands are swollen, indurated, and, as above mentioned, attached
closely to the jawbone. This swelling comes on rapidly, disappears
quickly, and again reappears. They are
of variable size and firmness, disap-
pearing and reappearing sometimes in
the course of twenty-four hours. The
swelling may continue for several days,

nie Waco e cero ceeeee and then disappear and reappear as
above. The glandular enlargements generally appear before the
nasal discharge. As soon as the glands become enlarged, the Snyder-
ian membranes become paler than usual, generally of a dull leaden
color.

When the nasal discharge commences, it presents a gluey, starch-
like appearance. It is very tenacious, tough, and viscid. One cham-
ber is usually more encroached upon by the dry discharge than the
other, and both are more contracted than in health. ;

CAN GLANDERS BE CURED?

This is generaliy considered impossible to do, yet some veterina-
rians contend that cases have been, and may again be cured. An
agent by which the ferment in the blood is destroyed, with other
remedial measures, is considered by some as suflicient for a cure.
Such an agent is sulphite of soda. It is to be given in one-half and
one ounce doses, in cut feed, at night, and continued for several
weeks. With this should be given mornings and noons, the following:

Powdered Gentian, three drachms;
Sulphate of Copper, in powder, two drachms.—Mix.

Given in a mash. These medicines should be continued some
weeks after recovery. The best and most nutritious food is neces-
sary, and as the discharge in glanders is highly infectious, and is
easily absorbed into the systems of other animals, the patients should
be carefully isolated.

DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF HEAYVES. 163

HEAVES— BROKEN WIND.

WHAT THE PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE ARE.

Heaves is closely related to asthma in the human family. It is
attended with difficulty of breathing, and a sensation of constriction
in the chest, wheezing, generally accompanied by a cough. It is
caused by over-feeding on clover, etc., but more particularly on chaff,
dry bran and oats, and bulky food, a great deal of which has
generally to be eaten in order to obtain the requisite percentage of
nutriment.

Heaves is almost invariably observed to
exist in proportion as clover is fed, and in order
to confirm this statement, it is observed to
decrease where land heretofore yielding clover
has refused to produce it in paying quantities, so
that other regimen has had to be supplied. It is
also caused by animals being left in the stable for
several days, and during this time being fed the
ordinary quantity of hay which they would have 7° ***™NE {OR Namest
received were they at work. Badly saved or dusty hay is a great
producer of heaves. Violent exercise, which unnaturally distends the
lungs, or an hereditary predisposition to the disease, favors its appear-
ance. It has been considered a disease peculiar to old animals, but
now the disease may be considered common to both young and old.

DESCRIPTION OF ITS SYMPTOMS.

It would be well to mention some of the prominent symptoms of
the disease: There is a duplex or double motion of the flanks when
the air is being expired. There is first a semi-collapse of the abdom-
inal walls. Then, after an interval, which can be easily observed, an
elevation of the posterior portion of the abdomen, the object of
which is to complete the evacuation of the chest. There is generally
a short, dry, weak, low-sounding cough, a wheezing in the throat,
with evident manifestations of difficulty of breathing. This occurs

164 GENERAL DISHASHS.

paroxysmally, and is due to violent exercise, the effects of suddenly
breathing cold air, or after a drink of water. There is also, in such
patients, a ravenous appetite, due to probable derangement of the
digestive organs. Such animals do not stand work well, as the
muscular tissue is soft, and easily made to show the effects of fatigue.
A close stable is unsuited for any horse, but particularly so for those
suffering from this disease.
WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

Turn out the animal on pasture where there is no clover. Corn-
stalks or laxative food will relieve the complaint. In chronic cases
give dry grain, consisting of clean, well-saved oats, with very little
hay, and even this at night only, turnips, carrots, ete. The water
should be given in small quantities, and a little lime occasionally
added. Keep the bowels always laxative, to accomplish which, feed
oil-meal occasionally. Give two ounces of pulverized belladonna
leaves once a week, and occasionally a dose of hyoscvamus. But you
will have to rely quite as much on good care and cleanliness as upon
medicinal or remedial agents. Occasionally the following will pro-
duce excellent results, given night and morning: — :

Arsenic, four grains;
Bicarbonate (Baking) Soda, one drachm ;
Jamaica Ginger, one drachm.—Mix.

SUNSTROKE.

LIABILITY OF HORSES TO IT.

Sunstroke, or exhaustion from heat, is of frequent occurrence
during the hot summer months. Horses in large cities are far more
apt to be affected in this manner by the sun than those in the country
or small towns, as in the former the heat is more concentrated.
Country horses are also more healthy, and, therefore, offer greater
resistance than those in cellar stables, etc., for, it must be remem-
bered, that a horse can be sunstruck just as readily in a sub-cellar as

THE SYMPTOMS OF SUNSTROKE. 165

when exposed to the direct rays of “Old Sol.” Tight, badly-fitting
collars and girths have a tendency to disturb respiration, likewise
preventing or impeding the oxygenation which should naturally go
on in the blood. Being overworked and badly fed has, at any time, a
tendency to originate and foster disease.

THE PREMONITORY SYMPTOMS.

The symptoms are various,
according to the intensity of the
attack and strength of the ani-
mal. The horse will sometimes
suddenly stop, hang his head,
throw his legs out sideways, so
as to prepare for what he in-
stinctively knows is coming, viz., A
insensibility. The peculiar man- A FATAL CASE OF SUNSTROKE,
ner of placing the limbs is for the purpose of making them act as
props, so that, when the weight is unequally divided, they may still
be enabled to maintain a standing position. When the animal drops,
he not unusually becomes insensible, and dies without a struggle.
In such cases there is observed stertorous breathing—snoring.
Again, the disease may be ushered in by a fit of exhaustion. The
horse appears to be suddenly tired, he flags. When the animal is
whipped there is little response; the sensory nerves appear to be
paralyzed; the perspiration, in most cases, usually rolls off the horse,
or, if this should not be the case, there may be observed a dry, burn-
ing skin, on which the hand cannot rest with comfort; the gait is
unsteady, and if much urged, he will lose his equilibrium and fall.
When permitted to rest, the nose is kept near the ground, the veins
are distended, the nostrils dilated, the conjunctiva injected, and the
eyes seem to protrude; the pulse is weak, quick, and fluttering, and
in bad cases, imperceptible. Unconsciousness soon follows, and if
remedial measures are not soon brought into requisition, death
ensues quickly, and not un’requently this is the result, even in the
face of every precaution being taken. The chances are against weak

166 GENERAL DISEASES.

horses, or those in a plethoric condition. When recovery does occur,
it is slow, and the animal shows conclusive evidence of having had
an attack of disease of the brain.

THE IMMEDIATE TREATMENT.

Bathe the head and neck with cold water, break some ice fine,
and tie it over the foretop; renew the ice as it melts. Give injec-
tions per rectum. Soap and warm water will answer. Have the
extremities well rubbed. If there is danger of insensibility, apply
mustard to the sides and legs. If the pulse is falling, give stimulants,
say five drops of tincture of aconite and an ounce of sulphuric ether,
with half pint of ale, every thirty minutes, for an hour and a half.
Three or four hours afterwards, give a drench, as follows: —

Ale, eight ounces;
Pulverized Opium, one drachm ;

Pulverized Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm ;
Charcoal, two drachms.—Mix.

The ice should be kept on while it seems to relieve the animal.
Keep in doors, in a well-ventilated stable, with fresh air; feed mashes,
grass, and vegetables, and take good care of him afterwards, as a
recurrence of the attack may follow.

BIG HEAD—OSTEO SARCOMA.

WHAT ITS PECULIARITIES ARE.

This disease shows itself by an enlargement or bony tumor on
the face, between the nostril and eye, which finally breaks out in
small holes, discharging a thick secretion. It ends in a complete
degeneration of the bony structure. The disease is caused by defec-
tive nutrition, which fails to properly assimilate the phosphates, an
important constituent of the bones.

MEDICAL TREATMENT OF BIG HEAD. 167

THE TREATMENT OF IT.

In order to be successful, the treatment must be begun at once,
by giving the following tonic night and morning, in a mash: —
Phosphate of Lime, six ounces;
Powdered Ginger, two ounces;
Peruvian Bark, four ounces.—Mix.
Give a tablespoonful at a dose, and in addition give daily at noon,
one drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash.
Make an incision over the tumor and remove it with a knife,
treating the wound with a solution of :—

Chloride of Zinc, one drachm ;
Solution Carbolie Acid, one fluid drachm;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Syringe the cavity twice daily.

Cina WR, XT:

DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE
ORGANS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

NEPHRITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.—Its causes and general character—
Reckless use of diuretics—Certain tests to determine it—Sure tests—What its treat-
ment should be—What must be done if possible—-Gradual withdrawal of medicines—
Final condition of the kidneys.

H@MATURIA— BLOODY URINE.—The first indications of the disease —Its more serious
symptoms—The first remedies to give— Additional remedies if the first fails—To
change medicine if difficult to give.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS— PROFUSE URINATING — Minor causes—To determine if violent
diuretics have been givyen—To tell if turpentine has been given—A test for the pres-
ence of sweet spirits of nitre—Its intense thirst—The remedies to use and how to
administer them.

SPASM OF URETHRA — RETENTION OF URINE. —Its spasmodic character —Its painful
symptoms — How to distinguish from colic—The final test —What to do to relieve it—
What to do when no medicines are to be had.

PARTURITION — FOALING.— Natural births—Complicated births—How they differ—
When man’s assistance is necessary—In presentation of one leg only— For a missing
head— Presentation of buttock—When amputation of legs is necessary — How to do it
—Trouble which may follow—To stop flooding—To remove the afterbirth—To cure
leucorrheea—W hat to do for inflammation of the womb.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 169

DISEASES OF MALE ORGANS.—Inflammation of Testicles—Their symptoms and treat-
ment—When castration is necessary— Dropsy of the scrotum and its treatment by
hypodermic syringe —Tumors of the sheath—Warty growths.

EVIL RESULTS FROM CASTRATION.—Strangulated cord—Its causes and simple treat-
ment —Swelling of the sheath —Its causes and its treatment—Strangulated penis and
what to do for it.

NEPHRITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

ITS CHARACTER AND CAUSES.

As its name implies, it is an inflammation of the structure of
those parts. It in often caused by heavy doses of harsh diuretics.
Medicines which stimulate the kidneys, do so by causing additional
blood to tend to these parts. It is easy to see that if the remedy is
too powerful, or in too large quantities, it may cause intense inflam-
mation. Sweet spirits of nitre 1s a very harmless sounding name,
yet it possesses power of a different character, if given in large doses,
or too frequent. The actual facts are, that the urinary apparatus of a
horse seldom needs much stimulant, and the changes in color of the
water, are not necessarily alarming, being often the result of change
of food or indigestion. No horse should be worked during the action
of such remedies. Every excretion of a horse beyond what is natural,
is a loss, and has to be made up by extra yes
nutrition.

WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS ARE.

It commences with a decidedly quick-
ened and hard pulse, and rapid, short
breathing, suggestive of pain. The mu-
cous membranes are pale, and the horse
. frequently looks towards the seat of pain,
but not so fiercely as in colic. His head
is depressed, back roached, and hind legs

straddled, = shown by our engraving. SYMPTOMS st TO aes IN URINARY

170 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The straddling of the hind legs is not a sign of this particular
disease, yet it always accompanies some urinary affection. The urine
is scanty, for the cells of the organs are so inflamed, as to refuse to
perform their accustomed duties. The animal refuses to ‘move
around”’ in his stall, and seldom lies down.
If pressure is made on the loins, as shown
in our illustration, he will crouch with pain
in evident agony. Pus and matter may be
discharged with the urine, and if a fatal
termination is threatened, it has a fetid
smell, and is deeply tinged with blood,
showing disorganization; when the pulse
grows quick and feeble, when pressure on
the part brings no response, when perspira-

TEST FOR L LAMMATION OF THE

KIDNEYS. tion covers the body, and a urinous smell is
perceptible from the animal, death follows quickly.

THE ONLY SURE TEST FOR THIS DISEASE.

In our illustration under head of ‘‘ Retention of Urine,” we show
how to apply the only sure test for this disease. The operator must
stand on the left side, as shown in the cut, as near the feet as possi-
ble, having a person holding up the left fore foot, to prevent the
horse from kicking. Have the arm well soaped or greased, and
gradually introduce the hand into the rectum by placing the ends of
the compressed fingers against the center of the anus, and slowly,
with equal pressure, gaining entrance. The kidneys lie on each side
of the back bone, just forward of the hips. Advance the hand until
nearly under them, when by a gentle upward pressure, the region of
the kidneys can be touched, and note made of the heat. If they are
swollen and inflamed, the part will be hot and excruciatingly
sensitive, and care must be taken not to press too hard or too
roughly, lest the horse be made frenzied by the intense pain, and do
himself and the operator injury.

WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE.

Mix a lukewarm mustard poultice, and spead on the loins; or

TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION OF KIDNEYS. it7(il

better still, if possible, cover with a fresh sheepskin, flesh side down,
just from the sheep. If no sheepskin is at hand, apply the mustard
poultice and cover with an oil cloth, and over that a blanket to retain
the heat and moisture. Inject every hour:—

Warm Linseed Tea, one quart;
Laudanum, two tablespoonsful.—Mix.

Starch water may be substituted for linseed tea. Give internally

at once, one dose of
Extract Belladonna, a half drachm;
Croton Oil, twenty drops.—Mix.

The object of the above is to create an action of the bowels, and
relieve the kidneys of blood.

In addition to the above, sprinkle on the tongue every hour,
during the acute stage, the following dose : —

Calomel, one scruple;
Opium, one drachm.—Mix.

During recovery, the food is fully as important as the medicine.
It should be light and soft. During this period, the following dose
should be given three times daily : —

Extract Belladonna, a half drachm;
Opium, two drachms.

Make into a pill with linseed meal and honey. If the pulse is
hard and quick, give the following every half hour until benefit is
seen : —

Aconite, ten drops;
Laudanum, half an ounce;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

The above measures are to be taken in addition to the calomel
and opium treatment, during the acute stage of the disease. Of
course medicines used during the acute stages should be gradually
withdrawn as the horse gets better. An attack of this kind will
always leave the kidneys in an irritable state, and care must be taken
in regard to use of diuretics afterwards.

\
12} DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

HG@:MATURIA— BLOODY URINE.

ITS INDICATIONS AND CHARACTER.

The blood may consist merely of small clots in the urine, which

may coagulate after standing. It may mingle and give a brownish
hue to the water.

WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS ARE.

When the blood is profuse, the
breathing will be short and quick,
the pulse is lost at the jaw, and
the pupils of the eyes dilated.
The head is drooped, the back is
roached, the flanks tucked up, and
the lees widely separated as though
S ' ~~ the horse was fearful of falling.

ABPEARANCR'OF A RORSE DURING wLoopy ane. he -accompanying illnshmanmerm
shows the position the horse assumes very plainly.

HOW TO TREAT THIS DISEASE.

Give as gently as possible, with no flurry or excitement, the
following dose: —

Acetate of Lead, one drachm;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

Repeat in fifteen minutes, or sooner, if no abatement is shown,
adding one ounce of laudanum. If four doses do not relieve, add the
following three times daily : —

Infusion of White Oak Bark, one pint;
Alum, two teaspoonsful.—Mix.

Give at one dose.

If it is difficult for the horse to stand if his head is elevated,
the above prescription can be given in the shape of a pill or ball, by
using one ounce of pulverized oak bark, or opium with the acetate of
lead. On benefits being observed from the medicines, gradually
withdraw them.

PROFUSE URINATING. iY)

we)

DIABETES INSIPIDUS—PROFUSE URINATING.

ITS SERIOUS NATURE.

Profuse dischage of urine is not generally serious in its results, if
properly treated. Often a change of water or food will produce it.
A closing of the pores of the skin increases the discharges. It is
sometimes necessary to know whether the horse has been secretly
tampered with, by an ignorant stable man, who may have given the
horse a heavy diuretic. Below we give directions:

HOW TO TELL IF TURPENTINE HAS BEEN GIVEN.

Take a strip of blotting paper and dip it in the urine voided, and
if on placing it at the nose it has the scent of violets, it is evident
turpentine has been given.

TO TELL IF SWEET SPIRITS OF NITRE HAS BEEN USED.

Dip a piece of blotting paper in the urine, and dry it thoroughly.
If it burns lke touch paper, with a snappy action, you have proof
enough.

ITS SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

The thirst is intense, and the flesh and strength waste rapidly.
Keep a pail of flaxseed tea before the horse, and let the diet be
entirely of bran mashes and crushed or scalded oats. Keep the skin
well cleaned and in action, and give every day the following dose: —

Todide of Iron, one drachm;
Flaxseed Meal and Honey, sufficient to mix.

If a drench should be preferred, give the following : —

Phosphoric Acid, one fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Give night and morning.

174 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

RETENTION OF URINE— SPASM OF URETHRA.

PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE.

This is a spasmodic contraction of the muscle which controls the
passage of the urine out of the bladder. It is difficult to trace its
first cause in all cases. The exposure and ill usage, which in some
horses would produce colic, in others results in urinary affections.

WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS ARE.

The wide straddling gait is also here,
together with a total suppression of all dis-
charges of urine, or only small portions are
ejected. The pain caused by this over-distension
of the bladder is most intense, and drives the
horse almost to madness. By persons who are
alarmed at the agony shown, it is sometimes
mistaken for colic, yet the symptoms are
decidedly different. It can be easily and surely

TO DETERMINE IF THE BLADDER

BE DISTENDED determined by introducing the arm into the
rectum and making pressure downward, when the dilated bladder
will be felt. Great care must be used while giving this test.

WHAT TO DO FOR IT.

Medicines to reduce the spasmodic action should be given, and
none are better than the following : —
Suphuric Ether, four fluid ounces;

Laudanum, four fluid ounces;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Give the above at one dose. In addition to the above, inject the
same amounts of ether and laudanum in three pints of water, into
the rectum, and place the hand over the anus to prevent its escape
for ten minutes. If one dose does not relieve, repeat the injection in
fifteen minutes, and again, until the spasm is relieved and urine
flows. The bladder can also be evacuated by a catheter.

CARE OF A MARE DURING FOALING. 175

HOW TO RELIEVE WHEN NO MEDICINE IS TO BE HAD.

If the horse should be attacked where medicines cannot be
obtained, bleed him from several openings until he faints. Open
both jugular veins and let them flow until the urine flows forth from
the urethra, or the horse faints. The moment the horse faints all
contraction ceases, and the urine will flow mechanically. If it does
not, the arm may be introduced into the rectum, and gentle pressure
made upon the bladder.

PARTURITION — FOALING.

WHEN IT IS NATURAL AND UNCOMPLICATED.

A natural presentation, or birth of a foal, is when both fore feet
are presented at the same time, with the head lying extended between
them; or when both hind feet are presented, thus forming a gradual
wedge, with an easy delivery, rarely needing any assistance from man.
In some eases, one fore foot only is. presented, or the hind foot; or
the fore feet may be presented, with the head turned on the side,
over the back, or doubled on the breast. In cases of this kind,
assistance is necessary to save the life of the mare, or at least severe
injury.

DIRECTIONS FOR COMPLICATED CASES.

The limbs can always be distinguished by inserting the hand
until the knee or hock is felt. Secure the leg with a noose of rope,
and partially return, inserting the arm, well oiled, until the missing
member is found, when it must be closely doubled, extracting the
knee or hock, and then the foot.

When the head is missing, the foal will have to be partially
returned, until an ear, or the socket of the eye can be reached, or a
small hook, with cord attached, may be inserted in the cavity under
the jaw, and as the other parts are pressed back, the head may be
extracted.

176 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

When there is presentation of the buttocks, it is sometimes most
serious, when the pains are constant and violent, in powerful mares.
The hind legs of the foal may have to be dissected at the hips and
brought away, when the rest of the body will follow readily. When
it is necessary to thus cut away the limbs to save a mare, the ampu-
tation must be either at the hips or shoulders, and not at the hock or
knee joints. The skin must be flayed off the leg, but left attached
to the body.

All operations must be done gently yet forcibly, always applying
force when the mare strains, pulling slightly downward as well as
backwards.

TROUBLES WHICH MAY FOLLOW.

Flooding may follow from lack of contractile power of the womb.
Cold water or bags of ice applied to the spine, at the loins, and
injections of cold water, to which may be added pulverized alum,
may be thrown into the womb. Give also internally half an ounce of
powdered ergot.

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH.

For retained afterbirth, the hand well oiled can be inserted,
within twelve to twenty-four hours after the birth, and its attach-
ment removed with the fleshy end of the fingers, piece by piece,
stimulating contractile power of the womb.

TREATMENT OF LEUCORRHGA,

Leucorrhea, or catarrh of the womb, may follow, which is
denoted by a whitish discharge, which will be foetid if caused by
retained afterbirth. Any fluid which may be in the womb, must be
first drawn off by a catheter, through which can be injected tepid
water first, following with a solution of one drachm of sulphate of
zinc in a quart of water, daily.

FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.

This disease will be heralded by shivering fits, colicky pains,
twisting of the tail, arching of the loins, vulva red and swollen,
together with straining, and a fwtid discharge. If the hand is

DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS. Wag

inserted, the womb will be found dilated with a fluid, and highly
inflamed. This fluid must be drawn off with a catheter, through
which must be injected warm water, twice each day, followed by half
a pint of the following cooling lotion: —

Sulphate of Zinc, one drachm;

Laudanum, two fluid ounces;

Water, two quarts.—Mix.

Ten drops of aconite may be given, in half a teacup of water,

every hour, if feverish symptoms prevail, with rapid pulse.

DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.

This may be the result of serving too many mares, with extensive
traveling, or from a glanderous tendency.’ There will be a straddling
gait, a raising and dropping of the testicle, which will be enlarged and
tender. In its early stages give the horse complete rest, and bathe
freely with the following lotion : — .

Acetate of Lead, one drachm;
Laudanum, two fluid ounces;
Water, two quarts.—Mix.

If there is evidences of matter forming, it must be given free
exit with an opening by the knife. If destruction of the testicle is
threatened, it is better to castrate, and avoid more serious trouble.
If the horse is feverish, give ten drops of aconite at a dose, as often
as necessary.

DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM.

This is usually associated with dropsy of the abdomen, which
must be first treated before much benefit can be derived; after this,
the fluid can be drawn off with a hypodermic syringe, and the parts
supported with an elastic bandage. Jodide of potassium should be

given in drachm doses, daily.
23

178 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

TUMORS OF THE SHEATH

May may be removed by twisting off, or by ligatures, gradually

tightened, daily, until they drop off.
WARTY GROWTHS

May be clipped orf and the parts touched with lunar caustic to
prevent bleeding. In some cases of indurated growth, or hardening
of the end of the penis, the whole end of the penis may have to be
amputated.

EVIL RESULTS FROM CASTRATION.

STRANGULATED CORD.

This is caused by the incision in the skin being too small, and
the cord left too long, which protrudes, becoming red and tense from
strangulation. It may be known by a straddling gait and feverish
symptoms, and the protrusion of the cord. The remedy is simple,
which is to enlarge the wound and push the cord up.

SWELLING OF THE SHEATH.

This may arise from a bad condition of the system, but generally
is caused by premature closure of the wound, imprisoning matter.
The wound should be reopened, and fresh lard should be applied to
prevent a repetition. The parts should be bathed every hour with
warm water to hasten the formation of matter, after which the
swelling will go down. If the penis should be imprisoned, or should
be protruded and cannot be drawn back, it may be necessary to incise
the sheath or penis, and apply cold water with astringents, together
with manipulation by the hand, to return it.

CEAP YT EAR” 2&4T-

ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

POLL EVIL.—Its location and causes—To examine for it—To determine its character —
The first step to take—When to operate and how —The lotions to use after— Cautions
to observe.

PISTULOUS WITHERS.—The prominent features of this disease— Its first appearance —
What to doin a recent case — How to use the knife—Succeeding treatment—What to
do for a neglected case — How to insert a seton—Application of remedies.

BROKEN KNEES.— How to bathe—To determine the extent of injury—To probe —To
insert a seton— Lotions to use—Care of the part afterwards.

OPEN SYNOVAL CAVITIES OR JOINTS.—How to distinguish them and their extent—
The effects—The treatment by lotions—To allay feverishness of horse—To close the
open joint— How to apply the remedy.

WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.—Lacerated wounds —Description and treatment—To sew up a
wound— How to take the stitches— How to tie—To close an incised wound or cut—
Abraided wounds— Harness galls, both fresh and long standing — Punctured wounds
—Opening with a knife—Treatment of bruises— Removing bunches from leg—
Wounds in feet—Pricks from shoeing—A cheap remedy for all wounds always at
hand— Directions for additional care.

BITE OF MAD DOG.—The prevention of hydrophobia—The only sure and certain cure—
Tested for fifty years by the best medical authority— How to treat the bite—A cheap
and home-made substitute— Every man should know it.

180 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

POLL EVIL.

WHAT IT IS, AND WHERE LOCATED.

Poll-evil is invariably the result of some injury. This may arise
from various causes; excessive friction on the nape of the neck from
bridle or halter. The bungling and cruel manner of forcing a small
collar on a large horse, contusions from blows on the part, the
unnatural positions in which the head of a horse is often placed by
mechanical force, all are liable to produce some local injury, which
frequently terminates in induration of the parts, or abscess, when the
injury has been severe. Sometimes from neglect deep sinuses form,
which makes the case complicated and more difficult to cure.

TO EXAMINE FOR POLL EVIL.

Place the fingers on the part and press, not too harshly. If the
horse flinches quick, the injury is superficial. If some time elapses,
and the pressure is hard before any evidence of pain is shown, it is
deeper seated and more serious.

WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT.

Don’t waste any time. Apply to the part, daily, tincture of
cantharides, with a small brush, until a blister shows. As it dies
away, apply again, merely keeping the part irritated. As soon as the
swelling appears, watch for some particular spot to point up, or that
is softer than surrounding parts. Have the animal cast, and taking a
keen operating knife open the spot, allowing the matter to escape.
Take a flexible probe and find the extent and direction of the sinuses,
and run the knife to the bottom of each and lay it open. Endeavor
to have all the cuts lead into one channel. Cut a clear, clean gash,
and do not hack and saw. Clean out with a syringe and cold water,
cutting out any diseased part which may remain, and rub the sides of
the wounds with lunar caustic; also, have thoroughly injected, three
times a day, some of the following lotion: —’

Carbolic Acid, one drachm ;

Tincture of Muriate of Iron, one drachm;
Water, one pint.—Mix,

CURE FOR FISTULOUS WITHERS. 181

Place a rag dipped in a solution of tar over the part to keep off
the flies. The knife is the quickest and most humane method of
treating, and any ordinary man of common-sense ideas can use it.
Care should be taken not to cut through the ligament under the
mane. ‘lhe old methods of torture are relics of the dark ages.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

DESCRIPTION OF THIS AILMENT.

This resembles poll evil, except that it
is located on the withers. When it first
appears it is about the size of an egg, and
has the appearance shown in the engraving.

WHAT TO DO IN A RECENT CASE.

Have a sharp-pointed knife, and stand-
ing close to the side of the horse, near his
middle, with the back of the knife to the

FIRST APPEARANCE OF FISTULOUS

horse and point up, pierce the tumor, and WITHERS.

cut quickly upward and outward, dividing it through the middle.
Rub lunar caustic over the interior of the wound, and keep it
moistened with the following lotion : —

Carbolic Acid, one drachm ;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Cover with tarred rag to keep away the flies.
WHAT TO DO IN A NEGLECTED CASE.

An operation must be performed similar to the one directed for
poll evil. All the pipes and sinuses must be opened to the bottom
and treated in the same manner, and kept wet with the above
solution. If the bone is affected, the diseased part must be cut away
before it will permanently heal. If a sinus takes a deeper course
towards the chest, or into the muscles of shoulder, where it would be

182 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

dangerous to cut, the sinus must be probed, and after learning its
extent, dip the probe into powdered bi-chloride of mercury, inserting
it again and again, until every part is touched by it. If it has no
outlet below, one must be made by taking a seton needle and running
a tape seton down through it. This should be left in and moved
daily, until healthy action has taken place.

BROKEN KNEES.

WHAT TO DO FOR THEM AT FIRST.

Wash thoroughly with milk-warm water, by pressing a sponge to
the leg above the injury, letting the water run down over the part.
Do not mop and smear the part.

HOW TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF THE INJURY.

After a short time an examination will show the extent of the
injury. If, on pressure of the finger to the swelled knee, the indenta-
tion is slow to go away, it is serious. Observe if, in falling, the horse
made a sack or pouch below the wound, and between the skin and
flesh.

HOW TO TREAT THEM.

In ordinary cases, when merely the skin
is broken, the arnica lotion mentioned below
is suflicient, keeping the part wet, day and
night, and following with the chloride of zinc
lotion, as in more serious cases. If a pouch
is formed below the wound which contains

INSERTING A

dirt and gravel, probe the wound as shown in “Sito.
the engraving, to learn its extent, and insert a seton
KNEE with a curved seton needle, in the manner illustrated.
It should be moved its entire length twice every day. Three days
after the formation of pus or matter it may be withdrawn. Do not
attempt to poke out the dirt. It will discharge itself through the

EXAMINING A BROKEN

BROKEN KNEES AND OPEN JOINTS. 183

opening. The knee must be kept constantly wet day and night with
the following lotion, either by applying a sponge to the leg above and
allowing it to run down, or by a single thickness of cloth loosely
applied over the part, and kept dripping wet. No bandages are
admissible in these cases. The first lotion applied should be :—

Tincture of Arnica, two fluid ounces;

Laudanum, one fluid ounce;

Water, one quart.—Mix.

Have the horse’s head tied up so that he cannot liedown. In
three or four days, if all goes well, and suppuration takes place, apply
the following lotion, in day time only:— °

Chloride of Zine, one scruple;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Keep the part constantly wet with this, and if the directions are

closely followed, all will go well.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES, OR JOINTS.

WHAT THESE ACCIDENTS ARE.

There are several kinds of synovial cavities which may be
ruptured and allow the escape of the synovia, or ‘‘joint oil.” The
smailest are burse, which are small bladders lying between the
tendons, to facilitate their motion over each other. Capped hock is
an enlarged burse. The next in importance Aly hail
are the sheaths which entirely envelope and Wie
enclose a tendon, and lastly a cavity of a
joint.

HOW TO KNOW THAT ONE HAS BEEN RUPTURED.

From ordinary wounds, blood and serum
only issue. If one of these cavities has Ti
been ruptured, there will be a discharge of orere THE POUCH.
transparent fluid, like the white of an egg. The burse discharges

184 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

the least, and a joint the most synovia; a joint, however, is more
rarely injured, as it is well protected by capsular ligaments and
muscles.

HOW TO TREAT THEM.

They should be treated precisely as a broken knee—using the
arnica lotion first, until a discharge is established, and then following
with the chloride of zine lotion. Use no bandages,*but keep the

_ parts wet day and night, for first three or four days, with the arnica
lotion.
WHAT TO DO FOR AN OPEN JOINT.

If the animal is excited or depressed, give the following drench:
Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

Repeat the above until a change is seen. Have the animal put
in a sling, where he cannot by any possible means hit his knee. To
reverse in the stall is a good way. ‘Treat precisely as a broken knee,
and after the chloride of zinc has begun to act slightly, astringing
the part, with a soft camels-hair brush apply one or two coats of
collodion over the mouth of the wound to confine the synovia.

If constipated, give green food or bran mashes, and if feverish,
give ten drops of tincture of aconite in a little water, several times
each day.

WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.

TREATMENT OF A LACERATED WOUND.

A lacerated wound is a tear or rupture of the
muscles more or less deep. We show a lacerated
wound by an illustration. Its treatment consists in
keeping the wound wet day and night with the

following lotion : —
Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce ;

Chloride of Zine, two drachms;
A LACERATED WOUND. Water, three pints.—Mix.

HOW TO SEW UP A WOUND. 185

Cover the wound with a rag, which keep dripping wet. When
necessary, stitches may be taken in it. If an artery is ruptured it
must be tied. After suppuration has set in, and the discharges well
established, use the following lotion only, and keep the wound wet
constantly : —

Chloride of Zinc, eight grains;
Water, half a pint.—Mix.

HOW TO TREAT CUTS AND INCISED WOUNDS.

_ We give an illustration of an
= incised wound, which is a cut which
divides the parts. Its first treat-
ment is to dash cold water again
and again upon the part until it
stops bleeding. If an artery is cut |(g
\Hi have it tied. Wait until the wound
aw incisep woenn. Jg nearly dry, or until its sides are
slightly sticky, and taking a curved seton needle,
take stitches in the wound two inches apart, if
‘ the wound is a large one. Commence the
stitches one inch and a half back from the edge
of the wound, as shown by our illustration. Do
not tie the sutures together until all are inserted, DS Ti en
then have an assistant hold the wound together while the stitches
are being tied, not too tightly. As the wound
suppurates, if the stitches bind, cut
them, and as they work loose, with-
draw them. Keep the wound wet
with the chloride of zine lotion,
which is the best preventive of proud
flesh. We show the different meth-
ods of sewing up wounds, also, how
the stitches appear after being tied.
Sometimes a wound is of such a

i

, Mi OU ‘ d WOUND AFTER
SUTURE For Garinc wounns. deep and gaping nature, that pieces SEWING.
24

186 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

of wood are placed on each side, and the stitches are tied at each
end, and tightened as shown.

TREATMENT OF ABRAIDED WOUNDS.

These are more like scratches, and should be thoroughly washed
with warm water, by allowing it to run over the parts. A continued
application of common kerosene oil, keeping the part saturated with
it, will heal it with remarkable rapidity, and restore the hair and
avoid a blemish. Under this head come

HARNESS GALLS.

No treatment will be successful without cleanliness and attention
to both the animal and the harness. Too small or too large and ill-
fitting neck-gear must be attended to and remedied; for so long as
one source of the evil remains, the trouble will continue. Of course
so long as the horse must work in the same kind of harness the
places cannot heal. By substituting a breast harness, success will
attend the application of the following lotion : —

Sugar of Lead, one ounce;
Sulphate of Zinc, one ounce;
Alcohol, six fluid ounces;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Apply with a sponge three or four times each day. If it is an old
case which has hardened, the horse will have to be allowed rest, and
the hardened place blistered by any of the blisters mentioned in this
work. Saddle galls which have become hardened and callous, had
better be dissected out with a sharp knife, and healed as an ordinary
wound. .

WHAT TO DO FOR PUNCTURED WOUNDS.

These are serious, and may lead to lock-jaw.
§ There is only one mode of treatment, and that is
’ to enlarge the opening or mouth of the wound, in
order to give vent to the matter which will form.
Ag will be seen by our illustration, the interior of
the wound is always the largest, the skin being
elastic. If this 1s not done, an abscess will

TREATMENT OF BRUISE AND PRICKS OF FOOT. 187

probably form. The point of a sharp knife should be inserted nearly
to the bottom of the wound and a short cut made downwards. The
cut is of no importance, and will heal without a blemish. Treat the
same as other wounds, by arnica and chloride of zinc lotion, keeping
it constantly wet.

HOW TO TREAT A BRUISE OR CONTUSED WOUND.

If it is of serious extent and the muscles badly jammed, but the
skin not broken, it is better to make a smart cut through the centre
of the swelling, to allow vent for the disorganized matter, which is
sure to follow. It may then be treated as a lacerated wound.

BUNCH ON LEG FROM A BRUISE.

Sometimes horses hit their legs with their feet, making a bruise
which does not go away, and leaves a hard lump like a callous, or
even a splint. When the first inflammation has been allayed by cold
water or lotions, a sharp blister, the same as used for splint, applied
until it irritates, will cause the blemish to be absorbed, or, painting
daily with tincture of iodine, will remove it readily, if not of too
long standing. If a sharp knife be run through the centre before
ossification takes place, it will heal and disappear.

WOUND IN FOOT, OR PRICK IN SHOEING.

Tn all cases the opening or puncture in the hoof must be made
larger, so as to give free vent for the matter which is sure to form.
If this is not done, quittor will be very sure to follow. It should be
dressed several times a day with the chloride of zine lotion, men-
tioned under treatment of lacerated wounds. If it is necessary to
work the horse, which should not be done, a pledget of tow dipped in
tar, may be placed in and over the puncture, and confined, but it
must not be allowed to remain after the horse has returned to the
stable. Place the foot in a warm foot bath, two or three times each
day, for an hour at a time, and then apply chloride of zinc, eight
grains in half pint of water. You will never have proud flesh if this
lotion is used properly and faithfully.

188 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.

A CHEAP REMEDY ALWAYS AT HAND.

Few people are aware of the value of kerosene oil for wounds of
all kinds. They buy it under the name of Mustang, Gargling Oil,
or with some other name, and consider it valuable, yet fail to use it
when they can buy it cheaply by the gallon. In sudden emergencies,
when no other remedy is at hand, it is of immense service. We
know of an instance where it was used on a horse which had been
run into by the cars, and badly mutilated, hardly considered worth
saving, yet under the kind treatment of a gentleman, who covered
the wounds with cloths which he kept saturated in kerosene, the
horse completely recovered. It has the property of healing wounds,
and stimulating the growth of hair over the parts, so that very little
blemish remains.

DIRECTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL CARE.

Close attention must be paid to a horse laboring under an injury —
of this kind. Good food and the best of nursing is necessary. When
directions are given to be followed day and night, it is so meant, and
if the owner, or his hired man, is too indolent to closely follow
instructions, we will not guarantee success from their treatment.
The bowels should be kept open by use of bran mashes, boiled oats or
green food. Tincture of aconite in doses of ten drops may be given
several times a day, to allay any fever, and sulphuric ether and
laudanum in doses of one ounce each, in a half pint of water, may be
given if the horse is depressed.

BITE OF A MAD DOG.

WHAT IT IS AND HOW TO TREAT IT.
The disease which follows the bite of a mad dog, is most terrible
to witness, and most fatal in its effects. It can be cured, if taken in
time.

TREATMENT OF THE BITE OF MAD DOG. 189

THE ONLY SURE AND CERTAIN CURE.

Professor Smith, of Baltimore, a very celebrated physician, has
given a treatment for hydrophobia to the people, after a trial of fifty
years, which treatment he has never known to fail, if used within
three days after the bite. No mad stone is more certain in its relief,
and every family has it.

JUST HOW TO TREAT THE BITE.

Wash the wound with warm water, and taking a piece of caustic
potash, sharpen it to a point, and hold it half a minute in each part
of the bite, thoroughly cauterizing the wound. Hach mark of a
tooth must be treated in this manner. Poultice the wound for a day
or so, then dress with salve, made of 7

Carbolic Acid, ten grains;
Fresh Lard, two table spoonsful.—Mix.

Apply several times daily, until the wound is healed. This is a
certain and sure cure.

A HOMEMADE SUBSTITUTE.

If parties live at a distance from drug stores, a substitute can be
prepared by making strong lye out of wood ashes, boiling it down to
the consistency of molasses, using it with a sharp pointed stick.
This is a very effectual remedy, and costs nothing. Thousands of
dollars are lost every year by not knowing this simple remedy.

CHAPTER XTtis

PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

MANGE — ITCH — PRURIGO —- RINGWORM.—Their différent characteristics and effects—
The different tests for them — Methods of relief— Lotions to use and how often to
apply— Internal remedies which aid a cure.

SURFEIT— BUTTON FARCY.—The nature of this disease —Its mild character and easy
cure —A different kind of surfeit from a different cause — How to treat this— Internal

remedies which are necessary.

GREASE — SCRATCHES.— No trouble to learn the cause — Filthy stables and lack of care
-— How to treat a simple case — Bad and long standing cases — How difficult to treat —
Treatment in last stages.

MALLENDERS, SALLENDERS, AND HIDE BOUND.— Explanation and causes of these
diseases — Generally easily cured by a proper treatment — How to treat them.

LICE— HEN LICE ON HORSES — GRUBS.— How to eradicate them —What must be done
for presence of hen lice — Remedies that are most successful.

MANGE.

WHAT THIS DISEASE IS.

This is the common itch of the stables, and is more generally
developed among horses which have been stinted for food and

TEST AND TREATMENT FOR MANGE. 191

neglected in grooming. It is highly contagious, and may spread, by
contact, through an entire stable of more pampered horses. It is a
minute insect, and resembles the parasite which troubles the human
family.

TEST FOR MANGE.

A pretty sure test is to remove by
scratching some of the scurf from among
the roots of the hair, place it on some
white paper, then placing paper and
contents in the bright sunlight at noon.
If the horse is afflicted with mange,
numerous small, bright, shining points ‘QWs
will be seen moving about in all direc-

tions. ACTION OF A MANGY HORSE.

ITS LOCATION AND SYMPTOMS.

It first appears among the roots of the mane on the neck, and
may afterwards spread over the whole body, with the exception of the
legs. The horse is continually rubbing himself against the stall, etc.
Patches of hair pull off as the disease spreads, leaving dry, scurvy
spots and patches. The skin on these spots thickens and gets scabby,
by the constant irritation and rubbing.

TO EFFECTUALLY CURE IT.

The work must be thoroughly done, and no one working around
a mangy horse, should approach one unaffected, for two days. I
possible, have the horse stand in the hot sun for an hour or more,
then thoroughly cleaned and brushed off, to remove all the outside
scurf possible. Then apply the following lotion to every part and
crevice of the body : —
Carbolic Acid Crystals, two drachms;
Common Glycerine, six fluid ounces;
Water, one quart.—Mix.
The next day after applying the lotion, have the horse thoroughly
washed all over in strong soap suds, and in two hours apply the lotion

192 PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

again. In two days repeat the washing and lotion, as directed above.
The glycerine is not absolutely necessary, yet it softens the hair
and skin. The carbolic acid alone can be mixed with a quart of lard,
and used instead of a lotion, but is not so searching.

PRURIGO.

WHAT ITS CHARACTER IS.

This produces symptoms of intense itching similar to mange.
The horse will often leave his food to scratch his neck, wearing off
his mane and disfiguring himself. The skin never shows that patchy
character peculiar to true mange. It is an irritable condition of the
skin, with a feverish condition of the body, and often affects high fed
horses in the spring of the year, which have had but little exercise
during winter. The following lotion applied to the parts, will give
relief : —

Carbolie Acid, one drachm;
Common Glycerine, four fluid ounces;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Bathe the part twice a day until trouble ceases. Also, give night
and morning, the following medicine, which has a peculiarly benefi-
cial action, in diseases of the skin: —

Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce ;

Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce and a half;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Give half a pint at adose for a week, and give mashes and soft
food for the same length of time.

TREATMENT OF RINGWORM AND SURFEIT. 193

RINGWORM.

PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE.

This is a disfigurement, which sometimes proves troublesome.
The hair falls off in patches, leaving a scurfy skin, which scales off,
and finally leaves a thick, scaly margin, or ring around the spot,
which in time may ulcerate.

ITS TREATMENT.

There are many remedies, but the one given below is the most
convenient and effectual, and will not fail: —

Todide of Lead, two drachms;
Fresh Lard, two ounces.—Mix.

Apply twice a day. Give internally at the same time, the
arsenical drink under prurigo. If there has been ulceration, which
proves obstinate, apply to the spot six times daily the lotion given
below : —

Chloride of Zine, two scruples ;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

This will produce a final cure of a troublesome disorder.

SURFEIT— BUTTON FARCY.

ITS DESCRIPTION AND NATURE.

It is more annoying than dangerous.
It makes its appearance suddenly, and
seldom involves any portion of the body
beyond the neck and fore quarters. It
consists of eruptions, or arash of round,
blunt, elevated heat spots, which dis-
appear in ashort time. The pulse will
be natural if this is the case.

TREATMENT OF IT.

But little treatment is necessary A CASE OF SURFEIT.
25

194 PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

outside of cooling food, such as bran mashes sufficient to prevent
costiveness, with green food, roots, or crushed oats. The following
medicine, which acts on the skin, should be given once a day for a
month :—

Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce;
Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce and a half;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Give one pint for a dose.

A: DIFFERENT KIND OF SURFEIT.

If it should be a young horse, which has been neglected during
the winter, it may take a different and constitutional character. The
lumps or blotches do not disappear, and exude a fluid from the centre
of each point. It may settie on the lungs if neglected.

ITS TREATMENT.

The food should be as prescribed for the other and similar form
of the disease. No active exercise must be allowed. The horse
must be kept in warm, well ventilated quarters, well clothed, and legs
bandaged. Give the arsenical drink as stated in the article above.
If it affects the appetite, stop it for a day, and then give it again; or,
reduce the dose. It will be slow to treat and cure, and attention is
better than much medicine, outside of what we have prescribed.

GREASE— SCRATCHES.

A DISGRACE TO HAVE IT.

There is no trouble in tracing the cause of this disease. It
proceeds from filthy stables; which are not cleaned out from one
week’s end to the other, causing fermentation and putrefaction of
the manure. It results from indolence and carelessness of men who
never clean the filth and mud from their horse’s legs, whose barn-
yard is one reeking mass of corruption,

THE VARIOUS STAGES OF SCRATCHES. 195

WHAT IT REALLY IS.

It is, in its primary stages, an inflammation of the glands of
the lower part of the limb, which secretes an oil that keeps the
parts soft and pliable, that are most exposed to wet and mud. If
neglected, the inflammation gets worse, the hair falls off, the parts
erack and ulcerate, discharging an oily substance,
hence the name of “grease heel.” We show an
illustration of the last and worst stage of this disease,
which is simply horrible.

ITS TREATMENT DURING ALL STAGES.

In the early stages of this disease, it is easy to
remove with a little care. The part should be washed
thoroughly with castile soap and water, and kept sasrsraces or crease.
constantly wet with the following lotion : —

, Glycerine, half a pint;
Chloride of Zinc, half an ounce;
Water, six quarts.—Mix.

Apply a cloth wet with the lotion to the parts, and as soon as
warm apply another. Keep this up until all heat and inflammation .
has departed. If good results do not follow, it is because the work
has not been thoroughly done.

When it has further advanced, and cracks and ulcerations are
present, the above lotion is not strong enough, and the following
must be substituted, and used in the same manner: —

Chloride of Zine, one ounce ;

Creosote, four fluid ounces;
Strong Solution of Oak Bark, one gallon.—Mix.

If the case is still worse, and granulations have appeared, the
horse must be cast, and the fungoid growths removed one by one
with a knife. After removing each one, touch the spot lightly with a
hot iron, (not red hot) to sear the surface and prevent bleeding. It
is not well to operate on but few of the growths daily. The lotion
must be used the same, during the operation, and afterwards. In

196 PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

cases of this character, it is well to combine constitutional remedies
also, and the following should be given: —

Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce;
Tincture Muriate of Tron, one fluid ounce and a half;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Give a pint of the above night and morning. The food must be
cooling and gentle exercise may be given daily. Often the horse will
leave the stable lame, and return hardly showing it. No work should
be allowed in worst stages.

Cracked heels are similar, and should be treated in the same way.
The first lotion mentioned should be used, and in the same manner
for simple cases. Where ulcerations are present the second lotion is
recommended. These will soon effect a cure.

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS.

These are scurfy patches which affect the back of the knee, and
front of hock respectively. If neglected, they may make a trouble-
some sore.

THEIR TREATMENT,

Is easy, and consists in cleanliness, and the daily application of
the ointment below : —
Mercurial Ointment, two drachms;
Pulverized Gum Camphor, one ounce;
Fresh Lard, half a teacupful.—Mix.
Apply a portion twice a day. If the case is more serious and
ulcerated slightly, use the second lotion prescribed for ‘‘ Grease,” and .
keep the parts wet with it.

CURE FOR HIDE BOUND AND LICE. 197

HIDE BOUND.

NOT A DISEASE BUT A RESULT.

This is not a disease, but a consequence of neglect and exposure,
as well as from poor feed, which impair the organs of nutrition.

ITS PLAIN TREATMENT.

An opposite course of care and food from what produced it, will
accomplish a cure in time. The recovery will not be so rapid as
waste has been. The use of the following remedy will hasten the

recovery :—
Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, half a fluid ounce;
Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Give the above dose twice a day.

LICE.

These are sometimes very troublesome, in some stables, and
fairly drive the horse frantic with their annoyance. Frequently all
known remedies fail to give permanent relief, and it is a mystery
where the trouble lies. It often arises from the proximity of the hen-
house, which breeds them as fast as they can be exterminated. The
relief is to separate the two, when the trouble will disappear without
remedies. If a remedy is needed, nothing; is better than the
following :—

Carbolic Acid Crystals, one drachm ;
Fresh Lard, one quart.—Mix.

Rub over every part of the body, and wash with soap-suds the
next day.

GRUBS IN THE SKIN.

These are annoyances which cause bunches to arise on different
parts of the horse during the larva state of the grub. The best way
to get rid of their presence is to take a sharp-pointed knife and
slightly enlarge the opening in the skin, and squeeze them out.

Cosh eUa Ig lee wk \

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

TO TELL THE AGE OF A HORSE ACCURATELY.—Deception of dealers— How to

become an expert judge—Reliable system by an expert judge— Result of years of
inspection — Changes the first year—Alterations in two-year-old form —Unvyarying
shedding of teeth—A five-year-old mouth—Sure method of judging age from six to
nine years— Only reliable method after ten years— Development of groove — From
eleven to fifteen years—From fifteen to twenty-four— Miscellaneous points for
experts.

FIRING OR ACTUAL CAUTERY, SETONS AND ROWELS.— Benefits of firing if properly

applied — Diseases benefited by it— Object in firing—The kind of iron to use, when
and how to apply— How hot to have it— Firing for spavins— Cautions about severity
of use—The method of using setons and rowels—Their benefits —Their unnecessary
use —Their bad results.

TO USE MEDICINES WITHOUT KNOWING DISEASE.— Sizes of doses for horses, cattle,

sheep and hogs—What to give if feverish—To deaden pain —To increase strength —
To stimulate stomach—To quiet irritability—To build a horse up and improve his
appearance—To move bowels instantly—To check dysentery—To act on throat and
lungs—To benefit the kidneys —To give by drench, ball or in food—To give harsh
remedies —To make any prescription by use of teaspoon or tablespoon.

CARE OF MANE AND TAIL.—To alter carrying tail by an operation —To increase growth

of mane and tail —To prevent rubbing of them —To turn mane to either side.

MISCELLANEOUS— CASTRATION OF COLTS.—When to do it— How it alters form—To

cure tender mouths— Directions for making a sling for sick horses—To protect horses
from flies.

TO TELL AGE OF ALL HORSES. 199

TO TELL THE AGE OF ANY HORSE.

DECEPTION PRACTICED BY JOCKEYS.

Many gentleman who are otherwise connoiseurs in horse matters,
are not by any means well informed as to the anatomical changes
which take place in the mouth of a horse, and are frequently victim-
ized by dealers who have fitted up an “old stager,”’ and “‘ bishoped”’
his mouth, often giving a ten-year-old horse a six-year-old mouth.
A practiced eye cannot be so deceived. But few men have the time
and opportunity to become experts without assistance of some kind.

HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT JUDGE OF AGE.

In order that people may not be deceived, as well as for the
purpose of imparting practical information to those who may wish to
become experts in the shortest possible time, we have, at some
considerable expense, prepared two pages of illustrations, showing
the changes which take place in the mouth of a horse from the age of
six months, up to the age of twenty-four years. The drawings were
made by an expert, who has made the subject a special study, and has
examined thousands of mouths during the last ten years. They
represent the average mouth at each stated age. By the study of
these illustrations, and the aid of our explanations, any one can
become an expert judge of the age of any horse. More can be
learned by this method in a few moments, than some men possess by
a lifetime of picking up information, ofttimes unreliable.

THE NUMBER AND NAMES OF THE TEETH.

A horse has forty teeth—twenty-four molars, four tushes, and
twelve front teeth or incissors. The tushes are generally absent, or
imperfectly developed in mares. The teeth are continually growing,
which accounts for the change of formation of the mouth and teeth.
The tushes are never shed.

GROWTH OF TEETH UP TO ONE YEAR.

At about fourteen days the colt has four front teeth, two above

and two below, which we call nippers; at three months, four more

200 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

teeth have made their appearance on each side of the nippers, above
and below, and are called middle teeth; at six months, four more
have grown out on each side, which are called corner teeth; now the
colt has a full mouth of temporary front teeth. These colt teeth
differ from horse teeth by being shorter, less in size, smooth, and a
clean, white color. Horse, or permanent teeth, are larger, yellow,
and marked with ridges. Our illustrations show the difference in size.

CHANGES FROM A YEARLING TO A TWO-YEAR-OLD.

At one year, the cups have left the nippers of lower jaw, and are
partially worn in middle teeth. At two years, the cups have left
middle teeth, and are disappearing from the corner teeth.

RELIABLE RULES FROM TWO TO FIVE YEARS.

At two and one-half, the front nippers are shed, and in their place
appear permanent teeth. At three years, these teeth are grown up
even with the others. At three and one-half, the middle teeth are
shed, which become full sized at four years. At four and one-half
years, the last colt teeth—the corner teeth—are shed, and the
tushes begin to appear through the gums.

HOW TO JUDGE AT FIVE YEARS.

At this date the colt has a full mouth, and his age is determined
during the next three years by the wearing down of the lower front
teeth, and the consequent disappearance of the black spot or mark
upon the surface. ‘The tushes are sharp, and have a groove, as shown
by our illustrations. The mark on the corner teeth is long, deep,
narrow, and irregular on inside edge.

TO TELL A SIX-YEAR-OLD MOUTH.

The black spot at this period is nearly, if not quite, gone, leaving
but a trace in the nippers. The mark is easily seen in middle teeth,
but smaller than the mark in corner teeth, where it shows very
plainly. The tushes have grown to nearly full height, still have the
groove, and but little worn.

INCISOR
SIDE VIEW

5 Yas

MILK INCISORS
Riowt SE LOWER JAW

THE TEETH FROM SIX MONTHS TO FIVE YEARS. THE NIPPERS
FROM THREE TO TWENTY-FOUR YEARS.

CHANGES IN THE MOUTH FROM SEVEN TO EIGHTEEN YEARS

THE TEETH FROM SEVEN TO FIFTEEN YEARS. 201

EVIDENT SIGNS OF SEVEN YEARS.

The mark has disappeared from the nippers, and there is but a
faint trace of it left in the middle teeth. The corner teeth still show
it, yet smaller. The tushes begin to show marks of wear, and are
rounded slightly at the point.

CHANGES AT EIGHT YEARS.

The marks have entirely disappeared, excepting in some cases a
trace in the corner teeth. The tushes are more rounded at the point,
the horse is said to be aged, and except to the initiated and experts,
it is a matter of wild guess work after this period.

HOW TO TELL AT NINE YEARS.

Some pretend to be able to judge the age by substituting the
upper teeth at this period, in the same manner as we have used the
lower teeth. This is a fallacy and cannot be relied on. At this age
the marks have entirely disappeared, and the tushes are getting blunt.

AN INFALLIBLE SYSTEM AFTER TEN YEARS.

At this age a groove begins to appear next the gum, on the
outside of each upper corner tooth. At twenty-one, this groove has
extended from the gum to the bottom of the tooth, consequently, it
takes eleven years to grow down, and the extent of the groove will
determine the age. Thus, at fifteen years of age, it will be half way
down. This method is founded on the regular growth, as well as the
conformation of the tooth, and can be relied on as the nearest
possible guide to determine the age after ten years.

EVERY YEAR FROM ELEVEN TO FIFTEEN YEARS.

The front teeth from this date commence to alter in form as they
wear down, beginning with the nippers.” They become rounding in
form, instead of being oblong, and are often triangular. The tushes
become blunt and extend more outside the jaw. The gums shrink
away from the teeth, which project more in front. The jaw alters in
shape, as shown in illustration. The groove on corner tooth is well

developed, and extends half way down the tooth at fifteen.
26

202 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

EVERY YEAR BETWEEN FIFTEEN AND TWENTY-FOUR.

The same alterations continue, and the groove on the upper corner
tooth extends yearly, until twenty-one, when it reaches the bottom.
The nipper which at six years was nearly twice as wide as thick, at
twelve is about,equal in each diameter; at eighteen years, it is once
and one-half times thicker than broad, while at twenty-four it is twice
as thick as it is wide, as shown by the illustrations. These changes
are caused by the wearing off of the tooth, which decreases in size as
it grows out, as well as changes in form.

As the animal advances in age his teeth gradually grow long,
and appear to become more horizontal. The mouth which, at five
years old was cup-shaped, now loses this appearance and becomes
elongated. The teeth which were, at the age last mentioned, nearly
perpendicular, are now slanting; and this process continues with
advancing age. The enamel loses its original beautiful whiteness,
and assumes a cloudy or smoky yellow instead, and becomes striated
with brown and black marks. After fifteen years the tushes have so
worn off as to show the different shade of the pith, which will bea
small spot in center.

In order to make this information servicable the plates should be
well studied to note the changes, as well as the date of the alterations
fixed in the mind. A little practice will soon make any one an expert
in the matter. It will be well to remember, also, that as the horse
grows older, the hollow deepens above the eyes, and white hairs
appear about the eyes and muzzle; there will be a sharpening of the
withers, a swaying down of the back, and a sharpening of the border
of the lower jaw.

FIRING, OR ACTUAL CAUTERY.

BENEFITS IF PROPERLY APPLIED.
The firing iron becomes a very salutary instrument in good
hands, but in the hands of men who are not informed as to the limit

THE PROPER USE OF FIRING IRON. 203

which it can be legitimately carried, it is as dangerous as it is
efficacious when properly applied. We have not unfrequently seen
animals lame in the shoulder fired on the back tendons, lame in the
hip and fired on the hock; and so on. This has the effect of shaking
the faith of a good many as to the efficacy of firing; but it should
not. Many diseases, which will yield to no other agent, can be
subdued by the application of actual cautery, if applied intelligently.
All undue severity must not be used.

WHAT IT DOES AND HOW USED.

Firing is performed on horses for two reasons, one being to form
a permanent inelastic and unyielding bandage to the part; for
instance, in case of cockle-ankle knuckling over. This is accom-
plished by destroying the elasticity of the skin, and decreasing its
surface. The second reason for firing is to create an active inflam-
mation, thereby furnishing the part with more than its normal
amount of nutriment, by inducing a flow of blood greater than
naturally flows there, and hasten anchylosis. Occasionally it is used
for only one of these purposes, and occasionally for both conjointly.
If we require excessive nutrition, we fire with the pointed; if to
form a tight bandage, the sharp iron, the depth being regulated by
the special features of the case; but when we fire deeply with sharp
peniform iron, we have both an increase of nutrition and our bandage
as the result. When there is a choice, we prefer the sharp-pointed
iron, as it will ‘not leave an eyesore, if properly handled, and this fact
is a very Important one.

OBJECTS INTENDED BY FIRING.

Firing causes an artificial inflammation, which lessens a morbid
one already existing, which milder means has been unable to subdue;
it also affords a powerful stimulous to the absorbents, which enables
them to eliminate injurious deposits, hence we fire for sprains, splints,
spavins, etc., of long standing. Where acute or active inflammation
exists, under no circumstance should the firmg-iron be used. Neither
an escharotic, a caustic, a blister, nor even a stimulant should be

204 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

used, as such treatment frequently creates new inflammation, or
intensifies and increases that already existing. This increase will
only partially subside, the result being a chronic thickening remain-
ing, which could easily have been avoided by simply first allaying
the primary inflammation.

PARTS APPLIED TO AND HOW TO HEAT THE IRON.

The parts to which we usually apply actual cautery are usually
tendonous, ligamentous, or sheaths of the tendons. These parts
having a low organization, have not the same sensibility as parts
more highly organized. This is, no doubt, the reason when firing,
horses seldom require to be thrown, and, do not suffer the amount of
pain the operation would seem to indicate. Some, in obedience to
the promptings of humanity, imagine that by only partially heating
the iron they are causing less pain. This is a mistake, as it would
necessitate a prolongation of the punishment without abating it any
in intensity. The iron should be heated to a white heat, a sufficient
number kept in the fire, which should be close at hand. The assistant
should have an iron ready without a second’s delay, so that the
operator can work rapidly and accurately. In this manner an ordi-
nary firing would not last more than a few minutes, and, as above
remarked, the pointed iron should be used whenever practicable. It
is better not to throw the animal unless it cannot be avoided, and
then due provision should be made in the way of providing a deep
bed, in order that when the animal falls, no accident will occur.

DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF SPOT.

Having decided on firing a given part, first clip the hair cff
closely, then take either a cantharides or a biniodide of mercury
blister and apply, the severity of the application being in proportion
to the amount of counter-irritation or inflammation desired. It is
advisable to blister before firing. A practice prevails among horse-
men of applying grease to a surface lately fired and blistered. This,
in a great measure, defeats their own purpose. When an animal has
been treated by actual cautery, you expect as one of the results a

MAMBRINO PATCHEN.

Owned by Dr. L. Herr, Lexington, Ky.

DIRECTIONS FOR FIRING FOR SPAVINS. 205

transudation of serous fluid through the pores of the skin; but when
you apply grease, you fill up those apertures, and compel the liquid
to remain inside, which is not desirable. The object in applying the
grease is to keep the parts soft, and to prevent the new skin from
cracking. By merely bathing the blistered limb or joint in tepid
water for an hour or so twice a day, you facilitate the serous disharge,
keep the parts soft and pliable, and prevent the skin from cracking;
but if there is an unusual tendency to crack, apply a little glycerine.

DISEASES BENEFITTED BY FIRING.

Firing is beneficially employed in the following diseases: Bone,
occult, and sometimes blood or bog spavin; old sprains; wrenches;
hip-joint disease; splints; knuckling over; cockle ankles; ringbones;
sidebones, and for many kindred diseases.

FIRING FOR BONE SPAVIN.

With reference to the manner in which firing should be per-
formed, we will take bone spavin as a typical case. The operation on
other parts of the animal will be about the same, being of course
modified or intensified to suit the special case on hand. As to the
kind of iron to be used, the practitioner will have to use his discretion
in the matter. We, however, prefer the pointed one. Take your
iron, heated as above recommended; first draw imaginary lines,
perpendicularly and horizontally, so as to enclose within the square
the portion to be fired; then, presuming you are using the pointed
iron, mark out the boundary of the square with dots, then fill the
enclosed space with marks, about an inch or less apart, the depth
being in proportion to the severity of the disease. If you are using
the crescent or peniform-shaped iron, then make a mark from aboye
downwards, in the centre of the place you desire to fire. This line
should divide it into two halves. Then commence above, and draw
your line from the upper portion of the vertical line downwards and
backwards, in a slanting or oblique direction, the slanting lines being
about one-fourth of an inch apart. After having been fired, the
animal’s head should be tied so high as to prevent him injuring

206 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

himself by biting the newly-blistered and fired surface. Keep him
tied up for three or four days. With respect to the rest the animal
should get, it will depend on circumstances entirely, as it varies from
two to six months.

CAUTION ABOUT USING.

It should always be borne in mind that severity of application
does not increase its benefits. It is not the object to make an
extensive sore, or to destroy adjacent parts, or to fire to great depth.
Some people have ideas that in order to treat diseases by this method,
all that is necessary is to sear and burn until extensive damage is
done. ‘This is not the case, and never should be done, as grave
results will ensue.

USES OF-SETONS AND ROWELS.

DESCRIPTION OF SETONS.

In the management of the domesticated animals in disease,
setons are frequently employed. A seton consists of a piece of tape
or cord which is passed for some distance under the skin, and allowed
to remain to drain away some morbid product.

By some, setons are considered useful in internal disease, but we
think this is very doubtful; they are, however, of service in causing
the dispersion of chronic swellings, in keeping open fistulous wounds
and in causing adhesion of the walls of accidental cavities. They
should not be employed, however, in farey, nor in inflammation of the
bowels, nor in other acute inflammatory affections. The use of setons
is greatly abused, and they are regarded as a sort of panacea by
quacks, who apply them, right or wrong, in every disease. They are
often employed with the view of preventing disease, though it would
be but rational to defer the application of surgical remedies until the
disease had actually appeared.

USES OF SETONS AND ROWELS. 907

DESCRIPTION OF ROWELS.

A rowel is sometimes used instead of a seton, and in this case no
needle is required. A straight incision is made with a knife so as to
cut through the skin and having separated the skin from the tissues
beneath by passing one of the fingers round on either side of the
wound, a circular piece of leather two or three inches in diameter is
introduced between the skin and flesh.

The effect of a rowel or seton may be increased by smearing it
with turpentine, euphorbium, black hellebore, etc., though care
should be exercised in using irritants, as they are apt to cause
sloughing when intense inflammation is produced.

Setons may be employed to advantage in the treatment of splints
and spavins, though the operation needs to be performed with skill
and care in order to leave no blemish, and to be unattended with other
injurious consequences.

HOW THEY ACT.

Setons produce swelling at first, and suppuration is established
the third or fourth day after their insertion. It is necessary to use
precautions to prevent animals from licking or biting setons. They
may be removed at the end of a fortnight. Serious accidents
occasionally follow the application of setons, such as hemorrhage,
extensive swellings, traumatic gangrene, small abscesses and indura-
tions, so they should not be resorted to unnecessarily.

CASTRATION OF COLTS.

Every farmer who raises domestic animals ought to understand
what effect castration of a young male animal is likely to have on the
proper development of certain good points, as well as what the effect
will be on other points if he is not castrated. By performing this
operation at a certain period, or by delaying it a few months, or a
year or more, results can be secured in developing a good form and
symmetry in some animals, which never could be effected by any
other means.

208 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

THE PROPER TIME FOR GELDING.

The time of gelding the colt makes a great difference in the
shape of the mature horse. The usual time is when the colts area
year old, without reference to their points. ‘There are at least some
views, in which all good horsemen agree, as to the effects on the
development of certain points of the colt, as well as on his disposition.
In some special cases the castration of colts should be deferred until
they are three years old; while others should be gelded at that
particular period in their growth, which will favor the more perfect
development of certain points of form and’symmetry. This occurs
sometimes at the age of a few months, a year, two years, or more.
It is quite difficult to lay down practical directions on this point. To
be able to decide when a colt should be castrated, requires observa-
tion on the subject for many years.

HOW IT CHANGES THEM.

Gelding renders colts heavier behind, and narrower and lighter
forward. When acolt is so fearless and willful that there are fears
of his becoming vicious, immediate castration will check the further
development of such disposition. When a colt is very narrow across
the breast, and has a small neck and head, unless he manifests a
very refractory disposition, it may be well to defer gelding until he
is even three years old, in order to improve his form and style. Colts
usually make faster travelers for short distances, if gelded when not
more than a year old, than if it be deferred; but their powers of
endurance are less. Stallions that have been kept for several years,
and then altered, are rendered much slower in gait; and those that
were difficult to manage, are usually rendered much more tractable.
Entire horses are usually fearless, and not apt to shy at rustling
sounds or strange objects; but colts that are gelded very young, if
their dams shy at unfamiliar objects, will be liable to lack courage,
and be always ready to sheer off at the sight of black stumps and
such things, or to run away whenever any part of the harness or
carriage becomes deranged, which tendency can rarely be counter-
acted except by the most careful and patient training. Colts should

GOV. SPRAGUE.

Owned by J. I, Cask, Racine, Wisconsin.

2.2045,

Record:

tantra

+) be

Satta’

RY

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CARE OF THE MANE AND TAIL, 209

never be castrated when poor or sickly, or in stormy weather, unless
they are kept in a comfortable stable until they are entirely healed,
as danger of inflammation arises from being exposed to cold storms
and chilling winds. Many times when the wound appears nearly
healed, a colt will swell up and die, in spite of all efforts to save him.
Farmers cannot be to careful in keeping horses, after castration, in
warm stables.

CARE OF THE MANE AND TAIL.

A horse may sometimes become habituated to carrying his tail on
one side, a very annoying trait. It can very easily be remedied by a
slight surgical operation, which divides the muscles on the inner side
of the curve of the tail, and tying it over toward the opposite side
until it begins to heal. Divide only the superficial muscles.
TO THICKEN THE MANE AND TAIL.

Common kerosene oil thoroughly rubbed into the roots once a week
will do it. In rare cases, on animals of exceedingly sensitive skin, it
acts like a blister, and has taken the hair off, being too powerful. In
cases of this kind it is better to mix it with equal parts of sweet oil,
or to substitute mercurial ointment, which is another excellent rem-
edy. The mane and tail should be thoroughly washed with Castile
soap and warm water once a week.

RUBBING THE MANE AND TAIL.

To prevent this annoying habit, wash the tail and mane occasionally
with warm soap-suds, and apply a lotion composed of a fluid ounce of
sulphuric acid in a quart of water, with a sponge, two or three times
each day. Notice if the trouble is caused by hen lice.

TO TURN THE MANE ON EITHER SIDE.
When this is desired, it can easily be done by turning it to the side
wished, and daily wetting and brushing it, followed by weighting it

with sheet lead to hold in place. A few weeks will affect the change.
27

210 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

HOW TO USE COMMON MEDICINES.

DOSES FOR THE HORSE, CATTLE, HOGS AND SHEEP.

Below we give, in a classified form, the medical properties of
common remedies nearly always at hand, with size of dose for
different domestic animals, so that one may be substituted for the
other in an emergency:

FEBRIFUGES—TO ALLAY FEVER.

REMEDY. FOR HORSES. FOR CATTLE. FOR HOGS. FOR SHEEP.
Tincture Aconite......20 to 30 drops. 30 to 40 drops. 2to 4 drops. 3 to 5 drops.
Dovers Powders...... 3drachms. 3to 4 drachms. 1 scruple. 2 scruples.
Saltpeter ........00....+.. 6 to 8 drachms. 1 ounce. 1drachm. 1to 2 drachms.

NARCOTICS — TO DEADEN SENSE OF PAIN.

Morphine ............++. 3to 5 grains. 5 to 10 grains. to 1 grain. 34 to 1 grain.
Laudanum .............. 1to 2 ounces. 2 ounces. lto 2drachms. 2to 3 drachms.
Extract Belladonna... 2drachms. 2 to 3 drachms. ' 4 drachm. 4 drachm.

STIMULANTS — TO OVERCOME PAIN AND RESTORE STRENGTH.

