^Darlington Memorial Library (ElaBB SSM ...Xj^^ /87a JPrice ] i^^gLfe^.-!^^^. ^^ wn^"^ [ 30 Cts, Entered .•ir< ordiiiff to Act ..C Cou^AB^in the year 1871, by LUTHER TUCKER & SON, in the Office of lie Llbrarianof Congress at Washington. TO RECORD, IMPART AND ILLUSTRATE THE BEST PRACTICE; TO ADVANCE THE PROSPERITY AND INTELLIGENCE OF THE RURAL COMMUNITY. THE CULTIVATOR AND Country Gentleman. A Neu: Volume Begins with January \st. nj'^HIS JOURNAL contains sixteen large quarto pages in each Weekly A Number, having been much enlarged and improved ir 1870, and fully main- tjriny its formfer rank as the Standard Journal of American Agriculture. Inclu'ding all the departments connected with the Cultivation of the Soil for profit or pleasure, it is its aim to promote the best interests of its readers, — Co protect thqm from fraud and falsehood, — to provide them with the information raas:c essential in their calling, — and, leaving to others the task of furnishing the transitory entertainment of the hour, to present a periodical of frequent issue, a,lways fresh and seasonable, and especially adapted in every department to the practical wants of the Farmer and his Family. IN EXTENT OF CORRESPONDENCE— . ^ " ' IN PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS— ' , IN AGRICULTURAL NEWS— It is believed to be WITHOUT AN EQUAL, and it should be placed in the hairtds of every Farmer, Fruit-Grower and Breeder in the country. For thorn, as well as for their wives and children, the interest and value of its con- tents' have never before been so great as now. '.Illustrations are freely employed wherever they can be made to elucidate thfc'Hubjects treated ; and the comprehensive nature of its design is such as to suit it equally well to ALL latitudes and localities in which IMPROVED FARMING is sought for. S-pecimen Copies Free on Application, TERMS. — The terms are lower than those q{ any othrr paper oi %vav\^x stand- ing : One copy, $2.50 per year ; Four copies, §9 ; Eight copies, 1^16. 1.UTHER TUCKER & SON, Editors and Proprietors, Albany, N. Y. (] THE ^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS AND CULTIVATOR ALMANAC For the Year 1872, CONTAINING PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FARMER AND HORTICULTURIST. Witli about 100 H^n^ira^iiij^s. -•^♦- BY J. J. THOMAS, AUTHOR OF THE 'AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST,' AND 'FARM IMPLEMENTS,' Associate Editok of the 'Cultivator & Country Gentlemak.' -•^«- ALBANY, N. Y. : LUTHER TUCKER Sc SON, 395 Broadway. 1872. -^.® • Entered aceordiux to Act of ConTre?*, In the ve'.r 1S71, br LUTHER TUCKER A SQX^.la tha OOlce ot ' thtf Librarian of Congress »l ^'usliington. ©<:^— f •^f^o ,v N ^-^^^ ^ RURAL AFFAIRS. By John J. Thomas. PUBLISHED BY LUTHER TUCKER & SON, ALBANY, N. Y. Farm Buildings — Barns.Carriage Houses, Stables, the Piggery, Smoke- House, Poul- try House — Mode of Cistern BuildJKg, of Erecting Lightning R».ds, &c. Farm Implements. — Tiveuty-tkree Arti- cles, amply ilhistrated, embracing nearly all the jirincipal Implements in which the Farmer is concerned — also the Wino Mill, Steam Engine, &c. Butter and Cheese Making. — The best modes and means treated at considerable length, accompanied by Designs lor Dairy Houses. Rural Economy. — Many Articles and Notes, the fruits of the Author's long ex- perience and observation on Farm ^lan- agement. Rotation, Packing Trees and Plants, Satisfactory Farming, &c., &c. Rustic Skats and S pkuctukbs — Illustra- ted Designs for Sununer Houses, Flower Stands, Rock Work, and other similar Rural Ornaments. ScMOWL Houses. — A Chapter embracing several neat and tasteful Designs. Weights and Measures. — Tables for Reference, including Length, Distances, Specific Gravities, &c. D0.MESTIC Economy. — Numerous valu.>ble and well tested Recipes for Housekold use. -^ FIVE VOLUMES NOW READY. Prirf, $1.50 Each, Sold Separately or Together. Being a reprint on larger, finer and heavier paper, of the very valuable articles in every department of Kural Economy, which have heretofore appeared in annual numbers, from 1855 to 1869, inclusive, under the title of the A utiual Register 0/ Rural Affairs. These volumes contain about 340 pages each, or nearly Seventeen Hunelred Pages in all, of read- ing matter, and are illustrated with upwards of TWO THOUSAiVD E^VGRAVINGS, a large part of them from drawings and designs made expressly for the purpose. A brief Abstract of the Contents of the several Volumes is subjoined, although necessarily so compressed as to convey but a very incomplete idea of the number an.l variety of the topics embraced, and the concise and practical manner in which they are treated: Four Huncired and Forty Illiastrations. Country Dwellings. — Fifteen Designs, accompanied with Plans, in many instances of several floors — also estimates of Cost — together with General Rules tor Building, and Remarks on the Art of Planning a House. Laving Out Grounds. — Fnir Articles on Laying out Farms — two on (Grounds around Houses and Flower Gardens — eight on Modes 0/ t^lanting nnd the Trees and Shrubs to be employed. What Fruits to (Z\\QOi^VJr-S i.xty-one Va- rieties of Apples ; Fifty-four of Pears ; Tiventy-eight of Peaches ; Ten of Necta- rines and Apricots ; Thirty four o{V\\xvi\%; 'J'wenty-eight of Cherries ; Thirteen of Strawberries, and a dozen of Native and Foreign Grapes are described — with Ap- proved Lists at greater length, and Select Assortments recommended. Domestic Animals. — Improved Breeds, illustrated by Portraits. A valuable arti- cle on Doctoring Sick Animals, with Sim- ple Rules and Remedies, embracing the nu)sl common Diseases of Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine. Fruit Culture. — Tiventy-two A rticles — Treatment of Orchards, Large and Small Fruits, with a large number ofbrief Notes, presipnting many valuable Hints andSug- gestiuiis. ^^ ^- ,,V "o g8c^=^- ■=^=^^ yonr Hundred iind A Complete Country Residence — The Dwelling, Ornamental Grounds, Orchard, Gardens, Out- Houses, described and illus- trated— concluding with an article on the ^L__ Ai'iARY, embracing the management of I " Bees, by M. Quinby. CouNTr devoted. ^ -^- Xlix-ee Hiaiidi-ed. and. Eiglity Illtistx-ations. Farm Wokk. — A Calendar of Suggestions for each month in the Year, with Fifty- Six Engravings — inclviding Ice-Houses and storing ice — /.lalcing Stone Wall and many other incidental points often omitted — a very valuable article. Orchard and Nursery. — Calendar for the Year, with many useful hints and Twenty- Twy Engravings. Kitchen & Flower Garden and Green- House. — Tiie labors of each successive month reviewed, with notes on varieties of different Vegetables, &c., &c., and Fifty Engravings. Road Making. — With numerous Illustra- tions and complete directions. Chee.se D.virving. — A description of the Cheese Factories and System of Manu- facture— also Design for private Dairy- House, and Miscellaneous Hints for Dairy Farmers. Entomology. — A full Chapter on Collecting and Preserving Insects, particularly interes- ting to beginners in tiiis important science. Country Homes. — An article witli Eight Designs^ accompanied by Ground Plans, &c., &a Pruning. — The principles ai.d practirc fully described, with over TUr,y illus trations. Poultry. — Treatise on the Turkey — Poul- try Houses and their arrangemer.t, with Designs. Fruits and Flowers. — Training Grapes The leading new Pears — New and De- sirable Flowers — with a very large num- ber of condensed hints, and select lists ac- cording to the latest authoritiej — fully illustrated. Domestic Economy. — Full Directions for Canning Fruits and Vegetables — a number of Useful Recipes, &c., &c. Domestic Animals. — A full article on Mutton Sheep — The Management of Swine — also Hints for the Bee- Keeper, &c., &c. Implements and Inventions. — Mechani- cal Contrivances tor various purposes— the Implements of Horticulture — New Machines — largely illustrated. Woodlands. — Planting Timber for Screens — the Care and Culture of the Timber Crop. large -^-^♦- volxjm:e five. IT'otai' Hundred Illustrations. Grape Culture. — Varieties, Propagation, Grafting, Training, Transplanting, Trel- lises ; Soil for Vineyards ; Marketing, &c. — Very Complete and Practical — Tkirty- Nitie Engravings. Milk Farming, by the Author of " My F""arm of Edge wood." Winter and Sum- mer Feeding, Soiling, &c. With plans of Milk Barn — Six Engravings. The Duck — its Management and Varie- ties, by C. N. Bement — Fifteen Engrav- ings. Turnips and their Culture. — An ad- mirable article on the Ruta Baga, with Practical Directions — Fifteen Engrav- ings. Garden Insects, by Dr. Asa Fitch — two papers, with about Forty Engravings. Reapers and Mowers — the leading Ma- chines at the Auburn Trial — Nine En- gravings. Rotation of Crops — principles involved and rotations suggested — illustrated. S.M\LL Fruits — their Culture on the Hud- son, by Prof Buigess — Thirty Engrav- ings. Shrub.s— a Practical and Descriptive Article on Shrubberies and the Selection of the Leading Varieties — about Thirty Engrav- ings. Labor S.^ving Contrivances. — Simple and Handy Tilings about the Farm and House — about Thirty Engravings. I Vermin about the House, and How to Drive them Away — illustrated. Wheat — an Essay on the Crop and its Cul- ture, quite complete and practical — Four- teen Engravings. Hedges and their Management, Causes of Failure, &c. — Ten Engravings. Potatoes — Culture, Varieties, &c., with Twelve Engravings. Rural Improvements, by Robert Morris Copeland — with Plans and Modes of Planting — illustrated. Fruits. — Practical Hints in Fruit Culture, with numerous Short Articles, and over Thirty Engravings. Strawberries. — Marketing the Crop in New Jersey, by the Author of "Ten Acres Enough " — illustrated. Flowering Plants. — Select Varieties, with Descriptions and Twenty-Two Engrav- ings. And among Numerous Shorter Articles : Hints in Rural Economy, by S. E. Todd — Nine Engravings. South- Down Sheep — illustrated. Items in Domestic Economy. Hay Barracks and Corn-House — illustrated. Rain-G-'-uge — Protecting Melons, do. Hot Air h urnaces, do. Implements for Farm and Garden, do. Improved Bee Culture, by M. Quinby. Three-Story Barn, Grape Houses.illustrated. &c., &c., &c., &C, -^=>^ INDEX OF No. i8, FOR 1872. Page. Agricultural Memoranda, ix — xx Apparent and Mean Time, viii Apples lor Minnesota, 280 Hard)', 280 List of One Hundred, 279 Apple Worm, 225 Bark Louse, 236 Berry Basket. Rochester, 285 Blackberries, Straightening, 283 Calendar Pages, ix — xx Canker Worm, 330 Cheese- Making, 303 Coloring, 309 Cows and their Management, . . . . 303 Reimet, 308 Receiving and Crediting Milk, 306 Setting, Cutting and Heatinj^ 309 Treatment of Milk, 304 Clevis for One- Horse Plow, 295 Clover, Threshing 264 Colorado Grasshopper 223 Colorado Potato Bug 221 Corn-Fodder, Securing, . .. 274 Corn Planter, Emery's, 294 Cultivator, Carhart's Two- Horse, .. .. 2<^8 Cultivators, &c., 297 Curculios, .... 232 Destroying, 281 Currants, Heavy Manuring, 285 Propagating, 2S5 Currant Worm. 237 I mported, 238 Remedy for, 285 Cycles of lime and Church Days, viii Day and N'ight, A^cen.TiMing Length of viii Drill, Bickford eaf Procris, 2 241 Joint Worm, i 223 Lady- Bug, . i 225 Spotted Grape Beetle,... i 242 Strawberry Worms, i 240 Tent Caterpillars, 3 227 Kitchen, Plan of, 1 265 Table and Appendages, . . 3 265 Ladders and Ladder Stands, .12 251 Lawn Mower, i 301 Ornamental Planting 3 255 Plow Cutter Stock, i .. Plows, 2 . Plow, Turf Paring i . . Plowing without Dead Fur- rows, 10 ... with Three Horses, 14 . . Potato Plow 1 .. 294 296 293 244 267 298 Raspberries, Drying, 3 261 Stanchions for Cattle, 2 .., Tether for Horse or Cow, ... i . . , Washing Machine i . . Weeds Hooks and Chains in Plowing, 6 . . Wheel- Jack, i .. 272 301 302 249 300 ! revious Numbers of the Annital Register, down to 1869, inclusive, are reprint- ed in Five Volumes (see notice on preceding pages,) and a Sixth Volume will contain Nos, t6, 17 and 18, for 1870, '71 and '72. Copies may also be had from the Publishers, of any previous years, (except those for 1855, '57, and 63,) in paper covers, at Tliirty Cents each, or any four for One Dollar. They contain an average of about 130 Engravings each, and many of the single chapters present in concise form the practical substance of a volume. ^ ■=^:^© k THE CULTIVATOR ALMANAC FOR 1872. ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS IN EQUAL OR CLOCK TIME. ECLIPSES FOR THE YEAR 1872. THERE WILL BE FOUR ECLIPSES THIS YEAR, as follow: I. A Partial Eclipse of tlie Moon May 22 ; invisible in the United States. II. An Annular Eclipse of the sun June 5 ; invisible in North America, except in Washington Territory and the Arctic regions. III. Avery small eclipse of the Moon in the evening of Norember I4lh and morning of the I5ih ; visible, being only one thirty-third of the Moon's diameter on the northern limb. IV. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun Nov. 30 ; invisible in North America.* MORNING AND EVENING STARS. Morning Stars. — Venus until July 15. Mars after May 17. Jupiter after August 2. Saturn to April 10. Evening Stars. — Venus after July 15. Mars until May 17. Jupiter until August 2. Saturn after April 10. -♦•-•- THE FOUR SEASONS. D. H. M. D. H. M. Winter begins, 1871, December 22, o 51 mo., and lasts 89 o 58 Spring do. 1872, March 20, I 49 mo., do. 92 20 34 Summer do. 1872, June 20, 10 23 eve., do. 93 11 23 Autumn do. 1872, September 22, o 46 eve.. do. 89 17 59 Winter do. 1872, December 21, 6 45 nio.,Trop.year,365 5 54 . »-»_« PLANETARY NOTES. Mercury will be brightest January 27, May 25 and September 18, rising before the Sun ; also April 2, July 31, and November 24, setting soon after the Sun. Venus and Mars not this year. Jupiter January 15. Saturn July 9. Viii ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER CYCLES OF TIME AND CHURCH DAYS. Dominical Letters, G F]Septuagesima Sund., Jan. 28]Easter Sunday, Mar. 31 Epact, aoiSexagesinia do. 1' eb. 4I Low Sunday, ..... April 7 Solar Cvcle sQiiinquagesima do. Feb. ii| Rogation Sunday,.. May 5 Golden Number, 11 Ash Wednesday, ... Feb. 14 Ascension Day, May 9 Roman Indiction, 15 Quadragesima Sund., Feb. 18 Pentecost Sunday,.. May 19 Jewish Lunar Cycle,. .. 8 Mid-Lent Sunday,.. Mar. lo.Trinity Sunday, May 26 Dionysian Period, 201 Palm Sunday Mar. 24J Corpus Christi, May 30 Julian Period, 6585 Good Friday, . .. .. Mar. 29' Advent Sunday Dec. i -* • •- APPARENT AND MEAN TIME. Time is both apparent ^x\^ mean. The .sun is on the meridian at 12 o'clocU on four days only in the year. It i.s sometimes as much as 16^ minutes before or after twelve when its shadow strikes the noon mark on the sun-dial. This is occasioned l)y the irregular motion of the earth on its axis and the inclination of its poles. This is called apparent time. Mean time is determined by the equation of these irregularities for every day in the year, and is noted in all good almanacs. The latter is the true or correct time. ■ • • • To Ascertain the Length of D.\y and Night. — At any time in the year, add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the day. Subtract the lime of setting from 12 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising the next morning, for the length of the night. This rule is true of either ap- parent or mean time. A Wonderful Waterfall. — The government geologists in Demarara, British Guiana, have discovered on the Potaro river, within a hundred miles of the Capital, a fall with two leaps, one of 770 feet, and nearly 600 feet wide, the other over 80 feet. Signalling the Weather. — Since Nov. i, 1870, the daily papers have published bulletins sent to them by the War Department at Wash- ington, of meteorological observations in regard to the height of the barometer and thermometer, and the direction and force of the wind, ■j'hey are taken by scientific men at fifty different stations in all parts of the country, from Key West, Florida, to San Francisco. It is believed that this will be of great practical benefit to farmers and sailors, by giving timely warning of the approach of storms. Piercing the Mountains. — The tunnel through the Alps, connecting the railways of France and Italy, was successfully finished the day after Christmas, 1870. This great work was commenced in 1857, and has gone forward night and day from either side, till the two gangs of workmen met far beneath the summit of the central mountain of the three that the tunnel has pierced. The length of the tunnel is 12,220 metres, or about 7 3-5111 miles ; its height and breadth are about 25 feet, and the cost of construction about Jj5 1 0.000,000. g^ -=^=>© 1st MONTH. JANUARY, 1872. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PH.\SF,S. Boston. Nkw-Yokk. VVa.shingt'n Sun ON Merid Third Quarter New Moon, . . . First Quarter, Full Moon, . . . D. 3 ID 17 25 H. M. 5 15 ev. 10 14 mo. 7 18 mo. 0 30 ev. H. M. 5 3ev. 10 2 mo. 7 6 mo. 0 18 ev. H. M. 4 51 ev. 9 50 mo. 6 54 mo. 0 6 ev. D. I 9 17 25 H. M. S. 12 3 43 12 7 18 12 10 19 12 12 34 X u H u i: H 0 > S 0 0 > > < < a Q 1 M 2 T 31 W 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3« T F S 6 M T 10 W 11 T F S 6 M T W T F S O M T W T F S a M r w CALENDAR For Bo.ston, New- England, New- York State, Miclii- gan, Wisconsin, iowa, and Oregon. SUN ! SUN : MOON I H. W. RISES SETS. ■ RISKS. : BOST'n m:h 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 294 294 294 28 4 28 27 27 26 26 25 24 23 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 225 21 5 205 205 185 175 165 155 Ml H Ml 38 10 15 39 II 19: 40 morn. 41! o 24! 42 I 34 43: 2 46 44 4 2 45 5 19 46 6 34 47 sets. 48 6 10 49 7 29 50 8 44 51 9 54 53 II 2, 54 morn i 55 o 8 56; I 9\ 58 2 I2( 59, 3 13! o; 4 13 I 5 II 3 6 5 4 rises.! 5 5 2 663 7 7 5 9 8 9! 10 9 II! 11 10 15; 13 II 22 H 3 4 4 5 6 7 M 22 5 55 48 45 47 8 51 9 54 10 56 11 52 morn. 0 45 1 37 2 26 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 58 47 39 31 24 19 9 II 10 I 10 49 11 31 ev. o I II 52 32 II 2 50 3 32 CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- deliiliia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, in- diana and Illinois. SUN ! SUN KISES SETS. MOON RI-ES H. W. N. Y. H M H Mi H M I H 44 10 16 ev, 45 II 20 o 46 morn 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 234 23 23 22 4 22 4 2? 21 24' 32' 43: 58: 13 28 I 2 3 4 5 6 4 4 sets. 6 15 7 8 7 8 4 5 21 5 20 9 8 8 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 55 55 45 35 25 25 15 471 48' 49: 50i 51 52 53 54 55' 56 57 9 58 II 2 morn. 59 morn. ^ o 44 007 8 9 9 9 5 59 M 7 52 42 34 31 32 36 40 38 35 9 31 32 10 22 46 II 55 II CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Kent'ky, Miss'ri, and California. SUN [ SUN KISKS SETS. M30N KISKS. 9 57 I I 3 4 5i 6 8 I 2 3 4 5 5 9 rises. I 10 5 7: 6 7 8 33 26 II 12 13 15 9 16 10 17 II 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 11 10 12 ID 15,11 20 ev. 7; 9! 17 10 4 57 47 33 14 57 38 17 53 34 18 H 7 7 7 7 7 i7 17 i7 7 17 ^7 |7 17 i7 17 17 |7 I? i7 :7 7 17 '7 |7 7 7 ;7 ;7 ^7 M H 4 4 4 194 194 19 19 19 194 194 194 194 194 184 18 18 17 53 54 55^ 56 57 17 17 16 16 15 145 145 135 125 125 II 5 10,5 105 95 85 85 75 M H M 49 10 18 50 II 21 51 morn. 52 o 23 1 30 2 40 3 53 5 8 6 22 58 sets. 59 6 20 0 7 36 1 8 49 2 9 56 3 II 2 4 morn. 506 6 I 6 7 8 9: 10 12 5 53 13' rises. 14 5 12 15 6 II 7 8 9 6 5 3 59 16 17 '9 12 13 13 20 10 15 21 II 19 Agricultural Memoranda — Oct. i, 1870, /ort-Horn Herd Book, Vol. 10. Nov. 24, 1870; March 9, 1871. :^=- 2d MONTH. FEBRUARY, i 872. 29 DAYS, MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New- York. Washingt'n Sun ON Mekid. Third Quarter New Moon, , . . First Quarter, Full Moon, ... D. 2 8 i6 _24 H. M. 5 26 mo. 9 8 ev. I 40 nio. 6 12 mo. H. M. 5 14 mo. 8 56 ev. I 28 mo. 6 0 mo. H. M. 5 2 mo. 8 44 ev. I 16 mo. 5 48 mo. D. I 9 25 H. M. S. 12 13 50 12 14 29 12 14 17 12 13 20 X ii CALENDAR H For Boston, New-Ens;land, | 0 ? New- York State, Michi- k b. gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, 0 0 >• < and Oregon. >• < SUN SUN MOON H. U. u RISES SETS. KISES. bost'n H M H M H M H M I T 7 14 5 14 morn. 4 20 2 F 7 13 5 15 0 31 5 13 3 S 7 II 5 i^ I 42 6 16 4 G 7 10 5 18 2 56 7 23 S M 7 9 5 19 4 9 8 34 6 T 7 8 5 20 5 20 9 42 7 W 7 7 5 22 6 20 10 44 8 T 7 6 5 23 7 10 II 37 9 F 7 .S 5 25 sets. morn 10 S 7 4 5 26 7 30 0 26 II 0 7 2 5 27 8 42 I 12 12 M 7 I 5 29 9 49 I 5<^ n T 7 0 5 3'' 10 5^ 2 38 u W 6 5« 5 31 morn. 3 21 IS T 6 57 5 33 0 I 4 5 16 F 6 55 5 34 I 3 4 55 17 S 6 54 5 35 2 5 5 50 18 6 6 52 5 3.^ 3 3 6 46 19 M 6 51 538 3 58 7 46 20 T 6 505 39 4 49 8 44 21 W 0 48 5 41 5.35 9 36 22 T 6 47 5 42 6 14 10 24 23 F 6 45 5 43 rises. II 7 24 s 6 44 5 45 6 0 II 46 2S g! 6 42 5 4(J 1 7 4 ev. 24 26 M 1 6 40 5 47 i 8 9 I 2 27 T 6 385 48 i 9 14 I 41 28 W 6 37 5 49 10 22 2 21 29 T 6 36 5 50 II 34 ! 1 CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- delphia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and IlHnois. SUN I .SUN SISEs'sETS. MOON KISES. H. W. N. Y. H M H IOI5 95 715 65 5 5 45 3 5 2:5 I o 59 58 57 56 545 535 51 5 505 M H M 18 morn I9' o 28 I 2 4 5 6 7 38I 4 14 15 5 59 H M I 7 I 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 28 28 8 19 9 13 9 10 5? 38: 20 49 48 46 45 43 42 40 5 385 37 5 35 5 34 5 20 22 23 '■ 24; 25! 28! sets. 29! 7 32 30! 8 43 31 1 9 49 II 32 10 55 morn 33;" 58; o 6 34 morn. 36I o 59 o 57 52 43 29 9 CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Kent'ky, Miss'ri, and Cahfornia. SUN KISES SUN SETS. 37 38; 40 1 4i| 43 44! 45; 4^i 48 1 49, 50 51 52 2 2 3 4 5 6 0 52 1 42 rises 6 7 8 36 32 31 5 29 6 22 10 49 3 8 29 51 9 II 9 9 48 9 13 10 25 10 20 II 4 11 3111 49 M 6 5 4 3 2 I o 59 58 57 56 MOON KISES. H M morn. 0 26 1 34 2 46 3 58 8 9 7 o sets. 7 34 8 44 55 5 34' 9 48 54!5 35 10 53 53|5 36|ii 55 52 5 38 morn. 5015 39! o 55 H M 5 22 5 23i 5 24! 5 251 5 26i 5 27| 5 281 S 29' 5 311 5 32 5 33 6 49 48 5 40 5 41! 47 5 42, 46 55 52 46 37 23 3 5 43 44 5 45 43i5 46 41 '5 47! rises. 40J5 48; 6 5 38|5 49; 7 7 37j5 50| 8 9 35 5 51I 9 12 3415 52 10 17 33!5 5311 27 I ^'-- American 'I'urf Register for 1870. F"eb. 16, 1S71. Ayrshire Herd Hook, vol. 3— Feb. 16, Aug. 31. Avrshires imporfd by J. L. Gibb, Nov. 3, 1870 ; by Brodie, Sons & Converse, May 25 : by J. H. Morgan, June 8 ; by N. S. Whitney, Oct. 5, 1S71. Barbec, O L., Georfjetown, Ky. Sale of Imported Berkshires, July 21, 1871. Barnes, Thos., Westland, Ireland, (jbitnarv, March 30— .Sale, Sept. 14, 1S71. Bedford, E. G., Paris, Ky. Snle of Short- Horns, July 6, 1871. Berkshires imported by S. H. Brown, .\pril 27. June 22; by M. H. Cochrane, May 18— exported to England, by John Miller, Aug 24, 1S71. ©c^= — n 3d MONTH. MARCH, 1872. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New- York. Washingt'n Sun ON Mekid • D. H. M. H, M. H. M. D. H. M. S. Third Quarter 2 2 45 ev. 2 33 ev. 2 21 ev. I 12 12 24 New Moon, . . . 9 8 9 mo. 7 57 mo. 7 45 mo. 9 12 1032 First Quarter, 16 941 ev. 9 29 ev. 9 17 ev. 17 12 8 18 Full Moon, , . . 24 8 59 ev. 8 47^v. 8 35 ev. 25 12 552 Third Quarter 31 9 48 ev. 9 36 ev 9 24 ev. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 H »5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3' H a z w i * F S P M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M T W T F .S P M T W T F S P CALENDAR For Boston, New-England, New- York State, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Oregon. SUN SUN I MOON | H. W. RISES : SETS. ' KISES. BOST'.V H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 23 6.^21 6 19 M H 36I5 34 5 33 5 31 5 295 28 5 265 255 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M! H M 50 morn. 5I; o 45; 4 8| 5 »i 17 16 14 12 10 9 7 5 3 2 52 54 55 56 58 59 o I 2 3 H M 3 54 4 53 6 I 7 15 8 27 9 32 5 45!io 29 6 20 11 20 sets. mori.. 7 29' o I CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- delphia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and Illinois. SUN I SUN KISES SETS. H M H 6 34 5 6 32 5 MOON H. W. RI^ES. N. Y. M H M 52 morn 0 43 1 24 2 5 2 46 29 59 57 55 53 52 50 6 48 6 466 446 837 . 9 44 4 10 48 611 52 7; morn 8; o 53 I 51 2 3 4 4 5 5 44:10 37 45; 3' 12 47 18I 9 10 1 1 12 14 '5 16 17 19 20 2ii 9 23 22 ID 36 23' J I 50 24 morn. 25 I o 19 U II II 12 5 53 rises, j 1 1 7 3," 8 12 ev, I I 2 3 4 18 53 34 >5 59 47 40 4^> 6 6 6 6 6 !6 1^ |6 \6 ;6 {6 16 16 !6 :6 6 '6 1^ 15 '5 5 5 5 5 i5 '5 6 6 6 i 31 5 295 285 27 5 255 24 6 22 20 18 16 15 126 10 6 96 76 56 36 26 1,6 06 586 566 54 53 5^ 50 486 466 6 6 6 6 53 54 55 56 57 59 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 '5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 o 41 52 o 2 56 40 16 H M ev. 40 40 sets, 7 29 I 2 4 5 6 7 8 47 o 12 18 14 2 8 46 9 29 8 36 10 10 9 42 10 47 10 451 1 1 28 1 1 48 morn, inorn. o 48 I 2 3 4 4 45 39 25 6 42 5 14 5 42 rises. 7 2 8 10 9 20 15 6 o I I 59 2 3 4 CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd.Virginia, Kent'ky, Miss'ri, and California. SUN I SUN I MOON KISES ISET.S. KISES. H M H o 32 II 45 57 56 56 5 50 6 7 8 8 9 10 39! 22 o 38 21 2 10 41 .. »» 29 morn. lev. 26 G 54I I 30 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 i6 :s 6 15 ;5 11 15 11 5 33 5 31 5 305 2815 20 5 24i5 23 6 2i;6 19:6 186 166 I5!6 I3|6 126 iO|6 96 76 56 36 26 I o 58 56 55 546 536 5'6 496 476 Mj H M 53 'morn. 54^ o 36 55 I 46 56; 2 54 57! 3 56 58: 4 50 59 5 36 0 6 13 1 sets. 29 34 39 41 43 6 6 6 6 6 2: 7 3 8 4; 9 5iio 611 7 1 morn. 8; o 43 I 2 3 4 4 5 5 9 10; "I 12I •3: 14 »5 16 •7 18 '9: 39 33 19 I 37 II . 39 rises. 7 2 8 9 8 17 28 2010 20 II 40 21 morn. 22 o 48 Bell's History of Short-Horns. March 30; Oct. 19. 1871. Birnie, William, Springtield. Mass. Sale of Ayrshire Cattle. April 27, 1871. Bishop, Henry W., Lenox, Mass. Obituary. April 27, 1871. Bowdi ch. E. F., Hostoii, Mas.-*. Sale of fersey Cattle. June 8, 1871. Brow.i, CJto , Toronto. Canada. Sale of Slvirt- Horns. Nov. 3 and 24, 1870. Brown, J. N.'s 60ns, Berlin, 111. Sale of Short-Horns. Aug. 17, 1S71. ©C^="- ®e»= — Q 4th MONTH APRIL, 1872. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New-Yokk. Washingt'ii Sun ON Merid. D. H. M. H. M. H. M. D. H. M. S. New Moon, . . . 7 7 48 ev. 7 36 ev. 7 24 ev. I 12 3 43 First Quarter, 15 5 27 ev. 5 15 ev. 5 3ev. 9 12 I 25 Full Moon, . . . 23 8 53 mo. 8 41 mo. 8 29 mo. 17 II 5923 Third Quarter 30 3 37 fno. 3 25 mo. 3 13 '"o- 25 "57 45 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 u Id O > < M T W T F S r M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M T CALENDAR For Boston, New- England, New- York State, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Oregon. SUN SUN RISES SETS. '6 !6 '6 6 6 M H 43:6 426 40^6 386 36:6 346 32 31 29 27 26 246 236 21,6 i9'6 18 16 14 13 II 10 6 86 66 5i 3i 2 MOON H. W. RISES. BOST'n 6 6 6 i|6 59^6 586 566 M 26 28 29 3" 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 H 2 2 3 4 4 5 M 4 58 41 19 50 15 sets. 7 25 8 32 9 37 10 40 11 40 morn. o 36 I 2 2 3 3 4 4 [ rises, 7 6 8 21 9 37 10 51 59 H M 5 7 8 9 10 54 9 16 16 7 25 9 46 19 45 12 36 10 53 11 33 morn. o II o I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 51 32 15 59 47 40 39 37 34 28 26 I CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- delphia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and Illinois. SUN RISES 10 45 11 25 55|ii 56 morn 58; o 56 59I I 44 ev. o I 2 3 4 7 53 42 37 35 39 5 48 SUN SETS. M 45. 446 42 1 6 40 6 38!6 36:6 346 336 316 29'6 286 26|6 256 24 6 22 6 2l|6 19' 17 16 M 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 MOON RISES. H M I 2 3 4 4 5 H. W. N. Y. H M 57 53 37 15I 47! 2 3 5 6 6 40 53 o 2 53 37 16 141 7 sets, j 8 7 24! 8 56 33! 8 29 9 37 34 9 32 10 17 35 10 35 10 57 36 II 35; 1 1 43 37 morn. 3^ OtLENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Kent'kj[, Miss'ri, and California. SUN RISES SUN SETS. H M H M 14 13 II 10 96 76 66 5:6 36 26 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 o I 2 2 1 3 4 4 rises. 7 4 8 18 19 3 42 15 42 10 35 morn o I 33 27 25 23 20 5 13 6 2 6 7 8 47 29 8 8 53 9 39 10 26 5 06 9 32 51110 45 52|ii 53[ii 19 53 morn lev. 21 54! o 50 I 26 55' I 39' 2 34 46 45 43 41 5 40 5 38;6 5 366 5 35 5 33 5 316 3o!6 2816 27:6 5 26j6 5 24|6 5 23:6 5 22 6 5 2o'6 5 ^9'6 5 17I6 5 16 6 5 Hi6 5 136 5 12,6 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 MOON RISES. H M 51 47 32 12 4 45 5 13 32 ioj6 9:6 8j6 ''^ 3!6 sets. 7 22 8 26 9 28 33110 30 34' 1 1 29 35;morn. 361 o 23 I I 2 3 3 4 4 44' rises. 45: 7 I 8 14 9 27 47iio 39 48,11 47 49 morn. 5o| o 44 51' I 33 37\ 3^! 391 40; 4ii 421 43! 46 i 461 13 57 36 II 40 8 35 Burnham's New Poultry Book. July 6, 1871. Carpenter, E. P., Foxboro, Mass. Sale of Jerseys. Dec. 8, 1870. Cheney, E. H., Gaddesby Hall, England. Sale of Short-Horns. May 4, 1871. Cheese Factories Established Abroad. Nov. 17, 1870; Feb. 23, May 25, 1871. Clater's Cattle Doctor, revised by Dr. Armatage. Jan. 19, 1871. Clayden, John. Littlebury. England. Obituary. Aug. 3, 1871. Colbunie, J. W., Springfield, Vt. Obituary. Feb. 23, 1871. Conger, A. B., Haverstraw. Sale of Horses. June 22, 1871. Connecticut Stock Breeders' Association Organized. Aug. 10, 1871. ^c^— 5th MONTH. MAY, 1872. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. Nkw-York. Washingt'n Sun ON Merid D. H. M. H. M. H. M. D. H. M. S. New Moon, . . . 7 835 mo. 8 23 mo. 8 1 1 mo. I II 5652 First Quarj'er, IS II 21 mo. 1 1 9 mo. 10 57 mo. 9 II 56 14 Full Moon, . . . 22 6 24 ev. 6 12 ev. 6 0 ev. 1.7 II 56 II Third Quarter 29 9 29 mo. 9 17 mo 9 5 n^<^ 25 ^ 1 1 56 43 X a CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR H Z For Bos on, New-Enclancl, For New- York Citv, Pliila- 1 For Washington, 0 ? New-York State, Michi- 1 delphia, Connecticut, N. Maryl d, Virginia, « b. ga". Wisconsin, losva, 1 Jersev , Penn., Ohio, Jn- Kent'ky. Miss'ri, 0 0 > Q and 0 regon. diana : md Illinois. and C; ilifornia. < SUN SUN MOON ; H. w. SUN SUN MOON H. \v. SUN SUN MOON KISES SETS. RISES. BOST'n RISES SETS. RIES. N. y. RISES SETS. kISKS. 1 H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M I w 4 55 7 0 2 22 6 56 4 59 6 56 2 18 3 41 5 2 6 52 2 13 2 r 4 53 7 I 2 53 7 55 4 57 b 57 2 50 4 40 5 I b 53 2 47 3 F 4 52 7 2 3 19 8 50 4 56 6 5« 3 i« 5 35 5 0 ^ 54 3 i^ 4 s 4 50 7 3 45 9 39 4 54 b 59 3 44 b 25 4 5« b 55 3 44 ,S r 4 49 7 4 4 910 23 4 53 7 0 4 ID 7 9 4 57 b 5i> 4 10 6 M 4 48 7 5 4 33 II 4 4 52 7 I 4 35 7 47 4 56 b 57 4 37 7 T 4 47 7 6 sels. II 43 4 51 7 2 sets. 8 25 4 55 b 5« sets. 8 W 4 46 7 7 8 26 morn. 4 50 7 3 8 22 9 9 4 54 6 59 8 17 9 '1' 4 45 7 8 9 29: 0 24 4 49 7 4 9 23 9 51 4 53 7 0 9 18 10 P' 4 44 7 9 10 26 I 5 4 4« 7 5 10 20 10 33 4 52 7 I 10 14 II S 4 43 7 loii 19 I 49 4 47 7 b II 13 II 15 4 51 7 2 U 7 12 P 4 42 7 II morn. 2 4 4(^ 7 7 II 58 morn. 4 50 7 3 II 52 l^ M 4 41 7 12 0 4 3 21 4 45 7 8 morn. 0 5 4 49 7 4 morn. 14 1' 4 40 7 13 0 44; 4 9 4 44 7 9 0 39 0 55 448 7 5 0 34 IS W 4 39 7 14 I 19 5 T 4 43 7 10 I 14 I 48 4 47 7 b I 10 16 T 4 3« 7 15 I 48 5 56 4 4:: 7 II I 45 2 41 4 4^ 7 7 I 41 17 F 4 37 7 16 2 14 6 49 4 42 7 II 2 II 3 36 4 46 7 7 2 9 18 S 4 36 7 17 2 37 7 42 4 41 7 12 2 36 4 27 4 45 7 8 2 34 19 r 4 36 7 18 3 2 8 34 4 40 7 13 3 2 5 19 4 44 7 9 3 2 20 M 4 35 7 19 3 25 9 22 4 40 7 14 3 27 b 8 4 44 7 10 3 28 21 r 4 34 7 20 3 52 10 II 4 39 7 15 3 54 b 57 4 43 7 10 3 57 22 w 4 33 7 21 rises. II 0 4 3« 7 lb rises. 7 43 4 43 7 II rises. 23 T 4 32 7 22 «33 II 48 4 37 7 17 8 27 8 31 4 42 7 12 8 22 24 F 4 32 7 23 9 46 ev. 39 4 37 7 18 9 40 9 25 442 7 13 9 33 ^§ s 4 31 7 24 10 50 I 35 4 3^ 7 19 10 44 10 20 4 41 7 1410 37 26 p 4 30 7 25 II 42 •1 32 4 35 7 19 II 37 II 13 4 40 7 15 II 31 27 M 4 29 7 26 morn. 3 28 4 35 7 20 morn. ev. 14 4 40 7 16 morn. 28 r 4 29 7 27 0 24 4 29 4 34 7 21 0 20 I 15 4 39 7 16 0 15 29 w 4 28 7 28 0 58 5 29 4 34 7 22 0 54 2 15 4 39 7^ 17 0 51 30 T 4 27 7 28 I 25 6 27 4 33 7 23 I 23 3 13 4 3« 7 18 I 21 31 h' 4 26 7 29 I 50 7 23 4 32 7 23 I 49 4 8 4 37 7 18 I 48 Cotswold Sheep Imported by J. D. Wing, Sept. 28 ; — and Leicesters, by Snell & Sons. Aug. ID, 1871. Cuinming, A P., New- York. Obituary. June 15, 1871. Davis, Jas. H., Danville, Ky. Sale of Short-Horns. Nov. lo, 1870. Delaware State Poultry Society Organizedl^. Nov. 24, 1S70. Oct. 20, 1S70. Sept. 28, 1S71. New- York State, Michi- delphia, Connecticut, N. Maryl'd, Virginia, U b. gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- Kent'ky, Miss'ri, 0 0 >• < and Oregon. diana and Illinois. and Caiifornia. < SUN SUN MOON 11. \N. SUN SUN MOON H. W. SUN SUN MOON u B RISES SETS. RISKS. bost'n RISES SETS. RISES. N. Y. KISES SETS. RISES. H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M I s 4 26 7 30 2 13 8 16 4 32 7 24 2 14 5 0 4 37 7 19 2 14 2 p 4 25 7 31 2 37 9 6 4 ?i 7 25 2 39 5 51 4 37 7 19 2 40 3 M 4 25 7 32 3 2 9 52 4 31 7 26 3 5 6 38 4 3^^ 7 20 3 8 4 T 4 24 7 32 3 30 10 36 4 30 7 26 3 34 7 21 4 3^- 7 20 3 38 5 W 4 24 7 33 sets. ii 20 4 30 7 27 sets. 8 2 4 3t' 7 21 sets. 6 T 4 23 7 33 8 18 12 0 4 29 7 27 8 12 845 4 35 7 21 8 6 7 F 4 23 7 34 9 13 morn. 4 29 7 28 9 7 9 29 4 35 7 22 9 I 8 S 4 23 7 35 10 2 0 43 4 29 7 29 9 56 10 12 4 35 7 23 9 49 9 r 4 22 7 35 10 43 I 27 4 28 7 29 10 38 10 52 4 34 7 23 10 32 10 M 4 22 7 3^ II 19 2 10 4 28 7 30 II 14 II 37 4 34 7 24 II 9 II T 4 22 7 36 II 50 2 53 4 28 7 30 II 46 morn 4 34 7 24 II 42 12 W 4 22 7 37 morn. 3 37 4 28 7 31 morn. 0 23 4 34 7 25 morn. 13 T 4 22 7 37 0 16 4 23 4 28 7 31 0 13 I 10 4 34 7 25 0 10 14 F 4 22 7 3^ 0 40 5 II 4 28 7 32 0 38 I 57 4 34 7 26 0 37 IS S 4 22 7 38 I 2 6 3 4 28 7 32 I 2 2 49 4 34 7 2b I I 16 P 4 22 7 38 I 26 6 57 4 28 7 32 I 27 3 42 4 34 7 26 I 28 17 M 4 22 7 39 I 51 7 51 4 28 7 33 I 53 4 36 4 34 7 27 I 55 18 T 4 22 7 39 2 17 8 47 428 7 33 2 21 5 32 4 34 7 27 2 24 19 W 4 22 7 39 2 51 9 43 4 28 7 33 2 56 6 29 4 34 7 27 3 0 20 T 4 22 7 39 rises. 10 40 4 28 7 33 rises. 7 25 4 34 7 27 rises. 21 F 4 23 7 39 8.32 II 35 4 29 7 34 8 26 8 18 4 35 7 28 8 20 22 S 423 7 39 9 33 ev. 30 4 29 7 34 9 27 9 17 4 35 7^ 9 21 23 P 4 23 7 40 10 20 I 27 4 29 7 34 10 16 10 12 4 35 7 28 10 10 24 M 4 23 7 40 10 57 2 21 4 29 7 34 10 54 II 4 4 35 7 28 10 50 25 T 4 23 7 40 II 29 3 13 4 29 7 34 II 26 II 58 4 35 7 29 n 24 26 W 4 23 7 40 II 54 4 4 4 29 7 35 II 53 ev. 51 4 35 7 29 II 52 27 T 4 24 7 40 mtjrn 4 57 4 30 7 35 morn I 44 4 36 7 29 morn. 28 F 4 24 7 40 0 19 5 51 4 307 35 0 19 2 37 4 36 7 29 0 19 29 S 4 24 7 40 0 45 6 45 4 30 7 35 0 46 3 31 4 367 29 0 47 30 P 4 25 7 40 I 7 7 40 4 31 7 35 I 9 4 25 4 377 29' I 12 Essex Pigs Imported by G. W. Farlee. June 15 ; by S. H. Brown, June 22, 1871. Exports < if Agricultural Products, 1868,-69.-70. Jan. 5, 1871. Kanners' Institute of Eastern Pennsylvania Organized. Dec. 1, 1870. FawUes, F. H., Karmley Hall, England. Obituary. April 6, 1871. Fish Breeders' Association Organized at New-York. Jan. 19, 1871. Fitch, I'honias, New-London, Ct. Sale of Ayr-hires and Alderneys. June 8, 1871. Frank Forester's Horse and Horsemanship of the United States. March 30, 1871. Foot and Mouth Disease, Outbreak in this State. Dec. 22 and 29, 1870. Fowls, Public Sale at New- York by Poultry Society. April 6, 187 1. ; yth MONTH. JULY, 1872. -^^^^ 31 DAYS. I MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New-Yokk. Washingt'n Sun ON Merid D. H. M. H. M. II. M. D. H. M. S. New Moon, . . . 5 I 41 ev. I 29 ev. I 17 ev. I 12 3 37 First Quarter, 13 3 4ev. 2 52 ev. 2 40 ev. 9 12 459 Full Moon, . . . 20 9 9 mo. 8 57 mo. 8 45 mo. 17 12 5 53 Third Quarter 27 2 35 mo. 2 23 mo. 2 II mo. 25 12 6 13 X \i h U 7. U 0 > a lb 0 0 > > < < Q a I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ^1 28 29 30 31 M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M r w T F s p M T W CALENDAR For Boston, New- England, New- York State, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Oregon. SUN I SUN KISES SETS. MOON KISES. H M H M H M 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 11 3S 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 40 40 1 40j 39 39 39 39| 38i 1 33 2 4 2 39 3 20 sets. 8 42 9 19 9 52 38 10 20 3810 44 3711 7 37 II 30 36 II 53 36 moin. 35: o 17 0 47 1 24 2 10 rises. 8 ID 8 53 9 9 10 21 2710 46 26 II 10 25|ii 27 24 morn. H. \v. bost'n H M 8 32 9 22 10 II 10 58 11 41 morn. o 21 34 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 I I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 3 44 21 3 44 28 17 12 15 18 ^l 27 26 26 56 22 21 ev. 19 13 2 I 2 2 3 4 5 6 o 6 0 39 1 i8i 8 57 47 21 12 7 4 o CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- delphia, Connecticut, N, Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and Illinois. SUN 1 SUN RISES SETS. H M H M 31 7 327 33 7 ZZ 7 34 7 35 7 35 7 1^1 MOON RISES. H M Zl Zl 3^7 39 7 40 7 40 7 4' 7 427 43 7 44 7 45 7 45 7 46 7 47 7 487 49 7 507 51 52 52 53 34 I 37 34 2 8 34 2 44 33; 3 26 33 1 sets. ZZ\ 8 37 33 9 14 32i 9 48 32 10 17 32.10 42 31J11 6 31 II 30 30.11 54 30 morn. 29 o 20 29: o 51 28 I 29 28| 2 16 27 rises. 