Slihrara Imurratlg of fxttBhm *T>arlington Memorial Lihn> OIlaBB S9/± -.:. %(] ak ~.U '2r'3. „..l-^...:.. jeei S414 f^Q f i ^ C^ V w >..^4 ^ ^ ^.^. S>J KV5, <^^ 60. Price 35 Cent§. NXTMiBER SEVElSr. c^' •^jjr\? THE ILLUSTRATED ^d OF L<^ RURAL AFFAIRS, ^ FOR 1861. I .^ One Hundred and Forty Engravings. r^^ ^1 ALBAIVY: LUTHER TUCKER & SON. . /f 1861. ^''^■ X'C^^ '^^ i- — -r» Ko^m<^ // I ' *.*'■ .^!^y \^ Record, Impart, AND ILLUSTRATE THE BEST PRACTICE; TO Advancement Rural Economy RURAL taste; TO IMPROVE THB Soil and the Mind. The Country Grentleman — ^^Weekly. The CoDNTRr Gentleman was commenced in 1853. The Variety, Soundness and Practi- cal nature of its contents, not less than the strictly National character of its circulation, have rendered it the favorite authority of the Best Farmers in all parts of the country, and the repository of the most valuable results of their Experience. No expense or pains have been, or will be, spared by its Editors or Publishers, to place it beyond competition in the extent and interest of its Correspondence, Domestic and Foreign ; in its Illustrations and general Typographical Execution. Containing from week to week, in their season, more or less upon all of the following wide range of subjects, it is offered with confidence as furnishing A Complete Manual for every Country Resident : I. Practical Field Husbandry: all the VL Rural Architecture— Domestic Econ- Crops and Processes of Improved Farming. II. Domestic Animals : Breeds, Diseases, Fattening and Management. IIL The Dairy : Butter and Cheese— the Poultry-Yard and the Apiary. IV. Horticulture: Fruits and Fruit Trees ; Landscape Gardening •Arboriculture. V. Kitchen and Flower Gardbninq : all Edible and Ornamental Plants. o.MY — Entomology— Botany. VIL Progress of Agriculture : Sales and Shows ; New Implements and Inv,en- tions. VIIL The Fireside : Travels ; Nat. History ; Home Embellishment and Comfort. IX. Record of the Times : State of the Crops ; News at Home and Abroad. X Farm Product Markets : Albany, New- York and Boston Prices. New Volumes begin with January and July in each year — Published in "Weekly Numbers of 16 quarto pages— $2 per annum. Subscriptions may commence at any time — $2.50 when not paid in advance. Club Prices : Three Copies for $5 ; Five Copies for $8 ; Ten for $15. LiUTHSR TUCKER > 1 > J > « By J. J. THOMAS, AUTHOR OF THE "AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST," AND "FARM IMPLEMENTSJ*". • ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF THE " COONTRT GKNTLBMAV" AND " CDLTIVATOR." «•« ALBANY, N. T. LUTHER TUCKER & SON, 397 BROADWAY. NEW- YORK : SAXTON & BARKER, 25 PARK ROW. 1861. ^4// 9^^. K -^-^v %^ PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISETviKNT. # Thb Illustrated Anhcal Rkoistkr or Rural Affairs is issued in ndvanca of tho commencement of each year, and is designed to preeent, together with the usual Calendar pages of an Almanac, an Illustrated Record of the Agricultural and Hor- ticultural Progress of the times, in a convenient and attractive form, and so treated as to convey the most practical infokmation upon Rural Subjects, that can be condensed within its allotted compass. In presenting to the public the Seventh Number, for 1861, the Publishers may call attention to the opening article on Workinombn's Cottages, as nearly all original, both in its Designs, Descriptions, and Illustrations, and as calculated to advance the Farmer'ffinteresls by divesting farm labor of its usual inconveniences ; the hints that follow on Latino out Grounds will doubtless prove useful to many, and the descrip- tions of Nbw Agricultural Implements point out several valuable auxiliaries in fdXra operations. The Chj^pter on Weeds will be found to contain descriptions of ma* cy of the most troublesome of these intruders, in simple and distinct language, with accurate portraits, and the best modes yet discovered for their extirpation. The comprehensive article on Poultry, from the pen of one of the best American wri- ters on this subject, embraces more in relation to the different Breeds, and the general management of Domestic Fowls, than has probably ever before been pre- sented within similar compass. The Horticultural Articles, — on Plums, Dwarf Pears, Strawberries, Green House Structures, Ward Cases, Training Roses, Sec, all amply and beautifully illustrated, cannot fail to be acceptable ; while many valuable hints on General Farm Management and Fruit Culture, Feeding Cattle, Constructing Filters, Domestic Economy, &o., constitute the remainder of the ifumber. Two years since, a List of the principal Nurseries of the United States, Canada rftnd Europe, the most complete one of the kind that had then appeared, with Des- criptive Notes and Illustrations, was given in the Register, gathered from an ex- t'eVisive correspondence, and wholly original matter. Several lists have since appeared in other publications, (some copying freely from the Annual Register without indicating the source of the information,) and it therefore appears hardly necessary at present to devote farther space to this purpose. The contents of the successive Numbers of the Annual Rboistir are continuous in character, although each forms a separate and distinct work in itself. Either of the previous Numbers may at any time be had by enclosing 25 cents to the Pub- lishers, Luther Tucker &. Son, at Albany, N. Y. The Six Numbers are also issued i^ Two Volumes, printed upon larger paper of very superior quality, with the qmission of Calendar p.iges and Advertisements, and with new and full Indexes — price $1 each, sold separately or together as may be desired. These Two Volumes contain no lees than 886 Illustrations, and no others are known, devoted to Rural ^.rrJiiRS, equally comprehensive in design and complete in exocution, offered ai so low a price. i ^^c^— ^c:^=— rNX>B:x OF NO. 7, FOR isei. VJ V L Pape. Agricultural Implements, 110 Apples for Illinois, 120 April, Hints for 12 Aquarium. 51 Aquatic Fowl House 73 Astronomical Calculations, 9 — 20 August, Hints for 16 Beef, How to Cure 122 Uutf er, Requisites for Good, 124 Butter. Restoring Tainted 124 Calendar I'ages 9—20 Carrots, Culture of, 123 Cattle, Rules for Feeding 116 Cattle. Bean Meal for, 117 Cattle, Calculating for in Winter, 117 Cattle, Importance of Good Feeding, 117 Cattle, Com Fodder for, 118 Cattle, Cutting Food for 11« Cattle, Importance of Shelter for, 118 Cattle. Rules for Estimating Feed of, 117 Cattle Food. Nutritive Value of, 118 Cisterns, Filtering 106 Cl« vises for llows Ill Com, Preserving for Winter Use 122 Corn Husker, Best 123 Cottages for Farm Laborers, 21 Cottage No. 1 22 Cottage No. 2 23 Cottage No. 3, 24 Cottage No. 4 2n Cottage No. .5 26 Cx>ttiige No. 6 26 Cows, Pumpkins for 124 Cows, Remedy for Kicking 124 Crops, Rotation of, 123 Cultivator. Alden's. 115 Currant, The Cherry 119 December. Hints for 20 Domestic K.conomy, 121 Duration of the Seasons, 8 Eclipses for 1861 7 Fanning and Assorting Machine 113 Farn)ing. Profits of. lOo Farms, Laying Out. 31 Februnry. Hints for 10 Feeding Hopper for Poultry 81 Filters and Filtt-ring Cisterns 106 Fruit, How to Obtain in New Places, ,51 Fruit, Preserving in Cans, 122 Fruits and Fruit Culture 119 Fruits. Winter Protection for Tender 120 Fruit Trees, Best Time to Manure 120 Fruit Trees, Winter Mulching for 120 Glass, Translucent Paint for, 51 Page. Glass Structures for Plants, 46 Grapevines, Trellis for, 120 Grounds, Laying Out 29 Horses. Bruising Oats for 109 Houses, Cottage, 22—26 Houses. Poultry 71—75 Indian Corn, Shrinkage of in Drying, 115 Ink, Cheap and Excellent , 121 January. Hints for 9 July, Hints for 15 June, Hints for 14 Laying Out Grounds, 29 March, Hints for 11 May. Hints for, 13 Milking, Regularity in 124 Morning and Evening Stars, 8 November, Hints for 19 Nutting's Fanning Machine 114 October, Hints for 18 Oats, Bruising tor Horses, 109 Orchards in Illinois, 120 Pear Tree, Dwarf. 45 Pears for General Cultivation, 119 Pears, Pruning Dwarf, 43 Plans of G rounds 29 Plants, Cold Pits for. 46 Plants, Conservative Pit for, 47 Plants. Ward Cases for 49 I'low, Holl)rook's Univei-sal, 110 Plow Clevi.«es Ill Plow Wheels. 113 Plums, A Basket of, 35 Pluniis, Bradshaw, Wangenheim and Go- liath 36 Plums, Lucombe's Nonsuch and Fellen- bergh 38 Plums. Nectarine and Royal Tours 40 Plums, Nelson's Victory and Sharp's Em- peror 35 Plums, Pond's Seedling and Purple Gage, 39 Plums. Prince Englebert and Prince's Yellow Gage ; 40 Plums, Victoria and Peter's Yellow Gage, 37 Poultry, Aquatic House for 73 Asiatic Fowls 57 lianki va Jungle Fowl, 55 Bantains 67 Bolton Greys 63 Crested Fowls, 66 Diseases of, 81 Dorkings 60 Dominique Fowls, 61 Feeding Hopper for, 81 Game Fowls, , 64 IV INDEX. Page. Poultry, Golden Chittagongs, 58 Golden Spangled Hamburghs, 62 Great Malay Fowls, 55 Hamburgh Fowls, 65 Houses for 71, 73,74, 75 Leghorn Fowls 64 Management of, 70 Model House for 74 Octagon House for, , 75 Origin of Domestic 53 Ostrich Fowls 59 Pens and Coops for, 77 Rustic House for, 73 Secret Nests for, 77 Varieties of, &c 53 White-Faced Spanish, 56 "Winter House for 71 Pumpkins for Milch Cows, 124 Roses, Pruning and Training, 32 Rotation of Crops 123 September, Hints for, 17 Seeding, Drill vs. Broadcast, 123 Soap, How to Make, 122 Stains, How to Remove 121 Page. Strawberries, Burr's New Pine and Tri- omphe de Gand 41 Brighton Pine and Hooker, 41 Crimson Cone, 43 Culture of, 119 Iowa and Jenny Lind, 42 Moyamensing and Prince's Mag- nate 42 Notes on, 41 Scott's Seedling and Trollope's Vic- toria, 42 Wilson's Albany Seedling 42 Structures for Green-House Plants, .... 46 Tile for Drainage, Best Form of. 123 TideTable 8 Tomatoes. Sweet Pickled 122 Translucent Paint for Glass 51 Ward Cases for Plants, 49 Weeds and their Destruction 83 Weeds. Annual and Biennial, 85 Weeds, Creeping and Perennial, 101 Weeds, Shrubby 104 Weeds, Simple Perennial 95 Wheat, Remedy for Smutty, 123 EKra-ii.-A."viiTa-s. No. Figures. Alden's Cultivator 1 .. Aquarium 1 . . Aquatic Poultry House, 1 .. Canada Thistle, 1 . . Chess or Cheat, 2 . . Chickweed 1 .. Clot Burr or Cockle Burr, 1 .. Cockle or Wheat Cockle, 1 .. Cottage No. 1 2 ., Cottage No. 2, 2 .. Cottage No. 3, 3 .. Cottage No. 4, 4 . . Cottage No. 5 2 . . Cottage No. 6 4 ., Couch or Quack Grass, 1 . . Corn Husker, 1 . . False Flax 1 .. Filters 2 .. Filtering Cisterns, 2 . . Fox-tail Grass 1 .. Green Amaranth 1 .. Green-House, 1 .. Grape Trellis, 1 .. Johnswort, 1 .. Mallow 1 . Model Poultry-House, 2 . Nettle 1 . . Nutting's Fanning Machine, .... 1 ., Ox-eye Daisy 1 . Pears, Pruning, 2 .. iPear'Tree, Dwarf, 1 .. P t, Conservative 1 . Pits, Cold 2 . Plans of Farms 2 ., Plans of Grounds, 2 . Plan of Village Garden, 1 , Plow Clevises 5 . Plow. Universal, 3 . Plow Wheels 3 . i IMums, Figures of, 15 . Poison Hemlock, 1 . Poison Sumach, 1 . Page. 115 51 73 101 94 87 86 86 21 23 24 25 26 27 103 123 85 106 108 95 93 47 120 96 99 74 100 114 98 44 45 48 46 31 30 28 111 110 113 35 97 104 No. Figures. Poultry, Asiatic, 1 . Aquatic House for, 1 . Bantams, 4 . , Bankiva Jungle, 1. Bolton Grey, 1 . Crested, 1 . Dominique 1 . Game 1 . Golden Spangled Chitta- gong,.. 1 . Golden Spangled Ham- burgh, 1 . Great Malay, 1 . Leghorn, -. 1. Ostrich, 1 . Rose-combed Dorking 1 . Silver Pencilled Hamburgh, 1 . Sonneret, 1 . White Faced Spanish, 1 . Poultry Coops 3 . Poultry, Feeding Hopper for, 1 . Poultry, Gapes m, 2 . Poultry House, Aquatic, 1 . Poultry House, Model, 2 . Poultry House, Octagon, 1 , Poultry House, Rustic, 1 , Poultry House, Winter, 1 . Poultry, Nests for, 1 . Poultry Yard 1 . Purslane, 1 . Rag Weed or Bitter Weed, 1 . Red Root 1 . Rose J{ush, 1 . Rose Pillar, 1 , Roses, Pruning, 6 . Roses, Tree 2 . Roses, Weepinfj, 1 . Stra wbenies. Figures of, 3 , Toad Flax 1 . Tory Weed or Hound's Tongue,.. 1 . Ward Cases for Plants, 3 . Window Cases for Plants, 2 . Page. ., 57 .. 73 .. 67 .. 55 .. 63 .. 66 .. 71 .. 63 .. 58 .. 62 .. 65 .. 64 .. 69 .. 60 .. 65 .. 54 .. 56 .. 79 .. 81 .. 82 .. 73 .. 74 .. 75 .. 73 .. 71 .. 77 .. 78 .. 87 ., 88 .. 90 .. 32 .. 34 .. 32 .. 32 .. 33 ,.. 41 .. 103 ., 9; .. 49 .. 50 &c^=- - k 1) <( HXJI^AL AFFAIR S." A' NEW EDITION of the Six Numbers of the Annual Register from 1855 to 1860, inclusive, is now ready under tlie simple and comprehensive title of RURAL AFFxMRS. In tliis Edition the Calendar and Advertising Pages of each year are omitted, and larger, finer and heavier paper employed— the whole comprised in Two handsome and uniform Volumes of over 300 pages each, well bound in Muslin, price $1 each, sold separately or together, as may be desired, and sent postage prepaid at this price to any part of the Union, They contain NEARLY NINE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS, And we subjoin a brief Abstract of their Contents to show tlie scope embraced, although but a very incomplete idea can be conveyed of their variety and extent within the limited space here at command— including in their range, as will be seen, both Agriculture and Hor- ticulture—Country Houses and Farm Buildings— Domestic Animals and Farm Implements- whatever, in fact, may be embraced under the above Title: — Country D-wellings. Fifteen Designs, accompanied with Plans, in many instances of several Floors— also es- timates of Cost — together with General Rules for Building, and Remarks on the Art of Planning a House. laayiiig Out Groniids* Pour Articles on Laying Out Farms— two on Grounds around Houses and Flower Gar- dens—eight on Modes of Planting and the Trees and Shrubs to be enyjloyed. WItat Fruits to Ckoose. Sixty-one Varieties of Apples; Fiftt-focr of Pears; Twestv-eight of Peaches; Ten of Nectarines and Apricots; Thirty-four of Plums; Twenty-eight of Cherries; Thir- teen of Strawberries, and a Dozen of Native and Foreign Grapes, are described- with Ap- proved Lists at greater length, and Select As- gorttuents recommended. Domestic Auimals. Improved Bhef.ds illustrated hy Portraits. A valuable article on Doctoring Sick Animals, with Simple Rules and Remedies, embracing the most common Diseases of Horses. Cattle, Sheep and Swine. [Continued on next page.] $»=^=- A Complete Country Residence* The Dwelling, Ornamental Grounds, Or- chard, Gardens, Out-Houses, described and illustrated — concluding with an Article on the Apiary, embracing the Management of Bees,, by M. QuiNBY. Country I£ouses.. Twenty-seven Designs, ihcludiiig some of great nifiMt for Workingmen's Cottages,, and an illusti-ated Chapter on Ventilation. Fruits- and Fruit Culture. Farther Notes and Lists— a full Article on Pear Culture— Hardy Fruits at the West- Apples and Apple Orchards— Grafting and Grafting Knives, with upwards of Fifty Illus- trations. FloAver and Kitclien Garden. Annual Flowers— Vegetable Management — the Vinery and Green-House— the Verbena — also a full Article on Hedging and Hedsks, with directions for their Cultivation. Faiui Buildings. Eight Designs of Barns and Stables ; Stalls for Horses and Cattle — Cattle and Sheep Racks— also a full Chapter on Iron for Fur. /j niture and Rui-al Structures. [Continued on // next page.] $ ^c:^^- -=^3^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Volume One— Continued. Fruit Culture. Twenty-two Articles— Treatment of Or- chards, Large and Small Fruits, with a large number of brief Notes, presenting many val- uable hints and suggestions. Farm Buildings. Barns, Carriage Houses. Stables, the Pig. gery. Smoke House. Poultry House— mode of Cistern Building, of Erecting Lightning Rods, &c. Farm Implements. TwENTY-THRKE Akticles amply illustrated,, embracing nearly all the principal Imple- ments in which the Farmer is concerned— also the Wind Mill, Steam Engine, &c. Butter and CUecse Making. The best modes and means treated at con- siderable length, accompanied by Designs for Dairy Houses. Rural Economy. Many Articles and Notes, the fruits of the Author's long experience and observation, on Farm Management, Rotation, Packing Trees and Plants, Satisfactory Farminr. &c., &c. Rustic Seats and S)ructures. Illustrated Designs for' Summer Houses, Flower Stands, Rock 'Work, anwi other similar Rural Ornaments. Sckool Houses.^ A Chapter embracing: several neat and tasteful Designs. "Weights and Measures* Tables for Reference, including Length, Distances, Specific Gravities, &e. Pumestic Economy* Numerons valuable and well tested" Recipes for household use. Volume Two— Continued. Four Hundred and Forty Illus- trations. Including among others the foflowirvg : Country Dwellings, 44 Engravings. Scl I ool Houses 8 do. Barns and other Out-Build- ings 36 do. Rustic Structures. &c 2.) do. Figures of Best Fruits 71 do. Fruit Culture, &c 77 do. Trees and Ornamentals 20 do. Implements and Machines, .. (Ki do. Donif^stic Annuals, &c 28 do. Together with many figures illustrative of Dairy Processes, Drying Fruits, Wind Mills, Insects, Lightning Rods, Ac, Ac. Farm Management. Mr. Thomas' Prize Essay, with new Illus- trations—also a Chapter on Under-Draining, pronounced by all the most concise and com- plete of its kind that has yet appeared. Farm Fences and Gates. Cheap Fences— a full Article on Wire Fen- ces—Modes of Construction— Hurdles— xxse- ful Hints about Gates, with Fifteen Engra- vings on the latter subject alone. Domestic Animals. Feeding; Steaming Food; Veterinary Re- ceipts; Wintering and Stabling; Wool Table, Ac. Ac. Nursery Lists. A Descriptive and Illustrated List of the PWncipal Nurseries in the United States — Supplement to the above— Principal Nurse- ries in Europe. Ornamental Planting. Beautifying Country Houses— Modes of Grouping— Lawns, Walks and Rustic Objects —with Nine Plans of Grounds and nearly Forty Engravings. Implements of Tillage. Tillage— the Gang Plow— Improvements in Plows and Harrows— Plowing and Subsoiling —Ditching Plows— Implements for Suiface Tillage. Otiier New Implements; &,c. Farm Work Shops— A Horse Power— Hay Fork— Mill — Stalk Cutter — Potato Digger, Painting Tools, with numerous hints. Rural and Domestic Economy. Root Crops— Good and Bad Management — Dairy Economy— Rules for Business— Early Melons — Cleaning Seed Wheat — Packing Trees for Transportation. &,e. Four Hundred and Fifty Illus- trations. Including among others the following : Complete Country Residence, 36 Engravings. Countrj' Dwellings, 78 do. Fruits and Fruit Culture 47 do. Flowers, Ornamental Plant- ing and Rural Fixtures, 61 do. Fai-m and Garden Buildings,. 41 do. Fences, lledijes and Gates, .. 60 do. Domestic Animals. &c 12 do. Farming and Draining 44 do. Farm Implements 30 do. Also Illustrations of Nurseries, Poultry Houses, and various Rural Processes and In- struments. '^=>< THE CULTIYATOR ALMANAC, F O K, 18 6 1. ISTBONOMICAL CALCULATIONS IN EQUAL OR CLOCK TIMB. KCLIPSKS FOR THE YEAR, 1S61. There will be but four EelipaeB thij' year, aa follows ; I. An annul tr E lipse of the Sun, January 10, invisible in America. ir. An annular Eel pse of the Sun, July 7, invisible in America. Iir. A partial Eclipse of the Moon, December 17 — 16;h in Californii — early in the morning. Visible. Size only 2.22 digits, or about one-fifth of the Moon's* disc. See the following table. A Niiinei of plnces. Portland, Me., — Boetoii, Ma«s., — New-York I'hiladelphia, Pa., Utica, N. Y., Baltimore, Md.,.. Washington, D. C.,- Rochoster, N. Y., .. Buftalo, NY., Raleigh, N. C Panama, N. G., Begins. Middle. End*. H. M. H. M. H. M. 2 46 3 37 4 28 < 2 43 3 34 4 25 2 31 3 22 4 13 2 27 3 18 4 9 ( 2 21 3 12 i 3 2 19 3 10 4 1 2 16 3 7 3 58 i 2 12 3 3 3 54 2 12 3 3 3 54 2 10 3 1 3 52 N»mei of placet. Charleston, S. C, .. Havana, Cuba, Detroit, Midi., Cincinnali, Ohio, Chicago, 111., Mobile, New-Orleans. La.,.. St. Loul:*, Mo Austin, Texas, Oregon City. Dec. 16 San Francisco, do Begins. Middle. H. M. Q. H. 2 7 2 58 1 58 2 40 1 55 2 46 1 50 2 41 1 37 2 28 1 34 2 25 1 27 2 18 1 26 2 17 5G 1 47 11 23j 14 11 17e 8 Ends. M. 49 40 37 32 19 16 9 8 38 5 59 IV. A total Eclipse of the Sun, but only partial in the United States, Decem- ber 31. The Sun rises eclipsed, and the obscuration will be visible in all the States east of the Missis.^ippi river, and in those States adjacent to it on the west, except Iowa. It ends at Washington at 8h. 36id. in Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin, the Eclipse ends just at sunrise, and east of Maine it begins at sunrise. Size in the Atlantic States about 6 digits. HVTERCTJRY. This planet being rarely seen, may be dijjcovered in the west soon after sun- set about February 24, June 22, October 17, and in the east just before sunrise about April 15, August 13, and December 2. EQUINOXES J^NT> SOLSTICES EOR 1861. D. Vernal Equinox, •• -March 20 Summer Solstice, ••June 21 H M. 9 40 m 6 27 m Autumnal Equinox, Sept. Winter Solstice, •• ••Dec. i>. 22 27 H. M. 8 40e 2 27e TRANSIT OE ]VIERCTJR^5r. There will be a transit of Mercury over the Sun's disc, November 12, invisi- ble in America. f- ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER ]vxoRNiisrGr Jkjsrj:> K^^ENiisrGr stars. Venus will be Morning Star until Miy 11, then Evening Star the rest of the year. Mars will be Evening Star until August 27, then Morning Star the rest of the year. Jupiter wiil be Morning Star until February 10, then Evening Star until August 30. then Morning Star the rest of the year. Saturn will be Morning Star until February 24, then Evening Star until September 5. X^EI i3Ll>- YE AJR. Every year the number of which is divisible by 4 without a remainder, is a leap-year, except the last year of the century, which is a leap-year only when divisible by 400 without a remainder. Thus the year 1900 will not be leap- year. 33XJItJ^TION OW THE SEASOI^S. .Sec. M. D. H. Sun in Winter Signe, 89 1 9 Sun in Sprijig Signs, 92 20 35 Sun in Summer Signs, 93 14 13 Sun in Autumal Signs, 89 17 47 D. Tropical Year, 365 Sun North of the Equator,... Sun South of the Equator,... Difference, 7 H. M. 5 44 186 10 48 178 18 56 15^52 TIDE T.A.BIL,E. The Calendar page? of this Almanac exhibit the time of high water at New- Y«rk and Boston. To find the time of high water at any of the following places, add to, or subtract from, the time of high water at New-York, as below. (There is a great deal of uncertainty about the tides, in consequence of the direction and strength of the winds) H. M. Albany, add 6 34 Ambo}', sub. 0 39 Annapolis, Md.,.. add 8 25 Annapolis, N. S.,. add 1 49 Baltimore add 10 20 Bridgeport, add 2 58 Cape Split, add 2 0 Eastport, add 2 9 Hellgate, add 1 41 Holmes' Hole, add 3 30 Machias, add 1 M.irblehead, add 1 New-Bedford, sub. 0 New-Haven, add 3 New-London, add 1 Newport. sub. 0 New-Rochelle, add 3 Norfolk. sub. 0 Oyster Bay, add 2 Plymouth, add 2 M. 54 49 Portland add 3 12 Portsmouth,. add 3 16j Providence, sub. 0 3 15 28 9 41 54 19 10 41 Richmond,! add 8 15 0 0 Salem, add 3 Sand's Point, add 3 Sandy Hook, N. J., sub 0 44 Sunburv, add 0 19 Tbiogg''s Neck, - add 3 7 Windsor, add 2 49 occxjii.ta.tio:n- oe ]via.rs. Mars will be eclipsed by the Moon May 12, at 7h. 30m. evening, at Washing- ton, and reappear at 8h. 32m. Visible generally. chro^^ologtIcaxj cycles. Dominical Letter, F; GoUen Number, 19; Jewish Lunar Cycle, 16; Epact, 18; Solar Cycle, 22; Roman Indiction, 4; Julian Period, 6574; age of the world, 5864 . TO ASCERTAIN THE LENGTH OF THE DAY AND NIGHT, At any time of the year, add 12 hours to the time of the Sun's setting, and from the sum subtract the time of rising, for the length of the day. Subtract the time of setting from 12 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising next morning, for the length of the night. These rules are equally true for apparent time. Note. — The Sun's declination is given, in the monthly tables, for the instant his center is on the meridian of Washington. ©c:^-- l8t MO\TH. JANUARY, 1861. 31 DAYS. 0 1 llSunon Meridian MOON'S PHASES. Boston. N. York. Wash' ton or Noon Mark. 1 l> H M H M H M D H M S 1*11 1 on Ott a wtww •«••••••••• 3 10 18 2fi 9 ] '10 4 11 1 n «; 11 e 11 A 8 59e 10 31 e 11 4e n in ^ 8 47 e 10 19 e 10 52 e 11 5R n 1 12 4 4 12 7 37 12 10 34 19 19 A A X 9 17 1>I E W 1*1 UU N, ••••••••••••••• ■•O V 6e |/\r\u ■•■ •••■••■■■••• HJWpi, ••••••••••••••• AiXj V M p ^ j5 \j a v *-^ 11 t/C?l.-|| -w^ J.'af J.A^ TCX tc t SUN SCN .MOON H. w. SUN SON MOOiN H. W. SUN SUN MOON p 02 riseti H M eeth. rises Boat. H >I rises sets. H M rises H M N. Y. H JJ rises H it sets. H SI rises. O ' /' H Jl H M 1 T 22 53 20 7 30 4 38 10 10 2 45 7 25 4 43 10 10 11 31 7 19 4 49 10 11 2 ^V 22 52 54 7 30 4 39 11 23 3 34 7 25 4 44 11 22 3v. 20 7 19 4 50 11 21 3 T i2 47 0 7 30 4 40 morn 4 25 7 25 4 45 morn 1 11 7 19 4 51 mom 4 F 22 40 40 7 30 4 41 36 5 20 7 25 4 46 34 2 6 7 19 4 52 31 5 S 22 33 5'^ 7 30 4 41 1 50 6 24 7 25 4 46 1 46 3 10 7 19 4 52 1 43 6 S 22 26 37 7 30 4 42 3 3 7 30 7 25 4 47 2 59 4 16 7 19 4 53 2 54: 7 M i2 18 56 7 30 4 43 4 15 8 37 7 25 4 48 4 10 5 23 7 19 4 54 4 4 8 T 22 10 49 7 30 4 44 5 23 9 40 7 25 4 49 5 17 6 26 7 19 4 55 5 10 9 W 22 2 15 7 30 4 45 6 19 10 35 7 25 4 50 6 13 7 21 7 19 4 56 6 7 10 T 21 53 15 7 29 4 46 sets 11 22 7 24 4 51 sets 8 8 7 19 4 57 sets 11 F 21 43 50 7 29 4 47 5 40 morn 7 24 4 52 5 44 8 55 7 18 4 58 5 48 12 S 21 33 59 7 29 4 48 6 47 9 7 24 4 53 6 50 9 37 7 18 4 59 6 53 13 S 21 23 44 7 28 4 49 7 51 51 7 23 4 54 7 53 10 15 7 18 5 0 7 55 14 M 21 13 3 7 28 4 50 8 53 1 29 7 23 4 55 8 54 10 49 7 17 5 1 8 55 15 T 21 1 58 7 27 4 52 9 54 2 3 7 22 4 57 9 54 11 27 7 17 5 2 9 54 16 W 20 50 30 7 27 4 53 10 52 2 41 7 22 4 58|10 51 morn 7 16 5 3 10 50 17 T 20 38 38 7 26 4 54 11 52 3 21 7 21 4 59 11 50 7 7 16 5 4 11 47 18 F 20 26 22 7 25 4 56 morn 4 2 7 20 5 1 morn 48 7 16 5 6 morn 19 S 10 13 3 7 25 4 57 51 4 47 7 20 5 2 47 1 33 7 15 5 7 44 20 s 20 0 42 7 24; 4 58 1 53 5 39 7 19 5 3 1 48 2 25 7 14 5 8 1 44 21 M 19 47 18 7 23 4 59 2 54 6 35 7 18 5 4 2 49 3 21 7 14 5 9 2 42 22 'Y 19 33 32 7 22 5 1 3 55 7 38 7 18 5 5 3 49 4 24 7 13 5 10 3 43 23 W 19 13 25 7 2215 2 4 53 8 41 7 17 5 6 4 47 5 27 7 12 5 11 4 40 21 T 19 4 56 7 21;5 3 5 44 9 40 7 16 5 7 5 38 6 26 7 12 5 12 5 32 2) F i8 50 V 7 20 5 4 6 29 10 34 7 16 5 8 6 24 7 2(: 7 11 5 13 6 19 26 S H 34 57 7 19 5 5 rises 11 22 7 15 5 9 rbes 8 8 7 10 5 14 rises 27 s 18 19 2b 7 19'5 7 6 41 ev. 10 7 14 5 11 6 43 8 56 7 9 5 15 6 45 23 M 18 3 36 7 185 8 7 56 55 7 13 5 12 7 57 9 41 7 9 5 16 7 58 29 T 17 47 27 7 17,5 9 9 9 1 36 7 13 5 13 9 9 10 22 7 8;5 17 9 9 30 W 17 30 58 7 165 11 10 24 2 21 7 12 5 15 10 22 1 1 7 7 7|5 19 10 20 31 T 1 7 14 11 7 15 5 12 11 40'. 3 9 7 11 5 16 11 ; n 11 5511 7 71 5 20 11 33 Hints for First Montli, January. Let savin?: be the watchword for this month : Save t'lie flesli of animals by attending to tlieir comlort: Keep them warm, sheltered, and clean; Feed and water them regularly : Give wholesome food, and pure water; Keep stables clean, and ventilated ; AVatch animals, and sappy all wants; Save fa.^ 2d MOXTII. FEBRUARY , 1861 • 28 DAYS. |Sun on Meridian MOON'S rilASES. Boston. N. Y^ork. Baltimore or Noon Mark. i> H M H .M H M D H M S 2 5 16 m 5 4 ni 4 52 m 1 12 13 56 g 3 ^0 e 3 8 e 2 56 e 9 12 14 31 17 7 35 e 7 23 e 7 11 e 17 12 14 15 FiiM, ly 24 n RQ o n 47 « 11 :^(; A 25 12 13 14 r" '2 QQ CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR z CD P* )!• Boston, N. England. For N. York City, Plii For Wasl»int»tOM, "Z j: Zi New-York Stale. Mi ladolpliia. Conn., New Mary I'd, Vir^'a, &. ^ 2 cliiifan, AViscoii., Iowa Jersey, Penii'ia. Oliio, Kent'y, Miss'ri, ^ o > and Oi'etjoii. Indiana and Illinois. and California. < :S UN SITN iMOON H. W. SL'.N SUN MOON H. Vf SON SUN .MOU.S c < P. 3 rises H M sets. rises Bo.st. H M nse.s H M sets. H M N. Y. H M rises H M sets H M rises o / ■" H M H M H t( 1 F 16 57 5 7 14 5 14 mom 4 3 7 10 5 18 morti OV.49 7 6 5 22 morn 2 S 16 39 42 7 12 5 15 55 5 2 7 9 5 19 50 1 48 7 5 5 23 45 3 s 16 22 1 7 U 5 17 2 7 6 11 7 8 5 20 2 2 2 57. 7 4 5 24 1 56 4 M 16 4 3 7 10,5 13 3 14 7 18 7 7 5 21 3 8 4 4 7 3 5 25 3 2. 5 T 15 45 48 7 95 19 4 14 8 25 7 6 5 22 4 8 5 11 7 2 5 26 4 1 6 W 15 27 17 7 85 21 5 3 9 26 7 5 3 24 4 57 6 12 7 1 5 27 4 51 ^ i 1' 15 8 30 7 715 22 5 44 10 19 7 4 5 25 5 39 7 5 7 0 5 28 5 34 8 F 14 49 28 7 65 24 6 17 11 1 7 3 5 26 6 13 7 47 6 59 5 29 6 8 9 S 14 30 11 7 5'5 25 3ets 11 40 7 2 5 28 sets 8 26 6 58 5 30 S3t8 10 s 14 m 40 7 3 5 26 6 40 luorn 7 0 5 29 6 42 9 5 6 57 5 31 6 43 11 M 13 50 54 7 2'5 27 7 42 19 6 59 3 30 7 42 9 41 6 56 5 32 7 43 12 T 13 30 5' 7 15 29 8 40 55 6 58 5 32 8 39 10 16, 6 55 5 34 8 39 13 W 13 10 43 7 0 5 30 9 41 1 30 6 56 5 33 9 39 10 471 6 54 5 35 9 37 14 T 12 50 18 > 585 31 10 40 2 1 6 55 5 34 10 37 11 25 6 53 5 36 10 34 IS F 12 29 41 6 57 5 32 11 41 2 39 6 51 5 35 11 37 morn 6 51 5 37 11 32 16 S 12 8 52 6 55 5 33 morn 3 22 6 53 5 36 uiorn 8 i 50 5 38 morn 17 s 11 47 51 6 54 5 34 41 4 9 6 51 5 37 36 55i 6 49 5 39 31 18 M 1 1 29 39 6 52 5 36 1 41 5 2 6 50 5 38 1 35 1 48 6 48 5 40 1 29 19 T 11 5 17 6 51 5 37 2 38 6 6 6 49 5 39 2 32 2 52 6 47 5 41 2 26 20 W 10 43 45 6 495 39 3 32 7 7 6 47 5 41 3 26 3 53 6 45 5 42 3 20 21 T 10 22 3 '3 48 5 40 4 20 8 13 6 46 5 42 4 14 4 59 6 44 5 43 4 8 22 F 10 0 11 6 47 5 41 5 0 9 16 6 44 5 43 4 56 6 2 6 43 5 44 4 51 23 S 9 38 10 ^i 45 5 43 5 37 10 12 6 43 5 45 5 33 6 58 6 42 5 46 5 30 24 s 9 16 1 6 43 5 44 ris3S 10 59 6 41 5 46 ••ises 7 45 6 40 5 47 ri^tes 2S M 8 53 43 6 42 5 45 6 46 11 43 6 39 5 47 6 46 8 29 6 39 5 48 6 47 26 T 8 31 18 6 41 5 46 8 5 'V. 30 5 36 5 48 8 4 9 16 6 38 5 49 8 2 27 W 8 8 45 G 39 5 47 9 22 1 14 6 37 5 49 9 20 10 0 6 36 5 50 9 17 28 T 7 48 4 3 38 5 48 10 39 1 59 6 3G 5 49 10 35 10 45 16 34 5 51 10 31 Hints for second Month, February. Continue the labors of winter, and prepare for the coining season : — Continue care to domestic animals; Diligence only can be successful; Neglect will certainly end in loss; See constantly to their comfort; Keep them well sheltered; Avoid the discomfort of dirt; Avoid the waste from bad food; Avoid the loss from bad water; Save by ciioppinrf up fodder ; Save by grinding fed grain; Save by mi.xing with roots; Fill ice-houses with ice; Encase lii a foot of sawdust ; Provide ventilation above; Drainage without ventilation below^; (Jut grafts for spring use ; Secure only the best varieties; Let them be well marked or labelled ; Pack them in damp moss or sand ; Lay plans for the season ; Improve the arrangement of fields ; Improve the structure of buildings; Improve the comforts of the dwelling; Arrange a better rotation of crops ; Arrange the forces of the farm ; Provide every resource for manure; Provide ample resources for knowledge, by taking Agricultural Papers. — ^O® ©c:^- 3d MO.\TH. MARCH, 1861. 31 DAYS. MOON'id PHASES. Third Quarter,- Nkw Moon,' •• • < First Quartkr, < Fui-L Moon. I) 3 11 19 26 Boston. H M 2 33e 8 53 m 0 48e 9 31 m N. York. H M 2 20e 8 41 m 0 36e 9 19 in Wash' ton Sun on Meridiiin or Noon Mark. H 2 8 0 9 M 8e 29 a 24 e 7 n D 1 9 17 25 H 12 12 12 12 M S 12 29 10 33 8 24 5 59 ts hi 1 co- CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR ^ id lli a For Boston, N. England. For N. York City, Phi Kor Washinirton, X ? 9 New-York State. Mi- ladelpliia. Conn., Neu Mary I'd, Virg'a, d. m chigan, WIhcou., Iowa Jersey, Penn'ia. Oiiio Kont'v. Misn'ri, O O >- 13 "a ftnd Oregon. Indiana and Illinois. and California. >- so.> SU.N MOON H. W. SUN SUN MOON H. VV. SUN SUN .MOON A < QQ riseK H M eeth. rises H M Boat. H M rises H M sets. H M rises. H M N. Y. H M rises il M sets. H M rises. o / // H M 1 F 7 23 17 6 35 5 50 11 56 2 49 6 35 5 50 11 50 11 35 S 33 5 52 11 45 2 S 7 0 23 6 33 5 51 morn 3 47 6 33 5 51 morn ev. 33 6 31 5 53 morn 3 s 6 37 24 6 32 5 53 1 6 4 51 6 32 5 53 1 0 1 37 6 30 5 54 54 4 M 6 14 19 6 30 5 54 2 10 5 59 6 30 5 54 2 4 2 45 6 29 5 55 1 57 6 T 5 51 8 6 29 5 55 3 1 7 6 6 29 5 55 2 55 3 52 6 27 5 56 2 49 6 W 5 27 53 6 27 5 56 3 46 8 9 6 27 5 56 3 41 4 55 6 26 5 57 3 35 7 T 5 4 33 6 26 5 58 4 19 9 4 6 26 5 58 4 14 5 50 3 25 5 58 4 10 8 F 4 41 9 6 24 5 59 4 48 9 5! 6 24 5 59 4 45 6 39 6 24 5 59 4 42 9 S 4 17 42 6 23 6 0 5 12 10 33 6 23 6 0 5 10 7 19 6 22 6 0 5 8 10 s 3 54 11 6 21 6 1 5 34 11 8 6 21 6 1 5 33 7 54 3 20 6 1 5 32 11 M 3 30 37 6 19 b 2 sets 11 43 6 19 6 2 sets 8 29 6 18 6 2 seta 12 T 3 7 1 6 17 6 3 7 31 QQorn 6 17 6 3 7 30 9 6 6 17 6 3 7 28 13 W 2 43 23 6 15 6 5 8 31 20 6 15 6 4 8 29 9 41 6 15 6 4 8 26 14 T 2 19 44 6 14 6 6 9 30 5.^ 6 14 6 5 9 26 10 17 6 14 6 5 9 22 15 F 1 56 3 6 12 6 7 10 32 1 31 6 12 6 6 10 27 10 53 6 13 6 6 10 22 16 S 1 32 21 6 10 6 8 11 31 2 7 6 10 6 T 11.26 11 37 3 11 6 7 11 20 17 s 1 8 39 6 9 6 9 morn 2 51 6 9 6 8 morn morn 6 10 6 8 morn 18 M 44 56 6 7 6 10 28 3 40 6 7 6 9 22 26 3 8 6 9 16 19 T 21 14 6 5 6 11 1 23 4 37 6 5 6 10 1 17 1 3 S 6 6 10 1 11 20 W NT. 2 27 6 3 6 13 2 11 5 37 6 3 6 12 2 5 2 23 6 5 6 11 1 59 21 T 26 8 6 2 6 14 2 53 6 42 6 2 6 13 2 48 3 28 6 3 6 12 2 43 22 F 49 47 6 0 6 15 3 30 7 45 6 0 6 14 3 26 4 31 6 2 6 13 3 22 23 S 1 13 25 5 59 6 17 4 3 8 47 5 59 6 1.