Carbonate Ammonia 2to 4drachms: 4to 6 drachms. }drachm. 4to 1 drachm.
Sulphuric Ether ...... lto 2 ounces. 2 to 3 ounces. sto ldrachm. 1to 2 drachms.
Sweet Spirits Nitre... 1 to 2 ounces. 3 to 4 ounces. 2to 3drachms. 3 to 6 drachms.
Turpentine .............. 1lto 2 ounces. 1 to 2 ounces. 1 drachm. 1to 2 drachms.
Assafcetida............... 2 drachms. 4 drachms. }drachm. 4 to 1 drachm.
Aromatic Ammonia.. 1 to 2 ounces. 2to 4 ounces. + ounce. + to 1 ounce.

LOCAL STIMULANTS— TO ACT ON STOMACH.

Anise Seed.............5 1 ounce. lto 2 ounces, 2drachms. 2 to 4 drachms.
Cayenne Pepper...... 2to 3drachms. 2to 4drachms., } to 1 scruple. 1 scruple.
Gan genie estersseesoeeeee 1 ounce. 2 ounces. 2 drachms. 3 ounce.
Oil Peppermint........ 20 drops. 20 to 30 drops. 5 drops. 5 to 10 drops.

SEDATIVES —TO QUIET NERVOUS IRRITABILITY-

Bromide Potassium.. 3 ounce. 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 2 drachms.
13303 ¢2).< Gaaceoroodoneenosec 2to 6drachms. }to 1 ounce. +drachm. 43 to 1drachm.
Gum Camphor ........ lto 2drachms. 2to 4 drachms. 1 scruple. 1 scruple.
Meratnomp-ceccess-ses--- lscruple. 4to 1ldrachm. 5 to 8 grains. 5 to 10 grains.

TONICS—TO INCREASE STRENGTH AND APPEARANCE.

Carbonate of Iron..... 2to 4 drachms. 2 drachms. 3 drachm. 1 drachm.
lodide of Iron......... } to 2drachms. 1 {o 2crachms. 10 to20 grains. 15 to 30 grains.
Quan eecesee neces eeans 20 grains. 20 to 30 grains. 5 to 10 grains. 6 to 10 grains.
Common Salt........... 1to 2 ounces. 2to 4 ounces. lto 3drachms. 2to 4 drachms.

DOSES OF MEDICINE FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 211

NERVE TONICS—TO INCREASE ENDURANCE.

REMEDY. FOR HORSES. FOR CATTLE. FOR HOGS. FOR SHEEP.
Strychnine .............. 1 to 2 grains. 1 to 8 grains. $ grain. 4 to 1 grain.
Nix Vomica............ 10 to30 grains. 20 to 40 grains. 5 grains. 5 to 15 grains.
PNSESE I Cscecssenecens-coers 5 grains. 5 to 8 grains. } grain. 1 grain.

POWERFUL PURGATIVES—TO MOVE BOWELS QUICKLY.

Croton Oil... ----15 to 20 drops. 20 to 30 drops. 3 to 5 drops. 5 to 8 drops.

(Civtroye (OyilesSecossosccoc 1 pint. - 1 to 2 pints. 2to 4ounces. 3to 4 ounces.
Barbadoes Aloes...... AVGMAGCIIIS HMR teressicee sccm N ulecsccesclascesry 0 | | UaocSaelocccce
Calomel ........... 20 ldrachm. 1to 2 drachms. lscruple. 1to 2 scruples

Glauber Salts lto 2pounds. 1to 2pounds. 2to 4 ounces. 6 ounces.
LAXATIVES —TO MOVE BOWELS MODERATELY.

Linseed Oil............+ 1to 2 pints. 1 to 2 quarts. 4to 6 ounces. } pint.
Olive Oil................. 1 to 2 pints. 2to 3 pints. 2to 4ounces. 3 to 6 ounces.

ASTRINGENTS— TO CHECK DIARRH@A AND DYSENTERY-

Oslapbark-as-cceswacenesse 1 ounce. 2to 4 ounces. 2to 3 drachms. 4 drachms.
JAUNGIIY ecsecacoacodenaanccto 2to 3drachms. 3to 4 drachms. }drachm. 3 to 1 drachm.

Blackberry Root ...... 2to 4 drachms. 3 ounce. 1 scruple. 2 scruples.
Lime Water ............ 4to 5 ounces. 4to 8 ounces. 1 ounce. 1 ounce.

VERMIFUGES— TO EXPEL WORMS.

Turpentine .............. 2ounces. 2to 3ounces. 2 to 3 drachms. 4 drachms.
SAVTOMIN <.e0c-0s-csscc-ce $to 1 ounce. 1 to 2 ounces. lto 83drachms. 2 to 4 drachms.
Areca Nut-.....<0.:..... 1 ounce. 1 ounce. 2 drachms. 3 drachms,

ALTERATIVES—TO PURIFY THE BLOOD.

Iodide of Potassium.. $to 1drachm. 1to 2drachms. 1 to 2 scruples. 3 scruples.
PATE Cscsecnaczetaccocsase 5 grains. 5 to 8 grains. % grain. }to 1 grain.

EXPECTORANTS— ACT ON THROAT AND LUNGS,

Cherry Bark—Wild .. } ounce. 1 ounce. 2 scruples. 2to 3 scruples.
Sulphur ..... prdnoococcoe: 3to 4ounces. 5to 6o0unces. 1to 2 ounces. 2 ounces.
aneeesanae saceReCOCOOE 3 to 1 ounce. 3 to 2 ounces. 3 ounce. + ounce.

DIURETICS— STIMULATE THE KIDNEYS.

Colchicum .............. $to 1ldrachm. 1to 2drachms. 3 scruple. 3 scruple.

Extract of Dandelion 1 to 2 ounces. 2 ounces. 2 drachms. 3 drachms.
Salltipetent-s..:--+scn++---- 6 to 8 drachms. 1 ounce. ldrachm. 1to 2 drachms.
ISSR coscsoncesonooconscee 4to 6drachms. }$to 1 ounce. 2drachms. 2to 4 drachms.

HOW TO MEASURE MEDICINES.
We give below directions by which any prescription can be meas-
ured and prepared at home by the use of a teaspoon or tablespoon :
A teaspoonful of liquid is equal to a fluid drachm.

22 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

A teaspoonful of powdered roots or barks is equal to two scruples.

A teaspoonful of powdered herbs is equal to one seruple.

A teaspoonful of salts, saltpeter, sulphur, or like articles is equal
to half a drachm.

A teaspoonful of metalic remedies, sugar of lead, sulphate of
zinc, chloride of zinc, etc., is equal to one and one-half drachms.

A tablespoonful of liquid is equal to half a fluid ounce.

A tablespoonful of powdered roots or herbs is two drachms.

A teacupful is four fluid ounces, or a quarter of a pint.

Three scruples make a drachm; eight drachms make an ounce;
twelve ounces make a pound.

DIRECTIONS FOR ADMINISTERING.

The above remedies can be administered in the form of a drench by
adding a pint of water; or a ball, by mixing with linseed meal and
molasses, and making a roll half an inch in diameter and two inches
long, giving as directed below. Harsh remedies should always be
given in water, gruel, or beat up with an egg. To make a horse eat
medicine in a mash or in grain, take some of the medicine and rub the
horse’s nose with it before you allow him to smell of the grain; the
smell of the medicine on his nose deceives him, and he will eat the
grain without any trouble.

GIVING A BALL.

Stand on the right side, holding the tongue, which has been care-
fully withdrawn from the mouth, with the left hand, on the left side,
firmly; place the ball between the ends of the first and second fingers,
lengthwise, pass it rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and deposit it
as far back as possible on the roots of the tongue; at the same time
let go of the tongue with the left hand, and it will carry the ball into
the passage to the stomach. Practice with a ball of linseed meal.

TO REMEDY TENDER MOUTHS. 2913

TO MAKE A SLING.

To make an ordinary sling, take two yards of sail cloth about two
feet wide; at each end sew in firmly a piece of wood two feet long,
made round, and one and one-half inches in diameter; to the centre
of each stick fasten a ring, to which make fast a small block and
tackle; adjust the sling to the horse by means of an ordinary breast
collar and hold-back, which may be fastened to the canvas by rings;
the blocks should be made fast to strong beams above, about six feet
apart. In placing the animal in the sling, it should be so adjusted as
to give him rest, without interfering with respiration, as well as to
allow him to either stand on his legs or have his weight supported.
In many diseases the aid of the sling is indispensable.

REMEDY FOR TENDER MOUTHS.

Some horses will always be exceedingly tender in the mouth,
while others are almost unmanageable. The corroding of the iron bit
in the mouth of a thin-skinned, high-strung animal, will somtimes
produce canker. The headstall may be so tightly buckled up as to
cause tenderness and a sore mouth. The tight check-rein is another
source of this trouble.

The best means of cure is to prevent the evil by the proper length
of rein and bridle, and keeping the bit silver-plated; or, the bit may
be covered with a firm piece of calfskin, the seam being on the lower
side of the bit. A rubber-covered bit will often relieve the trouble.
A lotion of an ounce of tannic acid in a pint of water, applied daily to
the excoriations, will often produce a cure, and at the same time
toughen the skin of the mouth.

214 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

TO PROTECT HORSES FROM FLIES.

A French chemist has discovered a way to protect horses from
attacks of flies. His invention consist in rubbing the horses, espec-
ially the parts most subject to attack, with a little concentrated oil of
laurel. There is not the slightest danger in its use and the cost is
small. Another excellent remedy is made as follows: assafetida, one
pound; vinegar, half a pint; water, one pint. If horses be well
washed with this, not a fly will settle upon them, as the assafcetida
will drive them away. This drug has no deleterious qualities as an
external application, and may be used unhesitatingly.

Take the common smart weed and make a strong decoction by
boiling in water. When the infusion is cold, apply to the legs, neck,
and other parts of the body with a brush or sponge. Neither flies or
insects will trouble them for twenty-four hours afterwards.

PERCHERON-NORMAN,

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History. BREEDING AND [RAINING.

CEVA rs Rel:

HISTORY OF BREEDS, TROTTING FAMILIES, AND

PERFORMANCKHS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

MUSTANG PONY AND CANADIAN HORSES.— When imported — Characteristics — Ori-

gin of new varieties — Mingling of breeds.

PERCHERON-NORMAN, CLYDESDALE, AND AMERICAN DRAFT.—The first importa-

THE

tions— Crossing of breeds—Peculiarities and fitness for work — Origin and former uses
by knights of olden times.

AMERICAN TROTTER.— History and pedigree of first ancestor — Variation from
thoroughbred form — Messenger’s sons— Their descendants — Origin of the Hamble-
tonians — Mambrinos — Morgans — Blackhawks — Bashaws. Clays and Patchens—
Bellfounder blood — Addition of Duroc and Star strains —The Royal George family —
The pacing element—The Columbus family, Pilots, Copperbottoms, Red Bucks,
Swigerts, Cadmus family, Blue Bulls, Hiatogas, ete.

RECORD OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES.— The first race — Performances of Albany

Pony, Top Gallant and Betsy Baker—Twenty miles an hour—Change of custom to mile
heats— The best time made up to 1834— Lady Suffolk’s extraordinary time in 1849 —
Careers of Flora Temple, Dexter, and Goldsmith Maid— Marvelous performances of
Rarus — Will it be beaten ?—Steady increase of trotters from 1872 to 1878— Average
time made in 1866 and 1872.

216 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

THE MUSTANG, OR MEXICAN PONY.

This breed is doubtless of Spanish origin, and resembles the
Spanish Barb as he was described at an early day. Their marks,
disposition, and general characteristics bear unmistakeable evidence
of their genealogy. The Spanish horses escaped in the wars with
Mexico; and were abandoned by the adventurers who failed in pros-
pecting for gold and silver. The exploring expedition of De Soto,
who discovered the Mississippi and it tributaries, must also have
abandoned their horses, from the critical situation in which they
were placed at the death of their commander.

THE CANADIAN HORSE.

This breed is of Norman descent — brought over from France by
the first settlers of Canada. They were bred pure for many genera- °
tions, and possess the general characteristics of the Norman, without
degeneration or any material change, excepting that from the cold
climate and scanty fare on which they have been raised, they have
become somewhat smaller than their Norman ancestors. They were
the first draft horses bred on the Western continent, and have spread
over the United States. They have proved a valuable acquisition for
agricultural purposes, and as a general-purpose animal are unsurpassed
by any other breed. They stand from 14} to 153 hands high; possess
an iron constitution, with strong muscled quarters; large bone, in
proportion to size; sound feet and legs, free from spavins, ringbones,
or other hereditary defects. They are active, keep easy, and grow
fat at hard work. They perpetuate their strong points and leading
characteristics to their issue, and when crossed with the high-bred
trotter increase the bone and improve the breed.

THE AMERICAN DRAFT HORSE.

The draft horse was imported into North America from Europe.
They are a combination of German, French, and English breeds.
The Suffolk Punch was introduced from England. They are a cross

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of Flanders and Norman stock. Their gigantic form is composed of
too much flesh for the bone. Their enormous weight tires out the
legs in carrying about the cumbersome mass of flesh. The Duke of
Hamilton, in southwest Scotland, conceived the idea of a more active
horse with equal strength. He crossed Lanark mares upon Flanders
stallions, and succeeded in lightening the weight of the old Suffolk
Punch without diminishing the bone—retaining their strength to
move loads without carrying useless weight. He produced the
famous Clydesdale, a very superior breed for active draft purposes.
This class has been imported and bred in the United States to a
considerable extent. The cross has been found to be very useful for
agricultural purposes and other business pursuits.

THE PERCHERON-NORMAN.

The Percheron is an improved variety of the old Norman war-
horse used by knights in early days, and is a native of La Perche, in
the northwestern part of France. They stand from 15 to 163 hands
high, and are almost always grey. They are strong built, with heavy
shoulders and powerful hindquarters. They have remarkably large
“joints; sound, big bony legs, and excellent feet. They are claimed to
be a cross between the Arabian and the old Norman draft horse.
The Department of La Perche has long been celebrated for superior
horses. Its experts in breeding would naturally seek to get the
activity of the Arabian and retain the strength of the Norman. This
could be effected by crossing a particular kind of the Arabian stallion
with Norman mares. It has been estimated by those engaged in the
business, that several hundred Percheron stallions have been imported
into the United States within the last two years. As this breed
possesses most of the qualities of strength and activity, and the form
to use these gifts to better advantage than any other breed, it follows,
as the effect of that cause, that in a few years we shall be in the
possession of a very superior class of work-horses. In regard to the
origin of the Norman war-horse, from which the Percheron sprung,
there is nothing positively known. They have existed in France for
centuries, and have a fixed type that must have been bred in the

28

218 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

family for many generations, because it stamps its impress so faith-
fully upon their offspring. The Normans have formed the basis of
every draft horse that has existed in Kurope or America since the
foundation of the breed.

AMERICAN THOROUGHBREDS.

This breed was imported from England, and cume down from the
Oriental steeds of the desert. Spark, presented by Lord Baltimore
to Governor Ogle, of Maryland, was the first introduction of the
high-mettled racer into the United States. Governor Ogle soon after
imported Queen Mab, by Musgrave’s grey Arab. About the same
time Colonel Tasker imported Selina, by Godolphin (Arabian), and.
Colonel Colville brought over the Atlantic, Wilkes’ old Hautboy
Mare. Colonel Taylor, of Virginia, imported Jennie Cameron and
Routh’s Crab. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale bay Arab, was
landed upon the western slopes of the Atlantic, at twenty-two years
old, followed the next year by Jolly Rogers, by Roundhead, out of a
Partner mare. Fearnaught, son of Regulus and Silvertail, was
imported in 1764. Morton's Traveller, by Partner, completed the list
of blood-horses imported prior to the War of Independence. After
the close of the war, many. celebrated stallions—winners of the
Derby, St. Leger, and Oaks— were brought over from the mother
country to be bred with the old stock that first dedicated the race-
course in America to the patrons of breeding. These capital stallions
laid the foundation of the four-mile racer. Their descendants have
proved their inheritance by running four miles in the fastest time
ever recorded in the annals of racing. Our soil and climate must be
well adapted to raise long-distance flyers. The American thorough-
bred and the trotting horse have both surpassed the fleetest horses in
the world—in the time test—over a distance of ground. Their
record stands out in bold relief—flaunting defiance to the world —
claiming superiority over tne flyers of all nations for endurance and
speed.

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THE ANCESTOR OF MANY TROTTERS. 212

THE AMERICAN TROTTER.

‘Blood will tell”’ in the breeding and development of the trotter,
as is conclusively shown by the history of the origin of the different
trotting families: It is a fact beyond all dispute, that nearly all
trotters of any degree of speed, trace back to some recognized strain
of blood, and while there may be exceptions, where no definite traces
can be made, yet the presumptions are that the pace came by inheri-
tance and not by chance. Such are the laws of heredity. This being
the case, it is interesting to study the origin of the numerous trotting
families and their branches, in America, and follow their record of
increase and development.

THE FATHER OF TROTTERS.

The founder of nearly all our trotting families was the imported
horse Messenger, brought from England in 1788, and landed at Phila-
delphia. The lineage of this noble sire traces back in the male line
to the Darley Arabian, the sire of Flying Childers, but with the
suspicion of an out-cross through his great grandsire Sampson. On
the side of his dam the strain reaches Cade, by Godolphin Arabian.

All accounts concur in representing Messenger as being a horse
of very superior, though not of handsome form, and possessing
extraordinary power and spirit. Three other horses imported at
the same time, had to be assisted and supported from the ship, while
Messenger, with head up, tail extended, charged down the plank,
carrying a negro on each side, whose combined strength failed to
check him until he had trotted some distance up the street.

His color was grey, which became lighter with age; was fifteen
hands, three inches in height, with a large, bony head, and a rather
short, straight neck. His windpipe and nostrils were nearly twice the
usual size, while his withers were low, and shoulders upright, but
deep and strong. His loins were strong, and the quarters were very
muscular, while his hocks and knees were unusually large, vet the
cannon bones were flat and clean. He carried his legs under him,
and was always ready for action.

220 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

This description shows but little of the form of the thoroughbred,
yet 1s typical of the form of his trotting descendants. This form, as
well as the extraordinary vitality and endurance peculiar to him, he
impressed upon his progeny, which being persistently driven and
trained to trot, became more intensified and habituated regarding
gait, until we have as the result of this skill of man and this strain of
blood, the final development of the ‘‘ trotting horse of America,”
unrivalled and unapproached in his achievements on the turf.

Messenger died on Long Island, in 1808, at the age of twenty-
eight, and stood for fifteen years in the vicinity of New York City.
The roadsters and trotting horses throughout that section show the
impress of his blood.

PROMINENT SONS OF MESSENGER.

The following were the prominent sons of Messenger to whom we
trace many pedigrees: Mambrino, Bishop’s Hambletonian, Ogden’s
Messenger, Engineer, Commander, Winthrop Messenger, and Mount
Holly. Some of his daughters have contributed to the different
families qualities which have given them prominence. The grand-
dam of Young Bashaw, the source of the Bashaws and the Clays,
was a daughter of Messenger. We will trace some of the sons and
their descendants to more modern times, commencing with

MAMBRINO’S DESCENDANTS.

AppaLLAH.—Of this King of stallions, “‘rough to look at,” a son
of Mambrino out of the mare Amazonia, and grandson of Messenger,
too much cannot be said. In life he was not appreciated: in fact,
was so neglected as to yield no profit in the stud, and was sold for
thirty-five dollars to a fisherman, who, not being able to work him on
account of his temper, allowed him to starve to death. His greatest
laurels were reaped years after in the honors bestowed on his son.
During late years his blood has been highly prized in pedigrees,
either through male or female line.

Ryspyx’s Hawpieronian.—This son of Abdallah was the greatest
progenitor of trotters the world ever saw. He was foaled in 1849 and
died in 1876. His dam was by imported Bellfounder, and his second

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ACCOUNT OF MESSENGER’S SONS. 221

dam by Hambletonian, son of Messenger, and third dam by Messenger.
Thus he possessed Messenger blood on side of dam as well as sire.
He sired 1,325 colts, and his services paid his owner over $100,000.
Among his sons that have made a reputation are the stallions Volun-
teer, Alexander’s Abdallah, Messenger Duroc, Happy Medium, Jay
Gould, Walkill Chief, Geo. Wilkes, and Edward Everett; while the
trotters Dexter, Nettie, Gazelle, Mattie and others are found among
the low records. He was the grandsire of Goldsmith Maid, Rarus,
Gloster, Judge Fullerton, Almont, Great Hastern, Bodine, Powers,
Dame Trot, ete. A complete list would fill a volume.

Mamprino PaymasterR.—This is another son of Mambrino, and
was the sire of Mambrino Chief, out of a supposed Messenger-Duroc
mare. Mambrino Chief was the sire of Lady Thorn, Mambrino
Patchen, Mambrino Pilot, Ericsson, Bay Chief, North Star Mambrino,
Wocdford Mambrino and others.

Atumack.—This horse was a son of Mambrino also, and was tue
founder of the Champion family, starting with Grinnell’s Champion.

DESCENDANTS OF BISHOP'S HAMBLETONIAN.

This is another son of Messenger and was the sire of

Harris’ Hamprietontan. — This horse was not only a sire of some
celebrated trotters in his day, but his descendants are found among
the low records. His blood is interwoven with the Blackhawks of
Vermont, where he stood for years.

DESCENDANTS OF OTHER SONS OF MESSENGER.
Hingineer was grandsire of Lady Suffolk and Dutchman of the
early trotting days. From Winthrop Messenger came a majority of
the trotting stock im Maine. Ogden’s Messenger is popularly sup-

posed to be the sire of Tippoo, the ancestor of the Royal George
family.

HISTORY OF THE MORGAN FAMiLY.

The horse owned and bred by Justin Morgan has generally been
recognized as the founder of the Morgan family. He was sired by

222 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

True Briton, a horse rode by General Delancy in the Revolutionary
war. True Briton was got by Traveller, owned in New Jersey (prob-
ably Lloyd’s Traveller), out of Gen. Delancy’s race mare. Justin
Morgan was foaled in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1793, and taken
to Randolph, Vermont, in 1795, where he became celebrated as the
sire of the finest horses in Vermont. He was extensively patronized,
and left a numerous and valuable progeny. Among his sons that
became distinguished for their stock were Woodbury Morgan, Bulrush
and Sherman Morgan.

Sherman Morgan was out of a- chestnut mare. He was probably
the best son of Justin Morgan. He perpetuated the blood of his sire
through a long and illustrious line of trotters. He was the sire of
Vermont Blackhawk, whose blood courses through the veins of a
long list of northern champions that have become distinguished on
the trotting course. Blackhawk was the sire of Lancet, Ethan Allen,
Sherman Blackhawk, Belle of Saratoga, and Flying Cloud: many
renowned flyers of the present day trace their pedigrees to Hill’s
Blackhawk. Many of his sons were sold at high prices on account of
their inheritance, and proved successful progenitors in the stud.

Ethan Allen was the most distinguished of all the sons that came
down from the loins of Blackhawk. His brilliant career on the turf
gave him a record, with running mate, of one mile in 2:15; but his
fame in the stud far eclipsed his successful career on the turf. He
was the sire of Honest Allen, Billy Barr, Hotspur, Pocahontas,
Fanny Lee, Fanny Allen, Warwick, and Daniel Lambert, together
with other great heroes and heroines that have achieved imperishable
records of speed on the turf.

Sherman Blackhawk was another son of Sherman Morgan, and
possessed through his dam, a cross of Messenger blood.

Vermont Hero, another son of Sherman Morgan, out of a mare
by Harris’ Hambletonian, was the sire of the celebrated stallion
General Knox, out of another Hambletonian mare. General Knox
possessed more Messenger blood than Morgan, and his progeny
show it by their records.

THE MORGAN, BASHAW, AND CLAY FAMILIES. 223

Woodbury Morgan was a famous saddle horse. He was celebrated
as a sire of steeds suited for martial display in military parades,
which found ready sale on account of their proud demeanor, beautiful
form, and graceful action. He was also the sire of the trotting horse
Morgan Cesar, who was the sire of Mack, Pizarro, and other trotters
of great distinction. Woodbury also sired Morgan Eagle, the sire of
Lady Sutton, and grandsire of Magna Charta, who got Henry (erro-
neously claimed for Henry Lathrop), Young Magna, Gifford Morgan,
and others known to fame.

Bulrush may be said to be the founder of the Morrill family, which
came into notice after it obtained a cross of Messenger blood through
the dam of Old Morrill. Among the trotters that come down from
this cross of Bulrush and Messenger blood, that are found in the long
catalogue of winners, are Young Bulrush, Morrill Prince, Winthrop
Morrill, Mountain Maid, Fearnaught, Blanche, Draco, Draco Prince,
Champion Morrill, and a host of others that have secured an indelible
record in the annals of the race-course. The dam of Bulrush Morgan
was reputed to be of French extraction, and some credit may be due
to this cross for the powerful constitution that has given great force
of character to this family. :

The Golddusts of Illinois are a branch of the Morgans, being
from Vermont Morgan, grandson of Gifford Morgan.

HISTORY OF THE BASHAW AND CLAY FAMILIES.

The Bashaws are descended from an imported Arabian stallion.
Grand Bashaw was imported from Tripoli in 1820, and sired Young
Bashaw. Neither Grand Bashaw nor his son, Young Bashaw, ever
acquired any reputation as trotters, but Andrew Jackson, the grand-
son of the imported barb, was the most famous trotting stallion of his
day, and as a weight puller was unsurpassed in speed. While he was
living his dam was said to be by Why Not, a son of imported Messen-
ger; but it has been pretty thoroughly settled that she was a mare of
unknown blood, taken to Philadelphia in a drove of horses from the
west. Andrew Jackson was confessedly the greatest trotting stallion
of his day, and from him have descended, not only the trotting horses

224 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

usually called Clays, but also the Patchens. He was foaled in 1828,
and died in 1846. He also got Long Island Blackhawk, who was the
first horse to trot a mile in 2:40 to a two-hundred-and-fifty-pound
wagon, and from whom are descended Green’s Bashaw, the Mohawks,
and many other trotters of note.

Henry Clay, the origin of the Clay and Patchen branch, was a
son of Andrew Jackson, and was foaled in 1837. The dam of Henry
Clay was a trotting mare named Surrey. Nothing is known of her
breeding, except that she came from Canada, and was famous, not
only for speed, but also for endurance. Henry Clay was a fast trotter,
and also possessed endurance. The son who has done most to perpet-
uate his fame, is Cassius M. Clay, the sire of George M. Patchen,
Amos’ Clay, Neave’s Cassius M. Clay, Strader’s Cassius M. Clay, all
sires of note. At the close of the campaign of 1877, he had over forty
descendants in the male line in the 2:30 class. This,for a horse that
only lived to be eleven years old, is a remarkable instance of pre-
potency in the transmission of the trotting gait.

The Bashaws include the noted horses Black Bashaw, Green’s
Bashaw, Vernol’s Blackhawk, Cozette, etc.; while the Clays include
American Girl, Hopeful, Lucy, Lady Snell, Sam Purdy, etc.

ORIGIN OF THE BELLFOUNDERS.

Another horse which contributed a most valuable strain of blood
to the trotters of this country, was Bellfounder, imported in 1822
from England. He was a remarkable horse in some respects. At
three years old he trotted two miles in six minutes, and at four years
made ten miles in thirty minutes. The Bellfounder cross is highly
prized, and is found in some of the pedigrees of the Hambletonians,
Clays, etc.

OTHER STRAINS OF BLOOD.

Another strain of blood is that of Duroc, son of the thorough-
bred Diomed. He was sire of Messenger Duroc, out of a daughter of
Messenger. This blood is found in pedigrees of the American Stars,
where it is interwoven with that of the thoroughbred Henry. Seely’s

VOLUNTEER. |.

Owned by ALDEN GOLDsMITH, Blooming Groye, N. Y.

TROTTING-PACING ELEMENT. 235

American Star was by Stockholm’s American Star, by Duroc. The
dam of Seely’s American Star was by Henry, by Sir Archy; second
dam by Messenger. Crossing of Star mares with Hambletonian sires
have produced great results.

The Royal Georges, a Canadian family who trace back to Tippoo,
foaled in 1817, supposed to be by Ogden’s Messenger. The “black
whirlwind,’’ Thomas Jefferson, is a representative of this blood, as
well as Byron, Field’s Royal George, Hershey’s Royal George, Panic,
etc. They are a promising family.

There are many minor strains of blood, but their reputation is
generally founded on their inheritance of trotting qualities from the
numerous families now extant.

Another important addition has been made within a few years,
which consists of

THE PACING ELEMENT.

Columbus was a French pacer, brought from St. Johns, Canada
Fast, to St. Albans, Vermont, in 1844 or 1845. His colts were almost
uniformly trotters. Nothing is known of his breeding. The appear-
ance of his stock would warrant the conclusion that he was one-fourth
or one-half English blood. There were some distinguished trotters
that once stood in the vicinity where he was raised, and his sire
or dam might have had a sprinkling of the blood of the American
trotter without leaving Canada to get it. Old Columbus was the
sire of Young Columbus, out of Black Maria by Harris’ Hambleto-
nian. Young Columbus was the best son of Old Columbus. He was
the sire of Phil. Sheridan. Had Young Columbus got nothing but
Phil. Sheridan, it would have been enough to establish his fame as a
sire; but in his grand colts Commonwealth, Adelaide, Flora Belle and
Gen. Tweed, he shows the strong vitality that imparts his speed and
endurance to the third generation of his descendants.

Old black pacing Pilot, was the founder of a trotting family that
bears hisname. He was a French pacing stallion from Canada. He
stood in Kentucky from 1832 till he died —about 1855. He was a

striking illustration of the French pacer converting the high-mettled
29

226 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES.

racer into a family of fast trotters. He was the sire of Alexander’s
Pilot, Jr., out of Nancy Pope by Havoc. This fvas probably the best
son of Old Pilot. He improved the stock of Mambrino Chief in bone
and muscle, and gave speed and bottom to other families of horses.
Mambrino Pilot inherited his strong vitality and iron constitution
from the Pilot cross. His two sons, Mambrino Gift and Hannis, bear
strong testimony to the influence of the old pacer Pilot.

COPPERBOTTOM, HIATOGA, AND BLUE BULL PACERS.

Some of the Canadian pacers, and particularly the Pilots, have
assumed the trotting gait with great readiness, much more readily, in
fact, than the Copperbottoms and Red Bucks, the last-named family
being the most persistent pacers known. Their tendency to that gait
is shown even now in the Swigerts, a family that traces back to them.
The earliest of the pacers was Highland Maid, a mare that afterwards
became a trotter, and was the first to trot in 2:27. She was by the
pacer Saltram, by Kentucky Whip. Smuggler, Pocahontas, and all
the Cadmus family, are descendants of Iron’s Cadmus, a son of Amer-
ican Eclipse. The Illinois mare, Flora Belle, was originally a pacer,
and came of the Uwharrie family, that is strongly in-bred in the
Diomed blood. The Hiatogas, an Ohio family, that has produced
Lew Scott and other noted trotters, is from Virginia stock, the dam
being by Diomed. The first Tuckahoe found in the stud-book, is by
Florizel, a son of Diomed, and this fact suggests the origin of another
family of pacers that has produced many trotters. The Blue Bulls,
descended from an Indiana pacing stallion of that name, are noted as
early and remarkably speedy trotters, and have made rapid progress
to the front during the last few years.

Other trotters in whose blood the pacing element is marked, are:
Smuggler, Red Cloud, Mazomanie, Kansas Chief, Flora Belle, Ethel, ©
Richard, Elsie Good, Russell, Milo C.. Bertie, Kate Bennett, Purity,
Ed. Wilder, and Ella Wilson—the last ten being the get of Blue Bull.

TROTTING PERFORMANCES. 227

HISTORY OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES.

THE FIRST RACES OF RECORD.

The first trotting race we have any authentic account of, occured
at Boston, in 1818. Boston Blue trotted against time, and madea
mile inside of three minutes, the exact time of which is not known.
It was then considered a great performance. Previous to this there
had been a growing taste for trotters as roadsters, gradually encroach-
ing on saddle horses, but no public trials had been made. Running
horses, however, had always been popular, more especially in the
south. Virginia and Kentucky were the nurseries of these noted
thoroughbreds. General Jackson done much to aid in improving the
stock in Kentucky.

Six years later, 1824, Albany Pony trotted, to saddle, one mile on
Jamaica turnpike, in 2:40. The next horse we have any account of
is Top Gallant, by Hambletonian. We have a more complete record
of his performances, than any other trotter of that period. He was
foaled in 1808, and trotted his principal races after he was twenty
years old. In 1828, in a match against Whalebone, over the Hunting
Park course, Philadelphia, he trotted four, four-mile heats in 11:16,
11:06, 11:17 and 12:15, or the whole sixteen miles in 45:54. In 1830,
when twenty-two years of age, he trotted twelve miles over the same
course in 38 minutes; and in 1831 made two miles in 5:19. Betsy
Baker, by Mambrino, beat Top Gallant three miles under saddle,
earrying fifty pounds, in 8:16. It was said that she could, when
sound, trot twenty miles in an hour. Trouble, by Hambletonian,
trotted two miles in 5:15; and Sir Peter, by same sire, trotted three
miles, in harness, in 8:16. Whalebone, another of Hambletonian’s
colts, trotted three miles in 8:18. Screw Driver, by Mt. Holly, ina
race with Betsy Baker, trotted two three-mile heats in 8:02, and 8:10.

About this period the length of the heats began to be reduced to
one mile, instead of the longer performances, until at the present
time it is rare to hear of anything else. In 1834, Edwin Forrest
trotted, under saddle, one mile in 2:36, at Trenton, New Jersey; and

228 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES,

on Long Island, during the same year, trotted a mile in 2:313, which
was the best time ever made up to that date. Dutchman, in 1839,
made his great record of three miles, under saddle, in 7:323; one
mile of which was made in 2:28—the best time made to that date.
In 1847, Highland Maid trotted a mile, in harness, on Long Island, in
2:27. She was originally a pacer.

In 1838, Lady Suffolk, as game a mare as ever stood on iron,
made her first appearance; and in 1848 made a record of 2:26, which
was considered a little less than miraculous. In 1859, Flora Temple,
then fourteen years old, trotted a mile in harness, at Kalamazoo,
Michigan, in 2:193. This was without parallel for eight years. In
1867, Dexter trotted a mile, in harness, at Buffalo, in 2:173. This
was thought to be the lowest possible notch to be attained by any
horse. But in 1874 came a flyer, the ‘‘Queen of the Turi,’’ Gold-
smith Maid, who eclipsed all former performances by trotting a mile
in harness, at Mystic Park, Boston, in 2:14. This stood unrivaled
for four years.

In 1878, however, that game horse, Rarus, trotted a mile, in
harness, at Buffalo, in 2:13}. This horse made a brilliant career
during the year 1878, and was credited as follows: Fastest mile in
harness, 2:13}; fastest first heat, 2:14; fastest second heat, 2:13};
fastest third heat, 2:13%; fastest fourth heat, 2:131; fastest three
consecutive heats, 2:15, 2:133, 2:133. He may fairly be said to have
won the sceptre from the old mare who held it for so many years.
All this has been accomplished in one season, and in addition to this
he has trotted three heats below 2:14.

In addition to the above, in a handicap race at the opening of the
Chicago Driving Park, October, 1878, when he went to wagon,
Hopeful to harness, and Great Eastern to saddle, which race was won
by Hopeful in 2:174, 2:17, and 2:17; he was privately timed and
made his three heats to wagon in 2:18}, 2:18, and 2:18, it being no
record, however. During the same races the trotter Hopeful, made
three mile heats, to wagon, in 2: 163, 2:17, and 2:17—the fastest
time to wagon on record. During the first heat he had a running
horse accompanying him part way.

ant)
Fi\
SM

Sa NYA

ALMONT.

Owned by Gen. W. T. Wrruers, Fairlawn Farm, Lexington, Kentucky.

GROWTH OF TROTTING. 299

It is interesting to note the growth of the trotting element
during the past few years, as well as to observe the lowering of the
average time of mile heats. In 1872 there were ninety-six horses
who had made arecord of 2:30 and better; in 1873 there were one
hundred and six; while 1874 had one hundred and fifty-three; in 1875
the number was one hundred and eighty-four; in 1876 it was two
hundred and twenty-five; in 1877, two hundred and eight-four horses
made records of 2:30 and under. Of the latter number, two hundred
and sixteen were in 2:25 class, one hundred and six in 2:23 class,
thirty-three in 2:20 class, and nineteen in 2:19. The average time
made in 1866 was 2:383, while in 1876 it was 2:23. This is in a great
measure due to improved tracks and appliances, as well as skill of
trainers. Some horsemen claim that the bottom has not been touched,
and that 2:10 will yet be made. It will probably be some time before
it is accomplished, if ever.

CELA Pav Re ae

BREEDING, TRAINING, AND TROTTING APPLIANCES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

BREEDING OF DRAFT AND TROTTING HORSES.—How far disease is hereditary —To
select a suitable dam and sire — To produce trotting or running horses — How to ayoid
disappointment — The traits inherited from dam and sire — Desirable crosses for trot-
ting horses — To tell when a mare is with foal— Care of a mare with foal— Treatment
aiter foaling —To make a mare own her colt — Care of the colt —Weaning, feeding, etc.

TRAINING THE TROTTER.— Slow horses made fast, fast horses made faster — Breaking
the colt — Learning to walk and trot — Use of wagon or sulky — Feeding, jogging, and
spurts of speed —Cautions to be observed — To keep up the ambition — TRAINING THE
Mature Trorrer— The early spring treatment — First preparatory work, and gradual
hardening — Feeding, sweating, and scraping out—Its object—Spurts of speed —
Fitting for the race — To get into condition and to keep there.
USE OF TOE AND SIDE WEIGHTS.— What their uses are to correct mixed gaits, and to
alter action — Weights or heavy shoes; which ?—Horses which carry weights, and how
much — Directions for their application and use — How heayy to apply to convert a
pacer into a trotter — To correct single-footing, hitching, paddling, thumping, scalping,
brushing, and other bad habits.
BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS— Importance of proper bits— Patented devices needless—
Kind of bit to use, and when to change it — Bit to correct a puller— Use of the over-
draw check — Material for bits — Evil habits are contracted — Proper bits for colts.

HEREDITARY DISEASES OF STOCK. 231

PROFITABLE BREEDING.

DARWIN ON HEREDITARY DISEASE.

Darwin sums up the results of his researches as follows: ‘I
have consulted many works, and the unanimity of belief by veterina-
rians, of all nations, in the transmission of various morbid tendencies
towards disease, is surprising. Authors of wide experience give in
detail many singular cases, and assert that contracted feet, ringbones,
curbs, splints, spavins, etc., as well as jibbing and ill-temper, are very
plainly hereditary. The French practitioner, Hugard, going so far
as to say that a blind race could soon be formed. It is not the actual
ailments, such as spavins, etc., but the predisposing tendencies toward
the development of these diseases, which is inherited. The narrow
loins and flat sides, which give a proneness to attacks of diarrhoea and
colic, are of certain lineage.’ This constant tendency of morbid
condittons of defective organs to reappear in succeeding generations,
shows how important it is that both dam and sire should be sound in
wind and limb, and not belong to families which have taints of blood.

SPECIAL DIRECTIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL BREEDING.

Put yourself in the way of learning the practical part of the
business by observation, the experience of others grown grey in the
enterprise, and books treating on this subject. Above all, become a
student of the horse, of the history, breeding, faults as well as good
qualities, of all the noted families as well as individual horses. Study
pedigrees that you may understand the results of certain crosses.
Practically study and examine the horse, not only with the eye, but
with the hand and finger. Make yourself familiar with every joint,
bone and tendon. Study the skeleton until you know the place of
every bone and ‘sinew, and be able to look through as well as at him.
Learn to distinguish the weak, as well as the good points, at sight.

BREEDING OF TROTTERS AND RACE HORSES.

There is not a more fatal delusion in breeding than that of
expecting # winner from a dam or sire who was not a winner, and

232 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE ‘TROTTER,

whose families were not. ‘The fact that now and then worthless
horses spring from noble parentage, does not affect the principle, for
all will agree that it is wisdom to breed to form for proportion, power
for strength, speed for speed. If the particular quality desired is
especially marked in any family, it 1s good policy to cross with it,
unless there be an antagonism of blood or hereditary taints which
would intensify an already existing evil. To go outside and breed to
a horse who might possess valuable traits, even in a high degree, but
whose ancestors lacked them, is but to incur disappointment. To be
sure, chayce horses do now and then appear, but it is the experience
of breeders as well as trainers, that they are unreliable, both in the
stud and on the course. Experience has shown that the colt more
especially inherits the gait and form from his sire, but the spirit, dis-
position and constitution from the dam. No satisfactory results will
be obtained if these facts are not borne in mind and followed. The
blood of Messenger seems to “nick” happily with nearly all the
trotting families, most notably. with American Star mares; also, the
erossing of Hambletonian and his sons on mares by the son of Neave’s
Clay, known as Sayer’s Harry Clay.
HOW TO TELL WHEN A MARE IS WITH FOAL,

Take a rope, strap, or string, and measure around the girth where
the harness goes on the back and the belly-band buckles on; then
measure again just forward of the hind legs, around the body; if
larger around in the latter place than in the former, you may safely
conclude she is with foal.

CARE OF MARES WITH FOAL.

A mare not intended to be kept at work, should not be turned into
a pasture so rich and succulent as to disagree with her stomach, or
make her unwieldy from fat. Inattention to this point may result in
miscarriage, whilst, on the other hand, if the pasture be too poor, the
mare will become thin, and will starve her foal in its growth. If the
animal has been highly fed, she should have a feed or two of oats
daily after she is six months gone. Hay and oats, with a few carrots
sliced in a bran mash, given every night, will be found good, the

‘(ET ‘PIOOMQQT “aReoryO “Osy ‘smnag “A CH “q peuAng

“URLLASANOT

—_ ~ —=

TREATMENT OF MARE WITH FOAL oo

animal being thus kept free from inflammation, and the foal well
nourished. Excitement of every kind should be avoided, as it is a
common source of “slipping” the foal, and it is well to remember
that one mare miscarrying will probably affect others in proximity to
her. Only when absolutely necessary, should purging physic be
given, and after bran mashes and other changes of food have failed
to produce any effect, the very mildest aperient likely to answer the
purpose being used.

TREATMENT AFTER FOALING.

If there is not plenty of grass the mare should have carrots, bran
mashes, and a feed or two of oats, which for a time may be given in
the form of gruel. At weaning time she may require a dose or two of
cooling medicine if she is not as dry as a mare usually is by this time;
generally, however, no interference is required.

EARLY TREATMENT OF THE FOAL.

As soon as the foal comes it should be examined, in order to
ascertain whether the limbs and other organs are perfect. See espe-
cially to the state and length of the umbilical cord, as, if this is broken
or torn off too short, or so near the abdomen that the urine flows
through it, and inflammation is caused thereby, we have a very
serious disease to treat, and, if it is not attended to immediately, our
colt will die. About the time of the mare being “‘in season,” the foal
is generally purged a good deal, and an occasional warm drench may
be nécessary. At the end of a month, or sometimes earlier, the foal
will eat bruised oats, and highly-bred young stock are generally given
a small quantity. Colts of all classes should have shelter in bad
weather, otherwise they grow out of form and lose flesh. If neglected
the first winter, they never attain the size they otherwise would.

TO MAKE A MARE OWN HER COLT.

Take some milk from the mare and rub it on the colt’s nose; then
let the mare smell it, when she will own her colt at once. This is a
simple remedy, but we have known it to work like a charm.

234 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

WEANING THE COLT.

This may be done at about the end of the sixth month, the milk
not being of much benefit after this, especially if the mare is again
with foal. The young foal’s teeth and stomach are now competent
to eat and digest the succulent grasses that are to be found. Carrots
or turnips which have been steamed, may be mixed with bran and
given night and morning. Three or four colts running together will
be better, as they miss their dams less.

TRAINING THE TROTTER.

BREAKING THE COLT.

Understanding the principles which underlie producing a trotter,
the next step is to educate the colt and develop all there is in him.
He should be made docile and fearless by handling and petting, yet
from the attitude of a master. Colts should not be teased and played
with by children, who are half afraid of them. He should be accus-
tomed to the halter early, care being taken not to allow him to learn
to pull. Undoubtedly the walk is the pace in which many things are
best taught, as, for instance, turning to the right and left, or from
one hand to another. It is also very important, at this stage of his
instruction, that the greatest care and patience be exercised in
impressing on his memory, by thorough practice and oft-repeated
trials, the only proper method of training. When a year old his daily
allowance should be from four to five quarts of oats per day, being
cautious about overfeeding, which may lead to digestive troubles in
after years.

DIRECTIONS FOR BITTING AND DRIVING.

From the age of one year he should be accustomed to the appli-
cation of the bit, which should be substituted for the halter. Avoid
using those severe rigs so common among farmers. At this age he
should be taught how to hold his head, and to obey promptly every

EXERCISING, JOGGING, AND SPEEDING THE COLT. 235

touch of the bit. An easy, governable mouth is greatly to be desired,
and can easily be attained at this period. If properly done, he will
never prove a puller or bolt the track, but remain steady, and to be
depended on for all there isin him. Patented bits for correcting bad
habits, will be entirely unnecessary if this is properly done.

TO BREAK TO WAGON, SULKY, AND SADDLE.

At two and one-half years he may be broken to saddle, first
accustoming him to have it strapped on his back, then following with
asmall boy. The hitching to the sulky should then follow, until he
is accustomed to be hitched up, and then should come his introduc-
tion to the light trotting wagon, which is far preferable for training
the colt than the sulky, whose weight of driver borne on the colt’s
back may alter its symmetry.

CARE IN EXERCISING, JOGGING, AND SPURTS OF SPEED.

As soon as the colt becomes familiar with the trotting wagon, he
should be accustomed to the roadways, the meeting of teams, and the
passing of vehicles. It is familiarity with objects which produces
indifference. It is highly essential that the colt should be free from
restiveness, nervousness and unsteadiness. This greatly depends on
the education, and the greater the obstacles the more patience must
be observed. The high-strung, nervous horse is often worried out of
all chances in a race by the tedious scoring of designing drivers.
This can be fortified against by proper education during the training
period. From the period of driving to wagon commences the danger
of overdriving. Every time he shows a burst of speed, the driver is
anxious to see him do it again. From over-work he loses spirit, lugs
on the bit, gets to mixing his gait, hitches, etc., habits which ruin
the prospects of the colt. All evidences of speed should make the
driver doubly cautious. The spurts should be short, and but few at
each drive. Remember that the object of training is to develop a
gait which shall be a fixed habit, as well as to gradually harden and
toughen his constitution, and make him a trotter of stamina and
endurance. As such he will prove a winner, while the reverse will be

236 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

productive of losses and vexation of spirit. We must caution against -
severe training of the young colt and unformed horse. It not. only
retards his proper development, but is productive of spavins, ring-
bones, curbs, ete. A child cannot do a man’s work, neither can a colt
stand severe training or the intense competition of colt races. With
runners it is different. They get their speed by the time they are in
their three-year-old form, and do not remain on the turf but afew
years. Trotters hardly ever make much of a mark before five year’s
old, and gather'their laurels from that age up to twenty years. Very
fast trotting is the result of years of development and training. We
warn breeders against too early forcing their trotters. They may be
brilliant, but their time will be brief.

Professional trainers and drivers of trotting horses are making a
very great mistake by continually jogging their horses over the same
old track, day after day, until they become tired out, disgusted; and
track-sick of making these continued circuits. The same routine of
business every day will, perhaps, harden the muscles and improve
their quality, but it cannot improve the horse in pluck and good
feeling unless it influences and interests the mind. It will have a
tendency, on the contrary, to shorten his stride, make him dull, show
a disposition to let up, and finally make a confirmed loafer of him,
the disadvantage of which no horseman need be reminded, if he has
had the benefit of experience, or the facilities for observation.

If a young horse possesses undeveloped speed, he will generally
learn to extend himself, and trot fast much sooner, if circumstances
are such that he can take his work in company with one possessing
equal capacity; the emulation of an occasional spurt brightens him
up, convinces him that there is an object im view, and causes him to
forget his fatigue.

A very good plan is to hook him double to a light skeleton
occasionally, driving sometimes on the track and sometimes on the
road, so that the monotony of the work will be varied. He will then
have different scenes to attract his attention, which will induce him
to take his exercise in better heart, and under these circumstances,
will bear more of it. When a horse continually drops back into his

BODINE.

Owned by H. G. Goopricu, Esq., Chicago. Record, 2.194.

CONDITIONING THE MATURE TROTTER. 937

breeching at each opportunity, and does not try to trot, it is an
impossibility for him to improve, no matter what may be his breeding,
or what artist may have him in charge.

Colts should never become habituated to trotting certain dis-
tances. His idea of distance should depend on the will of the driver,
that is, he should be willing to trot his full power, any distance his
owner wishes. If a colt becomes habituated to trotting quarters and
half-miles, he will let up after reaching either of these distances
during mile heats.

TRAINING AND FITTING THE MATURE TROTTER.

In the spring, the shedding of the coat is rather a critical time
with the horse, and it is a bad practice to attempt to hurry this
operation of nature. Many people are over-anxious to see their
horses shed early; and it is true that to be backward in shedding is
not a sign of a high state of health; but it does not follow that means
shall be taken to loosen and remove the old coat before the constitu-
tion is quite ready to renew it, and has, in fact, begun to do. The
hair should be suffered to come off naturally, and as the lads in care
of good horses are anxious to get rid of it early, so that they may
present a fine appearance the sooner, it will be proper to see that they
do not rub it off. Some people give boiled flaxseed meal, and the like,
to make their horses shed early, but we are opposed to the practice,
being convinced that itis dangerous and mischievous. ‘This sort of
poulticing inside, opens the pores, starts the coat, and sets the horse
to sweating before the season is sufficiently advanced to warrant it,
and the risk of coughs and inflammation of the lungs is thereby
needlessly increased. The bran mashes, by which the horse’s bowels
have been kept in regular order, may be adhered to, but the flaxseed
meal should not be given. The tendency of it is to relax the system
suddenly and to cause the old hair to come away before the new coat
is well started to take its place. As the weather gets bright and
favorable, the horse’s exercise may be increased under saddle, or in
leading reins, from two to four miles. The mettled, high-strung
horse must have more of this walking than the others; but they

238 BREEDING AND FRAINING THE TROTTER.

should all have enough to moderate their exuberant spirits at coming
out, and to stop their dancing, capering and setting their backs up at
everything they meet. This is not to be regarded asa part of the
training proper, but still it is necessary that it should be attended to,
for in these walks the muscles are gradually getting their tone, and
the horse is being thus prepared for the jogging with which his
training really begins. As soon as the horse has been thus prepared,
and the roads and weather have become sufficiently favorable, he may
be put in harness or to wagon, and his jogging may begin. Whether
he shall go in sulky or to a wagon should depend upon his disposition
in a great measure; but it will be also necessary to consider the
nature of the engagement he is under in the early part of the coming
season. The distance he is to be jogged must be according to his
constitution and ability to perform without fatigue, and of this the
trainer must judge from what he knows of him, in reference to former
experience, and what he observes as the horse goes from day to day.
A good deal of caution is necessary at first, for until hardened a little
by custom, the horse will be easily overdone, and a great deal of time
will be lost solely by reason of having been in too great hurry. No
rule can be laid down for the amount of jogging the horse should
have; it isa matter for the judgment of the trainer, in view of the
nature of the animal being trained, and of the effect that it is observed
to have on him asit iscarried on. For the first week or ten days
there is to be no fast work at all; but at the expiration of that time
the muscles and tendons ought to be seasoned enough to justify the
trainer in indulging the horse with slight spurts. In these he may be
permitted to move along lively without over-taxing his powers or his
wind. No rule can be given as to their length. The only thing to be
said is, that they ought not to be very frequent and never long. The
judgment of the trainer should enable him to determine how frequent
they may be and to what distance he may venture to send him
without overdoing the thing. It must be remembered that at this
early stage of his preparation, the horse can bear very little compared
with that which he will endure with ease, and which may be under-
taken with impunity, when his condition has become forward. Itisa

.
WHEN PHYSIC IS NECESSARY. 239

rule with some to administer physic before the work of the horse is
commenced, but we have never been able to preceive the wisdom of
such a course. In such a case what necessity can there be for
physicking? It may be apparent that some medicine is required to
abate internal heat and humor, or it may happen that the horse is
gross and fleshy from having been overfed while standing still. In
such cases a mild dose of medicine may be given with advantage; but
instead of administering it before the work is begun, it is better to
jog for a few days, then let up and give the medicine. The work, of
course, is not to be resumed until the effects of the mild course have
passed off, and then it is to be carried on with quite as much care as
in those cases where there was no necessity for physic perceived.

FEEDING THE HORSE WHILE JOGGING.

While this early part of the trotting horse’s preparation is
in progress, the strength of the feed may be increased, though not
up to the extent that will be requisite when the work is made longer
and sharper. He may have, during the first part of the preparation,
from eight to ten quarts of oats a day, according to his capacity as a
feeder and the demands made by nature for strong food under work.
As the oats are increased the horse will want less hay, but may still
have all that he will eat up clean. After taking his feed of oats he
will not consume as much hay in general; but some horses are such
gluttons that it is necessary to limit them as to hay almost from the
first. There are even some who will eat the straw of their bedding
when they have had all the grain and hay that ought to be fed to
them, and with these it sometimes becomes necessary to put on the
muzzle long before the time for the trial or race. No carrots are now
to be given, and corn is unnecessary and often mischievous. It is
heating and does not contain as much of the stuff that goes to make
up hard flesh and elastic muscle as oats. There may be instances,
however, in which a light feeder can be got to eat up his oats and a
handful of corn as well, when the latter is mixed with them.. In such
a case it is well to give it; but in no case should corn be used as a
substitute for the allowance of oats the horse in training ought to

.
240 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

have. While the jogging and after preparation are going on, a bran
mash now and then will be proper. Probably once a week will be
often enough and not too often, but this will be indicated by the
condition of the horse’s bowels and by his constitutional tendencies
and requirements. If his bowels are relaxed, the use of the bran
mash is not apparent, and if he is of the light, washy order, never
having much substance and easily melting away when put into sharp
training work, mashes are to be given more sparingly than with one
of the opposite character. The trainer is never to relax his vigilance
of observation or let his judgment go to sleep and trust to arbitrary
rules.

DRIVING AND CARE IN CONDITIONING.

After the week or ten days of moderate jogging, which has been
directed to begin with, the muscles, tendons, and joints will have got
some tone, and the wind improved sufficiently to allow of the horse
being sent along at half-speed; and he may be started up and moved
at the three-quarter speed for about half a mile. This brush of half
a mile at three-quarter speed may be increased if the horse feels fine,
wants to do all he knows, and improves under his work. The next
step will be, as soon as you perceive that he stands up well to his
work, comes out cheerfully, and takes it with a relish, to brush him
along at speed for a quarter of a mile, or even for half a mile, accord-
ing as the distance is indicated in the individual case. This brush
will open his pipes, and, by making him blow, set the machinery in
motion which is to give him wind and throw out the blood from the
internal organs,,when he is called upon to make his extraordinary
efforts in the race. He is not, as a matter of course, to be forced in
pace up to the extreme that he may be capable of in a close brush
with another horse, when the stakes are up and the heat hangs in the
balance. Care is also to be taken that his natural ardor and willing-
ness are not suffered to lead into difficulties. High-strung, generous
horses are apt to want to do more work, and do it faster, than is good
for them; and this frequently misleads inexperienced persons, who,
seeing them all on fire to go, and never satisfied unless suffered to cut

THORNDALE.

9 991
2.2294.

Record,

Millbrook, N.Y.

aN, Esq.,

Owned by Epwrn Ts

‘

ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR HORSE WHILE TRAINING. 241

loose, imagine it can do no harm to indulge them when they feel so
fine. These are just the horses that require to be watched narrowly,
and taken in hand; for their exuberant spirits and eagerness to per-
form are not often accompanied with the power to keep on and stand
up under a severe preparation at such a rate. On the other hand,
there are others lazily inclined, but requiring a great amount of work
to make them fit. These are commonly able to bear as much as is
deemed necessary to give them, and they must be wakened up from
time to time, so as to make them get out of their sluggish habit and
square away. As the training goes on, the improvement in the con-
dition of each horse is to be carefully watched and noted, so that the
time when it will be safe and useful to give the first trial may be
observed, but no rule can be laid down as to the amount of work the
horse ought to have before the trial may be ventured on. His condi-
tion, as he appears while at work and during and after speedy brushes,
is to be the guide by which the trainer’s judgment in this matter
must be directed. During the fast work preparatory to the coming
trial, the horse will have been put upon his largest allowance of strong
food. Some will not eat more than eight or ten quarts of oats a day;
and it is necessary to be very vigilant and careful that these light
feeders are not over-marked in work. Twelve or thirteen quarts is
about what a good feeder ought to have. Some will eat sixteen
quarts of oats a day, but it does more harm than good. With such
an extraordinary consumption of strong food, there must needs be an
extraordinary amount of strong work done to.keep the flesh down
and get rid of the superfluities, inside and outside, which experi-
ence has shown must be eliminated before the horse is capable of his
best achievements. Now, if it were a mere question of bodily health
and vigor, we might say the more oats a horse eats the more work he
can do with impunity, and the better his condition will be on the day
of the race. But it is not a mere question of bodily health and vigor;
for the extra amount of work made necessary to get off the effects of
the extravagant quantity of food consumed, and keep the horse only
in proper flesh at the same time, will cause the legs to give out in

horses whose work is fast and severe.
31

242 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

SWEATING AND SCRAPING OUT, TO REDUCE FAT.

During the preparation which precedes the. first trial, it will be
necessary to give the horse one or two sweats, whether it ought to be
one, or two, must be indicated by the condition and nature of the
animal, the races in which he is engaged, and resolved by the judg-
ment of the trainer. The amount of clothes in which he-shall be
sweated must be determined by the same considerations. Some may
require a blanket and hood, and a wrapper around the neck to start
the perspiration out of them; while there are others that will sweat
freely with but little clothes, and scrape well when more have been
thrown on at the end of the jog. One thing may certainly be said:
that a sweat obtained without the use of heavy clothing is more satis-
factory and better than one with it, provided the latter method does
not include a good deal more work to get the sweat. Only a mod-
erate quantity of clothing and little work while the horse is going,
are the best for a sweat, if a good scrape can thus be obtained. When
the horse comes from the drive and is taken out of the wagon, he will
soon be ready to scrape. That done, he must be blanketed up again,
and walked about out of the draft. A favorable day for the sweat
ought be taken advantage of, as a matter of course. Another light
scrape may probably be had after some little time spent in walking in
the blankets; but if the perspiration does not continue so as to give
this second scrape, it 1s not to be forced by more work in the clothes.

SIGNS THAT IT IS PROCEEDING SATISFACTORILY.

To be of use in itself, and a satisfactory indication that the con-
dition of the horse has advanced, it must come of itself. During the
time this sweating and scraping process is in course of operation, the
trainer having the conducting of it should not be ina hurry. Com-
monly, however, it is easy enough to get the sweat and scrape, but
more difficult to cool the horse out properly. In order to do this well,
he is to be clothed again, and led gently about for a considerable
period, so that he may become cool gradually, and the perspiration
may dry away by degrees.

TO COOL OFF PROPERLY AFTER A SWEAT. 9438

COOLING OFF AFTER A SWEAT.

This walking is to be out of all draft as much as possible, and it
will not do to hurry it over and go to the stable until the horse has
cooled off well, and gradually. When the proper temperature has
been reached, the horse is to be taken into the stable and his body
thoroughly groomed; this done, he is to be re-clothed and again led
in the air. A few swallows of gruel, made of meal or fine shorts, may
now be given the horse, or water with the chill taken off. When
taken into the stable again, which will be after a little more walking
about in the air, the legs are to be put in tubs of warm water, the
body clothing being kept on. The legs are then to be well washed
with the water and Castile soap, and when dried off, to be bandaged.
These bandages should be of lght flannel, the color of which, is
immaterial, and are not to be put on tight. Tight bandages interfere
with the circulation of the blood into the feet, which is important.
There is no science or common sense in binding the suspensory liga-
ments up tightly to the cannon bones. Whatever support is required
can be obtained with a moderate degree of tightness.

TREATMENT AFTER COOLING OFF.

When all is done, and the horse nicely cooled off, he may have a
scalded mash, and less hay than on other occasions, for the night.
On the morning of the day after the sweat, the horse ought to feel
limber, elastic, and buoyant in spirit. In his exercising, which must
be of two or three miles, as you judge him to need, he may have a
couple of brushes of a quarter of a mile each, at nearly quite full
speed, to open his lungs and enable him to stretch himself.

EXERCISING AND SPEEDING AFTERWARDS.

After the horse has had the sweat, as before directed, the regular
work is to be resumed and carried on as before, the feeding being also
the same. The object of the sweats is to reduce the internal fat,
which adds nothing to his strength, impedes the action of his lungs,
and makes so much more weight for him to carry in his training.

DAA BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

CAUTIONS ABOUT EXCESSIVE SWEATING.

On the other hand, the regular work is not to take away the sub-
stance, but to increase the volume of muscle, harden its condition,
and increase its elasticity and strength. Thus, sweats merely reduce,
while regular work reduces the soft parts by increasing its density,
yet by the increased exercise and nutrition, the muscular power is
developed and built up. It follows that, when a horse is of soft and
weak habit, great care must be taken that he is not sweated too much
in his clothes, for, if he is, he will ‘‘ go back” after one or two races,
having been trained down too fine, with loss of muscular and nervous
power. If the time could be extended, and the legs and constitution
were equal to the severe work necessary, the sweats might be dis-
pensed with in a great measure; but this is not the case, and we
sweat in order to relieve the legs of too much work. Horses of sound
constitution, but infirm limbs, must have an increased proportion of
sweating in the clothes, and less regular work. In five or six days
after the sweat, the horse should be ready to stand a half-mile trial.
Unless something has gone amiss, he ought to be fit to go that dis-
tance under the watch, and thus give an indication of his speed and
advance toward racing condition. It will not be neccessary to muzzle
him over night for this short trial, unless he is a rank feeder. His
amount of oats should be the same, and a moderate quantity of hay.
His morning feed before the trial may be a little less than usual, and
the water reduced to correspond. The half-mile trial being satisfac-
tory, the work will be carried on as before. Let him jog until he has
emptied himself, then move him at three-quarter speed, with sharp
and lively brushes to make him square away and reach out his best
gait. Until the horse has been trained, it is impossible to say how
much work he will need to bring him into condition, or how rapidly it
can be pushed.

MATTERS REQUIRING GOOD JUDGMENT ON THE PART OF TRAINER.

The trainer must be vigilant as the work goes on from day to day,
and if the slightest symptoms appear to indicate that the limit has
been reached, the horse must be eased. Experience, judgment, and

HAROLD.

Bay horse, foaled September 14, 1864. Got by Rysdyk’s Hambletonian. First dam Enchantress by Old
Abdallah (sire of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian). Harold made his first public season in 1872. Previous to that year
he got seven foals—ihree foaled in 1871 and four in 1872. At the Wocdburn sale of 1875 nine of his yearlings
were sold; one was a cripple. Of the remaining eight, three at four years could trot better than 2.27, to-wit:
Maud S., 2.2714; Noontide, record (fifth heat) 2.26; McCurdy’s Hambletonian, 2.2634.

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MATTERS REQUIRING JUDGMENT AND DISCRETION. 245

skill are imperatively demanded at this juncture, and when they do
not exist in fair degree, it will be the best course to keep on the safe
side and be sure that the horse is well within himself. It is true that
he may not be up to the keen edge of which he is susceptible; but
there is no remedy for this, except at the great risk of overdoing him
altogether, which risk is great in such circumstances in any hands but
those of a skillful and watchful trainer. It will not do to carry on
until the horse is off his feed, dull in the eye, and his coat begins to
stare, because the game is up when this is the case. The point at
which his work ought to have been eased is passed, and it will take
some time of nice handling and gentle work to get behind it once
more. In five or six days, or a week after the first trial, the horse
will be fit to be tried a mile, if he has been doing well. It being
found that he is “all there,” this will commonly be sufficient for a
mile race.

SPEED AND BOTTOM ARE BOTH NECESSARY.

The horse that is fit to trot mile heats, three in five, in which the
heats are broken, is able to trot a two-mile race, so far as condition is
concerned. Natural stoutness and game are demanded for long races.
Now, without condition, the horse cannot have “ bottom,” which is
simply capacity to endure. Without game, which is pluck to try till
the last chance is out, the bottom may exist to very little purpose.
It follows that the saying often heard: ‘‘ condition makes bottom,”’ is
only true in a limited extent. It enables the game and naturally
stout horse to make avail of all his bottom, and put forth his powers
to the uttermost degree. Again, it is said speed makes bottom, but
this is next kin to nonsense. As long as there is nothing like equal
speed against it, it enables the fast horse’s driver to keep him well
within himself, and thus to dispense with the bottom, which, against
another of nearly equal speed, would be necessary to save the heat.
And speed is of very great importance in another point of view: it
enables its possessor to go ahead, take which part of the course he
pleases, and fret and worry the other horse. Very few horses have
courage and temper to go on behind at their best pace and persevere

IAG BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER.

to the end without breaking. Therefore, the horse of known bottom
may act bad when he finds himself out-trotted from the score, in a
long race, and is urged all the way; and if the driver pulls him
together, the other may steal away, and open such a gap, that the
closing of it at the end of the heat will be impossible. Speed may be
an available substitute for bottom, but it cannot be bottom itself in
any sense. The slow horse, in condition, can hold his best speed
easier and longer, than the speedy horse his, out of condition.

TO KEEP A HORSE IN CONDITION FOR CAMPAIGNING.

When a horse has appeared in his first race, showed the speed
you might reasonably look for, and evinced a satisfactory condition,
he is not to be treated exactly as before in preparing for the next. It
is proper to reduce his work, for if he is kept up to the same pitch
of preparation, he is sure to lose speed. The work is to be less in
quantity, but with numerous short brushes and merry rallies, leaving
the horse in excellent heart and free spirit, thinking well of himself.

ERRORS OFTEN MADE IN TRAINING.

Many a race is won by a sharp spurt on the home-stretch, which
would have been lost if the speed had been worried out with a great
deal of walking and slow track-work. Let there be rattling spurts to
keep up his ambition, but not too many at a time. To produce a
horse full of staying condition, and with all his speed, is the proper
aim of the training art; to have him capable of long endurance, yet
deficient of his known rate of speed, is an error; to have him speedy
for a short distance, but unable to stay in a race, is another error, and
marks the trainer as deficient in his preparation.

In order to be successful, the trainer must intimately know the
constitution, temperament, strength and infimities of his horse; to
know just how fine he can work him down and have him last; to
discern, daily, the effect of the track-work, in order to increase or
diminish as the case indicates. These are a few of the important and
necessary qualifications of a trainer. A rubber is not necessarily a
qualified trainer, and yet, some trainers are better fitted for rubbers.

MECHANICAL TRAINING APPLIANCES. 947

TOE WEIGHTS AND SIDE WEIGHTS.

WHAT THEIR USES ARE.

Toe-weights, or the novel and ingenious idea of placing a weight
‘upon the toe of a horse to change or improve his gait, is extensively
employed in converting double-gaited horses, and in the primary
education of a young trotter. Certain it is that their use is one of
the most remarkable aids yet introduced to assist in the development
of the trotting horse, particularly the young ones. This is now con-
ceded by nearly all intelligent trainers, the principle, in a modified
form, having been adopted by them. By their use any racker, that is,
single-footer, can be made to trot square and level, and a majority of
pacers can be converted into trotters; a dwelling-gaited horse can
be quickened, and the stiff-legged action, pointer, peculiar to the
thoroughbred, can be changed so as to cause the horse to fold or bend
the knee to any extent desired. Judicious shoeing and toe-weights
will effect a remarkable modification of the exhausting and awkward
gait known as paddling or winding, and the ancient, stiffened-up
campaigner, who, from soreness, is prone to ‘‘mix up” in his work,
can be kept square and level; and many hitchers, from the use of toe-
weights forward, causing a changed condition of gait—longer stride
—will sympathize with the change, and quit this, the most annoying
habit trainers have to contend with. Toe-weights are, in regulating
the gait of the horse, what the governor is to a steam engine. There
are many horses with a clean, open, level gait and level heads, that, in
spite of your best efforts, make no decided improvement in their
work, and seem finished. We have seen remarkable changes and
improvement in such animals by the mere application of weights. In
rectifying defective action, and removing acquired habits of faulty
action, they are indispensable.

WEIGHTS OF COMPARATIVELY RECENT ORIGIN.

Ten years ago toe- and side-weights were but little used and
were imperfect and crude. Hiram Woodruff, the most noted and
skillful trainer of his day, was unable to convert a pacer and make a

248 HORSES WHICH CARRY WEIGHTS.

reliable trotter out of him. To-day, boys, by the aid of toe-weights,
can accomplish what a veteran trainer could not do a few years ago
without their aid. Had a man told Mr. Woodruff in his day, that a
pacer would be converted that would trot in 2:154, as Smuggler has
done, no doubt he would have set him down as a subject for a lunatic
asylum.

WHICH IS BEST, WEIGHTS OR HEAVY SHOES.

There is no doubt but what toe- and side-weights are better than
heavy shoes. Heavy shoes must be wide and thick, and require larger
nails to secure, often injuring the foot. Besides it takes less weight
applied at the toe to accomplish the object than if applied to the
bottom of the foot. The weights have also the advantage of being
increased or diminished as necessary, and may be omitted except
when speeding, which is an important item.

HORSES WHICH CARRY WEIGHTS.

Smuggler now wears on his front feet twenty-ounce shoes with
six-ounce weights, but formerly carried nine. Nettie, sixteen- to
twenty-ounce shoes, and ten- to twelve-ounce toe-weights, and for-
merly had to carry more weights to make her to square away. Mazo-
manie now carries twenty-ounce shoes, and from six- to eight-ounce
weights, but when first converted from a pacer, it took three and one-
half pounds on each front foot to cause him to trot. Albermarle has
fourteen-ounce shoes and ten-ounce weights; Scotland carries six-
teen-ounce shoes and six-ounce weights; NilDesperandum, fifteen-
ounce shoes and four-ounce weights; Lew Scott, sixteen-ounce shoes
and four-ounce weights; Grafton, who is now owned by Mr. Robert
Bonner, was formerly a single-footed saddle horse, and it took one
pound and one-half toe-weights to enable him to trot, yet, when he
had been trained down to 2:15, it only required six-ounce weights to
balance him. Banquo, General Grant, Silversides, Lady Snell, Elsie
Good, Edwin Forrest, Lewinski, and hundreds of other horses are
using weights as a necessity.