26i 8 4 8 48 9 23 9 54 10 20 10 46! 11 12! H. \V. N. Y. H M 5 17 6 8 57 41 23 8 49 10 28 11 7 II 48 morn. o 30 547 55 7 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 18 17 16 3 58 o 2 9 13 9 6 58 10 44 11 31 19 8 II 30 morn o II 0 44 1 24 ev. I I 2 3 57 53 49 4 45 5 4' CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Kent'ky, Miss'ri, and California. SUN i SUN RISES SETS. MOON RISES. H M|H M 37 7 37 7 387 387 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 56 57 58 59 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 27 H M 1 41 2 13 2 50 3 32 sets. 831 9 9 9 43 27jio 13 27,10 40 26 26 2 25 24 24 23 2; II 5 II 30 5;" 55 morn. o 23 0 55 1 34 2 22 22 rises. 2i| 7 58 8 44 9 20 9 52 21 20 19; 18 10 20 17110 47 I7|ii 14 i6|ii 33 15 morn. 14 o 15 14 13 0 50 1 30 French Peasantry, Contributions for Relief. Feb. 2 and 23, 1S71. , Grapes, New Seedlings of P. Stewart, Mt. Lebanon. Nov. 3, 1S70. Great Britain — Wheat Crop of 1870. Oct. 13, 1870 — of 1871, Aug. 31, Sept. 14 and 28, 1871. Agricultural Returns, 1870. Oct. 27 ; 1871, Oct. 5, 1S71. Goldsmith, ."Vlden, Washingtonville. Sale of Horses. June 15, 1871. Gree'cy's What I Know of Farming. April 6. 187 1. Hammond. Edwin, Middlebury, Vt. Obituary. Jan. 5, 1871. Hampton & Van Meter, Clark Co , Kv. Sale of Short-Horns. Sept. 7, 1871. ■ — =^=>^ ^-•::^ ®^=^^- 8th MONIII. AUGUST, 1872. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New- York. VVashingt'nj 1 Sun ON Merid D. H. M. H. M. H. M. D. H. M. S. New Moon, . . . 4 5 I mo. 4 49 mo. 4 37 mo. I 12 6 0 First Quarter, 12 I 8 mo. 0 56 mo. 0 44 mo. 9 12 5 10 Full Mooiv, . . . 18 4 9 ev. 3 57 ev. 3 45 ev. 17 12 3 43 Third Quarter 25 3 51 ev. 3 39 ev. 3 27 ev. 25 12 I 44 s id CALENDAR CALENDAR 1 < CALENDAR 7; tz! For Boston, New-England, For Ne\> '-YorkCitv, Pliila- Foi Wasliina;ton, 0 S ? New- York State, Miclii- delphia, Connecticut, N. | Maryl'd, Virginia, b. gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Jersey , Penn., Ohio, Jn- Kent'ky, Miss'ri, 0 C > < and Oregon. diana ; ind Illinois. and California. < SUN SUN MOON H. W. SUN i SUN MOON H. VV. SUN SUN j MOON RISKS SETS. RISKS BOSTN R1SES|SETS. RISES. N. Y. RISES SETS.: RISES. H iM H M II M H M H M H M H u n M H M H M H M I T 4 52 7 20 2 4 9 49 4 567 16 2 loj 6 35 5 0 7 12! 2 16 2 1^' 4 53 7 19 2 55 10 37 4 57i7 15 3 2 7 22 5 I 7 II 3 « 3 S 4 54 7 i^ 3 49 II 19 4 5^i 7 14 3 55 8 2 5 I 7 10 4 I 4 r 4 55 7 16 seis. II 59 4 597 12 sets. 8 44 5 2 7 9 sets. 5 M 4 5^ 7 15 823 morri. 5 0 7 II 8 20 9 23 5 3 7 8 8 16 6 1' 4 57 7 14 8 49 0 37 5 I 7 10 8 46 10 I 5 4 7 7; 8 44 7 W 4 5« 7 13 9 II I 15 5 2 7 9 9 10 10 37 5 5 7699 8 1' 4 59 7 II 9 34 I 53 5 3 7 7 9 33 II 13 5 6 7 4: 9 33 9 1^ 5 0 7 10 9 5^ 2 30 5 4 7 6 9 57 II 54 5 7 7 3: 9 58 10 S 5 I 7 9 10 20 3 9 5 5 7 5 10 22 morn. 5 8 7 2 10 24 II P 5 2 7 8 10 47 3 52 f 3 b 7 4 10 50 0 38 5 9 7 0 10 54 12 M 5 3 7 7 II 19 4 42 5 7 7 3 II 24 I 29 5 10 6 59 II 28 13 1" 5 4 7 5 12 0 5 43 5 8 7 I morn. 2 29 5 II 6 58 morn. 14 VV 5 5 7 4 morn. 6 48 5 9 7 0 0 5 3 35 5 12 657 0 II 15 r 5 ^ 7 2 0 52 8 I 5 106 5« 0 58 4 47 5 13 6 55 I 5 16 b' 5 7 7 0 I 561 9 13 i 5 116 56 2 2 5 59 5 14 653 2 9 17 8 5 « 6 59 3 10 10 17 5 126 55 3 16 7 3 5 15 6 52 3 21 18 P 5 9 6 57 rises. II 15 5 136 53 rises. 7 57 5 16 6 50 rises. 19 M 5 10 6 55 7 53 ev. 4 5 14 6 52 7 51 8 49 5 17 6 49 7 48 20 '!• 5 "6 54 8 21 0 49 5 156 51 8 2C 9 3S 5 i8'6 48 8 19 21 VV 5 126 52 847 I 34 5 166 49 8 47 10 19 5 196 46 8 48 22 r 5 14^6 51 9 II 2 18 5 176 48 9 13 II 0 5 2o;6 45 9 15 23 !<• 5 15 6 50 9 37 2 59 5 186 47 9 4o|ii 44 5 21 644 9 43 24 .s 5 16 6 48 10 6 3 45 5 19 6 45 10 10. ev. 31 5 21 6 42 10 15 25 p 5 176 47 10.38 4 36 5 20.6 44 10 43 I 23 5 22 6 41 10 48 26 M 5 18 6 45 II 17 5 31 5 21 6 42 II 23 2 17 5 236 40 n 28 27 r 5 19 6 44 II 59 6 30 5 22 6 41 morn 3 17 5 24 6 38 morn. 28 w 5 20 6 42 morn. 7 33 5 23 6 39 0 5 4 17 15 25 6 37 0 II 29 r 5 21 6 40 ! 0 49 8 30 5 24 6 3« 0 55 5 15 :5 26 6 36 I I 30 !<■ 5 22 6 39 I 44 9 23 5 25 6 36 I 50 6 95 27 6 34 I 56 31 s 5 23 6 37 2 42 10 II 5 266 35 2 47 6 57 5 28,6 33 2 53 Herd Kfgister of American Jersey Cattle Club. July 6, 1871. Horses, Sale of Thorough-breds at Jerome Park. Oct. 27, 1870. Howard, Sanford, Lansing, Midi. Obituary. March 16 and 23, 1871. Hyde's Twelve Lectures on Agricultural Topics. Aug. 24, 1871. Irish Short-Horn Sales at High Prices. Sept. 14, 21, 1871. Jersey Cattle imported by E. P. P. Fowler— Sales, Dec. 8. 1870 ; May 29, Sept. 21, 1871 ; by Capt. Pratt, May 4, Aug. 3, 1871. Exhi'bi phia, June 22, 1871. n. May 18, June tion at Philadel- 9tll MONTH. SEPTEMBER, 1872. 30 DAYS MOON'S PHASES. D. New Moon, . . . 2 First Quarter, 10 Full Moon, . . . 16 Third Quarter 24 Boston. New- York. Washingt'n H. AL 8 9 ev. 9 19 mo. O 20 i7tli 8 37 mo. H. ^^ 9 57 ev. 9 7 mo. O 8 i7tli 8 25 mo. H. M. 7 45 ev. 8 55 mo. II 56 ev. 8 13 mo. Sun on Me D. I 9 17 25 H. M. S. 1 1 50 39 II 57 c II 54 II II 51 24 KID. W X H Z o k. O > < Q K [s. O > < I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 P M T W T F S P M T \V T F S P i\r T w F s p r w T F s p CALENDAR For Boston, New- England, New- York Stale, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Oregon. SUN SUN RISES SETS. 30 1 M H 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 I" 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 MlH 2416 26;6 27 6 286 29 6 30 6 31 o 32 0 -1 -» ' A 35^ 366 376 386 396 406 41 6 42:6 436 u 35 33 32 30 25 23 21 MOON KISKS. H. W. bost'n H M 3 43 sets. 7 16 o 73S 28 8 I 26 8 24 8 49 9 20 9 56 19110 43 17 n 39 15 morn. I4j o 48 12 2 4 »0i 3 23 CALENDAR || CALENDAR For New- York City, Phila- 1 j For Washington, delpliia, Connecticut, N. 1 1 Maryl'd, Virginia, Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- | Kent'ky, Mi'ss'ri, diana and Illinois. SUN KISES SUN SETS. H M 10 54 11 31 morn, i O 9, 0 44; 1 21 ; 2 0| 2 40; 3 27; 421 5 26; 6 39 7 531 9 31 10 2j 44 45 8 ri.ses.jio 55 6 6 44 II 40 5 7 lOjev. 20 6 3 7 37 I 3 6 i| 8 3 I 45 46 6 oj 8 36 2 29 47 5 581 9 II 3 H 48 5 56; 9 53 4 3 505 55 10 41 4 59 51 5 53 II 34 6 I 525 51 morn 7 I 53:5 49 o 32| 7 58 545 47 I 30 8 51 55 5 46 2 33i 9 38 56 5 44 3 3610 21 H 5 5 5 5 r 5 5 5 5 5 |5 |5 5 5 5 5 5 5 t» 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 MOON KISES. H. W. N. Y. M H M| H M 27I6 33| 3 48 286 31 29 6 30 30 6 28 31 6 26 32I6 24 o;6 23 34|6 21 35|6 19 10 36|6 17 10 49 37 6 16 II 45 38 6 14 morn. H M 7 40 sets. 8 13 7 15 8 54 7 37 9 30 8 2 10 7 8 26jio 42 8 52111 22 9 24 morn and California. SUN HISES SUN SETS. H 5 5 39(6 13 406 II 41,6 9 426 436 446 446 456 46 5 59 47 5 57 485 56 o 54 2 9 3 26 rises. 6 44 7 II 7 39 12 8 12 25 . 38 5 48 6 48 7 39 8 22 9 7 9 49 49 5 54iio 47 505 53111 40 51 5 Sijmorn. 52 5 49 o 38 53 5 48' I 35 54 5 46, 2 37 55 5 45 3 29 8 7 10 29 8 4i;ii II 9 171II 59 9 59 ev. 50 1 46 2 47 3 46 4 43 5 36 6 24 7 7 15 5 5 5 »• :> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M H 29 6 3016 3i|6 326 33 1 6 34i6 3516 35i6 36 37 38 39 M 31 29 28 26 24 21 20 MOON RISES. 40 16 41 41 4216 436 44'6 446 456 465 47 5 485 495 50 51 H M 3 52 sets. 7 13 7 11 8 3 8 28 8 55 9 29 1810 7 16! 10 55 15 II 52 13 morn. 12J I o 10 2 14 9 3 30 7! rises. 5i 6 43 7 7 8 8 9 4 2! o 59! 57! ;6 52 53 545 55'5 12 41 II 45 22 ^u 10 6 54! 10 54 53:11 47 5rmorn. 49, o 43 481 I 40 46 2 41 45' 3 41 Jones. D. R. Floyd, South Oyster Bay, N. Y. Obituary. Jan. 19, 187 1. Lewis' American Sportsman, March 30, 1871. Lewis' People's Practical Poultry Book. May 4. 1871. Loring, Dr. Geo. B., Salem, Mass. Sale of Ayrshires. April 27, 1871. Maitlawd, Robert L., New-York, Obituary. Dec. 22, 1870. Manhattan Fertilizing Company, New- York. Organized, March 30, 1871. Miller, George, Markham, Canada. Sae of Short-Horns. Feb. 2, 1871. New-York State Fair of 1870, Oct. 6, 1870: of 1871. Oct. 12, 1871. Northern New- York Poultry Society Organized. Nov. 24, 1870. §gc:^=- lOlh MONTH. OCTOBER, 1872. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New-Vokk. Washingt'n D. H. M. H. U. H. M. New Moon, . . . 2 10 46 mo. 10 34 mo. 10 22 mo. First Qltarjer, 9 4 20 ev. 4 8 ev. 3 56 ev. Full Moon, . . . 16 10 50 mo. 10 38 mo. 10 26 mo Third Quarter 24 4 9 mo. 3 57 mo 3 45 mo Sun ON Mkkid D. H. M. S. I 1 1 49 26 9 II 47 7 17 "45 17 25 II 44 5 I «• CALENDAR i CALENDAR CALENDAR 7, F( jr Boston, New-England, 1 For New- York City, PIi iia- For Washington, 0 > New-York State, Michi- delphia, Connecticut, N. Maryl'd, Virginia, s b gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, | Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Jn- Kent'ky, Miss'ri, 0 0 < a SI and Oregon. diana and Illinois. and CaUfornia. < JN SUN moon H. \v. SUN SUN moon H. w. SUN 1 SUN moon RISES SETS. KISES. bost'n KISES SiiTS. RISES. H M N. Y. RISES 'sets. 1 RISES. H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M I T 5 57 5 42 4 39 II I 5 56 5 43 4 40 7 44 5 56 5 43 4 42 2 W 5 5« 5 40 .sets. II 37 5 57 5 41 sets. 8 19 5 57:5 41 sets. 3 T 5 59 5 39 6 27 morn. 5 5« 5 40 b 29 8 5« 5 5^5 40 b 31 4 F 6 I 5 37 652 0 12 b 0 5 3« 655 9 3« 5 59 5 3« 6 58 S S 6 2 S 3^ 7 21 0 52 b I 5 37 7 25 10 20 b 0 5 37 7 29 6 F 6 3 5 34 7 5S I 35 b 2 5 35 8 I II 3 b I 5 35 8 b 7 M 6 4 5 32 8 38 2 20 b 3 5 33 8 44 XI 57 b 2 5 34 8 50 8 l' 6 5 5 31 9 32 3 12 b 4 5 32 9 3« morn. b 3 5 32 9 45 9 W 6 b 5 29 10 35 4 10 b 5 5 30 10 41 0 57 b 4 5 31 10 48 10 T 6 8 5 27 II 48 5 18 b b 5 28 II .53 2 4 b 5 5 29 1 1 59 II F 6 9 5 26 morn b 31 b 7 5 27 morn 3 18 b ^ 5 28 morn. 12 S 6 10 5 24 I 4 7 42 b 8 S 25 I 8 4 27 b 7 526 I 13 13 r 6 II 5 22 2 20 8 46 b 9 5 24 2 23 5 31 b 8 5 25 2 26 14 M 6 12 5 21 3 35 9 40 b 10 5 22 3 36 6 26 b 9 5 23 3 3« 15 r b 13 5 19 4 49 10 27 b II 5 21 4 49 7 13 b 10 5 22 4 50 16 w b 14 s 17 ii.ses. II 12 b 12 s 19 rKses. 7 S5 b II 5 20 rises. 17 T 6 15 5 15 6 2 II 53 6 13 5 17 6 5 8 36 6 12 5 19 6 8 18 F 6 17 5 14 6 32 ev. 34 b 15 5 16 6 36 9 21 b 13 5 i« 6 41 19 s b 18 5 12 7 II I lb b 16 5 H 7 16 10 2 b 14 5 16 7 22 20 p b 19 5 II 7 45 2 I b 17 5 13 7 51 10 43 b 15 5 15 7 57 21 M b 20 5 9 «32 2 46 b 18 5 12 8 38 II 30 b lb 5 H 8 44 22 T b 21 5 « 9 23 3 36 b 19 5 II 9 29 ev. 22 6 17 5 »3 9 35 23 W b 22 5 ^ 10 20 4 30 b 20 S 9 10 2b I lb [b 18 5 II 10 32 24 T b 23 5 5 II 19 5 2b b 21 5 « II 24 2 12 6 19 5 10! 1 1 29 25 1^' b 255 3 morn. b 23 b 22 s (^ morn. 3 9 b 20 5 9 morn. 26 S b 2b 5 2 0 20 7 19 6 23 5 5 0 25 4 4 6 21 5 8 0 29 27 P b 275 0 I 22 8 10 b 24 5 3 I 2S 4 54 b 22 5 6 I 28 28 M b 284 59 2 24 8 5« b 25 5 2 2 26 5 43 6 23 5 5 2 28 29 r b 294 57 3 20 9 42 b 26 5 0 3 21 6 28 !6 24 5 3 3 22 30 \v b 304 55 431 10 24 b 27 4 59 431 7 9 i6 25 5 2 4 30 31 r b 324 54 5 39 II 5 b 29 4 5!^: 5 37 7 48 !b 2b 5 I 5 35 Pierce, Carlos— Sale of .Stock belonging to Estate. Nov. 10, 1870. Poultry Exported to England, May 11 ; Importations, May 18, Aug. 3, 1871. Quinn's Money in the Garden. May 4, 1871. Rand's Rliodendron and American Plants. June 15, 1871. Russell, R-bert, Pilmuir, Scotland. Obituary. Sept. 28. 1871. Sales of Short- Horns in Great Britain for 1870. Jan. 26, March 16, 1871. Saunders, C. R., England. Sale of Short-Horns. Oct. 20, 1870. Shedden, John, Montreal, Can. Sale of Thoroughbred Horses. June 8, 1871. -^^^ IltU MONTH. NOVEMBER, 1872. --«3,^ 30 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. Boston. New-York. Washingt'nJ Sun ON Mekid. ' D. H. M. H. M. H. M. D. H, M. S. New Moon, . . . I 0 44 mo. 0 32 mo. 0 20 mo. I II 4341 First Quarter, 7 II 7 ev. 10 55 ev. 10 43 ev. 9 II 44 2 Full Moon, . . . 14 0 24 15th 0 12 15th 12 0 ev. 17 II 45 16 Third Quartek 2^ I I mo. 0 49 mo. 0 37 mo. 25 II 47 22 New Moon, . . . 30 I 50 ev. I 38 ev. I 26 ev. Id id CALENDAR For Boston, New-England, New- York State, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, I CALENDAR For New- York City, Pliila- delpliia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and Illinois. CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Ken't'ky, Miss'ri, and California. SUN SUN .■U.\RIEK 22 9 28 ev. 9 16 ev. 9 4ev. 17 II 56 41 New Moon, . . . 30 1 52 mo. I 40 mo. I 28 mo. 25 12 0 41 I 2 3 4 5 6 7I 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3' Hi ii. o < c p M r w T F s p M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M T W T F S P M r CALENDAR For Boston, Nesv-England, New- York Slate, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Oresoii. SUN j SUN j MOON I H. W. RISES, SETS. '. SETS. POST'n M 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2a 4 21:4 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 4 2614 27 4 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 304 30'4 4 4 4 '4 4 4 4 4 4 4 M 28 28 28 H M I H M 5 1 5 'morn, o 15 6 15! , 7 25' 28I 8 40 28! 9 56 28!ii 13 28 morn. 28! 28I 28I 28! 28i 281 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 25 34 42 49 57 3 I 2 rises 5 4 5 6 10 5 o 56 55 52 48 44 39 9 29 10 16 11 4 II 47 58ev. 31 3 4 5 6 7 8 CALENDAR For New- York City, Pliila- delpliia, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- diana and Ilhnois. SUN j SUN MOON KISEslsETS. SETS. 55 55 55 57 3110 57; 4 31 II 58j 4 32 morn | 4 4 4 4 4 4 32| 33 i 331 34 34 35 36 37 I 2 3 4 5 6 15 o 41 23 5 51 5 37 6 28 o 5 14 26 9 15I 43 10 13' 58 II II seis. morn. 6 18! o 6 7 22 8 18 iM H M 5f4 64 74 8I4 34 34 34 ?3 H. VV. N. Y. H M H M 9 4 10 4 II 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 18 4 5 21 6 21 7 31 8 45 33jio o 33I11 15 33 morn. 35\ o 26 I 2 3 4 194 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 40 47 54 9 I 9 56 10 48 11 45 morn o 42 5 58 rises. 10 5 6 I 2 3 4 7 7 24 24 7 8 35i 8 59 35|io o 36 10 58 36 II 59 37 morn 37i o 59 2 3 3 II 4 22 39' 5 38 40 6 52 sets. 6 23 38i 38, 39 41 42 42 38 36 29 5 24 6 15 2 47 8 31 9 18 10 I 10 41 11 23 8 52 38 25 14 7 2 . I 59 53 CALENDAR For Washington, Maryl'd, Virginia, Kent'ky, Miss'ri, and California. SUN SUN SISEslsETS. MOON SETS. H MIH M H M ev. o I 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 51 9 47 04 39 1I4 39 2|4 39 3i4 39 5 27 6 28 7 37 8 50 4:4 38; 10 4 5 4 38J11 18 64 38 morn. 7:4 38 o 27 8;4 38| I 9'4 38i 2 04 38' 38 nses. 17 II 5 6 7 8 38 38 3:4 39 3'4 39 4 4 40 44 40 5'4 41 5 4 41J10 5 4 42|ii 64 42 II 6 4 431 morn 6 4 43 o 59 4 34 39 44 50 53 6 5 4 3 o 59 3 4 I 8 18 7 4 44 7 4 44 7 4 45 85 45 84 46 84 47 1 seLs. 9 4 48 6 29 5 32 6 46 Thompson, Jas., Worcester, Mass. Obituary. Nov. 3 ; Sale of Jerseys, Nov. 24, 1870. 'rhorne, Edwin, Thorndale, N. Y. Sale of Horses. June 22, 1871. Uiiderliill, Dr. R. T., Crolon Point, N. Y. Obituary, ^eb. 9. 1871. Van Meter, B. F. & A., Clark County, Ky. Sale of Short- Horns. July 13, 1871. Van .Meter. J. M.. Woodford County, Ky. Sile of Short-Horns. July 6, 1871. Vermont Horse .Stock Associarion located. April 20, 1871. Wallace's American 'I'rotting Register. March 30, 1S71. Western New- York Dairymen's Association Organized. April 13, 1871. ^ =^0© t^ THE ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS COLOKADO POTATO BEETLE. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. Insects Affecting Farm Crops. COLORADO POTATO BUG, (Doryphora io-lineata.)—T>r. Fitch figured and described this beetle in vol. 5, p. 207, of this work, in the year 186S. Since that time it has been steadily moving eastward, and has already reached Ohio and Michigan. As it is important that every one should know it well, so as to be ready to destroy the first comers, and to keep them in check, the accompanying figures of this insect are given, showing it in various stages, and enabling the cultivator to recognize it ^ readily, both in the larva and beetle state. The dnep orange eggs, freshly !/. deposited on the under side of the leaf, are seen in the above engraving at [ ^^s..— ^. . ^ — =^^^ No. 18-1872. ^ ^^ -^ // 222 • ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER an; b b b, larvse in different stages, of a reddish yellow color ; d ci, perfect insect, yellow with black lines ; e, magnified wing-case. All of these changes are passed through in less than a month ; and there are about three broods a year. The first two, when about to change to the pupa, go into the ground, and come out in the beetle state in ten or twelve days. The last one remains under ground all winter, and makes its appearance in time to lay its eggs on the leaves of the young potato plant. The American Entomologist describes another nearly allied species of Doryphora, [D.Juncta,) that a casual observer would pronounce identical, but which has some small but well marked points of distinction, and which feeds on some other species of Solanum, but which pertinaciously refuses to touch the potato, and specimens have actually died from starvation in cages where there were plenty of fresh potato leaves. There is only one way to deal with the potato bugs when they take possession of a potato field — and that is to kill them. One mode is by poison, and the other is by catching. Paris green is used as the poison, and is applied by mixing one pound with many pounds of flour or plaster, and sifting it through a coarse muslin cloth on the potato plants, while the dew is on. The bugs eat, drop and die. Paris green, being a deadly poison, must be used with caution. S. B. Johnson of Illinois, gives the following particulars for the use of Paris green, in his lecture on the potato, delivered before the Madison Co. Farmers' Convention : " How are we to save ourselves from this scourge ? The little corner patch of an acre or so can be managed on the tin-pan and fire plan. But here are 20, 50 or 100 acres in a plantation. We know of only one way in which it has been done effectually on a large scale ; ar.d that is by the use of Pa7'is green. This is a most virulent poison, and must be used with the utmost care. Secure the best. It can be purchased by the canister (14 lbs.) for 45 cents per pound. Puncture the bottom of a quart tin bucket with holes about the size of bird shot ; solder midway on the side a handle with a socket three or four inches deep, into which thrust a stick four feet long. Having muffled nose and mouth, mix thoroughly one part of Paris green with eight parts of gypsum.* With this long handled bucket, and by keeping on the windward side, the muffler can be removed, and you may march with safety into the battle-field. Commence as soon as the plants appear and dust every hill thoroughly. Go over the field twice a week if anything in the shape of a bug is to be seen. It may be disguised by countless myriads in the yellow eggs lain on the under side of the leaf, and some day, when least expected, the naked, defoliated stalks are reeking with the filthy larvae. By the use of plaster instead of flour, a stimulant is employed of great value to the crop. After the bug is vanquished it would be of advantage to continue the application of the plaster until the crop is ripened." \ * Some mix it with twenty or thirty parts. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 223 Various appliances are resorted to for capturing them or killing them by mechanical means in large quantities. Should they continue destructive, there is no doubt that some trap or machine, or mode of crushing them, will be contrived, that may be driven rapidly along the rows by horse-power, for killing or cleaning them out, but as yet no rapid and efficient mode has been devised. Fig. 2.— yoint-Woyiit. The Joint Worm — {Isosoma hordei.) — The wheat crop in Virginia, and the barley crop in New-York, have been extensively damaged by this insect. The nature of the injury is shown in the above cut at a, (fig. 2,) where the straw is swollen from its pressure. Like the Hessian fly, it occupies the straw just above the joint, but it differs from that insect in penetrating the substance of the straw, while the Hessian fly reposes at the bottom of the pocket formed by the sheath and straw. The sheath is represented as removed from the straw in the above figure, to show the character of the injury, and the small round holes through which the insect escapes in the fly state. At b the fly is represented largely magnified, the cross lines showing the natural size. This fly makes its appearance early in summer, and lays its eggs in the stems of the growing grain. It soon hatches and does its work of mischief When full grown the larvje are about an eighth of an inch long. They mostly remain here till the following spring, although some escape the same autumn. The proposed remedy is to burn the stubble containing them, but we are not aware that it has been practiced to any satisfactory extent. The Colorado Grasshopper. — This destructive insect, which may be compared to the Eastern Locust (another grasshopper) for its devasta- tions and vast multitudes, so neaily resembles our common grasshopper of the east that many have not observed the difference. In color and ^^j general appearance they are very nearly the same, but the western insect- c:^:=— — -=^3© ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER has wings much longer than the body, while in our common grass- hopper the wings scarcely extend beyond the body, as the annexed figures of the two indicate, (fig. 3,) where ers. The eggs which furnish the caterpillars are deposited by a brown moth or miller, {fig. 6,) about midsummer, in masses or cylinders, which encircle the young shoots, each mass containing about three hundred eggs. The position and appearance of these eggs is shown at c, (fig, 4.) The eggs, when laid, are then covered with a vesicular ¥\g. 6.— Moth 0/ Tent Caterpillar. water-proof varnish, which pro- tects them both from cold and from rain (fig. 8.) They remain in this condition till the following spring ; and as soon as the apple buds begin to o]>en, almost to a day, the young caterpillars hatch and make their _ v., ... appearance, ready for '^'^^o^;^^^^^ thrs new, fresh, tender food. The hot weather of llie previous August and early September made no impression on them ; but the mild spring weather, just at Fig. J. —Tent or Orchard Caterpillar. Fig. 8. the right time for their food, brings them out. When they first appear, they are not so large as a cambric needle, nor more than the tenth of an inch long. If cold or stormy weather occurs, arresting the growth of the young leaves after the worms are hatched, they can live without food for ten or ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER D twelve days. They immediately commence stretching their web across a fork in the branches, and thus manufacture a tent for shelter. This increases in size with the growth of the caterpillars until it sometimes becomes nearly a foot in breadth. Like other larvae, they moult or shed their skins four times. They are represented as full grown and of natural ei/e in fig. 7, a and b. The uniform white line along the back distin- guishes them conspicuously from the Forest Tent Caterpillar, sometimes miscalled the " army worm." Although mostly infesting apple orchards, the Tent caterpillars are occasionally seen on the pear, plum, peach and cherry, and the wild cherry often throngs with them. In five or six weeks they scatter in various directions to undergo their change to the pupa state, when each spins a cocoon, and then remains in this state some three weeks — d, fig. 7. The perfect insect or miller, represented in fig. 6, measures about an inch and a half from tip to tip of the wings ; it has no sucker to take food, eats nothing, and lives only to lay its eggs. It has but one brood in a season. C. V. Riley says that the only bird known to devour these caterpillars greedily is the American Cuckoo. But this bird is too few in numbers to make much impression on them. An active man, with a quick eye, will collect hundreds of the rings of eggs in a day, in autumn and winter, and every such cylinder of eggs destroyed at this time prevents the formation of a nest of larvse. Some years ago when they promised to be very abun- dant, we employed a man three days, and in that time he destroyed, on old and young orchard trees, and in a nursery, three thousand nests of eggs and of the newly hatched insects, nearly a million in all. A sharp blade, siet at an acute angle on the end of a light pole, will enable the operator to cut off the eggs by means of a quick jerk, when they are otherwise beyond reach. If recently hatched, the same tool may be employed ; but when they become larger, and spread over the tree, they maybe destroyed early in the morn- ing, when mostly in the nests, by a swab on a pole dipped in lime wash ; or even by winding them on the end of the pole only, and crushing them under the foot. All that is necessary in order to keep an orchard cleared of them is a moderate amount of timely labor and attention. It is import- ant, for economy of labor as well as for thorough work, to secure them before they hatch. The Tent caterpillar is sometimes confounded by superficial observers with another insect, known as the Fall Web-worm, which hatches out, not early in the spring, but after mid-summer, and which was briefly noticed and described by Dr. Fitch in vol. 3, p. 303 of this work. Both make a web or tent ; but the Fall Web-worm has a wider range of trees for its food. It spins a cocoon late in summer, and does not come out till the ftillowing summer. The moth or miller is white, and it deposits its eggs in an irregular mass on a leaf, where they soon hatch and the larvae begin their work. 7) OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 229 Forest Tent Caterpillar. — This insect {Clisiocampa sylvatica) re- sembles, in some particulars, the Tent caterpillar of the orchard, {Came- rtcana,) but differs in being less confined to nests, and in the markings of the larva and moth. It appears only occasionally in large numbers. In the year 1867 it was quite destructive in Western New-York, and was given the erroneous name of " army worm," the true army worm being a southern insect, which destroys sometimes hundreds of acres of grass in a few days. About forty-five years ago the Forest caterpillar was so abundant in Western New-York that it nearly stripped the foliage from large forests in the early part of summer; and although the leaves were replaced in a few weeks, the check given to the growth was a serious injury, and many branches died, partly from the effects of the severe winter following. Like the common Orchard caterpillar, the miller deposits its eggs in the form of a ring or cylinder, on the young twigs ; but instead of the rounded form given to the mass of eggs of the orchard caterpillar, the eggs of the forest caterpillar form a distinct even-sized cylinder, with square ends, as at a, fig. 9. Each mass contains about 300 or 400 eggs. The eggs are small, about the twenty-fifth of an inch long, and the fiftieth part of an inch in diameter, and are repre- sented magnified at ssum-like, fold themselves up and drop. A quick eye detects them in a moment, and one pinch of the thumb and finger despatches them. If the trees are quite large, the sheets should be of corresponding size, and they may be stiffened more T thoroughly, as shown in fig. 18. Suitable sticks may be made by cutting green rods or poles, where they can be had, peeling off the bark, and allowing them to dry a few days. One-half or three-fourths of an inch in di- ameter will render them stiff enough. Fig. 18. For jarring down, a s^arp blow is important. Merely shaking y^^Xih^ of little use. The following state- ment was made nearly forty years ago by David Thomas, in one of the early volumes of the Genesee Farmer: "Under a tree in a remote part of the fruit garden, having spread the sheets, I made the following experi- ment : On shaking the tree well I caughtyfz'^curculios ; on jarring it with the hand, I caught twelve more ; on striking the tree with a stone, eight more drop on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in error ; and calling in assistance, and using a hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught in less than an hour more than two hundred and sixty of these insects." Downing recommended, and many have followed, the practice of binding several layers of cloth over the mallet, to soften the blow and prevent the bruising ot the bark. Dr. Hull has adopted this mode in his famous curculio catcher. But it defeats, partially, the very object the operator has in view ; it fails to bring down all the insects, and a part escape. This is one reason why so many fail in the use of the jarring mode. Formerly, in order to make a sharp sudden jar, without bruising the tree, we adopted the prac- tice of sawing off a small limb, leaving a stump an Fig. 19. inch or two long, (shown at a, fig. 19,) on the end of which a large hammer or axe could be struck with safely. This was ©c:^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 235 Fig. 20. Fig. 21. more efficient than a cushioned naallet. But more recently we have employed a still better mode. Procure a sufficient number of large sized cut-spikes, bore holes into the trunk or large limbs to receive them, and drive a spike firmly part way into each hole, fig. 20. If the spikes are too long, break off the points in a vise. On the heads of these, a blow of a large hammer will bring down every curculio. Its efficiency con- trasts strongly with the old modes. When the trees are small, one spike in each tree is suf- ficient ; when they become quite large, it will be best to insert one in each of the larger limbs, as shown at b b, fig. 21. Instead of spikes, short pieces of rod-iron will answer a good purpose. When the insects are very abundant, it may be more expeditious to kill them in hot water. In this case make the frames double, or with joints at the middle, (using two sticks in place of one,) so that the sheets may be folded together like the covers of a book, forming 9 trough dowi:i which the insects may be shot into the vessel of hot water. The work of catching the insects should be commenced as soon as the young plums are as large as small peas, and continued several weeks, till no more c^n be found. At first they may increase for a few days, as they continue to make their appearance ; but they will soon be found to diminish as their ranks are thinned by the thumb-and-finger warfare. In one of the most abundant seasons, about two hundred were killed every morning in a quarter-acre orchard for the first week. By the end of the second week the number had diminished to about sixty daily. They continued to grow fewer, until at the end of the fourth week only five were found at the last examination, when the work was discontinued. A magnificent crop of delicious fruit was the result. It is well to persevere long, as new crops of the insects often continue to come, after the earlier ones are all destroyed. The best time is early in the morning, when they are more torpid than at mid-day. Once a day will commonly answer, unless in seasons of extra- ordinary abundance, when a second examination should be made at sun- down. The work should not be intermitted a single day. It is such inter- missions that often cause failure. Dr. Hull's curculio catcher consists of a large hopper-shaped frame covered with muslin, and attached to a heavy wheelbarrow, the front frame of which is driven against the tree, jarring it, and bringing down the insects into the hopper. It requires that the stem of the tree be trimmed up three or four feet high, like fig. 19. The mode we have described allows the { ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER limbs to branch within a foot of the ground, as shown in fig. 21. By this mode of training we can pick half the plums while standing on the ground, and the remainder with a small step-ladder. In using the jarring process for destroying the curculio, it must not be forgotten that the practice of turning in pigs and poultry for a month or so early in summer, is a useful auxiliary. If they pick up and eat every larva in the fallen plums, they destroy a vast number which might otherwise make havoc another year. Sweeping up the fallen fruit daily accomplishes the same purpose. In some cases swine have thinned the insects so much that uniformly heavy crops have been obtained year after year — the animals being sufficiently numerous to make thorough work, and it must be yearly without intermission. In connection with jarring down, these depredators may be so effectually thinned out, that the crop will be saved in such places, and in such seasons, as are most abundantly infested with them. The application of these two remedies is both easier and more effectual than many others which have been strongly recommended, such as cover- ing the trees with lime wash or tobacco water, smoking trees daily, placing putrid substances under them, spading in the rising curculios, cutting canals under the trees to fill with water, laying brick pavements, making mortar floors, and other modes hard to apply, and of little or no efficiency. The Apple Cur- culio of the west, properly so called, is a distinct insect, and is shown magnified in fig. 22. The most striking point of dis- ■^ o tinction is its very Fig. 22.'—A/>ple Curculio of the West. long beak. Although the common plum curculio attacks the apple, as well as several other fruits, the insect here figured is an especial enemy to it. It has not been found in the eastern States, and may not prove generally formidable at the west. The Bark Louse. — There are two distinct species of in- sects that produce scales on the bark of apple trees, known ^^'shdlBark- as bark lice. The imported Oyster-shell Bark-louse is Louse. shown in fig. 23. The scales, which have much resemblance in shape to minute oyster shells, are of a greenish brown color, and the many eggs beneath them are minute, oval, milk white. They hatch out in sum- mer into minute lice, which are so small as scarcely to be seen, or would be likely to be mistaken for specks on the bark as they are nearly motionless. ,>'««1' mm. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. The American Bark-louse is represented in fig. 24. Unlike the last described, the scales are milk white, and much more flattened j and the eggs, instead of being white, are pink or blood red. It is the Oyster-shell louse that is so injurious to young apple trees. When the stems and branches are densely covered with them they retard growth, render the trees feeble, and in many cases entirely destroy them. The eggs hatch by the first of summer, and the young lice may then be destroyed by a wash of potash, not strong enough to injure the bark. But as the in- sects are too small to attract attention at this time, the remedy is always omitted. By midsummer the scales begin to form, and from this time until the following spring, other remedies must be resorted to. One which has proved effectual is to boil leaf tobacco in strong lye until reduced to an impalpable pulp, and then mix it with soft soap. This is diluted with water American Bark- Louse, till like paint, and is applied with a brush when the trees are dormant, to the stem and branches. Another method is to apply a mixture of tar and linseed oil, warm, not hot, in March ; it soon dries, becomes a varnish, and peels off, carrying the lice with it. Insects which Affect Small Fruits. Currant Worm. — There are three distinct insects which commit depre- djftions on currant and gooseberry leaves, namely, the Currant Span worm, which comes out in the form of a miller or moth, the Imported Currant worm, and the Native Currant worm, both of the latter forming four-winged flies in the perfect state. The Span worm was first observed, in several places, as a depredator, about twelve years ago, and was seen at Union Springs, N. Y., the same year that the imported vvorm'began to attract attention at Rochester, N. Y., where it was believed to have been imported in nursery packages of gooseberry and currant bushes from Europe. The Currant Span worm, {Ellopia ribearia,) is represented in the follow- ing figure, (fig.25,) the natural size and appearance. It is about an inch long, bright yellow, with numerous black spots. The head is white, with eye- like spots. It devours the early leaves of the gooseberry and currant, and when about to change, hides under rubbish, clods, or descends into the ground, and changes to the chrysalis. No. 3. In two weeks it comes out in the form of a moth or miller, of a dull yellowish white, with dark colored spots towards the ends of the wings. The spread wings measure ^ =^0^ 238 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER about an inch and a quaiter. The figure, (fig. 26,) represents its appear- ance, but is too dark. Where the larvae has been numerous, and have stripped the currant row, this miller may be often seen in considerable numbers, flying over the r^ bushes and laying its eggs ^^^^^ on the twigs. Here the eggs remain till the fol- lowing season, and hatch out about the time the gooseberry and currant leaves expand, ready for devouring them. As the eggs remain on the bushes during the time that nurserymen dig and pack them for dis- tant conveyance, care should be taken that the insects are not thus con- Fig. 25. — Currant Span Worm. veyed to places where they are previously unknown. The Imported Currant Worm, {Ne- mahis vefttricosus,) is represented in figs. 27 and 28 ; a a, the larvae in the act of devouring gooseberry leaves ; b, an enlarged view of one of the abdominal joints, to show the position pjg 26.