^ 4 0 5 33 6 1 6 14 3 57 2-1 •s 1 37 0 J 57 6 18 4 32 9 42 5 58 6 16 4 31 6 26 5 59 6 15 4 29 25 M 2 0 34 5 55 6 19 5 1 10 31 5 56 ti 17 5 1 7 17 5 57 6 16 5 0 2G T 2 24 4 5 53 6 20 rises 11 6 5 65 6 18 rises 7 52 5 56 6 17 rises 27 W 2 47 3*/ 5 52 6 21 8 14 ev. 4 5 54 6 19 8 11 8 5f' 5 54 6 18 8 7 28 T 3 10 56 5 51 6 22 9 34 52 5 52 6 20 9 29 9 38 5 53 6 19 9 24 29 F 3 34 17 5 49 6 23 10 49 1 41 5 51 6 21 10 44 10 27 5 52 6 20 10 38 30 S 3 57 34 5 47 6 24 11 58 2 34 5 49 6 22 11 52 11 20 5 50,6 21 11 46 31 S 4 20 47' 5 45 6 25 morn 1 3 35l 5 47 6 23 morn 1 ev. 21 5 48 '6 22 morn Hints for Third Finish the jobs of winter, and prepare for spring labor in earnest; Procure rails for repairing fences; Finish cutting fuel for summer ; Clean grain for spring croi)s ; Clean grass seed for spring seeding ; Nail loose boards in board fences; Repair hinges in sagging gates; Repair defects in stone walls ; See that tools are ready for work ; Paint and grease cart- and wagons; Monlli, Marcli. Examine and replace harrow teeth ; Put rakes, forks, and scythes in order; I'ut chains, devices, and hoes in place; Let a place be provided for every tool ; And every tool snugly in jt« place ; Make hot beds late in the month ; Fork over manured asparagus beds ; Graft cherries before the month ends; Plant sprouted potatoes for early use ; Sow clover seed on thin snow ; Give special care to cows with calf. / 4th MO.VTH. APRIL, 1861. 30 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Third QuARTEn, . Nicw Moon, FlItST QUAUTER, ' FiiLi, Moon,' .. • ■ D 2 10 18 24 Bo ston. H M 1 40 in O 12 lU 2 1 m 5 39 A N. Tor k. H »f 1 28 m 2 0 tn 1 49 m 5 27 e Baltimore H >f 1 16 m 1 48 m 1 37 m 5 15 - Sum on Meridia" or Noon Mark- 1 9 17 25 H M S 12 3 49 12 1 30 11 59 27 11 57 48 'i. ic &: c > Eb Ek O C < (U P. 1 M 2 'J- 3 W 4 T 5 F 6 S 7 s 8 M 9 T 10 W 11 r 12 F 13 s 14 < 15 M 16 T 17 W 13 '1' 19 F 20 S 21 V 22 M 23 T 24 W 25 T 26 F 27 S 28 »i ; 29 M 3u I- C o 3 03 43 6 29 52 15 38 0 23 45 7 8 29 8 51 9 13 9 34 9:56 10 17 10 38 10 59 11 20 11 41 12 1 !2 21 12, 4.1. 13 1 13 20 13 40 13.59 14 18 14 36 14 55 55 58 56 48 35 14 47 13 32 42 45 39 24 59 2") 42 48 43 27 0 22 32 29 15 47 27 13 5 43 7 CALENDAR For Boston, N. England New-Vork State.. Mi cliiuan. WiiI 55 1 41 20 50 17 39 1 23 46 morn 8 25 9 23 10 22 39 11 17 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 51 50 1 28 2 0 2 '30 2 57 3 2.1 3 53 ris .s 521 8 22 53! 9 38 54 10 42 56 11 36 "7|mor' 53 19 II. w. l3ost. H M 4 35 41 4;-. 39 8 3D 9 16 9 10 11 58 3.' 9 II 45 ucrri 25 1 4 1 45 2 29 20 14 1 l: 15 IV IC 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b 10 5; 11 4 V 3r 1 31 2 2 3 19 4 IB CALENDAR For N. York City, Phi- l:idel[)hia. CoiMi., New Jersey, Penn'ia. Oliio, Tndiaiia and Illinoip. su.s risei^ SUN MUO.N sets, rise.-i M 45 6 42 6 416 39 6 37 6 35 6 33 6 316 30 6 28 6 26 6 25 6 246 22 6 216 20 6 l86 166 15 6 136 116 10 6 9 7 6 5 M 24 25 26! 27 23. 29; 301 32 H SI 49 1 36 2 15 2 47 3 14 3 38 4 1 23 4S 33 5"ts 34: 8 35i 9 36 10 11 12 9;"i h K 11 0 iiiorr- 45 36 2 6 16 06 37 38 39 1 40 41! 42| 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 51' 14 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 •. t*N 8 9 10 11 iiior 2:> 57 28 57 2.' 55 17 3-.' 36 3( II. \v isr. Y H 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 M 24 27 29 CALENDAR For Wasldntiton, Maryl'd. Virir'a, Keni'y. Miss'ri, and California. SUN risen 25 5 16 5 25 4415 21;l5 551 5 5 8 31 9 II 9 50j 10 311 11 15j 6 0 58 59 1 58] 56: 1 I 2 4 4 5 6 49! 5 7 39 8 28 9 24 10 17 11 8 1 M 46 44 43 41 39 38 37 35 33 31 29 2^ 27 2) 24 2] 2) 20 19 17 15 14 13 11 10 9 7 6 4 3 SUN setB M 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 MOON riees n M 43 1 03 2 11 2 43 3 12 3 36 4 1 4 25 4 49 8 16 32 9 13 .') 33 10 10 3411 5 35|ll 54 35 m -rn 37 33 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 39 1 19 1 54 2 26 2 56 3 25 3 57 8 12 9 26 10 30 48;il 25 49 iiiorn 501 9 I Hints for Active fleW labors now commence, and should be vigou-^usly pursued; Clem-, pick, roll, and plaster meadows; Fini.nh repairir.K and stakinc fences; Nail board fences, and lay up walls; Draw out manure for spring crops; Harrow it fine before plowing in ; Sow I) rley and oats early ; Pul! red-root and cockle from wheat; lOnrich the soil well for root crops ; Mix it thoroughly, and pulverize fine; Avoid hasty and superficial work ; Fourth Month, April. Destroy weeds early, when easily done ; Graft plums, apples and pears; Set out youn^ orchards in time; Cut back tlie shoots to induce trrowth ; Keep the earth mellow and cultivated; Cut back budded trees of last year: Transplant stiawberries early ; Sow grass seed soon in the month ; Keep all animals otr i>f meadows; Keep working horses in good order; Plant plenty of garden seed; Purify cellars on rainy days. -^ 5th MOIVTIl. MAY, 1861. 31 DAYS. MOON'y PHASES. Third Qdaiiteb,. Nkw Moon, FlIlST QUAItTKR, • Full Moon, TmnD QoARTKR, D 1 9 17 24 31 Boston. H 2 6 11 1 5 H 48 23 19 22 41 K Yc-k. H 2 6 11 1 5 e M 36 11 e 7m 10 a 29 m Sun on Meridian Wash'ton or Noon Mark. H M 2 24 e 5 59e 10 55 u. 0 58 m 5 17 m D 1 9 17 25 H 11 11 11 11 M 56 56 56 56 s 54 13 9 39 B U5 'A CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR !r. a •£ C For Boston. N. Enijland. For N. York City, Phi For W ! isliiniiton, C ^ D New-York State. Mi- Jadelpliia. Conn.. New Mar>l il, Viru'a, fi. cliisfim. Wiscon.. Iowa Jersey. Penn'ia. Oiiio Kenl'j •. Miss'ri, O o >> and Oregon. Indiana and Illinois. and C ili for Ilia. >- SUN SUN .MOON H. W. SUN SUN MOON H. W. SUN SUN MiioN 02 H M eetK. rises H M B08t. H M rises K M sets H M rises. N. Y H Bl rises H M sets. H ir rises. O / f U M 1 W 15 13 17 4 54 6 59 52 5 11 4 59 6 55 49 1 57 5 2 6 52 44 2 T 15 31 U 4 53 7 0 1 20 6 8 4 58 6 56 1 17 2 h4 5 1 6 53 1 14 3 F 15 48 50 4 51 7 1 1 48 6 57 4 57 6 57 1 46 3 44 5 0 6 54 1 44 4 S 16 6 14 4 50 7 2 2 6 7 44 4 56 6 58 2 6 4 31 4 59 6 55 2 5 5 s 16 23 21 4 49 7 3 2 27 8 31 4 55 6 59 2 27 5 17 4 58 6 56 2 28 6 M 16 40 13 4 48 7 4 2 50 9 17 4 54 7 0 2 51 6 3 4 57 6 56 2 53 7 T 16 56 47 4 47 7 5 3 13 9 59 4 53 7 1 3 15 6 45 4 56 6 57 3 18 8 W 17 13 5 4 46 7 6 3 37 10 38 4 52 7 2 3 41 7 24 t 55 6 58 3 45 9 T 17 29 6 4 45 7 7 seta 11 17 4 51 7 3 sets 8 3 4 54 6 59 set.<3 10 F 17 44 49 4 44 7 6 8 17 12 0 4 50 7 4 8 11 8 46 4 53 7 0 8 6 11 S 18 0 14 4 43 7 9 9 12 morn 4 49 7 5 9 6 9 30 4 52 7 1 9 0 12 s 13 15 21 4 42 7 10 10 4 44 4 48 7 6 9 58 10 15 4 51 7 2 9 52 13 M 18 30 10 4 41 7 11 10 49 1 29 4 47 7 7 10 44 10 58 4 50 7 3!lO 38 14 T 18 44 40 4 40 7 12 11 27 2 12 4 45 7 8 11 23 11 47 4 49 7 4 11 18 15 W 18 58 51 4 39 7 13 morn 3 1 4 44 7 9 11 58 mom 4 48 7 5 11 54 16 T 19 12 43 4 38 7 14 2 3 52 4 43 7 10 morn 38 4 47 7 6 morn 17 F 19 26 15 4 37 7 15 33 4 46 4 42 7 11 30 1 32 4 46 7 7 28 18 S 19 39 28 4 36 7 16 59 5 42 4 41 7 12 57 2 28 4 45 7 7 56 19 s 19 52 20 4 35 7 17 1 26 6 41 4 40 7 13 1 26 3 27 4 44 7 8 1 26 20 M 20 4 52 4 35 7 18 1 51 7 39 4 39 7 H 1 52 4 25 4 44 7 9 1 54 21 T 20 17 4 4 34 7 19 2 21 8 40 4 38 7 15 2 24 5 26 4 43 7 10 2 26 22 W 20 28 56 4 33 7 20 2 56 9 39 4 37 7 16 3 0 6 25 4 42 7 10 3 4 23 T 20 40 24 4 32 7 21 rises 10 35 4 36 7 17 rises 7 21 4 42 7 11 rises 21 F 20 51 33 4 31 7 22 8 21 11 25 4 35 7 18 8 15 8 11 4 41 7 12 8 9 25 S 21 2 2^- 4 30 V 23 9 22 ev.23 4 35 7 19 9 16 9 9 4 40 7 13 9 10 26 s 21 12 46 4 29 7 24 10 8 1 16 4 34 7 20 10 3 10 2 4 40 7 14 9 58 27 M 21 22 50 4 28 7 23 10 50 2 4 4 33 7 21 10 46 10 50 4 39 7 14 10 41 28 T 21 32 31 4 28 7 26 11 21 2 55 4 33 7 2v 11 18 11 4JI 4 38 7 15 11 14 29 W 21 41 51 4 27 7 27 11 47 3 43 4 32 7 23 11 45 ev. 29 4 38 7 16 11 43 30 T 21 50 47 4 26 7 28 morn 4 32 4 31 7 24 morn 1 18 4 37 7 16 morn 31 F 1 21 59 21 4 26 7 28 10 5 18 4 31 7 25 9 2 4 4 37 7 17 8 Hints for Filth The prominent labors of tliis month are planting, and completion of sowing; Prepare Riound thoroughly for corn ; IMant in straight even rows; Secure seed corn from crows by tar ; Half a pint to a peck is enough. If the seed is scalded and then tarred ; Do every job in the very best manner; Plant early kinds for fall feeding; It will be nearly as good as old corn ; Month, May. Fresh, unripe ears, are worth little; Replant witli early sorts only ; Make compost of coarse long manure; It will do for the wheat crop in fall ; Pull red-root and cockle from wheat; Out mulleins and thistles in pastures ; Destroy early weeds in the garden ; Plant field beets, carrots, and parsnips; They will make fine stock food in winter; Mellow the soil about fall-planted trees. ^> 6th MONTH. i JUNE, 1861. 30 DAYS. MOON'3 PHASES. Nrw >rooii, • • ••■ First Quaktbr, ■ Full Moon,- •• • ThIRK Qi'ARTKR. . o 8 15 22 29 Boston. II M 8 54 m 5 32 e 9 39 m 9 57e N. York. H hi 8 42 m 5 20 e 9 27 m 9 45 e Baltimore H 8 5 9 9 M 30 ra 8e 15 m 33 - Sun on Meridian or Nuoii Mark. D 1 9 17 25 H M S 11 57 32 11 53 56 12 0 36 12 2 19 E ie 'A CALENDAR CALEN.DAR CALENDAR as u S Por Boston, N. England. For N. York City, Phi- For Wiisliintcton, £ ^ 01 New-York StHte, Mi- ladeiphiii. Conn., New Mrtryi'd. Vint'a, b k o cliitjan, Wiscon., Iowa Jerney, Penn'iji. Oliio. Kenl'v, Miss'ri, O O nnd Oreirou. Tndi.in:\ ^nd Illinois. and CalifcirniH. >■ .SUN SUN MOON 11. w. SUN 1 SUN MOON H. VV SUN SON MOON c a 3 QQ risec H M aet8. H M rifles H M Bowt. H M rises a M sets. H M rises H Jl t^. Y. H M risen H M sets II M rises O ' " H M 1 S 22 7 33 1 25 7 29 31 6 8 4 31 7 24 31 2 54 4 36 7 18 32 2 s 22 15 20 4 24 7 30 58 6 57 4 30 7 25 53 3 43 4 36 7 19 54 3 M ■i2 22 45 4 24 7 30 1 26 7 45 4 30 7 25 1 28 4 31 4 35 7 19 1 30 4 T 22 29 46 i 23 7 31 1 41 8 36 4 29 7 26 1 44 5 22 4 35 7 20 1 47 5 W 22 36 24 4 23 7 32 2 9 9 23 4 29 7 27 2 13 6 9 4 35 7 20 2 18 6 1' 22 42 38 4 23 7 33 2 44 10 11 4 28 7 27 2 49 6 57 4 34 7 21 2 54 7 F 2> 48 28 i 22 7 33 3 23 10 57 4 28 7 28 3 34 7 43 4 34 7 21 3 39 8 S 22 53 54 4 22 7 34 sets 11 39 4 281 7 28 sets 8 25 4 34 7 22 8=i»8 9 s >2 58 56 4 22 7 35 8 47 (uorn 4 28 7 29 8 41 9 14 4 34 7 22 8 36 10 M -'3 3 34 4 22 7 35 9 29 28 4 28 7 29 9 24 9 58 4 34 7 23 9 19 11 T 23 7 47 4 22 7 36 10 6 1 12 4 28 7 30 10 0 10 42 4 34 7 24 9 56 12 W 23 11 34 4 22 7 37 10 35 1 56 4 28 7 30 10 32 11 25 4 34 7 25 10 29 13 T 23 15 0 1 22 7 37 11 3 2 39 4 23 7 31 U 1 morn 4 34 7 25 11 0 14 F 23 18 0 4 22 7 38 11 29 3 28 4 28 7 31 11 29 14 4 34 7 26 11 28 15 S 23 20 35 » 22 7 38 11 55 4 18 4 28 7 32 11 56 1 4 4 33 7 27 11 56 16 s 23 22 46 4 22 7 38 morn 5 11 4 28 7 32 morn 1 57 4 33 7 27 luorn 17 M 23 24 31; 4 22 7 39 22 6 10 4 28 7 33 24 2 56 4 So 7 28 26 18 T 23 25 52 4 22 7 39 53 7 12 4 28 7 33 56 3 58 4 33 7 28 1 0 19 W 23 26 49: 1 23 7 39 1 28 8 16 4 29l7 34 1 33 5 2 4 33 7 23 1 38 20 T i3 27 20 4 23 7 39 2 13 9 22 4 29 7 34 2 18 6 8 4 34 7 28 2 24 21 F 23 27 27 4 23 7 39 3 8 10 24 4 297 34 3 14 7 10 4 34 7 28 3 20 22 S 23 27 9 4 23 7 40 is»s 11 17 4 297 34 rises 8 3 4 34 7 29 ise.s 23 s .3 26 26 4 23 7 40 8 44 ov. 12 4 29 7 35 8 40 8 58 4 34 7 29 8 35 24 M 23 25 18 I 24 7 40 9 18 59 4 30:7 35 9 15 9 45 4 35 7 29 9 11 25 T -'3 23 46 4 24 7 40 9 47 1 41 4 307 35 9 45 10 27 4 35 7 29 9 42 26 W 23 21 49 4 24 7 40 10 12 2 23 4 30 7 35 10 11 il 9 4 35 7 29 10 9 27 T 23 19 28 I 25 7 40 10 33 3 5 1 30 7 35 10 33 U 51 4 3^ 7 29 10 33 28i F 23 16 41 4 25 7 40 10 56 3 47 4 31 7 35 10 57 «v. 33 4 36 7 29 10 58 29, S 23 13 31 4 25 7 40 11 20 4 31 4 31 7 35 11 22 1 17 4 36 7 29 11 23 30 Sli 23 9 55 4 25 7 40 11 42 5 17 4 31 7 35 11 45 2 3 4 36 7 29 11 48 HintM Tor ^ixth Stirrinsr the soil and destroying weeds will be the chief labors of this month :— Weeds will now appear by myriads; Take them in hand early and easily; If delayed the labor will be great; In growing from an inch to a foot, a weed increases a thousand fold ; Would you avoid an invading army? Then ilestroy on their first approach ; One weed will sow seed for a thousand ; Then never allow them to ripen ; Stir the soil often among crops ; Let the horse cultivator pass often ; i>Ioiith, June. Depend less on hoeing by hand : Hoes will work best if ground sharp; Sow corn in thick drills for fodder ; It may occupy any vacant ground; Sow ruta bagas early in the month ; Transplant early cabbages and celery ; Attend daily to the curculio; Thin roots, and cultivate thera well; Replant corn with only early sorts; F^xamine for borers in orchards; Destroy caterpillars on fruit trees ; Provide beehives ior swarming; Cultivate and mulch newly set trees. ©^3^^=- 7th MOIVTH. JULY, 1861. 31 DAYS. HSun on AJer d an MOON'S PHASES. Boston. N. York. Wash'to: n or Noon Mnrk. I) H M H »r H M D H M S ^T wf rtr Al/lrtltf K •>•*•&>•■■>*«■ 7 14 21 2<) 9 28e 10 4 e 7 22e 9 16o 9 52 e 7 lOe 9 4 e 9 40e 6 58e 1 9 17 25 12 3 31 12 4 54 12 5 50 12 6 11 XlKnl V^IJ A K IK It J •••■••"•••■ J: U IjIj *TlUUfS. • • • • ThiUO QllARTKR, i»U 1 \J f ■' 1 *m XJXM '^ 1 *^ ~l\f *7 m X ^ CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR IS C For Boston. N. Ensflft,),!. For N. York City, Plii- For WaHliinifton, o ^ _eD New-Vorlc State. Mi laiieipliia. Conn.. New Mar\IM. Virvi'a, ^ &< &-. cliif^aii, "Wiseoii.. Iowa Jei'sey, Penn'ia, Oliio Ken't'y. Misi^'ri, t*4 O O >- C aiui Oregon. Indiana and Illinois. and (JaiifKrnia. >• 8 UN SO.N MOON H. W. SUN SUN MOON H. W. SUN SU.N Ml ION •< a rieew H M set*. H y\ rises H M Bo.st. H M rises H M sets. H M rises. H Jf N. Y H M rises H M sets. II M rises. O ' " II M 1 M 23 5 56 4 26 7 40 morn 6 8 4 31 7 35 morn 2 54 4 37 7 29 morn 2 T 23 1 32 4 26 7 40 IQ 7 1 4 32 !7 35 13 3 47 4 37 7 29 18 3 W 22 56 44 4 27 7 40 41 7 54 4 32 17 35 46 4 40 4 38 7 29 51 4 T 22 51 32 4 27 7 39 1 19 8 51 1 33 7 34 1 24 5 37 4 38 7 28 1 30 5 F 22 45 56 4 23 7 391 2 4 9 4h 4 33 |7 34 2 10 6 32 1 39 7 28 2 16 6 S 22 39 56 4 29 7 39 2 58 10 36 4 34 7 34 3 4 7 22 4 40 7 23 3 10 7 s 22 33 32 4 29 7 39'set5 11 21 4 34 7 34 sets 8 7 4 4U 7 23 sets 8 M 22 26 45 4 30 7 38j 8 5 luoni 4 35 7 33 8 1 8 55 4 41 7 27 7 56 9 T 22 19 35 4 31 7 38 8 37 9 4 36 7 33 8 34 9 39 4 \l 7 27 8 31 10 W 22 12 2 4 31 7 38 9 7 53 4 37 7 33 9 5 10 2! 4 42 7 27 9 2 11 T 22 4 6 \ 32 7 37 9 34 1 35 4 38 7 32 9 33 11 3 4 43 7 26 9 33 12 F 21 55 47 4 33 7 37 9 59 2 17 4 39 7 32 10 0 11 48 4 44 7 26 10 0 13 S 21 47 6 1 34 7 36 10 27 3 2 4 39 7 31 10 29 morn 4 45 7 25 10 30 14 s 21 38 2 4 35 7 36 11 5 3 51 4 4'.) 7 31 11 8 37 4 45 7 25 11 11 15 M 21 28 36 4 36 7 35 11 28 4 45 4 41 7 30 11 32 1 31 4 46 7 24 11 37 16 T 21 18 49 4 37 7 34 morn 5 47 I 42 7 29 morn 2 3:^ I 47 7 2J morn 17 W 21 8 40 4 38 7 34 9 6 56 4 43 7 29 14 3 42 4 48 7 23 19 18 T 20 58 9 4 39 7 33 58 8 5 4 43 7 28 1 4 4 5! 4 49 7 2;{ 1 10 19 F 20 47 17 4 39 7 32 1 57 9 13 4 44 7 27 2 3 5 59 4 50 7 22 2 9 20 S 20 36 5 4 40 7 32 3 3 10 13 \ 45 7 27 3 9 6 59 4 50 7 2i 3 15 21 s 20 24 31 4 41 7 31 rises 11 2 4 46 7 26 rises 7 48 I 51 7 21 rises 22 M 20 12 37 4 42 7 30 7 47 11 49 4 47 7 25 7 44 8 35 J 52 7 20 7 41 23 T 20 0 23 4 43 7 29 8 14 ^v 35 4 48 7 24 8 12 9 1 4 53 7 1 ' 8 10 24 W 19 47 48 4 44 7 28 8 37 1 12 4 49 7 23 8 36 9 58 4 53 7 18 8 35 25 T 19 34 54 1 45 7 27 8 59 1 49 4 49 7 2- 8 59 10 35 4 54 7 17 8 59 26 F 19 21 40 4 46 7 26 9 22 2 2.5 4 50 7 22 9 23 11 1! 4 5:5 7 16 9 24 27 S 19 8 7 4 47 7 25 9 45 3 5 4 5' 7 21 9 48 11 51 4 56 7 15 9 50 28 s 18 54 15 4 48 7 24 10 10 3 47 4 52 7 21) 10 14 •V. 33 4 56 7 14 10 17 29 M 18 40 4 4 49 7 23 10 40 4 34 4 53 7 19 10 45 1 20 4 57 7 14 10 49 30 T 18 25 34 4 50.7 22111 15| 5 22 4 54 7 18 11 20 2 8 I 58 7 14 11 25 31 W ! 18 10 47 i 5ll •7 21 11 561 6 22 4 5'^ 7 17 tnorn 3 8 4 59 7 13 morn Hint« for Seventh Month, July. sands ; Continue to cultivate well, till arrested by the - labors of haying and harvesting. Continue the war against weeds; " A stitch in time will save " thous? Cut hay at the medium season ; If too earl;^ it will lack substance ; If too late it will be hard and woody; Cut wheat a week before dead ripe ; The grain will weigh more and be better; The straw will be brighter and richer. Cut timber by the middle of summer ; It will rapidly season and dry; Its durability will be at least doubled. Kee^ your orchards well cultivated. Their growth will increase ten fold, .Mulch newly transplantffd cherries; It will save many from dying by drouth. Cut the black-knot often from plums ; Taken early it is a sure remedy. Thin fruit on over-bearing trees: Bud standard pears, cherries and plums, Perform tliumb-prmiing on young trees. 8th MONTH. AUGUST, 186 1. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. New l^fooN, FlItST QlJAUTKR, • Full Moon, Third Qi'aktkr, D 6 13 20 28 Boston. H 8 2 7 8 10m 32 m 7 m 39 in N. York. H 7 2 6 8 M 58 m 20 m 55 m 27 'n Wash' ton H 7 2 6 8 M 46 n. 8 m 43 m 15 TV .Sun oil Meridian or Noon Murk. I) 1 9 17 25 H 12 12 12 12 6 5 3 1 s 0 11 46 48 a 'X r- S5 O S o O ft •< 1 T 2 F 3 S 4 s 5 M 6 T 7 W 8 T 9 F 10 S 11 s 12 M 13 T 14 W 15 T 16 F 17 S 18 s 19 M 20 T 21 W 22 T 23 F 24 S 25 s 26 M 27 T 28 W 29 T 30 F 31 S 1 'A 3 02 17 17 17 17 16 6 6 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 II 10 0 0 9 9 9 8 8 55 40 24 8 52 35 19 2 44 27 9 51 33 14 55 36 17 58 38 19 59 38 18 58 37 16 55 34 12 51 29 41 18 37 39 25 54 7 5 47 li 26 23 7 37 56 46 24 49 2 4 54 32 0 18 25 22 10 49 18 39 CALENDAR For IJoflton, N. Ent,'lji(Hl New-York State. Mi cliittan, Wiscon.. lowsi and Oregon. SUN I'ises M 52 5;-! 54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 SUN sets. M 20 19 18 16 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 11 MOON ritses H M morn 46 1 42 2 47 3 54 sets 7 36 8 2 8 30 8 58 9 31 10 8 10 55 4 11 51 2 morn 1 0 53 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46 44 54 2 1 3 10 4 18 rises 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 42 10 37 41 11 29 39,iiiO n 371 29 25 48 13 41 12 51 II. \v. Host. H )l 7 21 8 22 9 21 10 15 11 1 11 45 morn 31 1 12 1 53 38 31 29 34 46 56 .1 57 10 43 11 21 ev. 2 40 1 14 1 50 26 9 57 49 48 50 5> CALENDAR For N. York City,.riM- ladeli>lii;i..Conii., Neu JerHtt}", Penn'ia, Oiiio Indiana and Illinois. SUN SUN rises setH 56 7 57^7 58 7 59 7 07 17 217 3,7 57 67 7i7 87 97 ]o:6 11!6 12,6 136 14*6 156 16 6 1716 186 19,6 20;6 216 22 6 236 24 6 256 -26 '6 M 16 15 14 13 12 II 10 9 R 6 5 3 2 0 59 58 57 55 54 53 51 5!) 49 47 45 43 41 40 38 36 31 MOON H. \V. rises. N. Y M 2 52 48 52 59 sets 7 35 8 2 8 31 9 0 9 34 !0 13 11 0 11 57 mom 59 2 6 3 14 4 21 rises 7 2 7 26 7 50 8 16 8 45 9 17 9 56 10 43 11 35 morn 35 H 4 5 6 7 7 »i 7 8 7 1 47 8 31 9 17 9 5f 10 3P 11 24 morn 17 15 2f 32 42 47 4o- 29 7 8 48 9 26 10 0 10 36 11 12 11 55 ev. 43 1 35 2 34 3 3( U 39 CALENDAR For Wasliinirton, Mar, I'd, VirK'a, Ivcnt.'y, Miss'ri, and ( ^difornia. .SUN rises .SUN Sets. M 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 1216 13|6 14 15 16 17 18 19i6 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 4 3 1 0 59 58 57 55 54 53 52 50 49 48 46 45 43 42 41 39 .MOON rises. U M 8 58 1 54 2 57 4 3 sets 7 34 8 3 8 9 9 10 11 33 3 39 19 6 morn 3 5 11 18 24 rises 7 2 7 7 8 8 9 10 3810 3611 27 52 19 49 23 2 49 41 33 morn 40 Hints for Eighth Month, August Finish up hayinp and harvesting, Cut oats before the strsiw is full yellow ; It will waste less, and be better fodder. Secure the prle-inings by a horse rake. Drat? stul)ble while wet, to start weeds. Carefully house all harvest tools. Carefully secure the best seed wheat; 'I'horouslily winnow out the foul seeds, Never sow any chess. Allow no weeds to go to seed. Cut up briers to destroy theui. Keep roots thoroughly clear of weeds. Cut underdrains through wet lands. Drain muck swamps for the manure ; Cut it out in large heaps for coini)ost. Draw out all the manure for the wheat ; Hreak it u\i well by harrowing ; Let it be thoroughly mixed with the soil See no weeds go to seed in the garden ; Gather the seeds of vegetables. Allow swine to eat fallen apples; Their growth will rapidly increase. c^ »thMo.\TH. SEPTEMBER, 1861. 30 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Nrw Moon, ••.• Flltsr QUAUTER, ■ Full Moon,- •• • Thiiid Qdautku, . n 4 11 18 27 Boston. H 5 8 9 1 M 29 e 32 ni 13 e 40 m N. York. H M 5 17e 8 20 ui 9 6e 1 28 m Baltimore H 5 8 8 1 M 5e 8 m 54 e 16 m Sum on Meridian or Noon Mark. D 1 9 17 25 H M S 11 59 44 11 57 6 11 54 18 11 51 30 u '1 'A CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR C ^ 00 C For Boston, N. Eiit(land. For N. York City, Pld- For WaBliintjton, *^. ;= di New-Vork State. Mi ladelpliia. Conn., New Mary I'd, Virjj'a, b. 'am 0) ciiiifaii, Wiwcoii., Iowa .Terney, Pemi'ia. Oliio, Keiit'v, Miss'ri, C -a a and Oretfon. Indiana and Tllinois. ami California. 1' SUN SUN MOON II. w. SUN SUN MOON H. W SUN SUN MOON Pi c 03 i-ise» W M sets. H M ritfes H M IJost. H M rises 8et«. rises H Af N. Y. H H rIeeK sets H M rises o , >, H »( H W H M 1 S 8 7 52 5 24 6 36 1 34 8 53 5 27 6 33 1 39 5 39 5 29 6 31 1 44 2 M 7 45 56, > 26 6 35 2 44 9 48 ') 28:6 32 2 47 6 34 5 30 6 30 2 51 3 T 7 23 531 5 27 6 33 3 55 10 36 5 29-6 30 3 57 7 22 5 31 6 28 4 0 4 W 7 1 44,' .) 28 6 31 sets 11 19 J 30|6 29 sets 8 5 5 32 6 27 38ta 5 T 6 39 27. > 29 6 30 6 30 luoi-n 5 31 6 27 6 31 8 50 5 33 6 25 6 32 6 F 6 17 3 5 30 6 28 7 0 4 S 32 6 26 7 2 9 34 5 34 6 24 7 4 7 S 5 54 3:.^ 5 31 6 26 7 32 48 5 33 6 24 7 35 10 21 5 35 6 23 7 39 8 .s 5 31 58; 5 32 6 25 8 9 1 35 S 3416 23 8 14 11 7 5 35 6 21 8 18 9 M 5 9 17 5 33 6 23 8 53 2 21 5 35,6 21 8 58 morn 5 36 6 20 9 4 10 T 4 46 31 5 34 6 21 9 46 3 19 -, 36|6 19 9 52 5 5 37 6 18 9 58 11 W 4 23 40; 5 35 6 19 10 47 4 20 5 36 6 18 10 53 1 6 5 38 6 17 10 59 12 T 4 0 441 5 36 6 17 11 53 5 28 3 37 6 IC 11 59 2 14 5 39 6 15 morn 13 F 3 27 45, 5 37 6 16 morn 6 38 J 38 6 14 morn 3 24 5 40 6 13 4 14 S 3 14 41 5 38 6 14 1 1 7 41 5 39 6 12 1 5 4 27 5 40 6 12 1 10 15 s 2 51 34 5 39 6 12 2 9 8 41 5 40 6 10 2 J2 5 27 5 41 6 10 2 16 16 M 2 28 34: 5 40 6 11 3 16 9 30 5 416 8 3 18 6 J6 5 42 6 9 3 20 17 T 0 * 5 11 5 41 6 9 4 19 10 15 5 42 6 7 4 20 7 1 p 43 6 7 4 21 18 W 1 41 55 ') 42 6 7 ris'-S 10 54 5 43 6 5 ri- 54 5 47 26 4 6 5 54 5 47 31 30' M'l 2 58 39 5 55 5 45 1 3> 8 18 5 55 5 45 1 35 5 4 5 55 5 43 1 38 Hints for IViuth Month, September. Put land in the best order for wlieat ; Let it be wtll eiiriciicd and made mellow; Let tiie !-i'ed lie sown with a drill; Destroj' smut Ijy l)rining the seed. Feed all fatt- uiiig animals regularly. Let the jipirtnionts of swine be kept clean; Never keep tlieiu waiting for food ; Never let tlieiu squeal oIT their flesh. Grub up buy.hes and briars ; Cut up stra^'slinK thistles in pastures; Pull up scattered niulleins by roadsides. Carefully select the best seed corn. Sow timothy for next season's crop. Drain bncs if the weather is dry. Harvest buckwheat as soon as it ripens. Soil and feed cows if pastures are short. Clean and ventilate cellai-s rainy days. Kxainine and repair all fences. See that root crops are cleaned of weeds. Clear meadows of all scattered stones. Pick pears before mature, for rii)ening. Pick all fine fruits carefully by hand. lOth MOIVTH. OCTOBER, 1861. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. New Moon, FlIlST QUARTBR, • Tvi.h Moon, Tmnn Qimrtfr, D 4 10 18 ?6 Boston. H 2 5 1 5 M 13 m 25 e 54 e 11 e N. York. H M 2 1 m 5 13 e i 42 e 4 59e Wash' ton Sun • < •< 1 T 2 W 3 T 4 F 5 S 6 s 7 M 8 T 9 W 10 T 11 F 12 S 13 s 14 M 15 T 16 W 17 T 18 F 19 S 20 s 21 M 22 T 23 W 24 T 25 F 26 S 27 N 28 M 29 T 30 W 31 T! QQ go a « « a "a Z3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 21 45 8 31 54 17 40 3 26 49 12 34 57 19 41 3 25 47 9 31 52 13 34 55 16 36 57 17 37 57 16 58 16 31 42 51 56 57 53 44 31 11 46 \4 36 50 57 56 47 30 4 28 43 47 42 25 57 18 26 2'2 5 35 CALENDAR For Boston. N. England New-York State. Mi cliiyan, Wiucon., Iowa and Oregon. SUN rises M 56 57 58 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 31 3> SUN MOON H. W. Beth, rises Bost. 43 42 40 5 39 38 36 34 33 31 29 28 26 24 22 20 19 17 16 14 13 U 10 7 8 5 4 2 1 0 4 58 4 57 H M 2 43 3 56 5 11 sets 6 4 6 37 7 39 8 39 9 45 10 54 morn 2 9 12 14 15 15 rises 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 50 30 16 9 7 9 11 15 morn 22 1 32 2 44 3 59 H )l 9 15 10 7 10 54 11 37 morn 29 20 11 10 11 13 16 14 5 8 54 9 39 10 19 10 56 11 ev. 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 30 12 52 34 16 4 55 49 46 43 41 8 40 9 34 CALENDAR For N. York City, Vh\ ladelpliia. Conn., Ne\\ Jersey. Penn'ia. Oiiio Indiana and Illinois. SUN rises SUN sets. 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9|5 10{5 1115 12;5 135 14|5 15:5 1615 18:5 195 6 20 5 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 43 42 41 39 37 36 34 33 31 29 28 26 25 23 22 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 10 8 7 5 4 3 2 0 59 MOON I H. W. rises. N. Y I H 6 6 7 H M 2 45 3 57 5 10 sets 6 8 6 4210 7 44!lO 8 45 11 1 53 40 8 23 9 15 6 5? 56 9 5l!niorn 10 58 morn 6 11 13 15 15 13 rises 19 55 35 22 14 12 14 19 57 59 2 0 51 40 2? 5 42 16 morn 25 1 33 2 44 3 58 8 56 9 38 10 20 11 2 11 ev. 1 2 3 4 5 6 5C 41 35 32 29 27 26 21 CALENDAR For Wasliintrton, Mary I'd, Virg'a, Keiil'y. Miss'ri, am) Calirornia. si;n rises H y 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 56 57 58 59 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 SUN Sets. U 5 5 5 5 D 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^ o 5 5 5 5 5 5 18!5 1915 20 5 21 6 22 o 5 23|5 245 255 2*15 M 44 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 32 31 30 29 27 25 24 22 20 19 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 7 5 4 3 o MOOM rises. K »( 2 47 3 57 5 9 sets 6 12 6 57 7 50 8 50 9 56 11 3 morn 10 1 14 2 15 3 15 4 13 5 11 rises 5 24 6 1 b 41 7 28 8 20 9 17 10 18 11 22 morn 27 1 34 2 44 3 56 Hints for Tenth Finish h.irvesting autumn crops. Let potatos be always put away dry ; They will be less affected by rot; Keep them ventilated and cool. Ventilate all roots buried in heaps. Carefully hand-pick winter apiiles; Handle them about as carefully as eggs; Avoid bruii'ins the trees by ladders- Give care to fattening animals; Feed regularly, and just enough; Avoid waste, dirt, and surfeit. Month, October. Paint buildinprs and out-houses; The paint will now harden and last; The sun will not dry it to powder. Pre^)are new orchard ground for spring; Dram, subsoil, and plow d<;ep; Work in compost or old manure. Plant hardy trees only, in auiuTiin ; Protect them securely acainst winds. Gather in all farminsr tools; Let them be thoroughly cleaned; P.ack them all snugly in their places. 11th MO.\TU. NOVEMBER. 1861 30 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. New Mook, • • . • First Quakter, ■ Full Moon,« •• •■ Third Qdartkr, . D 2 9 17 25 Boston. H 11 6 8 6 M 20 m 0 m 23 m 23 I.. N. ' S'ork. M R 11 8 lU 5 48 (U 8 11 m 6 11 m Baltimore H M 10 56 m 5 36 m 7 59n) 5 59 r. Bun on Mer dian or Noon Mark. 1 9 17 25 H M S 11 43 42 11 44 1 11 45 13 11 47 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 O •< C F S s M T W T F S M T W T F S s M T 20; W 21: T 22 23 24 251 26 F S s M T 27 W 28 T 29: F 30 S CQ C S 'V « 3 03 14 35 14 54 15 13 15 32 15 50 16 8 16 26 16 43 17 0 17 17 17 34 17 50 IB 6 18 22 18 37 18 52 !9 7 19 21 19 35 19 49 20 2 20 15 20 27 20 40 20 51 51 53 40 12 29 30 14 42 53 46 21 CALENDAR For Boston, N. KnjflHtnl. New-York State, Mi cliiifan, WiijcoM., lowji an 1 8 17 24 31 Boston. H 9 10 3 5 9 33 e 26 e 24 m 8e 10 m N. Yok. H M 9 21 e 10 14 e 3 12 111 4 56 e 8 53 n. Wash' toil H 9 10 3 4 M 9e 2e 0 ui 44 e 8 46 Sun Oh Meiidifiii or Noon M;iik. D 1 9 17 25 11 S[ s 11 49 24 11 52 46 11 56 34 12 0 33 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 u: od CALENDAR a For Boston, N. Emcland, » » New-York State. Mi cliit^nn, Wiscon., Iowa o 13 at and Oregon. >- SON SUN 1 MOON H. W. •< 3 CD rises H M setb. sets. Bost. H JI O / // H SI S 21 53 5S 7 10 4 29|2 2 53 7 11 4 29 5 5 12 0 T 22 11 23 7 12 4 28 6 14 uiOrn W 22 19 27 7 13 4 28 7 28 - 55 T 22 27 4 7 14 4 28 8 21 1 45 F 22 34 15 7 15 4 28 9 50 2 32 S 22 41 0 7 16 4 28 10 56 3 22 s 22 47 18 7 17 4 28{ll 59 4 9 M 22 53 9 7 18 4 26 morn 4 58 T 22 53 33 7 19 4 28 1 0 5 47 W 23 3 30 7 20 4 28 2 1 6 36 T 23 7 59 7 21 4 23 2 59 7 29 F 23 12 0 7 22 4 28 3 58 8 17 S 23 15 34 7 22 4 28 4 57 9 8 s 23 18 40 7 23 4 28 5 55 9 58 M 23 21 18 7 24 4 28 1 ises 10 44 T 23 23 28 7 24 4 29 4 55 11 27 W 23 25 10 7 25 4 29 5 55 ev. 12 T 23 26 24 7 25 4 29 6 58 5.5 F 23 27 10 7 26 4 30 8 4 1 36 S 23 27 27 7 26 4 30 9 9 2 17 s 23 27 15 7 27 4 31 10 16 3 1 M 23 26 36 7 27 4 31 11 23 3 47 T 23 25 28 7 28 4 32 m)rn 4 38 W 23 23 52 7 28 4 32 33 5 32 T 23 21 47 7 29 4 33 1 44 6 34 F 23 19 14 7 29 4 34 3 0 7 41 S 23 16 14 7 29 4 34 4 16 8 49 s 23 12 45 7 29 4 35 5 29 9 55 M 23 8 48 7 30 4 36 6 35 10 5p T 1 23 4 23 7 30 4 37 set.s 11 45 CALENDAR CALENDAR For N. York City, Phi For \Vasliini(ton, ladelpliia. Conn., New Mary I'd, Virg'a, Jersey, Penn'ia, Oliio Kenl'y, Miss'ri, Indiana and Illinois. and (jidifornia. SUN SON MOON H. \V. SUN SU.S' .MOON rises set.-i sets. N. Y rises sets. sets. JI M H M H Jl H W H M a M H M 7 514 34 -e's 7 49 6 59 4 40 -ets 7 6:4 34 5 '10 8 46 7 0 4 39 5 16 7 7,4 34 6 19 9 41 7 1 4 39 6 25 7 814 3i 7 33 10 31 7 2 4 39 7 37 7 9;4 33 8 25 11 18 7 3 4 38 8 28 7 104 33 9 52 uiorn 7 4 4 38 9 54 7 1114 3i 10 57 F 7 54 38 10 58 7 12:4 33 11 59 55 7 64 33 11 59 7 13:4 33 jiorri 1 44 7 7 4 38 morn 7 14:4,33 59 2 33 7 S 4 38 58 7 154 33 1 58 3 22 7 9 4 38 1 53 7 154 33 2 56 4 15 7 10 4 39 2 53 7 16;4 33 3 54 5 r 7 10 4 39 3 50 7 174 34 4 52 5 5^ 7 11 4 39 4 47 7 17|4 34 5 49 6 44 7 11 4 39 5 44 7 18,4 34 rises 7 30 7 12 4 o9 rises 7 184 34 5 0 8 13 7 12;4 40 5 6 7 194 35 6 0 8 58 7 13 4 40 6 5 7 194 35 7 2 9 41 7 134 40 7 6 7 20 4 36 8 7 10 2- 7 144 41 8 10 7 204 36 9 11 11 3 7 144 41 9 13 7 2l|4 37 10 17 11 47 7 15 4 42 10 18 7 2ii4 37 11 23 ev. 3b 7 15'4 42 11 22 7 22|4 38 morn 1 24 7 16 4 43 inorn 7 22:4 38 31 2 18 7 16 4 43 29 7 23'4 39 1 43 3 20 7 17 4 44 1 40 7 23,4 39 2 56 4 7 7 17 4 45 2 52 7 24 4 4 : 4 11 5 35 7 18 4 45 4 6 7 21 4 40 5 23 6 41 7 18 4 46 5 18 7 25 4 41 6 29 7 3f; 7 19 4 47 6 23 7 25! 4 42 ■<3 STUKET. Fig. i—ViLLAGK Garden of adoot Half an Acrk. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 29 LAYINQ OUT OROUNDS. The many different sizes, forms, and other circumstances, of the Grounds which surround dwellings, render a large number of plans desirable for those who would obtain suggestions, and adopt such as are best suited to their own places. Hence we deem it important to continue to give such plans and with this view present a few to the readers of the Register on the present occasion. The fii-st (on opposite page,) is one copied from Copelands Country Life.,^ a work abounding in fine illustrations on Horticulture and Landscape Garden- ing, and containing valuable matter on these subjects. It represents a village garden of about half an acre, and is adapted to either a laborer's cottage or to a more costly residence. The work being all performed by hand, every advantage is taken by extending the walk around the whole grounds, to give it variety and extent in appearance. The lot is supposed to be 125 by 175 feet, or about ^\ by 10| rods. The house may be about 25 by 35 feet — the walks 6 to 8 feet wide. The reader will observe that the too common and very stiff mode, of laying a straio-ht walk at right angles to the road and dwelling, is entirely avoided, and grace- ful curves introduced, giving more seclusion, and apparent breadth to the front grounds. The. house is placed towards one side, to prevent cutting up and abridging the plan. This design will not need a minute explanation. The trees next the street are of different sorts, to relieve the stiffness which would result from a row 5f one kind. The rear walk passes around the whole of the kitchen garden, which is partly hid by the dwarf fruit trees which line the walk. The build- ing in the rear may be a hen and pig house. For further details for the management and keeping of the grounds, the reader is referred to the article " Ornamental Planting," in the last number of the Register. A western correspondent furnishes the following plan of a residence and its surrounding grounds, (fig. 2, on next page,) which, on being laid out and planted, are found too stiff to prove satisfactory, and requests a better plan. The country around the house is rolling prairie. The house is situated on an eminence commanding a view of the town a mile distant, towards a. The scenery is quite similar in all directions. The trees shown in this plan are mostly newly planted and may be removed. In designing a plan, there are many circumstances to be taken into conside- ration, all more or less modifying the result. The undulations of the surface must be known in order to fix properly the position of the roads and walks. The amount of labor to be expended in keeping the grounds in order, • Published by J. P. Jewett & Co., Boston. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER 4> a 0 KITCHEMGARCCN. <3 0 <9 ORCH/tRO ^TABUg GRAPE ARBQfl. « «§ 0^ <4 $/ iP ^ ^ . 