ENGLISH DRAFT HORSE.

Imported by Gro. EF. Brown & Co., Aurora, III.

_—

BREEDING AND TRAiNING THE TROTTER. BAO

PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF WEIGHTS.

No injuries are ever caused by the proper use of properly-made
weights, rightly applied. The amount to apply to each horse can
only be determined by experience, and the driver should commence
with a light weight, and increase at the rate of two ounces until the
desired result is obtained. No child ever sprang from its cradle and
commenced to walk, neither can you expect a horse to learn to trot
without patient assistance and support from the driver. After he has
properly balanced himself and become accustomed to trotting, the
weights can often be reduced or even removed. If the weight is
placed too low on the wall of the front foot, it is liable to be struck
by the toe of the hind foot and detached, throwing the horse out of
balance. This is not so in all horses.

AMOUNT OF WEIGHT TO USE.

The amount of weight that different horses may require, must be
left, in a measure, to the good sense and judgment of the trainer. It
is often necessary to experiment with different weights; in all cases
use as light ones as will effect desired results. It is seldom necessary
to use over a pound on a racker, that is, single footer; often ten or
twelve ounces is sufficient; but if the subject is hot-headed and per-
sistent, load him until you get him into a trotter’s form, if it takes
two-pound weights; as he acquires the habit of trotting square and
level, gradually reduce the weights. The “‘stiff-legged”’ gait usually
requires from twelve to fourteen ounces. Shoeing is a very important
factor in this matter of gaits, the weight of the shoe and its form.
We will refer to this again. The above weights are based upon
about a fourteen-ounce shoe. The slower the gait, as a rule, the
more weight a horse can carry without undue strain upon the ten-
dons, that of course must check the forward movement of the foot.
The more rapid a horse trots, the greater is the force with which the
foot is thrown forward, and the greater the tension of the muscles
that, contracting, cause a corresponding rapidity of the return of the
foot, creating an increased knee-action, or tendency to fold or bend

250 CHANGING PACERS AND RACKERS INTO TROTTERS.

the knee; consequently, when a horse is getting his speed, that is,
acquiring the trotting form of action, weights can gradually be
reduced, and in many cases dispensed with.

SIZE OF HORSE NO CRITERION AS TO AMOUNT OF WEIGHT.

Many seem to have concluded that a horse wants to be weighted
in proportion to his size. This is a mistaken idea. Lew Scott, Silver-
sides, Mazomanie, and Smuggler are all horses that measure sixteen
hands and upwards, and are all strong built, yet they trot with from
three- to eight-ounce weights, while Nettie, the smallest trotter that
has ever trotted in 2:18, only weighing 850 pounds, and being scant
fifteen hands, had to carry one and one-quarter pound shoes and
twelve-ounce toe-weights to enable her to make her best time. Small
as Nettie is, she can carry this amount of weight and last out her
races with the best horses on the turf. No trainer can be successful
in using toe- and side-weights unless he has from four to six pairs of
different hefts of weights to experiment with. When a horse is short
of work and rank, it may require eight-ounce weights to steady him
in first heat of a race, but after the first heat four to six ounces may
be all he may want. A horse will not want so much weight when
trotting on a heavy track as he will when trotting on a smooth, hard
track. As the shoes wear it is necessary to have different hefts of
weights so as to replace the amount lost by the wear of the shoes.

CONVERTING A PACER INTO A TROTTER.

Strap-hobbles may be of benefit, but are apt to make the horse
sore. ‘T'oe-weights will give better results than all other contrivances,
pole and sail tracks thrown in. Sometimes a little accident will make
the pacer take the trotting gait after weights are applied. The trainer
of Mazomanie increased his weights to three pounds and one-half on
each front foot and still he would not trot. He desparingly drove
him into a field of heavy red clover along side the track, when he
struck a trot at once. After trotting him afew turns in the clover,
he pulled him out on the track and gave him his head, when he

trotted a full mile in 2:31 without a break or skip. A few trials of
32

BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 951

this kind soon established the habit, dropping as low as 2:24, and
reducing the weights to two pounds. It is not a good policy to score
or brush converted pacers too soon after they go to trotting, but
wait till the gait is thoroughly established. Brushing horses does
more to make pullers than any other course.

TO CORRECT SINGLE-FOOTING.

If your colt is of a highly nervous organization, or from a family
of saddle-gaited rackers, evincing a disposition to make speed fast,
and your driver quite as anxious to get the speed as the horse to give
it, you will very likely find your colt some morning in his work rush
from his trot into a single-foot or rack, a habit, once acquired, difficult
to overcome without toe-weights; chances are that in his mixing he
has cut his quarters; boot him and then weight him, and with good
judgment you will soon have him all right. Some old horses can be
sent to a break, and ‘‘shook out” of this gait into a trot, but with
young horses, better take them back. One of the chief causes of
making single-footers and broken-gaited horses is severe bits.

TO BREAK HIM OF A HITCHING GAIT.

One of the most troublesome, easily acquired, and annoying
habits that come to plague a trainer is that of hitching. Nearly every
writer says it is caused from overwork, and advise a “‘let up and
rest.’’ Not in one case in twenty is this case. Your colt has been
working level and making speed, as he increased his speed he has
changed in his gait (“form of action’’). Presently you discover he is
passing one hind foot outside and the other between the two forward
ones; he becomes unsteady in his work and breaks, commences to
hitch and pull. What’s the matter, overwork? No! It is because
he is hitting his forward toe against the wall of the hind foot, scalp-
ing, or the toe is hitting at the coronet where the sensitive plantar
nerve enters the foot, causing a painful speedy cut, or is hitting his
pasterns or shins behind. Remove the cause by booting, put side
weight on foot heis short in his action on, and your colt will quit
pulling, and, if your trainer has good “ horse sense,”’ he will soon have
him going square and level.

252 PREVENTING CHEST-THUMPING AND SPEEDY-CUT.

WHAT TO DO FOR PADDLERS.

Most paddlers have plenty of action, and should be shod light, as
their winding gait is very severe on the tendons, if fast. For a colt
that shows a disposition to this gait, I prefer the rolling motion
‘“Roberge”’ shoe, for the reason that if they can go over the toe so
much more easily than over a level surfaced shoe or high toe caulks,
there is less inclination to paddle.

TO CORRECT ELBOW- AND CHEST-THUMPERS.

This is caused by excessive knee-action, produced by heavy shoes,
which are necessary to enable him to trot fast. Few horses who trot
in light shoes injure themselves in this way, if properly shod. Weight
applied to the bottom of the foot causes greater flexion of the
pastern joint, which results in arm and chest bruises. Almost every
case can be cured by shoeing with a light shoe, and applying toe-
weights. A rolling-motion shoe sometimes aids, yet the shoe has to
be made heavier to get the motion, say eight to twelve ounces, while
the foot has to be prepared by cutting down the heels and toe, which
is objectionable. Boots are not satisfactory, as they chafe thin~
skinned horses.

SCALPING, CUTTING AND BRUSHING.

A horse scalps the coronet by striking this part against the
grooved surface of the front foot near the toe. Such horses are close
gaited. Some cut themselves on the inside of the hind fetlock joint,
a little in front. This is produced by coming in contact with shoe of
front foot, on the same side, on the outside quarter. Brushing the
shins is produced in same manner, only higher up. It may hit the
bottom of the shoe at the outside quarter, or it may be nearer the
toe; or, in some instances, the shin is brushed by the outside wall of
the hoof or the clinches. These should "be looked to and kept
smoothed off and let into the hoof. To remedy this evil, use lighter
shoes, and use toe-weights. Have the ground surface of the shoe
made half round without being creased. The nails should be counter
sunk into the shoe and rounded off even with the web. A creased”

HUHIHH|
HUT

SMUGGLER.

Owned by Cou.7H._S.: RUSSELL, Boston, Record, 2.1544.

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BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 253

shoe never should be used. A shoe made in this way cannot cut or
bruise the skin. Boots of all kinds should be dispensed with, if
possible, and this could be done, if more judgment was shown in
shoeing and weighting.

BRUSHING IN FRONT AND KNEE BANGING.

The part of the shoe which does this injury is on inside of the
toe near two first nails. Sometimes the wall of the hoof and clinches
inflict it. The clinches should be let into the hoof, and the edge of
the shoe beveled off on the inside. Some horses brush higher up as
their speed is increased. Few who are shod with light shoes do this.
If you are using heavy shoes, substitute light ones and use toe-
weights. By adding more weight at the toe, a horse can be made to
carry his foot above the knee if he hits his knee in speeding, and thus
pass without brushing. Patient experiment is essentially necessary.

BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A PROPER BIT.

Unquestionably the bit is a very important factor in the proper
training of a trotter, as well as in the driving of the developed horse.
Many devices are offered the public, each claiming peculiar virtues,
yet the troubles they are lauded to obviate, generally arise from
another source, and can be cured by seeking the cause. Often the
habit of pulling is caused by some form of speedy-cut, and while a
severe bit may bring temporary relief, it will often result in a more
serious trouble —the breaking of a horse’s gait. Severe bits are the
fruitful cause of mixed and broken gaits, and are worse than useless,
except upon some wild and vicious brute.

THE BEST KIND OF BIT TO USE.

It is immaterial what form of bit you use, whether straight or
snafile, if it fits the horse. This can only be told by experimenting.
An occasional change of bits is often beneficial. In experimenting

954 COMFORTABLE AND UNCOMFORTABLE BITS.

we would recommend that a variety of sizes be used, running from
small to very large, and not a variety of shapes. The bit which suits
the greatest number of horses is a half-cheek, large snaffle, jointed in
the middle, the same thickness its entire length, with a slight curve
from joint to ring. The bits which are large at the ends and small in
the center have a tendency to pinch and crowd the sides of the
mouth, and often irritate a tender-mouthed horse, and make him
restless and unsteady about the head. A snaffle bit, properly made, is
not as severe on a horse as a straight bit, and never will lacerate the
horse’s mouth, if a good driver sits behind. It takes a firmer hold of
the jaw, and the skillful driver, by a uniform pull on both lines, works
and steadies the horse by the jaw, and does not twitch the bit through
the mouth. The snaffle arches and gives more freedom to the
tongue, and is not as hard on the jaw, as a straight bit.

Another style of bit is the bar bit, with or without a slight curve
from end to end. This is an excellent bit for tender-mouthed horses,
who seem to be afraid of the bit, but must be of large size. The
straight bar bit is an excellent bit for a colt, unless he fights and
pulls, when a snaffle might be tried.

When an overdraw check is desired, the fine bar bit as the second
bit, is the best. By enclosing the two bits in a rubber tube, made by
sewing together the ends of a strip of thin bandaging rubber a little
narrower than the width of the bits, leaving about two inches play,
you can prevent him carrying his tongue over the bit, or out of the
mouth. This is better than a plate bit.

A puller can be controlled by using a four-ring bit with a strap
over the nose connecting the inside rings, and a strap which can be
lengthened or shortened, running from the nose piece to the top piece
of the bridle. If the rings chafe, use leather washers next the cheeks.
This is Dan Mace’s plan for a hard puller.

Bits should be made of polished steel, and tested for Perk:
Sometimes a change of lengths is desirable, yet a bit should never
extend several inches outside the mouth in driving.

Why should there be any necessity for the invention of so many
kinds of bits, ete.? Why do horses put their tongues over the bit, or

BREAKING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 255

out of their mouths, or drive on one rein? In almost every instance,
in our judgment, it is the fault of the man that broke the colt, or the
abuse of the over-check in his early education. Colts do these things
in the first place to get relief from torture, and it finally becomes a
habit, and these habits, when formed, are very difficult to break up.
We have found that, in order to have them act well, and do cheerfully
what is required of them, we had to make it comfortable for them
to doit. All bad habits in horses are the direct result of ignorance
and abuse.

Few men who have the breaking and training of colts understand
the necessity of checking, at their inception, any bad actions that
may become fixed habits from a little repetition. They should be
corrected at once, and effectually. Search for the cause, and the
remedy will be more readily and effectually applied.

CiAar T i eae

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOHING.,

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

BREAKING COLTS — HORSES OF VICIOUS HABITS.—Breakrine Corts—Necessary facts
to know before you commence—How horses acquire vicious habits— Proper use of the
whip in breaking—When it must be used—Place wherein to handle a colt—How to
halter him — Use of bitting-rig — Breaking to harness— Driving to wagon or sulky —
Precautions in driving—Breakxine Vicious Horses—The most successful method —
The first operation — The second step to take — Final victory — Pulling on the halter —
Kicking in the stall — Kicking while shoeing or grooming — Running away — Balking
—Jumping, etc.—Breaking of fear of robes, umbrellas, ete.

SHOEING INTELLIGENTLY AND TO CORRECT EVILS.— First facts and principles —
Construction of the foot — Natural angle of wall of hoof — Necessity of preserving it—
Natural foot never shod — Proper method of trimming the foot — Preparing the foot for
the shoe —Ameount to remove from heel and toe— What to do about sole and frog —
Pernicious practices — Fitting the shoe to foot — How necessary it should be well done
— Nailing it on—Shoeing to prevent interfering —- How to prevent over-reaching and
clicking, ete— How Dexter is shod.

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES.

WHAT TO KNOW BEFORE BREAKING A COLT.

Fear is the motive power which causes the colt to resist breaking.
It is natural for him to run away from anything he fears, to kick
against an unknown object at his heels, to pull his head out of the

Z |BELMONT.4==2

mae Sire of Nutwood,‘record,’2.
Bay horse, foaled 1864.

j.Nil Desperandum, record,%2.24; Dick#Moore,frecord, 2.24; Wedgewood,‘trial in 2.2334.
Got by Abdallah (sire Goldsmith Maid, 2.14) first dam Belle (dam of McCurdy’s Hambletonian) by
Mambrino Chief (sire of Lady Thorn, 2.18%). Second dam by Brown’s Bellfounder. Belmont madefhis first season in 1869,
serving twenty-one mares in all. His oldest foals were eight years old in 1878.

In the 2.30 list Belmont has three representatives credited with sixty-one heats "better than 2.30, three ‘better than 2.25,
—best 2.23. With one exception (George Wilkes) his get have more heats in 2.30 or better, and, without exception, more of
his get have trotted better than 2.25 than any stallion in Kentucky. No other stallion ever bred in,Kentucky has had three
of his get to trot better than 2.25,

?
:
7
‘
f «
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3

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 257

halter as from a trap, and to strike and bite if cornered and of a
vicious disposition. His fear is governed by his sense of touch, sight
and hearing, and it is through these senses we obtain a mastery, and
at the same time remove his fears of the halter, the robe, the harness
and the wagon. These are the fixed laws which govern the actions of
all horses, and the breaking of a colt is merely the educating of him
not to fear the working apparatus, yet to fear and respect his master
and to obey his commands as soon as he has learned their nature.
Each one of these senses has to be educated before the horse is broke.
For instance, he becomes accustomed to the closed umbrella by let-
ting him touch and feel it with his nose, yet will be terribly
frightened if it is suddenly opened; and still again, after this fear has
been properly removed, by the click of the spring will jump and shy.
HOW HORSES ACQUIRE VICIOUS HABITS.

All vicious habits and tricks have been learned and acquired from
previous contests. If the colt had been properly mastered, they
could have been eradicated before they became habitual. A colt that
breaks his halter, kicks himself loose, or scares you out by fighting,
will try it again with increased zeal. He has now learned how to do
it. Don’t let them begin, but if they do, take it out of them before
you stop. You must conquer them or they will you. There is no
partnership in the matter; you must be master, and yet you must do
it by firmness and patience. There are no advantages gained by the
brutal use of the whip. There are advantages enough to be taken of
the colt, which will soon cause him to yield, because he finds himself
powerless against you.

HOW TO USE THE WHIP IN BREAKING.

The only object in using a whip is to excite the fears of the horse
and make him respect your authority by slight punishment when he
does a wrong action. It should never be used as an instrument of
revenge, and no man is fit to break or educate a horse unless he can
control his own temper. Fear and anger never should be felt by a
good horseman. ‘To a horse merely wild and timid, the whip should
be but little used; kindness will secure his confidence and remove his

258 USE OF WHIP IN BREAKING.

fears of you. A severe whipping may excite his passions to such an
extent as to forever ruin him as a quiet driver. On horses of fine
blood and highly nervous organization, it must seldom be used.
Teach the horse by patient firmness, as you would learn a child to
walk, talking pleasantly and encouragingly, giving plenty of caresses
and an occasional lump of sugar if he does well. He will soon learn to
love you, and will do anything you want him to, if he can only be
made to understand it.

WHEN THE WHIP MUST BE USED.

Sometimes a colt is of a stubborn, mulish disposition, and may
lay back his ears at your approach, or turn his heels to kick you. The
trouble with this colt is, he has not fear enough of man to properly
respect his authority. It would be ‘‘love’s labor lost,” to try and
conquer this fellow without the use of the whip. Use aspring top
whip with a good cracker, and give him a few sharp cuts around the
hind legs next the body, and speak sharply to him. Make all your
actions quickly and sharply. The crack of the whip affects as much
as the keen cut astonishes him. Don’t whip too much, just enough
to scare the bad disposition out of him. Never whip over the body,
or go into a pitched battle and whip your horse until his temper is
aroused, as he will fight back. It is dangerous and does no good.
A few sharp cuts around the legs will so frighten him that he will
respect your authority. Caress him more than you whip, but correct
him sharply at every evidence of bad disposition, and see that he
obeys promptly. Never leave a horse after whipping until he is
quieted down.

THE PROPER PLACE WHEREIN TO HANDLE A COLT.

This should be enclosed, or on the barn floor, and twenty-five to
forty feet square. ‘This leaves plenty of room for handling, yet
confines him within reach and at your mercy.

TO HALTER A WILD COLT.

Take a light pole, ten or twelve feet long, or as long as you can
handle to advantage, drive two nails into it about eight inches apart,

33

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 259

the first about an inch from the end of the pole, with the heads bent
a little outward from each other. Then take a common rope halter
with a running noose, pull the part which slips through the noose
back about two feet and hang the part that goes over the head upon
the pole between the nails, keeping hold of the hitching part, which
must be as long as the pole.

The halter is now so spread and hung upon the stick as to be
easily put on to the head. If the colt is not excited or frightened as
you extend the halter towards him, he will reach out his nose to smell
and examine it; and while he is thus gratifying his curiosity you can
bring the slack nant under his jaw, and raise the pole high enough to
bring the halter over and ‘back of the ears, when, by turning the stick
half way round, the halter will drop from it upon the head. This will
frighten the colt a little and cause him to run from you; but this will
cause the slack part passing back of the jaw to be tightened, and the
colt will thus be secured.

BREAKING A COLT TO HALTER.

After the colt has been a little gentled, take the halter in your
left hand, and approach him on the near, or left side, pretty well back
to his shoulder. Place the right arm over the neck gently, but firmly,
and raise the left, with the halter, towards the head. By skillful
management you will soon have his head in the halter, when you
should allow him along rope, so that if disposed he may go to the
length of the stable without making him pull on the halter. By
giving him rope when he goes from you, he will never rear, pull or
throw himself, yet you will be holding him all the time, and doing
more to gentle him than if you snubbed him and held him up to one
spot. In afew minutes you can begin to control him with the halter,
then shorten the distance between yourself and the colt by taking up
the rope in your hand. When you commence leading him, do not go
before, and try to pull him after you, but begin by pulling him very
quietly to one side: He will in this way soon yield to a gradual pull
of the halter, and when he comes up to you, caress him, and then
repeat the operation of pulling him again gently, alternately caressing

260 BITTING AND BREAKING TO HARNESS.

and leading him, until you can turn him in any direction you may
desire. By such mangement you can soon turn him wheresoever you
will, as he will follow a slight pull of the halter, not knowing his
power to resist.

After receiving the foregoing lessons, now all that will be neces-
sary to teach the animal to stand without pulling, is to hitch him
in an ordinary stall with rope or bar placed across behind, to prevent
pulling backwards. In the course of a couple of days this rope can
usually be dispensed with. Persons who have not tried breaking in a
box stall or limited inclosure, will be agreeably surprised to see how
much more control one has, and how much easier colts can be
broken in this manner, than upon the highway or field.

BITTING THE COLT.

We are now ready to put on the bitting rig which should be done
gently; avoid alarming the colt by all means. A scare at this time
will not be forgotten readily. Early impressions are lasting, therefore
let them be impressions of kindness and confidence by all means.
Rein the head but little above the usual height of carrying, and when
all is properly fixed, lead the colt about the stall for a short time, then
take him on the road or field and exercise him moderately. When
familiar with the bit and rigging teach him the use of the lines.
This will most readily be done by turning the colt with the side lines,
which are usually attached to the rigging, for the purpose of prevent-
ing the head being carried one side, which the colt will insist on doing
as soon as the head is elevated much above the natural position of
carrying it. Do not extend the time of exercising beyond one hour
each day for five or six days.

BREAKING TO HARNESS.

Then attempt the first lesson in driving; we now require the
assistance of a well grown boy to hold the haltes, not for the purpose
of leading, but to prevent the colt turning toward the driver, a.slight
pull on the halter will prevent this; when once going it’s best for the
assistant to keep as far as the halter will conveniently admit of from
the colt, and slightly behind him, A couple of drives in this manner

BAY SPLENDOUR.

Imported by Gro. E. Brown & Co., Aurora, Tl.

Cleveland Bay Stallion.

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 961

will usually enable the trainer to drive the little fellow without any
further assistance. Passing the lines through the shaft bearers will
materially assist in preventing the colt from turning his head towards
the driver; in the attempt todo so the thigh will press against the
line instead of the line slipping over the back, thereby giving every
opportunity of turning, much to the annoyance of the driver.

DRIVING TO WAGON OR SULKY.

When accustomed to the harness, standing and being exercised
in it during one or two lessons each day for two days or a week,
according to the disposition of the animal, he may be put into the
thills, but neither the traces nor holdbacks hitched. ‘Now let an
assistant rock, rattle, and move the wagon awhile, and then aid the
trainer to move it forward, while the colt is made to walk slowly,
letting him have his head and look at the wagon. Before attaching
the traces, at the second lesson in harness perhaps, the trainer on the
nigh side, and his assistant on the other, may grasp the thills each
with one hand, just in front of the lugs, letting the horse step forward
and draw the wagon by the thills, and letting him feel its weight as
much or little as desired. He may be backed somewhat in the same
way. By his actions, one may easily judge when it will be safe to
hitch him to the wagon. The vehicle selected should be one not
heavy but strong, and which will run with little noise. One simple
thing should be taught at a time, seldom two distinct ideas at one
lesson. ‘They should be daily repeated at each lesson until perfectly
familiar, and, after each good performance, the horse should be
caressed and rewarded. What a horse learns in this way he remem-
bers, and he will quickly exhibit a really remarkable confidence in his
master and alacrity to serve him.

CARE IN DRIVING.

By no means suffer him to start when partially hitched, a bad
scare, from improper management at this time, is rarely ever forgot-
ten; this can be prevented by careful and determined management.
We will suppose the colt to be hitched to sulky and everything made
safe, attach a small halter strap to each cheek of bridle, the assistants,

262 BREAKING VICIOUS HORSES.
tS ad

one on each side, halter strap in one hand and shafts steadied by the
other; in this manner they will be able to hold the colt and preventi
him throwing his head around to see the vehicle, which in some
instances will scare the young animal, until he becomes somewhat
accustomed to it, which will be in a short time generally. The driver
will have hold of the lines, walking immediately behind the sulky, and
will give the first lesson in that position. As soon as the colt goes
gentle in a field, take him on the road, where the assistants will only
assist by holding the straps which are attached to the bridle. Usually,
in the course of thirty to sixty minutes, will enable the driver to get
along without help; he is now to be exercised occasionally upon the
road, also upon a smooth meadow or other suitable field, being careful
that no other horse stock is in the field to annoy or otherwise attract
the attention of the youngster in harness. Horses running loose
make them impatient and fretful and sometimes quite stubborn.
Avoid short turning; this, by forcing the shoulder or neck against the
shaft annoys the colt very much indeed, at least until he feels
perfectly at home in the shafts. Do not venture to ride upon the
sulky until the colt has been driven several times; usually they object
more to starting a weight than drawing when once started, therefore,
get on when the sulky is moving. When going towards home, stop
him occasionally for a moment or two, then start him kindly; in this
manner he will soon learn to start without any difficulty. Never
drive so far or so fast as to worry or fret; it is while in this worried
condition that colts usually learn bad habits—sulking, refusing to go,
kicking, or some other practice, much to be deprecated. There are
various ways of hitching young horses to break them, to-wit: the
plow, wagon, buggy, or sulky. In our opinion the latter is the proper
rig. A good strong and light running sulky has no locking of wheels
in turning or backing, and furthermore, it is within our power to
prevent kicking, in this rig.
BREAKING VICIOUS HORSES.

Occasionally we meet a vicious brute by nature, or worse, made
so by injudicious handling. All systems extant for the subjection of

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 263

these animals are intended to accomplish it by getting the horse at
disadvantage, when his superior strength becomes powerless. Most of
them demand a special apparatus of straps, ete. We give a system
below, which takes no apparatus beyond what an ordinary farmer
possesses, and by which the ughest brute can be mastered in the
shortest possible time. We have yet to see the horse it will not
conquer, and there is no danger of injuring the horse. We have
taken the worst horses and have driven them to buggy in an hour
after commencing operations.

THE FIRST OPERATION.

Take a short hold of the halter with the left hand, and the hair
of the tail with the right; give him short whirls around to the left,
which will confuse and puzzle him. He may be a little frisky, but a
little management will soon give you hold of his tail. Now tie a firm
knot in the hair, close to the fleshy end of the tail, running the end
of the halter through above the knot, tie with a half loop, which can
be untied by catching the end of the halter. This can easily be done
while the horse is whirling around, by a little practice. As soon as
tied let him go; he is now hitched to himself, and “‘a house”’ or horse
“divided against itself cannot stand.’’ The higher-lifed he is, the
quicker he will waltz, and sometimes he will get dizzy and fall, but
get up again and go on. Keep him moving with a cracking whip,
until he shows a desire to stop and rest. The halter may now be
shortened, and he started again. If he falls while he is tied very
short, it may be necessary to untie before he can get up, and then tie
again, but thisis seldom. He cannot hurt himself, and this system
can be operated in an open lot or barn yard.

THE SECOND STEP TO TAKE.

After the foregoing has been continued until the wire edge has
been taken off, we now accustom him to trials and tests of various
kinds to take the kick or friskyness out of him. For this purpose we
introduce a smooth hickory pole, about ten feet long, with which we
smartly touch him in the sides, between the legs, against his heels,

264 BREAKING AGAINST ACCIDENTS.

under his tail, and all tender spots, simulating the whiffletrees against
his heels, traces between his legs, line under the tail, etc., the horse
being tied head and tail and kept going around and around. Each
point must be finished before another is taken; that is, when he will
bear these tests in one location, try another, until he will bear all this
usage without kicking. The amount of work he will bear of this
kind before he will give up, depends on his disposition. Well bred
horses fight the sharpest and give up the quickest; cold blooded,
sulky brutes make a slow and long continued resistance.

FINAL RESULTS.

He can now be rode, the rider jumping up on the off side and
reaching over and catching hold of the halter; when the horse quits
whirling, straddle him and untie the halter. We never saw a horse
buck, or which could not be rode with the halter after this training.
After riding he may be harnessed and drove in single harness, when
the same tests by pole may be applied, following with hitching to
wagon, and the usual steps we have given for breaking colts. At the
least signs of viciousness, take him out and head and tail him again.
This system is recommended for not only taking the kick out of
vicious horses, but is equally good for balky animals, etc. It can be
modified so as to be easy, and asa test for horses of unknown temper-
ament, or it can be increased to make the worst brute as mild as a May
morning. In cases of this latter kind, it is best to give him a short
waltz every time before you hitch up, for a month, to thoroughly
subdue him.

PULLING ON THE HALTER.

This isa habit which the horse acquires by being hitched with
too slight a halter. By once breaking away he will try it again, and if
he succeeds once or twice, the habit is fixed, and he will try it as often
as opportunity offers. If he has been in the habit of breaking away
in the stable, he will not attempt it on the street; tf the habit has
been contracted on the street, he will be safe in the stable, unless he
has learned it in both places. This proves that a horse learns his

TT
i,

}

CASSIUS M. CLAY, Jr.
Owned by GEN. W. T. WITHERS, Lexington, Kentucky.

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES—SHOEING. 265

vicious tricks; that when he has been successful under certain
circumstances, when the same opportunity occurs again, he will try
it. The most successful method is to take a half-inch cord, double it,
and place the doubled end under his tail in form of a crupper, cross-
ing the two ends over his back, and carrying them forward, one on
each side of the neck, through the halter ring, and hitch to the
manger or post. One or two pulls will satisfy him, and break him of
the habit.

KICKING IN THE STALL.

If the horse is of nervous habit, always give him warning, by
voice, before you approach. Never step up behind him suddenly and
startle him. If it is inherent viciousness, better give him to under-
stand that you are master, by giving him a few lessons for subduing
just such cases. Then, when you step up to go into the stall, tell him
sharply to ‘stand over,” watching your opportunity to glide up to his
head and take hold of the halter. You must not do this until you
see him quail a little under your eye. If the horse is treacherous,
better have a looped cord over his nose running back out of the stall,
and as you step up and give your command, give it a sudden jerk,
which will distract his attention and give you the desired chance to
slipin. Not the least sign of fear must be shown in action or voice.
The horse is an acute observer in this direction.

KICKING WHILE SHOEING OR GROOMING,

A thin-skinned horse will often show irritation, and offer resist-
ance to the harsh use of the curry-comb on certain portions of the
body. All that is necessary is to substitute the brush, or be more
careful in its use. If it is from a spirit of viciousness, tie a cord
round his neck and pass a loop around the lower jaw, holding the
other end while grooming. At every attempt to kick or bite, give it
a sharp pull, and he will soon give it up.

It is a more serious matter to break a horse of being sensitive
about having his feet handled. Never take a horse of this kind to
the smith’s shop to have him trained amid all the new, and to him,

265 BREAKING OF KICKING AND RUNNING AWAY.

strange sights. Learn him at home to have his feet handled and
rapped on. If he is vicious or wild, give him a lesson or two by our
method of tameing, which will take some of the vim out of him; then
learn him to have his fore feet handled, sticking to each one till he
will readily yield. If he resists strongly, give him another lesson.
Sometimes they will yield after one lesson, and allow the hind feet to
be handled by merely strapping up afore leg; again we have seen a
horse notoriously bad, stand by merely having the tips of his ears tied
together. The explanation of the reason why these simple matters
so affect a horse, is, that he cannot think of two things at once, and
will not balk or kick if you can distract his attention away from the
provocation. Sometimes it is better to attach a piece of webbing to
his hind foot, and thus handle it at a safe distance. It can be easily
raised off the ground by carrying the webbing up over the back,
round in front of the breast and back over the back into your hand,
from which spot you can operate safely and easily.

HORSE PAWING IN THE STABLE.

We have tried a variety of means, among others the strap and
chain, but all failed. Recently we devised a plan which has succeeded
to our entire satisfaction. We made aframe four feet long and of
sufficient width to reach nearly to the top of the manger, from which
we suspended it, allowing it to reach to within about ten inches of
the floor. We boarded up the sash, or frame, in order that he could
not get his feet over the lower bar, which was made of a round stick
two inches in diameter. The act of pawing sets the machine in
motion, causing it to strike against the shins, which so disgusted him
that he very soon gave it up entirely.

RUNNING AWAY.

There are many apparatuses to prevent this dangerous evil, yet a
man does not want to always travel with a block and tackle. The
great trouble is, that the horse does not possess a governable mouth,
nor have a properly established habit of stopping when the driver
says “‘whoa.”’ In fact half the horses never are thoroughly broken.

They are all right so long as every thing goes smooth, but when the -
34

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 267

hold-back breaks, or something extraordinary happens, away they go,
and the driver is powerless to stop them. The first thing to do with
a horse of this kind, is to learn him to pay attention to the bit and
the command of the driver under all circumstances; to have this
become a fixed habit, merely put him into a single harness, placing
the lines through the lugs for the thills, instead of the turrets, in
order to have a purchase around his buttocks, so he cannot turn his
face toward you. Now drill him for an hour each day, for a month,
turning to the right, to the left, backing, going ahead, and stopping
instantly. When he turns, don’t let him take half an acre, but bring
him sharply around, and as sharply back, cracking him with the
snapper of the whip. Make him stop, instantly, at the word; if he
don’t, give him a sudden check. He will soon learn to stop at once,
even if the lines are on the ground, and you away several rods. This
course will cure it every time, by gaining control of the horse.

BREAKING BALKING HORSES.

Often this has been caused by more guilty drivers of high-strung,
nervous horses. An opposite course of patience, and care in not
overloading will correct the evil. If the habit has degenerated into
viciousness, it may be necessary, every time the animal shows signs of
balking, to give a lesson or two by our system, to show who is master,
and there will be no further trouble with the worst cases.

The society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals puts forth
the following rules for the treatment of balky horses:

1. Pat the horse upon the neck; examine the harness carefully,
first on one side then on the other, speaking encouragingly while
doing so; then jump into the wagon and give the word to go;
generally he will obey.

2. A teamster in Maine says he can start the worst balky horse
by talking him out of the shafts and making him go round in a circle
until he is giddy. If the first dance of this sort does not cure him, a
second will.

3. To cure a balky horse, simply place your hand over the
horse’s nose, and shut off his wind until he wants to go.

268 BALKING, JUMPING, AND SHYING.

4. The brain of a horse seems to entertain but one idea at a
time; therefore whipping only confirms his stubborn resolve. If you
can, by any means, give him a new subject to think of, you will
generally have no trouble in starting him. A simple remedy is to
take a couple of turns of stout twine around the fore leg, just below
the knee, tight enough for the horse to feel, and tie in a bow-knot.
At the first cluck he will probably go dancing off, and, after going a
short distance, you can get out and remove the strings to prevent
injury to the tendon, in your further drive.

5. Take the tail of the horse between the hind legs, and tie it
by a cord to the saddle girth.

6. Tie a string around the horse’s ear close to the head.

TO PREVENT JUMPING.

This can easily be done, by taking a piece of leather broad
enough to cover the eyes, so that the horse cannot see directly ahead,
and leaving on the head part of the halter, attach it at the top and
bottom, to the halter, completely covering the front of the face.
The horse won’t jump if he can’t see where he is going to alight.

Or, take a good leather surcingle, two and one-half inches wide,
to which fasten two rings, so that each will be just behind the fore
legs of the animal when the surcingle is adjusted. Take two good
straps a little longer than hame straps, which buckle into the rings
and around the fore legs. The animal will not jump, but can walk
without difficulty.

Another mode: Fasten the rings on the surcingle well up on the
sides of the animal. Through these pass a rope, with a strap on each
side to buckle around the animal’s legs just above the hoof. This
will prevent jumping.

BREAKING OF FEAR OF ARTICLES.

There is no horse but what with a little patience and understand-

ing, can be taught in a few minutes not be afraid of robes, umbrellas,

etc. The tip end of the nose is the finger of investigation of the
horse. Until he touches an object with it, he is uncertain what its

"YIOX MON ‘AUN

TAV.L ‘HW ‘Vv Aq paumo

su THO LOT CUR FT

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 269

character is. It is not entirely for the purpose of smelling of it that
he applies his nose, but to touch and feel it. To break a horse of fear
of an article, you have got to educate three senses, feeling, seeing,
and hearing, and he is not entirely broken unless all are familiarized.
Instead of taking the robe and going toward him, vainly trying to
get it to his nose, start away from him, leading him by the halter.
There will be no trouble about his following. He will gradually be
brought nearer, where he can touch it and examine; then educate
his sight, by getting it into different positions; then his hearing, if
it have any sound. By this method, there is no horse but what can
be broke in a few minutes of all fears. But it must be remembered
that the horse has to be broken, as it were, on every side, and all
over. You may have him perfectly docile to all appearance from in
front, but if it is raised over, or behind him, he will be as much
alarmed as ever. It does not follow that a horse being broke to have
an umbrella rubbed over, or even raised immediately over his head,
will not be alarmed at it if carried in a buggy behind him. He must
become accustomed to seeing the offensive article in every conceiva-
ble position, and this must be done by degrees and several lessons.

HORSES CHEWING BRIDLES.

Mix bitter aloes in a solution of gum arabic. Rub it on the part
of the bridle that the horse is in the habit of chewing, and he will
cease depredating.

SHOEING THE HORSE.

A FEW FACTS REGARDING ITS NECESSITY.

Shoeing is a necessary evil, for without it the horse would become
foot-sore from the wearing away of the horn faster than nature
produced it. It is an open question whether we do not shoe too
much, especially among the farmer’s horses. The question is being
tested in England, whether it cannot be dispensed with in a great

270 THE NATURAL FOOT BEFORE BEING SHOD.

degree, and nature depended on to harden the tenacity and resistance
of the hoof to the demands upon it. If it could be avoided, nine-
tenths of the diseases of the feet and limbs would disappear.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE FOOT.

Every man should understand the ana-
tomical construction of the horse’s foot, and
put it to practical use. In addition to our
explanations in another chapter, which
every man should read, we give a profile of
the foot of a five-year-old horse never shod. e—
Around the top and encircling it is the frog
band a,a; the wall of the foot is marked b, peg eg sas
and inclines back from the toe c, at angle of from fifty-one to sixty
degrees. This natural angle should always be preserved in shoeing
the horse, if disease is to be avoided. The toe of the sole is at J,
while at e we have the inside and at f the outside heel. The accom-
panying illustration represents the ground
surface of same foot. The heels of the
frog are ata,a; cleft of frog 6, branches
of same c,c; heels of wall e,e; inflection
of wall, or ‘“‘bars,” f,f, frog g; outside
quarter h; inside quarter 7; sole 4; junc-
tion of wall and sole 7,7; and the toe is at
o. From this it will be seen that the
natural foot is as “‘ round, as a dollar” on
its ground surface, but by injudicious shoeing soon becomes elongated
and contracted at the heels. And why should it not, when some
people allow a shoe applied more fitted for a plow clevice. The hoof
grows by the deposition of new material from membranes secreting
horn, which becomes harder as it is pushed downward by the new
growth. The wall is formed from the coronary cushion at the top of
the hoof, the sole from the membrane covering the lower face of the
bone of the foot, and the frog from the sensitive frog or plantar
cushion. In its natural state the growth is perpendicularly equal all

1
he
Conk
s iD.

HO.

SOLE OF SAME FOOT

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 271

around, yet really faster in actual length at the toe, on account of the
inclination of the wall. This equal growth may be disarranged by an
uneven bearing of the shoe, which will overstimulate one portion to
the disadvantage of the balance, finally resulting in change of shape.
This fact shows the immense importance of preserving a level, natural
bearing for the foot.

PREPARING THE FOOT FOR THE SHOE,

, = The accompanying verticle section shows
how the hoof should be pared; that a line
crossing at right-angles, the top of the hoof
should be exactly parallel with the ground

Ie OC an surface; that the horse should stand level in
vee ioe, ts order to have a proper bearing. The second
illustration shows the importance of keeping the relative proportions
of toe and heel the same, in order to have the weight of
the body sustained by an elastic, yet firm and enduring
foundation, without any strain on any particular part, but
properly distributed. Too much dressing down of the
heel 2: b, would increase the angle from a to c, and throw
too much strain on the joint at the fetlock, and the back
tendons; while if the toe was extremely pared, the angle
would not be sufficient to give elasticity, the bones would
suffer from concussions, and the result would be splints
and navicular disease. By still
another illustration we show the |
proper way to trim the foot as “or roor.
well as the two extremes. From e to f
would be the correct line to follow; from a
to 6 would increase the strain on the ten-
dons; while from ¢ to d would bring the
foot into a too perpendicular position. If the conformation of every
horse was understood by his owner, and the smith followed his direc-
tions, less trouble would be had from defective shoeing. After
determining the amount to be removed from toe and heel, it should

CORRECT PARING THE FOOT,

272 TO FIT THE SHOE.

be done with a rasp. Few men can handle a knife or buttress and
produce exact results. Never allow any man to apply a hot shoe to
the foot. The wall should be trimmed down level, the bars of the
wall are a good guide; the sole should be but little if any trimmed
beyond removing the scaly exterior. Never allow the sole to be so
pared that it will spring under pressure of the thumb, as some
recommend; it is removing the protection of the foot. The frog
should be let alone, and the pernicious practice of ‘opening the
heel’’ should be abandoned, if it has been practiced, for it removes
the mechanical support of the heels, and leads to contraction.

TO FIT THE SHOE TO THE FOOT.

The shoe should be fitted to the foot, and not the foot to the
shoe. The common practice is to pick out a shoe from a miscella-
neous stock, and nail on the one which comes the nearest. Is ita
wonder that we have contracted feet and navicular disease. It
should cover the crust or wall all around the foot, and the heels
should not extend straight back from the quarters, which are the
weakest parts of the wall, making a wedge of the heel of the foot
between the heels of the shoe, causing contraction. Let the shoe fit
the wall to a hair’s breadth; if drawn too farin, it will cause corns
by bruising the inside heel of the sole. In fact, the proper shoe is
but an extension of the wall of the hoof, made of harder material for
its protection. A shoe without calks is the best, as it gives a level
bearing, yet calks cannot always be dispensed with. It should be the
same thickness all round, and only sufficiently heavy to endure the
weight of the horse. ‘T'loo heavy shoes require very heavy nails,
which are injurious. The web should not be very wide, and is better
if hollowed out on ground surface, as it gives a better hold, and is
nearer the natural shape. The surface applied to the foot should be
perfectly true and smooth, so that a perfect union can be made
without excessive number of nails, or tightly clinching. It should
make a waterproof joint, forming, as it were, a part and parcel of the
wall.

NORMAN-PERCHERON STALLION, BAALBECK, No. 20.

Owned by Grn. L. T. Ross, Ayon, Illinois.

BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEING. 73

NAILING ON THE SHOE.

If the shoe fits, there will be no necessity of setting it back and
chopping off the toe. One of the worst cases of laminitis we ever
saw was caused in this way. It is better to put only three nails on
the inside, near the toe, and all forward of the quarter, and four on
outside, in same manner. One nail may be omitted in fore feet in dry
weather on road horses. These will keep the shoe on as long as is
desirable. Horses are not shod often enough, for by leaving on the
shoe until the growth of toe has carried it forward, the heel rests on
inside heel of sole, and corns are the result. If shod in this way,
contracted feet will never result from the shoeing. The nails should
not be clinched too tightly, and the clinches should be smoothed off
close, or even let into the hoof if the horse brushes. The rasp
should never be applied to the wall, as every stroke brings away the
most important part of it, which prevents evaporation, and preserves
the interior from injury.

SHOEING TO PREVENT INTERFERING.

In addition to our instructions under toe-weights, we will add a
method of preventing ordinary interfering. It will never do to make
the shoe thicker in one part, or to trim the hoof to any extent to
relieve it. The shoe is to be made the same thickness all around;
the toe-calk is to be set over its entire width on the inside; the inside
heel should extend straight back from heel of foot; the outside heel
is to follow closely the wall of the foot. It is also a good plan to
trim a little of the bottom of the wall off, from the outside quarter
around nearly to the toe, the rest of the wall being pared perfectly
level. The calk on the inside heel should have the width parallel
with the web of the shoe, especially on the hind foot.

TO PREVENT CLICKING.

If the shoes are made a little heavier in front, light shoes bshind,
it will give more knee action, and carry the front feet out of the way.
If this does not succeed, make the hind shoes thicker at the toe,
gradually diminishing toward the heel, not trimming the toe of wall

27 BONNER’S METHOD OF SHOEING.

so much in front. It will cause a slight delay in hind feet going over
the toe, which will allow the front feet the time necessary to get out
of the way.

HOW DEXTER IS SHOD.

Each shoe is carefully balanced. The surface which comes in
contact with the ground slightly curves from heel to toe, so that
when the horse is standing firm the principal weight is borne by heel
and center, no heavy pressure being felt upon the toe. Just as a line
drawn from the heel to the toe of a man’s boot would demonstrate a
slight curve, so is the natural curve given to each of Dexter’s shoes.
When aman walks, there is a rising sloping action, from heel to toe,
and when a horse is trotting there is a rolling motion from the back
part of the hoof to the front. Acknowledging the principle to be
correct, it stands to reason that a horse will gather more quickly and
with less friction if, instead of the heel and toe being forced to the
same level, the former is raised alittle higher than the latter. To
secure exact proportion to this curve, Mr. Bonner takes each shoe
and places it on the smooth surface of a marble slab, and weighs it
with a critical eye. In the toe of each shoe a slight excavation or
sloping indenture is made for the purpose of giving firmness to the
step of the horse. By the force of concussion the soft earth is forced
up into this excavation, so that in raising from heel to toe the shoe
does not slip backward. This sloping indenture must be carefully
proportioned to the size and weight of the shoe, for otherwise it
might create friction and prove a positive drawback instead of an
assistant. ‘This mode of shoeing certainly worked ‘well in Dexter’s
case, for the marvel is still a marvel, and all of his recent perform-
ances, which have so much astonished the world, have been made i in
shoes constructed after the pattern described.

35

Ch APE TV. :

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE.—What is a sound horse?—A serviceable sound
horse— When a warranty becomes a fraud —TVitting up a horse for market— Precau-
tions about purchasing — Tow to examine a horse —The eyes, feet, limbs, and body —
General formation to be avoided.

BUILDING STALLS FOR HORSES.—Size of stalls—To slope the floor yet have it leyel—
An ingenious and practicable method —Why horses back into the gangway—The more
sensible remedy.

CARE OF THE HARNESS.—What destroys it—Care when it comes in—Cleaning and
oiling —To give it appearance of new leather—A water-proof varnish— Place to keep it.

SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS.—What a thoroughbred is—Length of the
Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger races, in England, and fastest time won—A handicap,
steeplechase, hurdle, and stake-race —A sweepstake and purse race— Play or pay bets
— Measuring a runner’s stride —A trotter’s stride, and length of stride of some horses—
When a filly becomes a mare —A colt a horse —Weights to carry in a race.

HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS.— Mine rrack —Amount of land necessary— How to
lay it off— Place to set the distance posts—The starting point.— Har mire TRACK —
Amount of land and directions for measuring.

RECORD OF TROTTING HORSES.— Record of all horses in 2:30 class or under— Breeding
and description of horses.

276 WHAT IS A SOUND HORSE.

TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE.

WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND.

There is nothing more difficult than to find a horse technically
sound. In general phraseology a horse is considered sound if he is
serviceably so. A good deal depends on the way and manner in which
it is stated. Blemishes are not always indicative of unsoundness.

In a legal serse, no rule can be laid down, as juries have so disa-
greed amid conflicting evidence, that few authorities can be quoted,
and it is more difficult to tell just where the warrantee ends and fraud
begins. If a man specially warrants a horse to be gentle and true,
and he proves not, he must give redress. If it be proven that he
knew the facts, it is a fraud, and should be treated as such. It is
always best to ask very particular questions and insist on direct
answers.

Many a horse, when fitted for the market, has a fine look to a
common eye, when in fact it is second rate, or perhaps nearly
worthless. So, also, a horse in its natural state, especially if it is in
flesh, may look well to an inexperienced eye, and be at the same time
an inferior animal. Probably in no article of trade are persons so
often deceived as in the purchase of horses. So risky is this, that
many prudent buyers never purchase except on a trial of a week or
more, and we would advise all who do not know how to select a good
horse to adopt this course. By grooming and using a horse a few
days, almost any one can tell about what manner of horse it is.

HOW TO EXAMINE A HORSE.

In buying a horse, particular attention should be given to the
eye. It should be clear, stand out round and full. The eyebrows and
lids should be free from bunches, and there should be no swelling
under the lower lids.

We would turn from a horse that has a dull, sunken, flat eye. In
nine cases out of ten there is trouble connected with it. Hither the
disposition of the horse will be bad, or he will be lazy, or his eyes
will fail. A good way to test the present condition of sight is to lead

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN. 277

a horse out of a dark stable into a strong light. If he knits his brow,
throws his head up as if to get more light, acts as if he wanted his
glasses to see clearly—stand from under, you may be sure he has bad
eyes. The feet should also be carefully examined. A horse with bad
feet is little worth. A good foot is smooth, tough and solid. The
heels firm, (not spongy,) the frogs dry and the soles shallow. See the
foot is a good one. The shoulders should be of medium size for
common use, as then you have good speed and durability.

The limbs should be clean, free from splints, wind-galls, spavins
and tumors of all kinds. Should look as if made for the body. In
movement, the fore legs and shoulders should seem to have but one
one action. If you want a good horse, look well to this.

The body should be well formed, back straight, and the hips lower
than the withers. See that the breathing is natural, and that there
is no uncommon motion under the short ribs. A broken-winded or
heavey horse, unless resined, nearly always shows this. A horse with
a large, fleshy head, and thick neck, also one with fleshy legs, should
be rejected. A lame horse, that ‘“‘has been lame but a day or two,”’
from running in the pasture, or from the prick of a nail, should be
looked well to. Better wait till he gets well before you buy.

HOW TO BUILD STALLS FOR HORSES.

This is a very important matter, as many times the wrong
construction of a stall will, in time, injure a valuable animal. They
should be from five to six feet wide, according to the size of the horse,
and about ten feet in length. Have the plank of the floor three
inches lower at the rear end. ‘Take strips of plank two and one-half
inches wide, and three inches thick, and saw them through diagonally
from corner to corner, end to end, so that you will now have two
strips two inches and a half wide, and three inches thick at one end
and nothing at the other. Nail enough of these strips, one-half an
inch apart, with the thick end at lower end of the stall, and the thin
end under the manger, and you will have a level stall well drained,

275 BUILDING STALLS AND CARE OF HARNESS.

which not only saves bedding, but be a safe and comfortable stall for
your horse. Why do horses back out of the stall into the gangway?
ft is because the slanting plan of the usually built stalls tire and
strain the tendons of the legs, and they seek to find relief by backing
down out of the stall. Instead of following the usual mode of slap-
ping the horse with the shovel to break him of the habit, use a little
reflection and remedy the plan of your stalls. If you will try this
plan you will try no other.

CARE OF THE HARNESS.

The use of a harness does not as a general thing injure it as much
as the lack of giving it the proper care. It is soaked with water and
covered with mud many times during the year, and often hung up out
of proper shape, and allowed to dry so. Leather to be durable must
be kept clean, and occasionally receive a good coat of oil. It is a
good plan to wipe the harness with a moist rag when it comes to the
barn covered with mud, and also to see that it is in good shape when
put up. It will not require oil near as often when attention is paid to
it in this way, as when neglected, for clay mud appears to destroy the
life of leather if allowed to dry upon it. No vegetable oils should be
used, unless it be castor-oil, for they are hardening in their effects,
and of course injurious.

Nothing is better that we have ever aaa than neat’s-foot oil, and
it can always be obtained as handily as any other oil.

Take the harness all apart, unbuckling every strap, and wash each
piece with a cloth or sponge in warm castile soap suds, and when
nearly dry apply the oil with a woolen rag. Such parts as’ are most
exposed to mud, or located so as to absorb the perspiration of the
horse, should receive an extra allowance. After giving it a coat or
two, let it remain in a warm room until all the oil is penetrated, but
never let it hang close to a stove, or in the hot sun while drying. To
give the harness an appearance of new leather, add to a pint of oil-
about one tablespoonful of lampblack, and about two ounces of
beeswax.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN. 279

If a varnish is wanted to make the harness impervious to water,
it can be applied after the oil has partially dried in. It can be made
as follows:

Place some shellac in a bottle, and pour in alcohol until the lac
is covered, then add a small lump of camphor, and cork up the
bottle; in a few days, if the alcohol is good, the lac will be dissolved,
and after a good shake and the addition of one-third more alcohol,
the varnish is ready for use. It should be put on with a common
paint brush. Enough varnish for a set of common carriage harness
would cost about ten cents. Harness so treated remain pliable for a
long time, for the varnish will turn the water.

This plan cannot be practiced where the harness are kept in the
stable, as the odor of the manure will soon destroy the varnish. The
varnish if made of good materials, will dry in two hours at ,the
farthest.

SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS.

A thoroughbred horse is one which traces back to Arabian blood,
through an unbroken chain of six generations. without an out-cross
or mingling of cold blood. They are running horses. ‘There are no
thoroughbred trotting horses, yet many of them possess a cross of
thoroughbred blood. A trotting horse may be well bred, yet not a
thoroughbred.

The length of the Derby, in England, is one and one-half miles.
The fastest time made was by Kettledrum, in 1861, and Blair Athol, in
1864, each in 2:43. The Oaks is the same distance, and was won by
Brown Duchess in 1861, in 2:44, the fastest time made. The St.
Leger is one mile and three-quarters and one hundred and thirty-two
yards, and was won in 1861 by Caller Ou, in 3:14. These are all
English running races for three-year-olds.

A handicap race is where one horse by age, or some other reason,
has a supposed advantage of the others, and has to carry addi-
tional weight, etc., to even the race. A race across the country,

280 SPORTING TERMS.

regardless of obstructions, is a steeplechase. A hurdlerace consists
of hurdles or barriers thrown across the course, which the horse has
to jump during the race.

A stake-race is one in which a certain agreed sum of money is
put up for each horse under specified conditions. Often there is
money added by the association or individuals, to the stakes. The
winner takes the whole amount, except, as is generally the case, the
second gets a small share and the third saves his stake. A sweep-
stakes is an event where a stated sum of money is put up for each
horse, and the winner takes the pile. The name is frequently mis-
applied in its use. A purse isa certain sum of money which is offered
by an association, or by individuals, and is divided between the first,
second and third horses—the first horse getting the lion’s share.
There is generally an entrance fee of ten per cent. of the full
amount from each horse, but the purse does not depend on the
number of entrees.

Play or pay, means that the money up goes even if the horse
does not start. He must trot or run for his stake or lose it.

In trotting, three foot-prints are measured to get the stride. In
other words, from where the foot leaves the ground to where it strikes -
again. Gloster’s stride was twenty-three feet; Goldsmith Maid’s,
nineteen feet, and Rarus’ stride about twenty-two.

In measuring the stride of runners, measure five foot-marks in-
clusive, which will give the correct stride. According to usage among
thoroughbreds, a colt becomes a horse at five years old; a filly
becomes a mare at three years of age.

In trotting to wagon or sulky the horse has to carry one hundred
and fifty pounds; to saddle, one hundred and forty-five.

HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS.

FOR A MILE TRACK.
A good mile track can be laid out as follows: Select a level field
of forty-two acres; draw through the centre of it a straight line of
440 yards (one-fourth of a mile). On each side of this line, and at an

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN, 281

exact distance of 140 yards from it, draw parallel lines of equal length,
so that the space between the two outer lines will be 280 yards. This
being done, drive a stake at each end of the centre line, fasten a cord
thereto; extend the cord at right angles for 140 yards until it touches
the end of the outer line, and then describe with the extreme end of
the cord an outer curve or semi-circle between the ends of the two
outer lines. You will then have the shape you want; the continuous
outer line describing it being exactly a mile (1,760 yards) in length,
divided into four sections of a quarter mile (440 yards) each, and in-
closing forty-two acres of ground. From this outer line of track, set
the fence of the course three feet back on the straight side and curves.
In this way, an exact mile (as near as may be) is preserved for the
actual foot-track of all the horses. The first distance post is placed
eighty yards from the judge’s stand; the second at one hundred yards;
and the start is sixty yards before entering the turn. The track
should be graded round the turns, like the track of a railroad or
circus, the outer portion highest, so that a horse can extend himself
at full speed as well around the turns as on the straight sides.

FOR A HALF MILE TRACK.

A good half-mile track may be laid out as follows: Lay off two
straight sides, 600 feet each (parallel) and 452 feet, 6 inches apart,
connected at each end with a perfect semi-circle (radius 226 feet, 3
inches); place your fence exactly upon the line so formed (which is
the inside of your track), and your track will measure exactly half a
mile three feet from the fence, the outside fence to be placed
according to the width of the track desired. If not convenient to
obtain an engineer to run the curves, it can be done as follows:
Place a centre stake midway between the parallel straight sides at
each end, take a wire with a loop at the end loose enough to turn upon
the stake, measure upon this wire 226 feet, 3 inches (the radius of the
curves), which, from the centre stakes, will exactly reach the end of
the straight lines; then describe your semi-circle, beginning at the
end of one straight side and putting down a stake every twelve feet,
if that is the length of the fence panels desired.

282

TROTTING RECORD.

TROTTING RECORD.

OF ALL HORSES WITH 2:30 AND UNDER.

NAME AND SIRE. TIME.

Rarus, b. g., Conkling’s Abdallah............ 2:13}
Felden Maid, b. m., Alexander’s Ab-
Calllahiv cc. scccwaccesessvezeteres seats cavescancosnee:

Hopeful, gr. g., Godfrey’s Patchen
Lula, b. m., Alexander’s Norman........-
Smugeler; b..s., Blanco...-...-0.-22.2--..0200
Lucille Golddust, b. m. , Golddust ..

Gcetens b. g., Doses
Gloster, b. g., Volunteer
De xter, b. g., Rysdyk’s Haeabletoniace

Red Cloud, be g., Legal Tendev...............2:18
Nettie, b. m. , Rysdyk’ s Hambletonian......2:18
Judge Fullerton, ch. g., Edward Everett..2:18
Great Eastern, b. gf, Walkill Chief..........2:18
Edwin Forrest, b. g., Ned Forrest......--..-2:18
Midnight, blk. g., Peacemaker ...- }
Lady Thorn, b. m., Mambrino Chie ae 2:18+

Lucy, b. m., "Geo. M. Patchen........--++
Slow Go, rn. g., Young Sharatack
(Chelly JOG WTS, (ats 18 aonccoce: neosceooneeherecoccanon
Cozette, blk. m., Blumberg’s Bashaw..-
Edward, ch. g., Fisk’s Mohawk Chief...
Dick Swiveller, b. g., Walkill Chief
Albemarle, gr. g., Tom Hunter
Bodine, b. g., Volunteer ..
Comee, b. g., Daniel Lambert...
Hannis, b. s., Mambrino Pilot..
Protine, b. m., Blackwood
Geo. Palmer, Ames’ Bogus
Croxie, b. m., Clark Ghia ee!
Thos. L. Young, ch. g., Yellow Jacket...
Camors, Gen. Knox
Adelaide, b. m., Phil. Sheridan...

3) Rosalind, Alexander’s Abdallah...
z Wolford Z, b. g., Capt. Beaumont...

NAME AND SIRE. TIME,
Mountain Boy, Edward Everett...........--- 2:208
Lysander Boy, ch. g., Lysander... 11.2:208
WH shaKS|BKO), 10% Fe oececqnoocdsasocoseonmHcasoooOI 2.21

{| John H., b. g., Blumberg’s Bashaw.......--2:21
King Phillip, b. s., Jay Gould........... 2221
White Stockings, b. feghopreGssonngadoaasoaccgesn6e 2:21
Castle Boy, b. g., Gooding’s Champion... 2:21
General Garfield, b. g., Kentucky Black

Fa WiAk. cs -crecoucseeccanacc aces noccceceseeceee 2:21:

crea

General Grant, ch. s., Wapale: .
areal

Powers, b. g., Volunteer...

Doty, b. g., Challenge scacsensnessoll

Clementine, ACGISONG |Tisscssecceesesneosesenees 2:21

Lady Pritchard, ch. m., Green Mountain.
Bammer scteievsssccveenenenenenen Bid

Gazelle, Ryskyk’s Hambletonian..
Indianapolis, br. s., Tattler

May Bird, blk m., Geo. Wilkes......ssssse0 2: 21
Se ott’s Thomas, b. s., Gen. G. H. Thomas..2.21
Richard, ch. g., Blue Bulli.:..0) cee 2:21
Susie, Hampshire IBOYareecsare= :
Lucille, b. m., Exchequer.... B
Voltaire,. bi Ss elattlersecce.-secmeeeeeesseeeeeeere 2: 213

Kansas Chief, b. g., Arnold iii 2215
Hambletonian Mambrino, ID: 18:, urtis’
Mamibletontamesc-cescessesteceseseeeeees 2:21}
Abotsford, b. s., Woodford Mambrino.....2:214
Jay Gould, b.s., Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, z 21h

Music, Middletowm.-fccescat-.cseosese- ese 2:21$
Woodford Mambrino, br. s., Mambrino

(0) 00S nenaceac eon cne Cone deseEo re eccacocacacs 2:214
+ | Molsey, Whiteside’s Black Hawk............2:

Flora Temple, One-Eyed Ken. Hunter. 2104 Little Gypsy, b.mi,Lom Halli... ese .2:
May Queen, b. m., Alexander’s Norman..2:20 | Bella, b, m., Rysdyk’s Hambletonian......2:
Commonwealth, b. s., Phil. Sheridan ..

Frank, blk g., Buell’s Pathfinder............ 2:20
Prospero, blk g., Messenger Duroc ;
Little Fred, b. g., Eastman’s Morgan...

Fleety Golddust, Golddust.........--.eeeee-e0+ 12:20
Nancy Hackett, rn m., Wood’s Hamble-
LOMTaTs csaecesene aeccece se csmasasereaeses seo 2:20

Bonesetter, b. s., Brooks’ Horse..

Mambrino Gift, ’d. s., Mambrino Pilot.....2:20
Henry, b. g , Harry Lathrop Scopeneonssooscos PANS
Martha Washington, ch. m., Son of L. I.
Black BLS sis ese 2 ae
Mazo-Manie, ch. g., Gen. Morgan... 2:20}

Gov. Sprague, blk s., Rhode Island.. soccer
Sam Purdy, b. s., Geo. M. Patchen, jr......2
Huntress, b. m., VOlUNtEEL.-..ssecsseseereneees 2:20

Joe Brown, gr. s., Woodward’s Rattler...
Mollie Morris, ch. m., French Pacing Pony
Oakland Maid, gr. m. , Speculation.......
Jennie Holton, b. m., Bacchus Horse..
Dame Trot, b. m., Messenger Duroc....
Blackbird, Simpson’s Blackbird........--
Geo. Wilkes, Rysdyk’s Hambletonian.
IMiyetics ReliamcCel.cs.-srcscsrsces ssqeeeen rete
Silversides, gr. g., Unknown
Bateman, b. g., Harry Clay......
Amy, b. m., Volunteer.........-..---+.+
Hannah D, ’b. m. ., Magna Charta.. Sac
Sensation, b. g., Dixon’s Ethan Allen..
Thorndale, b. s., Alexander’s Abdallah...

TROTTING RECORD.

NAME AND SIRE.
Honest Harry, rn. g., Winthrop Morrill...2:223
Deception, gr. g 2
Scotland, blk. g., Imp. Bonnie Scotland...
Tanner Boy, gr. g., Edward Everett......... 2
Badger Girl, gr. m., Black Flying Cloud...2
Blackwood, jr., blk. s., Blackwood.......... i
Joker, b. g., Parrish’s Hambletonian........£
St. Julien, b. g., Volunteer..............+ oy
Sheridan, b. g., Edward Everett...........--- :
Graves, ch. g., Whipple’s Hambletonian.
Jersey Boy, b. g., Young Volunteer .......
Mattie, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hambletonian..
Young Bruno, b. g.. Rysdyk’s eae

tonian SERRE CER CSSA ECO SCO COORD EEE SOONER
Lady Mac, b. m., Whirlwind... SHB}
Ethel, b. m., Blue Bull.. 223

Bonner, ch. on Son of American Star
Fred Hooper, b. g., Royal Revenge
Idol, b. m. , Stephen A. Douglass..-...
Lady Turpin, blk. m., Bell Morgan
Proctor, b. ¢., Mambrino Chief, jr
Thomas Jefferson, blk. s., Toronto Chief. 2:23
Unknown, ch. g., Peacemaker.....-+e+s-ee+++
Blue Mare, rn. m., Wood’s Hambletonian.
Clifton Boy, blk. m. ., Son of anaes Allen
Nutwood, ch. s., Belmont... :
Trampoline, ch. m., Tramp.. nen
\ WIG Nine 1)s (85 sceenceconascnogconnagnascanconons
Magenta, b. m., Woodford’s Mambrino }
Dan Voorhees, "ch. g., Gen. McClellan.. A
Frank Reeves, b. g., Skedaddle.....--+.++ 4
Lady Snell, b. m., Godirey’s Patchen... 1
Nerea, ch. m., Jobn Nelson.....sss-cse0m }
1
a
t
I

Trio, b. m., Volunteer Nes cseaveets
W. H. ‘Allen, b. s., Volunteer.
Calmar, b. g., Bourbon Chiet..
TRL, 18% Bhsceedaeacoobecocaacooeencs
Orange Girl, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hambleton-

).

Capt. Emmons, ch. g., Continental ..
Lew Scott, b. g., Scott's Hiatoga

Shepherd Boy, gr. g., Woodward’s Ethan
PAU OT Wats -c oe tocte somone baweceens See ese seen: 2:2

Annie Collins, b. m., Edwin Forrest. 2:

Elsie Good, ch. m. , Blue Bull 2

Marion, ch. on Tom Crowder
St. James, b. g., Gooding’s Champion...
Belle Brasfield, b. m. , Viley’s Cripple...

Mary Russell, wh. m. ., Joe Brown .......
Abe Edgerton, gr. g., Stockbridge Chie
Damon, br. s., Ames’ Bogus ...------------
Harry Clay, blk.g., Strader’s C. M. Clay, jr.2:2:
Alley, b. G., VOIUNUEET.-----.----eecesceceneseeeeD 324
Champion, jr., br.s., Mambrino Champion 2:24
Dan Bryant, ch. PES COlNORsaccrecr-msenas-s 2:24
Joseph A., d. g., Sackett’s Hambletonian.2:24
Wild Lily, b. m., Daniel Lambert............2:24
Billy Ray, rn. g., ’ Wood’s Hambletonian..2:24
Breeze, b. g., Rysdyk’s Hambletonian .....2:24

- | Corisande, b. m., lowa Chief............
|| Gibraltar, b. s., Echo
-| Elaine, b. m.,

; Dream, b. m.

283

NAME AND SIRE. TIME,

Brother Jonathan, b. g., Potter Horse ae,

Frank Wood, b. g., Volunteer.........-.050+2+2: 2:24
Geo. B. Daniels, ch. g fe King’s Champion.2:24
Irene, gr. m., Canavan’s Gra ay Kagle........ 2:24
Lady Star, b. m., Sir Henry 2.24
May Howar d, b. m., Paddy McGee......... 2:24
Nettie Burlew, b.m., ’Gooding’ s Champion. 2 24
Orient, b. g., Smith’ St bateheneces-cesstesess 2: 24
Mambrino Kate, gr. m., Mambrino Pub
COMM sscshessccesesdevecsvecsestasestddesscavesconaiDd:
Nil Desperandum, b. s., Belmont............2:24
Driver, b. g., Volunteer..............-. 2:24
(Ge IN deailhoyiy Gobo fe ssoeeemeaocusococoos 2:24
Dick Moore, ch. g., Belmont .............. 2:24
Sooner, b. g., Hambletonian Rattler. 2:24

Doc. Lewis, ch. g., Marshall Chief...........2:

Sadie Belle, ch. m., Capt. West...... 2:24
Neomi, br. g., Post Boy.... 2:24
Loafer, ri. g¥s<--...2-.-00s+00 Beane
Post Boy, ch. s., Magic.............-. :24)
Dick Taylor, gr. g., Bob Didlake..... 2:24}
Amy B., b..m., Winnebago........-......-0+--- 2:244
Carrie, b. m., Volunteer -......esseeeeeeeereees 2:24}
Monarch, jr., rn. s., Monarch. eee

Observer, ch. g. , Holmes Horse.... 2:24}
Laura Williams, gr.m., Holibiard’s Young

Hylas, ai SoA cal d@rwsesetccanesesncae ens
Deck Wright, b. g., Hinsdale Horse.

Messenger Duroc...

C. W. Wooley, b. g., Crazy Nick.. 2:244
;| Steve Maxwell, gr. g.....:-ssseeeeeeees 2000 2:24
Planter, ch. g., Red Bird....... 2:24%

Randall, ch. g., Jas. T. Brady...

Bt oe Dby eters follies fem ceooeacon! caccecacoscocee 3244
Chicago, br. 2, Ole Bull . 2:244
Ella Wright, b. m., Trojan... -2:24%
Lady Mills, ’b. m. -Chosroes... 2:242
Col. Davis, b. Perncsresteemeay ete matacene 2243
Modog, ch. g. , Ely’s s Tornado, jr.......... 2:25

, Curtis’ Hambletonian..
Jno. Hall, blk g., Gen. Howard.......

Chicago Maid, ch. m., Revenge...
Cairo, by Chieftan................c0s.0

;| Result, b. s., Jupiter Abdallah.. 2:25
Anodyne, ch. g. Ross Colt.........--...cceene0 2:25
Barney Kelley, b. g., Holland’s Ethan

J NUG Ties eacagsecrecOaLbee eee Oe 2:25

Charley Mac, ch. g., Holibaird’s Young

Ethan
Everett Ray, b. g., Edward Everett...
Afeores Leal Fey, Vo); feReascoscoagcoese ceoroeccce sno
John Murphy, jr, br. g., Delmonico.....
Lady Foxie, ch. m., Daniel Lambert...
Lida Bassett, b. m., Forest King......
Monroe Chief, b. s., Jim Monroe....
Pat Hunt, ch. g., Tecumseh............00+ veeeliaD

284

TIME.