— Moth 0/ Currant Span of the black spots. Worm. In fig. 28 are magnified representations of the male, ^, and female, b, the cross lines showing the natural size. The perfect insect makes its appearance as soon as the leaves of the gooseberry and currant are fairly expanded, and lays its eggs on the under side of the leaves, along the principal veins, and not, like the Span worm, on the young twigs. If the latter deposited eggs on the leaves, they would fall to the ground, as they remain unhatched till the following season, as already stated. The eggs of the Imported worm soon hatch into 20-legged worms, of a green color, having at first black heads and numerous black dots over the body, but after the last moulting they are entirely green, except the OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 239 Fig. 27. — Iwported Currant Worm— Larva. large eye-dots and the three yellowish joints, one next the head, and the others at the rear. They are about three-fourths of an inch long when full grown. When, as usually happens, they are in large numbers, they rapidly consume the leaves, and whole rows of bushes have been entirely stripi>ed in forty-eight hours. Hence the importance of close watching and prompt attention in ap- plying the remedies to destroy them. A single defoliation, while it does not kill the bushes, re- tards growth, and com- monly greatly injures or prevents the ripen- ing of a crop ; and if often repeated, so that the bushes remain bare for a long time, or for successive seasons, the bushes necessarily perish. When the larvae at- tain full size, they bur- row under ground, or hide under scattered leaves, and spin an oval brown cocoon. After some weeks the per- fect insect comes out, lays eggs as before, produces larvae, which pass to the pupa state, and remain so till the following season. The Native Currant Worm, {Pn'stif>hora grossularice,) is smaller than the preceding, or about two-thirds in size, and otherwise resembles it Fig. 2%.— Perfect State 0/ Imf>orted Currant Worm- Upper, Male — Lnver, Female. -=^0<^ 0 -^4° ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER somewhat in general appearance.* Unlike that, the male and female differ but slightly. The larvae are of a uniform pale green color, a, (fig. 29,) without any black dots, which readily dis- tinguishes it from the two others already des- cribed, the head becom- ing black. It spins its cocoons among the twigs and leaves. It appears later than the Imported Currant worm, or near mid-summer, and the Fig. 29. — Native Currant Worm. second brood early in autumn. Unlike the last named, the second brood also passes to the state of winged insects tha»same autumn, and lays its eggs on the twigs of the bushes, where they remain till the next season. The remedy for the three species of Currant worms is the same for each — namely, killing by poison. Unlike many other insects, this remedy is comparatively cheap, easily applied, and entirely successful if used prompt- ly. It consists in dusting powdered White Hellebore from a finely per- forated dredging box, or from a box covered with fine muslin, so as to give the leaves a thin dusting of this poison. It may be had at drug stores. Do it in the morning when the dew is on, but do not wait for dew if the fruit worms have made their appearance. To prevent inhaling the dust, fasten the box to a short stick, apply it when there is only a faint breeze, and stand on the windward side. As soon as the insects devour it with the leaves, they curl up and die. It is desirable to give the leaves a very thin coating, and not to apply it in masses. Strawberry Worm. — For the account of this insect we are wholly indebted to the Ame- rican Entomologist. It appears that for some years it has infested strawberry fields in certain parts of North- - , . em Illinois and In- Fig. so— Strawberry Worvt. diana, and has also occurred in Canada. The above figure, (fig. 30,) represents, at .) In ten days or more they issue a small black moth, with narrow wings, expand- ing nearly an inch, {d unde, fig. 32.) These moths have a fan-like, forked tuft at the end of the body, and an orange ring around the neck or forward margin of the thorax. They deposit their eggs in small clusters on the under side of the leaf, from which the larvae hatch and form the second brood. Most of the pupae of this second brood remain till the following spring. This insect may be destroyed by drenching the leaves with whale oil soap, or with carbolic or chrysilic acid, properly diluted with soap suds. Spotted Grape Beetle. — The spotted Pelidnota, {Pelidnota punctata,) is a large brown beetle, an inch long, marked by eight dark spots, c, (fig. 33.) The larva {a) is a large white grub, about two inches long, with brownish head and feet, and a peculiar heart-shaped swelling at the hinder end, ( OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 247 a good swivel plow, turnfng the furrows all one way, and leaving no dead furrows. Fig. 40 shows the manner in which stubble ground is commonly plowed, the team passing around each successive "land," and throwing the furrow outwards. Each land has a dead furrow at the centre, and a brancliing furrow at each end, running out to ^■~- *- — "-.fr-} tjie corners. In addition to this inconvenience, a portion of the plowed ground is trodden hard again by the horses' feet at four places on each land, as indicated by the shaded diagonal strips. Stubble land may be plowed as shown in fig. 39, with the excep- tion of omitting the head-lands, and plowing across the end of Fig. 40. — Plowing Stubble into Latids. Fig. j^\.— Oblique Field. each land, which will prevent the treading of the plowed ground by the horses, and leaving but single straight dead furrows, but it is somewhat inconvenient to turn the team about to the right.* We give further examples of the mode of laying out fields that are irregular in form. When the sides are parallel, but the angles oblique, as in fig. 41, the two centers a and b may be found by dividing the angles, as explained under fig. 35. The line a <5,if continued straight on to the two end boundaries, will be a little longer than the distance to the two longer sides, because it crosses the furrows obliquely. The centre of a tri- angular field, fig. 42, is Fig. 42. — Laying Out Triangular Field. determined in a similar manner. Two angles are bisected, as shown by the dotted lines, and the * In order to plow head-lands in a satisfactory manner, leave a strip of unplowed land on each side, as wide as the head-lands at the ends ; then plow inwards around the whole «\ field, bejiinning on the inner side, and so going out towards the fence. By leaving an ample /(\ /m widtli for the horses to turn about uiion at the ends, there can be no loss or disadvantage, /r\ n as this border is as easily plowed by passing around the whole field as in any other way. ^j 248 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RECUSTER place where they cross is the centre. Measure a few feet outward, equally distant from this centre, on the lines, and draw lines or set slakes parallel with the boundaries. This will form the triangle a d c, which is exactly similar in shape to the field, but much smaller. Begin at the middle and plow this triangle, so that the furrows shall come out parallel to its three sides, and then you will have a fair start ; and all you have then to do is to plow around it till the field is finished. It is well to measure the three unplowed sides occasionally, to see that all preserve the same width, and if they are found to vary by inaccurate plowing, the error can be easily rectified by varying the furrows. In order to draw the centre triangle easily and accurately, the following course maybe pursued. After bisecting the two angles, as already shown, put up a line of stakes on the two intersecting lines, measure from the centre stake an equal distance along these lines, and set up two stakes at l> and a, and stretch a cord between them. Then, by means of the square, laid carefully against this line, sight towards the nearest boundary, set a stake there, and then measuring the distance from the square to the last mentioned stake, it will give the exact distance from the triangle to the outside of the field. Then setting the square on each of the other two sides successively, measure this distance in, and set stakes at the end. These stakes will be in the lines which form the central triangle, and measuring twice from each side, will give the exact position of the triangle. Fig. 43 shows an irregular four-sided field. First find the two centres a and l> by bi.'iecting the angles, as shown by the dotted lines at the corners, and, as already described for the square angled field^ fig. 35. Then measuring perpendicularlv from /; to the nearest side by the assistance of the square placed on that side, (which is moved along backward or forward till Y\z. ^-i—Layine Old Trapezoidal Field. in the right place,) mea- sure the same distance from the other sides at r, ^ and ^, making these measurements perpendicular to the sides by means of the square. Stakes driven inat the ends will form a triangle, around which the plow is run till the field is finished. Or, if this triangle is too large, as will be apt to be the case, begin at a and run the furrows parallel to the three sides of this triangle, and the work will come out right. Fig. 44 represents an irregular five-sided field. The same course is to /SV OF RURAL AFFAIRS. be adopted as before, the places for the two central stakes, a and b, being first found, and the sides of the central figure, parallel respectively to the other sides, found as described under fig. 43.* ^ — -:^^,^ It will make the plowing easier, fT"/^ "j — --^:>^,.^_^ plainer, and more accurate, to plow / ,X ;■ ^^*^»>.^^ light furrows from the corners in to- /■■' '"'•. -'.., \^ wards the centres ; and also to plow / f>a '""*--.. .-•''' ■••] light furrows to form the centre tri- / ..-••*''■ '^\h 1 angle. The corner furrows will /\ y-'' \ /\ show exactly where the team turns, /■-•' "v ■-'•"••] and the work will be kept in more Fig. 44. — Five Sided Field Laid Out. accurate shape. To some all this work at measuring may seem troublesome and need- less ; but it will be found a great saving of labor in the end. Any one can understand the rules given by a few minutes attention ; and after some practice a large field may be laid out for plowing, in an hour's time. Without such measuring the plowman may finish on one side of a fifty acre field, when he has left an unplowed strip on the other two or three rods wide, which will cost him. an additional day's labor to plow, unless he finishes up in the irregular manner, with a dead furrow. WEED-HOOKS AND CHAINS IN PLOWING. THE USEFUL AND INCREASING PRACTICE of turning under heavy crops of clover and other green growth as manure, renders it essential to perform the work, in a perfect manner, so as to leave no stems and leaves uncovered. In plowing under tall stubble or weeds, all should be completely laid beneath the inverted furrow slice. Different modes are adopted to effect this purpose. The practice of run- ning the harrow over the crop to be plowed under, in the direction in which the plow is to pass, to assist in prostrating the crop, has given way to other and better modes. The most common means now used is to attach a chain to the plow in such a manner that its weight, as it is dragged by the plow, shall bend over the plants and sweep them into each successive furrow. One mode of attaching it to the plow, is to fasten one end to the right hand portion of the main whiffletree, and the other to the right handle. Or it may be done as represented in fig. 45, the chain forming a loop. A little trial will show how long to make this loop ; if too long, the sod will cover it; if too short, it will not hold the weeds down. A short chain extending from the rear end of the beam to the left side of the loop will keep it better in place. When plowing with oxen the chain at its forward * For the simple and easy mode here given, of determining the centres, and for placing the sides of the central figures, we are indebted to Prof. Evans and Dr. Potter of Cornell University. Fig. 45. — Weed-Loop, made with a Chain. end is attached to a piece of wood about two feet long, screwed on the beam, as in fig. 46. This is the best mode in any case. It should be wide next the plow, so as to brace firmly. Where there is much of this work to be done, it is better to provide a weed-hook. This, like the different modes of attaching Fig. 46. the chain, varies in form. Fig. 47 shows one which slants backwards, and wipes the growth from the sod into the furrow. Fig. 48 represents one in the form of a bow or hook, Fig. 47. — Weed Burier, or straight Rod. Fig. 48. Weed Hook. which sweeps the |[rowth compactly together, ready for turning under. The first named method works more easily, and is not liable to be caught by obstructions. The latter is more effectual, and does best on smooth, even ground. The weed hook may be madeof rod-iron, stiff enough to retain its place, and possessing some spring when it meets with obstructions. It may be bent as circumstances may require for its best performance, after trying it a short time. It is attached to the plow beam by wedging under a band — a small groove being cut into the beam to hold it securely to its place. The steel rods which are employed in the manufacture of rake teeth will make better weed hooks than iron, and possessing considerable elasticity, will bend easily in passing obstructions, and spring again into position. Sometimes the weed hook is made to project at right angles OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 251 /l^'-V^v. Fig. 49. — Plowed without Weed Hook or Chain. Fig. 50. — Weeds, 6r'c., Buried by Chain or Weed Hook. 50, the same when they are well buried by means from the beam near the mould-board, and bending downward in a slanting direc- tion. In this shape it should be made of bar iron, so as to possess greater strength ; but we pre- fer the first described forms. In the accompany- ing figures, fig.49 rep- resents a field of tall grass or weeds partly plowed under with- out any assistance of hook or chain ; fig, of these appliances. LADDERS AND LADDER STANDS. F OR PICKING FRUIT, and for various other purposes, light and portable ladders are a great convenience. Much depends on their their being neatly made, and of the best materials, but a well devised form is also important. For moderate heights, one of the most convenient, easily made and easily carried, is shown by fig. 51, It is merely a three-legged stool, about two and a half feet high, with stout, spread- ing legs, a piece of tough plank for the top, and the rounds on one side placed so that one can step up easily. The legs should be about the size of a common chair post, or a little larger. This stand is always ready for use, can . Fig. 53. Pointed Hooked Ladder. Fig. 52- Long Hooked Ladder. Fig. 51 Short Standing Ladder. be Carried in one hand, sits 0 ^5^ f ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER firmly, and for reaching up to 'branches of fruit a short distance overhead is just the thing. When fruit is higher on the tree, a common ladder may be employed, the length varying from eight to fifteen feet — say three ladders, eight, eleven and fifteen. Placed in the common way against a limb, there is danger of its sliding one way or the other, at the peril of the workman and bruising and scraping the tree. This difficulty is obviated by placing a hook on the upper end of one of the bars of the ladder, to be placed over a limb, the best point being at a fork, (fig. 52.) The lower end resting on the ground, it is held firmly to its place. The bar which holds the hook should be rather longer than the other, as the cut ex- hibits. To prevent bruising the bark, the hook should be of wood, made broad, and padded on the lower side. The best, firmest and easiest way to make it, is to cut a thick piece of wood, as represented in the cut, and secure it to the ladder by screw bolts. It is easily padded by placing a few thicknesses of woolen cloth on the lower side, and then securing these by passing a strong cord a few times around, or better, by driving a few carpet tacks at the edges. Another form of this ladder is shown at fig. 53, the two bars coming together at the top, where the hook, wide enough to reach across both, is screwed to them. This form has two advantages — it stands firmer, and the wedge form above allows the operator to thrust it up anywhere into the tree. Standing Ladders. For a height of from six to ten feet, a good, simple, self-supporting ladder is shown in fig. 54. It is made spreading rather wide at bottom, so as to stand securely. To prevent the rounds from being weakened by their length, a few of the lower ones pass through a stiffening bar, (represented in the figure,) so that all thus connected support each other. The legs of this ladder may be connected to the upper end by means of holes bored through them to leceive the upper Fig. 54. — Standing Ladder, Fig. i$.—Comtnon Standins: Ladder. round, or by iron straps passing around, and screwed or riveted to the upper end of the legs. This ladder is quite portable, the legs folding against the ladder when not in use. Fig. 55 represents a common step-ladder, each leg being attached at the ©-"^^^^ ^^^^^^O OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 253 0. top by means of a universal joint, so that they may be spread out for stand- ing firmly, or folded against the steps when not in use. A common ladder, when not over twelve feet long, may be easily made into a standing one, by means of the contrivance exhibited by fig. 56. Two supporting legs are attached to the outside bars at the top by means of screws, the form of which is shown at a. The legs have an opening or slot (b) to re- ceive these screws. The ladder is raised, and the legs are at once placed under, against the screvys, where they remain securely till the ladder is moved. Fig. 57 shows the upper end of the ladder more dis- tinctly at the place where the legs are attached. The screws should be set a little Fig. 56. — Long^ Standing Ladder, obliquely, SO that the legs may spread. A blacksmith will make them at a small cost. All ladders like this should be shod with iron or steel at the bottom, to pre- ventslipping, as figured and described on p. 177, vol. 5, of Rural Affairs. A support for the fruit basket, at the side of the ladder, is represented on p. 180 of Illustrated Annual Register for 1871, but usually it is more convenient to attach a hook to the basket handle, so that it may be hung on a branch, or on the round of the ladder, (fig. 58.) Fig. sj. -^Common Ladder Changed to a Standing one. Fig. 58. — Hook /or Basket. The hook may be made by bending iron rod, or from the forked branch ||> of a tree. (In the cut it is represented much too long.) Long ladders often become dangerous by spreading — allowing the rounds 254 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER to become loose, to slip out, and to bread under the weight of the person upon it. To prevent any possibility of such danger, two or three tie-rods, shown in fig. 59, should be placed just below the round, at two or three different places. Take a piece of half-inch or five-eighths iron rod ; weld on a small shoulder, just as far apart as the inside of the lad- der ; cut a screw and place a nut on each end, jl and when the ladder is put together, insert the ties. Fig. 60. Library Ladder. Fie. 6r. Library Ladder folded up. Fig. 59. — Tie Rods. A library ladder is shown in fig. 60. The side steps turn on an iron rod, seen just above the lower step, so that when not in use these side steps may be turned up out of the way, as shown in fig. 61, when it will take up less room than a common chair. A common carpenter will make a plain one, such as the figure represents, in a day at a cost of not more than $3 or $4, and cabinet-makers sell more finished ones, with carpeted steps, for $8 or $ro. The dimensions which we have employed in having them made, are as follows : Whole height, 34 inches ; size of the board, 12 by 18 inches ; size of steps, 7 by 14 inches ; height of steps, nearly one foot. When at the seed store of Jas. Vick of Rochester, N. Y., we saw a new li- brary chair, which bv a single turn of^ ^ the hand, wa.«i con- verted into a step- ladder as high as the top of the back. A number had recently been imported for sale, and were better in appearance than the accompanying cut repre- sents— being of oak color and neatly constructed. Fig. 62 shows the appear- ance in the ordinary position as a chair, and fig. 63 the same, with the back Fig. 63, OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 255 turned over and down, so as to form a support to the step-ladder, to which the chair is thus converted. It would prove a convenient piece of furniture in a library, or in a goods shop, where one wishes to reach a higher shelf. ORNAMENTAL PLANTING. DWELLINGS ON OBLIQUE ROADS.— A correspondent has a trapezoidal piece of land, which he wishes to lay out as a building lot, of three or four acres, the road passing it obliquely, as in fig. 64. He is in a quandary whether to have the house face the road at right angles, and stand crooked with his neighbors where the road is straight,or else set his house "skew- ing" with the road, and he asks for information. This is a common dilemma wherever diagonal roads exist, and we have many such inquiries from ^ . . owners of small places. The course to be pursued Fis- 64. must accord with circumstances. If the general course of the road is in the direction indicated, for a long distance, and the house is to be quite near it, then place the house directly facing the road, and flank it well with trees planted rather closely, so that its skew- ing position will be obscured by the foliage from those points where it would not appear well, as we have indicated in fig. 65. If the house is to be placed at a greater distance from the road, then let it face the finest Fig. 65. Fig. 66. views, nearly irrespective of the course of the road. Plant the grounds in the modern style, and with properly curved walks or roads, and the irregu- larity will not be at all out of place. Fig. 66 represeuts something of the character proposed. In all designs of the kind it must be borne in mind that the dwelling is ■ — ^^3^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGESTER to face the most desirable or beautiful views, or objects of importance. / Too much respect is commonly paid to the public highway, which is often a place for rubbish, instead of being made a handsome avenue. In many places cattle and swine are allowed to run in the roads, which they dis- figure by their rooting or droppings. Brush and stone are often thrown into them in clearing adjoining fields. Some farmers place their farm buildings on the line of the road, and make it a receptacle of all kinds ot implements and scattered lumber. Roads kept in such condition are not entitled to the respect which is shown them, by foregoing fine distant views or lake prospects in order that the dwellings may stand square and respectfully toward them. When country residents shall all unite in keeping the roads smooth and even, clear of all rubbish, neatly mowed, and handsomely planted with trees, so that they may be as agreeable a place for promenade or riding as a landscape garden, then we would advise that they be regarded as one of the best objects for a dwelling to face. The labor of keeping them in this condition would not be greater than that required to deface them, as it obviously requires as much work to carry brush, stones, lumber, tools, &c., into the road, as to cany them out of it. We may suppose that a house is about to be built on an elevated spot, where there are four desirable points visible. One is a beautiful lake, another a distant village, a third a broad rich valley, and the fourth a street with rubbish and straggling animals. Shall we turn away from the first three in order to enjoy the last ? A little attention to these considerations, with a share (5f common sense, will enable any one to decide the conllicting questions of locality and position in fixing on a spot to build, and in determining the position of the dwelling. Transplanting with Balls. — The frozen-ball method of removing ornamental trees is preferred by many to all others for some purposes. It is well adapted to evergreens growing wild, if they are of much size. In order that it may be easily and expeditiously performed, preparation should be made in autumn, or before the ground freezes hard, by digging a trench in the shape of a circle about every tree a foot deep, or as far down as the frost penetrates; and then filling these trenches with dead leaves, which are always abundant at this time of year in the borders of woods or wherever these trees are sought. The leaves will prevent the trenches from freezing in winter, and the earth within them being frozen hard, the trees are easily loosened and tipped over, and may then be readily transferred to sleds and conveyed to their place of destination, where holes, dug at the same time that the trenches were made, and simi- larly filled with leaves if convenient, or left open and frozen, may receive them. If holes and balls are both frozen hard, and are nearly equal in size, the first thaw will soften the ball and give it a close fit. But it is rather better to keep the hole unfrozen, so that the ball may be snugly imbedded in the mellow earth when placed there. For well rooted nur- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 257 ! sery trees this mode is not applicable ; but we have found it well adapted to the removal of evergreens from the borders of woods in winter, when the work could be more deliberately attended to than during the busy period of spring. Lawns. — P. Barry gives the following as the requisites for a good lawn : I. A dry ground, or one free from stagnant water, 2. A deepened or trenched soil, from 18 to 24 inches — trenched by hand or trench-plowed — which will keep the grass green during the drouths of summer, and greatly promote the growth of the trees and shrubs planted in it. 3. Evenness of surface — not level merely, for an undulating surface is quite as good as a level one — but smooth, and free from even the smallest stones. The best grass is Red Top — pure, unmixed Red Top — which Mr. B. prefers to a mixture of a fourth p^art or so of White clover, commonly recommended. The Red Top should be sown at the rate of four or five bushels, or fifty or sixty pounds, per acre. It should be sown very early in spring, at the first moment the ground will bear working. All preparatory work should be performed in the fall, so that the ground may settle, and defects be corrected before sowing. In the spring, at a fitting moment, plow lightly, har- row well, pick off stones, sow, and give a good rolling, which finishes the work. If the work is well done, there will be a respectable lawn by mid- summer. Mow once a week, and a little oftener early in the season. One of Swift's mowers, drawn by a horse, will keep the lawn in perfect order. A hand-mower, for smaller places, will occasionally require a roller be- sides. If well prepared, the lawn will not need manure for a long time. A rank growth is not wanted. When it becomes feeble, top-dress with a compost of rotten turf and stable manure, decomposed to a fine mould and screened. The best way to guard against the effects of drouth is to deepen the soil. Evergreen Belts. — The Western Rural publishes an account of the timber belts on Horace Greeley's farm, at Chappaqua, N. Y., which con- sist of four parallel rows of Norway Spruce, White Pine, Cedar and Hem- lock, respectively. The kind of Cedar is not mentioned. The trees are ten feet apart in the row, and the rows are twelve feet apart. The outer rows are covered with branches and verdure to the ground ; the inner ones have the branches pruned off, so that one can look through from end to end, as through a long arcade. The whole forms a magnificent screen or barrier, through which a bird cannot fly, and it protects the garden and small fruit trees from the storms of winter. Manuring Evergreens. — The Horticulturist says that "a good coat of manure, applied every fall, as far out as the branches extend, will ensure next season a deep glossy green to the foliage ; the effect is sometimes so peculiarly ornamental it seems as if the shrubs and trees were of a new variety. The Norway Spruce we have often observed in some grounds, of a light, sickly green, while in other yards it is of a fine deep color ; the difference comes only from treatment — one is in poor soil, the other is in . rich. Those who wish their evergreens and shrubs to thrive and grow ©c:^- -<^o^ 258 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER handsome every year, will not fail to remember this hint. Do not apply fresh manure ; it should always be well rotted." Pruning Evergreens. — The spring of the year is the best time, just before the buds begin to swell, if considerable portions of the trees are to be removed. If done while the trees are growing rapidly, it would tend to check their growth. It is, however, an excellent time to pinch in long shoots, by simply nipping off the point. This causes the side buds to be- come developed, and induces a thicker growth. With the Scotch and other pines, these developed buds will push next spring ; with the spruces, they will often start at once. Towards the close of summer, hardy ever- greens may be moderately pruned, or when growth is approaching its ter- mination. Hemlock Hedges. — The Gardeners' Monthly says: "Some think that as the Hemlock is a large forest timber tree, it cannot be kept down as a hedge plant ; but summer pruning will keep the strongest tree in a dwarf condition for a great number of years. The pruning has to be done just after the young growth pushes out, which generally is about the end of May. It is very important the hedge should be cut with sloping sides, so that every part of the surface should have the full benefit of the light. No hedge with upright sides or a square top will keep thick at the bot- tom long." Half-Tender Evergreens, such as Cedar of Lebanon, Deodar and English Holly, may, according to the Gardeners' Monthly, be grown in open air, if under the protection of evergreen belts, planted either with Norway Spruce, White pine or Scotch pine. Improving the Form of Flowering Plants. — Some annuals grow in a handsome, symmetrical form ; others are stragglers in a greater or less degree. These may be improved in appearance by pinching in the longer shoots in time — not cutting them back, which would be too late to obviate the mischief, and would tend to check their growth. Such plants as the Aster do not often need this shaping, but Balsams, and many others, may be much improved by a little timely attention. Leaves from Lawn Trees should be raked up in autumn on the score of neatness ; and they may be applied to various useful purposes. Gardeners who employ cold frames to protect tender plants will find leaves not only a good additional covering inside, but placed around the frames contribute to the same result. They are useful for covering all beds of half-hardy plants, recently planted bulbs, &c., and may be kept from blow- ing away by a little brush or a few evergreen boughs. They also form a warm and comfortable litter for horse stables, more so than straw, as the leaves lie in smooth and even layers, and the thin strata of air which they enclose, render them efficient non-conductors. The manure, mixed with this mass of leaves, is not fibrous, like fresh straw manure, and is excellent for garden uses. Window Plants. — The Gardeners' Monthly says that a temperature of 55^^ will give more flowers to the common window plant than a higher ^c:^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 259 temperature, and names such old-fashioned sorts as Mignonette, Sweet Alyssum, Zonale Geraniums, Cupheas, Fuchsias, Violets, Roses, Chinese Primrose, &c., as among the best for this purpose. Pansies in Masses. — A correspondent of the Gardeners' Chronicle says that no one who has not seen the eflfect of pansies in large masses, can have an idea of their beauty. He planted a border, 400 yards long and 24 feet wide, with Pansies and Cerastiums, with a single row of Pyrami- dal Zonale Geraniums, in pots, at intervals of ten feet, and it was the admiration of all who saw it. How TO Fumigate a Green-House. — A correspondent of the Country Gentle- man gives the mode represented in the annexed figure, (fig. 67.) Get two small and two large flower pots. Set the small pots bottom upward, a small distance apart. Set a larger one, by on these, and put in some dry tobacco ; turn the other large pot bot- tom upwards on this, and place a candle under, so that the tobacco will not blaze. Rustic Work. — Finish the structures and let them become well season- ed, and then brush them over thoroughly with crude petroleum, which will penetrate the pores of the wood, and render it durable, like red cedar. A common whitewash brush will answer, and any laborer can apply it. Let him be careful to anoint every part thoroughly, more particularly the joints. The light petroleum will penetrate the pores more freely, and the heavy will give the whole a more rich brown color. It is a good way to put the light on first, and after some time to wash over with the heavy. We have used a mixture of the two, which has proved quite successful. Fig. 67. THE BOSTON HOT-BED. THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT of this comparatively cheap con- trivance for winter market gardens, is given in the Country Gen- tleman, by W. D. Philbrick ; The construction of our hot-beds is very simple. A situation is chosen with good drainage, and sheltered from the north and west by woods, or by a high board fence ; a pit is dug parallel with the fence, and three feet from it, seven feet wide and two feet deep ; this pit faces south or southeast, and has a cart path in front for hauling in manure and loam. A row of chestnut posts is set on each side of the 260 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER a -"-tayU — '-3: 9XG rerr sasbbb, ROAD .WAY pit, and 2 by 12 spruce plank spiked to them, so that the plank will be level, or nearly so, endwise the bed ; but the front plank should be two or three inches lower than the back one, to admit of good drainage of the sashes, which are placed directly on the plank. When complete the pit will have a six inch space dug outside the plank ; this space should be eight or ten inches wide, if it is "intended to run the bed in severe weather ; being filled with horse dung, it prevents the bed from freezing through the plank. The chief difference between this bed and the ones described in the books, consists in the small amount of manure used — eight or ten inches in depth being a great plenty ; and we generally put this in as hot and fresh as possible, cover- ing it immediately with eight or ten inches of loam, and planting upon it as soon as the heat begins to rise. Very sel- dom does the heat rise high enough to injure the plants, if a little care is used to air them well for the first week, though if a greater depth of ma- nure were used, there would be trouble from Y'xz.ti^.