3 -> <9 \^ «2> o o «y ft is another important consideration. If broad spreading trees only are to occupy the lawn, and the grass is to be kept short by sheep, the ex- pense will not be a hundredth part of the amount requi- red to mow the lawn weekly, so as ^ to keep it like vel- «> vet, to dress off the walks with mathe- matical precision, and to keep trees, I shrubs, and bril- ^ liant flower beds * in the turf, in the highest state of culture and finish. It is not supposed that any one ask- ing us for infor- mation on this subject, would adopt the slovenly mode of allowing the grass to grow up for hav to be cut but once a year, on a space like this of but two or three acres. The middle course is doubtless in- tended— to plant only the more thrifty growing trees, and hardy and vigorous shrubs near the dwelling, and to keep the grass mowed frequently — say once a week in early summer, and once in two or three weeks later in the season. Fig. 3 exhibits the plan proposed PUBLIC noflo Fig. S— Stiff and Unimproved Plan of Grounds. Fig. 3— The Same Improved. as an improvement. We have made it as simple as practicable — laying down li but a single carriage road, and a few short walks. A more elaborate plan, ( \ and of more costly execution, would have included various walks over the t OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 31 lawn, now intended to be merely traversed in the short gra?^. Most of the walks in immediate proximity to the house, are such as utility demands, and they are skirted with the smaller shrubl>cry ; or, if desii-^d, with circular or oviil flower beds. But the latter must be kept in the neatest trim, and occu- pied with continued bloomers, or they will appear worse than none. The grape arbor on the road to the stable is omitted, as being unsuited at that place, where the vines could not be properly cultivated for successful growth. In a minute working plan, the position of every tree and its kind, would be given. This reduced figure precludes such minuteness of detail — the engra- ving will show the style of planting; selecting the trees and adjusting their position, will afford an endless exercise of t:tste and skill. Some hints will be found in the Register for 1860, pages 250, 251, &c. The mode of trans- ferring the plan from paper to the ground, is given on page 245 of the same work. L^.-; e '• ~.i-t (i^Js *" s Fig. 4. Fig. 5. proposed to plant shade trees, &c., on the slope below, which may also be used as a horse and sheep pasture. The orchard is above the barn. The field marked a is entered from the pu))lic road — all the others through the lane, as represented. At f there is a bridge — h and c may be as one field if desired. Less land may be left along the ravine, if suitable. The fences between c and c?, and between a and 6, may be built only on one side of the ravine, if cattle could be excluded from the timber land. The nearer part --=^3© f ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER of field e might be divided off for a calf or hog pasture, if desired, by a fence running east and west. The enti-ance road to the house may also pass around it to the right, as convenience may require. It will be observed that the lane or farm road is kept nearly on a level, a most important requisite, although the fields, d and e, entered from it, lie on the high ridge. PRUNING AND TRAINING ROSES. The Rose, to continue in successful bloom year after year, must be kept pruned, and be manured and cultivated. "Without this care, the bushes will become feeble, stunted, and enveloped in thick and half-dead brush, and the flowers will be few and imperfect. "With px-oper management, on the Fig. 1. Fig. 2. contrary, the plants may be kept healthy, vigorous, and afford yearly a pro- fusion of fully developed and beautiful flowers. \ Sic^ OP RURAL AFFAIRS. It is hard to persuade a novice, on setting out a young rose bush, to use his knife at all. He "cannot bear" to cut off those long promising shoots. The consequence is, his bushes barely survive the first season, and make little Fig. 5. Fig, 6. or no growth. Had he cut back freely, he would have had perhaps five times the amount of stem and shoots by autumn, and that of a most vigoroiis character. These remarks apply especially to the free growers, as for exam- ple, the stronger summer and the prairie varieties. The simplest mode of training is in the form of a bush, as shown in fig. 1. For the management of such, the chief requisites are the yearly application of old manure, cutting out old wood, and leaving but few of the new and best shoots. If too many are left, the leaves will be crowded and small, and the flowers less perfectly fornred. Tree Hoses are greatly admired when well trained, but they, re- quire much care. Specimens are shown in figs. 2 and 3. They are usually made by budding on vigo- rous standards about two feet high. The buds, when growing, form the head. Two modes are pur- Fig. 7. sued ; one, to form the head from a siugle bud, as shown by fig. 4 ; and the other by the growth of two or three buds, as in fig. 5. Both modes i=>^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER have their advocates and advantages, but success depends more on general treatment. Fig. 5 (on the preceding page,) exhibits the appearance of a tree rose-bush, (divested of its foHage,) after one year's growth of the three buds. The places for cutting back these new shoots are indicated by the letters a and b. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Six or seven shoots are a suflficient number to be left, of those which will be thrown out the second year — one, the leader, should be upright, the rest around it, and the lower down the longer they should be, so as to give the head the form of half a sphere with the flat part downwards, or rather the form of the large part of a sphere unequally cut. As much as practicable, the shoots should be made to grow from the center outwards, so that they may not cross each other '{• and form a confused and crowded head. Fig. 6 repre- sents the tree fully formed after some years growth. Weeping roses (fig. 7 on preceding page,) are produced by budding the longer and freer growing sorts standard height, as in fig. 8, and after- wards bending them down- Fig. 10. Fig.. 11. ii\ wards and giving them a uniformly drooping form by means of a hoop, h (figure 9.) It is especially important to keep weeping roses well and () OF RURAL AFFAIRS. uniformly pruned. The Prairie roses may be made into handsome weeping bushes. A mode of forming Pillar roses is described and illustrated on page 27 of the second volume of Rural Affairs. Another is represented by fig. 10, the support consisting of the trunk of a small tree of cedar or other durable wood, the branches being cut within eight or ten inches of the stem. Strong growing shoots are formed by first giving a strong root to the rose by means of a rich soil and good culture, and then cutting back freely. The taller and more rapid growing summer roses will do for pillars, but the Prairie roses are best. Nothing can be finer than the effect produced by the blooming of a plant each of the Queen of the Prairies and Baltimore Belle, both trained together on one pillar. Fig. 11 is part of a rose pillar with the growth com- plete and in full bloom.* A BASKET OF PLUMS. For some years past the dwarf plum orchard of Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, has excited the admiration of all who have visited their nursery at the time of ripening. The high culture, skillful pruning, and assiduous labor in destroying the curculio, bestowed on these trees, have given results Pig. 1— Nklson's Victory. Fig. 2— Sharp's Emperor. which we have never seen excelled and rarely equalled. Those magnificent varieties, the Bradshaw, Pond's Seedling. Victoria, Sharp's Emperor, and • The cuts which illustrate this article are from Copeland's "Country Life," to the pub- lishers of which we are indebted for them. I ^c^- =^=>® 36 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Goliath, loading the bending branches which sustain them, are a sight to view ! At a re- cent visit, they presented us with a basket of several speci- mens each, of a large number of sorts ; and as many of them are comparatively new, we be- lieve it will be an acceptable service to our pomological readers to give figures and descriptions of some of the most valuable and interesting varieties. Nelson's Yictory, (fig. 1.) — Medium in size, roundish oval, brownish yellow, with some dull red, stone small, free, juicy, good. Its origin is English ; the growth is vigorous, and it is ex- ceedingly productive, which, ad- ded to its beautiful appearance, will make it fine for market. Pig. 4— Wangenheim. Fig. 5— Goliath. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Sharp's Emperor, (fig. 2.) — One of the best market sorts, large, hand- some, very showy, resembling Victoria, but the tree is more regular, not so vigorous, and the shoots less downy. Bradshaw, (fig. 3.) — This is a plum of foreign origin, remarkable for its large size, productiveness, and vigorous growth of the tree — qualities ren- dering it eminently valuable as a market variety. It was described by P. Barry in the Horticulturist for 1855. It is of largest size, a large portion of the specimens on thrifty trees measuring two and a-quarter inches long, and an inch and seven-eighths cross diameter. It is oval in form, inclining to obovate, sometimes with a very slight neck ; suture obtuse ; color, dark purple, with a light blue bloom ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long, set in a narrow cavity ; flesh a little coarse, becoming light brownish purple, at first adhering, but nearly free from the stone when fully ripe ; juicy, good, slightly acid ; tree erect in growth, vigorous ; shoots purple, smooth. Ripens the last of summer. Wangenheim, (fig. 4.) — Medium in size, oval, suture shallow but distinct, color dark blue, stem rather short, set without depression ; flesh greenish Fig. 6— Victoria. Fig, 7— Peters' Yellow Oagb. yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, rich, " very good," partly free from the rather large stone. This is of German origin, and is a sort of prune ; the growth is erect, moderately vigorous, and the tree very productive — it is one of the 'best of its class. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Goliath, (fig. 5.) — Large and handsome, roundish oval or roundish oblong, usually larger on one side of the suture, color deep red or greenish yellow, dark purple in the sun and somewhat mottled ; stalk in a very deep and nar- row cavity; flesh light brownish yellow, adhering somewhat to the stone, juicy, rather coarse or fibrous, with a brisk, sprightly flavor — "good." Eng- lish— a strong grower and very pioductive, and bears young — profitable. Victoria, (fig. 6.) — Large, obovate, suture distinct, stem half an inch long, in a rather deep and narrow cavity ; color a fine light reddish purple ; flesh yellow, pleasant, "good," adhering to the stone. It has been long known in some parts of England — stands next to Pond's Seedling in size and beauty, and in productiveness, and is a great grower, rather irregular. It is distinct from and better than Sharp's Emperor. Peters' Yellow Gage, (fig. 7.) — Large, nearly oval, somewhat varying or irregular in form, stem three-fourths of an inch long, set in a rather deep Fig. 8— Lucombb's Nonsuch. Fig. 9— Fellenbbro. cavity, which is a little on one side of the plum ; suture distinct, dividmg the fruit in slightly unequal portions ; color a rich greenish yellow, with some crimson dots towards the sun ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sweet, " very good." Lucombe's Nonsuch, (fig. 8.)— Large, nearly globular, suture distinct, A color greenish yellow, marbled, or with broad attenuating stripes of yellow- ish orange and greenish yellow ; stalks three-fourths of an inch long, in a A ; \ considerable cavity ; flesh moderately firm, greenish yellow, sweet when full fy OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 39 ripe, juicy, " good or very good ;" adheres to the stone. Shoots smooth. Compares favorably in quality with Imperial Gage. Tree a vigorous grower. Fkllenberg, or Italian Prune, (fig. 9.) — Size medium, oval, rather pointed at the ends, suture small but distinct ; color dark purple with a light blue bloom ; stalk an inch long, scarcely sunk at the insertion ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, "good," ap- proaching "very good," free from stone. Pond's Seedling, of the English, (fig. 10.) — Fruit of the largest size. Fig. 10— Pond'3 Skkdli.vo. Fig. 11— Purple Gage. exceedingly showy, often two and a-quarter inches long and an inch and seven-eighths in diameter, obovate and suture small, distinct on one side, obscure on the other, accompanied on both sides by an obscure ridge •, stem three-fourths of an inch long, in a small cavity ; color light red, flesh yellow- ish, somewhat fibrous, adhering firmly to the stone, sub-acid, of moderate flavor, " good." Shoots smooth — ripens middle or latter part of 9 mo. (Sept.) The most showy and brilliant of all plums — great grower and bearer — quality about equal to Yellow Egg. Purple Gage, (fig. 11.) — This excellent plum, under whose name a spu- rious sort has often been disseminated, is of full medium size, roundish, color a dull rich purple, with russet dots and nettings; stalk an inch long, cavity slight, flesh greenish yellow, fine grained, juicy, sweet, "very good," if not / " best," possessing much of the excellence of the Green Gage. ^c:^^ <^=:«a ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Nectarine, (j5g. 12.) — Fruit large, nearly round, sometimes slightly ap- proaching oblong or ovate, suture moderate ; stem quite short, in a deep wide Fig. 12— Nectarine. Fig. 13— Rotal Tours. cavity; skin dull rich purple, with conspicuous russet specks; flesh dull brownish yellow, somewhat fibrous, juicy, with a sprightly moderate, some- what acid flavor — " good " — adheres partially to the stone. Royal Tours, (fig. 13.) — Large, (an inch and a-half in diameter,) nearly globular, a distinct but Fig. 14— PRracB Englbbert. Fig. 15— Prince's Yellow Gaoe. / j OP RURAL AFFAIRS. 41 shallow suture extending half around, the whole surface plump and obtuse ; skin reddish purple in the shade, but very dark purple in the sun, with a conspicuous blue bloom ; stalk half an inch long, set in a small and shallow cavity; flesh light brown when fully ripe, juicy, quite high flavored, at least " very good," according to the pomological scale — nearly free from the oval, 'flat stone. An excellent plum. Princk Exglebert, (fig. 14.) — This plum is a Belgian variety. The fruit is quite large, oblong-oval, deep blueish purple, with a dense bloom ; the stem is rather slender, set in a distinct ring at base, and in a rather deep nar- row cavity ; suture distinct ; flesh very juicy and melting, with a pleasant, moderately rich and excellent flavor, parting from the stone. The tree is said to be a free grower, and to prove very productive. It ripens the latter part of 8 mo. (Aug.) The shoots are downy. Prince's Yellow Gage, (fig. 15.) — Well known and an excellent variety. NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES. Every year developes the character of some neAV variety of the Straw- berry, or reverses or establishes opinions in relation to older sorts. The following remarks indicate nearly the results of the experiments of many cultivators up to the present time. Most of these results confirm the excellence and value of the Triomphe de Gand^ (fig, 1,) which of late years has been acquiring a high reputation for fine quaUty, hardiness, produc- tiveness and great size. It is a sta- minate — resembles Wilson's Albany in the dark green color of its leaves, and is a strong grower. The writer has measured berries, two inches through the longest diameter. Burr's New Fine, now become an old variety, still maintains its charac- ter for excellence, but the berry is too soft and delicate for market, and the plants are rather feeble growers. As it is a pistillate and requires Fig. 1-Triomphe de Gand, a fertilizer, it is less valued by many on this account, Brighton Pine, (from Brighton, Mass.,) proves to be a fine reliable sort, but could not be classed among the very best. Hooker, although an admirable berry — large, excellent and productive — is too liable to winter-killing for extensive cultivation. It is true it often ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER escapes disaster, but frequently patches or portions of plantations are de- stroyed. Many will, however, retain it to a limited extent on account of its high quality. In sheltered positions it may not suffer. loiva, ( Washington of Cincinnati market,) although of second quality in flavor, is regarded by many intelligent cultivators as possessing some very valuable qualities for market culture, more especially for its hardiness, pro- ductiveness, and perfect fruit. Its dense trusses of berries always present a fine appearance. Jenny Lind sustains its character as a good, very early sort — usually quite as early as the Scarlet — larger, and equal to it in quality. A staminate. Moyamensing^ (large, dark crimson,) holds a respectable rank, but not among the first. It is a valuable sort, but is hardly worthy of extensive recommendation. Prince's Magnate has been fully tried by H. E. Hooker and others at Ro- chester, but although a fine berry, the plant is of quite feeble growth, and it cannot be strongly recommended. Trollope''s Victoria (fig. 2,) is a very large, fine variety — sometimes con- siderably productive, but oftener rather sparingly so. Still, it will be culti- Fig. 2— Thollope's Victoria. Fig. 3— ScoTT'tj Seedling. vated to some extent on account of its size, showy appearance and fine flavor. Like the Triomphe de Gand, it appears to be quite hardy. Scotfs Seedling, (fig. 3.) Raised by J. Scott of Brighton, Mass. Large and showy in appearance, but of moderate quality. It is worthy a place in large collections, and is especially valuable for its showy appearance and great productiveness. A staminate — and a good market sort. For profuse bearing and extreme hardiness, nothing has yet been found equal to Wilson's Albany — these qualities will overbalance the second-rate flavor, and it will doubtless long continue a general favorite. But few OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 43 cultivators will observe the material difference in quality between this and the more delicious sorts. Crimson Cone^ (pistillate,) although rather small, is still highly esteemed by some on account of its lateness, good quality, hardiness and productive- ness. Its firm flesh and brilliant color give it advantages as a market variety. PRUNING DWARF PEARS. It is well known to every intelligent fruit culturist, that there have been many failures with Dwarf Pears. With the bad manner in which they have been managed, it is surprising that there should not have been more. Other kinds of trees, as the apple, peach, and cherry, have been generally treated with utter neglect, and yet some of them have survived and given tolerable returns. Presuming on this success, most planters are determined to compel dwarf pears to submit to the same treatment. The result has been the ex- clamation, " Dwarf pears are a humbug !" There is no farm crop cultivated by man, that could endure such a course. What would be thought of the farmer who would plant corn in an unplov/ed meadow, potatoes in a pasture, and allow carrots to become overtopped with a growth of two feet of pig-weeds and thistles, and after the failure that would inevitably result, gravely declare, " Corn, and potatoes, and carrots, are sheer humbugs." Cultivation is quite as essential to the growth of the dwarf pear as to farm crops, and other requisites must be super-added. The stocks must be good and vigorous, and not like many formerly used. The varieties of the pear must be selected among those which grow vigorously on quince, which pro- bably do not constitute a twentieth part of the whole ntimber of sorts. JIany fail because they are comparatively unfitted to dwarf growth. Failure sometimes results from a cold, thin, or wet soil, and more frequently from a want of manuring and sufficient cultivation. And lastly, a neglect of tho- rou~^^^"^^S=^f^- ^_ rose comb, which is regarded as an essen- tial point. They are considered much more hardy than the white variety. The great and well deserved reputation which this breed of fowls has acquired in England, arises more from the superior qual- ity of its flesh over that of other fowls, than from its beauty of form, splendor of plu- mage, the quantity and It is chieflv for the whiteness and Fig. 8— Rose-comb Dorking size of its eggs, or the weight of its body. delicacy of its flesh that the Dorking fowl is valued, when served at table. The White rose-combed, is the Dorking of old fanciers. A writer in the Poultry Chronicle holds with this opinion, and says " the old Dorking, the pure Dorking, the onli/ Dorking, is the White Dorking." The same writer 1 curtly describes it as " of good size, compact and plump form, with short t neck, short white legs, five toes, a full rose comb, a large breast, and a plu- k mage of spotless white." As regards size, the White Dorking is generally ( ^ inferior to the colored bird, but in this respect it only requires attention and A f Y OP RURAL AFFAIRS. careful breeding. The greatest drawback in rearing Dorkings is the deUeacy of the chickens. On a fine genial soil, with a good range, they will do well ; but without these advantages the chickens die off, and the hens prove indif- ferent layers. The Dominique Fowl. — This much neglected and overlooked fowl there is good reason to believe is old and distinct, though it is generally looked up- on as a mere "farm-yard fowl " — that is, the accidental result of promiscuous crossing. But there are seen to be repeated, generation after generation, the counterparts of which are to be found here and there, scattered over the whole country. For all the purposes of a really good domestic fowl — whether for productiveness, easy keeping, laying qualities, quantity and flavor of meat, maternal duties, disposition, beauty of form, or hardiness, after a careful comparison of sorts, we have come to the conclusion that the Dominique fowl is o^ne of the best. This is saying much, we know, in their favor, but to our fancy they have no superiors among Fig. 9— The Dominique Fowl, all the varities in this country. And those who wish to stock their poultry- yards with fowls of the most desirable shape and size, clothed in rich and va- riegated plumage, and not expecting perfection, are willing to overlook one or two points, the Domiuiques are the bi'ced to be at once selected. The hens in addition to their color, have a large comb, which, when they are in high health, adds very much to their brilliant appearance, particularly if seen in bright sunshine. The cocks are magnificent. Their peculiarly square built form displays to the greatest advantage. The breeder and the cook behold with delight their short legs, their broad breasts, the small proportion of offal, and the large quantity of high flavored and good profitable flesh. AVhen fat- ted and served at table, the flavor and appearance of their meat are inferior to none. They are not everlasting layera, but at due and convenient intervals manifest the desire of sitting. In this respect they are steady sitters and good mothers when the little ones api)ear. The prevailing color is a slaty blue, undu- lated and shaded witli black all over the obdy, forming bands of various widths. The cocks are of the same color as the hens, with now and then golden hackles /j^ and brass-colored wings. The legs, feet and bill, are light flesh color or yellow. ' =^=>@ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER To keep the race hardy, healthy and prolific, the best remedy that can be desired is to introduce a fresh, well selected cock or two into the yard every second or third year at farthest. The Golden Spangled Hamburg fowl, of which fig. 10 is a good illustration, is known in some sections of England as the " Golden Pheasant," from the supposed resemblance of its spangled feathers, espe- cially in the case of some of the hens, to those of the English cock pheasant ; and " Red Caps," in allu- sion to their fiery-colored combs; " Golden Mooney" from the moon-like shape of the spangle marks. In one district of Lancashire they are kept to an extent which has procured for them the name of " Bolton Bays." They have also been known as " Dutch Fig. 10— Golden Spangled Hamburg Fowl. E very-day Layers." The Golden Spangled Hamburg cock is a perfectly beautiful bird ; nothing but a full sized drawing, colored, can give an adequate idea of the extremely rich coloring and brilliant lustre of his plumage. The comb of the cock is a very full developed rose, about one and a.half to two inches broad, and running into a pike behind ; wattles large, rounded, and, like the comb, of an intense red ; ear-lobes white and large ; hackle a rich copper with black markings, though in some of the best specimens both hackle and saddle feathers are rounded, and have the perfect spangle at their extremity ; wings barred by the spangle of their coverts ; breast, thighs, and lower part of the body nearly black ; tail full, erect, flowing, and bronzed throughout ; legs and feet clean and of a dark color. They stand about nine- teen inches high, and weigh on an average five pounds and a-half. The hen has a small rose comb, shaped like the cocks ; ear-lobes white ; Vf'ith body, the lower part excopted, spangled as in the cock; neck darker than the body. Her tail is full, and tipped with black like the Sebright Ban- tam. Height about sixteen inches, and weight about four and a-half pounds. The hens are the most perfect patterns of neatness of make, but a little under size ; excellent and continuous Layers- without sitting, for they do not seem to have time for that slow process. The flesh is excellent, skin tender i and but little offal. Eggs" abundant, rather small, very white, and slightly /l\ taperiug at one end. Their constitution appears to us less robust than some A other varieties. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 63 They are rather impatient of restraint, are great foragers, and add greatly to the embellishment of the lawn or pleasure gi-ounds. The Boltox Grey is a fine plump, hardy bird, and when bred to nicety can scarcely be distinguished from each other when apart ; and when so bred there is not a more beautiful fowl among our domestic poultry. They are esteemed first-rate egg; pro- ducers, poor sitters, but can hardly fail to be a satisfacto- ry and desirable every-day fowl. Mowbray says of the Cre- ole or Bolton Greys : " This variety, apparently the crack breed of their vicinity, but entirely unknown in the me- tropolis, is described by Rev. Mr. Ashworth, vicar of Farnworth, as follows: — 'Small-sized, short in the leg, and plump in the make. The color of the genuine kind is invariably pure white in the whole lappel of the Fig. 11— Thk Bolton Gret. neck ; body white, thickly spotted with black bars at the extremity of the tail ; they are chiefly esteemed as very constant layers, though their color would make them good table fowl.' " The hens, if young, continue to lay nearly throughout the year, which en- titles them to rank among the best egg producers ; but the eggs, which are white and small, about the size of those of the game hen, weighing about one and a-half ounces each. Fig. 12— Thk Gamk Fowl. are rich and fine fla- vored. As they seem to have no desire to incu- bate, it is advisable to hatch their eggs under a common hen. They are, like the Hamburg, rather impa- tient of confinement, and succeed best when they can have the run of a pasture or common. They are light on the wing, and seven-feet fences. 64 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER when they are intended to be confined, will not be more than sufficient height for their safe custody. Of all breeds the Game (fig. 12, preceding page) is generally considered the most beautiful, whether we look to contour or to coloring. The cock carries himself proudly and yet gracefully ; his port and bearing proclaim his fiery spirit and undaunted mettle, which endure even to his last breath; for while prostrate and mortally wounded, he will answer the insulting crow of his victorious rival, and make a last effort to revenge himself before the spark of life is extinct. It is not only for its pugnacious qualities that the Game fowl is to be no- ticed. It yields to no breed, nay, perhaps is superior to most in the white- ness of its flesh; the hens are excellent layers, and the eggs, though of moderate size only, are remarkable for the delicacy of their flavor. Many persons, however, object to keeping this breed on account of the destructive attacks they make on each other ; including cocks and hens, young and old. indiscriminately. Fig. 13— The Leghorn Fowl. The Leghorn is a very handsome variety, resembling very much in form, size and color, the Creole fowl, but we are unable to trace its origin. In size they are rather less than the Golden Spangled Hamburg fowl ; round and plump in body ; legs small and of a lead color; head small, finely turned, and surmounted with a high, deeply indented comb, (as represented in fig. 13.) The comb of the hen falls over like the Spanish hen. The neck feathers of the cock are pure white, while those of the hen are marked with small black spots running into a grizzle ; the tail feathei-s darker with transverse black bars. They carry their tails like the Spanish fowls, and were they clothed in glossy black would pass for fowls of that breed. They are one of the most ornamental varieties, and would add much to the beauty of the poultry-yard. 1 They are chiefly esteemed, however, as layers, but like all great layers are i\^ poor sitters. J'}\^ j Fowls in their native haunts, never lay mpre eggs in a season than they can Q OP RURAL AFFAIRS. h:itch. Those who keep every-daj layers, as they are sometimes called, should keep Dorking, Game or Dominique hens to do the hatching business. The portraits of the Leghorn fowls were drawn by a female artist expressly for the Annual Register of Rural Affairs. The IIamijl'kg Fowl. — "Of all the gallinaceous tribes," says an English writer, " perhaps there is not one which has created, so much discussion as [*v i" ^^^^^s^^^'^s:^. tliis. The name, the plumage and the mark- ings have all formed, and still do form, sub- jects for lengthened debate. I use the now established name of Hamburg, not per- haps because it is the best that been found to nate the varieties which bear it, but because it might have desig- has been so long in use, and is so generally Fig. 14— TuE Silver Penciled Hamburg Fowl, used, both here and in America, that an attempt to change it would now only create confusion. I believe the Rev. E. S. Dixon was the fii-st whose ar- rangement collected the pheasant fowls and Dutch every-day layers under the general name of Hamburg — a classification which has been adopted and fol- loAved in the exhibitions and by amateui-s." The Hamburg fowls are distinguished by a large, fleshy, red double comb of extraordinary size and shape ; it is flat on top, and yet covered with small upright points, and terminates Ijehind in a sharp point or spike, which is directed upward. In the Golden Spangled variety, this succulent comb is so extra-sized as to have obtained for these birds the name of "Red Caps." The Hamburg is a medium-sized fowl, with a brisk and spirited bearing, with a short and conical bill; the legs and feet lead color or dull blue; the habit to lay on continuously without sitting; the flesh excellent ; the eggs good and abundant ; the constitution, peihaixs, not so robust a# some other fowls. They are profitable fowls to keep, being excellent layers and not large eatei-s. From these qualifications, to which great beauty of plumage may be added, they are great favorites, especially with amateui-s and those who require a constant supply of eggs rather than frequent broods of chickens; while at the same time they have the means of petting their fowls with aviary comforts and indulgences. For this class of poultry -keepers they A are better suited than for farmers. They are what pigeon fanciers would call , good field birds, delighting to wander far abroad and to seek provender for /A / 1 4.1. „ ^l..«« ' / V' themselves. 