Vulcan, blk g., Green Mountain Banner..2:29

Joe Pettit, b. g
Jubilee Lambert, b. s., Daniel Lambert....2:2¢
Little Mary, ch. m., Billy Mustapha........2:
Ned Wallace, b. s., Taggart’s Abdallah.....2:2¢

Adelle Clark, b. m., Ledger...-:-+..+esess+r002:
Lewinski, b. gz. Mambrino Messenger......2:2¢
George Treat, b. g., Young Dave Hill...... RS
Sin Bruno, b. g., George M. Patchen jr-..2:254
Susie Parker, b. m., Henry B. Patchen..... 5}
Jno. Hall, b. g., Daniel Lambert 2:25}
Wizz, b. g., ROSCOC..---.-2-e2eeeeeeseerereeeees 5}
Mountain Quail, b. m., Widgeon....---.--+-- 2:253
Lady Groesbeck, gr. m., Star of the West.2:253
Byron, ch. s. Fields’ Royal George......-..- 2:253
Effie Deans, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hamble-
TOTIAN «. -crcescnccccceccercecsccccescecsscccceces 2:
Eva, b. m., Gooding’s Champion....---.+++-- 2
Kate Campbell, b. m., Scott’s Hiatoga......2:20
Nellie Irwin, b. m., Middletown 5
Parkis’ Abdallah, b.s., Taggart’s A bdallah.2:255
Spotted Colt, sp. Q--sseeeeeeseeeuseeneeresstesee: 2:254
Andy Meshon, gr. s., Curtis’ Hamble-
TOMIAN «.-ceceeeesccseseeeeseeceneereesnescesaeners 2:253
Galatea, b. m., Fearnaught...-.----seee+s+++++- 3
Versailles Girl, b. m., 8S. A. Douglass 4
Katie Jackson, b. m., Almont.........-. --2:2538
Ella Madden, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hamble-
“ral THEDT PREP EEER Repo ee oceone pedo, cacas aay
Bay Frank, alias, G. H. Mitchell, b. g.,
American Ethan.....cccese-seeeeeseseeeeeees 2:26

Captain Jack, b. g., Fisher’s Patchen..
Confidence, ch. g., Gillis’ Horse.........
Dictator, br. g., Comet.-------++eseerseeeers
Fearnaught, jr., ch. s., Fearnaught .....--
Frank Ferguson, b. g., Billy Glenn....
George H., b. g., Godfrey’s Patchen..
Hogarth, blk. g., Messenger Duroc.....--
Jacksonville Boy, b. g e-s---e:eeeeeeeee+
Mohawk (Hall’s), b. s., Mohawk..--------
Rip Rap, b. g., Mambrino Brave ----
Schuyler, b. s.. Seneca Chief
St. Charles, sp. g
T. A., b. g., Sentinel...
The Jewess, b. m., Mambrino Patchen

Tom Briton, br. g., Mambrunello 2

Young Sentinel, b. s., Sentinel...--- 26
Nelia, b. m., Denmark....+-+ese+eesseeeseoees :26
Goldfinder, ch. s., Jno. Lambert..---.-+- 26
Amboy, ch.s., Green’s Bashaw-.--++-+--+++ 26
Lady Doggett, gr. m., LCeaLe Messenger.2:26
Richmond, blk. g., Gen. Lyomn....-----+-++++- 5

Billy Platter, gr. g., Mambrino Pilot...
Capitola, b. m., Son of American Star......2:
Enigma, b. m., Alcalde....--s+-sseese+s peaneces P

TROTTING RECORD.

NAME AND SIRE. TIME
Kitty Cook, b. m., Abraham ...ssseeessseeeee- 2:26
Nellie Walton, b. m., Jules Jurgensen...-.2:26
Russell, gr. g., Blue Bull...-.....-ee--eeeeeees 2:26
Sleepy Bill, DIK. g cces-:ceeesseeeeeeeeseeetereeee ns 2:26
Sweet Brier, gr. m., Eugene Casserly...--- 2:26}

Big Fellow, b. g., Edward Everett.......--..2:26}
Coaster, b. s., Caliban

Frank Palmer, br. gf ---++: esseereeees 2:26}
Granville, ch. g., American Clay «....-...- -2:26}
George Judd, rn. & eseeesees ceeeeeesteeeeteterers 2:26}
Hazor, gr. g., Young AMECTiICAN.......--eee-+- 2:26}
Kitty D., b. m., Tuckahoe Horse ........--- 2:264
Magnolia, gr. g., Magnolia ...-....-ssecereeeee 2:261
Orange Blossom, b. 8., Middletown.....-.--2:264
Dakota Maid, ch. m., St. Arntz Horse..... :

Royal George. gr. g., Royal George.....--- ADH

Royal John, gr. g., Woodstock Morrill...
Faugh-a-Ballagh, b. g., Legal Tender ....
Frank Kernan, b. g

Startle, blk s. Andrew’s Horse ..-
Vivandiere, b. m., Sentinel...-..sssss0+. +++
Gen. Howard, b. Q.essssseesseesseer teeters :264
Gen. Tweed, ch. g., Myron Perry....-...+-- 2:265
Gray Chief, gr. g., Son of Napoleon........ 2:264
Joe Green, b. g-----
Maggie S., blk.
Mambrino Boy,

Prince Allen, b. g.,
Professor, ch.g., Green Mountain Morgan 2:264
Russian Spy, b. g ; 2:264
Rose of Washington, gr. m., Green's

ne Renee eereeneeneeeneres seeneeeee ae

Chestnut Hill, b. s., Strathmore....- soessee DOR
Lou Whipple, b. m., Whipple’s Hampble-
LONIAM .eseeececnnccnnsescececeeesceeeeseor sneer ens 2:26%
Charlie Green, b. g., Careless seee 2208
Herod, blk. s., King Herod «...--+e++ssse0++ «2:26
Baron Luff, b. g., Happy Medium...------ 2:27

Billy O'Neill, b. g., Tyler’s Black Hawk(?)2:27
Brushy John, blk. g., Rappahannock...-- 2:27
Champion Morrill, b.s., Vermont Ranger.2:27

Clover, alias Brightwood, b. ge.1+-++ sere 2:27
Daniel, the Prophet, b. ¢., Red Fagle.....-2:27
Peaceful, blk. m. Gen. Knox....-.---++0++ DY
Hambrino, b. s., Edward Everett... 2:27
Grace, b. m., Knickerhocker..------- 2:27

Belle Oakley, ch. m. Garibaldi SE
Ancient Order Boy, ch. g. Gen. Morgan...2:27
Billy Dow, b. Q-essseessseesseeertreseess 2

Colonel, DIK. g .ceeesseeseeeseeteeseenesereeeeeeee: 2:27
Maggie M., blk. m., Patrick Henry....-.--- 2:27

Phil. Dougherty, ch. g., Frank Pierce, jr--2:27
Penelope, blue m., Son of Kemble daue
son E

PPPPTTTTTTIT rT

TROTTING RECORD.

NAME AND SIRE. TIME
Grace Bertram, ch. m., New Jersey.......- 2:29
John Virgin, ch. gZ, Dirigo beste ccoceeLOeRea 2:29
Lady Griswold, gr. pM Pac Rae RC

2:29

Nira Belle, b. m., Son of Ethan Allen.....
Rose Standish, b. m., Corbeau
Sam West, b. g., Davy Crocket........ DE
Tom Walters, ch. g., Gray Messenger.....2:2¢

William H., br. g., SAMPSON..seseseecceeeeee 2:26
PROG ste osanccerars duns scnesereeeen ti oewessecwestee ene
Cassius Prince, ch. s., Ballard’s Clay 32
Dora, b. m., Corbealt .......2..02-2-0s0000
Frank Davis, b. g., Dorsey .........-..-

Gray Chi irlie, fea ds fi Coes crt cree
Hunter, ch. m., Black Dutchman.......

Jack Barry, b. g Scbonnceh teat decmpeeacconetone
Lucy Fleming, ch. m., Peavine..........

WET Parish lo fe checeere cenacecs ceeeere cen rnee
Whalebone, Di Seercuaes Adatasopeacseseneses

Wet: Allen, gr. g., Pearsall ..

Great Western, b. "gy Superb..
Dally Davis, Aimont.

| Ed. Wilder, ch. g., Blue Bull...........-.

MAME AND SIRE. TIME.
Wettia: Wardschyitstseccuccdpesnrecsssdserasss 2:29
Romance, blk. m. EXINCGDS e-csesecastscnen> oe
Beautiful Bells, b. ‘m., The Moor.........--.2: 2:29
Jno. J. Cook, gr. g., Star of the West.....2:29
Bushwhacker, b. s., Joe Hooker -2:295
Daisydale, b. m. , Thorndale coteer rece neeene 2:294
Romance, blk. m., PrincepB......e0-eeeeeeees 2:29%
Chieftain, b. g., William Minor.....-..---» 2:293
George, blk. g., Mambrino Patchen........2:29%
Josh Billings, ch. gZ., Independence... sence 2:294
orp GiH ia Da Seacesaroosrenasteeleabenstorertotes 2:293
Ashland Kate, ch. m., Ashland Chief.....2:299
Maud, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hampbletonian...2:293
Nightingale, ID Ati, EIPICHBOMNG<s¢eseemeesee ers 2:29}
Wild Oats, b. g., Green’s Bashaw.. }

2

Baby Boy, wh. g., Winthrop Morrill. 12:

rete Jack, b. g., Victor ccR EERIE
le Dean, blk. m., Gen. Logan

Colburn, dn. Pinsaaseccvenssadsasanousesaanes

Don Elipha

Bee sseburigisipinisiebiei

Edwin B,, blk. g.---.--.+- | Ella Wilson, b. m., Blue Bull.......... P,
Jessie Hayes, b. m......... LORELEI Os Upon ceocaaecec nen oro no eect he Lec z
Ki tiOi Ate Ot Mhireccss-ss-idescerseressanns Favorite, ch. m., American Ethan........ 2:
Lady McFatridge, Woodford Mambrino..2: 59 Flora Windsor, b. m., Windsor.........-.-.. 2:
Phil Sheridan, gr. g., S. Creeper............ 2:29 | Gen. Howard, b. gZ., Badger BOY. -ecesecreee 2:
Duroc, b. 8...seecceresseseeecceersseecessserencenees 2:29 | Gen. Picton, gr. g., Rattler...........ssesseee 2:
Administrator, br. h., Rysdyk’s Hamble- George A. Ayer, gr. g-. Woodford Mam-
POTIA eseereetadecdaetay-usvenersaepecdsesceare 2:29 | ae penserecrerensy aceoncco. COSCO PELL 2:
Marguerite,b.m. »Rysdyk’ sHambletonian2:29 | Gifford, ch. g.......--+++ 2:
Myrtle, b. m., King’s Champion......... Gray Bill, gr. g., Brandywine.. :
Beckford, An. £-.--+-+eeeeeeee- Harry Spanker, b. g., Gen. Knox.......... 2:30
Lady Alice, b. m Jennie, gr. g., Blue Baill Seas 5 sacs ees: pe
Emperor, blk. s., Newman Horse..... Joe Hooker, b. g., Andy Johnson.. 2
Janesville, b. g., Robert Fulton........ Joe S., blk. g, Daniel Lambert.........
Lady Lumber, blk. m., Lumber......... 29} | Lady Prewitt, b. m., Clark Chief...
Billy, br. g., Victor Denmark......-0e-+++0+2: DOR EGON ADs Pisascoteeserasstaanepecsesssenme es cer eens
CatiaraugusChief, b.g., Rough-and- sees Zoe athle ranks Ch: Peccceds«reenssessapesecaasesttse ;
Henry, b. g., Whipsaw Leiree PCCP Pere neE OT 2:29} | Lizzie Keller, b.m., Tom Moore...........- F
Kate Bennett, rn. in., Blue Bull... 2:9 Lucca, b. m., Long’s Ethan Allen.........2:
TDN (el 19) ee 02 cats oenaeeecencnet areas roe ahs Major aps ch. g., Careless............ :
Alton Boy, rN. Si-s--cccccccseeresccoscoescrsscesessay 2:294 | Mattie Lyle, Dr. I1...c...-scccsccceesensseoseves 2:30
Caledonia Chief, ch. s., Howe’s Royal Mazeppay, D. £-s-<-cone-ease- 2:30
(GR y a Ekccortecteceiae peace ase oS cE CAE -2:29} | Nellie, b. m., Wm. M. Rysdyk 2:30
Dan Howell, b. g., Gray Highland... 2:294 | Prince Charles, (ie beets teiascs -2:30
HIVE Tye ecco seceoasrecng Absorecaceasecnorn -2:29 | Robert Fulton, ‘ch. 8., Dominion...... 2:30
Haviland, br. g., Mountain Chief... 2:294 | Rutledge, b. s., Conquerer Batekote sn adens 2:30
Lady K., . m., Gen. Thomas ........- 2:294 | Simon, ch. g-, Ethan Allen............. -2:30
Lillie Shields, ch. m «...........2008+ Pe Tom Hendricks, yn pore eeedcpaares dveaesac .2:30
Lothair, blk. s., Gilbreth Knox.........---..2: 2:29%)| White Taney pf. Bz.ct-.ccaseasssccevnescueassdece 2:30
Mike Jefferson, ch. g., Thomas Jefferson.2:29} | Zephyr, br. m., Son of Ethan Allen.....-2:30
New Berlin Girl, CHINIM potenersececcacestasens 2: ZUR ALTE Va Ele a Da tracecsessuscsrs=eecessseausedacccve 2:30
Sciota Belle, b. m., Nigger Baby 2:29} | Belle Oakley, ot i peozeccceecepeceneececreerace 2:30
Selkirk, br. s., Fireaway.......-cescccccseeeeees 2:294 | Blue Goose, b. g., Jim Bister............... 2:30
Commodere Perry, b. s., Nonpariel........ 2:294 | Brigadier, b. s., Happy Medium...........- 2:30
Cottage Girl, ch. m., Mambrino Star... 2.294 | Charley B., ch. g., Andy Johnson 30
Drummer Boy, b. g. John W. Conle 293 Harry, b. g., Happy Meciue Per .2:30
Highland Gray, gr. s., Darkey......... :294 | Sweetness, b. m., Volunteer... 2:30
Judge Pollard, ch. g., Tom Crowder........2:295 | Richwood, D. g.-----ssscsceessesseseesees sovscesaseaU)

286

NAME AND SIRE. TIME.
Grace Bertram, ch. m., New Jersey......... 2:29
John Virgin, ch. g. Diigees cake wore ed
Lady Griswold, er. *m Se cece caccunecanehenerenneeeReonens
Nira Belle, b. m., Son of Ethan Allen......2:29
Rose Standish, b. a | Corbeau -sssesseeee00se2:2

Sam West, b. g., Davy Crockett

Tom W: alters, ch. g- , Gray Saeco :
William H., br. g-, , Sampson.. ws ~2:29
AVICG cc cesaouzocs oscacpsuensaccnauseucssveenousssnesscces 2:

Cassius Prince, ch. s., Ballard’s Clay.
Dora, b. m., Corbeau..
‘Frank Davis, b. g., Dorsey.
Gray Charlie, gr. g
Hunier, ch. m., Black Dutchman...
Jack Barry, Jos Sbsonccog asso ssosoeee
Luey Fleming, ch. m., Peayine...
Major S., b.
W halebone, b.s

Wick: Allen, er. g., ; Pearsall...
Great W. estern, b. g., Superb...
Dally Davis, Almont
Edwin B., blk. (Ponds
Jessie Hayes, b. m....-
Kittie Bates. gr. m..
Lady McFatridge, W oodiord Mambrino.. 2:

i)

Hamble-
REDTAIA TA ene ee cect nca atone seckenecesen sane Kee Re TaTS 2:29

Marguerite, b.m., Rysdyk’s Hamblen 329

Administrator, br. h., Rysdyk’s

My rile, b. m., King’ s Champion..
Bec kford, dn. g
Lady Alice, homies
Emperor, blk. s., Newman Horse ..
Janesville, b. g., Robert Fulton
Lady Lumber, blk. m., Lumber....-
Billy, br. g., Victor Denmark
Cattaraugus Chief, b.g., Rough-and-Ready
Henry, b. g., Whipsaw
Kate Beunett, rn. m., Blue Bull

eee necerteccces

; | Joe Hooker, b. g., Andy Johnson.

1 | Lizzie Keller, b. m., Tom Moore.

TROTTING RECORD

NAME AND SIRE. rant
Nettie Ward, ch. m.s.ccccsesssececes acerca 2:29%
Romance, bli. m., Princeps.........

Beautiful Bells, b. m., The Moor ae
Jno. J. Cook, gr. g., Star of the West...

1
Bushwhacker, b. s., Joe Hooker ............ 2:293
Daisydale, b. m., Thorndale ............ F 3
Romance, blk. m., Princeps....... z
Chieftain, b. g., William Minor.......... 3299
George, blk. g., Mambrino Patchen ........2:294
Josh Billings, ch. g., Independence.........2:293
Taig tn PN ei 8 <connsenceachecter nonce eereceece seems 2:293
Ashland Kate, ch. m.. Ashland Chief......2:29%
Maud, b. m., Rysdyk’s Hambletonian.....2:293
Nightingale. ’b. MICRON ee eee eee 2:29%
Wild Oats, bag Green’s Bashaw.-.-+++++++ 2:293
Baby Boy, wh. g., Winthrop Morrill....... 2:30
Bay “Jack, ’b. &., ‘Victor iccbosesnunccvccereaeenmean 2:30
Belle Dean, pik. m., Gen. Logan....-..++.++5 2:30
Colburn, dn. PPieaccncececteecacecatuseseshnceectecenreniestl
Don Elipha sc daea ascent eee anneneceeenceneteeeeseerame 2:30
Ed. Wilder, ch. g., Blue Bull..... 2:30
Ella Wilson, b. m., Blue Bull....... 2:30
Toy elaeiie | 8h fepoecceeeeperasconceseconsey cores 2:30

Favorite, ch. m., American Ethan.
Flora Windsor, b. m. Windsor...
Gen. Howard, b. g., Badger Boy
Gen. Picton, gr. g., Rattler
George A. Ayer, gr. g-, Woodford Mam-
litres add pen esnccee ase sosocceaaccarcosacorerscotor 2:30
Gifford, ch. g ot
Gray Bill, gr. g., Brandywine.........
Harry Spanker, b. g., Gen. Knox.......
Jennie, gr. g., Blue Bull

Joe S., blk. g., Daniel Lambert........
Lady Prewitt, b. m., Clark Chief.....
Leon, Db. --+---1-eeeeseeesnsecenseevscnscces ens
Tittle Pranks, Ch: g....-..cn-:-ccsccenace

Lucca, b. m., Long’s Ethan Allen...

Pluck, blk. g Major King, ch. g., Careless............
Alton Boy, cee BEES : Mattie Lyle, br. Thassos
Caledonia Chief, ch. s., Howe’s “Roy al Mazeppa, b. g...---...++++

(GYRO IR ya saqnossconcccamsrcne casonas Sao 2:293 | Nellie, b.m., Wm. M. Rysdyk.........
Dan Howell, b. g., Gray Highlander 293 | Prince Charles ch. g..--...:++++ese+e08+
IDET, ohn fogs gencnes ose soocccoccossocee oN 13 | Robert Fulton, ch. s., Dominion...
Haviland, br. g., Mountain Chief... Rutledge, b. s., Conquerer...........
Lady K., b. m., Gen. Thomas........ Simon, ch. g., Ethan Allen...
Lillie Shields, ch. m..........-..--++ +} Tom Hendric a3, |e ecrrerens aes
Lothair, blk. s., Gilbreth Knox........... Wihite lim en or iS. cco: .ce-cac-occseonmetencns
Mike Jefferson, ch. g., Thomas Jefferson $ Zepiye br. m., Son of arene olen:
New Berlin Girl, ch. m........-.-02-cess0+ Barney H.., b. g....-..- 2:3
Sciota Belle, b. m., Nigger Baby......-... 3 | Belle Oakley, ae m :
Selkirk, br. s., Fireaway...---.----ss0e+ 93 | Blue Goose, b. g., Jim Bister .-.... 230
Commodore Perry, b. s., Nonpariel..... 93 | Brigadier, b. s., Happy Medium....... --2:30
Cottage Girl, ch. m., Mambrino Star ......2:293 | Charley B., ch. g., Andy Johnson. 2:30
Drummer Boy, b. g., John W. Conley.....2:293 | Harry, b. g, Happy Modine socresseong osc: 2:30
Highland Gray, gr. s., Darkey ....--....- -2:293 | Sweetness, b. m., Volunteer... po aa
Judge Pollard, ch. g., "Tom Crowder.....---2:293 | RichwOOd, D. gee.-crscccesseccccesseseeceesensneseas 2:30

TROTTING RECORD. 287

NAME AND SIRE. TIME.

Rutus, br. g., Bacon’s Ethan Allen........+ 2:30
Io Yeti; (ih ventasiceraneae ospeep a aOR ECOL LOLI 2:30
Essex Maid, b. m., Wild Waggonev.........2:30
(ORCAS. RCBONVCnasecesussessteereesneces teases 2:30
Moy Doy, b. m. , Ballard’s C. M. Clay, jr. 30
Mignon, b. m., Sentinel..........---.-ssceseeeee 2:30
Katie Middleton, ch. m., Mambrino

Pat Chenvesess iacancstersitcemeriseeaeeen sonst
Fanny Raymond, b. m., American Ethan.2:30
Foxie V., ch. m., King Herod ceseseeee2+0+62:30
Hambletonian Mambrino, b. s.,, Curtis’

Hambletonian 2:

Hickory, b. s., Goldsmith’s Abdallah......2:30
Jim Raven, blk. g
Joe Pettit, b. gZ-, Beant paar
LORY Lop stnleenerercAorsesnoscannoeeeDr
Knox Boy, br. s., Gen. Knox ..
Lady Blessington, b. m., Middletown......2:
Lady Dinsmore, b. m.......s0essc2ccsessscsssees 2:30
Lady M., gr. m., Vermont Hero... :
Lady Voorhees, b. m., Tuckahoe... pease:
Little Jake, rn. g., Copperbottom openpen ae :
Little Wonder, ch. s., Blue Bull....... bie
TGQ AN tasscneseacasssedes Sesepsnareateremn Denseadareaters 2:30

NAME AND SIRE.
Io pb urgnenrreeeeomeetoo eerie creseegeeeeeenn DBO
Maggie M., blk. m., Frank Pierce e, jr...
Mambrino™ General, b. g., Fisk’s Mam-

Bring! CHiGhv--te-se2.0csesaceeer esse sere -+em Or OU
Modesty, b. m., Tom Wonder
Mohawk Chiet, ch.s., Mohawk ...
Morning, gr. m., Mambrino Pilot.
Nemo, b. g., John Nelson.....-...-..
O A. Hickok, b. g., Son of Ethan Allen
Rustic, gr. s. Whipple’s Hambletonian .

Sleepy Tom, b. g., Blazing Sfar.......--.
Wildwood, br. s., Blackwood.............

Ambler, b. g., Wood’s Hambletonian.
Pascora Haywood
Josephine, b. m., Green’s Bashaw...
Carrie K., wh. m., Blind Eagle.....
Big Soap, b. g., Lewis’ Honesty .
Cora F., gr. m., Brown Harry....
Camors, b. g-, Dirigo

Careless Boy, b. g., Young Brandywine -.2::

Champion Girl, b. 1 «.--.+s+essseeeseseeeeerr +2280
Dix, b. g. Gen. Abiormaiiesece sos 2:30
Happy Jack, b. g., Andrew Jackson........ 2:30

hee

HOMEOPATHIC DEPARTMENT.

CRATER. J.

USE OF REMEDIES AND ANATOMY OF HORSE.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.—Its principles, operations and distinguishing
points—Size of dose not the main principle—Acts on diseased parts only—Cheaper
and leaves no bad results.

REMEDIES.—Internal and external remedies and their strength—Administering and
size of dose for all classes of domestic animals—How to choose the remedy and
how often to repeat—How to feel the pulse and determine disease.

ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.—External parts and names—Loeation of disease
externally—Loeation shown by skeleton—Namies of the bones of the skeleton.

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

WHAT ITS PRINCIPLES ARE.

HomeopatHy is a system of curing all curable diseases, whether
in man or the inferior animals, by the agency of small doses of those
medicines which, when exhibited in large repeated doses, are capable
of producing in the healthy body symptoms similar to those produced
by the disease in the sick body. Or the principle may be thus more
briefly expressed,—Similia similibus curantur; that is, ike is cured
by like.

HOW IT OPERATES.

A little reflection will show the philosophy of this principle. The

symptoms which arise in disease are not the disease itself; but are to
37

290 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

be regarded, probably, as the efforts of nature, which always exerts
itself to exterminate the disease, and to restore the balance of the
system. Every disease develops symptoms pecular to itself; and the
first inquiry of the truly scientific practitioner is, ‘“‘In what direction
is nature working to remove the disease and restore health?’ Hay-
ing observed the character of nature’s efforts, he then seeks an agent
that will call into action the same class of functions which nature is
already employing for her own deliverance; and the curative power
of this agent depends upon the power it possesses of inducing similar
symptoms to those developed by nature when suffering from disease.
For instance, a person having exposed himself, takes cold, and fever
results. The fever cannot be regarded as the cold, seeing that it came
after it, but is a symptom put on by nature in her efforts to remove the
condition induced by the cold. Hence common sense dictates, that, if
we would aid nature in her difficulty, we must act in perfect harmony
with her; and not oppose or cripple her appliances. To borrow a famil-
iar illustration, we must lift just where nature is lifting. She must
furnish the indications, and we must second her efforts, by working in
subserviency to her. The great secret of the healing art is, to obtain
familiarity with the symptomatic phenomena of nature in any disease,
and then to become acquainted with the curative properties of the
various remedial agents, so as to be able to administer them in harmony
with this true guiding principle. In the instance just referred to, the
case of the person suffering from fever, aconitum would be an appropri-
ate medicine, because aconitum given to a person in health, in repeated
doses, would produce feverish symptoms; consequently it acts upon
the same class of vital functions that nature has already employed to
rid herself of the disease.

DISTINGUISHING POINTS IN HOMEOPATHY.

It only gives one remedy at a time. The confusion resulting
from mixing different substances in one prescription is avoided; and
the pure action of each separate drug is ascertained. Every remedy
has an action peculiar to itself; and it cannot but happen, when sev-
eral drugs are introduced into the system at the same time, that they

SIZE OF DOSE BY THIS SYSTEM. 291

interfere with each other. If, under such circumstances, good is
effected, it is quite impossible to determine which one, or how many
out of the number, have contributed to the result. Or, if no good fol-
low, and it be necessary to alter the prescription, then it must be also
equally difficult to know what change to make, what portions to omit,
what new ones to add. In Homeopathy we only give one medicine
at a time; its action upon the system is then simple and unconflict-
ing; nor are we any longer in doubt as to what is doing good.

SIZE OF THE DOSE GIVEN.

Homeopathy does not, however, mean a small dose, as it is often
supposed to do. The grand principle—that which forms the basis of
the science—is like curing like, irrespective of the quantity of the
dose. The law, therefore, as a simple proposition, takes no cogni-
zance of the dose; that was an after discovery—merely a consequence
deduced from demonstrations on the principle itself. It is a matter of
perfect indifference to Homeopathic practitioners whether they ad-
minister doses of one or fifty drops each. If doses of fifty drops were
more efficient in curing disease than those of one or two drops,
Homeopaths would assuredly administer the former rather than the
latter. We will suggest two reasons why small doses, administered
in strict harmony with the Homeopathic law, are efficient :—First,
because they are exactly suited to the exalted susceptibility of the
diseased part, and act upon the same class of functions that nature
has already called to her aid; and, secondly, because they act directly
on the part which requires to be influenced, and not on other parts.
Their force is not, therefore, expended on healthy parts.

ACTS ONLY ON DISEASED PARTS.

In diseases of the brain, for example, the bowels are not operated
on by purgatives; or the liver, mouth, and bones, by mercury; or the
skin by blisters; but such substances are administered as have been
proved to operate directly on the brain itself. So in diseases of the
chest; the bowels, liver, and skin are undisturbed, and that part only
acted upon in which disease exists, Under such treatment, disease

.

292, HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

cannot be produced in healthy parts, and the disappearance of the dis-
ease 1s a certain sign that it is absolutely cured.

IT IS A CHEAPER METHOD.

This results from two causes—the duration of disease is shortened,
and the medicine is obtained at a smaller cost. Animals treated
Homeopathically recover much sooner. In severe diseases, such as
inflammation of the lungs or bowels, the patient is cured in about
half the time; for the treatment having been directed against the dis-
ease, and not against the constitution, as soon as the malady is cured
he is able at once to resume his accustomed duties. In consequence
of the small doses of medicine which it is found most advantageous to
administer in Homeopathic treatment, a great saving is effected in
the cost of drugs. Besides, 1t enables the owner of domestic animals,
except in rare cases, to treat them himself, without being obliged to
send, perhaps to a remote place, for a veterinary surgeon.

ANIMALS TREATED ARE NOT REDUCED IN VALUE.

Bleeding, blistering, purging, and other painful and debilitating
processes are discarded; thus the period of convalescence is not only
shortened, or even superseded, but the patient, having recovered of
the disease, immediately regains his strength, because it has not been
drained out of him.

How different is this to the old plan of treatment! A bucketful
of blood drained from a horse’s verns; he would have been racked by
setons or rowels, and his bowels severely purged by aloes. And
though such means may render the horse powerless, the disease often
remains unsubdued. If he finally recovers or is sent to grass for some
months to regain his flesh, it not unfrequently happens that the ani-
mal is found unequal to severe or sustained exertion, in consequence
of thick or broken wind, the result, not of the disease, but of the
destructive treatment to which the aftlicted animal has been subjected.

USE OF MEDICINES.

293

MEDICINES, AND HOW TO USE THEM.

MEDICINES FOR INTERNAL USE.

Below we give a list of medicines, together with the English name

of each and the strength or dilution.

ponding number, and when a remedy is prescribed in treating a

Opposite each name is a corres-

dis-

ease, the number is also given to prevent mistakes:

NAMES OF THE MEDICINES.

Ammonium Causticum...
Arnica, Montana..............
Arsenicum Album...
Belladonna ::..-ccsccs<.
Bryonia Alba
Cantharis......
Chamomilla.....
@hingeees.:

10 Cina...
11 Coloeynthis.
12 Dulcamara.............
3 Helleborus Niger

14 Hepar Sulphur......
15 Ipecacuanha.......
16 Mercurius Vivus.
17 Nux Vomica...
18 Phosphorus......
AGP ulsatilllasecccssscoscense sa
20 Rhus Toxicodendron..
PUBS CCA Oicccsccentsedecoceeceets
22 Silicea......
23 Sulphur....

Welle oS Mork ied wl

PAMNVICTACLUI CAND UM sscscccesescvasescssesccssns ese

PNeconitumn Nia pellusy.:ccrv-sccccstsseccwnceeves

a ENGLISH NAMES.
Monkshood.
Caustic Ammonia.
Leopard’s Bane.
White Arsenic.
Deadly Nightshade.
White Bryony.
Spanish Fly.

Wild Camomile.
Peruvian Bark,
Worm Seed.

Bitter Cucumber.
Woody Nightshade.
Black Hellebore.
Liver of Sulphur.
Tpecacuanha Root.
Quicksilver.

Vomit Nut.
Phosphorus.
Pasque Flower
Poison Oak.

Ergot of Rye.
Silex.

Flowers of Sulphur.
White Hellebore.

ies)

oO

oo co i eo ia
AK eee Ke KEK Se eee hee Ke

To accommodate the farmer and breeder who is at adistance from
areliable pharmacy, we have made a veterinary chest containing the
above remedies, labeled, and also numbered to prevent mistakes, con-

venient for ordinary use.
the remedies by the directions.

Any farmer can understand how to to use
The price of this veterinary medi-

cine chest 1s given in the last pages of this book.

EXTERNAL REMEDIES.

Below we give the remedies for external use, and plain directions

so that any person can compound them at home.

All they need to

get is the strong tincture, and reduce by the method directed:

294. HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

ARNICA MONTANA.

In bruises, contusions, and mechanical injuries from blows or
falls, Arnica will be found an invaluable remedy. The stiffness, swell-
ing, and soreness resulting from bruises, may be also entirely pre-
vented by the prompt use of this remedy. It is almost an invaluable
application in the case of corns, and after surgical operations. Its
use and mode of application in fatigue and excessive exertion, and in
numerous other cases, will be found described under their respective
headings, in the body of this work.

To make the lotion, mix one-table-spoonful of the strong tincture
with half-a-pint of pure water. The bruised parts may be bathed with
it, or linen cloths, saturated with the lotion, may be applied, and cov-
ered with dry cloths, to prevent its evaporation.

All owners of domestic animals should provide themselves with
this remedy, as a most efficacious agent in bruises, concussions, col-
lar galls, or wherever external inflammation has been produced by
blow or friction. Its great economy is, also, a recommendation, es-
pecially where a large number of animals are kept, as it only requires
two spoonfuls of the tincture to a pint of water, for use as a lotion.

CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.

This remedy should be used in preference to Arnica, in cuts,
wounds, and stabs in which the flesh is much torn, and which will not
heal without the formation of matter. It controls bleeding, and re-
lieves the severest pains attending various accidents.

The lotion is made by adding two tablespoonfuls of the strong
tincture to a pint of pure water. It may be applied as directed for
Arnica.

RHUS TOXICODENDRON.

This remedy is of great value in sprains, wrenches, and injuries
to ligaments, tendons, joints, and the membranes investing the joints,
and in rheumatism.

The lotion is made by adding two spoonfuls of the strong tinc-
ture to a pint of pure water. It is chiefly applied by being well
rubbed into the affected parts, twice or thrice daily.

ADMINISTERING REMEDIES. 295

ADMINISTRATION OF THE MEDICINES.

The required quantity of the tinctures should be mixed with a
few spoonfuls of pure cold water, and given by means of small horns.
Where two medicines are required to be given in turns, two horns
should be used. After a horn has been used for one medicine it is par-
ticularly necessary that it should be well washed out before it is used
for another. The triturations may be placed dry on the tongue of
the animal, or mixed with a morsel of a favourite article of food.

MEDICINE TO BE GIVEN WHEN FASTING.

In all cases, when practicable, the medicines should be given to
animals when they have been for some time without food, say fifteen
to thirty minutes before they are fed.

THE DOSE FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS.

As a general rule, for animals of an average size, ten drops of the
tincture may be given to horses or cattle, or two grains of the tritur-
ation; and to sheep or swine, five drops or one grain of the trituration.
As these animals vary in size, the above quantities may be regulated
accordingly.

REPETITION OF DOSES.

This is a matter which must depend entirely upon the severity of
the disease. In very violent cases, the dose may be given every ten,
fifteen, or thirty minutes; in cases less severe, every two, three, or
four hours; in chronic cases, once or twice daily. More particular
directions as to the repetition of doses, will be found in the body of
this work.

HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT REMEDY. z

This is asubject of great importance. The compiler of this work
strongly recommends every one who has an interest in domestic ani-
mals, to read this book carefully through, from the first page to the
last, especially to study the symptoms of the different diseases, so that
when an animal is suffering, he may be able to detect the nature and
seat of the complaint, and thus be able to adopt such treatment as
may reasonably be expected to prove successful. It may here be re-

296 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

marked that, in the treatment of each malady in subsequent parts of
this book, all the remedies suitable are not prescribed, but only those
most generally useful, and by which the greatest number of cures
have been effected.

Before a state of disease can be correctly estimated, it is necessa-
ry to have an acquaintance with the general appearances and habits
of the animal in a state of health; such as the appearance of the eye,
the mouth, the skin, the dung, and the urine; the breathing, the
pulse, the general temperature of the body; the ease with which the
animal stands or walks, and other similar matters, familiarity with
which will at once enable the owner to mark any deviation from the
symptoms indicative of ordinary good health. Reference must also
be had to such peculiarities as are presented by the animal in disease;
such as its breathing through the nose, the expression of the features
and eyes, the position and movements of the animal, its looks towards
particular parts, the beating of its sides with its tail, the excrements,
etc. The animal may also be examined by pressure, in order to learn
where it feels pain; for even diseases of the internal organs may be
discovered by this process.

The temperature of the skin should likewise be examined. If
chills and burning heat frequently succeed each other, disease of a
violent nature may be suspected. In thick-skinned and hairy ani-
mals, it is often difficult to determine the state of the circulation by
the pulse; in such cases, examining the temperature of the ears facil-
itates the inquiry.

After having carefully noted these signs, and arrived at a satisfac-
tory conclusion respecting the nature and seat of the disease, the
next thing is to select a remedy for the removal of the malady, accord-
ing to the instructions given in subsequent portions of this manual.

HOW TO FEEL THE PULSE.

If the horse, hold its head quietly with the left hand; and with
the first and second fingers of the right hand, feel for a notch in the
jaw bone, about three inches from the angle of the bone; an artery,
or cord-like structure, may here be detected; this artery swells and

HOW TO FEEL THE PULSE. 297

throbs as it is filled with, and emptied of, blood. Having thus found
the pulse, observe whether it beats with regularity; whether it is
strong and bounding, almost forcing the fingers from the jaw; or hard,
or small and wiry, like the motion of a string; or intermittent, beat-
ing for a few times, and then appearing to stop for one beat; or the
pulsations flowing into one another, small, and almost imperceptible.
An acquaintance with the healthy pulse will be necessary to under-
stand what its different conditions may indicate in disease. In health,
the pluse makes from 36 to 40 beats per minute. An excess of ten to
fifteen beats per minute above the general standard of the pulse of the
animal, may be taken to indicate constitutional disturbance. Still,
even in health a variety of causes may operate to change the charac-
ter of the pulse; such as severe exertion, fright, stimulating food or
drink, and other causes. In seeking to learn the health of an animal
from the pulse, reference must be had to various circumstances which
materially influence the circulation.

DIET IN DISEASE.

In severe diseases, no food whatever should be given until amend-
ment has taken place, and even then, only in a very cautious manner;
if the stomach becomes crammed before the digestive organs have
regained their healthy functions, the disease from which an animal
may be recovering is very likely to return, and may even then prove
fatal. Under such circumstances, the food should be selected with
special reference to its nutritious and digestible properties. Bran,
malt, oats, hay, carrots, and green grass or clover, are suitable for
sick or convalescent animals.

Bran may be given, either dry or wetted, according to the taste of
the animal. If in the form of mashes, those enormous scalding-hot
mashes should be avoided, which often, by their bulk and tempera-
ture, derange a stomach weakened by disease.

Oats may be mixed with the bran, and given either raw or crush-
ed, or whole and boiled.

Hay is an article of food which requires to be given with great
caution to diseased animals, especially if the digestive organs have

38

298 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

not recovered their full tone. In all cases it ought to be selected per-
fectly sweet, and free from dust, and be sparingly given.

Carrots may be given raw, cut into small pieces, care being taken
to wash them very clean before using them. ‘They are a very nutri-
tious and excellent vegetable, and will often be eaten when other
kinds of food would be injurious or rejected.

Green food, if given in moderate quantities, may aggravate the
disease, and even induce colic. This may generally be prevented by
mixing a little hay with the green food, and permitting only small
portions to be eaten at a time.

If an animal allows food to remain by it for several hours without
eating it, such food had better be altogether removed, and a little
fresh put in its place.

In addition to these articles of food, the fluids suitable for the
diseased animal to drink, according to circumstances, are: barley wa-
ter, oatmeal and linseed gruel, milk, milk and water, and cold water.
Of the latter it will generally be proper to have a small quantity with-
in reach of the animal. This should be renewed several times daily.

THE HABITATION OF THE SICK ANIMAL.

When an animal is found to be unwell, let it at once be placed in
a comfortable, moderately well-lighted, clean and well-ventilated sta-
ble or shed, and receive from its attendant gentle treatment, and be
spoken to in a kind tone of voice ; all unnecessary noise, and anything
that would be likely to irritate the animal, being avoided. It will be
desirable, for two reasons, to separate the affected animal from all
others: (1) If the disease be of an infectious nature, it will be pre-
vented from spreading to others. (2) Early recovery is more
likely to occur, as under these circumstances the animal remains un-
disturbed by the presence of others.

ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.

ANATOMICAL EXPLANATIONS.

299

Forehead.
Lower Jaw.
Crest.

Neck, Throat.

Breast.
Shoulder.
Withers.
Back.
Loins.

EXTERNAL POINTS OF A HORSE.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16,
17.
18.

Croup, Rump.
Dock.

Hip.

Quarter.

Stifle.

Thigh.

Hock.

Point of Hock.
Cannon, or Shank.

19.
20.
21.

99

-——.

Large Pastern.
Small Pastern.
Fetlock.

Knee.

Arm.

Barrel, Ribs.
Flank.
Measure, hands
Girth.

high.

300

POLL EviL

18,

BONES IN SKELETON AND LOCATION OF DISEASE.

DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.

Cranium, or head.

. Lower jaw.
. Backbone, spine.

Sacrum and bones of the tail.
Sternum, or breast bone.
Ribs and cartilages.

False ribs and cartilages.
Scapula, or shoulder blade.
Humerus.

Radius.

Elbow.

Sessamoid bones.

Small bones of knee joint.
Shank, or cannon bones.
Inner small splint bones.
Outer small splint bones.
Large pastern bones,

Small pastern bones,
Pedal, coffin, or bone of foot.
Coffin joint.

Pelvis,

Femur.

Tibia, thigh bone,

Point of hock,

Large bone of hock joint.
Small bones of hock joint.
Molar teeth.

Incissor teeth.

Stifle joint.

Hock joint.

Knee joint.

Fetlock joint.

Pastern joint,

19, 2

21,

EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF DISEASE.

A VERY

Glanders.

Carries of jaw.

Fistula of parotid duct.
Diseases of the eye.

Sears of previous brain disease.

Poll evil.

Prurigo mange.
Fistulous withers.
Saddle galls, callous.
Fistulous tail.

Rat tail.

Prolapsus of anus.

Hip joint lameness.
Stifled, luxation of patella.
Broken ribs.

Farey Buds.

Inflamed parotid gland.
Inflamed juglar vein.
Sore throat.

Collar gall, tumor.
Copped elbow, tumor.

SICK HORSE.

Windgalls.

Mallenders, Sallenders.
Simple splint.

Capped knee.

Broken knee, open joint.
Strain of back tendons.
Ringbone.

Founder, laminitis.
Grogginess, Knee sprung.
Quittor.

Wound of coronet, tread.
Toe and quarter crack.
Ulceration elbow joint.
Rupture.

Thoroughpin.

Capped frock.

Rupture of back tendons.
Grease scratches.

Bone spavin.

Curb.

Swelled leg, lymphangitis.

301

CEaPrin i

THE EYES, CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DISEASES OF THE EYES, THROAT AND CHEST.—Paralysis of Optic Nerve—
Amaurosis—Inflammation of the Eyes—Ophthalmia—Sore throat—Inflammation of
Lungs— Pneumonia— Bronchitis—Common cold—Catarrh—Cough—Over-driving

—Congestion.

DISHASES OF THE ABDOMEN-—Spasmodie Colic—Wind, or Flatulent Colie—Bloat-
ing — Hooven — Inflammation of Bowels—Enteritis—Diarrhoea—Dysentery—Con-
stipation—Sleepy Staggers—Mad Staggers—Jaundice— Yellows—Bots.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. — Bloody
Urine—Red Water—Inflammation of Bladder—Retention of Urine—Abortion—
Slinking—Venereal disease—Castration.

In every serious case consult the other Departments of this work for
more detailed explanations and symptoms.

DISEASES OF THE EYES AND THROAT.

PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE—AMAUROSIS.

If the nerve is destroyed, no cure is possible. In more favorable
cases, when the animal sees a little, and there is some dilation of the
pupil, one or more of the following medicines may be useful: Bedla-
donna, Pulsatilla, Sulphur. Commence with the first, and after
eight or ten days, if no benefit results, proceed with the next, and so
on, till improvement is manifest. If the complaint has been caused
by injury, Arnica will be the best medicine. The selected remedy
may be administered twice or thrice daily.

SORE THROAT. 303

OPHTHALMIA INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.

Arnica (3).—This should be given when the disease has been
caused by a blow. A dose may be administered every three or four
hours.

Aconitum (1).—If Arnica fails to afford relief, or if cold be the.
cause of the affection, Aconztun should be given.

Belladonna (5).—When ‘he inflammation has been diminished by
the former medicines, and in cases where the tears are very copious
and scalding, the eyelids swollen and shut, the eyes very sensitive to
the light, membrane of the eye injected and red, this remedy is
usually indicated.

Huphrasia.—Profuse watery discharge both from the eyes and
nostrils, and much intolerance of light.

Mercurius Cor.—Discharge of yellowish mucus, which causes the
eyelids to adhere; swelling of the lids; cornea cloudy or ulcerated.

Arsencum (4.)—In cases of long standing, and when the tears are
hot and corrosive.

Sulphur.—tls very valuable in some old standing cases, and to pre-
vent a relapse.

The eye should be carefully and tenderly examined for seeds, hay,
dirt, or any other intruded substance. Ifa portion of the cornea or
conjunctiva have been removed by a blow, relief will be given by
applying a drop of glycerine or salad oil to the part; but this should
not supersede the application of Arnica lotion. In all cases the eye
should be gently bathed with tepid water three or four times a day.

SORE THROAT.

Acomtum (1) is the best medicine to begin with, especially when
the fever is considerable, the mouth dry, and there is much thirst. A
dose every three hours.

Belladonna (5.)—Great difficulty of swallowing, especially fluids,
which return through the nose; the glands of the neck are swelled and
tender, slight pressure upon the throat causes a choking sensation,
and the breathing is difficult. A dose four times daily.

304 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

Mercurius must be had recourse to when, in spite of the last med-
icine, the symptoms are not mitigated, or only partially so. A dose
four times daily.

Sulphur, in obstinate sore throats. A dose two or three times
daily, according to the symptoms.

Bran-mashes and gruel; and as a drink, barley-water, or milk and
water; as improvement takes place, boiled oats, turnips, or carrots;
and, if in season, green food.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS—PNEUMONIA.

For extended description of the symptoms of this disease, consult
the other parts of this work.

Aconitum (1).—The treatment of nearly every case should be com-
menced by the administration of this remedy, every one, two, or three
hours, according to the urgency of the general symptoms. It is
especially indicated when the breathing is short, painful, and anxious ;
the pulse quick and hard, and the mouth dry and hot, with other
feverish symptoms.

Bryonia (6).—This remedy is often required after Aconitum, especi-
ally if the latter has only afforded partial relief; in which case it should
be administered in alternation every hour; that is, Aconitwm one hour,
Bryonia the next hour, or more or less trequentiy, according to the
symptoms. Bryonia is especially required if the cough is frequent
and occasions severe pain in the chest, which may be inferred from the
efforts of the animal to suppress the cough, and from its avoiding
movements, lest the pain in the chest should be increased.

Phosphorus (18), when the respiratory murmur is suppressed or
very obscure, the breathing much obstructed, and the cough short and
frequent, and attended often with a discharge of slimy or bloody
phlegm. This is an important remedy in the complaint, and may be
administered every first, second, or third hour, according to circum-
stances.

PNEUMONIA. 305

Arsenicum (4) is indicated by extreme debility ; typhoid symptoms;
wheezing, short, and difficult breathing; offensive discharge from the
nostrils; severe purging, and when the disease is epidemic. It may be
alternated with Bryonia or Phosphorus, according to the symptoms.

Sulphur.—This medicine is required when improvement has set
in, especially when the disease is complicated with bronchitis, and
attended with a muco-purulent discharge from the nose. It aids re-
covery and protects from relapses.

As this complaint is generally quite manageable if the treatment
is commenced early, farmers are strongly advised to notice its first
symptoms, and at once proceed with the administration of the appro-
priate remedies. Food must be very sparingly given, and only grad-
ually increased as the beast recovers. It should consist of mashes,
oatmeal gruel, linseed tea, and, after a few days, a small quantity of
good hay. A return of the disease, which generally ends fatally, is
likely to result from overloading the animal's stomach before its per-
fect recovery. The animal must be separated from others unaffected.

BRONCHITIS.

Bronchitis may terminate in chronic bronchitis; thick wind;
chronic cough; swelling of the limbs, and dropsical complaints. The
best medicines for preventing these consequences are Arsenicum and
Sulphur; the former may be given in ten drop doses, twice or thrice
daily for one or two weeks; afterwards, the latter in ten drop doses,
once or twice daily, for a week or ten days. The animal must have
exercise, and if the weather is fine and warm, a run at grass for a few
hours every day will be of great service.

Aconitum (1).—When symptoms of inflammation or fever pre-
dominate this medicine should be given. It is also indicated by hot,
dry mouth and skin; quick, strong, full pulse; short, dry, frequent
cough; difficult breathing; great thirst, and red, dry nasal membrane.
A dose every three or four hours. It is usually best to alternate Ac-
onitum with Bryonia.

Bryonia (6.)—The large bronchi are chiefly affected; the whole
chest and lungs appear much involved, the breathing is quick, short, and

39

306 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

difficult, and the animal unwilling to move. A dose every four hours.
If improvement takes place, continue the medicine less frequently till
the animal is well. In some cases both this and the preceding remedy
are required in alternation; thatis one dose of Aconitum first; then
one of Bryonia; in two, three, or four hours after; then another dose
of Aconitum in two, three, or four hours, and so on. As the animal
improves, give the medicines much less frequently. Bryonita is suit-
able for those cases of chronic bronchitis when a horse coughs only
when trotted, but not when at rest.

Phosphorus (18).—This remedy is to be preferred when the small
bronchi are chiefly affected; the cough being painful and suppressed,
or loud, dry, and frequent, but with scanty discharge from the nostrils.
Also if, after using the above remedies little or no benefit ensues, and
the breathing becomes more quickened, the mucus rale louder, and
the cough more suffocating, this medicine may be alternated with
Bryonia as directed for Aconitum and Bryonia.

Belladonna (5).—Sore throat; violent fits of coughing; great diffi-
culty of swallowing, and pressure upon the throat, almost producing
suffocation. A dose every three or four hours.

Arsenicum (4).—Cold extremities, great loss of strength, wasting
of flesh, bad appetite, tendency to diarrhma. <A dose every four hours.
If the animal improves with its use, continue it till recovery is
complete.

During the severer forms of the disease, bran mashes, gruel, bar-
ley-water, and aired water; as improvement takes place, and the
digestive organs become stronger, boiled barley, or oats, or a little
malt, or speared corn, turnips, carrots, and, if in season, green food
may be given.

COMMON COLD—CATARRH.

Catarrh is characterized by cough, nasal discharge, and sore
throat; is attended with less debility and fever than influenza, with
less enlargement of the glands than strangles.

Aconitum (1).—If the complaint is ushered in with shivering, fol-
lowed by quick and full pulse, inflamed eyes and nose, thirst, and scanty

COLD—CATARRH. 307

and high-colored urine. Generally this medicine will be most suita-
ble to commence with (unless the fever be of a low, asthenic type),
and if followed by rest, and protection from cold for a few days, will
often complete the cure.

Dulcamara (12.)—Fever of a low type brought on by wet, attend-
ed by gastric symptoms, white or shining coating on tongue, and con-
stipation. Nw is indicated by the same symptoms.

Belladonna (5.)—Pulse weak though quick, nasal discharge thin
and scanty, throat sore.

Mercurius.—Thick, offensive mucus discharge from the nose,
agglutination of the eyelids, enlargement of the glands of the neck,
sore throat, difficulty of swallowing, slavering, diarrhoea. In some
cases it is well to alternate it with Belladonna.

Arsenicum (4).—Cold, from drinking cold water while the animal
was overheated; great weakness; thin, acrid, irritating discharge from
the nostrils; difficult breathing; swelled legs; loss of appetite, and ex-
cessive purging; symptoms as for Aconitum all aggravated.

Bryonia (6).—Short breathing, attended with pain; violent fits of
coughing, the animal appearing unwilling to move.

Sulphur.—When improvement takes place, continue the medi-
cine that has brought it about, but at greater intervals; and after-
wards, to prevent a return of the symptoms, give Sulphur twice daily
for a few days.

Whatever remedy is selected, it should be given three or four
times a day, till the symptoms are mitigated; afterwards, once or
twice a day, and gradually relinquished entirely.

Fresh air without draughts; extra warmth; abundance of clean
straw in the stable, dirty straw removed; friction of the horse’s skin
morning and night with the hand or a flannel; sponging nose and eyes
with tepid water several times a day; bran mashes, gruel, plenty of
water with the chill off. All animals are best indoors for a few days.

Whenever an animal has been exposed to any of the circum-
stances which occasion this complaint, especially if the early indica-
tions of cold be present, the prompt administration of Camphor will

808 : HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

often render further treatment unnecessary, by terminating the cold
in the first stage. This remedy should be given about twenty or
thirty minutes, till three or four doses have been given. Camphor is
suited to the chilly stage of a cold, but not to the inflammatory.

COUGH.

Aconitum (1).—Coughs of an inflammatory character; short; dry;
frequent. When the mucous membrane becomes moist, and the
pulse small and feeble, Aconitum should be discontinued, or given in
alternation with a more specific medicine.

Belladonnu (5.)\—Cough dry, short, barking; worse in the even-
ing or at night, apparently caused by tickling or“irritation in the
throat; sore throat and painful swallowing; chronic cough.

Arsenicum (4.)—Dry cough in the evening or at night, after eat-
ing or drinking, or going up hill, or on contact with cold air; difficult
breathing, thin discharge from the nostrils; loss of flesh and strength.
Coughs which remain after influenza or catarrh, apparently depend-
ent on loss of nervous power.

Nux Vomica.—Cough dry, hoarse, spasmodic; worse in the morn-
ing, after exercise or after eating; attended with disorder of the
stomach, furred tongue, foul mouth, uncertain appetite, constipation.

Phosphorus (18).—Dry cough excited by cold air, drinking, irrita-
tion and tickling in the windpipe, accompanied with phlegm and diffi-
cult respiration.

Bryonia (6).—Cough which requires much effort, and cuts short
the respiration; cough during east winds or frosty weather, or after
eating and drinking; continued dry cough, especially early in the
morning; accompanied by rattling in some part of the trachea, and
produced by pressure on the part of the trachea where the rale is
heard.

Sulphur.—Long-continued and obstinate cough. This medicine
may often be advantageously given in alternation with some of the
remedies before mentioned, especially when a remedy has been care-
fully selected, but does not effect the desired improvement.

OVER-DRIVING, CONGESTION, ETC. 309

A dose three or four times daily; when improvement takes place
only once in every twelve or twenty-four hours.

No inferior food should be given; carrots, either raw or boiled,
are very suitable; linseed tea, and other diluent drinks, will generally
afford relief to animal affected with cough.

OVER-DRIVING—CONGESTION—FATIGUE—EXCESSIVE EXERTION.

After excessive and prolonged exercise, the greatest benefit will
result from bandaging the legs with cloths saturated in Arnica lotion,
and at the same time administering Arnica as prepared for internal
use. These measures will generally prevent the swelling, stiffness,
and other consequences resulting from severe exertion.

Aconitum, (1).—If there are feverish symptoms, it will sometimes
be necessary to commence the internal treatment by giving afew doses
of this remedy, every three hours, for several times. Aconitu:n will
tend to allay the feverish excitement of the system.

Nuz Vomica, (17).—If, after overworking, the animal is off its food,
this medicine will often restore the appetite to its natural state. One
or two doses may be sufficient.

Cantharis, (7).—ITf, after quick and continued driving, the animal
passes bloody urine, a few doses of Cantharis will be an excellent
remedy. A dose every three hours, till better.

Over-exertion.if long-continued, is likely to occasion disturbance of
the general organization; and if, under such circumstance, the animal
be exposed to cold or wet, disease of a fatal character will most likely
ensue of living complications.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

SPASMODIC COLIC.

Aconitum (1).—When caused by a chill or by drinking cold water
when heated, and attended by extreme restlessness, fever, distention
and rumbling in the abdomen, frequent and ineffectual efforts to uri-

310 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

nate and defecate. A dose as soon as the attack sets in, and repeated
every fifteen minutes, for several times. The prompt use of this med-
icine will be sufficient to effect a cure in the great majority of cases of
genuine colic.

Arsenicum (4).—If the animal is no better after four doses of Aco-
nitum, and there are severe purging, extreme prostration, and other
violent symptoms, give this medicine every twenty minutes; or in
turns with Aconitum at the same intervals. These two medicines
will cure most cases of colic.

Nux Vomica (17).—Colic, caused by errors in diet, with constipa-
tion, discharges of small balls of brownish dung, covered with mucus;
attempts to stale followed by the discharge of only a few drops of
urine, or none at all; the sufferings not being marked by extreme vio-
lence, as indicated under Arsenicum. A dose every twenty or thirty
minutes until better.

Colocynthis (11) is also an excellent remedy when colic is caused
by eating green food, and is attended with distention, expulsion of
wind, and watery feces, and very severe pain.

WIND, OR FLATULENT COLIC.

Ammonium Causticum (2).—This is one of the best of remedies
for this disease, and will generally yield often the first or second dose.
In most cases of colic, the cure is hastened by giving injections of tepid
soap and water, and renewing them as often as the last injection is
expelled again from the bowels. This is preferable to back raking.
Cloths wrung out of warm water should be applied to the abdomen in
severe cases. ,

Animals should be prevented from falling down too suddenly and
rolling over, especially in the case of horses and cattle, lest the stom-
ach, bowels, or bladder should be ruptured. The animal should be
slowly led about.

BLOATING—HOOVEN.

Colocynthis (11).—This is especially indicated when the disease
occurs in consequence of eating green food toofreely. Administer ten

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 311

drops, in a few spoonfuls of water, every fifteen or twenty minutes,
until the symptoms are mitigated; afterwards every two or three
hours, as long as may be necessary.

Other remedies are—Aconitum, Ammonium Causticum, Arsent-
cum and Nux Vomica. For the symptoms indicating these remedies,
see the article Colic.

Hand-rubbing the abdomen with considerable amount of pres-
sure, and enemas of warm water will be of service.

When the attack is over, great caution is necessary as to food,
which should be restricted to such articles as gruel and barley water,
and only given in small quantities, until the digestive organs are fully
restored to a healthy state. Hay, and dry food of any kind, had bet-
ter be withheld for a day or two.

ENTERITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

Aconitum (1).—This is the first and chief remedy in the complaint.
A dose every fifteen minutes for several times; afterwards, if improve-
ment follow its use, every three or four hours, till the animal is well.

Arsenicum (4).—The sufferings are very intense, the pulse nearly
gone, cold mouth, the animal appearing to be sinking under the dis-
ease. A dose every half-hour for several times; or administer this
remedy alternately, every half hour, with Aconitum.

Nuzx Vomica (17).—Confined state of the bowels, or only relieved
with much difficulty, and the urgings to urinate are attended with the
discharge of only a few drops of water. A dose every thirty minutes,
for several times; when relieved, less often.

Other remedies are: Cantharis, for great urinary difficulties; Pul-
satilla for diarrhea.

Hot water is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of this disease.
It may be applied externally by steeping cloths in the water, and
closely and compactly, but not too tightly, applying them to the body,
and securing them by belts. Hot water may also be given either asa
drench, or as an injection. The water must not be so hot as to scald
the animal. The administration of Aconitum, as stated above, and
hot water applied copiously to the body of the animal locally, and oc-

312 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

casionally in doses of from a half-pint to a pint internally, will consti-
tute the principal feature of the treatment at the commencement of
an attack.

If discovered in time, an inflammation of the digestive organs will
generally yield to the prompt use of the above remedies. Linseed
tea, or oatmeal gruel, will form the most suitable diet.

DIARRH@GA,.

Simple diarrhcea is generally cured by removing the causes which
produced it, by keeping the animal warm, and feeding it on sound,
dry food. Protracted diarrhea requires rest in a comfortable stable,
well littered with dry straw, and one or more of the following reme-
dies :-

Aconitum (1).—Diarrhea in the primary stage, when it arises
from taking cold; considerable fever; inflammation of the bowels.
A dose every two or three hours, for several times.

Nux Vomica (17).—Discharges more feculent than serous, slimy
and offensive, with rumbling noises in the bowels and passing of flatus;
when there are symptoms of indigestion; and when the purging is
alternated with constipation; Nua Vomica should be given every hour
for four days, succeeded by Mercurius.

Camphor.—Painless diarrhoea of a serous character, with shiver-
ing or cold skin; fifteen or twenty drops should be given on sugar, as
it will not mix with water, or in a little flour, and placed on the tongue,
every ten minutes for three doses, and repeated after each motion.

Arsenicum (4).—In watery, slimy, greenish, or brownish diarrhea,
with or without griping pains; when the horse is prostrate, weak,
thin, and without appetite, as also when it occurs in fevers of a
typhoid character.

Mercurius.—When the dung is intermixed with mucus and voided
without perceptible griping; sometimes best to alternate with Arsen-
icum.

China (9).—Most useful in chronic cases, or when caused by hot
weather, and not of an inflammatory character; painless discharge,

DIARRH@A. 313

loss of appetite, flesh and strength; intermittent diarrhoea; as a ton-
ic when acute symptoms have passed away.

Bryonia (6).—If the disorder has been brought on by change of
temperature, especially by that from heat to cold, by drinking cold
water, or anything that has checked the perspiration and given cold;
or if it be from drinking impure water, as in the stable yard, or on
marshes. It is also indicated when the feces are very watery and
involuntarily passed, and contain indigestible food.

Pulsatilla (19) is useful for calves that suffer from the inferior
quality of their mother’s milk.

- DYSENTERY—BLOODY FLUX.

It consists in the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
intestines, producing change in the character of the secreted mucus
and increase in its quantity; whereas diarrhea is a natural means of
removing from the system what is prejudicial to it. Dysentery may,
however, follow neglected diarrhea.

Aconitum (1).—Useful at the commencement of acute cases, when
ushered in or attended by febrile symptoms. Should dysenteric
diarrhcea be present it should be given in alternation with Acid
Phosphorus, a dose of either every hour alternately. But should the
feeces be passed in small hard balls, and covered with mucus or blood,
attended with griping, hot, dry skin, and thirst, Aconitum should be
given in alternation with Nux Vomica.

Nux Vomica (17).—As genuine dysentery is nearly always attended
by constipation, Nux Vomica, either in alternation with Aconitum in
the early stage, or alone after the febrile symptoms have been removed,
has proved most successful. Its indications are the frequent passing
of one or two small feculent balls, accompanied by tenesmus, and
fruitless efforts to void urine and flatulency. It is seldom advisable
to continue it beyond the first day, when a dose should be given every
two hours.

Mercurius Cor.—This is our sheet-anchor in the treatment of
such cases as have not been relieved by the early administration of
Aconitum and Nux Vomica. The symptoms requiring it are, frequent

40

314 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

discharge of mucus tinged with blood, or thin bloody and fetid stools,
which in the day are sometimes nearly black and mixed with tough
strings of lymph or hardened pieces of feces; frequently urging to
stool, tenesmus, with redness and swollen appearance of the anus, and
sometimes protrusion of the bowel, probably accompanied by slight
griping pains and flatulency. A dose every third hour.

Colocynthis (11).—Nausea, severe colicky pains, slimy evacuations,
or mucus tinged with blood, distention of the bowels, and pain on
pressure, tenesmus, thirst, and variable temperature of the body, being
at one time shivering and soon after very hot; sedimentous or red
urine. It is applicable to almost every kind of dysentery, and may be
used after Mercurius has been tried without affording relief. A dose
every third hour.

Arsenicum (14).—Dysentery produced by any cause of a debilitat-
ing character, such as bleeding, purging, or previous disease. In
acute idiopathic dysentery it is of no service. The discharges are
loose, passed almost involuntarily, fetid and bloody; greenish, or nearly
black. Great rumbling in the bowels, and flatulence; pulse small and
frequent; total loss of appetite, and marked prostration of strength;
skin and extremities cold; frequent eructations; passing of flatus and
straining; griping pains may also be occasionally noticed. A dose
every two hours.

CONSTIPATION.

Nux Vomica (17) and Sulphur.—Hard, scanty dung, lined with
mucus, and the abdomen puckered up. Administer these remedies
for several days; a dose of Nua Vomica at night, and of Sulphur in
the morning.

In less chronic cases of constipation ten drop doses of the tritura-
tion of Nux Vomica administered in a morsel of favorite food, night
and morning, will often be found an excellent remedy.

Bryonia (6).—Alternate constipation and diarrhea, especially
from cold. <A dose thrice daily.

Let the animal have regular and moderate exercise, and green
food, soft or boiled food, mashes, but few oats, and no beans. When

JAUNDICE—YELLOWS. 315

the obstruction appears to take place in the large terminal bowel,
which is full of hardened dung, an occasional injection of tepid water
will be very useful, and it is also less dangerous than back-raking.

SLEEPY STAGGERS—MAD STAGGERS.

In case of the horse or cow, place the head high immediately after
the attack; remove everything that prevents free respiration, and rub
the animal well with wisps of straw, especially on the limbs and small
of the back.

Aconitum (1).—If the circumstances do not preclude treatment,
administer a dose every ten minutes for several times.

Belladonna (5).—If the animal survive the attack, give this rem-
edy in turns with Aconitum at intervals of two or three hours. It is
indicated by staring, wide, immovable eyes, twitching and jerking of
the limbs, and should be persevered with for some time.

Opium.—Drowsiness, stupor, profound coma; irregular, stertor-
ous breathing; contracted pupils.

Nux Vomica (17).—Inability to move the limbs, or spasmodic and
convulsive jerks; constipation.

JAUNDICE—YELLOWS. .-

These vary according to the stages or severity of the disease;
but there will generally be some or all of the following: Impaired ap-
petite; thin, sad and unthrifty appearance; hurried breathing; ten-
derness of the right side on pressure; diminished secretion of milk,
and, in ruminating animals, the cud is chewed imperfectly. The con-
junctiva and the mucous membrane of the mouth and nose become
yellow, and the tongue is lined with a tenacious mucus.

In cows, the milk is tinged yellow, and is somewhat bitter. The
skin gradually turns yellow, the color being particularly visible where
the skin is not covered with hair. The dung and urine are also col-
ored yellow; the temperature of the skin is raised, and other symp-
toms indicative of fever are generally present.

The disease arises from a morbid condition of the liver, such as
induration, inflammation, gall stones becoming fixed in the gall blad-

316 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

der, or in the canal between it and the bowels, so that the gall is im-
peded in its course, and other diseases of the liver.

Aconitum (1), when there is inflammatory fever, confined bowels,
and high-colored urine. A dose every three hours till these symp-
toms are abated.

Mercurius is the chief remedy after Aconztum, especially if there
is yellowness of the whites of the eyes and of the skin, the urine and
milk also tinged yellow, and the animal is excessively purged. A dose
every three or four hours.

Arsenicum (4), when, in addition to the above symptoms, there
are loss of appetite, scanty urine, and marked prostration, two drops
every three hours.

Bryonia (6), and Mercurius in alternation, every three hours, if
confined bowels are a prominent symptom, and if there be any symp-
toms of inflammatory action.

Green and succulent feed; or, if not in season, cut carrots, turnips,
potatoes, cabbage leaves, etc.
BOTS.

Whether these parasites do any harm during their sojourn in the
horse’s stomach is a matter of dispute among vetrinarians. The
probability is that as long as they are only attached to the cardiac ex-
tremity, whose cuticular coat is sensible, they do no harm; but
when a few stragglers find their way into the duodendum they may
produce colicky pains or other symptoms of intestinal derangement,
but this is doubtful.

No treatment seems available, nor in the majority of cases is any
advisable, for the presence of the “bots’’ cannot be discovered until
they commence coming away of their own accord, and then afew
days will rid the horse of them without our interference. If colic or
indigestion supervene, Nux Vomica (17), will prove remedial.

URINARY DISEASES. 317

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

BLOODY URINE.

Aconitum (1).—If there is much inflammation present, a dose
every two or three hours, till this symptom is abated. This remedy
may often precede either of the following, or be given in alternation
with them for a few times.

Arnica (3).—If the complaint is owing to external violence, or
excessive exertion. A dose every four or six hours.

Cantharis (7).—If the urine is very bloody, and is passed in small
quantities, and with evident pain. A dose every two or three hours.

Terebinth.—For symptoms very similar to those indicating Can-
tharis. When the bleeding takes place from the kidney it is espec-
ially useful.

Much benefit may be expected from the application of large
woolen cloths, after saturation in cold water, to the loins, and fre-
quently renewed. Cold water injected may also be now and then
resorted to. The diet should consist of boiled barley, cold; carrots
or boiled turnips, cold; as a drink, barley water, cold. Further, the
animal must have complete rest.

INFLAMMATION OF BLADDER.

Aconitum (1).—Feverish symptoms; frequent, ineffectual, and
painful attempts to urinate; pain on pressure in the region of the
bladder; discharge of scanty, turbid, bloody urine.

Cantharis (7).—Distention and pain in the region of the bladder;
urination drop by drop; great pain in the act; matter and bloody mu-
cus in the urine.

Nux Vomica (17.)—If Cantharis should not afford relief.

Arnica (3.)—If the disorder is caused by a blow on the loins.

RETENTION OF URINE.

It will generally be best first to administer a dose of Camphor
every five or ten minutes for four times. If this fail to afford relief,
give Cantharis (7) every thirty minutes, for several times. If but lit-

318 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

tle benefit result from this treatment, Nux Vomica (17) may be had
recourse to, which will often effect the necessary change. It may be
given every half hour till improvement follows, when it will be re-
quired less frequently. i

If there is reason to suppose that the difficulty is caused by the
presence of a stone in the opening of the bladder, through which the
water passes, mechanical means must be employed with the view of
removing it. In large animals, the expulsion of a stone is facilitated
by passing the hand into the rectum, and gently pressing the bladder
forward.

ABORTION—SLINKING. *

Arnica (3).—If, during gestation, an animal is known to have
received an injury, it will be advisable at once to administer this rem-
edy and repeat it as often as the nature of the case seems to require;
if promptly given it will often prevent miscarriage under such circum-
stances.

Rhus Tox (2)).—If miscarriage is threatened in consequence of
strains, or over-exertion, administer this remedy instead of, and in the
same manner as Arnica.

Secale (21).—If the symptoms of abortion have actually set in,
this remedy will facilitate labor. It is called for by violent straining
after abortion, attended by abundant discharge of blood and feeble-
ness.

Pulsatilla (19).—This will sometimes avert abortion by lessening
uterine pains. It is also required if the afterbirth does not come
away in twenty-four hours. A dose every two or three hours.

Aconitum (1).—If chills occur. A dose every hour till the symp-
toms be removed.

Opium should be given to amare that has suffered from fright.
China promotes recovery from the weakness attending abortion.

After miscarriage the animal should be kept quiet, and free from
exposure to cold winds.