— Section 0/ Hot- Bed. this source ; 12 inches of manure we consider as much as can be safely used, and after the middle of March we never put in more than six or eight inches. Beds thus constructed are run the entire winter, yielding two crops of lettuce and a crop of cucumbers or tomato plants ; and although the labor of tending them is very considerable, having to be covered and uncovered every day with heavy mats and shutters, there is reason to believe that their use is profitable in skillful hands, inasmuch as the demand for horse manure for this use is in excess of the supply, and the price paid is $5 to $6 per cord in the stables in Boston — costing the farmer, delivered at his farm, fully $10 per cord for rough, strawy, long manure. A cord of ma- nure is enough for about eight or ten sashes, and after serving this use it is taken out and used for planting. The lettuce crop sells at 50c. to $1.25 per dozen through the winter, varying greatly with the supply and quality ; forty to fifty heads are planted under each sash, yielding $2 to $5 per sash ; and as many farmers hereabouts run 1,000 sashes, and obtain two or three crops in the season, it will be seen that the business has reached considerable magnitude. .-; -irr=;i.^ijfL / J/ifMifii;!; AHORSE DWGr^^^-^"^'^ ®C^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 261 DRYING RASPBERRIES. THE FOLLOWING MODE is adopted by A.M. Purdy of Palmyra, N. Y.: When tliere is a surplus of Raspberries, they are dried at the rate of twenty bushels a day, in a small drying house, seven feet by ten, heated by two small fires, and the whole costing about fifty dollars. The accompanying figures represent its construction. Fig, 69 shows the plan of the heating furnaces — the outer lines being the exterior of the furnace doors, through which access is had to the furnaces, F F, which are made of sheet-iron, half round, and are each about 10 feet long and 15 inches in diameter. The smoke and hot air passes through them, and through the horizontal pipes, P P, which are about five inches in diameter, into the brick chimney, C, standing against the end of the building. There should be a register in the pipe next the chimney, to control the heat. Fig. 69. — Plan of Drying^ House. Y\%. 70. — Section 0/ Dyyin^ House. Fig. 70 is a cross section of the house. It has no door, but the shelves pass into it from the outside. A A are the furnace doors ; B B, pieces of sheet iron to prevent burning the bottoms of the lower drawers ; C C C C, the drawers, sixteen in number ; D D D, shelves between the drawers to distribute the heat ; E, an extra drawer, for occasionally finishing the drying process ; V, ventilator to carry off the vapor from the drying fruit. The drawers are three feet wide and eight feet long — eight drawers on a side. Their position outside is shown in the perspective view, fig. 71. They are made of inch and a half pine for the sides and ends, and the bottoms of coarse cotton sheeting, tacked on with small nails, awd supported by cross-bars two feet apart. The front of the drawers are of inch board, four inches high. The shelves or distributors, D D, are tight, seven inches apart, and they come within ten inches of the sides of the 262 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER house. The drawers being all of equal size, will fit anywhere, so as to be changed from top to bottom, or otherwise. Between the two fire doors is placed a wooden box or square tube, (not shown in the cut,) running lengthwise horizontally through the house, with sliding boards at the ends to regulate the current of air, and with holes along the top. This supplies fresh air as it is heated and passes upwards. It regu- lates the temperature, and prevents the fruit from cook- ing. If at any time the house becomes too hot, pull out the lower drawers a few Fis. TL.—Purdy's Drying House. inches, to let in air. When nearly dry, finish up by placing the fruit from three or four drawers together, near the bottom, where they will have more warmth and fresh dry air. It is well to have the eaves extend some distance over, so as to protect the drawers when they are pulled out in rainy weather. Some would prefer to have the cleats on which the drawers slide, to extend outside to a short distance, as an additional support, but this is not essential. The house may be larger or smaller than the dimensions given, according to the amount of fruit likely to require drying. This mode of drying fruit of all kinds has important advantages. The drying being done rapidly, or in twenty-four hours, its freshness, flavor and color are preserved. All flies, wasps, millers, and other insects are kept away, and the fruit is clean and free from the eggs of flies. The drying is not retarded or interfered with by rain. Fine flavored apples, dried in such a house as this, ought to command a higher price in market than the brown and poor article, dried in open air, too often seen offered for sale. HORTICULTURE IN COMMON SCHOOLS. MANY YEARS AGO a successful teacher in a district school in the western part of the State, interested himself and his scholars in the culture of ornamental plants. The school yard, instead of the bald and repulsive appearance too often seen, was brilliant with tasteful flower-beds. The pupils understood that the flowers were objects for special protection, and they would as soon think of breaking the glass of the windows as to OF RURAL AFFAIRS. injure the plants. This early lesson in neatness and taste made a distinct and permanent imprint on the character of some of the young people, perhaps as useful and valuable as a knowledge of algebra and declamation. In those days there were many district schools where no refining influences of the kind where brought to bear, but where the school house in which the children are to receive so many moulding impressions, had nothing to render it attractive, or to soften the semi-barbarous habits created by the rough surroundings of the house of learning. A few years since a fine Union School house was built in one of our villages, at a cost of some twelve thousand dollars. A thousand dollars more was paid for an acre yard. There were no trees, and there was nothing to break the severity of wind andsnow storms in winter, or to afford refreshing shade from the hot sun in summer. A handsome building had been erected, but its beauty was defaced by the bleakness around it ; a costly piay ground had been purchased, but it possessed no more attrac- tion than an unplanted common. One hundredth part of the cost of this building and yard, used for planting trees, would have rendered both beau- tiful. The writer proposed to the trustees to furnish gratis the necessary shade trees, foreign and native, to plant the grounds. The offer was declined — *' the boys will tear up or break down all the trees in a few weeks." " But do you not think taste and civilization are as important as many things which they spend years in learning ?" " Oh, yes, this is well enough, but we cannot control those wild boys." *' The principal controls them within doors, and maintains perfect order ; is it to be civilization with- in, and vandalism without ?" '* Nobody will take the trouble to protect the trees, and there is no use in planting them." " Gentlemen, I think you are quite mistaken in your v^iews ; allow me to state briefly why I urge this matter. You all admit the difference between a country where there is no neatness or planting about the dwellings, and one where comfort and taste prevail. Any one would select the latter as a place for living, even at a considerable higher price. We wish to impress this taste on our young people, and the earlier we begin, the deeper and more permanent will be the impression. Look across the street yonder at Frank Gardener's neat house, half hid in trees and shrubbery, and with plenty of bearing fruit trees in the rear, and tell me if you do not think this a more desirable place to live than Sam Slipslop's below, where not a tree is to be seen, but old boards and barrels supply their place ? Frank's boys spend their spare time at home, in study, or in brushing up their pleasant home. Sam's boys are idling in the streets, or hanging around grog-shops. Which do you prefer?" " Oh, that is all well enough," said the trustees, " but it is just as they hap- pen to take a notion — schooling has nothing to do with it." " I think you are quite mistaken — there is nothing like early impressions. See it in Frank's and Sam's boys ; the character of both distinctly marked by the impressions to which they were respectfully subjected. It would be so at the school. "If you show that you are interested in ornamental planting, the boys 264 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER will soon catch the spirit. It is because you evince no interest in it. that they care little about it. I can tell you how to keep the grounds in hand- some condition, and the trees uninjured in the least degree. Form a Tree Planting Association among the scholars, or if you prefer, call it a Hor- ticultural Society. Let it be understood that certain gentlemen of admit- ted taste are going to visit the grounds occasionally, and that if successful, these efforts will be noticed in the village paper. They would be stimu- lated to excel ; the officers would prize their honors ; and all would be in- terested when they knew that the PUPILS were to have the credit of the beautiful grounds at Union School. We should not only gain the advantage of a place of learning creditable to our village, but we should confer a lasting benefit on our young people, by inspiring them with a taste for rural improvement. Would not this be as useful to them as to spend years in learning Latin and Logic?" The culture of flowers, the planting of ornamental trees, brief lessons on the requisites for successful growth, might with propriety be introduced as a recreative study into every school where the teachers have the taste, knowledge and ability to conduct it. It would civilize, humanize and smoothen — lead to useful and exalted 'pursuits, when without it, the ten- dency would be towards idleness and barbarism. The stream cannot rise higher than the fountain. This axiom will apply in all ordinary cases to the influence of the older on the younger. Every man therefore who has children, every school teacher, and every one who feels any interest in the great nation that is now growing up from childhood, should impress these matters upon his own mind, in order that his influence may be imparted to the young. THRESHING CLOVER.— In the absence of a clover huller, says a Maryland correspondent of the Country Gentleman, my practice has been, first to mow or gather the clover heads when dead ripe, or when the heads wear a dark brown color ; thresh with a threshing ma- chine, the concave elevated or the cylinder depressed, leaving barelv room for the ends of tlie cylinder spikes to pass clear of the concave; then attach a board in front, on the left side of the cylinder, and half the width of the cylinder. Back of the cylinder, and opposite where the clover enters, a similar board. The clover is passed through the opening in front, strikes the back board and rebounds back over the cylinder, strik- ing the front board and passes out ; thus each feed is struck or threshed twice and (if it has undergone wet and dry curing, threshed when dry and during frosty weather) thoroughly. When winnowing, if the screen is too coarse, cover it with wrapping paper, secured to the sides of the screen with tacks. In the fan shoe attach an oats and a four or six mesh riddle. The seed will pass down, the heads among the tailings, and loose chaff fly off. If not satisfactorily threshed, pass the heads through the thresher a second time. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 265 SUEPARDS RANOE 3.e. ST&riONARY rUBS o 10 10 HOTISr COLO WATER. GAS. 0T|& COLO WATER. 6.C In I., 6TOBE ROOM WITH LOCK & K£r I Id > < CO la > -I 111 X to I GAS^ PANTRY o o o M 2 y SERVANTS TABLE o GAS OVERHEAD pnfcWEHs aecmn b. jj^Bssssaaasaa DINING ROOM, MAIN HOUSE. STAIRS PLAN OF A KITCHEN. JL. DOUGLASS of Belleville, N. J., has furnished us the above • plan of hi.s kitchen, at his country residence at that place. The plan gives its own explanation. KITCHEN TABLE AND APPENDAGES. W it will E GIVE ENGRAVINGS of a useful kitchen table, with a set of shelves over it — an improvement on that described in Miss Beecher's book. Fig. 73 is a perspective view of the table, which may be about six feet long, the length being vari- ed to suit the wants of the owner. For a small kitchen or small family it may be 4 or 4^ feet long, with two ^'^?- 73- drawers ; but usually be found none too large if it rather exceeds six feet. It may be 266 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER f) about 2-} feet wide, and 2^ feet high. It stands against the wall. If two of the drawers are partitioned off, as shown in fig. 74, so as to have three or more compartments, the contents may be kept in neater order, and be more easily accessible. Two of the drawers may be thus divided, and the third remain undivided, for larger articles. In order that these drawers may be sufficiently spacious, and the table not extend too far into the room, the top should not project more than two inches over the frame or drawers. Fig. 74- Fig. 75. Over the table, and fastened to the wall, are the shelves, shown in fig. 75. These shelves, taken together, may be about three feet high and four feet long, varying with the wants of the owner. They maybe 10 or 12 inches deep. The two drawers beneath will be found convenient for smaller articles, nap- kins, &c. The shelves may hold jars, dishes, bottles, &c. On one end is a coffee mill, and on the other a soap-dish, with a salt box at the middle. Miss Beecher mentions the following articles, which may be placed in the table drawers. In the undivided one — rolling-pin, griddle, spad, coffee stick, meat fork, gridiron scraper, saw knife, skewers, apple corer, meat hammer, whetstone, &c. In the middle or divided drawer place kitchen knives and forks, and iron and other spoons, for the front division. Middle division — kitchen tablecloths. Back division — bags of all kinds, strainers, pudding bags, &c. In the third drawer, clean dish-cloths and towels in one division, and clean lamp towls, holders and dust cloths in the others. Remember to have all these kept in their places, and insist that the cook shall not change them. In this way all may be quickly found, and there will be no confusion. On the shelves above the table, one division is occupied with tin boxes with close fitting caps or covers, varying from' 8 inches high and 3 inches in diameter, to 4 inches high and 2 inches in diameter. The larger boxes hold sugar, starch, &c,; the medium, tea, coffee, salt, ginger, &c., and the smaller,, spices, mustard, &c. Junk bottles keep vinegar and molasses. Wide mouthed jars, soda and saleratus. All these to be largely and dis- tinctly labelled, and each kept invariably in its place. On another shelf may be graters, dredging box, pepper box, sieves, bottle brush, quart, pint and gill measures, scales and weights, corkscrew, &c. On another, teacups and saucers, bowls, pitchers, and funnels. A full assortment of all these vessels and tools, always within reach of the hand, and everything always in its place, will save a vast amount of labor, and innumerable steps, which must result from an indiscriminate scattering of things around the kitchen. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 267 PLOWING WITH THREE HORSES. THE PRACTICE of using three horses for plowing, possesses such advantages that it is rapidly extending among farmers, and we have many inquiries relative to the best mode of attaching them. Two horses alone are hardly strong enough for such deep and thorough work as the best farming commonly requires ; and a single plowman can cut a wider and deeper furrow with three horses, and consequently do more work in a day. When four are employed, an additional hand for driving is com- monly necessary ; and another disadvantage is, that the two forward horses, being at a distance from the plow, draw on a nearly horizontal line, and with much of the waste of power resulting from a line of draught in so unfavorable a direction. A brief explanation of the principle on which a horizontal or disadvantageous line of draft operates, on the one hand, and an inclined or rising line, on the other, may not be out of place here : If there were no friction, the draught traces might be on a level ; but as there is always some friction, the draught line should rise at an inclination, thus tending to lessen the pressure of friction between the plow and the soil. This upward inclination should always be increased, so far as may be practicable, as the friction or resistance increases. Hence the great reason that short traces result in a great saving of strength. An experiment was tried for the purpose of testing the correctness of this theory ; first with traces of such length that the horses' shoulders were about ten feet from the point of the plow ; and again with the distance increased to fifteen feet. The short traces required a force measured by the dynamometer equal to 225 pounds ; but with the long traces it amounted to 350 pounds, or 125 pounds more. The draught traces may, however, be made too short for the size of the animals. In this case the plow will be thrown too much upon its point in the effort to keep it in the ground. To prevent its flying out, the plowman is compelled to press down constantly upon the handles, thus increasing the friction which it is desired to avoid. Let the line of draught be so adjusted that the plow may pass equally all along upon its sole or bottom causing it to run with an even, steady motion. The traces ,,♦1 should therefore be of just such ^,,.--....^:fU^ a length that the share of the t^'y^ fi\ r''^^/ plow, (or more properly, the cen- ^ ~-—^-'-"^: /><.' " Ij.'S^^i ter of resistance,) the clevis, and ^^^^.. IL-.^L.-aL^^.. '^6 point of draught at the horses' Fig. 76. shoulders, (or the ring of the ox-yoke,) shall all form a straight line. In the accompanying figure (fig. 76) A represents the place or point of the forward end of the traces at the horses' shoulders, (or the ox-yoke ring,) and is in right position. Now, in using four horses, it is impossible to give the whole line of draught this continuous ascent in a right line, but it will be broken at 268 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER A, (fig. 77,) and of course the force of the forward horses tends to draw the rear ones down towards the ground, on their fore-legs, thus causing not only unnecessary fatigue, but occasioning a disadvantageous line of draught. .-7^1^^. iis / i.A >.■: ■:.! -iA I! '■■ \y- '■■/'/ .— .U......L(^. A^K ...^..-. Fig. 77. — Plowing -with Four Horses. All these objections are obviated by using the three-horse team, which works so well that three horses attached to the plow are preferred to a four-horse team, without taking into the account the additional cost of the horse and of the driver. The mode of attaching the three horses to the plow is not universally understood, and we have many inquiries in relation to the subject. The simplest and most common form of the whiffletrees is shown in fig. 78, where the two horses are hitched to the shorter end of the long evener or main bar, and the one horse to the longer end, so that all three have an 3 ^ ^ S " "' ^ Y\%. ^%.— Whiffletrees a7id Eveners for Three Horses, equal share of draught, I representing the tree for the single horse, and 2 and 3 those for the two. (The single horse should be to the left.) They are all to be made as short as practicable, and of such a length that the centre of the middle one may be exactly in front of the clevis on the plow-beam, in order that there may be an even draught. For the purpose, also, of having all work evenly side by side, the chain attaching the tree i to the main evener, should be long enough to reach forward to a straight line with the others. There are several other con- trivances for equalizing the draught of three horses, pos- sessing greater or less merit, but being more or less com- plex, require a full trial to test their comparative value. Among these is Potter's Three-Horse Clevis, repre- sented by fig. 79. It consists of two wheels in one, the Fig. 79- — Potter''s Three-Horse Clevis. larger circumference being twice the diameter of the smaller, and each having a groove in which a chain, fastened to the wheel, runs. The single horse draws on the larger OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 269 wheel, against the two horses with the shorter purchase on the smaller. A special advantage of this contrivance is that the draught of the horses is not varied if they do not draw evenly. A simpler, but less perfect, contrivance substitutes a short lever.placed in a vertical position, for the wheel, the single horse being attached to the longer end of the lever,and the two to the shorter. Another mode of constructing eveners for three horses, which has been used to some extent in Western New-York, apparently with good success, is shown in fig. 80. The double-tree is similar to those commonly em- ployed for three horses, but rather longer ; the single-trees are about two feet on the outer arm and one foot on the inner. Small, semi-circu- lar single-trees, made of iron, are attached to the inner ends of the common single-trees, and the traces,as shown in the cut. It will be seen that each horse draws half of each curved single tree ; but the common single-tree being half as long at the inner ends, the horses all have the same draught, and an equal amount on each trace. The curved single-trees may be about Fig. 80. a foot and a half long before bending, half an inch thick, an inch wide at the middle and five-eighths wide towards the ends ; they are attached to the ends of the wood single-trees by a bolt, so as to play freely. Care must be taken to adiust the traces of proper length for all the horses to work evenly. Different modes are adopted for attaching the lines to the three horses, so that all may be guided and controlled equally. One is shown in (ig. 81, exhibiting only the right-hand jk.i line. The main or long rein is fastened to the bit of the right horse. A branch from this connects with the right-hand bit of the middle horse. About 2 feet farther back Fig. 81. Fig. 82. — Reins for three Horses. another branch rein is attached, connecting with the right-hand bit of the 270 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Fig. 83. left horse. The left-hand main line is precisely similar to this, only reversed in position. The view of the whole of these reins is shown in fig. 82. Another mode is represented by fig. 83, the long lines running straight to the middle horse 2, the side reins being branches of these on each side, connected at c d, and terminating at the outer horses' bits, at I and 3, a ^ being the bit of each horse. This is more compact than the one last described, but in operation they are not materially different from each other. There are several other modifications, which may be adopted, according to the cir- cumstances of owners and their several con- veniences. A simple mode, for temporary arrangement, is to attach common double or branched lines, one to the left of the left horse and to the left of the middle horse ; and the other to the right of the right horse and to the right of the middle horse ; connect the heads of the three by short connecting straps, about a foot and a half long, and it is done. This, however, is not to be commended, as it is bad to tie to the bridles, which jerk and see-saw the horses' heads. An improvement consists in attaching j j j the short straps to the hame rings of the middle horse, fig. • : ; j 84 ; and then, placing the slowest horse in the middle, Jl ! j these straps will keep the others from out-drawing him. Still another mode, which may answer well in certain circumstances, is to put the common double lines in the usual way on the two right- hand horses, and secure the third or left-hand one by tying his bridle halter to a point a little behind the left hame ring of the middle horse, or to his large trace buckle, the length of the halter being so adjusted as to keep them all even in walking. The proper adjtistment of the plow is a matter of vital im- portance. The right-hand horse walking in the furrow, and the two others on the left, on the unplowed land, a ditterent position for the line of draught is required. In plowing with two horses, the plow follows between them, fig. 85 ; but with three it must not follow the middle horse or centre of the team, but f Fig. 84. Fig. 85. Plowing wiih two horses, thePloiv and Fiirroiv be- iiueen thetn. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 271 [j the space between the middle and right horse, fig. 86. This position of the plow is eftected by different contrivances. One is have a movable , i beam, the rear end of which works to the right or left on an iron arc, so as to throw the forward end to the right or left, as may be desired. When two horses are used with such a plow, the beam stands in the usual position ; but when ^ree horses are attached, the rear is moved to the right,throwing the forward end to the left, or several inches to the eft of the furrow, thus giving a side direction to the plow point towards the right. Another mode is to bolt a wooden block on the left side of the forward end of the plow beam, on which to place the draught clevis, as shown in fig. 86. An excellent and much bet- ter contrivance than either is Holbrook's patent plow clevis for three horses,* shown in fig. 87, which is arranged with a head-piece. Fig. Ziy— Plowing with A, and side rod, B, for pig. 2,7.— Holbrook's Three- three horses, the right- draught. The double series Horse Clevis. Juindhor.^e ifithe F7ir- -- 1 i i . i i i • ^^ i j- ^ row, the Plow between of holes through the head-piece allows a ready adjust- the two right horses, ment with great accuracy. The wheel D may be used at the side for deep plowing. or under the beam for shallow plowing. A shorter head-piece is used for plowing with two horses abreast, without the side rod Three Horses on a Wagon or Carriage. — The same advantages, in a greater or less degree, which result from the use of three horses to a plow, are obtained from their employment in drawing vehicles, the com- parative advantages being greater as the roads are worse or more muddy, requiring a more up- ward draught. When thus attached, two large thills may be employed, between which the middle horse walks. Two neck-yokes are used, the middle horse being hitched to the inner ends of both, and having twice the length from the bearing that the outside horses have. The whiflletrees are arranged in the same manner, two eveners or double-trees, (fig. 88.) Fig. 88. Fig. 89. being used, and the single-tree of the middle horse attached to both the * Made by F. F. Holbrook & Co., Boston, Mass. "^^P" _^~^^^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER inner ends, which of course are twice the length of the outer ends, to which the other horses are hitched. The mode of coupling the neck-yokes is shown in fig. 89, which is much better than a single long yoke. The flexible joint between the two. effected by rings and coupling,is agreat improvement. f * ♦ • STANCHIONS FOR CATTLE. :fc ^ w m 3|W A CORRESPONDENT sends us a sketch and description of a mode of constructing stanchions, whick resembles the one figured and described in Rural Affairs, vol. IV, page 76. The movable pieces are secured by an iron loop, a, (fig. 90,) resembling a clevis, thoroughly secur- ing the animal, and making the stanchions safe and strong. The upper ,1 -^ and lower horizontal tim- ' ^ " bers are 6 by 4 inches — ^^ both morriced for the recep- tion of the upright pieces. The tops of the movable pieces are cut slanting, so that when pushed into po- sition, the iron loops slip on of their own accord. They are lifted with the hand when the cattle are to be liberated. The loops are made of quarter inch round iron. The other elf Fig. 90. dimensions are given in vol. IV, as already referred to. C. G. Taylor of Illinois gives the following minute details for making and managing stanchions, which may be specially useful to those having no experience with them ; My bill of lumber is as follows : For the bot- tom part, two pieces, 2 by 8 inches, the length to be governed by the number of cows, allowing 3 feet 4 to 6 inches for each space. This is room enough for common sized cows, and affords ample room for the milker by having the cow stand a little one side while being milked. The boards for main upright, i^ by 12 inches, and 6 feet long. The movable upright, \\ l)y 6 inches, 5 feet 9 inches long. The board to fill up space and to keep the fodder from falling out of manger, i by 6 inches, 5 feet 6 inches long. The two top strips are 2 by 6 inches, being the same length as the two bottom pieces. To put them together I lay flat one of the bottom pieces and one of the top, so as to be 6 feet high when raised to place, and divide in space so as to have 6 inches space at the end near the wall. Then the 12-inch wide board, leaving a space of 6 or 7 inches, according to size of cow's neck. Then the movable upright board, i^ inches back, (or short.) The inch OF RURAL AFFAIRS. board, 5 feet 6 inches long, I do not use until the stanchions are raised to place. Upon the ends of these boards, and even with the ends of the 6 feet boards, I place the other bottom and top pieces. Pin, or use 6 inch bolts, which are the best. The inch and a half short at the lower end of the movable upright piece is to allow it to play on the pins or pivot. The one-half inch at top is left for the fastener or clapper to drop into when closed. A pin or bolt is placed in front of a movable upright, to prevent it from falling forward over the cow's head. The fastener is about 15 inches long, and a little thinner than the place it is to occupy, so as to play easily. It never breaks, is easily handled, and always ready for use. After raising and fasten- ing the stanchions, the edges of the boards each side of cows' necks are rounded off a little, and the inch board put in place, as represented in the accompanying cut, (fig- 91.) When any one wants to shut up young cattle — and they should always r- • L -J L L ^ ■ , . J be shut up at night — pre- rig. 91. — it a a, 12 inches ■wide ; b b c c,f> inches wide ; space between a and b, and b and c, 5 inches wide ; pare StauchiOns as above space between c and a, for cows' necks,-] in. wide. ^\\^ nail OU a thin nar- row Strip on one or both sides of the neck space. As their necks grow, widen the space. I use pine lumber. The distance from stanchions to partition should be 2\ feel for feed manger. If farther than that, the cows cannot reach the meal or bran when fed. Between the cows' heads on the floor is a board 6 or 8 inches high, reaching across the feed manger, making a box, so that each cow can quietly get her own mess, and not be disturbed by her neighbor. The floor slopes one^fourth of an inch per foot to the gutter, which is 2 inches deep and one foot wide, and jilaced 4 feet 6 inches clear from the stanchions. This gutter admits the shovel, and with the help of the wheel- barrow the manure is easily taken to the compost heap. The gutter re- ceives all the droppings and slops of the floor, and leaves a dry place for the cows to lie down. With a little litter the bags and teats are kept clean. With the lumber and floor ready, I can put up stanchions enough for a dozen or more cows in a day, and not work as hard as I have in making the diagram here presented. When stanchions are made in this way, no fodder can possibly be wasted, and each cow gets her own share of feed. There are no wrong places in space to thrust her head through. When the fastener or latch is up, there is but one place to admit the head, and that is about 18 inches wide at top. ^c:^=- s^^^-- 274 — ^=:^^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER SECURING CORN FODDER. IN THE Last number of the Register we have described the dif- ferent modes commonly adopted for cutting and securing corn-fodder sown thickly in drills. Having recently given a thorough trial to another mode, which for hand-cutting appears to be superior to any other, we give the following description : The corn is cut by an instrument represented in the ac- riB.92- 7 comi)anying figure, fig. 92, and the mode of using it is shown in the cut, (fig. 93.) The operator, taking the knife in his right hand, bends a mass of the standing corn with his left hand against his right leg, at the same time, with a sweep of the knife, cutting all off, ac- companied with a quick step to the left. Two or three such strokes fill his left arm, the contents of which are placed in a small shock. When Fig. 93. — Cutting^ Corn-Fodder by Hand. completed, the shock is firmly bound as shown in the left hand of the cut, where it will remain safely for many weeks, and become well dried. It may then be pitched on the load and drawn in, and either deposited in small stacks, as already described, or allowed to remain until needed for winter feeding, if deep snows are not likely to cover it. The great advantage of this mode consists in the fact that the stalks have to be touched or handled btit once. When cut with a scythe or reaper, it is necessary to gather up the stalks after they are laid on the ground. By the mode here described, they are never laid on the ground. They dry in a more perfect manner than if exposed some days on the earth. The rapidity with which an active man will thus cut and set up from half an acre to an acre in a day, seems at first almost incredible ; and is only exceeded by the reaping machine and horse-rake, which do the work in a more imperfect manner, OF RURAL AFFAIRS. FRUITS AND FRUIT CULTURE. Notes on the Pear. RESTORING MICE-GNAWED TREES.— One "of the best pear orcliards in the couiilry, consisting of many thousand trees, stands on the grounds of W. R. Grinneli, on the east bank of Cayuga Lake. Five years ago last spring, seventeen hundred of the standards were set out. They liad grown thriftily two years, without a vacancy or failure in the plan- tation, when we happened to visit Mr. G., early in the spring of 1868. He remarked : " I have met with a heavy loss ; over one thousand of my standards have been killed — hopelessly killed — by the mice." "What is the amount of the loss ?" we inquired. "Not less than three thousand- dollars; each of those handsome yoinig standards were worth more than three dollars." A deep snow had fallen late in March, and the whole mischief was done during the two or three days that it remained — in an almost incredible manner, no trouble of the kind having before occurred. We expressed the opinion that these trees might be all saved, and recom- mended the remedy figured (fig. 94) and described on page 38 of the the American Fruit Culturist. With a mixture of hope and doubt, the work was under- taken. Many of the trees had been stripped of the bark by the mice for a distance of six inches up the stem, and others nearly a foot. Each operator could finish sixty to eighty trees in a day. All were thus treated,and nearly all survived ..^f^«T Fig. 94. :. 