0 ■=^3@ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER In the Pencilled Hamburg, which fig. 14 is intended to represent, the mar King is more minute. When seen at a distance the hens have the ap- pearance of being minutely speckled in plumage, and over this a pure white hackle falls and contrasts very prettily. When one feather is taken sepa- rately, the marking is very exact and beautiful, being a regular pencilling ; that is, the feather is divided by bars evenly arranged, of alternate white and black. Like the spangles, they are divided into gold and silver for the same reason — the ground color of the plumage. In all these birds exactness of the markings is a great point. The gi-eat point in Crested fowls is the top-knot, which should be large, compact, well shaped and full. In front of this should be a small, bright red comb, divided something after the fashion of a pair of horns. The different kinds are distinguished by their colors. There is the Black, with a white top- knot, the hens of which look like ladies with black satin dresses and coifure of snow-white feathers ; the Golden, with the body of an ochre-yellow or gW^ brown gi-ound, with dark spangles on each feather ; the Silver, with white ground and black span- Fig. 15-The Crested Fowl. gles. The Black Crested sometimes produce pure white chicks of great beauty, but so tender that it is difficult to rear other white ones from them. The Black with white crests or top-knots, have long been an inhabitant of our poultry-yards ; the principal characteristic of which is the large top-knot, so conspicuous in all its varieties. A small spiked comb resembling the horns of a crescent, has been usually regarded as another distinctive feature of these birds ; while on the other hand its presence, however slightly marked, has been held by some to denote impurity of descent ; and the fowl thus as- suming the Polish name, has been termed the " tufted Hamburg." All Crested fowls are considered good layers, usually commencing early in the spring, and continuing the process, with brief intennissions, till the period of moulting. During winter they are not to be depended on, and other fowls must be sought to furnish the supply of eggs at that season. The Black White-Crested are usually considered the best layers ; and the average weight of their eggs is placed at two ounces. Bantams are old-established pets of poultry fanciers, both of low and high degree. They are the dwarfs and imps of their tribe. They are pugnacious ( \ among themselves, troublesome and impertinent towards larger fowls, but ' A »=^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 67 maintain their ground in public favor from their neat and pleasing appear- ance, the plenty of their egg?, their usefulness as nurses, the great service they render as destroyers of grubs and insects, and the small extent of ac- commodation necessary for them. In old times they were mostly feather- legged, like the accompa- nying figure. These have been discarded, and dean- legged varieties have been substituted. " There can be but little question," says the editor of the English Poultry Book, " that to the islands of the Eastern Archipelago the origin of this lilliputian family must be referred ; but whether all our present Fig. 16— Baktam Fowls. varieties owe their descent to any other primitive stock, may be the subject of speculation, indeed, though hardly, at the present day, capable of proof. Bantam, however, a town and district of Java, has aflforded their present designation ; and the wild Bankiva fowl is the bird to which they are usually considered to owe their origin." Fig. 17— Golden Spakgled Bantams. In the English Poultry Book there are seven varieties of Bantams enume- rated, viz. : The Nankin Bantam, the Game Bantam, the Spangled Bantam, the Sebright Bantam, the Partridge Bantam, the Black Bantam, and the k White Bantam. ) The kinds most in vogue now are the Black and the Sebright ; but the ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER -^=^ 1 Nankin are as pretty and useful as any. Some of those are almost perfect miniatures of the Golden Spangled Hamburg fowl. A great peculiarity in the Sebrights is, that the cock has no sickle feathers in his tail, as seen in figure 17, but is what is called "hen-tailed." Of these there are the Golden and the Silver ; the ground color of the plumage in the one is a rich brownish-yellow ; in the other white, or more frequently cream color. Each feather is spangled with dark-brown black. The finer and more perfect the spangles are, the greater are they valued. The weight of the cock ought not to be more than twenty ounces ; that of the hen not more than one pound. "We have a hen that weighs only twelve ounces ! Fig. 18— Silver Spangled Bantams. This is, pei'haps, the most beautiful bird of the whole family, and imme- diately reminds one of its Hamburg namesake, both in respect to the color and form of its markings, as also the shape of its comb. Many persons, in- deed, would suggest the probability of their being the offspring of crosses between the above birds, in the same way as the Game fowl and Bantam. The pair figured above are the property of M. Vassar, Esq., of Springside. They are beautifully marked ; the tail of the cock is without sickle feathei-s, and carried high ; and the head thrown back, the head and tail nearly meet- ing; the wings jauntily dropping until they nearly brush the ground ; they have a rose comb nicely pointed, and projecting behind ; and light blue legs. @ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. The accuracy of marking, in both the Gold and Silver, is a very important point. The ground color is ivory-white or rich cream, the ends of the feath- ers tipped with blackish. The cocks are hen-tailed a.s well as hen-feathered ; they have neither hackles nor plumes. The plu!iiage of the hen is similar to that of the cock. They are very good and early layei-s, most excellent sitters, sedulous and affectionate mo- thers, but murderous step-mothers — that is, if you attempt to change or add to the number of the brood they have hatched themselves; they will wel- come the little strungei-s by making raw heads and bloody bones of them, before you can say " Jack Robinson." Their chickens are of a creamv white with two longitudinal dark stripes on the body. The Bantams are the fowls of all others for the village or city. We have known them to prosper and lay through the winter in an underground room or cellar, well lighted. They are very domestic, often making their nests in tlie kitchen, depositing their eggs in the cradle or cupboard when permitted. They have been known to lay even in a lady's work-basket. The Black Bantam, in his appearance, is a pleasing little fellow, a most beautiful example of a great soul in a little body. Though extremely small in size, the cock is elegantly formed, and remarkable for his grotesque figure, his coui'ageous and pas- .sionate temper, his amusing pompousness of manner, his over- weening assumption and arrogance, and his propensity to fight and Fig. 18— Black Bantam. force every rival to "turn tail," has caused him many difficulties. He will attack a turkey, Cochin or Brahma, ten times his own weight. He is more jealous, irrascible and domineering, in proportion to his size, than the thorough-bred Game cock himself. His conibativeness, too, is manifested at a very early period. Other chickens will fight in sport by the time they are half gro\ra, but these set to work in good earnest. These beautiful emblems of pride and consequence are peculiarly fancy fowls. They have been accused of not being a useful kind, as of course there is little meat in a fowl which, when full grown, should weigh, the cock about one pound, the hen less — the eggs being small in proportion ; but their eggs are delicacies which would tempt almost any invalid. They must be eonsid- , ered more an object of curiosity than utility, and of course must expect to be 1^ viewed with no peculiar favor in this country except as "pets." They no [^ A doubt do nmch good by the consumption of numerous insects. fv ■'=^=>® ^c^-- 70 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER The portrait was drawn and engraved expressly for the Annual Register OF Rural Affairs. Managrcnient of Poultry. Having given a short history and description of the various kinds of fowls most generally bred at the present day, we will now proceed to mention a few points requisite for the successful keeping of poultry. As in the management of milch cows, so with fowls, it is as necessary to feed and to quarter, and to care for and select your stock with judgment. An ordinary breed of hens, well housed and well fed, will be of more profit to their owner than the like number of neglected and forlorn biddies, who came of the best laying tribe. It becomes us, therefore, to build houses for our poultry, convenient for their habits, and convenient also for our own ; for if attendance of any kind of stock occasions too much trouble, they will often be neglected. In build- ing, therefore, let the house be handy for the hens, and as handy for yourself as possible ; and of the two, we would say, in preference, make it handy for feeding, and for cleaning and warming and ventilation, as the hour or season of each comes round. Let their feeding hoppei'S and water fountains be in the building, or they may occasionally lose a meal when you are too tired to go after it. Let the facilities for cleaning their apartments be always at hand ; or the atmosphere of their dormitory may chance to be overcharged with ammonia. For. the same reason let your windows work easily ; and by all means whitewash the interior of the house, roosts, nests and all. It is well known that hens are modest birds, and seek seclusion and privacy while the symptoms of approaching egg-labor are strong upon them. It is thought by many that the production of eggs is like the yielding of milk in a cow, somewhat under the control of the creature ; so it becomes us to add every inducement to stimulate the instincts of nature ; and coax a fowl to • prolificacy by consulting their tastes and whims, and making the nests as secret as possible. The principal considerations of a poultry-house, are warmth, light and ven- tilation. Warm in winter, because fowls will require less food, will be heal- thier, and will lay more eggs. Ventilated in summer and in mild winter weather, because fresh air is absolutely essential to all animated nature, and particularly to the fowl. Well lighted, because the fowls delight to be in a cheerful place, and to bask in sunshine admitted through the windows of their tenements in cold weather. Wliatcver the breed or number of fowls intended to be kept, provision must be made for their comfort and safety. Fowls attached to farm-houses lead a happy life. They have air and plenty of room, with no lack of food ; ll they wander about the farm-yard, visit the adjacent fields, travel over the jjt common or down the lane, troop about the barn, and enjoy the greatest free- /) dom. But how are they housed at night? Often in a proper and well OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Fig. 20— Winter Fowl House. constructed poultry-house, with perches judiciously arranged, and with clean and convenient boxes for the hens to lay in, but sometimes in places utterly unfitted for them ; they are allowed to find a place to roost where they can, probably in some exposed situation in a tree, out-house, or open shed, above the wagons, carts, &c. ; others shelter in adjacent out-houses, and some in the stable. This want of order cannot be too much condemned. The hens hav- ing no proper laying places, select such as chance may offer them, not unfrc- quently in obscure places of concealment ; consequently a safe and conve- nient fowl-house should be found on every farm where poultry is kept, and the fowls should have their exclusive dormitory. Farm-yard poultry are in general healthy and vigorous, nimble on their feet and light on their wings, and the feathered denizen of the yard of limited space, of a home in a vil- lage, may well look on them with envy. But in poultry-keeping, as in every other pursuit, we must not commence without counting the cost, or fancy that the purchase of good fowls is the only or the chief thing, and that when once stai'ted they will need no further care. If any other kind of farm stock was set adrift, and expected to do without regular feeding and attendance, the result would be a miserable failure and loss ; and so with poultry, success need never be expected without the necessary outlay of care and attention. In a sequestered nook, amidst a cluster of trees, on the sunny side of a steep bank surmounted by rocks covered with shrubbery, may be seen the /4 new Winter fowl-house (fig. 20) lately erected at Springside. This location A was selected by . the writer for the purpose of protection from the cold 6' ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER northern blasts, and receiving the warmth and benefit of the winter sun. The deciduous trees in front being deprived of their foliage in winter, admit the full influence of the sun, and when in full leaf, to shade and ward off his scorching rays in summer. Description. — The elevation, as will be seen in the figure, is rather a pretty affair. The center building, with the gable to the front, is 12 feet square; 8 feet posts. The roof very steep, and surmounted with a kind of cupola, for the purpose of ventilation and ornament ; in the bottom of the cupola are two small swing doors, to close when necessary. The entire front is of glass, extending to the very point at the top. The left wing is a lower edifice, 22 feet long and 10 feet wide. The floor is of broken stone, covered with fine gravel, sunk 2 feet below the surface in front, and 8 feet in the rear. The back wall resting against the back, is of stone, 22 inches thick, faced with brick. The roof has a gentle pitch to the rear, and made of 1:^ inch plank, tongued and grooved, joints painted with white lead before being laid. The under sides of the rafters are lined with hemlock boards, the spaces between the rafters filled with tan, rendering it frost-proof. The front wall is of brick, and 2 feet high, on which the wood and sash rest. In the base are gratings to admit air ; also above the glass, and just under the eaves, are open spaces for ventilation. hiternal arrangement. — In the i-ear, and running the whole length of the room, are two tiers of boxes for nests, 18 inches square, and the same in height. Adjoining the nest is an apartment of the same, a kind of ante- room, where the hen enters to go to her nest, which is latticed in front, giving air and apparent secrecy, with which she seems much pleased. The under tier 2 feet above the floor. The range of tiers is set out fx-ora the back wall 10 inches ; the top front 28 inches. These nests are covered with boards sloping back and down, like the roof of a house, to catch and carry down the droppings of the fowls from the perches immediately over, to a trough in the rear. By this arrangement the manure is all saved, and out of the way of the fowls. We kept fifty Spanish fowls in this house last winter, without injury to their large combs or wattles by frost. We also wintered the same number of Bantams in the center building, furnishing us with fresh eggs during the whole winter. A very cheap and economical plan for a rustic fowl-house may be construct- ed something after the above figure, which can easily be made by any person accustomed to the use of the saw and axe. All that is required is a little ta.ste, having the plan well digested before commencing, so as to require no alteratious. After selecting the situation, join four pieces of sapling in an oblong shape for the sills ; confine them at the ground, and erect at the mid- dle of the two ends a forked or crotched post of suitable height, in order to „ make the sides quite steep ; join these with a ridge pole ; rough Ijoard it from n ik the apex downward, by the sills to the ground ; then cover it with bark, /j\ / \ roughly cut in pieces one foot square, laid on and confined in the same "7 \ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. mauuei' as ordinary shingles ; fix the back end in the same way ; and the front can be latticed with small poles with the bark on, arranged diamond fashion, as shown in the sketch — a part to be made with hinges for a door. The size of the building may vary according to the wants or taste of the owner. Toward the apex of the interior, rough roosting poles should run parallel with the sides of the house, so arranged that one set of fowls shall not ( perch directly above the others. Troughs or boxes should be placed mider the poles, in order to catch the manure ; and ladders or steps should be provided for the fowls to ascend and descend from their roost. Laying or sitting boxes may be placed either side of the building, under the roofing on or just above the ground. They should be about four- teen inches square, ten inches deep, and partially concealed by bundles of cornstalks, wheat or rye straw, faggots or pine boughs. The sitting-boxes should be partly filled with wood ashes, pulverized charcoal, or soot. These Fig. 21— Rustic Fowl House. Fig. 22— Aquatic Fowl-House. are slow conductors of heat or cold, and when once warm they will impart a proper temperature to the eggs during the absence of the hen. They ynW ^ also ward off lice and other small vermin, as well as contribute to her health. A\ Directly above the ashes, &c., should be the nest. It may be made of finely ji^ I \ chopped hay or straw, dried grass, or the leaves of trees. '/ \ 74 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Something after the style of fig. 22, (represented on the preceding page,) placed on the bank of a lake, pond, or small stream, and half covered with climbing plants, would make a very pretty home for ducks or other aquatic fowls. The plan and elevation of a very cheap and pretty model of a poultry- house, which can be made to accommodate from twenty to one hundred fowls, was given on page 69 of the first vol. of this work. For the accompanying sketch and plan of a beautiful poultry-house, we are indebted to the editor of the New-England Farmer, who says, "■ In con- sideration of the profits arising from the keeping of poultry, as well as the very general interest now taken in this delightful feature of the farm, we have devised and had en- graved the beautiful poul- try-house here represent- ed, and we think will be acknowledged by all a model house. The front should face the south, and the yard placed on either side, a.s taste or conve- nience may suggest ; but so long as the ground is Fig. 23— :Model Poultry-House. uncovered; the fowls would enjoy a range on the south, and would be bene- fitted by coming to the ground. After snow falls they will rarely leave the building." A house of the above descpiption, eight feet wide, thirteen feet long, and eight feet posts, will accommodate from twenty-five to thirty fowls, and that is as many as any family would find it profitable to keep, unless they have a wide range. If confined or restricted in their fii-eedom, a yard of one-fourth of an acre would be large enough, provided a portion should afford grass, and a dense shade of low trees and shrubs, to which the fowls may retire in hot weather, where they will bask in the sand, and spend much of their time in a sociable and agreeable manner. Fig. 24 (on the next page) is the ground plan and internal arrangement ; a, is the entrance door ; 6, the grain chests ; c, the feeding boxes ; rf, the stairway to the loft ; and e, a small door or opening for the egress and ingress of the fowls, which should be at least two feet above the surface of the ground. The opening at the left of a is the doorway from the entry into the main poultry-room. Directly over the feeding boxes there may be placed another row for nests, three or four feet from the floor, which may be exa- f} !r^^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. mined through a slide from the entry without entering the main room, or disturbinsr the hens while on their nests. These boxes mav be darkened and made a little secret, by placing a shelf along in front of them, and nailing a board edgewise against it, "and as Miss Biddy, like some others of the gentle sex, is a little prudish at times, it is well enough to indulge her fancies." The fowls will find a warm place in the tl tei Fig. 24— Ground Plan. winter, on the floor under the window in the roof, in which to congregate. Tlie roosting poles should be placed crosswise of the gable and over the entry or ante-room, and commencing at the top or peak, say one foot from the end of the building, the second about 18 inches distant and 12 inches lower, and so on, like the steps of a ladder, to the floor, which will accommodate the larger fowls, which often injure themselves flying up and down from the roosts. Fig. 25 represents the elevation of a neat, pretty and convenient poultry- house, designed by the writer, and erected near Factoryville, Staten Island. It is designed to accommo- date from twenty-five to thirty common-sized fowls. The octagon was preferred on account of economv, as it takes less materials and labor to enclose a given number of feet in an octa- gon than in a square or ob- long form. Where different varieties of fowls are to be kept separate, the apart- ments may be enlarged, and the vards radiating from each square of the building. The object of placing it on piles was to prevent the en- croachment of rats, mice and other vermin. Rats are par- ticularly annoying, as they not only devour the grain. Fig. 2a-0cTAG0N Poultry-House. but suck the eggs and kill the young chickens. Where fowls were fed from a trough on the ground, we have known them to contend with and even drive the fowls from their food. This building is ten feet in diameter and six and a-half feet high. The sills ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER are four by four, and the plates three by four joists, halved and nailed at the joints. It is sided with inch-and-a-quarter spruce plank, tongued and grooved, the joints battened on the outside. No upright timbers were used. The floor and roofing are of the same kind of plank. An eight-square frame, eighteen inches diameter, supports the tops of the rafters, leaving an opening of ten inches diameter, over which the cupola is placed for a ventilator. In place of the cupola, a vitrilized stone chimney, such as are used sometimes on cotta- ges. The piers should be either cedar, locust or chestnut, and at least two feet high, and set on flat stones. The internal arrangement is as follows : A post may be set in the center, under the cupola, for one end of the roosts to rest on, the other end to the wall. The first or lowermost one two feet from the floor, and the others eighteen inches apart, and rising gradually to the top in a spiral form, six feet from the floor. Underneath these roosts is a board floor, on an angle of about forty-five degrees, to catch and carry down the droppings of the fowls. This arrangement renders it much more convenient m cleaning out the ma- nure, which should be frequently done — at least once a week. The space beneath this floor is appropriated to tiers of nests, 15 inches wide, 18 inches deep, and 18 inches high. In order to gratify their propen- sity of ^ecretiveness, the front should be latticed, by wliich arrangement a free circulation of air is admitted, which adds much to the comfort of the hens while sitting. The elevation cut on the preceding page, is taken from the new edition of "The American Poulterer's Companion," published by the Messrs. Harpers, where quite a number of plans may be found. NESTS. — Nests are sometimes fixtures, and generally built against the wall, either in one tier or several, according to the number of fowls and the size of the house. When there is more than one tier, each of those aljove the ground must have a projecting shelf at the bottom, for the hens to alight on when going to their nests, which they reach by means of a slanting Jjoard with strips of lath nailed across for a ladder. But we prefer, and would by all means recommend, movable nests arranged along the wall, with a shelf in -front, and a sloping top or cover, so that the hens may not roost on it and annoy our notions of tidiness by the traces we should find there the following morning. The hen is a prude, and likes to steal away in some sly place to deposit her eggs. To gratify their organ of secretiveness, we recommend tacking cedar or hemlock bows to the front, as represented in fig. 26, nearly closing the entrances, giving the hen an appearance of obscurity, and an op- portunity of gratifying her natural propensity. This arrangement seems very satisfactory to the hens, besides adding much to the appearance of the house. Where evergreens are not at hand, fine lattice work will answer an equal , purpose. It is amusing, too, when you enter the house, to see how sly and ^ft\ cunning they look in their cosy and, to them, private nests. A In large poultry -houses, where a great number of fowls are confined, it (<^^c:^= ■ ^!l c ■"^^iljlj ■"^Mi^ •^ — ' ' ■ ■ I ■ . ■ , !jii,,i,nTn .-rrm r^'^Mir: SigiiBiiBiii I Fig. 26— Secret Nests. would be well to have sitting-nests so formed as to keep them secure from the " , intrusions of the hens who have been in the habit of depositing their eggs** there. One reason for adopting this system of apparent— jjut only apparent- restraint, is principally to prevent those friendly visits of other hens, which** are always anxious to insure a numerous progeny to their neighbor by adding^ | their own contributions. This, however, not being usually approved of by^" her ladyship in possession, a scuffle is frequently the result at the expense of » the eggs, which are thus too commonly broken or injured. We have found, too, that the daily absence of the sitting hen for food and' '^ * ' exercise, has been waited for by the other members of the poultry-yard which' ' i" ' ' are about to deposit their eggs, and that they will avail themselves of suchj • " > absence to mount the place of honor and prevent the rightful owner from re-' ^ ^ ^ turning. j » . . J > » The confinement of the hen is effected either by having a sliding board '.^i perforated with air holes, or wire-work that may be drawn across the entrance ;' ' j ' ,' or where the front of the nest is open, a bar to let down, of sufficient widtl^ to prevent either egress or ingress. Fens, Coops, Fccding^ Hoppers, &c. « We have sometimes found it necessary to separate some fowls from th^ ' rest ; such as those which are liable to be ill-treated by the others, as also < strangers, and fowls of particular breeds. Pens and coops are useful for this purpose, which may be made in various ways and at trifling cost. Fig. 27, (on the following page,) which we take from "The AmericBU Poulterer's Companion," represents a neat and useful pen for keeping a cock and three or four hens for breeding, where they can enjoy the sun and fresh air, and yet be protected from stormy weather ; and it may in some instances serve instead of a poultry-yard. It has a house to roost, lay and hatch in, /A A and an open part for exercise. * 78 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER The dimensions are as follows : The shed may be four to six feet high in front, the roof sloping to three or four feet in the rear, with windows in the _^^_ _^^ ends to give a. free circula- tion of air. It may be six feet long and four feet wide. The entrance, which is not shown in the figure, is in the yard. The yard may be ten feet long and six feet wide, to cor- respond with the shed. The yards may be enclosed with panels of lath or rails four feet high, and the top Fig. 27— Pen. covered with the same to keep the birds from flying over. The same plan may be reduced to a size suitable for a hen and her chickens. The coop, for that purpose, should be twenty-two inches high in front, and eighteen inches in the rear, and twenty inches square at the bottom. The top opens, and there should be a sliding door in front to shut in the hen. The front or yard may be four feet long, slatted with laths, with a hole cut through the bottom, as shown in the figure, for hens to scratch in. It is light and easy to be removed from one place to 'another, which should be done daily. The tight and open part answers the double purpose of sitting the hen and keeping her and the chickens in until +hey are enabled to take care of themselves. The late Col. Jacques remarked that chickens could be raised as well with- out as with a hen, even though you take the chicks away in an hour or less after coming from the shell. In order to do this you want a small coop built in a lean-to shape, three to five feet long, high, and wide in proportion, vith a small door in front, and two squares of glass to admit light and sun Avhen cold and rainy. A piece of sheepskin, with the wool on, nailed to a board, would answer for them to run under and get warm. Chicken Coops. — To give the chicks the best chance of life, the hen should be confined in a coop, under a shed or out-house, until they are about four weeks old ; and in cold weather a week or two longer. The coop, how- ever, should be moved into the sunshine, and on grass if possible, Avhenever the temperature is sufficiently mild. For early spring chickens we found the following method to answer an ex- cellent purpose. Take a large size dry-goods box, remove the top and put a sash-light in its place, and if not large enough to cover, fill the space with a piece of the lid, and if not wide enough to make a hole sufficient to let the chicks pass out and in, remove one of the lower lights and substitute a door, and secure it with leather hinges and a button. In this door cut a hole near the bottom three inches in diameter, with a slide to close the hole when OF RURAL AFFAIRS. necessary. In order to secure more influence from the sun, strike a line on both ends, from the bottom upward to a point six inches from the top edge ; saw these pieces off as also the six inches of the top, which will give an in- clination to the sash something like a hot-bed frame. The feed and water can be put in at the door in the bottom of the sash, or a part of the top may be removed for that purpose. We had several made in that way last winter, and never lost one chick except by ca.sualty. On placing this coop facing the morning sun, it was surprising to see how soon it would show its genial influence. The little fellows would lay on their sides, turn up their win^s stretch out their legs, and seem to enjoy real comfort. The bottom should be strewed with dry sand mixed with ashes. The accompanying figure of a coop will be found very convenient. It may^ be made also of a dry-goods box, or of inch boards, long enough to admits .-, two or three hens with A C J A their broods, but it is bet-* ter to have them separate,, as some hens are vicious," and kill strange chicks if they should happen to come within their reach.' The thing is so simple i j Fig. 28— Close Coop. hardly needs an explana > ' tion. A A are slats for admitting the hens ; B B, doors to open and shut a*," night, to prevent the intrusion of rats or any kind of vermin; C, button for' securing the doors. In all cases a warm, dry and quiet place should be chosen for the coops, near the house, on account of the convenience of feeding them, and wher'i^ the chicks are not in danger of being trod on either by man or beast, nov , where the hen will sufiFer from the intense heat of the sun in summer, of' ', where there is danger of the chickens being carried off by the hawks or* crows. The Marquee or tent-shaped coops, of which fig. 29 is a representation, , , we have used for a numlier of years, and have found them very efficient' during the summer, if wp, , avoid placing it on damp^' earth during the early, > days of its inmates, though it does not afford tlie same degree of shel- ter as the one to be des- Fig. 29— Tent-shaped Coops. Cribed. The tent coop is formed by nailing pieces of boards, two feet long, in such a way as to form two parts of a triangle, the ground forming the other side. In warm and dry weather, we consider it better to have them next the earth ; 0,80 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER but in the early spring, when the weather is cold and the ground wet, a floor or platform of boards,, or an old door, should always be put under the coops. It should be at least two feet long, or if three feet, would be better, and twenty-two inches high in the center. The back end should l^e boarded up tight, Avith the exception of a small hole at the peak to admit a circulation of air. The front should be secured by nailing strips of lath, as denoted in the figure, leaving sufficient space between them for the free passage to the chicks, without affording liberty to the hen. In front there should be a broad strip of board, the width of the coop, on which to feed them. This board , . .may be secured to the bottom bar of the coop with hinges, so as to admit of its being raised up to close the coop toward evening, which will not only answer the purpose of guarding the young brood against rats and other ene- < . mies duiing the night, but ^N-ill prevent the chicks from wandering about the next morning on the dew and wet gTass. The most common method employed for the purpose of confining the hen ' with her young brood, is to drive stakes into the ground in front, and make a pen about two feet square and cover with boards ; but a better plan is to lay a flour barrel on its side, with one end out, and drive a few sticks in front, (fig. 30,) protecting them from rain and winds,and allowing the chickens to range about the yard, where they are enabled to pick up seeds, in- sects and worms, by which means they obtain a large share of their ■living. Fig. 30— Barrel Coop, We say nothing of the poor nen's state of mind while confined her- ." 