VENEREAL DISEASE.
This disease affects both male and female animals, and is known

VENEREAL DISEASES. 319

by abscesses, ulcers, and discharge from the sexual organs. In the
female the disease begins in from two to four or five days after sexual
intercourse, the first symptom being a peculiar shaking and side
movement of the tail, which is kept at other times rather close over
the jundament; the bearing is at first swollen and sore, afterwards
much more swollen, separated, and red in the inside; a mattery dis-
charge, sometimes in considerable quantities, flows forth; the urine is
made in small quantities, and frequently; whilst the act attending it
is accompanied by much pain. In the male animal the sheath is red
and swollen; a constant discharge of matter issues from it; great pain
attends the act of urinating, and the water is voided in small quan-
tities, and in a jerking manner.

It is a peculiar animal poison, which is readily communicated to
both male and female animals by the sexual act. The disease may
originate from want of cleanliness, or from the excessive use of the
sexual organs.

Aconitum (1).—This remedy is useful to begin with, when the
inflammation is severe and extensive, and when the act of urinating
is attended with much pain and difficulty. A dose every three hours,
repeated three or four times, will generally be sufficient.

Cantharis (7).—When the inflammatory symptoms are mitigated,
but the difficulty of passing urine is very obstinate, especially if the
discharge is greenish, and tinged with blood. A dose every three
hours. In some instances this medicine may be administered in turns
with the afore-mentioned, giving Aconitum one three hours, and
Cantharis the next three hours, and so on.

Mercurius.—Atter a few doses of these remedies have been given,
this remedy will then be most suitable; it is especially indicated when
there is great soreness of the parts, and the discharge of matter is of
a white, greenish, or yellow color, and thick. This remedy may be
administered in two grain doses, thrice daily.

Sulphur.—When the more prominent symptoms have subsided,
it will be desirable to have recourse to this remedy, to complete the
. cure. A dose one or twice daily for several days.

320 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

The affected parts should frequently be washed with cold water;
and cold water should also be injected into the vagina and rectum.
The sexual organs must not be exercised until the disease is cured.

CASTRATION.

This operation consists in removing the testicles and ovaries from
animals, for the purpose of rendering them unfit for propagation, and
thereby increasing their value for agricultural and domestic uses.
Foals are best subjected to the operation just before they are taken
from the dams, either in spring or autumn, in weather not very hot
nor very cold. If weaning has taken place, the allowance of food and
water should be somewhat reduced; training or highly-fed colts
require several weeks’ rest and gradual reduction of food. Female
animals should never be castrated when the sexual instinct is excited ;
in male animals the operation should not take place until one or two
weeks after the last performance of the sexual act. The operation is
sometimes followed by ailments which require treatment. The princi-
pal of these ailments are: inflammatory symptoms, tetanus, spasms,
ulcers, ete. » The chief causes of mischief consequent on this opera-
tion are: cold and damp stables, cold bathing, and exposure to cold
generally soon after castration, causing inflammation or tetanus.
Tetanus is also apt to set in if the operation is performed too early
after the sexual act. If sows are castrated when the sexual instinct
is excited, they often die.

Arnica (3).—The parts should be bathed with Arnica lotion im-
mediately after the operation, and a few doses of Arnica as prepared
for internal use should be given; this will often prevent fever and
undue swelling. Should inflammatory symptoms set in, Aconitum
should be administered every one, two, or three hours, according to
the urgency of the symptoms. If there be swelling of the abdomen
Arsenicum will be of service.

CHAPTER dil

THE LIMBS, FEET AND MISCELLANEOUS AILMENTS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DISEASES OF THE LIMBS AND FEET.— Founder or Laminitis— Chronic
Founder—Inflammation of the Joints or Synovitis—Rheumatism—Bone Spavin—
Bog Spavin—Windgalls—Luxation of Patella or Stifled—Splint—Sprains or
Strains—Stringhalt—Grease or Scratches—Cracked Heels—Broken Knees—Cut-
ting and Brushing—Corns—Pricks in Foot—Quittor.

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.—Glanders—Farey—Lock Jaw—Distemper—Stran-
gles—Megrims—Epilepsy—Milk Fever—Mange—Dropsy—W orms— Wounds, ete.

DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LIMBS.

LAMINITIS—FOUNDER.

The most effectual remedies are Aconitum (1) in alternation with
Arsenicum (4) every third hour, so long as febrile symptons remain,
followed by Arnica (3). Should these fail, Belladonna, Rhus and
Bryonia will have the desired effect if used before matter has been
thrown out inside the hoof. The diet should at first consist of gruel,
bran-mashes, carrots, etc.; beans should be prohibited; oats given
with moderation. The stable should be kept cool.

CHRONIC LAMINITIS.

_ This form is so insidious, that we are not made aware of its pres-
ence until some organic change has taken place in the foot.
41

322 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

Except some perceptible inflammation be present, internal medi-
cines are of no avail; but if detected before the lamin lose their
elasticity or the foot becomes altered in appearance, Arnica (8) is the
best remedy, which should be given three times a day. Felt pads
should be kept on the feet, and cloths, wet with Arnicalotion, applied
to the coronets. The horse should be fed on mashes and green food.

If the owner will consent to lay the horse by for a few weeks, a
favorable result may be anticipated from taking off the shoes and
turning the animal into a large box, the floor of which must be coy-
ered over with tan, or sawdust. Tf the elasticity of the foot be
restored, work on soft ground will do no harm, but walking half a
mile on hard ground may bring back inflammation.

SYNOVITIS.

This is an acute inflammation of the synovial membranes of a
joint.

The symptoms are lameness, quickly followed by swelling of joint,
which is hot and painful. As the disease proceeds, coagulable lymph
may be thrown out, and the joint become permanently enlarged, or
adhesion may take Place between the opposite surfaces of the mem-
brane, and the animal be left with a stiff or anchylosed joint.

Aconitum (1).—This is the most effectual remedy, not only for
reducing the inflammation, but also for preventing coagulable effusion
or any subsequent disorganization of the joints. It should be used
steadily as long as there are any febrile symptoms, or much local pain
remains.

Bryonia (6.,\—When the active symptoms are somewhat subdued,
and there remain swelling with slight lameness. Bryonia is the most
appropriate remedy.

Other remedies which will at times be found useful are Arnica,
Rhus, Colchicum, Mercurius.

The joint affected should be bathed three times a day for half an
hour at a time, with warm water; then, when dry, Arnica one part,
and water twelve parts, well rubbed in,

FOOT AND LIMB DISEASES. 323

RHEUMATISM.

Aconitum (1).—Will always be the best medicine to begin with in
the acute form of rheumatism. A dose every three or four hours.

Bryonia (6).—Is generally best to follow Aconitum; or if the
fever is only partially abated, to alternate with it every third hour.
This remedy is especially required if the animal prefers the recum-
bent position, and the slightest motion appears to aggravate the pains.

Rhus Tox (20).—Will be useful when the stiffness and lameness
are inost observed after rest and when the animal first begins to move,
but are relieved after a little exercise.

Arnica (3).—Will be the most suitable remedy if the affection fol-
lows severe exertion.

Sulphur.—Should the above remedies afford only partial relief,
this remedy may be given for afew days; afterwards return to the
medicine most indicated. Sulphur may also be given when the prom-
inent symptoms have been removed by the above treatment, or when
the complaint is apt to return in changeable weather. In acute rheu-
matism, the medicine should be given every three hours, and in chron-
ic, every six hours; and in both cases be patiently and steadily perse-
vered with.

The animal must be well cared for, have a warm and dry habita-
tion, and a plentiful supply of clean, dry straw. Should there be
much pain and swelling, warm fomentations and bandages will be ser-
viceable. He should be kept perfectly quiet, and be allowed to move
or rest as his pains may require.

BONE SPAVIN.

Rhus.—This medicine should be given three times a day; at the
same time a lotion of it should be rubbed on the back. The animal
should be turned into a loose box for about a month, and the inner
heel of the hind shoe raised on a level with the outside. When osse-
ous deposition has taken place, a blister composed of Bin-Iodide of
Mercury, one drachm, lard, one ounce, should be applied. The hair
should be shaved off, and then with a spatula or flat piece of wood

324 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

some of the mixture should be smeared thickly over the enlargement.
The horse’s head must be tied up for twelve hours, after which he
may be turned into a loose box. The dressing may be repeated every
other day until the hock becomes covered with scurf, which should
be allowed to clear away before the application is resumed.

BOG SPAVIN.

In recent cases the hock should be fomented with warm water
three times a day, and after each fomentation a tablespoonful of A7-
nica lotion, (Arnica one part to water twenty parts) should be rubbed
in. In about a week afterwards, Rhus lotion should be applied in the
same manner. At the same time ten grains of Mercurius Sol. should
be placed dry on the tongue three times aday. In cases of long stand-
there is no treatment equal to pressure.

WINDGALLS.

Nothing tends more to remove bursal enlargements than pressure
evenly applied; at the same time the cold and moisture will relieve
the inflammation in the tendon or joint. Should this not succeed in
removing the lameness and swelling, the bursa should be fomented
morning and evening for half an hour with warm water, and, when
dry, rubbed with about a tablespoonful of a lotion composed ot Rhus
Tox, one ounce, water, one pint.

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLED.

This is the most frequent dislocation, and the only one which #
non-professional man can hope to treat with success.

It may be caused by a horse falling across a bank, and then strug-
gling to pull his hind legs after him, the hgaments of the patella
become sprained, and allow it to slip over the external condyle of the
femur. It may also be caused in the stable by the horse's slipping
_ when endeavoring to get up.

When we move the animal we find the leg protruded backwards,
with inability to draw it under the body; the fetlock joint is flexed; he
trails the pastern along the ground, and is unable to strengthen it; in
fact, the action is so peculiar that, once seen, it can never be forgotten.

SPLINT—SPRAINS. 325

The mode of reducing this dislocation is not difficult. With a
side-line from the pastern, let the leg be drawn forward and upwards
towards the belly by an assistant, so as to relax the muscles inserted
in the toe. The operator at the same time puts his arms round the
haunch, places his hand upon the outer angle of the patella, and
keeps forcibly depressing that part, at the same time endeavoring to
pull the bone forwards and upwards, in order that he may enable the
extensor muscle to draw it back again into its place. A snap is the
signal of success. The horse should have his head racked up
for a few days, and a strong pitch plaster applied to the joint, or the
dislocation will be very likely to recur.

SPLINT.

On the first appearance of this disease the parts should be well
fomented, or a hot poultice of linseed for twenty-four hours; then
Rhus Tox (20) lotion should be rubbed in thrice daily. After each
rubbing apply a compress soaked with the lotion to the affected
parts: this should be well covered to prevent evaporation. At the
same time ten drops of the tincture of Rhus Tox (20), as prepared for
internal use, may be given night and morning. Should no improve-
ment take place from the treatment in ten or twelve days, it may be
advisable to perform the following operation. Make a small opening
in the skin just below the splint, and introduce a knife with a convex
edge; as soon as the knife reaches the centre of the splint, turn it
edge downwards, and make two or three free incisions into the perios-
teum. Withdraw the knife, and dress the wound with a wet bandage.

SPRAINS. ;

This consists in affording rest to the limb, mitigating the pain,
and subduing inflammatory action. Apply a compress moistened with
Arnica lotion; and over this a covering of thick calico or flannel,
which must be secured by means of a bandage, but not so tight as to
impede the circulation. Before applying the bandage the part may
be rubbed with the lotion. Arnica (3) may be given internally at the
same time, every three or four hours. If there is much inflammation
present, Aconitum (1) may be alternated with Arnica four times daily.

326 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

In severer sprains it will often be necessary to use Rhus lotion
after the Arnica, and in the same manner, especially if the heat and
pain have been lessened by the latter, but not the swelling.

In some sprains, especially if not seen for some hours after the
infliction of the injury, it will be advisable to precede the medicinal
treatment by fomentations with warm water, and afterwards to dry
the parts with a cloth before applying the lotion. After the swelling
has subsided, the animal may only very gradually return to its accus-
tomed work.

STRINGHALT.

This term is applied to a peculiar movement of the hind leg—a
twitching, or sudden and convulsive picking up of the limb. The
hock is bent, and the leg is carried very high. It is not a lameness,
for there is no dropping on the other leg; and when the horse is rid-
den, the halt is not felt by the rider, like hock lameness. In some
cases the hock is affected, and in others the pressure of some exosto-
sis on anerve has been supposed to cause the disorder. But it is
probably caused by irregular spasmodic action of the muscles, chiefly
the extensor pedis, due to some obscure disease of the nerves.

It generally affects one or both hind legs, sometimes a fore leg,
and varies in intensity. It may be most easily observed when the
horse is first put in motion, or in the act of turning. It increases as
the animal grows older, and although for a time no inconvenience
attend it, it ultimately becomes unsightly and interferes with action.
The horse is able to do any kind of work, but stringhalt constitutes a
form of legal unsoundness. Though regarded as incurable, Nu«
Vomica might be productive of benefit.

. GREASE—SCRATCHES.

In the simple form should be

Arsenicum (4).—Administer this remedy two or three times daily ;
and use externally the Arsenical lotion, made as directed.

Aconitum (1).—Should the animal be feverish, the administration
of Arsentcum may be preceded or alternated with two or three doses
of Aconitum.

GREASE— SCRATCHES. 327

Sulphur.—The early use of the above remedies, followed by a few
doses of Sulphur, will generally effect a cure.

In the ulcerative form we prefer:

Arsenicum, both internally and externally, is still the best remedy.

Silicea (22).—If the discharge is very abundant, give two doses
daily, for several days.

Nux Vomica (17)—If the disease has been caused, or is accompa-
nied by deranged stomach, and the general health of the animal is
much affected. A dose every four hours, in alternation with Arsen-
icum.

In the grapy form the following:

Arsenicum (4).—This medicine should be used both internally and
externally.

Sulphur.—In cases of considerable duration this remedy will be
found most useful; it may be given intermediately, or when the ani-
mal has so far improved as to render any other unnecessary.

Regard must be had to cleanliness, and also to diet, which must
be as unstimulating as possible. Remove the hair from the sores,
cleanse them well with tepid water, and, if there be much pain, apply
a bran poultice night and morning. If the animal is not worked, it
must be exercised daily. ‘

It will often be necessary to change the diet, especially if the ani-
mal has-been fed with bean meal, oats, ete. Carrots and boiled bar-
ley may be allowed, and the food only given in moderate quantities.

CRACKED HEELS.

Remove the hair from the affected heels close to the skin, and
foment the limbs by placing them in a bucket of warm water. This
will remove all the dirt from the cracks, and those portions of hair
which may fallin during clipping; after fomenting the limbs for fif-
teen or twenty minutes, rub them perfectly dry with a wash-leather
or a soft cloth. If the affection be very severe, the application of a
linseed-meal poultice to the heels will prove of great service; this,
however, need not be repeated more than once or twice. In addition
to these measures, after carefully drying the parts, bathe the cracks

328 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

morning and evening by means of aclean, soft sponge, first with warm
soap-and-water, then after being gently dried, with Arsenical lotion,
one drachm to two ounces of water, or a lotion composed of equal
parts of Sulphwrows Acid, Glycerine, and water. At the same time
give Arsenicum (4) in ten drop doses, night and morning, an
hour before the usual feeding time, till improvement takes place. A
dry flannel bandage to the legs, put on moderately tight, will be of
much service when the inflammation is not of an active character.

The administration of a dose of Swlphur,in the morning, for
several days, when recovery is nearly complete, will do good.

Moderate daily exercise for a couple of hours on dry ground will
prove beneficial. The diet should consist of mashes, carrots and good
hay.

BROKEN KNEES.

In order to ascertain the extent of the disaster, the first thing to
be done, after a horse has fallen and injured its knees, is to remove all
dirt and blood by careful washing with tepid water. Should the knees
be merely grazed, the use of Arnica lotion applied two or three times
daily, with rest, will alone be necessary to effect a cure. If the skin
and parts underneath are torn, the divided parts must be united
together as completely as possible, and a piece of lint, saturated with
Arnica lotion, kept to the leg by means of a bandage. At the same
time give Arnica (3) internally every three hours. If the animal is
feverish, give Aconitum (1) and Arnica in alternation every three
hours. If, notwithstanding, the wound will not heal without the for-
mation of matter, hot fomentations must be applied several times a
day for three or four days, and afterwards, when the injured parts
present a clean, raw surface, Calendula lotion must be applied instead
of Arnica lotion. The horse’s head should be racked up for a few
days, or placed in cradles to keep him from biting the wound.

CUTTING OR BRUSHING.

The swelling and soreness must be treated with the application of
cloths saturated with Arnica lotion. The leg must then be protected
by a woolen boot turned down over the fetlock joint. Rest is neces-

PRICK OF FOOT. 329

cessary till the bruise be healed; and meanwhile, if the horse has been
underfed, his constitution should be strengthened.

OVER-REACH AND TREAD.

Any portion of detached horn or bruised skin should be removed
with scissors, and the wound cleansed and dressed with Arnica lotion,
after being well fomented by placing the foot in a bucketful of warm
water. If from neglect the suppurative process has become estab-
lished, Calendula lotion should be used instead of Arnica lotion.

PRICK OF FOOT.

If it is a recent wound, after the nail is pulled out pour a few
drops of the tincture of Arnica into the cavity; andif the injury is
soon removed, carefully insert another nail. If the wound is of some
days’ duration, remove the shoe, and examine each single nail; a lit-
tle blackish pus will be found attached to the nail that occasioned the
wound; or by tapping the border of the hoof with a small hammer,
the horse will twitch when the sore spot is touched. Enlarge the
wound sufficiently to admit of the escape of the pus, and fill it up
with cotton, saturated with Arnica lotion, and replace the shoe with
a few nails, in order to prevent impurities from getting into the wound.
This application may have to be renewed.

When the pus decreases, the swelling abates, and the lameness
becomes less, we may conclude that the wound is healing.

Arnica (3) and Aconitum (1) may be given internally every three
or four hours in alternation, if there be much fever.

QUITTOR.

Free exit must be given to the matter in the sole, whenever that
can be done, and the sinusesinjected with Calendula lotion, (one part
to eight of water), morning and evening, after which the foot should
be enveloped in a warm turnip or meal poultice. The wall of the foot
under the conical swalling or the coronet should be rasped until it
springs under the thumb.

As soon as the inflammation is subdued and the matter ceases, we
may discontinue the poultice, and simply dress the sore on the coro-

42,

330 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

net with Calendula lotion. The lower portion of the hoof of the
deceased quarter should be cut away, so that it cannot touch the bar
shoe, which is the most appropriate for this disease. In cases of quit-
tor of long standing, when the discharge is thin or of a greenish
color, the best injection is Corrosive Sublimate, five grains to the
ounce of water which may be repeated daily until a cure is effected.
The administration of Stlicea, internally, will assist materially.

CORNS.

First pare out the corn and remove all dirt. The foot must be
dressed with the tincture of Arnica, applied by means of cotton;
afterwards the shoe should be tacked on lightly, with a leather sole
between it and the foot, so as to remove the pressure from the affected
part. In those instances in which the lameness is severe, and the
corn is of very recent date, the foot should be poulticed with a mix-
ture of linseed meal, bran and hot water. A poultice is the more
necessary when the corn inflames and suppurates. After the poultice
apply Arnica lotion.

‘ MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Arsenicum (4).—In the incipient stage of glanders, and also in the
more advanced stage, when the discharge is attended with emaciation,
poor appetite, and swelling of the lips and eyelids. A dose twice daily.

Mercurius.—If{ the discharge from the nose is abundant, green-
ish, or bloody, and of a bad smell, and the glands under the jaws are
swollen and painful.

Sulphur.—This remedy will be required after the more prominent
symptoms of the disease have yielded to the above medicines; it may
also be occasionally alternated with other remedies, especially if the
disease is obstinate and tedious.

It is of great service to wash the sick horse all over daily, in sum-
mer and winter with tepid water; and afterwards to cover it with

LOCK JAW—EPILEPSY. 331

horse cloths. The stable should be well ventilated and kept clean,
and litter renewed as often as necessary; and the horse exercised
daily in the open air. The diseased animal must be separated from
sound ones, and one person have the entire charge of it.

LOCK JAW.

Camphor is an excellent remedy to commence the treatment with,
when the disease has been induced by cold or wet, or other depressing
circumstances. Administer ten drops about every twenty minutes,
till warmth is restored to the general system.

After this, administer Belladonna (5) every hour till the jaws be-
gin to relax, when it may be given less frequently. This will be found
a most valuable agent in tetanus.

Nux Vomica (17) is a leading remedy in this disease, especially if
the digestive system has been previously disordered. It is indicated
by rigidity of the muscles, increase of spasm by the least excitement,
twitchings and jerks.

Aconitum (1).—If at the commencement, or during the course of
the attack, inflammatory symptoms are present, it will be desirable
to administer a few doses of Aconitum, and afterwards proceed with
the remedy next indicated.

Arnica (3).—This will be the most appropriate medicine to begin
with if the disease arises from an injury; it may be given alone or in
turns with Belladonna, Nux Vomica or Aconitum, every one, two, three
or four hours. At the same time, the wound must receive prompt
attention, according to the instructions given in other parts of this
book.

MEGRIMS—EPILEPSY.

As soon as the animal threatens to fall, or is actually down,
remove its collar and harness, so as to give it a chance of breathing
more freely, and of starting up. Give a dose of Belladonna (5) as
soon as possible, and repeat it for several times as quickly as the
urgency of the symptoms appear to demand. Afterwards, this medi-
cine may be administered once or twice a day for a week or ten days,
finishing with two or three doses of Sulphur.

332 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

Nuzx Vomica (17).—If the animal suffers from derangement of the
stomach, or constipation, this medicine may be useful after the fit has
passed away.

STRANGLES.

Nux Vomica (17).—Very useful at the commencement of the dis-
ease, with loss of appetite, cough with vomiting, constipation, watery
discharge from the nose. Numbers of cases have been cured with
this medicine alone. —

Aconitum (1).—When the disease begins with quick pulse, accel-
erated breathing, loss of appetite, dry, hot nose, shivering. A dose
every two or three hours for several times.

Arsenicum (4).—Weakness and wasted condition; almost entire
loss of appetite; thick, offensive or bloody discharge from the nose;
diarrhcea and exhaustion.

Mercurius.—Kyes inflamed; eyelids glued together: saliva hang-
ing about the mouth; shivering; diarrhea.

Phosphorus (18).—Quick breathing; discharge of offensive mat-
ter from the eyes, adhering to the eyelids and eye; painful cough,
with bloody froth running from the mouth; paralysis.

Ipecacuanha (15).—Diarrhea and vomiting.

Su!phur.—lf after the disease appears to be cured some of the
symptoms return.

MILK FEVER.

Aconitum (1.)—This is the first and chief remedy, especially when
the symptoms of fever are predominant, with quick bounding pulse,
hurried breathing, scanty urine, and suppression of milk. A dose every
half-hour. The prompt use of this remedy often brings about recovery.

Belladonna (4).—When four or five doses of Aconitum have been
administered, and there remains a furious and anxious expression
of countenance, eyeballs thrust out, struggling and general rest-
lessness, give this remedy in alternation with the former every two
hours: that is Belladonna one two hours and Aconitum next two
hours. If the symptoms are more or le33 severe, the administration
of the medicine must be regulated accordingly.

MILK FEVER. 333

Bryonia (6).—Should the disease appear to affect the chest more
than the head, Bryonia must be alternated with Aconitwm instead of
Belladonna.

Ammonium Causticum.—lIf, after the administration of several
doses of Aconitum, the disease advances in spite of that medicine,
and there is great swelling of the paunch, symptoms of intense pain,
coldness of the extremities, oppressed breathing, and slow pulse, give
a dose of this medicine, cvery twenty or thirty minutes, till the swell-
ing subsides.

Arsenicum (4) may follow the last named remedy, when the swell-
ing is reduced, and a sleepy condition remains, with insensibility to
pain, inability to hold up the head, and coldness of the body.

Phosphorus (18).—In the extremely prostrate condition with
typhoid symptoms this medicine has been restorative. The indica-
tions are great weakness, paralytic lassitude, anguish, uneasiness, dis-
tention of the abdomen.

Nux Vomica (17).—When the cow has somewhat recovered, but
with remaining weakness in the hind quarters, so that the animal can
only rise up on her fore legs, and there is confinement of the bowels,
give a dose of this remedy thrice daily.

Sulphur.—When the animal appears to have recovered, the admin-
istration of this remedy in the morning, an hour before feeding, for
several days, may prevent reiapses.

MANGE.

The most efficient of all remedies in this complaint is Sulphur,
which must be used both locally and internally. For local use, an
ointment may be made in the proportion of one ounce of Sulphur to
two ounces of lard; these must be intimately mixed, and applied by
means of a clean, large-sized painter’s brush, or other suitable means.
Great pains must be taken to ensure the access of the application to
those ramifications of the skin in which the little creature is securely
seated, and to extend it to every part where it exists; otherwise it will
again spread, as a few of them will be sufficient to produce an entire
colony. The ointment may be applied night and morning, and if the

334 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

above directions are carried out, three or four dressings will generally
suffice to affect a cure.

The best remedies for internal treatment are: Sulphur and
Arsenicum, the former should be given in the morning, and the latter
in the evening, an hour before the usual time of feeding.

DROPSY.

Arsenicum (4).—This is one of the best remedies in all forms of
dropsy; especially when there are great weakness, hurried breathing,
thirst, urinary difficulties, loss of appetite, dullness of spirits, and
exhausting diarrhea. A dose four times daily.

China (9).—Dropsy from bleeding, severe purging, or any tedious,
exhausting complaint. This remedy may often be given in turns with
Arsenicum, every three or four hours.

Dulcamara (12).—Dropsical swellings appearing suddenly after a
cold.

Helleborus (13).—Very rapid accumulation of water in the belly
and chest, with extreme weakness.

Sulphur.—When improvement takes place, and the remedies
which produced it seem no longer required, this remedy, administered
twice daily for a few days, often completes the cure.

WORMS.

The first thing to do is to give the animal sound, nutritious food,
and one or more of the following medicines.

Cina (10).—If the animal has a voracious appetite at one time,
and poor appetite at another, bowels bound or purged, fetid breath,
fits, rough coat, and other worm symptoms. A dose night and morn-
ing, one hour before feeding, for several days; and if improvement
takes place, continue the medicine till the animal is well.

Arsenicum (4).—If{ the above medicine fails to do good, or only
partial benefit results from it, give this remedy as directed for Cina,
in two-grain doses of the trituration.

Filiz Mas.—This is the most effectual remedy for tape-worm.

It should ever be borne in mind that the treatment should not
merely be directed towards the destruction or expulsion of the worms,

WOUNDS AND BRUISES. 335

but to the improvement of the digestive organs, and so to prevent
their development. We recommend Rock Salt as a preventive of
worms. Place a lump of it in one corner of the hay-rack, so that ani-
mals may lick it when they choose to do so.

WOUNDS.

Apply cloths saturated with Arnica lotion. These must be
renewed several times daily. In deep wounds, injections of Arnica
have to be made, and the healing of the edges prevented, lest deep-
seated suppurations should set in. In wounds of a severe character,
in addition to the preceding means, Arnica, as prepared for internal
use, should be given every three or four hours.

If the wound is very severe, and the bleeding is considerable, Cal-
endula lotion will often be found preferable to Arnica, and should be
substituted for it, and used in the same manner. This remedy should
not be overlooked in the various injuries which befall domestic animals.

Aconitum (1).—If fever arise, Aconitum should be given every
three or four hours.

BRUISES.

‘(he great object is to allay irritation, prevent inflammation, and
promote the absorption of any blood that may have been effused.
This can be best obtained by the following means:

As soon as possible after the accident the parts should be bathed
freely with Arnica lotion; or they may be covered with four or five
folds of white cotton or linen rags saturated with the lotion, the rags
are to be rewetted as often as they become dry. If the contusion be
in such a position as to be interfered with by work or exercise, the
animal should be kept at rest as long as may be necessary. Whilst
the local treatment is being carried on, a dose of Arnica internally
three times a day will materially expedite the cure.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

The principal remedies are: Arsenicuwm, Belladonna and Mercurius.
Arsenicula (4).—As soon as the symptoms of dullness, impaired
appetite, and unthrifty appearance of the skin are perceived, give ten

336 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.

drops in a few spoonfuls of water, or two grains every three hours.
If administered early, this remedy may alone effect a cure.

Belladonna (5).—If the eyes are dim and watery, the udder pain-
ful, hot and swollen, and the hoofs burning and sensitive to the touch,
give this remedy the same as directed under Avsenicum.

Mercurius:—If the disease has attained a more advanced stage,
and is marked by the extreme symptoms before described, such as
bursting of the blisters, the formation of deep and ragged ulcers, the
discharge of stringy, slimy, bloody matter, swollen face, etc., give ten-
drop doses of the trituration every four hours.

The animal should be kept housed in a quiet stall, with plenty of
fresh air of a moderate temperature, abundance of soft straw, asmuch
water as it wants, and sufficient soft food, such as milk, meal and wa-
ter, boiled grain, mash or bran. The feet and hoofs should be occa-
sionally bathed with warm water. When the udder is affected it
should be frequently stripped of its contents.

In all cases, an affected animal must be completely separated from
all others, and if the disease has far advanced before treatmeni is
commenced, it is often better to kill it at once, and to bury the car-
cass deep in the earth.

In every serious case, consult the other Departments of this work for
more detailed explanations and symptoms.

te ite,
Jt

“‘TTNG CHOATUAH

NWA)

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AMERICAN CATTLE BOOK

BEING A

MopERN TREATMENT OF THEIR DISEASES,

WITH A

HIstTory OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.

WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT,

FOR THE USE OF

Tue AMERICAN FARMER AND BREEDER.

LIVE-STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY,
C. O, MYERS, M. D. PresipEenrt. E. L. STOWE, Manacer.
Cuicaco, Itt. Kansas City, Mo,

CHAPTER I.

HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

BREEDS OF CATTLE.—The Short Horns, their origin and gradual improvement—The
Ayrshires and their qualities as a dairy breed —Holstein and Dutch cattle and their
characteristics—Unrivaled qualities of the Alderneys, Guernseys, and Jerseys as butter
makers—The Devons and Herefords— Native cattle.

DIFFERENT BREEDS.

SHORT HORN CATTLE.

This breed of cattle has attained a distinction and won a substan-
tial appreciation which no other race has so fully and widely enjoyed
among the enlightened graziers of the world. From Great Britain its
dissemination has extended to the continent, to Australia, to South
Africa, South America, Mexico, and the West Indies, while it has
secured almost a monopoly of the importations of this country and
Canada. For the grass pastures of the Ohio valley, and the abundant,
natural, and cultivated grasses of the broader prairies of the Missis-
sippi region, it is admirably fitted, and held in high esteem as the
most economical machine for the speediest conversion of corn and
grass into meat and money.

The original short horns occupied the east of England, Yorkshire,
and the valley of the Tees at the date of the earliest records of

348 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

British stock-growing. They were various in size, color, and other
peculiarities; the dark-skinned herds of the fens resembling the black
cattle of Holland marshes, and the finer forms of Yorkshire and
Durham assuming the style and quality of the noted cattle of Hol-
stein and Jutland; and yet it may not certainly be known whether
the ancient emigrants from those localities brought this stock to
England, or whether this similarity is the result of climate and keep-
ing. It was, at least, a race very distinct from that of Ireland and
the west of England, with long horns, thick skins, and a heavy coat
of hair, well suited for their protection in a climate subject to contin-
uous seasons of rain. It is well known in later times that Dutch and
Danish importations modified these cattle of the east of England,
and suggested the more recent and greater improvements of Charles
and Robert Colling, commencing about the era of our revolution, and
continued successfully since by Messrs. Bates, Booth, Townley, and
others in England, and Thorne, Alexanders, and other breeders in
this country.

The story of the bull Hubback, the founder of the modern short
horn, has often been told. He was purchased in 1783 by Charles
Colling of his brother and a Mr. Waistell for eight guineas, and is
said to have been from a cow grazed by a poor man on the highway.
It has long been a matter of controversy whether he was a pure-bred
Teeswater, the short horn of that day. He was somewhat below the
usual size of the Teeswaters, yellow, red, and white in color, of a fine,
compact form, admirable touch, and so easily fattened that he early
became useless as a bull. The cow, also purchased by Colling,
acquired fat very rapidly, and never again bred. Hither from mere
curiosity, or from a suspicion that he was impairing the constitution
of his animals by continuous breeding in too small a circle, Colling
attempted the experiment of infusing some of the Galloway blood,
which was confined, it is understood, to a single cross upon certain
individuals of his herd. At the sale of Charles Colling, in 1810,
forty-seven animals produced 8,911 guineas. Robert Colling, not so
renowned, but esteemed by many quite as judicious a breeder, sold
sixty-one (but six of them bulls) for 7,484 guineas. High prices have

HIGH PRICES OF SHORT HORNS. 349

been maintained by later breeders. Mr. Bates, in 1850, sold one
family of Duchess stock, including calves, at an average of $581.
Lord Ducie’s herd, in 1853, realized an average of $760 for sixty-two
animals. Individuals of superior excellence, from the day when
Colling’s ‘‘ Comet” sold for 1,000 guineas, have commanded fabulous
prices. Similar prices have been obtained in this country.

There were at least five hundred herds of pure-bred short horns
in Great Britain ten years ago, and from six to seven thousand head
are registered in the herd book every alternate year at that period,
and these numbers are yearly increasing in accelerated ratio.

Derived from a large breed, the improved short horn is heavy,
less in height than the originals of the Tees, rounder and deeper in
the trunk, the limbs shorter, chest and back broader, appearing less
in bulk, while really greater in weight. The skin is light colored, hair
reddish brown or white or mixed, the muzzle flesh colored, the horns
shorter and lighter colored than in the former breed, the skin soft to
the touch, the form square, the shoulder upright, and the hindquarter
large. The color cannot be characterized‘ by a single term, varying
greatly from a pure white to arich red, a mixture being the fashion,
known as roan or strawberry. The skin should be velvety and not
too thin, while the hair should be plentiful and of a mossy softness.
The head of the female is finer and more-tapering than that of the
male, the neck thinner and lighter, and her shoulder inclining to nar-
row towards the chin. The short horn looks smaller than heis. He
excels all other stock in facility of fattening, making good and heavy
beef in thirty months, and even in two years.

The idea is somewhat prevalent that short horn cows are not good
milkers. It has been obtained, without doubt, from the fact of the
well known efforts made to perfect their fattening qualities, in
accordance with Bakewell’s saying that ‘‘ all was useless that was not
beef;’’ and it is true of many families of short horns. Others are
superior milkers. The original Holstein blocd of the Durham and
Holderness districts was famous fcr its milking quality, and it is
difficult to breed it out with all the culture which modern improved
short horns have received. The modern Holderness stock at this day

350 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

chiefly supplies the London dairies, and many of their best mikers
have strong strains of the improved blood. The Duchess stock, of
great celebrity and purity, bred by Mr. Bates, was distinguished for
its excellence in this respect. Some short horns in this country have
yielded ample supplies of milk of excellent quality.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

The leading cattle breeders of Britain have of late years, for the
most part aimed to establish in their stock some particular property
in a high degree, beef or milk, according to circumstances, being the
leading object. Hence it has occurred that British cattle have
latterly been classed under the heads of ‘‘ beef breeds” and “‘ milk
breeds.”” Prominent among the latter is the Ayrshire breed, which
originated in the county of Ayr, Scotland, and within the last fifty
years has been disseminated over every part of that country where
dairying is much practiced.

They have been introduced into the United States and the British
provinces of North America, and, at the present time, are probably
more extensively kept as a dairy breed than any other in the world.

Importations of Ayrshire cattle into this country were made
upwards of twenty years ago, but the animals were neither numerous
nor generally in the hands of persons who took much pains to increase
them. It was not, therefore, until a comparatively late day that the
Ayrshire were much known here, or that specimens were sufficiently
numerous to indicate the permanent establishment of the breed in
this country.

A few remarks in regard to the origin of this valuable breed of
cattle, in connexion with their comparative value far dairy purposes,
may not be out of place.

It is evident that the modern Ayrshire breed presents a wide
contrast to that which occupied the western portion of Scotland
many years ago. It follows, therefore, that the modern breed, like
various other valuable breeds of domestic animals, originated in
crossing. The question as to the breeds from which it was derived
will be briefly considered.

ORIGIN OF AYRSHIRE CATTLE. 351

Various accounts represent that the Earl of Marchmont, some
time between 1724 and 1740, introduced to his estates in Berwickshire
some cattle, conjectured (their history was not positively known) to
be of the Holderness or Teeswater breed, and that not long after-
wards some of the stock was carried to estates belonging to the same
nobleman in that part of Ayrshire called Kyle.

But it is not improbable that the chief nucleus of the improved
breed was the “‘ Dunlop stock,” so-called, which appears to have been
possessed by a distinguished family by the name of Dunlop, in the
Cunningham district of Ayrshire, as early as 1780. This stock was
derived, at least in part, from animals imported from Holland. The
Dunlop cow soon became noted.

Professor Low says: ‘‘From all the evidence of which, in the
absence of authentic documents, the case admits, the dairy breed of
Ayrshire cows owes the characteristics which distinguish it from the
older race, to a mixture of the blood of the races of the continent,
and of the dairy breed of Alderney.”

In addition to the foregoing evidence respecting the origin of the
Ayrshire cattle, it should be stated that the present leading type of
the breed was formed in part by an infusion of the blood of the Kyloe
or West Highland breed. Theophilus Parton, of Swinley farm, near
Dalry, Ayrshire, about fifty years ago, took great pains to establish
a herd of what were deemed the best Ayrshire cattle, into which
he infused a strain of the West Highland blood, the particular degree
of which is not publicly or generally known. The Swinley stock
differs from the older Ayrshire in having a shorter head, with more
breadth across the eyes, more upright and spreading horns, more hair,
and that of a more mossy character, and generally better constitu-
tions. They are also somewhat smaller boned than the old stock,
though from their superior symmetry and greater tendency to fatten
they are fully equal to the former in weight of carcass when slaugh-
tered. The colors preferred are brown, or brown and white, the
colors being distinctly defined.

In the competition at Ayr, in 1861, for a prize offered by the Duke
of Athol, the average weight of milk per day, for two days, from six

852 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

cows, was about fifty pounds, the cows being milked twice a day.
The cow which took the first prize gave an average of fifty-seven
pounds per day. On this occasion, the Duke of Athol stated that the
cow (then in his possession) which received the first prize of the
previous year had given an average of upwards of twelve quarts of
milk per day for a year, actual measurement having shown a product
of one thousand one hundred and ten and a half gallons in something
less than twelve months. Comparatively few accurate trials have
been made with specimens of the breed in this country. One of four
imported Ayrshire cows, gave in one year three thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-four quarts of milk, beer measure. One of the cows,
imported by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, in
1837, was said to have afforded sixteen pounds of butter per week, for
several weeks in succession. The imported cow, Jean Armour, in
1862, gave an average of forty-nine pounds of milk a day for one
hundred and fourteen days, commencing June Ist; and for the month
of July her average was fifty-one pounds thirteen ounces per day.
Her milk for three days in July yielded six pounds of butter. Her
live weight at the close of the trial was nine hundred and sixty-seven
pounds.

It will be understood, from what has already been said, that the
dairy is the leading object with the breeders of Ayrshire cattle. At
the same time the important fact has not been overlooked, that to
breed and perpetuate a profitable dairy stock, regard must be had to
hardiness and strength of constitution, and also to such fattening
tendencies as will insure a profitable return from calves, fattened for
veal, from steers, reared for beef, and from cows, which, having served
their turn in the dairy, are at last dried of their milk and prepared for
the shambles.

Few trials have yet been made with the Ayrshires in reference to
fattening in this country, as most of the males have been kept for
bulls, and the females have seldom been turned for beef till too far
advanced in years to breed.

THE HOLSTEIN, ALDERNEY AND JERSEY CATTLE. 853

HOLSTEIN AND DUTCH CATTLE.

The Holstein cattle are not only large and well developed, making
good beef cattle, yet, at the same time, are extra good milkers
for the dairy. They have not been imported in so large numbers as
the short horns, nor subject to so much speculative dealing, yet of
late years they are coming rapidly into notice as a very profitable
breed —for the stock raiser or for dairying.

Now, properly speaking, everything from Holland is Dutch; so,
with propriety, these Holsteins might be called Holland or Dutch
cattle, were there not aclass or breed of black and white cattle in
this country, known and recognized under the name of Dutch or
Belted, which are totally different from the Holstein or Holland
cattle in most respects..

The Dutch or Belted cattle come from Germany. They were
first raised more for their peculiar markings than their superior
qualities; are almost entirely black, with a white band or stripe of
white around their middles, and are generally known as Belted cattle.
In answer to questions whether the so-called Belted and spotted
Holsteins are the same breed of cattle, differing only in form of these
color markings, we would say that most decidedly they are not the
same, coming as they do from different sections of the country.
Belted cattie are never seen in Holland, and are of very different
form, smaller, different temperament, and yield much smaller quanti-
ties of milk than the spotted cattle. In short, the Belted cattle are
not Holsteins, and are nut admitted to the Holstein Herd-book.

ALDERNEYS, GUERNSEYS AND JERSEYS.

These are cattle imported from the British Channel Islands of
the same names. While small in size, yet their milk is noted for
exceeding richness, and the butter for its rich golden color, hardness
of texture, and nutty flavor. They are emphatically butter breeds.
The regulation of their breeding in their native homes is very strict;
and the breed is preserved from intermixture with other breeds by

strong and arbitrary laws, very carefully enforced. No cattle are
45

354 IUISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.

allowed to enter the islands (except for slaughter within a certain
number of days), with the exception of oxen for draught.

The Jersey cattle’s predominant characteristic is butter qualifica-
tion, and they have no superior in this. But have the extra pains
been exerted to develop the size of this breed that has marked the
development of the foregoing breeds? Have not the Jersey breeders
rather scouted size and tried to improve only butter qualifications, to
the detriment of size? The Jerseys breed very young, thus stunting
growth; we have heard of instances of breeding at fifteen months
old; that is dropping a calf at that age. Also have heard of Jerseys
making one pound of butter from four quarts of milk; and this seems
to be the great object. Those actually exported from these islands
are generally from Jersey, where the cattle are much the same as
those of Alderney, small, with tapering heads, and of a delicate fawn-
color, and occasionally a smoky grey. The Guernsey cow is esteemed
by some even more highly than the Alderney; it is rather larger,
coarser, and more of a red, brindled in color. The addition of one or
two cows of these breeds to a dairy, materially improves the appear-
ance of the butter made.

THE DEVONS.

This breed of cattle do not average so large as the short horns,
consequently are more active, and better adapted for hilly and rolling
pastures. They make the best of working cattle, being quick walkers,
and docile disposition. As milkers they are not equal in quantity to
Ayrshires, but the milk is rich in quality. They are a breed for general
utility. They are a bright cherry red color.

THE HEREFORDS.

Bodily, this breed is one-fourth larger than the Devons. They
are shorter legged and more beefy. Their general color is red, and
white, or mottled face. They are emphatically a breed for beef, being
good feeders, easily kept, and possessing, when slaughtered, beautiful
lean meat, largely in proportion to fat. They are fair milkers, yet
not so good as the Ayrshires.

DEVON COW AND CALF, Ten Months Old.

ia

ORIGIN OF OUR NATIVE CATTLE. 355

NATIVE CATTLE,

The introduction of native cattle into Mexico by the Spaniards,
as early as 1525, was probably the origin of our vast Texan herds.
In fact they resemble, at this late day, the native cattle of Spain,
with their long horns, and leggy bodies. From 1607 to 1622 the
English made an importation to their colony on the James river,
Virginia; the Dutch, in New York, imported cattle commencing in
1625; importations were made by the English, in Massachusetts, in
1624, and following years; the Swedes, in New Jersey, in 1627; the
Danes, in New Hampshire, in 1631; importations were made in
Maryland, in 1633; in North and South Carolina, in 1660 and 1670; in
Pennsylvania, in 1662; all by English. From these importations, in
the main, our native stock have sprung, with no distinct breed, or
specific characteristics. While they may not have been up to the
standard of the heavy body and points of the short horn, yet they
were of considerable merit as milkers.

The length of time elapsed, with the absence of all records render
it impossible to trace any direct pedigree of our native cattle. An
attempt has been made by some writers to trace the origin of our
common stock to the English Devon. It is quite likely that this
breed did mingle largely in the early importations, from the fact that
early settlers of our country were from the South of England, or
embarked from ports in that district where the Devon cattle at that
time were the prevailing breed.

Crier dr Reis

THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS.—Inflammation of the Lungs and its treatment
— Description and treatment of Pleurisy— Bronchitis and its remedies—The treatment
of Catarrh or Common Cold —Malignant Catarrh and what to do for it—Other diseases.

DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN.— Bloating or Hooven and how to relieve it —
Overloaded Paunch and its treatment—Impaction of the Third Stomach—Dry Mur-
rain— Mad Staggers—Inflammation of Bowels and what to do for it—Diarrhea—
Scours— Dysentery and Bloody Flux—Scours in Calves and how to check—Spasmodic
Colic— Belly-ache — Peritonitis— Choking with various articles—Worms.

DISEASES OF URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.—Inflammation of the Kidneys
—Inflammation of the Bladder— Bloody Urine—Red Water—Abortion in Cows—Re-
moval of Dead Calf—Treatment of cows before calying—Milk Fever and its cause—
Inflammation of Womb and how to treat it—Bloody Milk —Garget— Mammitis—
Milk Stoppage—Obstruction of Teats— Leaking Milk—Sore Teats -Warts—Castra-
tion of Calves.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS,

The causes of this disease are overexertion and subsequent
exposure, or exposure alone. It is ushered in by a fit of shivering, a
drooping appearance, loss of appetite, and subsequent feverishness.
It is an affection of the cellular portion of the lungs, which become

SYMPTOMS OF PLEURISY. 357

so congested with blood, in its worst stages, as to obliterate the air
cells of the portion affected, the extent of this hepatization being the
measure of the severity of the disease. The action of the lungs is
more rapid than in health, though the inspiration is not long and
deep, but of a short panting character. If it be a cow that is affected,
she will soon dry up. In bad cases the breath is hot, the animal
stands with legs wide apart, and with nose extended toward window
or door as if for pure air. She is generally hidebound, muzzle hot
and dry, and nasal membrane scarlet.

It is best not to give purgatives, as they are too reducing. If it
is necessary to move the bowels, do so by repeated injections of warm
soap-suds. Blankets wrung out in hot water should be continually
applied to the chest and sides, or a blister of turpentine and mustard
may be applied, Whatever treatment is adopted, no delay must take
place. If there should be loss of strength, and evident pain present,
the following may be given every three hours :—

Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops;
Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms;
Belladonna, two drachms-

Water, one pint.—Mix.

If she will eat, the medicine may be given in a bran mash, or in
some gruel. The legs should be bandaged, or rubbed with some
stimulating liniment. In the later stages of the disease, the follow-
ing is an excellent remedy :—

Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces;
Tincture of Gentian, half a fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

- The animal should be kept in warm quarters, and especial atten-
tion paid to food. Gruel and mashes should be the main reliance,
until well on the way to recovery. One full meal may bring serious
results.

PLEURISY.

This is an inflammation of the pleura, or membrane lining the
chest, and enveloping the lungs. The causes of the disease are about
the same as those producing inflammation of the lungs. It is more

308 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

apt to attack those of rheumatic tendency. One of its prominent
symptoms is the changes in the character of breathing, there being
extreme tenderness of the muscles of the chest, respiration is carried
on by the use of the abdominal muscles. The inspiration is short
and jerky, while expiration is slow and guarded. There is a ridge of
muscles running from the hip to the lower part of the last ribs.
There is also extreme tenderness in places, between the ribs on the
sides, and pressure cannot be borne.

There is generally more or less effusion, or collection of water, in
the chest, which in slight cases is reabsorbed again during recovery.
The effusion, called hydrothorax, may be so serious as to produce
suffocation by its quantity. When there is danger of this, it must be
drawn off by the use of the trochar and cannula, only removing a
portion each day, the operation extending over a period of from two
to three days. After the fluid has been withdrawn, the cavity of the
chest may be injected with a weak solution of carbolic acid and again
withdrawn, which will prevent decomposition and evolution of gas
from any remaining fluid, and at the same time produces a remedial
action on the parts. In serious cases, the time the effusion of fluid
has commenced, will be announced by a mitigation of all symptoms,
which again begin in an aggravated form, producing suffocation and
death. The breath in this disease is not so hot as in inflammation of
the lungs.

The treatment needs the same general care as in inflammation of
tho lungs. Counter-irritants in the form of blisters, hot applications,
etc., to the front of the chest and upper portion of the sides should
be commenced at once. It is not best to blister the portion of the
body on which the animal may lie. Purgatives had better not be
given, but reliance placed on injections, if it is necessary to move the
bowels. Diuretics should be used freely, combined with febrifuges.
The following will be as good as can be given in the early stages of
the disease, where there are feverish symptoms :—

Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops;

Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces;
Water, one pint.— Mix.

TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS. 359

Give every two hours, and if there should be evident signs of
pain, with sinking symptoms, administer the following between the
times stated for the above :—

Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms;
Extract Belladonna, two drachms;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

In the latter stages of the disease, when the water has collected
in the chest, one drachm of iodide of potassium should be given three
times daily. During recovery, one drachm of iodide of iron, and half
an ounce of tincture of gentian in a pint of water, may be given with
advantage, twice, daily. Care must be taken not to allow the stomach
to be overloaded.

BRONCHITIS.

This disease is an inflammation of the air passages, or larger
tubes of the lungs. It is always accompanied with a cough, which is
hard or soft, according to the severity of the disease. The advent of
the disease is announced by a dullness and drooping of spirits, often
loss of appetite. The mouth will be hot and dry, and the nasal mem-
brane is scarlet or reddish-brown, according to the serious state of
the disease. The cough is at first harsh and barking, but as soon as
the whitish discharge is established from the nose, it gets more soft
and rattling. Tapping of the chest shows no alteration in the
structure of the lungs. The discharge from the nose takes place
about the third or fourth day, and recovery dates from this period.
The animal may lie down most of the time. There will be no tender-
ness between the ribs, as in pleurisy.

The treatment consists of a warm stable, soft food and good care.
If itis a slight attack, a laxative may be given, consisting of a quart
of linseed oil. If there is evident weakness, and the mucous membrane
of a yellowish cast, depend on warm water injections to move the
bowels. Three fluid ounces of sweet spirits of nitre may be given
twice daily. The front part of the throat and chest may be blistered,
or cloths wrung out in hot water may be applied, and covered with
blankets. The nose bag, as recommended for horses, is an excellent

360 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

means of bringing on the discharge earlier, and thus cutting short
the acute stage of the disease. If there is evident signs of weakness,
and the cough distressing, give the following :—

Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces;

Tincture of Squills, one-half fluid drachm;
Water, one pint.—Mix.

Repeat the above two or three times daily, or even oftener, if
case demands it.

CATARRH, OR COMMON COLD.

The mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are at first dry and
reddened, but in a few hours they become moist and discharge a thin,
watery secretion, which is eventually dense, opaque and copious.
The eyelids are tumefied, and increased heat is manifest in the bones
of the forehead. The animal sneezes, and not unfrequently there is
cough. Febrile symptoms sometimes run high, and a repetition of
such attacks terminates in pleuro-pneumonia. A simple state of
diarrhcea sometimes occurs. The progress of the disease is accurately
betokened by the nature and rapidity with which the Gischarge is
promoted. If it is scanty and tardy, the fever is generally severe,
consisting of difficult breathing, loss of appetite, suspension of rumin-
ation, rapid and hard pulse, constipation, deficient urine, etce., all of
which are doubtless preceded by shivering fits and a staring coat. If,
in a day or two, the discharge increases, becomes purulent and
copious, fever is diminished, and recovery speedily follows; but if
the system is still exposed to the causes that induced the disease,
the termination may be chronic nasal gleet, malignant catarrh, or
sporadic pleuro-pneumonia. If diarrhcea is present, administer at
once, the following, twice each day :—

Tincture of Gentian, half a fluid ounce;
Laudanum, one fluid ounce;

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one fluid ounce;
Water, one pint.—Mix. ;

If the bowels are constipated, one pound of epsom salts may be
given, combined with a tablespoonful of ginger and a pint of warm

wr

iy

tty

HEREFORD COW.

MALIGNANT CATARRH AND OTHER DISEASES. 361

water. The animal should be removed to comfortable quarters, or at
least from all exposure to the influences that have caused the affec-
tion. The skin should be stimulated by smart friction and even
clothed when necessary. The food should consist of bran mashes,
roots and green food when they can be obtained; and with sucha
diet daily doses of a tablespoonful of saltpeter is of great service in
reducing the fever.

The use of the steaming nose-bag, as used for horses during this
disease, is of great benefit in producing an early and free discharge
from the nostrils, and thus relieving the animal. If there is great
depression, the first prescription may be repeated several times each
day, until benefits are seen.

MALIGNANT CATARRH.

This disease is a malignant form of common catarrh, which
affects cattle on low, wet lands, or during unfavorable circumstances,
and which, to a very limited extent, may prove contagious among
the same herd. All the symptoms are aggravated, there being more
fever, more constitutional affection, greater congestion of the mucous
membranes, followed by blotches around the muzzle, which may peel
off, leaving raw sores which degenerate into ulcers about the fourth
or sixth day. Swellings may occur on the jaw, limbs, or other
portions of the body, which may slough off. Costiveness -is followed
by a putrid diarrhea, and death results about the tenth day.

The treatment is the same as for the common attack, only more
potent and oftener repeated. The mild laxative is to be given at the
start, if the bowels are costive, the first prescription may be given
every two hours if necessary, to allay pain and keep up the strength.

OTHER DISEASES.

Discharges from the nose, nasal gleet, sore throat, and other
affections of these organs, can be treated precisely as they are directed
in the department for the horse.

362 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN.

BLOATING OR HOOVEN IN CATTLE.

Hooven or tympanitis, is a form of derangement which some-
times affects the first stomach, or paunch of ruminants. It consists
of an evolution of gas in the paunch. When the quantity of food is
greatest, the danger is most imminent. The symptoms are urgent,
marked, and so easily recognized, that all fancy themselves competent
to treat it. As occurring independently of other affections, it is not
easily mistaken, and, unlike the distention from solid food, is mostly
sudden in its attack. Cattle, when turned into pasture, or given some
changed diet, will be observed to swell over the left side. The disten-
tion is elastic, and can scarcely be mistaken for over-distention with
food. The animal, while this is occurring, may still continue feeding.
At length, by pressure on the intestines, the opposite side becomes
hooven, there is labored breathing, they stand with the nose pointed
forward, and saliva dropping from the mouth; will frequently lie
down, but as rapidly rise again; pulse small and imperceptible, anus
and vagina protruded, while in some cases great drowsiness may be
induced. It is very rapid in its progress, and may terminate in death
in afew hours. This may occur from rupture of the diaphragm or of
the stomach itself, or by pressure on the lungs and heart, causing
suffocation.

The causes are generally to be found in the nature of the food
taken into the stomach more than in the organ itself. It is not to
the quantity but the quality that this is attributable. So sudden is it
sometimes developed that it not unfrequently shows itself immedi-
ately following the first mouthful of certain kinds of food, as green
clover or potatoes, while, when accustomed for a short time to the
diet, such an action does not follow their reception. The paunch is
temporarily deranged, and its action is suspended.

TREATMENT OF HOOVEN.

In the treatment of these cases, attention ought first to be
directed to the restoration of the natural action of the stomach.

CURE OF HOOVEN. 363

Many cases may be readily relieved, by driving the animal about;
then suddenly dashing a considerable quantity of cold water over the
loins, has, occasionally, a wonderful effect, acting in a manner pre-
cisely similar to a variety of other remedial agents, producing con-
tractile movement in the paunch, the result of reflex nervous action.
In all cases of emergency, the owner should not hesitate to puncture
the rumen at sight. The operation is very simple, and when the
proper instruments (the trochar and canula) are not at hand, the
operation may be performed with a knife; to select a proper place to
puncture the rumen, a line may be drawn from the last rib to the
prominent part of the hip-bone, and from this line an equilateral
triangle may be drawn with its apex downwards; where the two lines
intersect one another is the proper piace to operate. The great
capacity of the ramen makes it almost impossible to make any mis-
take in puncturing its walls, particularly when inflated to its greatest
dimensions from the generation of gases. It is not highly organized,
and therefore the danger to be apprehended from inflammation need
cause no anxiety. Administer the following medicine morning and
evening :—
Hyposulphite of Soda, one-half ounce ;
Extract Ginger, one-half fluid ounce ;

Extract of Golden Seal, one-half fluid ounce;
Water, eight ounces.— Mix.

Feed nothing but scalded bran well seasoned with salt, until the
cow is fully recovered.

OVERLOADED PAUNCH.

This differs from the preceding disease in being caused by an
inordinate quantity of food, and not its quality. The overloading the
paunch prevents its performing its office. Any kind of food will
produce it, if taken in excess. It is slower of development than bloat,
and while the left side is distended, it hangs more downward, and has
not that drum-like sound on tapping it, which is found in true bloat.
There is the same difficulty of breathing, oppression and stupor. If
it is caused by green food, a diarrhoea sets in generally before death,

364 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS

which may result in a spontaneous cure. Like results have come
from vomiting, yet rarely. In its first stages give :—

Epsom Salts, one pound;

Glauber Salts, one pound;

Oil Turpentine, two fluid ounces;
Nux Vomica, one-half drachm.—Mix.

Repeat in six hours if no benefit is seen. The paunch may be
punctured as in hooven, if the upper part of the abdomen sounds
drum-like. The opening may be enlarged, even, and the contents
removed, when it should be sewed and the animal fed on gruel for a
few days. If the animal seems to be losing strength, vive four
drachms of carbonate of ammonia every three hours.

IMPACTION OF THIRD STOMACH— DRY MURRAIN—MAD STAGGERS.

This may be caused by a feverish condition of the system, or of
the paunch, or a dry state of the contents of the manifolds of the
third stomach. Its most prevalent cause is eating dry corn husks,
bleached hay, or anything which demands extraordinary secretion of
the fluids of the stomach for its digestion. Instead of digesting, it
collects in hard dry lumps, which can be felt by pressing the right side
with closed fist. The dung is scanty and hard, yet may have been
preceded by a diarrhea. The animal lies on the left side, with the
head in the right flank. Paralysis, stupor, or convulsions may follow;
or mad delirum, so wild, that the animal will dash straight ahead,
bellowing fearfully, regardless of any obstacles, sometimes breaking
its horns, etc. The first treatment, in the simpler forms, is to give a
purgative, and as there is more or less inflammation, a quart of castor
oil should be used. Repeat it in eight hours, if it does not move the
bowels. If the strength of the animal seems to fail, give four
drachms of carbonate of ammonia every three hours, accompanying
it with an injection of a quart of warm water. If the strength is
evidently on the wane when the disease is first discovered, better
depend on injections to move the bowels, than to give purgatives by
mouth. After the bowels move and there are improving symptoms,
gruel and mashed boiled roots may be fed. If there is tenderness on

.

CURE OF INFLAMMATION OF BOWELS. 365

the right side, it may be blistered by combining mustard and turpen-
tine. If the animal is delirious, fasten to a post and apply cold water
or ice bags to his head. If it is evident that the stomach is inflamed,
twenty grains of nux vomica may be given, three times daily, in
eruel. The food should be entirely fluid, until all danger is past.

The practice among prairie farmers of turning their stock into
corn fields after the corn has been gathered, to feed on the dry husks
and stalks that are left standing as they grew, causes the death of
many fine animals. Any one who loses a cow by feeding on dry
fodder, will be convinced, if a post mortem examination is made, of
the danger that is ever prevalent to the owner of stock which is
allowed to feed in this volunteer manner. The stomachs will be
found packed with hot, dry, hard mass of stalks and husks, which no
remedy can reach or remove. Animals which die from eating this
dry food suffer the greatest agony, expiring in convulsions.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

This disease may be caused by irritating and improper food, or
the use of powerful purgatives. There are other causes, such as
change of water and food, etc. It may take several forms. One, the
hemorrhagic, in which the dung is passed in small balls, streaked with
blood; the animal will suffer intense pain, dashing recklessly about in
vain attempt to get relief. When it has been caused by eating
poisonous plants, the back will be roached, the flanks tucked up, the
urine high colored and often bloody. The mucus form of the dis-
ease will be shown by the balls of dung being streaked with mucus
instead of blood, and while the first form generally proves fatal inside
of twenty-four hours, if not relieved, this character of the disease
may last a fortnight. There will be belching of gas, a fetid breath,
and tenderness on the right side of abdomen. A diarrhoea may begin,
which will work a cure, or may terminate in a fatal bloody discharge.
Purgatives should not be given in either form of this disease, unless
for the purpose of removing some acrid substance known to have
been eaten. It is better to rely on copious laxative injections of
warm soap suds. A quart of linseed oil is the best laxative to use in

366 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS,

this case. If there is considerable pain, two ounces of laudanum may
be given by injection, or by mouth. In urgent cases, blankets wrung
out in hot water, may be applied to the abdomen. All powerful
purgatives should be avoided, as they add to the already existing
inflammation. If the strength seems to fail, accompanied with the
existing pain, give :—

Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms;

Extract Belladonna, two drachms.—Mix.

This may be given in warm gruel, every two hours, untii benefits

are seen. Soft food should be given during recovery for weeks.

DIARRHG@A— SCOURS,

It may be a symptom of some existing disease, which will stcp
when disease is removed, or it may be simple and uncomplicated,
caused by eating improper food, or exposure. The best method of
treatment is to remove all effete matter from the bowels by a laxa-
tive, consisting of a quart of linseed oil. If a more rapid evacuation
is wanted, a pound of glauber salts may be substituted. After the
physic has operated, feed starchy food, gruels, mashed roots, etc., for
a few days, until the bowels have regained their tone. Astringents
should not be used until, the irritants have been removed, when they
may be resorted to if the above treatment does not relieve the case.
Two fluid drachms of tincture of kino may be given three times
daily, until benefits are seen; or a tablespoonful of pulverized inner
white oak bark may be substituted. Almost any form of this affec-
tion, except the chronic kind, can be checked, and perhaps cured, by
administering a few doses of charcoal and lime water.

CHRONIC DIARRH@A,

Chronic diarrhea in cattle is generally due to a variety of causes,
and one of the most common is an affection of the liver and mesen-
teric glands, of a tuberculous nature. ‘Treatment of such cases
generally proves unsatisfactory, because the normal functions of the
absorbent glands cannot be restored; and though a temporary
amelioration may be brought about, by judicious change of food and

TREATMENT OF DYSENTERY. 367

tonic remedies, the diarrhoea is apt to reappear at any time, from the
slightest cause, such as change of food, or the influence of cold and
wet. We have often seen good temporary benefit derived from the
use of ammoniated sulphate of copper, given in doses of one drachm,
morning and evening, dissolved in a few ounces of water. Instead of
gruel, mashes, roots and similar succulent food, the animal should be
fed on good sweet upland hay, oil cake, and ground hay and oats. As
a rule, it will be best to fatten the animal as soon as possible, and
dispose of it. If the disease is so far advanced that no improvement
of the animal’s condition can be brought about by any method of
feeding, it ought to be destroyed and buried, as the consumption of
the flesh of such an animal would be dangerous to the health of hogs
as well as of human beings.

DYSENTERY— BLOODY FLUX.

This is a more serious disease than diarrhaea, and may result in
inflammation of the bowels, and a speedy death. It may take a
chronic form, and the animal die from gradual emaciation. In its
first stages the dung is semi-fluid and of bad odor; later, it is mere
liquid, contains blood, and shreds of mucous membrane, and is
intolerably offensive. The discharges are accompanied with painful
straining, which becomes more intense and violent as the disease
progresses, and may finally end in involuntary passing of the dis-
charges. The appetite is gradually lost, the hair stares, the thirst is
great, and fever is present. It is better in the commencement of the
treatment to give a mild laxative, consisting of a quart of linseed oil,
combined with two ounces of laudanum, if there is a good deal of
pain. Give daily, after this has operated, three drachms of Dover’s
powders. If this does not bring the desired results, give the follow-
ing twice each day :—

Pulverized inner bark White Oak, two ounces;
Oil of Turpentine, two fluid ounces;
Water, or Gruel, one quart.—Mix.

Great care must be taken in giving the food for a few weeks after

recovery.

368 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

SCOURS IN CALVES.

This is merely a form of indigestion, which is generally produced
by improper food of the young calf. Not giving it new milk, or
forcing it to live on old skim or sour milk. It may also result from
too high feeding, and forcing; or, it may result from keeping the
animal in an improper and unhealthy pen. The symptoms are a
vitiated appetite, ravenous or impaired, a bloated pot-belly, staring
hair, fetid breath, and a whitish watery diarrhea. The calf soon
becomes emaciated and dies. The first thing to do is to administer
two fluid ounces of castor oil, to which may be added a teaspoonful
of laudanum. After this has operated, follow with the prescription
below :—

Bismuth, two drachms;
Magnesia, two drachms;
Tincture of Kino, one drachm.—Mix.

This may be given in milk, and the food should be adapted to his
wants, otherwise no benefits will be received.

When sucking calves are under treatment for diarrhea, the
mother should also have a few doses of the above remedy; for it often
happens that she is ailing at the time, and her milk has a morbid
tendency on the calf.

In the advanced stages, when the discharges emit a bad odor,
and rumination is suspended, the patient should have a few quarts of
milk. porridge per day, or scalded milk alone, will sustain and benefit
the calf.

SPASMODIC COLIC—BELLY ACHE.

Its cause is generally irritating substances in the intestines, or
exposure to storms and succeeding neglect. It is a griping pain which
affects the bowels and changes location. Its symptoms are shown by
an uneasy shifting of the hind legs, a kicking of the upper one while
lying down, twisting of the tailand moaning. Its duration is from one
to two hours. Give at first, one pound of glauber salts dissolved in a
pint of warm water; inject a quart of warm water, to which has been

TO RELIEVE CHOKING. 369

added two fluid ounces of laudanum. The injection may be repeated
in an hour, if the pain continues. If there is considerable nervous
excitement, pain, and restlessness, give the following :—

Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms;

Belladonna, two drachms;

Water, one pint.—Mix.

Blankets wrung out in hot water may be applied to the abdomen,

and will aid in relieving the pain.

PERITONITIS—INFLAMMATION OF LINING OF ABDOMEN.

This is generally caused by a wound which punctures the walls of
the abdomen. The symptoms resembles colic, while the right side
will be especially tender, and the animal stands with all four feet near
together. Hot fomentations must be applied externally to the abdo-
men, laudanum in two-ounce doses should be given to allay pain. If
there is difficulty in the stomach’s retaining the food, injections of
gruel should be given. Three fluid ounces of sweet spirits of nitre
should be given, twice each day, to prevent its resulting in dropsy,
and as the animal gets better, give one drachm of iodide of potassium
daily.

CHOKING WITH VARIOUS ARTICLES.

Cattle are the most liable of all animals to accidents of this kind,
from neglect in cutting the roots on which they are fed to proper size.
When the article is lodged in the upper part of the throat there is
great distress, staring of the eyes, and rapid distention of the stomach
from accumulation of gas, which may kill the animal inside of twenty
minutes. Often the hand can be used to advantage in these cases,
after the jaws have been properly secured apart. If it is beyond
reach, a gag must be made of a two-inch wooden roller, which may
be secured in the mouth by strings at each end, and tied back of the
horns. This will prevent fatal distention of stomach, and often the
object will pass down in a short time, in a natural way. If not, a
probang, made out of a piece of new three-quarter inch rope, the ends
of which have been untwined afew inches and tied back, forming a

ball, may be used, and the object gently forced into the stomach.
47

370 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

In choking lower down, there is not somuch urgency. The main
symptoms are inability to swallow solid food, and the return of the
fluids swallowed by way of mouth, often accompanied by nervous
tremors and evident distress. The rope probang, mentioned above, is
excellent here. No severe usage must be given, and care must be
taken not to push so hard as to cause danger of rupture of the
passage. When whips, rattans, etc., are used, this is especially to be
feared.

When the choking is done by impacted food, fluids must be used
to loosen and work the mass into a consistency to pass by piecemeal.

WORMS.

Cattle are not so liable as other domestic animals to be troubled
with worms, yet calves may sometimes be prevented from thriving by
their presence. The prescriptions given in the horse department will
answer every purpose for treating these cases.

THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

Often this is the result of too free use of diuretic medicines,
given ignorant of the bad effects which may follow. Eating poison-
ous plants or decayed food will produce it, exposure to storms soon
after calving will often result in this disease.

The attack will commence with slight shivering, followed by
increased heat of the body. The animal attempts to urinate
frequently, the amount passed being small but high colored, and may
be flecked with blood. A very good test for inflammation of the
kidneys, is to apply pressure over the loins, which will cause the
animal to shrink through tenderness of the parts. There will be
stiffness of the kind legs, and the straddling gait always present
during urinary disorders.

TREATMENT OF URINARY DISEASES. 371

The first treatment is to give a purgative to counteract the ten-
dency of the blood to the kidneys, combined with an anodyne to
to relieve the pain, as follows :—

Castor Oil, one and one-half pints;
Laudanum, two fluid ounces.—Mix.

This may be repeated in six hours if it does not operate. At the
same time inject three quarts of warm water into the rectum to aid
the physic. The injection can be repeated several times a day, to
which two ounces of laudanum may be added, if pain is present.
Blankets wrung out in hot water may be applied to the loins for
several hours, with benefit, followed by a blister over the part. Fluid
food may be given until danger is past.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

The symptoms of this disease are a frequent passage of urine in
small quantities, which generally contains shreds of mucous. There
will be evident pain, a roaching back, twisting of tail, uneasiness of
hind parts, and a straddling gait. There will be a slight fever. If
the muscular coat of the bladder is involved it is more serious, as
retention of urine may be present, which will have to be removed
with a catheter. No diuretics must be given in the active stage of
this disease. Castor oil may be given every six hours until the bowels
move, which will relieve the urinary organs of much labor. Injec-
tions may be used as recommended for inflammation of the kidneys;
hot water applications, also. If there is loss of strength, carbonate
of ammonia in four-drachm doses, may be given every few hours.

Sometimes the disease is present in cows soon after calving, and
is caused by costiveness, which can be relieved by the use of proper
laxatives and soft food.

BLOODY URINE—RED WATER.