95 — Girdled Tree ivhtck Fig. 96. — One, which has had two conneciin^ has had /our in- shoots inserted two years serted ; a a, de- be/ore. tiuded stems. and are now growing well. All, where the work was perfectly performed, lived ; but through the poor work of a bungler, some sixty in all, out of about twelve hundred, have perished. The annexed figures, (figs. 95 and 96,) 276 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER f] show nearly the present appearance of these trees. The stems are now about an inch and a half in diameter ; the inserted twigs had grown to the diameter of about an inch. They were small shoots when inserted — about the fourth of an inch in diameter. The few which were half an inch, suc- ceeded best. These shoots were in all cases cut from the tree above, and where they failed to form a connection with the upper bark, they njostly grew like a graft below, and thus new trees were formed of the same kind. In most instances but two connecting shoots were inserted into each tree, instead of more, in order to save labor. Mr. G. remarked to us, "There is one thing in wtiich your advice was defective. You recom- mended but two or three connections ; there should have been four to every tree, in order to brace it firmly. But I have allowed the suckers to spring up, and have thinned all out but two on opposite sides. Next spring I shall insert them, and then I shall have four strong connections, which will make each tree firm and perfect." In inserting these connecting shoots, the earth is drawn away l)e1o\v, where necessary, so as to allow the chisel to point upwards ; the shoot is sharpened at both ends, bent like a bow, and the ends crowded in by bending the shoot back again. A little wax is needed at each insertion, but not on the middle portion of the connecting shoots, which should be firmly bound with bass to keep them in their places. Successful Pear Orchard. — M. B. Bateham gives an account of the pear orchard planted some years ago by A. Fahnestock, §ix miles below Toledo, on the Maumee river. The soil is a strong clay loam, well un- derdrained and subsoiled. Ten acres are occupied by a thousand trees, all of which, with scarcely a fiiilure or defective tree, are of fine size and shape. Mr. Fahnestock says : ** A large portion of my trees are perfect beauties of form, as well as in health and vigor. They are branched from within 2 feet of the ground, and are 10 to 12 feet in width at the base, regular cones or pyramids in shape, from 18 to 20 feet high." Of the varieties there are 100 Seckel, 100 Anjou, 200 Flemish Beauty, 200 Sheldon, 200 Bartlett, 100 Buffum, and the rest sorts in smaller quantities on trial. The Buffum is found to grow too fast, the shoots averaging 3 or 4 feet annually, the wood soft and si)ongy, the trees liable to blight. It is obvious they are in too rich a soil. Trees of the age mentioned should never be allowed to grow more than 2 feet yearly — less would be better. The trees of other sorts mentioned as of 12 feet spread and 20 feet high, grown in seven years, have had rather a more rapid growth than we should regard as safe, al- though as yet there has been but little blight among most of the varieties. Trees in this orchard wJiich send their roots down four feet or more into the clay subsoil, are found to be more healthy than those having roots near the surface. The Bartletts outbear, four to one, any other sort. Makketlng Pears. — Dr. Houghton remarks in the Gardeners' Month- ly, that to be successful, pears for market must be of large size, fine appear- ance and excellent quality — that small ones, on account of the uncertainty of ¥ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. ripening in all pears, and their liability to rot, will not be bought like apples, by the barrel. He says an Italian fruit dealer said, " I wants de hne pears, I wants do best. I pays your price. I gives de cash moneys. I got plenty small pears." Dr. Houghton thinks there are but few cultivators that give sufficient attention to their orchards to bring fruit that will sell readily for seven or eight dollars per bushel, a price which he says is re- quired to make the business pay. He remarks, " Barrel pears won't do. Each specimen must be in tissue paper to command the first price. He is partly right and partly wrong — right in urging the importance of the finest fruit put up with the best care ; but we have known pears sold at ten dollars per bushel and upwards, put up in half barrels, which were neatly lined with soft, white paper, but not with each specimen wrapped separately. Contagious Character of Blight. — In a recent conversation with an experienced and successful gr(nver of the pear, he stated that he had never failea to arrest the progress of the fire blight by prompt and thorough excision — taking care to cut low enough to be fully below all diseased streaks. On one occasion, finding that he was losing a new and valuable sort, he concluded to bud other trees from it before destroying it, selecting shoots for the buds that appeared to be unaffected. But he found they had already received the poison and conveyed it to the stocks. Every tree, without exception, which had buds inserted from this diseased tree, took the contagion, and either died down to the roots or was badly affected. He always made it a practice to wash his knife thoroughly after cutting a diseased tree, before using it on other trees. The failure in ex- cision may sometimes arise from the use of a poisoned knife on the lower and healthy portions. Caution should always be used to avoid thus in- oculating healthy trees or healthy portions with the poison. Pears for Market. — The editor of the Horticulturist, who gives much attention to the market profits of fruit, advises to plant no more Bartlett pear trees south of Ni w-York, but to set out freely Beurre d'Anjou, Beurre Bosc, Beurre Clairgeau and Lawrence — the first and last especially. They ripen when there is a healthy demand for pears. The Bartlett, quite at the north, ripens late enough to escape the great throng of early auiumn fruits. In another place the same journal states that at Mr. Quinn's, at Newark, N. J., who has one of the finest pear orchards in the country, bearing profuse crops of excellent fruit on dwarf and standard trees, his great success is attributable to three principal points : i. Constant cul- tivation— no grass, no weeds, no crops between the rows. 2. Yearly pruning, giving handsome, symmetrical trees, and healthy shoots. 3. Especial pains in selecting and packing — which gives him $3 to $5 per barrel more than other pears as good, but carelessly put up. Dwarfs Changed to Standards. — The objection which formerly existed to changing dwarf pear trees to standards, by banking up the earth was the fact that but few roots were emitted from the base of the ^c:^= ^^- -' '^ > . ■ . — .. . . , . . ■ =^^i I'' ,' 'I' 'I* ."> '?> »*'>,»•> • > .. . ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER pear stem, just above the place of union, and these, not forming an even support to the tree, were apt to render it inch"ned or lop-sided. Dr. Hull of Alton strongly recommends, in the Prairie Farmer, the practice of lipping a small portion of the bark and wood where the roots are wanted, causing their free emission around the stem, and obviating the difficulty which we have referred to. He thus obtains the early bearing quality of dwarfs, and renders them permanent and long lived by conversion to standards. Vicar of Winkfield Pear. — The Fruit Committee of the Horticul- tural Society held at Dayton, Ohio, highly commended the specimens of this pear exhibited. They were stated to be "in excellent condition, and the flesh firm and luscious." The care and skill in keeping them is men- tioned, and they were doubtless allowed room on the tree for the full growth and perfection of each specimen. When crowded, neither size nor perfec- tion can be developed. Grafting Pear on Apple. — It occasionally succeeds with some vari- eties. We have seen the Seckel doubled in size by working on the apple, at the same time that its quality was lessened. But the union is imper- fect, and the graft generally breaks ofif in a few years. Some varieties do tolerably well for a time, but we cannot recommend the practice, except to such as merely wish to amuse themselves with unsuccessful experiments. Pears for Western Michigan. — At the late Convention of Fruit Growers for Western Michigan, the following pears were recommended as best adapted to that region : Bartlett, Bloodgood, Seckel, Flemish Beau- ty, Vicar of Winkfield, Sheldon, Howell, Lawrence, Clapp's Favorite. Apples, Peaches and Plums. Cultivation of Orchards. — An inquirer asks : "What would you advise me to do with my young orchard for the first summer, in the way of cultivation ?" Answer — keep the surface frequenUy and constantly stirred, clean and mellow. If a crop on the ground is of secondary importance, keep the whole surface bare — or leave wide bare strips where the rows of trees stand. In a small archaid, or in a new fruit garden, this mellowing of the earth may be kept up by means of a one horse cultivator ; in a larger one, a two horse cultivator. Shares' harrow, common harrow or Smoothing harrow may be employed. Where crops are planted, let them be such as require frequent hoeing or cultivating ; but never sowed grain. Such low crops as beets, carrots, beans or potatoes are generally preferred ; but it is most important that the ground should be frequently stirred. For this reason corn, although growing tall and shading the trees, is much better, if hoed several times, than beans with only a single dressing. But all crops are more or less like weeds, and a clean, bare surface is best. Care of Young Trees. — Newly set fruit trees, even when they have been carefully dug up and as carefully set out again, often suffer much from subsequent neglect. A little additional labor, not costing a tenth of the expense and work of procuring and transplanting them, will do much to- c:^- .. ......... <-,v ■ ■ =^=^@ "» c, o H g'c^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 279 ward their subsequent success. Trees set out in the autumn need particu- lar attention the next spring. The soil has become settled and hard about them, and as soon as dry weather comes, a hard crust will form unless the surface is kept loosened and mellowed. Keep the crust constantly broken ; let the soil be entirely free from all weeds and grass, and perfectly mel- low throughout the season, and the trees will not only be more likely to live, but they will grow with far greater vigor; and the nurservmen will not be so likely to be blamed for sending "bad trees," when the only fault was the neglect of the planter. Pruning. — Young trees should never be pruned in spring after the buds begin to open. Nothing checks their growth more than pruning too late. If the proper heading-back has not been done before growth commenced, do not do it afterward. Much of the objection to shortening back the shoots of young, newly transplanted trees, is owing to too late a perform- ance of the work. But if done in good time, it is eminently useful. List of One Hundred Apple Trees. — The following list was made out for a planter in Western New- York, for family supply, as well as for market. Different cultivators will vary this list, but all will approach it more or less : FOR SUMMER. 3 Early Harvest, 2 Early Astrachan, I Summer Rose, I Early Joe, I Early Strawlierry, 1 American Summer Pearmain, AUTUMN. 3 Autumn Strawberry, 2 Duchess of Oldenburgh, 1 Porter, I Gravenstein, I Dyer, 1 Maiden's Blush, v 2 F.ill Orange, 3 Twenty Ounce, 2 Fameuse, 2 Munson Sweet, I Haskell Sweet, • I Bailey Sweet. 20 Autumn. 1 Benoni, 2 Primate, 2 Sweet Bough, 1 Golden Sweet. 15 Summer. WINTER. 10 Baldwin, 10 Rhode Island Greening. 5 Roxbury ]\usset, 3 Golden Russet, 3 Tompkins County King, 3 Fall Pippin, 2 Swaar, 2 Peck's Pleasant, 2 Westfield Sceknofurther, 2 Yellow Bellflower, 2 Wagener, 6 Northern Spy, 5 Hubbardston Nonsuch, 10 Tallman Sweet. 65 Winter. Fruit Culture — Old Errors Corrected. — i. Instead of "trimming up" trees, according to the old fashion, to make them long-legged and long-armed, trim them down, so as to make them even, snug and sym- metrical. 2. Instead of manuring heavily in a small circle at the foot of the tree, spread manure, if needed at all, broadcast over the whole -^^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER surface. 3. Instead of spading a small circle about the stem, cultivate tlie whole surface broadcast. 4. Prefer a well pulverized, clean surface in an orchard, with a moderately rich soil, to heavy manuring, and a surface covered with a hard crust and weeds or grass. 5. Remember that it is better to set out ten trees with all the necessary care to make them live and flourish, than to set out a hundred trees and have them all die from carelessness. 6. Remember that tobacco is a poison, and will kill insects rapidly if properly applied to them, and is one of the best drugs for freeing fruit trees rapidly of small vermin — and is better used in tiiis way than to make men repulsive and diseased. Kardy Apples. — A Wisconsin correspondent of the Gardeners' Month- ly says the Fall Orange, Sops of Wine, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Fameuse and Autumn Strawberry, do well in Wisconsin, both as to tree and fruit ; and that the Fall Pippin, tender when young, succeeds well after the tree attains age. The Yellow Bellflower is the most popular cooking apple in Central Wisconsin. Northern Spy does well in some places. Apples for Minnesota. — The Western Farmer, through a corres- pondent, gives the following list of sorts for an apple orchard of 500 trees, for that cold region for fruits : 125 Tetofski, 75 Duciiess of Oldenburgh, 50 Haas, 50 Saxton. 25 of the new Minnesota crabs, 10 Red Astrachan, 10 Fameuse, 3 Tallman Sweet, 2 Fall Orange, 50 Perry Russett, 100 Ben Davis. Propttable Orchard. — The Boston Cultivator gives an account of the orchard of Capt. Pierce of Arlington, Mass., consisting of 86 trees, 38 being of the Williams Red. These trees have averaged over ^600 per annum. The orchard is cultivated in the best manner, tiie spaces between the trees being occupied with potatoes and squashes. He has no faith in growing trees in grass. Watering Trees. — The best watering you can give young trees is to promote the nioisture of the soil by keeping the surface clean and mellow. Never water the roots after setting out, before the leaves expand. Trees are sometimes killed by overdrenching them before there is a chance for the water to be carried off by the leaves. If the bark is shrivelled, wet the stems frequently, or encase them slightly in straw, and wet the straw once a day. This will often restore shrivelled trees. Sheep in Orchards. — The Western Rural mentions two experiments of pasturing sheep in orchards with excellent success. The short grazing and the top-dressing of sheep manure increased the growth of one orchard from so feeble a state that no grafts could be cut from it, to a thrifty growth of a foot to eighteen inches in the yearly shoots. A great improvement in the fruit was reported. Succession of Peaches. — Edmund Morris gives, in Tilton's Journal, the following list of peaches for market, to yield a succession for more than two months : Hale's Early, Troth's Early, Early York, Crawford's s^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 281 Early, Reeve's Favorite, Oldmixon, Ward's Late, Fox's Seedling, Late Crawford, Delaware White, Freeman's White and Smock's Yellow. Peach Borer. — M. B. Bateham, (Secretary of the Ohio Horticultural Society,) says that he finds carbolic soap an efficient remedy for the peach borer, having used it on 3,000 trees with entire success. P'ive pounds of soap is dissolved in eight gallons of hot water, and then a barrel of water added — enough for a thousand trees, at a cost of half a cent a tree — ap- plied to the stems early in July. Felt as Mice Protector. — There are four principal modes for pro- tecting fruit trees from the depredations of mice under snow — namely: Clean ground ; mounds of smooth earth ; treading the snow hard al)Out the tree, and hollow cylinders of tin, sheet-iron or felt. The tin cylinders are durable; the felt cheap. The dimensions of the pieces of felt must depend on the size of the tree. If the tree is two inches in diameter, a breadth of seven inches will go round it ; if three inches through, the felt must be ten inches. One foot high will answer, but a foot and a half is safer. A sheet of felt will make enough for quite an orchard, and may be had at a low price of any slate roofer. Success from Good Culture. — A correspoiTdent of Colman's Rural World mentions the case of some neighbors who plant peach orchards and get about one crop, after which weeds, insects, &c., prevent their ever getting another. Another neighbor planted 125 Hale's Early peach, and in twenty-eight months shipped from them 640 boxes, of a third bushel each. The next year the amount was nearly doubled ; the third year his net pro- ceeds were nearly $1,200. Last year the frost killed his crop. Weeds and grass are never seen in his orchard. Destroying the Curculio.— At the winter meeting of the Western New-York Horticultural Society, J. J. Thomas, being called upon for a statement of his experiments with the curculio, said that he began to make thorough work with this insect in 1866. His plum orchard of 80 trees had previously borne but a few quarts yearly. By a thorough destruction of this insect he had a profuse crop — the number killed was over 1,600 that year. The following winter killed all the fruit buds, a circumstance never before known to the plum crop. There were consequently no plums, and no curculios visible. They appeared to have been thus much reduced in number, for the following season, 1868, onlv 400 were destroyed, and a heavy crop of plums, as usual, saved. In 1869 about 1,200 were killed, and in 1870 nearly 5,000, and fine crops the resulfevery time. Perhaps the work was rather too thorough, as some of the trees overbore. The actual cost was six or seven cents per tree, counting all the labor, each year.' The mode of killing was jarring down on sheets, which were stiffened with light rods, so that one operator carried them in one hand, and a lieavy hammer in the other. Expedition and thorough work was greatly assisted by placing an iron spike in each tree or large limb, on which a sharp blow might be struck. 282 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Small Fruits. Distances of Small Fruits. — The large growing grapes, as the Isabella and Concord, should have a space of at least 12 feet in the row, and the rows should never be less than 8 feet apart. When they become old, they should have more distance ; the first few years they may be nearer. Smaller sorts, as the Delaware, do not require quite so much room. Raspberries may be about 4 feet apart, or rather better, 3 by 5 feet. Blackberries, being larger, should have nearly double this space, but it they are kept well pinched in while growing, they may be brought down nearly to the space for raspberries, and l^earmore besides. Currants and Gooseberries will do at about the same distance as Raspberries, or a little less. Strawberries in rows 2 or 3 feet apart, and a foot or so in the row. For horse culture in large grounds the rows must be nearly 3 feet asunder ; but in garden beds plant about i^ by 2 feet. Quinces may be about 8 or 10 feet apart. Cultivation of Strawberries. — The treatment may be varied with circumstances, provided the great leading requisite is constantly kept in view, namely, to alloxu no weeds to get above the surface. This is the great cardinal essential, whioli must not be departed from. After the plantation is set out in clean, well prepared soil, stir the ground often enough to des- troy the sprouting weeds before they get to the light. The work may be then done with less than a tenth of the labor required after the weeds are several inches high ; and all the labor of this frequent stirring is more than repaid by the increased growth and vigor given to the plants, to say nothing about the weeds. If the plantation is small, the work may be done with a garden rake; if large, with a one-horse cultivator, or per- haps better, with a fine toothed one-horse harrow. If this is attended to thoroughly through autumn, the plantation may be mulched at the begin- ing of winter with straw. It will be better, especially for heavy soils, to remove the mulching in spring and mellow the surface one or more times before the plants blossom. This may be done by raking the mulch into every alternate row, and then, after the denuded spaces are stirred, to rake it back again and do the other rows. The mulch being replaced by flowering time, the berries will be kept clean. Some cultivators, who have small plantations, do not disturb the mulch in spring, but loosen the soil through it with a pronged hoe — but whatever course is adopted, see that the weeds do not grow. Strawberries — Comparative Productiveness. — During a recent visit to the grounds of H. E. Hooker of Rochester, who is well known as one of the most intelligent and successful cultivators of fruit at that place, he gave us the following list of Strawberries, which he preferred for family supply : Large Early Scarlet, Wilson, Triomphe de Gand and Russell's Prolific. The Early Scarlet is valuable for its earliness, good quality and reliability. Taking the Wilson as the standard of productiveness, the Scarlet bears about one-fourth as much. Triomphe de Gand varies from ^c^- •-^^s OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 283 one-fourth to one-half the crop of the Wilson, and the Russell, if well fer- tilized, about one-half, but sometimes three-fourths as much. Green Pro- lific, although not of very high quality, and too soft for market, is valuable for its great productiveness, being nearly or quite equal in this respect to the Wilson, and many would therefore find it valuable as a berry for family supply. Jucunda is somewhat uncertain in its crop, but comes nearly up to Triomphe de Gand in productiveness. Gooseberries. — Tilton's Journal of Horticulture recommends Down- ing's, Houghton's Seedling and Mountain Seedling, among the American sorts which succeed best in this country. The Mountain Seedling makes a better bush than Houghton, but the fruit is not equal in quality. Those who would try the more uncertain English gooseberries, may select the Red Champagne, (small but high flavored,) Crown Bob, Warrington, Laurel, Green Walnut, Ironmonger, Early Sulphur and Green Gage, and plant in a deep soil, north side of a fence, and mulch several inches in summer with salt hay. Straightening up Blackberries. — The Kittatinny blackberry, which has the valuable advantage over some other sorts of extreme hardiness, (obviating laying down in winter,) requires care to keep it within bounds and in pro- per shape. Neglected, it grows in the form shown by fig. 97, and usually more spreading than the figure. It requires, as every good cultivator knows, pinching- in during its growth in sum- nierj to keep it snug and Fie. 97. compact and to induce abun- dant bearing. But even after full pinching, the stems often lean over as shown in the figure, and should be well straightened up in spring. Those which have not been pinched, should be cut back so as to appear like fig. 98, which shows the size and form of the bush after summer pinching. It may then be readily and firmly straightened up by taking out one spit of earth from the upper side, as represented, when a pres- sure of the foot on the op- posite side will place it erect, as in fig. 99. The earlier in spring the better for this work, but it may be performed at any time before there is much new growth. Rows of Blackberries, instead of spreading 6 or 8 feet on '- ^3® Fig. 9S. Fig. 99- 284 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER either side, catching the clothes of every one who passes, and becoming a nuisance in the opinion of all who never saw them properly kept, ought to be brought into as compact and unobtrusive a form as a currant bush. Succession for Raspberries. — An Illinois correspondent of the Horticulturist gives the following list of some of the newer varieties of the Raspberry, named in the order of ripening : Doolittle, Ellis- dale, Mammoth Cluster, Philadelphia and Clarke. The Doolittle is rep- resented as a moderate bearer; the Ellisdale as better and hardier than the Purple Cane ; the Philadelphia productive, but of second quality ; and the Clarke of good quality, but it does not set full large berries. The Ohio Ever-bearing follows the Doolittle, with a good crop, and yields a fair crop in the fall. Dr. Hexamer stated, at the New-York Farmers' Club, that the ex- cellence of the Mammoth Cluster consists in its holding the good size of its berries to the end ; the Ellisdale he regarded as earliest, the Davison's Thornless three days later ; Doolittle and Seneca ten days later still. These are among the best out of many sorts. Grape Seedlings. — Novices sometimes complain that the seeds of grapes do not grow when planted. It is important that they are not al- lowed to become much dried, and that when planted, the surface be kept moist. A correspondent of the Rural New-Yorker says that formerly not a fourth part of the seeds which he planted, germinated and grew. Ac- cidentally covering part of the bed with leaf mould and rotten leaves, he found they grew freely and abundantly under this mulching. He then made an entire bed of rotten leaves and mould, watering the bed after the seed was planted, every other day. Nearly all grew and made vigorous plants. The varieties planted were Catawba, Isabella, Concord, Clinton, Delaware, Ives, &c. Pruning Isabella Grapes. — The Isabella is a strong grower, and the soil should not be manured or very rich, as a rich soil promotes a more rampant and succulent growth, which is less likely to bear well, and is more liable to be winter killed. But if the soil is already rich, let the vines have a longer run, as a compensation. Old vines, which have grown thick with brush, may be treated in two ways, according to circumstances. One way is to select two of the youngest, longest and thriftiest vines, cut off all the rest as short as practicable, and stretch these two out for bearing arms ; or if they are not long or strong enough for this, take four to six, and stretch them out in the form of a fan on the trellis. But if there are no good ones, cut all down so as to leave a few buds to grow, as near the ground as possible, and train the shoots or canes growing from these, either as two horizontal arms or into a fan shape. The pruning may be done in autumn or winter, or very early in spring. If much cut in autumn or winter, they are rendered tenderer, and should be therefore slightly cover- ed for protection. To have good, early and well ripened and sweet grapes, the vines should have plenty of room, so as to form large, healthy shoots ©03^= ^— — — =^=:^b OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 285 and large. leaves — these will give large, fine grapes. As a general rule the shoots which bear the bunches should be a foot apart on the trellis, and if likely to be thicker, the supernumeraries should be rubbed off before the first of June, so as to let the others have a good chance to grow freely. Propagating Currants. — As soon as the leaves ripen, cut off the new growth and make cuttings about 6 inches long. Set them in rows 15 inches apart and 2 inches in the rows. Just as winter sets in, cOver them over with coarse litter — taking it ofT in spring, and keeping them well hoed, and by fall they will have large fine roots. Currants — Heavy Manuring. — A resident in Canada says that the best currants he ever had, produced in great abundance, were obtained in a dry season, by covering the whole surface of the ground with cow ma- nure as a mulch, 3 inches thick. On looking under, the soil was always moist. Heavy pruning has to follow the luxuriant growth thus produced. Currant Worms. — A correspondent says that he treats his currant worms occasionally in summer by sprinkling the bushes with cresylic soap suds, made quite strong and follovved with a coating of freshly slacked lime. The lime alone, if applied when the foliage is wet with dew or rain, is generally effectual if thoroughly applied. He believes that gypsum or gas lime made fine, will kill the worms.- The currant worm is moist and ten- der and soft, like the snail and pear slug, and the remedy for the latter used by nurserymen is lime well scattered over the trees. Propagating Raspberries. — In answer to an inquiry relative to the increase of raspberries, the Small Fruit Recorder says that black caps should have the tips nipped by midsummer, and when these branch out and form tips that are bare of leaves from 4 to 6 inches, bury these tips in the ground at an angle of 45 degrees, and before winter they will form fine roots. This layering or burying is generally done in August and September. The sucker raspberries will furnish new plants the second year, springing up in the form of suckers, which may be taken up in autumn for setting out. For bearing fruit well, the suckers should be kept hoed off closely on their first appearance, treating them precisely as weeds. If the suckers grow for increase, they tend to exhaust the old plant, and it will not bear so well. The Rochester Berry Basket. — A neatly constructed and handsome berry basket, manufac- tured by Collins & Co. of Moorestown,N.J.,is rep- resented in the accom- panying cut, (fig. 100,) of Fig. 100. three sizes — quart, pint, and half pint. It is well ventilated by openings in the sides. The raisers of fine berries are enabled to sell their fruit at a liigher price, in conse- quence of the neater appearance presented by this basket over those of less attractive form. 286 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER COST OF MAKING HAY. A CORRESPONDENT in Rensselaer county, who regards himself "a novice in farming" and in hay-making, wishes to know the esti- mated expense of curing hay and getting it into the barn, by the use of the present machinery employed for this purpose. Also an estimate of the comparative cost of making hay by machinery and wholly by hand. Estimates of this kind can be only approximate. Much will depend on the following controlling influences : I. The character of the meadow, its smoothness, and the weight of the crop per acre. 2. The weather — whether dry, or with frequent showers. 3. Strength of the horses employ- ed. 4. Perfection or good order of the machinery used. 5. More than all the rest, the man who directs the movements, and his ability to keep everything in perfect order and running like clock-work. The last item alone will make a ditterence of at least 50 per cent. Cutting. — A good machine is of the first importance. This is not en- tirely dependent on the manufacturer, but on the owner, in keeping it m perfect order. Those who use their machines roughly, and leave them to rust in the field, will find that they cannot make a good day's work. Keep every part in good running order, and a good team may cut 12 acres a day. Many men, however, will manage to get something or other out of order, so as to go over only 6 or 7 acres. Tenoughttobe a full average — requir- ing the horses to travel about 20 miles, with a cutting bar 4 ft. 2 in. Any of the well known mowing machines will doubtless do excellent service,as the Clipper or the Kirby machines, or the sev- eral other excellent mowers made by different manufac- turers. The cost of cutting, machine, team and man, will average about 75 cents per acre — many will charge only 50 cts. — or at 2 tons per acre, 25 to 37 cts, per ton. Tedding, — In large mea- Fig. 102. dows, it will be a matter of economv to use either the American (fig. lOi,) or Bullard's (fig. 102) tedder. They work with great rapidity, three or ©c:^-- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 287 four times as fast as the cutting ; they generally prepare the hay perfectly for drawing in the day of cutting, when it is done early in the day; they make better hay,and often avoid a loss of labor and hay by eluding storms. In other words, they place the manufacture of hay more completely under the owner's control. In this way they lessen the expense by simpli- fying the work, and obviating cocking and opening. Raking. — A half grown boy will handle without difficulty any good wheel horse-rake. Taking an ave- rage of 8 feet at a passing, he will rake as many acres as the horse travels miles — say 20 or 25 in a dav. A poor horse and a stupid boy will not do half this amount. Gathering and Drawing. — At the west, an im- plement is much used called the Hay-Gatherer. It \ is not unlike the old revolving horse-rake, but with much larger teeth and timber. It takes the liay from the windrow and draws it at once with great rapidity to Fig. 103. the stack. The Hay Sweep, figured ana described on p- Fifi:- 'o*- 180 ot the 3d vol. of Rural Affairs, performs a similar purpose. The former requires one man to manage it ; the latter two boys. If the ground is smooth, either of these machines may be employed to draw the hay directly to the barn, where the horse fork will deposit it in the bay. For stacking in the field, either of these gatherers will work vyith great rapidi- ty, the horse-fork being suspended by either of the several modes figured and described in Thomas' Farm Machinery. Where but one mowing machine is owned, and the amount of meadow is considerable, it may be kept running all the time in good weather. By using the tedder freely, nearly all cut in the forenoon may be got in the same day. That cut the first part of the after- noon may be put into the windrow.and the re- mainder cut late, left without detriment, with- out stirring, till next day, a small amount of dew effecting little or no injury. The stacking or drawing in may be com- menced in the morning with the hay raked the previous day into windrows — followed Fig. 105. by the last cutting the previous afternoon ; Fig. 106. and completed by drawing the early cut hay the same day. Six horses would be required to work to advantage, viz., two on the mowing machine. @=^- -=«oS3 288 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER one alternately on the rake or tedder, one to work the horse-fork, and two for the gatherer or sweep. The Harpoon forks work with great rapidity for pitching common timothy or other hay of a similar character. Among these, Rogers' & Nellis' fork, shown in the annexed cnts, (figs. 103 and 104,) one open for lifting hay, and the other shut for plunging in fur im- oiher load, is an efficient one. Another form is Sprout's, (figs. 105 and 106,) which is both an excellent hay knife and a hay lifter, one figure rep- resenting it closed for thrusting it into the hay, and the other opened, to secure the load. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman at Muncy, Pa., sends us the accompanying representation (fig. 107) of the mode which he success- fully employs in the use of the horse hay- fork,by what he calls the dojtbk-hitch. It avoids the heavy friction of the fork- load of hay against the beam and mow, which has induced many to throw aside horse-forks. It rep- resents pitching into a window, by which the hay may be de- posited at any point from the window to the farthest part of the barn, filling it to the very jieak, and requiring but little if any mowing away. The dotted lines that appear upon the roof indicate the direction of the rope to the pulley inside. ^^5^-^^^;^^ Fig. 107, At I is shown a post in the ground, with braces extending to the barn (2 and 3) to support the same. The rope ])asses through pulley A at the foot of the post, thence through pulley B at the top of the post, thence through pulley D that runs loose upon the rope, thence through a pulley fastened at the inside peak at a proper point near the other end of the barn, and =?^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 289 thence hack and tied to the loose pulley D, to which the fork is also fasten- ed. The loose pulley D and fork are drawn to the load by means of the check rope. After the forTc is set for its load, the horse elevates the hay and draws it back, the loose pulley D running upon the rope to the inside pulley and being checked off at any point desired. When ties run across the barn or shed, always fill up in front of the same first — so that the fork and hay cannot swing under or catch to the tie. Tiie same correspondent gives a description of his mode of securing the pulley by means of a grapple : "There should be no swivel, but a bail sufficiently large to attach both the rope and fork, a place to oil the pin, and withal light, so as not to sag the rope when returning the fork to the load. I use a pulley as seen in the cut, (fig. 108,) which has all the above qualities, besides being durable. I also use a steel grapple, (as shown in fig. 109,) which, when attached to the rafter, places the pulley in the right position so as not to chafe the rope. I have no trouble in returning the fork to the load, as the two forks and pulley, as 1 use them, together only weigh 20 pounds. The cuts show the the form of the Fig. 108. Fig. 109. Fig. no. pulley and grapple which are used here — fig. no representing the mode of attaching the grapple to the rafter of the barn. There is no patent on either, and they can be made by any skillful mechanic," Another form of grapple is represented in figure lio-a, and is made oy A, J. Nellis & Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. By means of this contrivance, pulleys may be affi.xed to beams or rafters in one minute, or changed again, without the use of a ladder. The Douglas Hay Loader promises to be a valuable labor saver, and is shown in the following figure, (fig. in.) It is attached to a com- mon hay rigging-, and the wagon is driven outside the windrow. Motion is communicated to a drum below, from pulleys attached to the hind wheels. The spurs catch tlie hay and carry it up in a stream between the belts and the apron on the rigging to the top, where inclined slats @c^= ^ -=^ 290 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RE(;iSTER turn the current into the wagon, the spurs disappearing behind them Should this macliine con- tinue to succeed after a thorough trial, it will prove especially useful on large hay farms. By keeping everything in order, and with no in- terruption by rain or ac- cidents, skillful managers have cut, made and drawn in hay at a cost of only 50 cents per ton, in extreme cases ; but more common- ly the cost is about 75 cents per ton. On small ■ f£peusoti -Fig. III. farms, where the same team cuts, rakes, draws in, &c., attended with fre- quent transfers from one kind of work to another ; where a tedding ma- chine is not employed, and where the drawing is done on a wagon, the ordinary expense will go as high as $i or $1.25 per ton — the weather being favorable. The old mode of cutting by scythe, hand-raking, cocking and drawing in and pitching with hand-forks, would, at present prices of labor, cost about $3 a ton. This result will be varied greatly with light or heavy meadow, and by various conveniences or the reverse. NEW OR ADDITIONAL MACHINERY. H OADLEY'S STEAM ENGINE.