'self, but with her young brood at large, she witnesses their erratic conduct, 'I*' 'ajid their danger from haAvks, rats, cats, or ill-temper or spitefulness of some ' of her own race, which often terminates in her " scrabbling " to death (a truly , emphatic term, indicative of her peculiar notions under excitement of this . kind,) those of the brood which first answer the summons of recall, while y , others are still truant. Her feeling, therefore, should be studied for our own ^*ke, no less than for hers. , , Most farmers are in the habit of feeding their fowls from the hand, strew- ing it over the ground, while others throw down comi in the ear in a heap, and permit the fowls to help themselves. This is considered a slovenly and wasteful mode, and well calculated to invite rats and mice. In our expe- rience we have found it more economical to keep grain constantly before them, and for that purpose adopted feeding hoppers. As v.e were constantly annoyed by the depredations of rats, in order to Ij^ avoid their annoyance we had several feeding hoppers made, but preferred the one represented by fig. 31. Its construction is so simple, that a man or / A OF RURAL AFFAIRS. boy who can handle a saw, a plane and a hammer, with a few nails, could make one in a few hours, and it would cost but a trifle. The following are directions for making one : First make a platform three feet square ; then make a square box of inch-and-quarter plank, tln-ee inches high and sixteen inches square ; nail this square in the center of the platform ; saw four strips one and a- quarter inches square for the posts, which should be about eighteen inches high ; nail strips of plank, (which are not seen in the figure,) two inches wide, to the posts at top, to secure and steady them ; then take common sawed lath, or thin strips of board one and a-half inches wide, and nail them to the top and bottom up and Fig. 31-Feeding Hoppers. down, leaving a space of two inches between each slat, which enables the fowls to insert their heads to pick the grain. The roof may be formed four-square like the engraving, or it may be made flat or pitching on two sides like the roof of a house, and should be detached, so that it can be raised when required to be replenished with grain. In order to make it proof against rats and mice, it will be necessary to elevate it at least three feet from the floor, if in a building, and this can be done by suspending it with wires at each corner, and attached to the timbers or rafters above ; the Avires being small and smooth, the rats and mice could not pass up or down on them. If it is necessary to place the hopper in the yard, it may be placed on a post three feet high, and firmly set in the ground, as shown in the figure ; the platform projecting so far from the post, it would be rather difficult for either rats or mice to climb up the post and on the imder side of the platform. It is surprising how soon the fowls will learn to leap upon the platform, and feed from the grain-box between the slats. From ten to fifteen fowls can feed at the same time. Diseases of Poultry. In this climate the diseases of our poultry are few in number, and are frequently con- trolled by prripei" treatment. On this point it is said with truth, tliat "prevention is better than cure," and when the former cannot be altogetlier secured, the lattei-must be attend- ed to immediately, or all attempts at a cure will prove fruitless. When disease is. disco- vered in an individual, it should be removed, from the others as soon as discovered, and put by itself, or it will spread over the wliole flock. Under proper management, Nature is a prudent pruardian to fowls in health, a kind nurse to them in weakness, and the most 82 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER skillful physician in disease. With her, man should do no more than co-operate ; and this we can do most eflfectually by adopting every proper means, by accommodation and diet, to preserve them in a proper state of health. GAPES. — Of all diseases to which chickens are subjected, the most frequent are the pipes. It is a very common and troublesome disorder, and often proves fatal. Young chickens are peculiarly liable to it, and gene- rally in the hot weather of July and August. By some it is considered a catari'hal disease, similar to the influenza in human beings, pro- ducing a thickened state of the membrane fining the nostrils, mouth and tongue. By others it is supposed, to be caused by a sort of intestinal worm infesting the windi)ipe ; but though this may have in some instances been observed, it is by no means uniformly met with in all the diseases accompanied with gaping. Cause.— The gapes is supposed to be pro- duced from filthy, sour iiet, and drinking from dirty puddle water infected with putrid decaying substances, ill ventilated fowl-house confinement, on a spot of ground tenanted year after year by fowls, without attention to cleanliness, to renovation of the soil, &c. At the same time let it ))e borne in mind that the "gapes" is an epidemic. Symptoms.— The name is suflBciently ex- pressive as to the symptoms of this disease: gaping, coughing and sneezing, dullness and inactivity, ruffled feathers, drooping of the wings, and loss of appetite. On dissecting chickens dying with this dis- ease, it will generally be found that the wind- pipe contains numerous small red worms about the size of a cambric needle ; on the first glance they would likely be mistaken for blood vessels. It is supposed that these worms continue to increase in size until the windpipe becomes completely filled up, and the chicken sutfocated. The disease shows itself when the chicken is between six and eight weeks old, and not generally after four months old. Treatment.- The plan visually adopted of giving remedies internally to remove the worms, has not always proved successful ; direct application to the worms, therefore, is preferable. This is readily secured by strip- ping the vane from a quill-feather, (fig. 32,) except an inch from its extremity ; wet it a little, then let the operator take the head of the chicken in his left hand, placing his thumb and fore finger on each side of the ' bill in such a manner as to hold the mouth j open, the neck gently but firmly drawn out i in a straight line, then gently passing it down I through the small opening of the windpipe, which is readily seen at the base of the tongue, and giving it one or two turns, then draw out, and turn the feather, and the worms will adhere to the feather, and others will be loosened, and the chicken will sneeze them up, so that they will fly out of its mouth. It is not advisable to enter the feather more than twice at one time; let the chicken go, and if it gapes the day after, you have not got them all; try again. This is a sure cure if attended to ; generally you need not per- form tlie operation more than once, but sometimes oftener. As many as eleven worms have been taken at one haul. Another method we find communicated in the Country Gentleman. The writer says, " nie process of removing them (the worms) is this: One person holds the chicken finiily in one hand, with the finger of the other hold down the tongue ; a second person, (for it is impossible for one to do it alone,) doubles a long horse hair, and inserts the loop carefully through the opening of the windpipe, pass it down as far as it will go, twist the horse hair a few times, then draw out, and the worms will be found caught in the loop." "In making the trial with the horse hair," continues the writer, "some difficulty at first is experienced in holding the head of the A\ 3 Fig. S3. chick eft, still while performing the operation, as the windpipe is very sensitive : hence I have sketched the position of the fingers (fig. 33) in which the head maybe firmly held without harm to the chicken. While in this OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 83 position the windpipe may be seen, and the sole cause of its distress. If the rays of the sun ai"e perm tted to fall upon its throat, the worms are most distinctly seen, "The horse hair is tied in the manner shown in figr. 33, and is most expedient, as other knots cause the loop C to deviate ftom a line straight with A and B, making it diffi- cult to introduce into the windpipe. The loop is about half an inch long, and must be rolled between the thumb and finjier to make it angular, as at C. The introduction of the hair must first be by a quick push, and kept in its place until it can be forced down, lest the coughing of the chicken should expel it. It should be put down about an inch and a- half, and twisted in its course upward. Each operation should be performed in six to eight seconds of time. It is not absolutely neces- sary to remove every worm from the wind- pipe. Coarse hairs are better than fine ones for the purpose." The annual mortality among chickens is a subject of general regret; but as we believe preventive means may be used, which will in a great measure save a large majority of those which otherwise would fall a sacrifice to those diseases which usually prey upon the feathered tribe, we will briefly suggest a few practical rules, which, if adopted, we believe will answer the desired object. 1st. All young chickens, ducks and turkeys should be kept warm, under cover out of the weather, during rain or stormy seasons. 2d. Twice or thrice a week, pepper, shalots, chives, onions, or garlic, should be mixed with their food. 3d. A small limip of assafoetida should be placed in the pans in which their water is given them to drink. If the vessels should be of rusty iron all the better. 4th. Chickens which are kept from the dung-heap while young, seldom have the gapes; therefore it should be the object of those who have charge of them, so to contine the hens as to preclude their young from the range of the horse stables and yards. 5th. Whenever they manifest disease by the drooping of the wings, or any other out- ward sign of ill health, a little assafoetida dis- solved or broken into small lumps, should be mixed with their food. 6th. For the Snuffles, the remedies for gapes will be found highly curative ; but in addition to them it will be necessary to melt a little assafoetida in fresh butter or sweet oil, and rub the chicken about the nostrils, taking care to clean them out. 7th. The worms in the lungs of chickens are supposed to be produced from the inhala- tion of the eggs of the hen lice. The minute eggs are deposited in the feathers and down of the hen, and the chickens being hovered over by her, the eggs are drawn into the cells of the lungs at each inspiration, which hatch and produce the worms which smother the chickens. Remedy— sulphur and tobacco about the nests during incubation. Hens while hatching are very apt to be- come infested with lice ; so much so they are often driven from the nest. We have known the eggs covered, and the nest alive with them. In such cases we recommend remo- ving the litter and eggs, and cleaning the nest with scalding water Then line the nest with tobacco stems. WEEDS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION. A WEED has been properly defined as a plant groioing out of place. Clover and timothy, so valuable as farm crops when occupying meadows and pastures, immediately become weeds if they intrude into corn and potato fields. More usually, however, the term is applied to those plants, which, in all places and under all circumstances, persist in growing where they are not wanted, and are never cultivated for any useful purpose. Such are the Canada thistle, Oxeye daisy, Johnswort and Chess. Agriculturists have two prominent questions to ask in relation to all such plants — the first, how they found their way into their fields ; and, secondly, how to get them out. The A first is for the purpose of pointing out the prevention, and the second for n prescribing the cure. It will be of little use to destroy weeds by the hun- ^ dred, if we permit them to enter by the thousand or million. / \ '■ =^3^; ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER The prevention requires a thorough knowledge of the habits of the plant, and its mode of propagating itself. Some weeds, as annuals, increase only by seeds, such as the pig-weed, foxtail and mustard. Biennials, as the mul- lein and burdock, mostly come under the same head. Some of these, although the individual plants soon die, maintain their hold by the long vitality of the seeds, with all the pertinacity of the most enduring perenniiils. The latter increase not only by seed, but by the extension of the roots ; such are the Canada thistle, milkweed, and couch grass. Annual plants, as the field mustard, prove most troublesome to spring-sown crops ; while biennials, as cockle, chess and red-root, find their way among biennial crops, as rye and wheat. Perennial weeds intrude into all — yet they are not necessarily the worst weeds ; some annuals, for instance, increase with more rapidity and certainty by the prodigious multiplication of seed, than any others by exten- sion of the roots. There are two general rules for the prevention and extirpation of weeds, applicable in all cases, that every farmer should fully understand. The Jirst, from the well known fact that «o plant can first groxc vntho^it starting from a seed, indicates the general caution to destroy all weeds before they can ripen their seed, and to sow for crops nothing but perfectly clean seed. If weeds have already gone to seed, they should be carefully removed and burned. Some of the most pernicious intruders have been widely spread through hay or grass used for packing goods — every careful man will never allow such packing material to be scattered over his land either in manure or otherwise.. The second rule is founded on the principle that no plant can live any considerable length of time without breathing through its lungs, the leaves. Hence all perennial rooted plants, that creep and extend beneath the surface, like the Canada thistle and milk-weed, and thus form formidable patches, may be destroyed completely and totally, if the leaves are never allowed to appear above ground. The best and most practicable modes of applying these two rules, must vary with circumstances and with the different plants, and will be separately pointed out when treating of the character and habits of each individual. Of the 80,000 different species of plants which grow upon the face of the earth, only a few thousand have ever had an opportunity to grow in cultivated fields.. Of these few thousands, a very small number have become distinguished for their vigor of growth under neglect, for their tenacity of life, and rapidity of increase. These few have thus become troublesome weeds. Neglected cultivation and careless management have tested them thoroughly for their bad qualities, and have been the means of selecting them from their thousands of harmless associates, and introducing them into the fields of the fiirmer. The yearly loss to the farmers of the United States, occasioned by weeds, amounts to many millions of dollars — enough probably to build an Erie or /A New-York Central Railroad, dig an Erie Canal, or build and endow one /A /] hundred first-class agricultural colleges. With many land-owners, one-fourth A ®=^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. part of the corn crops is consumed by pig-weeds, fox-tail, and other intru- ders, and an equal proportion of meadow and pasture land occupied with mulleins and thistles, johnswort and brier bushes. With others the loss is still greater, while a few good managers lose little or nothing. Admitting it to be but a tenth part as an average, what is the result ? The aggregate value of all the crops of the countr}^ is douVjtless at least eight hundred million dollai-s yearly, and but a tenth part of this is eighty millions — a sum far ex- ceeding the estimate just offered, and enough to make the two great railroads and the Erie canal combined. The subject is therefore of sufficient magni- tude to merit some attention. The list here described is divided into annual and biennial, which increase mainly by seeds ; simple perennial, which multiply mostly in the same way ; creeping perennial, which increase not only by seeds, but by the extension of the I'oots, and noxious and intruding shrubs. I. Annual and ISienuial Weeds. These weeds iricrease mostly by A seeds. Some multiply with a rapid- ity that is almost incredible — and careless ob-servers are therefore in- duced to adopt such errors of opinion as spontaneous increase without seed, and transmutation of soAvn crops to the weeds themselves. As an example of this prolific character, the writer has counted three thou- sand seed on a single chess plant, when allowed to groAV freely on rich soil, without the smothering influ- ence of wheat or other dense crops. Three thousand the first year would be nine million the second, twenty- seven thousand million the third, which would be about thirteen bushels, (counting two million seed to the bushel,) thirty -nine thousand bushels the fourth, one hundred and seventeen million bushels the fifth, three hundred and fifty-one thousand million bushels the sixth — enough pi'obably to seed the whole earth — showing the prodigious multiplica- tion when imder favorable circum- stances. Some otlier weeds increase as rajndly. The importance of Fipr. 1— False Flax. 86 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Fig. 2— CocKLK OR Wheat Cocklb. literally rooting out such intruders at their very first appearance— of nip- ping the evil in the bud — is obvious. Wild Mustard or Charlock, {Sinapis arvensis.) — An introduced plant, and being an annual, it is becoming quite troublesome in grain crops sown in the spring. Although each plant dies every year, yet as the seeds retain their vitality a long time, it is difficult to extirpate it after the soil becomes infested. A system of rotation in which spring-sown crops are not frequent, and weeding out by hand as soon as the yellow blossoms show themselves in spring, are the best remedies. Shepherd's Purse, {Capsella bursa-pastoris.) — A well-known annual OF RURAL AFFAIRS. weed, frequent in waste places and in neglected gardens, and easily extirpa- ted by good culture. False Flax, {Camelina sativa^) fig. 1.* — An annual plant, introduced with flax seed, and a common weed in that crop — falsely believed by some superficial ob- servers to be degenerated flax. The remedy is to sow clean seed, and alter- nate flax with other crops. Cockle or Wheat Cockle, {Agros- temma ffithago,)^g. 2, p. 86. — Introduced from Europe in the seed of wheat and rye. It is an annual,but becomes biennial if sown late in the season. The seeds darken the color of flour and injure its quality. To expel it, sow only clean seed, pull up the small plants early in spring, and again any that may have escaped when in flower early in summer. Since the improve- ment in fanning mills, which separate the seed, the cockle has not been a formi- Fig. 3— Chickwbed. dable weed with good farmers. Chickweed, {Stellaria media,) fig. 3. — Although an annual, its extreme hardiness causes it to grow and flower during winter. On damp soils it is often quite troublesome. Un lerdraining and frequent cultivation will subdue it. Pig. 4— PCRSI.ANB, * For most of the cuts which accompany this article, we are indebted to Dr. Darlfngton's excellent work on .\pTicultural Botany, edited by I'rof. Thuhber, and furnished throufih the liberality of the publishers. C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co. of New- York. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Purslane, {Portidaca ohracea,) fig. 4. — xVn annual weed, spreading over the surface, and becoming very troublesome in gardens in summer, on account of its ex- treme tenacity of life, after the stem is cut off. Removal from the land, or burying, are there- fore advisable, after passing the. hoe over the surface. Rag-weed or Bit- ter-weed, {Ambro- sia trijida^) fig. 5. — Another species, A. ortemesicefolia, is similar, but small- er. Both are an- nuals, and find their way into cultivated fields, the latter in the stubble, after grain. Clean culturo and rotation in crops are the best reme- dies. Clot-bur or Coc- kle-bur, {Xanthmin strum arium^) fig. 6. — An annual, not a formidable weed, but frequently quite troublesome — the burs adhering to the fleeces of sheep. It is easily subdued by ^'- &-Rag-weed or Bitter-weed. cultivation. The thorny clot-bur (X spinosum) is a worse plant, and is be- coming introduced into tlie southern portion of the United States, and in the suburbs of cities farther north. Bur Marigold, Stick-tight, or Spanish Needles, {Bidens frondosa.) — I The seeds of this plant are oblong, and are furnished at one end with two i barbed awns, which cause them to adhere when ripe to clothing and the coats l\ of animals, and when numerous the whole surface becomes coated and black ( ] with them. It is not a formidable weed,, and only accompanies neglected ©c:^=- *<— 'C:^:? OP RURAL AFFAIRS. cultivation. It 13 sti-ictly an annual. The name Spanish Needles more properly belongs to another species, B. hipinnata. Mayv/eed, {Maruta Cotula.) — A well-known annual, usually enduring the winter, gi'owing often abundantly along roadsides, and possessing a disagreea- ble odor. As it rarely gets much possession of cultivated fields, it is not a great pest. Wild Chamomile or Large ^Mayweed, {Anthemis arvensis.) — This is nearly allied to the preceding, and by former botanists was placed imder the the same generic head. It is distinguished from the May- weed by its darker green be- low and more hoary appearance above, by its more aromatic and less offensive odor, its more coarsely cut leaves, and more especially by its far more per- nicious character. It is not yet extensively introduced, but in some places has found its way into winter grain fields, and by its dense spreading growth in autumn and spring, sometimes nearly chokes out the young crop. It is very difficult to extirpate after it once obtains large possession ; but is best treated by adoptnig a ro- tation of crops in which winter grain rarely occurs. It is an annual, but generally assumes the character of a biennial, es- pecially in winter grain crops. Thistle or Horse Thistle, {Cirdum lanccolatum.) — A coarse rough biennial plant, from two to four feet high, growing abundantly in neglect- Fig. 6— Clot-bur or CocKLE-BrR. ed pastures throughout the northern States. It flourishes in rich soils, and by occupying the ground greatly lessens the crop of grass. It spreads exten- sively by its seed, which, attached to the pappas or plume, float on the wind I through the air. It is easily destroyed by cutting off" the root with a stiff* A hoc, below the surface. If this is done when in blossom, the root will not A ^\ sprout again. jK Q Burdock, {Lappa major.) — Widely known as a coarse, rank, bitter weed, ( ' V- ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER 0 with large very adhesive burs, -which become entangled in the wool of sheep, hair of horses and cattle, and in clothing. Biennial, and easily destroyed with diligence, by cutting off the root a few inches below the surface, although some years are usually required to eradicate them completely. They may be removed from grass ground without destroy- ing the turf, by thrusting down a narrow spade, ground sharp, to cut off the root, and then lifting out the plant and tread- ing the surface. The best time to do this is just as the flower buds form. Mullein, ( Verbascum Thapsus.) — A widely known biennial weed, common in the pastures of slovenly farmers, along the borders of roads, &c. It sends up the second year a single tall stem, which beai-s many minute seed, and when ripe these are scat- tered abundantly on the ground and carried in the hair of domestic animals. The plants are easily de- stroyed by cutting off with a hoe, or by pulling them up the second year when the soil is softened by heavy rains. Red Root, Pigeon Fig. 7-Red Root. weed, Gromwell, Stone weed or Stein-kraut, the latter corrupted into " stink rooty" {Lithospcrmum arvense,) fig. 7. This is one of the worst weeds with which the farmer has to contend ; and although an annual, assuming the character of a biennial, and spreading only by seed, it is far more difficult to eradicate than the Canada thistle. As one of its names indicates, the root is red ; the whole plant somewhat rough and hairy, (very rough when dead and dry,) from 8 to 12 inches high, more or less branched, leaves narrow and about an inch long, flowers small, nearly white, seeds hard or stone-like, OP RURAL AFFAIRS. whence another name, stein-kraut or stone weed, and the generic name Li- thospermum. These seeds are remarkable for retaining their vitality for years when deeply buried, or if warmth, air and moisture are withdrawn. It is this quality which renders the plant so difficult to eradicate from the soil. The seeds may be deeply buried by plowing, and i-emain dormant while suc- cessive crops of grain are taken from the land by shallower cultivation, until deep plowing again brings them to the surface. During this interval the former may have supposed his soil free from the pest, to be disappointed when brought up to air and moisture. It is the great enemy of the wheat crop ; and when it has once taken possession of the field, it will nearly run out the grain. Some farmere, by taking it early, or before it has spread much in their fields, have succeeded in keeping this weed in small numbers or wholly eradicating it, by weeding it annually from their wheat by hand, going over the fields two or three times in spring, and making a regular job of it like any other yearly work. One farmer found it necessary to expend forty days labor the first year in this way, but in a few years the weed became so re- duced that three or four days were found sufficient, and no doubt a continua- tion of this care would clear out the last plant. Where, however, it has ta- ken extensive possession, a more rapid and wholesale process must be adopted, at least for a time. A good one is the following: For the first wheat crop, plow the ground very deep, at least eight inches, for which purpose a double Michigan plow will answer well. This will throw the seed down beyond the reach of vegetating, and the wheat may be sown on -the inverted surface and escape for one year. It will be perceived that success in this instance depends entirely on a single plowing ; if this does not reduce the soil to a proper con- dition for sowing, the process should be completed by means of a two-horse cultivator or gang plow. All the red root which appears should be pulled out from the wheat in spring by hand. In the fall, plow as deep as for the wheat, which will throw the seed again to the surfoce. Harrow well, and the seed will germinate. The next spring, turn the weeds under with a gang plow, or cut them to pieces with a large steel-tooth cultivator, and sow oats, barley, spring wheat, or peas — the latter is best in the way of rotation. Plow and harrow again in fall, to start another crop of weeds, and plant corn, cultivating it thoroughly. The following year the land may be seeded to clover or grass ; and when wheat is again introduced in the rotation, but few weeds will be found, which may be pulled out by hand. It is impor- tant that no seed should be returned to the soil through manure ; and hence it may be best, when the straw contains much, to burn it in the field in a compact Ir.eap. The seed is sometimes spread to other farms by throwing the plants into the road, when in muddy weather they adhere to the soil on wa- gon wheels, and are carried to a distance. ^ Tory "Wekd or Hound's Tongue, (Ct/noglos.tum officinale,) fig. 8. — A /A A coarse plant growing along roadsides, about two feet high, bearing purple-red A i7^ ' ' ~ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER flowers, and flat seed roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles, causing them to adhere to clothing and to the hah- and wool of animals. It is biennial, and is destroyed in the same way as the burdock, mullein, &c. Jamestoavn Weed or Stink Weed, {Datura stramonium.) — A coarse foetid plant, growing on roadsides and waste places, often several feet high. The leaves are large, the flowers tubular, nearly three inches long, and the seed Vessels an inch and a-half long, and covered with coai-se fleshy prickles. it is an annual, and is ea- sily destroyed. Lambs' Quarters. Goose-foot or Pig Weed, {Chenopodium album.) — An annual weed, often growing abundantly in gar- dens and other cultivated grounds; the stem often growing three or four feet high, angular or grooved, often with some purple stripes; leaves with a mealy appearance ; flowers small, numerous, green ; seeds small and numerous, and the plants are thus Fig. 8-Tory Weed or Hound's Tosgce. rapidly increased where neglected cultivation prevails. The remedy is very simple — destroy all the plants with the plow, hoe or cultivator, before they attain more than an inch or two in height. The laljor will be small at this time, compared with that required after they are a foot high ; and none can go to seed. Green Amaranth, sometimes called Pig Weed, {Amaranthus hyhridus,) fig. 9. — A coarse annual weed, with a green branching stem ; flov/ers sniall, green, packed into close spikes, with bristle-like hairs among them. It finds its way into cultivated grounds like the preceding, and is to be sinjilarly @c^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 93 treated. The seed are quite small, black and shining, and very numerous. There are several species or varieties, not very distinctly defined. Wild Teasel, {Dip- sacus sylvestris.) — Com- mon along roadsides and waste grounds. It is biennial, and is easily de- stroyed by mowing the second year, before the seed are formed. Chess, Cheat, or Broom Grass, {Bromwt secalinus,) figs. 10 and 11. — One of the most troublesome weeds which infest the wheat fields of this country. The pani- cle is brandling and spreading, and bears nu- merous spikelets, like the enlarged one in fig. 10. This weed was for- merly supposed by some to be produced from de- generated wheat ; but the fact that it belongs to quite a di.stinct genus from wheat, renders this impossible. The follow- ing are the principal causes for the adoption of this remarkalile notion : 1. The seed of the che&? plant are much smaller than those of wheat, and may be numerously scattered through seed wheat, and reproduce the weed among the stubble, un- perceived to ordinary observation. 2. The seed being ve- ry hai'dy, may remain Fis 9— Green A-xarakth. @c^- 94 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER -=^=^^ at some depth in the soil, unperceived, and dormant until brought near the surface, and subjected to the action of light, air and moisture. A bushel of chess contains over one million seeds; yet a bushel is only one twenty thousandth part of the soil on an acre of ordinary depth; hence there may be a million chess seeds through the soil, and yet, con- stituting but a twenty thousandth part of its bulk, be wholly impercep- tible to observation. 