Real hematuria is rarely ever present in cattle, but this form,
caused by cold pastures, wood pasturage of weeds, etc., is more
frequent. It seems to be more of a constitutional disturbance than
a local ailment, followed by a change in the character of the constit-
uents of the blood.

372 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

Its proper treatment consists in changing the food, if this has
been the cause, and followed by the same treatment as for inflamma-
tion of the kidneys, commencing with a mild purgative, combined
with anodynes if pain is present, followed by linseed tea as food, and
mashes as the animal grows better.

ABORTION IN COWS.

This complaint is more frequent in the east than west, and is
a scourge in some dairying districts in New York. The herding
together of a large number of cows, high feeding, and crowded space
will produce it. Smutty corn, ergoty pastures, etc., as well as
injuries to the abdomen, are fruitful causes. One curious, fact, not
yet fully explained, is that when one animal in a herd aborts, others
are likely to follow from sympathy or infectious nature of the disease.

When a case of abortion occurs, the cow should be separated
from the herd, and all traces removed. It would be well to notice by
observation the symptoms which threaten abortion, such as the
animal coming in heat again, if it occurs early in gestation, or a
whitish, purulent discharge from the vagina, followed in a few days
by parturition in more advanced cases.

When a case of this kind has occurred, it is well to give all the
well animals half an ounce of chlorate of potassa, daily. The sick
animal is to be fed on cooling food, soft mashes, boiled and mashed
roots, etc. If there is signs of weakness, four drachms of carbonate of
ammonia may be given twice a day, three times, or oftener, if the case
is more serious. Laudanum may be added if there is evident pain,
and it is of great assistance in early stages to prevent its termination.
In more advanced stages it may be necessary to remove the dead calf,
which may sometimes be taken away piecemeal, by amputating the
limbs, which may be done as follows. Our first object must be to
remove the fore legs, or the hind legs, according to the position of
the calf, and which is done by concealing a small knife in the palm of
the hand, and making a deep incision from the fetlock to the shoulder,
or from the fetlock to the stifle joint of the calf; the skin should then
be separated from the leg by running the finger between the skin and

TO REMOVE DEAD CALF IN CALVING. 373

muscles, when, by the application of some force, the whole of the leg
can be pulled away; the other leg must now be served in the same
manner, and ropes attached to the loose skin. We have thus gained
a sufficient purchase by retaining the skin, and more room is given by
the legs being removed. ‘The next step will be to secure the head,
and the bulk of the legs being removed, this object can often be
accomplished, and the calf got away. Care should be taken, while
using the knife within, not to injure the womb, as dangerous compli-
cations might then ensue. If the calf has been dead more than
twenty-four hours, it will be proper to also remove the afterbirth,
by carefully detaching the same. Afterwards the womb should be
cleansed by lukewarm water injections, and subsequently a few injec-
tions of some disinfecting agent may be made, such as a mixture of
one ounce of carbolic acid with a gallon of soft lukewarm water. The
cow should be given plenty of gruel to drink, and be supported with
nourishing food.

TREATMENT BEFORE AND AFTER CALVING.

The health and welfare of not only the cow, but her offspring, are
greatly affected by the treatment during this period; soon before
calving. A healthy cow, in rather lean flesh, will usually bring forth
a healthy calf with greater certainty of both doing well, than one
which is in high flesh. There is a mean of condition wherein a cow
should be kept, that is, neither fat or lean, but in a thriving condition.

A poor, scraggy cow may have a good calf, but the odds are that
the calf will exhibit the same lean raking appearance that the mother
does. The after milking of the cow tells the same tale. Cows, previ-
ous to calving, should be well taken care of, to be kept thriving, and
not be injured in any way by the jostling, etc., of other stock. Fret-
ting, or worrying the cow, seriously influences not only the cow’s
good, but also has an injurious influence upon the disposition of the
young she may bring forth. _

A cow that gives milk up to near the time of calving is vary apt
to bring a lean calf, unless particularly well fed with rich food, and
well sheltered and cared for. A good cow properly fed and cared for

374 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

will give milk to within four or five weeks of calving, and bring a
good calf, but no cow fed on barley, or wheat straw, and kept shiver-
ing in the cold, or with half enough to drink, will give milk up to
near calving, and bring a good calf.

To facilitate the parturition of cows, the administration of a few
handfuls of linseed with their drink for three or four weeks before
calving, is found to act beneficially, and moreover, it increases the
secretion of milk, decreases inflammation and constipation, and forms
a certain remedy in retention of afterbirth.

She should certainly be relieved of the afterbirth, if she does not
void it in three or four days, else it decomposes, and produces a low,
feverish condition of the system, affecting the general health of the
animal. The hand may be introduced, and by pulling gently in
various directions, it will soon yield and come away.

It is well to give a cow, immediately after calving, a warm bran
mash, or warm oatmeal gruel. Two or three hours afterward, give a
drink consisting of two tablespoonsful of ginger in warm water. This
tends to prevent milk fever and garget; it also aids in the cleansing
process. We have seen some farmers feed cows that did not cleanse
promptly, some boiled oats fed in the liquor, warm.

MILK OR PARTURITION FEVER.

This generally attacks thriving, plethoric cows who are good
feeders and digest all they eat. It is generally caused by high feeding
before and after calving, running in luxuriant pastures during hot
weather. It results in a feverish condition of the system, an inflam-
atory condition of the brain, congestion of parts, and a complete
stoppage of discharges of urine or dung. In the later stages a state
of stupor supervenes in which all feeling is lost.

Prevention is better and more successful than the cure, and care
should be taken that cows of this habit should be sparingly fed for at
least three weeks before calving and longer afterwards. A dose of
one pound of Epsom salts should also be given such a cow directly
after calving, but to none others.

When the attack first begins, and the pulse is full and bounding,

TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION OF WOMB. 375

taking four quarts of blood from the jugular vein will assist, but adds
to the trouble if it has got to the point where the animal is down and
cannot get up, and the pulse feeble. In this case two pounds of
Epsom salts should be given at once, then follow with this prescrip-
tion every four hours :—

Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms;

Nux Vomica, one scruple;

Water, one pint.—Mix.

If the fever is high, envelop the cow in sheets wet with cold
water, and covered with dry blankets; apply to the head applications
of ice or cold water, and have the legs thoroughly rubbed. The milk
should be drawn often. It is only by extra efforts that success can be
obtained, and the efforts must not be slackened.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.

This may be caused by difficult calving, lacerations of the womb,
or improper removal of the afterbirth. Its symptoms will be ushered
in by shivering fits, colicky pains, uneasiness of the hind parts, twist-
ing of tail, looking toward flank, roached back, frequent straining,
and a red and inflamed appearance of the entrance to the vagina. If
the hand is introduced, the womb will be found dilated with fluid,
which must be withdrawn with a catheter, or small rubber tube,
followed by injections, by use of same tube, of warm water to cleanse
the womb, and then an injection of a pint of warm water, to which
has been added a teaspoonful of solution of carbolic acid. If the cow
is feverish and not weak, she should have a purgative of one pound
of sulphate of soda; if on the contrary she is deficient in strength,
injections may be used, and four drachms of carbonate of ammonia
should be given two to four times each day, and twenty drops of
tincture of aconite every three to four hours, to allay fever. Repeat
the injections into the womb of warm water and carbolic acid solu-
tion daily, for two to four days.

BLOODY MILK.

Injuries to bag may cause it by local inflammation. Some cows
show signs of it during heat, especially if they are very excitable.

376 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

Eating certain plants in wood pastures will produce it. Its cure
from eating is to change the food; from heat or excitement, cooling
food, confinement and saline purgatives; from local injuries, there is
no better remedy than plenty of cold water applied several times
daily, and careful tender milking.

GARGET — MAMMITIS.

May be caused by local injuries, too great supply of milk-produc-
ing food which unduly distends the bag, irregular and neglect of
milking, resulting in local congestion. The bag may be badly caked,
or only a hard lump felt in center; there may ke no great amount of
inflammation, yet there will be found lumps of clotted matter which
are more or less bloody, and may become offensive.

Cold water applications where there is local heat will be of benefit.
A cooling lotion, consisting of a teaspoonful of sugar of lead in a
quart of water is excellent. An active hand-rubbing of the bag three
or four times daily, will aid in dispelling the swelling. Internally
give a tablespoonful of saltpeter twice daily; or, give a tablespoonful
of grated poke root, twice each day. Iodide of potassium in drachm
doses, once a day, is excellent. In some cases, where there is much
swelling of the bag and constitutional disturbance, warm fomenta-
tions should be applied constantly, and at night a poultice of hops
steeped in equal parts of water and vinegar may be applied by use
of cloths, cutting holes for the teats, and tying up over the back.
Twenty drops of aconite may be given every four hours to allay fever.
The milk must be drawn off frequently, and if painful, a milking tube
must be used to allow it to run out. If the fluid has a bad odor, a
very weak solution of carbolic acid and water may be injected into
the bag and then withdrawn. Feed soft food and give half an ounce
of powdered gentian if strength is failing.

MILK STOPPAGE OBSTRUCTION IN TEAT.

The cavity in the teat is separated from a cavity in the udder just
above by a sort of diaphragm, which has a small hole in its center.
This hole in the living subject is about the size of a pea, but some-
times smaller, and around its edge is a small bundle of very fine

OBSTRUCTION IN TEATS. 377

elastic fibers, which are covered with the membrane lining the adja-
cent cavities. This bundle of fibers forms a ring or cord, by the
contraction of which, the aperture, between milkings, is kept closed,
and the passage of milk shut off. There are multitudes of very small
cavities, all through the udder, in which between milkings, the bulk
of the milk is held and its weight kept from pressing down upon the
teat. The outlet of each of these little reservoirs, for such they
really are, is provided with a diaphragm, which is punctured and
closed in the same way as the reservoir.

The cord of elastic fibers surrounding the apertures in all the
diaphragms, large or small, are, by a connection with the abdominal
muscles, more or less under the control of the will, and do a duty
precisely analagous to the muscular bands surrounding the neck of
the bladder. When the cow desires to be relieved of her milk, as at
milking time, or when her calf is sucking, she releases this cord, when
the apertures open and the milk flows down rapidly into the teat.
All the reservoirs, large and small, are lable, from clotted milk or
severe swelling, to become closed, and the milk partly or wholly
prevented from passing along. The cord surrounding the hole at the
top of the teat sometimes permanently contracts and fills up, and
becomes rigid, when the cow loses control and is unable to relax it,
and milk can only be obtained by pressing on the cavity above and
forcing it through the closed hole to fill the teat. This is the cause of
the stoppage in question, which so often occasions the loss of valuable
cows by permanently drying up one or more quarters of the udder.

The cause of this contraction, rigidity, and knotting up, is usually
chronic inflammation, oftener than otherwise induced by a too free use
of rich or heating food before parturition, such as corn meal, cotton-
seed, or oil meal, too much grass, or other milk-producing food.

The particular manner of milking has also something to do with
the stoppage. If, while the bag is inflamed, the milker jerks or pulls
down hard upon the teat, the tendency, as will be readily seen, is to
increase the irritation in the parts over the teat, and thereby to
increase the contraction and rigidity of the cord, closing the passage.
Bad milking very much aggravates the matter, but chronic inflamma-

48

378 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.

tion first originates the tendency to the difficulty. Care should
always be taken by judicious feed and milking to keep bags, especially
of heifers and young cows, soft and pliable till the milk begins to
flow pretty freely, when they will generally take care of themselves.
The remedy consists in cutting or stretching the contracted cord.

When the stoppage was very close we have sometimes success-
fully used a cutting instrument, made by taking a piece of steel wire
ora large steel knitting-needle, and flattening a spot half an inch
from one end and making both edges sharp. By passing this up the
teat through a quill or tube to prevent cutting the orifice of the teat,
it can be pushed through the closed aperture, and cut the constricted
cord on opposite sides, turning it a quarter of the way round, it will
cut it again at right angles when it is withdrawn, making a sufficient
opening for the milk to flow. But unless some means is employed to
prevent, the lacerated hole will often soon grow up tighter than
before. To obviate this, by whatever means the hole is opened, a plug
of hard rubber, of a length suited to the length of the teat, should be
inserted and left in the teat between the milkings for a few days till
the wound heals up, and the size of the hole becomes adapted, as it
soon will, to the size of the plug, when it may be safely left out. The
plug need not be over one-third of an inch in the largest part, and
should be well oiled before using. If taken in season, the stoppage
may be permanently and sufliciently enlarged by using the plug alone
a few days at a time.

TO PREVENT LEAKING OF MILK.

Immediately after milking, wipe the teat dry, and with a small
brush apply to its end a small quantity of collodion that may be had
at the druggist’s. This at once forms a thin, tough membrane or
skin which will prevent leakage, and is easily removed before milking.
Or, take white oak bark, put it into water, boil it down to a strong
solution; then, after every milking, soak the ends of the leaky teat or
teats in the solution for a few minutes, and prevention is said to be
sure.

CASTRATING CALVES. 379

SORE TEATS — WARTS.

Sore teats are often caused by washing in the first milk drawn,
leaving the teats damp or wet when driven from the barn to outdoors,
causing chapping, cracking and extensive sores. The teats should be
thoroughly dried, if there is a tendency to crack, oiling with castor
oil thoroughly is an excellent and very adhesive remedy. Glycerine
is an excellent remedy, combined with a little sugar of lead, but from
its affinity for water does not remain on. Gentle milking, and in bad
cases the use of milking tubes must be used.

Warts may be removed by the knife or caustics.

CASTRATING CALVES.

First grasp the scrotum in the left hand, and bring the testicles
down to the foot of the bag; then with the other hand, and a sharp
small knife, cut a perpendicular slit in the back side of the bag, in the
rear of each testicle, close to the bottom, and long enough for the
testicle to pass through; cut through the skin and the case enclos-
ing the testicle; push it out and gently draw it, and its attaching
cord, out from one to two inches and cut it off, and the work is done;
serve the other the same way. Insert a little salted grease and the
job is finished. If the outside is washed with water in which half a
teaspoonful of carbolic acid has been added, it will prevent flies from
troubling in warm weather. If the weather is cold and stormy the
calf should be kept indoors for a few days. If the bag becomes
inflamed and swollen, and matter gathers inside, an incision must be
made to release it—when it will heal. Castrating bulls is to be done
in the same manner, but is attended with more danger to the animal.

CHV ors

CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS
, DISEASES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS. DISEASES.—Texan Fever, and its mode of contagion
and prevention— Pleuro-Pneumonia, or Contegious Inflammation of the Lungs and its
prevention and treatment— Malignant Anthrax — Black Leg— Black Tongue— Bloody
Murrain—Their causes and cure—Foot and Mouth Disease, and its reniedies— Epi-
demic Ophthalmia and its cure.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.—Spaying Cows—To prevent cows kicking —The Herkimer
method — Destroying Lice on Cattle—Grubs in the skin— Breaking Sucking Cows—
To remove articles from the eyes, ete.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

TEXAN FEVER.

This is a disease which was prevalent for a year or so in the
northern states, caused by the presence of Texas cattle. The Texas
cattle are not, probably, affected by the disease in Texas. Cattle
taken from the north to the central and southern parts of Texas die
of the disease, and a similar disease is common among the horses in
Texas. Texas cattle brought north, either by water or rail, or driven
on foot may communicate the disease to native cattle. Texas cattle

TREATMENT OF TEXAN FEVER. 381

do have the disease, and die from it, in the north, but much more
rarely than do native cattle. Old native cattle are much more
susceptible to the disease than the young ones. Comparatively few
suckling calves die from it; in some cases calves drew milk from the
cows until the death of the latter, but still did not take the disease.
Unless in very rare instances, the disease has not been communicated
to native cattle kept in enclosures in which Texas cattle had not been.
Eating where Texas cattle have grazed, drinking where they have
drank, or at least, passing over the ground where they have been
driven, seems necessary to communicate the disease to native cattle,
although apparent exceptional cases have been known. There is
scarcely « doubt that severe frosts remove danger of communication
of the disease, and that after Texas cattle have been wintered in
northern states they will not communicate the disease. In very rare
cases, if at ull, have native cattle communicated the disease to others.
Generally no evil effects are known to have followed the use of the
milk or flesh of the diseased cattle.

In the first place the general aspect of the sick ox or cow is
peculiar. With drooping head, arched neck, hollow flanks, dull-
looking or staring coat, there is an appearance of great dejection.
The pulse is frequent, sometimes full, and at others is thready; dur-
ing the latter stages of the disease it is frequent, and so small as
not to be easily taken at the jaw. The secretions are checked, with
the exceptions of some glairy mucus from the nose and very high
colored urine, which is often retained in great abundance and for
some length of time in the over-distended bladder. The secretion of
of milk is suspended in cows from the earliest stages. There is
costiveness, but this is readily overcome by medicine, and even by
special diet. The breathing is usually frequent and sometimes pant-
ing. ‘The temperature, of the body rises to 107°, 108°, and 109°
Fahrenheit, and nothing is more remarkable than the early and very
marked elevation of animal heat. Of all the symptoms none are
more remarkable than the trembling and twitchings of muscles and
the unsteady gait of the affected animals. In the advanced stages of
the disease, when the ox or cow lies down, there is difficulty in rising

382 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES

from partial paralysis of the hind quarters; and the first indication of
this interference with the functions of the hind limbs is their being
drawn slightly under the belly, and the fetlock joints slightly bent as
in other acute diseases of cattle. But the partial paralysis sometimes
involves the fore legs. We have been told of some patients manifest-
ing signs of delirium. The animals die usually in from three days to
a week,

In the treatment, prevention is more reliable than the cure. If
it is known that the herd has been exposed, a disinfectant treatment,
consisting of one drachm of solution of carbolic acid, should be given
in a mash every morning for three days. The cattle should be
removed from the affected spot, and those which show symptoms of
disease separated from the rest. After the disease has really devel-
oped, the following will be as good as can be given :—

Chlorate of Potash, two drachms;
Carbonate of Ammonia, three drachms:
Nux Vomica, twenty grains

Water, one quart.—Mix.

This may be given every three hours in urgent cases, and the
time gradually extended between doses. In ordinary cases three
times per day will be sufficient. Medicines can be given in bran mash
if the animal will eat. No solid food must be given for two weeks
after the animal has begun to recover.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA— CONTAGIOUS INFLAMMATION OF LUNGS.

This is a specific and contagious lung disease of cattle, which is
generally, if not always, introduced into a country by importation.
In this disease prevention is better than cure, and the sacrifice of a
whole herd which has become infected, is the only way to stamp it
out. The disease already exists in some of the eastern states, having
been imported. The treatment is very unsatisfactory, yet cases have
been cured by the same course of treatment recommended for Texan
fever. When it once gets into a herd, it will attack all of them
generally.

SHORT-HORN BULL.

ANTHRAX DISEASES. 383

ANTHRAX — BLACK TONGUE — BLACK LEG,

The above names, as well as many others for the same general
disorder, are merely indicative of the most prominent symptoms of a
disease which has been very fatal among the young in the west, for
some years. It seems to be a constitutional disorder, which changes
the character of the secretions as well as the blood. While it is
contagious from contact with the discharges 0 poisonous matter of
an affected animal, often destroying nearly all the young stock ina
herd, yet its origin may arise from local circumstances and surround-
ings, and spread over a section if not checked at once. One of the
peculiarities of the disease is that it attacks the young and apparently
most thriving stock; also, the suddenness with which it terminates,
the animal often being found dead in the field before notice has been
had of its being sick. There is no doubt but what it is, to some
extent, caused by too full feeding of dry corn husks in gathered fields,
combined with local influences. The first symptoms of an attack
will be plethora, feverishness, a halting on one limb, and excessive
tenderness of the skin in spots, to be followed by extensive swellings
of those parts, and deposits of black, tarry blood, which evolves gas
among the tissues, which gives forth a peculiar crackling sound if the
hand is pressed over the spot. Bloody, yellowish matter may ooze
forth, the spot may slough off, leaving an ichorous ulcer. It may
take the form of eruptive blisters, which break, dry up with gangre-
nous appearance, and gradually spread over adjacent parts. It may
take the same form of blisters, but appear on muzzle, jaw and tongue,
leaving behind ulcerous sores, with bloody, yellowish discharge from
the mouth. It may take an internal form, with bloody discharge from
nostrils, bloody dung and black urine, and death in a short time.
Animals which are affected must be separated from the well. Dead
carcasses and all discharges must be buried, and stables where they
have been kept disinfected, if success is to be expected. While
treatment is uncertain and unsatisfactory in the worst cases, yet
many can be saved by proper care, and more can be prevented from
taxing it. After the separation of the sick from the well, give those

384 CONTAGLOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES,

which are well two ounces of bisulphate of soda, each, in a mash,
twice daily for three days, thereafter once each day as long as there
is any danger. Give the affected animals two drachms of chlorate of
potash, three times daily. Inject into the bowels, daily, a weak
solution of carbolic acid and water, one part of acid to one hundred
parts of water. Rub the tender spots, or those parts which show
signs of swelling, with any stimulating liniment, or even turpentine.
Open the blisters and the ulcerous spots and thoroughly cleanse them
by the use of the following :—

Chloride of Zinc, one seruple;

Water, half a pint.—Mix.

Apply this lotion three times daily. No meat nor milk of an

affected animal must be fed to anything, as it is fatal in its effects.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE — CONTAGIOUS APHTHA.

This disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, and is of a highly con-
tagious nature. It is not so much to be dreaded from its directly
consequent fatality as it is for its after consequences—the condition
of weakness and depression in which it leaves its subjects, and from
which it is said to cost, in most cases, more than the future value of
the animals to recover them. ‘The disease attacks the mouth and
feet simultaneously. The mouth will be found hot and covered with
blisters, the tongue and lips being also affected. These blisters burst,
and the surface becomes raw, inflamed and swollen. In aggravated
cases the tongue protrudes from the mouth and is covered with ulcers,
which suppurate and cause the tissues to slough away. The disease
frequently commences in the hind feet, in consequence of which the
animal is continually stretching out first one and then the other hind
foot and shaking them. On examination, blisters and watery pustules
are found around the coronet and between the digits, the parts are
inflamed and swollen, and the animal cannot be urged to rise. In
some cases the feet become ulcerated, the hoofs slough away, in part
or wholly, leaving the bones exposed to view. With such a condition
of things there must be much suffering, with high fever, eyes red,
lungs congested, breath fetid. In milking cows the teats and udder

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 385

become inflamed and ulcerated, abscesses are formed, and sloughing
takes place, which of course renders the milk totally unfit for use.

The treatment consists in the separation of the sick from the
well, and administering two ounces of sulphate of soda daily, to the
well, as a preventive. The sick are to have a pound of Epsom salts
each as a laxative, at the commencement of the treatment. An
astringent mouth-wash is to be used, composed as follows :—

Borax, one ounce;
Tincture of Myrrh, one fluid ounce;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Use twice each day. If the teats are also affected, a weak solu-
tion of half a drachm of carbolic acid in a quart of water, can be used
with good effect, following with a dressing of glycerine. The feet
should be thoroughly cleansed with water, then a rag drawn through
between the toes, followed by an application, with a feather, of :—

Oil of Vitriol, one fluid ounce;
Water, four fluid ounces.—Mix.

Apply twice each day, and keep the feet tied up in tarred cloths.
All detached pieces of horn must be removed at once, and the animals
must be isolated from the rest of the herd.

EPIDEMIC OPHTHALMIA,

This is a disease of the eyes which takes an epidemic form,
whether from contagion, infection or otherwise, has not yet been
determined, but when once an animal in a herd becomes affected, it
soon spreads with more or less severity, among the rest of the herd,
as well as among the neighboring herds with which such animals may
come in contact. The eye at first begins to appear raw, and after a
day or two a sky blue spot appears just below the sight, which contin-
ues to grow until it covers the whole eye, then assumes a lighter
color; after this, it grows smaller and sticks out from the ball of the
eye about the size of a pea. The animal appears in a great deal of
pain all the time until it becomes totally blind.

To facilitate treatment, and to check its spread, the diseased

ones should, as soon as anything appears amiss with the eyes, be
49

386 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

separated from the apparently sound ones, and be placed in a roomy,
airy, dry shed, which should be darkened without interfering with
proper ventilation. The cattle should be kept therein during day-
time, but should be given liberty on an enclosed pasture every night,
away from other cattle. Then give to each one over two years old, a
pound and a half, to those from one to two years old, one pound, and
to younger ones, according to age, from four to eight ounces of
Epsom or glauber salts, dissolved in from a pint to a quart of warm
water, and to which is added from one to two ounces of powdered
ginger. Give sloppy food, into each ration of which is added a
drachm of powdered nitrate of potassa; also give unripe fruit, sliced
to prevent choking, and fresh cut grass during the day, which need
not be much when they go out at nights. To the root of each horn,
or otherwise, fasten a folding of cloth in such a manner that it hangs
over both eyes, and a few inches below them. This should be kept
wet during the day with a lotion composed of

Chloride of Zine, one drachm;

Carbolie Acid, two drachms;
Water, one gallon.—Mix.

Apply to the cheek, below each eye, to a space of about two
square inches, a small portion of a blister, composed of

Spanish Flies, two drachms;
Lard, two tablespoonsful.—Mix.

Shave off the hair and rub well in, so as not to leave any on the
surface which can get into the eye. This should be applied in the
morning, and be washed off six hours thereafter with soap suds and a
soft sponge, and a coat of lard applied to the blistered surface once a
day thereafter.

After recovery, it will be proper to still keep the cattle for some
time, say a month, away from other cattle. The shed should then be
thoroughly cleaned, disinfected, and whitewashed, and not be used for
at least one month thereafter for any live stock. As this disease is
communicable to sheep, these should not be allowed to come near
such diseased cattle.

HOW TO SPAY COWS. 387

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

SPAYING COWS.

This delicate operation may be successfully performed by any
man of nerve and caution. The best time is within six weeks after
calving. It is necessary to study carefully the relation of the parts,
and the feeling of the ovaries in place, in a slaughtered animal; and
well, also, to practice the administration of chloroform, till familiarity
with this desirable preliminary is gained. The cow must be firmly
held, so that she will stand, if possible, and should have fasted
twenty-four hours. The incision is made in the loin, just in front of
the haunch. Such incisions, where the skin is loose, are made by
first shaving off the hair, an inch or more wide, on the line of the
proposed cut; then making a fold of the skin, at right angles to and
across the middle of the shaved place, the operator grasps this in his
left hand, on one side of the line, and gives into the right hand of an
assistant a similar grip of the fold on the other side, leaving the
shaved line exposed. Then a quick, strong stroke with a sharp knife
across the fold will, if properly directed, make an opening through
the hide of about the right length (five inches), clean and true.
Should an artery, or large vein, be cut, it must be taken up (the end
found, drawn out and tied with a thread), or, if a small one, twisted up
so as to stop the flow of blood. Cutting through into the cavity of
the abdomen, the hand is introduced and the ovaries felt for, found,
and worked off with a strong thumb nail. A “steel thumb nail”’ is
sometimes used to advantage. Care should of course be taken not
to tear the parts, nor to make the incision too large, nor too low. If
too low, the contents of the abdomen will interfere. So, also, if the
intestines are full, they will fill up the abdominal cavity, and seriously
embarrass the operation. When the ovaries are removed, the wound
is wiped with a damp cloth, and closed with sutures—which are
single tied stitches. Stout linen thread is used, well tallowed, and a
curved sail-needle, new and bright. The sutures are placed an inch
and a half to two inches apart, and tied loosely, only so as to bring
the lips of the wound together; they will swell so as to close perfectly.

388 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

It is well to leave the lower part of the wound sufficiently open to
allow pus to discharge freely, and always encourage the wound to heal
from the top downward, for the same reason. Protect with a greased
linen cloth laid over the wound, and a blanket or sheet, according to
the weather. The cow should be kept stabled, and her diet should be
simple and loosening rather than heating, consisting of roots, with
cut and soaked hay, or cut grass in the spring, and with a warm, thin
mash of wheat bran now and then, perhaps.

KICKING COWS.

A kicking cow is regarded by most dairymen as a great nuisance.
Not unfrequently some of the best milkers in the herd show this bad
habit, and it is safe to say that vast. losses, in the aggregate, are
sustained every year, which may be traced directly, or indirectly, to
this fault. In most instances the habit comes from an improper
manner in which the cow, when a heifer, was broken to milk, or from
some bad management of the milker after the animal has grown older.
Cows of a highly nervous temperament will, not unfrequently,
become confirmed kickers, from the rough and careless manner in
which the milker handles the udder and teats while milking. Any
rough or careless handling of the udder, when filled with milk, is
more or less painful to the animal, and a kick may be given, not from
any Viciousness or ill temper, but is simply an involuntary motion of
the foot to relieve pain.

The most simple, as well as the most effectual, remedy for kick-
ing cows, is that employed by some of the dairymen of Herkimer
county. It consists in buckling a leather strap rather snugly about
the body of the cow, just in front of the udder. The cow is then
rendered powerless to do harm in kicking, and the most confirmed
and viciously inclined kickers are at once subdued. Those who have
employed this simple method say, that in no instance in their experi-
ence, has it failed. Scolding, fretting, loud threatening, thumping,
and flagellations, are of little use. The cow may have a hot temper,
as well.as her milker, and resist all sorts of discipline. The law of
kindness is usually much more effective.

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Brown & Co., Aurora, Il.

E.

HOLSTEIN COW.

ed by Gro.

Tas tat
’

LICE AND GRUBS IN SKIN 389

DESTROYING LICE ON CATTLE.

Aloes in fine powder is a specific for the destruction of lice on all
animals, and as it has no poisonous properties, its intense bitterness
being what kills, it can be freely applied, and as it is to be used ina
diy state, its application is as safe in cold as in warm weather, conse-
quently is free from all objections urged against other remedies. Use
with a fine pepper-box, dusting and rubbing it in all over, and then
curry out inside of a week. Or, take a pound of fresh lard, a fourth
of a pint of kerosene oil and four ounces of sulphur powder—or
flowers of sulphur; mix them thoroughly. With this mixture rub
the animal’s head, also along the spine, and upon the shoulder and
brisket, and under the thighs, and wherever the vermin is seen.
Repeat the operation once a week until the lice disappear, which will
not be long. Or, take quassia chips, steep in water and wash the
animal thoroughly. One application will kill the lice, and in case of
nits that are not hatched, the second application, applied a few days
after, will entirely rid the stock of the vermin.

GRUBS IN THE SKIN.

The grubs are produced by the eggs deposited by the gad-fly
during the latter part of summer. They may be prevented by
moistening the hairs on the shoulders, back, and loins of cattle, every
other day, with a decoction of white oak or walnut leaves. When
present, they may be removed simply by squeezing them out with the
fingers. When present in large numbers, they of course cause
considerable irritation in the skin and underlying tissues, and thus
may interfere with the well-being and thriving of the cattle.

SELF-SUCKING COW.

A self-sucking cow is prevented from thus indulging by an
Illinoisian, who puts a halter or strap over her head that will hold a
common bridle-bit in her mouth. She eats and drinks just as well as
without it after a little, and is finally cured of the propensity.

390 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

ARTICLES IN THE EYE.

Hay seed, chaff, etc., may be removed by a pair of small operat-
ing forceps, or with the rounded point of a lead pencil covered by a
soft handkerchief. Lime, sand and harsh articles can be washed out
with water and a small syringe. In some instances the animal may
have to be cast before it can be done. The consequent inflammation
may be treated the same as it is for horses, as is many other diseases
such as sprains, bruises, wounds, etc.

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AMERICAN SWINE BOOK

BEIIC A

MopERN [TREATMENT OF THEIR DISEASES.

HIsTORY OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.

WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT,

FOR THE USE OF

Tue AMERICAN FARMER AND BREEDER.

LIVE-STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY,
C. O. MYERS, M, D. PresipentT. E. L. STOWE, Manacer.
Cuicaco, Itt. Kansas City, Mo.

Chive TER. L.

CHARACTHRISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DIFFERENT BREEDS.— Poland-Chinas—Chester-W hites—Berkshires— Suffolks—
Essex— Y orkshires—Cheshires—Jersey Reds.

HISTORY OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.

POLAND-CHINA.

In the early history of swine-breeding in the Miami Valley, in
Ohio, it is clear, from the best authority, that there were two breeds,
the Russia and the Byfield. The Bedford breed is also named with
the other two. In 1816 we have positive proof that the Shakers of
Union village, Warren county, Ohio, purchased at Philadelphia one
boar and three sows, pure China, called “big China hogs.’”’ The
Shakers and other judicious breeders of Warren and Butler counties
continued to use the breeds at command, and produced by repeated
erosses a hog of exceedingly fine qualities for that period, known as
the ““ Warren County hog.’ The very bes specimens were used, so
as to make the best crosses. This condition of the breed continued
until 1835 or 1836, when Mr, Munson or Beach introduced the Berk-

¢

436 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

shire, from New York. The Berkshire blood was liberally infused
into stock now existing in Ohio, until 1838 or 1839, when Mr. Neff, of
Cincinnati, imported some choice specimens of Irish Graziers. This
breed soon grew into high favor, and was liberally crossed with
crosses previously made. This crossing of breeds continued for some
time. In a few years pure-blooded Berkshires were no longer used,
and no more Irish Graziers imported. The breeders of swine in the
Miami Valley settled down to the conviction that the basis of a good
breed of hogs had been established, and, stimulated by their success,
they have aimed to improve what they have been so successful in
forming. All defective points or qualities have been corrected or
improved by care. Thus we have a breed thoroughly established,
which can be relied upon for the production of like qualities and
character in progeny. The best specimens have good length,
short, broad, straight backs, deep sides, very broad, full, square hams
and shoulders, drooping ears, short heads, wide between the eyes, of
spotted or dark color, and hardy, vigorous and prolific. Their chief
excellencies consist in their susceptibility of being well fattened at
any age; large growth when desirable, and the great amount of flesh
laid on in proportion to the food consumed. They sometimes dress
three hundred and fifty pounds when no older than ten or twelve
months.

THE CHESTER-WHITES.

The Chester-Whites are a native of Chester county, Pennsyl-
vania, where the breed originated. The first improvement in that
county was an introduction of a pair of fine white pigs from Bedford-
shire, England, in 1818. They were crossed with common breeds
incident to the locality, and by careful breeding by selection of the
best progeny and judicious crossing to improve points, the well
formed, large, easily fattened Chester-White has resulted. They are
a very large, pure white hog, and at eighteen months have weighed
as high as eight hundred or one thousand pounds. Spring pigs can
be easily made to weigh three hundred to four hundred pounds by the
time they are nine months old.

THE BERKSHIRES, SUFFOLKS, AND ESSEX. 437

All hogs called Chester- Whites are not of that breed. There are
other characteristics besides color and size to be estimated in the true
type. Many spurious animals have been sold, owing to the increased
demand. Some object to this breed as being too coarse in bone and

.texture of flesh.
THE BERKSHIRES.

The Berkshires have been a fashionable breed for farmers of this
country, there having been much speculative fever in the past, and
many importations from England of fine specimens of what were
called pure blood. The color is black with white on feet, face, tip of
tail, and an occasional splash of white on the arm. A smali spot of
white on any other portion of tle body is not accepted as evidence of
impurity of blood, yet the color is generally uniform and markings
the same. They area breed of great muscular power and vitality,
with strong digestive powers, being therefore an economical breed to
turn the corn of the farmer into marketable flesh. The pigs are
smart and active at birth, and not predisposed to diseases of any kind.
They are fattened readily at any age, and produce the finest quality
of pork. They are not so large as the Chester Whites, nor the
Poland-Chinas, but are superior to the former in quality of flesh.

THE SUFFOLKS.

This breed is not so great a favorite with the farmer, nor so
frequently met with as the Berkshire. Popular opinion is that they
are delicate in coustitution, and not so valuable to cross with other
breeds as the Berkshires and others. They are smaller, generally
thinly haired, with tender ,skins, but this is more often the result of
errors in breeding by the owner, and might be obviated, as has been
done with other more popular breeds. They are a quiet hog, being
easily kept in enclosures and fattening readily. For a hog for a
mechanic to fatten for his own use he has no superior.

THE ESSEX.

This hog in form and size resembles the Suffolk but in color,
which is black, and in constitution, hair and skin, is hardier, thicker

438 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

and less delicate. Like the Suffolk, his size prevents his general
introduction, as farmers demand larger machines to consume their
corn. The flesh of the Essex is beautifully marbled with streaks of
fat and lean, and of most excellent quality. The pigs are not so
hardy as the Berkshire, and must have more attention during their
infantile days to prevent loss.

THE YORKSHIRES.

These are a short-legged, white breed of hogs, not so prevalent
in this country as other breeds. They are positive in their crossings,
and it would be an improvement to have more of them introduced.
They have a hardy constitution, a good coat of hair, and firm skin.
They are prolific breeders and fatten readily.

THE CHESHIRES.

These hogs originated in Jefferson county, New York, and it is
claimed started from two pigs of this name imported from England.
It is likely many of their best traits and features were from the
Yorkshires, from which they probably sprung. They cannot be
called a distinct breed of fixed characteristics.

THE JERSEY REDS.

The origin of this breed is not positively known. They have
been bred in portions of New Jersey for over fifty years. They vary
in their color from a dark red to a sandy patched with white.

The characteristics claimed for the Jersey Red hog are, that it is
of quick growth, and attains avery large size, often reaching three
hundred pounds gross at eight and ten months, and dressing six
hundred pounds at eighteen and twenty months. It is docile, and
easily kept fat at any age. Its ear is the most objectionable feature,
being large and sometimes hanging over the eyes, so as to prevent
the animal seeing ahead. Many of them, ,however, have ears not
hanging more than the Poland-Chinas. The color is from dark to
sandy red, legs short, face wide and short.

There is, however, another breed of red hogs in Kentucky, known
as Red Berkshires. A writer in a Kentucky journal says this breed is

RED BERKSHIRES. ' 439

descended from Spain or Portugal importations, made many years
ago. Itis not absolutely pure as a breed now, but some very fine
specimens are often seen. It is popular with the packers on account
of its fine yield of lard and its compactness. It is not of such rapid
growth as the other red hogs, but it is very popular in some portions
of that state.

CHAPTER ie

HOG CHOLERA—ANTHRAX DISEASES.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

HOG CHOLERA IN ALL ITS FORMS.—Inextricable confusion in regard to names—
Mistake in calling every epidemic hog cholera—Annual loss by disease and quack
nostrums—The prevailing causes of the disease— Artificial condition of the hog—
Weakened constitution, errors in breeding and feeding —The old “ Prairie Rooter,” and
the reason of its exemption — Character of the contagion — How the disease spreads —
Its contagious and infectious character—Sporadic cases may become epidemic by
neglect — Prevention of it not possible by dosing with powerful drugs—Articles which
are antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be successfully used — Hygienic preventions
—Precautions to be observed.—THe TREATMENT oF THE DisEAse—What is highly
important to do.—Putrip ErystpeLas Form—Mauienant Typuus Fever—Its symp-
toms and its treatment.— Mauienant Purrip Sore THroat Type—Lung complica-
tions—Its first symptoms and the earlier treatment— Futal signs and remedies to use.
—TypuHoip Enteritis Foru—The symptoms, organs it attacks, and successful remedies
to be used early in the disease, and those employed later,

HOG CHOLERA— ANTHRAX DISEASES.

THE PROPER NAME FOR IT.”

While there has been considerable effort made to give this
disease, or more properly, this class of diseases a scientific name, yet
the people have tenaciously clung to the term “‘ hog cholera.” While
‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” it would be imma-

LOSS BY HOG CHOLERA. 44]

terial what the name was so it conveyed the right idea, and here is
where the difficulty arises. Hog cholera is not a single and separate
disease, but a group or class of malignant kindred diseases of a
contagious, and also infectious nature, similar to each other in regard
to causes, and morbid conditions, yet differing greatly in external
symptoms, internal effects, primary seat of disease, duration of attack,
yet allied in fatality. Another addition to the confusion has been the
calling of every disease of a fatal epidemic character hog cholera,
while it did not possess its malignancy, and was clearly diphtheria or
quinsy, etc. In order not to add to this confusion of the farmer, we
will, in this article, call the diseases hog cholera, but will explain the
varied forms and different characteristics, so that he can detect them
and make acorrect diagnosis for treatment. Quinsy, diphtheria, etc.,
which are distinct.diseases, we treat under separate heads.

THE ANNUAL LOSS OF HOGS.

In 1877, Illinois alone lost eight millions of dollars worth of hogs,
and the annual loss previous to that year was five millions of dollars.
The total loss in the United States by hog cholera in 1877, was nearly
fifty millions of dollars. Think of this vast sum of money being
wiped out of existence, taken from the pockets of the farmers, and
that Congress appropriated ten thousand dollars in 1878, among eight
men to investigate the causes of the disease. Comment is unneces-
sary. It is also a lamentable fact that ‘hog cholera specifics,” and
the violent nostrums which ignorance could conceive, have added a
large percentage to the loss. It was easier to buy the nostrum than
to study and understand something about the disease.

PREVAILING CAUSES OF THE DISEASE.

In studying the cause of this epidemic, too much attention has
been given to local causes, and not to the artificial condition of the
subject or patient. It is an evident fact, whether it be in the
vegetable or animal kingdom, that where we force a rapid growth by
artificial means, by heat, food or culture, and produce hastened

development, we lose in vitality, hardiness and constitution. This is
56

442 HOG CHOLERA—ANTHRAX DISEASES.

especially the case in the improved breed of hogs, which now weigh
as much at nine months as our old hardy breeds did at eighteen.
Another evil has been in errors in breeding. Owing to the high price
of pork during past years, the farmers were tempted to select their
most thrifty sows for market, because they weighed more and brought
a better price, and kept the sickly runts for breeding. Again they
were tempted to breed rapidly, and bred from young sows and boars,
and thus gave the constitution of their hogs another weak point.
Another fact is evident, and that is, that a distinct breed never was
originated without in and in breeding, and this very mode of breed-
ing is one of the means of degeneration of physiological stamina which
the more surely exposes to all manner of diseases. The hogs that
ran wild in the Illinois river bottoms, and which were hunted and
barreled every fall for a number of years between 1835 and 1850, were
a hardy, tough race that hunted their living the year round, exposed
to all the inclemencies of the weather, and whoever saw or heard of a
sick hog among them? From roaming at large, unlimited by field,
yard, or pen, and being obliged to labor diligently to sustain life and
reach maturity, they have been subjected to confinement, fed with
milk, corn or cooked food, which were entirely unknown to them in
their native state. These have changed or greatly modified some of
their physical functions, especially those of digestion; changing his
original nervousness to a lymphatic temperament. In a slow change
during a series of years the hog has gained much in symmetry of
form and in height, but he has evidently lost in stamina of constitu-
tion, and the ability to resist disease. A general enervation of the
system, with, perhaps, an acquired predisposition to certain kinds of
disease, has opened the way for hog cholera and other fatal diseases.
We do not assume that the old “prairie rooter’’ would not be liable
to take the disease if exposed to infection, or contagion. It is an
undisputed fact that they had constitutions which fortified them
against originating such an epidemic. Unfortunately, nature does
not insure them a freedom from it, when it originates amid fertile
elements, no more than it does human beings from attacks of Asiatic
cholera, yet they are not so liable as the improved breeds. Zymotic

‘

CAUSES OF HOG CHOLERA. 443

diseases of this nature, like typhus and typhoid fever in the human
family, are propagated by the poison operating on those whose feeble
vitality is insufficient to resist the epidemic tendency. So in the
lower animals, as we have a forced growth, the bulk of living matter
is greatly disproportionate to the vital force, and the power of. resist-
ance is correspondingly diminished. Now, if such animals be over-
fed, or fed on unwholsome food, disease will be generated, and if the
fever assumes a typhus character, which it is likely to do, then it will
become epidemic, and will be communicated to all animals which
have not vital force enough to resist the contagion, if they are
exposed to it.

Another cause is found in hogs occupying one field or pen from
year to year, without cleansing or plowing under the accumulated
filth, having the hog constantly “‘rung,” denying him a taste or smell
of fresh earth, or the use of an instinct that teaches him in bilious
derangements to search for bugs, worms or vegetable roots, the
natural excitants of stomach, liver, and bowels. Another cause is
scanty feeding, muddy, stagnant and filthy water, obliging them to
allay their thirst often from the draining of their own discharges.
Wet lands, during dry seasons, when decaying vegetable substances
are throwing out their poisonous miasma, may originate cases which
will finally spread over wide sections of the country, where no appre-
ciable local cause exist. Again, a single hog in a large drove may
possess the requisite favorable conditions for either developing the
disease or catching it by infection, and in turn find among his asso-
ciates one or two more, just in the condition to develop the disease
by actual contact with this sporadic case, as it were, and in turn
convey to others. It is a curious fact, that as it spreads in a drove,
it increases in malignancy and intensity, as well as contagious charac-
ter, sweeping like the prarie fire. Understanding this to be the case,
shows how important it is that it should be stamped out by the
farmer on its first introduction.

Another fertile cause is the high feeding, by a forcing process of
kinds of food containing an excess of nitrogenous properties beyond
the healthy demands of the nature of the hog. Old, dry corn is an

444 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES.

article of food which can be classed under this head, and will, after a
time, produce an inflammatory condition of the system which invites
the attack of perniciogis fevers of this type. Hogs which are appar-
ently the most healthy, the most thriving, which are hearty feeders
and good digesters, are the most liable to attacks of this kind. This
condition of plethora is why the finest and most thrifty young cattle
are subject to the anthrax diseases, of black leg, quarter evil, black
tongue, bloody murrain, etc., as they are popularly called. It is the
same with the hog, and food of this character should be varied by
an intermixture of sloppy articles, boiled roots, boiled oats, ete., of a
cooling and loosening nature to avoid this peril, yet keeping the hogs
fattening at the same time. Again, there is confusion among those
who have large pastures, do not feed but a limited quantity of corn,
and yet these hogs die apparently under the most favorable hygienic
conditions. This shows how the form of the disease varies under
different circumstances, and is produced by different causes. The
evil here is not nitrogenous food, but in the direct other extreme, and
here is an instance, apparently, where extremes meet. Many will
probably remember that there was an increase of the fatality and
virulence of the disease among those of weaker constitutions, when
they suddenly increased the green food, by feeding green corn, or
turned their hogs into clover pasture, rich with rank aftermath, or
where the hogs had access to stubble-fields, rank with weeds, during
a warm and wet season. By this system of feeding, the digestive
and assimilative powers were weakened, followed by disordered bowels,
generally extreme diarrhcea, and sometimes succeeded by costiveness
or the reverse process, as is the case in the human family. A change
of food, shutting up in pens, and giving a gradual increase of dry,
nutritious food, has checked this form of the disease, which is not so
malignant, unless it has greatly increased in numbers, and therefore in
malgnancy by increased ratio. These are merely two extreme illus-
trations of errors in feeding, combined with favorable conditions,
which have resulted in hog cholera, and there are many intermediate
stages.

THE MODE OF CONTAGION. 445

HOW THE DISEASE SPREADS.

It has been a great mystery to the farmer how the disease spreads
from place to place without apparent actual contact. It was like
fighting in the dark to attempt to prevent it, and many gave up in
despair and stoically awaited its coming, or after a few cases had
occurred, with a spasmodic effort to cure by vaunted hog cholera
‘‘snecifies,”’ ceased all remedies or precautionary measures, saying,
‘what will die, will die, anyway.”’ There is no doubt but what it is,
under favorable conditions, infectious, and conveyed by germs or
spores in the air, or by persons from infected places. It is a common
matter for neighbors to visit each other and to examine the sick hogs
during epidemics of this kind, which no doubt materially assists in
spreading the disease. This would not be so in cases of highly con-
tagious diseases among mankind. It is most difficult to draw the
dividing line between the epizootic nature of the disease and the
contagious forms. There is no doubt but what the infectious nature
of the disease may, under pre-disposing conditions of local causes,
etc., take the contagious form, which is far more malignant, sweeping
and fatal in character; that a few sporadic cases may occur in a
drove, which, if neglected, may so increase in numbers and virulence
as to become highly contagious. This contagious matter is of a fixed
character, and is present in the blood, the discharges, and of course
in the place inhabited. It possesses great vitality and resistance to
ordinary destroying influences; neither heat, cold or moisture in
natural forms seeming to affect it. Its intensity seems also to vary
according to the form and malignancy of the disease. The period
which elapses between exposure to contagion and its attack is not
always the same, varying with the form the disease assumes, from a
few hours to few weeks. As we have stated before, an infectious case
may become a malignant, contagious disease, and one form of the
disease does not necessarily impart the same type to another, but
more depends on the primary seat of the disease in the patient. It
may take the internal enteritic form, or the external carbuncular
character. It may localize its attacks on certain organs with well

446 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES.

defined symptoms, which are more prolonged in its results; or it may
affect the whole organization, and destroy life in a few hours.

PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.

While hog cholera or anthrax diseases thus vary in form and
intensity, yet the methods for the prevention of the disease remain
the same. When we speak of prevention, we mean hygenic measures
and the use of disinfectants for destroying contagious matter, and
not dosing with drugs in vain hope of making the hog cholera-proof
by deranging the stomach and bowels with doses of antimony,
copperas, madder, and a thousand and one things which have killed a
very large share of the hogs said to have died of the cholera. There
are certain articles which can be used with advantage, they possessing
the power of destroying germs of the disease. None are better than
chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid and sulphite or hyposulphite of
soda, which may often be used with success, if other measures are
not neglected. If they are freely used, as we have directed elsewhere,
they will prove successful, as ‘‘an ounce of preventive is worth more
than a pound of cure.’ First of all, avoid as far as possible all causes
of this malady. Never forget that hog cholera is a contagious
disease; therefore keep your animals away from flocks amongst which
the disease exists, also from particular grounds or localities where the
malady is of frequent appearance. If the disease is discovered in
your own flock, separate the sick from the well, and disinfect all their
discharges with carbolic acid. The crude acid is cheap, and should
be mixed in proportions of a pint toa pail of water. It is better to
confine the sick in separate pens, isolated if possible, and to clean the
pens daily, burying the discharges where hogs can have no access,
and then to thoroughly wet the pen from whence they have been
removed with this solution of carbolic acid. The troughs should also
be scalded out with hot lye, or ashes and hot water, and sprinkled
with the carbolic acid solution above. The food will vary with the
form of the disease, if previous feeding and care have induced the
attack, and should be gradually reversed, and in moderate quantities ;
fresh and clear water, fresh air and good litter; in fact, cleanliness in

TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 447

every respect is the best preventive for the disease. A few large
pieces of rock salt should always be kept in the hog-pen, and throw
occasionally some charcoal into the pen. Let the hogs have plenty
of fresh water, but never run them to or from watering. Don’t force
your hogs to drink snow water if you can procure better water for
them. In hot summer time keep your hogs under shelter during the
hottest hours of the day, (from 11 to 3 o’clock) especially if hog
cholera is prevailing; during which hours, if practicable, and after
the hogs are cooled off, give them a good sluicing with cold water,
which repeat before letting them out in the afternoon. Unripe fruit
and sour milk and water is a good diet on hot days, but the hogs
should not be given all they can eat at one meal.

THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.

Some common-sense has been written by professional veterina-
rians, but a greater amount of nonsense has been given to the people
through the papers, written by parties who have not the proper
facilities nor the skill to investigate and understand the morbid
processes of the disease, who have vainly sought for some specific
remedy, who have jumped at conclusions, conceiving that ignorance
could find the “‘cure all’ for the disease which science could not.
When these persons, and farmers at large, understand that it is not a
single disease, but kindred types, all produced by the same specific
blood-poisoning, and that one of the prevailing conditions is a disor-
ganization and breaking down of the atomic condition of the blood;
that in this and other features it resembles typhus fever in man; and,
as in the case of typhus fever in the human family, the symptoms of
the disease are various; but that it is always attended by more or less
of fever, sometimes alternating with apparent chills; that in some
cases the deranged condition of the intestines produces diarrhea, and
in others costiveness; that in the chilly fall and winter it is liable to
lung complications; that dark colored spots on various portions of
the body are common externally; that it may also assume an erysipe-
lous and gangrenous form; then they will see the futility of trying to
find a specific remedy which will “‘cure”’ the disease, and stop buying

448 HOG CHOLERA— ANTHRAX DISEASES.

recipes, which apparently have been successful in some instances, yet
are sure to fail. When people remember that we have no specifics for
these diseases in the human family, it will be good common sense not
to expect it in the porcine family. If farmers will only learn the
prevailing types and symptoms of this disease and the proper remedies
to be used during each, how and when to use them, and will follow it
up according to directions, they will be successful. They must
remember that it is necessary to commence at the first symptoms in
the first cases, and keep up the fight till it is stamped out on the farm.
If it is too much trouble, no further advice is necessary. We give
below the symptoms of the various types of this disease, and the most
successful methods of treating the same, which have been successful
whenever faithfully tried. If the directions are carried out which
have been given in this chapter, there need be no epidemic form of
the disease. It can be controlled and wiped out, and never get beyond
a few isolated cases. The treatment, as well as the hygenic advice,
is from the pen of a celebrated government commissioner, appointed
to investigate the causes and treatment of the disease, and has been
very successful:

PUTRID ERYSIPELAS — MALIGNANT TYPHUS.

This is one of the most frequent forms of anthrax. Its outbreak
is preceded by dull, weak appearance, during which the hog refuses
food. There will be an unsteady walk, a lying down a good deal,
rolling in the bedding, and showing a desire to bury his head, or even
the whole body. The body will alternate with shivering fits and
periods of feverish heat, in quick succession. The pulse and breath-
ing will be hastened, the bowels are constipated, or are voided in hard
dark-colored lumps. In some cases the hog will attempt to vomit. In
about ten to twenty-four hours the symptoms become more intensi-
fied; and spots which soon become confluent, or run together, make
their appearance on the inside of the legs, on the lower part of the
abdomen, on the breast and neck, and soon present a swelling, which
at first is crimson, afterwards purple, and if fatal, finally of bluish-
black color. In some cases pustules of a corrosive and gangrenous

‘SDId AUIHSHUAA

TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 449

character make their appearance on some parts of the swelled surface;
the fever increases in intensity; the mucous membranes present a
lead-colored appearance; the breathing is labored’; the temperature
of the body much increased at first, is now, by collapse, greatly
reduced; the hindquarters are paralyzed; convulsions commence;
and the animal dies in from six to twelve hours, yet it usually does
not terminate until the second or third day from its commencement.
When recovery occurs it is in those cases where the red spots are
limited or do not run together; when the fever is less; and the other
symptoms abate about the second day. Partial paralysis may remain,
with loss of appetite, so that it is difficult to get the animal to eat
enough to sustain life. Perfect recovery is seldom, and there remains
behind defective digestion, which prevents thriving and fattening.

THE TREATMENT OF THIS FORM.

The first step should be to give an emetic consisting of from five
to twenty grains of white helebore in a little milk. If the hog will
not drink, it may be mixed with a little flour and water in the form of
a pill, and put well back on the tongue or in the throat. If the
animal does not vomit freely in twenty minutes, repeat the dose.
After the emetic has had its effect, administer to each hog :—

Hyposulphite of Soda, half an ounce;
Solution.Carbolic Acid, ten drops;
Tincture of Aconite, five drops.—Mix.

Add enough of molasses to make a soft mass, and place well back
in the throat. If the hog will eat, it may be given in a small amount
of milk. For a number of hogs increase in proportion; give to all at
once in milk. This treatment should be commenced early in the
disease, when it will be most successful, and should be repeated at
least three times daily, or even every two hours. Injections of warm
soapsuds, to which half an ounce of turpentine has been added and
ten drops of carbolic acid, may be given twice daily, and materially
assist a cure. The external ulcerations, on the surface of the swell-
ings, should be opened and bathed in warm water containing half a

fluid ounce of carbolic acid solution to a pint of water. Muriate of
57

450 HOG CHOLERA—ANTHRAX DISEASES.

ammonia in half drachm doses in a little molasses, is an excellent
remedy in the latter stages of the disease when signs of a collapse are
present.

MALIGNANT PUTRID SORE THROAT.

This is a frequent form of the disease, and is very fatal in its
character. It is more local in its attack than the previous form, and
affects the throat, larynx, air passages, etc. It may mainly affect the
larynx, or it may be more diffusive and involve the adjoining parts,
even into the cavity of the chest, with great congestion of the lungs.
The external swellings on the throat vary with different subjects, and
the breathing is obstructed in proportion to the amount of congestion
and its location. While its extent may vary, yet it is the same type
of the disease. The principal symptoms consist of wheezing and
laborious breathing, hoarse grunting, hacking cough, great heat and
dryness of the snout, swelling of the tongue, brown-red color of the
mucous membrane of the mouth, difficulty in swallowing food, with
attempts to vomit, showing affection of the stomach. At the larynx
and along the windpipe, even extending down between the fore legs,
will be found a hot, hard, painful swelling, which at first presents a
crimson appearance, which may change to a lead color, and finally to
a dark purple. The fever is usually very high, and the animals breathe
with increasing difficulty, and either lie down or sit on their haunches
like adog. Finally the difficulty of breathing becomes so great that
desperate attempts are made to catch the air by opening the mouth,
during which the livid and swollen tongue is protruded. The mucous
membrane of the mouth is now lead-colored; the temperature of the
body has become lower than natural, and the hog may either die of
strangulation, or gangrenous action internally in the throat and lungs
as well as external, in one or two days. In those cases where the
attack is concentrated in the larynx the patient suffocates sooner, and
may choke up and die in an hour after the first appearance of the
symptoms. If it does not terminate in death, which is the case if not
attended with proper treatment early, the symptoms are reduced
gradually, the swellings are absorbed, and the animal partially re-

TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 451

covers. Often the later stages show those peculiar symptoms of
oppressed breathing and heaving of the flanks, commonly called
“thumps.”

ITS TREATMENT.

To be of any avail, the treatment must be begun at the very first
symptoms shown. An emetic of ten to twenty grains of powdered
white heiebore may be given in a little milk, or mixed with a little
flour and water, and placed on the roots of the tongue. If it does not
vomit in twenty minutes, repeat the dose. After the emetic has had
its effect, give the following, three times daily : —

Hyposulphite of Soda, half an ounce;

Muriate of Ammonia, half a drachm;

Molasses to make a mass.
Place on the tongue. Five drops of tincture of aconite dropped on
the tongue during the early stages of the disease, when the fever is
high, is of great assistance. In addition, the prescription below
should be used in the manner prescribed. If it does not all go down
the throat, it will do much yood as a local remedy : —

Chlorate of Potassa, three ounces;

Solution of Carbolic Acid, half a fluid ounce;

Water, one quart.—Mix.

Give this every hour, or even every half-hour in bad cases, in
tablespoonful doses, with a tablespoon. It is an excellent application
for the inflamed and ulcerated throat, as well as a powerful antiseptic
and refrigerant. As the hog gets better, the periods of administration
can be lengthened, or chlorate of potash can be given in his food.
When this disease is present on a farm, the best preventive is twenty
grains of chlorate of potash to each well hog, in a little milk, before
feeding in the morning. An ounce will do for twenty-five hogs, and
all be fed at once. It will frequently arrest the disease before it is
recognized, and is one of the best preventives known for this form.
Ten drops of solution of carbolic acid every other day, for each hog,
assists its preventive power by destroying germs of the disease. It
will have a better effect if the hogs are fasted some hours before, and
not fed for some two hours after giving.

452 HOG CHOLERA—ANTHRAX DISEASES.

TYPHOID ENTERITIS —INFLAMMATION OF BOWELS.

This form of the disease partakes somewhat of a typhoid char-
acter, regarding its internal results. Its locations are the bowels,
the urinary organs, the membranes lining the abdominal cavity, as
well as the nervous centers. All may be involved, or but one or two
in the primary stages. When the peritoneum is involved, which is
almost invariably the case, there will be costiveness, the passages
being streaked with mucus, which may be discolored. In the fatal
stages of the attack, a fetid diarrhea may succeed, which is the
forerunner of death. The first symptoms are a short, hacking cough
in some instances, not so much obstruction in breathing as in the
other forms. There will be an unsteady walk, with fully as high fever
asis found in the other forms. If the urinary organs are affected,
the animals will arch their backs in an extreme manner. The
external extravasation in these cases is slight, and may be absent
entirely. When the nerve centers are involved, paralysis will result.
Internally there are adhesions of the intestines, alteration in the
kidneys, liver, etc., with effusion of abdominal cavity.

ITS TREATMENT.

In this form of the disease an emetic is of greater value than in
the preceding forms, and should be given in the manner indicated.
When there is costiveness in the early stages, which is nearly always
the case, a purgative is needed, none being better than calomel, which
may be given in doses of one scruple every six hours until it has its
effect. It may be given in a little flour and water as a pill or ina
little milk, if the hog will eat. Injections of warm soap-suds, to
which half an ounce of solution of carbolic acid may be added, will
aid its effects. During the early stages of the fever, drop five drops
of tincture of aconite on the hog’s tongue, every two hours. In
addition to this the following prescription should be given after the
calomel has had its effect, or may be substituted for it in the early

stages : —
Hyposulphite of Soda, one-half ounce ;
Chlorate of Potassa, one scruple;
Molasses to make a mass.—Mix.

TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 453

Give three times daily, using the aconite as directed, between the
doses. Half adrachm of muriate of ammonia may be given at a dose
if symptoms of failing strength are present. Mashes and sloppy food,
not soured or fermented, should be given. All remedies will have
better and more immediate effect by fasting the hogs twelve hours
previous.

Civ Ei ie

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DISEASES OF THROAT AND LUNGS.—Quinsy or Strangles, sometimes called Hog
Cholera—Diphtheria, which is also Epizootic—Pncumonia or Inflamation of the
Lungs— Cough—Catarrh in Pigs—Snifles— Their causes, symptoms and treatment.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH, BOWELS, Erc.— Diarrheea or Scours in Pigs— Constipa-
tion in Ilogs— Kidney Worms and Intestinal Worms— Piles in Hogs—Protrusion of
Rectum or Bowel in Pigs.

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. —Paralysis of Hindquarters—Apoplexy in Fat Hogs—
Thumps or palpitation of Heart—Dlind Staggers —Scrofulous Disease — Rheumatism
— Black Tooth — Lice on Hogs— Mange on Pigs—To prevent Sows Eating their Pigs.

OPERATIONS.— Spaying Sows—Altering Ridgling Boars—Castrating Ruptured Hogs—
Prevention of being Fly-blown.

DISEASES OF THROAT AND LUNGS.

QUINSY — STRANGLES — HOG CHOLERA.

This disease sometimes assumes an epidemic form similar to
distemper in young horses, and proves fatal to large numbers of
young pigs as well as older hogs. We have known it to assume so
fatal a form as to be called “hog cholera” by those ignorant of its
distinguishing type, yet it differs from anthrax diseases in not being
s0 malignant, and in other respects.

TREATMENT OF QUINSY. 455

The first symptoms are swelling of the glands under the jaw,
followed by rapid and oppressed breathing, and difliculty in swallow--
ing. In the more advanced stages the neck is badly swollen, the
tongue protrudes and death is caused by strangulation. Often the
swelling takes the gangrenous form and becomes allied to anthrax.
Quinsy is caused by exposure to sudden changes of atmosphere, and
if the animal has been under the debilitating influence of bad
food, impure water or filthy enclosures, mortification frequently sets
in, and death results in afew hours. Allowing hogs to pile up around
old straw stacks, during cold nights, is a pre-cisposing cause. Any
one who has seen hogs routed out in the morning, and observed how
those underneath smoke and steam as they come forth and the cold
air strikes them, must realize that such sudden changes produce
inflamation of the lungs, quinsy, diptheria, etc., of a fatal type,
resulting in the popular ‘‘ hog cholera.”

Young pigs are very liable to be attacked with quinsy. They
should be kept in warm, clean, well-ventilated pens, with plenty of
clean straw; let them have a mess of thin gruel three times a day,
into which stir one-half ounce of chlorate of potash. If the bowels
are constipated, from one to two ounces of castor oil may be given
each pig. In bad cases the throat may be lubricated with equal parts
of cod-liver oil and turpentine.

In older hogs, also in pigs, benefit may be had by giving each hog
an emetic consisting of four grains of tartar emetic, six grains of
ipecacuanah and six grains of white helebore; half this dose for
young pigs. Often a deep incision into each tumor, on each side, will
relieve it. Nota mere puncture with the knife, but a cut two to four
inches long, and deep enough toreach the seat of the disease. Feed
thin gruel for a few days, in which a teaspoonful of turpentine may be
incorporated. Three to four drops of tincture of aconite dropped on
the tongue every two hours is excellent in the early stages of the
disease.

DIPHTHERIA — HOG CHOLERA.

This disease is far more prevalent than most people imagine who

class all epidemics or contagious diseases under ‘hog cholera.”

456 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

During 1878 it was very fatal through some portions of Indiana. It
not only attacks pigs, but older hogs. It is, in a certain degree,
contagious, that is, by contact with the shreds of the false membrane
coughed up by those attacked, well hogs will take the disease as
readily as it is communicated by the human family. It sometimes
takes an epidemic form in localities owing to atmospheric causes,
local condition of filthy pens, and wet pastures during inclement
seasons of the year. Its symptoms are sudden illness, with a dull
appearance and loss of appetite. There will be extreme weakness,
feverishness, stiffness of back and loins, a crouching walk with raised
head. The mouth will be dry and open, a hoarse nasal grunt, livid
tongue and difficulty in breathing. On examination internally, the
throat will be red and swollen, and covered with grayish-white patches
of false membrane, which increase, involving all the air passages and
threaten suffocation. Shreds of false membrane are coughed up
during paroxysms of coughing. The animal will lie down, sit on its
haunches, or lean against the fence during these attacks of coughing,
and will generally perish in one.

The treatment, to be successful, must be begun early in the
disease. If the drove is ranging in cold, wet pastures, they must be
changed into dry yards and sheltered pens, and the well separated
from the sick. Give each of the well hogs a spoonful of chlorate of
potash daily in a small quantity of milk. The whole amount can be
given at once by proportioning it to the number of hogs. This will
prevent its spread and arrest its incipient stages. The sick must
have local as well as constitutional treatment. In the first place give
the following to each hog, daily: —

Sulphite of Soda, two drachms;
Powdered Castor Bean, one drachm ;
Solution Carbolic Acid, five drops.—Mix.

Give in swill to those which will eat, increasing the amount pro-
portionate to the number of hogs. To those which cannot eat, it
may be given by mixing with molasses and smearing on the back of
the tongue. To remove the patches of false membrane and prevent
further formation, prepare a small swab of sheep-skin with the wool

TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA. 457

on, and a flexible stick, well secured, and dipping it in the following
solution, swab out the throat twice daily :—
: Chlorate of Potassa, one ounce,
Solution of Carbolic Acid, two fluid drachms ;
Water, one quart.—Mix.

Its virtues can be materially aided by sprinkling the swab with
flour of sulphur before inserting into the throat. We have never
known it to fail. Warm, sloppy food may be given, to which chlorate
of potash may be added in teaspoonful doses.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

This disease is always caused by sudden changes, exposure to
storms, piling of hogs during cold nights, etc. The pig, or hog, is
taken with shivering fits,is dumpish, is drawn up in a heap, as it
were, loss of appetite, hurried and short breathing generally accom-
panied with a cough, which is deep and hoarse. It is an inflammation
of the cellular portion of the lungs. If the bowels are constipated,
loosen by injections of warm soap suds. At the same time give,
according to size, a half to two drachms of saltpeter, and one to three
ounces of Glauber’s salt. After six hours, and then thrice daily, one
powder of the following composition should be thrown on the tongue,
Ml Tartar Emetic, twelve grains:

Powdered Opium, twelve grains;

Saltpeter, one ounce a half;

Mix, and divide into eight powders.
When the inflammatory symptoms have abated, half drachm doses of
sal-ammoniac thrice daily for several days, are very beneficial. The
patient should be separated from the rest of the herd, and given a
warm sheltered pen, plenty of litter, water and slops which have been
warmed, consisting of gruel, sour milk, etc. It is better to so
manage your hogs as not to have to treat it, as prevention is far
easier than the cure; yet it is often ‘‘too much trouble.”’

COUGH.

This is sometimes a symptom, and sometimes a local irritation.
It is a premonitory symptom of one form of “hog cholera,” which is
58

458 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

really pleuro-pneumonia, and from its character and obstruction of
the lungs in its later stages, is called ‘‘Thumps.” This is especially
the case when dropsy of the chest has resulted. When there is
costiveness, it must be removed by two to three drachms of powdered
castor bean mixed with molasses and smeared on the back of the
tongue. One very successful breeder puts a ball of tar on the end of
a paddle and places it well down their throat, for four successive
mornings. Or, one grain of tartar emetic mixed with a small quan-
tity of molasses, and smeared on the roots of the tongue, is an
excellent remedy, which should be given every day for three or four
days. Small quantities of swill, to which has been added a teaspoon-
ful of chlorate of potash, may be given daily.

CATARRH—SNIFFLE DISEASE IN PIGS.

This is a lymphatic-catarrhal affection which always takes on a
chronic character. It develops slowly, and is generally not noticed
before the disease is considerably advanced. It begins with an in-
flammation of the mucous membrane lining the passages of the nose,
which, together with adjacent parts, become more or less swollen.
In course of time, disorganization of the cartilaginous and bony
structure of the nose takes place, and by degrees that organ becomes
malshaped, and is generally drawn to one side. As the disease farther
advances, appetite diminishes, and even on the best keep the animals
become poor and emaciated, and a hectic fever or general consump-
tion often ends their existence. This so-called sniffle disease is not
frequently met with. It is supposed to be hereditary; at all events of
a scrofulous nature. By way of treatment, the animals should be
kept comfortable, on dry litter. Diet should consist of milk, boiled
food, oatmeal gruel, boiled barley, mashed fruit, cabbage, etc., in
short, food which does not require hard chewing. If bowels are
constipated, give occasionally half an ounce of Glauber salts and a
drachm of saltpetre mixed with some honey or treacle, and smeared
well back on the tongue. Give, every other week, thrice daily, the

following dose to each pig: —
Sal Ammoniac, half a drachm;
Camphor, eight grains;
Mix with a little treacle,

DISEASES OF STOMACH AND BOWELS. 459

and smear on the tongue. If swelling of the nose should appear, and
the same be painful, it may be bathed daily with a solution of one
part of Goulard’s extract, and ten parts of soft water. When the
disease is advanced, any treatment will prove unsatisfactory.

DISEASES OF STOMACH AND BOWELS.

DIARRH@A— SCOURS IN PIGS.