— On large farms, or for itinerant threshing, the portable steam engines are rapidly finding their way into use. They have important advantages over horse-power, in the steadi- ness and perfect control with which they may be run ; atid when used for itinerant threshing ma- chines, they obviate the necessity of the farmer to employ his horses to run the machine, and he may use them exclusively for drawing away the grain as fast as threshed. There is * ^c^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. no cessation of work to rest the horses, and the threshing may go on con- tinuously without stopping as long as men can attend to it. The result is that with the same horse power a much larger quantity of grain may be separated from the straw in a day. By carelessness fires have been some- times occasioned by these steam engines, but by the use of spark preventors, and a fair amount of care, the danger may be obvi- ated. Among the best en- gines manufactured at the present lime is that made by J. C. Hoadley& Co. of Law- rence, Mass., repre- sented by fig. 112. Gaar's Steam En- gine, made by Gaar, Scott & Co, of Rich- mond, Ind., is repre- sented by fig. 113, showing the compact manner in which the smoke pipe is lowered and laid aside for travelling. Wood's Steam En- gine, shown by fig. 1 14, is among the very best made in the coun- try, the manufacturers having had long ex- perience in the busi- ness, and being among the pioneers in the introduction of steam for farm work. The engraving shows the manner in which the smoke-pipe is folded Fig. 114. for conveyance. It is manufactured by Wood, Taber & Morse, Eaton, N. Y, Holbrook's Horse Hoe. — This is among the best of the more recent- -=^ 292 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER ly made implements for working in corn, potatoes, and the various drilled root crops, (fig. 115.) The length of the teeth frees it from danger of clog- ging. It works admirably in tearing out quack or witch grass. It may be expanded to 3 feet, or con- tracted to 15 inches. The teeth may be set to throw the soil out, or to turn it in from the row, and the depth may be varied from 3 to 7 inches. Extra large rear plows may be inserted " The large centre •*'j»45i^ Fig. 115. behind for hilling. Messrs. Holbrook & Co. write us or double mould-board plow of the horse-hoe, when used alone, works very well for digging potatoes. One of the best farmers in the State used it very successfully as follows : First, raked off the vines, and then ran the hoe with large double mould-board, through every other row ; then gathered up the potatoes, and went through the remaining rows in the same manner, which dug nine-tenths of the potatoes, as fast as the horse could walk. He then put on the three common or small plow teeth, and crossed the field, which threw out the remainder of the potatoes, and left the field in good condition for seeding again." Pkrry's Scarifier, (fig. 116,) made by F. L. Perry, Canandaigua, N. Y. This vve have found a very ef- ficient implement for loosen- ing the soil to a considerable depth between rows. Its sharp, chisel-pointed teeth are sc curved that they pene- trate the soil in a nearly horizontal direction at first, Fig. it6. giving the cultivator an easy draught for the depth of its work. It possesses great efficiency in adhesive loams. One horse drew it with ease in pene- trating to a depth of eight or nine inches. Its depth of running may be regulated from one to ten inches. Shares' Harrow, (fig. 117.) — This valuable implement has been in use several years, but is still un- known to many good farmers. The forward part of the tooth cuts and Fig. 117. slices the earth, and the rear portion turns it over. It works admirably on inverted sod, which it jMilveiizes to a depth twice as great as the common harrow ; while the inclination of ^ the teeth like the form of a sled runner, renders impossible the tearing ( ) OF RURAL AFFAIRS. up of the grassy portion of the sod. When the teeth are cast-iron they soon wear and become dull ; but steel teeth are permanently efficient. Its great value is in preparing inverted sod for planting corn and other crops. Turf Paring Plow, (fig. ii8.) — A. B. Allen gives the foUowuig ac- count of this implenient : The share is thin and ilat, made of wrought iron, steel edged. It has a lock coulter in the centre, and a short coulter on the outside edge of each wing of the share ; cutting the turf as it moves _ along into two ■-— ;;;;3^^^:^v\v>*s v\^)^^^^ Strips about a foot zz^^iTiT^ii^y^^^^*'*""^' wide, and as deep Fig. ii8. as may be requir- ed. This depth is regulated by the wooden slide or shoe under the beam, which is better for this purpose than a wheel. After the turf is pared off in strips, it is cut into any required length for sodding. I have found those from 15 to 18 inches long the most convenient to handle. This plow is much used in Great Britain for what is called paring and burning. There the sod, after being pared, is cut into pieces and thrown into heaps, which, after drying, are burned, and the ashes spread broadcast on the land. These ashes prove an excellent fertilizer, and thousands of acres of a stiff clay soil have been rendered much richer, moVe friable, and more easily cultivated by this simple process of paring and burning. The price of the paring plow here is $25. It is strong, effective, and does its work rapidly. It is as easily handled as the common turning plow. It is made by R. H. Allen & Co , New- York. BlCKFORD & Hitffman's Drill, (fig. 119.) — This machine has been greatly improved of late years, and the dropping is done by means of a cast-iron contrivance, which will not wear out in a lifetime ; the seeds are never crushed ; and the smaller seeds, as wheat and barley, may be ^.^.a^^r^.— 3s^s?=-- SOW"' O"" '^""Ser, as peas Fig. 119. " and corn. The rapidity of discharge is controlled by wheel-work. The ends of the tubes are shod with steel, and they may be made to plant at any desired depth. It has an attachment for sowing guano or plaster, and another for grass seed. -=^=>^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Emery's Corn Planter. — One of the best corn-planters drawn by a horse is the one represented by fig. 120, j and known as Emery's. Seeds which fall by their own weight are dropped by a wood cylinder, having adjusta- ble cups to measure or count the seeds, while light seeds, as beets, carrots, broom -corn, parsneps, &c., are forced out with regularity by a revolving brush. Although in use many years, it is still unknown to many good farmers. Cahoon's Seed Sower. — We liave given the hand sower represented in the accompanying cut, (fig. 121,) a thorough trial, having used it for some years. Its great value is in sowing grass seed, which it does Fig. 120. more than twice as rapid- ly as by the old way, and with great evenness. It also requires less skill. For sowing heavy grain, like wheat and barley, it becomes rather heavy, and requires harder labor, but this is less necessary, as the work is commonly done by the seed drill drawnby two horses. In using it for grass seed, or for any other purpose, it Fie. 121. is of great importance to keep the rapidly running parts well oiled — as when a little dry, it runs so much harder as to be insufferably fatiguing. The quantity of seed sown to the acre is regulated with accuracy. Steel Plow Cutter Stock. — The cut (fig. 122) represents the steel plow cutter and stock, one of the newer contrivances manufactured by Holbrook & Co of Boston. Its substantial character is obvious ; it is self-clearing, of easy draft, stiff, light and strong. The stock is made of malleable iron, of such form as to combine strength and freedom from bending. It takes the chief part of the strain of the cutter, and comes OF RURAL AFFAIRS. * The steel blade is 5-i6ths of an inch thick, by 2^ wide, about half the thickness of the common cutter, and being so thin, passes through the ground more easily, and controls the plow less than the common cutter. Holbrook's Clevis for a Oxe- HoRSE Plow, to enable the horse to walk in the furrow, is shown by (ig. 123. It needs but little explanation, and is similar in general principal to the three- horse clevis, described in another part of this volume. Another new contrivance made by Holbrook & Co., is the attachment of Fig. 123. this clevis to their one-horse sioivel phnv^ a movement "at turning changing the clevis or the point of draught to the right or left, as wanted. IIapgood's One-Horse Swivel Plow is so contrived as to throw the beam enough to one side or the other as the mould-board is changed from side to side, by what is termed an eccentric movement. This con- trivance is of a very simple and ingenious character, and on usiiig the plow on our grounds, it appears to answer the intended purpose perfectly, that is, plowing without a dead furrow. It is made by the Ames Plow Co., Boston, Mass. The Smoothing Harrow. — The most improved form of this imple- ment is shown by fig. 124, exhibiting the mode of at- taching the draught, and the form of the three sec- tions hinged together. It takes a sweep of nine feet. and is easily drawn by two horses, harrowing 20 acres a day. The back- ward ir.clination of the small steel teeth juevents them from ever clogging, and renders the draught easier ; and it also allows the harrow to pass over i:::jj| young wheat, until it is "" ' over a foot high, without injury. The same pecu- Fig. 124. liarily permits it to run broadcast over corn in hills, in drills, or sown broadcast, clearing out the i 296 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RE(;iSTER f fine weeds, mellowing the surface, but causing no harm to the larger plants. It is also used for fitting the surface for seeds of any kind harrowing in grass seeds, and for finely pulverizing spread manure. The difference between the ope- ration of the sloping teeth of this harrow, and the common vertical teeth, is shown by fig. 125, repre- senting the coarse, square teeth usually employed, clogged with f ig. 123- weeds, roots and earth. Holbrook's Swivel Plow, (fig. 126.) — This implement has been much improved from the old side-hill plows. We have given the two -horse plow made by F. F. Holbrook & Co., a thorough trial, and among other experiments several acres which had been in sod eight years, in many places so steep that no wagon could be driven over them, were successfully in- verted to a measured average depth of 7 inches, drawn by a pair of horses. The facility with which the sod was laid down, arid the complete pulverization of the 'S' ^ surface, were entirely satisfactory, and excited the admiration of neighbors who came to witness its operation. The time required to change the mould-board from right to left and left to to right, at the ends of the furrows, was usually less than the time for the horses to turn about, and much less than with the common plow, as the whole is done at one operation, no passing across the end of the lands being required. On level ground its operation is equally successful, and it entirely obviates dead furrows. This plow combines more excellent qualities as a swivel plow than any other we have had an opportunity of testing — among which its thorough pulverization of the sod stands con- spicuous. Holbrook's Stubble Plow is shown in fig. 127, with their new cutter stock attached. Some of our readers will remember the admirable work which it performed at the Utica trial a few years since. The manufacturers have since made some additional im- provements. The remark- fig- J27. able i)ower which it posses- ses of pulverizing the soil at the same time that it completely inverts all weeds, grass and rubbish, is among its excellent points. [ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 297 A One-Horse Subsoil Plow, light, strong, and of easy draught, is manufactured by R. H. Allen & Co. of New-York, which is a capital im- plement for deep loosening the soil in gardens and limited grounds, and for working between rows. HoLBRoox's Hand Cultivator, (fig. 12S,) — In good soil, and for gar- den and drill crops, this imple- ment is used instead of a hand hoe, and performs work with rapidity. It has the advantage over the horse cultivator of working in small patches,where a horse could not readily turn about, and it is more perfectly under the control of the opera- tor, and may be pushed very i''g- ^28. near the row, without danger of cutting the plants. It expands from 8 to 14 inches, and is particularly adapted to beets, carrots, onions, turnij^s and other drill crops. It is manufactured by F. F. Hoi brook & Co., Boston, Mass. Harrington's Seed Sower and Hand Cultivator, (fig. 129.) — This implement, made by the Ames Plow Company, Boston, Mass., combines the sower and the culti- vator in one machine. As a cultivator it destroys weeds in rows, and is easily expanded and con- tracted. It is changed to a sower by adding the hopper and its attach- ments, and removing the cultivator attachment. Fig. 129. HoLB rook's Double-Tree, (fig. 130.) — This dispenses with single- trees in plowing with two horses, and renders the whole arrangement less cumbersome and more manageable. The horses cannot step over the traces in turning. The small iron contrivance at the middle moves freely and keeps the traces of both horses even. It may be so adjusted as to give either horse Fig. 130. the advantage. Our plowmen who have tried it are greatly pleased with it. With a well broken team that works moderately even, there seems to be no objection to' it what- t ever, but with unsteady horses, who draw quite unlike, we are told that A^ it does not succeed so well. U 298 -=« ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Messrs. Holbrook & Co. write us under a late date — "Last week we made a series of experiments with three horses abreast on our plow, and came to the conclusion that the present rig, slightly modified, is well adapted to our swivel plows, and will save our making the three-horse clevis. Our long three-horse evener, as now made, measures 4 feet be- tween clevises; we shall hereafter bore two holes, an inch apart, in each end. inside the present clevis bolts, and shall also bore corresponding holes for the middle clevis, to keep the proportion right. By using short whifiletrees, say 27 or 28 inches, we are thus able to adjust the team so as to give the plow more or less land, and still keep the clevis in the centre of the beam, where it must necessarily be in using a swivel plow to good advantage. We think, from our observation last week, that in using this rig for harrowing, it would be desirable to use a long evener, about 4^ feet in length. Of course the same could be used in plowing by boring the requisite holes in it. By making the evener 6 inches more than 4 feet long, it would give a plow 3 inches more land, which would be too much ; but in harrowing in hot weather horses work easier spread well apart." Potato Plow. — The annexed cut (fig. 131) is a representation of the potato digger made by R. II. Allen & Co. of New-York, which digs pota- toes easily and cheaply, by simply throwing them out of the ground, and shaking them from the earth by the rods which pass backwards. It works well in clean and mellow ground, particularly light soils. It does not succeed so perfectly in heavy, ad- hesive earth. The prongs are made of iron or pol- ished steel, as may be de- Fig. 131. sired. If thev ever break, they are easily replaced by others by a simple contrivance. The high curved standard readily clears itself from weeds. Its cheapness and sim- plicity specially recommend it. Carhart's Two-Horse Cultivator. — This cultivator (fig. 132) has no wheels, the depth being regulated with accuracy by meansof a pair of light runners, placed in the rear of the two outward forward teeth, and which are elevated or lowered by a touch of the hand. The omis- sion of wheels allows it to run close to trees and boundaries. It is strongly made and managed ^^S- »32. with ease. We have found its operation to be very satisfactory, while -t.i. . ~i .1. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. its simplicity and cheapness are in its favor. It pulverizes the soil quite equal to the best wheel machines. It has been also used as a potato digger, and operates well. The two outside rear teeth are taken out, and all the front ones, and the tw > runners or regulator teeth are set in the centre forward, by which five teeth are used, and the exact depth for the potatoes is secured. It is made by C. C. Bradley & Son of Syracuse, N. Y. Bradley's Horse-Hoe, manufactured byC.C. Bard- ley & Son, Syracuse, N. Y., is shown in fig. 133, and is especially useful in cultiva- ting and hilling crops sown Fii;. 1:13. in hills or drills. It has been also used for digging potatoes. The wings to the large front teeth, combined with the narrow teeth, make it a good pulverizer and cultivator. Hand Seed-Drills. — Among the best seed sowers to be used by hand» are Allen's Planet Drill and Holbrook's Seed Drill. The former is made by S. L. Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and is represented by fig. 134. It is neatly constructed, plants uniformly at the adjusted depth, on uneven as well as on level ground, the planter standing directly under the seed-box and running wheels. It is regulated by a graduated scale. It is probably the best hand implement for sowing corn thickly for fodder, and other seed in large quantity, 134. Fig. 135- and answers equally well for the concentrated fertilizers. Holbrook's Seed Drill has an iron frame, and combines neatness with lightness and strength. It is changed to seeds of different sizes by a slight turn in the dial. The seed conductor being enameled white, the operator can see the seed as it drops, and before covered. Buckeye Thresher and Cleaner, (fig. 136.) — Since the first complete com- bined machines for thresh- ing and cleaning, invented and made by Pitts, they are now widely manufactured throughout the country, and •^^jS^^^^. ''!L"ilb.,J^!r;^f»^'«r>i&»tfl*r^^ of high excellence — various- '''K- 136. ly modified from the original. Among some of the best is that known as the Buckeye, madeby Blvmver, 300 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Day & Co. of Mansfield, Ohio. It is distinguished for its compact form as the cut indicates, and it works with efficiency. Wagon Rack for Hay. — In the third volume of Rural Affairs, we figured and described two modes for construct- ing hay and grain racks, and here give another form, (fig. 137,) which has some peculiar advantages, the chief "of which is the facility with which it may be placed on or taken off ^'S- i37« tlie wagon, in separate pieces, so that one man may do the work alone. The bed-pieces may be 2 by 8 inches — sometimes they are made 4 by 5 inches. They are usually about 14 feet long, but sometimes as long as 18 feet. If made of white oak, they need not be quite so large as the dimen- sions given ; but they are best of pine, as they are so much lighter. Small cleats are nailed to the outer sides of the bed-pieces, at the wagon stakes, to prevent sliding. The cross-pieces, which connect the bed-pieces, should be of the best white oak, or other equally hard and tough wood, as they receive the lower ends of the racks into oblique mortices. The racks or side frames consist of three boards each, bolted to cross-pieces, which are about 6 eet long, made of oak. When placed on the bed- pieces, they rest upon them, the ends being thrust into the mortices. A stronger modification is to make the side-pieces 7 feet long, and to brace them firmly by thrusting the ends under the bed-pieces on the oppo- site sides, where they are pinned or bolted. Paine's W^heel Jack, (fig. 138.) — This is simple, light and always ready. Being made of strong wood, with iron lever, it does not set out of order. The notches adapt it to various heights of axles without changing. It locks itself, without the trouble of fastening. It is made by Uie Ames Plow Com- pany. Tether for Horse or Cow. — Persons who keep single horses, and Fig. 138. have small grounds, often desire to give them a bite of grass where it can be spared, but wish to confine them to proper limits. To tie them with a cord or halter to a stake, endangers OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 301 the tangling of their feet, and the cord or strap is injured by the wet grass. A contrivance to obviate this difficulty is shown by fig. 139. It is perfectly safe, and can never catch the animal's feet, or throw him down. A. B. Allen, Tom's River, N.J., who has given it a full trial, says : — •' A friend of mine recently lost a fine cow from entang- ling in the rope attached to her neck and to a stake any amount of trouble with this mode ''^^^-i>%S^iS in the ground, and I have had heretofore. A year ago I got this. My cow was rather wild, and I was doubtful whether it would answer. You would have laughed heartily, as I did, to see her movements when first attached. She start- ed on a furious run, but the cord on her horns gently guided her in a circle, and she soon tired of that. Then she attempted backing and pulling, but making little progress, soon gave it up, and then ac- commodating herself to the range went to feeding as quietly as a puppy, and so continues. One great merit in it is, it acts or rather restrains gently, and the pole moving with perfect ease at the least touch, and the cord being elastic and supple, the animal is constantly guided within its range." Sold by R. H. Allen & Co., New- York. Lawn Mowers. — A great improvement has been made in the appear- ance of lawns in some parts of the country, by the recent introduction of lawn mowing machines. On large grounds the mowing is done by horses, Fiff. 140. the mowers costing from $100 to $200 ; on grounds of an acre or two the best hand mowers answer well, and cost about $25. Some of those have been greatly improved of late years, so as to obviate the necessity of using ■ -^ =^3© <^o^ 302 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER the lawn scythe ; and they have another great advantage namely, little or no skill or practice is required to use them while making a perfect and even green carpet. We have tried a number of different kinds, but have been especially pleased with the one known as the Philadelphia, (fig. 140,) as manufactured by R. H. Allen & Co., New- York. It cuts a strip a foot or more wide, as fast as a man will walk, with far less effort than scythe- mowing ; and one hand will readily go over two acres in a day — cutting from three to four times as fast, and a great deal better, than mowing. It needs sharpening for about every ten acres, but varying much with the condition of the grass, as to dust, or a well washed surface. One impor- tant convenience in the use of the Philadelphia mower, is the facilitv with which it may be run over the ground when not in use for cutting, by sim- ply turning it over, which makes it more portable than a hand truck. Continental Washing Machine. — Of the different washing ma- chines of which we have made trial, we have been particularly pleased with that made by the Brinkerhoff Manufac- turing Company, at Auburn, N. Y., known as the Continental, (fig. 141.) We find that it rubs or wears the clothes in a very slight degree, or almost imperceptibly ; it will wash a small or large garment equally well; it works with great ease, and its operation is rapid. About one- half of the labor commonly used for a wash- board will do the washing well with this ma- chine. On examining the principle on which it operates, we find that its leading advantage consists in a constant succession of pressures, combined with a gradual turning over of the clothes, bringing all parts under action. Fig. 141. POULTRY HOUSE. — Every farmer should have a good, convenient poultry house, properly constructed, sufficiently large to contain the num- ber of birds he desires. It should be warm and dry in the winter, well ventilated and kept scrupulously clean. The house should not be over crowded, but just large enough. Nothing is made by over-crowding the hennery ; on the contrary it will prove detrimental. The fowls must be fed regularly and at stated periods. They must have plenty of pure water at hand at all times — this is of as much importance to the health of the brood as proper food. If possible, they should also be given, in addition, a plat of grass for a run. Place within the hennery adust heap ; this may consist of wood or coal ashes, sand, or dust from the streets. It should be kept under a cover, so that it will not become drenched with rain or snow, and to it the fowls should have access at all times, to dust and thereby rid themselves, in a great degree, of the numerous parasites which i infest them. — Poultry Standai'd. f OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 303 r CHEESE MAKING. AS A CLEAR AND CONCISE historical review of the factory system of cheese making has appeared in a previous number of the Register, (1864 — Rural Affairs, vol. iv,) we are called upon now to give only a short exposition of the present condition of cheese-making, together with the newer ideas, and a description of improved apparatus and utensils. We will begin with a few remarks on Cows AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. The selection or rearing of a herd of cows is the first important con- sideration in dairying — always supposing that the dairyman has a farm at least tolerably well adapted to dairying purposes. As a general thing it will be found impossible to get a satisfactory herd without raising it. There are two stubborn reasons for this : 1st. Good dairy cows are scarce, and must be raised before they can be found in the country in sufficient numbers to stock our dairy farms. 2d. Those who own good dairy cows will not, as a general thing, part with them at such prices as other farmers can afford to pay. The wisest and most economical course is, therefore, for the dairyman to raise his own herd. To do this, he must purchase or get the use of a pure blood bull. We will not say what breed or family he must select from. We leave that to his own judgment. But he should keep distinctly in view the object for which he is breeding — whether butter or cheese-making. To this end he must cross the desired breed with his best native cows ; then breed again from the best crosses, and follow this up until his herd of cows is all that he can desire. In this way the dairyman can provide himself with the requisite number of milk-producing machines, of the best quality and largest capacity. The next thing is to run tliese maciiines economically and profitably. They will turn out milk corresponding very much to the food and drink which is given them. They must have enough, or the machine will run feebly, and the product be light. If given too much, the yield will be large, but the machine will clog. High feeding, forcing the machine, wears it out rapidly and engenders disease and premature death. If the quality of the milk-producing material is not right, the milk will not be right. It has been asserted, and some experiments have seemed to demonstrate, that the quality of the feed has no perceptible effect on the quality of the pro- duct. But the experience of almost every one who has owned a cow teaches to the contrary. Feed a cow on leeks, skunk-cabbage and tur- nips, giving her stagnant water to drink, and she will yield you a villain- ous compound that will almost sicken the hogs. On the contrary, give her a supply of sweet grasses, with plenty of clear running water, or give her early cut, well cured hay, with roots and a little corn meal, and she will reward you with a flow of deliciously flavored milk. '=^=^?^ 304 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Milk — that is, the oil, the butter in the milk — is a great absorbent of odors. Hence your cows must be kept in a clean, sweet, well ventilated place. When you drive them from the clean pasture, do not not dog, worry or hurry them, and then shut them up in a foul, stinking barn-yard or horse stable. Do your milking in a clean place and a sweet atmos- phere, if you would not have your milk "taste of the barn-yard." The milk will not only absorb the foul odors, but they will get into it through the circulating system o the :ow, by her breathing these odors. Think, too, what you are taking into your o.vu lungs, and hou your own system is getting defiled, through and through, by your breathing this filthy at- mosphere ! Be cleanly in the operation of milking. Have not only all your utensils thoroughly cleaned, scalded and aired, but properly clean the cow's udder and teats, and see that no foul stuff clinging to them gets into the milk. If necessary, wash them before the milking is begun, and give them time to get dry. If the teats crack and bleed, keep milk off from them, and limber them up well with some softening oil, as soon as the cow is driven up to milk. Use only tin pails, and those without sharp angles in which ferments can collect. Treatment of Milk. As fast as the milk is drawn from the cow, strain it into the can, but do not let the can stand in a foul atmosphere, nor with the sun blazing on it. Do not cover the top of the can with a cloth strainer, keeping the air out and the heat and animal odor /«. Either use a common strainer pail, or a strainer that can be fas- tened to one side of the can. (See fig. 142.) It seems to be essential that milk, as soon as drawn from the cow, should be either thoroughly aired or cooled, or hoth. The opinion that has for some time been gaining favor, is that airing is the great desideratum. Various contrivances have been gotten up T\%.i^2— Jones, FaulktierdT* Co.^s for this purpose, but all have been too 2ok!u/:: r' if ./S awkward and difficult to keep clean, as well Can, inside. as too expensive. Too rapid cooling — especially with the use of ice — and too low a tem- perature, (much if any below 60*^,) it is thought, injures the flavor of milk, and of the butter or cheese made from it. It chills the particles of milk coming in immediate contact with the cold surface, and condenses in the milk all the gases, retaining the animal odors, which become all the more active, and hasten taint or putrefaction, as soon as the temperature is raised. Tlie writer of this has traveled considerably among the cheese factories of Central New-York during the past season, (1871,) and his ob. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. -^=^^ 305 servation seems to confirm this position. He finds that the factories which make the finest flavored cheese do not cool the night's milk much below 70*^ before leaving it, and do not allow it to get, during the night, below 6o'*,preferring that it should not be found in the morn- ing below 65°, Re- volving the subject in his mind his pres- ent conclusion is that airing is of more consequence than cooling, and that the only practical mode of airing is by forcing air through the milk — thus oxygenizing the milk, expelling^ the gases or animal odors, and gradual- ly reducing the tem- perature at the same time. For this pur- pose he and others have invented a ^^^i- ■/• ry'.< i& Fig. 143— Curtis, Miller &* IVig^ht's Force Pump Milk Aerator avd Cooler — A, air cylinder ; B, ice-paii ; C, piston rod and air tube ; D, continuation 0/ air tube, with flexible pipe ; E, air tube to be inserted in the milk ; F, per/ofated disc for distributing the air in the bottom 0/ the can ; G, board supporting the pump, and on rvhich ' the foot is placed in -working;^, pipe for C07iducting off pU^a,, anri if i« hp water/rom the melted ice. cneap ana, ii is oe lieved, effective appa- ratus. (See figs. 143 and 144.) By the use of this the surround- ing atmosphere, as it is; can be forced through the milk, or the air can be drawn through pounded ice and then fore d Fig. x^— Curtis, Miller &> Wight^s Force Pump Milk through the milk. Its Aerator and Cooler in pieces— A, air cylinder ; R, ice- ^^^ ^j^jg sunimer aS a pan ; C, holloiu piston and rod ; D, piece of flexible tubing ; E, tube to be inserted in the milk; F, air dis- simple aerator, with- tributing disc ;^Cj board on -which the foot is placed in ^ ice, by Some of •working the pufnps, ^ the patrons of Dr. L. L. Wight of Whitestown goes to confirm the correctness of the theory of aeration — as, in almost every instance milk treated in this way for five or ten minutes immediately after milking, without cooling, has kept sweet longer than milk cooled by the use of water or ice. ^=^ 306 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER -^=5^ Disserving all the other essentials in the production and management of milk, we think that if every dairyman would thus thoroughly air his milk as soon as drawn from the cow, and use Arnold's patent ventilator in his can-cover — taking care to protect the can from the rays of the sun on the way to the factory — we should seldom hear of tainted milk or float- ing curds, and the quality of American cheese would be greatly improved. One thing is certain — strictly fine, good-keeping cheese cannot be made of tainted milk. Cheese-makers have learned to manage this too com- mon article much better than they used to, but they cannot wholly counter- act the evil effects of decay when it has progressed so far as to cause taint in the milk. The first and greatest responsibility for the quality of the cheese rests with the patrons of the factory. When they all send their milk to the factory in perfect condition, they will have the right to demand that the cheese-maker shall turn out a strictly fine article, but not before. Receiving and Crediting Milk. At present there is no way of receiving and crediting milk but by weight. Of course the receiver needs to be a good judge of milk, and must use all his faculties and skill to keep out skimmecl, watered, soured and tainted milk — ^some of which will pass him in spite of all his care and vigilance. He may exclude these, if he can detect them in time, but against poor milk — the product of poor pastures and poor cows — he has no remedy. This must go in with the rest, and count the same as so many pounds of the richest milk, and the loss is shared by those who bring better milk, the gain going to the owner of the poor stuff. So the man who brings milk rich enough in cream to make cream cheese, and the man whose milk is so poor in cream that it will make little better than skim-milk cheese, are both credited ac- cording to the number of pounds delivered. There is therefore no stimu- lus to the patron to pro- duce good milk, but a con- stant incentive to deliver the greatest number of pounds of liquid, regardless of its quality. The con- dition and keeping quality are all that the receiver of milk at the factory can take into consideration. In' determining these he can call to his aid the glass tubes, (see fig. 146,) having one for each patron, and filling it as often as \ Fig. 145. — Ralph's Patent Can Handle and Ear combined. Fig. 146. Jones, Faulkner &> Co.'s Case /or Test Glasses. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. thought advisable, and watching the milk till it sours or taints. These tubes also show, to the eye, the relative amount of cream in each man's j milk ; but this is of no use, except to arouse suspicion of watering or skimming, when there is little cream, and' to cause watching for the legal proof. The cream-gauge (see fig. 147 — the two glasse> standing together, with figures towards the top only,) will show the exact percentage of Fig. 147. — CreattfGauge. Fig 148. — Lactometer. cream ; and the lactometer (fig. 148) will show the density or specific gravity — nothing more. As seen in fig. 147, the per cent, glass filled with pure water, lets the lactometer sink to the water line. The middle one, containing water rendered dense by the addition of ingredients, stands at the skim-milk point ; and the other cream-gauge, with a little salt added to the water, floats the lactometer at the pure milk figure. Hence the lactometer, of itself, is of little value in detecting rascality. Skimming, watering and adulterations, are best shown by the test-glasses, which are only indicators, and need to be backed up by legal proofs, which are usually ocular demonstrations. Still if the lactometer and cream gauge both show a patron's milk to be deficient when delivered at the factory, and specimens taken at his home from fhe can — which is watched and known to contain no skimmed milk or water — tries all right, it would be difficult for an intelligent jury tp refuse to bring in a verdict against him for either skimming or watering^. We need sopie simple aiid satisfactory test of the intrinsic value of milk for cheese-making. The cream-gauge is a satisfactory test of its value for , butter-making. It has been suggested that a given amount of each jIL patron's milk, at certain intervals, be made into cheese, and either care- Q fully weighed or measured, and his milk be rated by this test until the ©c^= ] Q 308 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER next test is made. But this would only decide the percentage of cheese^ without taking into consideration the quality, and is, therefore, open to the same objection, though in a less degree, that crediting by weight is. It is desirable to give credit for»both caseine and cream, and no test will be satisfactory which does not do this. Perhaps the milk might be set in the cream-gauge for cream, and the skimmed milk afterwards made into cheese, to determine the amount of caseine. But to make this test satis- factory the relative value of cream and caseine must first be determined, the cream evidently being the more valuable. A committee of the American Dairymen's Association has under con- sideration this subject of crediting according to the intrinsic value of milk, and we shall be gratified if it shall be able to report some simple, equi- table and satisfactory system of credits. Rennet Is unquestionably one of the most important things in cheese-making. We can separate the caseine from the whey by the use of acids, and even by the natural process of souring, but the product is not that mellow, rich and palatable substance known as cheese. vSo it is said by the chemists, that the spores, or seeds, of the blue mold are identical with the active properties of good rennet ; but no one has yet succeeded in making a marketable article by the use of blue mold instead of rennet. Practically, whatever theory may show, we have no substitute for the active properties of the stomach of the calf, in cheese-making. The soakings of the stomachs of the young of other animals — as the pig, the lamb, the kid, etc.— will cause coagulation, and the extract from the stomach of the pig is said to be stronger than that from the stomach of the calf; but these have never been used to any considerable extent, and we have no knowledge of ex- periments to satisfactorily determine the relative value of the stomachs of the young of various species ofanimals for the purposes of the cheese-maker. At present, therefore, \ye must confine ourselves to the saving and pre- paration of the stomach of the calf. Of course the true or digestive stomach — sometimes called the "second stomach" — is the one to be saved. This should be healthy and active, and ought to be saved at the stage when it is just fairly emptied, and the secretions are copious, causing a keen ap- petite on the part of the animal. The calf should not be less than three days old, and probably ought to be five or six days old, so that all the organs may be in active and vigorous operation. It should go without eating, immediately before being killed, for twelve to eighteen hours. A good way is to feed at night, muzzle the calf or put it where it cannot lick dirt or get hold of straw, hay or other solid substance, and kill it some time during the next forenoon. The stomach should be removed from the calf as soon after killing as possible, as decomposition begins very soon, and goes on very rapidly among the warm vital organs when life has departed. The stomach should be turned inside out and carefully cleared of all ©C^^— OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 309 foreign substances, but not washed, and then well salted and stretched on a bow or crotched stick, and hung in a cool, dry place ; or salt the ends well, tie up one end, blow up the rennet like a bladder, close the other end, and then hang up to dry. When dry, tie your rennets up in paper bags — flour sacks are as good as anything — and keep in a cool, dry place until wanted for use. Freezing does not injure them, ai.d they are best when not less than one year old. We are confident that the quality of American cheese would be greatly improved by the exercise of more care in saving and using rennets — never using any that are under one year old, and not perfectly healthy and sweet. The best mode of preparing rennet is that practiced by Dr. L. L. Wight of Whitestown, Oneida Co., N. Y., who has takan the first pre- mium at the State Fair for two years in succession, for the best five factory- made cheeses. He says : *' I take pure sweet whey and steam it to boil- ing, and remove the scum which rises ; then let it stand until it settles, and decant the clear whey, leaving the sediment at the bottom of the cask. When this whey is cold and acid, I soak the rennets in it, adding a little salt, but only just sufficient to preserve them from tainting. Of this liquid I use enougli to commence coagulating the curd in fifteen minutes.' It requires about one good, strong rennet to each gallon of whey thus pre- pared. The mode of scalding the whey, so it is not scorched, is of no consequence. Coloring Is specially demanded by the London market, which takes about three- fifths of all the cheese exported from this country. The tendency, how- ever, is toward less color, and the hope is general that the day is not far distant when no coloring will be required. It is confessed on all sides to be rather detrimental than useful, and to cause unnecessary expense and trouble, except so far as it pleases our principal foreign customers, who have educated themselves to admire an unnatural color in their cheese. But when color is used it is in a liquid state, and should be prepared from the purest and best material. Annatto is universally conceded to be the best coloring matter, and that form of it known as annattoine is at present the purest to be had in market. It is easy to reduce to a liquid state, and is put up in packages, accompanied by a recipe for its preparation. Setting, Cutting and Heating. The milk — having been reduced to a temperature of about 70*^ the night previous, and the cream prevented from rising by the use of an agitator — should be about 65" in the morning, and not below 60*^. Into this is run the morning's milk, which is usually about the same in quan- tity as the night's, and the temperature of the whole is raised to about 82*^ in hot weather, and 86'* in cool weather, making a mean temperature of 84" for setting in mild weather. The coloring liquid is first thoroughly 3IO ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER F8^ I incorporated with the milk, and then sufficient prepared rennet is added to cause to begin coaeulalion in about fifteen minutes. A slight agitation j is kept up, until the milk begins to roll thick and heavy, for the purpose of preventing the cream from rising; but care must be taken not to stir too long, or a smooth, compact mass of curd will be impossible, and a broken, spongy mass will appear in its place, from which many of the fine particles will be washed off in the whey, causing great waste. As soon as the curd will break smoothly across the finger, leav- ing the finger clean, and clear whey settles Fig. ,50. — Jones, , ^ , in the broken place, the F.utlhuer&'Co.'s Fig. 149. — Jones, Faulkner &* Co. s \ ■ r ■-,■,, Ivtproved Per- Thermometer atici Float. This CUrd IS fit to CUt. 1 hen, pendicular Curd shows the Thermometer fixed in in our opinion, all the Js it always . ' head, made ivith rieht side up in the Vat, ready to CUttMlg should be done ,tny number 0/ indicate the te7nf>eratnre. 35 quickly and as gen- i'l'^des. tly as possible — first with the horizontal knife, lengthwise of the vat, then with the perpendicular knife, (fig. 150,) until the pieces of curd are about the size of beachnuts. If the milk is very sweet, it may be left coarser ; if it shows age, and is woiking rapid- ly, cut finer still, so as to secure even action of the heat in a shorter space of time, and be ore the acid gets too much developed. Stir the curd gently, and only enough to prevent packing, while raising the temperature, gradual- ly and steadily, but more or less rapidly, according to the state of the milk, to 96*^, 98° or 100*^, as experience shall have determined to be the ^^xO' Yxz-^Si.— Jones, Faulkner 6^ Co.' s Curd per point for the milkof your factory. Pail, with slanting topand ears on j^^,j ^,^^.^5 steadily at the de- the tjiside, so that tt can be atppea -' _ -' _ against the end and into the cor- sired point of temperature until the ners 0/ the Vat, while the bail ex- action of the heat is nearly or quite tends beyond the edge 0/ the pail,and ' ^ saves the knuckles/rom bruising. complete, and the acid begins to show itself slightly. Then, if you do not grind your curds, draw the whey OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 3II down to the surface of the curd, and allow it to stand until ready to dip. If you grind your curds, draw off all the whey early, at least as soon as there are any tangible signs of acid ; raise one end of the vat, draw the curd away from the other, pile it up along each side of the vat, and leave it to drain and take on acid, with occasionally cutting it lengthwise and across into convenient pieces to handle, and turning it so as to air the bottom and inner portions, and to give the outer portions that have cool- ed somewhat the advantage of more heat. When the whey that drains from it has an unmistakable sour-milk taste, or when an iron heated to a black heat and applied to the curd, will draw it out into innumerable fine threads a quarter or half an inch long, grind as soon as possible, (see fig. 152,) and apply about 2^ pounds of factory-filled salt to the curd of each 1,000 pounds of milk. It may then be put to press, or allowed to stand and air at pleasure ; but if the temperature gets too low, — say below 75*^ — it will be found difficult to make the cheese face, especially in cool weather, when the temperature continues to run down. If you do not grind your curds Fig. 1^7.— Ralph's American Curd Mill. — gg some of the very best fac- tories do not — dip into the curd-sink as soon as the acid is right ; allow the whey to drain off pretty well while thoroughly stirring and separating the curd with the hands, and then apply, as evenly as possible, from 2| to 3 pounds of salt, according to the state of the weather and the amount of whey left to wash away the salt. Air the curd well, and put it to press, having some regard to both the temperature of the curd and the tempera- ture of the atmosphere. If put to press too warm in hot weather, the curd will ferment in the centre of the cheese and cause it to go off flavor. There is no danger then of getting a curd too cool or too well aired. In cool weather the temperature must be left high enough to enable you to make a smooth face to your cheese. In truth, however, the factory should be so constructed that the temperature can be controlled at all times. Then you can do as experience shows you is best. Temperatures, Acid, etc. One of the most difficult things in cheese-making is to determine the exact point where the heat and acid should be arrested and the salt ap- plied to the curd. All depends on experience and judgment ; yet some acquire the skill in a few months which others can never reach. No fixed rule can be laid down, as the milk of different cows, and of different localities, as well as of different years and different seasons of the year, works differently. Each cheese-maker must determine for himself or her- 312 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER self the degree of heat and acid required for the time and place. Yet there is such a thing possible as a standard of excellence in the product of the dairy, which every one should have thoroughly fixed in the mind, but which every one is liable to lose if the greatest watchfulness and care are not exercised. For this reason we advise freer intercourse among cheese- makers — more frequent visits to each other's factories, and observation of the products of those that are selling best in market, that the standard in the mind may not deteriorate, but rather improve. It would be to the ad- vantage of patrons to pay the expenses of frequent visits of their cheese- maker to other factories known to excel. Our observation among the cheese factories of Oneida and Herkimer, during the past season, has confirmed us in the opinion that much of our cheese is made too soft, and consequently lacks in keeping qualities. There have been two reasons for this, aside from the old prejudice exist- ing among private dairymen, that an undercooked, pasty, rank cheese is better than one suited to the London market. These reasons were — the desire to obtain a big yield, and the anxiety to have the cheese cure rapid- ly, that it might be sold before there was any further decline in the market. There are several means of securing a soft and rapidly curing cheese, all of which combined not only make a cheese soon ripe, but soon rotten. These are — less heat, less acid, less salt, and more rennet. The mystery of cheese-making lies in the proper use and degree of these several agents, so as to produce a firm, flaky but not crumbly, sweet-flavored article, that will improve for at least a year, and melt in the mouth like butter, leaving a clean, sweet taste on the palate. Such a cheese will not be fit for market in thirty days, or less. The cheese maker should know how to produce a long keeping, or rapidly curing cheese, as may be desired, at will. Pressing and Curing. We do not lay as much stress on the pressing of cheese as some do. We look upon it more as a matter of convenience, in putting the pro- duct in a good shape to handle, than anything else. If the curd is all right, and the conditions for curing are all right, the cheese will be satisfactory. Still as pressing, in some form, will probably always be resorted to. it is a matter of a good deal of importance to get the best and most convenient method. Nothing, so far, has been found to Pie. 15-1. — A Fancy Cheese Hoofi for ^ressivs^ ,, ,. ''Young America" Cheese; weighing 8 to answer SO well as some application 10 pounds. of screw-power. The best form of this application that we know of is the gang-press, with its improved hoop. S^c:^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 3^3 (See figs. 154 and 155.) It is compact, economical, and does its work satisfactorily. It has been pretty thorough- ly tried during the past season, by the Rome Cheese Manufactur- ing Association, attd by Dr. L. L. Wight of Whitestown, Onei- Fig. 15^— Frazer's Gan^ Press in operation. da Co., N. Y. The importance of having curing rooms so constructed that the tem- perature can be controlled and kept between jo*' and 80°, is begin- ning to be more and more recog- nized, and more pains to secure this end are taken in building fac. lories. With cheese not exceeding 70 lbs. weight, tables are consider- ed preferable to rails and turners, both for convenience and to get rid of the annoyance consequent ui)on the pretended patent on the rails and turner. The idea of pressing a cap of bandage cloth on the ends Fig. irSs—Frazer's Itnproved Gang Press Hoop — A, hoop ; B, closed end of hoop, the edge of -which is seen below, E ; C, follo-ver, shozving grooves, in ivhich are holes for the passage ojf the ivhey ; D, battdager on ivhich the upper edge of the cheese bandage is slipped, and the bandage inserted in the hoop, the lower edge resting on the Icdjsre seen on the inside of the hoop, just the width (^ the bandager front the top. of cheeses, and thus avoiding the use of grease, is receiving some atten- tion. Cheeses with these caps do not look so nice, but they are cleaner to handle, and entail less trouble and expense. Apparatus, Utensils, etc. There are practically but two methods of heating. One is by surround- ing the vat of milk with water which is raised in tem- perature until it brings the milk to the desired point ; and the other is by the ap- plication of dry steam direct- ly to the external of the vat of milk, which is surround- ed by an enclosed space for Y\g. isf>-— Sample Case for carrying samples of this purpose. Both of these Cheese. 1 his ts a leather pocket case tvitlt short glass tubes, furnished with corks, in tvhich to methods have tlieir Strong carry sample phigs of cheese. Three of these advOCateS, and OUr beSt faC- corked tubes are shoivn draxvn partly out of the ,, case. tones use the one or the /) other, as they accidentally began, and seemingly with equal success, while ^0^= -^ =«=^^ 3 '4 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER some. like Dr. Wight's of Whitestown, use both. Theory has seemed to us rather to favor the use of water as likely to secure an evener heat and a larger yield, but we are not aware that any satis- factory test has been made to settle these points. Wegive anillus- rs , , rr ,r, . -ui. ^ I tration of a self-heater, F'S- >S7- — Ralfh Vat — a self-heater ivtth fire-box run- , . , , , i nifig the entire leugth on the under side, and sur- whlch has been thorough- roiiftded with water. \y tried and proved efli- cient, (see fig. 157,) and of a dry-steam heater, which seems to us superior to anything else of the kind, because of its facilities for turning the steam under the bottom, or on the sides, at will, which no other dry-steam apparatus has, (see fig. 158.) The following table shows the receipts of cheese at and Fig. 158 -7^«^j, Faulkner ^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Bnrnuni, T G Bethel, Ct Barstow, J S Newport, R I Bartholomew, A Bristol, Ct liassett. II W Derbv, Ct Beach, CM Hartford, Ct Benedxt, Chas., Waterbury, Ct Biddle, CiemeiU, Philadelphia, Pa Bowditch, E F Framingham. Mass Bradlev, R Brattleboro, Vt Brad ey, G W Hamden, Ct Bradway, J H Woodbury, N J Brooks, John, Princeton, Mass Brown, E B Mvstic, Ct Brown, Melville Millbrook, N Y Buck, Mrs. M E Poquonnock, Ct Bui . W W Plymouth, Ct Bush, W C Auburndale, ^Iass Bush, James P Boston, Mass Chapman, A Middlebury, Vt Clui chman, F M Indianapolis, Ind Chit, W Mystic Bridge, Ct Codman, Ogden, Lincoln, Mass Coleman, G D Lebanon, Pa Collamore, Davis, Orange, N J Colt, Samuel C H artford, Ct Converse & Flagler, Arlington, Mass Ciagin, George D Rye, N Y Crozier, William, Northport, N Y Curtis, F D Charlton, N Y Ciirwen, GF W Haverford, Pa Dane, N., Jr Kennebunk, Me Darlington, R S West Chester, Pa Davis, D E Salem, N J Day, R L Boston, Mass Delano, Charles, Northampton, Mass Devries, Wm. Baltimore, Md Dike, Lj'man, Stoneham, A'ass Dillon, J C Weston, Mass Dinsmore, W B Staatsburgh, N Y Dunlop, J S Indianapolis, Ind Edgerton, James, Barnesvilie, O Edmands, J F Newton, Mass Estes, J J East Abington, Mass Faile, T H.. Jr West Farms, N Y Farlee, G W Cresskill, N J Fearing, D B Newport, R I Feiuier. H S. Orange, N J Fitch, Thomas, New-London, Ct Frost, George, West Newton, Mass Giles, John Putnam, Ct George, Thomas, Newburgh, N Y Glasgow, W H St. Louis, Mo Goodman, R . . . Lenox, RIass Gould, Thomas, Aurora, N Y Gridley, S R Bristol, Ct Hadwen, O B .... Worcester, Mass Halsted, J M Rye, N Y Hand. Thomas J Sing Sing, N Y Hardin, S L Louisville, Ky Harwood, J A Littleton, Mass Haven, John, Fort Washington, N Y Haydock, J \V Troy, N Y Hayes, P'rancis B Boston, Mass Hilton, S C Providence, R I 1 Henderson, S J O'Bannon's, Ky ^ Hoffnjan, J A Leicester, Mass Howe, Edward, Princeton, N J Howell. Dr. B P Woodbury, N J Hubbell, O S Philadelphia, Pa Ide, L N Claremont, N H Jenkins, J Strieker, Baltimore, Md Jewett, PA New-Haven, Ct Johnson, C S Uncasville, Ct J uliand, Joseph, . Bainbridge, N Y Kelsey, H C Newton, N J Kinney, J D Cincinnati. O Kittredge, B Peekskill, NY Large, S P West Elizabeth, Pa Mackie, J M .. . .Great Barrington, Mass Mallory, Joel, Troy, N Y McCul'loh, J W New- York McHenry, J Howard, Pikesville, Md Mills, Lj'man A , Middlefield, Ct Morrell, Robeit, .Manhasset, N Y Newell, Dr. A D... New- Brunswick, N J Osgood, H B Whitinsville, Mass Page, Joseph F Philadelphia, Pa Park, H S . . Bayside, N Y Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 111 Parsons, S B Flushing, N Y Potter Bros Webster, Mass Powell, James B ...Hartfojd, Ct Powers, A E Lansingburgh, N Y Powers, Joseph, No. Haverhii), N H Redmond, William, New- York Robeson, A Tiverton, R I Reeder, E New-Hope, Pa Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky Ridgeiey, Ch^s., Hampton, Md Rilev, F Sterling, Mass Rob'bins, S W Wethersfield, Ct Rockwell, JT W. Winsted, Ct Root, L B New-Hartford, N Y Rumsey, H M Salem, N J Scudder, M S Boston, Mass Seney, G I New- York Sharpless, Charles L Philadelpiiia, Pa Sharpiess, Samuel J Philadelphia, Pa Sherlock, Mrs. M J Elizabeth, N J Sherwood. SS Paterson, N J Stark, W. Manchester, N H Stephens, Romeo H Montreal, Can Swain, J B Bronx ville, N Y Swigert, D Spring Station, Ky latum, George M Woodbury, N J Tilden, MY New- Lebanon, N Y Torrey, J W Philadelphia, Pa Turner, T T Normandy, Mo Twaddell, Dr. L H Philadelpiiia, Pa Underbill, A A Poughkeepsie, N Y Walcott &jCampbell, New- York Mills, NY Walker, Alex., W. Elizabeth, Pa Ware, J B Townshend, Vt Waring, G E., Jr Newport, R I Welch, E B Cambridge, Mass Wellington, C East Lexington, Mass Wellington, H M.... Jamaica Plain, Mass Wells, EL Pittsfield, Mass Wells Phil Amenia, N Y Wheeler, AD Providence, R I Whitehead, Joseph, Trenton, N J Wilmerding, G G Bay Sliore, N Y Wing, John D Washington, N Y Young, Richard Mortons, Pa ©c:^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Z^7 Kerry Cattle. Appleton, D F Ipswich, Mass Green, Andrew H New- York Perry, E B Providence, R I Sinclair, Samuel, New- York Shokt-Horn Cattle. Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky Alvord, C T Wilmington, Vt Ashworth, John, Ottawa, Can Babbage, AR Dubuque, Iowa Baldwin, T E Litchfield, Ct Barbee, F J Paris, Ky Beach, C M Hartford, Ct Beattie, Simon, Bangor, Can Bedford, G M Paris, Ky Bedford, Edwin G Paris, Ky Bellwood, John, Newcastle, Can Bidwell, B J Tecumseh, Mich B;anchard, W F Manlius, N Y Bianshard. William, Penn Yan, N Y Brace, AW West Winfield, N Y Bradley, A Lee, Mass Brockway, E P Ripon, Wis Brown, Warren, Hampton Kails, N H Brov/n, James N.'s Sons, Berlin, 111 Bussing, D S Minaville, N Y Butts, George, Manlius, N Y Cameron, R W New- York Campbell, J G J. . .. Lawrenceville, NJ Carmalt, Jas. E. .-. Montrose, Pa Cass, A J Holliston. Mass Charles, R S Angelica, N Y Christie, David Paris, C W Cleveland, H C Coventry, Vt Cochrane, M H Compton, Can Coffin, Charles E Muirkirk, Md Coffin, R G Coffin's Summit, N Y Collier, W B Bndgeton, Mo Conger, A B Haverstraw, N Y Cook, J H & Son, Piitsfield, Mass Cornell, Ezra, Ithaca, N Y Conrad, W C Sandy Bottom, Va Craig, J R Edmonton, Can Cutts, Hampden, Brattleboro, Vt Davis, D E . Salem, N J Delafield, T Aurora, N Y Dodge, Wm B Waukegan, III Dun, R G London, O Duncan, W R Towanda, 1 11 Dunning, E J Lenox, Mass Fitch, G N . . Logansport, Ind Goodell, D H Antrim, N H Goodman, R Lenox, Mass Goe, J S Brownsville, Pa Gray, C K E. Montpelier, Vt Greig, iMajor Geo BeachviUe, C W Greene, J W SayviUe, N Y Griswoid, AW.. Morrisviile, Vt Groom, B B Wincliester, Ky Haight, D B Dover Plains. N Y Hampton, Lewis, Winchester, Ky Harison, T L Morley, N Y Harv/ood, James A Littleton. Mass Hayward, S Cummiiigton, Mass Hazard, Thos Mendon Centre. N Y ) Hills, C Delaware. O Hosteller, A Ml. Carroll, 111 Hoyle, George V Champlain, N Y H ubbard, A C Danbury, Ct Hubbard, C H Springfield, Vt lies, Edward Springfield, III Jessup, C & Co ... Bristol, Ind Jones, T C Delaware, O Judd, AT South Hadley Falls, Mass Juliand, J Bainbridge, N Y Kennedy, R Hamilton, O King, William S Minneapolis, Minn Kinkead, F P Midway, Ky Kinnaird, J G .' Lexington, Ky Markham, W G Avon, N Y Mason, V W Canastota. N Y Meadows, A. ...Port Hope, Can Miller, John, Brougham, Can Miller, Robert, Pickering, Can M ilne, R Lockport, 111 Murray, George, Racine, Wis Neeley & Bro Ottawa, 111 Page, John R Sennett, N Y Parks, C C& R H Waukegan, 111 Parsons, C, Jr Conway, Mass Perry, W N Rushviile. N Y Phelps, E A Avon, Ct Pickrell, J H Harristown. HI Pond, NG Milford, Ct Potter Bros Webster, Mass Reed, S G Portland, Oregon Robbins George L Worcester, Mass Rosenberger, G W... . New- Market, Va Sampson, Jas Bowdoinham, Me Schieffclin, W H New-York Scott, M T Lexington, Ky Shedd &. Van Sicklen, Burlington, Vt Sherman, H B Toledo, O Simpson, W Jr. West Farms, N Y Skidmore, PA Beekman, N Y Skinner, H H Silver Lake, Pa Skinner, WE Hamburgh, N J Slingerland, W H Normanskill, N Y SnelL John, Edmonton, Can Sniveley, L R Fairview, Md Sparhawk, Dr Gaysville, Vt Spears, J H Tallula, 111 Sprague, G Oakwood, Iowa Stone, F W Guelph, Can Streator, SR E Cleveland, O Talbutt. J H Lexington, Ky Talcott Jonathan, Rome, N Y Terrell, M W Middlcfield, Ct Thomson, J S Wiiitby, Can Trabue, A E Hannibal, Mo Underbill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y Van Meter, J M Midwav. Ky Wadsworth, J W Geneseo,' N Y Walcott & Campbell, New- York Mills, N Y Ward, C K... Leroy, N Y Warfield, William, Lexington, Ky Wells, C L New-Hartford, N Y Wentworth, John, Summit, 111 Whitman, A Fitchburg, Mass Wilber, M J Quaker Street, NY ■ Winslow. A M & Sons Putney, Vt A Wistar, R & W L Philadelphia. Pa ' Young, W W Louisville, Ky -=^3^ f 318 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Horses. Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky Backman, Charles, Stony I'ord, N Y Bagby Farm, liffin, O Baker, I V., Jr. .Comstock's Landing, N Y Barnes, VV H Havre de Grace, Md Battell, R. Norfolk, Ct Beattie, Simon, Bangor, Can Cameron, R W Ne w- Yoi k Case, W H Delaware, O Chapman, T B Rocliester, Pa Chenery, W W Belmont, Mass Cochrane, M H Cotnjiton, Can Conger, A B Haversiraw, N Y Crozier, William, Northport, N Y I' itch, ihonias, New- London, Ct Gibb, John L Compton, Can Goe, J S . Brownsville, Pa Goldsmith. Alden,. . .Blooming Grove, N Y Gordon, Clarence, Newbiirgh, N Y Haight, D B Dover Plains, N Y Harison, T L Morley, N Y Hilton, S C Provider.ce, R I Hitchcock, G C New Preston. Ct Hungerford & White, Adams, N Y Irwin, D B Middlelown, NY Johnson, W Fell Brooklandville, Md Kinkead, F P M id way, K v Leffingwell, W A Coldenham, N Y Merritt, D H New burgh, N Y Morris, Lewis G Fordham, N Y Ogden Farm, Newport, R I Parker, J J West Chester, Pa Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 111 Phillips, ET Plainfield, N J Pickrell, J H Harristown, 111 Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky Russell, H S Boston, Mass .Sherman, H B Toledo, O Shields, H L Troy, NY Stevens, G C Milwaukee, Wis Taber, George East Aurora, N Y Thome, Edwin Miilbrook, NY Van Urden, W H Catskill, N Y Wadsworth, E S Chicago, 1 11 Wood, J G W Millburj', Mass Shetland Ponies. Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky Anderson. W P Cincinnati, O Watson, William, West Farms, N Y CoTswoLD Sheep. Albright, J Etna, NY Appleton, D F Ipswich, Mass Banks, Thad Hollidaysburg, Pa Barbee, G L Georgetown, Ky Bedford. EG Paris, Ky Burroughs, H K Roxbury, NY Chase, LA New- York Cochrane, M H Compton, Can Coffin. H T. Poughkeepsie, N Y Crozier, William, Northport, N Y Deuel, ST Little Rest, N Y Hall, John, Catharine, NY H arris, Jos Rochester, N Y Hartwell, S Washington, Ct Hiester, C E West Chester, Pa ©c^^ ■ Hoyle, George V Champlain, N Y Humphreys, John, Robystown, Md In^ersoll, George, Charleston, NY Jackson, George, Wilmington. Dei Johnson, W R Warwick, R I King, W S Minneapolis, .Minn Loomis, Burdett, Hartford, Ct Looinis, Byron, Suffield. Ct McFerran, J C -Louisville, Ky Osborn, B L Oswego Village, N Y Parks, CC&RH Waukegan, 111 Paxton, C R Bloomsburgh, Pa Perrv, W N Rushville, N Y Phelps, C C Vernon, N Y Phillips, E T Plainfield, N J Pratt, J M Goshenville, Pa Roberts, W B King of Prussia, Pa Rockwell, J M Butemuts, N Y Sayre, Cooper Oaks Corners, N Y Sherman, H B Toledo, O Skinner, H H Silver Lake, Pa Siiell, John, Edmonton, Can .Ste Marie, A La Prairie, Can Stone, hred. Wm Guelph, (^an Tabor, A Aurora, N Y 'latum, G M Woodbury, N J Thome, Edwin, Miilbrook, N Y Underhill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y Wilson, W T West Liberty, O LEicesTER Sheep. Buckingham, J Zanesville, O Curtis, F D Charlton, N Y Edgerton, Jas Barnesville, O Hills, C Delaware, O Hoyle. George V Champlain, NY Kirby, Joseph, Milton, Can Redmond, William, New-York Snell, John, Edmonton, Can Vergon, 1'' P Delaware. O Wafcott & Campbell, New-York Mills, N Y Winne, Jurian, Bethlehem, N Y LiN(;oLN Sheep. Chapman, J R Oneida Lake, N Y Chenery, VV W Belmont, Mass Cochrane, M H Comnton, Can Walcott & Campbell, New- York Mills, N Y Merino Sheep. Baker, I. V., Jr., Comstock's Landing, N Y Baldwin, Theo. E Litchfield, Ct Bottum, N Shaftsburv, Vt Chamberlain, Wm Red Hook, 'N Y Cole, Walter, Batavia, N Y Drew, L S So. Burlington. Vt GodefTroy, Brancker & Co., New- York Goe, J S Brownsville, Pa Hubbard, C H Springfield, Vt Peltibone, J S Manchester, Vt Steele, T S Shushan, N Y H.\mpshire-Down Sheep. Ashworth, J . . Ottawa, Can Hubbell, OS Philadelphia, Pa Morrell, Robert, Manhasset, N Y Newell, Dr. A D New- Brunswick, N J Shropshire Sheep. Conger, A B Haverstraw, N Y g^c^^ o OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 3*9 South-Down Shekp. Alexander, A f Spring Station, Ky Brown, Geo. H., Washington Holiow, N Y Biiffuin, Thomas B Newport, R 1 Carson, A H Newport, R I Covell, W R Orange C. H., Va Giles, John, Putnam, Ct Harison, T L Morley, N Y Hills, C Delaware, O Hurnbrook, R S &Co., New-Harmony. Ind Houghton Farm, Putney, Vt Hulse, Benj Allentown, N J Jenkins, J Strieker, ..Baltimore, Md Jones, T C Deiawnre, O Juliand, Joseph, Bainbr.dge, N Y Sloore, Edwin Port Kennedy, Pa Morris, Dr. J C West Chester, Pa Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 1 11 Pickrell, J H Harristown, III Reeder, E New- Hope, Pa Revbold, J F St. Geor-es, Del Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky Sharpless, Samuel J Philadelphia, Pa Sinclair, S New-York Stewart, H L Middle Haddam, Ct Stone, Fred. Wm Guelph. Can Taylor, W J C Holmdel, N J Underbill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y Van Meter, J M Midwav, Ky Wain wright, C S Rhinebeck, N Y Worth. Francis Marshallton, Pa Bekkshikk Swine. Abbott, JJC Montreal, Can Babbage, R A Dubuque, Iowa Ball, A P Derbv Line, Vt Barbee, W H Frankfort, Ky Barbee, G L Georgetown, Ky Bedford, EG Paris, Ky Bennett. VV A Dover, Ky Brown, Dr. L E Eminence, Ky Brown. S H Millbrook, N Y Cass, j F L'Orijjinai, Can Christie. David, Paris, Can Cochrane, M H Compton, Can Coffin, C E Muirkirk. Md Colt, S C Hartford, Ct Craig, J R Edmonton, Can Crozxr, William Northport, N Y Crutcher, T G Shelby ville, Ky DeForest, J J Duanesbnrg, N Y Deuel, ST Little Rest, N Y Forsyth, John, , 'I'oronto, Can Haines, J C Clarksboro, N J Homer, G W Framinglmm, Mass Hubbell, OS . Philadelphia. Pa Tones. G W Jones' .Station, O King, W S Minneapolis, Minn Loomis, Burdett, Hartford, Ct McCarty, T J., & Co Salem, O Miller, John, Brougham, Can Morris, Dr. J C West Chester, Pa Oaklev, Chas ... Roslvn. N Y Parks,CC&RH Waukegan. Ill Pettee, W J Lakevil'e, Ct Pickrell. J H Harristown, 111 Pond, N G Miiford. Ct Riehl, EA Alton, 111 ©c^- Scudder. MS Grantville, Mass Sheffield, W R Saugerties, N Y Sherman, H B loledo, O Snyder, P Marysville, O Snell, John, Edmonton, Can Sprague, G Oakwood, 1 ow a Ststt, WE Columbus, Wis Stone. F W Gueiph, Can Ticknor, E St. Louis, Mo Essex Swine. Anderson, W P Cincinnati, O Bowditch, E F Framingham, Mass Brown, S H MilWook, N Y Ogden Farm, Newport, R I Cheshire Swine. Clark & Green, Belleville, N Y Deforest J J ... Duanesburg, N Y Gruver, W H Pleasant Valley, Pa H icks, CM Rushville, N Y Hoxie, A K Stockport Station, N Y Perry, W N Rushville, N Y Rockwell, J .M Butternuts, N Y Stiles, W H Mamaroneck, N Y Suffolk Swine. Battles, A Girard, Pa Cobb, Henry, Amherst, Mass Giles, John, Putnam, Ct Haswell H C Deerfield, Mass Howard, A B Belchertovvn, Mass Hyde, Alex Lee, Mass Nason, H Montclair, N J Ticknor, E St. Louis, Mo Yorkshire Swine. Bush, FT Auburndale, Mass Bordwell, RRC Penn Yan, N Y t'henery, W W Belmont, Mass Codmnn, Ogden Lincoln, Mass Cooper, T 3 Coopersburg, Pa Howe, MS Penn Yan, N Y Landon, Stephen, Eden, N Y Lightfoot, T Maiden Creek, Pa Chester County Swine. Ashlev, AB Burlington, Vt Bagge'riey, W F South Butler, N Y Bradley, John, & Co Chester, Pa Battles', A Girard. Pa Beal, N T Rogersville, Tenn Bidwell, B J Tccumseh, Micii Cox, 1' F Osborn, O Darlington, R S West Chester, Pa Early, J A Youngslown, O Ed.gerton, James, Bainesviile, O Elliott. W V Wapakoneta, O Gordon, Clarence, Newburgh, NY Hickman, G B West Chester, Pa Hodgson, R H New- London. Pa Hooff, Lewis Alexandria. Va Horton, E W Muscatine, Iowa Irwin, J W & M Penningtonville, Pa Lehman, H F Hagerstown, Md Lewis, P G Monroe, N Y M.ickie, J M Great Barrington, Mass f McClintock, D Solon, O McCullv, Cyrus Hubbard. O Nichols, H C Cowiesville, N Y 3*9 -=«=5© ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Parks, C C& R H VVaukegan, 111 Pond, N G Miltbrd. Ct Rilev, Fred Sterling. Mass Robert:^, J C West Chester, Pa Silver, LB Salem. O ': Spai hawk, Dr Gaysvilie. Vt Thompson, G W.... New- Brunswick, N J 'lillinghast, J T New-Bedford, Mass Tihnn. H W Walpole, Mass Todd, S H Wakeman, O Van Winkle, I, Jr, Rockaway. N J Whitehead, M Middlebush, N J Wood, Thomas, Doe Run, Pa Wtod, Ira B Iron Furnace, O Worth, Francis, Marshallton, Pa Young, James, Jr., & Co., Marshallton, Pa Poultry Fanciers. Allen, A B Tom's River, N J Allen, J Conneaut, U Anderson, H S Geneva, N Y Atkinson, W B Boston, Mass Ball, H S Shrewsbury, Mass Barry, T F Rochester, N Y Bassett, G W Barre, Vt Bateman, H B Ripon, Wis Bates, C P Schuyler's Lake. N Y Battles, C P Girard, Pa Beattie, Simon Bangor, Can Berry, J J Hackensack, N J Betts, C H Baltimore, Md Bickuell, J Y Westmoreland, N Y Blair. K Allegheny City, Pa Blanchard, Webster, Newton, N J Bordwell, E O Penn Yan, N Y Bradley, G W Hamden, Ct Burgess, Edward Poughkeepsie, N Y Bush, W C & W M Auburndale, Mass Butts, George, Manlius, N Y Bnzzeli, J P Clinton, Mass Cameron, R W New-Yotk Campbell, AG St. Hilaire, Can Carpenter, F & VV Rye, N Y Carv, Willard, Milford, N H Carson, A H Newport, RI Champnev, G F Taunton, Mass Chapman^ A Middlebury, Vt Churchman, W H Wilmington, Del Clark, John L Waterloo, N Y Clark, ECJr Ballston Spa, N Y Clift, W Mystic Bridge, Ct Coffin, C E Muirkirk, Md Cochrane T A Baltimore, Md Cole, Walter, Batavia, N Y Colt, S C Hartford, Ct Comey, EC Quincy, Mass Cooper, J C Limerick, Ireland Coon, DDF Marcellus, N Y Corbett, C C Norwich, Ct C' A Philadelphia, Pa Fancher, F B Lansingbiirgh, N Y Fanning, .SB Jamesport, N Y f'erre, Batchelder & Co. . Springfield, Mass Fleming, James, New- York !