3. When the young chess plants, growing from this seed, are shaded by a dense crop of wheat, they grow only a few inches high, sometimes not over two inches, (as at c, fig. 11,) perfect their seed, and are wholly unobserved ; but when the wheat is winter-killed, or other- wise destroyed, they spread and grow up- Avards unchecked, tJu-ee feet high, (as at a,) and often produce from two to three thousand seed to a single root, cover the whole sur- face, and lead to the superficial conclusion that the wheat, being killed, was converted to chess. Fig. 10— Chess. ah c Fig. 11— Chess, Cheat, or Broom Grass. Those who advocate this notion of transmutation, have claimed that among the countless millions of plants which change every year from wheat to chess, many might be caught in the act, furnishing a head of wheat and a head of chees from the same root. The writer, having often heard of such curiosities, but never finding any, offered a reward of Jive hundred dollars, a year or two since, which offer he published in the Country Gentleman, and kept it stand- ing for several months. But no double plant was presented. From the value of the prize, offered during a pecuniary pressure, the conclusion was adopted that no such plant existed. The process for the eradication of this weed is simple — ^namely, sow none « but perfectly clean seed, and it will gradually disappear from the land. Many jA thorough farmers have adopted this mode, and have completely extirpated it A - o ®c^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 95 from their farms. The unproved modern fan-mills (of which Nutting's is best,) have greatly facilitated this object, and chess has become a less formi- dable weed than formerly. Foxtail Grass, (Setaria,) fig. 12.— There are two species which are often abundant in cornfields, and spread rapidly by seed. The common Foxtail, {Setaria glauca^) has a taw- ny, bristly, cyUndrical spike ; and the other [Setaria viri- (lis,) a larger and green spike. They are easily de- stroyed when they first ap- pear above the surface ; and being never allowed to go to seed, soon disappear. II. Simple Perennial "Weeds. Tall Crowfoot or But- ter-cup, (Ranunculus acris, acrid Ranunculus.) — An in- troduced weed, common in meadows and pastures in many parts of the Northern States. It is not a formida- ble weed. It is easily eradi- cated by good cultivation in connection with rotation of crops. John's-wort, [Hi/pericicm perforatum, or perforated Hypericum,) figure 13. — A well-known and very trouble- some perennial weed, and often occupying neglected pastures to such an extent as to greatly diminish or ex- clude the grass crop. Good cultivation and rotation will extirpate it. Sheep eat it when it is young and tender, and thus tend to keep it down — but sweet grass and clover are much better food Fig. 12— Foxtail Grass. for these animals, and they should not thus be compelled to suffer from the bad husbandry of their owners. Dr. Darlington remarks, in alluding to the ^c^- ■-=^0© ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Fig. 13— John's- WORT. fact that it was named " St. John's-wort," from its supposed power of keep- ing off evil spirits on St. John's night, that " the custom is still followed in the retired part of the Pyrenees, of hanging garlands of the herb over the doors, to preserve the inmates of the house from ' storms, thunder, heretics, and other evil spirits.' " Plantaix. — There are two common species of the plantain, known as the Plantago major^ or broad-leaved, and P. lanceolata^ or narrow or lance- leaved. Neither of them are formidable weeds, although somewhat trouble- some. The broad-leaved is common along foot-paths and in door-yards, ani is sometimes called by the aborigines, "the white man's foot." The lance- leaved spreads more extensiveW, often prevailing to a considei'able extent in pastures. Both are perennial-rooted, and they may be destroyed in a small way by cutting off the root beneath the surface, and on a larger scale by ro- tation of crops and thorough culture. The seeds being about the size of red clover seed, are often sown with the lattei\ In some places the narrow- leaved is tolerated as a forage plant — and although not a decided pest, farmers would be better without it. PoKK OR PoKEWEED, {Phytolacca decandra.) — Well known by its rank, fleshy and succulent growth, and by the abundant purple juice of its berries. The root is perennial, and easily destroyed by cutting off with a stiff hoe be- low the surface. Watek Hemlock, (Ciciita maculata, or spotted Cicuta.) — The stem and leaves, and the root more especially, are deadly poison. The aromatic quality of the plant sometimes induces children and others to eat it, endangering or ,i destroying their lives ; and it is also sometimes fatal to cattle. Hence it A\ should be carefully extirpated. The stem is spotted with purple or marked / \ OP RURAL AFFAIRS. Fig. 14— Poisou Hemlock. with short streaks. The root is perennial. Perhaps the most dangerously poisonous plant known. Poison Hemlock, {Coniiim maculatuin^ or spotted Conium,) fig. 14. — , This plant somewhat resembles the preceding, but is a thicker and ranker M grower, and has a disagreeable odor. It grows abundantly in some places = | ©c:^= 1 -=^^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER along roadsides. The root is perennial. It is easily destroyed by mowing just before seeding, and by cutting up the roots. Ox-eye Daisy, or White Daisy, {Lencauthemnm vnlgare,) fig. 15, — A perennial-rooted weed, and one of the worst the farmer has to contend with, on account of its extensive spreading, and the great difficulty of its extirpa- tion. The seed are very tenacious of life, and will vegetate after passing through the stomach of an animal. The wide foothold it has obtained is of course the result of slovenly farm- ing, and is most con- spicuous in pasture fields, whitening the whole sur- face when in flower. Va- rious means have been de- vised for destroying it. Attempts have been made to turn it to account by compelling animals to eat it. Sheep may be made to feed 'on it by depriving them of all other food, es- pecially early in the sea- son while the young plants are tender and less bitter than afterwards; but it is bad economy, and they cannot thrive when driven by starvation to eat unpala- table food. A correspon- dent of The Ctdtivator says that a large farmer succeeded in killing most of the daisies on a sixteen- acre lot, by tui-ning in five Fig. 15— Ox-ete Daisy. hundred sheep a week at a time — but it was a very expensive experiment^ for the sheep became extremely poor, and he regarded his loss at one thou- sand dollars. Thorough cultivation is the best remedy, and may be given as follows : Plow the sod thoroughly, plant corn, hoe and cultivate well once a week. Next year sow and plow in two crops of buckwheat, and the third year manure and plant corn again ; then again two crops of buckwheat for two years more, when the daisies will have vanished and the land be left rich. -=^=^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 99 Tliis weed grows best usually in poor pastures, where there is not enough fer- tility to cause the growth of interfering plants. On rich ground, tall and dense grass will soon over- top and partly smother the weeds. Mallow, (Malva rotundifolia,) fig. 16. — Well known by its round leaves, pros- .ti'ate stem, and its circular fruit. It is somewhat trouble- some in gardens, but is not a formidable weed. Sour Dock, or Curled Dock, {Ru- mex c rUp us. ) — Well known by its long narrow leaves with Fig. 16— Mallow. curled margins, and its numerous, brown,, triangular seed. It is a perennial, and is easily eradicated by a moderate amount of labor in pulling up the roots before the seeds form, while the ground is soft from recent rains ; or if too hard, they are cut off by a sharp narrow tool. There is another species. {R. obtusifolius^) with broader, rounded leaves, which is to be treated in the same way. SoRRKL OR Sheep Sorrel, {Rumex acetosella.)—'Y\i\s plant is quite similar in its character to the sour dock, but much smaller in every respect. It grows from six inches to a foot high, with a slender, branching, and angular stem, the whole plant of a strong and rather agreeable acid — and when in large quantities giving a peculiar reddish appearance to the field. It usually grows most abundantly on sandy soils, more particularly those of a rather dry and sterile cliaracter, but often on richer loams. In the former case, lime or ashes, or both, have tended to expel it ; and in the latter, thorough culture. Neglected and superficial cultivation is to be avoided in all cases ; and seed- ing down very densely with clover and a small portion of timothy, tends to drive it out. On the exhausted lands of Virginia, dressings of lime and marl have destroyed it thoroughly — in other regions, these applications alone have produced little effect, and the use of the plow, cultivator and hoe have be- come indispensable. Garlic, Field Garlic or Wild Garlic, {Allium vineaZe.) -Nearly allied to the onion, and growing in many places extensively in meadows and pastures. It imparts a strong and disagreeable odor to the milk and butter of cows which feed on it. It is sulidued by a rotation of crops with thorough culture. ©c^=- ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Nettle, (C/r^ica c?io?ca,) fig. 17. — A rough upright plant, growing along fences and in waste places, armed with stinging hairs, which produce an in- tolerable itching in the skin for a short time after application. Darlington quotes Culpepper as remarking, in allusion to this quality, " that they may be found by feeling on the darkest night." The root is perennial, and the plant easily destroyed by cultivation. There is a smaller species, (an annual,) which, like this, was introduced from Europe, and a native species, with broader leaves, growing in moist places and along \he. borders of streams, all of which have similar properties ; but the first only is much known as a weed. Sweet Flag or Calamus, {Aco- riis calamus.) — Known by its strong aromatic character and odor, by its dense mass of creep- ing roots, and by the yellowish- green spadix or fleshy spike of flowers at the middle of the leaf- like stalk (or scape) which supports it. It often obtains possession of wet or swampy lands to the exclu- sion of everything else. To eradi- cate it, first drain the land, and then repeatedly plow with a steel mouldboard, and harrow, for two seasons. Where the land cannot be drained, the mass of plants Fig. 17— Nettle. may be cut into blocks with sharp spades, and thrown into heaps. When dry, remove these blocks of roots, and convert them to compost in layers with stable manure. Seed the cleaned land with red-top, or timothy if dry enough. The small fibrous roots which run do^vnwards from the large creep- ing ones, are easily cut off with a spade or sharp plow, and will not grow. In any case, where the plow may be used for cutting up the mass, it would be well to pile up ; and when dry to cart off the pieces and convert them to compost. Cat-tail Flag or Cooper's Reed, {Typha latifolia.) — Conspicuous for its long leaves and large cylindrical spike, growing in swampy places. Under- drain the land, or cart on earth, or both — and then seed with red-top; or, if well drained, with timothy. f OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 101 III. Creeping" Pevcnnial Weeds. Canada Thistle, (Cirsium arveiise,) Gg. 18. — This is a formidable weed in two respects. Like the preceding it spreads extensively by seed, and the roots being both perennial and creeping, the plants quickly extend into patches beneath the surface. The roots have been sometimes found several feet below, in porous subsoils ; and as the fragments of roots are sufficient to produce new plants, it was formerly supposed to be incapable of era- dication, without dig- ging out every por- tion— which, in a large patch, would involve immense labor. This opinion has now been found to be fallacious, and by the observance of a simple principle, the whole subterranean net-work of roots may be easily destroyed. The roots cannot live, unless they breathe through their lungs, the leaves. Keep the portion of the plants above ground from growing, and the whole patch may be destroyed in a single year. This may be accomplished in several ways. Small patches may be smoth- ered by covering with boards, closing the joints with a second layer, to prevent a sin- gle plant from finding Fig. 18— Canada Thistle. its way through. Sawdust, tan, or straw, will accomplish the same end, if laid on thick enough. If a single plant, however, escapes, it will sustain life in a portion of the roots. Another way is to cut the plants off daily even with the surfiice of the ground, so that a single leaf cannot grow. The best way for common practice is to plow them under, and continue the plowing often enough to keep them smothered. If well and deeply done, once a ^ 102 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER month will answer the purpose. This mode succeeds best on heavy or clayey soils, which do not permit the thistles to find their way readily upwards. But even on such soils, the work must be very carefully performed, for if a portion of the weeds are but partly covered, they cannot be destroyed. On gravelly and other porous soils, it is more difficult to destroy them by plow- ing. The operation must therefore be more frequent on such soils, and greater care taken to do it deeply and in the most thorough manner. The Double Michigan plow will be found to answer an excellent purpose on these as well as all other kinds of soil. Toad Flax or Snap Dragon, sometimes called "Butter and Eggs" from the color, (Linaria vdgaris,) fig. 19. — An exceedingly troublesome and pernicious weed, extending now thi-ough the Northern and Middle States. The root is perennial and creeping ; the whole plant very smooth ; the flowers somewhat in the form of lips, the outer part pale yellow, the palate tinged *n-ith oiange, and each flower furnished with a horn or spur half an inch long. It gi-ows one or two feet high and quite erect. It is common in many places along roadsides, fences, and in pastures. Cattle T\iU not eat it, nor the grass it grows with. Spreading in dense patches, it soon prevents the growth of other plants. It is difficult to eradicate — the best mode is re- peated plowing and harrowing. Horse Xettle, [Solanwn caroliniamim.) — A trouble- some weed at the South, and extending northward. It has broad leaves, and a stem a foot or more in height ; nearly the whole plant is covered with sharp spreading prickles. It has flowei-s of a bluish-white, and orange- yellow berries one-fourth or one-third of an inch in diameter. It is exceedingly tenacious of life, extends by the roots in patches, and nearly monopolizes the soil when it once obtains possession. Farmers in the Mid- dle States should keep an eye to it, and destroy it on its first appearance. MiLK-WEKD OR SiLK-WEED, (Asclepias Cormiti.) — Well known by the milky juice which flows out when the plant is cut or broken. It extends rapidly by its louf, fleshy, perennial branching roots, and by its flat seeds, which are wafted to great distances by means of the copious silky hairs attached to them. The stem grows two or three feet high ; the flowei-s are numerous, in umbels, and greenish purple ; the seed vessel is a folicle, opening by a longitudinal slit, the seed imbricated or placed like shingles on a roof, on an oblong fleshy center. The milk-weed becomes troublesome on account of its running roots. Like Q the Canada thistle it may be destroyed by never allowing the roots to breathe i Fig. 19— Toad Flax. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 103 and ings, through leaves. On a moderate scale, this may be done by repeatedly pull- ing out the young plants the moment they appear above ground ; or on a larger scale by deep repeated plow- followed by hand-pulling. An ea- sier mode has been attempted, namely, starving sheep doNvn to eating the weed, but the injury to the flock by this hard usage has been ten times greater than the cost of extirpa- ting by hand labor. Couch Grass, Quitch Grass or Quack Grass, {1^'i- ticiim repens^)^^. 20. — This grass, in con- sequence of the great tenacity of life in its creeping roots, is ex- tremely difficult to destroy, and is one of the most trouble- some and obstinate weeds in the North- ern States. "When it has taken full pos- session, the roots form a dense stratum several inches in thickness, which is plowed up in thick stiff masses which cannot be pulverized. The best mode of Fig. 20-C!ouch Grass, Quitch Grass or Quack Grass. eradication, is to select a time when the weather and soil are in the dryest state, and plow, harrow, and rake the roots into heaps, with a spring-toothed or other horse-rake, and when dry to burn them. Repeat the operation till all are extirpated. Or the roots may be fermented and killed in layers with manure, forming compost. As every fragment of the roots will vegetate in 104 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER moist soil, harrowing will only extend the evil in such soils. E. Marks of Onondaga Co.y N.- Y., states in a former number of The Cultivator, that he destroyed this gi*ass in one season by smothering — plowing it under seven times during the season, each successive plowing being a little deeper until ten inches was attained. IV. Shrubs. Poison Sumach and Poison Vine, {Rhus Toxicodendron,) fig. 21. — The "Poison Vine," formerly known as the Rh^ls radicans of botanists, is now ascertained to be only a running variety of the R. Toxicodendron, which grows in the form of a small bush. Some persons are poisoned by it, or even by coming near it, and blisters are formed on the skin ; others are wholly A.H. Fig. 21— Poison Scmach. unaffectcl. There is another species, less common, but still more poisonous, the Rhus venenata, distinguished by its pinnate or elder-form leaves, while the Toxicodendron has ternate leaves or in threes. They sometimes obtain a foothold in waste ground and along fences, and should be carefully destroyed by cutting up as fast as they appear. The common sumach is another species of Rhus, but not poisonous to the touch. Blackbkruy or Wild Blackbkrry, [Rubus villosus.) — This well-known OF RURAL AFFAIRS. shrub often takes possession of waste ground on the land of slovenly farmers, or on newly cleared fields. Early in the season, when the leaves and shoots are tender, sheep will eat and reduce them, especially if strewed with . salt ; and mowing them near the grounjj towards the close of summer, checks their vigor. Plowing and planting with hoed crops enables the famiier to eradicate them ; but an easier and perhaps as efficient a mode is to sow to buckwheat, or better still to corn fodder in thick drills, cultivating two or three times. Elderbush, (Sambucics canadensis.) — A somewhat troublesome bush along fences, and a conspicuous indication of slipshod farming. The remedy recommended for blackberry bushes will destroy it. If the bushes are cut early in summer, and the brush burned upon the stubs, and then all the sprouts pulled up the moment they appear, the roots will soon perish. Some attempt to root them out by digging down deeply for the roots ; it is much easier to stai've the roots to death by allowing no leaves to grow above ground. Alder, {Alnus serrulata.) — This well-known shrub, from 3 to 10 feet high, grows along the margins of streams and in swamps, needlessly occupy- ing the ground. If cut closely during the last half of summer, for two or three seasons, they are destroyed. There are other plants, both native and introduced, more or less trouble- some as weeds, which might have been added to this list. But being either quite local, or less formidable in their character than most of the preceding, it is deemed hardly necessary to describe them separately, as they are all alike subject to the same general rules for extirpation, namely, to prevent seeding, to destroy very young if annuals, or before seeding if iDcrennials, to smother if creeping by the roots, and to adopt a rotation for most that shall require clean and thorough cultivation. A disagreeable object to every farmer who has any appreciation of the neat or beautiful, or a dislike to slovenly practices, is the common throng of weeds along roadsides. There are some land-owners who are careful to keep their fields comparatively dean, who throw all kinds of rubbish into the high- ways, along the borders of which immediately spring up thistles, mulleins, burdocks, mayweed, nettles, clot-bur and briei-s, rendering the public tho- roughfare, which should present an agreeable picture to every one, a disgust- ing and repulsive object to the eye. But unfortunately the evil does not end here ; these weeds being entirely neglected, furnish a most abundant seeding to the neighboring farms, and the weeds thus introduced are not easily eradicated. « ♦ » Profits of Farming. — J. W. Proctor of Danvers, Mass., at a late agri- cultural meeting at Boston, said there were thirty neighbors of his, who had on an average not over 20 acres of land each, who cleared above all expen- . ses, from $300 to $500 a year. They cultivate their fields like gardens, use ^ plenty of manure, and plow ten inches deep. / ) f ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER FILTERS AND FILTERING CISTERNS, Many inquiries having been recently made for the best mode of construfit- ing filters, we are induced to give a few of the many modes which have been adopted, either of which will answer a good purpose, and which are adapted to various circumstances or requirements. The importance of purifying thorouo-hly tlie water which is used as a drink, is scarcely appreciated. There is no doubt that thousands of cases of severe illness might be prevented by the general use of pure water. All the different modifications of filters have one similar and essential pro- vision namely, the passage of the water through layers of coarse clean sand or tine gravel, and charcoal. The gravel and sand are for the purpose of keeping the bed loose and for retaining the coarser impurities ; and the char- coal with its powerful absorbent powers, takes out such foul matter as may be held in solution, and which no merely mechanical straining could intercept. In some filters the sand or fine gravel is mixed with the charcoal, and slightly moistened to make it pack well ; in others they are placed in alternating layers of about two inches, and separated from each other by a single piece of cotton flannel. We do not know that one mode is better than the other; but it is well in either case to use the flannel to prevent the displacement of the materials, and to keep the charcoal from being washed out of place. The sand used should be both coarse and clean — good beach sand answera an ex- cellent purpose. The charcoal should not be pulverized, but granulated, so as to be about the size of peas or coarse shot. It is said that the refuse accumulations in the pipes of locomotives, which are usually thrown out at engine houses, are just the material for this purpose. Filters are either portable, and used for purifying a few pails of water at a time ; or else fixed and attached to the cistern, to cleanse all that passes into it. The simplest portable form is represented by fig. 1. It consists of a barrel or tub, with a stop-cock to set within a few inches of the bottom, for the escape of the puri- fied water. On the bottom is laid clean stone about the size of hens' eggs or the fist. These may occu- py about one-fourth of the barrel, and are to form a reservoir for the water after it is cleansed. The ^'h- 1. stop-cock should be an inch or two above the bottom, so that any possible sediment may not be drawn off. The filter may be raised a little on bricks or wooden blocks, to set a pail under the stop-cock. On the top of this layer Pan, with water. Gravel. Board, full of holes. Clean sand and pranula- ted charcoal. Board, perforated, co- vered with flannel. Stones, for reservoir of purified water. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 107 of stones are placed smaller stones, and then again smaller still, and the sur- face smoothed off, about one-third of the way up, and the whole covered with a perforated board. Cover the whole of this board with a piece of flan- nel, which should extend up an inch or two against the sides of the barrel. On this place the mixture of sand and charcoal, already described, packing it compactly but not pounding it, until within six inches of the top, and cover it with a layer of coarse gravel. Provide a lai-ge tin pan, to set in and fit the top of the barrel. Solder a few short tubes in the bottom of this pan, extending upwards an inch from its bottom, and thrust a piece of sponge in- to each tube. These serve to strain the water as it passes through into the filter, and coarse sediment will settle on the bottom of the pan without cho- king these tubes. The pan may be lifted and washed out once a week, more or less, as sediment accumulates in it, and the sponges are easily withdrawn and cleansed. The capacity of the reservoir at the bottom, may be varied with the size of the barrel, and with the quantity of water required at a time ; and the thickness of the layer of sand and charcoal will be indicated by the impurity of the water to be filtered. A small lead tube c, should extend from the top of the barrel down its inner side to the reservoir, to admit air, as the water is drawn off — otherwise it will not flow through the stop-cock freely when a supply is wanted. This tube is most conveniently secured to the side of the barrel by means of small pieces of wood, screwed on, with a notch cut in for the tube to pass, as shown at a. It may pass through the baiTel an inch from the top, which will secure the upper end and place it out of the way. The wood of the barrel, and the stones, may at first impart an unpleasant flavor to the water, but it will soon pass away. The taste of pine is removed by alcali. The water may be dark colored for a day or two from the charcoal. A more perfect but more complex filter is shown in fig. 2. A barrel is used as in the one just described ; but instead of a reservoir made by filling in a poi'tion with stone, an inverted earthen pot is employed, standing on a layer of gravel, and resting immediately on a perforated board, or what is better, a flat plate of earthenware, full of holes. The outside of this earthen pot, and some inches above it, (varying with the impurity of the water,) is pack- ed with the mixture of sand and charcoal, and the whole covered with gravel, and the water supplied through a pan, as in fig. 1. The top of the inverted pot should be covered with a round piece of tin plate, so as to extend a little beyond it all around, to turn off the descending water like t^e eaves of a roof, and to prevent its forming channels down the sides of the pot. A small hole is drilled near the bottom of the pot, into which a lead C Pan for water. Gravel. Layers of sand alterna- ting with charcoal, sep- arated with flannel. Fig. 3. i ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER tube is aet, with a stop-coek, for drawing off the v.ater ; and another tube for admitting air into the reservoir, to supply the place of the drawn water, en- ters another hole beside it, and passes upwards to the top of tlie barrel, as in fig. 1. This tube might enter the pot at the top, but would be in the way in packing in the charcoal and sand.* It must curve upwards within the pot, so as to reach the top of the latter, in order that the air may escape as the reservoir fills with the filtered water. An instance occurred in vvhich the fil- ter, from some unknown cause, suddenly ceased to operate ; on examination this tube was found to be stopped, and on removing the obstruction, the water flowed freely. Any common stone or earthen pot inverted will answer in making the reservoir of this filter. Instead of a perforated board, a round tin plate, punched with holes, would be better. Filters attached to the cistern in such a way -that all the water that passes into it is purified, have a great advantage over those that are portaVjle, in the large quantity of pure water always at hand, without the labor of first passing it through the portable filter. Fig. 3 represents one of the sort, which possesses several advantages over most others for this purpose. Two circular cisterns are first built of stone or hard-burned bi-ick in water lime, placed so near each ^ other that at the nearest point there is only the thickness of the wall. In this wall is laid a lead tube, about one-third the way up from the bottom of the smaller or receiving cistern, and project- ing a few inches beyond the Avail. The rain water from the roof pours into the smaller cistern, and would pass through this short tube into the larger cistern or main reservoir. In connec- tion with this tube the filtering vessel is placed. It consists of a largest size stone butter pot. It rests, inverted, on four brick legs, on the top of which a board, full of holes, is placed, to support the materials within the pot. A hole is made near the upper side of the pot to receive the end of the lead tube, which is made to fit the hole water tight, by packing. "When the rain water falls into the smaller cistern, it rises through this inverted pot, and is thus cleansed, and runs into the larger one. If the pot is properly filled, all the rain water which fills the larger cistern will be as clear and pure * It may be best, on the whole, to pass the air pii)e into the top of the inverted pot. as the water -nav get into the bent part when made as shown in the figure, if too much is poured in at a time, and make trouble. . Fig. 3. I ©c^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 109 as a crystal spring. To fill the pot with the sand and gravel, set it down iu its common position, or with the open end up ; jfill in firet coarse gravel ; then place over this a layer of cotton flannel — the successive layers of coarse, clean sand and granulated charcoal, as already described, or the ingredients in mixture. Cover the top with the perforated board, set it on the brick legs, pack the lead tube tight, and the filter is ready for operation. As the water enters the pot upwards, all the sediment will fall to the bottom of the cistern, and will not choke the filter ; and the pot may be removed and re- plenished as often as circumstances require. The water will flow thn ugh it as long as the level of the water in the smaller cistern is higher than that in the larger. If at any time it is found to flow too fast for complete purifica- tion, it may be partly stopped or plugged, so as to run slowly. A stop-cock attached to it on the side of the larger cistern, worked with a wire from above, might be a convenience. The smaller or first cistern should be lari enough to receive all the water which falls in a sin- gle shower, which may be easily estimated by re- 1^ membering that every inch of rain that falls upon a roof, (and few showers exceed one inch,) yields two t^ ^. :,,-r^S barrels for each space ten feet square. Another excellent form is shown in fig, 4, A be- ing the smaller or receiving cistern, B the larger re- servoir, C the filter, and D the discharging pipe. It has the same pan to hold the sediment as in figs. 1 and 2, with sponge orifices. The sediment settles - in this pan, and is easily removed. It is more diffi- cult to pack and remove the,gravel, sand and chai'- coal, than in fig. 3, where the filtering mixture may Fig. 4. be taken out, turned over, and washed. It has the advantage, however, of being more solid and compact, and also in operating with a small quantity of water ; in fig. 3, the receiying cistern must be one-third filled. On the whole, the latter is perhaps the best. Sometimes a common cistern is separated into two parts for filtering, by means of a straight wall partition. But unless the cistern is small, or the wall quite thick, there will be danger of its bursting by the unequal pressure when one is much fuller than the other. Bruising Oats for Horses. — The fact that oats are frequently undigested, and piuss through the horse without change, should be sufficient to show the importance of bruising — for certainly no benefit can be dci-ived from that which is undigested by the animal. Experiments made by the London Om- , nibus Company and others, show that a smaller quantity is required to pro- n It duce the same ability to work, when the oats are bruised, than when fed JA A whole. A no ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER AORICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, &c. Tlie Universal Plciv. This plow is so constructed that the mouldboard is easily removed when desired, and one of a different form, as the case may require readily substi- tuted, without at all interfering with the other parts of tho plow. Instead, Fig. 1— Frame-work of Plow, with Mouldboard detached. therefore, of purchasing and using a number of plows, for the various purpo- ses which every farmer requires, he