Many thousands of young pigs die yearly from this disease, yet
it may not take an epidemic form. There is hardly a farmer who
escapes loss of this kind. It may attack merely one or two out of a
litter, and seem to be isolated cases of derangement of digestion, or
it may attack a whole litter when one or two days old. Few people
understand that this latter form is invariably caused either by what
the sow has eaten, or by the method of feeding, altering the character
of her milk, and thus affecting the pigs. Too much green clover, or
any other green food, will doit; also strictly feeding dry corn, or
musty, decayed food, will produce it. While the food given the sow
may thus affect the pigs, she will apparently suffer no constitutional
disturbance and be as well as ever.

Often a teaspoonful of sulphur administered to the sow in a little
milk, twice each day, between the times of feeding, will produce a
cure combined with care in feeding, and nothing be given to the pigs.
If necessary to give the pigs remedies, there is nothing better than
two or-three drops of laudanum each, in a little sweet cream, admin-
istered with a teaspoon, twice daily. Change the food of the mother
and see that it is of good quality. Keep thé pigs in a warm, close
pen, with plenty of litter, and do not allow them to run at large, but
rest as much as possible. All the discharges must be scrupulously
cleaned out of the pen, and the places covered with fresh earth as a
disinfectant. Scald out the troughs and feeding places with boiling
water to which ashes or lye has been added. If these precautions are
taken it will disappear. If the pigs will eat, a few drops of the
solution of carbolic acid may be added to the food of each pig.

460 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

CONSTIPATION.

It is never best to allow either stock or fattening hogs to become
constipated. It denotes a feverish condition of the system, which
easily becomes the first stage of some inflammatory disorder. The
food should be so varied, without the use of remedies, as to prevent
it. Green food is the best, or some milk or swill, to which may be
added two ounces of Epsom salts for each hog, if the trouble is
present. Often a cough is heard which will disappear when costive-
ness is removed. Stock hogs which have been running loose all
summer often become seriously troubled in this way, if they are
confined, and fed on dry, hard corn, preparatory for market.

KIDNEY WORMS.

Kidney worm is not of so common occurrence as people seem to
believe. The presence of the worms in the spinal canal, or in the
spinal marrow, may produce paralysis of the hind quarters, in which
case the animal would not exhibit any such marked tenderness, on
being pressed over the loins with the fingers as he would if the
weakness of the hind quarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism
of the loins. Occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one
or more worms in the kidneys; but the ailment is rarely fatal, and
becomes so only after a long time of suffering and consequent disease
and degeneration of one or both kidneys; it is next to impossible to
diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys of hogs, except by
chance through microscopic examination of the urine. If worms are
found in the kidneys of a hog that has either been slaughtered for
food or died from some disease, it may then be supposed that others
of the same herd, “‘ not acting right,” are infected with worms of the
same species. In such cases, treatment (which is, at best, of question-
able utility) may be instituted, and Fowler’s solution of arsenic may
be given in doses of a teaspoonful, morning and evening, during every
other week for some time, to each hog. The loins also may be
rubbed with spirits of turpentine every other day, and during the
week when the solution of arsenic is suspended, a teaspoonful may be
given every other day in its swill.

WORMS AND PILES IN PIGS. 461

INTESTINAL WORMS.

When swine are infested with intestinal parasites they generally
become unthrifty, will not fatten, and have voracious appetites.
They cough, scour, start from rest or sleep with a sharp cry, scream
excessively before feeding time as though they were nearly starved,
vomit, and pigs sometimes have choking fits from knotting of worms
in the throat. Oil of turpentine, two drachms in milk, given for six
mornings in succession, then followed by a dose of one scruple of
calomel to each, as a purge, is one of the most effective remedies. If
calomel is objected to, two to three drachms of powdered castor bean
may be given instead. Half these doses for pigs.

PILES IN PIGS.

Piles may appear in hogs as well as in other animals; but unless
the knots are visible externally, they are seldom discovered in this
animal before the disorder has so far advanced that blood passes off
with the excrements, or the hair around the anus is blood-stained.
The disease is generally considered incurable in animals, in so far as
treatment can only be of temporary benefit, on account of the impos-
sibility of enforcing the necessary hygenic rules and restrictions.
Enlargements of the veins will appear again from the least cause.
Moreover, the disease is of no dangerous consequences when not
connected with any very material alterations, or attended with con-
siderable general changes. Curative treatment consists in an entire
change of food. Sour milk, and especially light digestible substances,
and, with a view of relaxing the existing state of costiveness, injec-
tions of vinegar and water, or, when considerable pain exists, of oily
substances, and the internal administration of castor oil, or sulphur
with cream of tartar. In case of prolapsus of the bowels, caused by
piles, warm fomentations of decoctions of white oak bark, previous to
replacing the gut, will be of service, and, should the presence of large
piles prevent replacing, these should be injected by the use of a hypo-
dermic syringe, with a mixture of equal parts of carbolic acid crystals
and olive oil. If the anus appears very much swollen, applications of

462 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

oily or greasy substances would be beneficial in relieving pain and
irritations. Laudanum may be added which will relieve the pain
earlier.

PROTRUSION OF BOWELS IN PIGS.

This trouble is often caused by continued diarrhcea in pigs with a
lack of tone in the parts, in fact, debility. In the first place, wash
the part with warm water, then apply a solution of sugar of lead and
water, a drachm of lead to a pint of water, to which may be added a
little landanum, and gently press the part back, pushing up the finger
a short distance. Three to five drops of laudanum may be given
each sucking pig.

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.

PARALYSIS OF HINDQUARTERS.

This affects both young pigs and older hogs. Some think it is
caused by worms in the kidneys. This is not always the case. Itis
true that the presence of these parasites around the kidneys may
cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in
paralysis, yet it more often is a weakness and loss of nervous power
in these parts. The symptoms in either case, for they cannot be
distinguished apart, are weakness of the back, wriggle of the hind
parts, and finally they set down on their haunches; after some effort
they get up, and run in a straight line quite fast, but swing to one
side for a while, and then go over to the other side, and finally, get
down so that they cannot rise, but can drag themselves about. Tho
appetite is good until a day or two before they die.

There is no better remedy for constitutional treatment than nux
vomica, or its alkaloid, strychnine. Apply over the loins a lniment
composed of one part of cantharides, two parts of olive oil, and two
parts of oil of turpentine. Internal treatment should begin with a
laxative consisting of three drachms of powdered castor oil seeds,
and eight ounces of rye flour, mixed in a quart of sour milk, or thin

APOPLEXY AND THUMPS. 463

gruel, and let the animal drink it first thing in the morning. It may
be repeated once aweek. Half of the dose will suffice for young pigs.
The following internal treatment may be repeated twice or thrice
daily :—

Powdered Nux Vomica, four grains;

Powdered Anise Seed, half a drachm;

Powdered Ginger, half a drachm.—Mix with a little treacle,
and smear the dose well back on the tongue. Half this dose for pigs
under three months old. Feed sloppy or steamed food, and give
plenty of sour milk and fruit. Treatment of all such cases requires
considerable patience and perseverance, and recovery is slow and
often uncertain.

APOPLEXY.

Fat hogs are liable to attacks of this disease if they are heavily
fed by a forcing method, especially in warm weather. They appear
dumpish and out of sorts for a few hours previous to an attack, and
drop as if shot, having all the appearance of death, with the excep-
tion of heavy breathing. The quickest method to bring back
sensibility is to bleed. By tying a cord around the fore leg above the
foot, the artery will be seen to fill above the knee, on the inside of the
leg, and can be opened with a sharp knife. A pint to a quart of blood
should be taken. If the hog revives, as soon as possible give some
thing to move the bowels, either by injection, or by mouth, or both.
Light food only should be given for some days thereafter.

THUMPS — PALPITATION OF HEART.

There is a common error prevalent, that the short, thumpy cough
at the commencement of inflammation of the lungsis thumps. True
“thumps,” which is but the vulgar name for palpitation of the heart,
is more of a nervous character, and is, in fact, a sign of debility and
nervous derangement. This will be seen by the paroxysm being
easily brought on by anything startling the animal. Its treatment is
careful feeding on slops, a separation from the rest of the drove, and
from two to ten grains of digitalis given twice daily in a little

molasses, which can be smeared on the roots of the tongue with a
paddle.

464 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

BLIND STAGGERS.

The attack is generally preceded by dullness for a day or so, with
apparent tendency of blood to the head, which will be shown by
inflamed eyes. The bowels are constipated, and the pulse hard and
quick. If not relieved during this stage of the attack, the animal
runs wildly about, generally in a circle, appears blind, will run against
objects, breathing laboriously, and often dies during one of these fits.
Often it is caused by indigestible food; feeding young pigs on dry
corn, when they should have a mixed and sloppy diet. It is more
often caused by a fit of indigestion, combined with costiveness, and
can be relieved by getting the bowels to acting freely, early in the
disease, by injection of warm soapsuds, accompanied with three
drachms of pulverized castor bean, mixed with molasses and smeared
on back of the tongue. Or, a teaspoonful of calomel may be substi-
tuted. Cold water should be frequently dashed on the head, while
along the spine may be applied turpentine or kerosene oil well rubbed
in. Sulphite of soda may be added to the injection, and will
materially add to its rapidity, and turpentine in small quantities
added to the injections will have a stimulating as well as local effect.

SCROFULOUS DISEASES.

This is shown in young pigs by weakness of the joints, knuckling
over, and reeling when walking. There seems to be a softening of
the bones, or rather, the assimilation of the constituent parts of the
bones is deficient. Ulceration may take place externally, near the
joints, diarrhea may be present, and in young animals the navel
string may remain open, through which urine will dribble. In older
subjects it may take the form of tuberculous consumption. The
lungs becoming diseased, and the liver full of tuberculous lumps. As
the prevention of an evil is generally considered cheaper and more
certain in its effects than an attempt at cure, it is evident that, ina
disease of this kind, that is practically incurable, the cheaper and
safer plan would be, to discontinue breeding from stock thus affected.
The treatment of scrofulous disease in the hog, as well as other
domestic animals, when in an advanced state, is generally unsatis-

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TREATMENT OF RHEUMATISM. A465

factory. In young and robust animals, the disease, when taken in
hand in its earliest stages, is more amenable to treatment; but often
the supposed cure only consists in amelioration of the same, which in
effect is only a temporary stopping of its progress. The best of care
and the most nourishing food, as well as scrupulous avoidance of all
causes tending to superinduce disease, are essential, besides the ad-
ministration of tonic medicines. The practice in ordinary cases of
diarrhea, is to withhold all succulent food, and to give dry nutritive
food instead. By way of medication, aromatic and astringent
remedies are generally beneficial, their administration being preceded
by a laxative dose of olive oil from one to three ounces, according to
age. Then three drachms each of powdered catechu, ginger and
gentian, mixed with two ounces of treacle, should be smeared upon
the root of the tongue morning and evening. Alum whey is a useful
preparation, especially for small and weakly animals. It is prepared
by boiling together, for ten minutes, one ounce of alum and a gallon
of milk; when strained, half a pint may be given to each hog twice a
day. Thin wheaten flour gruel may be allowed the patients to drink,
when dry food is refused. Cod liver oil may be given daily, among a
little gruel, which the animal will sip without objections to the oil.
According to age, one or two tablespoonfuls may be given every
morning; and every evening a dose of from five to twenty grains of
ammoniated copper, may be given to each pig according to age, up to
two years. The copper may be given mixed with a spoonful each of
flour and treacle, and smeared on the tongue. These remedies may
be continued during a fortnight, and repeated afterward when needed.

RHEUMATISM.

The hog is also subject to this disease as well as humanity. It
is preceded by several days of languor and indisposition to move,
followed by heat of the body, pain, swelling of a joint or joints, with
a change of location of swellings, being of a wandering character.
There is a general stiffness and decrepid appearance. In the first
place the bowels should be moved by giving two to three drachms of

pulverized castor bean, to which may be added ten grains of opium
59

466 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS

to relieve pain, and molasses enough added to make a mass, which
can be smeared on the roots of the tongue. After this, give the
following :—

Colchicum, one scruple;

Bicarbonate Soda, one tablespoonful;

Molasses to make a mass.

Smear on the roots of the tongue night and morning, and give
soft food, to which soda may be added with benefit, in teaspoonful
doses.

BLACK TOOTH IN HOGS.

Black tooth, so called, in swine, is sometimes caused by mechani-
cal injury to teeth, received by chewing the dry hard kernels of corn.
The ailment consists in a state of decay of the tooth (caries). Such
decayed teeth may be removed by the same instrument as a dentist
would apply to one’s own tooth under similar circumstances. The
symptoms of toothache in swine are similar to those exhibited by
mankind, viz: loss appetite, salivation or slobbering, hanging the
head, mostly to the side which is affected, peevishness, loss of all fear -
of man, and hot, repulsive breath. When hogs are fed on strongly
acidulated food for any length of time, their teeth may become
discolored; but it is a question whether the teeth at the same time
are materially injured. So long as no decay or diminution of their
substance can be noticed, and while the appetite and chewing facili-
ties of the animal do not appear diminished no interference will be
necessary. It is customary with ignoramuses to examine the teeth of
the animal, and if one is found darker colored than the rest, it is
supposed to be the cause of the disease, and the tooth is hammered
off even with the jaw, leaving the broken roots and lacerated nerves
of the tooth to increase the animal’s sufferings. If the animal
recovers it is considered a sure case of black tooth.

LICE ON HOGS.

There are many remedies against lice; but whatever remedy is
used should be applied more than once, which of course causes much
trouble where there are large numbers of hogs infested. One reason

TREATMENT OF: LICE AND MANGE. 467

why repeated applications are necessary is, that the hogs are apt to
pick up lice anew from the ground and rubbing places; another reason
is, that though the remedies applied may kill the lice, they do not
affect the nits; and as these remain intact, and hatch within a week
or ten days, a new crop of lice appear on the swine from this source.
Whatever remedy is used, it should be applied all over the body.
We will mention two remedies, either of which is effective, and
comparatively cheap. Take one art of benzine, six parts of soft
soap and fifteen parts of rain water; mix thoroughly, and apply with a
stiff brush. Or, take one gallon of kerosene to each five gallons of
rain water; apply as the former remedy. Give the hog pens a
thorough cleaning out. Remove all offal, bedding, old woodwork,
place it ina heap and burn it. Treatment of any kind will be of no
avail, if general cleanliness is not attended to. All parts wherewith
the hogs have been in contact, the scantling and posts of the stys, or
enclosures, as well as the troughs, the walls of the piggery, or sheds,
etc., all should be scraped off or scrubbed with boiling hot water, and
thereafter be given a good coating of whitewash. The floor of the
peus should be sprinkled once a week or oftener with plenty of ashes.
Tt will be necessary, in order to insure a successful eradication of the
vermin, to repeat one of the remedies mentioned, once weekly, for
three successive weeks at least. When once lice in numbers have
infested hogs, nothing but persistent warfare and cleanliness will rid
them of these vermin. The hog pens ought to be whitewashed once
amonth. Another very simple, yet effective, method of destroying
lice on animals, is to smear them all over with oil or lard. In twenty-
four hours afterward, they should be well washed with soft soap and
warm water. The application may have to be repeated two or three
times.
MANGE ON PIGS.

Mange on pigs is caused by a minute insect which burrows under
the skin. There is no way of curing it, or of preventing its spread,
except by killing the insects and their eggs—not only on the pigs
themselves, but also on the sides of the pens, posts, or anything that

468 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS,

the diseased pig rubs against. To destroy them on the woodwork,
nothing is probably so good as petroleum, and though we have not
tried it, we have little doubt but that it would also cure the pigs,
especially if applied before the disease had made much headway.

The disease usually manifests itself on the skin under the armpits
and thighs, and inside the forelegs. At first, small red blotches or
pimples appear, and these gradually spread as the insects multiply
and burrow under the skin. It is well to give sulphur and other
cooling medicine in the food, but the real aim must be to kill the
insect by the prompt and continuous use of external remedies. The
pigs should be washed with soap suds, and as soon as dry apply a
thorough coating of the following :—

Whale Oil, one quart;
Carbolic Acid Crystals, half a drachm.

Rub up the crystals in a little oil till it is incorporated, then add the
remainder of the oil. Wash off with suds the next day and apply
again. In three days repeat the application, then wash off next day.
The cheap crude carbolic acid is equally as good.

TO PREVENT SOWS FROM EATING THEIR YOUNG.

It is well known that sows not unfrequently attack and devour
their own young; or, if prevented from this, will not let down their
milk, so that the young pigs necessarily die for want of nourishment.
When this state of things is not caused by a diseased state of the
uterus, the sow can be brought to terms by pouring a mixture of ten.
to twenty grains of spirits of camphor with one to three of tincture
of opium, into the ear. The sow will immediately le down on the
side of the ear to which the application was made, and remain quiet
for several hours in this position without interfering with her pigs;
and on recovery from the stupor will have lost her irritability in
regard tothem. The experiment has been tried in Germany hundreds
of times, according to one of the agricultural journals, without any
injurious effects. It is also said that the eating of pigs by the parent
sow can be prevented by rubbing them all over with brandy, and
making the same application about the nose of the sow herself.

SPAYING SOWS. 469

One of the best preventives is by careful feeding for a few days
beforehand, giving slops and cooling food, which is loosening to the
bowels. Costiveness is often a fruitful cause, which produces a
feverish frenzy. Mild laxatives, saline cathartics, may be added to
the slops when this is the case.

OPERATIONS.
SPAYING SOWS.

The proper age should be from four to eight weeks; and the sow
should be laid down and the operation performed through the side.
The only tools required for small pigs are a clasp knife, needle and
thread. For convenience the knife should be short, the blade about
half an inch wide, and an inch and a half long, with the edge rounded
back at the point like a budding knife. *

The needle should be about one and three-fourth inches long with
a flat, rounded point (for easy sewing), and an eye large enough to
carry coarse cotton thread, which should be used double by bringing
the two ends together and tying in a double knot. The assistant
should lift the pig out of the pen by its hind legs and lay it down on
its right side. The operator puts his right foot on its neck and his
left under its hip, with his shin close up to its back. The assistant,
with its upper hind foot in his right hand and the lower one in his
left, holds the legs back, as near as may be, in a line with the body.
The operator now grasps the flank with his left hand, his fingers
underneath and his thumb upon the hip joint, shoves the hair off a
spot midway between the hip joint and the edge of the flank, then
strains the flank tight by pulling it from him, and with the knife
grasped firmly in the right hand, the knuckles of the second and
third fingers resting on the side of the pig to act as a pivot, the blade
of the knife held between the thumb and forefinger, with the point
projecting half an inch, he makes a sweeping cut to that depth about
an inch long, then raising the wrist, the point of the knife is
pressed down so as to prick the muscles, the biade is then turned

-470 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS.

toward the wrist to be out of the way, the forefinger is inserted and
pressed down through the slit in the muscle to the inside membrane
that covers the fat; by pressing the fingers of the left hand up
through the flank to keep it taut, a hole is easily made through it
with the point of the finger, which is then in the cavity of the belly,
the guts are pushed forward, and the upper ovary is easily found and
brought out by the point of the fingers, aided by the pressure of the
thumb on the outside. Itis grasped with the left hand, the folds of
the bag are worked out by alternately pressing down the lower lip of
the cut; when the fork is reached, work up the lower part of the bag
in the same way, until the other ovary is brought out. Cut off the
bag at or near the fork. Insert the point of the finger into the
cavity of the belly, pushing back any gut that may have obtruded
into the opening, and while the finger is in that position the assistant
lets go the upper or left leg, which, by returning to its natural posi-
tion, closes the lower and middle openings as the finger is withdrawn.
The lips of the cut are brought together by the thumb and forefinger
of the left hand, a stitch is taken through both about one-third the
length of the cut from the end, another the same distance from the
other end; a knot is tied by passing the eye end of the needle through
the cross stitch. et the pig up, or if it is returned to the pen, for
obvious reasons, it must be lifted only by its right hind leg. It takes
longer to tell howit is done than to do it. The writer, when in
practice, has often spayed small pigs in half a minute. Only the
ovaries should be taken off sows four months old and upwards, and
the bag carefully returned with the forefinger. In certain conditions
an iron clamp and searing iron should be used. The clamp is made
with two semi-circular blades about three inches long, less than one-
eighth inch thick, put together like a pair of shares, but with the
edges shutting against each other. Any form of searing iron with
one edge rounded off will do.

CASTRATING RIDGLING HOGS.

In these hogs, the testicles or seeds are not in the scrotal sack
behind, but are in the body of the animal, immediately behind the

CASTRATING BOARS. 47)

kidneys. In this case, the boar should be cut in the side or flank, as
for spaying a sow, but the incision should be made large enough to
admit the whole hand, when the testicles can be found, easily pulled
out and severed.

CASTRATING HOGS.

This is understood by every old farmer, yet there are some points
many do not know. For instance, the best way to castrate a ruptured
boar is to take out the testicle and its enveloping sheath; then tie
the string of the testicle with small twine, inside the neck of the
sheath, removing both testicle and sheath afterwards, cutting off
behind the tie. Many have been troubled by animals getting fly-
blown subsequent to castration. Such will be glad to hear of any
effective preventive or remedy. Dilute carbolic acid with thirty
times its weight of water, and apply well to the wounded part after
_ the operation.

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COTSWOLD RAM.

PERE

AMERICAN SHEEP BOOK

BEING A

Mopern TREATMENT OF THEIR DISEASES,

HISTORY OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.

WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT,

FOR THE USE OF

Tue AMERICAN FARMER AND BREEDER.

LIVE-STOCK - PUBLISHING COMPANY,
C. O. MYERS, M. D. Presipent. E. L. STOWE, Manacer.
Cnuicaco, Itt. Kansas City, Mo.

CRA Ey Ru.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

DIFFERENT BREEDS.—The Leicesters—Cotswolds—Lincolns—South Downs—Hampshire
Downs—Shropshire Downs — Oxfordshire Downs— Merinos of the Infantado and
Paular families— French Merinos—Soil and climate favorable to each breed, etc.

DIFFERENT BREEDS.

SELECTING SHEEP FOR A FARM.

Where access to large and good city markets is rapid and cheap,
and especially on high-priced and high-tilled farms, where sheep are
kept in but limited numbers, as part of a system of convertible hus-
bandry, improved mutton sheep are the most profitable. In interior
situations, remote from such markets, the Merino or fine-woolled
sheep yield the best returns.

SOILS AND CLIMATE,

Mutton sheep, to develop their characteristic qualities success-
fully, require soils ranging from medium to first-class, and conse-
quently those yielding regular and good food. Some mutton breeds,
like the South Downs, thrive best on dry uplands, producing abundant

and nutritious but not rank vegetation. Others, like the Lincolns
65

516 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

_ and Leicesters, prefer moist, rich, alluvial valleys, where the grasses
are abundant rather than delicate. With the Merinos dryness of soil
is indispensable. There may be swamps or other wet lands on their
range to which they have free access, but they cannot be confined to
these without injury to their health. They will thrive on scantier
feed than any other of the improved mutton breeds, and may be
made to travel farther to obtain it. During the great scarcity of
grass in Texas, in the remarkably severe winter of 1860, Mr. Kendall’s
large Merino flocks daily traveled four or five miles from their folds to
fill themselves with the dried and frozen herbage; yet he lost scarcely
one per cent. of their number, and they reached the spring in fair
condition.

The mutton sheep are sufficiently hardy in temperate climates
where they receive due winter protection. The Merinos are capable
of enduring greater extremes of temperature with comparative impu-
nity.

The improved mutton breeds which have found most favor in the
United States are of the long wool—the Leicesters, Cotswolds, and
New Oxfordshires; of the short and middle wools, the South Downs,
the Hampshire Downs, the Shropshire Downs, and the Oxfordshire
Downs.

THE LEICESTERS.

The Leicester sheep, undér the most favorable circumstances for
their development, perhaps excel others in earliness of maturity, and
none make better returns for the amount of food consumed by them.
But they require better shelter, keep, and care, than any other variety.
The ewes are not so prolific, nor so good nurses, as those of the other
mutton families; and their lambs, when first dropped, demand a good
deal of attention. The mutton is only medium in quality, and, owing
to its great amount of outside fat, is not generally sought to supply
American tables. In England, however, these sheep particularly meet
the wants of a large class of producers and customers, and have been
more extensively grown there than any of the large mutton varieties.
The wethers are marketed in England at from twelve to fifteen months

COTSWOLDS AND LINCOLNS. Si

old, and weigh from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty
pounds each. The fleeces are composed of a long combing wool, and
average from six to seven pounds each. In small, selected breeding
flocks in the United States, yearlings and wethers have yielded from
ten to fifteen pounds of wool, and breeding ewes eight pounds.

THE COTSWOLDS.

The Cotswolds are a larger, hardier, and more prolific sheep than
the preceding, and the ewes are better mothers. They furnish a val-
uable combing wool, and the average of fleeces in England is from
seven to eight pounds. Selected flocks produce considerably more
wool. The wethers, fattened at fourteen months old, in England,
weigh from fifteen to twenty-four pounds per quarter, and at two years
old from twenty to thirty pounds per quarter. They frequently are
made to weigh considerably more in this country. Their mutton is
superior to that of the Leicesters, the fat being less abundant, and
better mixed with lean meat. They are much used in crossing other
breeds and varieties. They impart more hardiness, with stronger
constitutions and better qualities as breeders, to the Leicesters, and
thicken them in the hind quarters. They give size, longer wool, and
more wool, to some of the short-wooled families. They are decidedly
favorite sheep with the breeders of long wools in the United States.

THE LINCOLNS.

The Lincoun is as large as the Cotswold, though in other respects,
as now bred, very strongly resembling the Leicester. The head is
long, the face narrow and bare of wool, with white, fine hair and light
bluish tint, as in the Leicester. They stand rather higher on the leg
than the two varieties before mentioned, and the carcass is apt to be
less symmetrical; but the fleece is longer and heavier, and, though
not quite so fine as the Leicester, is unsurpassed in lustre, and there-
fore commands the best prices in the markets. It is difficult to
describe animals so as to enable a person to determine the pure bred
from the mongrel; indeed, the best judges are not always able to
detect the presence of a slight dash of inferior blood.

518 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

THE SOUTH DOWNS.

The South Downs are the oldest established short-wooled im-
proved mutton variety. They are too well known to require particular
description. In prime American flocks wethers twenty or twenty-one
months old at Christmas, dress from seventy-five to one hundred
pounds weight. At two years old they weigh from one hundred to
one hundred and twenty pounds each. Their fleeces average from
four to six pounds, according to the keeping and breeding of the flock.
They are not as hardy as the unimproved South Downs, or as the
cross between the South Downs and some other short-wooled varie-
ties, but they still rank among hardy sheep; and they are good work-
ers, being capable of traveling much further for their feed than any of
the long wools. Their mutton sells in England for three and a half
cents more per pound than Cotswold and Leicester, and half a cent
more than the other improved short-wooled families and their varie-
ties. They are prolific, and are excellent nurses.

THE HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.

This family is the result of a cross between the South Downs and
a long-wooled English variety of greater size and better constitution.
Some writers conjecture that they have also a slight infusion of Cots-
wold blood. They are coarser in appearance than the South Downs,
and their mutton sells half a cent less per pound in the market; but
they possess nearly all the good qualities of the former, and are
hardier. They are favorites in many parts of England, but have not
been introduced extensively into the United States.

THE SHROPSHIRE DOWNS, OR SHROPSHIRES.

These, like the preceding, have been produced by a South-Down
cross in a very hardy short-wooled stock; and most of the flocks have
also a dip of the Leicester and Cotswold blood. They are nearly as
large as the last-named families; and they promise to unite to an un-
common degree the good qualities of the short and long-wools, being
larger than the former and hardier and more easily kept than the
latter; while their mutton is of good quality, and the ewes are highly
prolific and are excellent mothers. Superior specimens of them are
found in the United States and Canada.

OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS AND MERINOS. 519

THE OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.

This comparatively modern family is of a cross between the
Hampshire Downs or the South Downs and the Cotswolds, and the
statement above made in respect to the Shropshires will apply equally
well to them, though the two families vary in appearance and in
several of their minor qualities. The Oxfordshire Downs have been
tested on rough, rocky, briery pastures in Massachussetts, and have
given great satisfaction, as hardy, easily kept mutton sheep.

MERINO SHEEP.

The original importation of Merino sheep into the United States
from Spain included all the most prominent cabanas of that country.
But, as a general thing, the different families, even when preserved
pure from foreign admixtures, were crossed promiscously with each
other. The Saxon, French, and Silesian Merinos were of later
importation.

Of the the original Spanish stock, but two are now represented
by distinct families— namely, the Infantado and the Paular.

THE IMPROVED INFANTADOS.

These sheep, originally imported by Colonel David Humphreys,
of Connecticut, have been preserved pure to the present day. They
are a fourth, if not a third, heavier than their Spanish ancestors, and
are the largest family of American Merinos. Full-grown ewes, in
their prime, weigh about one hundred pounds, and some of them one
hundred and twenty and one hundred and thirty pounds. They are
much rounder in the rib, broader, fuller in the quarters, shorter
proportionably in the limbs, and stronger in the bone than were the
Spanish sheep. They are indeed models of compactness and of
beauty when judged by fine-wool standards. Their hardiness in
respect to locomotion, or, in other words, their ability to travel, is
not probably as great as it was sixty years ago; for, having no neces-
ity to drive his sheep eight hundred miles a year, as did the Spaniards,
the American breeder, in the place of the useless ability to travel, has
developed those qualities which increase aptitude to take on flesh and

520 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

produce wool. The Improved American Infantados appear to be
quite as hardy in other particulars as their ancestors—are more
prolific, better nurses, and when properly fed, resist other vicissitudes
equally well, and endure cold even better; but they probably demand
better keeping. They will thrive, however, where none of the mutton
breeds above described would find sufficient subsistence. Choice
Infantado flocks with the usual number of sheep of different ages,
yield from nine to ten pounds of wool per head. The fleece is longer,
thicker, and covers the different parts of the animal far better than it
did on the Spanish sheep. The quality is probably as good.
THE IMPROVED PAULARS.

The Improved American Paulars bear the same relation, in several
particulars, to the breeding, that Devons do to the Short Horns
among cattle, they are smaller, consume less feed, and perhaps can
better endure deprivations of it. Accordingly they are the sheep for
cold, meagre soils; for the scanty herbage of mountain districts, and
for plains subject to periodical droughts. They have about the same
general improved points of form as the Infantados, but are shorter
bodied. As breeders and nurses they are equal. Their fleeces are of
equal quality, but are a pound or two lighter to the head. For that
reason, and on account of the greater size of the former, there is, at
the present time, a prevailing inclination to cross the Paular flocks
with Infantado rams. This produces an admirable result for the
wants of many farmers; but it would be very unfortunate if the
present mania for great fleeces should lead to the loss, in its
essential family purity, of a class of sheep so well adapted to extensive
regions of our country.
THE FRENCH MERINOS.

The Merinos imported into the United States from France were
generally the largest that could be procured in that country, and they
were from twenty-five to fifty per cent. larger than the present
American Merinos. The best of them were well formed for animals
grown so far beyond the natural dimensions of their breed, and they
had a fair degree of compactness. They were also profusely wooled,
but none carried as much wool for their weight as the choice Ameri-

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COTSWOLD EWE LAMBS.

MERINOS AND SILESIANS. 521

can Merinos. Their wool was of good medium quality and quite even
on the carcass. A much larger number of them than the preceding
were gaunt, flat-ribbed, unthrifty animals, great consumers and hard
keepers. Their fleeces were very uneven. Everything goes to show
that these were mongrel sheep, grades between Merinos and some
large, coarse-wooled variety. The best French Merinos, placed under
a system of keeping resembling that of France, or treated as the
careful growers of the improved mutton breeds treat their sheep,
would undoubtedly be profitable in the United States; but such a
system does not accord with the habits or traditions of American
wool-growers, and,the French Merinos, treated like our American
Merino sheep, are wholly incapable of sustaining themselves. They
lack ability to withstand either exposure to the weather or short keep.
Accordingly, though but little more than thirty years have passed
since their introduction among us, the full bloods are now nearly
as much out of favor in the northern and eastern states as the
condemned Saxons. A quarter of their blood, however, mixed with
the American Merinos makes a large sheep, which is a favorite with
many farmers. The cross between the French ewe and the American
ram, after being continued for several generations, ought, with
properly selected animals, to produce a striking result; and probably
that result will yet be witnessed.
SILESIANS.

The sheep called Silesians in this country were produced in Silesia
by breeding one hundred Spanish Infantado ewes to four Negretti
rams, and their descendants together from 1811 down to the present
day. They are evenly and beautifully wooled, and carry a good
weight of it considering its superior quality. They are larger than
any American family of Merinos, and they are also longer in the legs
and longer and thinner in the neck, in proportion to size. They are,
throughout, a less compact animal. Their hardness has not, so far
as the writer is informed, been tested under the ordinary systems of
management in our country. Their merits as competitors with
the American Merinos will be better understood when such a test is
made.

Gri Ar aE Rete

MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

SPRING MANAGEMENT.—Turning out to grass—Lambing— Management of hew born
Lambs—Chilled Lambs — Constipation and Diarrhcea—Cutting Teeth —Swelled Neck
and Rheumatism — Treatment of Ewes after Lambing — Garget— Disowning Lambs —
Docking and Castrating Lambs.

SUMMER MANAGEMENT.—Time and Mode of Washing—Cutting Hoofs— Shearing and
Doing up Wool—Catching Sheep—Storms after Shearing —Ticks, Maggots, ete.—
Feeding, ete.

FALL MANAGEMENT.—Weaning and Fall Feeding of -Lambs— Feeding Breeding Ewes
— Coupling and Gestation — Dividing Flocks.
WINTER MANAGEMENT.— Shelter —Confining to Yards— Water, Salt, and Food.

SPRING MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

TURNING OUT TO GRASS.

Sheep confined on dry feed in the winter should be put upon
grass in the spring gradually, that is, but for an hour or two a day at
first, to prevent scouring or diarrhoea. To save wool and add to the
health and comfort of sheep, they should be tagged before they are
turned out to grass in the spring. This is performed by cutting away
the wool around the vent and from the inside of the thighs. Sheep,

MANAGEMENT OF LAMBING, 523

and especially ewes which have not lambed, should? be handled
carefully, and laid on their sides while the operation is performed.
All dry burs which attach to wool should be exterminated from the
pastures before the sheep are turned on them in the spring.

LAMBING.

Lambs should be allowed to come as early as the weather will
permit with reasonable safety, for it is better to lose two in the spring
than one the next winter. HKwes should have sheltered places to
lamb in, which can be closed up and made warm in cold nights.
Mechanical assistance ought not be given, in case of difficult parturi-
tion, until a considerable period has elapsed, and until the ewe begins
to exhibit signs of failing strength. It should then be rendered with
great caution and gentleness; and if the ewe continues her throes,
the lamb should be pulled only during the throes. If the ewe
becomes very weak before or after lambing, a gill of sound ale will be
of benefit to her. If the womb is inverted, cleanse it, if dirty, with
tepid water, then wash it with a solution of alum or a decoction of
oak bark, and gently return it. If again protruded, return it in the
the same way and take a single stitch with twine through the lips of
the vagina, tying it loosely enough to permit the passage of urine. If
this does not suffice, tie a waxed cord round the womb close to the
breech, and let it slough off.

MANAGEMENT OF NEW-BORN LAMBS.

If a lamb can help itself, never interfere with it. If it is weak,
hold it on its feet and let it suck. Rubbing it on the rump, loins, etc.,
with a finger is mistaken by it for the licking of its dam, and greatly
encourages its efforts. For those cases where the dam has no
immediate supply of milk, the sucking bottle should be in readiness,
with an artificial India-rubber nipple on it; this article is now made
and sold expressly for the purpose. The milk of a new milch cow is
alone suitable, and should be given at its natural temperature. If a
lamb is found soon after it is dropped, let it suck as much as it will,
and four or five times again during the day and evening. If the lamb
has been dropped some hours and is very hungry, it is not safe to

allow it to fill itself at first.
66

524 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

CHILLED LAMBS.

If a lamb be found chilled by the cold, unable to move or swallow,
it should at once be put ina bath of water about as hot as can be
comfortably borne by the hand, or placed in a warm oven, or in the
absence of the preceding, held over a pan of coals and turned and
kneaded by the hands until it revives sufficiently to swallow. Then
give it a feed of milk containing from half to a teaspoonful of gin or.
other spirits, according to the size of the lamb and the apparent
necessity. If alamb is becoming chilled, but is still able to swallow,
the above stated dose will promptly restore it.

CONSTIPATION, DIARRH@A, ETC.

An injection of warm milk, with a sufficient infusion of molasses
to give if a chocolate color, is by far the safest and most effectual
remedy for constipation in young lambs. Hold the lamb up by the
hind feet, so that its fore ones just touch the floor, and then, with a
small syringe, administer half a gill or a little more of the above-
mentioned fluid. If dung is not soon discharged, repeat the operation.
The diarrhoea of a sucking lamb rarely requires attention, but if it
does, a spoonful of prepared chalk in a little warm milk, should be
given at intervals of a few hours until it is checked. The first yellow
excrement sometimes adheres about the vent so as to prevent subse-
quent discharges or render them very difficult. It should be removed
and the parts rubbed with dry clay, chalk, or in the absence of
anything better, dirt. If the lamb has difficulty in making water, a
little pumpkin-seed tea removes the difficulty.

CUTTING TEETH, SWELLED NECK AND RHEUMATISM.

If the lamb appears to suck with difficulty or reluctance, its
mouth should be examined, to see whether the front teeth are through
the gums. If not, and the gums are inflamed and tender, they
should be opened over the teeth with a sharp knife. When lambs are
born with the glands of the neck enlarged, a strip of woolen cloth
should be bound round the neck and wet a few times a day witha
strong solution of camphor. If this is not effective, wet the cloth

TREATMENT AFTER LAMBING. 525
with tincture of iodine. Lambs sometimes are born with stiff necks,
or their necks become stiff subsequently. Some, particularly about
the period of being turned out to grass, become lame in their legs,
hobble about, and, in some cases, are unable to stand. Put them in a
warm, dry place, and give two or three spoonfuls of lard and one of
turpentine, one or twice, as may be required, to each lamb; rubbing
the affected parts with hartshorn or opodeldoc will assist in the cure.

TREATMENT OF EWES AFTER LAMBING,

A ewe should not be required to move about much fora few hours
after lambing. If her teats are closed against the efforts of the lamb,
squ2eze them out with the wetted fingers. If they have been cut off
in shearing, and are grown up, reopen them with a needle, followed
by a hot knitting needle, inserting neither further than is necessary.
The sucking of the lamb will generally keep them open; but if they
become inflamed, the ewe must be held for the lamb to suck, and some
cooling lotion applied to the part.

GARGET.

If the udder is hard and hot, it should be fomented by frequently
and continuously applying to it a cloth dipped in hot water. Repeated
washings in cold water produce the same effect, but more slowly, and
with a greater tendency to dry up the milk. If the lamb is dead, and
there are indurated tumors in the udder, apply iodine ointment.

DISOWNING LAMBS, ETC.

A ewe which disowns her lamb, cr one which is required to adopt
a foster lamb, should be confined alone with it in a dark place, and, if
possible, out of hearing of other sheep, and she should be held several
times a day for it to suck. Frightening a ewe when with her lamb,
by showing her a strange dog, or a child wearing a bright colored
mantle, sometimes aronses her dormant maternalinstincts. If a ewe’s
dead lamb is skinned, and the skin tied on a living lamb, she will
generally readily adopt it. If she hesitates, rubbing gin on her nose,
and sprinkling it on the lamb, will facilitate the process.

526 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

DOCKING LAMBS.

This operation should be performed when the lambs are about ten
days old. Let an attendant take the lamb, holding its feet firmly in
his hands, and press its hind-quarters snugly up to a smooth block, on
the top of which the tail of the lamb should be drawn out straight.
The operator should be provided with a broad chisel, made quite dull,
and only sharp enough to sever the bone without crushing it. The
edge of the chisel should be placed firmly upon the tail, about one
inch and a half from the body, and the loose skin crowded up towards
the body till the point for amputation is reached. Then, with the
chisel held inclining outward at an angle of forty-five degrees from
the body of the lamb, a single blow with the mallet completes the
operation. The bleeding arteries should be immediately seared by a
hot iron, which can easily be made ready by a small portable furnace.
By this method the usual loss of blood will be prevented, and the
consequent check to the growth of the lamb obviated. If lambs are
docked when a month or six weeks old, or indeed at any age, and
allowed to bleed until the flow stops of its own accord, it will not
unfrequently require two weeks for the lamb to make up for this vital
drain upon his young and tender organization. Cases of bleeding to
death, or so that death occurs as a consequence in a few days, are by
no means uncommon.

By this method of amputation two other advantages will be
gained —the skin will always readily cover the end of the bone, and
the tail will be left in a desirable shape.

CASTRATING LAMBS.

Formerly our method was to remove with a sharp knife a part of
the lower end of the scrotum, then press the testicles upward and
make an incision in the inner skin, and thus remove them. But this
method was attended with much trouble and difficulty, besides evi-
dently injuring the lambs. But we have adopted a different and a
better way, which is, after removing the end of the scrotum, to seize
the testicles with a pair of pincers and remove by a quick vigorous
jerk. Never mind the second skin. We have practiced this method

SUMMER MANAGEMENT. 527

for some time, and never lost a lamb. It is done quicker, and the
lambs do not appear to mind it as much as they do the other way.

SUMMER MANAGEMENT.

TIME AND MODE OF WASHING.

It is generally held by those who have tried it, that early shearing
is preferable for sheep, if they can be subsequently housed in case of
severe storms or unusually cold nights. As early washing is improper
in cold climates, it is urged that sheep should be shorn unwashed.
This is a question on which the wool-grower should be allowed to
exercise his own judgment; nor should any buyer attempt to compel
washing, or to take advantage of its omission by insisting on a par-
ticular and fixed rate of shrinkage on unwashed wools. The shrinkage
on every lot should be proportioned to its actual condition, as deduc-
tion is made on wheat, other products, or foreign wools which contain
impurities. The mode of washing sheep does not require to be here

described.
CUTTING HOOFS.

Merino sheep generally require to have their feet trimmed at

least once a year. Some do this at washing, when the feet are clean
and soaked soft; others immediately after shearing.

SHEARING.

Shearing should take place when the oily-feeling matter, termed
yolk, has so far reappeared in the wool as to give it its natural
brilliant appearance and silky feeling. The mode of shearing cannot
be described here in detail. The wool should be cut off evenly and
smoothly, reasonably close, but not leaving the skin naked, and which
renders the sheep very liable to receive injury from cold. ‘‘ Stubble
shearing”’ and ‘‘trimming,”’ 7. e., leaving the wool long, so as to give
the next fleece the appearance of extraordinary length, or leaving it
long in places, in order to affect the apparent shape of the animal, are
both frauds.

028 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP,

DOING UP WOOL.

The fleece should be as little broken as possible in shearing. It
should be gathered up carefully, placed on a smooth table, with the
inside ends down, put into the exact shape in which it came from the
sheep, and pressed close together. If there are dung-balls they
should be removed. Fold in each side one-quarter, next the neck and
breech one-quarter, and the fleece will then be in an oblong square
form, some twenty inches wide, and twenty-five or thirty inches long.
Then fold it once more lengthwise, and it is ready to be rolled up and
tied, or placed in the press. The improved wool-press, worked by a
lever, or by a crank, etc., does the work far more expeditously, far
better, and with much less labor than doing it up by hand. Three
bands of moderate sized twine (flax or hemp) once around are enough
for the fleece. It is fradulent to put the unwashed wool of sheep that
have died with disease, or those which have been killed, or unwashed
tags, into washed fleeces. It is also fraudulent to sell burred wool so
done up as to conceal the burs, without giving notice to the buyer.
The burred wool should be put by itself, so that the buyer can open
and examine it.

CATCHING SHEEP.

Clumsy catching and handling is always injurious to sheep, and
hard on the party doing the work. The injury resulting from
handling is greater on ewes heavy with lamb, which are about the
only class that need to be caught until after tagging and shearing
time. It hurts a sheep to be caught or lifted by the wool, and such a
thing should never be done where it can be avoided. A portion of
the flock to be caught should be driven into a pen until it is pretty
well filled, though not crowded. The party doing the catching must
go quietly, frightening the sheep as little as possible, and when near
enough to the animal he desires to catch, should grasp its hind leg
just above the hock, when if a pretty firm grip is held, very little
kicking can ensue. Then he should pass the other hand in front of.
the breast, which gives him an advantage over the animal.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR CARE. 529

STORMS AFTER SHEARING.

Cold storms sometimes come after the proper time of shearing,
and prove highly injurious, or even directly destructive to the lives of
the sheep, unless they are put in barns or under sheds. A dense
forest, especially on the lee side of a hill, is vastly better than no
shelter under the circumstances.

TICKS.

A fortnight after the sheep are sheared, the lambs should be
dipped in a decoction of tobacco strong enough to kill ticks and their
egosin the wool. This is best performed in a box or kettle, with a
grated shelf on one side, to conduct back the fluid as the lamb is laid
on it and its wool squeezed, or two tubs may be used, dipping the
lamb in one, and standing it up and squeezing its wool in the other.
In tobacco-growing regions the refuse stems may be used for this
purpose; elsewhere the farmer should grow a few tobacco plants in
his garden. The dipping of the lambs annually will keep ticks out of
a flock. Left in it, they are highly destructive to condition, health,

and even life.
ATTENTION TO HORNS, ETC.

It is necessary, at shearing, to cut off the wool clean between the
horns, and from the head of rams, otherwise the least fracture of the
skin on the head would lead to the parts becoming fly-blown, and to
the generation of maggots. For the same reason horns which press
on the head should be sawed off, or sections taken from them, which
will prevent such pressure. And as rams do not recognize each other
immediately after shearing, and are prone to fight, it is a good
practice at shearing, to smear them at the base of and behind the
horns with tar and turpentine, or fish oil.

MAGGOTS.

When maggots are produced in any wound or sore on sheep they
can be killed by the application of turpentine, and tar should then be
smeared over the part. If the ulcer is old and ill-conditioned, a
solution of corrosive sublimate (two ounces dissolved in a quart of
alcohol) will even more effectually destroy maggots and repel flies,
and at the same time act as a good stimulant and caustic.

530 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

SALT.

Sheep should have access to salt, placed under cover, all the time,
or they should be regularly fed as much as they will eat, once a week.

WATER AND SHADE.

Water is not absolutely indispensable in the summer pastures of
sheep, but they thrive better with it, especially ewes and their un-
weaned lambs. The same is true of shade.

FALL MANAGEMENT.

WEANING AND FALL-FEEDING LAMBS.

Lambs should be weaned at four months old, and should have a
nice, sweet, fresh piece of feed in readiness for them on being sepa-
rated from their dams; and they should have prime pasturage until
the setting in of winter. If it fails, they should be fed some green
substitute for it, or receive an allowance of grain. Those breeding
mutton sheep often feed cabbage or roots, or fold their lambs on rape.
Lambs of any kind should be kept growing from the day of their
birth until they reach maturity. This is the great secret of raising
sheep profitably. As soon as the cold, heavy, autumn rains begin to
fall, lambs should be housed nights, and. as winter approaches they
should be sheltered from cold storms in the day time.

FALL-FEEDING BREEDING EWES.

The ewes, on weaning their lambs, should be put on dry, short
pasturage, until their milk dries off, and then on feed which will
rapidly restore their flesh. They do not, as much as lambs, demand
shelter and extra feed before winter, but there is no doubt that they
amply pay for it in condition, especially ewes that are getting old and
beginning to lose their strength. Strong, middle-aged sheep, how-
ever, demand no other extra feed than hay or cornstalks until winter
sets in. ‘Sheep well summered are half wintered.” To let them
become thin before winter, renders it difficult and far more expensive

COUPLING WITH RAM. 631

to winter them safely and well; they are not as likely to take the ram,
and their product of wool is diminished. And if quite thin, there is
an absolute peril to their lives if the winter is an unfavorable one,
however well they may be taken care of. The danger is greatest to
the quite young and the old sheep. These sometimes will not
improve, but begin to run at the nose and eyes, gradually lose their
appetite, grow weaker and weaker, in some cases exhibiting costive-
ness, and in others obstinate diarrhoea, and perish miserably. When
they commence going in this way, medicine, feed, and care are almost
thrown away upon them.
COUPLING, ETO.

Before rams are put with the ewes in the fall, the latter should be
examined — directly and by the register —and divided into parcels, so
that each parcel can be coupled with the ram most suitable to correct
the defects of the dam in her offspring. Thus the shortest-wooled
ewes would be selected out for the longest-wooled ram; flat-sided
and long-legged ewes for a peculiarly round-bodied and short-legged
ram, and soon. Aram running with the ewes ought not generally to
be trusted to serve more than fifty. If taken out nights and extra
fed, a very strong animal will serve a hundred. By keeping him
separate from the ewes, and allowing him to serve them but once
each, he will serve two hundred, and some uncommonly vigorous
rams have served three hundred, and even more, in a coupling season
of six weeks. The best feed for the ram, besides good hay or grass,
is a mixture of, say, two parts oats, one part peas, with a slight
sprinkling of wheat. He should be fed a few days before the coup-
ling season, commencing with not more than half a pint, and increase
gradually to a quart by the time his work commences. Some old
rams, which have become used to hard work and high keep, will
consume nearly double that quantity. The Merino ram is in his
prime from three to seven or eight years of age. The ram lamb gets
good stock if not overworked, but this premature use trénches on his
subsequent vigor. The periods of heat in the ewe recur from the
fourteenth to the seventeenth day. Her average period of gestation

is about one hundred and fifty-two days.
67

MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

cr
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DIVIDING FLOCKS FOR WINTER.

Sheep should be divided according to size and strength before
they are put into winter quarters, so that the strong shall not take
advantage of the weak at the rack, trough, ete. This is highly
important. The smaller the number of sheep kept together in winter
the better it is for them, and good farmers rarely allow more than one
hundred to occupy the same stable and yard.

WINTER MANAGEMENT.
WINTER SHELTER.

There is no part of the United States, if there is of the world,
where sheep are not better for some degree of winter shelter. In
western Texas, and in the Gulf States, perhaps, they demand no more
than a pole-shed or dense clump of trees to break the fury of the
“northers;’’ north of latitude 40° to 42°, close barns or stables, with
abundant ventilation, are beginning to be preferred by careful and
systematic breeders. Open sheds are too much exposed to drifting
snow, and they can not be shut up and made warm enough for early
lambing. A room twenty by forty feet in the clear will properly
accommodate seventy-five Paular sheep, and they can all eat at a
time, without crowding, at wall-racks placed around it. The Infan-
tados want a little more room; and the English breeds still more.
Sheep barns should be placed in dry, elevated, but not windy
situations. They are usually two stories high, the upper one being
used for the storage of hay. The sheep stables underneath should be
at least seven or eight feet high. A room large enough to hold one
hundred and fifty Merinos may be partitioned across the middle by
feeding racks, and seventy-five sheep kept on each side—their outside
yards being also divided—but not more than one hundred and fifty
ought to breathe the atmosphere of the same general apartment,
however it may be divided on the floor. The rooms should be well

YARDS AND BARNS. 5385

lighted, capable of abundant ventilation, and that ventilation con-
stantly employed. Confined, impure air is highly injurious to sheep,
and perfectly fatal it dangerous epizootic makes. its appearance in
the flock. The slatted box-rack is now generally preferred in sheep
barns and yards. The stables should be kept well littered down, and
should be thoroughly cleaned out at least three times during the
winter, so that the sheep should nof lie, especially during thaws, on
fermenting beds of manure. It is well, at intermediate periods, to
scatter gypsum over the manure before covering it with fresh straw,
as this absorbs the escaping gases, and adds greatly to the value of
the manure. Sheepyards should, if practicable, be on dry gravelly
eround, and should have at least three times as much area as the
stables. They should have high, tight fences on the sides most
exposed to severe winter winds, and should be kept well littered down.
Habitual exposure to mud and filth is highly injurious to sheep.

CONFINING SHEEP TO YARDS.

The close confinement of sheep to stables and small yards oper-
ates on them as it does on all other domestic animals: it renders
them torpid in habit, and promotes the taking on of fat and flesh.
This is well for fattening sheep, but not for breeding ewes. The want
of exercise and the increase of condition promotes that tendency to
plethora which is natural to pregnancy, and though the evil effects of
this are not always visible in the offspring, yet there come seasons
when other co-operating conditions render it highly destructive.
The lambs are born small and weak, and those that live are of but
little value. Breeding ewes should have exercise by having access, at
proper times, to a field, or obtain it in some other way.

WATER AND SALT.

Water is indispensable to sheep fed on dry feed in the winter,
and they should have constant access toit. Salt is also indispens-
able to vigorous health. It is improper to salt sheep-hay heavily
when it is put in the mow or stack, or to brine all their hay for them
at intervals, because in either case the instincts of the animal are not
left to guide its consumption. Salt should be placed in boxes in the

554 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

sheep-house so that they can eat it at will. Sheep will drink more
frequently and with far keener relish at a trough where the water is
constantly running in and out, than at one into which the water is
pumped.

The drainage pipe which carries off the waste water should be
so adjusted as to allow the trough to fill within an inch of the top.
The trough should then be covered with a closely-fitting cover, and
through this, and quite near the edge to which the sheep come to
drink, two or three oval-shaped holes should be cut, about two and a
half inches in the short diameter and five in the long.

If the sheep are to come up to the side of the trough, have the
holes cut cross-wise of the cover; if they are to come to the end, cut
them lengthwise. A sheep will quickly learn to put its nose through
these holes for the water, and then the wool about the face and heavy
folds of the neck will be kept out of the water, and thereby the
animal saved from a vast amount of discomfort arising from the wool
about the neck becoming wet and frozen.

The more one studies the habits of the sheep, the more will the
extreme fastidiousness of the animal be impressed upon his mind, and
the careful flock-master will soon learn that when he regulates his
care in accordance with this peculiarity he will be well compensated
for all his painstaking.

Not only will sheep drink with better relish of running than of
standing water, but a little observation will convince any one that
they will visit very often a trough arranged as already described,
where they are obliged to touch only their lips to the water, when
they would hold back, till driven by sharp thirst, from a trough where
they could only drink at the discomfort of having the wool about the
neck wet and frozen for hours.

AMOUNT OF FOOD CONSUMED, AND VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS.

It is estimated that all sheep daily consume, in the average winter
weather of the northern States, about one pound of hay, or its equiv-
ulent, for every thirty pounds of their own live weight. All that they
will eat of meadow hay is about the amount of nutrition demanded by

AMOUNT OF FOOD NECESSARY 635

the Merino sheep in good, plump store condition. If a portion of
more concentrated food like grain, is given, its excess of nutrition
may be safely counterbalanced by feeding a corresponding amount of
food less nutritious than hay, as, for example, straw. Barley and oat
straw, if cut and cured green, is highly relished by sheep. Wheat
straw is less so, and they will eat but little besides the chaff and heads
of it, if they can obtain other food. Rye straw, unless chopped fine
and mixed with meal, is wholly unfitted for sheep feed. Pea-haulm,
if cured green, is an admirable fodder, but dry and dead, as it is gen-
erally gathered, it is wholly valueless except for manure. The blades
and tops of nicely cured cornstalks make prime sheep feed. Fine red-
clover hay, cured bright and green, is better than the best meadow
hay, and on a full winter allowance of it, sheep actually fatten; it is
also highly favorable to the milk secretions in breeding ewes. The
erains that are most used in our country for sheep feed are oats, corn
and peas. Oats are given to store sheep and lambs; corn is given to
fatten sheep, and with some it isa favorite for all other classes of
sheep. Some excellent feeders, like Mr. Johnston, of Geneva, New
York, employ buckwheat. Peas are fed in a few instances to breeding
ewes, and they greatly promote the growth of wool and the secretion
of milk, but they are too scarce and expensive for common use. The
same is true of beans, though they are accounted among sheep-breed-
ers as more heating, and therefore less suitable feed. Bran and shorts,
mixed with a little grain, make a most excellent feed both for lambs
and old sheep. Bran-slop is admirable for promoting the secretion of
milk in breeding ewes. Breeding ewes thrive better, and are better
prepared in their general physical condition to bring forth well-devel-
oped, strong lambs, if they habitually receive green food during the
winter, and other sheep are healthier for it. Colic, or “stretches,”
often so serious a malady among flocks confined to dry feed, does not
attack sheep that get green feed. In regions adapted to their culture,
Swedes and some other varieties of the turnip are especially adapted
to this object. There is a beet which was brought from Silesia by Mr.
William Chamberlain, (not the variety sold in seed stores as the Sile-
sian beet.) which some persons who have tried them prefer to turnips.

536 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

Hither root is vastly cheaper than grain of any description for the
feed of sheep. Carrots have been tried and do not give satisfaction,
and potatoes are too expensive.

* REGULARITY IN FEEDING.

One of the important points of successful sheep-farming consists
in strict regularity in the time of feeding, and in proportioning the
amount of fodder to the wants of the animal. With good attention
to these particulars, sheep will do better on moderate keep than on the
best food fed with irregularity.

CHAPTER lL.

-MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.—Scab or Itch — Foot-rot— Hoof-rot — How to prevent and how
to treat them.

GENERAL DISEASES.— Grub in the Head— Blind Staggers —Sturdy — Diarrhoea— Dysen-
tery — Colic or Streteches— Catarrh — Abortion— Parturient Fever—Obstruction of the
Gullet— Hoove — Poisons— Sore Face and Lips—Inflammation of the Eyes—Admin-
istering Medicines to Sheep.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

SCAB OR ITCH.

The first sign of the existence of scab is rubbing against any
projecting body within reach; as it extends, sheep bite themselves,
kick with their hind feet at their sides and shoulders. If one is
caught and the hand placed on the mouth, while infected parts are
scratched, gratification is evinced by nibbling at the hand, and when
the infection is severe or general, this nibbling movement is regarded
as an infallible sign. Examination will disclose spots on the skin,
white and hard, the center marked with yellow points of exudation,
which adheres to the wool, matting the fibers together. The wool
may be firm on these spots, and no scabs are seen at this stage. Then

5388 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

the yellow moisture, evaporating, gives place to a yellow scab, which
adheres firmly to the skin and wool. Raw places appear at points
which the animal can reach with his teeth and hind feet. The disease
is complicated in summer by the presence of the larve of the blow-
fly, the maggots burrowing under the scab. The animal becomes
nervous, excited to wildness, and cannot obtain properly either food
or rest, thus losing flesh and becoming reduced to a skeleton, from
constant irritation and lack of nutrition, only the strongest animals
recovering if left without treatment.

Destruction of the parasite and its eggs is the only object of
remedial treatment. Arsenic and mercury are often employed very
effectually, but they are poisonous, and therefore injurious and
dangerous to the sheep. These and other solutions are used both as
washes and dips. Sudden changes of weather and locality, or a
deficiency of food after such treatment, often induces serious or fatal
results which cannot be guarded against. Whole flocks have thus
been lost. Mercurial ointment, with olive oil and a little turpentine,
is popular in England, nevertheless, and is regarded as improving the
yield of wool. Experiment proves that the insect will live in arsenic
and sulphur for some hours; potash is more fatal, and tobacco is more
deadly still, killing in a few minutes. But carbolic acid is probably
the most potent remedy used. When combined with one hundred
times its bulk of water, it has killed the insect in two minutes; when
used with fifty times its bulk of water, a degree of potency harmless
as a dip, it kills in forty to ninety seconds. We describe the man-
ufacture of the carbolic acid dip, which has never failed when
properly used:

First. It is necessary that carbolic acid should be obtained of
uniform strength, and experience has proved that the crystalline
product is less efficacious in the destruction of parasites than the
cheap impure acid, which can always be obtained of the manufac-
turers. The liquid on exposure to the atmosphere, becomes a dark
tarry liquid. The pure carbolic acid was employed in many experi-
ments, at first with only partial success, but even had it proved to be
superior to the impure, the price would have been a serious objection.

SCAB AND TREATMENT OF HOOF-ROT. 539

The impure, however, is very much cheaper, and in every experiment
was found to be more active as a remedial agent than the pure
carbolic acid, while its fluid condition at all temperatures renders it
more easy of manipulation.

To effect perfect combination between it and the water used for
dilution care is essential, as imperfect mixtures are capable of doing
injury, and may cause the death of some of the sheep, particularly of
those which are first introduced into the bath. The reason of this is
obvious. An incomplete mixture allows the separation of the acid,
which floats on the surface of the fluid in the form of a brownish
oily, or rather tarry, scum; the first few animals which are dipped
become covered with the undiluted acid, which acts at once and
energetically as a caustic, causing prostration and death, unless
immediately, on observing the symptoms of distress, means are taken
to wash off the agent with warm water and soap; this treatment is
not, however, at all times successful.

Kerosene oil will keep down the scab till shearing time, if well
rubbed in.

HOOF- OR FOOT-ROT.

In this country the name foot-rot, or hoof-rot, or hoof-ail, is ap-
plied to a specific disease, believed to be as distinctive in character as
the scab or the small-pox. It is notoriously propagated by contagion,
and as well on high, dry, firm lands as elsewhere. Once contracted, it
is greatly aggravated by constant wetness under foot; but in upwards
of thirty years’ extensive observation and correspondence on the sub-
ject, we have never known an instance where its origin could be satis-
factorily traced to any other cause but contagion. It maintains itself
year after year, and for an indefinite period, alike on wet lands and dry
lands, in all our northern States, and is never eradicated except with
considerable labor, a degree of skill, and the application of proper
remedies. And with all these it is difficult to extirpate it from a large
flock.

Low, soft, marshy lands, or even herbage on other lands which

has been rendered rank and kept wet by protracted rains, cause here,
68

540 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

as in England, a degree of inflammation and ulceration in the feet.
Farmers term it “fouls.” It possesses none of the self-maintaining
power and virulence of foot-rot. It is not contagious. It soon disap-
pears, in ordinary cases, without other treatment, on removing the
sheep to dry, firm land, or short pasturage on such land. If neglected
too long it leads to serious ulceration and a loss of condition, but it
never becomes, or assumes the specific characteristics of, foot-rot.
The worst case yields readily to treatment.

Hardened pellets of mud between the claws cause irritation, and
occasionally a degree of ulceration, and so do stubs in the feet and
various other accidental causes. But in all such cases the mere
removal of the causes leads to a speedy cure. Undue wear of the
hoofs during a long journey upon hard soil, causes soreness and lame-
ness, but a few days’ rest puts an end to the difficulty. In none of
these instances are the ulcerations equal to their own maintenance for
any considerable length of time after the direct physical exciting
cause is removed. They are simple ulcers, non-contagious and easily
controlled; and, as compared with foot-rot proper, which they never
become, they are wholly insignificant in their practical effects.

This soreness commences in the cleft of the foot, and which grad-
ually extends into it, and disorganizes all its structure. The applica-
tion of almost any caustic will, in an early or mild stage of the disease,
eradicate the ulcer, so far as it is brought into direct contact with the
ulcer, and kept in contact with it until its curative qualities exercise
their full effects. But the great difficulty is, that among one hundred
sheep every ulcer cannot be, or is not, so carefully uncovered by the
knife, or kept so free from filth, that its entire surface is cauterized.
And if such a surface, of the smallest extent, is protected from the
caustic by a covering of horn or filth, then the seeds of the future
malady and contagion are left in a soil where they are sure to be pro-
ductive. Or let us suppose that every particle of ulcerous surface in
the foot is touched by a mild caustic, like blue vitriol, and then imme-
diately plunged into wet grass, or into moist manure, or washed by
blood spirting from the wounded parts, would there be any probability
of a radical cure under any of these circumstances? Experience

* TREATMENT OF FOOT-ROT. 541

answers none. The difficulty of eradicating hoof-rot from a large
flock, under the rough surgery and haste of the farm, can then be
fully understood.

Can hoof-rot be cured in flocks? That is, can it be cured by the
exercise of that degree of skill which the average of farmers can and
will employ, after having a fair share of experience in treating the
disease? All the real skill required is in the preparation of the foot
for the application of the remedy. This preparation consists in so
paring away the hoof that every ulcerated part of the foot can be
brought freely, and for a sufficient time, in contact with the remedy
employed. There are some other conditions requisite to successful
treatment, but these require no exhibition of skill. We now answer
our question above by saying that we do not believe a majority of
farmers, and such help us they employ, will ever exercise the requisite
skill to prepare the foot for the successful application of remedies, if
they are applied in the ordinary way. By the ordinary way, we mean
by a swab or stick, or brush, or by squirting them through a goose
quill in the cork of a bottle.

The preparation of the foot is frequently a nice operation. It
requires a familiar knowledge of the appearance of the disease, close
attention, careful cutting, and proper instruments to cut with. If
ninety-nine sheep out of a hundred have their feet properly pared, and
a single ulcer so far covered up that the remedy will not sufficiently
reach it, remains in one of the feet of the hundredth sheep, the flock
is not cured—that single ulcer will run its course, and will lead by
degrees to the re-inoculation of the flock.

The writer of this has had hoof-rot at four different periods on
his farm, and at least five thousand sheep affected by it, all of which
were cured, and he has a right therefore to speak with some
confidence.

For mild cases of the malady, blue vitriol is decidedly the best
remedy; for severe cases, butter of antimony. The writer has twice
cured a flock completely by one application of the former. In the
first instance, each sheep had its feet thoroughly pared for the
purpose of exposing every part of the flesh in the least affected by

542 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

the disease. The sheep was then placed in a tub of saturated solution
of blue vitriol and hot water three or four inches deep, and held there
by the neck by an assistant. A second one was prepared in the same
way and placed beside the first one in the water. When the third
was ready, the first was taken out, and so on. Each stood at least
ten minutes in the solution, which was kept constantly hot by
dipping out and replenishing from the boiling kettle. The sheep
were then placed in a dry situation, and they proved to be completely
cured. This was at the opening of winter. Many years afterward a
flock of lambs were treated in the same way, except that as five could
stand in the tub of hot solution together each remained in it from
twenty to twenty-five minutes. This, too, was at the opening of
winter, and again the cure was perfect. Probably the hot liquor
would be more effective than cold even on the uncovered ulcers, and
it certainly would penetrate better to the covered ones. These are
the only instances which ever came to the knowledge of the writer
of a diseased flock of sheep being cured by a single application of
any remedy.

When the foot is extensively disorganized and a powerful caustic
is required to remove the dead structure, butter or chloride of anti-
mony should be used. As it combines readily with the fluids in the
parts, it almost immediately loses its strength, and it therefore
possesses the admirable property of acting almost purely superficially ;
consequently its action can be regulated by the wishes of the opera-
tor. Thisis not the case with the other strong caustics, like nitric,
sulphuric, muriatic acids, ete. These burn deeply and sometimes
injuriously into the flesh, and the sores they produce probably render
the sheep more subject to subsequent contagion. That is to say, the
virus of foot-rot, probably like vaccine matter, takes more speedy and
certain effect when brought in contact with the bare and punctured
flesh. A favorite remedy among farmers is compounded as follows:
One pound of blue vitriol, half a pound of verdigris, one pint of
linseed oil, one quart of tar—the vitriol and verdigris to be pulver-
ized fine, and if convenient ground through a paint-mill with the oil
before the tar is added. The oil and tar, if allowed to dry on the feet,

TREATMENT OF FOOT-ROT. 543

form a coating which aids to prevent the application from being
washed away by moisture. Whatever application is made, the sheep
should be kept out of water, manure, etc., until the treatment has
had time to produce its full effect. This thorough paring of the foot,
so as to effect a perfect denudation of the diseased surfaces, and an
avoidance of wounding the foot, so that blood will not be discharged
to wash off the caustic, are the conditions to be principally sought
after by the operator. Toe nippers and strong knives may be required
to remove the outer growth of the horny covering of the foot; but
as the operator cuts down near the quick, he should use a light, thin,
very sharp knife, so that he can cut away all the horn necessary
without wounding and thereby causing a flow of blood from the
fleshy sole. This is more important where blue vitriol is the remedy;
butter of antimony will of itself speedily stanch the flow of blood.

Our original process was equally effectual, and required consider-
ably less labor and expense. But it was, we think, specially favored
by circumstances. In both cases it took place at the setting in of
winter when the ground was frozen. In cold weather the ulcers of
hoof-rot do not ordinarily discharge any matter to inoculate healthy
feet; and, thus, when the remedy was applied, we may suppose there
were no cases of the disease in the state of incubation, that is, where
inoculation had taken place but was not yet followed by the actual
disease. This was an advantage, unless we are to suppose the solution
of vitriol would act asa preventive as well as a cure. The frozen
ground also kept all mud and moisture from the feet when the sheep
were out of their stables; and the dung produced on dry keep, and in
well littered stables, neither moistened nor dirtied their feet.

For greater certainty of success—to make a margin for a less
perfect preparation of the feet — we would advise at least two parings
and immersions of the feet in all cases; and in the season of pastu-
rage, when inoculation could be going on, and when it would be far
more difficult to keep moisture and dirt from the feet, we would coun-
sel the third repetition of the process throughout the entire flock.
_ Blue vitriol has the great advantage, that when applied to a well foot
it does not make the skin between the toes sore (and thus possibly

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP

render inoculation more easy,) as do the strong acids with which
many persons treat this disease. The second and third processes
require comparatively little paring; and it is best, when one’s hand is
in, to ‘‘ make a sure thing of it”’ at a little additional cost.

Whether it is best to use water or a decoction of tobacco in the
hot vitriol bath, may depend upon circumstances. The water is sufi-
cient. The vitriol effects the cure. But tobacco decoction is an
admirable application to ulcerated surfaces on sheep. It is the deadly
enemy of parasitic insects whether in sores or on the skin. We are
inclined to think it produces healing effects. Therefore, if the stems
or imperfect leaves can be procured cheaply enough, we would use it;
otherwise we would use water.

In this, asin other processes of treating hoof-rot, we think the
feet should not for some time be exposed to wet or dirt, to wash off,
dilute, or absorb the application, or relax the tissues. We think it
would be safer not to allow the sheep to run on grass wet with rain or
dew, for several days; indeed, we should prefer, though it might not
be absolutely necessary, to have their feet kept dry, except when in
the bath, during the whole course of treatment.