• oote, J A Terre Haute, Ind Gregory J J H Marblehead, Mass Hacker, Wetherill & Co. . Philadelphia, Pa Hawley, R D Hartl'ord, Ct Hazard, J F.. . .. Mendon Centre, N Y Henderson & Co., Peter New-York Herendeen & Co Geneva, N Y Huvey S: Co Boston, Mass Ives, John S Salem, Mass Jones, W H Philadelphia, Pa Kellogg, F S Chicago, 111 Kiiox, \N '•N Pittsburgh, Pa Landreth, David, & Son, Philadelphia, Pa Massey & Hudson Chestertown, Md McCullough.J M & Sons,... Cincinnati, O Mead, Alex Greenwich. Ct Murdoch, J R & A Pittsburg. Pa Oim Brothers, Springfield, Mass Payne & DeLong, Lexir>gton, Ky Peil, O P., Secretary, New- York Peck, H S & Co Melrose. Mass Philipps, Henry, Toledo, O Reeser, C A Pleasantville, Pa Reeves, E A New- York Reynolds, M G Rochester, N Y R chardson & Gould, New- York Rogers, C B Philadelphia, Pa Rumsey, H M Salem, N J Sanders, Edgar Chicago, 111 Saul, John, . Washington, D C Scott, L D & Co Huron, O Schw ill A & Co Cincinnati, O .Sheppard's Seed Store, New- York Snow, Dexter, •.. .Chicopee, Mass Stevens, G M Danbury, Ct Stoms, T M & Co Cincinnati, O Strong. W C Brighton, Mass Such, Geo South Amboy, N J Thorburn, J M & Co New- York Teas, E Y . Richmond, Ind Vanderbiit, John, & Bros New- York Van Dusen, Q L. Macedon, N Y Vick, James, Rochester, N Y T Waring, Jr., G E Newport, R I ' Washburn & Co Boston, Mass Watson, B M Plymouth, Mass 324 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGLSTER wy Wells. S M & D Wethersfield, Ct Wood & Hall Geneva, N Y Cranberries. Makepiece, A D Hyannis, Miss Trowbridge, F Milford, Ct Woiisbn, G M E. Gloucester, Mass Seed Grains. Ackert, Jacob, Hart's Falls, N Y Arnold, Charles, Paris, Can Barber, Alfred, Hancock, N H Battles, A Girard, Pa Boardaian, H M . . Rushville, N Y Bryan, E T Marshall, Mich Buttles, A B Columbus, O Burras, O North Fairfield, O Bussing. J W Amsterdam, N Y Dickerman, J H Mt. Carmel, Ct Fanning, SB Jamesp^rt, N Y Hazard, J F Mendon Centre, N Y Hendricks, H Kingston, N Y Jenison, D Lock Berlin, N Y Kelsey, H C Newton, N T Kennedy, S Evansville, Ind Large, S P West Elizabeth, Pa Masker, Aaron, Perth Aniboy, N J Nelson; D & Co Fort Wayne, Ind Newton, W Henrietta, N Y Noyes, N H Geneva, N Y Pearsalj, Wm Moorestown, N J Perry, VV N Rushville, N Y Phelps, C C Vernon, N Y Potter, E J Knowlesville, N Y Small & Fisher, Woodstock, N B Talcott, Jona, Rome, N Y Van Dusen, C L Macedon, N Y Wayne, W G Seneca Falls, N Y Wood, Caleb Philadelphia, Pa Wright, Robt Sabrevois, Can Seed Potatoes. Baker, W L Portlandville, N Y Bliss, B K & Sons, New- York Brigt;s, I W West Macedon, N Y Burgess, Edw Poughkeepsie, N Y Bunas, O North Fairfield, O Edgerton, James. Barnesville, O Elhvanger & Barry, Rochester, N Y Fanning, S B Jamespoit, N Y Gregory, J J H Marblehead, Mass Griscom, WW Woodbury, N J Hicks, Isaac, & Son, ..Old Westbury, N Y Ives, J S Salem, Mass Peters, C P Concordville, Pa Potter, E J & Co Knowlesville, N Y Pringle Bros Charlotte, Vt Qua, Krank, North Granville, N Y Reisig & Hexamer, New-Castle, N Y Scott, L D & Co Huron. O Talcott, J., Rome, N Y Thompson, G W New- Brunswick, N J Uhi, Stephen. Poughkeepsie, N Y Waiinvright, Geo. Lake Como, Pa Weld, VV H Lockport, N Y Sweet Potatoes. Allen, J Conneaut, O Barrows, C H Willimantic, Ct Chadwick, WW Mt. Heahhy, O Cummins, D Conneaut, O Gray, S Norwalk, O Murray, M M Foster's Crossings, O Riehl, EA Alton. Ill Stoms, T M & Co Cincinnati. O Whitall, Clement, Woodbury, N J Wood, Ira R Iron Furnace, O Implements, Machines, Fertilizers, &c. Agricultural Warehouses. Allen, R H & Co. ... Box 376, New-York Ames Plow Company, Boston, Mass Barrett. W E & Co Providence, R I Bartholomew, C Etna, N Y Beardslee, H W Syracuse, N Y Blymyer, Norton & Co Cincinnati, O Blvmyer, Day & Co Mansfield. O Boyer, W L & Co Philadelphia, Pa Bradley, C C & Son, Syracuse, N Y Brearlev, A L & Co Trenton, N [ Decatui^, J R & Co New-York DeGroff Nelson & Co. . Fort Wayne," N Y Douglass, John \V« New- York Donw, V P & Co Albany, N Y Gifford Bros Hudson, N Y Gill, J L & Son, Columbus, O Graham, Emlen & Co ... Philadelphia, Pa Griffing & Co New- York Hawley, R D Hartford, Ct Holbrook, F K & Co Boston, Mass Kellogg, F S Chicago, 111 Ladley, Geo West Chester. Pa Nash & Brother New- York New- York Plow Co New- York Plant Bros., Pratt & Co St. Louis, Mo Peekskill Plow Works, .... Peekskill, N Y R eeves, E H & Co New-York Remington Ag. Works, Ilion, N Y Rennie, Wm Toronto, Can Shaw & Wells, Buffalo. NY Titus & Bostwick, Ithaca, N Y Vanderbilt, John, & Bros, New- York Welch, F G & Co Chicago, III Younglove, Massey & Co.... Cleveland, O Horse-Powers, Threshers and Other Machines. Albany Agricultural Works, .. Albany, N Y Brearley, A L & Co Trenton, N J Dow & Fowler, Fowlerville, N Y Geiser Thieshing Machine Co., Racine, Wis Gray, A W Middletown, Vt Harder, M Cobleskill, N Y Shaw & Wells, Buffalo. N Y Westinghouse, G & Co., Schenectadv, N Y Wheeler, Melick & Co. Albany, N Y Mowers and Reapers. Adriance, Piatt & Co., New- York Allen, R H & Co New-York Ball, E & Co Canton, O Bradley, C C & Son, Syracuse, N Y OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 325 Clipper Mower and Reaper Co., New- York Dodge & Stevenson M'lig Co.. Auburn, N Y Nash & Brother, New-Yoik OsLorp.e. D M & Co Auburn. N Y Warder. Mitchell & Co Springfield, O Warrior Mower Co Little Fail-s N Y Wiiber Eureka Mower Co., Po'keepsie.N Y Wood, Walter A Hooisick Falls, N Y Steam Engines for Farms. Clute Brothers, Schenectady, N Y Gaar, Scott & Co Richmond, I nd Hoadlev, J C & Co Lawrence, Mass Skinner &: Walrath, Chittenango, N Y Wood, Taber & Morse, Eaton, N Y Wood & Mann Engine Co Utica, N Y Dairy Apparatus. Cooper, H & E F Watertown. N Y Holmes, A., M/ik Cooler,.. Cortland, N Y Jones, Fauikner & Co Utira, N Y Millar, C& Son, Utica, N Y O'Neil, 0& Co Utica, N Y Ralph, W & Co Utica, N Y Weeks, G B Syracuse, N Y Tile and Tile Machines. Bender, W M Albany, N Y Boynton, C W & Co Woodbridge, N J Jackson, George, Albany, N J Other Specialties. Allen, S L & Co , Seed Planter, Philadelphia, Pa Barnes, W., Slicer and Corer, Bristol, Ct Bartholomew, Q..,Ditchhi^ /V,37t;, Etna,N Y Bickford & Huffman. Drill, Macedon, N Y Blanchard's Soiis, Ckurn, . . Concord, N H Bowne & Schanck,/'*>^«/<7 Digger, Freehold, N J Buell, J. S., Cider Mill, Buffalo, N Y Buttersvorth, R., Cider Mill, Trenton, N J Church, C. A., Stump Puller, New- Berlin, N Y Collins & Co., Steel Plows, . . . New- York Conover & Son, Potato Digger, Freehold, N J Continental Wind Mill Co., IVind Mills, New- York Cowing& Co., /'«w/i,&c., Seneca Falls,N Y Dedertck & Co., Hay Press, Albany, N Y Dismukes, Paul, Clover Seed Gatherer, Gallatin, Tenn Empire Wind Mill Manufacturing Co., Syracuse, N Y Fairbanks & Co., Scales, New-York Fitch & Co., Hay Elevator, Lithgow, N Y Fords & Howe, Cultivator, Oneonta, N Y Gawthrop & Sons, Water Ram, Wilmington, Del Goodell, D. H., Soiver, Antrim, N H Hickok, W. 0., Cider Mill, Harrisburg, Pa Henry, J. T., Sheep Shears, Haniden, Ct Herring, S. C., Hay Tedder,.. New- York Ingersoll & Dougherty, Hay Press. Green Point, N Y Jones, E. Y.,Hay Scales, Binghamton,N Y Landers, Frary & Clark, Lawn Mower, New- York Lill}') !•> & Co., Water Elevator, Binghamton, N Y Mayne, J., Door Rollers, Butternuts, N Y Osborne, Foster & Co , Seed Sow^r, Palmyra, N Y Paddock. Dean & Co., Bone Mill,' St. Johnsbury, Vt Paucoast & Maule, Steam Heating, Philadelphia, Pa Paris Furnace Co., Hay Elevator, Ciayville, N Y Perry, F. L., Scarifier, Canandaigua, N Y Prindle, D. R., Steamer, E. Bethanj', N Y Reynolds, E. D. & O. B., Wheel Hoe, ^^c. North Bridgewater, Mass Rumsey & Co., Press Screws, Seneca Falls, N Y Schoonmaker, E. P., Hay Rake, Troy, N Y Sedgwick, H., Feed Steamer, Cornwall Hollow, Ct Seymour & Co., Drill, East Bloomfield.N Y Shares, D. W., Shares' Harrow, Fa:rhaven, Ct Shields, H. L., Hay Loader... Troy, N Y Silsby, C, Butter Pails, Seneca Falls, N Y Snow, B. B., & Co.. Com Shelter, Auburn, N Y Sprout, S. E. & \^.'Q.,Hay Fork, Muncy,Pa Swift, H.N. ,Z/, Boston, Mass Hollingworth & Bro.,.5f//^ iW^a/,Utica,N Y Kendall, E., Barometers, Lebanon Springs, N Y Lesley, A. M., Fiirtiace, &^<:., .. New- York Mason & Hamlin, Organs New- York McCammon,W.,& Co.. /'m«(?.f, Albany, N Y Miller Iron Co., Bird Houses, 6^c., Providence. R I Page, N., Jr., Syringe, Dan vers, Mass Perry & Co:. Stoves, Albany, N Y Phelps, N. B., & Co., Clothes H'ringer, New- York Phoenix, F. K., Fruit Plates, Bloomington, 111 Piper, J, R., Screw Post, Harrisbuig, Pa Qiiinby, '^1.. Honey Box,^\. Johnsville,N Y Ridgway & Ruts, F lumbers, Alban\', N Y Robbins & Appleton, Watches, New- York Seeley & Stevens,^ j'^r////'rt/;/i', New-York Sheet Metal Screw Co., Fruit jars. New- York Smith, S. D. & H. W.,0 1-50 1.25 3.00 9.00 1 75 3.00 9.00 2.50 3.50 1. 00 3.00 1.50 1.50 150 O^ ©c:^^ Miner's Patent Subsoil Plow, THE CHEAPEST SUBSOIL PLOW IN THE WORLD. Combining with lightness in weight and draft, wonderful strength and thorough fitness to every form of subsoiling. SEND FOR CIRCULARS, Lawn Mowing Machines, FOR HAND OR HORSE POWER. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS. EVERY VARIETY OF [IMilWiir 1MPI>EMEMD MACHINERY and HARDWARE, SEEDS AND FERTILIZERS. A HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of nearly 300 pages and 600 illustrations, most complete of its kind ever published, will be sent upon receipt of $i. This amount, however, will be deducted from the first order that may be sent to us, as our object in charging for our book is only to secure its being called for by those desiring to purchase our goods. A circular and index of the Catalogue, with proof pages, will be sent on application gratis. Prices Below Compeliliou^. • • ♦ MACHINERY GUARAMED AS EEPMSENTED. Two-Horse Railway Power, (complete,) $130.00 Lever Powers, (according to size,) $90 to 145.00 Thresher and Shaker, (2 to 4 horse,) 60.00 Thresher and Self-Regulating Blast Cleaner, (complete,) 185.00 (Combined machines at corresponding rates.) • The Celebrated Phifer Wheel Gang Plow and Cultivator, 60.00 • • • Address A. L BREARLEY & CO., TRENTON, IT. J. COLLINS & CO.'S CAST CAST-STEEL PLOWS. -•^♦-•- These plows are made by pouring melted cast-steel into moulds of the proper form of Mould-boards, Shares, &c. They are then ground, highly tempered and polished. The result is a plow of unequalled durability, light draught and "scouring" or cleaning qualities. Over 1 00)000 are in use, ;';/ every case giving entire satisfaction to the purchaser. For further information address COILlislied. 1836. Incorporated 1870. GAAR, SCOTT & CO., Richmond, Ind., MANUFACTURERS OF Gaar's Improved Patent Gold Medal Threshing Machines. Gaar's Premium PORTARLE STEA^ ENGINES, for Threshing and farm purposes, STATIONARY and PORTABLE ENGINES, all sizes. CIRCU- LAR and MULEY SAW MILLS, HEAD BLOCKS, UNION HORSE-POWERS, BOILERS of all descriptions, and MILL MACHINERY. Illnfttraced Pamphlets, Circulars and Price Lilstw Free. BIGEFORD & HUFFMAN'S FARMERS' FAVORITE. No. 3, )4 bush. $16. '' It Sows Bcantilully." " The Most Perfect." "It works admirably." " luvalnable." Cheap, Reliable, Efficient. J SEND FOR CIRCULAR. ALLEN'S PATENT PLANET DRILL. FOR SEEDS AND FERTIL.IZERS, Three Sizes with latest improvements. Manufactured only by ©. L. A^LLiETV «fe CO., Sample and Salesroom— 1 19 S. Fourtli-St., Pliiladelplila, Pa. DRILLS ON WORKING EXHIBITION. Awarded highest prize, Bronze Medal, at New- York State Trial, September, 1870, Pal- myra Field Trial, 1871 ; Chemung County Farmers' Club Trial, 1871 ; Pennsylvania State Fair Medal. 1871 ; Duchess County Gold Medal ; and never pronounced inferior to any other grain drill at a field trial ; but for the superiority of its practical working been invariably christened " Monarch of the Seeding." It has the best Fertilizer Attach- ment in the world, and a Grass Seed Attachment unsurpassed by anything of the kind. All these attachments recently improved. For CIRCULAR or particulars address S» N, GALLUP, General Arjent^ Mucedon^ N, Y, Or W. JL. BUCKINGHAM, General Southern A ^ent, 59 1-2 Soutit Cliaries-St., Raltiinore, ]^d. THK I.M1'RUV PL. ,0 C. C. BRADLEY & SON, SYRACUSE, N. Y., MANUFACTURERS OF THE JOHNSTON SELF-RAEING REAPER, Carhart's Two-Horse Cultivator, Bradley^s Hay Rake, Bradley^s Horse Hoe^ Bradley's Single Shovel Plow, CADY'S IRON SLEIGH KNEE, STEEL ROAD SCRAPERS, SCOTCH HARROWS IPVITH S01L.II> STEEL TEETH, &^c. * • • -^ We also manufacture other FARM AND INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS, and are prepared to WHOLESALE OR RETAIL on the most favorable terms. ij^^ For particulars, send for our ILLUSTIt^TEn C^T^LOGUE. Address C. C. BRADLEY & SON, Syracuse, N, Y. -=^=^^ -^3^ PEUIT AID OEMENTAL TREES. Embracing nearly all the most Popular Varieties of AppleSf JPlumSf Pears, Cherries^ JPeaches, GrapevineSf Blackberries, Raspberries, Gooseberries, Strawberries, Currants^ &c. Of all the most Popular and Hardy Varieties, both Deciduous and Evergreen. Also a very large stock of ROSES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS HARDY FLOWERING PLANTS, BULBS, &c., OF ALL SORTS. GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS, In great variety and large supply. Address \^M:. Ar>AII«, Detroit, Micli. 4-«-* G^KUEJr, FIEI.D ^JTJD FLOJV^ER SEEDS, Of the very best quality, constantly on hand, all fresh, and in great variety. Orders for Seeds should be sent to wm. ADAIR Sc CO., 16 Midilgan Avenue, Opposite New City Hall, and should be on a separate list. WHffl ©HAMPiaW® • • ♦ (D HIOKOK'S Patent Portable Keystone CIDER & III THE BEST MACHINE EVER INVENTED. ImakealsoTWO SIZES of superior PRESSES FOR BERRIES, &c. If your merchant does not keep them, tell him to send for one for you, or write for one yourself. Don't But nny other until you see litis. SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. \V. O. HICKOK, Harriabur":, Pa. :^- —=^=^^ Have Speken their own Praise for Ipwards of Thrce-Qnarters of a Centnrv, RURAL Rmsm MB ALIMIO, For the present year will be mailed to all applicants who send their address \^'ith stamp to prepay postage. OAVID L.AIVDRETM & SON, 21 & 23 South Sixih Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Empire Agricultural IRTorks. MIXARD HARDER, PROFRIETOR^ MANUFACTURER OF RAILWAY HORSE POWER AND THRESHER & CLEANER, AWARDED THE TWO GRAND iGOLD AT THE Great National Trial AT AUBURN, N. Y. For " S/o7v and eiisy move-ment of horses, 15 reds less than :}^ miles per- hcnir ; Me- chanical Construction rf the ve>y best kind; thorough and conscientious ivorkman- ship and material in rz>ery place ; nothing slie^kted; excellent work, dfc.,^' as shown by official Report of Jiidc:es. Threshers, Separators, h'annin? Mil's, Wood Saws, Seed Sowers and Planters, all of the best in Market. Catalogue with price, full information, and Judges' Report of Auburn I'rial sent free. Address MINARD HARDER, Cobleskill, Schoharie Co., N. Y. @c:^=- -^3^ SMOOTHING HARROW MANUFACTURED BY J. J. THOMAS & CO., Geneva, N. Y. ILLTTSTRA.TED CIRCULARS SENT 0:\ APPLICATION. WITH WATER COOLER, IS THE BEST MEAT, FRUIT, AND ICE PRESERVER IN THE WOJE^LD. Highest award of Louisiana, i865 ; American Institute, 1867 and 1869 ; New- York, 1869; Texas, 1870; New- England Agricultural Society, 1S70 ; Central New- York, 1871. ii^^" SEND FOR BOOK. ALEX. M. LESLEY, Manufacturer, No, 605 Sixth Avenue, New-York City, OEX THE ]3ESB>T. ffelster's laliriipil Diciionary. 10,000 WORDS ANU MEANINGS NOT IN OTHER DICTIONARIES. 3000 ENGRAVINGS— 1840 PAGES QUARTO— PRICE, $12. "GET THE BEST." "All young persons snould have a standard DICTIONARY at their elbows. And while you are about it, get the best ; that Dictionary is T\\t ^reat tvnrk itnabridged. If you are too poor, save the amount from off your "back, to put it into your head." — Phrenolo^icdl Jourtiah Webster's Quarto Dictionary. — Everybody knows about Webster's Dictionary, and every man, woman and child ought to have access to it. Every_/^tr;//«-r should give his sons two or three square rods of ground, well prepared, with the avails of which they may buy it. Every mechanic should put a receiving box in some conspicuous place in the house, to cntch the stray pennies, for the like purpose. Lay it upon your table by the side of the Bible — it is a better expounder than many which claim to be expounders. It is a great labor-saver — it has saved us time enough in one year's use to pay for itself; and that must be deemed good property which will clear itself once a year. If you iiave any doubt about the precise meaning of the v;orA clear, in the last sentence, look at Web- ster's nine definitions of the v. t. — Massachusetts Life Boat. A necessity to every intelligent Family, Student, Teacher and Professional Man. What library is complete without the best English Dictionary? Published by /A C. & C. M ERR I AM, Springfield, Mass. >^ Sold by all Booksellers. 'J CONTINENTAL WASHING MACHINE. • ♦ » At the great Trial of Washing Machines at Utica, N. Y., under the auspices of tlie New-York State Agricultural Society, on the 22d of September, 1870, the CONTI- . NENTAL won the First Premium, and was awarded the Bronze Medal. It will wash a single collar, or any amount of small arti- cles at once, up to the bulk of two or three sheets, it will wash the collar or wristband of a shirt, the hem of a gar- ment, the feet of stockings, or any part of any clothing that may require more washing than the rest, and it will wash them clean. For washing bedding it cannot be excelled. A half grown boy or girl can operate the machine with case. It does not rub the clothes a particle, and conse- quently does not wear them, or tear off buttons, wliich alone makes it worth many times its cost. Its action upon clothes is to turn and squeeze, thereby forcing the water through them ; the mass revolving in the suds. So rapid, easy and thorough is it in its operation, that in every case those who have purchased and used it, say they no longer dread washing. • • • New- York Tribune Office, New- York, Sept. 6th, 1870. Gentlemen — I have examined your Washing Machine, and heard the testimony of others better qualified than I am to pronounce upon its merits, and I concur with them in regarding it a very good one I know it will save clothes. I have no doubt it will save labor — while doing its work very thoroughly. I commend it to the careful attention of all who believe that progress ought to visit the kitchen and laundry, and not be confined to the shop and the field. You'ts, HORACE GREELEY. Messrs. Brinkerhoff & Co., Aubuni, N. Y. [From Governor Seymour.] Utica, N. Y., August 2gth, 1870. Those who do the washing in my house are very much pleased with the Continental Washing Machine. They d:d not care to try it at first, but now they think highly of it. It is simple, strong, and easily kept in order. In my opinion, it will prove to be a valu- able invention. HORATIO SEYMOUR. [From S. Willard, M. D., President Oswego Starch Factory, Auburn Savings Bank, &c.] Auburn, N. Y., October 18th, 1870. Messrs. Brinkerhoff & Co.: — After an ample trial of your Washing Machine in my family, it is found to combine all the valuable properties which can reasonably be hoped for from any machine used for that purpose. It is simple in structure, easy to operate, cleanses the fabric with very littte labor in a very short time, by a process which neither wears or tears the most tefider clothes. It is truly a boon to the washing family. Respectfully yours, S. WILLARD. All who feel the want of a machine that will fully sustain all the recommendations given, are invited to try the CONTINENTAL, which will be shipped as directed, on receipt of the price, $15. If entire satisfaction is not given one, after four weeks of fair trial, the money will be re- funded to all who will thus notify us. £gF^ Agents wanted everywhere, to whom liberal inducements will be offered, and ex- clusive sale given. Address BRINKERHOFF MANUFACTUB I P^G CO., SOUTHARD & CORLIES, Agents for New- York City and Vicinity, 41 Dev-St. ^c^- --^^o® Esta"blislied in 1854. THE CHEAPEST OFFER YET ! GOOD ENVELOPES, Neatly printed with your name, business, profession or" occupation, with or without a request to return to you if not called tor in ten days, sent postpaid /or $lj or 100 for 75 c*enl8. Also latest style Visiting Cards furnished for 75 Cts. per 100. Address li. F. A1.LFN & CO., Caij»j«>l»arie, N. Y, iMstUim^a Our Annual Descriptive Seed Catalogue for 1872, Enlarged and improved, containing a com- plete list of all the best varieties of VEGE- TABLE, FIELDaud FLOWER SEEDS, is now ready, and will be sent to any address on receipt of postage stamp. 58 Courtlandt'SUf NEIV-YORK CITY. 150 EIYELOPES, NEATLY PRINTED with your name, business, profession or oc-. cupation, with or without, (as you may di- rect,) a request to return to you if not called for in ten days, sent postpaid for $ 1 , or 100 for 80 cents. Enclose 3 cent stamp for sample. Address E. E. I'AX.EIN', Canadensis^ Pa, FOR THE GRASS SEEDS, FIELD SEEDS, EVERGREENS, PLANTS, ROSES, DAHLIAS, VERBENAS, GLADIOLUS, GRAPE- VINES, SMALL FRUITS, ASPARAGUS ROOTS, EARLY POTATOES, ONION SETS, BOOKS, IMPLEMENTS, &c. ALIi THE liATEST NOVELTIES IN SEEDS AND PLANTS. Is published annually, and contains full Descriptive Lists of the above, beaittifuUy ilhis- tratedivith Eii^ravi7i^s and Colored Plate. Will be mailed on receipt of a postage stamp. DEALERS SUPPLIED on liberal terms. A Wholesale Catalogue (for Dealers only) will be mailed on applicaton. Address HENRI A. DREER, 714 Cliestnut-St., Plilladelplila, Pa, f Rare U ImM Flowers aiifl Choice MlMti I CAN ALWAYS BE OBTAINED BY SOWING f 23 PARK PLACE AND 20 MURRAY-STREET, NEW- YORK. {Established in 1845,) IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN GARDEN, FIELD AND FLOWER SEEDS, DUTCH BULBOUS ROOTS, SUMMER FLOWERING BULBS, Agricultural & Horticultural Implements, LAWN MOWERS OF EVERY IMPROVE I) PATTERN, FERTILIZERS AND OTHER REQUISITES FOR THE FARM AND GARDEN. The Eighteenth Annual Edition of their celebrated Seed CatnlogfUe and Ainat€ur'^ fiuide to tSie Flo^wer and EC^tdien Garden, w'AX be ready for distribution early in January, and mailed to our customers of 1S71 as rapidly as possible, and to all applicants upon receipt of 25 cents ; an edition beautifully bound in cloth, 75 cents. This is without exception the largest and best Catalogue ever published in this or any other country. It contains 192 p.ages — 55 of which are finely executed en- gravings, includins beautifully colored lithograplis of favorite Flowers and Vegetable.-;, and 136 pages of closely printed matter, giving a descriptive list of upwards of 2,500 species and varieties of Including all the novelties of the past season, with directions for their culture ; also a list of upwards o^ One Hundred vnrieties of choice Cwladiolu.S, with many other SilHl* mer-Flcw ering Bnlb^^ and much useful information upon the subject of gar- dening generally. Also a Descriptive Price List of Niuall F'rliit»i, embracing all the leading varieties of l!Stra\v berries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Currant^i, Grapes, A:c. Abridged Cat.ai.ogue& G.-\fdener's Alman.ac, for dealers and others for gratuitous distribution, published annually January ist, mailed to applicants sending a 3 cent stamp. BuLE Catalogue, (illustrated,) published September ist, containing a choice collection o^ Double and Single Hyacinths, arranged in their several colors ; 'I'nlips in many varieties, both double and single ; Polyanthus Narcissus, Croivn Imperials, Jonquils, Snow DroJ>s, Lilies, &.C., 10 cents. Address B. K. IILISS&SONJ!, P. O. Box 571 2, New- »ork City. Grapevines a Specialty! Large stock of CONCORD, DELAWARE, IVES, MERRIMACK, GOETHE, \i NORTON'S VIRGINIA, WILDER, &c., &c., of excellent quality and at low rates. Send for Price List. SEED SWEET POTATOES. Large stock of Red and Yellow NANSEMOND, BERMUDA and BRAZILIAN, at lowest market rates. W^arranted pure, from native and imported stock, at from $20 to $30 per pair. LIGHT BRAHMA FOWLS, #5 per pair, ^7 per trio. E. A, lilEHTj, Alton, Til, R. BUIST, Nurseryman, Philadelphia, Pa., OFFERS FOR SALE AT THE LOWEST RATES rnriT trees ^jrn berrit pe^jtts, EVERGREENS of every variety. ARBOR VITA, for Hedges, Szc. OSAGE ORANGE, stronc: and fine for Hedges AZALEAS CAMELLIAS, and other Greenhouse Plants. FERNS, tender and hardy. VARIEGATED and ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, of the newestand most select kinds. GLADIOLUS, DAHLIAS and other Summer- Flowering Bulbs. BEDDING PLANTS in their season. SEND FOR CATALOGUES. FRESH GARDEN, FLOWER, Tree & Shrub, Evergreen, Fruit & Herb Seeds A complete and judicious assortment. 25 sorts of either class, $1* The Six classes (150 packets) for $5. . . Also an immense stock of one year grafted Fruit Trees, Small Fruits, Fruit Stocks, Young Fruit, Ornamental and Evergreen Seedlings, Bulbs, Roses, Vines, House and Border Plants, &c., &c , the most complete asssortment in America Prepaid by mail. Also 2.000.000 FRUIT STOCKS; 60,000 pounds FRUIT. TREE and GARDEN SEEDS. Priced Catalogues to any address, also Trade List gratis. Seeds on Commis- sion. Agents wanted. B. 3J. ^VATSOIV, Established 1842. Old Colony Nurseries d- Seed Warehmm, Plymouth, ITIagii. Rochester 1830 Commercial 1872 Nurseries. ■ ♦-♦-V A New Circular of Prices per dozen, per 100, per 1,000, Issued each Spring and Fall. CHOICE THINGS, NEW AND OLD, Of fine, thrifty growth. A COIiORKD PI. ATE of the OTLt. Vernon, (best new Winter Pear. Free to all. Address ,.-^ _-. , . -».t -«r 7 ^ y^ "WJM. S. 1L.TTT1L.]B, Hochester, IV. Y. U ^c:^= — =«=^© Ous> TS^vfr Catalogue of OMAMElfTlL TREES AID PLAITS IS NOW KEAD¥ FOR DISTRIBU TION. It is neatly illustrated, and contains brief notices of all the most popjular species and va- rieties, as well as the newer introductions of latter years. Sent free to all applicants, together with our Fruit Catalogue, and Wholesale List to Dealers and Nurserymen. A FULL LINE OF STOCK IN EVERY DEPARTMENT. HOOPES BRO. & THOMAS, Cherry Hill Narseries. WEST CHESTER PENN. LL?Ji^IEiJbLj^D- FRUIT & ORNAWIENTAImu -»-9-^- We invite the attention of PLANTERS and DEALERS to our large and complete Stock of Standara and Dwarf Fruit Trees^ Grapevines and Small Fruit f Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and FlantSf Neiv and Rare Fruit and Ornamental Trees f Bulbous Flower Roots. DESCRIPTIVE & ILLUSTRATED. PRICED CATALOGUES Sent prepaid on receipt of Stamps as follows : No.i— FRUITS, locts. No. 2— ORNAMENTAL TREES, 10 cts. N0.3— GREEN- HOUSE, locts. No. 4— WHOLESALE, FREE. Address Established 1840. ROCHESTER, N. Y. T^. C- STr^O:^Gr A. CO., NoNANTUM Hill Nursery & Greenhouses, Brighton, Alass. No. 4 BE\CO]V-STREFT,(nearTreinont,) BOSTON, MASS. } CATALOGUES TO APPLICANTS. T GROWER AND DEALER IN SEED POTATOES, PLANTS, &c. &c. North Fairfield, Ohio. Seud Stamp for Catalogne. CURTIS ACOBbT Colonnade Row, 161 Tremont | Street^ Boi^tou, IMPORTERS & DEALERS IN Seeds, Trees, Plants, BULBS, &:c.. Grapevines, Shrubs, Herbaceous Plants, Gardening Implements and Cutlery, Lawn Mowers, Fertilizers of all kinds, and other articles connected with Agriculture, Horti- culture and Floriculture. Catalogues sent on application. Illustrated k Descriptive Price Catalogue of Small Fruit Plants, Grapevines, Rhubarb and Asparagus Roots and Ch.oice Seed Po- tatoes, grown and for sale by JOHN G. KREIDER, Nurseryman and Fruit Groover, LANCASTER, P4., Mailed free to all who send me their ad- dress. Bresee's King of the Earlies, (or No. 4,) Bresee's Prolific No. 2, Clima.\ and Early Mohawk Seed Potatoes, $1 per peck, $3 per bush., $6.50 per barrel ; or 4 lbs. of any one variety, by mail, postpaid, $1. Early Rose, 5octs. per peck, $1.50 per bush., ^4 per bbl. GEORGE E. WHITE, 160 Front-St., New-York, Makes and sells the highest grade AMMONMTED SUPERPHOSPHATE, AND SELLS POTASH, SODA. No. IPERUVFAN GUANO, BONES, FISH GUANO, ACID, &c., &c., &c. &EI1ES' &OIDEI. The most remarkable Apple ever introduced to the American people. The original tree is over eighty years old. having fruited annually for three-quarters of a century. Combines every desirable quality. F'ifty Thousand choice 3 and 4-year Trees for sale. Circulars Free — Ageats AVantrd. Address $. B. ITIARSHALL., Lock eiox 30, Cleveland, Ohio. s its I I BLACK BEMBIES, STIIA n BERRIES, BASPBERBIES, And all other leading kinds of Small Fruit Plants, Raised and for Sale by Catalogues Free. Rochester, N.Y. Matilda Strawberry. SEND FOR CIRCULAR For opinions of THOMAS, DOWNING, KEW STRAWBEHRV. O. J. TILLSON, Highland, N. Y. WATTSON & CLARK'S SOP[RPI!0SPHiTE. Trade W & C ^^(^rk. ^'A ©c:^- NEW- YORK AGENTS : 51 Front-St., N. Y. ^t^^ The Berkshire Boar " King William," Winner of Several Prizes. Beacon Stock Farm, Northport, Long Island. BREEDER OF ALDEMET & AYRSHIRE CATTLE, Colswold and South Down Sheep, IM:3PR,OVKr> BElIS^KSIiXI^ia HOGS, l¥iiiner8 of First Prizes Wlierever £xlilbited. BLACK SPANISH, WHITE DORKING, BUFF AND PAR TR IDCiE COCHIN FOWLS, AND AYLESBURY DUCKS, ALSO TROTTING AND CLYDESDALE HOUSES. •-•-• The Stock bred at BEACON STOCK FARM is imported, and from the best imported sources : and, in every department, has won the unqualified admiration of the best judges. The Berkshike Swine are believed to be UNSURPASSED by any in this country or Canada. They have taken the FIRST PRIZES at Provincial Shows and at leading Siaie and County Fairs in Canada and the United States. 'Jhe AvRSHiKEs are the get of tlie bull Jock, winner of several prizes in Scotland, and he took the second prize at the Sterling Show, 1S69. '1 he Aldekneys are the get of Beacon Comet, who has no competitor ; his stock prove to be unsurpassed bv any for producing milk and butter, and wherever shown always carry off the cold and silver prizes. The CoT.swoLDS are from IMPORTED EWES, and got by the Ram Lord N.apier, which took several fir.^t prizes in England, and first prize at the Provincial Show, Canada, and first prize at the New- York State Show, and first prize, for two j'ears, at the Queen's County Show. Address WiTI. CROZEER, Beacon Stock Farm, Nortliport, N. Y. -=^^S Fairview Stock Farm, near Fitchburg, Mass. AUGUSTUS WHITMAN, BREEDER OF AND DEALER IN Thorough-BrGd Short-Horn Cattle. or Choice Pedigrees and of Milking Strains. Fairview Farm is in North Leominster, on the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad, 45 miles from Boston ; is 2 miles from Leominster Centre, 011 the Fitchburg and Worcester Rail- road, and is 3)^ miles from Fitchburg. Post Office address, Pitcbburg, ITIast*. MUIRKIRK, PEINOE QEORGE'S 00., MARYLAND, BREEDER AND DEALER IN Of excellent quality and guaranteed pedigree. AL.SO bkkksmsi&ie: p£6s a:^e> partrioge Muiikirk is on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 15 mi'es from Washington, and 25 from Baltimore. Way trains stop within live minutes' w'alk of the office. ZA.NESVILLE, OHIO, BREEDER OF THOEOTJ&H-BEED DEVOI CATTLE, rrom THE BEST IMPOUTATIONS and Guaranteed I*edigrees, BREEDER AND DEALER IN Jersey Cattle Clester Wile Hois, SHErHEBD DOQS S CASHMERE GOATS. J^EIA^JDO^W BROOK FA^RIVr, near Koseritville, Ha^vlcins Co., East Tenn. --^^'^ O^TTIjE. }. HOWARD McHENBY, PIKBSriLLE, Baltimore Co., Maryland. JERSEY CATTLE, AND STURTEVANT BROS., Waushakum Farm, South FRAMINGHAM, MASS., IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF THOROUGH llltED AYRSHIRE CATTLF, Light Brahma, Dark Brahma, Partridge Cochia Fowls. H. X.. STEWART & SON. BREEDERS OF Tlioro\ig:li-I3red. BRED AND FOR SALE BY Samuel J. Sharpless, street JRond Station, Cliester Co., Pa. Office, 705 Walnut-St., Philadelphia, Pa. J Hi^ldle IIadda.ni, COBfl. JERSEY CATTLE. AND BREEDERS AND IMPORTERS OF WEBB SOUTH- DOWN BRED FROM THE FINEST IMPORTATIONS AND GREATEST BUTTER PRODUCERS. Bulls, Cowa and Calves for Sale at all times. EDWARD HOWE, Princeton, N. J. IIVIPOIITJBD AYRSHIBES,COTSWOLO SHEEP J AND BERKSHIRE PIGS, From the most noted Scotch and English Breeders. For sale by jrOHLTV L. <3M^13, Comp^on, Province Quebec, Dominion Canada, 'i fmiEy.LDM! OR. JERSEY CATTLE, LEICESTER SHEEP, COWS & CALYES 1 For* @ale toy BERKSHIRE and VICTORIA PlGS.g T f^ TJ TV^ T^ "R OOT^^ a superior white breed. HORSES for Roadsters. All animals of the purest and best stock. Kirby Hofnestead, CbarltO»,N. Y. Short-Hom Cattle )\ SOUTH-DOWN SHEEP, Chester White Swine, and Brahma Fowls, FOR SALE BY CHAS, PARSONSf Jr„ " Grass Hill Farm," Conwar, Mass. PniJrCE TOJTf JOSEPH JULIAND, BREEDER OF iJERSEV AND STTOBT- I HORN ED CATTLE, RABBITS, FANCY PIGEONS, BLACK CAYUGA DUCKS, BRAHMA FOWLS, GUINEA PIGS, SOUTH-DOT^N SHEEP ANJD SEi&fiCSElIRii: Pl»8, SBainbricige, Ctienango Co.,N.Y. Chas. W. Tbeadwell, c. W. EOYNTON & CO., BREEDER OF 12 Varieties Choice PURE-BRED FOWLS AND " CHESTER AVillTE SWINE/' SEND STAMP for FULL PARTICULARS. ALDERINE¥ CATTLE, SOUTH-DOWN SHEEP, Chester White Swine, Bronze Txii'lceys, «fcc.. Bred and shipped to order by E. BIIJBBER, New Hope, Pa. Lambertville Station, Eelvidere Delaware Railroad. N. J. Woodbridge^ N, J*, Drain Tile, (Round Tile and Collars.) The strongest, lightest, best formed, most evenly burned and desirable tile in use, saves in breakLig^e,SA\ts in cost of transportation, saves in labor o/ laying, and gives Thorougbly Reliable First- Class Work. POUND MAMFACTLROG CO., I At Spaldiii»'f« Foundry and itiactiiue Sliop, aL.OCIvPOK,T,]V.Y., MANUFACTURERS OF Steam Dredges, S'eam Derricks, Upland Excavators, StaiionaiT and Marine Engines, Circular and Muley Saw Mills, Stave Cut- ting Macliines and Jointers, Store Fronts, imjmived Turbine Water Whee]s,Mill Gear- ing and all kinds of Iron. Composition and 1 Brass Castings made to order. 1 ALEX. POUND, Supt. |L. Austin Spalding, Pres. df Trens. HAT, COAI AKB STOCK SCALES ifa?®-«~^ SOLD ON TRIALi. • • • 4 ion Hay Scales, $75 oo 6 ton do. loo.oo 240 pounds Union Scale, g.oo 600 pounds Portable, on wheels, 20.00 1,250 pounds do. do. 25.00 2,500 pounds do. do. 40.00 WHY*? Because we do not employ Agents, pay commissions, or make discounts. In order that all may have confidence in our representations, we ask no pay until the Scale is tested, and then it" not satisfactory, we ask no one to take or pay for our scales, and the purchaser alone is to be the judge whether or not he is satisfied. That our Scale, although sold at so low a price, still is of superior make. There is no Scale which costs more to manufacture than ours. ItEiytElMCBER. That we unhesitatingly affirm that our Scales are of the best quality — made of the best material, \)y the most skilled workmen — and ARE SOLD ON THEIR MERITS. Test our Scales and if not satisfactory, you run no risk, as the order is always con- ditional that you shall be satisfied or no sale. F 001.8 .iMiE jroT ^L.1. nE^n, For notwithstanding these fair promises, we tVequenlly hear of men who are weak enough to be persuaded into paying from 50 to 100 per cent, more than they need to for .Scales by the impudent liars enii^ioyed by our competitors, who, travelling around the country, too lazy to work and afraid to steal, hesitate not to tell any lie that will serve their purpose. Believe nothing that they say, but SEND FOR OUR PRICE LIST— FREE TO ALL. The Jones Scale Works, BINGHAMTON, N. Y -=^o^ STEAM ENGINES. EQUALED BY NONE IN COMBINED MERITS OF CAPACITY, ECONOMY, DURABILITY, SIM- PLICITY AND PERFECTION. « • • OUR PORTABLE ENGINE, inOUNXKD ON liOCOinOTIVfi BOII.ER, Having fire-box and ash-pit entirely surrounded by water space ; is set upon le9;s and timbers ; occupies little room ■ needs no brickwork ; is suitable for use in any place where a power is lequired— in MILLS, SHOPS, FOUNDRIES or PRINTING ROOMS, or in STOCK BARNS, for Grinding, Cutting and Steaming food for Stock. The STATIONARY ElffGINE Is complete with GOVERNOR, PUMP and HEATER, with connections fitted. THE A&EICTJLTUEAL EI&OE, SUPPJLIED IVITH LOCOMOTIVE BOII.ER, Having fire-box and ash-pit entirely surrounded by water space ; is mounted on wheels, with pole for attaching horse.s for moving from place to place ; is suitable for Grain ThreNhing, Corn Sliellinc;, Wood Ar Shin$;lc Sawing, &c, " CIRCULARS, with description and prices, furnished on application to WOOD, TABER 8l MORSE, Eaton, Madison Co,, N, Y. S o ^ 39 c=: ^1 ■ f O • ■ S: K " ■ > • S o *6 *5 o: 1 -^^ •-► > -»> tA ft «. . JO f» CO 2tS o- f» 6D jt 2; (% o kd *-. 3 -' — ■ O^ s §f:3 2Lr ^ o fi>"< =-2 I? =.*" 2 S P2 •» — M s s) c; 'I <5 '* = a ft S^2 2 > «^ ^^r" >rD — I cr o =•?-, ■ ii^ ii.3 5.<"> PjK ai tw « t« ^T ■^ ^ -I —'. , < ft tn ..ftftOCTT, ft»T-i-:C«Cfl-<-. — ftii^ clJh— ::r. « ^^ ft 3 it -•3- = "C '* ft w 0) ■ yi c: - 9J <^ »> ^ ."<— o ;:; 3 - 3 ft 2. ^T3 5-«. n.ft a-"' ^_;ft S d 2:3 _ _ <; Gjj-^q 2 ?^H^ 2r; ^:2.< 3'r*Kl— • Wft.ftTtwSiWKj -r > 5^ M .^owo *5 00 C3 ^ ^-1 00 " s >hh 2n^ arc/) 5 ^f. r?2 :o, > *• ' - CA o ~ ' oiO; 2 «■ a: s- <: r^ t't *-^ .^ n <^ 33 tfi i.-" t"' fT'- 3:-- o r ^Q W o 3 ^' fS <:J=;-- 2.0 p '^ f-^ « "^ 2: 5^ Moo O ?.ES >< OS A zQ w O ft 3 o" _ 0- "«* ■*» 3 — M ►« 1 ra • w S 2 O C3< mm: H T Oj^EVi MflffER & SELFMIIIG REAPER. The Superiority of the Principles and 3Iechanisni of this Machine have earned for it its Reputation as the The Most Perfect and Most Durable Harvester IN THE TrOItLD! The BUCKEYE has received the HIGHEST rBEMIUMS at the most important Field Trials ever held in any country. Styles, sizes and prices to suit all classes of Farmers. The high standard of excel- lence in MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP maintained; and VALUABLE im- provements ADDED. MANUFACTIJRKD BY ADRIANCE, PLATT&CO., 165 Green wich-St., NEAH COURTLANDT-STREET, NEW-YORK. IMCA.lVXJr'A.eTOIlY, JPOTJOHKLEEPISIE, N. Y. C^ /<^>^^^ A