may by means of the Universal plow, Fig. 2— Universal Plow, Rigged with Stubble Mouldboard. combine these several sorts in one, with a great saving of expense. Fig. 1 represents this plow with the mouldboard removed, showing the manner in 7 \ \sO OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Fig. 3— Universal Plow Rigged with Stubblk Mouldboard and Skim Plow forward, which it is fastened to the frame-work ; fig. 2 is the same with one of the many formed mouldboards (namely, for stubble,) attached ; and fig. 3 is the same with another mouldboard and a forward or skim plow added, trans- forming it into a Double Michigan or sod-and-subsoil plow. There are many other forms, to meet the various wants dependent on a difference of soil, and changing circumstances. Having used this plow to some extent, it has been found all that is claimed for it, in the way of a ready change from one form to another, and it will undoubtedly become, when further perfected, a valua- ble and popular implement with all cultivators who require a variety of sorts for the different- purposes of cultivation. It is manufactured at Worcester and Boston, and has been brought to its present state of improvement through the experiments of F. Holbrook, Esq., of Vermoot. Improved Plow CleA'is. The clevis, as every plowman is aware, is indispensable to the control of the width of the slice and depth of the furrow. The common or old-fashioned Fig. 4— Common Clevis. Fig. 5— The Scotch Clevis. clevis is shown in fig. 4 ; it is made of wrought iron, and usually answers a good purpose, the ring being placed in the different notches for varying the depth, and the central pin changed to the right or left for controlling ':he ^c:^— "-^::^S 112 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER width of the slice. The ring not being confined, is however often displaced — the beam is weakened by several holes that must be bored through the forward end to admit of changing the central pin ; and the clevis itself being more or less loose, the working of the plow is not so accurate as would be desirable. The Scotch clevis (fig. 5) is made of malleable cast iron, and is an improvement. The draught-ring, being attached to the forward part by. means of a bolt, retains its place ; and the rear portion bfeing furnished with an aic of holes, obviates cutting several holes through the beam ; or if cut, Pig. 6— Half Scotch Clevis. Fig. 7— Quadrant Clevis. they give a wider range to the clevis. Fig. 6 is the Half Scotch clevis, and has the former but not the latter impi'ovement. The Quadrant clevis (fig. Y,) is used in connection with a draught rod, and is attached to subsoil and other plows where great strength of draught is employed. The slot admits the change of the rod to the right or left ; and the screw enables the workman to raise or lower it to any desired depth. The Dial clevis (fig. 8, a, 6, c, c?,) is quite different from the others, and is ca- pable of a very wide range of variation. Xj The two figures c and c?, are representations of the same thing seen in different posi- tions. It is the circu- lar plate or dial, which is attached to the end of the beam, by thrusting the latter into the square hole. Fig. S-The Dial Clevis. (fig. c,) so that the dial forms a cap on the end. It is confined to its place by means of the bolt B, (fig. 6,) passing through the hole seen in the center. Fig. h is the guide, the ribs on which fit the teeth or cogs of the dial ; and which may be secured at different heiglits, or at any desired point to the right or left — thus giving a great variation to the running of the plow. C is the draught rod, passing through this guide, and furnished with a drauglit- hook for attaching the team, in fig. 9. The whole, attached to the beam, is shown OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 113 Plow ll'lteels. The use of the wheel attached to the plow, gives the furrow a more uniform depth, the draught being so regulated that the slight pressure on the wheel shall keep the forward end of the beam at all times at the same height above the surface of the ground. It is more par- ticularly useful in plowing sod. Fig. 9 shows the more common way of attaching the wheel to the beam, being placed on the left side, so that it may run on the unturned sod. The curved piece of iron, which carries the wheel, rises and falls through the screw staple, as the depth of the furrow requires — its rear end moving on the pin or center. A more firm and secure mode of placing the wheel Fig. 9. A Pig. 10. Fig. 11. is exhibited by fig. 10; and still another, but rarely used or required, is shown by fig. 11, one wheel running on the unplowed land, and the other in the previous furrow. Nutting''s Fannins* and Assorting' IVIacliine. This is a remarkable invention, and is a great advancement on all the old fanning mills. Its most distinguishing feature is the character of the screens. They have almost the smoothness of glass, and are made by pressing common wire screens, rendering the meshes immovable and always accurate, increas- ing their durability, giving them the character of glazed muslin, and allowing the seed to slide over them, when slightly inclined from a level. The latter quality gives them their pre-eminent advantage. The seed never falls directly upon them, but first upon a smooth surface, flat with the screen, in passing over which and to the screen, every oblong grain has assumed a horizontal position. If longer than the meshes, it goes over them ; if shorter, it drops through. Such a mixture, therefore, as spring wheat and oats, often so troublesome to the farmer, is perfectly separated. Even barley and spring wheat are separated, the barley grains being slightly longer, and enough lighter to be driven more by the current of wind. Wheat is cleaned from 114 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER chess in a complete manner. For cleaning grass seed, vre have never wit- nessed anything that would compare with this fan. A mixture of clover and timothy was run through once together ; in one drawer was found entirely pure timothy seed, and in another, clover without a single grain of timothy ; the intermediate drawer had a very small quantity of imperfect seeds of clo- ver, a very little timothy, and some other seeds of weeds. The current of wind is so completely at command, that all degrees of strength from the imperceptible breeze to the blast that sweeps away heavy grain, may be readily given. This peculiarity, in connection with the screens, enables the operator to separate any seeds whatever, that differ either in shape, size, or weight. A most important office performed by this machine, (fig. 12,) is the separa- tion of the dilferent sized seed of the same grain. Pass, for instance, ten bushels of wheat through the screens ; one portion will be found a uniformly small grain ; another about medium ; a third, large, plump and first-rate. The first and third would not be supposed to have grown in the same field. In this way, excellent seed wheat may be ob- tained from an ordi- nary crop ; and the best bushel in fiftv, or the best ten bush- els in fifty, may be , separated at the op- tion of the farmer.* Thus the variety may be continually Fig. 12— Nutting's Fanning and Assorting Machine. improved, and the result is likely to be of the very highest importance to our agriculture. If, for example, it is desired to make the crop earlier, cut it when partly green ; the ripe seeds will be the only ones of full size, and will be separated from all the rest. The size of the berry will be gradually in- creased by sowing only the largest. An experienced farmer de'ilared, on witnessing the performance of this machine, " I can now secure my wheat crop completely from the midge, by increasing its earliness." The entire • An amusing occuiTence took place at a late agricultural fair. Several samples of jn-ain were exhibited for premiums. An agent of this machine, without the knowledge of either judges or exhibitor, selected the poorest sample, run it through, and rei)laced it in the bag, with the best portion at the top. It was examined by the judges, and much to the surprise of the exhibitor, given the first prize. ,0, OP RURAL AFFAIRS. 115 eradication of weeds from crops may be greatly facilitated by its use. Having had one in use for a year or two, we are enabled to speak with confidence of its eminent advantages. There are several minor advantages of this fan ; it runs with great ease and very little noise ; is smaller than usual ; its rapidity of operation is great — one hundred and twenty bushels of oats have been chaffed in an hour ; and twenty bushels of timothy seed cleaned in the same length of time. Its price is moderate — about thirty dollars. M;ichines of larger size are made for mills and warehouses. The agent and manuA\eturer is Wallace Warren of Utica. Aldesa's Cultivator. Tliis new cultivator, (fig. 13,) after thorough trial, proves to be an excellent implement. The use of the thills enables the workman to control it com- pletely, and to cut as deep in hard soils, and as near to the rows, as he may wish. It runs with remarkable steadi- ness. A man with a horse will do about twice as much work in a given ^' time on stifif soils, as Fig. 13-Alden's Cultivator. with the common cultivator, and being able to cut closely to the rows with- out danger of striking or injuring the plants, the use of the hand hoe la nearly superseded. The engraving nearly explains itself — the horse is attached to the hook in front of the teeth, the thills merely guiding and steadying the implement. It is more easily managed and is less fatiguing to the operator, than cultiva- tors of ordinary construction. The teeth being of steel plates, continue sharp till worn out. They are readily changed so as to throw the earth to or from the row. The whole weight is about 10 pounds. For a marker, to lay out corn ground, a wooden bar or scantling is screwed on after the teeth are removed, in which pins or projections are inserted at proper distances, and being easily guided, makes a true and fast-working implement. Again, a prong-hoe being attached, it becomes one of the best potato diggers, by the steadiness with which it is made to follow the row, and the accuracy with which its depth is gauged. Shrinkage of Corn in Drying. — Seventy-five pounds of Western corn, says the Prairie Farmer, after thorough drying, was found to weigh sixty pounds. It was shelled ; the corn weighing fifty-one pounds, the cobs nine pounds — showing a shrinkage of fifteen pounds in less than a bushel of corn. 116 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER RUIZES FOR FEEDING CATTLE. The following may be adopted by those who wish to derive the largest profit from their animals, and from the food they consume. Good pasture affords the best and cheapest food, and when pure water is always at hand, little care is required. But when supplied with other food, the owner must attend to the following particulars : 1. Always furnish warm and well ventilated apartments. 2. Observe cleanliness — curry the animals daily, and clean out the stalls at least twice a day. 3. Feed three times a day, with utmost regularity — a cow's stomach is a chronometer. 4. Keep the animals constantly in good condition, by a full supply of wholesome food and regular attendance. 5. In cold weather, the less they are turned out and exposed, the better. 6. Give a portion of roots or meal in winter with hay, and more if straw is fed — increase it towards spring, and gradually diminish it, as grass comes. 7. Turn cows to pasture gradually — an hour the first day, two hours the next, and so on. The following rules are adopted, at least i7i practice, by poor managers and slipshod farmers : 1. See how little food will keep a cow alive. 2. Turn out to pasture very early in spring, so as to keep it very short all summer. 3. Give water but once a day, and that muddy, and a mile distant. 4. Turn cattle in the street whenever possible, to be assaulted by dogs and boys, and to break into neighbor's cornfields. If they are thus fre- quently lost, and escape regular milking, the labor of working butter will be greatly abridged. 6. Save the cost of erecting stables and sheds, and harden animals by ex- posure to snow stoi-ms. 6. Study economy by giving mouldy hay, or feeding on injured straw. T. Feed irregularly ; let the cows often wait an hour for breakfast, to give them an appetite. Give them a little meal once a week. 8. Let all stall fed animals he in their own manure, and never curry them clean. 9. Do not be anxious to have their bones visible through the skin — they will be sure to protrude without any such anxiety. The last set of rules do not appear to require any additional instructions or comments ; but in illustration of the first, whole books may be written. A few briefly stated facts may not be out of place here. _ . ==^^^ 0, OP RURAL AFFAIRS. 117 f Beans. — One of the most valuable substances for the food of cows in winter, is hean meal. Fed upon it, with hay, although giving less milk than when fed upon grass, they have actually yielded more butter. Bean meal is particularly valuable for the production of cheese. The best varieties of the white bean form a good fallow crop, and they might doubtless be more largely introduced into farm rotations. The meal should be diluted with bx*an, cut food, or Indian meal. Importance of Good Feeding. — Flint states that a Swiss dairyman agreed with a German neighbor for all his milk, the German to furnish the cattle and food, and the Swiss to feed them, and pay for the milk by measure. The German was obliged to sell immediately nearly half his cows, the Swiss re- quiring nearly double the fodder they had formerly consumed. " I was in despair," said the owner of the cows, " at finding them using such a quantity of the best feed, although according to the strict letter of the contract. But the change soon effected was great, and the result still more striking. The quantity of milk became double, triple, and even quadruple ; so that a hun- dred pounds of hay produced nearly three times the milk it had yielded under the old mode of feeding." There appears to be a certain amount of food required to keep an animal in existence, with nothing to spare in the form of milk, butter and cheese. Little or no return can therefore be expected when it is thus fed. But all beyond this, yields a clear profit — which explains why the profit is so many times greater when the animal has a full supply. The first may be compared to an empty train of freight cars, which the locomotive can barely move. No goods could be carried. Add another locomotive, and a profitable busi- ness may be immediately commenced — the gain is more than a thousand fold. Rule for Estimating the Amount of Feed. — Careful experiments show that nearly all domestic animals consume an amount of food about in propor- tion to their weight. A large horse or cow eats more than a small one. An elephant weighs four or five times as much as a horse, and consumes four or five times as much food. If a cow has the weight of five sheep, she will eat five times the quantity of food. There are of course some variations or ex- ceptions, and individuals differ, but this is a fair general rule. This quantity is usually from two and a-half to three per cent., when the food is hay, with a small proportion of grain. A cow digests more thoroughly than a horse, and requires only about two and a-half per cent. ; a horse three per cent. A cow weighing eight hundred pounds would therefore need about two and a-half times eight, or twenty pounds of hay a day. A horse weighing one thousand pounds would require thirty pounds. One and a-half per cent, will keep a cow alive or on her feet ; but to be properly nourished so as to grow or increase in flesh, or give milk, she must have nearly double. The water used is not included, nor does the rule apply to green food. Calculating for Winter. — The careful farmer should know nearly the ( ) weight of his animals; and the number of tons of hay and bushels of grain A ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER on hand. By applying this rule he may learn very nearly how he will be likely to coaie out in spring. SiiKLTER. — Caird mentions a case where a herd of cattle which had been kept housed, were turned out of stable twice a day on account of needed repairs in the water pipes, merely long enough to be watered in the yard. The quantity of milk immediately decreased, and in three days the falling off wiis considerable. When the repairs were made, and the animals kept in, the flow of milk returned. — {Flint.) Xl TEiTivE Value of Food. — The following table shows the nutritive value of several different kinds of food, first according to theory, or from analysis ; and secondly, according to the average of several different experiments ; the figures giving the quantity in pounds, to be taken of each kind to be equal to iiuv other. Good H.'iv. Value by AnalvsiP. 100 . Value by •Experiment. 100 95 355 220 262 346 280 W5 Beans, Peas, Value by Analysis. 20 ,30 Value by Experiment. 46 Red Clover H ay, (well 77 . .502 . ot54 . 676 . 44 cui'ed,) Indian Corn 70 56 Rre Straw Oat Straw, Barley, Bve 65 58 51 49 Knta Bacra.s. . Oats Buckwheat, Vv'heat ....... 60 74 47 59 Field Beets Carrots 391 . 412 . 324 . 64 43 Potatoes Linseed Oil-cake, . 22 64 The theoretical values are the mean of two authorities, Boussingault and Fresenius; they usually agree very nearly, and are wide apart only in relation to rye straw and buckwheat. The results of experiments are in most instan- ces from six different authorities ; they sometimes differ greatly — the most so in relation to the straw of oats and rye, and some of the grains. Mostly, however, the results agree as nearly as could be expected, when it is remera bered that the crops may have been cut at different periods, differently ground, cooked, or otherwise prepared ; variously fed, and to animals of different feeding qualities. Although not fully reliable, the table will afford some valuable suggestive information. Cutting up Food. — It scarcely pays to cut straw or other fodder by hand. It should be done by horse power. If cut quite short, say the eighth of an inch, it is a great saving to cut corn fodder, as the cattle will eat it all and dijrest it well. It also saves much labor of mastication with straw, and allows the intermixture of cut roots and meal. If all stuff used for litter could be cut even an inch or two in length, the manure would be worth much more by being regularly spread and intermixed with the soil. Corn fodder should be cut for this if for no other reason. CoKN Fodder. — Always sow a few acres of corn fodder. It may be done on any spare land, after corn or potatoes are planted. Plow and harrow the ground ; furrow out as for planting potatoes ; strew corn from a half bushel basket along the furrows, at the rate of two or three bushels per acre, or forty j:, rains to a foot ; cover by simply harrowing lengthwise ; cultivate once or twice, but not hoe ; mow and tie in bundles about the end of summer, or rake in wiurows. It will yield ten or twelve tons of green fodder per acre, ^<=^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 119 and five or six tons of dry fodder. The great difficulty is to prevent beating and spoiling if put in stacks, even when apparently quite dry outside. Spread it over the top of hay mows, or on poles, only a few feet thick, or put it into quite small stacks with three upright rails in the center for ventilation. When cut green early in autumn, it affords excellent food for cows, while pastures are short, and increases the flow of milk. FRUITS AND FRUIT CULTURE. Culture of o*iic acid from the air. The lime abstracts this carbonic acid, and renders the lye again caustic. If lye is not strong enough to float an egg, it will not make good soap— but we have known it to do this, and still cause a failure, if not sufficiently caustic. The last named defect may generally be ascertained by pour- ing in a portion of some strong acid, as aque- fortis or oil of vitriol, which will cause a vio- lent effervescence— even strong vinegar will do. When this is the case, it shows that enough lime has not been used ; and it may still do to apply it. AVe have known its use to cause success even after the materials for the soap had been mixed together. The grease must be first boiled— then a pint of lye added— afterwards a quart— and so on by gradual additions until the soap is made. A barrel of good ashes will make a bar- rel of soap— but if the lye is strong enough to combine well with the grease, the soap will be too strong, and injure the clothes. This is re- medied by adding a pail of water to each pail of freshly made soap, or diluting it. Preserving Fruit in Cans. The following method is given by a corres- pondent of the Country Gentleman :— To one pound of the fruit, I put a quarter of a pound of white loaf sugar. Put them over the fire together. Let them boil up once. Then have your cans in a pail of water as hot as possible without breaking them— have THEM also filled with water of the same tem- perature. Let them remain so for a few mo- ments. Then, while the fruit and sugar are boiling hot, fill the cans while they are setting in the water. They must be filled to the very top. Then put the cover on, and seal with cement. After filling them, take them out (jf the pail of water and put them away to cool. After they are cold, turn them over on the cover side, and let them remain so imtil you wish to use them. I have saved fruit in this way for three years; and have now strawberries and peaches that are as fresh as though they were picked this year, which are a year old. I always use the glass cans, for I consider them more pure than any other kind. Sweet Pickled Tomatoes. One peck of green tomatoes sliced— six large onions sliced— strew a tea-cupful of salt over them; let them remain over night — drain off in the morning— then take two quarts of water and one of vinegar— boil them in it 15 or 20 minutes ; after boiling put them in a sieve to drain -then take 4 quarts of vinegar, 2 pounds of brown sugar, half pound white mustard seed, 2 table-spoonfuls of ground alspice, same of cloves, cinnamon, ginger and mustard, and one tea-spoonful of «ayenne pepper— put all in a kettle and cook 15 minutes slowly, and you will pronounce them capital Preserving Green Corn for "Winter Vae. Cut the corn off the cob, and put it in a stone jar, with a handful salt to a pint of corn. M'hen the jar is full, put a weight, on it. When you wish to use it, remove a little of the top, and wash and soak over night. -- =^o^ 50 1.(0 1.25 1.25 Leuchar.s' Hot-Houses 1.25 Liebig's Lectures on Chemistry 50 Linsley's (D. C.) Morgan Horses 1.00 Milburn on the Cow and Dairy 50 Miles on the Horse's Foot, 50 Miner's (T. B.) Bee-keeper's .Manual, .. 1.00 Munn's (B.) Practical Land Drainer,... 50 Nash's (.1. A.) Progressive Farmer 60 Neil's Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gar- dener 1.00 Norton's Scientific Agriculture, 60 Olcott's Sorgho and Imphee, 1.00 Our Farm of Four Acres , 50 Pardee on Strawberry Culture, 60 Pedder's Farmer's Land Measurer, 50 Phinn's Open Air Grape Culture 1.00 Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-Keeping, .... 1.00 Randall's Sheep Husbandry 1.25 Heemelin's Vine-dresser's Maiiual, 50 Richardson on Dogs 50 River's (Thos.) Orchard House, 40 Rose Culturist, 50 Robin's Produce and Ready Reckoner, 60 Saxton's Rural lIand-Books,4 vols., each 1.25 Schenck's Gardener's Text Book, 50 Shepherd's Own Book, 2.00 Skillful Housewife 50 Smith's Landscape Gardening, 1.25 Stephens' Book of the Farm, 2 vols., ... 4.00 Stewart's (John) Stable Book 1.00 Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature,. 1.00 Talpa : the Chronicles of a Clay Farm, . 75 Thaer's (Albert D.) Agriculture, 2.00 Thomas' (John J.) Farm Implements,.. 1.00 Thomas" (J. J.) American Fruit Culturist, 1.25 Thompson on the Food of Animals, .... 75 Todd's (S. E.) Y'oung Farmer's Manual, 1.25 Turner's Cotton Planter's Manual, 1.00 Walden'8(J. H.) Soil Culture 1.00 Warder's Hedges and Evergreens, 1.00 Waring's Elements of Agriculture, 75 Weeks' (John M.) Manual on Bees, 50 AVheat Plant, 1..50 White's Gardening for the South, 1.25 Yale College Lectures, 50 Youatt and Spooner on the Horse, 1.25 Youatt and Martin on Cattle 1.25 Youatt and Martin on the Hog 75 Youatt on Sheep, 75 % RUR.\L II.\ND BOOKS, in paper covers, on various Agricultural and Horticultural Sub- jects—Price, each, 25 cents. tW Books sent by mail on receipt of price. Send for our Catalogue. Saxtun & Barker also publish THE HORTICULTURIST, a.nu Joukxal of Rur.\l Art and RuKAL Tastk, a Monthly Magazine, at $2 a year. The edition with colored plates, $5.00. -=^=>Sa HARE AND BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS. O B. K. BLISS, Seedsmau and Florist, SPRINGFIELD^ MASS,, FFERS for sale the most extensive collection of rLO"V^ET?. S E E ID S That can be found in this countrj-, including all of the newest and most approved varieties, both of European and Home production, a DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of which is pub- lished ANNUALLY In January. Collections of Flower Seeds by Mail, Postpaid. The following Collections have been sent out from his establishment for the last SEvnx YEARS, and are now favorably known in every section of the country. They will be found to embrace many NOVELTIES, and only such as are well worthy of cultivation. The un- initiated may therefore order them without fear of disappointment, and the experienced cultivator will find them equally acceptable. Full directions for culture accompany each package, which will be mailed to any address in the Union under 3000 miles, at tlie follow- ing prices : Assortment No. 1 consists of twenty choice varieties of Annuals tl.OO No. 2 consists of twenty choice varieties of Biennials and Perennials 1.00 No. 3 consists of ten extra fine varieties of Annuals and Perennials, embracins many of the new and choicest in cultivatioi,, LOO No, 4 consists of five very choice varieties, selected from Prize Flowers of English Pan- sies, German Carnation and Picotee Pinks, Verbenas, Truffaut's French As- ters and Double Hollyhocks, each of which are sold at 25 cents singly, LOO Any person remitting Three Dollars will receive the Four Assortments, comprising fifty-five varieties, postage free. The following additional Assortments will be sent at the prices annexed, free of postage : Assortment No. 5 contains fifteen very select varieties of Green-House Seeds $3.00 No. 6 contains one hundred varieties of Annuals, Biennials and Perennials, including many new and choice varieties 5.00 No. 7 contains fifty varieties of Annuals, Biennials and Perennials 2.50 No. 8 contains twenty varieties of hardy Annuals, Biennials and Perennials, for sow- ing in the autumn, LOO The Seeds contained in all of the assortments are of his own selection. Purchasers who prefer to make their own selections from the Catalogue, will be entitled to a discount pro- portionate to the quantity ordered. GREAT liVDUCEMEiVTs FOR THE FORMATION OF CLLBS. Being desirous of introducing his Flower Seeds as extensively as possible throughout the country, he offers the following inducements to those who wish to purchase in large quanti- ties, or for the formation of Clubs, by which a great saving may be effected. The Seeds will be forwarded by mail, postpaid, to any address in the United States under 3000 miles, on receipt of the amount of the order. Those who reside beyond 3000 miles are requested to remit two ten-cent stamps or their equivalent, in addition to the amount named, for every dollar's worth of seed ordered. Instead of prei)aying postage on orders from the British Provinces, seeds will be added gratis, equivalent to the amount allowed for postage in the States. Purchasers remitting #1.00 may select Seeds at Catalogue pricefi amounting to $1.10 2.00 " " *• •• 2.25 " " 3.00 " " *' " S.50 4.00 " " " " 4.75 5.00 " " " " 6.00 " " 10.00 " " " " 12.00 20.00 " " " " 26.00 30.00 " " " " 40.00 Prices to Dealers whose orders exceed the above amounts will be given upon application. S^~ Orders must be accompanied with the Cash. Address B. K. BLISS, Springfleld, Ma»s. I' FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, ELJL,^VANGEI^ & BARRY Solicit the attention of Planters, Nurserymen, Dealers and others, to their large and fine Etock of FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS, Which they offer at Wholesale and Retail. All who intend to purchase Trees in large or small quantities, will do well to consult tlie Catalogues named below. Our new Descrijitive Fruit Catalogue is now ready for distribution. In general terms, the stock may be enumera- ted in parts as follows, viz : Standard Fruit Trees for Orchards, Embracins all the most esteemed and valuable sorts for dilTerent parts of the country DWAKF TREES FOR GARDENS— All the best varieties adapted to Garden Culture in this form. GR.VPES — Hardy varieties, including Delaware, Diana, Concord, Hax^ttord. I*rolific, IRe'becca, Clara, Emily, Raabe, Bi-inckle, »fcc. GRAPES. FOREIGN, for Vineries, includinfc the Muscat Hamburg, Stockwood Golden Ilamburp. Lady Downs. Buckland's Sweetwater, Ac. STRAWBERRIES— All the American and Foreign varieties of proved excellence in this country. BLACKRERRIES— Dorchester and New-Rochelle or Lawton ; of the latter, a great stock of stror.tr plants. GOOSEREHHIES— The best English sorts, and a great stock of the American Seedling, that bears wonderful crops and is exempt from mildew. CURRANTS— White Grape, (the largest and best white currant,) Victoria, Red Dutch, Black Naples, Ac. ENCJLISH FILBERTS and SPANISH CHESTNUTS. FIG.S— Several finest sorts. RHUBARBS— Linnaeus, Giant, Victoria, and several new and fine English sorts. Fruit Trees for Orchard Houses. DWARF MAIDEN TREES-Of Apple. Pear, Plum. Cherry, Apricot. Ac. of the finest sorts fir pot culture or Orchard Houses. Suitable selections made by E. & B., if desired. The stock in this department is the largest and best we have ever before offered, and em- braces everything desirable, new and old, among Deciduous & Ornamental Trees, Evergreen Trees, Flowering- Shrubs, Climbing Shrubs, Dahlias, Roses, Phloxes, Peonies, Border Plants, &c. BULBOUS ROOTS— Summer flowering, including Amaryllis; Gladiolus; Lilies, Japan, Ac; Tuberose, Tigiidia, Tritonia aurea, Colchicum, &c. STOOKis roit isrTJ£isEPi^sriwfl:Easr_ Pear Seedlings, our own growth, 1 and 2 years. I Mah.xleb Cherry, 1 year. Mazzaku Cueubv, 1 year. | Quince Stocks, 1 year from Cuttings. For full and detailed information respecting the stock, prices, terms. Ac, we refer to the following Catalogues, which will be sent gratis, prepaid, to all who enclose one stamp for each. No. 1— Descriptive Catalogne of Fruits. No. 3— Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Ac, Ac. No. 3— Descriptive Catalogue of Dahli.as, Green-House and Bedding Plants. Ac. Ac No. 4— Wholesale Catalogue for Nurserymen, Dealers, and others, who purchase in large /' quantities. J^P^ EL>t.