We have often known flocks in skillful hands cured by applying
remedies in the usual way, but every experienced sheep-farmer knows
that in a great majority of cases they are not so cured. And many of
the flocks said to be cured, are sure to develop the disease again when
unfavorable conditions occur and continue for any considerable length
of time. We believe the hot vitriol bath is by far the surest remedy;
and when the paring is reasonably good, and the other conditions we
have mentioned are properly observed, we consider it as sure a one as
those which in this and other diseases are commonly termed “sure
cures.” ,

We would advise the mixture of no other ingredients with blue
vitriol in the hot solution. They might be harmless, and possibly
beneficial; but they are unnecessary, and we cannot always be certain
that two things, which would be separately good, will not, when
united, impair each other’s effects. It is an excellent maxim to “let
well enough alone.”’

TREATMENT OF GRUB IN HEAD. 545

GENERAL DISEASES.

GRUB IN THE HEAD.

The gad-fly of the sheep deposits its eges in the nostrils of the
sheep in the months of July and August, nd these being immediately
hatched by the warmth and moisture, the larve or young grubs crawl
up into the cavities of the head, and attach themselves to the mem-
braneous linings. They remain there until the ensuing spring, when
they become thick, plump grubs, more than an iach long. They then
descend from the head, drop on the ground, burrow into it, take the
form of a chrysalis, and at the proper time again hatch forth gad-flies.
Their effect on the sheep is a matter of considerable dispute, some
eminent veterinary writers considering them entirely harmless.
Others, and a much greater number, believe that the irritation they
occasion produces disease and death. If the sheep begin to fall off in
condition a little before spring, though previously in good flesh, and
their feed kept fully up; if they wander round with movements
indicative of pain in the head, and discharge mucus, tinged with
blood, from the nose, though oppressed with no catarrhal difficulty, it
may be suspected that they are suffering under the effects of grub in
the head. Some persons have blown tobacco smoke up their nostrils
from the tail of a pipe, the bowl being covered with a cloth, with
asserted good effect. Others have injected tobacco water with a
syringe, but this must be prevented from entering the throat in any
considerable quantity. The best method is to prevent the fly deposit-
ing the eggs by smearing the nose around the nostrils during the
above months with tar, to which some coal tar has been added.
There has been some dispute whether the fly laid eggs or the already
hatched maggot. -We have been assured by several intelligent sheep-
growers in the West, that all the female flies that they had examined
contained not eggs, but living larve.

We think that these apparently contradictory statements may be
easily reconciled. Many flesh-flies, or blow-flies, as they are com-
monly called, if they cannot find any suitable seat or carrion of any

546 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

kind to lay their eggs on, retain those eggs so long in their bodies
that they actually hatch them out into living larve, as we have
ourselves repeatedly remarked. Yet the normal habit of these same
flies is to lay eggs. In the same way we conceive that the normal
habit of the sheep bot-fly is to lay eggs, and that it is only when she
cannot find any sheep at all to prey on, or when, by any means, she is
prevented from reaching their nostrils, that the eggs hatch out
prematurely inside her body, and are sometimes deposited afterwards
in the form of living larve, or maggots, in the nostrils of any unfor-
tunate sheep that she can come across.

BLIND STAGGERS — STURDY.

The disease called blind staggers, is the uncommon affection
called sturdy, or turnsick, which disease is caused by the pressure in
the brain of a cerebral hydatid, and which, in its developed state,
consists of a bladder provided with a variable number of heads. The
variety of ways in which this disease manifests itself, has caused it
occasionally to be confounded with other diseases— with attacks of
the sheep-bot, with functional disorders of the brain, or with blind
staggers. The disease is caused by the sheep picking from the
pasture the ova or larve of the tapeworms dropped from dogs, foxes,
rabbits, etc. Sturdy rarely affects sheep above two years of age. It
will be found to prevail on farms with open pastures, where dogs are
employed to guard the flocks, or where sheep are confined within
limited space, with one or more dogs amongst them. These are the
conditions favorable to the development of sturdy, and they are those
favorable to the dissemination of tapeworm eggs by dogs, and the
penetration of eggs in the bodies of sheep. Sturdy generally termi-
nates fatally, owing to the circumstance that the cause of the disease
—the parasite—can not be destroyed or expelled by any remedy
administered internally. The natural method of relief, which is by
the absorption of the bones of the skull and evacuation cf the
hydatid, is very rare. Death invariably ensues wher the parasite is
encysted and developed in the center of the brain. Usually but one
hydatid is found within the skull, and if that one should happen to be

DIARRH@A AND DYSENTERY. 547

located at the surface of the brain, the bones of the skull, through
absorption, gradually become thinner as the hydatid develops, and on
examining the head, a soft place may often be detected, which
indicates that the fellow lies underneath. After a portion of the skin >
has been laid back, and the place carefully opened, the liquid from
within the cyst may be extracted by a small syringe, a few drops of
tincture of myrrh or tincture of aloes injected, and the opening
covered by replacing the skin and sewing up the wound. If the
bladder can be seized and drawn out,so much the better. and no
injection is then necessary. The wound heals readily, and the animal
may thus be saved—that is, if the case has been timely and properly
attended to.

DIARRHGA.

Common diarrhea, or scours, not attended with constitutional
disease, generally requires no remedies. If protracted, two or three
days’ confinement to dry food, or an ounce of prepared chalk given in
half a pint of tepid milk, will usually put a stop toit. If the purging
is severe, or accompanied by mucus slime, a gentle cathartic of an
ounce of Epsom salts or oil should be administered to a sheep, and
half as much to a lamb six months old, and this be followed up by the
dose of chalk and milk above recommended, once a day for two or
three days. But ‘‘sheep’s cordial” is a better remedy than the chalk,
and may be kept on hand by every farmer. It is composed of the
following ingredients: Prepared chalk, one ounce; powdered catechu,
half an ounce; powdered ginger, two drachms; and powdered opium,
hali adrachm. Mix them with half a pint of peppermint water, and
give two or three tablespoonsful morning and night to a grown sheep,
and half as much to a lamb.

DYSENTERY.

This differs from diarrhea in various observable particulars. It
is attended by fever; the appetite is irregular and generally poor; the
evacuations are as thin as, or thinner than, in diarrhea, but they are.
slimy, sticky, and very offensive in smell. As the disease progresses,

they become tinged with blood, and the animal rapidly wastes away.
69

548 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

It sometimes dies in a few days, and sometimes lingers along for
several weeks. This is treated much like severe diarrhcea, only many
persons give two cathartics, instead of one, at the beginning. The
English practitioners also bleed, if the malady is detected in its very
first stage; but if debility has ensued, it prostrates the system too
much. The ‘‘sheep’s cordial’ requires to be given longer, and after
ashort period tonics are added—more ginger and from one to two
drachms of gentian daily. This last is an admirable tonic. In place
of the above remedies, some American farmers give a teaspoonful of
laudanum and a tablespoonful of gin or rum, mixed and put in a little
diluted fluid.

COLIC OR STRETCHES.

This is occasioned by confinement to dry food. During the
paroxysms the sheep stretches itself incessantly, and exhibits much
pain. A cathartic of one ounce of Epsom salts or castor oil will
usually effect a cure. A drachm of ginger and a teaspoonful of the
essence of peppermint, put in warm water with the salts, adds to
their efficacy. Half of the above dose for lambs. Green feed, even
if given only once or twice a week, prevents this malady.

CATARRH.

This is common in winter among unsheltered sheep, or those that
are wintered in small, close, unventilated stables. In its simple form
it is not dangerous, unless its exciting causes are continued; but
frequent colds, rendered chronic by mismanagement, impair the
condition of sheep, and eventually lead to low forms of fever, wasting
and death. An epizootic catarrh, like influenza in unusually change-
able winters among human beings, occasionally rages with great
violence over extensive regions, producing wide-spread destruction in
our American flocks. The best course is to prevent the disease by
proper management. Hardy sheep, in good condition, need not, with
reasonable precaution, be exposed to taking cold, and if any number
of them chance to do so, certainly the neglect causing it need not be
repeated. For simple cold it is not common to do anything, though
some careful farmers administer a tablespoonful of tar, and smear a

ABORTION AND PARTURIENT (EVER. 549

little of it on the nose. Non-exposure, and dry, well-ventilated
stables in winter, generally lead to a speedy cure. If the malady
becomes chronic, and assumes an epizootic and malignant form, no
remedy has yet been discovered which will control it. Perhaps the
best practice would be good careful nursing.

ABORTION.

Abortion is usually produced by a hurt or injury. It has never,
in this country, assumed that infectious character that it sometimes
does among cows; but it is we!! to remove the abortive lamb and the
‘““cleanings”’ from the sheep-yard, and also to withdraw the ewe and
place her in “the hospital.’’ She requires care and extra nursing, or
she will become very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece.

PARTURIENT FEVER.

This has as yet appeared only among our English sheep. The
ewe, a few days before lambing, appears dull and stupid; her appetite
fails; she exhibits giddiness, and a discharge of a dark color takes
place from the vagina. She loiters behind her companions, staggers
in her gait, her head droops, and her eyes are partly closed. If she
now lambs, and is carefully sheltered and nursed, she sometimes
recovers rapidly; but if no such relief is afforded, typhoid symptoms
begin to occur. She wanders away alone, exhibits great uneasiness
and pain, and strikes her body frequently with her hind feet. The
prostration rapidly increases, and the dark colored discharge from the
vagina continues and has an extremely offensive odor. A lamb or a
pair of lambs are frequently expelled at this stage in a high state of
putrefaction, and she is now unable to rise and is almost insensible.
Death soon closes the scene.

The ewe attacked by this disease should at once be removed
from the flock, and if a large English ewe, a dose of two ounces of
Epsom salts, with two or three ounces of molasses and one drachm of
nitre, mixed with a pint of warm linseed gruel, should be administered ;
and if this does not open the bowels in eight or ten hours, it should
be repeated. The nitre and molasses are given subsequently, night
and morning, in a quart bottle of gruel, until the fever abates, when

500 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP

the nitre is discontinued. If the ewe lives to the third or fourth day,
and the stench of the dark discharge from the vagina shows that the
foetus is dead, a small quantity of dry, pulverized belladonna is applied
with the end of a finger to the mouth of the womb every hour until it
is sufficiently relaxed to allow the removal of the fcetus. After this
is effected, the womb is thoroughly syringed with warm milk and
water, the ewe putin as easy a position as possible, and her posture
changed two or three times every day. She is then carefully nursed
until recovery. This treatment has proved very successful.

OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE GULLET.

Sheep sometimes get a piece of turnip or other substance lodged
in the esophagus or gullet. If it cannot be moved by the fingers, set
the sheep on its rump, holding its nose upward, pour some oil into the
throat, and then insert a small, flexible probang, and very gently push
the obstructing substance into the stomach. The probang, in the
absence of a gutta-percha one, should be of strong, flexible wood, like
elm, made smooth and round, and five-sixteenths of an inch,’or a little
larger, in diameter. A small bag of flax-seed should be firmly secured
to, and cover, the lower end; and on dipping the rod in hot water, to
limber it for use, the bag will become soft and slippery, so as to protect
the esophagus from laceration. If no flax-seed is at hand, carefully
wind the lower end of the probang with tow and dip it in oil.

HOOVE.

If sheep become swollen from being turned on fresh clover, or the
like, they should be driven gently about for an hour. If swollen to a
dangerous degree, and the distress and oppression are rapidly increas-
ing, a trochar, or, in its absence, a pocket-knife, must be plunged into
the left flank, half way between the haunch and ribs, and well up to-
wards the back-bone, so that the pent-up gas will escape through the
orifice. An ounce or two of Epsom salts are generally administered
after an attack of hoove. If the gas continues to form in the stomach,
give a drachm of chloride of lime dissolved in a gill of water.

POISONING AND SORE EYES. 551

POISONS.

The narrow-leafed or low laurel, and the broad-leafed laurel or
“calico bush” or ‘‘spoonwood,” are eaten by sheep, particularly
when they are unaccustomed to them, or when they are hungry from
traveling, and find these bushes growing by the roadsides. A strong
decoction, made by boiling the bruised twigs of white ash for an hour,
administered in doses of half a gill ora gill, and repeated after an
interval if necessary, is believed to be an effectual antidote by persons
who have tried it. Drenches of milk and castor oil are also said to
have been successfully resorted to. Injecting warm water into the
stomach and pumping it out again, and continuing this until vomiting
is produced or the poison thoroughly diluted, using a common India-
rubber stomach-pump, 7. e., a hollow ball with a perforated tube
attached, would be highly useful in all cases of poisoning by whatever
produced. This should be followed up by active aperient medicine.
Other plants besides laurel are suspected of poisoning sheep.

SORE FACE AND LIPS.

Sheep’s faces occasionally become quite sore when they are at
pasture in summer. It is attributed to the effect of St. John’s wort,
and to some others. It van be easily cured by the application of sul-
phur ointment, consisting of sulphur and lard. Swelled and sore lips
more frequently appear about the opening of winter, and the causes
are unknown. Sulphur ointment, mixed with a little tar, is a very
efficacious remedy.

OPHTHALMIA.

This disease is characterized by redness of eyes, intolerance of
light, and constant flow of tears. Bathe the eyes occasionally with
warm water, to which a little sulphate of zinc, has been added—a
drachm to a quart of water. A teaspoonful of landanum may also be
added with much benefit.

MODE OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES TO SHEEP.

Sheep medicines administered internally should be in a fluid form,
for otherwise they fall into the rumen or paunch, where taey do not
produce so much effect. Even fluids should be poured into the throat

552 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP.

with care and deliberation, or they are likely to take the same course.
It is common, as in the case of the horse, to give sheep medicine
through a horn. Some persons fasten their mouths open by means of
a bit of three-quarter-inch board, about two and a half inches wide by
four inches long, with an inch and a half hole through its center, and
a strap attached to each end. This piece of wood is placed in the
mouth so as to hold it fully distended, and is confined there by tying
the straps over the back of the head. By holding up the head of the
sheep and inserting a horn or tube through the hole in the wood, fluid
can be poured down the throat without difficulty. A probang can
more conveniently be inserted through the same aperture in case of
choking.

iN Dak Xk.

HORSE DEPARTMENT.

PAGE PAGE.

ABDOMEN, dropsy Of... --.95, 96 | CAPPED ELBOW, treatment .........01-0 121, 122
.Abdomen, injuries to........... ---96, 97 | Capped hock, treatment........ceecceeses-2000 121
Abraided wounds, treatment..........-..+.. 186 | Capped knee, treatment... =I 20) 128
Accidents and injuries ........ oe ----- 179 | Canker of foot, treatment... + 150, 151
Actions in COLiC......-.seeee+ ---83, 87 cabarets of an Bude aeostuessaeesteaceranee 39-41
PACHONS 11 DICTIFISY...0<0000--200-cssasacosurse 70 Jautery, actual benefits... 202-205
Actions in Alara ation of lungs....... 61, 62 | Castration of colts ........... «207-209
Actual cautery, benefits.............. 202-205 | Choke, high, treatment..........sceccsesceeees 52
Acute dysentery, treatment..... a 94 | Choke, low, treatment... 53, 54
Afterbirth, retained...-...scsecceesesereeeses 176 | Chewing bridles ............:ssceseeeereeeeers 268
Age of horse, determining.. 199-202 | Chronic inflammation of stomach......... 75
Altering carrying tail........-scccssessseeeeee 209 | Clicking, preventing .........-.--s-cesssssseere 273
Amaurosis, signs of...... ---d0, ot | Cocked ankles, treatment ........ceeceeeeess 124
MANDETICHTNTLOUETS ccn-scscecensessscssassseesse 219 | Cold, treatment Of..........--.-sseeeeeee sosees4e A)
Amount of toe-weights.......scsceserseeeees 240 | Colic, spasmodic, treatment ...........-.-- 82-86
Anatomy of foot........... ---129-133 | Colic, flatulent, treatment .........:.00.+-+- 86-89
Ankles, cocked.......- PAOCEECECERECCEEEL 124 | Colt, breaking trotting ....... sasonccesceses 28H!
Aphtha, treatment......ccccseeseeeee Sopsacoter 45 | Colt, breaking........--.-.....- ocho espero ats
Colts, diarrhoea 1N.--..2.00. ecesccescesces sed

BAD HABITS in COMtS...+-+eeceeeeeeeeees Sroccnece 257 | Colts, worms in....... + 97
Bad teeth, evils of .. +45, 46 | Converting pacers...-+++++ssssseseemeseesereeess 250
Nealicin py GAUGE) OL. -<<.<.-s0s022-cesasencecatesoee> 267 | Contraction of foot. ... ---- 138-143
Bighead, treatment.... --166, 167 | Construction of foot...... «129, 270
TPO OMMINAG CO fis-s0sn00ssnasceasnssaceonnss 188, 189 | Congestion, treatment. seeee2- 69-66
Bits for trotters, best..... --283-255 | Corns, treatment of..... --146-148
IVR DNCO ILS ner cassexsssressassccccccssssescosacs 260 | Cough, treatment...... --0-9D, D7
Bloody urine, treatment..........seseeeeee 172 | Cooling after a sweat secssecee 240
Bog spavin, treatment...-...-+.s22000++- 108; 109 | Cracks)in foot...........ccosee 144, 145
Bone spavin, treatment... --- 101-106 | Cracked heels, treatment...-.-+-++e+00-+-+-+- 196
Hor, ete alae Ween orcas ctaccenseonsenrentace 78 Cabvine, correcting......+++. ict ue

MAM CHIRCABESI Olicsss-2rceassceleesssrcscascorsss 25 urb, treatment of...... ow I]
Brees of poms history. ---216-226 | Cutting and brushing.......... corer cecrornana 252
reeding horses..-...---++0+++ -231, 232

Brushing and scalping «..--.-seeeseeeeeseeeee 251 | DETERMINING AGE «.---+eeeserees sesanncabssense 199
Breaking colts ........:se.cc.s.0<. --234, 255 | Descendants of Messenger .. 220
Bruise of sole «.....+.+..0+. COLO EEE EEO 148 | Descendants of Bashaw ........... . 223
Bruises, treatment of........ ponncoranocececeien 187 | Descendants of Justin Morgan « 221
Broken knees, treatment ... ----182, 183 | Dexter, how shod...........++. Bearecd 274
FSTOKEN) Witl(lexcececssseccccccces +++++--163, 164 | Diseases of the brain... 6 WE

US TINCHES OU LEO neveceescaccerssaccacnouraaeat ee 187 | Diseases of the eye ....... Secon
Button farcy, treatment, «..+++++++++4193, 194 | Diseases of the nostrils......seeeeeereee 46

554 INDEX.
PAGE
Diseases of the throat..-....- ancocaononcocecio 51 | Foaling, assistance in.....+++ssssseeeseee 175, ‘76
Diseases of lungs and chest... -- 60 | Foaling, diseases after......---..sssseseeeseer 176
Diseases of the stomach...-. 72 | Form of bits...-......-. «. 204
Diseases of the abdomen... 81 | Foot, construction of. -129, 270
Diseases of the limbs ....- 100 | Foot, contraction of.... 138-143
Diseases of the feet ...-........2ss00+ 125 | Foot, bad treatment Of...........ssecssesesseee TS2
- Diseases of the urinary organs -. 168 | Foot, hot bath for............. 133
Diseases of the female organs.. - 176 | Foot, prick of, treatment .. 187
Diseases of the male organs... 177 | Foot, pumice, treatment.........cceseesseeees 148
Diseases of the skin..-..-.....+++-- 190 | Founder, treatment of.... 134-13:
Diseases benefitted by ane: 205 | Frog, structure, Of........sssscesssesssserereeeees 133
Diaphragm, Eup eed ascoccasas 96
Diarrhea in colts .. ---- 95" (GALLS) NaYMeSS!a.c-+sasaesas>scccecacecesnecesseaeinleny
Discharge from Vagina, «..-++--seeeeeeeeeseeees 176 | Gastritis, treatment.. 73
Distemper, treatment .. -157-159 | General diseases -..... : 154
Distances to trot colts... f dedatiesavoecasecaseacace 237 | Glandsin cold...... 47
Doses of medicine for horses .. 210 | Glands in glanders...... ... 162
Doses of medicine for cattle.... 210 | Glanders, treatment......2--ceseseeeereeees 160-162
Doses of medicine for hogs... 210 | Gleet, nasal, treatment.........cceeeee-eeee- 49, 50
Doses of medicine for sheep. 210 | Goitre, treatment ...........+ . 54
Dropsy of abdomen.........-..-- -95, 96 | Graveled foot, treatment.. -- 148
Dropsy of scrotum..... -. 177 | Grain, overeating of......... sens 2s
Dysentery, treatment ----+e-seereeeeeeeeeeees 93-95 | Grease-heel, treatment.. 194-196
Grubs iniskin-cce.c-eseseecesesnscsacescdecteeeaee 197
Exzow, capped, treatment..........ee2-+++ 121
Enteritis, treatment........-. -90-93 | HALTERING A COLT...-ccereeee mocoeenens: 259, 260
Epilepsy, treatment... Sree 4S fl Roilirosoy ayn ibe feegeece amen ercecacaccacocsoo$ 264
Epizootic, treatment ..-----.- -155-157 | Hardening trotters......... Lee
Errors in training trotters.....-seeesseeee-- 246 | Harness galls, treatment... 186
Examining for bad eyes....--.--..see00+ + 34, 40 | Harness, care Of......-.-..0ssesserseseoenene-snes 278
Examining for spavin .... -.-103-105 | Heaves, symptoms of.. --163, 164
Examining for lameness.. ---- 126-128 | Heels, cracked...-..-...-s-secseseseceereene-see 196
Examining for heaves..... ------- 163 | Hereditary diseases..... 231
Examining tor age ...- -199-202 | Hidebound treatment... 197
Examining a NOTSC..-...-..seecccceceeeeeseeeees 276 | High cuoke, relieving. 52
Exercising trotting colts.. .... - 235 | History of breeds.....-....-.0.seceessecesn-neee 216
Exercising mature trotters... 238 | History of trotting families. 219-225
Byes, diseases of --- 30 | History of pacing element.. 225, 226
Eyes, hooks in............- -- 38 | History of early trotting....- 221-229
Eyes, inflammation of..... -30-39 | Hitching in gait, correcting... ..-.+.-++- 251
Byes, cataracts, spots in...-.............-.+. 39-41 | Hock, capped, treatment....- ema lit
Hopeful’s time to wagon... 228
FASTEST TIME IN TROTTING«....-++-se0+0e 227, 282 | Hooks in eyes..........--- see 38
Fat ul symptoms of bronchitis.. 68 Horse’ s age, to tell...... 199-202
Fatal symptoms of PIEUHEY = ss 71 | Horse’s foot, caring for..... -- 129-133
False quarter......-.....+ seaceeunacanesase 146 Hydrophobia, treatment. ...---ssreseeereeeee 188
Farcy, treatment ‘cf sores 160
Feeding while jogging..... 239 | INDIGESTION, treatment .......--+-+--+02e+- 75, 76
Feeding the trotting colt.... 234 Inflammation of eyes...... +30-309
Female organs, diseases of.. 176 | Inflammation of lungs Ae -60-63
Fear of articles, breaking..........sseecreeess 268 | Inflammation of stomach....+---+-:+++ee+ 3-75
Firing for diseases...........+- Inflammation of stomach, chronie......79, 7
Firing for spavins.... i
Fistulous withers... Inflammation of kidneys
PGE UN US Oe pemeetsene an ennieseees aoe cance eeeneeees Inflammation of intestines..-....-+.:++.++
Flatulent colic, treatment... -86-89 | Inflammation of testicles...
Flies, protecting from........ -- 214 | Inflammation of womb........
Foal, early treatment... 233 | Increase of trotters yearly...
Foal, weaning the.....seseseeceees +» 234 | Injuries to jaw...-......- ecoscehouenenseesseneseMmeeey

INDEX. 565
PAGE PAGE

Injuries to mouth........- sBagseaso ssssseeeeees 43 | Miscellaneous matters.. +198, 279
Injuries to abdomen... ...cceeseseeeeeseeeeeees 96 | Moon blindness......... 35
Influenza, treatment..........- --155, 157 | Morbid appetite .. ebay
Incised wounds, treatment .....----++2e82+ 185 | Mouth, injuries to.......-..... chorcea 283
Intestines, intro-susception ... 97 | Mouth, tender, remedy for........... soransce 213
Interfering, preventing.... 252, 273
MECH PreAtMeEN bese ssccre-bsacccscccdaceseecovecess TOTIONASAT PGT Coote eracclscccsearctescecesees 48, 50

Nailing on shoe ow. 273
Jaw, injuries to........... sce ao scheaenenacooce AS MeN ciccl OL YING eatcerefeeaeserecsanceserarmrasrene= 50
Jockey tricks 77, 104 | Navicular disease .. 138-143
Joints, open, treatment.. .--. 184 | Nephritis.... Bs 169-171
Jogging colts.........-.+ Be eccrastncceenecaceten 235 | Nose-bag, use eee -47, 50, 55
Jogging mature trotters........cseceeeeeserees 238 | Nostrils, diseases of...... sacctascccnetaccenreos
Jogging, feeding while ..........:.:sss:e000 239
Jumping, breaking Oliererseecentonsenctscceuces 268 | OLD HORSES, tO tell ............c.ceeeseeress pee

Ophthalmia, periodic. ++030-08
KEEPING TROTTERS IN CONDITION........- 246 | Ophthalmia, simple..........---..seeseeseeeeeee 39
Kicking in stall........0 pee -. 265 | Open joint, treatment...... 183, 184
Kicking while shoeing... . 265 | Optic nerve, paralysis of... 33, 34
Knee, capped, Begun ec east sitet 121 | Ossification of side bones..............seeeees 152
Knees, broken, treatinent.........-.scccssere 182 | Over-reach, treatment............2.ceeeee neers 152
Knee-sprung, treatment... 123 | Over-eating, treatment ...-...-.....-.-eeeee- 26-28
Knuckling, treatment... -- 124 | Over-driving, treatment. ee
RSTGE- ani ean Paeecseenenss seeuarecseveccecanesere - 253 | Owning her Colt, mare...........cssesesseeveee
LaAcERATED wouNDSs, treatment......-..++ 184 | PACER, CONVETTING -..--...scerecererensseenvees 250
MGAIT PAS VERCALIAEN trcnaseansacevonenlccatrcaaseess 44 | Paddlers, correcting... see 202
Lameness, locating... 126-128 | Paralysis, partial....... 5 SU
Laminitis, treating... 134-137 | Paralysis, complete. ss 834
A UMNNAT BIS; CHY OMICS -----<cess-sanrnccescurereee 138 | Paring the foot ....... -- 271
laryngitis. treatment.. --5d, 56 | Part second...........ce-0+-+- - 215
Lay ing off race tracks... 280, 281 | Parturition, assistance in... 175
Leucorrheea, imatinent eee) het ees 176 | Pawing in stall............... Ob
Legs, swelled, treatment... 122, 123 | Pink eye, treatment... Sas
Lice, treatment ec. ssses -- 197 | Pleurisy. treatment..... --69-71
Lockjaw, treatment..... -29, 30 | Pneumonia, treatmente«. --60-63
Low choke, treatment... .-53, 54 | Posterior irritation... - 99
Lungs, inflammation of.... ------ 60 | Poisoning, treatment. 73-75
Lymphangitis, treatment............... 122, 123 | Poll-evil, treatment............ .. 180

Preventing rubbing mane.. - 209
MALLENDERS, treatment. «.....-.seeeeeeseneee 196 | Prev enting rubbing tail:..... 99, 209
Male organs, "diseases of .. self fig Wala ela CO essessencece=ssncen caneias
Mane, rubbing the........ ---. 209 | Protecting from flies.. 214
Mane, to turn the. ..-. 209 | Purigo, treatment...... 192
Mane, to thicken... ---- 209 | Prick in shoeing...-... 187
Mange, treatment pe 190-192 | Profuse urinating..........---s-coccseeseeceeeees 173
Mare, when with foal.. .... 252 | Pumice foot, treatment .......... 144
Mare, care in foaling... 232, 200) Pullers i bits fOr=-.c-c-cns-macaenease se. 24
Mare, ow ning her colt. see, 200) | LUNCHUTIN GIN COlICs.-..1..-0sscese.cons-en+sse~ 89
Medicines for fevers.. rong, PAKY,
Meuicines to relieve pain rer 210 | QuarTER-cRACKs, treatment
Medicines to restore strength 210 | Quarter false, treatment........
Medicines to move bowels.-.... 211 | Quittor, treatment.............000ss.-0--+-
Medicines to check diarrheea.............+4 211
Medicines, doses Of.......e0ce0-+ 211 | Racs TRACKS, laying off......... Sioteeeet 280, 281
Medicines, to measure. 212 | Rarus’ fast time.............. soos As)
Medicines, to give....... 212 | Retention of urine. 174, 175
Megrims, treatment..... - 28} Retained afterbirth.... 221176
Mixed gaits, correcting............... seseeeeee 2Ol | Records, lowering of....... CEnsnicerencerRoceose 229

70

556 INDEX.

PAGE.
Records of trotting horses..........+++.+-+.-- 282 | Teeth at different ages... 199-208
RECONOIOMELOMGIUlvenesscssentnvcccasasceccere= 228 | Teeth, treatment of hada 45

Rheumatism, treatment... --119; 120 Tendons, sprains Of........0+.. 116, 117
Ringbone, treatment....... -.- 111-113 | Tender mouth, TEMEAY LON. .-cocenseeesacene 213
Ringworm, treatMent............s.ccsessseeee 193 | Test for lock jaw............... ne om e29)
Roaring, treatment... .. 59 | Test for bad ee ww. 34
Rowells, uses of...... eoe20 Yi] MLCSUNOT A TOANGL cewcasheccasecesseores poem tts)
RUMNING MWAY--+->-00s-cesssascerecacesertvesens 266 | Test for pees of lungs.. 61

Test for pleurisy.........-.c...-csssesssenccesece 70
SALLANDERS, treatment .....-..secceecereeeee 196) Lestior!Spavitisienc.cs---ectresreecseseeeeees 108-105
Sand-cracks, treatment... ---144-146 | Test for inflammation of bowels.......... 91
Scours in colts, treatment........-.-eeeeeeeeee 95 | Test for ruptured liver and spleen....... phe
CROLUMAM OOPS Oleeemcesserssceptcasessspecnes 177 | Testing the side bones............+. Feccoseeto | IF
Scratches, treatment...........+ .194-196 | Te sticles. swollen.. soins
Setons, uses and benefits of...............++ 206 | Thoroughpin, treatment 114, 115
Seedy toe, treatment............ L51y 152; |) Lhroat diseases) Ofes..cscc1.cosecosceressekesees 51
Sheath, swelling of.. += 1/78) || Nhroat.isore, treatmenterccss-csscceerecsaeates 58
Sheath, tumors on.. --- 178 | Thrush, treatment......... 149, 150
Sheddmmpiteethecescss-ccceesrosstooseencccweceses 200 | Thumps, treatment..... 79, 80
Shoe boil, treatment.. o0 122 | Toe-cracks, treatment.. -145, 146
SHOCINSNOTSEStase-se~ ene seccsneveccunenas aan 274 | Toe-weights, USS Of..........sssccesceeees- 247-252
Side bones, ossification...... slo.) LoOo)|) rend, treatmentrccsssceccestecsesstercedseeees 152
Single footing, correcting...........seece 251 | Trotting colt, breaking... 234-237
Sling for sick horses.......... . 213 | Trotting horse training... 237-246
Sole, bruise of, treatment... - 148 | Trotting Penynmances 227, 282
Sore throat, treatment...--. DS; LOM | nOULeNS IMChEASE! Olecscrscescdeeveesssacensacees 229
Spavin, bone, treatment...... 101-106 | Tumor on sheath ...........ececsceee toceuccatest 178
Spavin, articular, treatment:. --- 107, 108
Spivin, bog, treatment........ .--108, 109 | Urine. bloody, treatment........... once Ni
Sp.ism of urethra......... 174, 175 | Urine, retention of
Spism of diaphragm..........+ ..79, 80 | Urinating, profuse...
Spasmodie colic, treatment... -.82-86 | Uses of medicines.......00. sccrsscceseeees
Speeding the trotter............ --» 240
Speeiling the colt .. .. 235 | Vicrous HORSES, breaking....---..+--+- 261-263
Splints, treatment... -+-- 109-111
Sprains, treatment..........+ --116, 117 | WaGon, fastest time to......... Row snccenetine 228
Sporting terms, definition... meneee 200) | VAP ON COIS LO--nenssuceseneu-esststesenee ns 30, 261
Staggers, mad, blind.......... 26-28 | Wasting of muscles.........csssssccecesceesese 116
Stalls, building of......--...... - 277 | Warts on sheath........... . 178
Stomach, inflammation of. ..73-75 | Water farcy, treatment....-.....-s.ssssseenees 122
Strangles, treatment..-..-.... ... 157 | Weights, how to use..... «247-253
Strangulated cord.... -- 178 | Whip, in breaking... ..207, 258
Sun stroke, treatment.. -- 164166 | Wind-galls, treatment... --113, 114
Surfeit, treatment............. -193, 194 | Wind-sucking, CUring ...........seeees cosesenes 77
Sweating and scraping out sss. 242 | Withers, fistulous, treatment.....-....+-++: 181
Sweeny, treatment..........sseccccsesesseosers 116 | Wounds, treatment of............. 184-188

Womb, inflammation of... SSSQOOR CERES 176
TAIL, altering Carrying.......cscceseeceereseee 209 | Womb, discharges from... Sc 176
Tail, preventing rubbing. Worms in colts....-..-++« Secocenscnoce's 97-9
Tail, thickening the hair WOli-teethi---c-ccsssesssscsssncne Bercconencrtbasco | he

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.

After calving, Care..ccsccseceasseeees see B74

ABDOMEN, Ciseases Of.....-.ssssereseeeeeeeeees 362 | Alderney cattle....... 303

ADOLtiON 10 COWS sccrcccccccsvcccsnsscecssssess OTL | Anthrax GiSCASCS.s.cecssccsscsscsscccsncsuvesses GOD

: INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE,

Animals, delirious’........ sccccceseee Secaresel GOD)
Aphtha, contagious...... .. 384 | FEEDING DRY STALKS, evils Of ..........-0+- 365
Articles in the eye..... . 390 | Fever, milk, treatment........ «. BY4
Ayrshire cattle, history..........ssccccosses 350 | Fever, Texan, treatment... --- 380

Foot and mouth disease.......sssceeeeeeeeeeee 384
BELTED CATTLE, histOry........sceeseeeseeees 353
Before calving, care........+++ 273 GarGET, treatment... acuveeseds venseraeweysatees
Bladder, inflammation of. 371 | Generative organs, diseases of...
Black tongue, treatment.. 393 | Grubs in skin, treatment...........
Black leg, treatment....... 383 | Guernsey cattle... soe
Bloody urine, treatment.. 371
Bloody milk, treatment ....:... 375 | HEREFORD CATTLE...-....000 pocoeoctbeseaccece 353
Bloody murrain, treatment... 383 | History of breeds... 347
Bloating, treatment..............- . 362 | Holstein cattle.......... 353
Bowels, inflammation of..... 365 | Hooven, treatment......... =O 362
Breeds, history Of... ... 347 | Hydrothorax, treatment..........020se-0+++ 358
Bronchitis, treatment .......sscsscceseseceeeees 359

INFLAMMATION OF BLADDER «ssceseoesesesees 371
Car, removing dead .........006- siussesteets 372 a eniadion at bowels........-. oe
Care of cows before calving... . 373 arena g det epidemic - 385
Care of cows after calving...... 374 Ween of ae Het SR ASB cRDOO-CCIII9ICCCEC 370
Castrating calves........+-+0++ . 379 ieee OA ee Sacvetaceness 356
Catarrh, treatment Of...........006 260 padlemmetion of lungs, contagious........ 382
Catarrh, malignant, treatment.. * 36] vaeemmatien of third stomach............ 364
Cattle department -s...s...00.. Bite | 345 | Inflammation of womb.........+..++. meveseses OO
cane’ eee a JERSEY CATTLE, history of........ SEOCCEDORLE 353
Cattle, Belted..... 353 -
Cattle, Devon... oe | Ea ea
Cattle, Dutch.......... ee hg || ae ammation of...

Cattle, Short iste es * 347 illing: Lice On) Cattle <...2.c.-csecccescoosscaess
attle, Hereford ...... 354 a
Cattle, Holstein. 353 DEANS MILK, to stop ........ ceonerencannse 378
Cattle, Native....... 355 ree tack, trEAtMENt...seereesereeeerseesrerers 383
Choking, relieving.............000 369 ee soouune ogee Fy erebeoeoseces Sey
Chronic diarrhoea, treatment... 366 Tome intlammaton. Of....-+---- PCO CONG 356
Colic, spasmodic, treatment...... 368 | Lungs, contagious inflammation of....... 382

Common cold, treatment....... 360 M
Cows, Spaying ....ecesseseeseeee 397 AD STAGGERS, treatMeNnt....++.ss0seeeeeeee 364
Cows, kicking .......ssssssccsssesssseeecees, 388 | Malignant catarrh, treatment. 361

, Mammitis, treatment.............. 376
DEVON GATTLE:::cccscsccsssssccessece suosteeeveren ood A Sg Coen a ache au
Delirious animals... + 369 | Milk leaking to stop 378
Dead calf, removing........+.+ 372 | Milk stoppa euitrentiei ee Oe
Diseases of generative organs 370 | Milking qua ities of A rshire.. 351
Diseases of urinary organs....... 370 Miscellaneous Featicee: pian ‘ 387
Pees a Bete cae. oe Mouth and foot disease.......s.scsccsscseses 384

ASCs oe oO hl ,
eee, chronic, freutent os . 366 Dearest EYL OO Yacesttereresaerorserte ee
larrhoea, treatment.............00« . 366 “ * ot
Deyimurrin, treatment. snd INAMIL Va (GATT, (OL GIN =snncecss<eo-essseren ene 355
Dutch: cattle:.:....-ss.cce. --- 354 | OpsTRUCTION OF TEATucsoose Fra ese Oe 376
Dysentery, treatment..........sccseseccesssees 367 Ophthalmia, epidemic.......
Other diseases, treatment...
ENTERITIS, treatment ...........s0000 seenesece 365 | Over-eating, treatment......
pedersig pobbetaa, treatment.......... he Over-loaded paunch, treatment
WES TANTICICN I Micecatecarsctsastevercersece ose

Eyes, inflammation, epidemic...........-. - 385 | PARTURITION FEVER, treatment.

558 INDEX. :
PAGE. PAGE.

Peritonitis, treatMent......s.cccceeseeceeeeeees $69) |) Stoppage Of Milk. c.crsecccssencsauesnseseresae OG
Pleurisy, treatment .......secsereeeees .. 857 | Sore teats, treatment of. nostsesusTe ROTO
Pleuro-pneumonia, treatment... +» 382 | Sucking cows, breaking........ssseeseceeseeee 389
Pneumonia, treatMeEnt .....cccecceeee ceveee ss B06

TEATS, SOFe, treatMeENnt ......seersssessseesevee OLD
QUARTER EVIL, treatment ...c.eccceseeeeeees . 383 | Teats, obstruction in....... nie’ Fase evs!

Texan fever, treatment........seseeeeeee +e BD
Rep water, treatment 371 | Treatment before and after calving....... 373
Respiratory organs, diseases Of.....++-.++++ 356 | Tongue, black, treatment.-.++eeseseerees 383
Scours, treatment ......ceeeee sseseeesseasese 866 | URINE, bloody, treatment...
Scours in calves .. 368 | Urinary organs, diseases of..
Short Horn cattle, history of.. « 347
Spasmodic colic, treatment.... - 868 | WATER, red, treatment.......secccscesescseees LL
Spaying cows, operation for.. 389 | Warts, removing.......... . 379
Staggers, mad, treatment... 364 Worms, removing... . 370
Stomach, diseases of........ -. 862 | Womb, inflammation lk eee seeehore
Stomach, impaction of.............- weet eave 364

SWINE DEPARTMENT.

Enteritis, typhoid .. 452
ANTHRAX DISEASES, treatment .......-...+ 440 | Errors in breeding.. 442
Apoplexy, treatment.......... teeeves bceperbec 463 | Errors in feeding... 444

ESSCX SWINC....1eecreceeees Raeaeen cueseersase arene 437
BERKSHIRE SWINE ...+.-000e
Berkshire, red, swine.. . HIND-QUARTERS, Paralysis Of....-+++ee+ee0e01 462
Black tooth, facts about... Hog cholera, causes of.....-... - 440
Blind staggcrs, treatment. ELOGS) CAStYAUID Es seasseveacrscesereseceert pecans = 'K0)
Boars, castrating.........
Bowels, protrusion Of...........ssesereeeeeeees INFLAMMATION OF LUNGS..ssscssececceseseee, 407
Bowels, inflammation typhoid.. Intestinal worms, removing.
Breeds, VATIOUS..----...20sesere-enees . Itch, treatment........... aceneeeobo noe tracer
Breeding, CrrOrs it.........-ccesvecceseeseeeseees

JERSEY RED SWINE....++++ nenabaceserscaes sees 488
CASTRATING RIDGLING HOGS...seccceseeeeeee 470
Castrating hogs, hints about.... « 471 | Kipnry worms, treatment ...cccccseeeeess 460
Catarrh, treatment.........csseeeees - 458
Chester White swine... 436 | Licr, remedies for....
Cheshire swine.. oes 438 | Loss by hog cholera
Cholera, hog, causes 8 Of sss. 440
Cholera, hog, spreading of. .. 445 | MAGIE SWINE........cccsesassecess ee eesececssenese 435
Cholera, hog, prevention of... 446 | Malignant typhus fever......... 448
Cholera, hog, treatment of... - 447 | Malignant putrid sore throat 450
Constipation, treatment... - 460 | Mange, treatment of ...... senate -- 467
Cough, treatment.......secccccssereeseseeseess 497 | Miscellaneous diseaseS.......seeeeeeeeee eseees 462
DIARRHGA, treatMent....ccsecccccseersseceress 459 | OperaTIONs, directions for .....-.eceeererees 469
Diphtheria, treatment... eee 455
Diseases of bowels.......- - 459 | PALPITATION OF HEART... aneeoce a Peon 463
Diseases of stomach. - 459 | Paralysis of hind-quarters..... - 462
Diseases of throat and lungs.............++ 454 | Piles in hogs, treatment... - 461

EaTIn@ PIGS, preventing SOWS..+.+--. 468

Pneumonia, treatment...
Poland-China swine ...-+..+..++ eengeeenee Bs | 435

INDEX. 559
PAGE PAGE

Prevention of hog cholera......-..-++ ere 446 | Staggers, blind, treatment............++--e00 464
Protrusion of bowels in alse 462 | Strangles, treatment........... «-. 454
Putrid erysipelas.. - 448 | Suffolk swine............-- 437
Putrid sore throzt... hoShoc aan eASTenORCREneerecece 450

TuHumMps, treatment, ..........ceeeeeeeee aneentnen 463
QUINSY, treatMent.....rceccssecreeeees Speeapeee 454 | Tooth, black, treatment... -- 466

Treatment of hog cholera....... 447
RuevMatism, treatment..... SorptO0 eves 465 | Typhoid enteritis, treatment.. «+. 452
Ridgling hogs, castrating....2-ssceeeseeees 470 | Typhus fever, malignant...........+sse+s+++ 448
Scours IN PIGS, treatment ..-..---ssseererere ASO NPARTOUSUBREEDS oe tved-cars-chetexezecer sere soees 435
S.-rofulous diseases......--+++++ ---- 464 | Vermin, ridding Of............ccsssssseeereeeene 466
Sniffle disease in pigs..-- 458
Sore throat, malignant........- 450 | Worms, intestinal, removing ........-.+.0+8 461
Sows s eating pigs, preventing .. 468 | Worms, kidney, treatment ...........00+--+. 460
Spaying SOWS...............- . 469
Spreading of hog cholera. soe 445 | YORKSHIRE SWINE -.-cccccccscssecee esceveesses 400

SHEEP DEPARTMENT.

Ewes, fall feeding Of ...-.sccccsrssssssseeeeees O30
ABORTION iN CWE ceceescereesereeeeseesseeeeee 049 | Ewes, period of gestation ...... sees DOL
Administering medicines... ... 551 | Ewes, number ram serves... 531
Attention to HOrns «....-.ssereeeeeeeeeeseeees 529 | Eyes, inflammation of....... . 551
BLIND STAGGERS, treatment .....-....seseee 546 | Face, sore, and lips, treatment............ 551
Bloating from green food --- 550 | Fall feeding of lambs............++ + 530
Breeds, different......-..--.++ aancewanbescasecen 515 | Fali feeding of ewes -.. 53

Fall management....... - 53
CASTRATING LAMBS 526 | Feeding serving ram..........++0++ 531
Catarrh, treatment . 548 | Fever, parturient, treatment .... 549
Catching sheep, how done ...... 528 | Flocks, dividing in winter......... 532
Chilled lambs, care of...........--+ 524 | Food, amount consumed..... 534
Choking, to relieve FECA . 550 | Foot-rot, treatment ............ «<0 039
Climate for sheep, best.. 515 | French Merino sheep........-s.ss++++e0 serene 520
Colic, treatment of........ . 548
Constipation in lambs. 524 | GARGET, treatMent....-.-..--seeecereeseessees +» 525
Contrgious diseases.... . 537 | Gestation in ewe, period... se OBL
Cotswold sheep.. ...-....+ee-+++ se O17 | Giving medicines........-..-+...00+6 se DOL
Coupling ewes with ram .... ons Grub in the head, treatment... «» 045
Cutting hoofs, how done.... «+ 527 | Gullet, obstructions in ...--..s.-.eeeeseeeeeees 550
Cutting teeth, lambs........-.ccccsseseseeeeees 524

HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP ---eeseeeeeee seveeees 518
Driarrua@a in lambs, treatment... 524 | Head, grub in, relief for.... 545
Diarrhea in sheep, treatment... - 547 | Horns, attention to....... 529
Different breeds of sheep.......- -- 515 | Hoofs, cutting of...... 527
Disowning lambs, ewe.......- ---- 525 | Hoof-rot, treatment.. ese OOD
Dividing flocks, manner of .... 532 | Hoove, treatment..........-s.s.sssesccsesesceoes 590
Docking lambs, HOW tOler verses 526
Doing up wool, proper.... «es» 528 | INFANTADO SHEEP. «-.---.-esesceeees
Dysentery, treatment .........---.00+ saceseeas 547 | Inflamed eyes, treatment.. :

Tbe iireatimentissscssrecsep-ss sce scce ose aiewchnard 537
Ewes, after lambing.......c-essse0ee aeecdntece 525
Ewes, disowning lamb.....c.ccccseseesseeeeees 52D | KIND OF SHEEP fOr farMseereseeseeereeeeee 51D

560 INDEX.
PAGE. PAGR
Rheumatism in lamb8........seceeeeeeeeseeees 524
LAMBING, attention iM.........s.ccccrecsseesees Rot, hoof, foot, treatment........ssseeseeeeeee 539
Lambs, new-born, care of ues
Lambs, chilled, care of......... cate SALTING SHEEP......ecccccerccccsccccesscscens 580-533
Tea DS; (CUbtiMN Oo tCOtNarsscsnsecussceaenccesscauc Scab, treatment Of ......csccscesssseseesesscsnes 537
Lambs, stiff neck and rheuniatism....... 524 | Sheep for farm..:..........01ssessssecenee 515
Lambs, castrating and docking y Shearing ShEEp.......ceccseseessereseceseee 527
Lambs, fall feeding Shearing, storms after........ssseseseeee 529
Leicester sheep.....-.++ ask Shropshire Downs, sheep... . 518
TAN COlN SHEGP vsexvsocveceeccccnucetechasuxeesesae Silesian sheep «......cceseessees . 521
Soil for sheep...........20.ssseeseeeees . 515
MANAGEMENT Of SHEEP...-essereeeessceecereee 522 | Sore face and lips, treatment... . 51
Management of new-born lambs........... 523 | South Down sheep ...-..-.++-ss00 - 518
Maggots, exterminating ........ereereee 529 | Spring management ........... - 622
Medicines, to give ....-2..ssscesccecsscnreneeee 551 | Staggers, blind, treatment... 546
Merino sheep, Spanish.........-cseeseeseeees 519 | Stiff neck in lambs..........2.see00 524
Merino sheep, French ... -.. 520 | Stretches in sheep, treatment... - 548
Miscellaneous Ciseases....seccsseeseereseens 537 | Sturdy, treatment..............-...- vee 546
Summer ManageMent.....eeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeees 527
OpstRucTION in gullet... - 550
Ophthalmia, treatment ee DOL | TIcKs, destroying......cccssccrsssecssceccaessees 529
Oxfordshire sheep ..--.-+.+seeecesseseseesseeens 519
WASHING, time and MoOde.........eeseeeeeees 527
Panturrentifever, treatment........... 549 | Water and shade for sheep............ 530, 533
PHONONS OD seracceacasscneacceusace \Weamin® 1am b8.ccccaceseeseseacunaasneceansaenecs 530
Period of gestation in ewe Winter management......... 582
Poisoning, relief LOM ........ecerereceresvoeeese Winter sheltens-cesce-ssccaaneeiescsncnelineceaeas 532
Wool, Going Upsec.....cccccssscccsccahentcccasses 528
OAD COMP] ING tcccncveesccnustwecaccacnnesecccctse
Regularity in feeding... YARD fOr SHECPs...c-ccccsccccenscecsscscsnrascess 533

REMEQICSS tOVGLVG.ccarescescencccuscsececcencnccy 551

ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT.

Pucbl Ae DR EE DERS

WELL-BRED
PURE-BLOODED STOCK
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS

PERSONS AND FIRMS

HORSEMEN AND FARMERS

THROUGHOUT ‘THE UNITED STATES.

, .

my ey aE ietitibe, 6 aa ener ERY
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oa ——_— eSUREINGTON ROUTE, == -——

Cuicaco, BurLinctoneQUuINcy

RATOROAD.

The Favorite Trans-Continental Line of America.

Tue Cur GIVEN BELOW REPRESENTS AN INTERIOR VIEW OF THE C,, B.& Q.

rales = DINING = CARS

RUN ONLY BY THE

CHICACO, BURLINCTON & QUINCY R. R.

THROUGH TICKETS BAGGAGE CHECKED

BY THE
THROUCH
c.,B.& Q.R.R. To
DESTIWATIOCIY.
Can be
Purchased at any of the
+

PRINCIFAL
SEE THAT YOUR TICKET READS

RAILROAD OFFICES

VIA

The Burlington Route.

IN THE

UNITED STATES.

FIVE HUNDRED MILES OF STEEL TRACK

CHICAGO and OMAHA, THE ATLANTIC AND CHICAGO,

The Pacific Railroads between Omaha and the Pacific Ocean.

Direct Line from CHICAGO for all points in Missourt, KANsAs, NEBRASKA, TEXAS, ARIZONA, and CoLorapo
Superior Accommodations for all classes of travel. The closest attention paid by this line to every
thing that tends to make Traveling a Luxury instead of a Discomfort,

C., B. & Q. Drawinc Room Cars, with Horton's Reclining Chairs, FREE. PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPERS.

Correspondence asking for detailed information, will receive special attention by addressing any of our Agents, or

CO. V7. SMITE, Trafic Manager. TADLES R. K7OOD, Gen. Pass. Agt.
Chicago, ITllincis.

"HIOX MON ‘AJUNOD a8uvBlo “OsY ‘AOTAV, “H “¥ 4q pPOUMO “UOTTRIS WeImOjO[qurIeyy

‘VaInoTa

ae E
MAUL AAT Mir:

A. H. Taylors Central Valley Stock Farm, Rrange County, N.Y.

HOME OF

FLORIDA

THE PURE-BRED HAMBLEVPONIAN STALIION.

We offer Florida to the breeding public as the purest bred Hambletonian stallion in the world, as he unites in
himself the blood of the Old Horse and his renowned son, Volunteer, and showing in his outward conformation
unmistakable traits of the great Bellfounder, from whom Rysdyk’s Hambletonian derived his most valuable
qualities. Florida’s breeding is attracting the attention of progressive breeders all over the country, and gentlemen
interested in the breeding of fine horses. Wherever he has been shown, horsemen have flocked to see him, and there
are very few breeders in America who have not visited him at his home in Central Valley, Orange county, N. Y.

Florida was sired by Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, and his dam, ‘‘ Florida Maid,"’ was sired by Volunteer, the great
son of Hambletonian; second dam by the Welling Hambletonian; he by Hambletonian, dam by Shark.

Florida's colts are all remarkable for their kindness of disposition, purity of gait, and lasting qualities, and
although still young, many of them are showing great speed. Nearly all his sons of sufficient age have been placed
in the stud, and are owned in England. New York, New Jersey, Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin. Indiana. Illinois,
and Colorado. Several of his sons will be on exhibition at the stable with Florida, in Chicago, during the season.
His colts from any mare are all like him in form, disposition, and style of going, proving him to be an impressive
sire. This result is attributable to his purity of blood, resulting from his close inbreeding. Florida is a rosewood
bay, with black points; is 15%4 hands, and weighs 1,150 pounds. His gait has been the theme of admiration by
eyery one who has seen him moye. His stride has been measured at 22 feet. He is a horse of wonderful power,
and being in a natural condition is a sure foal getter.

Florida will stand for the season of 1879 and 1880 at Little’s Stables, in the alley between Monroe and Adams,
Clark and Dearborn Streets, Chicago, Illinois.

TERMS:—$100 FOR THE SEASON,

ONE-HALF PAYABLE AT TIME OF SERVICE, AND THE BALANCE TO BE SECURED BY NOTE, PAYABLE WHEN
MARE PROVES WITH FOAL,

Mares froma distance shipped to my care will be received at any depot in Chicago and well cared for at
moderate rates. ADDRESS,

J GHEE, laa eanjepel-
176 Monroe Street, Chicago, Ill., or Central Valley, Orange Co., N. Y.

[i
=

KEOKUK NORTHERN

PACED COmMPAWw TZ.

aoe. ce

DAILY LINE OF FINE SIDE WHEEL PASSENGER STEAMERS BETWEEN
St. Tuouis, Eianibal, Quincy and Feclul.

Close connections made with all Railroads, and Through Tickets sold.

—

Passenger and Freight Rates Always Lower than via Any Other Route.

FAST COMMODIOUS PACKETS TRI-WEEKLY

BETWEEN

St. Louis, St. Paul, Minneapclis and Intermediate Points,

FR.
={ SUMMER EXCURSION RATES (©
TO

Minnesota S WIsconsIN LEASURE JRESORTS

At Very Low Figures.

Through Bills Lading on all Freight to all Points,
Great Care and Attention Given to Live Stock Shipments.

Every year a neat Book is published by the Company, giving reliable information concerning the Upper Missis-
sippi and Pleasure Resorts. Fora copy, and for general information, rates, etc., address,
James A. Iuyon,

Gen’l Pass. and Ticket Agent,
St. Louis, Mo.

These Steamers afford views of the Finest Scenery in America.

——_—) TH RHE (——+
(ZREAT CITIES oF tee UV EST

KANSAS CITY

‘HAHLADO], GaXNIT

CHICAGO AND ALTON RAILROAD

THE ENTIRE TRAINS, CONSISTING OF AN ENTIRELY NEW AND SUPERIOR EQUIPMENT OF BAGGAGE
CARS, DAY CARS, SMOKING CARS, PALACE RECLINING CHAIR CARS, AND PULLMAN
PALACE SLEEPING CARS, RUN THROUGH DIRECT, WITHOUT
CHANGE FROM

CHICAGO TO KANSAS CITY,
CHICAGO TO ST. LOUIS, anp
ST. LOUIS TO KANSAS CITY.

Union Depots in Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City.

NO Change of CHICAGO and KANSAS CITY, CHICAGO and ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO
Cars of any and PEORIA, ST. LOUIS and KANSAS CITY, ST. LOUIS and QUINCY
Class between and KEOKUK, and ST. LOUIS and PEKIN and PEORIA..

The Best and Quickest Route from Chicago to

MEMPHIS, MOBILE, NEW ORLEANS AND ALL POINTS SOUTH via ST. LOUIS.

The Short Line to MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, KANSAS and TEXAS.
Great Excursion Route between the North and South, and to Kansas Lands, and Colorado Health Resorts, and Mining Districts

Meals in Palace Dining Cars 75 cents.

For Tickets and Information apply at any Coupon Ticket Office in the United States and Canada, or to
JAMES CIZTARUTOWNW,
GENERAL PASSENGER AND TICKET AGENT,
Corner Dearborn and Adams Sts., Chicago

Barn of T. L. Miter, Beecher, Illinois, Breeder of HEREFORD CATTLE, COTSWOLD SHEEP. and BERKSHIRE PIcs

HIGHLAND STOCK FARM

OF

talks MILLER BEECHER, ILL.

40 MILES SOUTH OF CHICAGO. ON C. anpD EASTERN ILL. RAILROAD.

Hereford Cattle,
Cotswold Sheep,
Berkshire Pigs,

ALL OF THE

Cae nea SLTRAINs:

It is the aim, at the ‘“‘ Highland Stock Farm,” to produce the best. In the three departments of CATTLE, SHEEP,
and Ho6s, each has a competent herdsman or shepherd, whose sole business it is to attend to his special charge:
while the whole is under the most competent and thorough superintendence, so that every detail pertaining to
these extensive operations is watched and cared for as closely as though there was but one department, and that of
much smaller dimensions.

While it has been the aim to avoid extravagant expenditure, every pains, at the same time, has been taken to
have the best of each kind, and the most perfect arrangements for handling the stock of the farm.

The farm is, in the highest sense, a BREEDING farm, and the stock for sale is sold for BREEDING purposes. The
aim is, to produce, in each department, the best specimens of their kind; having regard also to economy of produc-
tion and value of product. The stock has not been selected because it was or was not popular or fashionable;
such advantages are merely temporary.

THE CATTLE DEPARTMENT

was stocked with the breed known as the HEREFORDS, because from this breed, whether as grazers or feeders,
the largest returns would be given for the care bestowed on them and the food consumed, and because of their
maturing early, and the high market value of their products. In these points they cannot be excelled.

THE SHEEP DEPARTMENT.

In selecting the kind of sheep that I should breed, I could could come to no other conclusion, from all the
information that I could obtain, than that the COTSWOLDS came the nearest to being the best general purpose
sheep for this country; but on this point, considered in relation togheir product of wool and mutton, there is room
for a wider range of choice than in cattle. As to economy of production and yalue of product they rank high.

THE HOG DEPARTMENT.

While there is, perhaps, a wider range of opinion respecting hogs than cattle or sheep, still there is room for the
exercise of sound judgment in selecting the breed of hogs that shall prove the best grazers and feeders, and the
best market hogs. In making my selection for the ‘‘ Highland Stock Farm," 1 chose the BERKSHIRES; and
in this I have not endeavored to follow fashion, but have selected from the best breeders in England and this
country—a Berkshire of good size, good bone, and good constitution—and we shall so continue to couple and breed
as to reproduce these qualities. The chief cause of hog cholera, pneumonia, and kindred diseases, come from in-
and-in breeding, which produces loss of constitution and opens the way for all other losses. Itis the aim, in the
See ey to produce a hog that shall help to remove these troubles. See 2d and 3d volumes of the

rkshire Record.

THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS BOOK OF HEREFORD BULL AND Cow, COTSWOLD SHEEP AND BERKSHIRE HoGs aRE
TAKEN FROM ANIMALS OWNED By T. L. MILLER.

ORCAN

BEAT T Y ElANe

=

$340 Parlor Organ For $85.

5 Octaves, 13 Stops, 2 Knec Swells.

This Deaut'ful Piano Upright Cabinet or Parlor Organ
(ike ext.) New Siyie No. 1485. Upright Bellows, with im-
menso power, Hinged Lamp Stands outot sight when not
in use. Beatty’s Improved Knee Swell, and Beatty’s New
Excelsior Grand Organ Knee Swell. Magnificent highly filn-
ished Black Walnut Case, and Elegant French Vencered
Panels, All late iinprovemer Weight, when boxed, 300
Ibs. Regular Retall Price aske | forsueh an Instrument by the
Monopolist’s Arents abont $340.00 J will sell this Beant*ful
Organ foro. limited period inorder to baye it introduced, box-
ed and del.vered on Cers,

For Only $85.

Pay for the Instrument only after you have fully tested it at
presented, retu

@ most suc-
n America. More ursolietted testimonials
than any manufacturer. Ihave extended my sales now
over the entire world. The sunshines no where but it lights
my Instruments. Since my recentreturnfrom an extended
tour through the Continent of Europe, I am more deter-
minced than everthat nocity, town or village throughout
thecntire civilized worldshall be unrepresented by my ccl-
ebrated instruments. New Pianos, $125, $135, $145 and up-
ware of imitations! My greatsuccess has brought
ence hundreds of irresponsible imitators. Be-

the best! But avoid the monopolists and irre-

xi
ware! Bu 1
sponsible houses. [lustrated Newspaper with much tafor
mation about cost of Pianos and Organs free.

i
He

ORCAN(I”)PIANO
ronmmmmemmonsas \1107|. / gegen
$1,000 Piano Only $255.

Three-String Grand Square Piano.

BEATTY ELANOiicass
' ames S1y!c No. 023.
Magnificent Rosewood Case. iegantiy finshed. Three
Btrinzs. Weight when bo:ed, over 10001bs, Seven and one-
third octaves. Fullagrafe szale. Rosewood ease,allround
corners, beautifal carved logs and lyre, heavy serpentine
and top mouldingsallaround the case, back finished same
asfront. New serpentine, with Beatty’s very latest fcll
fron frames, bars and extra braces, improved new scale,
overstrung base, French grand action, fret desk, carved

edal, solid rosewood mouldings,ivory key fronts, capped

ammners, agraie treble, and every Improvement which
can in any way tend to the perfection of the instrument
has beenadded, This instrument is a magnificent Piano-
forte. ta7This offer may appear fabulous, but Imeanevery
word of it. Itis a speclal ofcr, more liberal than any other
manufacturer can safe!y make onan instrumentcontain’rg
the samo superior qual ties, and were it not that I do busi-
ness on astrictly eash basl;, I would not be justifed inmak-
ingit. In presenting this instrument to the world at this
yery low price, [ do so withaneye to the future, knowing
thatitsintroductionintoany locality will result in making
many sales, Itsstyle must be admired and its intrinsic
qualities highly endorsed.

Fully Warranted for Six Years.

Sent on h-lf month test-trial. No money required until the
Piano is fully tested at your own home. I want this beau-
tiful Piano more generally introduced, hence this unpar-
alleled offer. Order at once, as every Piano when intro-
duced in a new locality scl!s others, eallknowa good
article is a standing advertisement. Regular retail price
asked forsuch anins‘rum=nt by the monopolists’ agents, about
$2,000 geri wl! sell this magnificent Piano, boxed and de«
livered on board cars, to the readers of this paper, In order te
have It more generally introduced,

FOR ONLY $255.

* Forward your order by letter or telegraph and theinstru-
ment will be shipped atonce. No money required until the
Piano is fully tested at your own home. If in any way un-
satisfactory you are under no obligation whateverto keep
it, a3 I will cheerfullytake it back and pay freight charges
both ways. t@ New Parlor Organs $55, $75, $85, to $440,
Latest Illustrated Newspaper, with much information
®bout cost of Pianos and Organs sent trea

A FEW TESTIMONIALS.

For an extensive list from thousands who are using my instruments, see my ‘‘Advertiser.”’

V. Snyder, Esq., Banker, Mowenqua, IIL, writes: ‘‘ Enclosed find draft in payment of Piano.
Later—" I have had my Piano for a year-and am en-

tested, and I am satisfied.

It is all that is claimed forit.”’

It has been

tirely satisfied with it, and convinced that I secured a bargain."

F. M. Webster, Attorney at Law, Newport, Ky. writes: ‘‘The reports are in. My daughters are highly
pleased with the two Pianos you have furnished us. For your frank and square dealing, please accept my thanks.”
After nearly a year’s use.—'' The two Pianos 1 purchased from Mr: Beatty are entirely satisfactory.”

J. Keiser, Winnemac, Ind., writes: ‘‘The Organ arrived to-day. I am very favorably impressed with it.
The tone and style I like very much, and all my friends are delighted with it.’ After nearly two year’s use.—
“ The Organ is yet ‘A No. 1,’ and I would not take for it to-day what it cost me, if I could not get another.”

L. F. Knowles, P.M., Nevinsville, Iowa, writes: ‘‘ The Organ is perfectly satisfactory, and is a good instru-
ment.” Later—‘: The Golden Tongue Organ purchased by me of Daniel F. Beatty, over a year ago, has proven *A
No. 1’ in every respect, and just as was represented, and further found Beatty to be all rightand todo as he agreed to.”

Addrace DANIEL F. BEATTY. Washington, New Jersey.

Do You Want to Buy?

WeLt-Brep Horses, Butts, Cows, Etc.

FROM THE BEST BREEDING FARMS IN THIS COUNTRY.

WARRANTED ACCORDING TO PEDIGREE.

Do You Want to Sell?

We sell Blooded Stock on commission. We buy Promising Young
Florses suttable for Gentleman's Drivers or Pole Teams.
Must be fair size, sound, with show of speed.

Correspondence solicited.

Seu ROI yA hale
Live-Stock Medicine Chest

PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR

THE FARMER AND BREEDER.

TWENTY-FOUR REMEDIES IN A NEAT CASE SUFFICIENT FOR ANY EMER-
GENCY. LABELED AND NUMBERED TO PREVENT MISTAKES.
ANYONE CAN USE IT IN CONNECTION
WITH THIS BOOK.

PRICE ONLY FIVE DOLLARS.

Address Live Stock Publishing Co, 69 Dearborn St, Chicago, Illinois.

“AULTMAN-TAYLOR,

THE STANDARD THRESHER OF THE VIBRATOR CLASS,

LIGHTEST RUNNING, THE LEADING
SIMPLEST FARM

ENGINE

AT PRESENT

BUILT IN AMERICA.

MOST DURABLE
HORSE POWER

IN USE,

Engine, as may be desired.
We recommend all our goods as being, at present, the
standard of excellence for the world in

THRESHING MACHINERY.

A full warranty placed on everything we sell.

IWASFATTENEO ON FARMER SHIFILESS
ENDLESS APRON STRAW STRCK AND THE
BALANGEOF THEBROOD WERE SOLD FOR TURKIES

4pADE MARK
POTENTED

5

] At a very small additional expense. we furnish our

Allonas Clover-Hulling Attachment

making every ‘‘Aultman-Taylor”’ Thresher the best Clover

Ws Huller in use. Their work is the admiration of success-

N\ A ful Threshermen in Wheat, Oats, Rye, Barley, Timothy,
ere Flax, Millet, Orchard Clover, Rice and Beans.

VO DELAY
FOR BREAKAGE.

GRAIN SAVING,

MONEY MAKING.
TRIFLING EXPENSE

TIME SAVING.
TIME SAVING FOR REPAIRS.

MADE ONLY BY

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR COMPANY, MANSFIELD, OHIO.

ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLETS,

describing our goods, sent to all who write to the Aultman
& Taylor Company, Mansfield, Ohio.

N. B.—Sir Joshua Reynolds, the painter, once said
he would paint ‘‘Folly’’ as a boy climbing a high fence,
having an open gate right at his side. Had the great artist
lived to this day, he would have painted folly asa thresher-

BOUGHT ANENQLESS APRON THRESHERBICAUSE
THEY SOU IT CHEAPTHE FIGURES MAKE ME, WONDER +
WHICH WAS SOLOTHE MACHIHEOR JOHNNY.GREEN

{BOUGHTAN AULTMAN: TAYLOR THRESHER MY
CUSTOMERS AREDELICHTED: MY POCKET BOOK 1s
SAR0NDED-AND MY/HORSESFATAS BUTTER,

man buying any other class of threshing machinery, when
he could get “‘AuLTMAN-TayYLorR” goods.
Parties answering this advertisement will please mention this book,

(Wn
i

[oe

fh EADOWARTERS

STIINGNIM daMOd

LEACH 20-FT. ~PowER WINDMILLS

as used for Grinding Grain and Running other Machinery for General Farm Use.
THEY ARE SAFE IN THE HIGHEST WIND, and will govern as carefully as a Steam Engine.
Address for Price List and Illustrated Catalogue,

eacn VWiInpMin. Co. Jonirr, ler

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WOODBURN FARM

THOROUGH-BRED HORSES

WILL BE SOLD ONLY AS YEARLINGS AT THE

Woodburn « Annual * Sale.

JUNE EIGHTEENTH.
TROTTING HORSES, or various AGEs,
SHORT-HORNED CATTLE,
SOUTHDOWN SHEEP, anp
SHETLAND PONIES

FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES.
VISITORS CAN EXAMINE THE STOCK ON WEEK DAYS.

A. J. ALEXANDETS

Address L. BRODHEAD, Agent, Spring Station, Woodford County, Ky.

C. M. MosEMan & Bro.

IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF ALL

Specialties = Horse and Stable

ROAD AND TRACK HARNESS,
KNEE, SHIN, ANKLE, WEIGHT, AND ALL OTHER BOOTS,
FINE DRESS AND WORKING SUITS OF CLOTHING,
SWEAT AND COOLING BLANKETS AND HOODS,
RACING AND RIDING SADDLES,
ALL OTHER ARTICLES NEEDED IN FIRST-CLASS ESTABLISHMENTS.

ALSO SOLE AGENTS FOR

BAKER'S HOOF LINIMENT, soc per bottle. GRIFFIN’S TOE AND SIDE WEIGHTS, $3 a pair.
BREWSTER'S PAT. BITTING HARNESS, $20. HARRIS’ ENG. LIQ. HARNESS DRESSING, 7sc a Jar.
CARLETON'’'S UPPER JAW BIT, $s. KENDALL'S CURE FOR SPAVIN, §1 per bottle.
CLARK’S CLIPPING MACHINE PERFORATED HARNESS PADS.

DERBY BANDAGES, $2-per Set of Four. TALCOTT’S CURE ror SCRATCHES, s50c, $1.25 per Bot.
GEDNEY’ PATENT MUZZLE, $s. WILDER’S CONSTITUTION POWDERS. soc.

GOING'S WORM POWDERS, $1: per Box.
MOSEMAN’S NEATSFOOT OIL HARNESS SOAP, Pure and Good, 25c. a Cake.

No. 128 CHAMBERS ST., NEW YORK.

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