^VANGEIl & IIARRir, Q ]TIouiit Hope Nurseries, Roclaestcr, N. Y. t CEITUAL NUllSERIES. I YORK, PENN. . « THE PROPRIETORS respectfully invite the attention of Nurserymen, Dealers, Fruit Growers and Amateurs, to their extensive stock of THRIFTY WELL GROWN TREES, Consisting of APPLES, STANDARD AND DWARF, Comprising, in addition to a large stock of the most approved varieties for general cultiva- tion, a splendid collection of the best new Southern varieties. PEAKS, STAND AED AND DWAKF, Of all the choicest kinds, including the most recent additions at home and abroad, of a quality especially suited to those wishing handsome well grown trees. CHEEIUES, STANDARD AND DWARF, A choice collection of upwards of 50 varieties. A complete asortment, embracing many new Southern and Foreign varieties of promise, on Pesich. Plum and Almond Stocks. PLUMS, APRICOTS, NECTARINES AND QUINCES, &c., in Variety. C3- I^ -A. I* E S- NATIVE, of best old and new varieties ; FOREIGN, choice kinds for the Vinery. Currants, Gooseberries, StraAvl>erries. BSackbeiries, Ra.sp1>errie8| Of most desirable kinds. ASPARAGUS, IIHUBAIIB IN VARIETY, &o. ENGLISH WALNUTS, SPANISH CHESTNUTS, ALMONDS, &c. The Ornamental Department EMBRACES EVER&riTrjTG:N- JSJNJD DKCIIDTJOXJS XJREKS In variety, suitable for the Lawn, Avenue and Park. FLOWERING AND CLIMBING SHRUBS, Deciduous and Evergreen, of the choicest hardy varieties. On their own roots, including the most recent additions. HEDfiBNG, OREEI^-IIOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS, Ac. SCIONS in large or small quantities. STOCKS for Nurserymen, 4c. II^~ Packing done in the best manner. Catalogues gratis on application. _ig3 EDW. J. EVAIVS & CO., Yorli, Peiin. A i\ Norway Spruce. Seedling and transplanted of many sizes, Ilollies, Siberian Arborvitse, of small size, at low rates, Stuartia pentafrj'na, Andromeda arborea. PARSONS & CO., Offer a general assortment of well-giown TREES AND PLANTS, both for FRUIT AND ORNAMENT. We give careful attention to the filling of all orders for even the smallest quantity, and wholesale buyers will also be supplied on very favorable terms. For the Varieties of the Difierent Fruits We cultivate, we refer purchasers to our CATALOGUE OF HAUDY TREES AND PLANTS. They will find there enumerated, also, the large assortment of Hardy Oriiamei&tal Trees and Plants, Which for variety, size and quality, will be found to be inferior to none in the country. We invite the attention of THE TRADE to our large and thrifty stock of EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS PLANTS, Of small size. These we can offer at svicli prices as, when freight, charges and risks of transportation are taken into account, will be found to be lower than the rates at which such Plants can be imported from Europe. Among them are : Erect Yew, Taxodium Pendulum, Cotoneaster. Rhododendrons, And many others. Trees pruned and in pots for Orchard Houses FOREIGN AND NATIVE GRAPES,. In large quantity and of fine size. In both classes will be found the new and valuable sorts. Those commencing or adding to their stock of OI^EEISr-HL OXJ SE T> X. .A. OST T S, Will find with us all that they need. We have now a large and VKRY OJEiOICE COLT^KCTIOIS- OF ORCHIDS, Many of them of great rarity and beauty. We will, upon application to us by mail, forward our Catalogue of Green-Hou.<3e Plants, our Catalogue of liardy Trees and Plants, and our Wholesale Catalogue. POMONA GARDEN AND NUllSERY, CINNAmiNSONj N. J. A LARGE COLLECTION OP FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, VINES AlNrr> F^LANTS, Among which are 50,000 rEACII TREES, hranchod low, suitable for a Southern climate. AfulUupply of APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, NECTARINES, and liardy GRAPES. 20,000 APPLE SEEDLING STOCKS S;0,000 SILVER MAPLE SEEDLINGS, 20,000 ASPARAGUS ROOTS. RHUBARB and CRANBERRY PLANTS in large qnantities. Especial attention is given to the cultivation of And those which prove hardy and most profitable for market, are extensively grown. Having 2.") acres planted with STUAWBKURIKS. RASPBEUHIKS and BLACKBEKKIES, and a portion of each being in full bearing, yielded as follows, viz : Strawberries, $600 per acre— Kiispberries, $320 per acre— Blackberries, $530 per acre. Plants reason.able. Descriptive Catalogues gratis. Address \VII.L.IA:« parry, Cinnaminson, N. J. I <^P^ f Flower Seeds, New Plants, &c. HOVEY & CO., Seedsmen and Florists, JSo* 7 Merchants' Row, Bostoai, Mass., Respectfully ask the attention of cultirators and admirers of Flowers, to their yery exten- sive stock of FLOWER SEEDS AND DECORATIVE PLANTS. Having given their personal attention to the importation and cultivation of all the newest and rarest varieties, they can confidently recommend their collection as unsurpassed in this country. A new Catalogue of the best varieties of hardy and tender BULBOUS FLOWKR ROOTS, Will be ready early in October, and a new Catalogue of FLOWER SEEDS in February, to be followed by new Cataloeues of FRUIT AND OKNAMKNTAL TREES; GREEN-HOUSE, BEDDING AND HARDY PERENNIALS; HERBACEOUS PLANTS; DAHLIAS, &.C., whicii will be forwarded to all applicants on receipt of a postage stamp. Address HOVEY & CO., Merchants' Row, Boston, Mass. T O OOO LINX^US PIE PLANT, most profitable for JL v/ ^ \J \J \J market, and best for family use : $6 to $8 per IOC— »50 to $75 per 1000. ■Victoria, Prince Albert, and Downing's Colossal, $8 per 100. Gaboon's Mammoth, $3 per dozen. 15,000 GRAPEVINES of 25 best hardy varieties, at very lowest rates : Delaware, $1 to $1.50; Hartford Prolific, Franklin, and many others, 50 cents each— $25 per 100 ; Isabella and Clin- ton, $5 per 100 ; Catawba, *3 per 100— $20 per 1000. " WIZARD OF THE NORTH " STRAWBERRY, Largest akd most magnificent varirty in the world, (of which we have the entire stock in the country.) Wilson's Albany, Hooker, Trioniphe de Gand, and other finest sorts low. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Stocka for Nurserymen, Small Evergreens, Green-House aud Bedding Plants, in great variety. E. Y. TEAS, Rose Hill Xursery, Richmond, Ind. NANSEMOND SWEET POTATOES, FOR S£CD, SPRING OF 1S61. I'rice ^5 per Bbl. — S2 per Busliel. ALSO THROITH THE SEASON OF PLANTING. Price as heretofore : 400, Sl-1000, 82-5000, $9-10,000, S15. I tW Those wishing large quantities should ad- dress nse early. .MS This variety lias proved itself A Profitable Crop 44° North. Send for my Circular containing full directions for culti- vation, &c. All inquiries promptly answered. Address M. M. MURRAY, Fruit Hills, Loveland, Clorniont Co., Ohio. .v> FRESH AND GENUINE GARDEN SEEDS, IN EVKIIY VARIETY, Grown 'tvith tlie greatest care and Warranted True to Name. THE TRADE SUPPLIED IN ANY QUANTITY, EithLer* in. Snaall !Paclcets Ibr Retailing or in. Built. PASCHALL. MORRIS, Seed Wareliouse, 7 Market Street, Pliiladelpliia. BRANCH HOUSE: Morton Morris, Osterman's Kuilding, Strand, Galveston, Texas. consrooi^iD C3^ :r .a^ :e> :e. The originator of this new Grape has a large stock on hand, propagated from the original vint', and mucli superior to those propagated from young vines. This new (Jrape, after six years' trial, is pronounced on all hands the best hardy Grape for general cultivation. Hardy, Prolific, L.argre, Handsome and Good, It will bear neglect better than any other Grape, and is excellent for the table or wine. Orders with remittances promptly supplied. Address E. W. BULL, Concord, Mass. OAKLAND NURSEEY, THROG'S NECK, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NEW-YORK, AVJVt_ IL.. FERRIS, I»r-oprietor. W. L. FERRIS offers for sale a CHOICE COLLECTION of Pears and other Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Grapevines, <&c. The collection of EVERGREENS is extensive and of the best sorts and quality; including Several new varieties adapted for the production of immediate effect in new plantations, as most of the kinds can be had of any required size from 2 to 12 feet. gW' Priced Catalogues mailed fkkk on application to any address. WM. R. PRINCE & CO., Flushing, K Y., Will forward any of these Catalogues to applicants who enViose stamps. Those who have not been customers must send 1(1 cents for each, which will be credited on any purchase. No. 1. Descriptive Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Raspberries, Currants, and all other Small Fruits. No. 2. Roses, Carnations. Chrysanthemums, Pnmro- ses. Polyanthus, .\uriculas. Cowslips, Daisies, Phlox, Iris, Double Sweet Williams, and all other lierljaceous Flowering Plants, &c. No. 4. AVholesale Catalogue for Nurseries and Dealei"s, comprising Trees. Shrubs, Roses, Plants. Rulbous Flower Roots, Stocks for Engraft- ing, Pwonies, Dahlias, &c. No. 5. Wholesale Catalogue of Vegetable, Agricultural and Flower Seeds, and Tree and Shrub Seeds, ^. B. K. BLISS, Seedsman and Florist, SPRINGFIELD^ MASS.j WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN GARDEN, AGRICULTURAL & FLOAYER SEED& Dutcli Bulbous Koots, FloAvering Shrubs, BEDDING, HERBACEOUS AND GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. the: FOT.LOWING CATALOGUKS Are published dui-ing the year, and will be forwarded to all applicants on receipt of a postage stamp. ]Vo. 1— SEED CATALOGUE, published the first of February; aDescriptiveList of Flower, Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. Also, of Small Fruits, viz : Grapes, Straw- beiTies, Raspberries, Currants, lilackberries, &c. IVo. 3— GENERAL PLANT CAT.\LOGUE, published April 1st: Containine: a Descriptive List of choice Dahllvs, Gladiolus, Hollyhocks, English Carnation and Picotee Pinks, Verbenas, Petunias, Geraniums, and many other Bedding and Green- House Plants. No. 3— BULB CATALOGUE, published September 1st: Containing a choice collection of Double and Single Hyacinths, arranged in their several colors; Tulips, in many varieties, both Double and Single; Polyanthus, Narcissus, Crown Imperials, Jonquils, Snow Drops, Lillies, &c. SW PLANTS AND SEEDS carefully packed for all climates. _g3 FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. •-«-« "WM. Ai:>AIT^, Detroit, INIicli., Invites the attention of Planters to his large and varied stock, consisting of Apples, Pears and Clierries, (Standard aaid I>\iarf .) ALSO PEACHES, PLUMS, APRICOTS, &c. GEAPEVINES, Native and Foreign. Isabella, Catawba, Concord, Diana, Delaware, Rebecca, Union Village, Hartford Prolific, Anna, Logan, Marion, &c. RASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES AND STRATV^BERRIES, Of all the best leading sorts. "Wilson's Albany Strawben-y can be supplied in any quantity, at reduced rates. CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRlES-all the best varieties. HA ROY ^:VP:HGIIKKN Ty^.KES. A larce stock and fine specimens of Norway, Black. White and Hemlock SPRUCE, Scotch, Austrian and White I'INES, AKBORYHVES, .JUNIPERS, TliUJIOl'SIS. &c , &c. DECIDUOUS THKES AND SHRUBS in great variety. Horse Chestnut. Taxodium. Lin- dens, Klins, Ash, Tulip Trees. Willows, Catalpa, Moiuitain Ash, Cut-leaved Birch. Altlieas, I>ilics. Flowering Almond (lied and Wliite.) Weigelias, Spireas, Pyrus japonica, Forsythia, Snow Balls, Double-Flowering Thorny and many otliers. I ROSKS— .\ Splendid Collection and a large stock, all on their own roots, exdfept recently ,\ iiitroibiced varieties. /.\ p\ Dalilias. Tulips, Hyacinths, Gladiolus and other BULBS. Hardy Herbaceous and Green- iA\ /'/V' House Plants in great variety. '7Y Z3f~ Packing executed in the best possible manner. I' FRUITLAND NURSERIES, 2.31K) 5 by 4 feet. 39 inch. oK inch 2,500 7 by 5 " 40 *' 6 4,000 7 by 5 " 44 " 7 5,000 9 by 6K '• 48 " 8 6.000 10 by (,}4 " (iO '• 8 7.200 14 by (>y, '* 72 " 12 9,000 15 by 7 " 72 " 12 " 11,000 16 by 7 " 72 " 12 The leading object of this establishment is the propagation on a large scale of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Plants, ESPECEALLY ADAPTED TO THE SOUTHERN CLIMATE. The subscriber takes pleasure in offering to the trade and the public an extensive stock of FRUIT TKEES, GRAPEVINES, EVERGllEEiNS, IT.OWKRINO STIUUBS, &c. Also 30,000 ROSES, comprising the best as well as the newest varieties introduced, and at very low prices. The Orchards and Vineyards occupy upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Acres, and are planted with all the varieties of Fruits susceptible of being cultivated in this latitude. The Collections of Native Fruits of tlic South, Are inferior to that of no other establishment. t^~ All articles warranted true to name. Descriptive and Wholesale Catalogues mailed FREE, POSTPAID, to all applicants. Address P. J. BERCKMAIVS, Auuusta, Ga. FOREST NURSERY, NEAR ELKTONj KY.j J. S. DOWNER &, SOISr, P^roprietors. THIS NURSERY was established in 1835, and now contains 140,000 a-Fl-A.FTEID J^:E*FXj1B Ti^EES, Principally of varieties that have been tested by us, and found to be well adapted to this latitude. Also 150 Varieties of the Finest Peaclies, Together with an assortment of the best Pears, Pluins, Ch.erri*»s, Small IFriaits, Evergreens, And in fact, everything usually found in a well regulated Horticultural establishment. Among the Small Fruits, DOWNER'S PROLIFIC SEEDLING STRAWBRERY Is believed to be without a rival in this part of the country, and is offered to purchasers with increased confidence. J. S. DOWWER. «Sc SO.\. WOOD & HUPvLBUHT, Practical Macliiiiists, AND BUILDERS OF THEIR CELEBRATED PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, FOK MECHANICAL. AND AGRIClIt,TXJRAt. PURPOSES. •AWARDED FIRST PREMIUM AT N. Y. STATE FAIR. Price Ijist <^f Portable Engines — T^Tew Style. Horsepower. Cash price. Estimated weight. Space oc<^upied. Fly-wheel diam. Face of wheel. 4 400 6 575 8 7^5 10 880 12 1,0?5 15 i.m £0 1,700 The above prices are for Engines complete, ready for smoke-pipe and band. Pipes, belt- ing and steam puages, furnished on reasonable terms. For particul.irs, see Circulars, which will be sent upcn enclosing P. 0. Stamp. WOOD «fc HUH I.BUB'I', Utica, Oneida C'o., IV. Y. TO FIIXJIT-G-HO "Wr E H S. . « ♦ » THE SUBSCRIBERS OFFER FOR SALE 1 3 0,0 O O PEAR T I^ E E S, (A part on the Quince Stock,) embracinK nearly all the varieties worthy of general culti- vation ; also Apple, Cherry, Peacli aisd other Fruit Trees. EVERGREEN and other 0RNA3iIENTAL TREES. Shrubs, Roses, Buckthorns, Rhubarb, Herbaceous Plants, Tulips. &c. CURRANTS in 25 varieties ; Gooseberries, Raspberries, Strawberries of all the new and choice kinds. GRAPEVINES— Delaware, Diana, Rebecca, Union Village. Ac. tW Catalogues sent to applicants. SAIVIL. WALKER «& CO., Roxbury, Mass. Lawton Blackberry Plants. » ♦ ■« • J^ JPackage of One Dozen, S2-00 -A. Package oJf Ttiree Dozen, 3.00 Jk. I»acl£age of Eiglit Dozen, 5.00 .A. I*acliage of Twenty Dozen, lO.OO Address WIW. I.AWTON, NewRoclielle, N. IT. iW FOR CIRCULARS WITH DIRECTIONS, ENCLOSE A STAMP. ISABELLA AND CATAWBA GRAPEVINES, MADE FROM FRUIT WOOD ALONE, Of proper age for forming Vineyards, cultivated from and containing all the good qualities which the most improved cultivation for over 21 years lias conferred on the Croton Point Vineyards, are offered to the pul>lic. Those who may purchase will receive such instructions for four years, as will enable them to cultivate the Grape with entire success, provided their locality is not too far north. The past season, thouRh cool and most unfavorable for grape maturing we have had in many years, the subscriber ripened his whole crop— proving that his Isabellas and Catawbas have become perfectly acclimated. This gives him full a.ssurance, that by improved cultiva- tion, pruning, Ac, a crop of good fruit can be obtained every year, in most of the North- ern, all of the Middle, Western, and Southern States. N. li. To those who take sufficient to plant six acres, as he directs, he will, when they commence bearing, furnish the owner with one of his Vine-dressers, whom he has instructed in his mode of cultivation, and he will do all the labor of the vineyard, and insure the most perfect success. The only charge, a reasonable compensation for the labor. When the purchase is large, and approved paper or other security can be offered, a liberal credit on most of the purchase will be given. Also. APPLE-QUINCE TREES, (which are sometimes called the Orange Quince,) for sale as above. Also for sale at his PURE WINE AND GRAPR DEPOT. (No. 7 Clinton Hall. Aslor Place, N. Y. City.) Isabella and Catawba Wine in their PURITY. Very good for the feeble, the delicate, the aged, and dyspeptic. All communications addressed to R. T. UNDERIIILL, M. D,, New-York, or Croton Point, Westchester Co., N. Y., will receive attention. To Farmers and Market Gardeners. RHUBARB OR PIE PLANT. One of the most profitable market Clops, costinK i.iTTLE TO GROW, aiid is in uni- versal demand for pies and sauce, wine ma- kink, DRYixc FOR WINTER, &.C. Tlie mam- moth kinds very cheap by the lUO or 1000. Trees, Fruits and Flowers of all kinds at the Gerin-intown and Wissahicon Nurseries, Germaiitown, Pa. THUS. MEEHAIV, Proprietor. 1 AA VARIETIES OF _L V7 W SPLENDID German and Frencit Asters, Probably the finest collection in this country. The above kinds we have selected with great care from the first collections in Eng- land, France and Germany, with many of our own Seedlinps, and for the first time offer Seed of them at the following prices: Mixed packages of 50 Seeds for $ 25 10 choice and distinct kinds,20 Seeds each, 1.00 100 '* 7.50 Sent by mail, free of charge, on reception o( tiie money. Address J. WESLEY JONES, Chatham 4 Corners, N. Y. A. I. Ridge Cucumber. We have received from E. G. Henderson & Son of London these new Cucumbers, the seed of whicli we have much pleasure in of- fering to tiie amateur and professional culti- vator as possessing great hardiness of consti- tution, robust growth, freedom from disease, MOST ABUNDANT AND COSTINtOlS IRUIT, ex- cellent flavor, and of a uniform length of from 10 to 15 inches. 5 Seeds, 25 cents. Address J. WESLEY JO.\ES, Chatham 4 Corners, IV. Y. BEE-KEEPING EXPLAIN- ED.— The best practical work yet pub- lished. Sent for One Dollar. Bees for sale by the swarm, with Italian Queens. Glass Honey Boxes, &c., kc. Cir- culars with particulars sent to all applicants. Address M. UtIXBY, St. Johnsville, IV. Y. HONOLULU NECTARINE SEED of this fine fruit so remarkable for its fine flavor and delicate sweetness, we will send postpaid to anv address on the receipt of 25 cents. J. WESLEY JOXES, Chatham 4 Corners, Col. Co., IV. Y. Perfected Tomato. This is one of the largest of the smooth to- matoes, many specimens weighing 2 lbs. each, pos8es: BRANCH HOUSE: Morton Morris. Osterman's Building, Strand, Galveston, Texas. PROFITABLE EMPLOYMENT.— P/ease to Read thh .'— A.oents WANTED ! Extra Inducements for 1861 ! All persons IN WANT OP EMPLOYMENT, will at once receive our Catalogue of Books, prepaid, by forwarding us tlieir address. I ar- ticular attention is requested to the liberal offers we make to all persons entca^ing m the sale of our LarKC Type Quarto PICTOKIAL FAMILY BIBLE, with about One Thousand Enpra- vings. On receipt of the e.stnblished price. Six Dollars, the Pictorial Family Bible, wit'i a well-bound Subscription Book, will lie carefully boxed, and forwarded by express, at our risk and exjiense, to any central town or villatre in the I'nited State.s, excepting those of California, Oregon and Texas. Our books are sold by canvassers, and are well known to be the most saleable. Address HOllERT SKAKS, Piiblislier. IVo. ISl William street, I>Jew-York. h ©c:^=- -^=>^ AGRICULTUB.AL AVORKS. ^TCWGUSflft. m.oJ'H'yP'^ WHEELEE, MELICK & CO., Proprietors, MANUFACTURE WHEELER'S PATENT RAILWAY CHAIN HORSE POWERS, FOR O^J^ on TAVO HORSES, PLANTATION HOESE POWEES, (SIX HORSE LEVER,) WHEELER'S (Im}3roved) PATENT OOMBINED THRESHER AND WINNOWER, (Nos. 1 and 2, 26 and 30 iiicli Cylinders,) OYEHSHOT THRESHER AVD SEPARATOR, AMD OTHER FARMING MACHINES FOR HORSE PO^'ER USE. Tlie subscribers are Inventors of all tlie above MACHINES, and give their entire atten- tion to the manufacture of them : and having had the loneest and larpest experience of any firm in thi3 bus'.nesg, feel warranted in saying that THKIU MACHINtS ARE UNEQUAL- ^^^' THEY CALL ESPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR Improved Thresher and Winnower, Of wliicli Over 4.00 -s^rere Sold in. 1859, Satisfying all purchasers that they were FAR SUPERIOR TO ANY MACHINE IN USE for THRESHING, SEPARATING AND WINNOWING, AT ONE OPERATION. CIRCULARS, containing List of Prices and full Descriptions and Cuts of each Machine, wit!) statements of their cai)acity for work, will, on application, be sent by mail, poBta^e free. 8^ Liberal Discounts are made to Dealers. Responsible Agents are wanted in sections where we have Doue. Addre.ss WHEELER, MELICK &, CO., Albany, N. Y. I ALBANY AGRICULTUR'L WORKS, Nos. 62 Sd 64r State Street, AJLB A NYj JSr. Y. EMERY BROTHERS, SOLE TROPRIETORS AND Maiiiifactiirers of Emery's Patent Improved RAILROAD HORSE POWERS, ALSO LEVER POWERS, FOR FOUR, SIX, AND EIGHT HORSES, TOGETHER "WITH All kinds of Agricultural MacMnes to be propelled by Horse Power. » ♦ » ALL Powers and Machines manufactured at these Works, are constructed in all respects so as to operate in unison, and with the utmost or maximum results and Ibrce of the horses, and with the least loss of power and least possible strain upon the several parts, anions: which may be r.amt-d iis leading ones : THRESHING MACHINES, with or wiihont Separators or Cleaners combined, and adapted to all kinds of Grain, Grass and Clover Seeds. SAWING MILLS, with Circular Saws for Cutting Fire-wood, Slitting Boards, Plank, &c., for fencing and building purposes ; xlso with Machine Cross-cut for cut- tinISTItIBTJTIOIsr This season, especially for the Ladies and for Gardeners. We also offer from a large stock of our own prrowing, STRAWBERRY PLANTS cf the la- test and best varieties : Wilson's Albany and Peabody's Seedlings by mail or express, de- livered into your hand, all charges prepaid, for 50 cents per dozen, or $2 per hundred. The same, subject to charges, at $4 per thousand. Downer's Prolific Seedling, $1 per dozen, or $6 per hundred— delivered and charges paid as above by mail or express. tW- Send for a Chcular to I. W. BRIGGS, AVest Mocedon, Wayne Co., N. Y. Ei^ST NEAV-r.o:s^i>o:Nr i GM^APEVITSTES. NURSERIES. A SPLENDID STOCK OF ALL KINDS OF FRUIT TREES, VINES, PLANTS, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, i^-c. A full Descriptive Catalogue sent on receipt of stamp to prepay postage. Address WM. H. STARR, New-Londou, Conn* S. T. Kelsey & Co., GREAT VALLEY, N. Y., Offer for the Fall and Spring Trade. 500,000 Native and Foreign Evergreen and Deciduous OUNAMKNTAL TREKS, mostly 2 aiidSyears transplanted, stocky and fine, in lots to suit purchasers, at prices so low they must sell. 10,000 Moughton and Cluster (i! ooseberry, strong two-year plants, $1.5 to $25 per 1000. Safe and neat packing gratis. iW Price List to all applicants. _^3 CRANBERRY PLANTS. 500,000 thrifty, bearing, cultivated CRANBERRY PLANTS of the most valuable and productive varieties, including the cele- Virated Cape Cod Bkll or moist upland varie- ty, and the prolific Cherry variety for swamp culture, for fall or spring planting, for sale by the 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000, at the lowest prices. All orders promptly supplied in the order in which they are received. Plants sent by Express to any part of the United State.*!. Also sent in the sod to California and Europe. Address ^V. H. STARR, East New. London Nurseries, New-IiOndon, C(»iin. Clioice Poultry. WIIITEFACED BLACK SPANISH, bred direct from imported birds; Dark Grey DORKING; Earl Derby GAME; Aylesbury and Rouen DUCKS; Bremen GEESE, and a large variety of Fancy PIGEONS. All war- ranted pure bred. Send for Priced Circular. D. S. HEFFRON, Utica, N. Y. BERKSHIRE AND SUFFOLK Of pure unmixed breeds, at a low price. For sale by \VM. J. PETTEK, Lakcville, Cunn. A Large Stock of one and two year old plants of Delaware, Diana, Concord, Hart- ford Prolific, Louisa, Rebtcca, And over thirty other leading varieties. One plant one year old, of each of the seven named, for only $5. All warranted true to name, and no charge for packing. Send for Priced Circular. D. S. HEFFROX, Utica, N. Y. Gloaming Xursery. This Nursery contains the largest variety of SOUTHERN SEEDLING FRUITS of any in the United States; a large portion of which have been collected from the origi- nal trees by the subscriber, and by him tested and worked into the Nurserv. Our varieties of WINTER APPLES are very choice, and at very reasonable prices. For particulars see Catalogue, which will be sent gratis to all applicants. JAR VIS VAN BUREN, ClarksT^ille, Ga. CRANBERRY PLANTS, BELL VARIETY. We have always sold genuine Plants at less prices than any other grower. New-Rochelle (or Lawton) BLACKBERRY at greatly reduced prices. HOP TREK— very ornam.ental, and better for f.imily use than common hops. Also. Hartford Prolific GRAPE— early, har- dy, pi'olific, and an excellent wine grape. CONCORD GRAPE. Bagley's Everbearing RASPBERRY. All the above for sale in quantities at lowest reduced prices. Our Catalogue of prices, with Circular for the culture, soil and prices of Cranberry and Blackberry Plants and Hop Trees, will be for- warded to applicants enclosing a Postago Stamp to the New-Haven Nursery. F. TROWBRIDGE «fc CO., New-Haven, Conn. Cranberry Culturist, A PRACTICAL TREATISE on the Culture of this valuable Fruit. Send 12 cents in stamps and receive copy by return mail, postpaid. Address W. H. STARR, East New-London Nurseries, New-London, Conn. ^c:^- ©c^- -^^=>^ w Improved American Black llaspbeny. ^ I still continue to give my energies to the improvement of this fruit, which ha3 now be- come ii househohl word in Western New-York. Those orderinK plants of me may rely upon the most careful selection, of which there is so much necessity, that, with the best slock and most careful propaKation. from one-sixth to one-half are rejected by me, that would be pronounced good by those of less experience. For $1.00 I will send by mail, postage paid, and packed secm-ely for 1000 miles, 10 perfect plants. Price by Express or Freight as ordered : 4 cents per plant for 25 and less than 100. | 3 cents per plant for 100 and less than 500. 2K cents per plant for 500 and over. Printed directions will be sent upon receipt of order with the cash. Orders for 100 plants or more will be filled and forwarded from a plot near New- York City. Address H. H. DOOLITTLE, Oaks Corners, IV. Y. 1/ OET THE BEST. WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY. NEW PICTORIAL EDITION, 1500 -JPZGTOT^.XJ^JL, I3L,LTJST^lA-TIOISrS. 9000 to lOOao NEW WORDS in the Tocabulary. Table of SYNONYMS, by Prof. G OODRICH. With other new features. Together with all the matter of previous editions. In one volume of 1750 pages. Price g>6.50. Sold by all Booksellers. G. & C. 3IERRIAM, Springfield, Mass. tS^ "The eighty pages of Illustrations, comparable in fineness to those of bank notes, are worth the price of the book "— C'/i. iieraid. *' GJ-et tlae Bejst." Get the HMndsoiTie.st. GJ-et the Cheapest. GJ-et "Webster. Specimen pamphlets of the new features sent by mail on application. „Mi^ POUDRETTE ! POUDRETTE ! ! Tke attention of FARMERS, GARDENERS and others, is called to the " New and Improved Poudrette/' Manufactured by the ILOIDI nS^.A.3NrXJF.A.CTXJPlIKrG- CO., Which has been in use for twenty years, and acknowledged to be the best and cheapest manure in m.arket. By the aid of new macliinery and other additional improvements, the Company promise to furnish Poudrette of as fine a quality as can possibly be manufactured ; and at the price we ofler it, there is NO MANURE IN MARKET ONE-HALF AS CHEAP. Price by tlie single Barrel, ^2— by tiie qiiaiilily, 7 Barrels and upwards, $1.50. Pamphlets containing directions and other valual>le matter, will be sent free on applica- ,. tionto GRIFFL\G BROTHER dc CO., «C Cortlandt st., IVew-York, j/L OUR ONLY AUTHORIZED AGENTS. () A IMI?*ROVEi:) STOCK* OF CATTLE, SHEEP OR SWINE, CAREFULLY SliLECTED AND SHIPPED TO ANY POINT OF THE L'NION. FINE CHESTER COUNTY PIGS CAREFULLY SELECTED. PASCHALL MORRIS, Agt TVareliouse, 7 Market Street, Philadelpliia. BRANCH HOUSE: Morton Morris, Osterman's Building:, Strand, Galveston, Texas. ALBANY DRAIN TILE WORKS, CORNIER OF CLINTON AVENUE & KNOX STREET, ALBAlSrY, IST. Y. per 1000 feet. 1|^ inches round, $.s 00 2\ " " 12.00 3i " " 4J.00 per 1000 feet. 25 inches rise, .*10.00 3^ " " 15.00 " " ISOO " " 3500 " " 5500 " " 75.00 per 1000 feet. 2 inches rise, $10.00 " 16.00 " 30.09 " 61.00 " 80.00 " 200.00 per 1000 pieces. ' 11 inch Collars, $4.00 2| " " 10.00 per 1000 pieces. 2 inch Saddles, $4.00 3 '« " 600 _ 4 " " 10.00 _ KF" ORDERS SOLICITED-TERMS CASH. Address ^j C. dc W. McCAMinON, Albany, N. Y. I A. LONGETT, Manufacturers Agent, FOR THE CELEBRATED EXCELSIOR FxYNNING MILLS, LONGETT'S IMPROVED IRON BEAM PLOW, CORN MILLS AND SHELLERS, HORSE POWERS AND THRESHERS, CIDER M1LL,S AND PUESSES, STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PLOWS OF VARIOUS KINDS. PERUVIA-IN^ OXJ^IISrO, ISTo. X, BO]VE DUST A.NJD PLASTER. A. LOXGETT, 34 Cliff Street, Xew-York. IMPROVED HYACINTH GLASS AND SUPPORT. (TYE'S F»ATTErt:N.) HAS NO EQUAL FOR UTILITY, QUALITY OR DESIGN. These Glasses have been in extensive use in England for several yeai's past, and are universally acknowledged by lead- ing amateurs and florists, as bein? the MOST ELEGANT AND SUITABLE for the growth of the Hyacinth, which have yet been intro- duced. Their broad base gives them a stability not possessed by any other sort; while the Support is ornamental and easy of application, it possesses all that is required to keep the flower and leaves in a natural position. It is also particularly appropriate for Bouquets, Cut Flowers, both at home and for exhibitions, rendering it of daily use all the year, which is not the case with the old patterns. Transparent Glass, rich colors, assorted, 30 cents each, $3 per dozen. Transparent Glass, rich gilt crnaments, 75 cents each. White and Opaque Glass, plain. 50 cents each, $4.50 per dozen. "White and Opaque Glass, painted, very rich, $1.50 each. Flower Supports, 10 cents each, $1 per dozen. IMPROVED CROCUS GLASS, Of same pattern but of small size, for growing Crocus, Tulips, Narcissus, &c. Transparent Glass, rich color.", assorted, 15 cents each, $1.50 per dozen. Flower Supports, 5 cents each, 50 cents per dozen. ZW Full directions for the culture of Hyacinths, ITIAlV, GRAY A: CO., Albany, N. Y. 'The Proper Study of Mankind is Man.' " I look npon Phrenology • the gaide to pblloaopby Dd tlie baodmsld of Chri»- aulty. Wboever dltseml- Ktea true Phrenology la • uWlc benefactor." — Fron .OH. UORACK Uann. " When a man proiMtrly undei-staiidB hiniHeir, uei) tal- ly and phyaically, his road to bappinesB \a Hiuooth, and society has a Bfong gaaranty for bU good conduct and nao- fulneas."— Hon. T. J. Bubk. NAMES AND NUMBERS OF THE ORGANS. AMATiTKNKgn. — Sexual love, foiidnesg, nttrartlon, etc. CuNJunAL LovK. — Union for lift, the paliin;; Uirtthict. I'AiiB.vTAL LoVK. — Care of offsprlnK. and all younjc. Fkikndship. — Si-Klallty. nnlon and cllnjilnK of fiiendH. IN-HABITIVKNK89.— Liove of bonie and conntry. [neas. Continuity. — ApiillcHtliin, finlsliint; np, congeculive- ViTATivKNESS.— -CllnRlus to life, reiiellln^ diseawe. Co.MBATivKKKS.s. — Defi'MHe, ifsolntlon. force, coinage. Dkbtkuct(VKsk88.— extermination, severity, liarilnesa. AHMKXTivKNK.sa. — Appetlli^, relish, feeding, greeil. ACQUisiTivKNKSS. — PiUKalily, saving, industry, thdft. Skcrktivkness. — Self-control, jKilicy, tact, artitice. CAtJTioDBNKas. — Gnariledneaw, safety. provMon, fear. Appkuhativknkss, — Love of cimiacter, imn\e, i)raise. Ski.k-Kstkkm. — Self-respect.iilcnlty,Hi;lf- reliance, I nde- FiRMNKSs. — Staliility, perseverance, derision. fpendenre CoNSCiENTious.vKss. — Sense of right. Justice, duty, etc. HopK. — Expectation, anticipation, tiimt in the future. SriRiTDAMTY. — Intuition, prescience, prophecy, faith. Venkration. — Worship.adoration.rlevotlon.defei-ence. liKNicyoLBNCK. — Sympathy, kindness, goodness. 20. C0N8TRUCTIVENK88. — Ingenuity, niantMi skill. [menC 21. iDKALiTV.— '/(isfe, love of beauty, poetry, and retine- 15. SuBLixiTY. — Love of the grand, vast, endless, and 22. Imitation.— Copying, n)lnilckiug,dolng like. [Infinite. 23. Mirth.— Fun, wit, ridicule, facetir)u»ne88, Joking. 24. Individuality. — Observation, desire to see and know. 2i. Form. — Memory of shape , looks, persons, and things. 26. PizE.— Measmement of quantity, distance, etc., bv ei/e, 27. Wkioht. — Contiol of motion, balancing, hurling, etc. 2)*. Color.— Dlsceinment and love of colors, tints. Iiues,etc. 29. OuvKB..— Method, system, going by rule, keeping things 30. Calcolation— Mental a-^tbrnetlc, reckoning. [In place. 31. Locality. — Memory of piaces, position, etc. [talls,etc. 32. KvKNTUALiTY. — Memory of facts, events, history, de- 33. TiMK.— Telling iclien, time of day, dates, how long, etc 34. TuNB.— l,ove of music, singing and playing by ear. 35. Lanouaob — Erpression by words, acts, tone8,looka,etc. 3& Causality.- f/9 kind than The \ Country Gentleman. Taking into consider- ation the great amount of reading mattei in its columns, and the fact of iu* issuing week- ly, it is the cheapest paper devoted to the same subject in the world, and we wish it God-speed with a hearty good will." Vermont Chronicle, Windsor, Vt. — " Its patrons may rely on the Conductor's ability and enterprise, judgment and taste, and puu- ty of moral sentiment It is a beautiful and every way excellent paper, and we canno doubt its success." Ohio Cultivator, Columbus, Ohio—** Mr. Tucker is the most experienced and success- ful publisher of agricultural papers in the Union, having been nearly a quarter of a century in the business." The Hudson Crazetu pronounces it " de- cidedly the best agricultural publication in the coimtry." The Winsted Herald says—" On all mat- ters pertaining to the occupation of the Far- mer and the Horticulturist, u well as teDo* \ mestic Architecmre and the Ccuntry Fire side, it is without a rival." The Herald and Fret PreM, Norristoicn. Pa., says of The Cultivator, that it is " well known as among the best works of ib^ kind I in the country." tli!! lliij tjljl '■f-'.i': |i 11!; -!:■ -il- I'll: ■ IV. H-i Ki: iih I